Srtseeehs wee shal vat AUS AALS ‘ aeeetr iy isha ity eae Uitte itis may < 3% sh a aN ‘ yes 3 Rieti rath wi a BY th aia Sonat teri iseky rittibibibipirt tripe eat py peal 13) TAS slsetoay ERE : 1S bes a Selruars [7 & PenvSrRATED FLORA OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES, CANADA AND THE BRITISH POSSESSIONS From NEWFOUNDLAND TO THE PARALLEL OF THE SOUTHERN BOUNDARY OF VIRGINIA, AND FROM THE ATLANTIC OCEAN WESTWARD TO THE 102D MERIDIAN BY NATHANIEL LORD BRITTON, Pu. D. EMERITUS PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, AND DIRECTOR-IN-CHIEF OF THE NEW YorRK BOTANICAL GARDEN AND HON. ADDISON BROWN : PRESIDENT OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB THE DESCRIPTIVE TEXT CHIEFLY PREPARED BY PROFESSOR BRITTON, WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF SPECIALISTS IN SEVERAL GROUPS; THE FIGURES ALSO DRAWN UNDER HIS SUPERVISION IN THREE VOLUMES Vow ttl APOCYNACEAE TO COMPOSITAE DOGBANE TO THISTLE LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS 1898 : es al SETTER ay 4 *) Br seers ho (WT he reo ee ca Oe a 7 . mV CYS ti ae een aces i rs ao) ; ne, _- Cutarces Scrrener’s Sons a af SEE neInnn nnn amr .* : : - : ‘ ¥en ‘ehlieaeh aid : i oh Fi a Sv ah cal) th seve G4 nied? = 1&4 ee . } « * ahi ‘ pee’? Vw ib) a aoe i ih F j if] j A Li ‘3 “ PATIZON Sf) ASIAN 46 FO" i or BH z “1 = Ths @ Wat ia LAG Sut . ‘ Fai ea SeUiiAll ; “ 120 VIS + Atw Pi sl bee Se 7 Tue Naw ER Printinc Company ; W ope Fak ASTER, Pa. a 17. 18. CONTENTS OF VOLUME III. PREFACE TO VOL, III. ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS GENERAL KEY OF ORDERS AND FAMILIES Gamopetalae (continued ) . APOCYNACEAE r | . ASCLEPIADACEAE 4 | . CONVOLVULACEAE 19 | . CUSCUTACEAE 27 . POLEMONIACEAE 31 . HYDROPHYLLACEAE 43 | . BORAGINACEAE 50 . VERBENACEAE 69 . LABIATAE 74. | . SOLANACEAE 124 ei 7 | 33 SCROPHULARIACEAE LENTIBULARIACEAE OROBANCHACEAE BIGNONIACEAE 31. MARTYNIACEAE 32. ACANTHACEAE 32°. PHRYMACEAE PLANTAGINACEAE RUBIACEAE CAPRIFOLIACEAE 28. 29. 30. 34- 35: 142 188 194 198 ENGLISH FAMILY NAMES. Petals wholly or partly united, rarely separate or wanting (continued) 34. 35. DOGBANE FAMILY I MILKWEED FAMILY 4 . MORNING-GLORY FAMILY 19 . DODDER FAMILY 27 . PHLOX FAMILY 3r . WATER-LEAF FAMILY 43 - BORAGE FAMILY 50 . VERVAIN FAMILY 69 . MINT FAMILY 74 PoTATO FAMILY 124 | APPENDIX 494-521 SUMMARY 521 GLOSSARY 522-526 FIGWORT FAMILY BLADDERWORT FAMILY BROOM-RAPE FAMILY ‘TRUMPET-CREEPER FAMILY UNICORN PLANT FAMILY ACANTHUS FAMILY LOPSEED FAMILY PLANTAIN FAMILY 27. 28. 29. 30. 31, 32. gar. 33: ERRATA GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES ENGLISH INDEX AND POPULAR PLANT NAMES 142 188 | 194 | 198 200 201 205 205 ' SYMBOLS USED. ° is used after figures to indicate feet. ’ is used after figures to indicate inches, ’’ is used after figures to indicate lines, or twelfths of an inch, , over syllables indicates the accent, and the shor? English sound of the vowel. . over syllables indicates the accent, and the long, broad, open or close English sound of the vowel. In THE METRIC SYSTEM The metre = 39.37 inches, or 3 feet 3.37 inches. The decimetre = 3.94 inches. The centimetre = ¢ of an inch, or 4} lines. The millimetre = ' of an inch, or } a line. 2} millimetres = 1 line. (ee 36. 37- 38. 39. 40. 4t. 42. 43. iv vi viii 1-493 . ADOXACEAE . VALERIANACEAE . DIPSACEAE . CUCURBITACEAE . CAMPANULACEAE . CICHORIACEAE . AMBROSIACEAE . COMPOSITAE 1-493 MADDER FAMILY HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY MOSCHATEL FAMILY VALERIAN FAMILY TTEASEL FAMILY GouRD FAMILY BELL-FLOWER FAMILY CHICORY FAMILY RAGWEED FAMILY THISTLE FAMILY 526 527-555 556-588 very nearly. 242 243 247 249 252 261 292 298 2ir 227 242 243 247 249 252 261 292 208 PREFACE TO VOLUME III. ITH the publication of the concluding volume of the Illustrated Flora,-the authors desire to express their appreciation of the favor with which the previous volumes have been received. Volume III, it is believed, will be found no less useful than the pre- ceding ones; and from the difficulties presented to the student by the great family of Com- posites, which occupies about one-half of the present volume, this may prove to be the most helpful of all. The number of species figured in the whole work is 4162, comprising 177 Families and 1103 Genera. Eighty-one of these species, mostly western, being new determinations or new discoveries, made while the work has been going through the press and too late for in- sertion in their proper places, are figured in the Appendix (pp. 484 to 521). These bring up to January, 1898, it is believed, all well established species within our area. The cuts are numbered consecutively throughout the work, except those in the Appendix, which are re- ferred to their proper places by giving to each the number of the previously figured species to which it is most closely allied, with the addition of the letter a, b or c, etc., for distinction. As respects the admission of new species, the aim has been to pursue a conservative course, and to admit those only that upon continuous observation appear to bear the requi- site tests of constancy and persistency in their distinguishing characters. In an illustrated work, however, devoted to the reproduction of what is found in nature, it is better to err in illustrating too many forms, rather than in giving too few. A general Key of the Orders and Families, prepared by Dr. Britton according to the method followed in the Keys to the genera and species, will be found at the beginning of the volume, preceded by a table of abbreviations of the names of botanical authors cited. At the close is a glossary of the special botanical terms here used, followed by a complete General Index of all the Latin names, including synonyms, used throughout the work. This general Key has been elaborated on the natural method, dividing the two subking- doms of plants described in the work into Classes, Sub-classes, Orders and Families success- ively. The Orders are not described in the work itself, but their principal distinguishing" characters are given in this key. The natural method adopted necessitates a considerable number of exceptions to statements, owing to the varying degree of development of floral organs in the derivation of plants from their ancestors; these exceptions are either noted under the headings or indicated by cross-references. In using this key, or any of the keys to genera or to species, the student will often find, in the analysis of a plant that it does not provide all the information necessary for its deter- mination; this is generally owing to the incomplete condition of the specimen collected; it may be in flower, while the characteristic differences between it and others are only to be found in the fruit, or vice versa ; or the species may be dioecious, or polygamous, when its other organs, perchance the characteristic ones, must be sought on another individual, and there are various other causes for incompleteness. It is therefore earnestly recommended that collections be carefully made, seeking to reduce as far as possible this more or less neces- sary incompleteness. Where satisfactory material can not be obtained, it will usually be found possible to reach the desired analysis by following out two or more lines of the key, and by comparing the results reached with the descriptions to determine the family, genus or species. The illustrations provide an almost indispensable aid in such cases. For the general English Index at the end of this volume, Judge Brown has compiled a list of all the popular names of the plants belonging to our area, so far as obtainable, both general and local, including also most of the English names of our plants that have been heretofore used by botanical authors, as well as most of the older and the more modern Eng- lish popular names of plants common to our area and to England. Hundreds of these lat- ter names were brought to this country by the early English colonists, some of which are still current here that are now disused there. A considerable number of the popular names are given in the text in connection with the leading English name, or in the notes. Several thousand others, which could not appear in the text, are printed in the Index in z/a/ics. These are referred to the proper plant by the number of the illustration or figure (f). The list includes in all about 10,000 different plant- names, and upwards of 12,000 references to the illustrations. It embraces all our plant- (>e Quest ef E\eanor C, NarQquau a. Vor, IIL.J PREFACE. Vv names commonly used by pharmacists, druggists, horticulturists and plant-collectors, or likely to be met with in botanical or current literature.* No similar compilation of American plant-names has been hitherto published. Many of them are not to be found in any general dictionaries. To the mass of the people, this Index, in connection with the references to the illustrations, will afford the readiest means of plant-identification, and to them it is practically indispensable for that purpose. These names are full of interest, from their origin, history and significance. As observed in Britten and Holland’s work cited in the notes below, ‘‘they are derived from a variety of languages, often carrying us back to the early days of our country’s history, and to the vari- ous peoples who as conquerors or colonists have landed on our shores and left an impress on our language. Many of these old world words are full of poetical association, speaking to us of the thoughts and feelings of the old world people who invented them; others tell of the ancient mythology of our ancestors, of strange old medicinal usages, and of superstitions now almost forgotten.’’ Most of these names suggest their own explanation. The greater number are either de- scriptive or derived from the supposed uses, qualities or properties of the plants; many refer to their habitat, appearance or resemblance real or fancied to other things; others come from poetical suggestion, affection or association with saints or persons. Many are very graphic, as the western name, Prairie Fire (Castilleia coccinea); many are quaint or humorous, as C/ing- rascal (Galium Aparine) or Wait-a-bit (Smilax rotundifolia); and in some the corruptions are amusing, as dunt Jerichos (N. Eng.) from Angelica. The words Horse, Ox, Dog, Bull, Snake, Toad are often used as a prefix to denote size, coarseness, worthlessness or aversion. Devil or Devil's is used as a prefix for upwards of 40 of our plants, mostly expressive of dis- like or of some traditional resemblance or association. A number of names have been con- tributed by the Indians, such as Chinquapin, Wicopy, Pipsissewa, Wankapin, etc.; while the term Indian, evidently a favorite, is applied as a descriptive prefix to upwards of 8o dif- ferent plants. There should be no antagonism in the use of scientific and popular names, since their purposes are quite different. Science demands certainty and universality, and hence a single universal name for each plant. For this the Latin has been adopted, and the Latin name should be used, when only scientific objects are sought. But the vernacular names are a part of the growth and development of the language of each people. Though these names are sometimes indicative of specific characters and hence scientifically valuable, they are for the most part not at all scientific, but utilitarian, emotional or picturesque. As such, they are inyaluable; not for science, but for the common intelligence, and the appreciation and enjoy- ment of the plant world. These names, in truth, reflect the mental attitude of each people, throughout its history, toward the plant kingdom; and the thoughts, suggestions, affections or emotions which it has aroused in them. If these are rich and multitudinous, as in the Anglo-Saxon race, so will the plant-names be also. Usually the most common or the favorite plants have a variety of names; but this is noticeably otherwise with the Asters and the Golden-rods, of which there are about 120 species within our area, the common names of which, considering their abundance and vari- ety, are comparatively few. The Golden-rods, without distinction, are also known as Yed/ow- weed or Yellow-tops ; the Asters are called also Frost-weed, Frost-flowers, Good-bye Summer and by the Onandaga Indians, ‘‘It brings the Frost.’? A few like Aster ericoides have sev- eral interesting names, but most of the species in each genus resemble each other so much that not a quarter of the species have suggested to the popular apprehension any distinctive name; while other less showy plants, like the Pansy ( Viola tricolor), the Marsh Marigold (Caltha palustris), the Spotted Touch-me-not (/mpatiens biflora), Bluets (Houstonia coeru- Zea) and others, have a score of different names. The Index shows the extent to which the same popular name has been applied to differ- ent plants, which is the only cause of confusion; and this confusion will usually be removed by the use of the Index with a reference to the illustrations. NEW YORK, June 20, 1898. *In compiling this list, reference has been made to numerous general and special botanical works, to our state and local Floras, to Hobbs’ Botanical Handbook (pharmaceutical), to Beal’s, Scribner’s and Pammel’s works on Grasses, to Sudworth’s Arborescent Flora, to Britten and Hol- land’s Dictionary of English Plant Names (London, 1886), and to the valuable papers of Mrs. F. D, Bergen on Popular Plant Names in the Botanical Gazette for 1892, p. 365; for 1893, p. 420; for 1894, p. 429, and for 1806, p. 473. Prof. E. S. Burgess has also supplied about 100 popular names not before noted that are in use at Martha’s Vineyard and in Washington, D. C.; and Mrs. Horner, of Georgetown, Mass., and Miss Bartlett, of Haverhill, Mass., have each contributed some. LSAT NEW yo BOTANIC GARDE? ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS. A. Benn. Bennett, Arthur. A. Br. Braun, Alexander, Adanson, Michel. Aiton, William. Ait. f. Aiton, William Townsend. All. Allioni, Carlo. Anders, Andersson, Nils Johan. Andr, Andrews, Henry C. Andrz. Andrzejowski, Anton Lukianowicz. Angs. Angstrém, Johan. Ard. Arduino, Luigi. Arn. Amott, George Arnold Walker. Aschers. Ascherson, Paul Friedrich August. Aubl, Aublet, Jean Baptiste Christophore Fusée. Aust. Austin, Coe Finch. Bab. Babington, Charles Cardale. Bald. Baldwin, William. Baill. Baillon, Henri. Baril, Bartling, Friedrich Gottlieb. Bart. Barton, William P. C. Bartr, Bartram, John. Beauv. Palisot de Beauvois, A.M.F-J. Benth. Bentham, George. Benth. & Hook. Bentham, George, and Hooker, Joseph Dalton. Berch. Berchtold, Friedrich von. Bernh, Bernhardi, Johann Jacob. Bess. Besser, Wilhelm S. J. G. von. Bieb. Bieberstein, F. A. M. von. Bigel. Bigelow, Jacob. Bisch. Bischoff, Gottlieb Wilhelm. Biv. Bivona-Bernardi, Antonio. Boeckl, Boeckeler, Otto. Boehm. Boehmer, Georg Rudolf. Boiss. Boissier, Edmond. Borck. Borckhausen, Moritz Balthazar. Brack. Brackinridge, William D. Brew, Brewer, William Henry. B.S. P. Britton, N. L.; Sterns, Emerson Alex- ander; Poggenburg, Justus. Brot. Brotero, Felix de Avellar. Buch. Buchenau, Franz. Buckl. Buckley, Samuel Botsford. Burgsd. Burgsdorff, Friedrich August Ludwig von. Carr. Carriere, Elie Abel. Casp, Caspary, Robert. Cass. Cassini, Henri. Cav. Cavanilles, Antonio José. Celak, Celakowsky, Ladislav. Cerv. Cervantes, Vicente. Cham. Chamisso, Adalbert von. C. & S., Cham. & Sch. Chamisso and Schlech- tendahl. Chapm. Chapman, Alvan Wentworth. Chots, Choisy, Jacques Denis. Clairv, Clairville, Joseph Philippe de. Clayt. Clayton, John. Cogn. Cogniaux, Alfred. Coult, (Dips. ) Coulter, Thomas. Coult, Coulter, John Merle. Cc. & R. Coulter, J. M. and Rose, Joseph Nelson. Darl. Darlington, William. Davenp. Davenport, George Edward. DC. De Candolle, Augustin Pyramus. A. DC. De Candolle, Alphonse. Dec. Decaisne, Joseph. Desf. Desfontaine, René Louiche. Desr. Desroussoux. Desv. Desvaux, Nicaise Augustin. Dicks. Dickson, James. Dietr. Dietrich, David Nathanael Friedrich. Dill, Dillen, John Jacob. Dougl, Douglas, David. Drej. Drejer, Saloman Thomas Nicolai. Dryand. Dryander, Jonas, Diufr. Dufresne, Pierre. Dumort. Dumortier, Barthélemy Charles. Eat, Eaton, Amos. Eat. & Wr. Eaton, Amos, and Wright, John. Eberm. Ebermaier, Karl Heinrich. Ehrh, Ehrhart, Friedrich, Ell. Elliott, Stephen. Endl. Endlicher, Stephen Ladislaus. Engelm. Engelmann, George. Esch. Escholtz, Johann Friedrich. Fabr. Fabricius, Philipp Konrad. Fisch. Fischer, Friedrich Ernst Ludwig von. i’. & M. Fischer and Meyer, C. A. Foug. Fougeroux, Auguste Denis. Forsk, Forskal, Pehr. Forst. Forster, Johann Reinhold, and George. Fresen, Fresenius, Johann Baptist Georg Wolf- gang. Froel. Froelich, Joseph Aloys. Gaert, Gaertner, Joseph. Gaertn. f. Gaertner, Carl Friedrich. Gal, Galeotti, Henri. Gaud, Gaudichaud-Beaupré, Charles, Gey. Geyer, Carl Andreas. Gill, Gillies, John. Cine Gingins de Lassaraz, Frédéric Charles ean. Gilox, Gloxin, Benjamin Peter. Gmel. Gmelin, Samuel Gottlieb. Gmel, J. F. Gmelin, Johann Friedrich. Gooden. Goodenough, Samuel. Gren. & Godr, Grenier, Charles, and Godron, A D. A. Grev. Greville, Robert Kaye. Griseb. Grisebach, Heinrich Rudolf August. Gronov. Gronovius, Jan Frederik. Guss. Gussone, Giovanni. Hack. Hackel, Eduard. | Hall. Haller, Albert von. Hamili, Hamilton, William. Hfarim, Hartman, Carl Johann. Hassk, Hasskarl, Justus Carl. Hausskn. Haussknecht, Carl. Haw. Haworth, Adrian Hardy. HBK. Humboldt, Friedrich Alexander von; Bonpland, Aimé and Kunth, Carl Siegesmund. Hegelm. Hegelmaier, Friedrich. Heil. Hellenius, Carl Niclas. Heist. Heister, Lorenz. Herb. Herbert, William. Hitch, Hitchcock, Albert Spear. Hochst, Hochstetter, Christian Friedrich, Hoffm. Hoffman, Georg Franz. Hoffmg. Hoffmansegg, Johann Centurius. #Hfoli, Hollick, Arthur. Hook. Hooker, William Jackson. H. & A. Hooker, W. J., and Amott, George A. Walker. Hook. f. Hooker, Joseph Dalton. Hornem. Hornemann, Jens Wilken. Huds. Hudson, William. | Irm. Irmisch, Thilo. | Jacg. Jacquin, Nicolas Joseph. Juss. Jussieu, Antoine Laurent. A. Juss. Jussieu, Adrien de. Karst. Karsten, H. Ki. Kilotsch, Johann Friedrich. | Kuehl. Kiuhlwein. | £, Linnaeus, Carolus, or Carl von Linné. L.f. Linne, Carl von (the son). ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS. L’ Her. WHeritier de Brutelle, Charles Louis. Laest. Laestadius, Lars Levi. Lag. Lagasca, Mariano. Lam. Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Antoine Pierre Monnet. Lamb, Lambert, Aylmer Bourke. Leavenw,. Leavenworth, Melines C. Ledeb. Wedebour, Carl Friedrich von. Lehm. Lehmann, Johann Georg Christian. Le Peyr. Le Peyrouse, Philippe. Lepech, WLepechin, Iwan. Lesp. © Thev. Lespinasse, G., and Theveneau, A. Less. Lessing, Christian Friedrich. Lestib, Lestiboudois, Francois Joseph. Lightf. Lightfoot, John, Lily. Liljeblad, Samuel. Lindl. Lindley, John, Lodd. Loddiges, Conrad. Loefi. Loefling, Pehr. Lots. Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, Jean Louis Au- guste. Baud Loudon, John Claudius. Lour. Loureiro, Juan. MacM. MacMillan, Conway. Marsh, Marshall, Humphrey. Mars. Marsson, Theodor. Mart, Martens, Martin. Mart. & Gal, Martens, Martin, and Galeotti, Henri. Maxim. Maximowicz, Carl Johann. Med. Medicus, Friedrich Cassimir. Meisn. Meisner, Carl Friedrich. Mer. Merat, Francois Victor. Mert. & Koch. M. & K. Mertens, Franz Karl, and Koch, Wilhelm Daniel Joseph. Mett, Mettenius, George Heinrich. Mey. Meyer, Ernst Heinrich Friedrich. Michx, Michaux, André. Micha, f. Michaux, Francois André. Mill, Miller, Philip. Millsp. Millspaugh, Charles Frederic. Mitch. Mitchell, John. Mont. Montagne, Jean Frangois Camille. Moric. Moricand, Moise Etienne. Mog. Moquin-Tandon, Alfred. Muell. Arg. Miiller, Jean, of Aargau. Muench, Muenchhausen, Otto von. Muhl, Mihlenberg, Heinrich Ludwig. Murr, Murray, Johann Andreas. Neck. Necker, Noel Joseph de. esti. Nestler, Christian Gottfried. Nutt. Nuttall, Thomas. Ort. Ortega, Casimiro Gomez. Pall. Pallas, Peter Simon. Parl. Parlatore, Filippo. P. Br. Browne, Patrick. Pers. Persoon, Christian Hendrik. Planch. Planchon, Jules Emile. Poir, Poiret, Jean Louis Marie. Poll, Pollich, Johann Adam. FPourr. Pourret, Pierre André, R. Br. Brown, Robert. Raf. Rafinesque-Schmaltz, Constantino Samuel. Redf. © Rand, Redfield, John H., and Rand, Edward S. | Ser. | Szbth. | Reichenb, Reichenbach, Heinrich Gottlieb Lud- | wig. Retz, Retzius, Anders Johan. Richards. Richardson, John. Roem. Roemer, Johann Jacob. R. & S. Roemer, J. J.. and Schultes, Joseph August. Roem, & Ust. Roemer, J. J., and Usteri, Paulus. Rostk. Rostkovius, Friedrich Wilhelm Gottlieb. Roth, Rottboell, Christen Fries. Roxb. Roxburgh, William. R.& P._ Ruiz, Lopez Hipolito, and Pavon, Josef. Rupr. Ruprecht, Franz J. Rydb. Rydberg, Per Axel. St. Hil, St. Hilaire, August de. vii Salish. Salisbury, Richard Anthony. Sarg. Sargent, Charles Sprague. Sartw. Sartwell, Henry P. Sav. Savi, Gaetano. Schk. Schkuhr, Christian. Schlecht. Schlechtendal, Diedrich Franz Leon- hard von. Schleich. Schleicher, J. C. Schleid. Schleiden, Matthias Jacob. Schrad, Schrader, Heinrich Adolph. Schreb, Schreber, Johann Christian Daniel von. Schult, Schultes, Joseph August. Sch. Bip. Schultz Bipontinus, Karl Heinrich, Schum. Schumacher, Christian Friedrich. Schwetn. Schweinitz, Lewis David von. Scop. Scopoli, Johann Anton. Scribn, Scribner, Frank Lamson. Scribn. G& Ryd. Scribner, F, L., and Rydberg, LRN Pear inie Nicolas Charles, Seub, Seubert, Moritz. Sheld. Sheldon, Edmund P. Shuttiw. Shuttleworth, Robert. Sibthorp, John. Sieb. & Zucc. Siebold, Philipp Franz von, and Zuccarini, Joseph Gerhard. Soland, Solander, Daniel. Spreng. Sprengel, Kurt. Steud. Steudel, Ernest Gottlieb. Stev. Steven, Christian. Sudw. Sudworth, George B. Sw. Swartz, Olof. S. Wats, Watson, Sereno. Thuill, Thuillier, Jean Louis. Thunb. Thunberg, Carl Peter. Thurb. Thurber, George. Torr, Torrey, John. Torr. & Schw,. Torrey,J., and Schweinitz, L. D. Torr. & Hook, Torrey, John, and Hooker, Wil- liam Jackson. Tourn. Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de. Trait. Trattinnick, Leopold. Trel. Trelease, William, Traut, Trautvetter, Ernest Rudolph. Trin. Trinius, Karl Bernhard. Trin. & Rupr. Trinius, Karl, and Ruprecht, ae Tuckerm. Turce. Underw. Vaill. Vell. Vent. Tuckerman, Edward. Turczaninow, Nicolaus. Underwood, Lucien Marcus. Vaillant, Sébastien. A Velloso, José. Marianno de Conceicao. Ventenat, Etienne Pierre. Vill. Villars, Dominique. Wahl. Wahlenberg, Georg. W ‘ahlb. Wahlenberg, Pehr Friedrich. W. & K. Waldstein, Franz Adam von, Kitalbal, Paul. Wally. Wallroth, Karl Friedrich Wilhelm. Walp. Walpers, Wilhelm Gerhard. Walt. Walter, Thomas. ; Wang. Wangenheim, Friedrich Adam Julius von, Wats. & Coult. John Merle. Web. Weber, Friedrich. and Watson, Sereno, and Coulter, Wedd. Weddell, H. A. Wetnm. Weinmann. Wender. Wenderoth, George Wilhelm Franz. Wettst. Wettstein, R. von. Wigg. Wiggers, Friedrich Heinrich. Willd. Willdenow, Carl Ludwig. Wimm, Wimmer, Friedrich. Wisliz. Wislizenus, A. With. Withering, William. Wolfe. Wolfgang. Woodv. Woodville, William. Wormsk. Wormskiold, M. von. Wr. Wright, John. Wulf. Wulfen, Franz Xavier. GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS AND FAMILIES. Subkingdom PTERIDOPHYTA. ~ : 1-48. SPORES DEVELOPING INTO FLAT OR IRREGULAR PROTHALLIA, WHICH BEAR THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS (ANTHERIDIA AND ARCHEGONIA); FLOWERS AND SEEDS NONE. 1. Spores produced in sporanges, which are borne on the back of a leaf, in spikes or panicles, or in special conceptacles. Order 1. FILICALES. % Spores all of one sort and size (isosporous families). { Vernation erect or inclined; sporanges in spikes, or panicles, opening by a transverse slit. Fam. 1. Ophioglossaceae. 1:1. + + Vernation coiled; sporanges reticulated, usually provided with a ring (annulus). Sporanges opening vertically. Sporanges panicled, with a rudimentary ring; marsh ferns. Fam. 2. Osmundaceae. 1: 4. Sporanges sessile on a filiform receptacle; leaves filmy, translucent. Fam. 3. Hymenophyllaceae. 1:6. Sporanges ovoid, in panicles, or spikes, provided with an apical ring. Fam. 4. Schizacaceae. 1:7. Sporanges opening transversely, provided with a vertical ring; borne in sori on the back or margin of a leaf. Fam. 5. Polypodiaceae, 1:8. % % Spores of two sizes (microspores and macrospores). Plants rooting in the mud; leaves 4 foliolate, or filiform. Fam. 6. A/arsileaceae. 1: 33. Plants floating; leaves entire, or 2-lobed. Fam. 7. Salviniaceae., 1: 34. 2. Spores produced in sporanges, which are clustered underneath the scales of a terminal cone-like spike ; stems jointed, rush-like. Order 2, EQUISETALES. One family. Fam. 8. Equiselaceae. 1: 35. 3. Spores produced in sporanges, which are borne in the axils of scale-like or tubular leaves. Order 3. LYCOPODIALES. Spores all of one sort and size. Fam. 9. Lycopodiaceae. 1: 39. Spores of two sizes (microspores and macrospores). y Leaves scale-like, 4-many-ranked, on branching stems. Fam. 10. Selaginellaceae. 1: 44. Leaves tubular, clustered on a corm-like trunk; aquatic or mud plants. Fam. 11. /soe/aceae. 1: 45, Subkingdom SPERMATOPHYTA. I: 49. MICROSPORES (POLLEN-GRAINS) DEVELOPING INTO A TUBULAR PROTHALLIUM (POLLEN-TUBE); MACROSPORES (EMBRYO-SAC) DEVELOPING A MINUTE PROTHALLIUM, AND, TOGETHER WITH IT, REMAINING ENCLOSED IN THE MACROSPORANGE (OVULE) WHICH RIPENS INTO A SEED. Class 1. GYMNOSPERMAE. Ovules not enclosed in an ovary. I: 49-61. Fruit a cone, with several or numerous scales, sometimes berry-like by their cohesion. Fam. 1. Pinaceae. 1: 49. Fruit (in our genus) a fleshy integument nearly enclosing the seed. Fam. 2. Taaxaceae. 1:61. Class 2. ANGIOSPERMAE. Ovules enclosed in an ovary. I: 61. Subclass 1. MoNOCOTYLEDONES. I: 62-481. EMBRYO WITH I COTYLEDON; STEM WITH NO DISTINCTION INTO PITH, WOOD AND BARK; LEAVES MOSTLY PARALLEL-VEINED. 1. Carpels 1, or more, distinct (united, at least partially, in Family 4, Scheuchzeriaceae, where they are mostly united until maturity, and Family 6, Vallisneriaceae, aquatic herbs, with monoecious or dioecious flowers); parts of the flowers mostly unequal in number. % Inflorescence various, not a true spadix, + Flowers not in the axils of dry chaffy scales (glumes); our species aquatic or marsh plants. } Endosperm mealy or fleshy; perianth of bristles or chaffy scales; flowers monoecious, spicate or capitate. Order 1. PANDANALES. Flowers spicate, terminal. Fam. 1. 7yphaceae. 1:62. Flowers capitate, the heads axillary to leaf-like bracts. Fam. 2. Spargantaceae. 1: 63. t f Endosperm none, or very little; perianth corolla-like, or herbaceous, or none. Order 2. NAIADALES ( Fluviales). Perianth, if present, inferior; carpels mostly distinct. Perianth- -segments, when present, herbaceous. Carpels distinct; aquatic herbs. Fam. 3. Watadaceae. 1:65. Carpels united until maturity; bog plants; flowers racemed or spiked. Fam. 4. Scheuchzeriaceae. 1:82. Perianth of 2series of segments, the outer (sepals) green, the inner (petals) mostly white. Fam. 5. A/ismaceae. 1:84. Perianth superior; carpels united. Fam. 6. Vallisneriaceae., 1:92. Voz. III.] GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS AND FAMILIES. ix t+ 7 Flowers in the axils of dry chaffy scales (glumes), arranged in spikes or spikelets. Order 3: GRAMINALES (Glumiflorae). Fruit a caryopsis (grain); stems (culms) mostly hollow in our species. Fam. 7. Gramineae, 1: 94. Fruit an achene; stems (culms) solid. Fam. 8. Cyperaceae. 1: 234, (Order 4, PRINCIPES, including only the family Pa/maceae, Palms and Order 5, SYNANTHAS, including only the family Cyclanthaceae, are not represented in our territory. ) % % Inflorescence a fleshy spadix, with or without a spathe; or plants minute, floating free, the flowers few or solitary on the margin or back of the thallus. Order 6. ARALES (.Spathiflorae). Large herbs, with normal foliage and well-developed spadix. Fam. 9. Araceae. 1: 360. Minute floating thalloid plants. Fam. 10. Lemnaceae. 1: 365. 2. Carpels united into a compound ovary; parts of the usually complete flowers mostly in 3’s or 6’s. % Seeds with endosperm. + Flowers regular, or nearly so (corolla irregular in Commelina). { Endosperm mealy; ovary superior. Order 7. XYRIDALES (/arinosae). a. Ovary 1-celled. Aquatic moss-like leafy herbs; flowers solitary. Fam. 11. MWayacaceae. 1: 367. Erect rush-like herbs; flowers in terminal scaly heads or spikes. Fam. 12. Ayridaceae. 1: 368. Mud or aquatic herbs, the flowers subtended by spathes ( He/eranthera in Pontederiaceae 1: 379). b. Ovary 2-3-celled (except in some Pontederiaceae), Flowers very small, densely capitate, monoecious or dioecious. Fam. 13. Ertocaulaceae. 1: 371. Flowers perfect. Epiphytes; leaves scurfy. Fam. 14. Bromeliaceae. 1: 374. Terrestrial or aquatic herbs; leaves not scurfy. Perianth of 2 series of parts, the outer (sepals) green, the inner (petals) colored. Fam. 15. Commelinaceae. Perianth 6-parted. Fam. 16. Pontederiaceae. t { Endosperm fleshy or horny; ovary superior or inferior. Order 8. LILIALEs. a. Ovary superior (except in A/e/rts, in the Liliaceae, and some species of Zygadenus in the Melanthaceae). Perianth-segments distinct, green or brown, not petal-like; herbs with grass-like leaves and small flowers. Fam. 17. J/uncaceae. 1: 381. Perianth-segments distinct, or partly united, at least the inner petal-like. Fruit a capsule (except i in Yucca baccata, where it is large, fleshy and indehiscent). Capsule mostly septicidal; plants rarely bulbous. Fam. 18. J/elanthaceae. 1: 399. Capsule loculicidal (septicidal in Ca/ochor/us); plants mostly bulbous. Fam. 19, Liliaceae. 1: 410. Fruit a fleshy berry. Erect herbs: tendrils none; flowers perfect. Fam. 20. Convallariaceae. 1: 427. Vines, climbing by tendrils, or rarely erect; flowers dioecious, in axillary umbels. Fam. 21. Smilaceae. 1: 438. b. Ovary inferior, wholly or in part. Stamens 3, opposite the inner corolla-segments, Fam. 22. Haemodoraceae. 1: 442. Stamens 6 in our species. Erect perennial herbs; flowers perfect. Fam. 23. Amaryllidaceae. 1: 443. Twining vines; flowers dioecious. : Fam. 24. Dioscoreaceae. 1: 446. Stamens 3, opposite the outer corolla-segments. Fam. 25. /ridaceae. 1: 447. t tT Flowers very irregular; ovary inferior. Order 9. SCITAMINALES. One family represented in our territory. Fam. 26. Marantaceae. 1: 454. % % Seeds without endosperm, very numerous and minute; ovary inferior. Order 10. ORCHIDALES (Wicrospermae). Flowers regular; stem-leaves reduced to scales. Fam. 27. Burmanniaceae. 1: 455. Flowers vety irregular. Fam. 28. Orchidaceae. 1: 456. Subclass 2. DiIcoTyLEDONES. I: 482. EMBRYO NORMALLY WITH 2 COTYLEDONS; STEMS DIFFERENTIATED INTO PITH, WOOD AND BARK; LEAVES MOSTLY NET-VEINED. Series I. CHORIPETALAE. 1: 482 to 2: 547. Petals distinct to the base, or wanting (exceptions noted Vol. 1: 482). A. Petals none, except in Portulacaceae and in most Caryophyllaceae, which are herbs with leaves qe alw ays opposite, the seeds with endosperm, and in the pistillate flowers of the walnuts (Juglans). 1. Calyx none (except in the Juglandaceae, which are trees with odd-pinnate leaves). Marsh herbs with perfect flowers in nodding spikes. Order 1. PIPERALES. One family only. Fam. 1. Saururaceae. 1: 482. Trees or shrubs; staminate flowers, and sometimes also the pistillate, in aments. Leaves odd-pinnate; fruit a nut enclosed in a husk. Order: 2. JUGLANDALES. One family only. Fam. 2. /uglandaceae. 1: 483. Leaves simple. Fruit 1-seeded. Order 3. MYRICALES. Ovule erect, orthotropous. Fam. 3. Myrtcaceae. 1: 487. Ovule laterally attached, ascending, amphitropous. Fam. 4. Leitneriaceae. 1: 489. Fruit many-seeded; seeds with a tuft of hairs at one end. Order 4. SALICALES. One family only. Fam. 5. Salicaceae. 1: 490. x GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS AND FAMILIES. 2. Calyx present. % Flowers, at least the staminate ones, in aments. Order 5. FAGALES. Both staminate and pistillate flowers in aments. Fam. 6. Belulaceae. 1: 506. Pistillate flowers subtended by an involucre, which becomes a bur or a cup in fruit. Fam. 7. Fagaceae. 1: 513. % % Flowers not in aments (in ament-like spikes in Morus), but variously clustered, rarely solitary. a. Flowers monoecious, dioecious or polygamous (sometimes perfect in U/mus); ovary superior, 1-celled. Order 6, URTICALES. Fruit not an achene: trees, shrubs or herbs; ovule pendulous. Trees with alternate leaves, the sap not milky. Fam. 8. Ulmaceae. 1: 523. Trees with alternate leaves and milky sap; or opposite-leaved herbs or herbaceous vines. Fam. 9. Moraceae. 1: 527. Fruit an achene; herbs with small clustered greenish flowers; ovule erect or ascending. Fam. 10. Urticaceae. 1: 530. a 7, PROTEALES, extensively developed in the southern hemisphere, is not represented in our area. b. Flowers dioecious, or perfect; ovary inferior, at least in part. Ovary 1-celled. Order 8. SANTALALES. Tree-parasites, with opposite leaves or scales; fruita berry. Fam. 11. Loranthaceae. 1: 534. Root-parasites, or shrubs; leaves alternate in our genera; fruit a drupe, or nut. Fam. 12. Santalaceae. 1: 536. Ovary several- (usually 6-) celled; flowers perfect. Order 9. ARISTOLOCHIALES. One family in our area. Fam. 13. Avistolochiaceae. 1: 537. c. Flowers mostly perfect in our genera (dioecious in some species of Rumex in Polygonaceae, monoecious or dioecious in some*Chenopodiaceae and Amaranthaceae); ovary superior. } Embryo straight, or nearly so; fruitan achene. Order 10. POLYGONALES. One family. Fam. 14. Polygonaceae. 1: 541. + { Embryo coiled, curved, or annular; fruit not an achene. Order 11, CHENOPODIALES ( Cen/rospermae). Fruit a utricle (see also last genera of Caryophyllaceae). Flowers bractless, or, if bracted, the bracts not scarious; sepals green, or greenish. Fam. 15. Chenopodiaceae. 1: 569. Flowers bracted, the bracts, and also the sepals mostly scarious. Fam. 16. Amaranithaceae. 1: 586. Fruit fleshy, enclosing several carpels; a berry. Fam. 17. Phylolaccaceae. 1: 593. Fruit an anthocarp, the persistent base of the corolla-like calyx enclosing a utricle. Fam. 18. Nyctaginaceae. 1: 504. Fruit a capsule, dehiscent by valves, or teeth (utricular in Anychia, Paronychia and Scleranthus of the Caryophyllaceae ). Capsule 2-several-celled: petals none. Fam. 19. Atzoaceae, 1: 507. Capsule 1-celled; petals mostly present. Sepals 2. Fam. 20. Porlulacaceac. 2: 1. Sepals 5 or 4, distinct or united. Fam. 21. Caryophyllaceae. 2: 6. B. Petals present (wanting in Ceratophyllaceae—aquatie herbs with whorled dissected leaves; in. many Ranunculaceae; in Calycocarpum—a dioecious vine of the Menispermaceae; in Laura- ceae—alternate-leaved aromatic trees and shrubs; in Podostemaceae—aquatic herbs, the sim- ple flowers involucrate; in Liguidambay—a tree, with palmately-lobed leaves and capitate flowers of the Hamamelidaceae; in Sanguisor ba—herbs with pinnate leaves of the Rosaceae; in Xanthoxrylum—trees with pinnate leaves of the Rutaceae; in Euphorbiaceae; in Callitrich: aceae, Empetraceae and Buxaceae; in some of the Aceraceae and Rhaminaceae; in Thymele- aceae, Elaeagnaceae, and in some species of Ludwigia in Onagraceae and of /Vyssa in Cor- naceae ). I. Ovary superior, free from the calyx (partly or wholly inferior in some Saxifragaceae, in Grossulariaceae, Hamamelidaceae, Pomaceae and Loasaceae). 1. Carpels solitary, or several or distinct (united in some Nymphaeaceae); stamens mostly hypogynous and more numerous than the sepals; sepals mostly distinct. Order 12. RANALES. % Aquatic herbs ; floating leaves peltate, or with a basal sinus. Carpels 3, or more; petals large; floating leaves not dissected. Fam. 22 Nymphaeaceae. 2: 41. Pistil 1; petals none; leaves whorled, all submersed and dissected. Fam. 23. Ceratophyllaceae. 2: 46. % % Land or marsh plants (some Ranunculaceae aquatic). Stamens numerous; sepals distinct; petals present (except in some Ranunculaceae and in Calyco- carpum of the Menispermaceae). Receptacle not hollow; leaves alternate (except in Clematis). Flowers perfect (except in some species of Clematis and Thalictrum). Fruit aggregate, cone-like; trees; sepals and petals in 3 series, or more, of 3 Fam. 24. Magnoliace aé. 2:47. Fruit not aggregate, the carpels separate, at least when mature. Anthers not opening by valves; pistils usually more than r. Sepals 3; petals 6; shrubs or trees. Fam. 25. Anonaceae. 2: 49. Sepals 3-15; petals (when present) about as many; our species herbs or vines ( XNanthorrhiza shrubby). Fam. 26. Ranunculaceae. 2: 50. Anthers opening by valves (except in Podophyllum ); pistil 1 Fam. 27. Berberidaceae. 2: 89. Dioecious climbing vines with simple leaves; fruit drupaceous. Fam, 28. Menispermaceae. 2:93. Receptacle hollow, enclosing the numerous pistils and achenes; opposite-leaved shrubs. Fam 29. Calycanthaceae. 2: 9}. Stamens 9 or 12, in 3 or 4 series of 3° anthers opening by valves; aromatic trees or shrubs with no petals, more or less united sepals, and 1 pistil. Fam, 30. Lauraceae. 2: 95. GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS AND FAMILIES. xal 2. Carpels 2 or more, united into a compound ovary; stamens hypogynous; sepals mostly distinct. % Plants not insectivorous. Order 13. PAPAVERALES ( Rhoeadales). Sepals 2 (very rarely 3 or 4): endosperm fleshy. Fam. 31. Papaveraceae. 2: 98. Sepals or calyx-segments 4-8; endosperm none. Capsule 2-celled by a longitudinal partition, usually 2-valved, rarely indehiscent; sepals and petals 4. Fam. 32. Cructferae. 2: 108. Capsule 1-celled, of 2-6 carpels. Sepals and petals 4, regular, or petals irregular; capsule of 2 carpels, 2-valved. Fam. 33. Capparitdaceae. 2: 154. Sepals and petals 4-8, irregular; capsule of 3-6 carpels, 3-6-valved at the top; disk large. Fam. 34. Resedaceae. 2: 158. *% % Insectivorous plants, secreting a viscid liquid, with basal leaves and scapose flowers. Order 14. SARRACENIALES. Ovary 3-5-celled; leaves hollow. Fam. 35. Sarraceniaceae, 2: 159. Ovary 1-celled; leaves circinate in unfolding, the blade flat. Fam. 36. Droseraceae. 2: 160. 3. Carpels solitary, or several and distinct, or sometimes united; stamens mostly perigynous or epigynous; sepals mainly united or confluent with the concave receptacle. Order 15. ROSALES. *% Small aquatic fleshy herbs, with a spathe-like involucre, and a 2-3-celled capsule; perianth none. Fam. 37. Podoslemaceae, 2: 163. % x Land or rarely swamp plants without an involucre. t+ Endosperm present, usually copious and fleshy. Carpels as many as the calyx-segments; stamens as many or twice as many; more or less fleshy herbs. Fam. 38 Crassulaceae, 2: 163. Carpels fewer than the calyx-segments, mostly 2 (ovary 1-celled in Parnassta). Herbs, or opposite-leaved shrubs. Fam. 39. Saxifragaceae, 2: 169. Alternate-leaved shrubs or trees; styles 2. d Fruit a 1-celled berry. Fam. 40. Grossulartaceae. 2: 187. Fruit a 2-celled woody or hard capsule. Fam. 41. Hamamelidaceae, 2: 192. TT Endosperm none, or very little (copious in Opulaster, shrub of the Rosaceae), i Trees with broad leaves and small monoecious capitate flowers. ‘ Fam. 42. Platanaceae. 2: 194. tt Flowers perfect (dioecious in Arwncus and in species of Fragaria of the Rosaceae ; in Gleditsta and Gymnocladus of the Caesalpiniaceae, and rarely in some Papilionaceae). a. Flowers regular. Pistils usually several or numerous (one only in Cercocarpus and sometimes in species of Alche- milla and Sangutsorba). Carpels distinct, sometimes adnate to the calyx, ripening into follicles or achenes. Fam. 43. Rosaceae. 2: 194. Carpels united, enclosed by the calyx-tube and adnate to it, the fruit a pome. Fam, 44. Pomaceae. 2: 232. Pistil only 1. Ovary 2-ovuled; fruit a drupe; leaves simple. Fam. 45. Drupaceae. Ovary several-ovuled; fruit a legume; leaves 2-3-pinnate. Fam. 46. Aimosaceae. b. Flowers irregular (nearly or quite regular in G/edi/sta and Gymnocladus, trees of the Caesalpiniaceae ). Fruita legume; upper petal enclosed by the lateral ones in the bud; leaves compound, mostly stip- : 246. 1254. NK ulate. Fam. 47. Caesalpiniaceae, 2: 256. Fruit spiny, indehiscent; leaves simple, exstipulate. Fam. 48. Avameriaceae. 2: 261. Fruit a legume or loment; upper petal enclosing the lateral ones in the bud; leaves compound (sometimes 1-foliolate ), stipulate. Fam. 49. Papilionaceae, 2: 262. 4. Carpels united into a compound ovary; sepals mostly distinct. + Stamens few, rarely more than twice as many as the sepals. J} Stamens as many as the sepals or fewer, and opposite them, or more numerous. ft Ovules pendulous, the raphe toward the axis of the ovary. Order 16. GERANIALES. Stamens more than one; land plants. Flowers regular, or nearly so; petals preseut, usually as many as the sepals. Herbs, the leaves not punctate; flowers perfect. Leaves not pinnately compound. Capsule at length splitting into its 5 carpels; leaves lobed or dissected. Fam. 50. Geraniaceae. 2: 340. Capsule 2-5-celled, not splitting into its carpels. Stamens 2-3 times as many as the petals; leaves 3-foliolate in our species. Fam. 51. Oxalidaceae. 2: 344. Stamens as many as the petals; leaves entire. Fam. 52. Linaceae. 2: 348. Leaves pinnately compound. Fam, 53. Zygophyllaceae. 2: 351. Our species trees or shrubs with compound leaves, often punctate; flowers dioecious or polygamous. Leaves punctate. Fam. 54. Rulaceae, 2: 352. Leaves not punctate, but the bitter bark with oil-sacs. Fam. 55. Stmarubaceac. 2: 354. Flowers very irregular; petals 3; stamens usually 8; low herbs. Fam. 56. Polygalaceae. 2: 355. Flowers regular, often apetalous, small, monoecious or dioecious; carpels mostly 3; herbs or low shrubs, mostly with milky juice. Fam. 57. Euphorbiaceae. 2: 361. Stamen only 1; perianth none; styles 2; small aquatic or rarely terrestrial plants with opposite en- tire leaves. Fam. 58. Callitrichaceae. 2: 381. t t Ovules pendulous, with the raphe away from the axis of the ovary, or erect or ascending. Order 17. SAPINDALES. a. Flowers regular, or nearly so (except in Hippocastanaceae, which are trees or shrubs with digitately compound leaves). Petals none (or 3in Empetrum); flowers monoecious or dioecious; leaves evergreen. Stamens mostly 3; low heath-like shrubs. Fam. 59. Empetraceae. 2: 383. Stamens 4-7; our species an herb with broad leaves and spiked flowers. Fam, 60. Buxaceae. 2: 384. xu GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS AND FAMILIES. Petals present; leaves deciduous, except in Cyrillaceae and some Tlicaceae. Low annual herbs, with pinnately divided leaves, the stamens twice as many as the petals. Fam. 61. Limnanthaceae. 2: 385. ‘Trees or shrubs, or rarely herbaceous vines. Ovary 1-celled (in ours); fruit a small drupe, Fam. 62. Anacardiaceae, 2: 385. Ovary 2-several-celled. Leaves simple, pinnately veined. Seeds not arilled. Fruit dry; flowers racemed, perfect. Fam. 63. Cyrtllaceae. 2: 389. Fruit a small drupe; flowers not racemed, mostly polygamo-dioecious; ovules pendulous. Fam. 64. /licaceae. 2: 390. Seeds arilled; ovules erect; capsule fleshy. Fam. 65. Celastraceae, 2: 393. Leaves simple and palmately veined, or compound. Leaves opposite. Fruit a bladdery 3-lobed capsule, Fam. 66. Staphyleaceae. 2: 396. Fruit of 2 winged samaras. Fam. 67. Aceraceae. 2: 396. Fruit a leathery capsule; flowers irregular; leaves digitately compound. Fam, 68 HH1ppocastanaceae. 2: 400. Leaves alternate; fruit various. Fam. 69. Sapindaceae. 2: 402. b. Flowers very irregular, the posterior sepal large, saccate; succulent herbs, the capsule elastically dehiscent. Fam. 70. Balsaminaceae. 2: 403. + + Stamens as many as the sepals and alternate with them, opposite the petals when these are present; ovules erect. Order 18. RHAMNALES. Shrubs, small trees, or vines; petals 4 or 5, or none; fruit a drupe or capsule. Fam. 71. Rhamnaceae. 2: 404. Vines, climbing by tendrils, rarely shrubs; petals caducous} fruit a berry. Fam. 72. Vifaceae. 2: 407. % % Stamens usually very numerous (except in some Hypericaceae, in Elatinaceae, Violaceae and Passifloraceae); disk inconspicuous or none. + Sepals valvate; placentae united in the axis of the capsule. Order 19. MALVALES. Stamens in several sets; anthers 2-celled: embryo straight. Fam. 73. 7i/iaceae. 2: 413. Stamens monadelphous; anthers 1-celled; embryo curved. Fam. 74. Malvaceae. 2: 415. + + Sepals or calyx-segments imbricated or convolute (except in Loasaceae, in which the calyx-tube is adnate to the ovary); placentae mainly parietal, sometimes united in the axis. Order 20. PARIETALES. Sepals distinct, mostly persistent. Endosperm little or none. Trees or shrubs with alternate leaves, and large solitary axillary flowers. Fam. 75. Tiieaceae. 2: 426. Herbs or low shrubs with opposite, rarely verticillate leaves. Leaves punctate or black-dotted, exstipulate. Fam. 76. Hypericaceae. 2: 427. Leaves stipulate; minute or small marsh or aquatic herbs with axillary flowers. Fam. 77. Elatinaceae. 2: 437. Endosperm copious. Flowers regular, but the 2 outer sepals smaller; stamens numerous; ovules orthotropous. Fam. 78. Cistaceae. 2: 439. Flowers irregular, some often cleistogamous; stamens 5; ovules anatropous. Fam. 79. Violaceae. 2: 445. Sepals more or less united into a gamosepalous calyx. A fringed crown in the throat of the calyx; our species vines; stamens 5; ovary free from the calyx. Fam. 80. Passifloraceae. 2: 457. No crown; our species herbs; stamens numerous; ovary adnate to the calyx. Fam. 81. Loasaceae. 2: 458. Il. Ovary inferior, adnate to the calyx, wholly, or in part (except in Lythraceae and our Melasto- maceae, where it is usually merely enclosed by it, and in Thymeleaceae and Elaeagnaceae, which are shrubs or trees, with no corolla). 1. Fleshy spiny plants, with jointed stems, the leaves very small, or none; calyx-segments and petals very numerous. Order 21. OPUNTIALES. One family. Fam. 82. Cactaceae. 2: 460. 2. Herbs, shrubs or trees, not fleshy nor spiny; calyx-segments and petals (when present) rarely more than 5. Petals none in our species; shrubs or trees; ovary 1-ovuled. Order 22. THYMELEALES. Leaves green; seed pendulous. Fam. 83. Zhymeleaceae, 2: 465. Leaves silver-scurfy; seed erect. Fam. 84. Elaeagnaceae. 2: 466. Petals present (except in some Haloragidaceae, which are small aquatic herbs). Ovules several or numerous in each cavity of the ovary (except in Haloragidaceae and Trap- aceae ). Order 23. MyrTALES (Jfyrtiflorae). Land or marsh plants, or, if aquatic, submerged leaves not dissected. Calyx-tube merely enclosing the ovary, but free from it, except at the base.) Anthers longitudinally dehiscent. Fam. 85. Lythraceae. 2: 468. Anthers opening by a terminal pore. Fam. 86. Melasfomaceae. 2: 473. Calyx-tube almost wholly adnate to the ovary. Fam. 87. Onagraceae. 2: 475. Aquatic or amphibious herbs, the submerged leaves dissected (except in Hippurts, which has whorled narrow leaves and only 1 stamen). : Petioles of the broad floating leaves inflated; flowers rather large, white. Fam. 88. Trapaceae. 2: 500. Leaves most sessile; petioles, if present, not inflated; flowers small, greenish; seeds with I coat. Fam. 89. Haloragidaceae. 2: 500. Ovules 1 in each cavity of the ovary. Order 24. UMBELLALES ( Umbelliflorae). Stamens 5; styles 2-5, rarely united; flowers umbellate or capitate. Fruit a fleshy berry or drupe. Fam. 90, Araliaceae. 2: 505. Fruit dry when mature, splitting into two mericarps. Fam. 91. Umbelliferae. 2: 508. Stamens 4; style 1; stigma 1; shrubs and trees; flowers not umbellate. Fam. 92. Cornaceae. 2: 542. GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS AND FAMILIES. xili Series 2. GAMOPETALAE. 2: 548 to 3: 493. Petals more or less uniled, (See exceptions noted on page 548, Vol. 2.) A. Ovary superior (except in Vacciniaceae and Symplocaceae, in which it is partly or wholly inferior. ) I. Stamens mostly free from the corolla, or adnate merely to its base (at the sinuses of the corolla in Diapensia and Py-xidanthera of the Diapensiaceae), as many as the lobes and alternate with them, or twice as many. Order 1. ERICALES. Stamens free from the corolla, or merely adnate to its base, not united into a tube. Ovary superior; fruit a capsule, or rarely drupaceous. Corolla essentially polypetalous, Ovary 3-celled; shrubs; leaves deciduous. Fam. 1. Clethraceae. 2: 548. Ovary 4-5- -celled; low, mostly evergreen perennials. Fam. 2. Pyrolaceae. 2: 549. Corolla distinctly gamopetalous (except in Wonotropa and Hypopitys of the Monotropaceae and Ledum of the Ericaceae). Herbaceous saprophytes without green leaves. Fam. 3. Wonolvopaceae. 2: 554 Shrubs with normal, often evergreen leaves. Fam. 4. Ericaceae. 2:5, Ovary inferior, adnate to the calyx, forming a many-seeded berry in fruit. Fam. 5. Vacciniaceae. 2:57 Stamens borne at the sinuses of the corolla, or united in a 1o-lobed tube. Fam. 6. Drapensiaceae. 2: 582. II. Stamens borne on the corolla, as many as its lobes and opposite them, or twice as many, or more. Herbs. Order 2. PRIMULALES. Style 1; fruit a capsule. Fam. 7. Primulaceae. 2: 584. Styles 5; fruit an achene or utricle. Fam. 8. Plumbaginaceae. 2: 594. Shrubs or trees. Order 3. EBENALEFS. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes. Fam. 9. Sapotaceae. 2: 595. Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes, or more. Styles 2-8; flowers mostly monoecious or dioecious, Fam. 10. Ebenaceae. 2: 596. Style 1, simple or lobed; flowers mostly perfect. Stamens in several series. Fam. 11. Symplocaceae. 2: 597. Stamens in I series. Fam, 12. Slyracaceae. 2: 508. III. Stamens borne on the corolla, as many as its lobes or fewer, and alternate with them (In our species of /ryaxinus and Adelia of the Oleaceae there is no corolla). * Corolla nol scarious, nerved. f Ovaries 2, distinct (except in some Loganiaceae, and in Gentianaceae and Menyanthaceae, in which the ovary is compound, with 2 cavities, or rarely more, or with I cavity and 2 placentae); flowers regular; stamens mostly adnate to only the lower part of the corolla; leaves mostly opposite. Order 4. GENTIANALES ( Con/or/ae). a. Stamens (usually 2), fewer than the corolla-lobes, or corolla none; our species trees or shrubs. Fam, 13. Oleaceae, 2: 600. b. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes; mostly herbs. Stigmas distinct; juice not milky; ovary 1, compound. Ovary 2-celled; leaves stipulate, or their bases connected by a stipular line. Fam. 14. Loganiaceae. 2: 604. Ovary 1-celled; leaves not stipulate. Leaves opposite or rarely verticillate; corolla-lobes convolute or imbricated in the bud. Fam. 15. Genitianaceae. 2: 606. Leaves basal or alternate; corolla-lobes induplicate-valvate in the bud; marsh or aquatic herbs. Fam. 16. Menyanthaceae. 2: 621. Stigmas united; juice milky; ovaries 2 in our species. Styles united; stamens distinct; pollen of simple grains. Fam. 17. Apocynaceae. 3:1. Styles distinct; stamens mostly monadelphous; pollen-grains united into waxy masses. Fam. 18. Asclepiadaceae. 3: 4. tt Ovary 1, compound (2-divided in Dichondra of the Convolvulaceae; in Boraginaceae and Labi- atae mostly deeply 4-lobed around the style) flowers regular or irregular; stamens mostly adnate to the middle of the corolla-tube or beyond; leaves opposite or alternate. Order 5. POLEMONIALES ( 7ubiflorae). a. Corolla regular (irregular in Echium of the Boraginaceae). Ovary not 4-lobed, the carpels not separating as separate nutlets at maturity. Ovary 2-celled, rarely 3-4-celled; style 1, entire, 2-cleft, or 2-parted; mostly twining vines. Leaves normal. Fam. 19. Convolvulaceae. 3:19. White or yellowish parasitic vines, the leaves reduced to minute scales. Fam. 20. Cusculaceae. 3: 27. Ovary 3-celled; stigmas 3, linear; herbs, not twining. Fam. 21. Polemoniaceae. 3: 31. Ovary t-celled (2- celled in Nama); style I, 2-lobed, or 2-parted; herbs, not twining. Fam, 22. "Hydr ophyllaceae. 3: 43. Ovary deeply 4-lobed around the style, or not lobed ( Heliolropium); carpels separating as nutlets. Fam, 23. Boraginaceae. 3: 50. b. Corolla irregular, more or less 2-lipped (regular in Solanaceae, in Mendha and Lycopus of the Labiatae, and nearly or quite soin Verbena and Callicarpa of the Verbenaceae). 1. Carpels 1-2-seeded, Ovary not lobed, 2-4-celled, the style apical; carpels separating into 1-seeded nutlets. , Fam. 24. Verbenaceae. 3: 69. Ovary 4-lobed around the style, the lobes ripening into 1-seeded nutlets, Fam, 25. Labiatae. 3:74. ~ xiv GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS AND FAMILIES. 2. Carpels several-many-seeded (2-seeded in some Acanthaceae ). } Fruit a berry, or more commonly a capsule which is 1-2-celled, 2-valved, circumscissile, or irregularly bursting, not elastically dehiscent. Placentae axile. Ovary 2-celled, or rarely 3-5-celled. Flowers regular; fertile stamens 5 (4 in Pefunia); fruit a berry or capsule. Fam. 26. Solanaceae, 3: 124. Flowers more or less irregular; fertile stamens 2 or 4 (5 in Verbascum); fruit a capsule. Fam. 27. Scrophulariaceae. 3: 142. Ovary 1-celled; marsh or aquatic herbs with flowers on scapes. Fam, 28. Lentibulariaceae. 3: 188. Placentae parietal. Herbs, parasitic on the roots of other plants, the leaves reduced to scales, not green; ovary 1-celled. : Fam. 29. Orobanchaceae. 3: 194. Trees, vines, shrubs, or herbs, the foliage normal. Trees, shrubs, or woody vines; capsule 2-celled; seeds winged in our genera. Fam. 30. Bignoniaceae. 3: 198. Opposite-leaved herbs; capsule 1-celled in our genus; seeds wingless. Fam. 31. Martlyntaceae. 3: 200. } { Capsule completely 2-celled, elastically loculicidally dehiscent; opposite-leaved herbs; placentae axile. Fam. 32. Acanthaceae. 3: 201. 3. Ovary and fruit 1-celled with 1 erect orthotropous ovule and seed; herb with spicate flowers and refiexed fruits. Fam. 32°. PArymaceae. 3: 205. * * Corolla scarious, nerveless. Order 6. PLANTAGINALES. Herbs with small spicate or capitate flowers; one family. Fam. 33. Plantaginaceae. 3: 205. B. Ovary inferior. I. Anthers distinct. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and alternate with them (one fewer in Linnaea of the Capri- foliaceae ), or twice as many; ovary compound, with 1 ovule or more in each cavity; leaves opposite, or verticillate. Order 7. RUBIALES. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes. Leaves always stipulate, usually blackening in drying. Fam. 34. Rubiaceae. 3: 211. Leaves usually exstipulate, not blackening in drying. Fam. 35. Caprifoliaceae. 3: 227. Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes; low herb with ternately divided leaves. Fam. 36. Adoxaceae. 3: 242. Stamens mostly fewer than the corolla-lobes; ovary 1-celled with 1 pendulous ovule, or 3-celled with 2 of the cavities without ovules. Order 8. VALERIANALES ( Aggregatae). Ovary 3-celled; 2 cavities empty. Fam. 37. Valerianaceae. 3: 243. Ovary 1-celled; flowers densely capitate, involucrate. Fam. 38. Dipsacaceae. 3: 247. Il. Anthers united (except in Campanula and Legouzia of the Campanulaceae, in Ambrosiaceae, and in Kuhnia of the Compositae. Order9. CAMPANULALES ( Campanu/atae). Flowers not in involucrate heads; juice mostly milky. Endosperm none; flowers monoecious or dioecious; our species vines. Fam. 39. Cucurbilaceae. 3: 249. Endosperm present, fleshy; flowers perfect. Fam. 40. Campanulaceae. 3: 252. Flowers in involucrate heads. Flowers all expanded into rays (ligulate); juice milky. Fam. 41. Cichortaceae. 3: 261. Flowers all tubular, or the outer expanded into rays; juice very rarely milky. Stamens distinct, or nearly so. Fam. 42. Ambrostaceae. 3: 292. Stamens united by their anthers into a tube around the style (except in Kuhnia). Fan. 43. Compositae, 3: 298. Pelee PED FLORA. OL... bk Le Family 17. APOCYNACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 299. 1836. DOGBANE FAMILY. Perennial herbs, shrubs, vines, or some tropical genera trees, mostly with an acrid milky juice, with simple opposite alternate or verticillate exstipulate leaves, and perfect regular 5-parted cymose solitary or paniculate flowers. Calyx inferior, persistent, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Corolla gamopeta- lous, its lobes convolute in the bud and often twisted. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, alternate with them, inserted on the tube or throat; anthers linear-oblong, or sagittate, 2-celled; pollen-grains simple, often glutinous. Ovary superior, or its base adherent to the calyx, of 2 distinct carpels, or 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentae, or 2-celled; ovules few or numerous, anatro- pous or amphitropous; style simple, or 2-divided; stigmasimple. Fruit usually of 2 follicles or drupes. Seeds often appendaged by a coma; endosperm fleshy, not copious; embryo straight; cotyledons flat or concave; radicle terete, usually shorter than the cotyledons. About 130 genera and 1050 species, very widely distributed, mostly in tropical regions. Leaves alternate; erect herbs. 1. Amsonia. Leaves opposite; vines or herbs. Flowers large, axillary, solitary. 2. Vinca. Flowers small, cymose. Erect or diffuse herbs; corolla campanulate. 3. Apocynum., High-climbing vines; corolla funnelform. 4. Trachelospermum, 1. AMSONIA Walt. Fl. Car. 98. 1788. Perennial herbs, with alternate membranous leaves, and rather large blue or bluish flow- ers, in terminal thyrsoid or corymbose cymes. Calyx 5-parted, the segments narrow, acumi- nate. Corolla mostly salver-form, the tube cylindric, but somewhat dilated at the summit, villous within, the lobes convolutein the bud. Stamens inserted on the throat of the corolla, included; anthers ovate or oblong. Disk none. Ovary of 2 carpels, connected at the top by the filiform style; ovules in 2 rows in each cavity, numerous; stigma appendaged by a re- flexed membrane. Fruit of 2 erect cylindric several-seeded follicles. Seeds cylindric or ob- long, obliquely truncate at each end, not appendaged. [Named for Charles Amson of South Carolina. ] About 8 species, natives of North America and eastern Asia. Besides the following, 5 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States, 1. Amsonia Amsonia (L.) Britton. Amsonia. (Fig. 2893.) Tabernaemontana Amsonia I, Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 308. 1762. Amsonia Tabernaemontana Walt. Fl. Car. 98. 1788. A. Amsonia Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 262. 1894. Glabrous or nearly so, simple, or branched above, 2°-4° high. Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceo- late or lanceolate, entire, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, sometimes pubescent be- neath, 2’-5’ long, 1%4’-2’ wide; petioles 2’/-4’’ long; flowers thyrsoid-cymose, numerous; pedi- cels bracteolate at the base; calyx about 1/’ long, its segments subulate; corolla 6’’-9’’ long, beaked by the convolute limb in the bud, its lobes linear and about as long as the tube; fol- licles 2/-4’ long, about 2/’ thick, attenuate at the apex, glabrous; seeds papillose. In moist soil, southern Pennsylvania to Illinois and Kentucky, south to Florida, Missouri and Texas. April-July. I ‘ narrowed at the base, short-petioled, 1/-214’ \ long, 1%4/-1/ wide; flowers not numerous, solitary 2 APOCYNACEAE. (Vor. III. 2. VINCA L. Sp: Pli2oo) 2753. Erect or trailing herbs, some species slightly woody, with opposite leaves, and large soli- tary blue pink or white axillary flowers. Calyx 5-parted, the segments narrow, acuminate. Corolla salverform, the tube cylindric, or expanded above, pubescent within, the lobes con- volute, at least in the bud, oblique. Stamens included. Disk of 2 glands, alternate with the 2carpels. Ovules several in each carpel; style filiform; stigma annular, its apex penicillate. Follicles 2, erect or spreading, cylindric, several-seeded. Seeds oblong-cylindric, truncate at each end, not appendaged. [The Latin name. ] About 12 species, one native of tropical America, occurring in Florida, the others of the Old World. 1, Vinca minor L. Periwinkle. Myrtle. (Fig. 2894.) Vinca minor J,. Sp. Pl. 209. 1753. Perennial, trailing, glabrous; stems 6/—2° long. Leaves oblong to ovate, entire, firm, green both sides, obtuse or acutish at the apex, in some of the axils, blue, 9’’-15’’ broad; pe- duncles slender, 1%4/-114’ long; calyx very deeply parted, the segments subulate-lanceolate, glabrous, about 14’ long; corolla-tube expanded above, as long as or slightly longer than the ob- ovate, nearly truncate lobes; anther-sacs with a broad connective; follicles few seeded. Escaped from gardens to roadsides and woods, On- tario to southern New York and New Jersey. Native of Europe. Leaves shining. Also called Running Je 7 j we Myrtle. Feb.—May. 74 To , oe 2. APOCMNIUM Wasp: Pl. iors. e756 Perennial branching herbs, with opposite entire leaves, and small white or pink flowers in terminal and sometimes axillary corymbed cymes. Calyx 5-parted, the segments acute. Corolla campanulate, the tube bearing within 5 small triangular appendages alternate with the stamens, the limb 5-lobed. Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla; anthers sagit- tate, connivent around the stigma and slightly adherent to it. Disk 5-lobed. Ovary of 2 carpels; ovules numerous in each carpel; stigma ovoid, obtuse, obscurely 2-lobed. Follicles slender, elongated, terete. Seeds numerous, small, the apex tipped with a long coma. [Greek, dog-bane. ] About 8 species, of the north temperate zone. Branches divergent; corolla-tube longer than the calyx, its lobes revolute. 1. A. androsaemifolium. Branches erect or ascending; corolla-tube not longer than the calyx, its lobes nearly erect. Leaves and cymes glabrous or somewhat pubescent. Leaves petioled, narrowed at base, or the lower obtuse or subcordate. 2. A. cannabinum. Leaves mostly cordate-clasping or obtuse at the base, nearly sessile. 3. A. hypericifolium. Whole plant, including the cymes, densely pubescent. 4. A. pubescens. 4 1. Apocynum androsaemifolium L,. Spreading Dogbane. Honey-bloom. (Fig. 2895.) Apocynum androsaemtfolium I,. Sp. Pl. 213. 1753. Rootstock horizontal; stem 1°—4° high; branches broadly spreading, mostly glabrous. Leaves ovate or oval, acute or obtuse and mucronate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, gla- brous above, pale and usually more or less pubes- cent beneath, 2/-4’ long, 1/-214’ wide; petioles 2/’-4/’ long; cymes loose; pedicels 2’/-3/” long, subulate-bracted at the base; flowers about 4/% broad; calyx-segments shorter than the tube of the pinkish corolla; corolla-lobes revolute; fol- licles about 4’ long, narrowed at the apex. In fields and thickets, Anticosti to British Colum- bia, south to Georgia, Nebraska and Arizona. As- cends to 3500 ft. in Virginia. Called also Bitter-root. June-July. Vor. III.] DOGBANE FAMILY. 3 2. Apocynum cannabinum L. Indian Hemp. Amy-root. (Fig. 2896.) Apocynum cannabinum I,. Sp. Pl. 213. 1753- Root deep, vertical, soon branching. Stem ex- tensively branched, the branches erect or ascend- ing, glabrous or nearly so, more or less glaucous. Leaves oblong, lanceolate-oblong or ovate-oblong, acute or obtuse and mucronate at the apex, nar- rowed or rounded at the base, glabrous above, sometimes pubescent beneath, 2’-6’ long, 14/-3/ wide; petioles 1//-6’’ long, or sometimes none; cymes dense; pedicels short, bracteolate at the base; flowers 214//-314’’ broad; calyx-segments nearly as long as the tube of the greenish-white corolla; corolla-lobes nearly erect; follicles similar to those of the preceding species. In fields and thickets, Anticosti to British Columbia, Florida and Lower California. June-Aug. Apocynum cannabinum glabérrimum DC. Prodr.8: 439. 1844. Glabrous; leaves smaller, oblong-lanceolate, acute at each end, or sometimes rounded at the base, seldom over 2%’ long and 10'’ wide, distinctly petioled. On river-shores and similar situations; range apparently nearly of the type, but more abundant northward. 3. Apocynum hypericifolium Ait. Clasping-leaved Dogbane. (Fig. 2897.) Apocynum hypericifolium Ait. Hort. Kew. 1: 304. 1789. Apocynum cannabinum var. hypericifolium A. Gray, Man. 365. 1848. Glabrous, often glaucous; stem 1°-2° high, the branches ascending. Leaves oblong, oblong-lan- ceolate to oval, 1/-3/ long, 14’-14’ wide, obtuse or acutish at the apex, cordate-clasping, rounded, truncate, or the upper narrowed at the base, very short-petioled, or sessile, the primary venation forming broad angles with the midvein; cymes many-flowered, dense to loose; pedicels mostly not longer than the flowers, bracteolate; calyx-segments about the length of the corolla-tube, lanceolate, acute; corolla-lobes nearly erect; follicles 2/—3 14’ long. In dry soil, or along streams, Ontario to British Columbia, Ohio, Illinois and New Mexico. June-Aug. 4. Apocynum pubéscens R. Br. Velvet Dogbane. (Fig. 2898.) he pubescens R. Br. Mem. Wern. Soc. 1: 68. 18ir. Apocynum cannabinum var. pubescens A. DC. Prodr. 8: 440. 1844. Whole plant, including the pedicels and calyx, densely velvety-pubescent. Branches ascending; leaves oval to elliptic, obtuse or acute at the apex, strongly mucronate, obtuse or obtusish at the base, the veins impressed in the pubescence of the lower surface; petioles 1//-2/’ long; cymes dense; calyx-segments about as long as the tube of the corolla, lanceolate, acute; corolla appar- ently purple, its lobes erect; fruit not seen. Original from ‘‘ Virginia, herb. Mitchell.’’ The only specimen seen by us was collected by Dr. C. C. Parry in Polk Co., Iowa, July, 1867. 4 APOCYNACEAE. (Vor. III. 4. TRACHELOSPERMUM Lemaire, Jard. Fleur. 1: f/. 67. = 1851- Twining woody vines (some exotic species nearly erect shrubs), with opposite entire deciduous leaves, and small yellow greenish or white flowers in terminal and axillary com- pound cymes. Calyx small, deeply 5-parted, glandular within, the segments narrow. Cor- olla funnelform or salverform, the tube nearly cylindric, expanded above, the lobes convo- lute, more or less twisted. Stamens included, or short-exserted; anthers sagittate, acuminate, connivent around the stigma and slightly adherent to it. Disk of 5 glandular lobes. Ovary of 2 carpels; ovules numerous in each carpel; style slender, its apex thickened below the narrow ring of the ovoid stigma. Follicles much elongated, slender. Seeds linear, not beaked, long-comose at the apex. [Greek, neck-seed, but the seed is not beaked.] —N About 6 species, natives of eastern Asia and North = < Ce America. The following is the only known North ee American species. 1. Trachelospermum difforme (Walt.) A. Gray. Trachelospermum. (Fig. 2899.) Echiles difformis Walt. Fl. Car. 98. 1788. Forsteronia difformts A. DC. Prodr. 8: 437. 1844. T. difforme A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part 1, 85. 1878. A high-climbing vine, the stems 14’ in diameter or more, the twigs pubescent or glabrous. Leaves thin, ovate, oval or lanceolate, acuminate or acute at the apex, narrowed or rarely rounded at the base, 114’-3 long, %4’-2’ wide; petioles 2’/-4’’ long; peduncles slender, shorter than the leaves; pedicels and branches of the cyme bracteolate at the base; flowers yellow or cream-color, 4//-5/’ long; lobes of the corolla ovate, spreading, shorter than the tube; follicles very slender, 5’-9’ long, scarcely 2’ thick. In moist woods and along streams, Delaware to Florida, Texas and Mexico, mostly near the coast. June-Aug. Family 18. ASCLEPIADACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 302. 1836.* MILKWEED FAMILY. Perennial herbs, vines or shrubs, mostly with milky juice, with opposite alternate or verticillate exstipulate leaves, and mostly umbellate perfect regular flowers. Calyx inferior, its tube very short, or none, its segments imbricated or separate in the bud. Corolla campanulate, urceolate, rotate or funnelform, 5-lobed or 5-cleft, the segments commonly reflexed. ) _ In dry fields, Illinois and Ohio to North Caro- —_ ~~ lina and Florida. June-Aug. 3. Asclepias lanceolata Walt. Few- flowered Milkweed. (Fig. 2902.) Asclepias lanceolata Walt. Fl. Car. 105. _1788. A. paupercula Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 118. 1803. Nearly glabrous throughout; stem slender, usually simple, naked above, 2°-4° high. Leaves opposite, distant, linear or narrowly lanceolate, elongated, acuminate, narrowed at the base, short-petioled, 4/-10’ long, 2//-7’’ wide, roughish on the margins, the primary nerves widely spreading; umbels few- flowered, solitary or 2-4 at the summit; peduncles about equalling the slender puberulent pedicels; corolla-segments oblong, 4//-5’’ long, deep red; column thick, about 1/” high; hoods obovate or ob- long, obtuse, orange, 2-toothed near the base, nearly twice the length of the anthers and longer than the subulate incurved horn; anther-wings notched at the base; fruiting pedicels decurved; follicles erect, minutely puberulent, fusiform, about 4’ long. In swamps, southern New Jersey to Florida and Texas, mostly near the coast. Southern forms with greatly elongated leaves may be distinct. June—Aug. 4. Asclepias rubra L. Red Milkweed. (Fig. 2903.) Asclepias rubra I. Sp. Pl. 217. 1753. Nearly glabrous throughout; stem usually sim- ple, 1°-4° high. Leaves opposite, rather distant, short-petioled, ovate, lanceolate or the lower some- times oblong, rounded or subcordate at the base, gradually acuminate, rather firm, 3/-S’ long, 1/- 2’ wide, the primary nerves wide-spreading; um- bels 1-4, many-flowered; peduncles shorter than or equalling the upper leaves; pedicels slender, downy, %/-1’ long; corolla-segments and hoods lanceolate-oblong, purplish red, or the hoods orange-red, 3/’-4’’ long; horns of the hoods very slender, nearly straight; fruiting pedicels deflexed, the follicles erect, spindle-shaped, glabrous, about 4’ long. In moist soil, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Florida, Louisiana and Texas. The plant of the south- ern States (4. /aurifolia Michx.), may be distinct. June-July. Vo. III.] MILKWEED FAMILY. 5. Asclepias purpurascens I, Purple Milkweed. (Fig. 2904.) Asclepias purpurascens L. Sp. Pl. 214. 1753. Stem stout, puberulent or glabrous, usually sim- ple, 2°-4° high, leafy to the top. Leaves ovate, elliptic or oblong, petioled, acute or obtuse and mucronulate at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, nearly glabrous above, finely tomentose beneath, 3/-S’ long, 114’-3/ wide, the primary nerves very wide-spreading; umbels many-flowered, borne in several of the upper axils, or sometimes soli- tary; peduncles stout; pedicels slender, puberulent, 1/-114’ long; corolla deep purple, its segments ob- long, about 3/” long; column very short and thick; hoods oblong or ovate, nearly twice as long as the anthers, pale red or purple, the horns broad at the insertion, short-subulate and incurved at the apex; fruiting pedicels deflexed, the downy follicles nearly erect, 4’-5’ long. In dry fields and thickets, eastern Massachusetts to Virginia, west to southern Ontario, Minnesota and Kan- “I sas. Ascends to 2000 ft. in the Catskills. June-Aug. 6. Asclepias incarnata L. Swamp Milkweed. (Fig. 2905.) Asclepias incarnata I. Sp. Pl. 215. 1753. Glabrous, or puberulent above; stem slender, branched above, or rarely simple, 2°-4° high, leafy to the top. Leaves lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed, obtuse or sometimes subcordate at the base, 3/—-6” long, 1%4/’-1'4’ wide, the primary nerves not wide-spreading; petioles 3/’-6’’ long; umbels usually numerous, corymbed, many-flowered; pedicels pubescent, 5’/’-10’” long; corolla red or rose-purple, rarely white, its lobes oblong, about 2’ long; column more than one-half as long as the obtuse pink or purplish hoods; horns in- curved, longer than the hoods; anther-wings entire, or obscurely notched at the base; fruit- ing pedicels erect or incurved ; follicles erect, 2/-314’ long, sparingly puberulent. In swamps, New Brunswick to the Northwest Territory, Tennessee, Kansas and Louisiana. As- cends to 3000 ft. in West Virginia. July-Sept. 7. Asclepias pilchra Ehrh. Hairy Milkweed. (Fig. 2906.) Asclepias pulchra Ehrh.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 1: 1267. 1798. A. incarnata var. pulchra Pers. Syn. 1: 276. 1805. Similar to the preceding species and perhaps intergrading with it where the two grow together; stem stout, tomentose-pubescent, usually branch- ed, 2°-3%° high, leafy to the top. Leaves broadly lanceolate, acute, acuminate or some of them obtusish at the apex, subcordate, rounded, or the upper narrowed at the base, puberulent or glabrous above, pubescent, at least on the veins beneath, 3/-5’ long, 14/-2’ wide; petioles usually stout and short; flowers similar to those of 4. 7n- carnata, but the corolla commonly lighter red or pink, rarely white; peduncles and pedicels to- mentose; fruiting pedicels erect or incurved; fol- licles erect, finely and densely pubescent, 2’—3/ long. In moist fields and swamps, Maine to Minnesota, south to Georgia. July-Sept. 8 ASCLEPIADACEAE, {Vor. III- 8. Asclepias Sullivantii Engelm. Sul- livant’s Milkweed. (Fig. 2907.) A, Sullivantii Engelm.; A. Gray, Man, 366. 1848. Glabrous throughout; stem stout, simple, or sometimes branched above, 2°-4° high, leafy to the top. Leaves thick, sessile, or on petioles less than 1’’ long, oblong or ovate-oblong, usu- ally obtuse and mucronulate at the apex, sub- cordate, rounded or slightly clasping at the base, 4/-6’ long, 114’-3’ wide, the primary nerves very wide-spreading; umbels terminal and some- times also in the upper axils, many-flowered; peduncles shorter than the leaves; corolla-seg- ments oval-oblong, 5’’-6’’ long, purplish; col- umn very short and thick; hoods oval, obtuse or truncate, gibbous at each side near the base, longer than the anthers and the subulate in- curved horn; follicles erect, glabrous, 3/—4/ long, usually with blunt processes near the apex. In moist soil, Ohio to Minnesota, Nebraska, Mis- souri and Kansas. July-Sept. g. Asclepias latifolia (Torr. ) Raf. Broad- , leaved Milkweed. (Fig. 2908.) ae y {| J Asclepias a var. /atifolia Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. | Epes: /, vf Y.2:117. 1826. | W// Asclepias latifolia Raf. Atl. Journ. 146. 1832-33. Seay 4 A. Jamesiti Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound, Surv. 162. 1859. Sy, Minutely puberulent when young, glabrous when old; stem stout, usually simple, 1°-214° high, very leafy. Leaves very thick, oval to orbicular, sessile or nearly so, commonly broadly emarginate and mucronulate at the apex and cordate or subcordate at the base, 4’-6’ long and nearly as wide, primary nerves very wide-spreading; umbels 2-4, many- flowered, short-peduncled in the upper axils or rarely terminal; pedicels slender, canescent, nearly 1’ long; corolla-segments ovate, acute, 4’’-6’’ long, greenish; column short and thick; hoods truncate, about equalling the anthers, the horn projecting from a short crest over the edge of the stigma; follicles erect on deflexed pedicels, ovoid, acutish, 2/-3/ long, about 1’ thick. On dry plains, Kansas to Colorado, Texas and Arizona. July—Sept. 1o. Asclepias obtusifolia Michx. Blunt-leaved Milkweed. (Fig. 2909.) A, obtustfolia Michx. Fl. Bor Am. 1: 115. 1803. Nearly glabrous, pale green, somewhat glau- cous; stem stout, erect or ascending, 2°-3° high. Leaves sessile or short-petioled, oblong or ovate- oblong, obtuse and mucronulate at the apex, cordate-clasping at the base, 3’-5’ long, 1/-1%47 wide; margins wavy-crisped; primary nerves wide-spreading; umbel many-flowered, usu- ally solitary on the long terminal peduncle, rarely with a second shorter-peduncled one at its base; pedicels slender, downy, about 1” long; corolla-segments oblong, greenish-pur- ple, about 4’’ long; column thick; hoods pink, nearly truncate and toothed at the summit, shorter than the subulate incurved horn, longer than the anthers; follicles erect on the stout decurved fruiting pedicels, downy, 4’-6’ long. In dry fields, mostly in sandy soil, Maine to Florida, west to northern New York, Minnesota, Kansas and Texas. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia- May-Aug. = Vor, III.] MILKWEED FAMILY. 9 11. Asclepias Méadii Torr. Mead’s Milk- weed. (Fig. 2910.) A. Meadii Torr.; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, Add. 704. 1856. Nearly glabrous throughout, pale green or glau- cous; stem simple, or rarely branched above, 1°-2° high. Leaves opposite, sessile, flat, mostly distant, ovate, ovate-lanceolate, lanceolate or the lower ob- long, acute or sometimes obtuse at the apex, the margins scabrous; umbel solitary, terminal, several- flowered, borne on a peduncle 3/—6’ long; corolla-seg- ments greenish yellow, ovate, acute, 3/’-4’’ long; col- umn very short, thicker than high; hoods ovate, pur- plish, nearly twice as long as the anthers, rounded and truncate at the summit, longer than the subulate in- flexed horn, with a small tooth at each side on the inner infolded margin; follicles erect on decurved pedicels, minutely puberulent, narrow, 4’-5/ long. In dry soil, southern Illinois to lowa. June—Aug. zy 12. Asclepias exaltata (L.) Muhl. Poke or Tall Milkweed. (Fig. 2911.) A. Syriaca var. exaltata L,. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 313. 1762. Asclepias exaltata Muh}, Cat. 28. 1813. A. phytolaccoides Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 180. 1814. Nearly glabrous throughout, with two opposite lines of pubescence on the usually simple stem, 3°-6° high. Leaves opposite, thin or membranous, oval, ovate or oblong, acuminate at both ends, 4/—9/ long, 114’-4’ wide, the lower sometimes obovate, obtuse, shorter; petioles (/-1/ long; peduncles 1/— 3/ long; umbels usually several; pedicels slender, drooping or spreading, 1/—2’ long, puberulent; cor- olla green-purple, the segments ovate or oblong, obtusish, 3/’-4’’ long; column short; hoods white or pink, slightly shorter than the anthers, much shorter than the subulate horn, at the summit trun- cate and entire or erose, with 1 or 2 slender teeth on each of the inner margins; follicles erect on the de- flexed pedicels, downy, long-acuminate, 4’/—6’ long. In thickets and woods, Maine to Minnesota, Georgia and Missouri. Ascends to 5500 ft. in North Carolina, June-Aug. 13. Asclepias variegata L. White Milkweed. (Fig. 2912.) Asclepias variegata ,. Sp. Pl. 217. 1753. P Stem glabrous below, pubescent above when young, simple, 1°-3° high. Leaves opposite, thick, oval, ovate, oblong or the lower somewhat obovate, obtuse and cuspidate or acutish at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, dark green above, pale beneath, 3’-6’ long, 1/—3/ wide, the middle ones sometimes verticillate in 4’s; petioles 3/’-12’’ long; umbels 1-4, terminal, or rarely I or 2in the upper axils, densely many- flowered; peduncles 1/—2/ long; pedicels %4/-1 4’ long, erect or ascending, usually densely puberu- lent; corolla-segments ovate or oval, about 3/’ long, white, or purple near the base; column very short and thick, purplish; hoods globose- obovoid, obtuse, spreading, longer than the an- thers, about equalling the semi-lunate horizon- tally pointed horn; follicles downy, erect on the deflexed fruiting pedicels, 4’-5/ long. In dry woods or thickets, Connecticut, southern New York to Illinois, south to Florida, Arkansas and Louisiana. June-July. 10 ASCLEPIADACEAE. (Vor. III. 14. Asclepias quadrifolia Jacq. Four-leaved Milkweed. (Fig. 2913.) A. quadrifolia Jacq. Obs. Part 2,8. pl. 337. 1767. Stem slender, simple, 1°-2° high, usually leaf- less below. Leaves thin, sparingly pubescent on the veins beneath, ovate to lanceolate, 2’-6’ long, %4/-234’ wide, acute or acuminate, nar- rowed or rounded at the base, or the lowest pair much smaller, obovate and obtuse, the upper and lower opposite, the middle ones usually verticillate in 4’s; umbels 1-4, terminal, or rarely in the upper axils; peduncles slender, 14/-2'4’ long; pedicels about 1’ long; corolla pink or nearly white, its lobes lanceolate-ob- long, 2’’-3’’ long; column short; hoods white, obtuse at the apex, broadly 2-toothed above the base, twice as long as the anthers and the incurved horn; follicles erect on the erect fruit- ing pedicels, 3’-5’ long, glabrous. —— Woods and thickets, Maine and Ontario to Min- Se 5 nesota, North Carolina and Arkansas. May-July. 15. Asclepias Syriaca L. Common Milkweed. Silkweed. (Fig. 2914.) Asclepias Syriaca L. Sp. Pl. 214. 1753. Asctlepias Cornutt Dec. in DC. Prodr. 8: 564. 1844. Stem stout, usually simple, 3°-5° high, finely pubescent at least above. Leaves oblong, oval or ovate, densely pubescent beneath, soon glabrous above, acute or obtuse and cuspidate at the apex, obtuse, narrowed or subcordate at the base, 4’-9’ long, 2’-414’ wide, the primary nerves wide- spreading; petioles stout, 3/’-8’/ long; umbels several or numerous; peduncles pubescent or tomentose, 114’-314’ long; pedicels 1/-2’ long; corolla green-purple, its segments oblong-lanceo- late, 3/’-4’/ long; column short and thick, the hoods ovate-lanceolate with a tooth on each side, longer than the anthers and the incurved horn; follicles 3/-5’ long, erect on recurved pedicels, tomentose and covered with short soft processes. In fields and waste places, New Brunswick to the Northwest Territory, south to North Carolina and Kansas, Leaves rarely lanceolate. June-Aug. LaF S i : 16. Asclepias speciosa Torr. Showy Milkweed. (Fig. 2915.) Asclepias speciosa Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. ¥.2:218. 1826. A. Douglasii Hook. Fl. Bor. Am, 2:53. pl.152. 1834. White-tomentose or canescent all over, or gla- brate below, pale; stem simple, stout, 1°-214° high. Leaves thick, broadly ovate or oval, obtuse and cuspidate or acute at the apex, subcordate, rounded or narrowed at the base, petioled, 3/-8’ long, 2’-4’ wide; peduncles 1/-3/ long; umbels several or rarely solitary, many-flowered; pedicels stout, 9’’-18’” long; corolla purple-green, its seg- ments oblong or ovate-oblong, 4’’-6’ long, tomen- tose on the outer face; column very short or none; hoods lanceolate, 5’’-7’’ long, obtusish, expanded and with 2 blunt teeth below, the apex ligulate, 5-7 times as long as the anthers; horn short, in- flexed; follicles erect or spreading on the recurved fruiting pedicels, 3/-4’ long, densely woolly and covered with soft spinose processes. In moist soil, Minnesota to British Columbia, south to Kansas, Utah and California. May-July. ere Vor, III.] MILKWEED FAMILY. II 17. Asclepias arenaria Torr. Sand Milkweed. (Fig. 2916.) Asclepias arenaria Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 162. 1859. Densely tomentose-canescent all over, stems simple, ascending or erect, stout, 1°-2° high. Leaves obovate or oval, wavy-margined, thick, obtuse or retuse and cuspidate at the apex, trun- cate, subcordate, obtuse, or rarely some of them narrowed at the base, 2’-4’ long, 114/-3/ wide, the angle of the primary nervation broad; um- bels densely many-flowered, short-peduncled or sessile; corolla greenish-white, its segments oval-oblong, 4/’-5’’ long; column 1//-2’’ high; hoods oblong, truncate at each end, oblique at the apex, longer than the anthers, with a broad tooth on each side within; horn semi-lunate with an abruptly incurved subulate apex; follicles puberulent, 4’-5’ long, erect on the decurved fruiting pedicels. ' On sand-bars and hills along rivers, Nebraska and Colorado to Mexico and New Mexico. June-Sept. 18. Asclepias ovalifolia Dec. Oval- leaved Milkwort. (Fig. 2917.) Asclepias ovalifolia Dec. in DC. Prodr. 8: 567. 1844. Finely tomentose all over; stem simple, usually slender, erect, 10’-2° high. Leaves oval, ovate, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse and mucronulate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, 2’-3/ long, 14’-1 14’ wide, short-petioled, the upper surfaces becoming glabrate at maturity; umbels solitary or few, many-flowered; peduncles short; corolla greenish-whjte or purplish, its seg- ments ovate-oblong, obtuse, 2/’-3’’ long; column very short; hoods oyal-oblong, nearly twice as long as the anthers, bearing a large acute tooth on each of the inner margins; horn subulate, in- curved over the stigma; follicles ascending on the reflexed fruiting pedicels, pubescent. In woods and on prairies, Illinois to Minnesota, Manitoba and the Northwest Territory. June-July. res 1g. Asclepias brachystéphana Engelm. Short-crowned Milkweed. (Fig. 2918.) Asclepias brachystephana Engelm.; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 163. 1859. Puberulent when young, soon glabrate; stems clustered, often branched, spreading or ascend- ing, 6’-12’ long. Leaves mostly opposite, lance- olate or linear-lanceolate, thick, long-acuminate at the apex, rounded, subcordate or narrowed at the base, 2’-5’ long, 2’/-6’’ wide, or the lowest shorter; petioles 1/’-4’’ long; umbels several, ter- minal and axillary, few-flowered; peduncles short; pedicels densely woolly, equalling or longer than the peduncles; corolla greenish-purple, its seg- ments about 2’’ long; column very short or none; hoods ovate, obtuse, shorter than the anthers, the short erect-incurved horn slightly exserted; fol- licles erect on the spreading or decurved fruiting pedicels, downy or hoary, acuminate, 2/-3 14’ long. In dry soil, Kansas (according to B. B. Smyth), Wyoming to Texas, Arizonaand Mexico. June-Aug. 12 ASCLEPIADACEAE, (Vor, III. 20. Asclepias perénnis Walt. Thin- leaved Milkweed. (Fig. 2919.) Asclepias perennis Walt. Fl. Car. 107. 1788. Puberulent above, glabrous below; stem slen- der, simple or branched, erect, sometimes slightly woody at the base, 1°-3° high. Leaves thin, opposite, lanceolate, oblong or ovyate- lanceolate, slender-petioled, acuminate or acute at both ends, 2’-6’ long, 4(’-1’ wide, glabrous or very nearly so; umbels solitary, or several and corymbose; peduncles 1/-2’ long; pedicels very slender, %4’-1’ long; flowers very small, white; corolla-segments oblong, 1//-2’’ long; column about %4’’ high; hoods oval, erect, en- tire, about as long as the anthers, shorter than the subulate-filiform incurved horn; follicles glabrous, erect on the erect fruiting pedicels; seeds 5/’-6’’ long, 314’’-4%’’ wide, very thin, destitute of coma. On river-shores and in wet places, North Carolina to southern Illinois and Missouri, south to Florida and Texas. May-Aug. IN CRitpo 21. Asclepias verticillata L. Whorled REZ Milkweed. (Fig. 2920.) Ce Asclepias verticillata I. Sp. Pl. 217. 1753. Roots fascicled; stem slender, simple or branched, pubescent in lines at least above, very leafy, 1°- 244° high. Leaves narrowly linear, sessile, verti- cillate in 3’s-7’s or some of them alternate, gla- brous or very nearly so, their margins narrowly revolute; umbels usually numerous, many-flow- ered; peduncles slender, 14/-114’ long; pedicels almost filiform, shorter than the peduncles; cor- olla greenish white, its segments oblong, 114//-2// long; column about 1%4’’ high; hoods white, ob- long, entire, about equalling the anthers, much shorter than the subulate incurved horn; follicles erect on the erect fruiting pedicels, narrowly spindle-shaped, glabrous, 2’-3’ long. In dry fields and on hills, Maine and southern On- tario to the Northwest Territory, south to Florida, Mexico and New Mexico. July—Sept. 22. Asclepias pumila (A. Gray) Vail. Low Milkweed. (Fig. 2921.) Asclepias verticillata var. pumila A. Gray, Proc. Am, Acad. 12:71. 1876. Stems 4/-10’ high, tufted from a woody root. Leaves very numerous, crowded, some- times obscurely whorled, filiform-linear, 1/—2’ long, smooth or minutely roughened, the mar- gins revolute; umbels 2-several, short-pedun- cled, few-flowered; pedicels filiform, puberu- lent, 3/’-4’’ long; corolla greenish white, its segments oblong, 1 4’/-2’’ long; column short; hoods white, erect, oblong, entire, equalling the anthers, shorter than the slender incurved horn; follicles erect on erect fruiting pedicels, narrowly spindle-shaped, 114/-2’ long, finely puberulent. Dry plains, South Dakota to Arkansas, Colo- rado and New Mexico. Vor. III.] MILKWEED FAMILY. 13 2. ASCLEPIODORA A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 12:66. 1876. Erect or decumbent perennial herbs, similar to 4sclepias, with alternate or opposite en- tire leaves, and rather large flowers in terminal solitary or corymbed umbels. Sepals lanceolate. Corolla rotate, its segments spreading. Hoods oblong, inserted over the whole of the very short corona-column, curved upward, obtuse, crested within, at least in the up- per part, slightly longer than the anther; at the sinuses between the hoods a small lobe or appendage, alternate with the anther-wings, simulating an inner crown. Anthers tipped with a scarious membrane, their wings horny, narrowed below, sometimes angled above the middle. Pollen-masses pendulous, pyriform, longer than their caudicles. Follicles ovoid or oblong, acuminate, with or without soft spinose processes, erect or ascending on the de- curved or twice bent fruiting pedicels. Seeds comose. [Greek, gift of AEsculapius. ] Five or six species, natives of the southern United States and Mexico. Glabrous or nearly so; leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate; umbels usually more than ons; Ror yen Dose: I. ~ Uri A Stem rough-puberulent; leaves lanceolate or linear, acuminate; umbels solitary. 2. A. een ERS: 1. Asclepiodora viridis (Walt.) A.Gr. Oblong-leaved Milkweed. (Fig. 2922.) Asclepias viridis Walt. Fl. Car. 107. 1788. Asclepiodora viridis A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 12:66. 1876. Stem erect, glabrous or puberulent above, rather stout, simple, 1°-2° high. Leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate, rather thin, ob- tuse and mucronulate or acute at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, short-peti- oled, 2%4/-5’ long, 14/-1 4’ wide; umbels 2- 4, or sometimes solitary; peduncles 1%4/—2’ long; pedicels slender, about 14’ long; co- rolla globose-ovoid in the bud, greenish, its segments, when expanded, oblong, obtuse or acute, 4’’-6’’ long, 2-3 times as long as the purplish or violet entire-margined hoods; anther-wings narrow, scarcely angled above; fruiting pedicels twice bent; follicles ascend- ing, puberulent, 2’-3’ long, sometimes with soft spinose projections. In dry soil, Illinois and Kansas to Texas, east to South Carolina and Florida. May-July. 2. Asclepiodora decumbens (Nutt.) A. Gray. Decumbent Milk- weed. (Fig. 2923.) Ananthrix decumbens Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) §: 202. 1833-37. Asclepiodora decumbens A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad, 12:66. 1876. Stems decumbent or ascending, rough- puberulent, rather stout, 10’-2° long. Leaves firm, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, glabrous above, puberulent, at least on the veins, beneath, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, 3/-7’ long, 2//-8/” wide; umbel solitary, many-flowered; pe- duncle 1/-5’ long; pedicels rather stout, ¥4/-1’ long; corolla depressed-globose in the bud, greenish, its segments, when ex- panded, ovate or broadly oval, somewhat longer than the hoods; hoods purple, ob- tusely 3-lobed on the ventral margins, about 3’ long, their tips incurved; anther-wings broad, angled above; follicles nearly erect onf[the recurved fruiting pedicels, 3/-4’ long, puberulent, at least when young, with or without soft projections. . In dry soil, Kansas, to Texas and Mexico, west to Utah and New Mexico. April-June. 14 ASCLEPIADACEAE. [Von. III. 3. ACERATES Ell. Bot. S.C. & Ga. 1:316. 1817. Perennial herbs, similar to 4sc/epias, with alternate or opposite thick leaves, and green or purplish flowers in terminal or axillary and short-peduncled or sessile umbels. Calyx 5-parted or 5-divided, the segments acute, glandular within. Corolla deeply 5-cleft, the seg- ments valvate, reflexed in anthesis. Corona-column very short. Corona of 5 involute-con- cave or somewhat pitcher-shaped hoods, neither horned nor crested within or in one species having a small interior crest and usually a few small processes at the base of the anther- wings, forming an obscure inner crown. Pollen-masses solitary in each sac, oblong, pendu- lous. Stigma 5-lobed. [Greek, without horn, referring to the crown. ] About 7 species, natives of North America. Umbels sessile, or very nearly so, mostly axillary. Leaves oval to linear; hoods entire at the apex. 1. A. viridifiora. Leaves narrowly linear; hoods 3-toothed. 2. A. angustifolia, Umbels, at least the lower, distinctly peduncled. Plants glabrous, or nearly so; umbels usually several; leaves narrow. Hoods obtuse, entire; column 34" long; stem roughish puberulent. 3. A. Floridana. Hoods emarginate; column very short; stem glabrous. 4. A. auriculata, Plant hirsute; umbel solitary, terminal; leaves ovate to oblong. 5. A. lanuginosa. 1. Acerates viridiflora (Raf.) Eaton. Green Milkweed. (Fig. 2924.) Asclepias viridiflora Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5: 360. 1808. Acerates viridiflora Eaton, Man. Ed. 5,90. 1829. Puberulent or tomentulose, at least when young; stems simple, reclined or ascending, rather stiff, 1°-3° high. Leaves slightly rough, alternate or opposite, thick, oval, oblong or ovate, 1/-3/ long, ¥4/-2/ wide, short-petioled, the margins usually undulate; umbels several, or rarely solitary, axil- lary, densely many-flowered, sessile or very nearly so; pedicels very slender, tomentose, 4/’-8’’ long; flowers green; corolla-segments narrowly oblong, 2/’-3/’ long; column very short or none; hoods lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, minutely 2-auricled at the base; mass of anthers longer than thick; an- ther-wings tapering below, semi-rhomboid above; follicles puberulent, 2’—4/ long. In dry, sandy or rocky soil, Massachusetts to south- ern Ontario and the Northwest Territory, south to Florida and Texas. June-Sept. A. viridiflora Ivesii Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 265. 18904. Asclepias lanceolata Ives, Am. Journ. Sci. 1: 252. 1819. Not Walt. 1788. ek ‘ates vir: idiflora’ var. lanceolaia A. Gray, Syn. Fl. Part, 99. 1878. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 2'- i ete: 4'"_q'" wide. Range of the type, often with it. Acerates viridiflora linearis A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part. 1,99. 1878. Leaves elongated-linear; stem low; umbels often solitary. Minnesota and Manitoba to the Northwest Territory, Louisiana and New Mexico. 2. Acerates angustifolia (Nutt.) Dec. Narrow-leaved Milkweed. (Fig. 2925.) tar angustifolius Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 201. 1833-37- A, angustifolia Dec. in DC. Prodr. 8: 522. 1844. Asclepias stenophylla A. Gray, Proc. Aa: Acad, 12: a2!) ar876, Stems mostly several together, erect, straight, 1°-2° high, puberulent above, glabrate below. Leaves opposite, or some of the lower alternate, sessile, narrowly linear, 2’—5’ long, glabrous, the revolute margins and the thick midvein rough beneath; umbels 10-15-flowered, short-pedun- cled or subsessile, axillary, usually numerous; pedicels puberulent; corolla-segments oblong, greenish; hoods white, not exceeding the an- thers, 3-toothed at the apex, the acute middle tooth merely a prolongation of the thickened crest-like midvein, shorter than the obtuse lat- eral ones; anther-wings notched at about the mid- dle; follicles slender, erect, about 3/ long or more. On dry plains, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas. Vor. III.] MILKWEED FAMILY. 3. Acerates Floridana (Lam. ) Hitche. Florida Milkweed. (Fig. 2926.) Asclepias Floridana Yam. Encycl. 1: 284. 1783. Acerates longifolia Ell. Bot. S.C. & Ga. 1: 317. ee 17. Aceraies Floridana A. S. Hitche. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 5: 508. 1891. Rough-puberulent; stems slender, simple or little branched, erect or ascending, 1°-3° high. Leaves linear or rarely linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, short-petioled, 2’-8’ long, 114//— 6’ wide, commonly rough-ciliolate on the mar- gins and midrib; umbels several or solitary, peduncled, usually many-flowered; peduncles 3//-15’’ long; pedicels slender, hirsute, 14/-1/ long; corolla greenish white, its segments nar- rowly oblong, about 2’ long; column short but distinct; hoods oblong, obtuse, entire, shorter than the anthers; anther-wings narrowed to the base; follicles densely puberulent, 4/—5’ long. In moist soil, Ohio to southern Ontario and Min- nesota, south to North Carolina, Florida and Texas. June-Sept. : 4. Acerates auriculata Engelm. Auricled Milkweed. (Fig. 2927.) : } Acerates auriculata Engelm. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 160. 1859. Asclepias auriculata Holzinger, Bot. Gaz. 17: 125. 1892. Stem glabrous, often glaucous, sinuous aboye, rarely branched below, usually stout, 1°-3° high. Leaves narrowly linear, gla- brous, short-petioled, 3/-8’ long, %//-24%4/’ wide, becoming leathery, the rough mar- gins not revolute; umbels commonly several, densely many-flowered, peduncled; pedun- cels 2/1’ long, pubescent; pedicels slender, pubescent; flowers greenish white tinged with dull purple; corolla-segments oblong, 2//— 2%’ long; column short, but distinct; hoods yellow, often with a purplish keel, entire, or emarginately truncate at the apex, not ex- ceeding the anthers, the involute margins spreading at the base into broad auricles; follicles 2’~-3/ long, curved. In dry soil, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas and New Mexico. June-Sept. 5. Acerates lanuginosa (Nutt.) Dec. Woolly Milkweed. (Fig. 2928.) Asclepias lanuginosa Nutt. Gen. 1: 168, 1818. Acerates lanuginosa Dec. in DC. Prodr. 8: 523. 1844. Hirsute all over; stems erect, slender, simple, 6/-18’ high. Leaves oblong, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, obtuse at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, short-petioled, 1/—4/ long, 4/’-15’’ wide; umbel solitary, terminal, densely many-flowered, peduncled; peduncle stout, densely hirsute, %4’-1 14’ long; pedicels slender, puberulent or hirsute; corolla greenish, its seg- ments oblong, about 214’” long; column none; hoods purplish, oblong, obtuse, entire, with a flat fold or auricle on the infolded lower ventral margins, shorter than the anthers; anther-wings broadest below the middle. On prairies, northern Illinois to Minnesota and Wyoming. June-Aug. 16 ASCLEPIADACEAE. [Vor. III. 4. AMPELANUS Reaf.; Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 21: 314. 1894. [ENSLENIA Nutt. Gen. 1: 164. 1818, Not Raf. 1817.] Perennial twining herbaceous vines, with petioled opposite cordate thin leaves, and small whitish flowers in axillary peduncled cymes. Calyx 5-parted, minutely glandular within, the segments lanceolate. Corolla campanulate, deeply 5-cleft, the lobes slightly contorted, nearly erect. Crown nearly sessile, of 5 membranous truncate lobes, each appendaged by a simple or 2-cleft awn. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla, the filaments connate into a short tube; anthers terminated by an inflexed membrane; pollen-masses solitary in each sac, ellipsoid, pendulous. Stigma conic, slightly 2-lobed. Follicles thick, acuminate. Seeds comose. [Greek, vine-like.] Three species, natives of America. 1. Ampelanus Albidus (Nutt.) Britton. Sand Vine. (Fig. 2929.) Enslenia albida Nutt. Gen. 1: 164. — 1818. A. albidus Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 21: 314. 1894. Stem sparingly puberulent, at least above, high- climbing, slender. Leaves slender-petioled, ovate, gradually acuminate, deeply cordate, palmately veined, glabrous or very nearly so, entire, 3/—7’ long, 114’-5’ wide; petioles 1/-4’ long; cymes usually numerous, rather densely flowered; pe- duncles stout, 3//-2’ long; flowers 2//-3/’ long; corolla-segments lanceolate, acute, about twice as long as those of the calyx and slightly exceeding the 2-cleft awns of the corona-lobes; follicles erect on the ascending fruiting pedicels, 4/—-6’ long, glabrous when mature. Along river-banks and in thickets. southern Penn- sylvania to Illinois and Kansas, south to Florida and Texas. June-Aug. 5. CYNANCHUM IL, Sp. Pl. 212. 1753. [VINCETOXxIcUM Moench, Meth. 717. 1794. Not Walt. 1788.] Perennial twining herbaceous or slightly woody vines (some species erect herbs), with opposite or rarely verticillate or alternate leaves, and small yellowish green or purplish flow- ers in axillary cymes. Calyx 5-parted, minutely glandular within. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-cleft, the segments spreading, somewhat twisted. Crown cup-like, entire, 5-lobed or 5-parted, the lobes not appendaged. Stamens attached to the base of the corolla, their fila- ments connate into a tube; anthers appendaged by an inflexed membrane. Pollen-masses solitary in each sac, pendulous. Stigma flat or conic. Follicles acuminate, glabrous. Seeds comose. [Greek, dog-strangling, alluding to its poisonous qualities. ] About 100 species, natives of warm and temperate regions of both the Old World and the New. Be- sides the following, 2 native species occur in the southeastern United States. 1. Cynanchum nigrum (L,.) Pers. Black Swallow-wort. (Fig. 2930.) Asclepias nigra Y,. Sp. Pl. 216. 1753. Vincetoxicum nigrum Moench, Meth. 317. 1794. Cynanchum nigrum Pers. Syn. 1: 274. 1805. Twining, or at first erect, stem slightly puber- ulent, slender, 2°-5° high. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire, thin, acuminate at the apex, rounded at the base, pinnately veined, petioled, 2’-5’ long, %4’-214’ wide, glabrous, or puberulent beneath; petioles 2’’—12’’ long; ped- icels 133’/-3/’ long; flowers dark purple, about 214’ broad; crown fleshy, 5-lobed; follicles on nearly straight fruiting pedicels, about 2’ long, glabrous. In waste places, escaped from gardens, Massa- chusetts to Pennsylvania and Ohio. Introduced from Europe. June-Sept. Vor.. III.] MILKWEED FAMILY. W7 6. VINCETOXICUM Walt. Fl. Car. 104. 1788. [GonoLogus Michx. Fl. Bor, Am. 1: 119. 1803. ] Twining or trailing perennial vines, with opposite usually cordate leaves, and rather large purple brown white or greenish flowers in axillary umbel-like cymes or fascicles. Calyx 5-parted or deeply 5-cleft, mostly 5-glandular within. Corolla rotate, very deeply 5- parted, the tube very short, the segments convolute in the bud. Corona (crown) annular or cup-shaped, entire, lobed or divided, adnate to the corolla. Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla, the filaments connate into a tube; anthers not appendaged, merely tipped, borne along or just under the margin of the flat-topped stigma, the sacs more or less trans- versely dehiscent. Pollen-masses solitary in each sac, horizontal or nearly so. Follicles thick, acuminate, smooth, angled or tuberculate. Seeds comose. [Greek, subduing poison. | About 75 species, natives of America. Besides the following, some ro others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. Crown annular, to-crenate; follicles angled, not warty. Corolla about twice as long as the calyx. 1. V. suberosum. Corolla 3-4 times as long as the calyx. 2. V. gonocarpos. Crown cup-shaped, about as high as the anthers; follicles warty. Flowers purple to dull yellow. Corolla-segments oblong, 3'’-4'’ long. 3. V. hirsutum. Corolla-segments linear or linear-oblong, 5/’-7'’ long. Crown merely crenate. 4. V. obliquum. Crown toothed or lobed. Crown 5-lobed, with a subulate 2-cleft tooth in each sinus. 5. V. Carolinense. Crown 1o-toothed, the alternate teeth thinner and longer. 6. V. Shortii. Flowers white. 7. V. Baldwinianum. 1. Vincetoxicum suberosum (L,.) Britton. Coast Vincetoxicum. (Fig. 2931.) Cynanchum suberosum I,. Sp. Pl. 212. 1753. G. suberosus R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed.2:82. 1811. V. suberosum Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 266. 1894. Stem pubescent or glabrous, slender, twining. Leaves thin, 2’-5’ long, 1/-3’ wide, ovate or ovate- oval, acute or abruptly acuminate at the apex, cor- date at the base, the sinus shallow, open; petioles }2/-2/ long; cymes commonly few-flowered; pe- duncles {/-1/ long; pedicels 14’-1’ long, fleshy, nearly glabrous; corolla brown-purple, broadly conic in the bud, its segments lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate, acute, pubescent or granulose within, 3//-4/’ long, about twice as long as the calyx; crown an annular fleshy undulately 1o-crenate disk; follicles glabrous, 3-5-angled, when young fleshy, when mature dry and spongy, 4’-6’ long, 1’ in diameter or more. In thickets, Virginia to Florida, mainly near the coast. May-July. G. macrophyllus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 119. 1803. Gonolobus laevis var. macrophyllus A. Gray, Syn. FI. 2: Part I, 103. 1878. Glabrous or pubescent, stems slender, climbing high. Leaves broadly ovate, thin, 3/-8’ long, 2’-6/ wide, acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at the base, the sinus narrow or the rounded auricles over- lapping; petioles 1/-4’ long; cymes few-flowered; peduncles 1/-3/ long; pedicels rather stout, glabrous or nearly so; corolla conic in the bud, its segments lanceolate, 4’’-5’’ long, 3-4 times as long as the calyx; crown a low obtusely undulate disk; follicles glabrous, similar to those of the preceding species but usually shorter. Along rivers and in moist thickets, Virginia to South Carolina, west to Indiana, Missouri and Texas. 2 18 ASCLEPIADACEAE. [Vor III. Vincetoxicum gonocarpos laévis (Michx.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Bot. Club, 5: 266. 1894. ° Gonolobus laevis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 119. 1803. Usually glabrous; sinus of the leaves open, Near Washington, D. C., Kansas (according to B. B. Smyth), south to Mississippi and Texas. 3. Vincetoxicum hirsutum (Michx.) Brit- ton. Hairy Vincetoxicum. (Fig. 2933.) Gonolobus hirsutus Michx. F1. Bor. Am. 1: 119, 1803. V. hirsutum Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 266. 1894. Stem downy, slender. Leaves ovate, acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at the base, downy, 2/-4’ long, 1/-2'4’ wide, the sinus narrow, or the lobes sometimes overlapping; petioles slender, pubescent, 34/-2/ long; peduncles usually about equalling the petioles, sometimes longer; umbels few-several- flowered; corolla brown-purple to greenish yellow, ovoid in the bud, its segments oblong, very obtuse, 3/’-4’’ long, minutely puberulent without, about 4 times as long as the densely pubescent calyx; crown cup-shaped, fleshy, about as high as the anthers, the margin Io-crenate; follicles lanceolate, 3/-5’ long, muricate, puberulent; seeds entire. In thickets, Maryland to Florida, west to Tennessee. July-Aug. 4. Vincetoxicum obliquum (Jacq.) Britton. Large-flowered Vincetoxicum. (Fig. 2934.) a Cynanchum hirtum \,. Sp. Pl. 212. 1753? Cynanchum obliquum Jacq. Coll. 1: 148. 1786. G. obliquus R. Br.; R. & S. Syst. 4:64. 1820. V. obliquum Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 266. 1894. Stem puberulent or hirsute, slender. Leaves pubescent, broadly ovate, acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at the base with an open or closed sinus, 2’-8’ long, 114/-6’ wide; petioles rather stout, pubescent, 1/-4’ long; umbels slen- der-peduncled, few-flowered; pedicels very slen- der, 1/-2’ long; corolla narrowly conic in the bud, red-purple within, greenish and minutely pubescent without, its segments elongated-lin- ear, obtuse, 6-7 times as long as the hirsute calyx; crown cup-shaped, as high as the an- thers, fleshy, its margin 1o-crenulate, the inter- mediate crenulations sometimes 2-dentate; fol- licles ovoid-lanceolate, 2/-3’ long, muricate. In thickets, Pennsylvania to Ohio, south to Vir- ginia and Kentucky. July-Aug. 5. Vincetoxicum Carolinénse (Jacq. ) Brit- ton. Carolina Vincetoxicum. (Fig. 2935.) Cynanchum Carolinense Jacq. Coll. 2: 228. 1788. G. Carolinensis R. Br.; R. & S. Syst. 6:62. 1820. V. Carolinense Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5:265. 1804. Stem hirsute. Leaves broadly ovate, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at the base with a narrow or closed sinus, 3/-7’ long, 2/-5 14’ wide, pubescent, at least beneath; petioles hirsute, 14/-4’ long; peduncles 2’—4’ long; pedicels very slender, 1’ long or more; corolla brown-pur- ple, oblong-conic in the bud, puberulent without, its segments linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate, ob- tusish, 5’’-6’’ long, 5-6 times longer than the hir- sute calyx; crown cup-shaped, scarcely fleshy, 5- lobed, with a subulate longer 2-cleft erect tooth in each sinus; follicles muricate. In thickets, Virginia to Missouri, south to South Carolina and Louisiana. May-July. Vor, III.] MILKWEED FAMILY. 19 6. Vincetoxicum Shortii (A. Gray) Britton. Short’s Vincetoxicum. : (Fig. 2936.) Gonolobus obliguus var. Shorttt A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part 1, 104. 1878. G. Shortii A. Gray, loc. cit. Ed. 2, 4o4. 1886. V. Shortii Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 266. 1894. Stem pubescent, or hirsute with spreading hairs. Leaves downy, broadly ovate, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at the base and when old with a narrow or closed sinus, 4/-7’ long, 114/-5 14’ wide; peti- oles stout, pubescent, 134’-3’ long; peduncles usually longer than the petioles; cymes sev- eral-flowered; pedicels 1 long or more; cor- olla oblong-conic in the bud, dark crimson- purple, its lobes linear, 5’’-7’’ long, 5-7 times as long as the hirsute calyx; crown cup- shaped, fleshy, as high as the anthers, its margin about 1o-toothed, the alternate teeth thinner and longer, emarginate or 2-parted, the others broader, thicker, with an obscure internal crest or ridge below the summit; fol- licles warty. In thickets, Pennsylvania to eastern Kentucky and Georgia. Flowers with the odor of the Straw- berry-shrub. June-Aug. 7. Vincetoxicum Baldwinianum (Sweet) Britton. Baldwin’s Vincetoxicum. (Fig. 2937.) Gonolobus Baldwinianus Sweet; A. Gray, Syn. FI. 2: Part 1, 104. 1876. Vincetoxicum Baldwinianum Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 265. 1894. Stem pubescent, or hirsute. Leaves downy, broadly ovate, acute, or short-acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at the base, 3/-6’ long, or more; petioles hirsute, 1’-2’ long; peduncles 6//— 12’ long, usually longer than the pedicels; cymes several-many-flowered; corolla white, or cream- color, the lobes thin, oblong, or becoming spatulate, 4/’-5’’ long; crown thin, the 5 broader lobes quad- rate, emarginate, or obscurely toothed; in their sinuses a pair of very slender linear-subulate teeth of more than double their length, much surpassing the stigma. Missouri and Arkansas to Georgia. May-June. Family 19. CONVOLVULACEAE Vent. T'abl. 2: 394. 1799. MORNING-GLORY FAMILY. Herbs, some tropical species shrubs or trees, the stems twining, ascending, trailing or erect, with alternate exstipulate entire dentate lobed or dissected leaves, and regular perfect axillary cymose or solitary flowers. Calyx inferior, 5-parted or 5-divided, usually persistent, the segments or sepals imbricated. Corolla gamopetalous, funnelform, salverform, campanulate, tubular or rarely subrotate, the limb 5-angled, 5-lobed or entire. Stamens 5, inserted low down on the tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes, all anther-bearing, the filaments filiform, or dilated at the base, equal or unequal; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk annular or none. Ovary superior, sessile, 2-3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cavity, or falsely 4—6-celled with a single ovule in each cavity, entire or 2—4-divided; styles 1-3, terminal, or arising from be- tween the ovary-divisions; ovules anatropous. Fruit a 2-4-valved capsule or of 2-4 distinct carpels, in our species. Seeds erect, the testa villous, pubescent or glabrous; embryo plaited or crumpled; cotyledons foliaceous; endosperm fleshy or cartilaginous, usually scanty. About 40 genera and goo species, of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in the tropics, 20 CONVOLVULACEAE, (Vor. II. Ovary 2-divided, the carpels 2-ovuled; creeping herbs. 1. Dichondra. Ovary entire, 2-4-celled; style simple, cleft or divided. Style 2-cleft or 2-divided. Style 2-cleft or 2-parted. 2. Breweria. Style 2-divided to the ovary, each division 2-cleft. 3. Evolvulus. Style entire up to the stigma. Stigma or stigmas capitate or globose. Corolla salverform; stamens and style exserted. 4. Quamoclit, Corolla funnelform or campanulate; stamens and style included. 5. Lpomoea. Stigmas 2, filiform to oblong. 6. Convolvulus. 1. DICHONDRA Forst. Char. Gen. Pl. 39. pl. go. 1776. Prostrate or creeping slender annual (sometimes perennial ?) silky-pubescent or glabrous herbs, with nearly orbicular cordate or reniform petioled entire leaves, and very small soli- tary axillary peduncled flowers. Sepals nearly equal, oblong or spatulate. Corolla open- campanulate, deeply 5-lobed, the lobes induplicate in the bud. Stamens shorter than the corolla; filaments filiform. Ovary villous, deeply 2-parted, each lobe 2-celled; styles 2, sim- ple, arising from the bases of the ovary-lobes; stigmas capitate. Fruit of 2 pubescent 2- valved or indehiscent 1-2-seeded capsules. [Greek, two-grained, referring to the capsules. ] About 5 species, natives of warm and tropical regions. Besides the following, another occurs in the southwest. 1. Dichondra evolvulacea (L,. f.) Britton. Dichondra. (Fig. 2938.) Sibthorpia evolvulacea \,. Suppl. 288. 1781. Dichondra repens Forst. Fl. Inst. Aust. Prodr. 2. 1786. D. evolvulacea Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 268. 1849. Somewhat pubescent, or glabrous; stems almost filiform, creeping, rooting at the nodes, 6’—2° long. Leaves orbicular to reniform, deeply cordate, 1¢/—114’ in diameter, palmately veined; petiole often much longer than the blade; flowers 1//-2’’ broad; peduncles filiform; sepals obtuse, spatulate or obovate; corolla yellow to white, shorter than the sepals, its lobes ovate to oblong; capsule 1’ high or less. In moist or wet places, Virginia to Texas and Mexico, near the coast. Widely distributed in South America and in the Old World, especially in the southern hemisphere. 2. BREWERIA R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 1: 487. 1810. Herbs, mostly perennial and procumbent, with entire short-petioled or sessile leaves, and 1-5-flowered axillary peduncles; flowers white, purple, pink, or yellow. Sepals acute or obtuse. Corolla campanulate or funnelform-campanulate; limb plaited, 5-angled or slightly 5-lobed. Stamens included; filaments filiform, or dilated at the base. Ovary 2-celled; style 2-cleft or 2-parted; stigmas capitate. Capsule globose to ovoid, 2-celled, 2-4-valved. Seeds 1-4, glabrous or pubescent. [Named for Samuel Brewer, a correspondent of Dillen. ] About 30 species, widely distributed in warm-temperate and tropical regions. Besides the following, 2 or 3 others occur in Florida and 1 in Texas. Sepals acute or acuminate; leaves oblong, elliptic or linear. Corolla white; filaments pubescent; plant pubescent or puberulent. 1. B. humistrata, Corolla purple; filaments glabrous; plant silky-tomentose, 2. B. aquatica. Sepals obtuse; leaves narrowly linear. 3. B. Pickeringii. 1. Breweria humistrata (Walt.) A. Gray. Southern Breweria. (Fig. 2939.) Convolvulus humistratus Walt. Fl. Car. 94. 1788. Stylisma humistrata Chapm. FI. S, States, 346. 1860. Bonamia humistrata A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 376. 1867. Breweria humistrata A, Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Parti, 217. 1878. Pubescent or puberulent; stems slender, 1°-2° long, simple, or with a few long branches. Leaves elliptic, oblong-elliptic, or ovate-oblong, obtuse and mu- cronulate or some of them emarginate at the apex, subcordate, rounded or narrowed at the base, %4/-1/ wide, 1/-2’ long; petioles 1//-3/’ long; peduncles slender, longer than the leaves, 1-7-flowered, minutely bracted at the summit; sepals glabrous or puberulent, oblong, acuminate, 2’/-3’’ long; corolla white, 6’’-8S/’ long; filaments pubescent; style 2-cleft; capsule ovoid, acute, glabrous, about as long as the calyx. In dry pine barrens, Virginia to Florida and Louisi- ana, May-Aug. Vou. III.J MORNING-GLORY FAMILY. 21 2. Breweria aquatica (Walt.) A. Gray. Water Breweria. (Fig. 2940.) Convolvulus aguaticus Walt. Fl. Car. 94. 1788. Stiylisma aquatica Chapm. FI. S. States, 346. 1860. Bonamia aquatica A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 376. 1867. Brewerta aquatica A, Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part 1, 217. 1878. Finely and densely silky-tomentose, branched, the branches long and slender. Leaves oblong, elliptic, or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse at both ends, mucronate or emarginate at the apex, sometimes subcordate at the base, 44/-134/ long, 2-8” wide; peduncles 1-3-flowered, longer than the leaves, minutely bracted at the summit; sepals densely tomentose, oblong, acute or acuminate, about 2’ long; corolla purple or pink, 5/’-7’’ long; filaments gla- brous; style 2-parted nearly to the base. In wet soil, especially in pine barrens, Missouri to Texas, east to North Carolina and Florida. May-Aug. 3. Breweria Pickeringii (M. A. Curtis) A. Gray. Pickering’s Breweria. (Fig. 2941.) Convolvulus Pickeringti M. A. Curtis, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. r:129. 1837. Siylisma Pickeringit A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2. 335. 1856. Bonamia Pickeringti A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 376. 1867. Brewerta Pickeringii A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Parti, 217. 1878. Stem pubescent or puberulent, very slender, simple or branched, 1°-2° long. Leaves puberulent or gla- brous, narrowly linear, obtuse or acutish at the apex, narrowed at the base, 1/-214’ long, 1%4’/—2’’ wide; peti- oles very short; peduncles slender, about as long as the leaves, with 1 or 2 linear bracts at the summit which are usually longer than the pedicels and calyx; sepals pubescent or hirsute, ovate to oval, obtuse, about 2’’ long; corolla white, about 1’ long; filaments nearly glabrous; style 2-cleft; capsule ovoid, acute, pubescent, longer than the calyx. In dry pine barrens, New Jersey to North Carolina; Illinois to Louisiana and Texas. June-Aug. 3. EVOLVULUS L. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2,391. 1762. Erect or diffuse branching, mostly silky-pubescent or pilose, annual or perennial herbs, with small usually entire leaves, and solitary axillary racemose or paniculate small blue pink or white flowers. Sepals nearly equal, acute or obtuse. Corolla funnelform, campan- ulate or rotate, the limb plaited, 5-angled or 5-lobed. Stamens included, or exserted; fila- ments filiform; anthers ovate or oblong. Ovary entire, 2-celled; style 2-divided to the base, or near it, each division deeply 2-cleft; stigmas linear-filiform. Capsule globose to ovoid, 2~4-valved, 1-4-seeded. Seeds glabrous. [Latin, unrolling.] About 85 species, natives of warm and tropical regions. Besides the following, some 7 others occur in the southern United States. 1. Evolvulus pilodsus Nutt. Evolvulus. (Fig. 2942.) Evolvulus argenteus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 187. 1814. Not R. Br. 1810. Svolvulus pilosus Nutt. Gen. 1: 174. 1818. Perennial, densely silky-pubescent or villous; stems ascending or erect, 3/-9’ high, very leafy. Leaves sessile, oblong, lanceolate or spatulate, 3//— 9’ long, 1’’-3’’ wide, acute or obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base; flowers solitary in the axils; peduncles 2-bracted at the base, recurved in fruit, 1//-2’’ long; sepals lanceolate, acute or acuminate; corolla funnelform-campanulate, purple or blue, 3/’-6’’ broad; capsule 134’/-2/” in diameter, about as long as the sepals. On dry plains, Nebraska to Mexico and Arizona. May-July. 22 CONVOLVULACEAE. (Vor. III. QUAMOCLIT Moench, Meth. 453. 1794. Twining herbaceous vines, with petioled entire lobed or pinnately parted leaves, and cymose racemose or solitary peduncled axillary flowers. Sepals 5, herbaceous, equal, acuminate, mucronate or appendaged. Corolla salverform (scarlet in the following species), the tube narrow, somewhat dilated above, shorter than the spreading 5-lobed limb. Sta- mens and style more or less exserted; stigma capitate; ovary 2-celled or falsely 4-celled, 4-ovuled. Fruit usually 4-celled and 4-seeded. [Greek, dwarf kidney-bean.] About ro species, of warm aud tropical regions, only the following in North America. Leaves pinnately parted into very narrow segments. 1. O. Quamoclit. Leaves cordate, acuminate, entire or angulate-lobed. 2. O. coccinea. 1. Quamoclit Quamoclit (L.) Britton. Cypress Vine. Indian Pink. (Fig.2943.) Ipomoea Quamoclit L,. Sp. Pl. 159. 1753- Q. vulgaris Choisy in DC. Prodr. 9: 336. 1845. Annual, glabrous; stem slender, twining toa height of 10°-20°. Leaves ovate in outline, petioled, or nearly sessile, 2’-7’ long, pinnately parted nearly to the midvein into narrowly linear entire segments less than 1/’ wide; pe- duncles slender, commonly much longer than the leaves, 1-6. flowered; pedicels 1’ long or more, thickening in fruit; sepals oblong, obtuse, usually mucronulate, 2’’-3’’ long; corolla scar- let, salverform, 1/-1}4/ long, the tube expanded above, the limb nearly flat, the lobes ovate, acutish; stamens and style exserted; ovary 4- celled; ovule 1 in each cell; capsule ovoid, 4- valved, about 5’” high, twice as long as the sepals. In waste and cultivated ground, Virginia to Flor- ida, Kansas and Texas. Sparingly escaped from gardens farther north. Naturalized from tropical America. July-Oct. Called also American Red Bell-flower and Sweet William of the Barbadoes. 2. Quamoclit coccinea (L.) Moench. Small Red Morning-glory. (Fig. 2944.) Ipomoea coccinea I,. Sp. Pl. 160. 1753. Quamoclit coccinea Moench, Meth. 453. 1794. Annual, glabrous, or puberulent, stem twin- ing to a height of several feet or trailing. Leaves ovate to orbicular, deeply cordate, long-acuminate, 2/-6’ long, entire or angulate- lobed, slender-petioled; peduncles few-several- flowered, usually not longer than the leaves; sepals oblong, obtuse, about 2’ long, subulate- appendaged; corolla salver-form, 10//—20// long, the limb obscurely 5-lobed; stamens and style slightly exserted; ovary 4-celled with 1 ovule in each cell; capsule globose, 4-valved, 3//-4/ in diameter. Along river-banks and in waste places, southern Pennsylvania to Florida, west to Ohio, Missouri, Texas and Arizona. Naturalized from tropical America, or native in the Southwest. A hybrid of this species with the preceding is sometimes cultivated. July—Oct. 5. IPOMOEA I.. Sp. Pl. 159.1753. Twining trailing ascending or rarely erect herbs, annual or perennial, with large showy axillary solitary or cymose flowers. Sepals equal or unequal. Corolla funnelform or cam- panulate, the limb entire, 5.angled or 5-lobed, the tube more or less plaited. Stamens equal or unequal, included; filaments filiform, or dilated at the base; anthers ovate, oblong, or linear. Ovary entire, globose or ovoid, 2-4-celled, 4-6-ovuled; style filiform, included; stigmas I or 2, capitate or globose. Capsule globose or ovoid, usually septifragally 2-4-valved, 2-4-seeded. [Greek, worm-like.] About 350 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 25 others occur in southern and western North America. Known as Morning-Glory or False Bindweed. Vou. III.] MORNING-GLORY FAMILY. 23 Ovary 2-celled (rarely 4-celled); stigma entire or 2-lobed. Leaves cordate; stems trailing or twining. Perennial from an enormous root; corolla 2'—3' long. Annual; roots fibrous; corolla 4/'-6'' long, white. Annual; corolla 1’-1}4' long, pink or purple. : Leaves linear; stems ascending or erect. Ovary 3-celled; stigmas 3; leaves cordate. Leaves entire; corolla 2’-2'4' long. Leaves deeply 3-lobed, corolla 1'-1}4’ long. 1. Ipomoea pandurata (L.) Meyer. Wild Potato Vine. (Fig. 2945.) Convolvulus panduratus 1, Sp. Pl. 153. 1753. I. pandurata Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 100, 1518. Perennial from an enormous fleshy root, gla- brous or puberulent; stems trailing or feebly climbing, 2°-12° long. Leaves broadly ovate, cor- date, acuminate at the apex, 2’-6’ long, slender- petioled, entire, sometimes contracted in the mid- dle, or some of the later ones rarely angulate-den- tate or 3-lobed; peduncles 1-5-flowered, much elongated in fruit; sepals oblong, obtuse or acut- ish, 6’/-8’’ long, glabrous; corolla funnelform, white, or with pinkish purple stripes in the throat, 2/-3/ long, the limb 5-lobed; ovary 2-celled; cap- sule ovoid, 2-valved, 2-4-seeded, the seeds densely woolly on the margins and pubescent on the sides. . I. pandurata, . I. lacunosa. . I. Carolina, . I. leptophylla. . I, purpurea. . I. hederacea. Dn fSOhH In dry soil, in fields or on hills, Ontario to Connec- ticut and Florida, Michigan, Kansas and Texas. Oc- curs rarely with double flowers. Called also Man-of- the-Earth and Mecha-Meck (Indian). May-Sept. 2. Ipomoea lacunosa L. Small-flowered White Morning-glory. (Fig. 2946.) Ipomoea lacunosa I, Sp. Pl. 161. 1753+ Annual, pubescent or hirsute, rarely glabrous; stem twining, 2°-10° long. Leaves slender- petioled, broadly ovate, cordate, acute or acum- inate at the apex, entire, angled or 3-lobed, 2’—4/ long, the lobes acute; peduncles 1-3-flowered, shorter than the leaves; pedicels slender; sepals oblong or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, pu- bescent or ciliate, about 5’” long; corolla fun- nelform, 6’/-10/” long, white, or the limb pur- ple; ovary 2-celled; stigma capitate; capsule globose, 2-valved, shorter than or about equal- ling the sepals. In moist soil, Pennsylvania to South Carolina, west to Illinois, Missouri and Texas. July-Sept. 3. Ipomoea Carolina (L,.) Pursh. Small- flowered Pink Morning-glory. (Fig. 2947.) Convolvulus Carolinus I,. Sp. Pl. 154. 1753. Ipomoea trichocarpa Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga.1:258. 1817. Ipomoea commutata R. & S. Syst. 4: 228. 1819. Ipomoea Carolina Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 145. 1814. Similar in habit to the preceding species, but the leaves usually more lobed; peduncles often longer than the leaves, 1-3-flowered; sepals lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent or ciliate; corolla 1/-1!4’ long, pink or purple; capsule gla- brous or pubescent. Kansas (according to Holzinger) to Texas, east to South Carolina and Florida. 24 CONVOLVULACEAE. (Von. III. 4. Ipomoea leptophylla Torr. Bush Morning-glory. (Fig. 2948.) Ipomoea leplophylla Torr, in Frem. Rep. 95. 1845. Perennial from an enormous root, which some- times weighs 25 lbs., glabrous throughout; stems erect, ascending or reclining, rather stout, 2°-4° long, much branched. Leaves narrowly linear, entire, acute, 2-5’ long, 1//-3/’ wide; petioles very short; peduncles stout, nearly erect, usually shorter than the leaves, 1-4-flowered; pedicels shorter than the peduncles; sepals broadly ovate, obtuse, 3/’-4/’ long, or the outer shorter; corolla funnelform, purple or pink, about 3/ long, the limb scarcely lobed; capsule ovoid, acute, 8’’-12’’ long, 2-celled, much longer than the sepals; seeds pubes- cent, In dry soil, Nebraska and Wyoming, south to Texas and New Mexico. May-July. 5. Ipomoea purptrea (J,.) Roth. Morning-glory. (Fig. 2949.) Convolvulus purpureus Y,. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 219. 1762. Ipomoea purpurea Roth, Bot. Abh. 27. 1787. Annual, pubescent; stem retrorsely hairy, twining or trailing, 4°-10° long. Leaves broadly ovate, deeply cordate, acute or acuminate, 2/— 4’ wide, slender-petioled; peduncles slender, 1-5-flowered, often longer than the petioles; se- pals lanceolate or oblong, acute, pubescent or hirsute near the base, 6’/-8’ long; corolla fun- nelform, blue, purple, pink, variegated or white, 2/-2'4’ long; ovary 3-celled (rarely 2-celled); stigmas 3 (rarely 2); capsule depressed-globose, about 5’’ in diameter, shorter than the sepals. In waste places, commonly escaped from gardens, Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Ontario, Nebraska aud Texas. There is a double-flowered form in cultivation. Adventive or naturalized from tropical America. July—Oct. Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. Icon. Rar. pl. 36. 1781. Annual, pubescent; stem twining or climbing to a height of 2°-5°, slender, retrorsely hairy. Leaves ovate-orbicular in outline, long-petioled, deeply 3-lobed, cordate at the base, 2’-5’ long, the lobes ovate, acuminate, entire, or the lateral ones sometimes repand or dentate; peduncles 1-3- flowered, much shorter than the petioles; flowers opening in early morning, soon closing; sepals lanceolate with long linear often recurved tips, densely hirsute below, sparingly so above, 8’/-12/7 long; corolla funnelform, the tube usually nearly white, the limb light blue or purple, 1/-134’ long; ovary 3-celled; stigmas 3; capsule depressed-glo- bose, 3-valved, about as long as the lanceolate portion of the sepals. In fields and waste places, Long Island to Florida, west to Pennsylvania, Nebraska and Mexico. Natu- ralized or adventive from tropical America. July—Oct. Vor. III.] MORNING-GLORY FAMILY. 25 6. CONVOLVULUS L. Sp. Pl. 153.1753. Herbs (the following species perennials with slender rootstocks) with trailing, twining or erect stems. Leaves entire dentate or lobed, mostly cordate or sagittate and petioled. Flowers axillary, solitary or clustered, large, pink, purple or white. Sepals nearly equal or the outer larger, the calyx bractless or with a pair of bracts at its base. Corolla funnel- form or campanulate, the limb plaited, 5-angled, 5-lobed, or entire. Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla, included; filaments filiform, or dilated at the base. Ovary 1-2- celled, 4-ovuled; style filiform; stigmas 2, filiform, oblong, or ovoid. Capsule globose or nearly so, 1-4-celled, 2-4-valved. Seeds glabrous. [Latin, to roll together, or entwine. ] About 175 species, of wide distribution in tropical and temperate regions. Besides the follow- ing, some to others occur in the southern and western United States. Calyx with 2 large bracts at the base, which enclose it. (Genus VOLVULUS Medic. ) Stems trailing or climbing. Stems 3°-10° long; leaves hastate, the auricles often dentate. 1. C. sepium, Stems 1°-3° long; leaves sagittate, the auricles rounded, entire. 2. C. repens. Stem erect or ascending; flowers white; bracts not cordate. 3. C. spithamaeus. Calyx not bracted; peduncle bracted at the summit. Glabrous or nearly so; leaves entire, auriculate. 4. C. arvensis. Canescent; leaves with 2-4 basal lobes. 5. C. tncanus. 1. Convolvulus sépium L. Hedge or Great Bindweed. Rutland Beauty. (Fig. 2951.) Convolvulus sepium V,. Sp. Pl. 153. 1753- Convolvulus sepium var. Americanus Sims, Bot. Mag. fl. 732. 1804. Calystegia sepium R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. I: 483. 1810. Glabrous or pubescent; stems extensively trailing or twining, 3°-10° long. Leaves slender-petioled, triangular in outline, has- tate, 2’-5’ long, acute or acuminate at the apex, the basal lobes divergent, usually acute, angulate dentate or entire; petioles 14/-2/ long; peduncles 1t-flowered, longer than the leaves; flowers pink with white stripes or white throughout, about 2’ long; bracts at the base of the corolla, large, ovate, acute or obtuse, cordate; stigmas oblong. In fields and thickets, usually in moist soil, Nova Scotia to North Carolina, west to Minne- sota, Utah and Nebraska. Also in Europe and Asia. The plants of eastern North America perhaps constitute several species. June-Aug. Old names, Bell-bind, Woodbind, Lily-bind, Lady’s Nightcap and Hedge Lily. ae Conyolvulus Japonicus Thunb. Fl. Jap. 85, 1784, a species with narrow hastate leaves and smaller — pink flowers, cultivated in a double-flowered form, has in this form escaped from cultivation from ~~ southeastern New York to the District of Columbia and Missouri. Me. 2. Convolvulus répens L. ‘Trailing Bindweed. (Fig. 2952.) Convolvulus repens I. Sp. Pl. 153. 1753- Calystegia sepium var. pubescens A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 376. 1867. Convolvulus sepium var. repens A. Gray, Syn. FI. 2: Part 1, 215. 1878. Pubescent or tomentose; stem trailing or twining, 1°-3° long, simple, or sparingly branched. Leaves ovate or oblong, petioled, 1/-2/ long, obtuse, acute or abruptly acuminate at the apex, sagittate or cordate at the base, en- tire, the basal lobes rounded, scarcely or not at all divergent; petioles %/-1’ long; peduncles I- flowered, equalling or longer than the leaves; flowers white (sometimes pink?) about 2’ long; calyx enclosed by 2 ovate acute or obtusish slightly cordate bracts; stigmas oblong. In dry fields, Virginia to Florida, west to Dakota and Texas. May-—Aug. 26 CONVOLVULACEAE, {Vou. III. 3- Convolvulus spithamaéus L. Up- right Bindweed. (Fig. 2953.) Convolvulus spithamaeus 1,. Sp. Pl. 158.1753. Calystegia spithamaea Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 143. Voleius spithamaeus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 447. 1891. Pubescent, or glabrate; stem erect or ascend- ing, straight, or the summit sometimes feebly twining, 6’-12’ high. Leaves oval, short- petioled or the uppermost sessile, usually ob- tuse at both ends, sometimes acutish at the apex and subcordate at the base, 1/-2’ long, 44/-14/ wide; peduncles 1-flowered, longer than the leaves; flowers white, nearly 2/ long; calyx enclosed by 2 large oval acutish bracts which are narrowed at both ends and not cor- date at the base; stigmas oblong, thick. In dry sandy or rocky fields or on banks, Nova Scotia to the Northwest Territory, south to Florida. Ascends to 3500 ft. in Virginia. May-Aug. 4. Convolvulus arvénsis L. Small Bindweed. (Fig. 2954.) Convolvulus arvensts I, Sp. Pl. 153. 1753. Glabrous, or nearly so; stems trailing or decum- bent, very slender, 1°-2%° long, simple or branched. Leaves slender-petioled, ovate or ob- long, entire, obtusish and mucronulate or acutish at the apex, sagittate or somewhat hastate at the base, 1/-2’ long, the basal lobes spreading, acute; peduncles 1-4-flowered (commonly 2-flowered), shorter than the leaves; I-3-bracted at the summit, usually with another bract on one of the pedicels; sepals oblong, obtuse, 114’ long; corolla pink or nearly white, 8’’-12’’ broad; calyx not bracted at the base; stigmas linear. In fields and waste places, Nova Scotia to Ontario, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Kansas. Nat- uralized from Europe. Native also of Asia. May- Sept. Old names, Hedge-bells, Bearbind, Corn-Lily, Wind, Bellbine, Corn-bind, Lap-love, Sheep-bine. 5. Convolvulus incanus Vahl. Hoary Bindweed. (Fig. 2955.) Convolvulus incanus Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3:23. 1794- Finely and densely canescent, pale, or some- times greener; stems procumbent or trailing, usually branched, 1°-3° long. Leaves rather short-petioled, lanceolate, ovate to linear in out- line, usually with 2-4 divergent lobes at the base, or the lower pair of lobes reflexed, other- wise entire or irregularly dentate, obtuse and mucronulate at the apex, 1/-2’ long; peduncles I-2-flowered, as long as or longer than the leaves, minutely bracted at the summit; pedi- cels 3/’-6’” long; sepals oblong, obtuse or mu- cronulate, about 3/7 long; corolla white to rose- color; stigmas narrowly linear; capsule globose, about as long as the sepals. In waste places near Lincoln, Neb. (according to Webber). In dry soil, Kansas and Arkansas to Arizona, Mexico and Texas. Also in southern South America. April-Aug. Vor. III.] ' DODDER FAMILY. 27 Family 20. CUSCUTACEAE Dumort, Anal. Fam. 20. 1829. DODDER FAMILY. White or yellow slender parasites, dextrorsely twining, the leaves reduced to minute alternate scales. Calyx inferior, 5-lobed or 5-parted (rarely 4-lobed or 4-parted), or of 5 distinct sepals. Corolla campanulate, ovoid, urceolate or cylindric, 5-lobed (rarely 4-lobed), the lobes imbricated in the bud, the tube bearing as many fimbriate or crenulate scales as there are lobes and alternate with them, or these sometimes obsolete. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and alternate with them, inserted in the throat or sinuses above the scales, short- exserted or included; filaments short or slender; anthers short, ovate or oval, obtuse, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary globose to oblong, 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity; styles 2, terminal, separate, or rarely united below; stigmas linear or capitate. Capsule globose or ovoid, circumscissile, irregularly bursting or indehiscent, 1-4-seeded. Seeds glabrous, globose or angular; embryo linear, terete, curved or spiral, its apex bearing 1-4 minute alternate scales, endosperm fleshy; cotyledons none. 1. CUSCUTA L. Sp. Pl. 124. 1753. Characters of the family. The filiform twining stems are parasitic on herbs and shrubs by numerous minute suckers. The seeds germinate in the soil and the plantlet attaches it- self to its host, its root and lower portion soon perishing. The subsequent nutrition of the parasite is apparently wholly through its suckers. Indications of a small amount of coloring matter, possibly chlorophyll, have been observed in one species. [Name from the Arabic. ] About 100 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 15 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. Known as Dodder, or Strangle-weed. % Corolla-scales crenulate; stigmas slender; capsule circumscissile. Scales crenulate above, not inzurved. 1. C. Epilinum. Scales crenulate all around, strongly incurved. 2. C. Epithymum. % % Corolla-scales fringed; stigmas capitate; capsule indehiscent. Sepals united below into a gamosepalous calyx. Flowers very nearly sessile; corolla persistent at the base of the capsule. Corolla-scales ovate, fringed all around; calyx-lobes obtuse. . C. arvensis. Corolla-scales abortive, or of a few processes: calyx-lobes acutish. 4. C. Polygonorum., Flowers distinctly pedicelled; corolla enclosing or capping the capsule, or at length deciduous. Tips of the corolla-lobes incurved or reflexed. Scales ovate, fringed all around; capsule enclosed by the corolla. 5. C. indecora. Scales abortive, or of a few slender processes; corolla capping the capsule. 6. C. Coryli. Corolla-lobes spreading or recurved. Scales small, irregularly fringed; capsule depressed-globose. 7. C. Cephalanthi. Scales long, fringed mainly above; capsule pointed. Corolla 11s’ long; capsule globose, short-pointed. 8. C. Gronovii. Flowers 2'’~3'’ long; capsule oval, long-pointed. 9. C. rostrata. Sepals separate, subtended by similar bracts. Flowers cymose, pedicelled; scales short; bracts entire. 10. C. cuspidata, Flowers closely sessile in dense clusters; bracts serrulate. Bracts few, broad, appressed; styles as long as the ovary. 11. C. compacta. Bracts numerous, narrow, their tips recurved; styles longer than the ovary. 12. C. paradoxa. 1. Cuscuta Epilinum Weihe. Flax \ Dodder. (Fig. 2956.) N Gi Cusculta Epilinum Weihe, Archiv. Apoth. 8:54. 1824. Cuscuta densiflora Soyer-Willem. Act. Soc. Linn. Paris, 4: 281. 1826. Stems very slender, yellow or red; flowers ses- sile in dense clusters, yellowish white, about 1%4// long. Calyx hemispheric, 5-lobed, the lobes ovate, acute, as long as the corolla-tube; corolla short, cylindric, becoming urceolate, 5-lobed, the lobes ovate, acutish, spreading, its scales short, erect, less than one-half the length of the tube, 2- cleft or emarginate, crenulate above, the crenula- tions not extending to the base; stigmas linear-fili- form; capsule circumscissile, the withering corolla borne on its summit. _On flax, Nova Scotia to New Jersey and Pennsylva- nia. Introduced from Europe. Native also of Asia. July-Aug. 28 CUSCUTACEAE. [Vor. III. 2. Cuscuta Epithymum Murr. Thyme Dodder. Lesser or Clover Dodder. (Fig. 2957.) Cuscuta Epithymum Murr. in L. Syst. Ed. 13, 140. 1774. Cuscuta Trifolit Bab. Phytol. 1: 467. 1843. Stems filiform, red; flowers sessile in small dense clusters, pinkish, about 1/7 long. Calyx variable, 4-5-lobed, more than one-half the length of the cylindric corolla-tube, the lobes acute; corolla 4-5-lobed, the lobes erect, about one-half as long as the tube, acute, its scales strongly incurved, crenulate nearly or quite to the base; stigmas fili- form; capsule circumscissile, capped by the wither- ing corolla. On clover, Ontario (according to Fowler); Alder Lake, N. Y., on As/er Jateriflorus; Sellersville, and Susquehanna Co., Pa. Introduced from Europe, where it occurs on thyme, clover and other low plants. July- Sept. 3. Cuscuta arvénsis Beyrich. Field Dodder. (Fig. 2958.) Cuscuta arvensis Beyrich; Hook. FI. Bor. Am. 2:77. Assynonym. 1834. Plant pale yellow; stems filiform, the flowers nearly sessile in small clusters. Calyx broad, 5-lobed, the lobes broad, obtuse; corolla nearly campanulate, 5-lobed, the lobes acute or acuminate, as long as the tube, their tips reflexed, its scales large, ovate, as long as or longer than the tube, densely fringed all around with short irregular pro- cesses; stamens not exserted; style shorter than the ovary; stigmas capitate; capsule . depressed-globose, indehiscent, the wither- ing corolla and usually the stamens per- sistent at its base. On various herbs and low shrubs, New York to Manitoba and the Northwest Territory, south to Florida, Texas, Mexico and California. Also in South America. July—Aug. 4. Cuscuta Polygonérum Engelm. Smart-weed Dodder. (Fig. 2959.) Cuscuta Polygonorum Engelm. Am. Journ. Sci. 43: 342. pl. 6. f. 26-29. 1842. C. chlorocarpa Engelm.; A. Gray, Man. 350, 1848. Plant orange-yellow; stems slender but rather coarse; flowers sessile or nearly so in dense clusters. Calyx short, 4-5-lobed, the lobes ovate-oblong, acute or acutish; lobes of the corolla 4 or 5, triangular-ovate, acute, mostly as long as the tube, the scales usually obsolete, wanting, or consisting of only 2 or 3 slender processes on each side of the attached lower portion of the filament; filaments mostly slender; styles shorter than the-ovary; stigmas capitate; capsule globose, the withering corolla persistent at its base. On Polygonums and other herbs, Minnesota to Arkansas in the Mississippi Valley. Also in Pennsylvania and Delaware. Range probably more extensive. July—Sept. Vor, III.] DODDER FAMILY. 29 5. Cuscuta indecora Choisy. Pretty Dodder. (Fig. 2960.) Cuscuta indecora Choisy, Mem. Soc. Gen. 9: 278. pl. 3. f. 5. 1841. C. pulcherrima Scheele, Linnaea, 21: 750. 1848. Cuscuta decora Choisy; Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. i: 501. 1859. Stems rather stout; flowers 134/’ long, pedicelled in loose cymes, more or less papillose. Calyx 5-lobed, the lobes ovate to lanceolate, acute, mostly shorter than the corolla-tube; corolla campanulate, 5-lobed, the lobes triangular, minutely crenulate, spreading, nearly as long as the tube, their tips inflexed; scales ovate, erect, irregularly fringed with short processes all around; sta- mens slightly exserted, or included; stigmas capitate; capsule oblong, acute, enveloped by the withering corolla. On various herbs and low shrubs, Illinois to Nebraska, south to Florida, Texas and Mexico, in several forms. Also in the West Indies and South America. Corolla white; stigmas often yellow or purple. June-Aug. 6. Cuscuta Coryli Engelm. Hazel Dodder. (Fig. 2961.) Cuscuta Coryli Engelm. Am. Journ. Sci. 43: 337. Sf. 7-11. 1842. Cuscuta inflexa Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. I: 502. 1859. Stems coarse; flowers about 1// long, pedi- celled in loose, orratherdensecymes. Calyx 4-5-lobed, the lobes triangular or triangular- lanceolate, acutish, about as long as the corolla-tube; corolla campanulate, 4-5-lobed, the lobes minutely crenulate, nearly erect, triangular, acute, about as long as the tube, their tips inflexed; scales small, oval, obtuse, often with only a few processes on each side; stamens scarcely exserted; styles shorter than the ovary; stigmas capitate; capsule oblong, pointed, enveloped or at length capped by the withering corolla. On the hazels and other shrubs or tall herbs, Connecticut to Virginia, west to Nebraska and Arkansas. July—Aug. 7. Cuscuta Cephalanthi Engelm. But- ton-bush Dodder. (Fig. 2962.) Cuscuta Cephalanthi Engelm. Am, Journ. Sci. 43: 336. pl. 6. f. 1-6. 1842. Cuscuta tenuiflora Engelm.; A. Gray, Man. 350. 1848. Plant yellow, stems rather coarse; flowers about 1’ long, short-pedicelled, clustered; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes ovate, obtuse, shorter than the corolla- tube; corolla cylindric-campanulate, its lobes ovate, obtuse and rounded, spreading, one-half the length of the tube or less; scales about as long as the lobes, fringed mainly toward the apex with ir- regular processes; stamens included; styles slender, about as long as the ovary, shorter than the ripe capsule; stigmas capitate; capsule depressed-glo- bose, 134’ in diameter, surrounded or capped by the withering, at length deciduous corolla. On shrubs and tall herbs, Pennsylvania to Minne- sota and the Northwest Territory, south to Texas and Arizona, July-Aug. hoi CHA ea, Wk UM 1924 , 30 g. Cuscuta rostrata Shuttlw. Beaked Dodder. (Fig. 2964.) Cuscuta rostrata Shuttlw.; Engelm, Bost. Journ. CUSCUTACEAE. Nat. Hist. 5: 225. 1845. Stems coarse, yellowish white; flowers larger than in any of our other species, loosely cymose, pedicelled. Calyx gamo- sepalous, 5-lobed, the lobes ovate-triangular, shorter than the corolla-tube; corolla cam- panulate, 2/’-3’’ long, white, its lobes broadly ovate, obtuse, about as long as the calyx-lobes; scales narrow, sometimes spatu- late, shorter than the tube, heavily fringed at the summit and sparingly along the sides with long slender processes; stamens in- cluded; styles slender, about as long as the flask-shaped ovary; stigmas capitate; cap- sule oval, long-beaked. On herbs and shrubs, Maryland to South Car- (Vor. III. 8. Cuscuta Gronovii Willd. Grono- vius’ Dodder. Love-vine. (Fig. 2963.) C. Gronovit Willd.: R. & S. Syst. 6: 205. 1820. Cuscuta vulgivaga Engelm. Am. Journ. Sci. 43: 338- pl.6 f. 12-16. 1842. Stems yellow to orange, slender, high-climb- ing; flowers usually short-pedicelled, num- erous in dense cymes. Calyx not bracted, its lobes ovate, obtuse, shorter than the corolla-tube; corolla campanulate, about 14” long, the lobes ovate, obtuse, rounded, spreading, nearly as long as the tube, the scales narrow, equalling or longer than the tube, thickly fringed about the summit and sparingly along the sides with long slender processes; styles slender, not as long as the ovary; stigmas capitate; capsule globose, short-pointed or pointless, 114’/ in diameter, enveloped or capped by the withering de- ciduous corolla. On herbs and low shrubs, Nova Scotia to Man- itoba, Florida and Texas. Variable. July—Aug. olinaand Georgiain the Alleghanies. July-Sept. 1o. Cuscuta cuspidata Engelm. Cus- pidate Dodder. (Fig. 2965.) Cuscuta cuspidata Engelm. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5: 224. 1845. Plant yellowish; stems slender; flowers in loose panicled cymes, about 144’’ long. Calyx of 5 distinct entire sepals, shorter than the corolla-tube, with 2-4 similar bracts at its base and often others on the pedicels; sepals orbicu- lar to lanceolate, cuspidate, mucronate or acum- inate; corolla nearly salverform, its lobes trian- gular-lanceolate or oblong, acute or cuspidate, spreading, about one-half the length of the tube; scales narrow, usually less than one-half as long as the tube, fringed all around with short irre- gular processes; stamens not exserted; styles very slender, longer than the ovary; stigmas capitate; capsule bearing the withered corolla on its summit. On coarse herbs, Nebraska to Missouri and Texas. July-Sept. Vor, III.] DODDER FAMILY. 11. Cuscuta compacta Juss. Compact Dodder. (Fig. 2966.) Cuscuta compacta Juss.; Choisy, Mem. Soc. Gen. 9: 281. 4.4. f. 2. 1841. Plant yellowish white, stems rather stout; flowers about 2’’ long, closely sessile in dense clusters. Calyx of 5 (rarely 4) distinct oval crenulate obtuse sepals, subtended by 3-5 sim- ilar rhombic-orbicular appressed serrulate bracts; corolla salverform, persistent, the tube cylindric, its 5 (rarely 4) lobes oblong or ovate, obtuse, spreading, much shorter than the tube, the scales narrow, one-half the length of the tube, fringed with numerous long processes; stamens included; styles slender, shorter than or as long as the ovary; capsule oblong, envel- oped or capped by the withering corolla. On shrubs, Ontario to southern New York and Alabama, west to Kansas and Texas. July-Sept. 12. Cuscuta paradoxa Raf. Glom- erate Dodder. (Fig. 2967.) Cuscuta paradoxa Raf. Ann. Nat. 13. 1820. Cuscuta glomerata Choisy, Mem. Soc. Gen. 9: 184. pl. g. f- 1. 1841. Lepidanche compositarum Engelm. Am. Journ. Sci. 43: 344. 70-35. 1842. Plant yellowish white, stems slender; flow- ers sessile, 114// long, exceedingly numerous in dense confluent clusters covering portions of the stem of the host-plant. Calyx of 5 distinct concave oblong obtuse serrulate sepals, subtended by 8-15 narrower serrulate much imbricated bracts with recurved tips; corolla tube oblong-cylindric, its lobes ob- long-lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, ob- tuse, spreading or recurved, persistent; scales copiously fringed at the summit and sparingly along the sides with numerous long pro- cesses; styles 2-4 times as long as the ovary; capsule capped by the withering corolla. On tall herbs, mainly Compositae, Ohio to Minnesota, Missouri and Texas. July—Sept. Family 21. POLEMONIACEAE DC. FI. Franc. 3: 645. 1805. PHLOX FAMILY. Herbs, some species slightly woody, with alternate or opposite entire lobed or dissected leaves. Flowers perfect, corymbose-capitate, cymose or paniculate, regular, or nearly regular. Calyx inferior, tubular or campanu- late, 5-cleft, the lobes or teeth slightly imbricated. Corolla gamopetalous, funnelform, saucer-shaped, campanulate or rotate, the limb 5-parted, the lobes contorted. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes; filaments slender or filiform; anthers ovate, oblong or linear, versa- tile, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, mostly 3-celled; ovules 2-« in each cavity, amphitropous; style simple, filiform; stigmas 3, linear. Capsule mostly loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds various, some- times winged, sometimes enveloped in mucilage and emitting spiral tubes when wetted; endosperm present; embryo straight; cotyledons flat; radicle inferior. About to genera and 200 species, most abundant in Western America, a few in temperate Europe and Asia. Calyx distended and at length ruptured by the ripening capsule. Corolla salverform; leaves opposite, entire. 1. Phlox. Corolla funnelform, tubular, salverform or campanulate; leaves alternate or opposite. e 2. Gilia. 32 POLEMONIACEAE. Calyx not distended nor ruptured by the capsule; leaves alternate. Calyx-teeth herbaceous, not spinulose-tipped. Stamens declined; leaves pinnate. Stamens straight and leaves entire in our species. Calyx-teeth spinulose-tipped; leaves pinnatifid. [Vor. III. 3. Polemonium. 4. Collomia, 5. Naverretia. i; PHLOX ‘1; Sp. 2 151. e175e: Perennial or rarely annual, erect or diffuse herbs, with opposite entire leaves, or some of the upper ones alternate, and large blue purple red or white flowers, in terminal cymes or cymose panicles, Calyx tubular or tubular-campanulate, 5-ribbed, 5-cleft, the lobes acute or acuminate, mostly scarious-margined and the sinuses commonly scarious. Corolla salver- form, the tube narrow, the limb 5-lobed; lobes obovate, orbicular or obcordate, spreading. Stamens straight, short, unequally inserted on the corolla-tube. Ovary oblong or ovoid, 3- celled; style usually slender; ovules 1-4 in each cavity. Capsule ovoid, 3-valved, at length distending and rupturing the calyx-tube. Seeds ovoid, wingless or narrowly winged, not emitting spiral threads when wetted. [Greek, flame. ] About 30 species, natives of North America and Russian Asia, Besides the following some 14 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America, Leaves flat, ovate, oblong, lanceolate or linear. Cymes panicled; flowers short-pedicelled or sessile. Calyx-teeth subulate; leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate. 1. P. paniculata. Calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute; leaves lanceolate or ovate, acuminate. 2. P. maculata, Cymes corymbose, simple, or flowers scattered. Flowering stems erect or ascending, simple. Plants glabrous or nearly so. Leaves ovate or oblong; calyx-teeth acute. 3. P. ovata, Leaves lanceolate or linear; calyx-teeth subulate-lanceolate. 4. P. glaberrima. Plants pubescent, hirsute or villous. Stems erect or ascending; no prostrate sterile shoots. Leaves linear or lanceolate, acuminate, spreading. Leaves linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, nearly erect. Stems ascending or reclining; sterile shoots prostrate. Lower leaves and those of the sterile shoots oblong or ovate. 7. P. divaricata. 5. P. pilosa. 6 I 7: Lower leaves and those of the sterile shoots obovate. 8. P. reptans. 9 O. I . P. amoena, Stems diffusely branched, usually creeping; leaves narrow. Corolla-lobes cleft to or about the middle. . P. bifida, Corolla-lobes cleft only at the apex. 10. P. Stellaria. Corolla-lobes rounded; western. 11. P. Kelseyt. Leaves subulate, fascicled or crowded; plants low. Stems creeping or ascending; flowers cymose; eastern. 12. P. subulata, Densely tufted; flowers mostly solitary; western. Leaves densely white-woolly, 1'’ long; plant moss-like. 13. P. bryoides. Leaves less woolly or merely ciliate, 2’’-6'’ long. Corolla-tube shorter than or equalling the calyx. 14. P. Hoodii. Corolla-tube longer than the calyx . 15. P. Douglasit. 1. Phlox paniculata I, Garden Phlox. (Fig. 2968.) Phlox paniculata V,. Sp. Pl. 151. 1753. Stem erect, stout or slender, simple or branched above, glabrous or puberulent, 2°- 6° high. Leaves thin, sessile or short-petioled, oblong, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, or the uppermost subcordate, 2’—6/ long, %/-114’ wide; flowers short-pedicelled in compact paniculate cymules, the inflores- cence often 12’ long; calyx-teeth subulate, glabrous, puberulent or glandular, more than one-half as long as the tube; corolla pink, purple or white, its lobes broadly obovate, rounded, entire, shorter than its tube; capsule oval, obtuse, slightly longer than the ruptured calyx-tube. In woods and thickets, Pennsylvania to Florida, west to Illinois and Louisiana. Freely escaped from gardens in the north and east. July-Sept. Vor, III] PHLOX FAMILY. 2. Phlox maculata L. Wild Sweet- William. (Fig. 2969.) Phiox maculata ¥,. Sp. Pl. 152. 1753. Phlox suaveolens Ait. Hort. Kew. 1: 206. 1789. Stem slender, erect, simple, or branched above, glabrous or puberulent, usually flecked with purple, 114°-3° high. Leaves lanceo- late or the upper ovate-lanceolate, glabrous, rather firm, long-acuminate, sessile, rounded or subcordate at the base, 2’-5’ long, widest just above the base, the lowest sometimes linear-lanceolate; flowers short-pedicelled, the compact cymules forming an elongated nar- row thyrsoid panicle; calyx-teeth triangular- lanceolate, acute, or acuminate, about one- fourth the length of the tube; corolla pink or purple, rarely white, its lobes rounded, shorter than the tube; capsule similar to that of the preceding species. In moist woods and along streams, New Jersey to Florida, west to Minnesota and Tennessee. Occasionally escaped from gardens further north. P. maculata var. candida Michx. (P. suaveolens Ait.) is a form with white flowers and unspotted stem, occurring with the type. June-Aug. \ 33 3. Phlox ovata L. Mountain Phlox. (Fig. 2970.) Phlox ovata I,. Sp. Pl. 152. 1753. Phlox Carolina \,. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 216. 1762. Glabrous or nearly so throughout; stems sim- ple, slender, ascending from a decumbent base, 1°-2° high. Leaves rather firm, the upper ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile by a rounded or subcordate base, acute at the apex, 1/-2/ long, the lower and basal ones longer, oblong or ovate-oblong, acute at both ends, narrowed into slender often margined petioles; flowers short-pedicelled in corymbed or sometimes sim- ple cymes; calyx-teeth lanceolate or triangular- lanceolate, acute, or acuminate, one-third to one-half the length of the tube; corolla pink or red, its lobes obovate, rounded, entire. In woods, Pennsylvania to North Carolina and Alabama, mostly in the mountains. May-Aug. 4. Phlox glabérrima L. Smooth Phlox. (Fig. 2971.) Phlox glaberrima I,. Sp. Pl. 152. 1753. ' Glabrous or nearly so throughout; stem simple, slender, erect or ascending, 1°-2° high. Leaves lanceolate or linear, rather firm, mostly 1I-nerved, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, 11%4’—4’ long, 2’/-6’’ wide, sessile, or the lowest linear or ob- long, obtusish, shorter, and short-petioled; flowers short-pedicelled, the cymules corymbed; calyx- teeth subulate-lanceolate, one-third to one-half the length of the tube; corolla commonly pink, its lobes obovate, rounded, or obcordate, longer than the tube. _ In open woods and on prairies, Virginia to Wiscon- sin, south to Florida and Kentucky. Ascends to 2200 ft.in Virginia. Broad-leaved southern forms approach the preceding species. May-July. 34 POLEMONIACEAE. [Vor. III. 5. Phlox pilosa L. Downy Phlox. (Fig. 2972.) Phlox pilosa l,. Sp. Pl. 152. 1753. Soft downy or hairy, often glandular; stem erect or ascending, simple or branched, slen- der, 1°-2° high. Leaves linear or lanceolate, spreading or divaricate, long-acuminate, 1/-3 long, 134’’-4/’ wide, sessile, the base nar- rowed or rounded; cymules corymbed; flow- ers short-pedicelled; calyx glandular, viscid, its teeth setaceous-subulate, longer than the tube; corolla pink, purple, or white, its lobes obovate, entire, the tube usually pubescent; capsule shorter than the calyx. In dry soil, Ontario to Manitoba, New Jersey, Florida, Akansas and Texas. April-June. 6. Phlox amoéna Sims. Hairy Phlox. (Fig. 2973.) Phlox amoena Sims, Bot. Mag. f/. 13708. 1810. Usually quite hairy; stems simple, slender, as- cending, 6’-18’ high. Leaves linear-oblong, sessile, acute or obtuse at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, nearly erect, 14/-134’ long, 134/’-24%4’” wide, the lowest much shorter; flowers very nearly sessile in a dense terminal simple or somewhat compound cyme, which is subtended by the uppermost pair of leaves; calyx hirsute, its teeth subulate, as long as or shorter than the tube; corolla pink or white, its lobes obovate, entire or rarely emarginate, shorter than the glabrous tube. In dry soil, Virginia to Tennessee, Florida and Georgia. April-June. 7. Phlox divaricata L. Wild Blue Phlox. (Fig. 2974.) Phlox divaricata I, Sp. Pl. 152. 1753. Finely viscid-pubescent; stems ascending or diffuse, slender, producing creeping or ascend- ing leafy shoots from the base. Leaves of the sterile shoots oblong or ovate, obtuse, 1/—2/ long, those of the flowering stems lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong, mostly acute or acutish; flowers pedicelled in open corymbed cymules, faintly fragrant; calyx-teeth subu- late, longer than the tube; corolla bluish, its lobes obcordate, emarginate or entire, not very much longer than the tube; capsule oblong-globose, about 2’’ high. In moist woods, Ontario to Minnesota, south to Pennsylvania, Florida, Louisiana and Arkansas. Ascends to 3700 ft. in Virginia. Sometimes called Wild Sweet William, April-June. Vor. III.] PHLOX FAMILY. 8. Phlox réptans Michx. Crawling Phlox. (Fig. 2975.) Phlox repians Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 1: 145. 1803. Hirsute or pubescent; stems slender, diffuse, producing sterile creeping leafy shoots from the base. Leaves of the sterile shoots obovate, obtuse at the apex, 1/-3’ long, narrowed at the base into petioles; flowering stems 4’-8’ high, their leaves oblong or lanceolate, acute or ob- tuse, smaller; flowers in a simple or barely com- pound cyme, slender-pedicelled; calyx-teeth linear-subulate, as long as the tube or longer; corolla pink, purple, or violet, its lobes rounded, mostly entire, about one-half the length of the tube; capsule subglobose, 14’ high. In woods, Pennsylvania to Georgia and Ken- tucky, mainly in the mountains. Ascends to 4500 ft. in Virginia. April-June. g. Phlox bifida Beck. Cleft Phlox. (Fig. 2976.) P. bifida Beck, Am. Journ. Sci. 11:170. 1826. Puberulent or pubescent; stems diffuse, somewhat woody, much branched, slender, often 1° long, the branches erect or ascend- ing, 4/-8’ high. Leaves of sterile shoots linear, sessile, 1/-2’ long, 1//-2/’ wide, acute, those of flowering branches linear- oblong or lanceolate, much shorter; flowers in simple cymes or solitary in the axils, slender-pedicelled; pedicels 3//-12’’ long; calyx-teeth lanceolate-subulate, somewhat longer than the tube; corolla pale purple, its lobes shorter than the tube, cuneate, 2-3- cleft to about the middle into linear or oblong obtuse diverging segments; capsule oblong-globose, 1//-114’’ high. In dry places, Indiana to Tennessee and Michigan. April-June. 1o. Phlox Stellaria A. Gray. Chickweed Phlox. (Fig. 2977.) Phlox Stellaria A, Gray, Proc. Am, Acad. 8: 252. 1870. Glabrous or puberulent; stems diffuse, somewhat woody, much branched, the branches nearly erect, 3/-8’ high. Leaves all linear, or linear-lanceolate, sessile, acute, 1/-2/ long, 1/’-114’’ wide; flowers in simple cymes or solitary in the axils, slender-pedi- celled; calyx-teeth subulate-lanceolate, short- er than the tube; corolla pale blue or nearly white, its lobes cuneate, 2-lobed at the apex, nearly as long as the tube. On cliffs, southern Illinois and Kentucky. April-May. He 023, he LD \ Ake wee, |, J — 36 11. Phlox Kélseyi Britton. 12. Phlox subulata L. Ground or Moss Pink. (Fig. 2979.) Phlox subulata I, Sp. Pl. 152. 1753. Pubescent or becoming glabrate, evergreen; stems tufted, forming mats, diffuse, much branched, the branches 2/-6’ long. Leaves subulate-linear, linear-lanceolate or linear-ob- Along, acute or acuminate, 4/’-10’ long, }4//-1’’ wide, spreading, ciliate, rigid, commonly fasci- cled at the nodes; flowers in simple cymes, slender-pedicelled; calyx-teeth subulate from a broader base, about as long as the tube; corolla pink, purple or white, its lobes obcor- date or entire, shorter than the tube; capsule oblong, nearly 2’ high. In dry sandy or rocky soil, southern New York to Florida, west to Michigan and Kentucky. Ascends to 3500 ft. in West Virginia. April-June. 184. from 2/-37 On POLEMONIACEAE. Kelsey’s Phlox. 13. Phlox bryoides Nutt. Phlox 848 (Vor. II. (Fig. 2978.) wa Kelseyi Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 19: 225. 1892. Many-stemmed from a woody root, the stems spreading, creeping, or ascending, sometimes 8’ long, glabrous, or slightly pu- bescent above, very leafy. Leaves oblong, or linear-oblong, sessile, glabrous, or nearly so, 3/’-12’’ long, 1’’-2/’ wide, or the upper longer and narrower, thick, rigid, the apex spinose-mucronate, the revolute margins cil- iate; flowers sessile, or short-peduncled; pe- duncles and calyx somewhat glandular- pubescent, or glabrous; calyx-teeth subulate, as long as the tube, or longer; corolla-tube somewhat exceeding the calyx, the limb about 8’’ broad, blue or lilac, the obovate- cuneate lobes rounded or truncate. North Dakota to Nebraska and Montana. May-June. ul Moss Phlox. (Fig. 2980.) bryoides Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. (II.) 1: 153. Depressed, shrubby, moss-like, densely branched a deep woody root, forming compact tufts high. Leaves minute (about 1/’ long), closely imbricated in 4 ranks, copiously white- woolly, triangular-lanceolate, pale, acute, the mar- gins infolded; flowers solitary and sessile at the ends of the branches, about 2%’’ long; tube of the corolla longer than the calyx, its lobes broadly cuneate, entire. ; dry hills, western Nebraska and Wyoming. May-July. i Vor. III.] PHLOX FAMILY. 37 14. Phlox Hoddii Richards. Hood’s Phlox. (Fig. 2981.) Phlox Hoodti Richards. App. Frank. Journ. 733. A. 28. 1823. Densely tufted and branched from a woody root, 2/-4’ high. Leaves imbricated, erect, rigid, subu- late, mucronate, somewhat woolly or ciliate, be- coming glabrate, 2/’-6’’ long; flowers solitary and sessile at the ends of the branches, about 5’ long; calyx-teeth lanceolate, acuminate, rigid, longer than the tube; tube of the corolla shorter than or equalling the calyx, its lobes obovate, entire. In dry sandy or rocky soil, Manitoba to the North- west Territory, south to western Nebraska and Wyo- ming. May-July. 15. Phlox Douglasii Hook. Douglas’ Phlox. (Fig. 2982.) Sit td Douglasii Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:73. pl. 758. 1834. Similar to the preceding species; leaves pu- bescent or glabrous, less imbricated, sometimes spreading, rigid, usually fascicled at the nodes, 4/’-7’" long. Flowers solitary and sessile or short-pedicelled at the ends of the branches, 5/’-8” long; calyx-teeth narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, about equalling the tube; tube of the purple or white corolla longer than the calyx, its lobes obovate, entire. Dry soil, Nebraska and Montana to Utah, Cali- fornia and British Columbia. May-July. Phlox Douglasii andicola Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 269. 1894. Phlox Douglasii longifolia A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad, 8: 254. 1870. Not P. longifolia Nutt. Leaves longer, 8'’- 12’' long, less fascicled at the nodes. Range of the type. 2. GILIA R. & P. Prodr, Fl. Per. AS, Wai) aie foyie Herbs with opposite or alternate, entire pinnatifid palmatifid or dissected leaves. Flow- ers small or large, solitary, cymose, capitate, thyrsoid, or paniculate. Calyx campanulate or tubular, 5-toothed or 5-cleft, the sinuses usually scarious. Corolla funnelform, tubular, campanulate or rarely salverform, 5-lobed, the lobes ovate, oblong, or obovate. Stamens equally or unequally inserted on the corolla, included or exserted. Ovary oblong or ovoid, 3-celled; ovules solitary or several in cach cavity. Capsule ovoid or oblong, 3-celled, at length distending and rupturing the calyx. Seed-coat commonly mucilaginous when wetted, in some species emitting spiral thread-like tubes. [Named for Philip Gil, a Span- ish botanist. ] About 75 species, natives of America. Besides the following, some 48 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. Leaves entire. Flowers paniculate, 1. G. gracilis, Flowers narrowly thyrsoid-spicate. 6. G. spicata. Leaves pinnately divided, pinnatifid or palmatifid. Leaves palmatifid into 5-7 rigid subulate segments. 2. G. pungens. Leaves pinnatifid or pinnately divided, the segments linear, not rigid. Flowers thyrsoid-paniculate or corymbose-paniculate. Corolla 1'-2' long; plants 1°-4° tall. Flowers paniculate, white. 3. G. longiflora. Flowers narrowly thrysoid, red. 4. G. aggregala. Corolla 3''-5'’ long, violet or blue. 5. G. pinnatifida. Flowers narrowly thyrsoid-spicate. 6. G. spicata, Flowers in dense or capitate cymes, or heads. Flower-clusters leafy-bracted. Perennial; corolla-tube not longer than the calyx. 7. G. congesta, Annual; corolla-tube 2-3 times as long as the calyx. 8. G. pumila, Clusters bractless; corolla campanulate. g. G. tricolor. 38 POLEMONIACEAE. (Vor. III. 1. Gilia gracilis Hook. Entire-leaved Gilia. (Fig. 2983.) Gilia gracilis Hook. Bot. Mag. pl. 2924. 1829. so compe gracilis Dougl. in Benth. Bot. Reg. f/. 1622. 1833- Annual, pubescent, at length corymbosely much branched, 2/-6’ high, the branches ascending. Lower and basal leaves oblong to spatulate, obtuse, commonly opposite and nearly sessile, the upper linear or lanceolate, sessile, 4/-1/ long, 1’’-2/’ wide, opposite or alternate, entire; cymes I-5-flowered; calyx-lobes linear-subulate, usually longer than the tube; corolla 4’’-6/’ long, the tube yellowish, nar- row, equalling or slightly longer than the calyx, the lobes purple or violet, short; ovules 2-3 in each cav- ity; capsule oblong, obtuse, as long as or longer than the calyx-tube; seeds mucilaginous when wet. In dry or moist soil, western Nebraska, Colorado and New Mexico to British Columbia and California. April-Aug. 2. Gilia pingens (Torr.) Benth. Sharp- A leaved Gilia. (Fig. 2984.) Cantlua pungens Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 2: 26. _ 1826. Gilia pungens Benth. in DC. Prodr. 9: 316. 1845. Shrubby, rigid, puberulent, glabrate, or somewhat viscid, usually much branched, 4’-8’ high. Leaves alternate, or the lower opposite, sessile, 3/’-6’’ long, palmately divided into 3-7 subulate rigid awl-shaped segments, often with smaller ones fascicled in their axils, sometimes densely imbricated; flowers solitary, or 2-3 together, sessile at the ends of the branches, 8//-12’’ long; calyx-lobes subulate, as long as the tube, or shorter; corolla pink or white, funnelform, the tube longer than the calyx, the limb 5-lobed; ovules 8-10 in each cell; seeds not mucilaginous when wetted. In dry rocky soil, Arizona to Colorado, Wyoming, Cali- fornia and British Columbia. [Not definitely known from within our area.] Plant fragrant in drying. May-July. Gilia pungens caespitdsa (Nutt.) A. Gray, Proc. Am, Acad. 8: 268. 1870. Leptodactylon caespitosum Nutt. Journ. Phil. Acad. (II.) 1: 157. 1848. Low, densely tufted, 2'-3' high; leaves much imbricated; flowers smaller. Scott’s Bluffs, Nebraska (Nuttall, Rydberg). Probably a distinct species. 3. Gilia longiflora (Torr.) Don. White-flowered Gilia. (Fig. 2985.) Cantua longifiora Torr. Ann, Lyc. 2: 221. 1827. Gilia longiflora Don, Gard. Dict. 4: 245. 1838. ens longifiora A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 261. 1870. Annual, glabrous, paniculately branched, 1°-2° high. Leaves all alternate, sessile, 1/-214’ long, pinnately divided into linear-filiform segments or the uppermost entire; flowers numerous, white, paniculate, about 2’ long; calyx-teeth triangular- lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than the tube; corolla salverform, its tube narrow, 4 or 5 times as long as the orbicular or ovate, rounded or pointed, spread- ing lobes; stamens unequally inserted; ovules 8-12 in each cell; capsule narrowly oblong, exceeding or equalling the calyx; seed-coat mucilaginous and emitting spiral threads when wetted. In dry soil, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas and Arizona. May-Sept. Gilia coronopifolia Pers., a related species with less spreading corolla-lobes, is commonly cultivated, and rarely escapes from gardens. Vor, III.] PHLOX FAMILY. 39 4. Gilia aggregata (Pursh) Spreng. Scarlet Gilia. (Fig. 2986.) We Cantua aggregata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept.147. 1814. a Gilia aggregata Spreng. Syst. 1: 626. 1825. Biennial, pubescent or puberulent; stem sim- ple or sparingly branched, 2°-4° high, leafy at least below. Leaves alternate, the basal often tufted, mostly petioled, 1/-3’ long, pinnately parted into narrowly linear segments; inflores- cence narrowly thyrsoid-paniculate, often 127 long; flowers sessile or very nearly so in small peduncled clusters, scarlet or red; corolla tubu- lar-funnelform, the tube 1/-134’ long, slightly thicker upward, the limb cleft into ovate or lanceolate acute or acuminate spreading or re- curved lobes; stamens unequally or about equally inserted in the throat; ovules numerous; seeds mucilaginous and emitting spiral threads when wetted. In dry soil, western Nebraska (according to Coulter) to Texas and Mexico, west to British Columbia and California. June-Aug. 5. Gilia pinnatifida Nutt. Small-flowered Gilia. (Fig. 2987.) Gilia pinnatifida Nutt.; A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 276. 1870. Biennial or perennial from a deep root, much branched, viscid-glandular, 6’—2° high. Leaves thick, pinnatifid, the basal tufted, 1/-3’ long, the segments linear-oblong, sometimes toothed, obtuse or acutish, 2//-6’” long, those of the stem alternate, smaller, the uppermost minute and entire; flowers very numerous, small, panicu- late, some sessile, some petioled; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes lanceolate to ovate; corolla salverform, 3/’-5’’ long, the limb violet or blue, its white tube longer than the calyx and its obovate lobes; stamens exserted; seeds not mucilaginous nor emitting spiral threads when wetted. In sandy soil, western Nebraska and Wyoming to New Mexico. Perhaps includes two species. Has been mistaken for G. inconspicua. June—Aug. 6. Gilia spicata Nutt. Spicate Gilia. (Fig. 2988.) Gilia spicata Nutt. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (II.) 1: 156. 1848. Perennial, woolly-tomentose; stems erect, rather stout, simple, solitary, or 2-4 from the woody root, 6/-18/ high. Leavesalternate, narrowly linear, entire, or pinnately parted into 3-5 linear segments, 1/—2/ long; flowers in an elongated narrow spicate thyrsus, sessile in small clusters, purplish, 4’’-6’’ long; tube of the corolla somewhat exceeding the calyx, consider- ably longer than the ovate-oblong lobes; calyx-lobes acuminate; anthers equally inserted in the throat. In dry soil, western Nebraska to Wyoming and Utah. May-Aug. 40 POLEMONIACEAE. [Vor. III. 7. Gilia congésta Hook. Round- headed Gilia.. (Fig. 2989.) Gilia congesta Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:75. 1834. Gilia iberidifolia Benth. in Hook. Kew. Totes Bot. 3: 290. 1851. Perennial by a deep root, woolly-tomentose, at least when young, branched from the base or also above, 3/-18’ high. Leaves mostly petioled, 1,/-2/ long, pinnately divided into 3-9 narrowly linear sharp-pointed segments, or the uppermost entire; flowers white, densely capitate-clustered, 2//-3/’ long, the clusters bracted by the upper leaves, %4/-1’ broad, sometimes corymbed; calyx- lobes awn-like; corolla-tube about the length of the calyx, slightly longer than the oval lobes; filaments equally inserted in or below the sinuses of the corolla; ovules 1-4 in each cavity. 32 \ In dry soil, Nebraska and Colorado to California, 4 / north to Montana and Oregon. May-Aug. 8. Gilia pumila Nutt. Low Gilia. (Fig. 2990.) ‘ Gilia pumila Nutt. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (II.) 1156. 1848. Annual, branched from the base and some- times also above, woolly at least when young, 3/-8’ high. Leaves alternate, thick, 14/-1’ long, pinnately divided into linear mucronulate sometimes lobed segments, or the uppermost entire; flowers in dense or at length looser sim- ple or compound cymes, sessile; corolla 3//—4/’ long, its tube about 3 times the length of the lobes and twice as long as the calyx; calyx- lobes awn-like; stamens inserted in or below the sinuses of the corolla, somewhat exserted; ovules 5 or 6 in each cavity. In dry soil, western Nebraska to Texas, west to Nevada and New Mexico. April-June. g. Gilia tricolor Benth. Tricolored Gilia. (Fig. 2991.) Gilia tricolor Benth. Bot. Reg. fl. 7622. 1833. Annual, viscid-puberulent, at least above; stems slender, commonly branched, 6/-2° high. Leaves alternate, slender-petioled, or the upper sessile, 2-3-pinnately divided into narrowly linear acute segments; lowest leaves sometimes 6’ long; flowers short-pedicelled, 5’’-7’’ long, in terminal peduncled simple cymes; calyx-lobes triangular- lanceolate, acute or acuminate, often purple-mar- gined; corolla campanulate-funnelform, 2-3 times as long as the calyx, its tube yellowish, short, the throat brown-purple, the oval to orbicular lobes lilac or violet; stamens equally inserted at the sinuses; ovules several in the cavities; seeds mucilaginous and emitting spiral threads when wetted. Escaped from gardens to roadsides at Lincoln, Neb. (according to Webber). Native of California. April- May. Von. III.] PHLOX FAMILY. 41 3. POLEMONIUM I, §p. Pl. 162.1753. Perennial or rarely annual herbs, with alternate pinnate membranous leaves, and mostly large cymose-paniculate or thyrsoid flowers. Calyx herbaceous, not angled nor ribbed, campanulate, 5-cleft to about the middle, accrescent in fruit, the segments lanceolate or ovate, entire, erect or connivent over the capsule. Corolla tubular-campanulate or tubular- funnelform, rarely rotate, blue, white, or yellow, the limb 5-lobed. Stamens about equally inserted near the base of the corolla, declined, the filaments slender, often pilose at the base. Ovary ovoid; ovules few or several in each cavity. Capsule ovoid, obtuse, 3 valved. Seeds wingless, or narrowly winged, mucilaginous and emitting spiral threads when wetted. _ About 15 species, natives of the cooler parts of the north temperate zone. Besides the follow- ing, some 10 others occur in the western parts of North America. Anthers exserted; flowers 8''-10'’ broad; stem erect. 1. P. Van Bruntiae. Anthers ineluded; flowers 5'’-6'’ broad; stem reclining. 2. P. reptans. Wi 1. Polemonium Van Brutntiae Britton. American Jacob’s Ladder. (Fig. 2992.) Polemonium coeruleum A. Gray, Man. Ed. 4, App. 1863. Not L. 1753. Polemonium Van Bruntiae Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 19: 224. pl. 137. 1892. Rootstock stout, horizontal, clothed with fibrous roots. Stems erect, glabrous below, somewhat glandular-pubescent above, 114°-234° high, leafy to the top; leaflets of the lower leaves 15-19, short-stalked or sessile, ovate or lanceolate, acute, ¥4/-14/ long, those of the upper fewer, the upper- most leaves 3-5-foliolate or simple; cymose clus- ters panicled or solitary, rather loosely 3-5-flow- ered; pedicels 2//-4’’ long; flowers bluish-purple, 8//-10/’ broad; corolla-lobes rounded; calyx 5- lobed to about the middle, much enlarged in fruit, the lobes acute; stamens exserted; ovules 3 or 4 in each cavity. DUSTER ROS Te TPR TaN \ ( In swamps and along streams, Vermont and north- ern New York to Maryland. Differs from the Old World P. coeruleum J, in its stout rootstocks, more leafy stem, exserted stamens, and rounded corolla- lobes. May-July. 2. Polemonium réptans I, Greek Valerian. (Fig. 2993.) Polemonium reptans \,. Syst. Ed. 10, no. 1. 1759. Glabrous or very nearly so throughout, usually not more than 1° high; stems weak, slender, at length reclining or diffuse, the rootstock short. Leaflets oblong, ovate-oblong, or lanceolate-ob- long, %/-114/ long, the uppermost leaves 3-5-foli- olate or simple; flowers blue, 5//-8’’ broad; calyx 5-lobed, its lobes obtuse or acute; stamens not exserted; ovules 3 or 4 in each cavity. In woods, New York to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Missouri. Ascends to 2200 ft. in Virginia. April- May. 4. COLLOMIA Nutt. Gen. 1: 126. 1818. Annual or rarely perennial herbs, with alternate mostly entire leaves, and purple white or reddish capitate or cymose flowers. Calyx obpyramidal or cup-shaped, 5-cleft, scarious in the sinuses, accrescent in fruit, not distended by nor ruptured by the ripening capsule, its 42 POLEMONIACEAE. (Vou. III. lobes lanceolate or triangular, entire, erect, the sinuses often at length enlarged into a revo- lute lobe. Corolla tubular-funnelform or salverform, the limb 5-lobed, spreading, the lobes obtuse. Stamens unequally inserted on the tube of the corolla, mostly straight, the filaments unequal. Ovules 1 or few in each cavity. Capsule oval to obovoid. Seeds of most species mucilaginous and emitting spiral threads when wetted. [Greek, gluten, referring to the glutinous seeds when wetted. ] About ro species, natives of western America. Besides the following, some 6 others occur in the western United States and British Columbia. 1. Collomia linearis Nutt. Narrow- leaved Collomia. (Fig. 2994.) Collomia linearis Nutt. Gen. 1:126. 1818. Gilia linearis A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 17: 223. 1882. Annual, viscid-puberulent; stem erect, leafy, sim- ple or branched, slender, 3/-18’ high. Leaves linear-oblong, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, en- tire, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, sessile, or the lower short-petioled, 1/-2'%4’ long, 114//-6’’ wide; flowers 5’’-7’’ long, numerous in terminal capitate leafy-bracted clusters; calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate, acute; corolla light purple or nearly white, the tube very slender, longer than the calyx, the lobes 1//-2’’ long; capsule at maturity about as long as the calyx. In dry soil, Manitoba to Minnesota and Nebraska, west to British Columbia, Arizona and California. Also in New Brunswick. May-Aug. is NAVARRETIA R. & P. Prodr. Fl. Per. 20. 1794. Annual glabrous or viscid-pubescent herbs, with alternate spinose-pinnatifid leaves, or the lowest entire, and numerous small flowers in dense terminal bracted clusters. Calyx prismatic or obpyramidal, the tube 5-angled, 5-cleft, not accrescent in fruit, not distended by nor ruptured by the ripening capsule, the sinuses scarious, the lobes mostly unequal, erect or spreading, spiny-tipped, entire, or often toothed. Corolla tubular-funnelform or salverform, 5-lobed, the lobes oval or oblong. Stamens straight or declined, equally inserted in or below the throat of the corolla. Ovary 2-3-celled; ovules solitary, few or several in each cavity. Capsule 1-3-celled, dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds mostly mucilaginous and emitting spiral threads when wetted. [In honor of Navarrete, a Spanish physician. ] About 24 species, natives of western America, Besides the following, some 22 others occur in the western United States. 1. Navarretia minima Nutt. Small Navarretia. (Fig. 2995.) Navarretia minima Nutt. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (II.) 1: 160. 1848. b Gilia minima A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 269. 1870. Depressed, tufted, somewhat pubescent; stem usually branched, 1/-3/ high. Leaves sessile, 4/- 1’ long, I-2-pinnatifid into almost filiform rigid acicular segments; flowers about 2’ long, white (?), densely capitate; calyx-lobes awl-shaped, mostly toothed, about as long as the tube and equalling the corolla, the sinuses more or less white-pubes- cent; calyx-tube about equalling the indehiscent 1-6-seeded capsule. In dry soil, Nebraska and South Dakota to Washing- ton and Arizona. Summer. Vot. III.] WATER-LEAF FAMILY. 43 Family 22. HYDROPHYLLACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2,271. 1836. WATER-LEAF FAMILY. Herbs, mostly hirsute, pubescent or scabrous, with alternate or basal, rarely opposite leaves, and perfect regular 5-parted flowers, in scorpioid cymes, spikes or racemes, or rarely solitary. Calyx inferior, deeply cleft or divided, the sinuses sometimes appendaged. Corolla gamopetalous, funnelform, salverform, campanulate, or rotate. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube or base of the corolla, and alternate with its lobes; filaments filiform; anthers ovate, oblong, or linear, mostly versatile, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk annular, or none. Ovary superior, 2-celled, or 1-celled with 2 placentae; styles 2, separate, or partly united; stigmas small, terminal; ovules few or numerous, anatropous or amphitropous. Capsule 1-2-celled, mostly loculicidally 2-valved, rarely sep- ticidally or irregularly dehiscent. Seeds oblong, globose, or angular, usually pitted, rugose or reticulated; endosperm fleshy or cartilaginous; embryo small; cotyledons half-terete or plano-convex. About 17 genera and 160 species, mostly natives of western North America. Styles united below; ovary 1-celled; leaves mostly lobed or dentate. Corolla-lobes convolute in the bud; placentae dilated. Stamens exserted. 1. Hydrophyllum. Stamens not exserted. Sinuses of the calyx appendaged. 2. Nemophila. Calyx much enlarged in fruit, its sinuses not appendaged. 3. Macrocalyx. Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud; placentae narrow. 4. Phacelia, Styles distinct to the base; ovary 2-celled; leaves entire. 5. Nama. 1. HYDROPHYLLUM I. Sp. Pl. 146. 1753. Perennial or biennial herbs, with large lobed pinnatifid or pinnately divided leaves, and rather large, white blue or purple flowers, in terminal or lateral peduncled more or less scorpioid cymes. Calyx deeply 5-parted, the segments lanceolate or subulate, the sinuses naked or appendaged. Corolla tubular-campanulate or campanulate, 5-lobed, the lobes con- volute in the bud, each with a linear appendage within, which extends to the base of the corolla and is incurved into a groove. Stamens 5, exserted; filaments pilose below or at the base; anthers linear or oblong, versatile. Ovary 1-celled, hispid-pubescent; placentae fleshy, dilated so as to nearly fill the cavity, free from the ovary-wall except at the top and bottom, each enclosing 2 ovules; styles united nearly to the summit. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds 1-4, globose-oboyoid. [Greek, water-leaf, referring to the supposed cavity for water in each leaf. ] About 6 species, natives of North America. Leaves, at least the lower, pinnatifid or pinnately divided. Calyx not appendaged in the sinuses or scarcely so. Plant sparingly pubescent; leaf-segments acute. Plant villous-hirsute; leaf-segments blunt. . H. Virginicum. . HI. macrophyllum. I 2 Calyx with a reflexed appendage in each sinus. 3. H. appendiculatum, 4. H. Canadense. Leaves palmately 5-9-lobed. 1. Hydrophyllum Virginicum L,. Virginia Water-leaf. (Fig. 2996.) HI. Virginicum I,. Sp. Pl. 146. 1753. Perennial by scaly rootstocks; stems slender, glabrous or nearly so, simple or sparingly branched, ascending or erect, rather weak, 1°-3° long. Lower and basal leaves long-petioled, 6’-10’ long, pinnately divided into 5-7 oblong ovate or ovate- lanceolate acute or acutish sharply toothed or incised segments 1/—2/ long, glabrous or with few scattered hairs; upper leaves simi- lar, short-petioled, smaller, with fewer seg- ments; cymes slender-peduncled, simple or forked, dense or at length open; flowers white or violet purple, darkest at high alti- tudes, short-pedicelled; pedicels strigose- pubescent; calyx-segments narrowly linear, hispid, spreading, the sinuses not appen- daged; corolla about 4’ long; capsule glo- bose, nearly 2’’ in diameter. In woods, Quebec to Alaska, south to South Carolina, Kansas and Washington. Ascendsto 5000 ft. in North Carolina. May-Aug. 44 HYDROPHYLLACEAE. [Vor II. 2. Hydrophyllum macrophyllum Nutt. _ Large-leaved Water-leaf. (Fig. 2997.) Hydrophyllum macrophyllum Nutt. Journ. Phila, Acad. 7: 111. 1834. Perennial by scaly rootstocks, villous-hir- sute all over; stem rather stout, 2°-3° high. Lower leaves long-petioled, 8’-12’ long, deeply pinnatifid or pinnately divided into 7-13 oval or ovate obtuse coarsely dentate segments 1/-3/ long; upper leaves similar, smaller, shorter- petioled aud with fewer segments; cymes long- peduncled, simple or forked, very dense; pe- duncles stout; pedicels short; flowers nearly white; calyx cleft to below the middle, its lobes lanceolate, erect, white-hispid, the sinuses not appendaged; corolla 5’/-6’’ long; anthers ob- long; capsule globose, densely white-hispid, about 114’ in diameter, enclosed by the calyx. In rich woods, Ohio to Alabama, west to Illinois and Tennessee. Ascends to 4ooo ft. in Virginia. 3. Hydrophyllum appendiculatum Michx. Appendaged Water-leaf. (Fig. 2998.) Hydrophyllum appendiculatum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. I:134. 1803. Biennial, rough-hairy all over; stems slender, sim- ple or usually branched, weak, 1°-2° long, somewhat viscid above. Lower and basal leaves long-petioled, pinnatifid or pinnately divided into 5-7 ovate or oval, acute or obtusish, irregularly dentate or in- cised, membranous segments; upper leaves smaller and shorter-petioled, ovate to orbicular, variously lobed, the lobes acute and dentate; cymes loose, branched, the slender pedicels 4’/-10’” long; calyx parted to near the base, enlarging in fruit, the seg- ments triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, spreading, with a short reflexed appendage in each sinus; corolla violet or purple, 6’’-7’” long; stamens little exserted; capsule about 114’ in diameter. In woods, Ontario to North Carolina, west to Minne- sota and Kansas. May-June. 4. Hydroph Broad-leaved Water-leaf. (Fig. 2999.) H. Canadense I, Syst. Ed. 10, no. 1. 1759. Perennial by scaly rootstocks; stems rather slender, commonly simple, glabrous or nearly so, 1°-21%4° high. Leaves nearly orbicular, cor- date, sparingly pubescent, at least above, pal- mately 5-9-lobed, the lower long: petioled, often 12’ broad, occasionally with 1 or 2 pairs of small segments on the petiole; upper leaves smaller, but usually 4’-7’ broad; lobes ovate, acuminate, dentate; peduncles shorter than the leaves; cymes dense or becoming loose, simple or forked; pedicels short, nearly glabrous; calyx cleft nearly to the base, its segments linear-lanceolate, acute, nearly or quite glabrous, sometimes with a minute tooth in each sinus; corolla campanulate-rotate, white to purplish anthers linear-oblong; capsule 2’ in diameter. In woods, Massachusetts and southern New York to North Carolina, west to Illinois. Ascends to 4ooo ft. in Virginia. June-Aug. Vor. III.J WATER-LEAF FAMILY. 45 2. NEMOPHILA Nutt. Journ. Phil. Acad. 2: 179. 1822. Annual diffuse pubescent slender and fragile herbs, with alternate or opposite mostly pinnatifid or lobed leaves. Flowers white, blue, or variegated, solitary, peduncled, lateral orterminal. Calyx deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted, with a reflexed or spreading appendage in each sinus. Corolla campanulate or rotate-campanulate, mostly longer than the calyx, us- ually with ro small appendages within at the base, the lobes convolute in the bud. Stamens included; anthers ovate or oblong. Ovary 1-celled with placentae similar to those of Hydro- phyllum,; styles partly united; ovules 2-12 on each placenta. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds 1-4 in our species. [Greek, grove-loving. ] About to species, natives of North America, mostly Californian. 1. Nemophila microcalyx (Nutt.) F.& M. Small-flowered Nemophila. (Fig. 3000.) Ellisia idee Ailae 52 Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. (II.) 5: 1gl. 1533-37. Veo hala nee neey ya F. & M. Sert. Petrop. 1846. Stems very slender, diffuse, branched, 2/-15/ long. Leaves membranous, petioled, 1/-234/ long, pinnatifid or pinnately divided into 3-5 obovate cuneate or oblique obtuse 2-3-dentate or -lobed, approximate or confluent segments, the upper all alternate, the lowest opposite; peduncles slender, 4//-12’’ long, opposite the leaves, shorter than or equalling the petioles; flowers white or blue, 134//- 2// long; appendages in the sinuses of the calyx minute; calyx scarcely enlarged in fruit; ovules 2 on each placenta; corolla-appendages obsolete or none; anthers oval; capsule about 114’ in dia- meter, much longer than the calyx, 1-2-seeded. In woods, Virginia to Florida, west to Arkansas and Texas, April-June. 3. MACROCALYX Trew, Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. 2: 330-332. £.7, f.z. 1761. [Euuisia L. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 1662. 1763. Not Syst. Ed. 10. 1759.] Annual hirsute or pubescent branching slender herbs, with opposite or alternate, pin- nately divided or 1-3-pinnatifid leaves, and solitary or racemose small white or bluish flow- ers. Calyx 5-lobed or 5-parted, spreading, much enlarged in fruit, destitute of appendages in the sinuses. Corolla campanulate or nearly cylindric, shorter than or slightly exceeding the calyx, usually with 5 minute appendages on the tube within, its lobes convolute in the bud. Stamens included; anthers oval or oblong. Ovary 1-celled; styles united below; ovules 2-4 on each of the placentae, which are similar to those of the two preceding genera. [Greek, large calyx.] About 3 species, natives of North America. 1. Macrocalyx Nyctélea (L.) Kuntze. Nyctelea. (Fig. 3001.) Ipomoea Nyctelea L,. Sp. Pl. 160. 1753. Polemonium (?) Nycteleal,. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 231. 1762. Ellisia Nyctelea \,. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 1662. 1763. M. Nyctelea Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 434. 1891. Sparingly hirsute-pubescent; stem several times forked, 4/-12’ high. Leaves pinnately divided, petioled, 2’-4’ long, ovate-oblong in outline, the upper alternate, the lower opposite, the segments oblong or lanceolate, dentate, en- tire or lobed; peduncles slender, 1-flowered, op- posite the leaves; calyx in flower about 2// long, about equalling the corolla, enlarging, widely spreading and becoming 8//-14’’ broad in fruit, its lobes lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; fruit at length pendulous; capsule globose, 2’’-3/’ in diameter. In moist soil, New Jersey to Minnesota and the Northwest Territory, south to Virginia, Nebraska and Missouri. April-July. 46 HYDROPHYLLACEAE. (Vou. IIL. 4. PHACELIA Juss. Gen. Pl. 127. 1789. Annual or rarely perennial, mostly hirsute hispid or scabrous herbs, with alternate en- tire dentate lobed pinnatifid or dissected leaves, the lowest rarely opposite, and blue purple violet or white flowers in terminal scorpioid cymes or racemes. Calyx 5-lobed, somewhat enlarging in fruit; sinuses not appendaged. Corolla campanulate, nearly rotate, tubular or funnelform, the tube sometimes appendaged within, opposite the lobes, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens exserted or included, attached near the base of the corolla; anthers mostly ovate. Ovary 1-celled, the 2 placentae narrow, affixed to the walls; styles united be- low; ovules 2 or several on each placenta. Capsule 1-celled, or falsely nearly 2-celled by the intrusion of the placentae, 2-valved. Seeds usually reticulated. [Greek, a cluster, re- ferring to the clustered flowers of some species. ] About 80 species, natives of the New World. Besides the following, some 50 others occur in the western parts of North America. Corolla-lobes entire. 3 Corolla manifestly appendaged within, between the stamens. Leaves entire. 1. P. leucophylia. Leaves crenate-dentate. 2. P. integrifolia. Leaves pinnately divided, or pinnatifid, the segments incised. Racemes loose; pedicels slender; ovules 2 on each placenta. 3. P. bipinnatifida. Racemes dense; pedicels short; ovules numerous, 4. P. Franklinii. Appendages of the corolla inconspicuous or none, Filaments pubescent; calyx-lobes oblong. Puberulent; flowers 4’’-5'’ broad. 5. P. dubia. Hirsute; flowers 6''-7'' broad. 6. P. hirsuta. Filaments glabrous; calyx-lobes linear. 7. P. Covillet. Corolla nearly rotate, its lobes fimbriate. Lobes of the leaves and calyx acute. 8. P. Purshit. Lobes of the leaves and calyx obtuse. 9. P. fimbriata. 1. Phacelia leucophylla Torr. Silky Phacelia. (Fig. 3002.) Phacelia leucophylla Torr. Frem. Rep. 93. 1845. Perennial by a stout rootstock, pale, densely silky- pubescent, the hairs appressed or ascending. Stem simple or branched, 1°-1%4° high; leaves lanceo- late to oblong, entire, pinnately veined, 2’-4/ long, 4’/-12’’ wide, the lower long-petioled, the upper ses- sile or nearly so; spike-like branches of the scorpioid cymes very dense, nearly straight and 1/-3/ long when expanded; flowers sessile, very numerous, about 4/’ high; calyx-lobes hispid, oblong-lanceo- late or linear, somewhat shorter than the white or bluish, 5-lobed corolla; corolla-appendages conspicu- ous, in pairs between the filaments; filaments ex- serted glabrous; ovules 2 on each placenta; capsule ovoid. In dry soil, South Dakota to Idaho and western Ne- braska. May-Aug. The species has been taken for P. heterophylla Pursh, of the far west, which has spreading brown hairs, some of the leaves usually pinnatifid, and pilose filaments. P. integrifolia Torr. Ann. Lye. N. ¥.2:222. pl. 7. 1827. Annual or biennial; stem erect or ascending, rather stout, very leafy, commonly branched above, viscid-hirsute, 6/-2° high. Leaves finely strigose- pubescent, ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, irre- gularly crenate-dentate, obtuse at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, 1/-2}4’ long, petioled or the uppermost sessile; spike-like branches of the scorpioid cymes dense, 2’-4’ long when expanded; flowers sessile, about 4’’ long; calyx-segments ob- long, acute; corolla tubular-campanulate, white or blue, its tube longer then the calyx; filaments gla- brous, exserted; ovules 2 on each placenta; capsule ovoid, obtuse. In saline soil, western Kansas (according to B. B. Smyth); Colorado to Mexico, Utah and Arizona. April- Sept. Vor. II.] WATER-LEAF FAMILY. 47 3. Phacelia bipinnatifida Michx. Loose-flowered Phacelia. (Fig. 3004.) Phacelia bipinnatifida Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 1: 134. pl. 16. 1803. Biennial, hirsute-pubescent; stem erect, usually much branched, glandular-viscid above, 1°-2° high. Leaves slender-petioled, 2/’-5’ long, pin- nately divided or deeply pinnatifid into 3-7 ovate or oblong acute or acutish, dentate or incised seg- ments, or these again pinnatifid; flowers blue or violet, 6’’-8’’ broad, numerous, slender-pedicelled in loose racemes, the inflorescence only slightly scorpioid; pedicels 4’/’-10’ long, recurved in fruit; calyx-segments linear; appendages of the rotate- campanulate corolla in pairs between the stamens, conspicuous, villous on the margins; filaments pilose, exserted; ovules 2 on each placenta; cap- sule globose. In moist thickets and along streams, Ohio to IIli- nois, south to Alabama. Ascends to 4ooo ft. in North Carolina, April-June. 4. Phacelia Franklinii (R. Br.) A. Gray. Franklin’s Phacelia. (Fig. 3005.) Eutoca Franklinti R. Br. App. Frank. Journ. 51. pl.27. 1823: Phacelia Franklinii A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 329. 1856. Annual, villous-pubescent; stem erect, 6/—18/ high, simple, or corymbosely branched at the summit. Leaves 1%4/-3/ long, pinnately parted into 7-15 linear or linear-oblong acute entire dentate or incised segments; flowers blue or nearly white, short-pedicelled in dense scor- pioid racemes; calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, acute; longer than the tube of the rotate-cam- panulate corolla; appendages of the corolla free at the apex; anthers scarcely exserted; fila- ments glabrous, or nearly so; styles united nearly tothe summit; ovules numerous on each placenta; capsule ovoid, acute. Western Ontario and Minnesota to British Colum- bia and Idaho. Summer. 5. Phacelia dubia (L.) Small. Small-flowered Phacelia. (Fig. 3006.) Polemonium dubium L. Sp. Pl. 1753. 4 iP Phacelia parviflora Pursh, FI. Am. Sept. 140, 1814. P y % ; Ni = Phacelia dubia Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 21: 303. 1894. Annual, puberulent or glabrate, branched from the base, the branches very slender, erect or as- cending, 5’-12/ high. Lower and basal leaves peti- oled, 1’-2/ long, pinnatifid or pinnately divided into 3-5 oblong obtuse entire or dentate segments, or rarely merely dentate, or even entire; upper leaves much smaller, sessile, less divided; flowers light blue or white, racemose, 4’/-5// broad; racemes 5- 15-flowered, elongated in fruit; pedicels 3//-7/” long; calyx-lobes oblong or oblong-lanceolate; co- rolla rotate-campanulate, the appendages obsolete; filaments pubescent; anthers slightly exserted; ovules 4-8 on each placenta; capsule globose, 114’ in diameter, 6-12-seeded; fruiting pedicels ascending. In moist soil, Pennsylvania to Georgia, Kansas and Texas. Ascends to 2000 ft. in Virginia. April-June. 48 HYDROPHYLLACEAE. (Von. III. 7. Phacelia Covillei S. Wats. Coville’s Phacelia. (Fig. 3008.) Phacelia Covillei S. Wats. in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 360. 1890. Annual, similar to the two preceding species, branched from the base, pubescent; branches very slender, weak, 6’-12’ long. Leaves deeply pinnatifid or pinnately di- vided into 3-7 oblong or obovate, obtuse seg- ments; racemes only 1-5-flowered; pedicels filiform, 6’’-18’ long; calyx-segments linear, elongating in fruit; corolla tubular-campanu- late, about 3/7 long and broad when ex- panded; filaments glabrous; anthers not ex- serted; appendages of the corolla obsolete; capsule globose, 114/’-2’’ in diameter; fruit- ing pedicels recurved. Along the Potomac River above Washington, D.C. April-May. 6. Phacelia hirstta Nutt. Hairy Phacelia. (Fig. 3007.) Phacelia hirsuta Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 191. 1834-37. Phacelia parviflora vat. hirsuta A, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 10: 321. 1875. Similar to the preceding species but usually stouter and larger, hirsute-pubescent. Leaves petioled, pinnatifid or deeply pinnately divided into 5-9 oblong obtuse usually entire segments, or the upper 3-5-lobed or entire, sessile; ra- cemes rather dense, scorpioid when unfolding; flowers blue, 6’’-7’” broad; calyx-segments ob- long-lanceolate, hirsute; corolla rotate-cam- panulate, its appendages short; ovules 3-4 on each placenta; stamens scarcely exserted; cap- sule globose, 4-8-seeded. In dry soil, Virginia to Georgia, west to Missouri and Texas. April-June. 8. Phacelia Parshii Buckl. Pursh’s Phacelia. (Fig. 3009.) ei obin Purshii Buckl. Am. Journ. Sci. 45: 171. 1843. Annual, pubescent; stem erect, usually much branched, 6’-18’ high. Lower and basal leaves petioled, 114’-3’ long, pinnately parted or pin- natifid into 9-15 oblong or lanceolate, acute or obtusish, entire or sometimes incised segments; upper leaves sessile, with fewer segments; ra- cemes strongly rI-sided, 10-20-flowered, much elongated in fruit; pedicels 3//-12’’ long; calyx- segments lanceolate or linear-lanceolate; corolla 5/’-6’’ broad, blue or white, nearly rotate, not appendaged within, its lobes fimbriate; filaments slightly exceeding the corolla; ovules 2 on each placenta; capsule globose-ovoid. In moist woods or thickets, Pennsylvania to Minnesota, south to North Carolina, Alabama and ee Ascends to 2000 ft. in Virginia. April- une. Vou. III] WATERLEAF FAMILY. 49 g. Phacelia fimbriata Michx. Fringed or Mountain Phacelia. (Fig. 3010.) Phacelia fimbriata Michx. F1. Bor. Am.1:134. 1803. ales ix /\ J q/) V Annual, sparingly pubescent; stems simple or wot \ branched, ascending or diffuse, 6’-20’ long. Basal 4 and lower leaves slender-petioled, 2’-4’ long, pin- nately divided into 5-9 orbicular obovate or oblong obtuse dentate or entire segments; upper leaves sessile, their segments oblong or lanceolate, acute; clusters loose, 3-12-flowered; pedicels 4//-15/’ long; flowers 4//-5/’ broad, white; calyx-segments linear to spatulate, obtuse; corolla rotate-cam- panulate, not appendaged within, its lobes strongly fimbriate; filaments pilose, about equalling the \\ corolla; ovules 2 on each placenta; capsule de- A pressed-globose, 2/’ in diameter. In woods, mountains of Virginia to Alabama. \ May-June. re NAMA IL, Spbleecouss 753: [HypRoLEa L. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 328. 1762.] Perennial herbs, some tropical species shrubby, with alternate entire leaves, sometimes with spines in their axils, and blue cymose-clustered or racemose flowers. Calyx-segments distinct to the base, ovate or lanceolate. Corolla rotate-campanulate, not appendaged within, 5-cleft, the lobesimbricated in the bud. Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla; filaments filiform, dilated below; anthers sagittate. Ovary 2-celled (rarely 3-celled); ovules numerous in each cavity, on fleshy adherent placentae; styles 2, rarely 3, slender or filiform, distinct to the base; stigma capitellate. Capsule globose or ovoid, septicidally or irregularly dehiscent. [Greeck, a stream, referring to the habitat. ] About 15 species, natives of warm and tropical regions of both the Old World and the New. Besides the following, another occurs in the southern United States. Leaves lanceolate; flowers mostly in axillary clusters. Glabrous, or very nearly so, throughout; sepals ovate to ovate-lanceolate. 1. WV. affinis. Villous, at least above, and on the calyx; sepals lanceolate. 2. NV. quadrivalvis. Leaves ovate; flowers mostly in terminal clusters; sepals villous. 3. IV. ovata. Od \ 1. Nama affinis (A. Gray) Kuntze. Smooth Nama. (Fig. 3011.) LIES affinis A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 370. 1867. Nama affinis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 435. 1891. Glabrous or very nearly so throughout, with or without slender spines in the axils; stems ascending, 1°-2%° high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, petioled, acute or acuminate at both ends, 2/-5’ long, 4/’-8’’ wide; flowers 6//—7’” broad, short- pedicelled, in rather dense peduncled leafy-bracted axillary clusters; sepals ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acumi- nate, about equalling the corolla; capsule 2/’ in diameter when mature, somewhat longer than the styles, shorter than the sepals. In wet places, southern Illinois to Mis- souri, Uouisiana and Texas. June-Aug. 50 HYDROPHYLLACEAE, (Vor. II. 2. Nama quadrivalvis (Walt.) Kuntze. Hairy Nama. (Fig. 3012.) Hydrolea quadrivalvis Walt. F\. Car. 110. 1788. Hydrolea Caroliniana Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 177. 1803. mi oe quadrivalvis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 435. Similar to the preceding species, but pubes- cent, at least above, and on the calyx, with spreading hairs, usually bearing slender spines in the axils; stem ascending, 1°-2° high. Leaves lanceolate, acute or acuminate, gla- brous, or sparingly pubescent, petioled, 2’-5” long, 3/’-8’’ wide; lower petioles 4’ long,"or more; flowers in axillary clusters; sepals lan- ceolate, or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, about as long as the corolla; capsule 2//-3/’ in diam- eter, longer than the styles, about the length of the sepals. In wet soil, southeastern Virginia to Florida and Louisiana, June-Aug. 3. Nama ovata (Nutt.) Britton. Ovate-leaved Nama. (Fig. 3013.) Hydrolea ovata Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5:196. 1833-37. JV. ovata Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 272. 1894. Stem erect or nearly so, 1°-3° high, usually branched near the summit, puberulent, or somewhat hirsute, at least above, usually spine-bearing in most of the axils. Leaves ovate, rarely ovate-lanceolate, puberulent, or glabrous, short-petioled, or the upper almost sessile, 1/-214’ long, %4’-14’ wide, acute at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base; flowers in terminal clusters, often 1’ broad, or more; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, very villous, shorter than the corolla, longer than the capsule; styles longer than the sepals. In wet soil, Georgia to Missouri, Louisiana and Texas. May-Sept. Family 23. BORAGINACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 274. 1836. BORAGE FAMILY. Annual biennial or perennial herbs, shrubs, or some tropical species trees. Leaves alternate, very rarely opposite or verticillate, exstipulate, mostly entire and hispid, pubescent, scabrous or setose. Flowers perfect, usually regular, mostly blue, in one-sided scorpioid spikes, racemes, cymes, or sometimes scat- tered. Calyx inferior, mostly 5-lobed, 5-cleft, or 5-parted, usually persistent. Corolla gamopetalous, mostly regular and 5-lobed, sometimes crested or appen- daged in the throat, rarely irregular, its lobes imbricated, convolute, plicate or induplicate in the bud. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and alternate with them, inserted on the tube or throat; filaments slender or short; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk annular, entire, or 5-lobed, or none, commonly inconspicuous. Ovary superior, of 2 2-ovuled carpels, entire, or the carpels commonly deeply 2-lobed, making it appear as of 4 1-ovuled carpels; style simple, entire or 2-cleft in our genera; ovules anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit mostly of 4 1-seeded nutlets, or of 2 2-seeded carpels. Endosperm fleshy, Vor. III.] BORAGE FAMILY. 51 copious, or none; embryo straight or curved; cotyledons mostly flat or plano- convex; radicle short. About 85 genera and 1500 species, of wide geographic distribution. % Ovary entire or 2-4-grooved; style terminal. 1. Heliotropium. % % Ovary 4-divided or deeply 4-lobed, the style arising from the center. Flowers regular. Nutlets armed with: barbed prickles. Nutlets spreading or divergent, covered by the prickles. 2. Cynoglossum. Nutlets erect or incurved, the prickles on their backs or margins. 3. Lappula. Nutlets unarmed. Nutlets attached laterally to the receptacle, sometimes just above their bases. Fruiting calyx not greatly enlarged nor membranous, Corolla small, usually white; receptacle conic or elongated. Annuals; calyx nearly closed in fruit; inflorescence naked or bracteolate. Lowest leaves mostly opposite; calyx persistent. . 4. Allocarya. Leaves all alternate; calyx at length deciduous. 5. Cryptanthe. Perennials or biennials; calyx-segments more or less spreading in fruit; inflor- escence leafy. 6. Oreocarya. Corolla tubular-funnelform, mostly blue; receptacle flat or convex. Maritime; nutlets fleshy, smooth and shining. 7. Pneumaria. Not maritime; nutlets wrinkled when mature and dry. 8. Merlensia, Fruiting calyx much enlarged, membranous, veiny. g. Asperugo. Nutlets attached to the receptacle by their very bases. Scar of attachment small, flat. Corolla salverform or funnelform, its lobes rounded, spreading. Racemes not bracted; corolla-tube short. 10. Myosotis. Racemes bracted; corolla-tube cylindric, usually slender. 11. Lithospermum. Corolla tubular, its lobes erect, acute. 12. Onosmodium. Scar of attachment large, concave. Corolla tubular, 5-toothed. 13. Symphytum. Corolla rotate; anthers erect in a cone. 14. Borago. Flowers irregular. Stamens included; throat of the corolla closed by scales. 15. Lycopsis. Stamens exserted; throat of the corolla dilated, open. 16. Echium. 1. HELIOTROPIUM L. Sp. elems0.) 1753- Herbs or shrubs, with alternate mostly entire and petioled leaves, and small blue or white flowers, in scorpioid spikes, or scattered. Calyx-lobes or -segments lanceolate or lin- ear. Corolla salverform or funnelform, naked in the throat, its tube cylindric, its lobes imbricated, plicate or induplicate in the bud, spreading in flower. Stamens included; fila- ments short, or none. Style terminal, short or slender; stigma conic or annular. Fruit 2-4-lobed, separating into 4 1-seeded nutlets, or into 2, 2-seeded carpels. Ovary entire, or 2-4-grooved. [Greck, sun-turning, 7. ¢., turning to or with the sun. ] About 115 species, widely distributed in warm-temperate and tropical regions. Besides the fol- lowing, some 9 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. The species are called Turnsole. Fruit 4-lobed, each lobe becoming a 1-seeded nutlet. ‘ Flowers in scorpioid spikes. Plant rough-puberulent; leaves oval. 1. H, Europaeum. Glabrous, fleshy; leaves linear or spatulate. 2. H. Curassavicum. Flowers solitary, terminating short branches. 3. HZ. tenellum. Fruit 2-lobed, or of 2 carpels. Style elongated; flowers large, scattered, white. 4. 1. Style very short; flowers blue, in scorpioid spikes. 5. 1. . convolvulaceum. . Indicum. 1. Heliotropium Europaéum L,. European Heliotrope. (Fig. 3014.) Heliotropium Europaeum I,. Sp. Pl. 130. 1753. Annual, much branched, rough-puberulent, 6/-18/ high. Leaves oval, 1/-2’ long, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, slender-petioled, pinnately veined; flowers white, 1//-2’’ broad, in dense t1-sided scorpioid, bractless spikes; terminal spikes in pairs, the lateral ones commonly solitary, becoming 1/-3/ long in fruit; calyx-segments lanceolate to linear- lanceolate, shorter than the corolla-tube; anthers dis- tinct, obtuse; stigma-tip long-conic; fruit depressed- globose, pubescent, 4-lobed, at length separating into 4 nutlets. In waste places, southern New York and Pennsylvania to Florida. Adventive or naturalized from Europe. June-Oct. 52 BORAGINACEAE. (Vor. II. 2. Heliotropium Curassavicum I. Sea-side Heliotrope. (Fig. 3015.) Heliotropium Curassavicum I,. Sp. Pl. 130. 1753. Annual (or southward perennial?), fleshy, glabrous throughout, more or less glaucous, branched, diffuse, the branches 6/—18’ long. Leaves oblanceolate, linear, linear-oblong, or spatulate, entire, very inconspicuously veined, 1/-2’ long, 114’/-3/’ wide, obtuse at the apex, narrowed into petioles, or the upper sessile, sometimes with smaller ones fascicled in the axils; scorpioid spikes densely flowered, bract- less, mostly in pairs; flowers about 2’’ broad; calyx-segments lanceolate, acute; corolla white with a yellow eye or changing to blue; stigma umbrella-shaped; anthers acuminate; fruit glo- bose, at length separating into 4 nutlets. On sandy seashores, Virginia to Texas and Mex- ico. In dry saline soil from Manitoba and the Northwest Territory to Nebraska and Texas. On the Pacific Coast from Oregon to Mexico. Widely distributed in saline and maritime soil in South America and the Old World. In ballast about the northern seaports. May-Sept. 3. Heliotropium tenéllum (Nutt.) Torr. Slender Heliotrope. (Fig. 3016.) Lithospermum tenellum Nutt. Trans, Am. Phil. Soc. (IL) 5: 188. 1833-37. H. tenellum Torr. in Marcy’s Rep. 304. pl. 74. 1853. Annual, strigose-canescent; stem erect, slender, paniculately branched, commonly leafless below, 6/-18’ high. Leaves linear, entire, %’-114’ long, 1//-2/’ wide, narrowed at both ends, sessile, or the lower petioled; flowers white, about 214’ long, sessile at the ends of short lateral branches, bracted by 1 or 2 leaves; calyx-segments unequal, the 2 or 3 larger ones about as long as the corolla; corolla- tube canescent, slightly longer than the limb, its lobes entire; anthers obtuse; stigma subulate-tipped; fruit depressed, 4-lobed, strigose-pubescent, separ- ating into 4 1-seeded nutlets. In dry soil, Kentucky to Kansas, south to Alabama, Texas and New Mexico. April-Aug. 4. Heliotropium convolvulaceum (Nutt.) A. Gray. Bindweed Heliotrope. (Fig. 3017.) Euploca convolvulacea Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 189. 1833-37. H.convolvulaceum A.Gray,Mem.Am.Acad.6: 403. 1857. Annual, strigose-canescent, usually much branch- ed, 6/-15’ high, the branches ascending. Leaves oblong, ovate, or lanceolate, entire, short-petioled, obtuse or acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, 44/-134’ long; flowers numerous, fragrant, very short-peduncled, terminal and lateral, mostly solitary and opposite the leaves; calyx-segments lanceolate, acuminate, equal; corolla white, stri- gose, 8//-10’’ long, about 6’ broad, its tube narrowed at the throat, longer than the calyx and the angulate-lobed limb; anthers inserted on the tube of the corolla, slightly cohering by their tips; style filiform; stigma with a tuft of bristly hairs; fruit 2-lobed, pubescent, each lobe splitting into 2 1-seeded nutlets. In dry sandy soil, Nebraska to Texas, Utah, and Mexico. July-Sept. Vor. III.] BORAGE FAMILY. 53 5. Heliotropium Indicum I, Indian Heliotrope. (Fig. 3018.) Heliotropium Indicum lI,. Sp. Pl. 134. 1753. Annual, more or less hirsute or hispid; stem commonly branched, 1°-3° high. Leaves ovate or oval, obtuse or acute at the apex, obtuse rounded or subcordate at the base, 2’-6’ long, 1’-3%4’ wide, repand or undulate, borne on mar- gined petioles %4/-2'4’ long; flowers blue, 2//-3// broad, sessile in terminal dense bractless usually solitary scorpioid spikes which become 3/—6’ long in fruit; calyx-segments lanceolate, acute, shorter than the strigose corolla-tube; style very short, deciduous; fruit deeply 2-lobed, glabrous, the lobes divergent, each finally splitting into 2 nutlets, each of which is ribbed on the back. In waste places, North Carolina to Illinois, south to Floridaand Texas. Naturalized from India. Alsoin ballast about the northern seaports. Widely distrib- uted in warm regions as a weed. May-—Nov. 2. CYNOGLOSSUM I. Sp. Pl. 134. 1753. Hirsute or hispid (rarely glabrous) mostly tall herbs, with alternate entire leaves, the basal long-petioled, and purple blue or white flowers in panicled, more or less scorpioid racemes. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted, enlarged and spreading or reflexed in fruit. Corolla funrelform or salverform, the tube short, the throat closed by 5 scales opposite the imbri- cated rounded lobes. Stamens included; filaments short; anthers ovate or oblong. Ovary deeply 4-lobed, separating into 4 diverging nutlets in fruit; style mostly slender. Nutlets oblique, flat or convex above, attached laterally to the convex or conic receptacle, covered with short barbed prickles. [Greek, dog’s tongue. ] About 75 species of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 3 others occur in western North America. Stem leafy to the top; flowers reddish, purple or white; nutlets flat. 1. C. officinale. Stem leafless above; flowers blue; nutlets convex. 2. C. Virginicum. 1. Cynoglossum officinale I. Hound’s-tongue. Gipsy Flower. (Fig. 3019.) Cynoglossum officinale I,. Sp. Pl. 134. 1753. Biennial, pubescent; stem erect, leafy to the top, stout, usually branched, 14° 3° high. Basal and lower leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, slender-petioled, sometimes obtuse, 6’—12’ long, 1/—3/ wide; upper leaves lanceolate, acute or acumi- nate, sessile, or the uppermost clasping; racemes several or numerous, bractless or sparingly bracted, simple or branched, much elongated in fruit; pedicels 3//-6/’ long; calyx-segments ovate-lanceolate, acute; corolla reddish-purple or rarely white, about 4’” broad; fruit pyramidal, about 5’’ broad, each of the 4 nutlets form- ing a side of the pyramid, flat on their upper faces, margined, splitting away at maturity, but hanging attached to por- tions of the subulate style. In fields and waste places, Quebec and On- tario to Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Kansas. Often a troublesome weed. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Called also Dog’s-tongue, Rose Noble. May-Sept. 54 BORAGINACEAE. (Vor. Im. 2. Cynoglossum Virginicum I,. Wild Comfrey. (Fig. 3020.) Cynoglossum Virginicum I,. Sp. Pl. 134. 1753. Perennial, hirsute; stem usually sim- ple, leafless above, stout, 1%4°-2%4° high. Basal and lower leaves oval or oblong, 4/-12’ long, obtuse at the apex, nar- rowed into petioles; upper leaves ob- long, or ovate-lanceolate, sessile and clasping by a cordate base, acute, nearly as large, or the one or two uppermost quite small; racemes 2-6, corymbosc, bractless, long-peduncled; flowers blue, about 5’” broad; calyx-segments oblong- lanceolate, obtuse; fruit depressed, 4// broad, the nutlets convex on the upper face, not margined, separating and fall- ing away at maturity. In woods, New Brunswick to western Ontario, south to Florida, Louisiana and Kansas. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. 4 April-May. Bae 3. LAPPULA Moench, Meth. 416. 1794. [ECHINOSPERMUM Sw.; Lehmi. Asperif. 113. 1818. ] Annual or perennial rough-pubescent or canescent erect branching herbs, with alternate narrow entire leaves, and small or minute blue or white flowers, in terminal bracted or bractless racemes. Calyx deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted, the segments narrow. Corolla salver- form or funnelform, the tube very short, the throat closed by 5 scales, the lobes obtuse, spreading, imbricated in the bud. Stamens included; filaments very short. Ovary 4-lobed; style short. Nutlets 4, erect or incurved, laterally attached to the receptacle, at length separating, the margins or backs armed with stout often flattened barbed prickles, the sides usually papillose or tuberculate. [Diminutive ot the Latin /appa, a bur. ] About 40 species, mostly natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, several others occur in western North America. Racemes bracted; fruiting pedicels not deflexed. , _ Prickles in 2 rows on the margins of the nutlets, distinct. 1. L. Lappula. * * Prickles in 1 row on the margins, more or less confluent. 2. L. Texana. Racemes bracted only at the base; fruiting pedicels deflexed. Stem leaves ovate-oblong, the basal cordate; fruit globose. 3. L. Virginiana. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate or linear; fruit pyramidal. Flowers 3/’-5'’ broad; fruit about 3’’ broad. 4. L. floribunda. Flowers 1''-2'' broad; fruit about 2’’ broad. 5. L. Americana, 1. Lappula Lappula (L.) Karst. European Stickseed. Burseed. (Fig. 3021.) Myosotis Lappula I, Sp. Pl. 131. 1753- Lappula Myosotis Moench, Meth. 417. 1794. ~ Echinospermum Lappula Lehm. Asperif.121. 1818. Lappula Lappula Karst. Deutsch. Fl.979. 1880-83. Annual, pale, leafy, hispid or appressed-pubes- cent, branched, 1°-2° high, the branches erect. Leaves linear, linear-oblong or the lowest spatu- late, sessile or the lower narrowed into petioles, ascending or erect, obtuse or obtusish at the apex, 14/-114’ long; racemes leafy-bracted, more or less I-sided; pedicels very short, stout, not de- flexed in fruit; calyx-segments lanceolate, be- coming unequal and spreading; corolla blue, about 1’ broad; fruit globose-oval, 14’ in diam- eter; the nutlets papillose on the back, the mar- gins,armed with 2 rows of slender distinct prickles. = A =p ore = In waste places, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to New Jersey and Nebraska. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. May-Sept. pa ii nnn Vor. III.] BORAGE FAMILY. 2. Lappula Texana (Scheele) Britton. Hairy Stickseed. (Fig. 3022.) Cynoglossum pilosum Nutt. Gen. 1.114. 1818. Not R.& P. 1794. A E. Texanum Scheele, Linnaea, 25: 260. 1852. Echinospermum Redowskti var. cupulatum A. Gray in Brewer & Wats. Bot. Cal. 1: 530. 1876. Lappula Texana Britton, Mem. Torr, Club, 5: 273. 1894. Annual, similar to the preceding species, 6/—2° high, paniculately branched, the branches ascend- ing orerect. Leaves linear or linear-oblong, mostly obtuse, the lower narrowed into petioles; racemes leafy-bracted; pedicels short, not deflexed in fruit; flowers about 1’ broad; nutlets papillose-tubercu- late on the back, the margins armed with a single row of flat, usually more or less confluent bristles, or these united into a cup. In dry soil, Manitoba and the Northwest Territory to British Columbia, south to Nebraska, Texas and Ari- zona. Nutlets with nearly distinct bristles and others - with bristles united into a cup sometimes occur on the same fruit. April-Aug. 3. Lappula Virginiana (I,.) Greene. Virginia Stickseed. (Fig. 3023.) Myosotis Virginiana Y. Sp. Pl. 131. 1753. Cynoglossum Morisoni DC. Prodr. 10: 155. 1846. E. Virginicum Lehm. Asperif. 120, 1818. Lappula Virginiana Greene, Pittonia, 2: 182. 1891. Biennial, pubescent; stem paniculately branched, 2°--4° high, the branches slender, spreading. Basal leaves (seldom present at flowering time) ovate or nearly orbicular, cordate, long-petioled, mostly obtuse; stem leaves ovate-oblong or oval, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed to the base, petioled, 3/-8’ long, 1/-4’ wide, the uppermost smaller, sessile; racemes very slender, divergent, bracted at the base, the bracts similar to the upper leaves; pedicels slender, short, recurved in fruit; corolla nearly white, about 1/’ broad; fruit glo- bose, nearly 2/’ in diameter; nutlets covered on the margins and usually also on the back by the slender distinct flattened barbed prickles,the backs commonly also more or less papillose. ‘In dry woods and thickets, New Brunswick to west- fern Ontario and Minnesota, Alabama, Louisiana and Nebraska. Called Beggar’s-ticks or -lice. June-Sept. 4. Lappula floribunda (Lehm.) Greene. Large-flowered Stickseed. (Fig. 3024.) Echinospermum floribundum Lehm. in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:84. pl. 164. 1834. Lappula floribunda Greene, Pittonia, 2:182. 1891. Biennial or perennial, rough-pubescent; stem stout, paniculately branched, 2°-5° high, the branches nearly erect. Leaves oblong, ob- long-lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, 2’—4’ long, 2//-10’’ wide, sessile, acute or obtuse at the apex, or the lower narrowed into petioles; ra- cemes numerous, erect or nearly so, very densely flowered, bracted at the base, many of them in pairs; pedicels 2/’-4/’ long, reflexed in fruit; flowers blue, 3/’-5’’ broad; fruit pyramidal, about 3/% broad; nutlets keeled, papillose- tuberculate on the back, the margins armed with a single row of flat prickles, which are sometimes confluent at the base. _ Western Ontario and Minnesota to British Colum- bia, south to New Mexico and California, June-Aug. 56 BORAGINACEAE. (Vor. III. 5. Lappula Americana (A. Gray) Rydberg. Nodding Stickseed. (Fig. 3025.) y as ’ Echinospermum deflexum var. Americanum A. ihe Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 17: 224. 1882. Lappula Americana Rydberg, Bull. Torr, Club, 24: 294. 1897. Annual, rough-puberulent; stem slender, erect, paniculately branched, 1°-3° high, the branches spreading or ascending. Leaves oblong or ob- long-lanceolate, mostly narrowed at both ends, 2/-4’ long, 234’/-6’’ wide, the lower petioled, the upper sessile; racemes slender, many-flow- ered; pedicels slender, 2//-4/’ long, deflexed in fruit; corolla white or bluish, about 1/’’ broad; fruit pyramidal, about 2’” broad; nutlets keeled, papillose-tuberculate on the back, rarely with a few prickles on the keel, the margins armed 2 with a single row of flat prickles, 2 In thickets, Manitoba and North Dakota to British S j] \ = Columbia, Also in Europe and Asia. May-Aug. 4. ALLOCARYA Greene, Pittonia, 1:12. 1887. Mostly annual low herbs, with linear entire leaves, the lowest often opposite, and small flowers in terminal spikes orracemes. Pedicels thickened at the summit, persistent. Calyx 5-divided, persistent, the segments narrow. Corolla salverform, white, yellow in the throat. Stamens included. Ovary 4-divided; style short. Nutlets crustaceous, smooth, or rough, attached at their base or below the middle to the receptacle, the scar of attachment concave or raised. [Greek, different nuts. ] x ES, About 25 species, natives of western North Ey E> America. 1. Allocarya scopul6rum Greene. Mountain Allocarya. (Fig. 3026.) Eritrichium Californicum var. subglochidiatum A. Gray, Bot. Cal. 1:526. Inpart. 1876. Allocarya scopulorum Greene, Pittonia, 1:16. 1887. Somewhat succulent pubescent, with scat- tered stiff appressed hairs, branched, the slen- der spreading branches 1/-8’ long. Leaves 6//— 18’ long, 1/’~114’” wide, sessile or very short- petioled, flowers about 1’ broad, distant, borne in most of the axils, very short-pedicelled; floral bracts similar to the leaves, but shorter; calyx segments linear-lanceolate; nutlets reticu- late on the back, lightly grooved on the ventral side. Western Nebraska to Montana, Wyoming and Colorado. June-Sept. 5. CRYPTANTHE Lehm. Sem. Hort. Hamburg. 1832. [KryniTzk1a F. & M. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 7:52. 1841.] Low annual setose or hispid branched herbs, with narrow alternate entire leaves, and small mostly white flowers, in scorpioid bractless or bracteolate spikes. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, at length deciduous from the spike, the lobes or segments erect, mostly connivent in fruit. Corolla small, funnelform, usually with 5 scales closing the throat, the lobes imbri- cated in the bud. Stamens included; fllaments short. Ovary 4-divided; style short; stigma capitellate. Nutlets erect, rounded on the back, not keeled, the margins obtuse, acute or wing-margined, attached laterally to the conic or elongated receptacle, the scar of attach- ment mostly longer than broad. [Greek, hidden-flowered. ] About 50 species, natives of North and South America, mostly of the western United States. Nutlets, at least some of them, with short processes. 1. C. crassisepala. All four nutlets smooth and shining. 2. C. Fendleri. Vor. III.] BORAGE FAMILY. 57 1. Cryptanthe crassisépala (T. & G.) Greene. Thick-sepaled Cryptanthe. (Fig. 3027.) Eritrichium crassisepalum 'T. & G. Pac. R. R. Rep. 2.171. 1854. Krynitzkia crassisepala A. Gray, Proc. Am, Acad. 20: 268, 1885. Cryptanthe crassisepala Greene, Pittonia, 1: 112. 1887. Densely hispid, at length much branch- ed, 3/-6’ high. Leaves linear, or linear- spatulate, 14’-11%4’ long, sessile, or the lower narrowed into petioles; spikes very densely flowered; flowers about 2’’ broad, sessile, bracteolate, the bractlets slightly longer than the calyx; fruiting calyx 3/% long, closing over the fruit, its segments linear, obtusish, their midribs much thickened; fruit of 3 finely muricate nut- lets, and 1 larger smooth and shining nut- let about 1’ long, attached to the recep- tacle from the base to near the middle. In dry soil, Northwest Territory to Ne- braska, Kansas, Texas and New Mexico. June-Aug. 2. Cryptanthe Féndleri (A. Gray) Greene. Fendler’s Cryptanthe. (Fig. 3028.) Krynitzkia Fendleri A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 20: 268. 1885. ee Fendleri Greene, Pittonia, 1: 120. Erect, hispid; stem slender, paniculately branched, 6’-15’ high. Leaves linear, or the lowest linear-spatulate, 1/-214’ long; spikes slender, bracteolate only at the base; flow- ers sessile, 1/’-2/’ broad; fruiting calyx nearly closed, its segments linear, leaf-like, herbaceous, about 2’’ long; nutlets 4, all alike, brown, smooth and shining, less than 1’ long, attached to the receptacle from the base to about the middle. In dry soil, Northwest Territory to Washing- ton, south to Nebraskaand Arizona. June-Aug 6. OREOCARYA Greene, Pittonia, 1:57. 1887. Perennial or biennial hispid or strigose-pubescent herbs, mostly with thick woody roots, alternate or basal narrow leaves, and small white racemose-paniculate or densely thyrsoid flowers. Calyx very deeply 5-parted or 5-divided, the segments lanceolate, more or less spreading or recurved in fruit. Corolla funnelform or salverform, mostly crested in the throat, 5-lobed. Stamensincluded. Ovary 4-divided; style mostly short. Nutlets 4, later- ally attached to the receptacle, not keeled, their margins acute or winged. [Greek, moun- tain nut. | About g species, natives of western North America and Mexico. Inflorescence racemose-paniculate; nutlets smooth. 1. O. suffruticosa. Inflorescence thyrsoid or thyrsoid-glomerate; nutlets rough. Corolla-tube not longer than the calyx, little longer than the lobes. Densely rough-hairy, 6’-18' high. 2. O. glomerata, Silvery appressed-pubescent, 3'-6' high. 3. QO. sericea. Corolla-tube longer than the calyx, 2 or 3 times as long as the lobes. 4. O. fulvocanescens. 58 BORAGINACEAE. (Vor. IIL. Xs agers suffruticésa (Torr.) Greene. Shrubby Oreocarya. (Fig. 3029.) : st hg suffruticosa Torr. Aun. Lyc. N. Y. 2: 225. 1827. Eritrichium Jamesii Torr. in Marcy’s Rep. 294. Krynitehia. Jamesii A. Gray, Proc. Am, Acad, 20; Onna ieee Greene, Pittonia, 1:57. 1887. Perennial, rather stout, branched from the base and sometimes also above, strigose-pubes- cent or somewhat hirsute, 5’/-12’ high. Upper leaves linear, 1%4/-1’ long, the lower oblanceo- late, somewhat longer, obtuse or acute; racemes slender, panicled; pedicels about 1/’ long; calyx canescent and somewhat hispid, the seg- ments slightly spreading, or erect in fruit; bractlets longer than the fruiting calyx; corolla 114’/-3/’ broad; its tube about equalling the calyx; nutlets smooth, nearly 1’’ long, shining, closely fitting together, triangular, acute-mar- gined, nearly as wide as high. In dry soil, western Nebraska and Wyoming to Texas and Arizona. May-Aug. 2. Oreocarya glomerata (Pursh) Greene. Clustered Oreocarya. (Fig. 3030. ) Cynoglossum glomeratum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 729. 1814. Eritrichium glomeratum DC. Prodr. 10: 131. 1846. Krynitzkia glomerata A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 20: 279. 1885. O. glomerata Greene, Pittonia, 1:58. 1887. Perennial or biennial, densely hispid; stem erect, stout, simple or branched, 6’-18/ high. Leaves spatulate or the upper linear, obtuse, 1/-214’ long, the basal commonly tufted; in- florescence of thyrsoid clusters, the short dense lateral spike-like clusters mostly longer than the subtending bracts; calyx densely bristly; corolla 3/’-5’’ broad; fruit pyramidal, the nut- lets triangular-ovate, acute, acutely margined, papillose on the back. In dry soil, Manitoba to the Northwest Terri- tory, south to Nebraska, New Mexico and Utah. May-Sept. 3. Oreocarya sericea (A. Gray) Greene. Low Oreocarya. (Fig. 3031.) Eritrichium glomeratum var. humtle A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 10:61. 1874. Not &. humile DC. Krynitzkia sericea A, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 20: 279. 1885 Oreocarya sericea Greene, Pittonia, 1:58. 1887. Perennial, low, tufted from the woody root; stems usually simple, 3/-6’ high, silvery ap- pressed-pubescent, or hirsute above. Leaves linear-spatulate, 14/-1/ long, 1’’-114’ wide, ob- tuse or acutish, imbricated on the short sterile shoots and at the bases of the flowering stems; inflorescence thyrsoid or glomerate, usually short; calyx densely hispid; corolia 2//-3/” broad, its tube not longer than the calyx; style short; nutlets acutely margined, acute, papillose on the back. In dry soil, Northwest Territory to Nebraska and Utah. May-Sept. Vor. III.] BORAGE FAMILY. 59 4. Oreocarya fulvocanéscens (A. Gray) Greene. Tawny Oreocarya. (Fig. 3032.) Eritrichium fulvocanescens A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 10:61. 1874. Eritrichium glomeratum var. (?) /fulvocanescens S. Wats. Bot. King’s Exp. 243. pl. 27, f.7. 1871. Oreocarya fulvocanescens Greene, Pittonia, 1:58. 1887. Perennial, tufted, similar to the precedifg species but deusely strigose or hirsute. Leaves spatulate, or oblanceolate, obtuse, the lower and basal ones 1/-1%’ long; inflorescence of thyrsoid clusters; calyx densely setose with yellowish hairs; corolla about 2’’ broad, its tube longer than the calyx, 2 or 3 times the length of the lobes; style filiform; nut- lets acutely margined, tuberculate on the back. In dry soil, western Nebraska (according to Web- ber), Wyoming to Nevada and New Mexico. May-Aug. 7. PNEUMARIA Hill, Veg. Syst. 7: 40. Al. 37. 1764. A perennial fleshy glabrous glaucous diffusely branched herb, with alternate entire leaves, and small blue pinkish or white flowers in loose terminal leafy-bracted racemes. Calyx-lobes triangular-ovate or lanceolate, somewhat enlarging in fruit. Corolla tubular- campanulate, crested in the throat, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud, slightly spread- ing. Filaments scarcely exserted. Ovary 4-divided; style slender. Nutlets erect, fleshy, attached just above their bases to the somewhat elevated receptacle, smooth, shining, acutish-margined, becoming utricle-like when mature. A monotypic genus of sea-beaches of the north temperate zone. 1. Pneumaria maritima (L.) Hill. Sea Lungwort. Sea Bugloss. Oyster Biant) (Geis) 30335) Pulmonaria maritima 1. Sp. Pl. 136. 1753. ete igi maritima Hill, Veg. Syst. 40. pl. 37. f. 3. Mertensia maritima S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 354. 1821. Pale green, the branches spreading or ascending, 3/-15/ long. Leaves thick, ovate, obovate, or oblong, 1/-4’ long, acute or obtuse at the apex, narrowed at ‘the base, the lower and basal ones contracted into margined petioles, the uppermost smaller; flow- ers blue or nearly white, about 3/’ long, all pedi- celled; pedicels very slender, 5/’418’’ long; calyx shorter than the corolla-tube; corolla with a crest in the throat opposite each lobe; nutlets about as long as the calyx-lobes when mature. On sea-beaches, Long Island (?), Massachusetts to Newfoundland and Greenland, Oregon to Alaska. Also on the coasts of Europe and Asia. May-Sept. 8. MERTENSIA Roth, Catal. Bot. 1:34. 1797. Perennial glabrous or pubescent herbs, with alternate sometimes punctate leaves, and rather large blue purple or white flowers, in panicles, cymes, or racemes. Calyx-lobes lan- ceolate or linear, little enlarged in fruit. Corolla tubular-funnelform or trumpet-shaped, crested or unappendaged in the throat, its lobes obtuse, imbricated, little spreading. Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla, included, or scarcely exserted; filaments flattened, or fili- form; anthers oblong or linear, obtuse. Ovary 4-divided; style filiform. Nutlets erect, coriaceous, wrinkled when mature, attached above their bases to the convex or nearly flat re- ceptacle. [In honor of Prof. C. F. Mertens, a German botanist. ] _ About 14 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, 3 others occur in the western part of North America. The species are called Smooth Lungwort. Corolla trumpet-shaped, not crested in the throat, the limb barely 5-lobed. 1. M. Virginica. Corolla funnelform-campanulate, crested in the throat, the limb manifestly 5-lobed. Stem-leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. 2. M. paniculata, Stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, obtuse or acute. 3. M. lanceolata, 60 BORAGINACEAE. {Vor. III. 1. Mertensia Virginica (L.) DC. Vir- ginia Cowslip. Tree Lungwort. Blue-bells. (Fig. 3034.) Pulmonaria Virginica ¥,. Sp. Pl. 135. 1783. Mertensia Virginica DC. Prodr. 10:88. 1846. Glabrous; stem erect, or ascending, simple or sometimes branched, 1°-2° high, rather stout. Leaves oblong, oval, or obovate, pinnately veined, obtuse at the apex, 2/-5’ long, the up- permost sessile, the lower narrowed into mar- gined petioles; racemes short, corymb-like; ped- icels 2//-6’’ long; flowers blue-purple, very showy, about 1’ long; calyx-lobes oblong-lanceo- late, obtusish, 1’’ long or less; corolla trumpet- shaped or nearly salverform, its tube cylindric, a little expanded above, longer than the 5-lobed plaited limb, pubescent at the base within, not crested in the throat; disk with two opposite lin- ear lobes; filaments filiform, much longer than the anthers; nutlets not shining, rounded. In low meadows and along streams, southern On- tario to New Jersey and South Carolina, Minnesota, Nebraska and Kansas. March-May. 2. Mertensia paniculata (Ait.) Don. ‘Tall Lungwort. (Fig. 3035.) P. paniculata Ait. Hort. Kew. 1: 181. 1789. Mertensia paniculata Don, Gen. Syst. 4:318. 1838. Roughish-pubescent, dark green; stem erect, branched above, 1%°-3° high, the branches slender. Leaves thin, pinnately veined, those of the stem ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acumi- nate at the apex, narrowed at the base, 2/-5’ long, the lower narrowed into slender petioles; basal leaves ovate, rounded or cordate at the base; racemes several-flowered, panicled; pedi- cels filiform, 4’’/-10’ long; flowers purple-blue, 6//-7’ long; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute; cor- olla tubular-campanulate, crested in the throat, the tube about twice as long as the calyx and exceeding the 5-lobed limb; filaments flattened, slightly longer than the anthers; style filiform, usually somewhat exserted; nutlets rounded. In woods or thickets, Hudson Bay to Alaska, south to Michigan, Nebraska, and in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and Utah. July-Aug. r \ eZ 3. Mertensia lanceolata (Pursh) DC. Lance-leaved Lungwort. (Fig. 3036.) P. lanceolgta Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 729. 1814. Mertensia lanceolata DC. Prodr. 10:88. 1846. Glabrous or somewhat hirsute; stem simple or branched, slender, 6’-18’ high. Leaves papil- lose, indistinctly veined, light green, the upper lanceolate, acute, sessile or slightly clasping at the base, the lower oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, 3’—4’ long, narrowed into margined peti- oles; racemes few-flowered, usually panicled; flowers blue, 5’’-6’’ long; pedicels 3’’-7’’ long; calyx-lobes lanceolate, obtuse, or acutish; cor- olla tubular-campanulate, the tube longer than the calyx and longer than the 5-lobed limb, hairy at the base within, the throat crested; filaments a little longer than the anthers; style filiform, scarcely exserted. In thickets, western Nebraska to Manitoba, Wyoming and New Mexico. June-Aug. Vor, III.] BORAGE FAMILY. 61 9. ASPERUGO L. Sp. Pl. 138. 1753. An annual rough-hispid procumbent herb, with alternate entire leaves, or the upper- most sometimes opposite, and small blue or nearly white flowers, short-pedicelled and 1-3 together in the upper axils. Calyx campanulate, unequally 5-cleft, much enlarged and folded together in fruit, the lobes incised-dentate. Corolla tubular-campanulate, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated. Stamens 5, included, inserted on the corolla-tube; filaments very short. Ovary 4-divided; style short; stigma capitate. Nutlets 4, ovoid, erect, granular-tuber- culate, keeled, laterally attached above the middle to the elongated-conic receptacle. [Latin, rough, referring to the leaves. ] A monotypic genus of Europe and Asia. 1. Asperugo procumbens I,. German Madwort. Catchweed. (Fig. 3037.) Asperugo procumbens \,. Sp. Pl. 138. 1753. Stems slender, branched, diffusely procumbent, 6’-18’ long, very rough with stiff bristly hairs. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, or the lower spatulate, obtuse or acutish at the apex, %’-1%4’ long, the lower narrowed into margined petioles; flowers very short-pedicelled, about 1/’ broad, blue, the pedicels recurved in fruit; fruiting calyx dry and membranous, strongly veined, 4’’-6’’ broad; nut- lets obliquely ovoid. In waste places and ballast, southern New York, New Jersey, Delaware and Pennsylvania. Alsoin Min- nesota. Adventive from Europe. Called also Small Wild Bugloss and Great Goose-grass, May-Aug. 10. MYOSOTIS L. Sp. Pl. 131. 1753. Low annual biennial or perennial, more or less pubescent, branching, diffuse or erect herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small blue pink or white flowers in many-flowered elongated bractless more or less 1-sided racemes, or these sometimes leafy at the base. Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes narrow, spreading or erect in fruit. Corolla salverform, the limb 5-lobed, the lobes convolute in the bud, rounded, the throat crested. Stamens 5, included, inserted on the corolla-tube; filaments filiform; anthers obtuse. Ovary 4-divided, style fili- form. Nutlets erect, glabrous or pilose, attached by their bases to the receptacle, the scar of attachment small, flat. [Greek, mouse-ear. ] About 35 species of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, 1 or 2 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. Called Forget-me-not and Scorpion-grass. Hairs of the calyx all straight; perennial swamp or brook plants. Calyx-lobes shorter than the tube; corolla 3''-4'’ broad. 1. M. palustris. Calyx-lobes as long as the tube; corolla 2'’-3'' broad. 2. M. laxa. Hairs of the calyx, or some of them, with hooked tips; annuals or biennials. Fruiting pedicels longer than the calyx. 3. M. arvensis. Fruiting pedicels not longer than the calyx. Calyx-lobes equal; corolla yellowish, changing to blue. 4. M. versicolor. Calyx-lobes unequal; corolla white. 5. M. Virginica. 1. Myosotis palustris (L.) Lam. Forget-me- se oa WV not. Mouse-ear Scorpion-grass. (Fig. 3038). ae j oo I Myosotis scorpioides var. palustris \, Sp. Pl. 131. 1753. Myosotis palustris Lam. Fl. Fr. 2: 283. 1778. Appressed-pubescent, perennial, with slender rootstocks or stolons; stems slender, decumbent, rooting at the lower nodes, 6/-18’ long. Leaves oblong, oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, narrowed at the base, 1/-3/ long, 2//-6’’ wide, those of the stem sessile or very nearly so, or the lower petioled; racemes loosely many-flowered; pedicels longer than the calyx; calyx with straight appressed hairs, it lobes equal, triangular-ovate, acute, shorter than the tube, spreading in fruit; corolla blue with a yellow eye, the limb flat, 3//-4/’ broad; nutlets angled and keeled on the inner side. In brooks and marshes, Nova Scotia to southern New York and Pennsylvania. Escaped from cultiva- tion. Native of Europe and Asia. Called also Marsh Scorpion-grass, Snake-grass and Love-me. May-July. 62 BORAGINACEAE, (Vor. III. 2. Myosotis laxa Lehm. Smaller Forget-me-not. (Fig. 3039. ) Myosotis laxa Lehm. Asperif. 83. 1818. Myosotis palustris var. laxa A, Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 365. 1867. Perennial, appressed-pubescent, similar to the preceding species; stems decumbent, spreading, rooting at the nodes, 6’-20’ long. Leaves ob- long, oblong-lanceolate or spatulate, obtuse; racemes very loosely many-flowered; pedicels spreading, much longer than the fruiting calyx; hairs of the calyx straight, appressed, its lobes equal, ovate-lanceolate, acutish, spreading in fruit, quite as long as the tube; corolla blue with a yellow eye, its limb concave, about 2’ broad; nutlets convex on both the inner and outer sides. In wet muddy places, Newfoundland to Ontario, south to Virginia and Tennessee. Also in Europe. Ascends to 3500 ft. in Virginia. May-July. 3. Myosotis arvénsis (L.) Lam. Field Scorpion-grass, or Mouse-ear. (Fig. 3040. ) Myosotis scorpiotdes var. arvensis 1. Sp. Pl. 131. 1753- Myosotis arvensis Lam. Fl. Fr. 2: 283. 1778. Annual or biennial, hirsute-pubescent; stem erect, branched, 6’-18’ high. Basal and lower leaves oblanceolate, obtuse, petioled or sessile; stem leaves mostly oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acutish at the apex, narrowed to the sessile base, 14’-134’ long, 2’/-4’/ wide; racemes loosely flowered; fruiting pedicels longer than the calyx; hairs of the calyx, or some of them, with minutely hooked tips, the lobes equal, erect, or con- nivent in fruit, triangular-lanceolate, acute, about as long as the tube; corolla blue or white, the limb concave, 1//-114’’ broad; nutlets convex on the outer side, somewhat keeled on the inner. In fields, New Brunswick to western Ontario and Minnesota, south to West Virginia. Perhaps not indigenous. Alsoin Europe. June-Aug. 4 2 FN A 4. Myosotis versicolor (Pers.) Reichenb. Yellow and Blue Scorpion-grass. (Fig. 3041.) M. arvensis var. (?) versicolor Pers. Syn. 1:156. 1805. Myosotis versicolor Reichenb., Fl. Exc. 1:341. 1830. Smith, Engl. Bot. ¢. So? Annual, hirsute-pubescent, often much branch- ed from the base, and sometimes also above; stems slender, erect or ascending, 4/-12’ high. Leaves oblong, obtuse or obtusish, sessile, or the lower spatulate and narrowed into mar- gined petioles; racemes slender, sometimes bracted at the base; pedicels shorter than the fruiting calyx, erect; calyx equally 5-cleft, the lobes equal, linear-lanceolate, erect or connivent in fruit, longer than or equalling the tube, the hairs or some of them with minutely hooked tips; corolla pale yellow changing to violet or blue, its limb about 1’” broad; nutlets convex on the outer, slightly keeled on the inner side. In fields and along roadsides, southern New York to Delaware. Naturalized from Europe. May-July. Voi. III.] BORAGE FAMILY. 5. Myosotis Virginica(L,.) B.S.P. Spring or Early Scorpion-grass. (Fig. 3042.) Lycopsis Virginica L.. Sp. Pl. 139. 1753. Myosotis verna Nutt. Gen. 2: Add. 1818. Myosotis Virginica B.S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 37. 1888, Annual or biennial, hirsute-pubescent or hispid, erect, branched, 3/-15’ high, the branches erect. Leaves oblong or linear-oblong, sessile, 3//-12// long, obtuse, or the lower spatulate and narrowed into short petioles; racemes usually bracted at the base, strict; pedicels ascending or erect, or slightly spreading at the apex, shorter than the fruiting calyx; calyx somewhat 2-lipped, unequally 5-cleft, the lobes lanceolate, acute, longer than the tube, connivent in fruit, very hispid, the hairs, or most of them, with minutely hooked tips; corolla white, the limb 114’ broad or less; nutlets convex on the back, slightly keeled and margined on the inner side. On dry hills and banks, Maine and southern Ontario to Minnesota, south to Floridaand Texas. April-June. 11. LITHOSPERMUM I, Sp. Pl. 132. 1753. Annual or perennial, erect branching or rarely simple, pubescent hirsute or hispid herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small or large, white yellow or blue flowers in leafy-bracted spikes or racemes. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, the segments or lobes narrow. Corolla fun- nelform or salverform, 5-lobed, naked, pubescent or crested in the throat, the lobes entire or erose-denticulate, the tube sometimes pubescent at the base within. Stamens 5, included, inserted on the throat of the corolla; filaments short. Ovary 4-divided; style slender, or fili- form; stigma capitate, or 2-lobed. Nutlets 4, or fewer, erect, white, smooth and shining, or brown and wrinkled, attached by their bases to the nearly flat receptacle, the scar of attach- ment not concave. [Greek, stone-seed, from the hard nutlets. ] About 40 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, a few in South America and Africa. Be- sides the following, some 7 others occur in the southern and southwestern parts of the United States. Corolla white or yellowish, its tube shorter than or equalling the calyx; flowers distant. Nutlets brown, wrinkled and pitted; annual or biennial. 1. L. arvense. Nutlets white, smooth and shining; perennials. Leaves lanceolate, acute; nutlets ovoid. 2. L. officinale. Leaves ovate, acuminate; nutlets globose-ovoid. 3. L. latifolium. Corolla dull yellow, its tube longer than the calyx; leaves lanceolate; flowers dense. 4. ZL. pilosum. Corolla bright yellow, its tube much longer than the calyx; flowers dense. Corolla-lobes entire; flowers all complete. Hispid-pubescent; corolla-tube bearded at the base within. __, § L£. Gmelini. Hirsute, somewhat canescent; corolla-tube not bearded at the base within. 6. ZL. canescens. Corolla-lobes erose-denticulate; later flowers cleistogamous. 7. L. angustifolium., 1. Lithospermum arvénse I,. Bastard Alkanet. Corn Gromwell. (Fig. 3043. ) Lithospermum arvense I,. Sp. Pl. 132. 1753. Annual or biennial, appressed-pubescent; stem erect, usually branched, 6/20’ high. Leaves bright green, lanceolate, linear or linear-oblong, sessile or the lowest short-petioled, mostly ap- pressed, obtuse or acutish at the apex, narrowed at the base, indistinctly veined, 1%4/-114’ long, 4//-3// wide, the uppermost smaller; flowers sessile or very nearly so in the spikes, becom- ing distant, white, about 3/” long; calyx-seg- ments linear-lanceolate, longer than or equal- ling the corolla-tube; corolla funnelform, puber- ulent in the throat; nutlets brown, wrinkled and pitted, glabrous, about 1/” high, convex on the back, keeled on the inner side, one-third to one-half the length of the calyx-segments. In waste places and fields, Quebec to Ontario and Michigan, south to Georgia and Kansas. Natural- ized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Called also Pearl-plant and Salfern-stoneseed. May-—Aug. 64 BORAGINACEAE. [Vor.. III. 2. Lithospermum officinale L. Gromwell. (Fig. 3044.) a, Lithospermum officinale 1. Sp. Pl. 132, 1753. Perennial, finely puberulent; stem usually much branched, 2°-4° high, leafy. Leaves lan- ceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, few-veined, sessile, 134/- 4 long, 3//-12’” wide, the upper surface rough; flowers yellowish-white, about 2’ long, sessile; calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, about equal- ling the corolla-tube; corolla funnelform, crested in the throat; style about as long as the stamens; nutlets, when mature, white, smooth, shining, about 14’ high, ovoid, obtuse, more than one- half as long as the calyx-segments, seldom all ripening. In fields and waste places, Ontario to southern New York, west to Minnesota. Plant grayish. Nat- uralized from Europe. Native alsoof Asia. Called also Graymile, Littlewale and Pearl-plant. May- Aug. 3. Lithospermum latifolium Michx. American Gromwell. (Fig. 3045.) Lithospermum latifolium Michx. F\. Bor. Am, 1: 131. 1803. Perennial, rough-puberulent; stem branched, 2°-3° high, the branches long and slender. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, pinnately veined, 2/-5’ long, 1/—2/ wide, or the uppermost smaller; flowers yellow- ish white or pale yellow, 2’/-3/” long, few, soli- tary, distant; calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, about as long as the corolla; corolla funnelform, crested in the throat; style shorter than the stamens; nutlets white, shining, globose-ovoid, about 2’’ long, more than one-half as long as the calyx-segments. In dry thickets and fields, Ontario and western New York to Minnesota, south to Virginia and Arkansas. May. 4. Lithospermum pildsum Nutt. Woolly Gromwell. (Fig. 3046.) Lithospermum pilosum Nutt. Journ. Phil. Acad. 7: 43. 1834. . : Lithospermum Torreyt Nutt. loc. cit. 44. 1834. Perennial from thick roots, hirsute, rather pale green; stems usually stout and clustered, very leafy, 8’-18’ high. Leaves lanceolate or linear- lanceolate, 2’—4’ long, 2’’-5’’ wide, gradually acu- minate to the apex, narrowed at the base, sessile, indistinctly veined; flowers dull yellow, very numerous and crowded in a terminal leafy thyr- sus; calyx-segments densely hirsute, shorter than the cylindric corolla-tube; corolla-salverform, the throat puberulent below each lobe; style longer than the filaments; nutlets ovoid, acute, white, shining, about 2’ long. Western Nebraska (according to Williams), Mon- tana to the Northwest Territory, British Columbia and California, May-July. Vor. IIT] BORAGE FAMILY. 65 5. Lithospermum Gmélini (Michx.) A. S. Hitchcock. Hairy or Gmelin’s Puccoon. (Fig. 3047.) Batschia Carolinensis Gmel. Syst. 2: Part 1, 315. 1791. Not Lithospermum Carolinianum Lam. 1791. Batschia Gmelini Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 1: 130. 1803. Lithospermum hirtum Lehm. Asperif. 305. 1818. L. Gmelini A. S. Hitche. Spring Fl. Manh. 30. 1894. Perennial, hispid-pubescent, or scabrous; stems usually clustered, rather stout, simple, or branched above, 1°-2° high, very leafy. Leaves lanceolate, sessile, obtuse or acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, 2’-3/ long, the lowest commonly reduced to appressed scales, the uppermost oblong; flowers 6/’’-8’’ long, in dense short terminal leafy racemes, dimorphous; pedicels 1//-3’’ long; calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, shorter than the tube of the orange-yellow salverform corolla; corolla-lobes en- tire, rounded, the throat crested, the tube bearded at the base within by 1o hirsute teeth; nutlets white, shining, about 2’” high, ovoid, very much shorter than the calyx-segments. In dry woods, western New York to Florida, Minne- sota, Colorado and New Mexico. April-June. 6. Lithospermum canéscens (Michx.) Lehm. Hoary Puccoon. (Fig. 3048.) Batschia canescens Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 130. fl. Ig. 1803. Lithospermum canescens Lehm. Asperif. 305. 1818. Perennial, hirsute, somewhat canescent, at least when young; stems solitary or cluste simple or often branched, 6/-18’ high. Leaves oblong, linear-oblong, or linear, obtuse or acu- tish at the apex, sessile by a narrowed base, 14/-14/ long, 2//-5’’ wide, the lowest often re- duced to appressed scales; flowers about 6// long, sessile, numerous in dense short leafy racemes, dimorphous; calyx-segments linear- lanceolate, shorter than the tube of the orange- yellow salverform corolla; corolla crested in the throat, its lobes rounded, entire, its tube glandu- lar but not bearded at the base within; nutlets white, smooth, shining, acutish, much skorter than the calyx-segments. In dry soil, Ontario to western New Jersey and Alabama, west to the Northwest Territory, Kansas and Arizona. April-June. 7. Lithospermum angustifolium Michx. Narrow-leaved Puccoon. (Fig. 3049.) L. angustifolium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 130. 1803. Perennial by a deep root, strigose-pubescent and scabrous; stem branched, 6/-2° high, the branches erect or ascending. Leaves linear, sessile, acute or acutish, 14/-2’ long, 114’/-234’’ wide; flow- ers of two kinds, in terminal leafy racemes; corolla of the earlier ones salverform, about 1/ long, bright yellow, the tube 3-5 times as long as the linear-lan- ceolate calyx-segments, the lobes erose-denticulate, the throat crested, the base of the tube not bearded within; later flowers (sometimes all of them) much smaller, pale yellow, cleistogamous, abundantly fer- tile, their pedicels recurved in fruit; nutlets white, smooth, shining, ovoid, 114’/-2’” high, more or less pitted, keeled on the inner side. In dry soil, especially on prairies, Manitoba to Illi- nois, Kansas and Texas, west to British Columbia, Utah and Arizona. April-July. 5 66 BORAGINACEAE. [Vou. III. 12. ONOSMODIUM Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 132. 1803. Perennial stout hispid or hirsute branching herbs, with alternate entire strongly veined leaves, and rather small yellowish or greenish white proterogynous flowers, in terminal leafy- bracted scorpioid spikes or racemes. Calyx deeply 5-parted, the segments narrow. Corolla tubular or tubular-funnelform, 5-lobed, the lobes erect, the throat not appendaged, the sin- uses slightly inflexed, the tube with a glandular 1o-lobed band within at the base. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube or throat of the corolla, included; filaments short. Ovary 4-parted; style filiform, exserted. Nutlets 4, or commonly only 1 or 2 perfecting, ovoid, sometimes sparingly pitted, shining, smooth, white, attached by the base to the nearly flat receptacle, the scar of attachment small, flat. [Greek, like ovosma, or ass-smell. ] About 6 species, natives of North America and Mexico. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the southwestern United States. Leaves acute; stem hirsute. Plant green; hairs long and shaggy; nutlets ovoid, 1%s"’ long. 1. O. Carolinianum. Plant pale; hairs shorter and soft; nutlets ovoid-globose, 2’ long. 2. O. molle. Leaves obtuse; stem appressed-hispid. 3. O. Virginianum. 1. Onosmodium Carolinianum (Lam.) DC. Shaggy False Gromwell. (Fig. 3050. ) Lithospermum Carolinianum Yam. Tabl. En- cycl. 1: 367. 1791. eal Carolinianum DC. Prodr. to: 70. Spreading-hirsute with rough bristly hairs; stem stout, usually much branched, 1°-3° high, the branches ascending. Leaves lan- ceolate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed to the ses- sile base, 5-9-ribbed, 2’-414’ long, 47-114 wide; flowers very numerous and crowded; pedicels 1/’-2’/ long in fruit; calyx-segments linear, acute, somewhat shorter than the corolla-tube; corolla yellowish-white, pubes- cent outside, about 5’’ long, its lobes triangu- lar-lanceolate, acute, about one-half as long as the tube; uutlets obtuse, about 114’” long. In dry fields or thickets, or on banks, Ontario and western New York to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Texas. Ascends to 2200 ft. in Virginia. May-July. 2. Onosmodium molle Michx. Soft-hairy False Gromwell. (Fig. 3051.) Onosmodium molle Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. I. 133. pl. 15. 1803. Onosmodium Carolinianum var. molle A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part 1, 206. 1878. Similar to the preceding species, but usu- ally lower, 1°-2° high, canescent, at least when young, pale green, the pubescence soft and shorter, that of the leaves appressed. Leaves smaller, ovate-lanceolate, 14’—2’ long, sessile; corolla-lobes usually less than one- half the length of the tube; nutlets larger, globose-ovoid, fully 2/7 high. On prairies, Manitoba and the Northwest Territory to Illinois, Kansas, Texas and Utah. May-July. Vou. IIL] BORAGE FAMILY. 67 3. Onosmodium Virginianum (L.) DC. Virginia False Gromwell. (Fig. 3052.) Lithospermum Virginanum I,. Sp. Pl. 132. 1753. Onosmodium Virginianum DC. Prodr. 10:70. 1846. Densely appressed-hispid with stiff hairs; stem rather slender, usually branched above, 1°-214° high. Leaves oblong, oval, or oblong-lanceolate, ob- tuse, sessile, 1/-3/ long, or the lower oblanceolate, acutish and narrowed into petioles; calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, acuminate; corolla cylindric or nearly so, yellowish-white, about 4’ long, the lobes lanceolate, acuminate, nearly as long as the tube, strigose without; nutlets ovoid, obtuse or obtusish, 1//-14/ long. In dry thickets or on hillsides, New England to Flor- ida, Pennsylvania, Kansas and Texas. Ascends to 30co ft. in Virginia. May-July. 13. SYMPHYTUM L.. Sp. Pl. 136. 1753. Erect coarse rough hairy perennial branching herbs, with thick mucilaginous roots, al- ternate entire leaves, those of the stem mostly clasping, the uppermost tending to be op- posite, the lower long-petioled. Flowers yellow, blue, or purple, in terminal simple or forked scorpioid racemes. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla tubular, slightly dilated above, 5-lobed, the lobes short, the throat with 5 crests below the lobes. Stamens 5, included, in- serted on the corolla-tube; filaments slender. Ovary 4-divided; style filiform. Nutlets 4, obliquely ovoid, slightly incurved, wrinkled, inserted by their bases on the flat receptacle, the scar of the attachment broad, concave, dentate. [Greek, grow-together, from its supposed healing virtues. ] About 15 species, natives of the Old World. 1. Symphytum officinale L. Comfrey. Healing-herb. (Fig. 3053.) Symphytum officinale 1, Sp. Pl. 136. 1753. Roots thick, deep; stem erect, branched, 2°- 3° high. Leaves lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, or the lower ovate, pinnately veined, 3/—10’ long, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed into margined petioles, or the uppermost smaller and sessile, decurrent on the stem; petioles of the basal leaves sometimes 12’ long; flowers numerous, in dense racemes or clusters; pedicels 2’/-4’/’ long; calyx-segments ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, much shorter than the corolla; corolla yellowish or purplish, 6’’—10’’ long; nutlets brown, shining, slightly wrinkled, 2’” high. In waste places, Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to Maryland. Naturalized oradventive from Europe. Native alsoof Asia. June-Aug. Called also Back- or Black-wort, Bruisewort, Knit-back, Boneset. 14. BORAGO L. Spp IAL 17, wastes Hirsute or hispid annual or biennial branching herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and showy blue flowers, in terminal loose leafy racemes. Calyx deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted. Corolla rotate, the tube very short, the throat closed by scales, the limb 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated, acute. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla-tube; filaments dilated below, nar- rowed above into a slender appendage; anthers linear, erect, and connivent into a cone. Ovary 4 divided; style filiform. Nutlets 4, ovoid, erect, attached by their bases to the flat receptacle, the scar of attachment large, concave. [Middle Latin, bwrra, rough hair, allud- ' ing to the foliage. ] Three species, natives of the Mediterranean region. 68 BORAGINACEAE. (Von. IT. 1. Borago officinalis L. Borage. (Fig. 3054.) Borago officinalis 1. Sp. Pl. 137. 1753. Stem erect, branched, 1°-214° high, the branches spreading or ascending. Leaves oblong to obovate, acute or obtuse at the apex, 2’-5’ long, narrowed into margined petioles, or the upper smaller, ovate-lanceo- late, sessile or partly clasping; flowers 8’/— 10’ broad, pedicels rather stout, 114/-2/ long, spreading or recurying; calyx-seg- ments lanceolate, nearly erect in fruit; corolla bright blue, the lobes ovate-lanceo- late; the cone of anthers darker, about 3// long; nutlets 2’” high. In waste places, escaped from gardens, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Pennsylvania. Native of southern Europe. June-Sept. 15. LY COPSIS (op. bimison L756: Annual bristly-hispid branched erect or diffuse herbs, with alternate leaves, and small blue or bluish flowers, in dense leafy-bracted terminal spike-like scorpioid racemes. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla slightly irregular, salverform, the tube curved, the limb somewhat un- equally 5-lobed, the lobes obtuse, imbricated, the throat closed by hispid scales. Stamens 5, included, inserted on the tube of the corolla; filaments short; anthers obtuse at each end. Ovary 4-divided; style filiform, Nutlets 4, wrinkled, erect, attached by their bases to the flat receptacle, the scar of attachment concave. [Greek, wolf-face. ] About 4 species, natives of the Old World. 1. Lycopsis arvensis L. Small Bugloss. (Fig. 3055.) Lycopsis arvensis 1. Sp. Pl. 139. 1753- Stem erect or ascending, at length divergently or diffusely branched, 1°-2° high, the branches becoming procumbent. Leaves lanceolate, nar- rowly oblong or the lower oblanceolate, obtuse, 1/-2’ long, undulate or dentate, sessile, or the lower narrowed into petioles, the upper much smaller and acute or acutish; flowers numerous, crowded, 2/’-3’" broad, very short-pedicelled; calyx-segments lanceolate, acute, nearly as long as the curved corolla-tube; nutlets shorter than the calyx. In fields and waste places, Nova Scotia to Onta- tio, Pennsylvania and Virginia. Naturalized or adventive from Europe. Nativealso of Asia. June- Sept. 16. ECHIUM L, Sp: Pl. z395 1753¢ Biennial or perennial mostly bristly-hirsute branching herbs, with alternate leaves, and rather large blue violet or rarely white flowers, in leafy-bracted scorpioid spikes. Calyx 5-parted, the segments narrow. Corolla tubular-funnelform, irregular, the limb unequally 5-lobed, the lobes rounded, spreading, the throat not appendaged. Stamens 5, inserted low down on the tube of the corolla, unequal, at least the longer ones exserted; filaments slen- der, dilated at the base; anthers ovate or oblong. Ovary 4-divided; style filiform, 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets 4, erect, ovoid, rugose, attached by their bases to the flat receptacle, the scar of attachment not concave. [Greek, a viper. ] About 30 species, natives of the Old World. Vou. III.] BORAGE FAMILY. 69 1. Echium vulgare L. Viper’s Bugloss. Blueweed. (Fig. 3056.) Echium vulgare Y. Sp. Pl. 140. 1753. Bristly-hairy, biennial; stem erect, at length much branched, 1°-2%4° high. Leaves oblong, linear-ob- long, or linear-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, entire, 2/— 6’ long, sessile, or the lower and basal ones nar- rowed into petioles; flowers bright blue, varying to violet purple, 8’’-12’” long, numerous in short I- sided spikes, forming a narrow thyrsus; calyx-seg- ments much shorter than the corolla; limb of the corolla oblique, the lobes very unequal. In fields and waste places, New Brunswick to Vir- ginia, west to Ontario and Nebraska. A troublesome weed in some sections of the North. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia, June-July. Called also Viper’s-herb, Viper’s-grass, Snake-flower, Blue-thistle. Family 24. VERBENACEAE J. St. Hil, Expos. Fam. 1: 245. 1805. VERVAIN FAMILY. Herbs, shrubs or some tropical genera trees, with opposite verticillate or rarely alternate leaves, and perfect more or less irregular, or sometimes regular flowers, in terminal or axillary spikes, racemes, cymes or panicles. Calyx in- ferior, mostly persistent, usually 4—5-lobed or 4-5-cleft. Corolla gamopetalous, regular, or 2-lipped, the tube usually cylindric and the limb 4-5-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous, rarely only 2, or as many as the corolla-lobes, inserted on the corolla and alternate with its lobes; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally de- hiscent. Ovary superior, 2-4-celled (rarely 8-10-celled), composed of 2 carpels, each carpel with 2 anatropous or amphitropous ovules, thus in 4-celled ovaries 1 ovule in each cavity; style terminal, simple; stigmas 1 or 2. Fruit dry, sep- arating at maturity into 2-4 nutlets, or a drupe containing the 2-4 nutlets. Endosperm little or none, or rarely fleshy; embryo straight. About 7o genera and 1200 species, of wide geographic distribution in temperate and warm regions. Flowers iu heads or spikes; ovary 2-4-celled; fruit of 2 or 4 erect nutlets; ours herbs. Corolla-limb 5-lobed, regular or nearly so; nutlets 4. 1. Verbena, Corolla-limb 4-lobed, 2-lipped; nutlets 2. 2. Lippia. Flowers in axillary cymes; shrubs; fruit drupaceous. 3. Callicarpa. 1, VERBENA L. Sp. Pl. 18.1753. Herbs (some exotic species shrubby), mostly with opposite leaves, and variously colored bracted flowers, in terminal solitary corymbed or panicled spikes. Calyx usually tubular, 5-angled, more or less unequally 5-toothed. Corolla salverform or funnelform, the tube straight or somewhat curved, the limb spreading, 5-lobed, slightly 2-Jipped or regular. Stamens 4, didynamous, or very rarely only 2, included; connective of the anthers unappen- daged, or sometimes provided with a gland. Ovary 4-celled; ovule 1 in each cavity; style * usually short, 2-lobed at the summit, one of the lobes stigmatic. Fruit dry, mostly enclosed by the calyx, at length separating into 4, 1-seeded linear or linear-oblong crustaceous smooth papillose or rugose nutlets. [Latin name of a sacred herb. ] About 100 species, natives of America, or a single one indigenous in the Mediterranean region. Besides the following, some 13 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. Flowers 2''-5'' long, in narrow spikes; anthers unappendaged, Spikes filiform or slender; bracts shorter than the flowers. Spikes filiform; fruit scattered; corolla usually white. Leaves incised or pinnatifid; diffuse annual; fruit short. 1. V. officinalis. Leaves serrate (rarely incised); erect perennial; fruit oblong. 2. V. urtictfolia. Spikes slender; fruits densely imbricated; corolla blue. Plants glabrous or sparingly rough-pubescent; corolla 2'’-3'’ long. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, petioled. Leaves linear or spatulate-lanceolate, mostly obtuse and sessile. Plants densely soft-pubescent; corolla 4’’-5'' long. V. stricta. Spikes thick, dense; bracts longer than the flowers. . V. bracteosa. Flowers 7''-12'’ long, in short dense elongating spikes; connective of the longer stamens appendaged. Corolla-limb 6'’-10'' broad; bracts mostly shorter than the calyx. 7. V. Canadensis. Corolla-limb 4''-5'’ broad; bracts equalling or exceeding the calyx. 8. V. bipinnatifida. V. hastata. V. angustifolia. DUES VERBENACEAE. (Von. III. 1. Verbena officinalis L. European Vervain. Herb-of-the-Cross. Ber- bine. (Fig. 3057.) Verbena officinalis 1. Sp. Pl. 20. 1753. Annual; stem 4-sided,slender, glabrous or near- ly so, ascending or spreading, diffusely branched, 1°-3° high. Leaves minutely pubescent, the lower deeply incised or 1-2 pinnatifid, ovate, ob- long, or obovate in outline, 1-3’ long, narrowed into margined petioles, the teeth acute; upper leaves linear or lanceolate, acute, entire, sessile; spikes several or numerous, filiform, at length 4/-5’ long; fruits less than 1/’ high, scattered along the spikes, not at all imbricated; bracts ovate, acuminate, shorter than the 5-toothed calyx; corolla purplish or white, the limb 1//-2’/ broad. In waste and cultivated ground, Maine to Florida and Texas. Alsoon the Pacific Coast. Naturalized from the Old World. Sometimes a troublesome weed. Called Holy-herb, Enchanter’s-plant, Juno’s- tears, Pigeon’s-grass, Simpler’s Joy. June-Sept. or Nettle-leaved Vervain. (Fig. 3058.) Verbena urticifolia \,. Sp. Pl. 20. 1753. Perennial, usually pubescent; stem slender, strict, erect, 4-sided, paniculately branched above, 3°-5° high, the branches upright. Leaves ovate, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, all petioled, or the upper- most sessile, serrate-dentate all around, thin, acute or acuminate, mostly rounded at the base, 14/-5’ long; spikes numerous, filiform, erect, or spreading, at length 4/-6’ long; fruits oblong, scattered, not at all imbricated, about 1/’ high; bracts ovate, acu- minate, shorter than the calyx; corolla white or pale purple, its limb about 1’” broad. In fields and waste places, New Brunswick to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Hybridizes with IV. bracteosa, V. hastata and V. stricta. June-Sept. Verbena urticifolia riparia (Raf.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5° 276. 1894. Verbena riparia Raf.; Small & Heller, Mem. Torr, Club, 3:12. 1892. Leaves incised, sometimes 3-cleft near the base; flow- ers blue. River-banks, New Jersey to North Carolina. 3. Verbena hastata L. Blue Vervain. Wild Hyssop. (Fig. 3059.) Verbena hastata ¥,. Sp. Pl. 20. 1753. Verbena paniculata Lam. Encycl. 8: 548. 1808. Perennial, roughish-puberulent; stem erect, strict, 4-sided, usually branched above, 3°-7° high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, petioled, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, serrate or incised-dentate with acute teeth, 3’-6’ long, the lower sometimes hastately 3-lobed at the base; spikes numerous, panicled, slender, usually peduncled, 2/-6’ long; fruits densely imbricated on the spikes, 1/’-1%4’’ high; bracts ovate, acuminate, shorter than the calyx; corolla blue, its limb about 114” broad. In moist fields, meadows and in waste places, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Florida, Nebraska ‘and New Mexico. Hybridizes with V. stricta and V’. bracteosa. June-Sept. Verbena hastata pinnatifida (am.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 276. 1894. Verbena pinnatifida Lam, Tabl. Encyel. 1: 57. | 1791. Leaves deeply incised or pinnatifid. Occasional in the range of the type. No — Vor. III] VERVAIN FAMILY. 71 4. Verbena angustifolia Michx. Narrow-leaved Vervain. (Fig. 3060.) pe veee angustifolia Michx. Fl. Bor, Am. 2: 14. 1803. Perennial, roughish-puberulent or pubes- cent; stem slender, simple or branched, 4-sided above, 1°-2° high. Leaves linear, spatulate or lanceolate, obtuse or subacute at the apex, cuneate at the base and tapering into short petioles, serrate or serrulate, veiny, 114/-3/ long, 2’’-5/’ wide; spikes mostly solitary at the ends of the branches, usually peduncled, slender, dense, 2/-5’ long; fruits overlapping or the lower somewhat distant, 114/” high; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, equalling or shorter than the calyx; corolla purple or blue, about 3/’ long, its limb about as broad, the lobes obovate or oblong. In dry fields, Massachusetts to Florida, west to Minnesota, Illinois and Arkansas. Hybridizes with V. stricta and V. bracteosa. June-Aug. 5. Verbena stricta Vent. Hoary or Mullen-leaved Vervain. (Fig. 3061.) Verbena: stricta Vent. Descr. Pl. Jard. Cels. pl. 53. 1800. Verbena rigens Michx. F1. Bor. Am. 2:14. 1803. Perennial, densely soft-pubescent all over; stem stout, obtusely 4-angled, simple, or branched above, strict, very leafy, 1°-2%° high. Leaves ovate, oval, or oblong, very short-petioled, acute or obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, prominently veined, incised-serrate or laciniate, 1-4’ long; spikes solitary, or several, mostly sessile, dense, stout, becoming 6/-12’ long in fruit; fruits much imbricated, 2’/-21%4’ high; bracts lan- ceolate-subulate, nearly as long as the calyx; corolla purplish blue, 4/’-5’’ long, its limb nearly as broad. In dry soil, Ohio to Minnesota, Nebraska and Wyoming, south to Tennessee, Texas and New Mexico, Naturalized as a weed further east. Hybridizes wi 6. Verbena bractedsa Michx. Large-bracted Vervain. (Fig. 3062.) V. bracteosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 2: 13. 1803. Perennial, hirsute-pubescent; stem 4-sided, much branched from the base, the branches decumbent or ascending, slender, 6/-15/ long. Leaves ovate, oval, or obovate in out- line, pinnately incised or pinnatifid, 1/-3/ - long, more or less cuneate at the base and narrowed into short petioles, the lobes mostly dentate; spikes sessile, stout, dense, becom- ing 4/-6’ long in fruit; bracts conspicuous, linear-lanceolate, rather rigid, longer than the flowers and fruits, the lower ones often incised; corolla purplish blue, about 2’/ long. On prairies and in waste places, Minnesota and Illinois to Alabama and Florida, west to British Columbia, Arizona and California. Hybridizes with V. Canadensis. May-Aug. 72 VERBENACEAE. [Vor. III. 7. Verbena Canadénsis (L.) Britton. Large-flowered Verbena. (Fig. 3063.) Buchnera Canadensis 1. Mant 88. 1767. Migs Aubletia Jacq. Hort. Vind. 2: 82. pi. 176. 1772. Glandularia Carolinensis J. G. Gmel. Syst. 2:920. 1796. Verbena Canadensis Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 276. 1894 Perennial, pubescent or glabrate; stem slender, usually branched, 8’-15’ high, the branches ascending. Leaves membranous, ovate in outline, petioled, 1/-3’ long, trun- cate or broadly cuneate at the base, irre- gularly pinnately incised, often 3-cleft, the lobes dentate; spikes peduncled, solitary at the ends of the branches, dense, short and capitate when in early flower, becom- ing 2’-4/ long in fruit; bracts linear-subu- late, mostly shorter than the calyx; calyx- teeth filiform-subulate; corolla 10//—12’7 long, blue, purple, white or in cultivation variegated, its limb 6’/-10’’ broad, the lobes oblong or obovate, emarginate or ob- cordate; fruit 2!4//-3/ high. In dry soil, Illinois to Tennessee and Flor- ida, west to Kansas, Mexico and New Mexico. This and the next the source of many garden and other hybrids. May-Aug. ome SESE SSeS 8. Verbena bipinnatifida Nutt. Small-flowered Verbena. (Fig. 3064.) Verbena bipinnatifida Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 2: 123. 1821. Glandularia bipinnatifida Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 184. 1833-37. Perennial, producing suckers, hirsute or hispid; stems rather stout, mostly branched, erect, 6’-18’ high. Leaves firm, petioled or the uppermost sessile, broadly ovate in outline, deeply 1-2-pinnatifid into linear or linear-oblong, obtuse or subacute lobes and segments; spikes peduncled or sessile, solitary at the ends of the branches, thick, dense, at first short and capitate, becoming 2’-4’ long in fruit; bracts linear-subulate, mostly shorter than the calyx; calyx-teeth filiform-subulate; corolla 6’/-9’’ long, pur- ple or lilac, the limb 4’’-5’’ broad, the lobes emarginate or obcordate; fruit 114//-2/’ high. : On dry plains and prairies, Nebraska to Texas and Chihuahua, west to Colorado and Arizona. May-Sept. 2. LIPPIA L,. Sp. Pl. 633. 1753. Perennial herbs, or shrubs, with opposite, sometimes verticillate, or rarely alternate leaves, and small bracted flowers, in axillary or terminal, mostly peduncled spikes or heads. Calyx small, membranous, ovoid, campanulate or compressed and 2-winged, 2-4-toothed or 2-4-cleft. Corolla-tube straight or incurved, cylindric, the limb oblique, spreading, some- what 2-lipped, 4-cleft, the lobes broad, often retuse or eroded. Stamens 4, didynamous, in- cluded or exserted; anthers ovate, not appendaged, the sacs nearly parallel. Ovary 2-celled; ovules I in each cavity; style short; stigma oblique or recurved. Fruit dry, with a mem- branous exocarp, at length separating into 4 nutlets. [Named in honor of Auguste Lippi, 1678-1703, a French naturalist. ] About oo species, most abundant in tropical and subtropical America, a few African. Besides the following, about 6 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. Leaves spatulate, 2-8-toothed above; peduncles little exceeding the leaves. 1. L. cunetfolia, Leaves sharply serrate; peduncles much longer than the leaves. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, mostly acute. 2. L. lanceolata, Leaves spatulate or obovate, mostly obtuse. 3. L. nodifiora. Vor. III.] VERVAIN FAMILY. 73 1. Lippia cuneifolia (Torr. ) Steud. Wedge-leaved Fog-fruit. (Fig. 3065.) Zapania cunetfolia Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 2: 234. reps cunetfolia Steud.; Torr. in Marcy’s Rep. 293. pl. 17. 1853. Pale, minutely puberulent with forked hairs or glabrous, diffusely branched from the woody base; branches terete, slender, rigid, procum- bent, somewhat zigzag, with short erect branch- lets at the nodes. Leaves linear-cuneate, ses- sile, obscurely veined, rigid, 1/-114’ long, 2’/-3/’ wide, with 2-8 sharp teeth above the middle or rarely entire, acutish at the apex; peduncles shorter than or somewhat exceeding the leaves; head at first globose, becoming cylindric and 6’/-8”’ long; bracts cuneate, abruptly acuminate from the truncate or retuse summit; calyx flat- tened, 2-cleft, the lobes 2 toothed or emarginate; corolla-tube longer than the calyx; fruit oblong. On plains, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas, Mexico and Arizona, May-Aug. 2. Lippia lanceolata Michx. Fog- fruit. (Fig. 3066.) L. lanceolata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:15. 1803. f Green, glabrous, or very sparingly pubes- cent with forked hairs; stems slender, weak, procumbent or ascending, sometimes rooting at the nodes, simple, or little branched, 1°-2° long. Leaves thin, oblong, ovate, or oblong- lanceolate, pinnately veined, short-petioled, acute or subacute at the apex, sharply serrate to below the middle, narrowed to the some- what cuneate base, 1/-3’ long, 3/’-15’’ wide; peduncles slender, some or all of them longer than the leaves; heads at first globose, be- coming cylindric and about 147 long in fruit; bracts acute; calyx flattened, 2-cleft; corolla pale blue, scarcely longer than the calyx; fruit globose. In moist soil, New Jersey to Illinois and Kan- sas, south to Florida, Texas and northern Mexico. Also in California. June-Aug. 3. Lippia nodiflora (L,.) Michx. Spat- ulate-leaved Fog-fruit. (Fig. 3067.) Verbena nodiflora \,. Sp. Pl. 20. 1753. Lippia nodiflora Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:15. 1803. Minutely and rather densely puberulent with short appressed hairs, creeping, or some of the branches ascending, 1°-3° long. Leaves thickish, spatulate, oblanceolate, or obovate, 6/’-214’ long, 3/’-12’” wide, mostly obtuse at the apex, narrowed into a long or short cune- ate entire base, sharply serrate above the mid- dle; peduncles slender, 1/-6’ long, much longer than the leaves; heads at length cylin- dric and 5/’-12’’ long, 3//-4’’ thick; calyx flattened, 2-cleft; corolla purple to white. In wet or moist soil, Georgia to southern Mis- souri, Florida and Texas. Also in California, Central America, the West Indies, and apparently the same species in the warmer regions of the Old World May-Sept. 74 VERBENACEAE. [Vou II. 3. CALLICARPA L,. Sp. Pl. 111. 1753. Shrubs or trees, with opposite leaves, and small blue purple or white flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx short, campanulate, 4-toothed (rarely 5-toothed), or truncate. Corolla-tube short, expanded above, the limb spreading, 4-cleft (rarely 5-cleft), the lobes equal, imbri- cated in the bud. Stamens 4, equal, exserted; anthers ovate or oval, their sacs parallel. Ovary incompletely 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity, laterally attached, amphitropous; style slender; stigma capitate, or 2-lobed. Fruit a berry-like drupe, much longer than the calyx, containing 1-4 nutlets. [Greek, handsome fruit. ] About 35 species, the following of southeastern North America, the others Asiatic, African and of tropical America. 1. Callicarpa Americana L. French Mulberry. (Fig. 3068.) Callicarpa Americana \,. Sp. Pl. 111. 1753. A shrub, 2°-5° high, the twigs, petioles and young leaves stellate-scurfy, the mature leaves glabrous or nearly so, and glandular-dotted. Twigs terete; leaves thin, ovate, pinnately veined, slender-petioled, acute or acuminate at the apex, crenate-dentate nearly to the entire base, 3/-6’ long, 114’-3’ wide; cymes many-flowered, short-peduncled; pedicels very short; calyx-teeth much shorter than the tube; corolla pale blue, about 114’ long; fruit violet- blue, globose, 114’ in diameter, very conspicu- ous in autumn. In moist thickets, Virginia to Florida, Alabama, Arkansas and Texas. June-July. Family 25. LABIATAE B. Juss. Hort. Trian. 1759. Mint FAMILy. Aromatic punctate herbs, or shrubs (a few tropical species trees), mostly with 4-sided stems and simple opposite leaves; stipules none. Flowers irregular, perfect, variously clustered, the inflorescence typically cymose, usually bracteo- late. Calyx inferior, persistent, regular or 2-lipped, 5-toothed or 5-lobed (rarely 4-toothed), mostly nerved. Corolla with a short or long tube, the limb 4-5- lobed, mostly 2-lipped, regular in a few genera; upper lip 2-lobed, or sometimes entire; lower lip mostly 3-lobed. Stamens borne on the corolla-tube, typically 4 and didynamous, sometimes 2 with or without staminodia, rarely equal; fila- ments separate, mostly slender, alternate with the corolla-lobes; anthers 2-celled, introrse, or confluently 1-celled, or sometimes of a single sac. Disk usually present, fleshy. Ovary 4-lobed, or 4-parted, superior, each lobe or division with 1 mostly anatropous ovule; style arising from the centre of the lobed or parted ovary, 2-lobed at the summit. Fruit of 4 1-seeded nutlets. Seed erect (trans- verse in Scufel/iaria); endosperm scanty, or usually none; embryo mostly straight; radicle short, inferior. About 160 genera and 3000 species, of wide distribution in temperate and tropical regions. The family is also known as LAMIACEAE. The foliage abounds in volatile oils. A. Ovary 4-lobed, the style not basal; nutlets laterally attached. Corolla-limb very irregular, apparently 1-lipped, or the other lip very short; stamens exserted. Upper lip of corolla short, truncate. I. Ajyuga,. Upper lip of corolla 2-lobed, or all the lobes united into the lower lip. 2. Teucrium. Corolla-limb nearly equally 5-lobed. Corolla-lobes spreading; stamens short-exserted. 3. Isanthus. Corolla-lobes declined; stamens long-exserted. 4. Trichostema. B. Ovary 4-parted, the style basal; nutlets basally attached. % Calyx with a protuberance on the upper side. 5. Seu/ellaria. % Calyx not gibbous on the upper side. Stamens and style very short, included in the corolla-tube. 6. Marrubium., Vou. ILI.] MINT FAMILY. Stamens longer, not included in the corolla-tube. 75 T Corolla strongly 2-lipped ; lips unlike, the upper concave. (a.) Anther-bearing stamens 4. Posterior (upper) pair of stamens longer than the anterior. Anther-sacs parallel or nearly so. Tall erect herbs; posterior stamens declined, anterior ascending. Trailing herb; stamens all ascending under upper lip of corolla. Anther-sacs divergent. Calyx tubular, nearly equally 5-toothed, not 2-lipped; plant erect. Calyx distinctly 2-lipped, or unequally 5-toothed. Trailing herb; calyx unequally 5-toothed. Erect herbs; calyx 2-lipped. Posterior pair of stamens shorter than the anterior. Calyx distinctly 2-lipped, closed in fruit. Calyx 3-10-toothed, not distinctly 2-lipped, open in fruit. Calyx membranous, inflated in fruit, faintly nerved. Calyx nearly equally 5-toothed, or 5-lobed. Calyx 4-lobed. Calyx not membranous, not inflated in fruit, distinctly 5-10-nerved. Style-branches very unequal. Style-branches equal, or nearly so. Anther-sacs transversely 2-valved. Anther-sacs not transversely 2-valved, parallel or divergent. Nutlets 3-sided, truncate. Calyx-teeth not spiny-tipped. Calyx-teeth spiny-tipped. Nutlets ovoid, rounded above. Calyx with a spreading 5-toothed limb. Calyx-limb not spreading. 18. 17. 19. . Agastache. . Meehania. . Nepeta. . Glecoma. . Dracocephalum, . Prunella. . Physostegia, . Synandra, . Phlomtis. . Galeopsis. Lamium. Leonurus. Ballota. Corolla-tube not longer than the calyx; anther-sacs divergent. 20, Stachys. Corolla-tube exserted; lower petioles very long; anther-sacs parallel. (b.) Anther-bearing stamens 2. 21. Betonica. Connective of the anther very long, bearing a perfect sac at one end, and a rudimentary one, or none, at the other. Connective very short, the anther-sacs confluent. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed. Calyx ovoid-tubular, 13-nerved, 2-lipped. 22. 23. 24. Salvia, Monarda, Blephilia. + | Corolla 2-lipped, or regular; upper lip, when present, flat, or only slightly concave. (a.) Flowers in axillary whorls or clusters, or these forming terminal spikes. ‘Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens curved, often converging, or ascending under the upper lip of the corolla. Anther-bearing stamens 2. Anther-bearing stamens 4. Corolla-tube upwardly curved, exserted. Corolla-tube straight. Calyx 1o-nerved, campanulate, about equally 5-toothed. Calyx mostly 13-nerved, tubular, 2-lipped. Stamens straight, often diverging. Calyx 15-nerved. Calyx 1o-13-nerved. Anther-bearing stamens 4. Anther-sacs divergent. Calyx equally 5-toothed; erect herbs. Calyx 2-lipped; creeping herbs. Anther-sacs parallel. Anther-bearing stamens 2. Corolla regular, 4-5-lobed. Anther-bearing stamens 2; plants not aromatic. Anther-bearing stamens 4; aromatic fragrant herbs. 25. 26. Hedeoma. Melissa. . Salureia. 28. Clinopodium. . Hyssopus. . Origanum. . Thymus. . Koellia. . Cuntla. . Lycopus. . Mentha. (b.)-Flowers in terminal panicled racemes or spikes; corolla 2-lipped. Anther-bearing stamens 2; lower lip of corolla long, fimbriate; native. Anther-bearing stamens 4; lower lip of corolla not fimbriate; introduced. Flowers racemose. Flowers densely spiked. ts AJUGA Wasps lls sore a 1753. 36. 37: 38. Llsholizia. Collinsontia. Perilla. Annual or perennial, often stoloniferous herbs, mostly with dentate leaves, and rather large verticillate-clustered flowers in terminal spikes, or in the upper axils. campanulate, 1o-many-neryed, 5 toothed or 5-lobed, the teeth or lobes nearly equal. Calyx ovoid or Corolla- limb 2-lipped, the upper lip short, truncate or emarginate, the lower spreading, with 2 small lateral lobes and a much larger emarginate or 2-cleft middle one. Stamens 4, didynamous, somewhat exserted beyond the upper lip of the corolla, the anterior pair the longer; anther- 76 LABIATAE. (Vou. IIT. sacs divergent, only slightly confluent at the base. Ovary not deeply 4-lobed. Nutlets ob- ovoid, rugose-reticulate. [Greek, without a yoke; from the seeming absence of the upper lip of the corolla. ] About 4o species, natives of the Old World. 1, Ajuga réptans LL. Bugle. (Fig. 3069.) Ajuga reptans I,. Sp. Pl. 561. 1753. Perennial, sparingly pubescent or glabrous, producing slender creeping stolons some- times 1° long; stem erect, rather stout, 6/-15/ tall. Basal leaves tufted, obovate, rounded at the apex, crenate or undulate, 1/—3’ long, tapering into margined petioles; leaves of the stem oblong or oblanceolate, much smaller, sessile or nearly so, those of the stolons mostly petioled; upper flower-clus- ters, often forming a short spike, the lower commonly distant and axillary; corolla blue or nearly white, about 14’ long. In fields, Quebec and Maine to southern New York, locally naturalized from Europe. Old names, Brown Bugle, Middle Comfrey, Carpen- ter’s Herb, Sicklewort. May-June. 2. TEUCRIUM L. Sp. Pl. 562. 1753. Herbs or shrubs, with dentate entire or laciniate leaves, and rather small pink white or purplish flowers, in terminal bracted spikes or heads, or verticillate in the upper axils. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 1o-nerved, equally or unequally 5-toothed. Corolla-tube short. the limb irregularly 5-lobed, the 2 short upper lobes oblong, declined or erect, the lateral lobe declined, more or less united with the upper ones, the lower lobe broader, also declined, Stamens 4, didynamous, exserted between the 2 upper lobes of the corolla, the anterior pair the longer; anther-sacs divergent, confluent at the base. Ovary 4-lobed; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets obovoid, rugose-reticulated. [Named from the Trojan king, Teucer. ] _ Over roo species, of wide distribution in temperate and tropical regions. Besides the follow- ing, 2 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. Calyx canescent, its upper teeth obtuse. 1. 7. Canadense. Calyx villous, its upper teeth acutish. 2. T. occidentale. 1. Teucrium Canadénse L,. American Germander or Wood Sage. (Fig. 3070. ) Teucrium Canadense I,. Sp. Pl. 564. 1753- Teucrium Virginicum I. Sp. Pl. 564. 1753. Perennial, pubescent or canescent; stem stiff, erect, simple or somewhat branched, rather slender, 1°-2° tall. Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acumi- nate at the apex, irregularly dentate, mostly narrowed at the base, short-petioled, 134’-5’ long, %4/-2’ wide; spike usually dense, becom- ing 6’-12’ long in fruit, its lower bracts some- times foliaceous; upper bracts commonly not longer than the calyx; flowers 6’/-10’’ long, very short-pedicelled; calyx canescent or short pubescent, about 3/’ long in fruit, its three upper teeth obtuse or subacute. In moist thickets or along marshes, New Bruns- wick to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida, Kansas, Texas and northern Mexico. Ascends to 2600 ft. in Virginia. June-Sept. Vor, III.] MINT FAMILY. 77 2. Teucrium occidentale A. Gray. Hairy Germander. (Fig. 3071.) fa a occidentale A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part 1, 349. 1878. Perennial, villous or pubescent; stem erect, rather stout, usually much branched, 1°-3° high, the branches ascending. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, thin, acute or acuminate at the apex, sharply dentate, mostly rounded at the base, usually slender-petioled, 1/-314’ long, %47- 114’ wide; spikes dense, becoming 3/-8’ long in fruit; bracts lanceolate-subulate or the lower some- times larger; calyx and axis of the spike villous- pubescent, the 3 upper calyx-teeth acute or acutish; corolla 4/’-6’ long. In moist soil, Ontario to eastern Pennsylvania, Wis- consin, Nebraska, New Mexico and California. Appa- rently intergrades with the preceding species. July— Sept. , 3. ISANTHUS Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 3. f/. 30. 1803. An annual erect finely viscid-pubescent much-branched herb, with narrow entire or few- toothed leaves, and small blue flowers in loose axillary cymes. Calyx broadly campanulate, 1o-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed, the teeth lanceolate. Corolla-tube not longer than the calyx, enlarged into the throat, the limb nearly equally 5-cleft into obovate somewhat spread- ing lobes. Stamens 4, didynamous, incuryed-ascending, not longer than the corolla, the anterior pair slightly the longer; anther-sacs divergent at maturity. Ovary deeply 4-lobed; style minutely 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets rugose-reticulated. [Greek, equal-flower, the corolla-lobes being nearly equal. ] A’monotypic genus of eastern North America. 1. Isanthus brachiatus(L.) B.S.P. False Pennyroyal. (Fig. 3072.) Trichostema brachiatum L,. Sp. Pl. 598. 1753. Isanthus coeruleus Michx. F1. Bor. Am, 2: 4. pl. 30. 1803. ea\ I. brachiatus B.S.P. Prel. Cat.N. ¥. 44. 1888. Stem slender, much branched, 6/—20/ tall, the branches spreading. Leaves ob- long or elliptic-lanceolate, acute at each end, entire, or with a few sharp teeth, 3-nerved, short-petioled, 1/-2’ long, 2’/-6/’ wide; axillary cymes 1-3-flowered; pedi- cels very slender, some of them as long as the fruiting calyx; calyx-lobes acute or acuminate, longer than or equalling the tube; corolla 2/’-3/’ long, the fruiting calyx 3/’ long. In sandy soil, especially along streams, - Quebec and Ontario to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Texas. July—Sept. 4. TRICHOSTEMA 1, Sp. Pl. 598.1753. Annual or perennial erect branching herbs, some western species shrubby, with lancco- late oblong or linear entire or slightly repand leaves. Flowers small, or middle-sized, pink, blue, purple, or white, paniculate, or in axillary loose or dense cymes. Calyx campanulate, very unequally 5-lobed in our species, the lobes ovate or lanceolate. Corolla-tube slender, exserted or included, the limb somewhat oblique and deeply 5-cleft into oblong more or less declined segments. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending, curved, the anterior pair the longer, the filaments filiform, spirally coiled in the bud, long-exserted; anther-sacs divaricate, more or less confluent at the base. Ovary deeply 4-lobed; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets obovoid, reticulated. [Greek, hair-stamen, referring to the slender filaments. ] About 8 species, natives of North America. Leaves oblong or lanceolate; plant minutely viscid-pubescent. 1. 7. dichotomum., Leaves linear; plant puberulent or glabrous. 2. T. lineare, 78 LABIATAE. [Vor II. 1. Trichostema diché6tomum L,. Blue Curls. Bastard Pennyroyal. (Fig. 3073.) Trichostema dichotomum I,. Sp. Pl. 598. 1753. Annual, minutely viscid-pubescent; stem slen- der, rather stiff, much branched, 6’-2° high, the branches spreading or ascending. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, membranous, ob- tuse or subacute at the apex, narrowed at the base into short petioles, 1’-3/ long, 3/’-10’’ wide, the upper gradually smaller; flowers paniculate, 6/’-9’ long, borne 1-3 together on 2-bracteo- late peduncles; calyx oblique, very unequally 5- lobed, the 3 upper lobes much longer and more united than the 2 lower ones; corolla blue, pink or rarely nearly white, the limb longer than the tube; stamens blue or violet. In dry fields, Maine to Florida, west to Pennsyl- vania, Kentucky and Texas. The lateral flowers be- come inverted by torsion of the pedicels, July-Oct. 2. Trichostema lineare Nutt. Narrow- leaved Blue Curls. (Fig. 3074.) T. brachialum Yam. Encycl. 8:84. 1808. Not L. 1753. Trichostema lineare Nutt. Gen. 2:39. 1818. Puberulent or glabrous, not viscid or scarcely so; stem very slender, at length widely branched, 6/— 18’ high, the branches ascending. Leaves linear, obtuse or subacute, sessile or very short-petioled, ¥4/-2/ long, 1/’-2’’ wide, sometimes with smaller ones or short leafy branches in their axil-; flowers very similar to those of the preceding species, sometimes larger. In sandy fields and dry pine barrens, Connecticut and Long Island to Georgia and Louisiana, mostly near the coast. Slightly, but apparently constantly different from the preceding. July-Aug. 2 5. SCUTELLARIA L.. Sp. Pl. 598. 1753. Annual or perennial bitter herbs, some species shrubby. Flowers blue to violet, in terminal or axillary bracted mostly secund spike-like racemes, or solitary or 2-3 together in the axils. Calyx campanulate, gibbous, 2-lipped, the lips entire, the upper one with a crest or protuberance upon its back and often deciduous in fruit, the lower one persistent. Corolla much exserted, recurved-ascending, dilated above into the throat, glabrous within, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip arched, entire or emarginate; lower lip spreading or deflexed, its lateral lobes small and somewhat connected with the upper, its middle lobe broad, sometimes emar- ginate, the margins mostly recurved. Stamens 4, didynamous, all anther-bearing, ascending under the upper lip, the upper pair somewhat the shorter, their anthers 2-celled, ciliate; anthers of the lower pair of stamens r-celled, also ciliate. Style unequally 2-cleft at the apex; ovary deeply 4-parted. Nutlets subglobose or depressed, papillose or tuberculate, borne on a short or elongated gynobase. [Latin, a dish, from the appendage to the fruiting calyx. ] About 100 species of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 11 others oc- cur in the southern and western parts of North America, all known as Skullcap, or Helmet-flower. % Nutlets wingless, very slightly elevated on the short gynobase. Flowers 3'’-5'’ long, in axillary and sometimes terminal racemes. 1. S. lateriflora. Flowers 6''-15’’ long, in terminal often panicled racemes. Plant glabrous or very nearly so; leaves broad. 2. S. serrata. Plants pubescent, puberulent or pilose. Leaves all except the floral crenate or dentate, broad. Canescent, not glandular; corolla canescent. 3. S. incana. Densely glandular-pubescent;. corolla puberulent. 4. S. cordifolia. Pubescent below, glandular above; corolla nearly glabrous. 5. S. pilosa. Leaves all except the lowest entire, narrow. 6. S. intlegrifolia, Flowers solitary in the axils or sometimes also in terminal bracted racemes. Annual, villous, branched from the base, Perennial froma thick woody root. S. Drummondii. S. resinosa. ost Vor. III.] MINT FAMILY. 79 Fibrous-rooted; perennial by rootstocks or stolons. Flowers 2''-4'' long. Plant glabrous, or slightly pubescent. g. S. parvula. Plant densely pubescent all over. 10. S. campestris, Flowers 8''-13'' long. Minutely and densely glandular-pubescent, resiniferous. Glabrous or merely slightly puberulent. Leaves ovate, slender-petioled, cordate, obtuse. 12. S. saxatilis. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, nearly sessile, acute. 13. S. galericulata. % * Nutlets membranous-winged, elevated on the slender gynobase; flowers axillary. 14. S. mevvosa, 1. Scutellaria lateriflora L. Mad-dog Skullcap. (Fig. 3075.) Scutellaria lateriflora l,. Sp. Pl. 598. 1753. Perennial by slender stolons, glabrous through- out or puberulent above; stem slender, leafy, erect or ascending, commonly branched, 8/-2° high. Leaves ovate, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, thin, slender-petioled, acute or acuminate at the apex, coarsely dentate-serrate, obtuse, rounded or subcordate at the base, 1/-3/ long, the upper grad- ually smaller, the uppermost sometimes entire; racemes narrow, secund, axillary or often also termi- nal and leafy-bracted, several-many-flowered; flow- ers 3/’-5’’ long; calyx short; corolla blue, varying to nearly white, its lips about equal, one-fifth as long as the tube; nutlets borne on a very short gynobase, In wet places, Newfoundland to Ontario and British = ren’ tae : Columbia, south to Florida, New Mexico and Washing- Ge BL Se ton. July-Sept. Called also Madweed or Hoodwort. Xs Wea 2. Scutellaria serrata Andr. Showy Skullcap. (Fig. 3076.) j Scutellaria serrata Andr. Bot. Rep. fl. 494. 1809. S. laevigata Aiken; Eaton, Man. Ed. 6, 333. 1833. Perennial, glabrous, or puberulent above; stem slender, erect, simple or branched, 1°-2° high. Leaves ovate or elliptic, slender-petioled, acute at the apex, narrowed, or the lowest rounded or sub- cordate at the base, crenate or dentate, 2’-4’ long, the uppermost reduced to small floral bracts; racemes almost always simple and terminal, loosely flowered, the flowers opposite; fruiting calyx about 3’ long; corolla 1’ long, blue, min- utely puberulent, its tube narrow, gradually ex- panded above into the throat, its rather narrow upper lip shorter than the lower; nutlets borne on a short gynobase. In woods, southern New York and Pennsylvania to North Carolina, west to Illinois and Kentucky. One of the handsomest of the American species. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. May-June. 1. S. Brittonii. 3. Scutellaria incana Muhl. Downy Skullcap. (Fig. 3077.) Scutellaria incana Muhl. Cat. 56. 1813. Sculellaria canescens Nutt. Gen. 2: 38. 1818. S. serrata Spreng. Syst. 2: 703. 1825. Not Andr, 1809. Perennial, finely and densely whitish downy, or the upper surfaces of the leaves glabrous; stem rather strict, erect, usually much branched above, 2°-4° high. Leaves ovate, oval, or oblong, rather firm, slender-petioled, acute at the apex, crenate- dentate, narrowed, rounded or the lower subcor- date at the base, 3/-414’ long; racemes terminal, usually numerous and panicled, several-many-flow- ered; fruiting calyx 14/-2’ long; corolla 9//=10// long, canescent; upper lip of the corolla slightly longer than the lower; gynobase very short. In moist woods and thickets; * Ontario to Illinois, south to North Carolina and Alabama. June-Aug. 80 LABIATAE. (Vor. II. 4. Scutellaria cordifolia Muhl. Heart- leaved Skullcap. (Fig. 3078.) Seutellaria cordifolia Muhl. Cat. 56. 1813. Scutellaria versicolor Nutt. Gen. 2: 38. 1818. Perennial, densely glandular-pubescent; stem erect, usually stout, 1°-3° high, often simple. Leaves prominently veined, slender-petioled, broadly ovate, crenate-dentate all around, 2/-4/ long, all but the uppermost cordate at the base; racemes terminal, narrow, solitary or panicled; bracts ovate, mostly entire, commonly longer than the pedicels; fruiting calyx nearly 3’ long; cor- olla puberulent, 10’/-12/” long, blue with the lower side lighter or white, its tube narrow, its throat moderately dilated, its lateral lobes about as long as the upper lip; gynobase short. In woods and thickets, especially along streams, Pennsylvania to Florida, west to Wisconsin, Arkansas and Texas. June-Aug. 5. Scutellaria pilosa Michx. Hairy Skullcap. (Fig. 3079.) Scutellaria pilosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:11. 1803. ear Scutellaria ovalifolia Pers. Syn. 2: 136. 1807. é Perennial, stem slender, simple or branched, hairy or downy below, glandular-pubescent above, 1°-2%° high. Leaves ovate, oval, or oblong, petioled, obtuse, or the upper subacute at the apex, crenate, 1’-3’ long, narrowed or rounded at the base or the lower subcordate; racemes terminal, solitary or panicled, some- times also in the upper axils; bracts oblong or spatulate, entire, longer than the pedicels; fruiting calyx about 3/’ long; corolla blue, 6’7— 8” long, minutely puberulent or glabrous, its lower lip and lateral lobes somewhat shorter than the arched upper one; gynobase short. In dry sandy woods and thickets, southern New \\ York and Pennsylvania to Michigan, Florida and Texas. Ascends to 4ooo ft. in North Carolina. May-July. Scutellaria pildsa hirsita (Short) A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part 1, 379. 1878. S. hirsuta Short, Transyl. Journ. Med. 8:582. 1836. Stouter, sometimes 3° high, hirsute; leaves larger, coarsely crenate. Virginia and Kentucky. 6. Scutellaria integrifolia L. Larger or Hyssop Skullcap. (Fig. 3080.) Scutellaria integrifolia I, Sp. Pl. 599. 1753- Scutellaria hyssopifolia I. Sp. Pl. 599. 1753. Perennial, hoary with a minute down; stem slender, erect, rather strict, simple or branched, 6’-2° high. Leaves thin, linear to oblong, pet- ioled, or the upper sessile, obtuse at the apex, entire, 1/-2’ long, 2//-6’’ wide, or the lower ovate, lanceolate or nearly orbicular, obtuse and sometimes subcordate at the base, often crenate- dentate or incised; racemes solitary or several, terminal; bracts linear-oblong, subacute, longer than the pedicels; fruiting calyx 2//-3/’ long; corolla blue or whitish underneath, 10’/—15/” long, its large lips nearly equal; gynobase short. In fields, woods and thickets, Connecticut and Rhode Island to West Virginia, south to Florida, Louisiana and Texas. Variable. May-Aug. Vou. UL] ~ MINT FAMILY. 7. Scutellaria Drummondii Benth. Drummond’s Skulleap. (Fig. 3081.) Scutellaria Drummondii Beuth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 441. 1834. Annual, or perhaps biennial, from a rather deep straight root, villous-puberulent or pu- bescent, the branches 3/-8’ long. Leaves ovate, oblong, or obovate, entire, or the lower sparingly crenulate, 4/’-12’” long, obtuse or acutish, narrowed at the base, the upper ses- sile, the lower petioled, the uppermost gradu- ally smaller; flowers solitary in the axils, short-peduncled; fruiting calyx about 2’ long; corolla blue, or the tube nearly white, 4//-5/’ long, pubescent, the lower lip violet, spotted, longer than the upper; gynobase short. Kansas (according to Smyth), Texas and Mex- ico, April-June. 8. Scutellaria resindsa Torr. Resin- ous Skullcap. (Fig. 3082.) Scutellaria resinosa Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 2: 232. 1827. Scutellaria Wrightit A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 370. 1872. Perennial from a thick woody root, minutely canescent or puberulent and usually resiniferous; stems rather slender, rigid, tufted, leafy, ascend- ing, 6’-10’ high. Leaves ovate, oval, or oblong, sessile, or the lower short-petioled, entire, obtuse at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, 3//-6’” long; flowers solitary in the axils; fruiting calyx nearly 3/’ long; corolla violet or nearly white, very pubescent, 6’/-8’ long, its tube narrow and lips nearly equal; gynobase short. On dry plains, Nebraska and Kansas to Texas. May-Aug. g. Scutellaria parvula Michx. Small Skulleap. (Fig. 3083.) tetlie parvula Michx, Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 11. 1803. Sculellaria ambigua Nutt. Gen. 2:37. 1818. Glabrous, or sparingly puberulent, some- times slightly glandular, perennial by slen- der tuberous-thickened rootstocks; stems erect or ascending, very slender, usually branched, 3/-12’ tall. Leaves ovate, oval or lanceolate, or the lower nearly orbicular, en- tire and sessile, or the lower sparingly den- tate and petioled, 3//-12/’ long; flowers soli- tary in the axils; fruiting calyx about 2/ long; corolla 2’/-4’ long, violet, pubescent; gynobase short. In moist sandy soil, Quebec to Ontario and Minnesota, south to New Jersey, Florida, Ne- braska and Texas. April-July. LABIATAE. (Vor. III. 1o. Scutellaria campéstris Britton. Prairie Skullcap. (Fig. 3084.) Scutellaria parvula var. mollis A. Gray, Syn. F1. 2: Part 1, 380. 1878. Not.S. mollis R. Br. Sculellaria campestris Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 283. 1894. Pubescent, often densely so, perennial by tuberous-thickened rootstocks. Stems diffuse, or ascending, branched, 4’-12’ long, rather stouter than those of the preceding species. Leaves ovate, or the lower almost orbicular, en- tire, or dentate, 5/’-10’” long, obtuse at the apex, rounded or truncate at the base, the lower short-petioled, the upper sessile; flowers solitary in the axils; corolla 3//-5’’ long, violet or pur- ple, pubescent; gynobase short. In dry sandy or gravelly soil, North Carolina to- Illinois, Iowa and the Indian Territory. April-July. ir. Scutellaria Brittonii Porter. Britton’s Skulleap. (Fig. 3085.) Scutellaria resinosa A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part 1, 381. 1878. Not Torr. 1827. Scutellaria Brittonii Porter, Bull. Torr. Club, 21: 177. 1894. Perennial by tuberous-thickened rootstocks, viscidly glandular, pubescent or puberulent, branched from the base; stems erect, 4/—-8’ high, leafy. Leaves oblong or oval, sessile and entire or the lowest short-petioled and slightly crenu- late, obtuse at the apex, rather prominently veined on the lower surface, 6’/-12’’ long, the upper scarcely smaller; flowers solitary in the axils; pedicels mostly shorter than the calyx; corolla pubescent, blue, 10’”-15’” long, the tube narrow below, enlarged above into the throat; gynobase short. Nebraska (according to Coulter), Colorado and Wyoming. June-July. 12. Scutellaria saxatilis Riddell. Rock Skullcap. (Fig. 3086.) Scutellaria saxatilis Riddell, Suppl. Cat. Pl. Ohio, 14. 1836. Perennial by filiform stolons, glabrate or sparingly puberulent; stem slender, weak, ascending or reclining, simple or branched, 6’-12/ long. Leaves ovate, slender-petioled, thin, coarsely crenate, obtuse at the apex, cordate at the base, 1/-2’ long, or the lower nearly orbicular, and the upper lanceolate, subacute and entire; flowers solitary in the upper axils, or clustered in a terminal leafy- bracted loose raceme; bracts longer than the . pedicels; fruiting calyx about 2’ long; corolla light blue, very nearly glabrous, 8/’/-10/’ long; gynobase short. On moist banks and in thickets, Delaware to- southern Virginia, west to Ohio and Tennessee. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. May-July. Vot. I1.] MINT FAMILY. 83 13. Scutellaria galericulata L. Hooded Willow-herb. Marsh Skullcap. (Fig. 3087.) Scutellaria galericulata I, Sp. Pl. 599. 1753- Perennial by filiform stolons, not tuber- bearing, puberulent or pubescent; stem erect, usually branched, 1°-3° high. Leaves oblong- lanceolate to ovate-oblong, thin, short-petioled, or the upper sessile, acute at the apex, dentate with low teeth or the upper entire, subcordate or rounded at the base, 1/-214’ long, the up- permost usually much smaller and bract-like; flowers solitary in the axils; peduncles shorter than the calyx; corolla blue, puberulent, nearly or quite 1’ long, with a slender tube and slightly enlarged throat; gynobase short. In swamps and along streams, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to New Jersey, the mountains of North Carolina, Ohio, Nebraska, Arizona and Washington. Alsoin Europe and Asia. June—Sept. 14. Scutellaria nervosa Pursh. Veined Skullcap. (Fig. 3088.) = ailaae nervosa Pursh, Fl, Am. Sept. 412. Sculellaria teucritfolia J. E. Smith in Rees’ Cycl. 32: no. 15. 1816. Perennial by filiform stolons; stem glabrous or sparingly pubescent, erect, slender, simple or sometimes branched, 8/-2° high. Leaves thin, glabrous, or sometimes decidedly pu- bescent, the lower slender-petioled, nearly orbicular, crenate, often subcordate at the base, the middle ones larger, ovate, 1/-2/ long, sessile or nearly so, obtuse or acute, coarsely dentate or crenate, the upper lan- ceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, commonly entire; flowers solitary in the axils; fruiting calyx about 2/7 long; corolla blue, 4//-5/’ long, puberulent, the lower lip longer than the concave upper one; nutlets membranous- winged, borne on a slender gynobase. In moist woods and thickets, New York and New Jersey to Illinois, south to North Carolina and Missouri. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. May-Aug. 6. MARRUBIUM L. Sp. Pl. 582.1753. Perennial branching mostly woolly herbs, with petioled dentate rugose leaves, and small white or purplish flowers in dense axillary clusters, Calyx tubular, 5-10-nerved, regularly 5-10-toothed, the teeth nearly equal, or the alternate ones shorter, acute or aristate, spreading or recurved in fruit. Corolla-limb 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, entire or emar- ginate, the lower spreading, 3-cleft, its broader middle lobe commonly emarginate. Stamens 4, didynamous, included, the posterior pair the shorter; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divergent. Style 2-cleft at the summit, the lobes short. Ovary deeply 4-lobed. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Name Middle Latin, its meaning uncertain. ] About 40 species, natives of the Old World. 84 LABIATAE. [Vor. III. 1. Marrubium vulgare L. White Hoarhound. (Fig. 3089.) Marrubium vulgare I,. Sp. Pl. 583. 1753. Stem erect, stout, woolly, especially be- low, 1°-3° high, the branches ascending. Leaves oval, broadly ovate or nearly orbicu- lar, rugose-veined, obtuse at the apex, cren- ate-dentate, rounded, narrowed or subcor- date at the base, 1/-2’ long, rough, whitish above, woolly beneath; petioles 14/-1’ long, usually exceeding the flowers; clusters all ax- illary, densely many-flowered; flowers whit- ish; calyx-teeth usually 10, subulate, more or less recurved, glabrous above, woolly below. In waste places, Maine and Ontario to Minne- sota and British Columbia, North Carolina, Ten- nessee, Texas and Mexico. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Old names, Houndbene, Marrube, Marvel. AGASTACHE Clayt.; Gron. Fl. Virg. 88. 1762. [VLECKIA Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5: 308. 1808.] [LopHANTHUs Benth. Bot. Reg. 15: under f/. 7282. 1829. Not Adans. 1763.] Tall erect perennial herbs, with serrate, mainly ovate, petioled leaves, and yellowish pur- plish or blue flowers, verticillate-clustered in thick dense or interrupted bracted terminal spikes. Calyx narrowly campanulate, somewhat oblique, slightly 2-lipped, 5-toothed, the teeth of the upper lip somewhat larger than those of the lower, or all about equal. Corolla strongly 2-lipped, the tube as long as the calyx; upper lip erect, 2-lobed; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, its middle lobe broader than the lateral ones and crenulate. Stamens 4, all anther- bearing, didynamous, the upper pair the longer; anthers 2-celled, their sacs nearly parallel. Ovary deeply 4-parted; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Greek, many spikes. ] About 4 species, natives of North America.. Besides the following, another occurs in the western part of the United States. Glabrous or very nearly so, stout; corolla greenish-yellow. 1. A. nepetoides. Pubescent, stout; corolla purplish; leaves green both sides. 2. A. scrophulariaefolia. Glabrous or slightly pubescent, slender; corolla blue; leaves pale beneath. 3. A. anethiodora, 1. Agastache nepetoides (L.) Kuntze. Catnep Giant-Hyssop. (Fig. 3090. ) Hyssopus nepetoides L. Sp. Pl. 569. 1753- Lophanthus nepetoides Benth. Bot. Reg. under f/. 7282. 1829. Vieckia nepetoides Raf. Fl. Tell. 3:89. 1836. A. nepetoides Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 511. 1891. Glabrous, or slightly puberulent; stem stout, 2°-5° high, branched, at least above. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, acuminate or acute at the apex, rounded, cordate or the upper narrowed at the base, mostly thin, coarsely dentate, 2’-6’ long; spikes 3/—18/ long, usually very dense; petioles of the lowest leaves often 2’ long; bracts ovate, acute or acuminate; calyx-teeth oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse or subacute, some- times purplish; corolla greenish yellow, about 4’ long, scarcely exceeding the calyx. In woods and thickets, Vermont and On- tario to Wisconsin, south to Georgia and Kentucky. July-Sept. Vor. III.] MINT FAMILY. 85 2. Agastache scrophulariaefolia (Willd.) Kuntze Figwort Giant- Hyssop. (Fig. 3091.) Hyssobus scrophulariaefolius Willd. Sp. Pl. 3:48. 1801. Lophanthus scrophulariaefolius Benth. Bot. Reg. under p/. 7282. 1829. Vieckia scrophulariaefolia Raf. Fl. Tell. 3: 89. 1836. Agastache scrophulariaefolia Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 511. ‘1891. Similar to the preceding species, but commonly taller, the stem, petioles and lower surfaces of the leaves more or less pubescent. Leaves nearly identical with those of l’, nepetoides in size and outline; spike sometimes interrupted, 3/-18/ long; bracts broadly ovate, abruptly acuminate; calyx-teeth lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, very acute or sometimes acuminate, whit- ish or purplish; corolla purplish, 5/’-6’7 long, considerably exceeding the calyx. y Li In woods and thickets, Connecticut to i Wisconsin, south to North Carolina and W (; Kentucky. Plant strong-scented. July—Oct. 3. Agastache anethiodora (Nutt.) Britton. Fragrant Giant- Hyssop. (Fig. 3092.) A Hyssopus anethiodorus Nutt. Fras. Cat. 1813. Hyssopus anisatus Nutt. Gen. 2: 27. 1818. Lophanthus anisatus Benth. Bot. Reg. under /, 1282-1829. Vieckia anisata Raf. Fl. Tell. 3:89. 1836. Vieckia anethtodora Greene, Mem. Torr. Club, 5, 282. 1894. Glabrous, or minutely puberulent; stem NW, rather slender, leafy, usually branched, CA ses WAN ; \ Xn HN Ai ho Wie Mi 2°-4° high. Leaves ovate or triangular- ovate, firm, mostly short-petioted, acute S or acuminate at the apex, truncate, ob- La) tuse or sometimes subcordate at the base, S y AN sharply serrate, green above, pale and appearing glaucous beneath, 2/-3/ long, anise-scented; spikes dense or interrupted, seldom 6’ long; bracts broadly ovate, WY abruptly acuminate; calyx-teeth ovate to lanceolate, acute, purple; corolla blue, 4’/— 5’’ long, somewhat exceeding the calyx. On prairies and plains, Minnesota to the Northwest Territory, south to Illinois and Nebraska, July-Sept. 8. MEEHANIA Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 21: 32. 1894. A low pubescent spreading or decumbent herb, with long-petioled cordate leaves, trail- ing leafy stolons, and large blue flowers in terminal secund bracted spikes, Calyx campan- ulate, 15-nerved, slightly 2-lipped, its teeth all lanceolate, acute, the 3 upper longer than the 2lower. Corolla much exserted, puberulent without, pubescent within, the tube narrow at the base, gradually widely ampliate into the throat, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip 2-lobed, arched, the lobes ovate, obtuse; lower lip about equalling the upper, spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe emarginate, broader than the lateral ones. Stamens 4, didynamous, all anther- bearing, included, ascending under the upper lip, the upper pair longer than the lower; anthers 2-celled, the sacs nearly parallel. Ovary deeply 4-lobed; style equally 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets oblong, smooth. [Named for Thomas Mechan, of Philadelphia, botanist and horticulturist. ] A monotypic genus of eastern North America. Va 2 iS) 86 LABIATAE. (Vor. III. 1. Meehania cordata (Nutt. ) Britton. Meehania. (Fig. 3093.) Dracocephalum cordatum Nutt. Gen, 2: ey 1818, Cedronella cordata Benth. Lab. 502. Meehania cordata Britton, Bull. Torr, ‘Giub, 21: 33. Pl. 173. 1894. Flowering stems ascending, 3/-8’ high; stolons very slender, leafy throughout, some- times 2° long. Leaves all broadly ovate or ovate-orbicular, thin, obtuse or subacute at the apex, crenate all around, cordate at the base, sparingly pubescent with scattered hairs on both surfaces, or nearly glabrous beneath, green on both sides, 1/-2’ long, the basal sinus broad; spikes 1/-4’ long; bracts ovate or ob- long, acute, membranous, the lower sometimes crenulate and surpassing the calyx; bractlets small, lanceolate; calyx about 5’’ long, puber- ulent, its longer teeth about one-half the length of the tube; corolla 1/-1'4’ long, showy. In rich moist woods and thickets, southwestern Pennsylvania to Tennessee and North Carolina. May-July. 9. NEPETA L., Sp: Pls 70.ety 53: Herbs, with dentate or incised leaves, and mostly white or blue rather small flowers in verticillate clusters, usually crowded in terminal spikes, or axillary and cymose. Calyx tubular, somewhat oblique at the mouth, 15-nerved, usually incurved, 5-toothed, scarcely 2-lipped, but the upper teeth usually longer than the lower. Corolla-tube enlarged above, the limb strongly 2-lipped; upper lip erect, entire, emarginate or 2-lobed; lower lip spread- ing, 3-lobed, the middle lobe larger than the lateral ones. Stamens 4, all anther bearing, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip, the lower pair the shorter; anthers 2-celled, the sics divaricate. Ovary deeply 4-parted; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets ovoid, com- pressed, smooth. [Ancient Latin name of catnep. ] About 150 species, natives of Europe and Asia. 1. Nepeta Cataria L. Catmint. Cat- nep. Nep. (Fig. 3094.) Nepeta Cataria Y,. Sp. Pl. 570. 1753. Perennial, densely tomentulose-canescent, pale green; stem rather stout, erect, branched, 2°-3° high, the branches straight, ascending. Leaves ovate to oblong, petioled, acute at the apex, coarsely crenate-dentate, mostly cordate at the base, 1/-3’ long, greener above than be- neath; flower-clusters spiked at the ends of the stem and branches, the spikes 1’—5’ long; bracts small, foliaceous; bractlets subulate; calyx densely puberulent, its teeth subulate, the upper about one-half the length of the tube; corolla nearly white, or pale purple, dark-dotted, puber- ulent without, 5’’-6’’ long, its tube a little longer than the calyx, the broad middle lobe of its lower lip crenulate. In waste places, New Brunswick and Quebec to Minnesota, south to Virginiaand Kansas. Natural- ized from Europe. Native also of Asia. July-Nov. 10. GLECOMA I. Sprelasyos. 1756: Low diffuse creeping herbs, with long-petioled nearly orbicular or reniform crenate leaves, and rather large blue or violet flowers in small axillary verticillate clusters. Calyx oblong-tubular, 15-nerved, oblique at the throat, not 2-lipped, unequally 5-toothed. Cor- olla-tube exserted, enlarged above, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect, 2-lobed or emarginate; the lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe broad, emarginate, the side lobes small. Stamens 4, didynamous, all anther-bearing, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, Vor. III.] MINT FAMILY. 87 not exserted, the upper pair the longer; anther-sacs divergent. Ovary deeply 4-parted. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Greek name for thyme, or pennyroyal.] About 6 species of Europe and Asia. 1. Glecoma hederacea L. Ground Ivy. Gill-over-the-Ground. Field Balm. (Fig. 3095.) Glecoma hederacea 1,. Sp. Pl. 578. 1753- N.Glechoma Benth. Lab.Gen.& Sp. 485. 1834. N. hederacea B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 43. 1888. Perennial, pubescent,the creeping stems leafy, sometimes 18’ long, the branch- es ascending. Lower petioles commonly longer than the leaves; leaves green both sides, 1%4/-1}4’ in diameter; clusters few- flowered, the flowers 7’’-10’’ long, short- pedicelled; bractlets subulate, shorter than the calyx; calyx puberulent, its teeth acute or lanceolate-acuminate, about one- third as long as the tube; corolla-tube 2-3 times as long as the calyx; upper pair of stamens much longer than the lower. In waste places, woods and thickets, New- foundland to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Georgia and Kansas. Old names, Ale- hoof, Cat’s-foot, Gill, Gill-ale, Gill-go-by-the- ground, Hayhofe, Haymaids, Hove, Tun- hoof, Creeping Charlie. March-May. 11. DRACOCEPHALUM L, Spy bl594,) 1753: Perennial herbs, with dentate entire or incised leaves, and blue or purple flowers in axillary and terminal bracted clusters, the bracts pectinate in our species. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, straight or incurved, 5-toothed, the upper tooth much larger than the others, or 2-lipped with the 3 upper teeth more or less united. Corolla expanded above, its limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect, emarginate; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe larger than the lateral ones, sometimes 2-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip, the upper pair longer than the lower; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divaricate; style 2-cleft at the summit; ovary deeply 4-parted. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Greek, dragon-head. } About 35 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Only the following are known in North America. Corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx; clusters mostly terminal, dense. 1. D. parviflorum. Corolla 2-3 times as long as the calyx; clusters mostly axillary. 2. D. Moldavica. 1. Dracocephalum parviflorum Nutt. American Dragon-head. (Fig. 3096. ) D. parviflorum Nutt. Gen. 2:35. 1818. Annual or biennial, somewhat pubes- cent, or glabrous; stem rather stout, usu- ally branched, 6/-2° high. Leaves lan- ceolate, ovate, or oblong, slender petioled, serrate, or the lower incised, acute or ob- tuse at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, thin, 1/-3/ long; clusters dense, many-flowered, crowded in dense terminal spikes, and sometimes also in the upper axils; bracts ovate to oblong, pectinate with awn-pointed teeth, shorter than or equalling the calyx; pedicels 1//-2’’ long; upper tooth of the calyx ovate-oblong, longer than the narrower lower and lateral ones, all acuminate; corolla light blue, scarcely longer than the calyx. In dry gravelly or rocky soil, northern New York and Ontario to Minnesota and Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona and New Mexico. May-Aug. 88 LABIATAE. [Vor II. 2. Dracocephalum Moldavica L. Moldavian Dragon-head. (Fig. 3097.) Dracocephalum Moldavica I. Sp. Pl. 595- 1753+ Annual, puberulent; stem erect, usually widely branched, 1°-24° high. Leaves oblong or linear-oblong, den- tate or somewhat incised, obtuse at the apex, usually narrowed at the base, 1/-2/ long, 2/’-6’’ wide; clusters loose, few-flowered, commonly numerous, mostly axillary; bracts narrowly ob- long, usually shorter than the calyx, deeply pectinate with aristate teeth; pedicels 2’/-4/’ long; calyx slightly curved, the 2 lower teeth somewhat shorter than the 3 broader equal upper ones; corolla 2-3 times as long as the calyx. In a cafion near Spring View, Neb. Also in northern Mexico. Introduced from central Europe. June-Aug. 12, PRUNELLA L.. Sp. Pl. 600. 1753. Perennial simple or sometimes branched herbs, with petioled leaves, and rather small clus- tered purple or white flowers, in terminal and sometimes also axillary dense bracted spikes or heads. Calyx oblong, reticulate-veined, about 10-nerved, deeply 2-lipped, closed in fruit; upper lip nearly truncate, or with 3 short teeth; lower lip 2-cleft, its teeth lanceolate. Corolla- tube inflated, slightly narrowed at the mouth, its limb strongly 2-lipped; upper lip entire, arched; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, the lower pair the longer; filaments of the longer stamens 2-toothed at the summit, one of the teeth bearing the anther, the other sterile; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divergent or divaricate. Ovary deeply 4-parted. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Origin of name doubtful; often spelled Brunella, the pre-Linnaean form. ] : About 5 species, of wide geographic distribution. Only the following occur in North America. Leaves entire or crenate. Mons 1. P. vulgaris. Leaves pinnatifid or deeply incised. 2. P. laciniata. 1. Prunella vulgaris lL. Self-heal. Heal-all. (Fig. 3098.) Prunella vulgaris 1. Sp. Pl. 600. 1753. Pubescent or nearly glabrous; stem slen- der, procumbent or ascending or erect, usu- ally simple, but sometimes considerably branched, 2’-2° high. Leaves ovate, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute at the apex, usually narrowed at the base, rather thin, entire or crenate, 1/—4’ long, the lowest commonly shorter and sometimes subcor- date; spikes terminal, sessile or short-pedun- cled, very dense, %/-1’ long in flower, be- coming 2/-4/ long in fruit; bracts broadly ovate-orbicular, cuspidate, more or less cili- ate; corolla violet, purple, or sometimes white, 4/’-6’’ long, about twice as long as the purplish or green calyx; calyx-teeth often ciliate. In fields, woods and waste places throughout nearly the whole of North America. Natural- ized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Pos- sibly native in northern British America. Other names are Thimble-flower, All-heal, Brown- wort, Carpenter’s-herb, Hook-heal, Heart-of- the-earth, Sicklewort, Blue-curls. May-Oct. Vou. III.] MINT FAMILY. 89 2. Prunella laciniata L. Cut- leaved Self-heal. (Fig. 3099.) Prunella vulgaris var. laciniata 1,. Sp. P1. 600. 1753: Prunella laciniata \,. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 837. 1763. Brunella vulgaris var. pinnatifida Benth. in DC. Prodr. 12: 411. 1848. Similar to the preceding species, but the stem leaves pinnatifid, lobed, or incised, the basal ones often entire or merely crenulate. Vicinity of Washington, D. C. Adventive or fugitive from Europe. Regarded by many au- thors as a variety of P. vulgaris, but the pinna- tifid leaves appear to be a constant character. Summer. 13. PHYSOSTEGIA Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 504. 1834. Erect perennial glabrous or puberulent herbs, with serrate dentate or entire leaves, and large or middle-sized bracted purple violet, pink or white flowers in terminal spikes, or spike-like racemes. Calyx campanulate or oblong, membranous, swollen and remaining open in fruit, faintly reticulate-veined and to-nerved, equally 5-toothed. Corolla much longer than the calyx, its tube gradually much enlarged upward, its limb strongly 2-lipped; upper lip concave, rounded, entire; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe commonly emarginate. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, the lower pair the longer; filaments pubescent; anthers all alike, 2-celled, the sacs nearly par- allel, the margins of their valves commonly spinulose or denticulate. Ovary 4-parted. Nut- lets ovoid-triquetrous, smooth. [Greek, bellows-covering, from the inflated fruiting calyx. ] About 5 species, natives of North America, known as False Dragon-head or Lion’s-heart. Flowers 1’ long, or more; leaves firm. Spike dense, many-flowered; leaf-serrations very acute. 1. P. Virginiana. Spike loose, few-flowered; leaf-serrations blunt. 2. P. denticulata. Flowers 5'’-7'' long; leaves thin. Spike loose; 4’-8' long; leaves few and distant. 3. P. intermedia, Spike dense, 1’-4’ Iong; stem leafy. 4. P. parvifiora. 1. Physostegia Virginiana (L.) Benth. False Dragon-head. Obedient Plant. Lion’s Heart. (Fig. 3100.) D. Virginianum I,. Sp. Pl. 594. 1753. Dracocephalum speciosum Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. pl.g7. 1825. P. Virginiana Benth. Lab.Gen. & Sp. 504. 1834. Stem erect or ascending, rather stout, simple or branched above, 1°-4° tall. Leaves firm, lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, sharply serrate or serrulate, narrowed at the base, the upper all sessile, 2/-5’ long, 2’’-7’/ wide, the lowest petioled; bracts lanceolate, shorter than the calyx; spikes dense, becom- ing 4/-8/ long in fruit, many-flowered; flow- ering calyx campanulate or somewhat turbi- nate, its teeth ovate, acute, about one-half as long as the tube; fruiting calyx oblong, 4//— 5/’ long, the teeth much shorter than the tube; corolla pale purple or rose, 1/ long or more, often variegated with white, tempo- rarily remaining in whatever position it is placed. In moist soil, Quebec to the Northwest Ter- ritory, south to Florida, Louisiana and Texas. Perhaps escaped from gardens eastward. July-Sept. go LABIATAE. (Vou. III. 2. Physostegia denticulata (Ait.) Britton. Few-flowered Lion’s Heart. = =; (Fig. 3101.) Ke L\ Prasium purpureum Walt. Fl. Car. 166. 1788? Dracocephalum denticulatum Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 317. \ Uf 1789. WAS Physostegia Virginiana var. denticulata A. Gray, Syn. NY, / Fl. 2: Part 1, 383. _ 1878. yi Physostegia denticulata Britton Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 284. 1894. Stem slender, ascending or erect, simple, or /{ little branched, 1°-2° high. Leaves firm or rather ‘ Gs, thin, oblong, linear-oblong, or oblanceolate, obtuse fe / or acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, crenu- # | late, obtusely dentate, or entire, 1/-3’ long, 2’’-6’” \ wide, the upper sessile, the lower slender-petioled; spike loosely few-several-flowered; bracts lanceo- late, little longer than the fruiting pedicels; flower- ing calyx oval-campanulate, its teeth acute, NY 4 about one-third as long as the tube; fruiting calyx y oblong, 3/’-4’” long; corolla rose-pink, nearly or | quite 1’ long. 3 In moist soil, Virginia to Florida and Texas. June— Aug. 3. Physostegia intermedia (Nutt.) A. Gray. Slender Lion’s Heart. (Fig. 3102.) Dracocephalum intermedium Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 187. 1833-37. Physostegia intermedia A, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8:371. 1872. Stem very slender, usually quite simple, 1°-3° high. Leaves usually few pairs, remote, thin, mostly shorter than the internodes, narrowly lanceolate or linear, acute or acuminate at the apex, repand-denticulate, little narrowed at the base, all sessile, or the lowest petioled, 2’—3’ long, 2’’-4/ wide; spikes very slender, remotely many-flowered, 4/-8’ long in fruit; lower bracts often nearly as long as the campanulate calyx; calyx-teeth acute, shorter than the tube; fruit- ing calyx broadly oval, 2/’-2%4’’ long; corolla much dilated above, 5’/’-7’” long. On prairies, western Kentucky (according to Gray), Louisiana, Arkansas and Texas. May-July. iz Z Aff 4. Physostegia parviflora Nutt. Purple or Western Lion’s Heart. (Fig. 3103.) Physostegia parviflora Nutt.; Benth. in DC. Prodr. 12: 434. Assynonym. 1848. : Stem rather stout, usually simple, 1°-3° high, Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or ovate- lanceolate, acute, acuminate or the lower ob- tuse at the apex, sharply serrate or dentate, somewhat narrowed at the base, all sessile or the lowest petioled, 3/-4’ long, 3//-10’” wide; spikes densely several-many-flowered, 1/-4/ long; bracts ovate or ovate-lanccolate, acute, shorter than the calyx; flowering calyx cam- panulate, its teeth ovate, obtuse or subacute, about one-third as long as the tube; fruiting calyx globose-oblong, 2//-3’’ long; corolla pur- ple, 6’ long. In moist soil, Minnesota to Nebraska, west to British Columbia and Oregon. June-Aug. Vor. III.] MINT FAMILY. gI 14. SYNANDRA Nutt. Gen. 2: 29. 1818. An annual or biennial, somewhat hirsute, simple or little branched herb, with long-peti- oled ovate cordate crenate leaves, and large white flowers in a terminal leafy-bracted spike. Calyx campanulate-oblong, membranous, deeply 4-cleft, inflated in fruit, faintly and irregu- larly veined, the lobes narrowly lanceolate, the two upper shorter than the lower. Corolla much longer than the calyx, its tube narrow below, much expanded above, 2-lipped; upper lip concave, entire; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla; filaments villous; anthers glabrous, 2-celled, the sacs divaricate, the contiguous ones of the upper pair of stamens sterile and connate. Ovary deeply 4-lobed; style unequally 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets ovoid, smooth, sharply angled. [Greek, stamens-together. ] A monotypic genus of southeastern North America, 1. Synandra hispidula (Michx.) Britton. Synandra. (Fig. 3104.) Lamium hispidulum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 4. 1803. Svnandra grandifiora Nutt. Gen. 2: 29. 1818. Torreya grandiflora Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 3: 356. 1818. S. hispidula Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 285. 1894. Stem rather slender, erect or ascending, weak, 1°-2'4° long, striate. Leaves thin, the lower and basal ones broadly ovate, or nearly orbicular, pal- mately veined, acute or obtuse at the apex, deeply cordate at the base, the blade 2’-4’ long, and com- monly shorter than the petiole; floral leaves ses- sile, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, the flowers solitary in their axils, the uppermost leaves very small; calyx hirsute, its lobes about as long as the tube; corolla 1/-114’ long, showy, the lower lip with purple lines. Along streams and in wet woods, Ohio and Illinois to southwestern Virginia and Tennessee. Ascends to 3500 ft. in Virginia. May-June. 15. PHLOMIS L. Sp. Pl. 584. 1753. Tall perennial herbs, or shrubs. Calyx tubular or tubular-campanulate, 5-10-nerved, the limb mostly equally 5-toothed. Corolla-tube usually with a woolly ring within, shorter than or exceeding the calyx, the limb strongly 2-lipped; upper lip erect, concave, arched or sometimes keeled, entire or emarginate; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, didyna- mous, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, the anterior pair the longer and their filaments with hooked appendages at the base; anther-sacs divergent. Ovary deeply 4-lobed; style subulate, 2-cleft at the summit, one of the lobes smaller than the other. Nutlets ovoid, glabrous, or pubescent above. [Greek, mullen, in allusion to the thick woolly leaves of some species. ] About 50 species, natives of the Old World. vay 1. Phlomis tuberésa L. Jerusalem Sage. (Fig. 3105.) VEE Phlomis tuberosa ¥,. Sp. Pl. 586. 1753. Herbaceous from a thickened root; stem stout, purplish, glabrous or loosely pubescent above, usu- ally much branched, 3°-6° tall, the branches nearly erect. Lower leaves triangular-ovate, long-petioled, acuminate or acute at the apex, coarsely dentate or incised-dentate, rather thick, deeply cordate at the base, strongly veined, 5/-10/ long, 3/-6’ wide; upper leaves lanceolate, short-petioled or sessile, truncate or sometimes narrowed at the base, the uppermost (floral) very small; clusters densely many-flowered; bractlets subulate, ciliate-hirsute or nearly glabrous; calyx 5’’-6’’ long, its teeth setaceous with a broader base, spreading; corolla 10’/-12/’ long, pale purple or white, twice as long as the calyx, densely pu- bescent, and the margins of its upper lip fringed with long hairs. In waste places, south shore of Lake Ontario. Nat- uralized from southern Europe. June-Sept. 2 XQ \\ 92 LABIATAE. (Vor. II. 16. GALEOPSIS L,. Sp. P1570: 2753: Erect annual branching herbs, with broad or narrow leaves, and rather small yellow red purple or mottled verticillate-clustered flowers in the upper axils, or forming terminal dense or interrupted spikes. Calyx campanulate or tubular-campanulate, 5-1o-nerved, 5-toothed, the teeth nearly equal, spinulose. Corolla-tube narrow, the throat expanded, the limb strongly 2-lipped; upper lip erect, concave, entire; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe obcordate or emarginate. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, the anterior pair the longer; anthers 2-celled, the sacs transversely 2-valved, the inner valve ciliate, the outer smooth, larger. Ovary deeply 4-parted; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets ovoid, slightly flattened, smooth. (Greek, weasel-like.] About 6 species, natives of Europe and Asia. Plant puberulent; leaves linear or lanceolate. 1. G. Ladanum, Plant hispid; leaves ovate. 2. G. Tetrahit, 1.Galeopsis Ladanum L. Red Hemp- Nettle. Ironwort. (Fig. 3106.) Galeopsis Ladanum I,. Sp. Pl. 579. 1753. Puberulent; stem slender, erect, much branched, 6’-18’ high, the branches ascend- ing. Leaves linear, oblong, or lanceolate, mostly short-petioled, acute at both ends, dentate, or nearly entire, 1/-2’ long, 2//-8/’ wide; flower-clusters mainly axillary, distant; calyx-teeth subulate-lanceolate, shorter than or equallirg the tube; corolla 6’”-8’ long, red or purple to white and variegated, twice the length of the calyx. In waste places and on ballast, New Brunswick to Michigan and New Jersey. Adventive or natu- ee from Europe. Native alsoof Asia. July- ct. 2. Galeopsis Tetrahit L. Hemp-Nettle. Hemp Dead Nettle. (Fig. 3107.) Galeopsis Tetrahit ¥,. Sp. Pl. 579. 1753. A coarse and rough-hairy herb, the stem rather stout, branched, 1°-3° high, swollen under the joints. Leaves ovate, membranous, slender-peti- oled, acuminate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, coarsely dentate, 2’-5’ long, 1%4/-2%4’ wide; flower-clusters axillary, dense, or in a short leafy-bracted spike; calyx-teeth needle-pointed, bristly, as long as or longer than the tube; corolla 8’’-12’7 long, pink or pale purple variegated with white, about twice the length of the calyx. In waste places, Newfoundland to British Columbia and Alaska, south to North Carolina and Michigan. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Old names, Bee-, Dog-, or Blind-nettle, Stinging Nettle, Nettle-, Wild-, or Bastard-hemp. June-Sept. 17. LEONURUS L.. Spel ssa. ee Se. Tall erect herbs, with palmately cleft, parted or dentate leaves, and small white or pink flowers verticillate in dense axillary clusters. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 5-nerved, nearly regular and equally 5-toothed, the teeth rigid, subulate or aristate. Tube of the corolla in- cluded or slightly exserted, its limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect, concave or nearly flat, entire; lower lip spreading or deflexed, 3-lobed, the middle lobe broad, obcordate or emarginate. Stamens 4, didynamous, the anterior pair the longer, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla; anthers 2-celled, the sacs mostly parallel. Ovary deeply 4 parted; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets 3-sided, smooth. [Greek, lion’s-tail.] About ro species, natives of Europe and Asia. Lower leaves palmately 2-5-cleft, the upper 3-cleft. 1. L. Cardiaca. Leaves deeply 3-parted, the segments cleft and incised. 2. L. Sibiricus. Leaves coarsely dentate or incised-dentate. 3. L. Marrubiastrum, Vor. III.] MINT FAMILY. 93 1. Leonurus Cardiaca IL. Mother- hy wort. (Fig. 3108.) Leonurus Cardiaca I,. Sp. Pl. 584. 1753. Perennial, puberulent; stem rather stout, strict, commonly branched, 2°-5° tall, the branches straight and ascending. Leaves > \ LN membranous, slender-petioled, the lower nearly orbicular, palmately 3-5-cleft, 2/-4/ broad, the lobes acuminate, incised or dentate; upper (floral) leaves narrower, oblong-lanceo- late or rhombic, 3-cleft, or the uppermost merely 3-toothed; flower-clusters numerous, exceeded by the petioles; calyx-teeth lanceo- late, subulate, somewhat spreading, nearly as long as the tube; corolla pink, purple or white, 3’’-5’’ long, its tube with an oblique ring of hairs within, its upper lip slightly concave, densely white-woolly without, the lower lip mottled; anther-sacs parallel. In waste places, especially about dwellings, Nova Scotia to North Carolina, Minnesota and Nebraska. Naturalized from Europe. Native al- so of Asia. Also called Cowthwort. June-Sept. 2. Leonurus Sibiricus L. Siberian Motherwort or Lion’s-tail. (Fig. 3109.) Leonurus Sibiricus l. Sp. Pl. 584. 1753. Biennial, puberulent or glabrate; stem stout, branched, 2°-6° high, the branches slender. Leaves long-petioled, deeply 3-parted into ovate or lanceolate, more or less cuneate, acute or acuminate deeply cleft and incised segments, the lobes lanceolate or linear, acute; lower leaves sometimes 6’ wide, the uppermost linear or lanceolate, slightly toothed or entire; clus- ters numerous, dense, usually all axillary; calyx campanulate, 3’ long, glabrous or mi- nutely puberulent, its bristle-shaped teeth slightly spreading, shorter than the tube; cor- olla purple or red, densely puberulent without, 4/’-6’’ long, its tube naked within, the upper lip arched; anther-sacs divergent. In waste and cultivated soil, southern Pennsylva- niaand Delaware. Naturalized from eastern Asia. Widely distributed in tropical America as a weed. May-Sept. 3. Leonurus Marrubiastrum L,. Hoarhound Motherwort or Lion’s-tail. (Fig. 3110.) Leonurus Marrubiastrum \,. Sp. Pl. 584. 1753: Biennial, puberulent or pubescent; stem stout, branched, 2°-5° high. Leaves peti- oled, ovate or ovate-oblong, acute or obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, coarsely crenate or incised-dentate, 1/-3/ long, 14/- 1%’ wide, the upper narrower; flower-clus- ters dense, numerous, axillary; calyx finely puberulent or glabrate, its bristle-shaped somewhat spreading teeth mostly shorter than the tube; corolla nearly white, glabrate, about 4’’ long, its tube scarcely exceeding the calyx, naked within, its lower lip ascending. In waste places, New Jersey (according to S. Watson), southern Pennsylvania and Delaware. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-Sept. 94 LABIATAE. [Vor. III. 12, LAMIUM L.. Sp: Pll 570) 1754: Annual or perennial m-_s.ly diffuse herbs, with crenate dentate or incised, usually cordate leaves, and rather small flowers, verticillate in axillary and terminal clusters. Calyx tubular- campanulate, about 5-nerved, 5-toothed, the teeth equal or the upper ones longer. Tube of the corolla mostly longer than the calyx, its limb 2-lipped; upper lip concave, erect, usually entire, narrowed at the base; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe emarginate, con- tracted at the base, the lateral ones sometimes each with a tooth-like appendage. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, the anterior pair the longer; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divaricate, often hirsute on the back. Ovary deeply 4-parted; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets smooth or tuberculate. [Greek, throat, from the rin- gent corolla. } : About 40 species, natives of the Old World, known as Dead-Nettle or Hedge Dead-Nettle. Upper leaves sessile or clasping. 1. L. amplexicaule. Leaves all petioled. Flowers red or purple. Corolla 6''-9'’ long; leaves not blotched. 2. L. purpureum. Corolla 10'’-12'’ long; leaves commonly blotched. 3. L. maculatum. Flowers white. : 4. L. album. 1. Lamium amplexicatle L.. Henbit. Greater Henbit. Henbit Dead- Nettle. (Fig. 3111.) Lamium amplexicaule V,. Sp. Pl. 579. 1753. Biennial or annual, sparingly pubescent; stems slender, weak, branched from the base or also from the lower axils, slender, ascending or decumbent, 6/-18’ long. Leaves orbicular or nearly so, coarsely cren- ate, 144/-114’ wide, rounded at the apex, the lower slender-petioled, mostly cordate at the base, the upper sessile and more or less clasping; flowers rather few in axillary and terminal clusters; calyx pubescent, its teeth erect, nearly as long as the tube; corolla purplish or red, 6’’-8’” long, its tube very slender, the lateral lobes of its lower lip very small, the middle one spotted; upper lip somewhat pubescent. In waste and cultivated ground, New Bruns- wick to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Flor- ida and Arkansas. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Feb.-Oct. 2. Lamium purptreum LL. Red Dead Nettle. (Fig. 3112.) Lamium purpureum I,. Sp. Pl. 579. 1753- Annual, slightly pubescent, branched from the base and sometimes also above; stems stout or slender, decumbent, 6/—15/’ long. Leaves crenate or crenulate, the lower orbicular or broadly ovate, slender- petioled, rounded at the apex, cordate at the base, the upper ovate, short-petioled, sometimes acute at the apex, 14/-11¢/ long; flowers in axillary and terminal clusters; calyx teeth narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, slightly longer than the tube, spreading, at least in fruit; corolla pur- ple-red, rarely exceeding 14’ long, its tube rather stout, the lateral lobes of its lower lip reduced to r or 2 short teeth, its middle lobe spotted; upper lip very pubescent. In waste and cultivated soil, Rhode Island to Pennsylvania. Also in ballast about the northern seaports. Naturalized or adventive from Europe. Native also of Asia. Old names, Red or Sweet Archangel, Day-, Dog-, French-, or Deaf-nettle, Rabbit-meat. April-Oct. Vor. III.] MINT FAMILY. 95 3. Lamium maculatum L. Spotted Dead Nettle. Variegated Dead Nettle. (Fig. 3113.) Lamium maculatum ¥,. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 809. 1763. Perennial, somewhat pubescent; stems mostly slender, commonly branched, de- cumbent or ascending, 8/-1'4° long. Leaves crenate or incised-crenate, all petioled, usually longitudinally blotched along the midrib, broadly ovate or trian- gular-ovate, acute or obtuse, truncate or cordate at the base, 1/+2’ long, or some of the lower ones much smaller and nearly orbicular; clusters few-flowered, mainly axillary; calyx-teeth lanceolate-subulate, as long as or longer than the tube, spread- ing; corolla 10’/-12’’ long, purple-red, its F tube short, contracted near the base, with y-—- a transverse ring of hairs within, the lat- (- eral lobes of its lower lip very small. Along roadsides, escaped from gardens, Maine to Virginia. Native of Europe and Asia. May-Oct. (aN) . 4. Lamium Album LL. White Dead Nettle. (Fig. 3114.) Lamium album 1, Sp. Pl. 579. 1753- Perennial, pubescent; stems decumbent or ascending, rather stout, simple or branched, 1°-1%° long. Leaves ovate, crenate, dentate or incised, all petioled, acute or acuminate at the apex, cordate or truncate at the base, 1/-3/ long, or the lower shorter and obtuse; clusters mostly axillary; calyx-teeth very slender, subu- late, spreading, usually longer than the tube; corolla white, about 1’ long, its tube short, stout, contracted near the base, with an oblique ring of hairs within, the lateral lobes of its lower lip each with a slender tooth. In waste places, Ontario to Virginia. Also in ballast about the northern seaports. Natu- ralized or adventive from Europe. Old names, White Archangel, Day-, Blind-, Dumb-, or Bee-nettle, Snake-flower, Suck-bottle. April- Oct. 19. BALLOTA L. Sp. Pl. 582. 1753. Perennial pubescent or tomentose herbs, some species shrubby, with dentate or crenate leaves, and small bracted flowers in axillary clusters. Calyx tubular-funnelform, 1o-nerved, 5-Io-toothed, the teeth dilated at the base, or sometimes connate into a spreading limb. Corolla-tube about as long as the calyx, provided with a ring of hairs within, the limb strongly 2-lipped; upper lip erect, concave, emarginate, lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe emarginate or obcordate. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, the anterior pair the longer; anther-sacs divergent at maturity. Ovary deeply 4-lobed; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [The Greek name. ] About 30 species, natives of the Old World, most numerous in the Mediterranean region. 96 LABIATAE. (Vou. ITI. 1. Ballota nigra L. Black or Fetid Hoar- hound. (Fig. 3115.) Ballota nigra I, Sp. Pl. 582. 1753- Herbaceous, puberulent or pubescent, illscented; stem usually branched, erect, 114°-3° high, its hairs mostly reflexed. Leaves slender-petioled, ovate, or the lower nearly orbicular, acute or obtuse at the apex, coarsely dentate, thin, narrowed, truncate or subcordate at the base, 1/-2’ long; clusters numer- ous, several-flowered, dense; bractlets subulate, somewhat shorter than the calyx; calyx about 4/’ long, its teeth lanceolate, sharp bristle-pointed, spreading in frnit; corolla 6’7-9’’ long, reddish-pur- ple to whitish, its upper lip pubescent on both sides; nutlets shining. In waste places, eastern Massachusetts to Pennsylva- nia. Naturalized from Europe. June-Sept. Old names, Black Archangel, Hairhound, Henbit. 20. STACHYS L. Sp. Pl. 580.1753. Annual or perennial glabrous pubescent or hirsute herbs, with small or rather large pur- ple yellow red or white flowers, loosely verticillate-clustered in terminal dense or interrupted spikes, or also in the upper axils. Calyx mostly campanulate, 5-10-nerved, 5-toothed, the teeth nearly equal in our species. Corolla purple in our species, its tube narrow, not exceed- ing the calyx, the limb strongly 2-lipped; upper lip erect, concave, entire or emarginate; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe broader than the lateral ones, sometimes 2-lobed. Sta- mens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, the anterior pair the longer, sometimes deflexed or twisted after anthesis; anthers contiguous in pairs, 2-celled, the sacs mostly divergent. Ovary deeply 4-lobed; style 2-cleft at the summit into subulate lobes. Nutlets ovoid or oblong. [Greek, a spike, from the spicate inflorescence. ] About 150 species, of wide geographic distribution in the north temperate zone, a few in South America and South Africa. Besides the following, some 12 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. Leaves narrowed at the base, linear to lanceolate. Stem glabrous; leaves entire, or nearly so. 1. S. hyssopifolia. Stem retrorsely hirsute; leaves serrulate. 2. S. ambigua. Leaves cordate or truncate at the base, lanceolate to ovate. Stem glabrous or very nearly so. 3. S. tenutfolia. Stem hirsute. Leaves all very short-petioled, lanceolate. 4. S. palustris. Leaves, at least the lower, slender-petioled. Leaves lanceolate or ovate, acute or acuminate. Plant dark green; leaves firm; petioles 3/’-18’’ long. 5. S. aspera. Plant light green; leaves membranous; petioles ''-2' long. 6. S. cordata. Leaves ovate, obtuse; diffuse annual. 7. S. arvensts. 1. Stachys hyssopifolia Michx. Hyssop Hedge Nettle. (Fig. 3116.) S. palustris Walt. Fl. Car. 162. 1788. Not L. 1753- S. hyssopifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:4. 1803. Perennial, glabrous or very nearly so throughout, sometimes slightly hirsute at the nodes; stem slender, usually branched, erect or diffuse, 1°-1%4° long. Leaves thin, linear or linear-oblong, acute at both ends, or the uppermost rounded at the base, short- petioled or sessile, entire, or sparingly den- ticulate with low teeth, 1/-2’ long, 1%4’/-4’” wide, the uppermost reduced to short floral bracts; clusters few-several- flowered, forming an interrupted spike; calyx glabrous or slightly hirsute, 2’/-3’’ long, its teeth lanceo- late-subulate, nearly as long as the tube; co- rolla about 7’ long, light purple, glabrous. In moist fields and thickets, Massachusetts to Florida, west to Michigan and Virginia. July- Sept. Vor. III.] MINT FAMILY. 2. Stachys ambigua (A. Gray) Britton. Dense-flowered Hedge Nettle. (Fig. 3117.) Stachys hyssopifolia var. ambigua A. Gray, Syn. FI. 2: Part 1, 387. 1878. S. ambigua Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 285. 1894. Perennial; stem slender, erect, retrorsely his- pid, at least below, simple or sparingly branched, 1°-2° high. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or linear, pubescent or glabrate, acuminate or acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, 2’/—10/” wide, 1/-3/ long, serrulate; clusters in a terminal rather dense spike, and usually also in the upper axils; calyx more or less hirsute, 214’’ long, its lanceolate-subulate teeth more than one-half as long as the tube; corolla as in the preceding. In moist soil, eastern Pennsylvania to Georgia, west to Illinois and Kentucky. July—Aug. i U 3. Stachys tenuifolia Willd. Smooth Hedge Nettle. (Fig. 3118.) Stachys tenuifolia Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 100. r8or. S. glabra Ridd. Suppl. Cat. Ohio Pl. 16. 1836. S. Cincinnatensis Kuntze, Rev.Gen.Pl. 531. 1891? Perennial; stem quite smooth, or slightly scabrous on the angles, slender, erect or as- cending, usually branched, 1°-2%° high, Leaves lanceolate, oblong, or ovate-lanceo- late, slender-petioled, thin, acuminate at the apex, obtuse or subcordate at the base, sharp- ly dentate or denticulate, dark green, 2/—5/ long, 14/-2’ wide; clusters several or numer- ous in terminal spikes, or also in the upper axils; calyx glabrous, or sparingly hirsute, 2// long, its teeth triangular-ovate to lanceolate, acute, one-half as long as the tube or more; corolla about 6’’-8’’ long, pale red and purple. In moist fields and thickets, New York to Illi- nois, North Carolina and Louisiana. Ascends to 4ooo ft. in North Carolina. June-Aug. 4. Stachys palustris L. Hedge Nettle. Marsh or Clown’s Woundwort. (Fig. 3119.) Stachys palustris I, Sp. Pl. 580. 1753. Perennial, hirsute or pubescent all over; stem erect, strict, simple or somewhat branch- ed, commonly slender, and retrorse-hispid on the angles, 1°-4° high. Leaves firm, lanceo- late, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, or very short-petioled, acuminate or acute at the apex, truncate, cordate or subcordate at the base, 2-5’ long, %%4/-1’ wide, crenulate or dentate; flower-clusters forming an elongated interrupted spike, sometimes also in the upper axils; flowers 6-10 in a whorl; calyx pubescent, its subulate teeth more than one-half as long as the tube; corolla purplish to pale red, purple spotted, 6’’-8’’ long, its upper lip pubescent. W In moist soil, Newfoundland to the Northwest Territory and Oregon, south to southern New York, Illinois, Michigan, and in the Rocky Moun- tains to New Mexico. Also in Europe and Asia. June-Sept. Old names, Clown’s Heal or All-heal, Cock-head, Dead Nettle, Rough Weed. June-Sept. 98 LABIATAE. (Vor. III. 5. Stachys aspera Michx. Rough Hedge Nettle or Woundwort. (Fig. 3120.) Stachys aspera Michx. F1, Bor. Am. 2:5. 1803. Stachys hispida Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 407. 1814. S. palustris var. aspera A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 317. 1856. Perennial, rough hairy; stem erect or ascending, simple or branched, 2°-4° high, commonly retrorse- hispid on the angles. Leaves firm, oblong, oblong- lanceolate, or ovate-oblong,crenate-dentate, acute or acuminate at the apex, truncate, rounded or cor- date at the base, 2’-6’ long, 4’—214/ wide, the lower slender-petioled, the upper short-petioled; spike terminal, mostly interrupted; clusters sometimes also in the upper axils; calyx about 3’ long, hirsute or glabrate, its teeth triangular-lanceolate, acumi- nate, about one-half as long as the tube; corolla red-purple, about 14’ long, its upper lip pubescent. In moist soil, Ontario to Florida, Minnesota and Louisiana. Ascendsto5300ft.in Virginia. June-Sept. 6. Stachys cordata Riddell. Light-green Hedge Nettle. (Fig. 3121.) Stachys cordata Riddell, Suppl. Cat. Ohio Pl. 15. _ 1836. 5 { Stachys Nuttallii Shuttw.; Benth. in DC. Prodr, 12: i \\ f eine pein var. cordata A, Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 317. 1856. Perennial, hirsute, pale green; stem slender, weak, mostly simple, ascending or reclining, 2°-3° long. Leaves membranous, flaccid, ovate, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, acute or the lowest obtuse at the apex, nearly all of them cordate at the base, dentate or crenate all around, long-peti- oled, 3/-6’ long, 1/-3/ wide, the lowest petioles nearly as long as the blades; spike interrupted; calyx-teeth subulate-lanceolate, about half the length of the tube; corolla purplish, pubescent or puberulent, about 5’” long. In woods and thickets, Ohio to North Carolina and Tennessee. Ascends to 2100ft.in Virginia. July—Aug. 7. Stachys arvénsis I. Corn or Field Woundwort. (Fig. 3122.) Stachys arvensis I. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 814. 1763. Annual, hirsute; stem very slender, diffusely branched, decumbent or ascending, 3/-2° long. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, thin, long-petioled, obtuse at the apex, crenate all around, cordate or the upper rounded at the base, about 1’ long; lower petioles commonly as long as the blades; clusters 4-6-flowered, borne in the upper axils and in short terminal spikes; calyx about 3’ long, its teeth lan- ceolate, acuminate, nearly as long as the tube; corolla purplish, 3/’-5’” long. In waste places, Maine, Massachusetts, and in bal- last about the eastern seaports. Naturalized from Europe. July-Oct. 21. BETONICA L. Sp. Pl. 582. 1753. Annual or perennial herbs, similar to S/achys. Lower leaves very long-petioled. Verti- cils many-flowered, in terminal spikes. Calyx nearly equally 5-toothed, 5-10-nerved. Corolla purple, the tube exceeding the calyx, the limb strongly 2-lipped; upper lip concave; 74 Vor. III.] MINT FAMILY. 99 lower 3-cleft, spreading. Stamens and pistil as in S/achys, but the anther-sacs parallel in some species. Nutlets ovoid, rounded above. [The classical Latin name of Wood Betony. } Ten species, or more, natives of Europe and Asia. 1. Betonica officinalis L. Betony. Wood (% Betony. (Fig. 3123.) mi Betonica officinalis L,. Sp. Pl. 573. _1753- G Stachys Betonica Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 532. 1834. Perennial, pilose or glabrate, deep green; stem slen- der, erect, usually simple, 1°-3° tall. Leaves oblong or ovate, obtuse at the apex, crenate all around, firm, cordate or truncate at the base, the basal and lower ones very long-petioled, the blades 3/-6’ long, the the upper distant, short-petioled or nearly sessile; lower petioles 14-4 times as long as the blades; spike short, dense; bracts ovate, mucronate, about as long as the calyx; calyx-teeth acicular, half as long as the tube or more; corolla-tube exserted. In a thicket at Newton, Mass. Fugitive from Europe. Also called Bishop’s wort and Wild Hop. July-Sept. 22. SALVIA L.. Spe Piki2s55 1753: Herbs, or some species shrubs, with clustered usually showy flowers, the clusters mostly spiked, racemed, or panicled. Calyx ovoid, tubular or campanulate, mostly naked in the throat, 2-lipped; upper lip entire or 3-toothed; lower lip 2-cleft or 2-toothed. Corolla strongly 2-lipped; upper lip usually concave, sometimes arched, entire, emarginate or 2-lobed; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft or 3-lobed. Anther-bearing stamens 2 (the posterior pair wanting or rudimentary); filaments usually short; connective of the anthers transverse, linear or filiform, bearing a perfect anther-sac on its upper end, its lower end dilated, capi- tate or sometimes bearing a small or rudimentary one. Ovary deeply 4-parted; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets smooth, usually developing mucilage and spiral tubes when wetted. [Latin, salvus, safe, from its healing virtues. ] About 500 species, of wide distribution in temperate and tropical regions. Besides the follow- ing, some 25 others occur in southern and western North America. Leaves mostly basal, only 1-3 pairs on the stem. Leaves lyrate-pinnatifid or repand; upper corolla-lip short. 1. S. lyrata. Leaves crenulate; upper lip arched, longer than the lower. 2. S. pratensis. Stem leafy, bearing several pairs of leaves. Leaves narrowly oblong, or lanceolate. Corolla 10''-15'’ long, its tube exserted. 3. S. Pitchert. Corolla 4'’-6'’ long, its tube not exserted. 4. S. lanceolata. Leaves ovate, or broadly oval. ; Upper corolla-lip short, not exceeding the lower. g Leaves merely crenate or crenulate; fruiting calyx spreading. 5. S. urticifolia. Leaves pinnatifid, sinuate or incised; fruiting calyx deflexed. 6. S. verbenaca. Upper lip of corolla arched, longer than the lower. 7. S. Sclarea. 1. Salvia lyrata L. Lyre-leaved Sage. (Fig. 3124.) Salvia lyrata \,. Sp. Pl. 23. 1753. Perennial or biennial, hirsute or pubescent; stem slender, simple, or sparingly branched, erect, 1°-3° high, bearing 1 or 2 distant pairs of small leaves (rarely leafless), and several rather distant whorls of large violet flowers. Basal leaves tufted, long-petioled, obovate or broadly oblong, lyrate-pinnatifid or repand-dentate, thin, 3/-8’ long; stem-leaves similar, or narrower and entire, sessile, or short-petioled; clusters about 6-flowered; calyx campanulate, the teeth of its upper lip subulate, those of the lower longer, aristulate; corolla about 1/ long, the tube very narrow below, the upper lip much smaller than the lower; filaments slender; anther-sacs borne on both the upper and lower ends of the con- nective, the lower one often smaller. In dry, mostly sandy woods and thickets, New Jersey to Florida, west to Illinois, Arkansas and Texas. Corolla rarely undeveloped. May-July. 100 LABIATAE. (Von. III. 2. Salvia praténsis L. Meadow Sage. (Fig. 3125.) Salvia pratensis I,. Sp. Pl. 25. 1753. Perennial, pubescent or puberulent; stem erect, rather stout, simple or little branched, sparingly leafy. Basal leaves long-petioled, ovate, oblong, or ovate-lanceolate, irregularly crenulate, obtuse at the apex, rounded or cor- date at the base, thick, rugose, 2/-7’ long; stem leaves much smaller, narrower, commonly acute, sessile or nearly so; clusters spicate, the spike elongated, interrupted; calyx campanu- late, glandular-pubescent, the teeth of the up- per lip minute, those of the lower long, subulate; corolla purple, minutely glandular, its upper lip strongly arched, mostly longer than the lower; lower end of the connective with a small or imperfect anther-sac. Atlantic Co., N. J. Fugitive or adventive from Europe. May-July. 3. Salvia Pitcheri Torr. Pitcher’s , Sage. (Fig. 3126.) Salvia Pitcheri Torr.; Benth, Lab. 251. 1833. Salvia azurea var. grandiflora Benth, in DC. Prodr. 12: 302. 1848. Perennial, downy; stem stout, branched or simple, erect, 2°-5° high; branches nearly erect. Leaves linear or linear-oblong, dentate to en- tire, sessile, or narrowed at the base into short petioles, firm, 2’-5’ long, 2’/-8’’ wide, the up- permost reduced to small bracts; clusters in long dense terminal spikes, or the lower ones distant; calyx oblong-campanulate, densely and finely woolly, about 3’ long, its upper lip entire, obtuse, the lower with 2 ovate acute teeth; corolla blue, finely pubescent without, 1/ long, its lower lip broad, sinuately 3-lobed, longer than the concave upper one; lower ends of the connectives dilated, often adherent to each other, destitute of anther-sacs. On dry plains, Missouri, Kansas and Colorado to Texas. Introduced into Illinois. July-Sept. Yj. Yi / , YH vi \ A 4. Salvia lanceolata Willd. Tance-leaved Zax YF NS Sage. (Fig. 3127.) "Of cS S Salvia lanceolata Willd. Enum. 37. 1809. Annual, puberulent or glabrous; stem leafy, usually much branched, erect or diffuse, 6/-18’ high. Leaves oblong, linear-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, petioled, mostly obtuse at the apex and narrowed at the base, crenulate-dentate or entire, 1/-2’ long, 2//-5’’ wide, the upper reduced to lanceolate-subulate, rather per- sistent bracts; flowers mostly opposite, but sometimes 3-4 together in the terminal spike-like racemes; pedi- cels shorter than the campanulate calyx; calyx 2//-3// long, its upper lip ovate, entire, the lower 2-cleft, the teeth ovate, mucronate; corolla blue (?) about 4/’ long, its lower lip narrow, twice as long as the upper; lower ends of the connectives dilated. On plains, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas, Arizona and Mexico. May-Sept. f Uy Ny ; j | / if ; Vor, III.] MINT FAMILY. y\~ \ \ 1 5. Salvia urticifolia I. Nettle-leaved J \ ee ( VE Sage. (Fig. 3128.) Salvia urticifolia I, Sp. Pl. 24. 1753. Perennial, pubescent, puberulent or nearly glabrous; stem glandular above, rather slender, ascending or erect, 1°-2° high. Leaves thin, ovate, 2/-4’ long, irregularly dentate or crenate- dentate, usually acute at the apex, abruptly contracted below into margined petioles; clus- ters several-flowered, in terminal interrupted spikes; bracts early deciduous; calyx oblong- campanulate, about 3’ long, the upper lip mi- nutely 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft, its teeth triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, spreading in fruit; corolla puberulent without, 6’/-8’” long, blue and white, the lower lip broad, 3-lobed, twice as long as the upper; lower ends of the connectives dilated. In woods and thickets, Maryland to Kentucky, south to Georgia and Louisiana, April-June. oi ZA 6. Salvia verbenacal,. Wild Sage. Wild Clary. (Fig. 3129.) Salvia verbenaca \. Sp. Pl. 25. 1753. Perennial; stem glandular-pubescent, erect, simple or sparingly branched,1°—2° high. Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, coarsely and irregularly incised-dentate or pinnatifid, petioled, or the uppermost sessile, the lower 3/-5/ long, obtuse at the apex, cordate at the base, nearly glabrous, the upper acute, much smaller; floral bracts broadly ovate, short; clusters several- flowered in elongated terminal interrupted spikes; pedicels shorter than the calyx; calyx deflexed in fruit, 3/’/-4’/’ long, its upper lip re- curved-spreading, with 3 minute connivent teeth, the lower one with 2 lanceolate acuminate mucronate teeth; corolla blue, about 4// long, its upper lip nearly straight, scarcely longer than the lower; lower ends of the connectives dilated and adnate to each other. L Va In waste places, Ohio to South Carolina. Natural- Wie 2 ized from Europe. Native alsoof Asia. June-Aug. jv " 4) e is VZ a 7. Salvia Sclarea L. Clary. Clear- eye. See-bright. (Fig. 3130.) Salvia Sclarea I, Sp. Pl. 27. 1753. Biennial or annual, glandular-pubescent; stem stout, erect, 2°-3%° high. Leaves broadly ovate, rugose, acute or obtuse at the apex, cordate at the base, irregularly dentate- crenate or denticulate, the lower long-petioled, 6’-8’ long, the upper small, short-petioled or sessile; clusters several-flowered, numerous in terminal spikes; bracts broad, ovate, acumin- ate, commonly longer than the calyx, pink or white; calyx campanulate, deflexed-spreading in fruit, 4/’-5’’ long, its lips about equal, the teeth all subulate-acicular; corolla blue and white, about 1’ long; upper lip arched, laterally compressed, longer than the lower one; lower portions of the connectives dilated. In fields, Pennsylvania, escaped from gardens, Naturalized from Europe. The mucilage of the seeds used to clear specks fromthe eye. June-Aug. 102 LABIATAE. (Vor, IIT. 23. MONARDA IL. Sp. Pli2e..) sa753" Perennial or annual erect aromatic herbs, with dentate or serrate leaves, and rather large white red purple yellowish or mottled flowers, in dense capitate clusters, mostly bract- eate and bracteolate, terminal and sometimes also axillary, the bracts sometimes brightly colored. Calyx tubular, narrow, 15-nerved, nearly or quite equally 5-toothed, mostly villous in the throat. Corolla glabrous within, usually puberulent or glandular without, the tube slightly dilated above, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect or arched, emarginate or entire; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe larger or longer than the others. Anther- bearing stamens 2, ascending, usually exserted, the posterior pair (staminodia) rudimentary or wanting; anthers linear, versatile, 2-celled, the sacs divaricate, more or less confluent at the base. Ovary deeply 4-parted; style 2-cleft at the apex; nutlets ovoid, smooth. [In honor of Nicolas Monardes, a Spanish physician and botanist of the sixteenth century. ] About 10 species, natives of North America and Mexico. Flower-clusters solitary, terminal (rarely also in the uppermost axils). Leaves manifestly petioled, the petioles commonly slender. Corolla scarlet, 1!s'-2' long; bracts red. 1. M. didyma. Corolla white, pink, or purple, 1’-1!4' long. eaves membranous; corolla slightly pubescent, 10''-12'’ long. 2. M. Clinopodia. Leaves thin or firm; corolla pubescent, 1'-114’ long. Pubescence spreading; leaves thin. Corolla cream-color, pink, or purplish. 3. M. fistulosa, Corolla or bracts deep purple or purple-red. 4. M. media. Pubescence short, canescent; leaves firm, pale. 5. M. scabra. Leaves sessile, or very short-petioled. 6. M. Bradburiana. Flower-clusters both axillary and terminal. Calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate; corolla yellowish, mottled. 7. M. punctata. Calyx-teeth subulate-aristate; corolla white or purple, not mottled. 8. M. cttriodora, 1. Monarda didyma L. Oswego Tea. American Bee Balm. (Fig. 3131.) t Z, Monarda didyma ¥,. Sp. Pl. 22. 1753. Perennial; stem stout, simple or branched, villous-pubescent, at least at the nodes, or gla- brate, 2°-3° high. Leaves thin, ovate or ovate- lanceolate, petioled, dark green, usually with some villous pubescence beneath and short scat- tered hairs above, acuminate at apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, sharply serrate, 3’-6’ long, 1/-3/ wide; lower petioles often 1’ long; flower- clusters almost always solitary, terminal; bracts commonly red; calyx incurved, nearly or quite glabrous without, slightly hirsute in the throat, its teeth subulate, nearly erect, about as long as the diameter of the tube; corolla scarlet, 114/-2 long, sparingly puberulent; stamens exserted. In moist soil, especially along streams, New Brunswick (?) to Ontario and Michigan, south to Georgia. Ascends to 5200 ft. in North Carolina. Called also Fragrant Balm, Mountain Mint and In- dian’s Plume. July-Sept. eu 2. Monarda Clinopdodia I. Basal Balm. (Fig. 3132.) Monarda Clinopodia ¥,. Sp. Pl. 22. 1753. Pycnanthemum Monardella Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 2: 8. pl. 74. 1803. Perennial; stem slender, simple, or with few long ascending branches, glabrous or slightly villous, 1°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate, ovate or ovate- lanceolate, membranous, bright green, mostly slen- der-petioled, more or less villous on the veins be- neath and puberulent above, acuminate at the apex, rounded, narrowed or rarely subcordate at the base, sharply serrate, 2’-4’ long, 14’-2’ wide; clusters solitary, terminal; bracts pale or white; calyx curved, nearly glabrous without, somewhat hirsute in the throat, its teeth subulate, slightly spreading, about as long as the diameter of the tube; corolla yellowish-pink, slightly pubescent, 10’’-12’’ long; stamens exserted. In woods and thickets, Ontario to Georgia and Ken- tucky. Ascends to 5000 ft. in North Carolina. June-Aug. Vor. III.] MINT FAMILY. 3. Monarda fistulosa L. Wild Berga- MOEN CHIT S133.) Monarda fistulosa I. Sp. Pl. 22. 1753. Monarda mollis I,. Amoen. Acad. 3: 399. 1753. Monarda fistulosa var. mollis Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 317. Inpart. 1833. Perennial, villous-pubescent or glabrate; stem slender, usually branched, 2°-3° high. Leaves thin but not membranous, green, usually slen- der-petioled, lanceolate, ovate or ovate-lanceo. late, acuminate at the apex, serrate, rounded, narrowed or sometimes cordate at the base, 1 14/— 4’ long, 32’-234’ wide; clusters solitary and terminal, or rarely also in the uppermost axils; bracts whitish or purplish; calyx puberulent or glabrous, densely villous in the throat, its subu- late teeth rarely longer than the diameter of the tube; corolla pubescent, especially on the upper lip, yellowish-pink or purplish, 1/-114’ long; stamens exserted. On dry hills and in thickets, Maine and Onta- tio to Minnesota, south to Florida and Louisiana. Ascends to 2500 ft. in Virginia. June-Sept. 4. Monarda média Willd. (Fig. 3134.) Monarda media Willd. Enum. 32. Monarda fistulosa var, rubra A. Gray, Syn. FI. 87: M. fistulosa var. media A. Gray, loc. cit. Perennial, sparingly hairy or glabrate; stem stout, commonly branched, 2°-3%° high. Leaves thin, but not membranous, dark green, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, or the uppermost lanceolate, slender-petioled, acuminate at the apex, sharply toothed, us- ually rounded at the base, 3/-5/ long, 1/-3/ wide; flower-clusters terminal, solitary, large; bracts deep purple, very conspicuous; calyx curved, glabrous, or very nearly so, slightly villous in the throat, teeth slightly spreading; corolla purple or purple-red, about 114’ long, its upper lip pubescent; stamens exserted. Tn moist thickets, Maine to Pennsylvania and Virginia, along the mountains. June-Aug. y u 5. Monarda scabra Beck. Pale Wild Bergamot. (Fig. 3135.) Monarda scabra Beck, Am. Journ. Sci. 10: 260. 1826. * Monarda fistulosa var. mollis Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 317. Inpart. 1883. Perennial; stem slender, puberulent at least above, usually branched, 1°-2'4° high. Leaves thick or firm, pale, usually short-petioled, acum- inate or acute at the apex, rounded, narrowed or cordate at the’ base, sharply or sparingly ser- rate, canescent or puberulent, rarely nearly gla- brous, sometimes with a few scattered spread- ing hairs on the veins or petiole, 1/-314’ long, ¥4/-1’ wide; flower-clusters terminal, solitary; bracts green or slightly pink, calyx puberulent, often hairy at the summit, densely villous in the throat, its short subulate teeth nearly erect; corolla yellowish or pink, about 114’ long, pubes- cent, sometimes glandular; stamens exserted. On prairies and plains, mostly in dry soil, North- west Territory and British Columbia to Nebraska, Missouri, Texas and Arizona. June-Aug. 104 LABIATAE. (Vou. III. 6. Monarda Bradburiana Beck. Bradbury’s Monarda. (Fig. 3136.) Monarda Bradburiana Beck, Am. Journ. Sci. 10: 260, 1826. Perennial, sparingly villous or glabrate; stem slender, often simple, 1°-2° high. Leaves rather thin, bright green, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile, or very nearly so, or partly clasping by the cordate or subcordate base, acuminate at the apex, serrate, 2’-3 14’ long; flower-clusters solitary and terminal; bracts green or purplish; calyx glabrous out- side, hirsute within and narrowed at the throat, its teeth long, bristle-pointed, diver- gent, longer than the diameter of the tube; corolla pink or nearly white, about 1/ long, its upper lip pubescent or puberulent, the lower commonly purple-spotted; stamens exserted. On dry hills or in thickets, Illinois to Ala- bama, west to Missouri and Kansas. May-July. LAY 7. Monarda punctata L. MHorse-mint. (Fig. 3137.) Monarda punctata I. Sp. Pl. 22. 1753. Perennial, usually rather densely pubescent or downy; stem usually much branched, 2°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate, linear-lanceolate or narrowly oblong, serrate with low teeth, or nearly entire, usually acute at both ends, green, manifestly pet- ioled, 1/—3/ long, 2’’-7’’ wide, often with smaller ones fascicled in their axils; flower-clusters axil- lary and terminal, numerous; bracts white or purplish, conspicuous, acute; calyx puberulent, villous in the throat, its teeth short, triangular- lanceolate, acute, not longer than the diameter of the tube; corolla yellowish, purple-spotted, about 1’ long, the stamens equalling or slightly surpassing its pubescent upper lip. In dry fields, southern New York to Florida, west to Wisconsin and Texas. July-Oct. 8. Monarda citriodéra Cervy. Lemon Monarda. (Fig. 3138.) M. citriodora Cerv.; Lag. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2. 1816. Monarda aristata Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) * 5:186. 1833-37. Annual, puberulent; stem stout, simple or branched, 1°-2° high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, mostly sharply serrate or serrulate, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, 1/-3 long, 2//-6’’ wide; flower-clusters axillary and terminal, several or numerous; bracts white or purple, conspicuous, awned at the tip, the awns becoming recurved; calyx- tube nearly glabrous, the throat densely villous, the teeth bristle-pointed, barbed, divergent or spreading, nearly half as long asthe tube; corolla pink or nearly white, not spotted, nearly or quite glabrous, I0’’-12’’ long; stamens not exserted. On dry plains, Nebraska and Colorado to Mis- y | 2 souri, Texas and Arizona. Naturalized in Tennes- an see (according to Gray). June-Sept. Monarda clinopodioides A. Gray, a related Texan species, with a slender stem, green or greenish bracts, and hirsute calyx with erect broader teeth, may occur in southern Kansas. Vor. III.] MINT FAMILY. 105 24. BLEPHILIA Raf. Journ. Phys. 89:98. 1819. Perennial hirsute or pubescent erect herbs, with axillary and terminal dense glomerules of rather small purplish or bluish flowers, or the glomerules in terminal more or less inter- rupted spikes. Calyx tubular, r3-nerved, not villous in the throat, 2-lipped, the upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-toothed, the teeth all aristate or those of the lower lip subulate. Corolla glabrous within, the tube expanded above, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect, entire; lower lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe narrower than the lateral ones. Anther-bearing (anterior) stamens 2, ascending, exserted or included; posterior stamens reduced to filiform staminodia, or none; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divaricate, somewhat confluent at the base. Ovary deeply 4-parted; style 2-cleft at the apex. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Greek, eyelash, from the fringed calyx-teeth. ] Two species, natives of eastern North America. Pubescence short; upper leaves lanceolate or oblong, slightly serrate. I Pubescence villous; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate. 2. 1. Blephilia ciliata (L.) Raf. Downy Blephilia. (Fig. 3139.) Monarda ciliata J,. Sp. Pl. 23. 1753- Blephilia ciliata Raf. Journ. Phys. 89:98. 1819. Stem puberulent, or with some short-villous pubescence above, commonly simple, 1°—-2° high. Lower leaves and those of sterile shoots ovate or oval, slender-petioled, crenate-denticulate, 1/-2/ long, the upper lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, short-petioled or sessile, mostly acute, longer and narrower, nearly entire; flower-clusters in a term- inal spike and in the uppermost axils; outer bracts ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, usually purplish, pinnately veined, ciliate; calyx hirsute, the teeth of the upper lip about one-third longer than those of the lower; corolla purple, villous-pubescent, 5/’-6’’ long; stamens exserted or included. In dry woods and thickets, Massachusetts to Michi- gan and Wisconsin, south to Georgia and Missouri. June-Aug. . ciliata. . hirsula. ty by A Paes ana 2. Blephilia hirsuta (Pursh) Torr. Hairy Blephilia. (Fig. 3140.) Monarda hirsuta Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 19. 1814. Blephilia nepetoides Raf. Journ. Phys. 89:98. 1819. Blephilia hirsuta Torr. Fl. U. S. 27. 1824. Stem villous-pubescent, usually branched, 14°-3° high. Leaves membranous, ovate or ovate-lanceo- late, acuminate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, sharply serrate, slender-petioled, 2/—4/ long, or the lower shorter and broader; flower- clusters axillary, or in a short terminal spike; outer bracts lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, long- acuminate, hirsute; calyx-tube nearly glabrous, its teeth very villous, those of the upper lip much ex- ceeding the lower; corolla pubescent, pale purple, rather conspicuously darker-spotted, 4/’-5’’ long. In woods and thickets, Vermont to Wisconsin, south to Georgia and Texas. Ascends to qooo ft. in North Carolina, June-Sept. 25. HEDEOMA Pers, Syn. 2: 131. 1807. Annual or perennial, strongly aromatic and pungent herbs, with small entire or crenu- late leaves, and small blue or purple flowers in axillary clusters, these crowded into terminal spikes or racemes. Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, villous in the throat, the mouth mostly con- tracted in fruit, gibbous on the lower side at the base, or nearly terete, 2-lipped, or nearly equally 5-toothed, the upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla-limb 2-lipped, the upper ‘lip erect, entire, emarginate or 2-lobed, the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Perfect stamens 2, as- cending under the upper lip, their anthers 2-celled, the sacs divergent or divaricate. Sterile stamens (staminodia) 2, minute, or none, very rarely anther-bearing. Ovary deeply 4-parted; style 2-cleft at the summit, glabrous. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Greek, sweet smell. ] 106 LABIATAE. (Vor. III. About 15 species, natives of America. Besides the following, some 8 others occur in the south- ern and southwestern States. Sometimes called Mock Pennyroyal. Teeth of the upper lip of the calyx triangular; leaves serrate. 1. H. pulegioides. Teeth of both lips of the calyx subulate; leaves entire. Calyx-teeth all nearly equal; annual. 2. H. hispida. Teeth of the lower lip nearly twice as long as the upper; perennial. 3. H. Drummondii. 1. Hedeoma pulegioides (I,.) Pers. American Pennyroyal. (Fig. 3141.) Melissa pulegioides I,. Sp. Pl. 593. 1753. Cunila pulegioides lL. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 30. 1762. Hedeoma pulegioides Pers. Syn. 2: 131. 1807. Annual; stem very slender, erect, much branched, finely soft-pubescent, 6/-18’ high, the branches as- cending. Leaves ovate to obovate-oblong, petioled, sparingly serrate, mostly obtuse at the apex and nar- rowed at the base, glabrous, or sparingly pubescent, thin, %/-114’ long, 2’’-8’’ wide, the upper smaller; clusters few-flowered, axillary, rather loose; pedicels pubescent, shorter than or equalling the calyx; calyx pubescent, gibbous, oblong-ovoid in fruit, its 3 upper teeth triangular, acute, not exceeding the 2 subu- late hispid lower ones; corolla purple, about 3// long; rudimentary stamens manifest, capitate at the sum- mit, or rarely anther-bearing. In dry fields, Cape Breton Island to Ontario and Min- nesota, south ‘to Florida and Nebraska. Also called Tick-weed and Squaw-mint. July-Sept. 2. Hedeoma hispida Pursh. Rough Pennyroyal. (Fig. 3142.) Hedeoma hispida Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 414. 1814. Hedeoma hirta Nutt. Gen. 1:16. 1818. Annual; stem erect, branched, slender, 3/-S/’ high, pubescent, the branches erect-ascending, very leafy and copiously flowered. Leaves linear, entire, firm, sessile, or the lower short-petioled, blunt or subacute at the apex, narrowed at the base, more or less hispid-ciliate but otherwise mostly glabrous, 44/-1’ long, about 1/’ wide, the lower much shorter and smaller; clusters axillary, numerous, crowded, several-flowered; pedicels pubescent, shorter than the calyx; bracts subulate, very hispid, about equalling the calyx; calyx oblong, gibbous, hispid, its teeth all subulate, nearly equal in length, up- wardly curved in fruit, about one-half as long as the tube, the 2 lower ones somewhat narrower and more hispid than the upper; corolla about 3’ long, bluish-purple; sterile stamens rudimentary or none. On dry plains, Illinois to the Northwest Territory, Louisiana, Arkansas and Colorado. May-Aug. & 3. Hedeoma Drummondii Benth. Drum- mond’s Pennyroyal. (Fig. 3143.) H. Drummondii Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 368. 1834. H, ciliata Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. (II.) 1: 183. 1847. Perennial from a woody base, with an ashy down nearly all over; stems much branched, slender, erect, 6’-18/ high, the branches ascending. Leaves oblong or linear, entire short-petioled or sessile, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, 5’/-10’” long, 1//-214/” wide, the lowest shorter; clusters axillary, loosely few-flowered; pedicels puberulent, about one-half as long as the calyx and equalling or longer than the subulate bracts; calyx cylindric-oblong, hirsute, slightly gibbons, its teeth all subulate, upwardly curved and connivent in fruit, the 2 lower nearly- twice as long as the 3 upper; corolla purple, 4//-6’” long; sterile stamens rudimentary or none. In dry soil, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas, Arizona and northern Mexico. April-Aug. — Vou. III.] MINT FAMILY. 107 26. MELISSA I. Spablyso2en 753: Leafy branching herbs, with broad dentate leaves, and rather small white or yellowish axillary clustered somewhat secund flowers. Calyx oblong-campanulate, deflexed in fruit, 13-nerved, nearly naked in the throat, 2-lipped; upper lip flat, 3-toothed, the lower 2-parted. Corolla exserted, its tube curved-ascending, enlarged above, naked within, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect, emarginate; lower lip 3-cleft, spreading. Stamens 4, didynamous, connivent and’ascending under the upper lip of the corolla; anthers 2-celled, their sacs divaricate. Ovary deeply 4-parted; style 2-cleft at the sum- mit, the lobes subulate. Nutlets ovoid, smooth, [Greek, bee.] About 4 species, natives of Europe and western Asia. 1. Melissa officinalis L. Garden or Lemon Balm. Bee-balm. (Fig. 3144.) Melissa officinalis Y,. Sp. Pl. 592. 1753- Perennial, pubescent; stem rather stout, erect or ascending, 1°-2%° high. Leaves ovate, petioled, mostly obtuse at both ends, sometimes cordate, pinnately veined, coarsely dentate or crenate-dentate, 1/-214’ long. Flowers several in the axillary clusters; pedicel shorter than the calyx; calyx about 3/’ long, the teeth of its lower lip slightly exceeding those of the upper; corolla white, 5’/-7’’ long. In waste places, thickets and woods, Maine to Georgia and West Virginia. Naturalized from Eu- rope. Plantlemon-scented. Called also Balnrleaf, Honey-plant, Pimentary, Balm-mint. June-Aug. 27. SATURETA LL. Sp. Pl. 567. 1753. Herbs or shrubs, with small entire leaves, sometimes with smaller ones fascicled in their axils, and bracted purple flowers in dense terminal or axillary clusters. Calyx campanulate, mostly 10-nerved, 5-toothed, naked or rarely villous in the throat. Corolla-limb 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, flat, entire or emarginate, the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, con- nivent under the upper lip of the corolla; anthers 2-celled, the sacs parallel or divaricate. Ovary deeply 4-parted; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets oblong or oval. [The classical Latin name of the plant. ] fi About 18 species, the following introduced as a garden herb from Europe, one of doubtful affinity in Florida, the others of the Mediterran- €an region. 1. Satureia horténsis IL. Savory. Summer Savory. (Fig. 3145.) Satureia hortensis I,. Sp. Pl. 568. 1753. Annual, puberulent; stems erect, slender, much branched, 6’-18’ high. Leaves linear or linear-oblong, short-petioled, entire, acute at both ends, %/-1}4’ long, 1//-2’” wide; clus- ters 3//-5’’ in diameter, terminal and in many of the upper axils; bracts linear, small, minute, or wanting; calyx about equalling the corolla- tube, somewhat pubescent, its teeth subulate, about as long as the tube, ciliate; corolla little longer than the calyx; stamens scarcely ex- serted. In waste places, New Brunswick and Ontario to Pennsylvania, west to Nevada. Naturalized orad- ventive from Europe. July—Sept. 28. CLINOPODIUM IL, Sp. Pl. 587.1753. [CALAMINTHA Moench, Meth. 408. 1794.] Herbs, or low shrubs, with entire or sparingly dentate leaves, and rather large flowers variously clustered. Calyx tubular or oblong, mostly gibbous at the base, about 13-nerved, 108 LABIATAE. (Vor, III. 2-lipped, naked or villous in the throat, the upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla usually expanded at the throat, the tube straight, mostly longer than the calyx, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect, entire or emarginate; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, all anther-bearing, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, somewhat con- nivent in pairs, the longer mostly exserted; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divergent or divaricate. Ovary deeply 4-parted; style glabrous, 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets ovoid, smooth, (Greek, bed-foot, the flowers likened to a bed-castor. ] About 50 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Besides the following, 3 others occur in the southeastern United States and in California. The genus has recently been included in Satureia by Briquet (Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam. 4: Abt. 3a, 296). % Flower-clusters dense, axillary and terminal, setaceous-bracted. 1, C. vulgare. % % Flower-clusters loose, axillary, or forming terminal thyrses; bracts small. Plants pubescent; introduced species. Clusters peduncled; calyx not gibbous; upper leaves very small; perennials. Leaves \ ith long; corolla somewhat exceeding the calyx. 2. C. Nepeta. Leaves 1! ‘-9' long; corolla at least twice as long as the calyx. 3. C. Calamintha, Clusters sessile; calyx very gibbous; plant leafy, annual. 42 C. Acinos. Plants glabrous; native species. Leaves linear or the lower spatulate, entire; corolla 4’’ lon 5. C. glabrum. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, serrate; corolla 6'’-7'' long. 6. C. glabellum. 1. Clinopodium vulgare L. Field or Wild Basil. Basil-weed. (Fig. 3146.) Clinopodium vulgare \,. Sp. Pl. 587. 1753. Melissa Clinopodium Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 393. 1834. be Clinopodium Benth. in DC. Prodr. 12: 233. 184) Perennial by short creeping stolons, hirsute; stem slender, erect from an ascending base, usually branched, sometimes simple, 1°-2° high. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, petioled, obtuse or acut- ish, entire, undulate or crenate-dentate, rounded, truncate or sometimes narrowed at the base, thin, 1/-214’ long; flowers in dense axillary and terminal capitate clusters about 1’ in diameter; bracts seta- ceous, hirsute-ciliate, usually as long as the calyx- tube; calyx pubescent, somewhat gibbous, the setaceous teeth of its lower lip rather longer than the broader ones of the upper; corolla purple, pink, or white, little exceeding the calyx-teeth. In woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to West Virginia, Minnesota and Manitoba, south in the Rocky Moun- tains to Colorado. Ascends to 4000 ft.in Virginia. Per- haps introduced eastward. Native of Europe and Asia. Called Stone Basil, Bed’s-foot, Horse Thyme. June-Oct. 2. Clinopodium Népeta (L.) Kuntze. Field Balm. Lesser Calamint. (Fig. 3147.) Melissa Nepeta 1,. Sp. Pl. 593. 1753. Corns Nepeta Link & Hoffmansg. Fl. Port. 1: 14. 150 Clangdodeued Nepeta Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 515. 1891. Perennial from a woody root and short rootstocks, villous or pubescent; stem rather stout, at length much branched, the branches nearly straight, ascending. leaves broadly ovate, petioled, obtuse or acute, crenulate with few low teeth, rounded or narrowed at the base, the lower '%4/-1’ long, the upper much smaller and bract-like; flowers few in the numerous loose peduncled axillary cymes, forming an almost naked elongated thyrsus; bracts very small, linear; calyx not gibbous, villous in the throat, about 14’ long, the teeth of its lower lip twice as long as those of the upper; corolla light purple or almost white, about 4’’ long. In fields and waste places, Maryland to North Caro- lina, west to Kentucky and Arkansas. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-Sept. Vor,. IIT.] MINT FAMILY. 109 3. Clinopodium Calamintha (J,.) Kuntze. Calamint. Calamint Balm. Capmint. (Fig. 3148.) Melissa Calamintha I,. Sp. Pl. 593. 1753- Calamintha officinalis Moench, Meth. 409. 1794. Clinopodium Calamintha Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 515. 1891. Perennial by creeping rootstocks, pubes- cent or hirsute; stem slender, branched, 1°- 2%° high. Leaves broadly ovate, petioled, obtuse at both ends or subacute at the apex, dentate or crenate-dentate, 1/-2’ long and nearly as wide; inflorescence as in the pre- ceding species, but commonly more leafy; peduncles of the lower flower-clusters usually longer than the petioles; calyx not gibbous, villous in the throat, 2’/-3’’ long, the teeth of the lower lip twice as long as those of the upper; corolla purplish, 6’’-7’’ long. “Inclined to escape from cultivation in a few places’’ (according to Gray). Native of Europe and Asia. Mountain Mint. June-Aug. 4. Clinopodium Acinos (L.) Kuntze. Basil Thyme. Basil Balm. (Fig. 3149.) Thymus Acinos\,. Sp. Pl. 591. 1753. Melissa Acinos Benth, Tipe cen! & 8p. 389. 1834. Cal. Acinos Benth. in DC. Prodr. 12: 230, ~ 1848. Clin. Acinos Kuntze, Rey. Gen. Pl. 513. 1891. Annual, pubescent; stems branched from the base, very slender, 6/-8’ high. Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, petioled, acutish at both ends or the lower obtuse, crenulate or entire, 4//-8/” long; flowers about 6 in the axils, the clusters sessile; bracts shorter than the pedicels; calyx gibbous on the lowerside, rough-hairy, longer than its pedicel, contracted at the throat, its subulate teeth somewhat unequal in length; co- rolla purplish, 14-2 times as long as the calyx. Tn waste places, New York and New Jersey. Ad- ventive from Europe. Called also Mother-of-thyme, Polly Mountain. May-Aug. 5. Clinopodium glabrum (Nutt.) Kuntze. Low Calamint or Bed’s-foot. (Fig. 3150.) Hedeoma glabra Nutt. Gen. 1:16. 1818. Cal. Nuttallzi Benth. in DC. Prodr. 12: 230. Ed. 2, 307. 1856. Clin. glabrum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 515. to Missouri and Texas. May-Aug. 2 1848. Calamintha glabella var, Nuttallii A. Gray, Man. 1891. Perennial, glabrous, stoloniferous; stem very slender, at length much branched, erect or as- cending, 4-12’ high. Leaves of the flowering branches linear, entire, very short-petioled or sessile, mostly obtuse at the apex, obscurely veined, 4’’-9’’ long, 1%4’-1/’ wide, the margins slightly revolute; lower leaves and those of the stolons shorter and broader, distinctly petioled; flowers 1-4 in the axils; bracts minute; pedicels filiform, mostly longer than the calyx; calyx not gibbous, its throat pubescent in a ring within, its lower teeth somewhat longer than the upper; corolla purple, about 4’’ long. On rocks and banks, western New York and southern Ontario to Illinois and Minnesota, south 110 LABIATAE. [Vor. IL. 6. Clinopodium glabéllum (Michx.) Kuntze. Slender Calamint or Bed’s- an foot. (Fig. 3151.) Cunila glabella Michx. F1. Bor. Am. 1:13. 1803. Za Calamintha glabella Benth. in DC. Prodr. 12: of 230. 1848. os Clinopodium glabellum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. os 515. 1801. Perennial, stoloniferous, glabrous; stems weak, spreading or decumbent, at length freely branched, elongated, slender, 8/-2° long. Leaves membranous, oblong, short- petioled, obtuse or the uppermost subacute at the apex, narrowed to a cuneate base, dis- tinctly serrate with low teeth, 1/2’ long, 2//-8’/ wide, the lowest and those of the stolons sometimes proportionately broader and shorter; axils 2~-5-flowered; pedicels fili- form, commonly twice as long as the calyx; bracts minute; calyx not gibbous, its throat pubescent in a ring within, its teeth nearly equal; corolla purplish, 6’’-7’’ long. On river banks, Kentucky and Tennessee. Rare and local. May-July. 29. HYSSOPUS IL. Sp. Pl. 569. 1753. A perennial erect herb, the stem somewhat woody at the base, with narrow, entire leaves, and small bracted purple or blue flowers, in dense clusters in the upper axils, and forming elongated terminal more or less interrupted spikes. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, about equally 5-toothed, not hairy in the throat. Corolla-limb 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, emarginate, the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous, the 2 longer ones exserted, divergent; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divaricate. Ovary deeply 4-parted; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets ovoid, somewhat 3-sided, nearly smooth. [Greek, an aromatic herb.] A monotypic genus of Europe and Asia. Alu 1. Hyssopus officinalis L. Hyssop. (Fig. 3152.) Hyssopus officinalis I,. Sp. Pl. 569. 1753. Stems usually several together from the woody base, slender, strict, puberulent, simple or branched, 1°-3° high, the branches upright or ascending. Leaves linear to oblong, sessile or very nearly so, firm, acute at both ends or the lower obtuse at the apex, puberulent or glabrate, faintly veined, 114/-2’ long, 1//-3/’ wide, sometimes with smaller ones or short leafy branches in their axils; spike sometimes t-sided, dense, %/-1’ broad; pedicels short, puberulent; outer bracts as long as the calyx; calyx-teeth, lanceolate, acute, one-fourth to one-third as long as the tube; corolla 4//-5// long, its tube exceeding the calyx. Along roadsides and in waste places, Ontario and Maine to North Carolina, and on the Pacific Coast. Naturalized from Europe. June-Sept. 30. ORIGANUM lL. Sp. Pl. 588. 1753. Perennial branching herbs, some species shrubby, with rather small crenate-dentate or entire leaves, and small bracted pink or purple flowers, in dense terminal glomerules. Calyx ovoid or campanulate, villous in the throat, about 13-nerved, 5-toothed or more or less 2-lipped. Corolla-limb 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, emarginate or 2-lobed, the lower longer, spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divergent. Style 2-cleft at the summit; ovary deeply 4-parted. Nutlets ovoid or oblong, smooth. (Greek, mountain-joy. ] About 30 species, natives of the Old World. Vor.. III.] MINT FAMILY. 1. Origanum vulgare L. Wild Marjoram. Organy. (Fig. 3153.) Origanum vulgare L,. Sp. Pl. 590. 1753. Perennial from nearly horizontal rootstocks, villous or hirsute; stem erect, slender, 1°-2'%4° high. Leaves ovate, petioled, obtuse or subacute at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, crenate or entire, 1/-114’ long, often with smaller ones, or short leafy branches, in their axils; flower-clusters often 2’ broad; bracts purplish, ovate or oval, about equalling the nearly regularly 5-toothed calyx; corolla pink, purple or nearly white, longer than the calyx, the upper lobe broad; all four stamens, or the two longer, exserted. In fields and waste places, Ontario to New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Called also Organs, Pot Marjoram. July-Sept. 31. KOELLIA Moench, Meth. 407. 1794. [BRACHYSTEMON and PYCNANTHEMUM Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:5, 7. 1803.] Perennial erect, mostly branched, glabrous cinereous canescent or pubescent herbs, with small white or purple-dotted flowers, in terminal or sometimes also axillary capitate glom- erules or cymose clusters. Calyx ovoid, oblong or tubular, 10o-13-nerved, equally or more or less unequally 5-toothed, not villous in the throat, the 2 upper teeth sometimes united be- low. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip emarginate or entire, the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous, nearly equal, or the lower pair a little longer; anther-sacs parallel. Ovary deeply 4-parted; style slender. Nutlets smooth, pubescent, or roughened. [Named for J. L. C. Koelle, a German botanist of the eighteenth century. ] About 14 species, natives of North America. Besides the following, 1 occurs in California and I or 2in the southern States. The species apparently intergrade, and are thus difficult of discrimi- nation. Mostly veryfragrant. Sometimes called Basil, the proper name of Calaminth or Ocymum., % Leaves prevailingly linear, linear-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate. Calyx-teeth ovate-triangular, acute, one-fourth as long as the tube. 2. K. Virginiana. Calyx-teeth subulate, lance-subulate or bristle-tipped. Leaves linear or lanceolate; calyx-teeth subulate or lanceolate. Leaves linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate, entire. 1. K, flexuosa. Leaves lanceolate, entire, or usually serrate. Bracts appressed, erect; clusters dense. Hirsute or pilose; leaves mainly entire. 3. K. pilosa. Puberulent or glabrate; leaves mostly denticulate. 4. K. vertictillata, Bracts spreading; clusters loose. 5. K. clinopodiozdes. Leaves oblong to linear-oblong, obtuse or subacute; calyx-teeth awn-like. 6. K. hyssopifolia. % % Leaves prevailingly ovate, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanccolate. Calyx-teeth bristle-tipped or subulate. Bracts appressed; clusters dense; calyx-teeth bristle-pointed. 7. K. aristata. Bracts spreading; clusters loose; calyx-teeth subulate. Calyx-teeth about one-half as long as the tube. 8. K. tncana. Calyx-teeth as long as the tube. 9. K. pycnanthemoides. Calyx-teeth triangular, triangular-lanceolate or lanceolate. Bracts spreading; clusters loose; calyx-teeth short. to. K. albescens. Bracts appressed; clusters dense. Bracts canescent; leaves firm, acute. 11. K. mutica. Bracts ciliate or villous; leaves membranous, acuminate. 12. K. montana. 1. Koellia flexuosa (Walt.) MacM. Narrow-leaved Mountain-Mint. (Fig 3154.) x, Satureja Thymus Virginicus I, Mant. 2: 409. 1771. Not S. Virginica V,. 1753. Origanum flexuosum Walt. Fl. Car. 165. 1788. Pycnanthemum linifolium Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 409, 1814. Koellia flexuosa MacM. Met. Minn. 452. 1892. Stem slender, stiff, nearly glabrous throughout, 11%4°- 214° high. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, entire, glabrous or the uppermost puberulent, sessile, or the lower very short-petioled, 1/-2’ long, 14//-14’’ wide, rather firm, often with short leafy branches in their axils; glomerules dense, terminal, cymose, 3//-5/’ broad, canescent; bracts appressed, acuminate, or subu- late-tipped, not longer than the clusters; calyx cylin- draceous, canescent, its teeth subulate and rigid, equal or nearly so, 3-4 times longer than broad, about one-third as long as the tube; corolla pubescent or nearly glabrous, its tube longer than the calyx. In fields and thickets, Massachusetts to Florida, Ontario, Minnesota and Texas. Little fragrant. July-Sept. 112 LABIATAE. j [Vor. IIT. 2. Koellia Virginiana (L.) MacM. Virginia Mountain-Mint. (Fig. 3155.) Satureja Virginiana L. Sp. Pl. 567. 1753- Stem strict, rather stout, glabrous or pubescent, 1%3° high. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceo- late, fragrant, very short-petioled or sessile, firm, entire, acuminate at the apex, rounded or nar- rowed at the base, glabrous, or somewhat puberu- lent beneath, or the uppermost densely canes- cent, 1/-2’ long, 2’’-5’’ wide, often with short leafy branches in their axils; glomerules dense, 4//-6/’ in diameter, terminal, cymose, canescent; bracts appressed, rigid, acute, acuminate or subulate- tipped, not exceeding the clusters; calyx cylin- draceous, or expanded above, canescent, its teeth triangular-ovate, equal or nearly so, acute, little longer than wide, about one-fourth as long as the tube; corolla pubescent without, purple-spotted, its tube longer than the calyx. In dry fields and thickets, Quebec and Ontario to Minnesota, south to Georgia, Alabama and Nebraska. Virginia Thyme, Prairie Hyssop. July-Sept. 3. Koellia pilosa (Nutt.) Britton. Hairy Mountain-Mint. (Fig. 3156.) Pycnanthemum pilosum Nutt. Gen, 2:33. 1818. Pycnanthemum muticum var. pilosum A. Gray, Syn. Fl, 2: Part 1, 355. 1878. Koellia pilosa Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5:279. 18094. Pubescent, at least above, 1°-214° high. Leaves lanceolate, very short-petioled or sessile, entire or very sparingly denticulate, 1/-2’ long, 3//-6’” wide, firm, acuminate at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, commonly with smaller ones, or short leafy shoots in their axils; glomerules dense, num- erous, terminal, cymose, villous or hirsute-canes- cent, about 4’’ in diameter; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, equalling or exceeding the clusters; calyx cylindraceous, narrow, canescent, its teeth lanceolate-subulate, equal, about 3 times as long as wide and one-fourth to one-third the length of the tube; corolla pubescent, its tube little longer than the calyx. On prairies and in dry woods, Ohio to Georgia, west to Missouri and Arkansas. July—Sept. 4. Koellia verticillata (Michx.) Kuntze. Torrey’s Mountain-Mint. (Fig. 3157.) tea) Brachystemon verticillatum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. ‘ 2:6. pl. 31. 1803. P. Torreyt Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 329. 1834. Koellia verticiliata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 520. 1891. Puberulent, glabrate or pubescent; stem slen- der, 1°-2%° high. Leaves lanceolate, oblong- lanceolate or linear-lanceolate (rarely ovate-lan- ceolate), short-petioled or sessile, serrulate or entire, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, 1’-3’ long, 3/’-10” wide, the uppermost sometimes canescent; flower-clus- ters dense, canescent, 5’’-6’’ broad, terminal, cy- mose and commonly also in some of the upper axils; bracts appressed, lanceolate, acuminate, equalling or longer than the clusters; calyx ca- nescent, its teeth subulate or lance-subulate, 2-3 times as long as wide, one-fourth to one-third as long as the tube; corolla pubescent, its tube rather exceeding the calyx. In dry fields and thickets, Rhode Island to Vir- ginia, west to Missouri. July—Sept. Vor. III.] MINT FAMILY. 113 5. Koellia clinopodioides (T. & G.) Kuntze. Basil Mountain-Mint. (Fig. 3158.) Pycnanthemum clinopodioides T. & G.; A. Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. 42:45. 1842. Koellia clinopodiotdes Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl, 520. 1891. Pubescent or puberulent; stem slender, 1°-2%4° high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, rather thin, short-petioled, sharply serrate, or the upper entire, 114’-3’ long, 5’’-12’’ wide, none of them canescent; flower-clusters loose, terminal and axillary, about 1/ broad; bracts linear-acuminate or subulate-tipped, not exceeding the clusters, some or all of them spreading; calyx finely canescent or gla- brate, its teeth subulate, sometimes with a few long hairs, slightly unequal, about one-fourth the length of the tube; corolla-tube longer than the calyx. In dry soil, southern New York and Pennsylvania to eastern Tennessee. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. Aug.-Sept. 6. Koellia hyssopifolia (Benth. ) Britt. Hyssop Mountain-Mint. (Fig. 3159.) P. hyssopifolium Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 329. 1834. a) Pycnanthemum aristatum var. hyssopifolium A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part 1, 354. 1878. Zz = Za = QM : K. hyssopifolia Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 279. 1894. NYY YY ZA Puberulent or glabrate; stem slender, stiff, —S z= = i a NG 1°-3° high. Leaves oblong, linear-oblong, or \ \ lanceolate-oblong, short-petioled, or the upper WY 2? % \Ve sessile, obtuse or subacute at the apex, nar- Ri Wy y rowed at the base, entire or denticulate, %4/—1 14’ \\ Y 4, long, 2’/-6’’ wide, glabrous or minutely canes- aN WL cent; flower-clusters dense, minutely canescent, not at all villous, terminal and cymose, and SA Za usually also in the upper axils, often 1’ broad; ~ bracts linear-oblong, narrowed at each end, \S {7 terminated by an awn almost as long as the WN body; calyx cylindraceous, glabrous or very | nearly so, prominently nerved, its teeth bristle- pointed, slightly widened below, nearly as long as the tube; corolla-tube not longer than calyx. L 7. Koellia aristata (Michx.) Kuntze. Awned Mountain-Mint. (Fig. 3160.) Pycnanthemum aristatum Michx. F1. Bor, Am. 2:8. pl. 33. 1803. Koellia aristata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 520. 1891. In dry soil, Virginia to Florida. June-Aug. Similar to the preceding species; stem slender, stiff, minutely canescent, 114°-24%4° high. Leaves ovate, or some of them ovate-lanceolate, short- petioled, sharply serrate, serrulate, or the upper entire, acute at the apex, rounded at the base, 1/-2/ long, 4//-12/’ wide, the uppermost usually minutely canescent; inflorescence as in the pre- ceding species; bracts long-awned, appressed, the awn about one-third the length of the body; calyx canescent, its teeth equal, bristle-pointed, widened below, one-third to one-half as long as the tube; corolla-tube about equalling the calyx. In dry pine barrens, New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana, mostly near the coast. July-Sept. 8 114 LABIATAE. (Vor. IIT. 8. Koellia incana (L.) Kuntze. Hoary Mountain-Mint. (Fig. 3161.) Clinopodium incanum I, Sp. Pl. 588. 1753. Pycnanthemum incanum Michx. F1. Bor. Am. 2:7. 1803. Koellia incana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 520. 1891. Stem pubescent, or glabrous below, stout, 114°-3° high. Leaves thin, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, peti- oled, acute at the apex, sharply serrate or serrulate, white-canescent beneath, puberulent or glabrous above, 114’-3’ long, %4/-114’ wide, or the upper- most smaller and sometimes canescent on both sides; clusters loose, terminal and in the upper axils, 1-114’ broad, canescent, the flowers some- times secund on their branches; bracts linear, or the outer broader, canescent or slightly villous, spreading, mostly shorter than the clusters; calyx canescent, slightly 2-lipped, its teeth subulate, somewhat unequal, the longer one-fourth to one- half as long as the tube, rarely villous; corolla- tube equalling or longer than the calyx. Dry thickets and hillsides, Maine to Ontario, Ohio and Florida. Also called Wild Basil. Aug.—Oct. g- Koellia pycnanthemoides (Leavenw.) Kuntze. Southern Mountain- Mint. (Fig. 3162.) Tullia pycnanthemoides Leavenw. Am. Journ. Sci. 20: 343. pl. 5. 1830. P. Tullia Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 328. 1834. K. pycnanthemoides Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 520. 1891. Stem rather stout, pubescent nearly to the base, 2°-3° high. Leaves membranous, petioled, mostly ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, sharply serrate, pubescent beneath, puberulent or glabrate above, 114/-314’ long, 34’-114’ wide, the lower green, the upper smallerand white-canescent on both sides; clusters loose, villous and canescent, terminal and axil- lary, 1/-2’ broad, the flowers often secund; bracts linear-oblong, acuminate or subulate-tipped, spreading, mostly shorter than the mature clus- ters; calyx-teeth very unequal, subulate, densely villous, the longer about equalling the tube; corolla-tube not exceeding the calyx. In dry woods and on hills, Virginia to Georgia and Tennessee. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. July-Sept. 10. Koellia albéscens (T. & G.) Kuntze. White-leaved Mountain-Mint. (Fig. 3163.) P. albescens T.& G ;A. Gray, Am Journ. Sci. 42:45, 1842. Koellia albescens Kuntze, Rev. Gen, Pl. 520. 1891. Stem slender, soft-pubescent nearly to the base, 1°-2° high. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, peti- oled, acute or subacuminate at the apex, narrowed or sometimes rounded at the base, sharply serrate or nearly entire, 1’-214’ long, 4’-14’ wide, white- canescent beneath, green above, or the upper canes- cent on both sides; clusters loose, terminal and axillary, deusely canescent, not at all villous, at length about 1’ broad; bracts linear, or the outer broader, spreading, sometimes exceeding the clus- ters; calyx densely canescent, its teeth triangular, obtuse or acute, slightly unequal, one-fifth to one- fourth as long as the tube; corolla-tube longer than the calyx. In dry woods and thickets, southern Virginia to Missouri and Arkansas, south to Florida and Texas. July-Sept. Vou. III.] MINT FAMILY. 115 11. Koellia mutica (Michx.) Britt. Short-toothed Mountain-Mint. (Fig. 3164.) Brachystemon muticum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:6. pi. 32. ‘ Gah : AGW , ie oe Nia Roellsa mutica Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 4:145. 1894. Stem stiff, puberulent, or glabrous below, 1°-2%° high. Leaves short-petioled or sessile, ovate or ovate- lanceolate, firm, acute at the apex, rounded or some- times subcordate at the base, sharply serrate or serru- late, 114’-3’ long, %4/-114’ wide, the lower mostly glabrous, the uppermost white-canescent on both sides, much smaller; flower-clusters capitate, dense, terminal, cymose, often also in the upper axils, pubes- cent or canescent, 4//-6’” broad; bracts appressed, lan- ceolate-subulate or the outer broader; calyx pubescent, its teeth nearly equal, triangular-ovate or triangular- lanceolate, not much longer than wide, about one-fifth as long as the tube; corolla-tube exceeding the calyx. In sandy soil, Maine to Virginia and Florida, west to Missouri. July—Sept. 12. Koellia montana (Michx.) Kuntze. Thin- leaved Mountain-Mint. (Fig. 3165.) Pycnanthemum montanum Michx, Fl. Bor. Am. 2:8. 1803. Monardella montana Benth. Lab. Gen. & Sp. 331. 1834. Koellia montana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 520. 1891. Stem slender, glabrous or nearly so throughout, 2°-3° high. Leaves distinctly petioled, membranous, glabrous, , ovate-lanceolate or the upper lanceolate, long-acuminate ‘at the apex, usually narrowed at the base, sharply ser- rate, 2/-5’ long, %/-2’ wide, none of them canescent; ‘ flower-clusters rather dense, terminal and in the upper axils, %/-1’ broad; bracts appressed, lanceolate or linear- lanceolate, acuminate, not exceeding the fully developed clusters, bearded more or less with long hairs; calyx tu- bular, glabrous or puberulent, or villous above, its teeth triangular-subulate, equal, one-fifth to one-fourth as long as the tube; corolla-tube longer than the calyx. In woods, mountains of southern Virginia to Georgia, Tennessee and Alabama. July—Sept. SY 32. THYMUS'L. Sp. Pl. 500: 1753. Perennial herbs, or low shrubby creeping plants, with small mostly entire leaves, and small purple flowers clustered in terminal glomerules, or in the axils of the leaves. Calyx ovoid, villous in the throat, 10-13-nerved, 2-lipped, the upper lip erect-spreading, 3-toothed, the lower 2-toothed, its teeth long and slender. Corolla-limb 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, emarginate, the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, more or less didynamous, mostly ex- serted; anthers 2-celled, the sacs paralleljor divergent. Ovary deeply 4-parted; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets ovoid or oblong, smooth. [Greek, incense. ] About 50 species, natives of the Old World, mostly European. 1. Thymus Serpyllum 1. Wild or Creeping Thyme. Mother of Thyme. (Fig. 3166.) Thymus Serpyllum U,. Sp. Pl. 590. 1753. Stems more or less pubescent in lines, very slender, procumbent, tough, much branched, 4/—12/ long, com- monly forming dense mats. Leaves oblong or ovate- oblong, petioled, obtuse at the apex, usually narrowed at the base, entire, glabrous, or sometimes ciliate, 2//-5/’ long; bracts similar to the leaves, but smaller; flowers numerous in verticillate clusters crowded in dense short terminal spikes, or also in the upper axils; calyx distinctly 2-lipped, the tube usually pubescent and the teeth ciliate; corolla longer than the calyx. In thickets, woods, and along roadsides, Nova Scotia to southern New York and Pennsylvania. Naturalized from Europe. Native also o Asia. June-Sept. Old English names, Brotherwort, Hillwort, Penny Mountain, Shep- herd’s Thyme. 116 LABIATAE. (Vor. II. a3: CUNILA L. Syst. Ed. 10, 1359. 1759. Perennial branching herbs, or low shrubs, with dentate or entire leaves, and rather small purple or white flowers. Calyx tubular-ovoid, 1o-13-nerved, villous in the throat, equally 5-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped, longer than the calyx, the upper lip erect, emarginate, the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Anther-bearing stamens 2, long-exserted, straight, the poster- ior pair rudimentary, or wanting; anther-sacs parallel. Ovary deeply 4-parted; style slender, 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets smooth; scar of attachment basal and small. [Latin name of some plant. ] About 15 species, natives of America. The following is the only one known in North America, 1. Cunila origanoides (L.) Britton. Stone Mint. Sweet Horse-Mint. American Dittany. (Fig. 3167.) Satureia origanotdes I,. Sp. Pl. 568. 1753. Cunila Mariana I,. Syst. Ed. 10, 1359. 1759. Hedyosmos origanoides Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 520. 1891. Cunila origanoides Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5:278. 1894. Stem slender, stiff, branched, glabrous, or pubes- cent at the nodes, erect, 8’-20’ high, the branches as- cending. Leaves ovate, sessile or very short-petioled, acute at the apex, sharply serrate, rounded, truncate or subcordate at the base, 14/-114’ long, densely punc- tate; flowers nearly 14’ long, numerous in terminal loose cymose clusters; corolla purple-pink, one-half as long as the stamens; posterior pair of stamens usually rudimentary. In dry woods and thickets,southern New YorktoFlorida, | west to Ohioand Georgia. Plantveryaromatic. Aug-Sept. 77/7 BA eViCORUS I. op. ble en. 753. Herbs, perennial by slender stolons or suckers, with erect or diffuse stems, petioled or sessile leaves, and small white or purple flowers, bracted and verticillate in dense axillary clusters. Calyx campanulate, regular or nearly so, 4-5-toothed, not bearded in the throat, the teeth obtuse or acute. Corolla funnelform-campanulate to cylindric, equalling or longer than the calyx, the limb nearly equally 4-cleft, or one of the lobes broader and emarginate. Perfect stamens 2, anterior, the posterior pair rudimentary, or altogether wanting; anther- sacs parallel. Ovary deeply 4-parted; style slender, 2-cleft at thesummit. Nutlets truncate at the summit, narrowed below, trigonous, smooth. [Greek, wolf-foot.] About to species of the north temperate zone. Only the following known in North America. Calyx-teeth mostly 4, ovate, shorter than the nutlets. 1. L. Virginicus. Calyx-teeth mostly 5, lanceolate or subulate, longer than the nutlets. Bracts minute; corolla twice as long as the calyx. Leaves sessile. 2. L. sessilifolius. Leaves narrowed into a manifest petiole. 3. L. rubellus, Bracts lanceolate or subulate; corolla not twice as long as the calyx. Leaves pinnatifid or deeply incised. 4. L. Americanus. Leaves merely coarsely dentate or serrate (lower rarely incised). Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, serrate. 5. L. lucidus. Leaves ovate, coarsely dentate. 6. L. Europaeus. 1. Lycopus Virginicus lL. Bugle-weed. Bugle-wort. (Fig. 3168.) Lycopus Virginicus I, Sp. Pl. 21. 1753. Perennial by long filiform leafy sometimes tuber- bearing stolons, glabrous or puberulent; stem slender, erect or ascending, simple or branched, 6/-2° high. Leaves oblong, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acumin- ate at the apex, sharply dentate, narrowed or cuneate at the base, petioled, or the upper sessile, 1}4/-3/ long, 14/-14’ wide; bracts short, oblong; calyx-teeth 4, or sometimes 5, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or sub- acute; corolla about 1’’ broad, nearly twice as long as the calyx, or longer; rudimentary.posterior stamens minute; nutlets longer than or about equalling the calyx. In wet soil, Labrador to British Columbia, south to Flor- ida, Alabama, Missouri and Nebraska. Sometimes called Wood Betony. Leaves often purple. Stem usually thick- ened at the base. Variable. Probably includes several species. July-Sept. Vou. III.] MINT FAMILY. 117 2. Lycopus sessilifélius A. Gray. Sessile-leaved Water Hoarhound. (Fig. 3169.) Lycopus Europacus var. sessilifolius A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 345. _ 1867 Lycopus ‘sessilifoltus A. Gray, Proc, Am. Acad. 8: 285. 1870. Glabrous, or puberulent above, perennial by stolons and suckers; stem simple, or at length branched, erect, 1°-2° high. Leaves ovate-lan- ceolate or oblong-lanceolate, closely sessile, acute or acuminate at the apex, sharply serrate, some- what narrowed at the base, 1/-2’ long; bracts very small, acute; calyx-teeth usually 5, subulate, rigid, nearly as long as the tube; corolla twice as long as the calyx; rudimentary posterior stamens oval; nutlets shorter than the calyx, In wet soil, Long Island, N. Y., to Florida, near the coast. Aug.—Oct. 3. Lycopus rubéllus Moench. Stalked Water Hoarhound. (Fig. 3170.) Lycopus rubellus Moench, Meth. Suppl. 146. 1802. Lycopus Europaeus var. tntegrifolius A, Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 346. 1867. Glabrous or minutely puberulent, perennial by leafy stolons; stem erect or ascending, sim- ple or at length freely branched, 1°-3° high. Leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, or narrower, / i) acuminate at the apex, sharply dentate, nar- rowed or cuneate at the base, 2’-5’ long, %4/— 144’ wide, usually tapering into a conspicu- ous petiole; bracts minute, acute or acuminate; ae ‘ calyx-teeth triangular-subulate, herbaceous, one- y half as long as the tube or more; corolla longer LOSS than the calyx; rudimentary posterior stamens SS oval or oblong; nutlets much shorter than the A calyx, fae Oh i \S In wet soil, southern New York to Florida, Ohio, Arkansas and Louisiana. July—Oct. 4. Lycopus Americanus Muhl. Cut- U leaved Water Hoarhound. (Fig. 3171.) l, PH, Bee ans Muhl.; Bart. Fl. Phil. Prodr. 15. 1815. Lycopus sinuatus Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1:26. 1817. Lycopaeus Europaeus var. sinuatus A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 346. 1867. Puberulent or glabrous, perennial by suckers; stem stiff, erect, simple or branched, 1°-2° high. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate in outline, petioled, acuminate at the apex, incised, pinnati- fid or the uppermost merely serrate, 2/-4/ long; bracts subulate, the outer ones sometimes ex- ceeding the calyx; calyx-teeth triangular-subu- late, cuspidate, rigid; corolla little exceeding the calyx; rudimentary posterior stamens thick- ened at their tips; nutlets much shorter than the calyx. In wet soil, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to Florida, Texas, Utah and California. June-Oct. 118 LABIATAE. (Vou. III. 5. Lycopus licidus Turcz. Western Water Hoarhound. (Fig. 3172.) L. lucidus Turez.; Benth. in DC. Prodr. 12: 178. 1848. Lycopus lucidus var. Americanus A. Gray, Proc. Am, Acad, 8: 286. 1870. Pubescent or glabrate, perennial by stolons; stem usually stout, erect, strict, leafy, simple, or some- times branched, 1°-3° high. Leaves oblong-lan- ceolate, acute at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, sessile, or very short-petioled, 2’-6’ long, \(/-14/ wide, sharply serrate with acute ascending teeth; bracts ovate or lanceolate, acuminate-subu- \ Ek late, the outer ones often as long as the flowers; ~ calyx-teeth 5, subulate-lanceolate, nearly as long as : WN 3 the tube; corolla little longer than the calyx; rudi- : . mentary stamens slender, thickened at the tips; TAX WZ nutlets much shorter than the calyx. Re \ SS = In wet soil, Minnesota to Kansas, west to British Co- ye LE: lumbia, California and Arizona, Also in northern Asia. ° 2 July—-Sept. Nie y N es 3 6. Lycopus Europaéus lL. Water or Marsh Hoarhound. Gipsy-wort. Gipsy-herb. (Fig. 3173.) Lycopus Europaeus I, Sp. Pl. 21. 1753. Puberulent or pubescent, perennial by suck- ers; stems stout, at length widely branched, 1°-2%° high. Leaves ovate, ovate-oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, short-petioled, or the upper sometimes sessile, coarsely dentate, or the lower incised at the base, 1/-3’ long, %/-1’ wide; bracts subulate-lanceolate, the outer shorter than or equalling the flowers; calyx-teeth subu- late-spinulose; corolla scarcely longer than the calyx; rudimentary posterior stamens obsolete; nutlets shorter than the calyx. In waste places, southern New York to Virginia. Naturalized from Europe. July—Sept. Ny Ale FF: 35- MENTHA L. Sp. Pl. 576. 1753. Erect or diffuse odorous herbs, with simple sessile or petioled mostly punctate leaves, and small whorled purple pink or white flowers, the whorls axillary or in terminal dense or interrupted spikes. Calyx campanulate to tubular, 1o-nerved, regular, or slightly 2-lipped, 5-toothed. Corolla-tube shorter than the calyx, the limb 4-cleft, somewhat irregular, the posterior lobe usually somewhat broader than the others, entire or emarginate. Stamens 4, equal, erect, included or exserted, sometimes imperfect; filaments glabrous; anthers 2-celled, the sacs parallel. Ovary 4-parted; style 2-cleft at the summit. Nutlets ovoid, smooth. [Name used by Theophrastus; from the nymph Minthe. ] About 30 species, natives of the north temperate zone. ‘The more or less characteristic odors of the species change during the progress of the life of the plant. The following occur in North America. % Whorls of flowers in terminal spikes, or some in the upper axils. Plants glabrous or very nearly so. Spikes slim, narrow, mostly interrupted; leaves sessile, or nearly so. 1. MW. spicata. Spikes thick, mostly dense, at first short; leaves petioled. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute. 2. M. piperita. Leaves ovate, obtuse, or the upper acute, subcordate. 3. MW. cttrata. Plants villous, hirsute or canescent, at least at the nodes. Spikes slim or narrow, often interrupted. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute. 4. M. longifolia. Leaves elliptic or ovate-oblong, obtuse, reticulated beneath. 5. M. rotundifolia. Spikes thick (6'’), dense, elongated or short. Leaves sessile; spikes 1'-3’ long; plant canescent. 6 Leaves distinctly petioled, or the uppermost sessile; spikes short. Leaves simply serrate. 7. M. aquatica. Leaves mostly incised, the margins crisped and wavy. 8. MW. crispa. % % Whorls of flowers all axillary. Leaves crenate-dentate; calyx-teeth triangular, short. 9. MW. arvensis. . WM. alopecuroides. Vor. III.] MINT FAMILY. Leaves sharply serrate; calyx-teeth subulate. Calyx-teeth ciliate, the tube glabrous; leaves ovate. Calyx densely or sparsely pubescent all over. Leaves ovate, pubescent on both sides; hairs of the stem reflexed. 11 Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, nearly or quite glabrous. 1. Mentha spicata Ll. Spearmint. Our Lady’s Mint. (Fig. 3174.) Mentha spicata V,. Sp. Pl. 576. — 1753- Mentha spicata var. viridis L. loc. cit. 1753. Mentha viridis ,. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 804. 1763. Glabrous, perennial by leafy stolons; stem erect, branched, 1°-1%° high. Leaves lanceolate, ses- sile or short-petioled, sharply serrate, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, the largest about 214’ long; whorls of flowers in ter- minal narrow acute usually interrupted spikes, which become 2/—4/ long in fruit, the one terminat- ing the stem surpassing the lateral ones; bracts subulate-lanceolate, ciliate, some of them usually longer than the flowers; calyx campanulate, its teeth hirsute or glabrate, subulate, nearly as long as the tube; corolla glabrous. In moist fields or waste places, Nova Scotia to Onta- rio, Minnesota and Utah, south to Florida and Kansas. Naturalized from Europe. Native alsoof Asia. Othe names are Garden-, Brown- or Mackerel-Mint, Sag Bethlehem. July—Sept. 12, . MW. gentilis, . M. sativa. . M. Canadensis. 2. Mentha piperita L. Peppermint. (Fig. 3175.) 3. Mentha citrata Ehrh. Bergamot Mint. (Fig. 3176.) Mentha citrata Ehth. Beitr. 7: 150. 1792. Mentha piperita \,. Sp. Pl. 576. 1753- Perennial by subterranean suckers; stems gla- brous, mostly erect, branched, 1°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate, petioled, dark green, acute at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, rather firm, sharply serrate, glabrous on both sides, or pubes- cent on the veins beneath, the larger 1}4/—3’ long, 1/-114’ wide; whorls of flowers in terminal dense or interrupted spikes, which are thick and obtuse, and become 1/-3/ long in fruit, the middle one at length overtopped by the lateral ones; bracts lance- olate, acuminate, not longer than the flowers, or the lower occasionally foliaceous; calyx tubular-cam- panulate, glabrous below, its teeth subulate, usu- ally ciliate, one-half as long as the tube or more; corolla glabrous; style occasionally 3-cleft. In wet soil, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida and Tennessee. Naturalized from Europe. Lamb- or Brandy-Mint. July—Sept. Perennial by leafy stolons, glabrous throughout; stem weak, branched, decum)ent or ascending, 1°- 2° long. Leaves petioled, thin, ovate or ovate-or- bicular, obtuse or the upper acute at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, sharply serrate with low teeth, the larger about 2’ long, 1/-1'4’ wide; whorls of flowers in terminal dense thick ob- tuse spikes, and commonly also in the uppermost axils; spikes scarcely more than 1’ long in fruit; calyx glabrous, its teeth subulate, one-half as long as the tube, or longer; corolla glabrous. _ In wet soil, Staten Island, N. Y., and Ohio. Adven- tive from Europe. July-Sept. 120 LABIATAE. (Vou. IIl.. 4. Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. Horse Mint. (Fig. 3177.) Mentha spicata var. longifolia 1. Sp. Pl. 576. 1753.- Mentha longifolia Huds. Fl. Angl. 221. 1762. Mentha sylvestris 1,. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 804. 1763. Perennial by suckers, canescent or puberulent nearly all over; stems mostly erect, branched, or simple, 1°-214° high. Leaves lanceolate, ovate- lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, or very short-petioled, acute at the apex, usually rounded at the base, sharply serrate, 1/-3/ long, 14/-14/ wide, sometimes glabrous above; whorls of flowers in terminal narrow dense or inter- rupted acute spikes, which become 2/-5’ long in fruit; bracts lanceolate-subulate, the lower equal- ling or longer than the flowers; calyx tomentose or canescent, its teeth subulate, one-half as long as the campanulate tube; corolla puberulent. In waste places, Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Naturalized from Europe. Called also Brook- or Fish-Mint, and formerly Water-Mint. July-Oct. 5. Mentha rotundifolia (I,.) Huds. Round-leaved Mint. (Fig. 3178.) Mentha spicata var. rotundifolia I, Sp. Pl. 576. 1753. Mentha rotundifolia Huds. Fl. Angl. 221. 1762. Perennial by leafy stolons, canescent or tomentose-puberulent, somewhat viscid; stems ascending or erect, simple or branch- ed, usually slender, 1'14°-214° high. Leaves elliptic, or ovate-oblong, short-petioled, or he SS sessile and somewhat clasping by the sub- Sy, sak cordate or rounded base, obtuse at the apex, SY P crenate-serrate with low teeth, 1/-2/ long, 9/’-15’’ wide, more or less rugose-reticu- lated beneath; whorls of flowers in terminal dense or interrupted spikes which elongate to 2/-4’ in fruit; bracts lanceolate, acumin- ate, commonly shorter than the flowers; calyx-teeth setaceous, usually about one- half as long as the tube; corolla puberulent. In waste places, Maine to North Carolina, Texas and Mexico. Called also Apple Mint, Horse Mint, Wild Mint. July-Sept. 6. Mentha alopecuroides Hull. Woolly Mint. (Fig. 3179.) Mentha alopecuroides Hull. Brit. Fl. 221. 1799. Perennial by suckers, white-woolly; stem stout, leafy, erect or ascending, simple or branch- ed, 1144°-3° high. Leaves broadly oval, sessile, or partly clasping by a subcordate or rarely rounded base, obtuse at the apex, sharply and rather coarsely serrate, pinnately-veined, the lower 2/-3’ long, 1%4/-2’ wide; spikes rather thick, dense, stout, obtuse, 2/-3’ long in fruit; bracts lanceolate, shorter than the flowers; calyx- teeth setaceous, one-half as long as the campan- ulate tube, or more; corolla pubescent. Along roadsides, southern New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Missouri. Naturalized from Europe. July-Oct. Vou. III.] MINT FAMILY. 121 7. Mentha aquatica L. Water Mint. Fish Mint. (Fig. 3180.) Mentha aquatica I,. Sp. Pl. 576. 1753. Perennial by suckers, hirsute or pubescent, rarely glabrate; stem stout, erect, leafy, usually branched, 1%4°-2%° high, its hairs reflexed. Leaves broadly ovate, petioled, acute, subacute or the lower obtuse at the apex, rounded, subcor- date or rarely narrowed at the base, sharply ser- rate, the larger 114/-3’ long and nearly as wide; whorls of flowers in terminal dense short thick rounded spikes, and usually also in the upper axils; spikes seldom more than 1/ long in fruit; bracts lanceolate, shorter than the flowers; calyx hirsute, its teeth lanceolate-subulate or triangular- lanceolate, one-third to one-half as long as the nearly cylindric tube; corollasparingly pubescent. In wet places, Nova Scotia to Pennsylvania and Georgia. Naturalized from Europe. Aug.—Oct. 8. Menthacrispal,. Crisped-leaved, Curled or Cross Mint. (Fig. 3181.) Mentha crispa I,. Sp. Pl. 576. — 1753. Mentha aquatica var. crispa Benth. Lab, Gen. & Sp.177. 1833. Sparingly pilose pubescent at least at the nodes, petioles and veins of the lower surfaces of the leaves; stem rather weak, usually much branched, 1%°-3° long. Leaves distinctly petioled, or the uppermost sessile, ovate in outline, mostly acute at the apex, rounded, truncate or subcordate at the base, their margins crisped, wavy and incised, or the uppermost merely sharply serrate; whorls of flowers in dense thick rounded terminal spikes, which become 1/-114’ long in fruit; calyx sparingly pubescent or glabrous, its teeth subulate, more than one-half as long as the campanulate tube; corolla glabrous. In swamps and roadside ditches, southern New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Aug.-Oct. 9. Mentha arvénsis L. Corn Mint. Field Mint. (Fig. 3182.) Mentha arvensis Y,. Sp. Pl. 577. 1753. Perennial by suckers, pubescent or gla- brate; stems erect or ascending, simple or branched, 6’-2° high, slender. Leaves ob- long-lanceolate, oval or ovate, petioled, acute at the apex or the lower obtuse, crenate-ser- rate with bluntish teeth, mostly narrowed at the base, 1-214’ long, 1%4’-1’ wide, the upper not much smaller than the lower; whorls of flowers all axillary, usually about equalling the petioles; calyx pubescent, campanulate, its teeth triangular, about as long as the width of their base, acute or sometimes ob- tuse, one-third as long as the tube. In dry waste places, New Brunswick, north- ern New York to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Florida, Also in California and Mexico. Nat- uralized from Europe. Called also Lamb’s- tongue and Wild Pennyroyal. July-Sept. 122 LABIATAE. (Vor. III. or Downy Whorled Mint. (Fig. 3183.) Mentha gentilis I,. Sp. Pl. 577. 1753. Perennial by suckers; stem rather stout, as- cending or erect, branched, puberulent with short reflexed hairs, 1°-2° high. Leaves ovate or oval, short-petioled, sparingly pubescent with scattered hairs on both surfaces, often blotched, pinnately veined, acute at both ends, sharply serrate, the larger 134/-2’ long, the upper sometimes much smaller than the lower; whorls of flowers all axillary; pedicels glabrous; calyx campanulate, glabrous below, its teeth subulate, ciliate, one-half as long as the tube; corolla glabrous. In waste places and along streams, Maine to northern New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Naturalized from Europe. Aug.-Oct. 11. Mentha sativa L. Marsh Whorled Mint. (Fig. 3184.) Mentha sativa I,. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 805. 1763. Perennial by suckers; stem ascending, usu- © ally widely branched, densely pubescent with SSS sometimes reflexed hairs, 1°-3° long. Leaves ovate, short-petioled, pubescent on both sides, acute at the apex, mostly rounded at the base, sharply serrate, the larger 1/-2’ long, the upper sometimes much smaller; whorls of flowers all axillary, commonly surpassing the petioles; calyx campanulate, pubescent all over, its tri- angular-subulate teeth one-half as long as the tube; pedicels pubescent or glabrous. In waste places, Nova Scotia to Pennsylvania. Naturalized from Europe. July-Sept. tl _< 12. Mentha Canadénsis L. American sy Wild Mint. (Fig. 3185.) Mentha Canadensis L. Sp. Pl. 577. 1753. Mentha borealis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:2. 1803. Mentha Canadensis var. glabrata Benth. in DC. Prodr. 12:173. 1848. Perennial by suckers; stem more or less pu- bescent with spreading or scarcely reflexed hairs, or glabrate, erect, simple, or branched, usually slender, 6’-2%° high. Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, slender- petioled, acute at the apex, or the lower obtuse, sharply serrate, narrowed toa somewhat cuneate acute or obtuse base, glabrous or very sparingly pubescent, the larger 2-3’ long, 14/-1’ wide; whorls of flowers all axillary, often shorter than the petioles; calyx oblong-campanulate, densely or sparingly pubescent all over, its teeth one- fourth to one-third as long as the tube. In moist soil, New Brunswick to the Northwest Territory and British Columbia, south to Virginia, Nebraska, New Mexico and Nevada. Variable. Odor like Pennyroyal. July—Oct. — Yaw Vey Vor. II1.] MINT FAMILY. 123 36. COLLINSONIA L.. Sp. Pl. 28. 1753. Tall perennial aromatic herbs, with large membranous petioled leaves, and terminal loose panicled racemes of small yellowish mostly opposite flowers. Calyx campanulate, short, 1o-nerved, 2-lipped, declined in fruit, usually pubescent in the throat; upper lip 3-toothed; lower 2-cleft. Corolla much longer than the calyx, obliquely campanulate, 5-lobed, 4 of the lobes nearly equal, the 5th pendent or declined, fimbriate or lacerate, much larger, appearing like a lower lip. Anther-bearing stamens 2, not declined, much exserted, coiled before anthesis; bases of the filaments connected by a woolly ring; anthers 2-celled, or the sacs at length partially confluent. Ovary deeply 4-parted. Nutlets smooth, globose. {Named for Peter Collinson, 1693-1768, an English botanist, and correspondent of Linnaeus. ] Two or 3 species, natives of eastern North America. 1. Collinsonia Canadénsis L. Horse-balm. Citronella. Rich-weed. (Fig. 3186.) Collinsonia Canadensis I,. Sp. Pl. 28. 1753. Stem stout, erect or ascending, branch- ed, 2°-5° high, glabrous, or glandular- pubescent above. Leaves ovate or ovate- oblong, acuminate at the apex, narrowed, obtuse or sometimes cordate at the base, the iower slender-petioled, 6/—10’ long, the upper nearly sessile, much smaller, all coarsely dentate; racemes numerous, in terminal panicles sometimes 1° long; pedicels ascending, 3//-6’’ long in fruit, subulate-bracteolate at the base; flowers lemon-scented; calyx-teeth subulate, those of the lower lip much longer than those of the upper; corolla light yellow, 5//—7’” long; anther-bearing stamens 2, the upper pair rudimentary; fruiting calyx promi- nently ribbed, 3/’-4/’ long. In moist woods, Maine and Ontario to Wis- consin, south to Florida and Kansas. Root large, thick, woody. Called also Horse-weed and Stone-root. July—Oct. 37. PERILLA Ard.; L. Gen. Pl. Ed. 6, Add. 578. 1764. Annual herbs, with petioled purple or discolored leaves, and small flowers in loose bracted racemes. Calyx campanulate, 10-nerved, 5-cleft, nearly regular in flower, enlarging, declined and becoming 2-lipped in fruit, the upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft, the throat not bearded. Corolla-tube not longer than the calyx, the throat obliquely campanulate, the limb 5-cleft, the lower lobe slightly the larger. Stamens 4, nearly equal, or the posterior pair shorter, erect, divergent; anthers 2-celled. Style deeply 2-cleft; ovary 4-parted. Nut- lets globose, reticulated. [The native name in India. J One or 2 species, natives of Asia. 1. Perilla frutéscens (L.) Britton. Perilla. (Fig. 3187.) Ocimum frutescens I,. Sp. Pl. 597. 1753- Perilla ocimoides L,. Gen. Ed. 6, Add. 578. 1764. Perilla frutescens Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 277. 1894. Purple or purple-green, sparingly pubes- cent; stem stout, erect, much branched, 1°-3° high, leafy. Leaves long-petioled, \ . broadly ovate, acuminate at the apex, nar- > rowed at the base, coarsely dentate, 3/-6’ long and nearly as wide; racemes terminal and axillary, many-flowered, 3/-6’ long; pedicels spreading, 114’’-3’” long in fruit; calyx minute in flower, much enlarged, gibbous at the base and densely pilose-pu- bescent in fruit; corolla purple or white, 14’ long, with a woolly ring within. In waste places, escaped from gardens, south- ern New York to Illinois. Native of India. July-Oct. 124 LABIATAE. [Vor I, Perilla frutéscens Nankinénsis (Lour.) Britton, Mem. Torr, Club, 5: 277. 1894. Dentidia Nankinensis Lour. Fl, Cochin. Ed. Willd. 448. 1793. Perilla ocimoides var. crispa Benth. in DC. Prodr. 12: 164. 1848. Leaves crisped and incised. Escaped from gardens, New Jersey to West Virginia. 38. ELSHOLTZIA Willd. in Roem. & Ust. Mag. Bot. 11: 3. 1790. Herbs, with thin mostly petioled leaves, and small or minute clustered flowers, in ter- minal bracted spikes. Calyx campanulate or ovoid, 1o-nerved, scarcely oblique, enlarging in fruit, not bearded in the throat, 5-toothed, the teeth nearly equal. Corolla-tube little longer than the calyx, straight, or a little curved, the limb oblique, or slightly 2-lipped, 4-lobed; upper lobe erect, concave, emarginate, the 3 others spreading. Stamens 4, diver- gent, didynamous, ascending, exserted, the upper pair shorter; anthers 2-celled, or the sacs more or less confluent. Style 2-cleft at the summit. Ovary 4-parted. Nutlets ovoid or ob- G F long, tuberculate, or nearly smooth. [Named in honor of J. S. Elsholtz, a Prussian botanist. ] About 20 species, natives of Asia. 1, Elsholtzia Patrinii (Lepech.) Kuntze. Elsholtzia. (Fig. 3188.) Mentha Patrinii Lepech. Nov. Act. Petrop. 13: 336. 1802. E. cristata Willd. in Roem. & Ust. Mag. Bot. 11: 3. 1790. Elsholizia Patrinii Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 517. 1891. Annual, glabrous or nearly so; stems weak, erect or ascending, at length widely branched, 1°-2° high. Leaves long-petioled, ovate or oblong, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, crenate-dentate, 1/-3/ long; spikes terminal, very dense, 1/-3/ high, about 14’ thick; flowers several in the axils of each of the broadly ovate membran- ous green reticulated mucronate bracts; calyx hir- sute, shorter than the bract; corolla 1/’ long, pale purple. Notre Dame du Lac, Temiscouata Co., Quebec. Naturalized from Asia. July-Aug. Family 26. SOLANACEAE Pers. Syn. 1: 214. 1805. PoTATO FAMILY. Herbs, shrubs, vines, or some tropical species trees, with alternate or rarely opposite, exstipulate entire dentate lobed or dissected leaves, and perfect regular or nearly regular cymose flowers. Calyx inferior, gamosepalous, mostly 5-lobed. Corolla gamopetalous, rotate, campanulate, funnelform, salverform or tubular, mostly 5-lobed, the lobes induplicate-valvate or plicate in the bud. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, inserted on the tube, all equal and perfect in the following genera, except in Pefunia, where 4 are didynamous and the fifth smaller or obsolete; anthers 2-celled, apically or longi- tudinally dehiscent. Disk present, or none. Ovary entire, superior, 2-celled (rarely 3-5-celled); ovules numerous on the axile placentae, anatropous or amphitropous; style slender, simple; stigma terminal; fruit a berry or capsule. Seeds numerous, the testa sometimes roughened; embryo terete, spiral, curved, or nearly straight; endosperm fleshy; cotyledons semiterete. About 7o genera and 1600 species, widely distributed, most abundant in tropical regions. % Fruit a pulpy berry; corolla plicate, its lobes generally induplicate. Anthers unconnected, destitute of terminal pores, dehiscent. Fruiting calyx bladdery- inflated. Fruiting calyx 5-angled and deeply 5-parted; ovary 3-5-celled. Physalodes. Fruiting calyx 5-lobed, not parted, 1o-ribbed, often 5-10-angled, peheninied wholly enclosing the berry; ovary 2-celled. Corolla open- -campanulate, yellowish or whitish, often with a dark center; seeds with a thin margin, finely pitted. ze Phy. Salis. Corolla flat-rotate, violet or purple; seeds thick, rugose-tuberculate. 3. OQuinc ula. Fruiting calyx somewhat enlarged, but closely fitted to the fruit, thin, obscurely veiny, open at the mouth, Corolla rotate, whitish; lobes of fruiting calyx much exceeding the berry. 4. Leucophysalis. Corolla rotate, whitish, sometimes tinged with purple; fruiting calyx not exceeding the berry. 5. Chamaesaracha. Anthers connivent or slightly connate; fruiting calyx not enlarged. Anthers short or oblong, opening by aterminal pore orshortslitin ourspecies. 6. Solanum. Anthers long, tapering from base to summit, longitudinally dehiscent. 7. Lycopersicon, % % Fruit a nearly dry berry; corolla campanulate, little or not at all plicate, its lobes imbricated. 8. Lycium, Vor. III.] : POTATO FAMILY. 125 % % % Fruit a capsule; corolla funnelform. Capsule circumscissile toward the top, which separates as a lid; corolla irregular. 9. Hyoscyamus. Capsule opening by valves. Capsule generally prickly. 1o. Datura. Capsule not prickly. Flowers paniculate or racemose; stamens nearly uniform in length. 11. Nicotiana, Flowers solitary; stamens very unequal. 12. Petunia, 1. PHYSALODES Boehm. in Ludwig, Def. 42. 1760. [Nicanpra Adans. Fam. Pl. 2: 219. 1763.] An annual erect branching glabrous herb, with alternate petioled thin sinuate-dentate or lobed leaves, and large light blue peduncled nodding flowers, solitary in the axils. Calyx 5-parted, 5-angled, much inflated in fruit, its segments ovate, connivent, cordate or sagittate at the base, strongly reticulated. Corolla broadly campanulate, plicate in the bud, slightly s-lobed. Stamens 5, included, inserted on the corolla near its base; filaments filiform, di- lated and pilose below; anthers oblong, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 3-5- celled; style slender; stigma 3-5-lobed. Berry globose, nearly dry, enclosed in the eye [Greek, Physalis- like. ] A monotypic Peruvian genus. 1. Physalodes physalodes (L.) Brit- ton. Apple-of-Peru. (Fig. 3189.) Atropa physalodes I,. Sp. Pl. 181. 1753. Physalodes Peruvianum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 452. 1891. P: eayaaiades Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 287. 1894, Stem angled, 2°-5° high. Leaves ovate or oblong, acuminate but blunt-pointed, narrowed at the base, 3/-8’% long, 1/-4’ wide; petioles longer than the peduncles; flowers 1/-1 14’ long and broad; corolla-limb almost entire; fruiting calyx 1/-1}4’ long and thick, its segments acute at the apex, their basal auricles acute or cuspi- date; berry about 14’ in diameter, loosely sur- rounded by the calyx. In waste places, escaped from gardens, Nova Sco- tia to Ontario, south to Florida. Adventive from Peru. Plant with the aspect of a large Physalis. Leaves similar to those of Stramontum. July—Sept. 2 PAYSALISHE Sp; Pl 1825) 0753. Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes a little woody below, with entire or sinuately toothed leaves. Peduncles slender, in ours solitary from the axils of the leaves. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed, in fruit enlarged and bladdery-inflated, membranous, 5-angled, or prominently 1o-ribbed and reticulate, wholly inclosing the pulpy berry, its teeth mostly conniyent. Corolla yellowish or whitish, often with a darker brownish or purplish center, open-campanulate, or rarely campanulate-rotate, plicate. Stamens inserted near the base of the corolla; anthers oblong, opening by a longitudinal slit. Style slender, somewhat bent; stigma minutely 2-cleft. Seeds numerous, kidney-shaped, flattened, with a thin edge, finely pitted. [Greek, bladder, referring to the inflated calyx. ] The number of recognized species is about 50. The actual number is, however, much larger. Two species are of European origin, and about half a dozen are natives of India and Australia, the rest are American; 34 occur in the United States. % Annuals with branched fibrous roots. + Plants more or less pubescent (except P. Barbadensts obscura). Fruiting calyx sharply 5-angled, more or less acuminate at the summit and sunken at the base; calyx-lobes (at flowering time) lanceolate or acuminate, as long as the tube or longer. Leaves ovate, oblique, acute or acuminate, subentire at the base; upper part repand or suben- tire; fruiting calyx small and short; stem slender, diffuse, sharply angled. 1. P. pubescens. Leaves cordate, oblique, strongly sinuate to the base; stem stout, obtusely angled; fruiting calyx rounded. 2. P. pruinosa. Leaves cordate, scarcely oblique, more or less abruptly acuminate, acutely repand dentate; stem tall, acutely angled; fruiting calyx larger, long-acuminate. 3. P. Barbadensis. Fruiting calyx obtusely or indistinctly 5-10-angled; calyx-lobes (at flowering time) triangular, generally shorter than the tube. 4. P. Lagascae, + f Plants glabrous, or the upper part sparingly beset with short hairs, or a little puberulent when young; fruiting calyx obtusely 5-10-angled, not sunken at the base. Corolla yellow, sometimes with the center a little darker but never brown or purple. Peduncles generally much longer than the fruiting calyx; leaves sinuately toothed or subentire. 5. P. lancetfolia. Peduncles scarcely exceeding the fruiting calyx; leaves sharply dentate. 6. P. angu/lata. *Text contributed by Mr. P. A. RYDBERG. 126 SOLANACEAE. (Vou. II. Corolla yellow, with a brown or purple centre. ; ee Peduncles short, scarcely as long as the flowers, which are 5'’-8'’ in diameter; calyx-lobes broadly triangular. ’ 7. P. ixocarpa. Peduncles longer than the flowers, which are 8'/-12'' in diameter; calyx-lobes lanceolate-trian- gular, 8. P. Philadelphica. % % Perennial by rootstocks, t+ Pubescence not stellate (although in P. pumila of branched hairs). Pubescence on the leaves none, on the upper part of the stem and the calyx sparse and short, if any. Fruiting calyx ovoid, nearly filled by the berry, scarcely sunken at the base. Leaves ovate-lanceolate to broadly ovate, usually thin. 8. P. Philadelphica. Leaves lanceolate, oblanceolate, or linear. 9. P. longifolia. Fruiting calyx pyramidal, very much inflated and deeply sunken at the base; leaves broadly ovate, usually coarsely dentate. lo. P. macrophysa. Pubescence sparse, consisting of flat, sometimes jointed, and in P. pumila branched hairs; in P. Virginiana sometimes a little viscid. Fruiting calyx ovoid, scarcely angled and scarcely sunken at the base; leaves thick, obovate or spatulate to rhomboid, subentire. Leaves obovate or spatuiate; hairs all simple. 11. P. lanceolata. Leaves broader, often rhomboid; hairs on the lower surface branched. 12. P. pumila. Fruiting calyx pyramidal, more or less 5-angled and deeply sunken at the base; leaves ovate to lanceolate, generally more or less dentate. . F 13. PB. Virginiana. Pubescence dense, short, more or less viscid or glandular, often mixed with long flat jointed hairs. Leaves large; blade generally over 2’ long and more or less cordate. 14. P. heterophylla. Leaves less than 2’ long, rounded ovate or rhombic, scarcely at all cordate at the base; calyx, peduncles and younger branches with long white flat and jointed hairs. 15. P. comata. Leaves small, 1'-13' in diameter, nearly orbicular, sometimes a little cordate at the base, not coarsely toothed; stem diffuse or prostrate. 16. P. rolundata, tT T Pubescence dense, cinereous, beautifully stellate. 17. P. viscosa. 1. Physalis pubéscens L. Low Hairy Ground-Cherry. (Fig. 3190.) Physalis pubescens I. Sp. Pl. 183. 1753. Stem generally diffuse or spreading, much branched, angled, often a little swollen at the nodes, villous-pubescent or sometimes nearly glabrous; leaves thin, 1/-214’ long, ovate, acute or acuminate, at the base oblique, slightly cor- date and generally entire, upward repand-den- ticulate or entire, pubescent, sometimes becom- ing nearly glabrous except along the veins; peduncles short, 1//-2’’ long, or in fruit about 5/’; calyx-lobes narrow but not with a subulate tip; corolla 3//-5’’ in diameter, yellow with dark centre; anthers usually purplish; fruiting calyx membranous, 10’-15/ long, pyramidal, ovoid-acuminate, more or less retuse at the base. In sandy soil, Pennsylvania to Florida and Cali- fornia; also in Mexico, Central and South America and India. Called also Dwarf Cape Gooseberry and Strawberry Tomato. July-Sept. 2. Physalis pruinosa L. Tall Hairy Ground-Cherry. (Fig. 3191.) Physalis pruinosa \,. Sp. 184. 1753. P. pubescens Dunal, in DC. Prod. 13: part 1, 446. 1852. Also American authors in part. Stout, generally erect, and - re hairy than the preceding and thet wo following species; stem obtusely angled, finely villous or somewhat viscid; leaves firm, 114/-4/ long, finely pubescent, ovate, cordate, gen- erally very oblique at the base, and deeply sinuately toothed with broad and often ob- tuse teeth; peduncles 1//-2’’ long, in fruit about 5’’; calyx villous or viscid; lobes as long as the tube, narrow but not subulate- tipped; corolla 2’/-4’’ in diameter; anthers yellow, or tinged with purple; fruiting calyx a little firmer and more pubescent than in the preceding, reticulate, 10’’-15’’ long, ovoid, cordate; berry yellow or green. In cultivated soil, Massachusetts to Iowa, Missouri and Florida. July-Sept. Vot. III.] POTATO FAMILY. 127 3- Physalis Barbadénsis Jacq. Barbadoes Ground-Cherry. (Fig. 3192.) Physalis Barbadensis Jacq. Misc. 2: 359. 1781. 4 Stem stouter than in P. pubescens, tall and erect or widely spreading, acutely 3-4-angled, pubescent, viscid, or sometimes nearly glabrous; leaves 114/— 214’ long, ovate or heart-shaped, acute, or abruptly acuminate, sharply repand-dentate, pubescent with short hairs; peduncles short, 114’’-2’’ long, but in fruit sometimes 10’’; calyx generally densely viscid- hirsute, lobes lanceolate, acuminate, but not subu- late-tipped; corolla 214’/-5’” in diameter; anthers generally purplish; fruiting calyx longer than in the two preceding species, 1/-114’ long, acuminate and reticulate, retuse at the base. Sandy soil, North Carolina, southern Illinois and Mexico, the West Indies and South America. July-Sept. Physalis Barbadénsis obscura (Michx.) Rydberg, Mem. Torr. Club. 4: 327. 1896. Physalis obscura Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 149. 1803. Greener; perfectly glabrous, or sometimes minutely ubescent, when it grades into P. Barbadensis proper. The distribution is about the same as that of the species. 4. Physalis Lagascae R. & S. Small- flowered Ground-Cherry. (Fig. 3193.) Physalis Lagascae R. & S. Syst. Veg. 4:679. 1819. P. minima Roxb. FI. Ind. 1; 563. 1820. Not L. 1753. Stem spreading, often zigzag, branched, stri- ate, or slightly angled, villous with short hairs. Leaves %4’-3 14’ long, ovate, oblique and cuneate, obtuse, or cordate at the base, acute but not acuminate, repand or sinuately dentate, hairy, at least on the veins; peduncles 14//-214’’ long, erect, in fruit 214’/-5’’ reflexed, shorter than the fruiting calyx; calyx villous, lobes shorter than the tube, triangular; corolla 114//-4/” in dia- meter, yellow, generally with a dark centre, an- thers generally yellow; fruiting calyx 7//-10/’ long, round-ovoid, nearly filled by the berry, scarcely sunken or commonly rounded at the base. Native of Mexico, the Westand East Indies; per- haps only introduced in the United States. Mis- souri and Kansas to Arkansas and Indian Territory. ' July—-Sept. 5. Physalis lanceifolia Nees. Lance- leaved Ground-Cherry. (Fig. 3194.) Physalis lanceifolia Nees, Linnaea, 6: 473. 1831. ae are wiala Ruiz & Pav. Fl. Peruv. 2:43. 1799. Not . 1753. Erect, generally 14° high, branched; stem angled, glabrous; leaves in the typical form lanceolate, sub- entire or slightly toothed; calyx cylindrical-cam- panulate, its lobes broadly triangular, shorter than the tube; peduncles filiform, about 1/ long, erect with nodding flower, in fruit 13//-2’ long and re- flexed; corolla 3/’-4/7 in diameter, campanulate, yellow, without a dark spot; anthers yellow, more or less tinged with purple; fruiting calyx about 10’ long, rounded ovoid, indistinctly 1o-angled and purple veined, nearly filled by the berry. Illinois to Texas, California and southward. Alsoin Mexico and Peru. In the eastern plant the leaves are broader than in the typical form, and sometimes with sharper teeth. July—Sept. 128 SOLANACEAE. (Vor, III. 6. Physalis angulata L. Cut-leaved Ground-Cherry. (Fig. 3195.) Physalis angulata \,. Sp. Pl. 183. 1753. Erect, 114°-3° high, glabrous; stem angular; leaves ovate, with more or less cuneate base, somewhat sinuately toothed with long-acumi- nate teeth; blades 2’-214’ long, on slender peti- oles 1/-2/ long, thin, the veins not prominent; peduncles slender, 10’’-15’’ long, erect, in fruit often reflexed but seldom exceeding the fruiting calyx in length; calyx smooth, lobes triangular to lanceolate, generally shorter than the tube; corolla 2%4’’-5’’ in diameter; anthers more or less purplish tinged; fruiting calyx about 1147 long, ovoid, not prominently 5-r10-angled, sometimes purple-veined and at last nearly filled by the yellow berry. In rich soil, North Carolina to Illinois, the Indian Territory, Texas, Central America, Brazil and the West Indies. Also in India. July-Sept. 7. Physalis ixocarpa Brot. ‘omatillo. Mexican Ground-Cherry. Straw- berry Tomato. (Fig. 3196.) Physalis ixocarpa Brot.; Horneman, Hort. Hafn. Suppl. 26. 1819. ‘ P. aequata Jacq. f.; Nees, Linnaea, 6: 470. 1831. At first erect, later widely spreading, much branched; stem angled, glabrous, or the younger parts sparingly hairy; leaves from cordate to ovate, with a cuneate base which is somewhat oblique, sinuately dentate or entire, 1/-214’ long; peduncles short, 1//-234’ long; calyx sparingly hairy, its lobes short, broadly triangu- lar, shorter than the tube; corolla bright yellow with purple throat, 5//-7/” (sometimes nearly 10’) in diameter; fruiting calyx round-ovoid, obscurely 10-angled, often purple-veined, at last often filled by the purple berry, which some- times bursts it. : Native of Mexico. It is often cultivated for its fruit and frequently escapes from cultivation. 8. Physalis eeacelpbice Lam. Philadelphia Ground-Cherry. (Fig.3197.) Physalis Philadelphica Yam. Encycl. 2: tor. 1786. Annual, or perennial from a deep rootstock, tall, erect, 244°-5° high; stem angled, dichotomously branched, glabrous, or sometimes slightly pubes- cent with sparse and short hairs on the upper parts; blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate, often very oblique at the base and more or less acuminate, entire or repand-denticulate, 214’-4’ long, on petioles 114/— 214/ long, often in pairs; peduncles slender, 5//-10’” long, generally longer than the flower; calyx gla- brous, or minutely ciliolate, lobes ovate-lanceolate or triangular, sometimes broadly ovate and un- equal, generally equalling the tube; corolla yellow or greenish yellow with purplish throat, 3//-1/ in diameter; anthers tinged with purple; fruiting calyx at first somewhat ro-angled and sunken at the base, at last often filled with or even burst by the large red or purpie berry. Rhode Island to Georgia, Texas and Nebraska. July-Sept. Formerly cultivated for its fruit. Vou. III.] POTATO FAMILY. 129 g. Physalis longifolia Nutt. Long-leaved Ground-Cherry. (Fig. 3198.) Physalis longifolia Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 193. 1833-37. Physalis lanceolata var. laevigata A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 10:68. 1874. Perennial from a thick rootstock; stem in the common form stout and tall, 14°-3° high, slightly angled, branched above, the branches strict, gla- brous. Leaves lanceolate, oblanceolate, or linear, tapering into a short stout petiole 5//-10’’ long, subentire or repand; peduncles 5/’/-10’’ long, in fruit often recurved; calyx generally glabrous, its lobes triangular-lanceolate, about the length of the tube; corolla 6’/-10’’ in diameter, yellow with a dark, commonly brownish center; anthers yellow, tinged with purple; fruiting calyx ovoid, about 11/’ long, not sunken at the base; berry yellow, the lower portion and the stipe glutinous. In rich soil, Iowa to Arkansas, Utah and Mexico. y my July-Sept. ig \ 10. Physalis macrophysa Rydb. Large- bladder Ground-Cherry. (Fig. 3199.) P. macrophysa Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 308. 1895. Perennial; root somewhat thick and fleshy; stem erect, 1144°-3° high, comparatively slender, angled, perfectly glabrous, or the upper parts sparingly pu- bescent with very short hairs. Leaves large, thin, 114/-314’ long, 1/-2’ wide, the lower obtuse, the upper acute or acuminate; petioles slender, 10’/— 20’ long; peduncles 5’/-8’’ long, erect, in fruit re- flexed; calyx smooth, its lobes ovate-triangular or broadly lanceolate, generally a little shorter than the tube; corolla yellow with a dark center, about 10’ in diameter; anthers generally yellow, some- times tinged with purple; fruiting calyx large, 114/-14’ long, 1/-1!{’ in diameter, pyramidal to ovoid-conic, indistinctly 1o-angled, deeply sunken at the base; berry small, in the center of the calyx. In rich soil, Texas to Kansas and Arkansas. May-— July. Rare. 11. Physalis lanceolata Michx. Prairie Ground-Cherry. (Fig. 3200.) Physalis lanceolata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 149. 1803. Physahis Pennsylvanica var. lanceolata A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 382. 1867. 1 . | Perennial; rootstock apparently as a rule slender and creeping; stem about 1%° high, first erect, later spreading or diffuse, only slightly angled, | sparingly hirsute with flat hairs. Leaves broadly ob- lanceolate or spatulate, tapering into the petiole, acute or obtuse, nearly always entire, rarely wavy, but never sinuately toothed, thickish, sparingly — hairy with short hairs; peduncles 5/’—10’’ long, in fruit reflexed; calyx strigose or villous, rarely gla- brous, its lobes triangular-lanceolate; corolla dullish yellow with a brownish center, about 8’’ in diam- eter; fruiting calyx round-ovoid, not sunken at the base, indistinctly 10-angled; berry yellow or green- ish yellow. On dry prairies, common west of the Missouri River, extending eastward to Illinois and the Carolinas, July— Sept. @) 130 SOLANACEAE. [Vou IIT. 12. Physalis pumila Nutt. Low Ground-Cherry. (Fig. 3201.) : i Physalis pumila Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. (II.) 5: 193. 1834. ; Physalis lanceolata var. hirta A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 10:68. 1874. ; Perennial froma slender rootstock, 1 4°-3° high; stem obscurely angled. Leaves thick, broadly ovate to oblong, acute at both ends and somewhat rhom- boid, the lower often obtuse and obovate, gener- ally much larger than in the preceding; blades 2/-4’ long, entire or seldom sinuate, on petioles 10/’-15’’ long, strigose with many-branched hairs especially on the lower surface; peduncles 5//-10’/ long, in fruit reflexed and 134’-2’ long; calyx “Oe densely hirsute, not stellate-pubescent, its lobes tri- (xtvw{ Ces} angular, generally a little shorter than the tube; corolla yellow with brown center, 8’/-10’ in diam- eter; fruiting calyx usually more elongated than in the preceding, 114/-2’ long, oblong-ovoid, a & ~ WW % ,“ little sunken at the base, indistinctly 1o-angled. AO t So VY io” Plains, Missouri to Coloradoana Texas. July-Sept. 13. Physalis Virginiana Mill. Virginia Ground-Cherry. (Fig. 3202.) Physalis Virginiana Mill. Gard. Dict. Ed. 8,no. 4. 1768. Physalis lanceolata Roem. & Sch. Syst. Veg. 4: 673, and American authors mainly. Not Michx. 1803. Physalis Pennsylvanica A. Gray, Man, Ed. 5, 382. 1867. Not L. 1753. Perennial; rootstock thick and somewhat fleshy; stem 114°-3° high, erect, dichotomously branched, somewhat angular, more or less strigose-hairy with flat hairs, sometimes a little glandular, or in some forms nearly glabrous. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, ta- pering to both ends, 114/24’ long, generally more or less sinuately dentate, often yellowish green; pe- duncles 5/’-10’’ long, generally erect, in fruit curved but scarcely reflexed; calyx strigose, hirsute, or at least puberulent, its lobes triangular or broadly lan- ceolate, nearly equalling the tube; corolla sulphur- yellow with purplish spots, 24’—1’ in diameter; anthers yellow; fruiting calyx pyramidal-ovoid, 5-angled, sunken at the base; berry reddish. Rich soil, especially in open places, New York to Mani- toba, Florida and Louisiana. July-Sept. Very variable. Physalis Virginiana intermédia Rydberg, Mem. Torr. Club, 4: 345. 1896. Leaves very thin and subentire, gradually tapering into winged petioles; pubescence in the young plant somewhat viscid. Perhaps a distinct species. Indiana to Alabama and Texas. 14. Physalis heterophylla Nees. Clammy Ground-Cherry. (Fig. 3203.) GS viscosa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept.157. 1814. Not . 1753- Physaitc hates eroneie ‘Nees, Linnaea, 6: 463. 1831. Physalis Virginiana A, Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part 1, 235. 1878. Not Mill. 1768. Perennial from a slender creeping rootstock, 1%°-3° tall, at first erect, later generally decumbent and spreading, viscid and glandular, and villous with long spreading jointed flat hairs; leaves large, blade generally oyer 2’ long, usually broadly cordate, often acute but very rarely with an acumination, thick, more or less sinuately toothed, or sometimes subentire; calyx long-villous, lobes triangular, gen- erally shorter than the tube; corolla 8-10’ in diam- eter, greenish yellow with a brownish or purplish center; anthers mostly yellow; berry yellow. In rich soil, especially where the surface has been disturbed, New Brunswick to Saskatchewan, Florida, Colorado and Texas. The most common of our species, and extremely variable, perhaps includes several dis- tinct species, * Vo. III.] POTATO FAMILY. 131 Physalis heterophylla ambigua (A. Gray) Rydberg, Mem. Torr. Club, 4: 349. 1896. Physalis Virginica var. ambigua A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 10:65. 1874. Physalis Virginiana var. ambigua A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part 1, 235. 1878. Physalis ambigua Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 287. 1895. Tall and generally upright, very long-villous, scarcely at all viscid; flowers commonly larger; anthers mostly purplish. Vermont to Iowa and Tennessee. Physalis heterophylla nyctaginea (Dunal) Rydberg; Chapman, FI. S. States, Ed. 3, 324. 1897. Physalis obscura Torr. Fl. N. & M. U. S. 233. 1824. Not Michx. 1803. Physalis nyctaginea Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13: Part 1, 440. 1852. Leaves usually dark green and of a firm texture, more or less acuminate at the apex, often sub entire, and pubescent mainly on the veins of the lower surface. Rhode Island to Iowaand Louisiana. Physalis Peruviana L., a native of South America, is cultivated for its fruit in all warm and temperate regions, and often escapes. It resembles P. heferophylia, but differs in the leaves, which have a long distinct acumination, and in the pubescence, which is shorter, denser, and not at all viscid. Known as Cape Gooseberry, Strawberry Tomato, Peruvian Ground Cherry and Husk Tomato. 15. Physalis comata Rydberg. Hillside Ground-Cherry. (Fig. 3204.) fists comata Rydberg, Bull. Torr. Club, 22: 306. 1895. Perennial, erect, about 114° high; pubescence fine and short, that on the calyx, peduncles and upper branches mixed with long white flat jointed hairs. Like P. heterophylla Nees (P. Virginiana Gray, not Mill. ), but leaves smaller, blade not over 2’ long, round-ovate, scarcely at all cordate at the base, about 2’ long, thin, somewhat repand-dentate, or nearly entire; petioles as long as the leaves; peduncles as long as the fruiting calyx, or longer; corolla greenish yellow, with brown center, 6’/—10’’ in diameter; fruiting calyx of thin texture, round- ovoid, somewhat ro-angled, scarcely sunken at the base. Hillsides of Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado and Texas. Rare. 16. Physalis rotundata Rydberg. Round-leaved Ground-Cherry. (Fig. 3205.) Physalis hederaefolia Holzinger, Cont. U. S. Nat. Heib. 1: 212. 1892. Not Gray. Physalis rotundata Rydberg, Mem. Torr. Club, 4: 352. 1896. Diffuse and spreading, zigzag, generally dicho- Pp 8, 21gzag, & y tomously much branched, from a perennial rootstock, densely and finely viscid-pubescent, usually more glandular than the preceding. Leaves nearly orbicular with more or less cordate base, 1/-124’ in diameter, with small teeth; peti- oles short, more or less winged; peduncles short, in fruit scarcely more than half the length of the calyx; corolla 8’’ in diameter, greenish yellow with a brownish center; fruiting calyx ovoid, slightly angled, scarcely sunken at the base. Dry plains, South Dakota to Texas and New Mex- ico. July-Sept. 132 SOLANACEAE. (Vou. III. 17. Physalis viscosa L. Stellate Ground- Cherry. (Fig. 3206.) Physalis viscosa 1,. Sp. Pl. 183. 1753. Physalis{Pennsylvanica I, Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 1670. 1763. Perennial from a slender creeping rootstock; stems slender, creeping, with a dense ashy stellate pubes- cence, or in age rarely glabrate. Leaves elliptic, oval or ovate, obtuse, thinish, entire or undulate, in the typical South American form often cordate at the base, but rarely so in our plant; peduncles %4/— 1 long; calyx stellate-pubescent, its lobes triangular, “ generally shorter than the tube; corolla greenish yel- low with a darker center, 8’/-10’’ in diameter; fruit- ing calyx 10’/-15/’ long, round-ovoid, scarcely sunken at the base; berry orangé or yellow. On sea beaches, or in sand near the coast, Virginia (?); North Carolina to the Argentine Republic. Physalis Alkekéngi I,., Strawberry Tomato, Winter Cherry, is a native of Europe and Asia, often cultivated for its fruit and sometimes escaped from cultivation. The flowers are whitish, limb more distinctly 5-lobed; leaves broadly deltoid, acute at both ends, repand or angulately toothed. 3. QUINCULA Raf. Atl. Journ. rq5. 1832. A low and diffuse somewhat scurfy herb, with a stout perennial root. Leaves from sinu- ate to pinnatifid, somewhat fleshy. Peduncles most commonly in pairs from the axils of the leaves, sometimes solitary, or in fascicles of 3-5. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed, in fruit in- flated, sharply 5-angular and reticulate, enclosing the fruit, the lobes connivent. Corolla flat-rotate, pentagonal in outline, veiny, violet or purplish. Anthers opening by a longitud- inal slit. Seeds comparatively few, kidney-shaped, somewhat flattened, with thick margins, rugose-tuberculate. [Name unexplained. ] A monotypic genus of central North America. 1. Quincula lobata (Torr.) Raf. Purple- flowered Ground-Cherry. (Fig. 3207.) Physalis lobata Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 2: 226. 1827. Quincula lobata Raf. Atl. Journ. 145. 1832. Perennial, low, spreading or prostrate, more or less scurfy-puberulent; stem obtusely angled and striate, much branched. Leaves oblanceolate or spatulate to oblong, sinuately toothed, or pinnatifid with rounded lobes, or rarely subentire, cuneate at the base, thickish and veiny, tapering into margin- ed petioles; peduncles 1/-2/ long, in fruit reflexed; calyx-lobes triangular, acute, shorts> than the tube; corolla purplish, 10’’-15’’ in diameter; anthers yel- low, tinged with purple; fruiting calyx about as wide as long, sharply 5-angled, sunken at the base. On high plains, Kansas to California and Mexico. May-Sept. 4. LEUCOPHYSALIS Rydberg, Mem. Torr. Club, 4: 365. 1896. A tall erect viscid and villous annual, with entire leaves, the blade decurrent on the petiole. Peduncles generally in fascicles of 2-4 in the axils. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, at first a little inflated, but soon filled by and closely fitted to the berry, thin, neither an- gled nor ribbed, faintly veiny, open at the mouth, the lobes exceeding the fruit. Corolla rotate, white, sometimes tinged with purple and generally creamy or yellow in the center, the limb plicate. Stamens inserted near the base of the corolla; filaments long and slender; anthers oblong, opening by a longitudinal slit. Style and stigma asin Physalis. Seeds kid- ney-shaped, flattened, punctate. [Greek, white PAysa/is.] A monotypic genus of northern North America. Vor, IIL] POTATO FAMILY. 133 1. Leucophysalis grandiflora (Hook.) Rydberg. Large White-flowered Ground-Cherry. (Fig. 3208.) Physalis grandiflora Hook. FI. Bor. Am, 2: Peecaphyatis ade Rydberg, Mem. Torr. Club, 4: 366. 1896. Erect, tall, 114°-3° high; stem some- what angled, striate, more or less villous. Leaves large, 4’-S’ long, ovate to lanceo- late-ovate, generally acute and entire, somewhat decurrent on the petiole, more or less villous and viscid, especially on the veins of the lower surface; Ry pe sev- eral from each axil, short, *5/—+5’ long, villous; calyx villous; joes. lanceelete. equalling the tube; corolla large, 114/- 114’ in diameter, rotate, white with a more or less yellowish center; filaments slender; anthers short, yellow, often tinged with purple; fruiting calyx ovoid, early filled by the berry. Lake Champlain and the St. Lawrence val- ley to Saskatchewan and Minnesota; accord- ing to Grey, ‘springing up in new clearings. a May-July. 5. CHAMAESARACHA A. Gray, Bot. Cal. 1: 540. 1876. Perennials, with entire to pinnatifid leaves, the blade decurrent on the petiole. Pedun- cles solitary, or in fascicles of 2-4 in the axils. Calyx campanulate, 5 lobed, in fruit some- what enlarged, but not bladdery-inflated, close-fitting to the berry, thin, not angled nor ribbed, and faintly if at all veiny, open at the mouth, not exceeding the berry. Corolla rotate, white or cream-colored, often tinged with purple, the limb plicate. Stamens inserted near the base of the corolla; filaments long and slender; anthers oblong, opening by longitu- dinal slits; style and stigma as in /hysalis. Seeds kidney-shaped, flattened, rugose-favose or punctate. [Ground-Savacha, the latter a genus named in honor of Isidore Saracha, a Spanish Benedictine botanist. ] An American genus, consisting of half a dozen species, natives of Mexico and the southwest- ern United States. Pubescence dense, puberulent and hirsute. 1. C. contotdes. Pubescence sparse, puberulent or stellate, hirsute (if at all) only on the calyx. 2. C. Coronopus. 1. Chamaesaracha conioides ( Moricand) Britton. Hairy Chamaesaracha. (Fig. 3209. ) Solanum contoides Moric.; Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13: Part Cnn sordida A. Gray, Bot. Cal. 1: 540. 1876. Chamaesaracha coniotdes Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 287. 1895. Much branched from a perennial base, at first up- right, at length spreading, cinereous-puberulent with short branched somewhat glutinous or viscid hairs, generally also viscidly hirsute or villous with long and branched hairs, especially on the calyx; leaves ob- lanceolate to oboyate-rhombic, usually acutish and tapering into a short petiole, generally deeply lobed, but varying from subentire to pinnatifid; calyx-lobes triangular, generally acutish; corolla about 14’ in diameter, white or ochroleucous, or sometimes violet- purplish; berry 214’/-4’’ in diameter. In dry clayey soil, southern Kansas to California and Mexico. May-Sept. 134 SOLANACEAE. {Vor III. 2. Chamaesaracha Corénopus (Dunal) A. Gray. Smoothish Chamae- saracha. (Fig. 3210.) Solanum Coronopus Dunal in DC. Prodr. 13: Part 1, 64. 1852. C. Coronopus A, Gray, Bot. Cal. 1: 540. 1876. Branched and diffuse from a perennial base; stem obtusely angled; pubescence on the stem and leaves more or less roughish pruinose or stellate, often scarcely any; on the calyx stellate or sometimes hirsute. Leaves linear or lanceo- late, tapering at the base, more or less sinuately lobed, occasionally subentire, sometimes pin- natifid; calyx-lobes triangular, acute; corolla white or ochroleucous, the appendages of the throat often protuberant; berry 2%//-4’’ in diameter, nearly white. In clayey soil, Kansas to Utah, California and Mexico, Variable. May-Sept. 6. SOLANUM L.. Spe ble rs45) 1753: Herbs or shrubs, often stellate-pubescent, sometimes climbing. Flowers cymose, umbel- liform, paniculate, or racemose, white, blue, purple, or yellow. Calyx campanulate or rotate, mostly 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Corolla rotate, the limb plaited, 5-angled or 5-lobed, the tube very short. Stamens inserted on the throat of the corolla; filaments short; anthers linear or oblong, acute or acuminate, connate or connivent into a cone, the cells dehiscent by a term- inal pore, or sometimes by a short introrse terminal slit, or sometimes also longitudinally. Ovary usually 2-celled; stigma small. Berry mostly globose, the calyx either persistent at its base or enclosing it. [Name, according to Wettstein, from so/amen, quieting. ] About goo species, of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in tropical America. Besides the following, some 15 others occur in the southern and western United States. s % Glabrous or pubescent herbs, not prickly. Plants green; pubescence simple, or some of it stellate; flowers white. Leaves repand or entire; ripe berries black. 1. S. nigrum. Leaves deeply pinnatifid; ripe berries green. 2. S. triflorum. Plant silvery stellate-canescent; flowers violet. 4. S. elaeagnifolium., % % Stellate-pubescent and prickly herbs. Berry not enclosed by the calyx; perennials. Hirsute; leaves ovate or oblong, sinuate or pinnatifid. 3. S. Carolinense. Densely silvery-canescent; leaves linear or oblong, repand or entire. 4. S. elaeagnifolium, Pubescent; leaves ovate, 5-7-lobed. 5. S. Torreyt. Berry invested by the spiny calyx; annuals. Plant densely stellate-pubescent; corolla yellow. 6 Plant glandular-pubescent, with few stellate hairs; corolla violet. 7. 8. ye *% % % Climbing vine, not prickly; leaves hastate or 3-lobed. . S. rostratum. . S. helerodoxum. S. Dulcamara. 1. Solanum nigrum LI, Black or Garden Nightshade. Morel. (Fig. 3211.) Solanum nigrum J,. Sp. Pl. 186. 1753. Annual, glabrous, or somewhat pubescent with simple hairs, green; stem erect, branched, 1°-214° high. Leaves ovate, petioled, more or less inequi- lateral, 1’-3/ long, entire, undulate, or dentate, thin, acute, acuminate or acutish at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base; peduncles lateral, umbel- lately 3-10-flowered, %3’-114’ long; pedicels 3//-7/’ long; flowers white, 4/’-5’’ broad; calyx-lobes ob- long, obtuse, spreading, much shorter than the corolla, persistent at the base of the berry; filaments somewhat pubescent; anthers obtuse; berries black when ripe, smooth and glabrous, globose, 4//—5’’ in diameter, on nodding peduncles. In waste places, commonly in cultivated soil, Nova Scotia to the Northwest Territory, south to Florida and Texas. Widely distributed in nearly all countries as a weed. Called also Duscle, Hound’s-berry. July-Oct. ——— Vor. III.] POTATO FAMILY. 2. Solanum triflorum Nutt. Cut- Si leaved Nightshade. (Fig. 3212.) ~~ Ny Solanum triflorum Nutt. Gen. 1:128. 1818. pe Annual, sparingly pubescent with simple hairs, {> or glabrous; stem branched, 1°-3° high. Leaves pinnatifid, or some of them pinnately lobed, <= \/ acute at the apex, petioled, 2’-4’ long, the lobes triangular-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, entire or \ dentate, the sinuses rounded; peduncles lateral, 1-3-flowered, 14’-1’ long; pedicels 3/’-7’’ long, iY 4 reflexed in fruit; calyx-segments lanceolate, \ shorter than the corolla, persistent at the base of Ue o the berry; corolla white, 4/’-5’’ broad; anthers Ny obtuse; berries green when mature, globose, smooth and glabrous, about 5’’ in diameter. i On prairies and in waste places, western Ontario to the Northwest Territory, south to Nebraska and Arizona. May-Oct. 3. Solanum Carolinénse I. Horse-Nettle. (Fig. 3213.) Solanum Carolinense I, Sp. Pl. 184. 1753. Perennial, green, finely stellate-pubescent with 4-8-rayed hairs; stem erect, branched, 1°-4° high, the branches, petioles, midveins and sometimes the lateral veins of the leaves armed with straight subulate yellow prickles. Leaves oblong or ovate, repand, lobed, or pin- natifid, 2’-6’ long, the lobes obtuse or acutish; petioles 3’/-10’’ long; flowers cymose-race- mose, appearing terminal, but really lateral, as is manifest in fruit; pedicels 3//-7’’ long, recurved in fruit; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate, about one-half the length of the corolla, persistent at the base of the berry; corolla-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute; anthers elongated; berries orange-yellow, smooth and glabrous, 8’/-10’’ in diameter. In dry fields and in waste places, southern On- tario to Connecticutand Florida, west to Illinois, Nebraska and Texas. Called also Apple of Sodom, May-Sept. 4. Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. < | Silver-leaved Nightshade. (Fig. 3214.) Wa S. elaeagnifolium Cav. Icon. 3: 22. pl. 243. 1794. SS Perennial, densely and finely stellate-pubes- cent, silvery-canescent all over; stem branched, 1°-3° high, armed with very slender sharp prick- les, or these wanting. Leaves lanceolate, ob- long, or linear, petioled, 1/-4’ long, 3//—12’/ wide, mostly obtuse at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, repand-dentate or entire; flowers cymose, 8’/-12’’ broad, violet or blue; peduncles short and stout, appearing terminal, but soon evidently lateral; calyx-lobes lanceo- late or linear-lanceolate, acute; anthers linear; ovary white-tomentose; berries globose, yellow or darker, smooth and glabrous, 4’’-6’’ in diam- eter. On dry plains and prairies, Kansas to Texas and Arizona. May-Sept. SOLANACEAE. [Vou III. 5. Solanum Torreyi A. Gray. Torrey’s Nightshade. (Fig. 3215.) S. Torreyi A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 6: 44. 1862. Perennial, hoary with a stellate pubescence of 8-12-rayed hairs, more or less armed with small subulate prickles. Leaves ovate in outline, 3/- 6’ long, sinuately 5~-7-lobed, the lobes entire or undulate, obtuse; cymes appearing terminal, soon evidently lateral, branched, loosely several- flowered; flowers showy, large; calyx-lobes ovate, abruptly long-acuminate, persistent at the base of the berry; corolla violet, 1/-114’ broad, its lobes ovate, acute; berry globose, smooth and glabrous, 1’ or more in diameter, yellow when ripe. On dry plains and prairies, Kansas to Texas. 6. Solanum rostratum Dunal. Sand Bur. Beaked Nightshade. (Fig. 3216. ) Solanum rostratum Dunal, Sol. 234. pl. 24. 1813 Solanum heterandrum Pursh, F1. Am. Sept. 156. pl.7. 1814. Annual, densely stellate-pubescent with 5-8-rayed hairs, usually copiously armed with yellow subulate prickles; stem erect, branch- ed, 1°-2%° high. Leaves ovate or oval in outline, irregularly pinnately 5-7-lobed or I-2-pinnatifid, 2’-5’ long, petioled, the lobes mostly oblong, obtuse; flowers racemose, yellow, about 1/ broad; racemes lateral; pedi- cels stout, 3’’-6’’ long, erect both in flower a and fruit; calyx densely prickly, surround- ing and wholly enclosing the berry, the AN ' prickles becoming as long as the fruit, or EN 7. longer; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate; th corolla about 1’ broad, slightly irregular, its lobes ovate, acute; stamens and style de- clined, the lowest stamen longer with an incurved beak; fruit, including its prickles, 1/ in diameter or more. On prairies, Nebraska to Texas and Mexico. Occasional in waste places as a weed, Ontario to New Jersey, adventive from the west. May-Sept. The original food of the Colorado beetle or potato-bug. 7) 7. Solanum heterod6xum Dunal. 7 Melon-leaved Nightshade. (Fig. 3217.) Solanum helerodoxum Dunal, Sol. 235. pl. 25. 1813. é Solanum citrullifolium Braun, Ind. Sem. Frib. 1849. = Annual, glandular-pubescent, or a few 4-5-rayed hairs on the leaves, copiously armed with slender yellow subulate prickles, diffusely branched, 1°-3° high. Leaves irregularly bipinnatifid, resembling in outline those of the watermelon, 2/—6/ long; racemes lateral, several-flowered; flowers 1/-1 14’ broad, violet; stamens and style declined; lowest anther violet, larger than the four other yellow ones; corolla somewhat irregular, its lobes ovate, acuminate; fruit similar to that of the preceding species. In dry soil, Kansas (according to Smyth), to Texas, Mexico and New Mexico. July-Sept. Vou. III.] POTATO FAMILY. 137 8. Solanum Dulcamara L. Nightshade. Blue Bindweed. Fellonwort. Bittersweet. (Fig. 3218.) Solanum Dulcamara I,. Sp. Pl. 185. 1753. Perennial, pubescent with simple hairs or gla- brate, stem climbing or straggling, somewhat woody below, branched, 2°-8° long. Leaves petioled, ovate or hastate in outline, 2’-4/ long, 1/-2%4’ wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, usually slightly cordate at the base, some of them entire, some with a lobe on one side near the base, some deeply 3-lobed or 3-divided, with the terminal segment much the largest; cymes compound, lateral; pedicels slender, articulated at the base, spreading or drooping; flowers blue, purple, or white, 5’’-7’’ broad; calyx-lobes short, oblong, obtuse, persistent at the base of the berry; corolla deeply 5-cleft, its lobes triangular- lanceolate, acuminate; berry oval or globose, red. In waste places or in moist thickets, sometimes © appearing as if indigenous, New Brunswick to Min- nesota, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Kansas. May-Sept. Old names are Woody Night- shade, Poison-flower, Poison- or Snake-berry. Nat- uralized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Solanum triquetrum Cay., a Texan and Mexican nearly glabrous herb, scarcely climbing, with somewhat ridged stems, 3-lobed deltoid-cordate or hastate leaves, lateral few-flowered cymes and globose red berries, is reported from Kansas. 7. LYCOPERSICON Mill. Gard. Dict. Ed. 7. 1759. Annual, or rarely perennial, coarse branching or feebly climbing herbs, with 1-2-pinnately divided leaves, and lateral irregular raceme-like cymes of small yellowish flowers opposite the leaves. Calyx 5-parted, or rarely 6-parted, the segments linear or lanceolate. Corolla rotate, the tube very short, the limb 5-cleft or rarely 6-cleft, plicate. Stamens 5 (rarely 6), inserted on the throat of the corolla; filaments very short; anthers elongated, connate or connivent, introrsely longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 2-3-celled; style simple; stigma small, capitate. Berry in the wild plants globose or pyriform, much modified in cultivation, the calyx persistent at its base. [Greek, wolf-peach. ] About 4 species, natives of South America: 1. Lycopersicon Lycopérsicon (L.) Karst. Tomato. Love Apple. Cherry Tomato. (Fig. 3219.) Solanum Lycopersicum I,. Sp. P1. 185. 1753. L. esculentum Mill. Gard. Dict. Ed. 8. 1768. Lycopersicum Lycopersicum Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 966. 1880-83. Viscid-pubescent, much branched, 1°— 3° high, the branches spreading. Leaves petioled, pinnately divided, 6’-18/ long, the segments stalked, the larger 7-9, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, mostly acute, dentate, lobed or again divided, 2’-4’ long, with several or numerous smaller, sometimes very small ones interspersed; clusters sev- eral-flowered; peduncles 1/-3/ long; flow- ers 5/’-8’’ broad; calyx-segments about equalling the corolla; berry the well- known tomato or love-apple. Escaped from cultivation and occasionally spontaneous from sduthern New York and Pennsylvania southward. June-Sept. \ 8. LYCIUM IDA Sos Wal nies AIG Shrubs, or woody vines, often spiny, with small alternate entire leaves, commonly with smaller ones fascicled in their axils, and white greenish or purple, axillary or terminal, soli- 138 SOLANACEAE. {Vor. III. tary or clustered flowers. Calyx campanulate, 3-5-lobed or -toothed, not enlarged in fruit, persistent at the base of the berry. Corolla funnelform, salverform, or campanulate, the tube short or slender, the limb 5-lobed (rarely 4-lobed), the lobes obtuse. Stamens 5 (rarely 4), exserted, or included; filaments filiform, sometimes dilated at the base; anther sacs longi- tudinally dehiscent. Ovary 2-celled; style filiform; stigma capitate or 2-lobed. Berry glo- bose, ovoid, or oblong. [Named from the country Lycia.] About 75 species, widely distributed in temperate and warm regions. Besides the following, introduced from Europe, some 17 native species occur in the western parts of North America. 1. Lycium ba (Ait. f.) Dunal. Matrimony Vine. Box-thorn. (Fig. 3220.) Licium Barbarum var. vulgare Ait. f. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2) a:3. XSrr. Lycium vulgare Dunalin DC. Prodr. 13: Part1, 509. 1852. Glabrous, spiny or unarmed; stems slender, climb- ing or trailing, branched, 6°-25° long, the branches somewhat angled, the spines, when present, slender, about %’ long. Leaves lanceolate, oblong, or spatu- late, acute or obtuse at the apex, narrowed into short petioles, firm, %/-1%’ long, 2’/-4’’ wide; flowers 2-5 together in the axils, or solitary; peduncles fili- form, spreading, 6’’-12’’ long; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, or obtuse, 114’ long; corolla funnelform, pur- plish changing to greenish, 4/’-6’’ broad, its lobes ovate-oblong; stamens slightly exserted; berry oval, orange-red. In thickets and waste places, escaped from gardens, Ontario to Virginia, west to Minnesota and Kansas. Introduced from Europe. May-Aug. g. HYOSCYAMUS L. Sp. Pl. 179. 1753. Erect coarse viscid-pubescent narcotic annual biennial or perennial herbs, with alternate mostly lobed or pinnatifid leaves, and large nearly regular flowers, the lower solitary in the axils, the upper in a more or less I-sided spike or raceme. Calyx urn-shaped or narrowly campanulate, 5-cleft, striate, enlarged and enclosing the capsule in fruit. Corolla funnel- form, the limb somewhat oblique, 5-cleft, the lobes more or less unequal, spreading. Stamens declined, mostly exserted; filaments filiform; anthers oblong or ovate, their sacs longitudi- nally dehiscent. Ovary 2-celled; style slender; stigma capitate. Capsule 2-celled, circum- scissile above the middle. [Greek, hog-bean, ] About 15 species, natives of the Mediter- Tanean region. 1. Hyoscyamus niger lL. Black Henbane. Hog’s-bean. (Fig. 3221.) Hyoscyamus niger ¥,. Sp. Pl. 179. 1753- Annual or biennial, villous and viscid, of an ill odor; stem stout, 1°-2%° high. Leaves ovate, lanceolate, or oblong in out- line, 3-7’ long, acute or acuminate at the apex, sessile, or the upper clasping the stem, irregularly lobed, cleft or pinnatifid; flowers very short-pedicelled, 1/-2’ broad; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, acute; corolla greenish-yellow, strongly reticulated with purple veins, its lobes ovate, obtusish; capsule globose-oblong, about 5/’ high. In waste places, Nova Scotia to Ontario, New York and Michigan. Naturalized from Europe. Called also Fetid Nightshade, In- sane-root, Belene, Chenile. June-Sept. OL —— Vor, III.] POTATO FAMILY. 139 10. DATURA L, NPs ole L7Ool 753: Annual or perennial erect tall branching narcotic herbs, some tropical species shrubs or trees, with alternate petioled entire sinuate-dentate or lobed leaves, and large solitary erect short-peduncled white purple or violet flowers. Calyx elongated-tubular or prismatic, its apex 5-cleft or spathe-like, in the following species circumscissle near the base which is per- sistent and subtends the globose ovoid prickly capsule. Corolla funnelform, the limb plaited, 5-lobed, the lobes broad, acuminate. Stamens included or little exserted; filaments filiform, very long, inserted at or below the middle of the corolla-tube. Ovary 2-celled, or falsely 4-celled; style filiform; stigma slightly 2-lobed. Capsule 4-valved from the top, or bursting irregularly. [The Hindoo name, dhatura. ] About 12 species, of wide geographic distribution. The following are introduced weeds. Glabrous or very sparingly pubescent; leaves lobed, calyx prismatic. Stem green; flowers white; lower prickles of the fruit shorter. 1. D. Stramonium. Stem purple; flowers lavender or violet; prickles about equal. 2. D. Tatula. Finely glandular-pubescent; leaves entire; calyx tubular. 3. D. Metel. 1. Datura Straménium I, Stramonium. Jamestown or Jimson-weed. Thorn-Apple. (Fig. 3222.) Datura Stramonium Y,. Sp. Pl. 179. 1753. Annual, glabrous or the young parts spar- ingly pubescent; stem green, stout, 1°-5° \ high. Leaves thin, ovate in outline, acute or acuminate at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, 3’-8’ long, irregularly sinuate- lobed, the lobes acute; petioles 1/-4’ long; flowers white, about 4/ high, the limb 14/- 2’ broad; calyx prismatic, less than one-half the length of the corolla; capsule ovoid, densely prickly, about 2’ high, the lower prickles commonly shorter than the upper. ~ YS In fields and waste places, Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Minnesota and Texas. Natur- alized from tropical regions, probably from Asia. June-Sept. Called also Fire-weed, and Dewtry. 2. Datura Tatula L. Purple Thorn- Apple. Purple Stramonium. (Fig. 3223.) Datura Tatula ¥,, Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 256. 1762. Similar to the preceding species but us- ually a little more pubescent; stem com- monly more slender, 1°-5° high, purple; leaves almost like those of D. S/ramonium, but rather darker green or with a tinge of purple; flowers about 4’ high, the limb about 2/ broad, lavender colored or violet, or the tube nearly white; capsule densely prickly, all the longer prickles about equal. In fields and waste places, Ontario to Min- nesota, south to southern New York, Florida and Texas, Naturalized from tropical America. May-Sept. 140 SOLANACEAE. {Vor. III. 3- Datura Métel L. Entire-leaved Thorn-Apple. (Fig. 3224.) Datura Metel¥,. Sp. Pl. 179. 1753. Annual, densely and finely glandular-pu- bescent; stem stout, much branched, 4°-8° high. Leaves broadly ovate, acute at the apex, inequilateral, rounded or subcordate at the base, 4’-10’ long, entire or merely undu- late; petioles 1/-3/ long; flowers white, 6/-7’ high, the limb 3/-4’ broad; calyx tubular, about one-half as long as the corolla; capsule globose or ovoid-globose, obtuse, prickly and pubescent, 1/-1 34’ in diameter. In waste places, escaped from gardens, Rhode Island to Florida. Native of tropical America. July-Sept. 11. NICOTIANA Ee Sp elso. esi 753- Annual or perennial viscid-pubescent acrid narcotic herbs or shrubs, with large alternate entire or slightly undulate leaves, and rather large white yellow greenish or purplish flowers, in terminal, often bracted, racemes or panicles. Calyx tubular-campanulate or ovoid, 5-cleft. Corolla funnelform, salverform, or nearly tubular, the tube usually longer than the limb, 5-lobed, the lobes spreading. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla; filaments fili- form; anthers ovate or oblong, their sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 2-celled (rarely 4- celled); style slender; stigma capitate. Capsule 2-valved, or sometimes 4-valved at the sum- mit. Seeds very numerous, small. [Named for John Nicot, French ambassador to Portugal, who sent some species to Catherine de Medici, about 1560. ] About 50 species, mostly natives of America. Besides the following, some 1o others occur in the southern and western United States. Corolla 1’ long, the tube cylindric; calyx-lobes triangular. 1. NV. rustica. Corolla 4'-6' long, the tube very slender; calyx-lobes linear. 2. NV. longiflora. 1. Nicotiana rastica IL. Wild Tobacco. (Fig. 3225.) Nicotiana rustica . Sp. Pl. 180. 1753. Annual; stem rather slender, 2°-4° high. Leaves broadly ovate, thin, entire, slen- der-petioled, 2/-8’ long, 1’-6’ wide; peti- oles 34’-514’ long; flowers greenish-yel- low, about 1’ long, panicled; pedicels 3/’-6’’ long, rather stout; calyx lobes broadly triangular, acute, shorter than the tube; corolla-tube cylindric, some- what enlarged above, the lobes short, ob- tuse, slightly spreading; capsule globose, glabrous, about 5/’ in diameter, 2-valved, longer than the calyx. In fields and waste places, escaped from gardens, Ontario to Minnesota, south to south- ern New York and Florida. Cultivated by the Indians. Leaves greenish when dry. June-Sept. Vou. ILI.] POTATO FAMILY. IqI 2. Nicotiana longiflora Cay. Long-flowered Tobacco. (Fig. 3226.) Nicotiana longiflora Cav. Descr. Pl. 106. 1802. Annual, minutely rough-puberulent and _ viscid; stem erect, slender, branched, 114°-3° high. Basal leaves ovate-lanceolate (or broadly oblanceolate), ob- tuse, 6’-10’ long, 1/-3/ wide, tapering into slender winged petioles; stem leaves linear or lanceolate, ses- sile, 2’-4’ long; flowers in terminal racemes, short-pedi- celled, 4’-6’ long; calyx oblong, pubescent, its narrow lobes nearly as long as the tube; corolla white or pur- plish, viscid, the tube slender, 1/’-114’’ in diameter, expanding above, the lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute; capsule oblong, about equalling the calyx-lobes. Near Harrisburg and Easton, Pa. Escaped from gar- dens. Native of South America. Aug.—Oct. 12. PETUNIA Juss. Ann. Mus. Paris, 2: PD Oy) ey Pa 3X. Viscid-pubescent annual or perennial branching herbs, with entire leaves, and axillary orterminal soli- . tary white violet or purple flowers (in cultivation eorieuines Grarieuntea), Calyx deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted, the segments narrow. Corolla funnelform or salverform, the limb Priests spreading, slightly irregular. Stamens 5, inserted on the throat of the corolla, 4 of them didynamous, perfect, the fifth smaller or obsolete; filaments slender; anthers ovoid, 2- lobed. Disk fleshy. Ovary 2-celled; ovules numerous in each cavity; style filiform; stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, the valves entire. Seeds small, the testa rugose. [ Petun, an Indian name of tobacco. ] About 12 species, natives of South America. Corolla white, its tube cylindric. 1. P. axillaris. Corolla violet-purple, its tube campanulate. 2. P. violacea. 1. Petunia axillaris Chess ) B.S.P. White Petunia. (Fig. 3227.) Nicotiana axillaris Lam. Encycl. 4: 480. 1797. Petunia i ar ee Juss. Ann. Ride! Paris, 2: 215. pl. 47. f. 2 3. Petunia nailer 7s B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 38. 1888. Very viscid; stem stout, about 1° high, Leaves ovate to obovate, obtuse or blunt-pointed at the apex, sessile, or the lower narrowed into short margined petioles, 3/— 4/ long, 1/-2/ wide; peduncles slender, 2’—4/ long, often longer than the leaves; calyx-segments linear-oblong, obtuse; corolla white, its tube cylindric, slightly en- larged above, 1/-1%4’ long, 3-4 times as long as the calyx, its limb abruptly spreading, about 2’ broad, the lobes rounded. In waste places, escaped from gardens, southern New Yorkand Pennsylvania. Native of southern Brazil. July- Sept. 2. Petunia violacea Lindl. Violet Petunia. (Fig. 3228.) Petunia violacea Lindl. Bot. Reg. pl. 1626. 1833. Similar to the preceding species, but usually rather lower, and the stem slender. Leaves ovate or obovate, all but the uppermost petioled, mostly obtuse, 1/24! long; peduncles slender, 1/-2’ long; calyx-segments linear, subacute, or obtuse; corolla violet-purple, its tube campanu- late, 9’’-15/’ long, the limb less abruptly spread- ing, 1/-134/ broad, the lobes subacute. In waste places, escaped from gardens, southern New York and Pennsylvania. Native of southern Brazil and Paraguay. June-Sept. Petunia parviflora Juss., a prostrate pubescent an- nual, with small linear to spatulate leaves, and a funnelform corolla 4'’-5'’ long, is abundant on bal- last about the eastern seaports. 142 SCROPHULARIACEAE. (Von. III. Family 27. SCROPHULARIACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2,288. 1826. FIGWORT FAMILY. Herbs, shrubs or trees, with opposite or alternate exstipulate leaves, and perfect mostly complete and irregular flowers (corolla wanting in one species of Synth vris). Calyx inferior, persistent, 4—5-toothed, -cleft, or -divided, or some- times split on the lower side, or on both sides, the lobes or segments valvate, imbricate or distinct in the bud. Corolla gamopetalous, the limb 2-lipped, or nearly regular. Stamens 2, 4 or 5, didynamous, or nearly equal, inserted on the corolla and alternate with its lobes; anthers 2-celled, the sacs equal, or unequal, or sometimes confluent into one. Disk present or obsolete. Pistil 1, entire or 2-lobed; ovary superior, 2-celled, or rarely 1-celled; ovules mostly numerous, rarely few, anatropous or amphitropous, borne on axile placentae; style slender, simple; stigma entire, 2-lobed or 2-lamellate. Fruit mostly capsular and septi- cidally or loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds mostly numerous, the testa reticulated, pitted, striate, ribbed, or nearly smooth; endosperm fleshy; embryo small, straight or slightly curved; cotyledons little broader than the radicle. About 165 genera and 2500 species, widely distributed, most abundant in temperate regions, x. Anther-bearing stamens 5; corolla rotate; leaves alternate. 1. Verbascum. 2. Anther-bearing stamens 2 or 4; leaves opposite, verticillate or alternate. % Corolla spurred, saccate or gibbous on the lower side at the base. Corolla spurred at the base. Leaves palmately 3-5-veined. 2. Cymbalaria, Leaves pinnately veined. Flowers solitary in the axils. 3. Llatinoides, Flowers in terminal racemes. 4. Linaria. Corolla saccate or gibbous at the base. 5. Antirrhinum. *% Corolla neither spurred, saccate nor gibbous on the lower side. + Anther-bearing stamens 4, the fifth sterile or rudimentary. Sterile stamen a scale adnate to the upper side of the corolla. 6. Scrophularia. Sterile stamen elongated, longer or shorter the than others. Corolla tubular, 2-lipped, the lobes of the lower lip flat. Sterile stamen shorter than the others; seeds winged. 7. Chelone. Sterile stamen about equalling the others; seeds wingless. 8. Pentstemon. Corolla 2-cleft, declined; middle lobe of the lower lip conduplicate. 9. Collinsta. + ¢ Stamens 4, all anther-bearing, or 2 sterile, or 2 only. a. Stamens 4, all anther-bearing; ies Asiatic tree. 10. Paulownia. b. Stamens 4, allanther-bearing; herbs; corolla 2-lipped; stamens not enclosed in upper lip of corolla. Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed. 11. Mimulus. Calyx 5-paited, not prismatic. Calyx-segments equal; leaves pinnatifid in our species. 12. Conobea. Calyx-segments unequal, the upper one the largest. 13. Monniera. c. Stamens 4, 2 anther-bearing and 2 sterile, or 2 only; corolla obviously 2-lipped. Calyx 5-parted; upper lip of corolla present. Sterile filaments short or none. 14. Gratiola. Sterile filaments slender, 2-lobed. 15. Jlysanthes. Calyx 4-toothed; upper lip of corolla obsolete; low mud plant. 16. Micranthemum., d. Stamens 4, all anther-bearing; corolla nearly regular; flowers on scapes. 17. Limosella. e. Stamens 2 only; corolla rotate, salverform, tubular, or none. Leaves alternate; flowers spicate; corolla 2-3-lobed or none. 18. Wulfenia. Leaves, at least the low et, Opposite or verticillate; corolla 4-lobed. Corolla rotate; capsule obcordate or emarginate, compressed. 19. Veronica. Corolla tubular- funnelform; capsule ovoid, not compressed, 20. Leplandra. f. Stamens 4, all anther-bearing; corolla campanulate, salverform or funnelform, scarcely 2-lipped. Leaves alternate; flowers in 1-sided racemes. 21. Digitalis. Leaves, at least the low er, opposite. Corolla salverform; flowers in a long spike. 22. Buchnera. Corolla campanulate or funnelform., Stamens nearly equal; calyx-lobes as long as the tube. 23. Afzelia. Stamens strongly didy namous, unequal; calyx-teeth shorter than the tube. Anthers awned at the base; corolla yellow. 24. Dasystoma. Anthers awnless; corolla purple, pink or rarely white. 25. Gerardia. &. Stamens 4, all anther-bearing, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla. Ovules several or numerous; capsule many-seeded. Anther-sacs dissimilar, the inner one pendulous by its apex; leaves mostly alternate. Upper lip of the corolla much longer than the lower. 26. Castilleja. Upper lip of the corolla scarcely longer than the Jower. 27. Orthocarpus. Anther-sacs similar and parallel; leaves mostly opposite. Calyx 2-bracteolate at the base, 5-toothed. 28. Schwalbea. Calyx not bracteolate, 4-5-toothed, or cleft or split. Upper lip of the corolla 2- lobed, its margins recurved; calyx 4-cleft. 29. Euphrasia. Margins of the upper lip of the corolla not recurv ed. Calyx scarcely or not at all inflated in fruit; galea entire. Calyx 4-toothed or 4-cleft; capsule straight. Seeds spreading, numerous. 30. Barista, Vor. III.] FIGWORT FAMILY. 143 Seeds pendulous, few. gl. Odontites. Calyx split on the lower side or on both sides; capsule oblique. 32. Pedicularis. Calyx ovoid, much inflated and veiny in fruit. 33. Rhinanthus. Ovules only 1 or2ineach cell of the ov ary; capsule 1-4-seeded; leaves opposite. 34. Melampyrum. 1. VERBASCUM I. Spl sei axe | . Biennial or rarely perennial, mostly tall and erect herbs, with alternate dentate pinnati- fid or entire leaves, and rather large yellow purple red or white flowers, in terminal spikes, racemes or panicles. Calyx deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted. Corolla flat-rotate or slightly con- cave, 5-lobed, the lobes a little unequal, the upper exterior, at least in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla, unequal, all anther-bearing; filaments of the 3 upper stamens, or of all 5, pilose; anther-sacs confluent into one. Ovules numerous; style dilated and flattened at the summit. Capsule globose to oblong, septicidally 2-valved, many-seeded, the valves usually 2-cleft at the apex. Seeds rugose, not winged. [The Latin name of the great mullen; used by Pliny. ] About 125 species, natives of the Old World. Besides the following, another is naturalized in the western United States. Plants densely woolly; flowers in dense terminal spikes, or spike-like racemes. Leaves strongly decurrent on the stem. 1. V. Thapsus. Leaves not decurrent, or but slightly so. 2. V. phlomordes. Leaves white-tomentose beneath; flowers in large terminal panicles. 3. V. Lychnitts. Plant glabrous or sparingly glandular; flowers racemose. 4. V. Blattaria. 1. Verbascum Th4apsus I,. Great Mullen. Velvet or Mullen Dock. (Fig. 3229.) Verbascum Thapsus I,. Sp. Pl. 177. 1753. Erect, stout, simple or with some erect branches, densely woolly all over with branched hairs; stem 2°-7° high, wing-angled by the bases of the decurrent leaves. Leaves oblong, thick, acute, narrowed at the base, dentate or den- ticulate, 4’-12’ long, the basal ones borne on mar- gined petioles; flowers yellow, 8’/-12’’ broad, sessile, numerous in dense elongated spikes rarely branched above; stamens unequal, the three upper shorter with white hairy filaments and short anthers, the two lower glabrous or nearly so with larger anthers; capsule about 3/’ high, slightly longer than the woolly calyx. In fields and waste places, Nova Scotia to Minne- sota, Florida and Kansas. Often a troublesome weed. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Among some 4o English names are Hedge-, Hig- or High-taper, Candlewick, Cow’s Lungwort, ‘Aaron’s- rod or -flannel, Feltwort, Hare’s-beard, Jacob’s-, Jupiter’s- or Peter’s- staff, Ice-leaf, Torches, flannel- or Blanket- leaf, Woolen, 7. e., Mullen. June- Sept. 2. Verbascum phlomoides L,. Clasping-leaved Mullen, (Fig. 3230. ) Verbascum phlomoides I,. Sp. Pl. 1194. 1753. Stem rather stout, usually simple, 1°-4° high. Leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate, crenate, crenulate, or entire, woolly-tomen- tose on both sides, sessile or somewhat clasping, or slightly decurrent on the stem, or the lower often petioled with truncate or subcordate bases; flowers yellow, or cream-color, 1’ broad or more, usually in a solitary elongated tomentose spike-like ra- ceme; pedicels clustered, shorter than the calyx; stamens asin J”. Thapsus ; capsule 4’’-5’’ long, exceeding the tomentose calyx. _ Eastern Massachusetts. Adventive or fugi- tive from Europe or eastern Asia, June-Aug. Verbascum Blatiaria I, Sp. Pl. 178. 1753. SCROPHULARIACEAE. {vor III. 3. Verbascum Lychnitis L. White Mullen. (Fig. 3231.) Verbascum Lychnitis Y,. Sp. Pl. 177. 1753. Stem angled, rather stout, paniculately branched above, 2°-4%° high, densely covered, as well as the lower surfaces of the leaves, with a white canes- cent nearly stellate pubescence. Leaves oblong, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, crenate-dentate, 2’—7’ long, the upper acute, sessile, but not decurrent on the stem, the lower obtuse or acute at the apex and narrowed into margined petioles; flowers in a large terminal panicle, racemose on its branches, white or cream-color, 5//-6’’ broad, nearly sessile; pilose hairs of the 3 shorter filaments white; capsule about 2’’ high, equalling or exceeding the calyx. In fields and waste places, Ontario to New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Reported from Kansas. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-Sept. Its down once used for lighting, hence Lichn7/is, lamp. ax 4. Verbascum Blattaria L. Moth Mullen. (Fig. 3232.) Stem erect, strict, slender, terete, glabrous or sparingly glandular-pubescent, usually quite sim- ple, 2°-6° high. Leaves oblong, ovate or lan- ceolate, dentate, laciniate, or pinnatifid, acute or acuminate, the upper 1%4/-2%’ long, truncate or cordate-clasping at the base, the lower and basal ones sessile or somewhat petioled, sometimes 1° long, seldom present at flowering time; raceme 1°-2° long, loose; pedicels spreading, }4/-1/ long, bracted at the base; corolla yellow or white, about 1’ broad, with brown marks on the back; filaments all pilose with violet hairs; capsule depressed-glo- bose, 3/’ in diameter, longer than the calyx. In fields and waste places, Quebec to Florida, west to Minnesota and Kansas, Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-Nov. Said to repel the cockroach (B/a//a), whence the name Bla//aria ; frequented by moths, hence Moth Mullen. 2. CYMBALARIA Medic. Phil. Bot. 2: 70. 1791. Perennial creeping or spreading herbs, with long-petioled, mostly lobed, palmately veined leaves, and solitary axillary white to violet flowers. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla irregular, 2- lipped, short-spurred; upper lip 2-lobed, lower lip 3-lobed; throat nearly or quite closed by the palate. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending, included, the filaments filiform. Style very slender. Capsule dehiscent by 2 terminal 3-toothed pores. Seeds numerous, small. [From the Greek for cymbal. ] About 9 species, natives of the Old World. 1. Cymbalaria Cymbalaria (L.) Wettst. Kenilworth or Coliseum Ivy. (Fig. 2333.) Antirrhinum Cymbalaria I. Sp. Pl. 612. — 1753- Linaria Cymbalaria Mill. Gard. Dict. Ed.8, no. 17. 1768. Cymbalaria Cymbalaria Wettst. in Engl. & Prantl. Nat. Pfl. Fam. 4: Abt. 3b, 58. 1891. Perennial, glabrous; stem trailing, branched, often ’ rooting at the nodes, 3/-12’ long. Leaves slender-peti- oled, reniform-orbicular, palmately 3-5-veined, 3-5- lobed, 1(’-1/ in diameter, the lobes broad and obtuse; petioles usually as long as the blade; flowers axillary, solitary, blue or lilac, 4/’-5’’ long; peduncles slender, recurved, shorter than the petioles; calyx-segments lanceolate, acute; palate yellowish; capsule globose, several-seeded; seeds rugose, wingless. Waste places and roadsides, adventive from Europe, New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and in seaport ballast. Other English names are Ivy-leaved Toadflax, Ivy-weed, Climbing or Roving Sailor, Aaron’s-beard, Wandering Jew, Mother-of-thousands, Oxford-weed, Pennywort. June-Aug. . q Vo. IIT.] FIGWORT FAMILY. 145 ~~ 3. ELATINOIDES Wettst. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam. 4: Abt. 3b, 58. 1891. (ELaTINE Moench, Meth. 524. 1794. Not L. 1753.] Mostly annual spreading or creeping herbs, with pinnately veined, short-petioled entire toothed or lobed leaves, and solitary axillary white yellow or variegated flowers. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla irregular, spurred, 2-lipped, the throat closed by the palate. Stamens 4, didynamous, included; filaments filiform. Capsule subglobose, or ovoid, opening by 1 or 2 terminal slits, pores, or valves. Seeds numerous, ovoid, mostly rough or tubercled. [Greek, resembling Z/atine.] About 25 species, natives of the Old World. Leaves ovate-orbicular, cordate or rounded at the base. 1. £. spuria. Leaves hastate. 2. E. Elatine. 1. Elatinoides sptria (L.) Wettst. Round-leaved Toad-Flax. (Fig. 3234.) ; Antirrhinum spuritum Y. Sp. Pl. 613. 1753- Linaria spuria Mill. Gard. Dict. Ed. 8, no. 15. 1768. Elatinoides spuria Wettst. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam. 4: Abt. 3b. 58. 1891. Annual, pubescent all over; stems prostrate, branch- ed or simple, 3/-2° long. Leaves short-petioled, ovate-orbicular, entire, or sometimes dentate, mu- cronulate at the apex, cordate or rounded at the base, 1(/-1/ in diameter; petioles 1-2’ long; flowers soli- tary in the axils, small; peduncles filiform, very pubescent, often much longer than the leaves; calyx- segments ovate, acute at the apex, cordate or rounded at the base, one-half as long as the corolla; corolla yellowish with a purple upper lip, the spur curved, ' about as long as the tube; capsule subglobose, shorter than the calyx; seeds rugose, not winged. In waste places and ballast, southern New York to North Carolina. Adventive from Europe. This and the next called also Cancerwort and Female Fluellin. June- Sept. 2. Elatinoides Elatine (L.) Wettst. Sharp- pointed Fluellin or Toad-Flax. (Fig. 3235.) Antirrhinum Elatine \,. Sp. Pl. 612. 1753. Linaria Elatina Mill. Gard. Dict. Ed. 8, n0. 16. 1768. Llatinoides Elatine Wettst. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pal. Fam. 4: Abt. 3b. 58. 1891. Annual, pubescent; stems prostrate, usually branched, slender, 6/-2° long. Leaves short-peti- oled, ovate, %4’—1’ long, acute or acutish at the apex, triangular, hastate, truncate, or subcordate at the base, the basal auricles divergent, acute; petioles 1//— 3/’ long; flowers solitary in the axils, about 3/’ long; peduncles filiform, glabrous, or somewhat hairy, usu- ally longer than the leaves; calyx-segments narrow- ly lanceolate, acute; corolla yellowish, purplish be- neath, its spur slender, straight, declined; capsule subglobose, shorter than the calyx; seeds wingless. In sandy waste places, Canada; New York to North Carolina. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Called also Canker-root. June-Sept. 4. LINARIA Juss. Gen. Pl. 120. 1789. Herbs, some exotic species shrubby, with alternate entire dentate or lobed leaves, or the lower and those of sterile shoots opposite or verticillate, and yellow white blue purple or variegated flowers, in terminal bracted racemes or spikes. Calyx 5-parted, the segments imbricated. Corolla irregular, spurred at the base, or the spur rarely obsolete, 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, 2-lobed, covering the lower in the bud, the lower spreading, 3-lobed, its base produced into a palate often nearly closing the throat. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending, included; filaments and style filiform. Capsule ovoid or globose, opening by I or more mostly 3-toothed pores or slits below the summit. Seeds numerous, wingless or winged, angled or rugose. [Latin, 7/7, flax, which some species resemble. | About 150 species, of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in the Old World. Besides the following, another occurs in southern Florida. The corolla, especially the terminal one of the raceme, occasionally has 5 spurs and is regularly 5-lobed, and is then said to be in the Peloria state. iio) > y eae 4ey) ’ ce i a 1@4,- 35 ve fa aA , at SISPEA ES ae, 146 SCROPHULARIACEAE. (Von. III. Flowers yellow, 8'’-15'' long. Leaves linear; flowers 12''-15'’ long; seeds winged. 1. L. Linaria. Leaves lanceolate; flowers 8-10’ long; seeds wingless. 2. L. genistaefolia. Flowers blue to white, 3''-6'’ long. rete Spur of corolla filiform, curved; native species. 3. L. Canadensis. Spur of corolla short, conic; European adventive species. 4. L. repens. 1. Linaria Linaria (L.) Karst. Ranstead. Butter-and-Eggs. Yellow Toad-Flax. (Fig. 3236.) Antirrhinum Linaria WL. Sp. Pl. 616. 1753. Linaria vulgaris Mill. Gard. Dict. Ed. 8. no. 1. 1768. Linaria Linaria Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 947. 1880-83. Perennial by short rootstocks, pale green and slightly glaucous; stems slender, erect, very leafy, gla- brous, or sparingly glandular-pubescent above, simple or with few erect branches, 1°-3° high. Leaves linear, sessile, entire, acute at both ends, mostly alternate, 14/-1%4’ long, 1//-114’’ wide; flowers densely race- mose, light yellow, 1/-1}/’ long, the spur of the erect corolla somewhat darker, the palate orange-colored; pedicels 2’’-4’’ long, nearly erect; calyx-segments ob- long, acutish, about 144’ long; spur subulate, nearly as long as the body of the corolla; middle lobe of the lower lip shorter than the other two; capsule ovoid, the seeds rugose, winged. In fields and waste places, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to Virginia and Nebraska. Naturalized from Eu- rope. Native also of Asia. June-Oct. Called also Bride- weed, Flaxweed, and Eggs and Bacon. Widely distributed intemperate regions as a weed. 2. Linaria genistaefolia (L.) Mill. Broom- leaved Toad-Flax. (Fig. 3237.) Antirrhinum genistaefolium VU, Sp. Pl. 616. 1753. Linaria genistaefolia Mill, Gard. Dict. Ed. 8, no. 14. 1768. _ Similar to the preceding species but more glaucous and usually paniculately branched; stem rather stout, 1°-3° high; leaves lanceolate, sessile, 17-314’ long, 2//-6/ wide, acute or acuminate at the apex; flowers yellow, loosely racemose, 8’/-10’’ long; pedicels short; spur of the corolla nearly as long as the tube; capsule ovoid; seeds wingless. Sparingly established on the northern part of New York Island; station now nearly or quite obliterated. Natural- ized or adventive from continental Europe. June-Aug. 3. Linaria Canadénsis (I.) Dumont. Blue or Wild Toad-Flax. (Fig. 3238.) Antirrhinum Canadense I,. Sp. Pl. 618. 1753. Linaria Canadensis Dumont, Bot. Cult. 2:96. 1802. Biennial or annual, glabrous, green, sometimes fleshy; flowering stems erect or ascending, very slender, simple, or branched, 4/-2%° high, the sterile shoots spreading or procumbent, very leafy. Leaves linear or linear-oblong, 4//-15/’ long, %4//-1’’ wide, entire, sessile, those of the sterile shoots, or some of them, usually opposite; flowers 3//-4’/ long, in slender long racemes; pedicels 2’’-3’’ long, erect and appressed in fruit, minutely bracted at the base; calyx-segments lanceolate, acute, or acuminate, about as long as the capsule; spur of the corolla filiform, curved, as long as the tube or longer; palate a white convex 2-ridged projection; capsule opening by 2 apical valves, each valve becoming 3-toothed; seeds angled, wingless. In dry soil, Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Minnesota, Oregon, Texas and California. Also in Central and South America. A dwarf form with no corolla is frequent. May-Sept. Vor. III.] FIGWORT FAMILY. 147 4. Linaria répens (L.) Mill. Pale- blue Toad-Flax. (Fig. 3239.) Antirrhinum repens VU, Sp. Pl. 614. 1753. Linaria repens Mill. Gard. Dict. Ed. 8, no. 6. 1768. Linaria striata DC. Fl. France, 3: 586. 1805. Glabrous, perennial by a horizontal or creeping rootstock; stem erect, or the base decumbent, 8’-30’ high, usu- ally branched, the branches slender. Leaves linear, entire, short-petioled or sessile, 14/-2’ long, 1//-2’’ wide, nar- rowed to both ends, the lower crowded, sometimes whorled, the upper more scattered; flowers in slender terminal elongating racemes; pedicels 2//—5/’ long; bracts narrowly linear, acute; corolla nearly white, but striped with blue or purple, about 6’” long; spur short, conic; capsule subglobose; seeds wrinkled, wingless. Newfoundland, and in ballast about the Atlantic seaports. Adveutive from Europe. Summer. 5. ANTIRRHINUM L.. Sp. Pl. 612.1753. Annual or perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, or the lower and those of sterile shoots opposite, and mostly large red purple yellow or white flowers, in terminal racemies, or soli- * tary in the upper axils. Calyx 5-parted, the segments imbricated. Corolla irregular, gib- bous, or saccate, but not spurred at the base, 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, 2-lobed, the lower spreading, 3-lobed, its base produced into a palate nearly or quite closing the throat. Sta- mens 4, didynamous, included; filaments filiform, or dilated at the summit. Style filiform. Capsule ovoid or globose, opening by chinks or pores below the summit. Seeds numerous, oblong, truncate, rugose or smooth, not winged. [Greek, nose-like.] About 40 species, natives of Europe, Asia and western North America. Besides the following introduced species, some 18 others inhabit the western United States. Flowers 1'-1'4' long; calyx-segments ovate, much shorter than the corolla. 1. A. majus. Flowers 5''-7'’ long; calyx-segments linear, as long as the corolla. 2. A. Orontium. 1. Antirrhinum majus L. Great Snap- dragon. Lion’s-mouth. (Fig. 3240.) Antirrhinum mazus I, Sp. Pl. 617. 1753. Perennial, glabrous below, usually more or less glandular-pubescent above; stem branched or simple, 1°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate, lin- ear or oblong-lanceolate, entire, short-peti- oled, acute at both ends, rather firm, glabrous, 1/-3/ long, 1//-5’’ wide; flowers racemose, pur- plish-red (of a variety of colors in cultivated forms), 1/-1 14’ long; pedicels rather stout, 3//— 6’ long, erect in fruit; calyx-segments oval to ovate, obtuse, 2’”-3/’ long; capsule obliquely ovoid, 4’’-5’’ high, opening by 2 pores just be- low the summit or at length apically 2-valved, much longer than the calyx. In waste places, sparingly escaped from gar- dens in the Atlantic States. Adventive from Eu- rope. Other English names are Rabbit’s Mouth, Bonny Rabbits, Calf-snout, Dragon’s- ‘Tiger’s- Dog’s- or Toad’s-mouth, Bulldogs. June-Sept. 148 SCROPHULARIACEAE, (Von. IT. 2. Antirrhinum_Orontium L, Lesser Snapdragon. (Fig. 3241.) Antirrhinum Orontium I, Sp. Pl. 617. 1753- Annual, glabrous or pubescent; stem erect, simple, or branched, slender, about 1° high. Leaves narrowly linear, or the lower linear- spatulate, almost sessile, narrowed at both ends, 1/-2’ long, 1/’-2/’ wide; flowers soli- tary in the upper axils, purple, mostly dis- tant, 5’’-7’’ long; peduncles shorter than the flowers; calyx-segments linear, somewhat unequal, as long as the corolla, elongated in fruit so as much to exceed the pubescent capsule. In fields and waste places, New England and New York. Also on Vancouver Island. Ad- ventive from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-Aug. ¥ 6. SCROPHULARIA L, Sp. Pl. 619. 1753. Perennial strong-smelling herbs, some exotic species shrubby, with mostly opposite large leaves, and smal] purple greenish or yellow proterogynous flowers, in terminal pani- cled cymes or thyrses. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, the segments or lobes mostly obtuse. Corolla irregular, the tube globose to oblong, not gibbous nor spurred at the base, the limb 5-lobed, the 2 upper lobes longer, erect, the lateral ones ascending, the lower spreading or reflexed. Stamens 5, 4 of them anther-bearing and didynamous, declined, mostly included, their anther-sacs confluent into one, the fifth sterile, reduced to a scale on the roof of the corolla tube. Style filiform; stigma capitate or truncate. Capsule ovoid, septicidally dehis- cent. Seeds rugose, not winged. [Named for its repute as a remedy for scrofula. ] About 120 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, most abundant in southern Europe. Besides the following, 2 or 3 others occur in the western United States, Corolla dull outside; sterile stamen deep purple. 1. S. Marylandica. Corolla shining outside; sterile stamen greenish yellow. 2. S. leporella. 1. Scrophularia Marylandica L. Maryland Figwort, Heal-all or Pilewort. (Fig. 3242.) Scrophularia Marylandica 1. Sp. Pl. 619. 1753. Scrophularia nodosa var. Marylandica A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part 1, 258. 1878. Glabrous below, somewhat glandular-pu- bescent above; stem slender, 4-angled with grooved sides, usually widely branched, erect, 3°-10° high. Leaves membranous, slender-petioled, usually puberulent beneath, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, sharply serrate, narrowed, truncate or subcordate at the base, 3/-12’ long; flowers greenish-purple, 3/’/-4’’ long, very numerous in the nearly leafless thyrses; bractlets mostly opposite, pedicels slender, ascending, 4’/—12/” long; calyx-lobes broadly ovate, obtuse, about the length of the tube; corolla green, dull without, brownish purple and shining with- in, little contracted at the throat, the two lateral lobes slightly spreading, the upper lip erect, its lobes short, rounded; capsule sub- globose, with a slender tip; sterile stamen deep purple. In woods and thickets, New York to Kansas, North Carolina and Tennessee. Ascends to 4000 ft. in North Carolina. The ranges of this and the following species are not yet definitely deter- mined.; July—-Sept. Vor. III.] FIGWORT FAMILY. 149 2. Scrophularia leporélla Bicknell. Hare Figwort. (Fig. 3243.) Scrophularia leporelia Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club, 23: 317. 1896. Stem puberulent below, viscid-glandular above, sharply 4-angled with flat sides, 3°-8° tall, simple, or somewhat branched. Leaves short- petioled, ovate to lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, but some- times subcordate, glabrous on both sides when mature, usually incised-dentate, '2’-10’ long; flowers 4’’-5’’ long, in elongated narrow thyrses; bractlets mostly alternate; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse, or acute; corolla contracted at the throat, green to purple and shining without, dull within, the two lateral lobes erect; lobes of the upper lip often narrowly oblong; sterile stamen greenish yellow; capsule ovoid-conic. In woods and along roadsides, Connecticut to Minnesota, Virginia and Nebraska. Ascends to 3500 ft. in Virginia. May-July. 7, CHELONE L,. Sp. Pl. 611.1753. Perennial, mostly glabrous branched or simple herbs, with opposite serrate petioled leaves, and large white red or purple flowers, in terminal and axillary dense spikes. Calyx 5-parted, bracted at the base, the segments ovate or lanceolate. Corolla irregular, the tube elongated, enlarged above, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip concave, emarginate or entire, exterior in the bud; lower lip spreading, woolly within, 3-lobed, its lateral lobes sometimes longer than the middle one. Stamens 5, included, 4 of them antheriferous, didynamous, the fifth sterile, smaller; filaments slender, woolly; anthers woolly, cordate. Style filiform; stigma small, capitate. Capsule ovoid, septicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, compressed, winged. [Greek, tortoise, the head of which the corolla resembles. ] Three species, natives of eastern North America. Corolla white; bracts not ciliolate. 1. C. glabra. Corolla red or rose-purple; bracts ciliolate. Leaves oblong or lanceolate. 2. C. obliqua, Leaves ovate, acuminate; mountain plant. SuGVEVonz. 1. Chelone glabra L. Snake- head. Turtle-head. (Fig. 3244.) Chelone glabra I,. Sp. Pl. 611. 1753. Stem slender, erect, obtusely 4-sided, simple or sometimes branched, strict, 1°- 3° high, the branches erect. Leaves lan- ceolate, sharply serrate with low ap- pressed teeth, acuminate at the apex, nar- rowed at the base, short-petioled, 3/-6/ long, %/-1%’ wide, the principal veins about Io on each side of the midvein; flow- ers white or faintly pink, about 1’ long; bracts glabrous, not ciliolate; calyx-seg- ments ovate-oblong, obtuse; capsule ovoid, obtuse, about 14’ high, twice as long as the calyx. In swamps and along streams, Newfound- land to Florida, west to Manitoba and Kansas. Ascends to 3000 ft. in the Adirondacks. Called also Shell-flower, Cod-head, Bitter- herband Balmony. Lowerleaves sometimes broadly oval. July—Sept. 150 SCROPHULARIACEAE. (Vor. III. 2. Chelone obliqua L. Red Turtle-head. (Fig. 3245.) Chelone obligua \,. Syst. Ed. 11, no. 4. 1767. Stem slender, ascending, 1°-2° high, usually branched, the branches spreading or ascending. Leaves oblong, or broadly lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, petioled, sharply serrate with somewhat spreading teeth, or laciniate, 2’-6’ long, 1%4/-234’ wide; petioles 2//-6’’ long; principal veins about 10 on each side; flowers red or rose-purple, about 1’ long; bracts and calyx-seg- ments ciliolate and usually puberulent; capsule similar to that of the preceding species. In wet thickets and along streams, Virginia to Illi- nois, south to Florida. July—Sept. 3. Chelone Lyoni Pursh. Lyon’s Turtle- head. (Fig. 3246.) Chelone Lyoni Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 737. 1814. Stem slender, erect or nearly so, simple or branched, 1°-3° high. Leaves ovate, acuminate at the apex, rounded, truncate or subcordate at the base; 3/—7’ long, 1’-4’ wide, usually slender-petioled, sharply serrate with divergent teeth, the principal veins 8-10 on each side; flowers red or rose-purple, about 1’ long; bracts and calyx-segments ciliolate and puberulent. In swamps and wet thickets, mountains of Virginia (?); North Carolina and Tennessee to Georgia. July-Sept. 5 , 8. PENTSTEMON Soland. in Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 511. ‘1789. Perennial herbs, mostly branched from the base only, with opposite or rarely verticillate leaves, or the upper occasionally alternate, and large, usually showy, blue purple red or white flowers, in terminal thyrses, panicles, or racemes. Calyx 5-parted, the segments imbricated. Corolla irregular, the tube elongated, more or less enlarged above, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip 2-lobed; lower lip 3-lobed. Stamens 5, included, 4 of them antheriferous and didynam- ous, the 5th sterile, as long as or shorter than the others; anther-sacs divergent or connivent. Style filiform; stigma capitate. Capsule ovoid, oblong, or globose, septicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, angled or even, wingless. [Greek, five stamens. ] About too species, natives of North America and Mexico. % More or less pubescent or glandular, at least the calyx and pedicels. Corolla %'-1%{' long; leaves entire, serrate, or denticulate. ; Stem pubescent or puberulent nearly or quite to the base. Thyrsus open, panicle-like. Corolla densely bearded in the throat; stem leaves lanceolate. Corolla scarcely bearded in the throat; stem leaves ovate. Thyrsus narrow, raceme-like or spike-like. Corolla-tube abruptly enlarged; sterile filament densely woolly. Corolla-tube gradually enlarged; sterile filament slightly bearded. Only the inflorescence, or pedicels, or calyx pubescent. Thyrsus open, panicle-like. Stem leaves oblong, ovate, or lanceolate. hirsutus. canescens. Ne Aa) P. cristatus. P. albidus. we 4 Corolla white, abruptly enlarged, 1'-1\4' long. 5. P. Digitalis. Corolla purplish, gradually enlarged, 8'’-10'’ long. 6. P. Pentstemon. Stem leaves linear-lanceolate. 7. P. gracilis. Thyrsus narrow, interrupted; calyx viscid. 8. P. tubiflorus. Corolla 2’ long, the tube much enlarged above; leaves dentate. 9. P. Cobaea, *% % Completely glabrous throughout, mostly glaucous. Leaves lanceolate, oblong, ovate, obovate, or orbicuiar. Stem leaves rounded, clasping; flowers 2’ long. 10. P. grandiflorus. Stem leaves acute or acuminate; flowers 9'’-15'' long. Corolla 9''-10'' long; stem leaves lanceolate. 11. P. acuminatus. Corolla 1'-1!s' long: stem leaves mostly oblong. 12. P. giaber. Teaves linear or linear-lanceolate; flowers densely thyrsoid. Bracts lanceolate, small; flowers 6''-8'' long. 13. P. angusitfolius. Bracts ovate, acuminate, large; flowers 1' long or more. P. Haydeni. Vor. III.] FIGWORT FAMILY. 1. Pentstemon hirsutus (L,.) Willd. Hairy Beard-tongue. (Fig. 3247.) Chelone hirsuta Y,. Sp. Pl. 611. 1753. P. pubescens Soland. in Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 360. 1789. Pentstemon hirsutus Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 227. 1801. Stem slender, erect, downy nearly or quite to the base, 1°-3° high. Leaves puberulent ‘or glabrous, denticulate or the uppermost entire, the basal oblong or ovate, obtusish at the apex, 2’/-414’ long, 14’-2’ wide, narrowed into petioles, the upper sessile, lanceolate, mostly acuminate, sessile or slightly clasping; inflorescence thyrsoid, rather loose, glandular- pubescent; pedicels mostly short; corolla pur- plish or violet, the tube gradually dilated above, 2-grooved on the lower side, about Io’ long, the throat nearly closed by the villous palate at the base of the lower lip; sterile filament densely bearded for about one-half its length. In dry woods and thickets, Maine to Ontario and Manitoba, south to Florida, Minnesota and ‘Texas. May-July. 2. Pentstemon canéscens Britton. Gray Beard-tongue. (Fig. 3248.) Pentstemon laevigatus var. canescens Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 2: 30. _ 1890. P. canescens Britton, Mem. Torr, Club, 5: 291. 1894. Densely and finely canescent or puberulent, or the leaves sometimes nearly glabrous; stem rather stout, 1°-3° high. Leaves denticulate, the lower and basal ones oval, obtuse, nar- \ rowed into long margined petioles, the next oF I or 2 pairs contracted below the middle and somewhat fiddle-shaped, 3/-6’ long, the upper ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, clasping; thyrsus elongated, open, glandular-pubescent, leafy-bracted below; pedicels very short; calyx- segments lanceolate, acuminate; corolla purple or nearly white, about 1/ long, slightly or not at all bearded in the throat; sterile filament slightly bearded for about one-third its length; capsule ovoid, glabrous, longer than the calyx. RS In dry woods, Virginia, West Virginia and North Carolina, in and near the mountains. May-June. 3. Pentstemon cristatus Nutt. [Crested Beard-tongue. (Fig. 3249.) Pentstemon cristatus Nutt. Gen. 2:52. 1818. Puberulent below, glandular-villous and vis- cid above; stem rather stout, leafy, 6-18’ high, Leaves firm, entire or repand, the lower and basal ones oblong or spatulate, obtuse or acutish, 2-4’ | long, narrowed into margined petioles, the upper sessile or somewhat clasping, acute or acuminate; thyrsus dense, narrow, leafy-bracted; flowers almost sessile; calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, acuminate, villous when young; corolla about 1” long, rather abruptly dilated above, red or pur- ple, its lower lip villous within; sterile filament densely long-bearded. On plains, Manitoba and;the Northwest Territory to Nebraskaand Nevada. May-July. SCROPHULARIACEAE. (Vou. II. 4. Pentstemon albidus Nutt. White- flowered Beard-tongue. (Fig. 3250.) Pentstemon albidus Nutt. Gen. 2:53. 1818. Stem puberulent below, densely glandular-pubes- cent above, rather stout, 6’-10’ high. Basal and lower leaves spatulate or oblong, obtusish, mostly entire, the upper lanceolate or oblong, sessile, den- ticulate, acute or acuminate, 114/-214’ long, 3//-6/’ wide; thyrsus narrow, raceme-like, leafy-bracted, interrupted; calyx-segments lanceolate, acuminate, viscid, one-half as long as the corolla-tube; corolla white or nearly so, 8’/-10’” long, funnelform, the tube gradually dilated upward, the limb nearly equally 5-lobed, the lobes spreading; sterile fila- ment slightly bearded with short hairs. On dry plains, South Dakota to Colorado, Nebraska and Texas, June-Aug. 5. Pentstemon Digitalis (Sweet) Nutt. | \ Foxglove Beard-tongue. (Fig. 3251.) | ers Digitalis Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. 2: fl. 120. 1825-27. gee Digitalis Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 181. 1833-37. Pentstemon laevigatus var. Digitalis A. Gray, Syn. Fl, 2: Part 1, 268. 1878. Glabrous, except the glandular-pubescent in- florescence; stem rather stout,2°-5° high. Lower and basal leaves oblong or oval, obtuse or acut- ish, entire or repand, 2’-7’ long, narrowed into margined petioles; upper leaves ovate, lanceo- late or ovate-lanceolate, sessile and more or less cordate-clasping at the base, acuminate, sharply denticulate; thyrsus open, many-flowered; pedi- cels 1//-3// long; calyx-segments lanccolate; corolla white, 1/-14’ long, the tube abruptly dilated, the limb moderately 2-lipped, the throat open; sterile filament bearded above. In fields and thickets, Maine and New York to Illinois, south to Virginia and Arkansas. Doubtless escaped from cultivation in its northeastern range. May-July. 6. Pentstemon Pentst€mon (L.) Britt. Smooth Beard-tongue. (Fig. 3252.) RN Chelone Pentstemon 1. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 850. 1763. Pentstemon laevigatus Soland. in Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 300. 1789. Pentstemon Pentstemon Britton, Mem. Torr, Club, 5: 291. 1894. Glabrous, except the somewhat glandular- pubescent inflorescence; stem slender, 2°-3° high. Basal and lower leaves oblong or oval, obtuse, 3/-5’ long, narrowed into mar- gined petioles, denticulate; upper leaves ses- sile or slightly clasping, acute, oblong, or lanceolate, denticulate; thyrsus open, usually many-flowered; flowers nearly sessile; calyx- segments lanceolate, acute, short; corolla purple or purplish, 8’’-10’ long, the tube gradually enlarged above, the throat wide open, scarcely or not at all bearded; sterile filament thinly bearded for about one-half its length, or more densely bearded above. In woods and thickets, Pennsylvania to Flor- ida, west to Kentucky and Louisiana. Occa- sionally escaped from cultivation further east. May-July. Vou. IIl.] FIGWORT FAMILY. 153 7. Pentstemon gracilis Nutt. Slender Beard-tongue. (Fig. 3253.) Pentstemon gracilis Nutt. Gen. 2:52. 1818. K V Glabrous or very nearly so up to the glandu- ‘oe lar-pubescent inflorescence; stem slender, strict, 6/-18’ high. Basal and lower leaves linear-ob- long or spatulate, mostly obtuse, denticulate, or entire, 1/-3’ long, narrowed into margined peti- oles; upper leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate or the uppermost lanceolate, acuminate, denticu- late; thyrsus open, several—-many-flowered; pedi- cels 2’/-4’/’ long; calyx-segments lanceolate, acute or acuminate; corolla purple, 9//—12/’ long, its tube gradually enlarged above, its throat wide open; sterile filament bearded for 7, about one-half its length; capsule one-third longer than the calyx. On moist prairies, Manitoba to Minnesota and Missouri, west to the Northwest Territory and Colorado. May-July. nelform Beard-tongue. (Fig. 3254.) Pentstemon tubiflorus Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5: 181. 1833-37. Glabrous, except the viscid-pubescent calyx and pedicels; stem slender, strict, 2°-314° high, leafless above. Leaves oblong, ovate, or lanceo- late, 1/-4’ long, obtusish or acute, the basal narrowed into broad margined petioles, the upper sessile or clasping, entire or merely un- dulate; thyrsus narrow, interrupted, the clusters several-flowered; pedicels 1//-3/’ long, calyx- segments ovate, acuminate, short, striate-nerved; corolla nearly funnelform, white or purplish, less than 1/ long, nearly as broad when ex- panded, its tube gradually enlarged, the limb nearly equally five-lobed, the lobes spreading; sterile filament short bearded above; capsule ovoid, aeute, about twice as long as the calyx. In moist soil, Missouri and Kansas to Arkansas. May-July. g. Pentstemon Cobaéa Nutt. Cobaea Beard-tongue. (Fig. 3255.) Pentstemon Cobaea Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 5: 182. 1833-37. Stem stout, densely and finely pubescent be- low, glandular-pubescent above, 1°-2° high. | Leaves oblong to ovate, firm, 3/-5’ long, den- | tate, the lower mostly glabrous and narrowed into margined petioles, the upper sessile or cordate-clasping, usually pubescent; thyrsus short, several-many-flowered, open; flowers about 2’ long; calyx-segments lanceolate, acuminate, 5/’-7’” long; corolla purple, puber- ulent without, glabrous within, its tube narrow up to the top of the calyx, then abruptly di- lated and campanulate, the limb obscurely 2- lipped, the lobes short, rounded, spreading; sterile filament sparingly bearded; capsule ovoid, acute, pubescent, reticulate-veined, as long as the calyx. On dry prairies, Kansas to Texas. May-July. 154 SCROPHULARIACEAE. {Vor. III. 10. Pentstemon grandiflorus Nutt. Large-flowered Beard-tongue. (Fig.3256. ) P. grandifiorus Nutt. in Fras. Cat. 1813. Glabrous and somewhat glaucous; stem stout, 2°-4° high. Leaves all entire and ob- tuse, the basal ones obovate, narrowed into broad petioles, those of the lower part of the stem sessile, oblong or oval, 1/-214/ long, the upper nearly orbicular, cordate-clasping, shorter; thyrsus open, leafy-bracted, the bracts orbicular, cordate; pedicels 2//-6/’ long; flowers nearly 2’ long; calyx-segments lanceolate, acute, 3/’-4’’ long; corolla laven- der-blue, the tube rather abruptly dilated above the calyx, the limb somewhat 2-lipped; sterile filament incurved, villous and capitate at the summit; capsule acute, 8’/-10’” high, three times as long as the calyx. On prairies, Illinois to Minnesota and South Dakota, south to Kansas. June-Aug. 11. Pentstemon acuminatus Dougl. Sharp-leaved Beard-tongue. (Fig. 3257.) Pentstemon acuminalus Dougl.; Lindl. Bot. Reg. pl. 1285. 1829. Glabrous and glaucous; stem rather stout, strict, 6’-2° high, leafy. Leaves firm, entire, the lower and basal ones oblong or spatulate, obtuse or acute, narrowed into petioles, the upper sessile or clasping, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2’-3’ long; thyrsus narrow, sometimes I-sided, usually leafy-bracted below; pedicels becoming 4/’-8” long in fruit; calyx-segments lanceolate, acute, 2’’-3’’ long; corolla blue, 9-10’ long, its tube rather gradually dilated, the limb 2-lipped; sterile filament bearded along the dilated sum- mit; capsule acute, twice as long as the calyx. In dry soil, Northwest Territory to Nebraska and Texas, weet to Oregon and New Mexico. May-Aug. 12, Pentstemon glaber Pursh. Large Smooth Beard-tongue. (Fig. 3258.) 4 Pentstemon glaber Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 738. 1814. Glabrous, somewhat glaucous; stem ascend- ing or erect, rather stout, leafy, 1°-2° high. Leaves entire, firm, the basal and lower ones narrowed into petioles, the middle ones ob- long or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, , the upper lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, scarcely clasping; thyrsus narrow, elongated, densely many-flowered; pedicels 3/’-7’’ long in fruit; calyx segments ovate-lanceolate, scari- ous margined, abruptly acuminate, 3//-4’’ long, their margins commonly eroded; corolla blue or purple, 1/-1%4’ long, rather abruptly ex- panded above the calyx, the limb somewhat 2- lipped, the lobes rounded; sterile filament bearded at the slightly enlarged summit; cap- sule narrowly ovoid, acute, about twice as long as the calyx. In moist soil, South Dakota to Nebraska and Arizona, west to Oregon and California. May-Aug. Vor. III.] FIGWORT FAMILY. 155 13. Pentstemon angustifolius Pursh. Pale-blue Beard-tongue. (Fig. 3259.) Pentstemon angustifolia Pursh, Fl, Am. Sept. 738. 1814. Pentstemon coeruleus Nutt. Gen. 2:52. 1818. Glabrous and glaucous; stem slender, erect, leafy, 6’-15’ high. Leaves all linear, or linear-lanceolate, entire, the lower nar- rowed into petioles, obtusish at the apex, the upper sessile, acute, 134/-214’ long, 114//-2’/ wide; thyrsus narrow, spike-like, mostly dense; bracts lanceolate, acuminate; pedi- cels very short; calyx-segments linear-lan- ceolate, acuminate, 2//-3// long; corolla blue, or nearly white, 8/’’-10’” long, the tube gradually enlarged, the limb some- what 2-lipped; sterile filament bearded at the summit. In dry soil, western Nebraska to North Dakota and Montana. May-July. 14. Pentstemon Haydeni S. Wats. Hayden’s Beard-tongue. (Fig. 3260. ) een Haydeni S. Wats. Bot. Gaz. 16: 311. 1891. Glabrous, not at all glaucous or slightly so; stem decumbent, simple or branched, leafy, 1°-2° high. Leaves linear or elongated-lan- ceolate, entire, sessile and slightly clasping, acute, acuminate, or the lowest obtusish at the apex, 2’-5’ long, 1//-5’’ wide; thyrsus nar- row, dense; bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, large, cordate-clasping, acute, or acuminate; fruiting pedicels 2’’-3/’ long; calyx-segments lanceolate, striate-nerved, acuminate, 3//-5// long; corolla blue, 1’ long or more, the tube broadly dilated above the calyx, the limb nearly equally 5-lobed; capsule acute, twice as long as the calyx. In moist soil, Nebraska, Kansas and Wyoming. g. COLLINSIA Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phil. 1: 190. pl. 9. 1817. Winter-annual herbs, with opposite or verticillate leaves, and blue pink white or varie- gated flowers, verticillate, or solitary in the axils. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft. Corolla irregular, the tube short, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip 2-cleft, the lobes erect or recurved; lower lip larger, 3-lobed, the lateral lobes spreading or drooping, flat, the middle one con- duplicate, keel-like, enclosing the 4 declined stamens and the filiform style. Stamens didy- namous. Corolla with a gland on the upper side of the tube near the base. Filiments fili- form; anther-sacs confluent at the apex. Stigma small, capitate or 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid or globose, septicidally 2-valved, the valves 2-cleft. Seeds few, large, peltate concave on the inner side. [Named for Zaccheus Collins, botanist, of Philadelphia, 1764-183r. ] About 15 species, natives of North America. Corolla 5''-8’’ long, the throat shorter than the limb. Leaves, at least the lower, ovate or oblong; corolla-lobes notched. I. C. verna. Leaves lanceolate; corolla-lobes obcordate. 2. C. violacea. Corolla 2'’-3'' long, the throat longer than the limb. 3. C. parviflora. 156 1. Collinsia vérna Nutt. Collinsia. 2. Collinsia violacea Nutt. Violet or Narrow-leaved Collinsia. (Fig. 3262.) Collinsia violacea Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5:179. 1833-37. Similar to the preceding species, stem slender, erect, usually branched, 6-15’ high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, rather thick, en- tire or denticulate, obtuse or obtusish, the lower opposite, petioled, the middle similar, sessile, 1/- 2’ long, 3’’-5’’ wide, the floral linear or linear- lanceolate, opposite or verticillate; upper whorls 2-5-flowered; corolla 5//-6’’ long, violet, its lobes obcordate or emarginate; capsule globose, about 2’ in diameter, shorter than the lanceolate acute calyx-lobes. Kansas (according to Holzinger) and Arkansas. SCROPHULARIACEAE. Blue-eyed Mary. (Fig. 3261.) C. verna Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phil. 1:-190. pl. 9. 1817. Glabrous or puberulent; stem slender, weak, 6’-2° long, simple or branched. Leaves thin, opposite, the lower broadly ovate or orbicular, obtuse at the apex, rounded, narrowed or sub- cordate at the base, crenate or entire, slender- petioled; middle leaves sessile or cordate-clasp- ing, ovate or oblong, obtuse, dentate, 1-2’ long, floral leaves ovate to spatulate, mostly acute, dentate or entire; upper whorls 4-6-flowered; corolla 6/’/-8’ long, its throat equalling or shorter than the calyx, its lower lip blue, the upper purple or nearly white, the lobes emargi- nate or truncate; capsule globose, 2'%4//-3/’ in diameter, shorter than the linear calyx-lobes. In moist woods and thickets, western New York to Wisconsin, south to Pennsylvania, Kentucky and the Indian Territory. April-June. (Vou. IIL. Innocence. Broad-leaved 3. Collinsia parviflora Doug]. Small-flowered Collinsia. (Fig. 3263.) Collinsia parviflora Dougl.; Lindl. Reg. pl. 1082. 1827. Puberulent, at length diffusely branch- ed; stems very slender, 3/-15’ long. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, mostly ob- tuse at the apex and narrowed at the base, 14/-1’ long, entire, or sparingly toothed, the lower opposite, petioled, the floral ses- sile, opposite or verticillate; upper whorls 2-6 flowered; pedicels commonly longer than the flowers; corolla 2’/-3/’ long, about twice as long as the calyx, blue or whitish, the throat longer than the limb; capsule globose, 1/’-14’’ in diameter, lit- tle shorter than the lanceolate calyx-lobes. In moist places, Ontario to British Colum- bia, south to Michigan, Colorado, Arizona and Utah. April-June. Bot. Vor. IIL] FIGWORT FAMILY. 157 10. PAULOWNIA Sieb. & Zuce. Fl. Japmrsese pe 704 1835. A large tree, with the aspect of Caéa/pa, with broad opposite entire or 3-lobed, petioled pubescent leaves, and large violet flowers in terminal panicles. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, the lobes short. Corolla irregular, the tube elongated, enlarged above, the 5 lobes spreading, somewhat unequal. Stamens 4, didynamous, included; anther-sacs divaricate. Style slender, slightly thickened toward the summit, stigmatic on the inner side. Capsule coria- ceous, ovoid, acute, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, striate, winged. Flowers ex- panding before the leaves appear. [Named for Anna Sanat EOS Paulowna, daughter of the Czar Paul I.] — A monotypic Japanese genus. 1. Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Baill. Paulownia. (Fig. 3264.) Bignonia tomentosa Thunb, Fl. Jap. 252. 1784. Paulownia imperialis Sieb. & Zuce. Fl. Jap. 1: 27. 1835. Paulownia tomentosa Baill. Hist. Pl. 9: 434. 1888. A tree with thin flaky bark, reaching a maximum height of about 70° and a trunk diameter of 4°, the \ branches stout, spreading. Leaves broadly ovate, 6/— 15’ long, 4’-S’ wide, long-petioled, canescent on both sides when young, glabrate above when old, the peti- oles terete; flowers about 24’ long, numerous in large erect terminal panicles; pedicels stout, densely tomen- tose; calyx 5-Jobed, the lobes thick, tomentose; co- rolla slightly irregular, puberulent without; capsule 2/ high, 1’ in diameter. Escaped from cultivation in southern New York and New Jersey and in the southern States. May-July. 11. MIMULUS L. Sp. Pises4, 1753: Erect or decumbent herbs, with opposite mostly dentate leaves. Flowers axillary, soli- tary, peduncled, pink, violet, or yellow, usually showy. Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed, the upper tooth usually the largest. Corolla irregular, its tube cylindric with a pair of ridges on the lower side within, its limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect or reflexed, 2-lobed; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the lobes rounded. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted on the corolla- tube; anther-sacs divergent, or sometimes confluent at the summit. Style filiform; stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule oblong or linear, loculicidally dehiscent, many-seeded, enclosed by the calyx. [Diminutive of zws, a mimic actor. ] About 30 species, natives of America. Besides the following, some 20 others occur in the western United States and British Columbia. Corolla violet, or rarely white; eastern species. «se Leaves sessile, clasping; peduncles longer than the calyx. 1. WM. ringens. ' Leaves petioled; peduncles shorter than the calyx. 2. M. alatus. Corolla yellow; western; two species adventive in the East. Plants glabrous or glabrate. Erect; branches spreading; leaves ovate; flowers 1’ long. Diffuse; leaves nearly orbicular; flowers about 6’’ long. Plant villous and viscid, diffuse, musk-scented. . M. guttatus. . M. Jamesit. . MW. moschatus. neo 1. Mimulus ringens I Square-stemmed Monkey-flower. (Fig. 3265.) Mimulus ringens ¥,. Sp. Pl. 634. 1753- Glabrous, perennial by rootstocks; stem erect, 4- sided or somewhat 4-winged, usually much branch- ed, 1°-3° high. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, or ob- long-lanceolate, pinnately veined, acuminate or acute at apex, serrate, auriculate-clasping at the base, or the lower merely sessile, 2/-4’ long, 14/-1/ wide; peduncles slender, 1/—2’ long in fruit, 2-4 times as long as the calyx; calyx-teeth lanceolate- subulate; corolla violet, rarely white, about 1/ long, the throat narrow, exceeding the calyx, the lower lip puberulent within at the base; fruiting calyx ob- long, 6’7-8’” long; seeds oblong, minute, slightly reticulated. In swamps and along streams, Nova Scotia to Vir- ginia, Tennessee, Manitoba, Nebraska and Texas. As- cends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. June-Sept. ~~ 3. Mimulus guttatus DC. Yellow Monkey-flower. (Fig. 3267.) Mimulus guttatus DC. Cat. Hort. Monsp. 127. 1818. Perennial by stolons, glabrous or puber- ulent; stem rather stout, simple or branch- ed; branches spreading. Leaves ovate to obovate, dentate or denticulate, obtuse at the apex, rounded, narrowed or cordate at the base, 1/-3’ long, the lower short-peti- oled, the upper smaller, sessile or clasping; peduncles shorter than or equalling the flowers; calyx oblique; corolla yellow, 1/-— 2/ long, the lower lip bearded at the base, often blotched with red or purple; fruiting calyx about 4’ long; seeds longitudinally striate. In wet meadows, Norfolk, Conn. and south- ern New York. Introduced from California. Summer. SCROPHULARIACEAE. [Vor.. III. 2. Mimulus alatus Soland. Sharp- winged Monkey-flower. (Fig. 3266. ) ers alatus Soland, in Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 361. 1789. Similar to the preceding species, glabrous; stem sharply 4-angled, the angles more or less winged. Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or ob- long, acute or acuminate at the apex, dentate- serrate, narrowed at the base, petioled, 2’-5/ long, 9//-18/’ wide; petioles }4’-1’ long, nar- rowly margined; peduncles stout, shorter than the calyx; corolla violet, about 1/ long; calyx- teeth short, broad, abruptly mucronulate; seeds smooth, In swamps, Connecticut to Illinois, south to Georgia aud Texas. June-Sept. 4. Mimulus Jamesii T. & G. James’ Mimulus. (Fig. 3268.) Mimulus Jamesii T. & G.; Benth. in DC. Prodr. ro: 371. 1846. Perennial by stolons, glabrous or nearly so; stems slender, creeping, diffusely branched, root- ing at the nodes, 6’-18’ long. Leaves broadly ovate, orbicular or broader, very obtuse, denticu- late or entire, membranous, truncate, subcordate, or rarely narrowed at the base, palmately veined, short-petioled or the upper sessile, 1/1’ in di- ameter; peduncles slender, longer than the calyx in fruit; calyx oblique, scarcely toothed, 3//-4’” long at maturity; corolla yellow, 4’/-6’ long, the lower lip bearded at the base within, the throat broad; seeds nearly smooth. In brooks and swamps, Ontario to Nebraska and Mexico, west to Montana and Arizona. May per- haps include two species. June—Sept. Vor. III.] FIGWORT FAMILY. 159 5. Mimulus moschatus Dougl. Musk-flower. Musk-plant. (Fig. 3269.) Mimulus moschatus Dougl.; Lindl. Bot. Reg. fl. z778. 1827. Perennial, villous-pubescent, viscid, musk-scented; stems creeping and ascending, branched, slender, 6’— 12’long. Leaves ovate or oblong, short-petioled, acute or obtuse at the apex, denticulate, rounded or subcor- date at the base, 1/-2’ long, 5’’-12’’ wide; peduncles slender, longer than the calyx; flowers 1/ long or less; calyx-teeth lanceolate, acuminate; corolla yellow, 2-3 times as long as the calyx. In wet places, Locust Valley, Long Island; Middle Grove, Saratoga Co., N. Y.; Alma, N. B. (according to Macoun). Adventive from the Pacific Coast. June-Sept. 12. CONOBEA Aubl. Pl. Guian. 2: 639. Diese 3775). Herbs, with opposite pinnately parted pinnatifid incised or serrate leaves, and small blue or white peduncled flowers, solitary or two together in the axils. Calyx 5-parted, the segments narrow, equal. Corolla irregular, the tube cylindric, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip emar- ginate or 2-lobed; lower lip 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending, included; filaments filiform; anther-sacs parallel, not confluent. Style incurved at the summit; stigma 2-lamel- late. Capsule globose, oblong or linear, septicidally dehiscent, the valves entire or 2-cleft. Seeds numerous, oblong, striate. [Guiana name. ] About § species, natives of America. Besides the following, another occurs in the southwestern United States. 1. Conobea multifida (Michx.) Benth. . Conobea. (Fig. 3270.) Capraria mulltifida Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 2: 22. pl. 35. ied mullifida Benth, in DC. Prodr, 10: 391. 1846. Annual, finely viscid-pubescent; stem at length diffusely branched, 4’-8/ high, very leafy. Leaves petioled, %4’-1’ long, pinnately parted into 3-7 linear or linear-oblong obtuse entire or incised seg- ments; flowers greenish-white, 2//-214’’ long, mostly solitary in the opposite axils, about as long as their filiform peduncles; calyx-segments linear- subulate, slightly shorter than the corolla; capsule narrowly ovoid, glabrous, about equalling the calyx; seeds longitudinally striate. Along streams and rivers, Ohio to Iowa and Kansas, south to Kentucky and Texas. Introduced along the Delaware below Philadelphia. June—Sept. 13. MONNIERA P. Br. Civ. & Nat. Hist. Jam. 269. pl. 28. f. 3. 1755. [HERPESTIS Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. 3: 186. p/. 27g. 1805.] Erect diffuse or prostrate herbs, with opposite entire serrate, or, in some aquatic species, dissected leaves, and small yellow blue white or variegated peduncled flowers, mostly soli- tary in the axils. Calyx 5-parted, the upper segment the broadest. Corolla irregular or nearly regular, the tube cylindric, the limb more or less 2-lipped; upper lip 2-lobed; lower lip 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, included; anther-sacs parallel or divergent. Style slender; stigma capitate, or 2-lobed. Capsule globose or ovoid, septicidally or loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous. [Named for Louis Guillaume le Monnier, 1713-1799, professor of botany in the Jardin du Roi, Paris. ] About 60 species, natives of warm and tropical regions. In addition to the following, 2 others occur in the southern United States. Corolla almost regular, 5-lobed; leaves spatulate. 1. WM. Monniera. Corolla manifestly 2-lipped. : ; Stem erect; leaves serrate, not clasping, black in drying. 2. M. acuminata. Stem creeping or ascending; leaves entire or crenulate, clasping. Leaves ovate, punctate. Leaves obovate or orbicular, not punctate. . M. Caroliniana. . M. rotundifolia, fw 160 SCROPHULARIACEAE. [Vor III. Monniera Monniéra (L.) Britton. Monnier’s Hedge-Hyssop. (Fig. 3271.) Gratiola Monniera 1. Cent. Pl. 2: 1756. Limosella calycina Forsk. Fl. AEg. Arab, 112. 1775. Herpestis cunetfolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 418. 1814. Her pestis Monniera H.B.K. Nov. Gen, 2: 366. 1817. M, Monniera Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 292. 1894. Perennial, glabrous, fleshy; stem creeping, rooting at the nodes, branched, 6’-18’ long. Leaves spatulate or cuneate-obcordate, sessile, rounded at the apex, entire, or sparingly den- ticulate, 3//-10’” long, 1//-2!4’’ wide; peduncles mainly in alternate axils, slender, 2-bracteolate at the summit, in fruit longer than the leaves; flowers pale blue, about 5’’ long; upper calyx- segment ovate, acute; corolla obscurely 2- lipped; stamens nearly equal; stigma slightly 2-lobed; capsule ovoid, acute, shorter than the calyx. On shores, near the coast, Maryland to Florida, Texas and Mexico. Widely distributed in tropical regions of both the Old Worldand the New. June- Oct. 2. Monniera acuminata (Walt. ) Kuntze. Purple Hedge-Hyssop. (Fig. 3272.) Gratiola acuminata Walt. Fl. Car. 61. 1788. Matourea nigrescens Benth. Comp. Bot. Mag. I. ] & WY Hefpestis nigrescens Benth. Comp. Bot. Mag. 2: 56. WI N/R Vi f} NV, M, Cacdaninata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 463. 1891. Perennial, glabrous; stem erect, branched above, 1°-2° high, very leafy. Leaves oblong or oblong lanceolate, serrate, at least above the middle, short-petioled or sessile, obtuse or acute at the apex, narrowed or somewhat cuneate at the base, 1/-2’ long, faintly veined; peduncles in alternate and opposite axils, ascending, in fruit longer than the leaves, not bracteolate at the summit; flowers 5’’-6’’ long, purple; upper calyx-segment lanceolate, acute; corolla 2- lipped, the lower lip longer than the upper; sta- \\ LZ mens approximate in pairs; capsule oblong, 4- valved, 3//-4’’ high, about equalling the calyx. ~S In wet soil, Maryland to Florida and Texas, near the coast. Plant blackeningin drying. June—Sept. Bw 3. Monniera Caroliniana ( Walt.) Kuntze. Blue Hedge-Hyssop. (Fig. 327: Obolaria Caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 166. 178 M. amplexicaulis Michs. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 22. 1803. Herpestisamplexicaulis Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 418. 1814. M. Caroliniana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 463. 1891. Perennial by stolons, more or less pubescent, fleshy; stems creeping and ascending, rooting at the lower nodes, 6/-2° long, simple, or sparingly branched, leafy. Leaves ovate to oval, sessile and clasping by a subcordate base, obtuse at the apex, parallel-veined, punctate, entire, the margins cilio- late or naked; peduncles shorter than the leaves; usually shorter than the calyx; upper calyx-seg- ment ovate, cordate; flowers blue, 4’’-5’’ long, eph- emeral; disk 10-12-toothed; stamens approximate in pairs. In wet pine barrens, New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana. Vor. III.] FIGWORT FAMILY. 161 4. Monnierarotundifolia Michx. Round-leaved Hedge-Hyssop. (Fig. 3274.) mercer rotundifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: Herpestis rotundifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 418. 1814. Perennial by stolons, succulent; stems creeping and spreading, branched or simple, villous-pubescent, 1°-2° long. Ieaves obo- vate or orbicular, palmately veined, entire, or slightly undulate, narrowed toa sessile or clasping base, }4’-1’ broad, glabrous, not punctate; peduncles stout, shorter than the leaves, solitary or 2 together in the axils, longer than the flowers; flowers blue, 3//-4/’ long; upper calyx-segment oval; corolla 2- lipped, longer than the calyx; stamens ap- proximate in pairs; stigma 2-lobed; disk ob- solete; capsule oblong, obtuse, 1%4/” high, at length 4-valved, shorter than the calyx. On muddy shores, Illinois to Nebraska, south to Tennessee and Texas. Also in California (?) June-Sept. 14. GRATIOLA L, Sp. Pl. 17. 1753. Erect or diffuse glabrous glandular-pubescent or hirsute herbs, with opposite entire or dentate leaves, and yellow or whitish peduncled flowers solitary in thé axils. Peduncles 2-bracteolate at the summit in the following species. Calyx 5-parted, the segments narrow, slightly unequal. Corolla irregular, its tube cylindric, its limb more or less 2-lipped; upper lip entire, emarginate, or 2-cleft; lower lip 3-lobed. Perfect stamens 2, the anterior pair wanting, or represented by rudiments; filaments filiform; anther-sacs distinct, transverse and separated by a broad connective, or parallel and contiguous. Style filiform; stigma di- lated, slightly 2-lobed. Capsule loculicidally and septicidally dehiscent, ovoid or globose, 4-valved. Seeds numerous, longitudinally and transversely striate. [Latin, grace or favor, from its reputed healing properties. ] About 25 species, of wide geographic distribution in temperate and warm regions. Besides the following, some 7 others occur in southern and western North America. Plants glabrous or glandular; anther-sacs transverse, separated. Sterile filaments minute or none. : Glandular-puberulent; flowers 4’/’-5'’ long; capsule ovoid. 1. G. Virginiana. Glabrous; flowers 7'’ long; capsule globose. _ 2. G. Sphaerocarpa. Sterile filaments 2, slender, capitate at the summit. AAA Leaves lanceolate, entire or remotely denticulate. 3. G. aurea. Leaves ovate or oblong, sharply serrate. 4. VISCOSa, Plant hirsute; anther-sacs parallel, contiguous. : 5 pilosa. 1. Gratiola Virginiana L. Clammy Hedge-Hyssop. (Fig. 3275.) Gratiola Virginianal, Sp. Pl. 17. 1753. Annual; stem erect, at length widely branch- ed, glandular-puberulent, at least above, 3/—12/ high. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, ses- sile, narrowed to both ends, denticulate, 1/-2/ long, 2/’-5’’ wide, glabrous or nearly so; pedun- cles slender, glandular, shorter than or equalling the leaves; flowers 4’/-5’’ long; bractlets as long as the calyx, or longer; calyx about one-half as long as the yellowish corolla-tube; limb of the corolla short, white; sterile filaments minute or none; anther-sacs transverse, separated by a broad connective; capsule broadly ovoid, 2// high, as long as the calyx. In wet places, Quebec to British Columbia, south to Florida, Texas and California. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. May-Oct. II SCROPHULARIACEAE. {Vor III. 2. Gratiola sphaerocarpa Ell. Round- fruited Hedge Hyssop. (Fig. 3276.) Soe sphaerocarpa Ell, Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 14. 15160. Annual, glabrous; stem ascending, or erect, rather stout, simple, or branched, 6’-12/ high. Leaves oblong or obovate-oblong, sessile, den- tate or denticulate, 3-5-nerved, acute or obtusish at the apex, narrowed at the base, 1/-2’ long, 3//- 8’’ wide; peduncles stout, little or not at all lon- ger than the calyx; bractlets about equalling the calyx; calyx-lobes linear; calyx nearly one- halfas long asthe corolla; flowers about 7’’ long; corolla-tube yellow, the limb paler; anther-sacs broad, transverse; sterile filaments wanting; cap- sule globose, 3’ in diameter. In wet places, southern New Jersey to Florida, west to Illinois, Texas and Mexico. June-Sept. 3. Gratiola aurea Muhl. Goldenpert. Golden Hedge-Hyssop. (Fig. 3277.) Gratiola aurea Muhl, Cat. 2. 1813. Annual, glandular-puberulent,above, or gla- brate; stems decumbent, creeping or ascend- ing, simple or branched, 4/-12’ long, some- what 4-sided. Leaves lanceolate, 14/-1/ long, 1//-3/’ wide, sparingly denticulate, scarcely narrowed to the sessile and somewhat clasp- ing base; peduncles filiform, in fruit equalling or longer than the calyx; corolla bright yel- low, 6’’-7’’ long, 3 times as long as the calyx; sterile filaments 2, capitate at the summit; an- ther-sacs of the fertile stamens broad, trans- verse; capsule globose-ovoid, shorter than or equalling the calyx. In sandy wet places, Quebec and Ontario to New Jersey and Florida. June-Sept. 4. Gratiola viscésa Schwein. Viscid Hedge-Hyssop. (Fig. 3278.) Gratiola viscosa Schwein.; LeConte, Ann. Lyc. ING Yera) LOO. x8 22. Annual; stem weak, finely viscid-pubescent, slender, commonly simple, 6/-18’ long. Leaves ovate, ovate-oblong, or ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate, acute at the apex, sessile, cor- date-clasping at the base, %/’-1’ long; pedun- cles slender, shorter than or exceeding the leaves; bractlets and calyx-segments foliaceous, entire or dentate, one-third to one-half as long as the yellow or purplish corolla; flowers 5//— 6’’ long; sterile filaments 2, capitate at the sum- mit; anther-sacs of the fertile stamens trans- verse, separated by the broad connective; cap- sule subglobose, shorter than the calyx. In brooks and swamps, Kentucky to Georgia and North Carolina, in and near the mountains, May-Sept. Vot. III.] FIGWORT FAMILY. 163 5. Gratiola pildsa Michx. Hairy Hedge-Hyssop. (Fig. 3279.) Gratiola pilosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:7. 1803. Perennial (?), hirsute; stems slender, erect, strict, simple, or branched, 6’-2° high. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, dentate or denticulate, sessile, acute or obtusish at the apex, rounded, truncate or subcordate at the base, 1%4/-1/ long; flowers nearly or quite sessile, commonly nu- merous, about 4/’ long; corolla purplish or white, slightly longer than the calyx and bract- lets; sterile filaments 2, capitate at the summit; anther-sacs of the fertile stamens parallel, con- tiguous; capsule oblong-conic, acuminate, about the length of the calyx, or shorter. In dry soil, southern New Jersey to Arkansas and Texas. May-Aug. 15. ILYSANTHES Raf. Ann. Nat. 13. 1820. Annual or biennial glabrous slender branching herbs, with opposite, mostly dentate and sessile leaves, and small purplish peduncled flowers solitary in the axils. Peduncles not bracteolate. Calyx 5-parted, the segments linear. Corolla irregular, the tube somewhat ex- panded above, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip 2-cleft, erect; lower lip larger, 3-lobed, spread- ing. Fertile stamens 2, included, their anther-sacs divergent; sterile stamens 2, 2-lobed, one of the lobes capitate, glandular, the other glabrous, shorter. Style slender; stigma slightly 2-lobed. Capsule oblong or ovoid, septicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, wrinkled. [Greek, mud-flower. ] About Io species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, 2 or 3 others occur in the southeastern United States. Peduncles longer than the leaves; calyx-segments shorter than the capsule. 1. J. gratiolotdes. Peduncles shorter than the leaves; calyx-segments mostly as long as the capsule, or longer. 2. I. atlenuatla, 1. Ilysanthes gratioloides (L.) Benth. Long-stalked False Pimpernel. (Fig. 3280. ) Capraria gratioloides L,.Sp. Pl. Ed.2, 876. 1763. Ilysanthes riparia Raf, Ann. Nat. 13. 1820. Llysanthes gratioloides Benth. in DC. Prodr, 10: 419. 1846. Stem slender, mostly erect, at length dif- fusely branched, 3/-8’ long. Leaves ovate, ovate-oblong, or the lower obovate, sessile, or slightly clasping at the base, remotely denticulate or entire, obtuse or acutish at the apex, thickish, 3-7-nerved, 14/-1’ long, the upper ones commonly much smaller; peduncles slender, considerably exceeding the leaves; flowers 3//-5/’ long; calyx-seg- ments linear, about one-half the length of the corolla, shorter than the capsule; cap- sule narrowly ovoid-oblong, bluntish,2//—3/’ high; seeds 1’’ long, reddish, the ends usu- ally truncate. In wet places, New England to Florida, west to Ontario, Minnesota and Texas. Also on the Pacific Coast. Said to occur in northeastern Asia, in South America, and to be naturalized in Europe. Lower leaves sometimes short-peti- oled. July-Sept. 164 SCROPHULARIACEAE. (Vor, III. 2. Ilysanthes attenuata (Muhl.) Small. Short-stalked False Pimpernel. (Fig. 3281.) Lindernia attenuata Muhl. Cat. 59. 1813. Ilysanthes gratioloides curtipedicellata Bush, Bull. * Torr. Club, 21: 494. — 1894. I. attenuata Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 23: 297. 1896. Stem erect or ascending, 3/-16’ long, the branches spreading. Leaves oblong to ovate, or sometimes obovate, 14/-134’ long, thinnish, ob- tuse, serrate with a few low teeth, 3-5-nerved, nar- rowed into short petioles, or sessile; peduncles shorter than the leaves; calyx-segments linear- subulate, as long as the capsule, or longer; cor- olla 2//-6’’ long; capsule narrowly ovoid, about 2’/ long, pointed; seeds slightly curved, 11%4//-2// long, yellowish brown, the ends usually rounded. In wet places, Maine and Ontario to Wisconsin, south to Florida and Missouri. Ascends to 2000 ft. in Virginia. May-Oct. 16. MICRANTHEMUM Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 10. A/. 72. 1803. Creeping or ascending, branched small leafy annual glabrous herbs, with opposite obo- vate oval or orbicular sessile entire leaves, and minute white or purplish short-peduncled flowers, solitary in the axils. Calyx 4-5-lobed or 4-5-parted. Corolla very irregular, the tube short, the upper lip shorter than the lower, or wanting, the lower 3-lobed, spreading or ascending, the middle lobe the largest. Stamens 2, anterior; filaments short, somewhat dilated or appendaged at the base; anthers small, their sacs distinct, parallel, or slightly divergent. Style short; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule globose, 2-celled by a membranous parti- tion or becoming 1-celled. Seeds numerous, minute. [Greek, small flower. ] About 16 species, natives of America. Besides the following, another occurs in the southern United States. : i. Micranthemum micranthemoides (Nutt.) Wettst. Nuttall’s Micran- themum. (Fig. 3282.) Hemianthus micranthemoides Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phil. I:119. fl.6. 1817. Micranthemum Nuttallit A.Gray,Man. Ed, 5, 331. 1867. Ny Micranthemum micranthemoides Wettst. in Engl. & NZ Prantl, Nat. Pl. Fam. 4: Abt. 3b. 77. 1891. Ve Somewhat fleshy; stem filiform, creeping, the an branches ascending, 14’-2'%’ high. Leaves obo- vate to oval, obtuse, 1//-214’’ long; flowers about W %4’’ long, borne on peduncles of about the same (y length; calyx campanulate in flower, obovoid in AS | fruit, 4-lobed, usually split along one side; pedun- Vy eles recurved in fruit; upper lip of the corolla ), nearly obsolete; middle lobes of the lower lip ua5 W longer than the lateral ones; appendages at the 4 \\ bases of the stamens nearly as long as the fila- ny ments; stigma of 2 subulate lobes; capsule obo- J \a void-globose, %4’’ in diameter, as long as the calyx. In tidal mud, New Jersey to Florida. Also in Cuba. Aug.-Oct. 17. LIMOSELLA I, Sp. Pl. 631.1753. Low glabrous succulent floating or creeping, tufted annual herbs(or perennial by stolons?), with filiform stems rooting at their nodes, basal slender-petioled entire leaves, and filiform 1-flowered scape-like peduncles, the flowers small, white, pink, or purple. Calyx campanu- late, 5-lobed. Corolla nearly regular, open-campanulate, the tube short, the limb 5-cleft. Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla-tube, scarcely exserted; filaments short; anther-sacs con- fluent. Style short; stigma capitate. Ovary 2-celled at the base, 1-celled above. Capsule globose or oblong, becoming 1-celled, many-seeded. [Greek, mud-seated.] About 6 species, of wide geographic distribution. Leaves expanded above into an oblong or linear-oblong blade. 1. L. aquatica. Leaves filiform-linear, with little or no distinction between blade and petiole. 2. L. tenutfolia. Vor. III.] FIGWORT FAMILY. 165 1. Limosella aquatica L. Mudweed. Mudwort. (Fig. 3283.) Limosella aquatica I, Sp. Pl. 631. 1753. Leaves 1/-5’ long, the blade oblong, linear-oblong, or spatulate, obtuse, one- fourth or one-third as long as the filiform petiole. Peduncles shorter than the leaves, arising with the petioles from the base of the plant or from nodes of the creeping or floating stem; corolla pink or white, about 1/’ broad, scarcely longer than the calyx; calyx-lobes ovate, acute or acutish, about the length of the tube; stamens inserted high up on the corolla- tube; filaments somewhat longer than the anthers; capsule globose or oblong-glo- bose, obtuse, 114/’ high, longer than the calyx. On muddy shores and in brooks, Labrador and Hudson Bay to the Northwest Territory, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, and in the Sierra Nevada to California, Also in Europe, Australia and South America. June-Aug. 2. Limosella tenuifodlia Hoffm. Narrow-leaved Mudwort. (Fig. 3284.) Limosella tenuifolia Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. 29. 1804. Limosella australis R. Br. Prodr, Fl. Nov. Holl, 1: 443. 1810. Similar to the preceding species, but usually smaller, the leaves seldom over 1 14’ high, linear- filiform, with no distinction between blade and petiole, or sometimes slightly expanded toward the apex. In brackish mud, Labrador to New Jersey. Also in Europe, Australia and South America. The plant is very closely related to the preceding spe- cies, and is regarded by many authors as a variety of it. But its local geographic distribution is considerably different, and the leaf-characters as given above appear to be constant. Summer, 18. WULFENIA Jacq. Misc. 2:60. f/. 8. 1781. [SyntTHyYRIS Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10: 454. 1846.] Perennial herbs, with thick rootstocks, simple erect stems, large petioled basal leaves, those of the stem much smaller, alternate, sessile, or clasping, bract-like. Flowerssmall, pink or purple, in terminal dense elongated spikes or racemes. Calyx 4-5-parted, the segments oblong or linear. Corolla oblong or campanulate, 2-4-lobed, or parted, or wanting, the lateral lobes, when present, exterior in the bud. Stamens 2 (occasionally 4), posterior, in- serted on the corolla, or on the outer side of the hypogynous disk, exserted; filaments slen- der; anther-sacs parallel or divergent, not confluent. Ovary 2-celled or rarely 3-celled; style filiform; stigma capitate. Capsule compressed, obtuse, or emarginate, many-seeded, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds flat, oval, or orbicular. [Named for Rey. Francis Xavier Wulfen, botanical author, died 1804. ] About Io species, natives of North America and Europe. Corolla present, usually 2-lobed. 1. W. Houghtoniana, Corolla none. 2. W. rubra. 166 SCROPHULARIACEAE. [Vor III. 1. Wulfenia Houghtoniana (Benth. ) Greene. Houghton’s Wulfenia. (Fig. 3285.) Bt la Houghtoniana Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10: 454. 1 Wulfenia Houghtoniana Greene, Erythea, 2:83. 1894. Pubescent; stem stout, 1°-2'4° high. Basal leaves ovate or orbicular, rounded at the apex, truncate, cor- date or reniform at the base, crenulate all around, 2/-5/ long, 5-7-nerved, petioled, the petiole usually shorter than the blade; stem leaves small, 14/-1/ long, sessile or slightly clasping, crenulate, obtuse, or acute, pass- ing gradually into the bracts of the dense spike; flowers greenish yellow, 2/’-3’’ long; corolla present, variously 2-4-lobed (commonly 2-lobed), somewhat longer than the calyx, its lobes obtuse, the stamens inserted on its base; spike much clongated in fruit; capsule emargin- ate, slightly exceeding the calyx. On dry prairies, Indiana to Minnesota, Michigan and Iowa. May-July. 2. Wulfenia rubra (Hook. ) Greene. Western Wulfenia. (Fig. 3286.) pean rubra Hook. FI. Bor. Amer. 2: 103. Pl. 172. 1838. Synthyris rubra Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10: 455. 1846. Wulfenia rubra Greene, Erythea, 2: 83. 1894. Similar to the preceding species but lower, pubes- cent or tomentose, seldom over 1° high. Basal leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse or acute at the apex, narrowed, truncate or cordate at the base, 1 14’—-3/ long, crenulate, petioled, indistinctly nerved; stem leaves ovate or lanceolate, acute, sessile, crenulate, or entire, 1{/—1/ long; spike very dense, 1/-2/ long in flower, 2/-5’ long in fruit, its bracts purplish; corolla none; stamens in- serted on the outer side of the hypogynous disk; cap- sule little compressed, emarginate, slightly longer than the calyx. In dry soil, Northwest Territory to Nebraska, west to British Columbia and Utah. May-June. 19. VERONICA L,. Sp. Pl. g. 1753. Annual or perennial herbs (some exotic species shrubs or trees), with opposite and alter- nate, rarely verticillate leaves, and mostly small blue purple pink or white flowers, terminal or axillary, racemose, spicate, or solitary. Calyx mostly 4-parted, sometimes 5-parted, the segments oblong or ovate. Corolla rotate, its tube very short, deeply and more or less un- equally 4-lobed (rarely 5-lobed) the lower lobe commonly the narrowest. Stamens 2, diver- gent, inserted on either side and at the base of the upper corolla-lobe; anthers obtuse, their sacs confluent at the summit; filaments slender. Ovary 2-celled; style slender; stigma capitate; ovules few or numerous in each cavity. Capsule more or less compressed, some- times very flat; emarginate, obcordate, or 2-lobed, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds smooth or rough, flat, plano-convex, or excavated on the inner side. [Named for St. Veronica. ] About 200 species, of wide geographic distribution, Besides the following, 3 others occur in northwest America. % Flowers racemose in the axils of the leaves, bracteolate. Glabrous, or minutely glandular above (No. 3 rarely hairy); brook or swamp plants. Leaves ovate, oval, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate; capsule compressed. Stem leaves sessile, partly clasping, serrulate or entire. 1. V. Anagallis-aquatica. All the leaves petioled, serrate. 2. V. Americana. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate; capsule very flat. 3. V. scutellata. Pubescent, dry soil plants; leaves crenate or dentate. Leaves oval or obovate, petioled; pedicels shorter than the calyx. 4. V. officinalis. Leaves ovate, nearly or quite sessile; pedicels longer than the calyx. 5. V. Chamaedrys. % % Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes, or solitary in the axils. Flowers in terminal spikes. Leaves all sessile; capsule elliptic, emarginate. Lower leaves petioled:; capsule orbicular, obcordate. Flowers solitary in most of the axils; peduncles shorter than the leaves. Erect; glabrous or glandular; capsule emarginate. 8. V. peregrina. Diffuse; pubescent; capsule obcordate. g. V. arvensis. ba) V. alpina. V. serpyllifolia. be | Vor, III.] FIGWORT FAMILY. Flowers solitary in the axils; peduncles as long as the leaves, or longer. Leaves ovate or oblong, crenate or dentate. ——> Corolla not longer than the calyx; capsule narrowly emarginate. Corolla longer than the calyx; capsule broadly emarginate. Leaves orbicular, or broader, 3-5-lobed or -crenate. 1. Veronica AnagAllis-aquatica L.|Water Speedwell. (Fig. 3287.) Veronica Anagallis-aquatica I, Sp. Pl. 12. 1753. Perennial by stolons or leafy shoots developed in autumn; stem rather stout, glabrous, or glandular- puberulent above, erect or decumbent, often root- ing at the lower nodes, usually branched, 1°-3° high. Leaves of sterile autumn shoots orbicular to obovate, obtuse, serrulate, narrowed into mar- gined petioles, those of the flowering stems ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, sessile and more or less clasp- ing or the lowest short-petioled, serrulate or en- tire, 114/-4’ long, 1¢’-2’ wide; racemes peduncled, borne in most of the axils, 2’-5’ long; bractlets shorter than or exceeding the pedicels; flowers blue, or purplish striped, 2’” broad; capsule com- pressed, not very flat, nearly orbicular, 2-lobed, emarginate, 114’ high; seeds flat. In brooks and swamps, Nova Scotia to British Co- 167 10. V. agrestts. 11. V. Byzantina. 12. V. hederaefolia. Water Pimpernel. lumbia, south to eastern Virginia, Nebraska and New Mexico. Also in Europe and Asia. The plant of the Atlantic Coast appears as if introduced. Ascends to 4ooo ft. in Virginia. May-Sept. 2. Veronica Americana Schwein. American Brooklime. (Fig. 3288.) Veronica Americana Schwein.; Benth. in DC. Prodr. ro: 468. 1846. Similar to the preceding species, perennial by sto- lons or leafy shoots, glabrous throughout; stem de- cumbent, usually branched, rooting at the lower nodes, 6’-3° long. Leaves oblong, ovate or oblong-lanceo- late, all distinctly petioled, sharply serrate, truncate, rounded, or subcordate at the base, obtuse or acutish at the apex, 1/-3’ long, 14’-1’ wide; racemes pedun- cled, borne in most of the axils, loose, elongated, sometimes 6’ long; bractlets shorter than the pedi- cels; flower blue or nearly white, usually striped with purple, 2’’ broad; capsule nearly orbicular, compressed, but not very flat, emarginate, 1%4’’ high; seeds flat. In brooks and swamps, Anticosti to Alaska, south to Pennsylvania, Nebraska, New Mexico and California. Ascends to 2600 ft. in the Catskills. April-Sept. 3. Veronica scutellata L. Marsh or Skull- cap Speedwell. (Fig. 3289). Veronica scutellata \, Sp. Pl. 12. 1753. Glabrous, or very sparingly pubescent, rarely quite hairy, perennial by leafy shoots or stolons; stems slen- der, decumbent, or ascending, leafy,simple or branched, commonly rooting at the lower nodes, 6/-2° high. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, sessile and slightly clasping, remotely denticulate, acute, 1/—3’ long, 1//— 3/’ wide; racemes borne in nearly all the axils, or only in the alternate ones, equalling or longer than the leaves; bractlets much shorter than the filiform spread- ing pedicels; flowers blue, 2’/-3’” broad; capsule broad- er than high, very flat, deeply emarginate at the sum- mit, slightly so at the base, 2’/-2!4’’ broad; seeds flat. In swamps, Labrador to British Columbia, south to southern New York, Minnesota and California. Also in Europe and Asia. May-Sept. 168 SCROPHULARIACEAE. [Vou. III. 4. Veronica officinalis L. Common Speed- well. Fluellin. (Fig. 3290.) Veronica officinalis I,. Sp. Pl. 11. 1753. Perennial by stolons, pubescent all over; stem as- cending, 3/-10’ high. Leaves oblong, oval, or obo- vate, petioled, 14’-2/ long, obtuse at the apex, serrate, narrowed into the petioles; racemes spike-like, narrow, dense, elongated, often borne only in alternate axils, much longer than the leaves; subulate bractlets and the calyx longer than the pedicels; flowers pale blue, 2//-3// broad; capsule obovate-cuneate, compressed, broadly emarginate, 2// high, 1%/’’ broad; seeds numerous, flat. In dry fields and woods, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Michigan, south to North Carolina and Tennessee. As- cends to 5600 ft. in Virginia. Also in Europe and Asia. Appears, in most places, as if introduced. Called also Paul’s Betony, Ground-hele and Upland Speedwell. May- Aug. 5. Veronica Chamaédrys IL. Germander Speedwell. (Fig. 3291.) Veronica Chamaedrys \,. Sp. Pl. 13. 1753. Ay PERS) Y ¥ f AY) Sb () y ‘ Ww Perennial; stem ascending, simple or branch- SH, ‘Se NE Pet yy ed, slender, pubescent in two lines, 4/-12/ CG high. Leaves ovate, sessile, or very nearly ; so, pubescent, truncate, rounded or cordate at the base, incised-dentate, obtuse at the apex, 14/-11{’ long; racemes borne in oppo- site or alternate axils, peduncled, more or less pubescent, loose, 2’-6’ long; pedicels filiform, longer that the calyx and usually longer than the bractlets; flowers light blue, 3//-4’’ broad; capsule obcordate, narrowed at the base; seeds numerous, flattish. In fields and waste places, Nova Scotia and Quebec to southern New York and Pennsylvania. Naturalized from Europe. Other English names are Blue Eye, Eyebright, Angel’s Eyes, God’s Eye, Bird’s Eye, Cat’s Eye, Base Vervain, Forget- me-not. May-July. 6. Veronica alpina L. Alpine Speed- well. (Fig. 3292.) Veronica alpina l,. Sp. Pl. 11. 1753. Perennial, pubescent or nearly glabrous; stems ascending or erect, slender, usually simple, 2’—127 high. Leaves oblong, ovate, or elliptic, sessile, mostly rounded at both ends, crenulate or entire, 34/-1’ long; flowers in a short narrow raceme at the end of the stem, light blue, 2’’-3/’ broad; pedicels shorter than the calyx in flower, much shorter than the bractlets, 2’/-3/7 long in fruit; capsule ellipsoid or slightly obovoid, moderately compressed, emarginate, 2’/-3/’ high; seeds nu- merous, flattish. Labrador; mountains of Quebec and New England to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and in the Sierra Nevada to Nevada. Summer. Vor. III.] FIGWORT FAMILY. 169 7. Veronica serpyllifolia L. Thyme- leaved Speedwell. (Fig. 3293.) Veronica serpyllifolia Y,. Sp. Pl. 12. 1753. Perennial, puberulent or glabrous; stems slender, decumbent, branched, the branches ascending or erect, 2’-10’ high. Leaves all opposite and petioled, or the uppermost sessile, oblong, oval, or ovate, 4¢/-%4/ long, crenulate or entire; flowers in short spicate racemes at the end of the stem and branches; pedicels equalling or longer than the calyx, usu- ally shorter than the bractlets; corolla pale blue with darker stripes,sometimes white, about 2’’ broad; capsule broader than high, broadly obcordate or emarginate at the summit, about 1’’ long, about equalling the calyx; seeds flat, numerous. In fields and thickets, Labrador to Alaska, south to Georgia, New Mexico and California. Alsoin Europe, Asia and South America. Ascends to 2600 ft. in the Catskills. April-Aug. 8. Veronica peregrina I, Purslane Speed- well. Neckweed. (Fig. 3294.) Veronica peregrina \,. Sp. Pl. 14. 1753. Annual, glabrous, or glandular-puberulent; stem erect or ascending, simple or branched, 3/-12’ high. Leaves oblong, oval, linear or slightly spatulate, 3//-10” long, obtuse or acutish, the lowest opposite, short-petioled, or sessile, broader than the upper and usually denticulate, the upper alternate,sessile, mostly entire, each with a short-pedicelled flower in its axil; flowers nearly white, about 1/’ broad; pedicels much shorter than the calyx; capsule nearly orbicular, ob- cordate, usually a little shorter than the calyx, 1//— 14’ high, many-seeded, the seeds flat. In moist places, and common as a weed in cultivated soil, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Florida, Mexico and California, Also in Central and South Amer- ica, and distributed as a weed in the Old World. May- Oct. g. Veronica arvensis I, Corn or Wall Speedwell. (Fig. 3295.) Veronica arvensis I,. Sp. Pl. 13. 1753- Annual, pubescent; stem slender, at first sim- ple and erect, at length much branched and diffuse, 3/-10’ long. Lower leaves ovate or . oval, opposite, obtuse at both ends, crenate or crenulate, 2//-6’ long, the lowest petioled; upper leaves sessile, alternate, ovate or lanceo- late, acute or acutish, commonly entire, each with a short pedicelled minute flower in its axil; pedicels shorter than the calyx; corolla blue, or nearly white, 1’” broad or less; capsule broadly obovate, obcordate, 1/” high. In fields, woods and waste places and in culti- vated soil, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida, Kansas and Texas. Also in Ber- muda, Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. March-Sept. 170 SCROPHULARIACEAE. (Vou. II. 1o. Veronica agréstis L. Procumbent, Field or Garden Speedwell. (Fig. 3296.) Veronica agrestis I, Sp. Pl. 13. 1753. Annual, pubescent; stems creeping or procum- bent, very slender, branched, 3/-8’ long, the branches ascending orspreading. Leaves broadly ovate or oval, obtuse at the apex, rounded, truncate or subcordate at the base, crenate, all short-peti- oled, or the uppermost sessile, the lowest opposite, the upper alternate and each with a slender-pe- duncled small blue flower in its axil; peduncles equalling or longer than the leaves; corolla not exceeding the calyx; capsule broader than high, compressed, but not very flat, narrowly emarginate at the summit, 1’ high, 2’” broad; seeds few, hol- lowed out on the inner side. In fields and waste places, Nova Scotia to New Jer- sey and Louisiana. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Other English names are Germander Chickweed and Winter-weed. May-Sept. 11. Veronica Byzantina (Sibth. & Smith) B.S P. Buxbaum’s Speedwell. Byzantine Speedwell. (Fig. 3297.) Veronica agrestis var. Byzantina Sibth, & Smith, Fl. Graec. 1: pl. 8. 1806. V. Buxbaumii Tenore, Fl. Nap.1:7. pl. z. 1811. V. Byzantina B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 40. 1888. ' Annual, pubescent; stems diffusely branched, spreading or ascending, 6’-15/ long. Leaves ovate or oval, short-petioled, obtuse or acut- ish, sometimes narrowed at the base, crenate- dentate or somewhat incised, 4/’-12’’ long, the lowest opposite, the upper all alternate and each with a slender-peduncled rather large blue flower in its axil; peduncles filiform, as long as the leaves or longer; corolla exceed- ing the calyx, 3’’-4’’ broad; capsule twice as broad as high, 3/’ broad, with a wide and shallow emargination at the summit; seeds few or sey- eral, hollowed out on the inner side. In waste places, Nova Scotia to southern New York. Adventive or naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Also called Bird’s Eye and Cat’s Eye. May-Sept. 12. Veronica hederaefolia L. Ivy-leaved Speedwell. (Fig. 3298.) Veronica hederaefolia I, Sp. Pl. 13. 1753. Annual, pubescent; stems slender, diffusely branched, 3/-18’ long. Leaves orbicular or broader, truncate or subcordate at the base, 3-5-lobed or 3-5-crenate, petioled, (/’-1/ in diameter, the lower opposite, the upper all alternate and with slender peduncled small blue flowers in their axils; peduncles filiform, often longer than the leaves; corolla 2/% broad, scarcely longer than the calyx; capsule little compressed, 2-lobed, broader than high, shorter than the densely ciliate sepals, 2-4- seeded; seeds excavated on the inner side. In thickets, fields and waste places, southern New York, Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Nat- uralized from Europe. Native also of Asia. April-Oct. Other names are Ivy-Chickweed, Mother-of-Wheat, Small Henbit, Winter-weed, and Morgeline. Vor. III.] FIGWORT FAMILY. 171 20. LEPTANDRA Nutt. Gen. 1:7. 1818. Tall stout erect perennial herbs, with verticillate or opposite leaves, and small minutely bracted white? or “blue flowers, in dense peduncled spike-like racemes, terminal, or in the upper axils. Calyx 4-parted, short. Corolla tubular, or salverform, nearly regular, 4-lobed, the tube cylindric, longer than the lobes. Stamens 2, exserted, inserted low down on the corolla-tube; filaments filiform; anthers obtuse, short. Style about as long as the stamens, stigma minute. Capsule narrowly ovoid, scarcely compressed, not emarginate nor obcor- date, 4-valved at the apex. Seeds numerous, oval, minutely reticulated. [Greek, slender stamens, referring to the filaments. ] Two species, 1 native of eastern North America, the other of northeastern Asia. 1. Leptandra Virginica (L.) Nutt. Culver’s-root. (Fig. 3299.) Veronica Virgtnica \,. Sp. Pl. 9. 1753. Leplandra Virginica Nutt. Gen. 1:7. 1818. Stem glabrous, or very nearly so, simple, strict, 2°— 7° high. Leaves verticillate in 3’s-9’s or some of the uppermost opposite, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, short-petioled, long-acuminate at the apex, sharply serrulate, narrowed at the base, pinnately veined, gla- brous both sides, or pubescent beneath, 3/-6/ long, %4/— 1’wide; spike-like racemes several or rarely solitary,3/— 9’ long, very dense, the terminal one first developing; pedicels and bractlets about as long as the calyx; calyx- segments ovate-lanceolate, acute; corolla tubular, white or bluish, 2’’ long; capsule ovoid-oblong, 1//-114/’ long, 2-3 times as long as the calyx. In meadows, moist woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Alabama, Missouri, and Ne- braska. Ascends to 2700 ft. in Virginia. Called also Black-root and Culver’s Physic. June-Sept. a1. DIGITALIS L. Sp. Pl. 621. 1753. Tall biennial or perennial herbs, the stems simple, or branched at the base, with alter- nate dentate or entire leaves, and large showy purple yellowish or white flowers, in long ter- minal commonly 1-sided racemes. Calyx 5-parted, the segments imbricated. Corolla de- clined, somewhat irregular, the tube contracted above the ovary, then rather abruptly expanded, longer than the 4-5-lobed slightly 2-lipped limb; upper lip broadly emarginate or 2-cleft; lower lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe largest, the lateral ones exterior in the bud. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending, mostly included; anthers approximate in pairs. Style slender; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid, septicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, rugose. [Latin, digi/ale, the finger of a glove, which the flowers resemble. ] About 20 species, natives of Europe and Asia. 1. Digitalis purpurea I, Purple Fox- glove. Thimbles. Fairy Cap. (Fig. 3300. ) Digitalis purpurea V,. Sp. Pl. 621. 1753- Usually biennial, pubescent; stem stout, erect, 2°-5° high. Basal and lower leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 6’-10’ long, slender petioled, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, dentate; upper leaves similar, smaller, sessile; racemes 1° long or more, dense, 1-sided; flowers purple, 144/-2’ long, drooping; upper calyx-segment narrower than the four other foliaceous ones; corolla spotted within. Cape Breton Island, apparently naturalized from Europe (according to Macoun); sparingly escaped from cultivation. June-Aug. Among some 60 Eng- lish names are Folk’s-glove [by corruption Fox- glove], z. e., Fairy’s-glove, Fairy-thimbles, -fingers, -weed, Fairy Bells, Pop-dock or -glove, Rabbit’s- flower, Cottagers, Lion’s Mouth, Scotch Mercury, Throatwort, Lady-fingers, -glove, -thimble. \ MA) é “8 é we 2 172 SCROPHULARIACEAE, (Vor. II. 22. BUCHNERA L. Sp. Pl. 630. 1753. Erect, perennial or biennial, simple or branched, strict hispid or scabrous herbs, black- ening in drying, the lower leaves opposite, the upper sometimes alternate. Flowers rather large, white, blue, or purple, in dense terminal bracted spikes, the lower commonly distant. Calyx tubular, or oblong, 5-10-nerved, 5-toothed. Corolla salverform, its tube cylindric, somewhat curved, its limb deeply and nearly equally 5-cleft, spreading, the lateral lobes ex- terior in the bud. Stamens 4, didynamous; anther-sacs confluent into 1. Style slender, thickened or club-shaped above; stigma small, entire or emarginate. Capsule oblong or ovoid, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, reticulated. [Named for J. G. Buchner. ] About 30 species, natives of warm and temperate regions. Besides the following, another oc- curs in the southern United States. 1. Buchnera Americana lL. Blue-hearts. (Fig. 3301.) Buchnera Americana I,. Sp. Pl. 630. 1753. Hispid and rough; stem slender, stiff, 1°-2%4° high. Leaves usually all opposite, prominently veined, the lowest obovate or oblong, obtuse, narrowed into very short petioles, the middle ones oblong or oblong-lan- ceolate, dentate, obtuse or acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, sessile, the upper lanceolate or linear-lan- ceolate, entire or nearly so; spike peduncled, 6’-10’’ long in fruit, the flowers mostly opposite, nearly 1/ long; bractlets shorter than the calyx; calyx strigose; corolla purple, its lobes obovate, obtuse, 3’’-4’’ broad; capsule ovoid, slightly oblique, 4’’ high, a little longer than the calyx. In sandy or gravelly soil, New Jersey to western New York and Minnesota, south to Virginia, Louisiana and Ar- kansas. June-Sept. 23. AFZELIA J. G. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 2: 927. 1796. (SEYMERIA Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 736. 1814. ] Erect stout branched annual or perennial herbs, mostly with opposite leaves, at least the lower I-2-pinnately parted or dissected, and yellow flowers solitary in the axils, or in ter- minal bracted spikes or racemes. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft or 5-parted. Corolla slightly irregular, campanulate or rotate, the tube short, broad, the limb 5-lobed, the lower lobe ex- terior in the bud. Stamens 4, slightly unequal, scarcely or not at all exserted; filaments short, villous, at least near the base; anthers 2-celled, the sacs parallel, distinct. Style short or slender. Capsule globose or ovoid, acute and more or less compressed at the summit. Seeds numerous, reticulated. [Named for Adam Afzelius, 1750-1812, botanical professor at Upsala. ] About to species, natives of North America, Mexico and Madagascar. Besides the following, 4 others inhabit the southern United States. 1. Afzelia macrophylla (Nutt.) Kuntze. Mullen Foxglove. (Fig. 3302.) Seymeria macrophylla Nutt. Gen. 2:49. 1818. Gerardia macrophylla Benth. Comp. Bot. Mag. 1: 205. 1835. A. macrophylla Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 457. 1891. Annual (?), puberulent or glabrate; stem sparingly branched, or simple, 4°-6° high. Lower leaves long-petioled, pinnately parted, 6’-15’ long, their segments lanceolate, coarsely dentate, irregularly incised, or pinnatifid; upper leaves short-petioled or sessile, oblong or lanceo- late, 1/-3/ long, entire, obtuse or acutish at the apex, narrowed at the base, each with a sessile flower in its axil; flowers 5/’-7’’ long; calyx- lobes lanceolate or ovate, acute, about as long as the tube; corolla light yellow, 2-3 times as long as the calyx, woolly in the throat; style short, club-shaped; capsule globose-ovoid, 3/’-4’’ high, twice as long as the calyx. In moist thickets and along streams, Ohio to Iowa and Nebraska, south to Kentucky and Texas. Aug.—Oct. a f Vor. III.] Ser, rest FIGWORT FAMILY. 173 24. DASYSTOMA Raf. Journ. Phys. 89: 99. 18109. Large erect simple or branched, glandular-puberulent, pubescent or glabrous, annual or perennial herbs, partly parasitic on the roots of other plants, with opposite or some alternate leaves, and large showy yellow flowers, in terminal mostly leafy-bracted racemes or panicles. Calyx campanulate or turbinate, 5-lobed, the lobes longer than or equalling the tube, sometimes foliaceous. Corolla slightly irregular, funnelform, or campanulate- funnelform, the tube villous or pubescent within, the limb spreading, 5-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, included, villous or pubescent; filaments slender; anthers all alike, their sacs distinct, parallel, awned at the base. Style filiform. Capsule oblong, acute, loculicidally dehiscent, many-seeded, longer than the calyx. [Greek, thick or hairy mouth, referring to the corolla. ] Six species, natives of eastern North America. Plant glandular-pubescent; corolla pubescent without. 1. D. Pedicularia. Puberulent, cinereous or glabrous; corolla glabrous without. Cinereous-puberulent. Leaves entire, dentate, or some of the lower pinnatifid, firm. 2. D. flava. Leaves all pinnatifid, thin. 3. D. grandiflora, 4 Glabrous or very nearly so throughout. Leaves entire, or the lowest dentate or incised. . . D. laevigata. Leaves, at least all but the uppermost, pinnatifid. 5. D. Virginica. 1. Dasystoma-Pedicularia (L,.) Benth. Fern-leaved or Lousewort False Ser es chee Foxglove. (Fig. 3303.) Gerardia Pedicularia Y,. Sp. Pl. 611. 1753. Dasystoma Pedicularia Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10: 521. 1846. Annual or biennial, glandular-pubes- cent, viscid, and with some longer hairs; stem rather slender, much branched, leafy, 1°-4° high. Leaves sessile, or the lower petioled, 1-2-pinnatifid, ovate or ovate-lanceolate in outline, usually broad- est at the base, 1/3’ long, the segments incised or crenate-dentate; pedicels slen- der, ascending, mostly longer than the calyx, 1/-2/ long in fruit; calyx-lobes ob- long, foliaceous, usually incised or pin- natifid, 3/’-4’’ long, corolla 17-114’ long, pubescent without, the limb about 1/ broad; capsule pubescent, 5/’-6’’ long, its beak flat. In dry woods and thickets, Maine and On- tario to Minnesota, south to Florida and Missouri. Aug.-Sept. 2 Dasystoma flava (L.) Wood. Downy False Foxglove. (Fig. 3304.) Gerardia flava I,. Sp. Pl. 610. _ 1753. D. pubescens Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10: 520. 1846. Dasystoma flava Wood, Bot. & Flor. 230. 1873. Perennial, downy, grayish; stem strict, erect, simple, or with a few nearly erect branches, 2°- 4° high. Leaves oblong, lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate, firm, entire, or the lower sinuate- dentate or sometimes pinnatifid, 3/-6’ long, short-petioled, the lobes obtuse; the upper much smaller and sessile, passing into the bracts of the | raceme; pedicels stout, usually shorter than the calyx even in fruit; calyx-lobes lanceolate, en- | tire, about as long as the tube; corolla 114/-2’ long, glabrous outside, its tube much expanded above; capsule 8’/-10’’ long, pubescent, twice as long as the calyx. In dry woods and thickets, eastern Massachusetts to Ontario and Wisconsin, south to southern New York, Georgia and Mississippi. July—Aug. 174 SCROPHULARIACEAE. (Vor. III. 3. Dasystoma grandiflora (Benth. ) Wood. Western False Foxglove. (Fig. 3305.) Gerardia grandiflora Benth. Comp. Bot. Mag. 1: 206. Ee praananene Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10: 520. 1846. D. grandiflora Wood, Bot. & Flor, 231. 1873. Perennial, cinereous-puberulent and roughish; stem much branched, very leafy to the top, 2°-3° high, the branches ascending or spreading. Leaves short-petioled, thin, ovate or ovate-lanceo- late in outline, all pinnatifid or deeply incised, 2/— 4/ long, the lobes acute or obtuse, serrate, or nearly entire; upper leaves smaller, sessile; pedicels, even in fruit, shorter than the calyx; calyx-lobes oblong or ovate, dentate or entire, about as long as the tube; corolla 14/-2’ long, glabrous without, its tube much expanded above. _ In dry woods and thickets, Minnesota and Wiscon- sin to Tennessee and Texas. July-Aug. 4. Dasystoma laevigata Raf. Entire- leaved False Foxglove. (Fig. 3306.) Gerardia laevigata Raf. Ann. Nat. 13. 1820. Dasystoma quercifolia var. integrifolia Benth. in DC. Prodr, 10: 520. 1846. Dasystoma laevigata Raf.; Chapm. FI. S. States, Ed. 2, 636. 1883. Perennial, glabrous or very nearly so, not glaucous; stem strict, simple, or sparingly branched, 1°-3° high, the branches ascending. Leaves usually all petioled, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 114’-4’ long, entire, or the lowest dentate or incised; pedicels shorter than the calyx, or in fruit longer; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, equalling or shorter than the tube; corolla glabrous without, 1/-1 4’ long, the limb fully as broad, the tube much expanded above; capsule glabrous, twice as long as the calyx. In dry thickets, Pennsylvania to Michigan, south to Georgia. July—Aug. 5. Dasystoma Virginica (L.) Britton. Smooth False Foxglove. (Fig. 3307.) Rhinanthus Virginicus I, Sp. Pl. 603. 1753. Gerardia querctfolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 423. pl. 79. 1814. D. quercifolia Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10:520. 1846. D. Virginica Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, §: 295. 1894. Perennial, glabrous and glaucous; stem strict, rather stout, usually branched, 3°-6° high, the branches ascending. Leaves usually all peti- oled, ovate or ovate-lanceolate in outline, the lower I-2-pinnatifid, 4’-6’ long, the upper pin- natifid or deeply incised, the lobes lanceolate or oblong, acute, entire, or dentate; fruiting pedi- cels longer than the calyx; calyx-lobes ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, entire, about equal- ling the tube; corolla 114’-2’ long, glabrous outside, its tube not widely expanded above; capsule glabrous, twice as long as the calyx. In dry or moist woods, Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida and Illinois. July-Sept. Vot. III.] FIGWORT FAMILY. 175 25. GERARDIA Propel. Glows 753s Erect branching annual or perennial herbs, some South American species shrubby, mainly with opposite and sessile leaves. Flowers showy, usually large, purple, violet, yel- low, red, or rarely white, racemose, or paniculate, or solitary and axillary. Calyx campanu- late, 5-toothed, or 5-lobed. Corolla somewhat irregular, campanulate, or funnelform, the tube broad, short, or elongated, the limb 5-lobed, slightly 2-lipped, the lower lobes exterior in the bud. Stamens 4, didynamous, included; filaments more or less pubescent; anthers 2-celled, their sacs obtuse or mucronate at the base, style filiform. Capsule globose or ovoid, loculicidally dehiscent, many-seeded. Seeds numerous, mostly angled. [Named for John Gerarde, surgeon and botanist, author of the Herbal (1597) died 1612. ] About 40 species, natives of America. Besides the following, some 1o others occur in the southern United States. Most of the species blacken in drying. % Flowers pedicelled; anthers all alike. Pedicels in flower shorter than the calyx, or but 1-2 times as long. Corolla 10'’-13'’ long. Calyx-teeth minute; root perennial. Calyx-teeth triangular, lanceolate or oblong, acute; annuals. - . G. lintfolia. Leaves very scabrous, filiform; capsule oblong. 2. G. aspera. Leaves slightly scabrous, linear; capsule globose. 3. G. purpurea. Corolla 5'’-8’’ long. j Calyx-teeth triangular-subulate, acute. 4. G. paupercula, Calyx-teeth broad, short, obtuse. 5. G. maritima, Pedicels in flower 2-6 times as long as the calyx. Leaves linear, spreading or ascending; capsule globose. Leaves \''-1'' wide, !2’-114' long; pedicels spreading. 6. G. tenutfolia. Leaves 1/’-2'’ wide, 114'-3' long; pedicels ascending. 7. G. Besseyana. Leaves subulate, short, nearly erect; capsule oblong. 8. G. Skinneriana. % % Flowers sessile; anthers of the shorter stamens smaller. Leaves lanceolate or ovate lanceolate, entire or nearly so, 9. G. auriculata. Leaves pinnately divided into 3-7 linear-segments. 10. G. densiflora, 1. Gerardia linifolia Nutt. Flax-leaved Gerardia. (Fig. 3308.) Gerardia lintfolia Nutt. Gen. 2:47. 1818. Perennial, glabrous and smooth; stem branched, 2°-3° high. Leaves narrowly linear, 1/-2/ long, 1//-1'4’’ wide, erect, the upper much smaller and subulate; pedicels erect, in flower equalling ora little longer than the calyx, longer in fruit; calyx campanulate, truncate, its teeth minute; corolla purple, about 1’ long, narrower than that of the two following species, villous within, the lobes ciliate; filaments and anthers densely villous; anther-sacs mucronate at the base; capsule globose, 2//-3/’ in diam- eter, but little longer than the calyx. In moist pine barrens, Delaware to Florida. Also in Cuba. Aug.—-Sept. 2. Gerardia aspera Dougl. Rough Purple Gerardia. (Fig. 3309.) G. aspera Dougl.; Benth. in DC. Prodr. 10: 517. 1846. Annual, 1°-2° high, hispidulous-scabrous with + rough stiff short whitish hairs, branched, the branches nearly erect. Leaves narrowly linear, 1/-1%4/ long, less than 1/’ wide, erect or ascending; pedicels equal- ling or becoming longer than the turbinate calyx; calyx-teeth triangular-ovate or triangular-lanceolate, acute, one-fourth to one-third as long as the tube; corolla deep purple, about 1’ long, nearly or quite glabrous within, very pubescent without, the lobes ciliate; filaments villous; anthers all alike, obtuse at the base; capsule oblong, 3//-4’/” high, considerably longer than the calyx. : On dry plains and prairies, Indiana to South Dakota, south to Missouri and Arkansas. Aug.—Oct. 176 SCROPHULARIACEAE. {Vor. III. 3. Gerardia purpurea 1. Large Purple Gerardia. (Fig. 3310.) Gerardia purpurea 1, Sp. Pl. 610. 1753. Annual, glabrous, smooth, or roughish; stem slender, branched, 1°-2'4° high, the branches spreading or ascending. Leaves narrowly lin- ear, usually widely spreading, 1/-114’ long, about 1// wide, sometimes with smaller ones fas- cicled in their axils; flowers racemose on the branches, purple (rarely white), about 1’ long and broad; pedicels shorter than or but little longer than the campanulate calyx, even in Be asp be Y fruit; calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate or ovate- han Ta pore athe oblong, acute, one-third to one-half the length of 4) lau '96- fA) the tube; corolla much expanded above, villous 7 v q ? or nearly glabrous within, the lobes ciliolate; an- thers all alike, the sacs mucronulate at the base; filaments villous; capsule globose, 2//-3/ in diameter, longer than the calyx. In moist fields and meadows, Maine and south- ern Ontario to Florida, mostly near the coast. Aug.-Oct. 4. Gerardia paupércula (A. Gray) Britton. Small-flowered Gerardia. (Fig. 3311.) Gerardia purpurea var. paupercula A. Gray, Syn. 2: Part 1, 293. 1878. Gerardia intermedia Porter; A. Gray, loc. cit. As synonym. 1878. G. paupercula Britton, Mem.Torr.Club, 5: 295. 1804. Annual, glabrous and smooth or very nearly so; stems strict, branched above, 6’-18’ high, the branches nearly erect. Leaves narrowly ) 5 A A he ef aes linear, 14/-1’ long, 14’/-1/’ wide, spreading or HC URLOG/] _ ascending; pedicels equalling the calyx, or gs q » longer in fruit; calyx campanulate, its teeth about one-half the length of the tube, triangular- lanceolate, acute, or acuminate; corolla 6’/—10/’ long, rose purple, its limb about as broad, some- what villous in the throat within, the lobes cili- ate; stamens very villous; anther-sacs mucronu- late at the base; capsule globose-oblong, 3// high, longer than the calyx. In bogs and low meadows, Quebec to New Jersey, west to Manitoba and Wisconsin. July—Sept. i7 +t Big Gerardia maritima Raf. Sea-sid / VAT, 5. ; ._ Sea-side or a la f.oee Salt-marsh Gerardia. (Fig. 3312.) aN AE Gerardia maritima Raf. Med. Rep. (II) 5: 361. 1808. Annual, smooth and glabrous, fleshy; stem erect, usually branched, 4’-16’ high, the branches as- cending. Leaves linear, thick, 14/-1/ long, 1’ wide or less, obtuse, spreading, the uppermost very small and subulate, scarcely longer than the pedicels; pedicels in flower shorter than or equalling the calyx, about twice as long in fruit; calyx-teeth broad, short, obtuse; corolla rose-purple, 5//-9/’ long, glabrous, the limb about as broad; anther-sacs mucronulate at the base, capsule globose-oblong, 2//-3/’ high. In salt marshes, Maine to Florida and Louisiana. July-Aug. The southern plant has larger flowers than the northern. Flowers before the upland species. 7 aM « Vor. III.] FIGWORT FAMILY. 177 6. Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl. Slender Gerardia. (Fig. 3313.) Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3:79. 1794. Annual, glabrous; stem very slender, panicu- lately branched, 6/’-24’ high, the branches spreading or ascending. Leaves very narrowly linear, acute, 4’-11/’ long, 14 ’/-1’’ wide, spread- ing; pedicels mostly equalling or longer than the flowers; calyx campanulate, its teeth very short, pointed; corolla light purple, spotted, rarely white, 6’’/-9’” long, vertically compressed when fully expanded, minutely puberulent, or glabrous; anther-sacs mucronate at the base; capsule globose or slightly obovoid, 2’7-2}4’’ in diameter, longer than the calyx. In dry woods and thickets, Quebec to Georgia, west to western Ontario, Illinois and Louisiana. Aug.-Oct. Gerardia tenuifdlia aspérula A. Gray, Bot. Gaz. 4: 153. wa 1879. ‘ Leaves scabrous on the upper surface, linear-fili- form; corolla not compressed. On dry hills and banks, Ontario to Indiana and Missouri. 7. Gerardia Besseyana Britton. Bessey’s Gerardia. (Fig. 3314.) Gerardia lenutfolia var. macrophylla Benth.Comp. Bot. Mag. 1:209. 1835. Not G. macrophylla Benth. Gerardia Besseyana Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 295. 1894. Annual; stem glabrous, rather stout, strict, branched, 1°-2° high, the branches ascending or nearly erect. Leaves linear, 1/-2/ long, 1/7-2/7 wide, scabrous, acute, ascending; pedicels as- cending, longer than the flowers; calyx cam- panulate, its teeth triangular-subulate, one-third to one-half the length of the tube; corolla pur- ple, 5’’-6’” long; capsule globose, 2’/-3/’ in di- ameter, exceeding the calyx. On dry hills and prairies, Iowa to Nebraska and Colorado, south to Louisiana and Kansas. July— Sept. 8. Gerardia Skinneriana Wood. Skin- ner’s Gerardia. (Fig. 3315.) Gerardia Skinneriana Wood, Classbook, 408. 1847. Gerardia parvifolia Chapm. Fl. S. States, 300. 1860. Annual, roughish; stem strict, striate, branched, or sometimes simple, 6-18’ high, very slender, the branches erect or ascending, Leaves setaceous, as- ceuding or commonly erect and appressed, 14/-1/ long, 14’ wide or less, the uppermost minute; pedi- cels longer than the calyx, scarcely longer than the flowers, 2-4 times the length of the capsule; calyx- . teeth minute; corolla light purple, 5’’-6’’ long and | about as broad, glabrous without, its lobes ciliolate; capsule oblong, 2//-3/’ high, considerably longer than the calyx. In dry sandy woods and thickets, eastern Massachu- setts to Florida, west to Minnesota, lowa and Louisiana. Aug.-Oct. 12 178 SCROPHULARIACEAE. [Vor.. IIL. g. Gerardia auriculata Michx. Auricled Gerardia. (Fig. 3316.) G. auriculala Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:20. 1803. Annual, scabrous; stem slender, simple, or branched above, hirsute, 1°-2° high. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, sessile, mostly rounded and 2-lobed at the base, or quite entire, 1/-2’ long, the basal lobes oblong or lanceolate, obtusish, short; flowers solitary in the upper axils, sessile, purple, 8’’-10’” long; calyx 5-cleft, its lobes lanceolate, acute, slightly unequal, as long as or longer than the tube; corolla densely pu- berulent outside, glabrous within; filaments glabrous; anthers of the shorter stamens smaller than those of the longer; anther-sacs obtuse at the base; capsule oval-oblong, about 14’ high, a little shorter than the calyx. In moist open soil, Pennsylvania to Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Kansas. Adventive at Woodbridge, N. J. July-Sept. 1o. Gerardia densiflora Benth. Cut- leaved Gerardia. (Fig. 3317.) G. densiflora Benth. Comp. Bot. Mag. 1: 206. 1835. Annual, scabrous and short-hispid; stemis stiff, erect, branched, or simple, 1°-2%° high, very leafy. Leaves sessile, ovate in outline, ascend- ing, about 1’ long, pinnately parted nearly to the midvein into 3-7 narrowly linear acute rigid segments less than 1/’ wide; flowers 1/— 114’ long, rose-purple, sessile in the upper axils; calyx 5-cleft, its lobes linear, acuminate, ciliate, about as long as the tube; corolla glabrous both outside and within; filaments glabrous or vil- lous; anthers of the shorter stamens smaller than those of the longer; capsule about 147 high, shorter than the calyx. On dry prairies, Kansas to Texas. Aug.—Oct. 26. CASTILLEJA Mutis; L.f. Suppl. 47. 1781. Herbs, parasitic on the roots of other plants, with alternate leaves, and red yellow purple or white flowers, in dense leafy-bracted spikes, the bracts often brightly colored and larger than the flowers. Calyx tubular, laterally compressed, cleft at the summit on the upper side, or also on the lower, the lobes entire or 2-toothed. Corolla very irregular, its tube not longer than the calyx, its limb 2-lipped; upper lip (galea) arched, elongated, concave or keeled, laterally compressed, entire, enclosing the 4 didynamous stamens; lower lip short, 3-lobed. Anther-sacs oblong or linear, unequal, the outer one attached to the filament by its middle, the inner one pendulous fromits apex. Style filiform; stigma entire or 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid or oblong, loculicidally dehiscent, many-seeded. Seeds reticulated. [Named for Cas- tillejo, a Spanish botanist. ] About 4o species, mostly natives of the New World. In addition to the following, about 21 others occur in the western parts of North America. *% Plants villous-pubescent. Bracts broad, dilated, lobed, or entire. Stem leaves deeply and irregularly cleft into narrow segments. 1."C."coccinea. Leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, or rarely with a few lobes. 2.°C. tndivtsa. Bracts linear or linear-lanceolate, entire. 3.LC. minor. *% *% Plants glabrous, woolly at the summit, or cinereous-puberulent. Glabrous, or tomentose at the summit; leaves lanceolate, mostly entire. 4. C. acuminata, Cinereous-puberulent, pale; stem leaves cleft. 5. C. sessilifiora. | 1. Castilleja coccinea (L.) Spreng. Scarlet Painted-cup. brush. (Fig. 3318.) Bartsta coccinea L,. Sp. Pl. 602. 1753. Castilleja coccinea Spreng. Syst. 2:775. 1825. Annual or biennial, villous-pubescent; stem rather slender, simple, or with few erect branches, 1°-2° high. Jeaves sessile, parallel-veined, the basal oblong, obovate, or linear, tufted, mostly entire, 1/-3’ long, those of the stem deeply 3-5-cleft into linear obtusish segments, the bracts broader and shorter, 3-5-lobed or cleft, bright red or scarlet, conspicuous; flowers ses- sile, 10’’-12’’ long, usually not exceeding the bracts; calyx cleft both above and below into 2 dilated entire or retuse oblong and obtuse lohes, sometimes scarlet; corolla greenish-yellow, its tube shorter than the calyx, its upper lip much longer than the Jower; capsule oblong, acute, 5/’-6’ long. In meadows and moist thickets, Maine and Onta- rio to Manitoba, south to Virginia, Tennessee, Kan- sas and Texas. Ascends to 4ooo ft. in Virginia. Bracts and calyx rarely yellow. May-July. Vou. Ill.] FIGWORT FAMILY. Indian Paint- 2. Castilleja indivisa Engelm. leaved Painted-cup. (Fig. 3319.) Castilleja indivisa (Engelm. )agelat. & Gray, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5: 255. 1845. Winter-annual; stem villous pubescent, usually simple, 8/-18’ high. eaves sessile, parallel- veined, linear to linear-lanceolate, 1/-4’ long, 1%4/’-3/’ wide, entire, or rarely with 2-4 lateral lobes; no tuft of basal leaves; bracts dilated, obo- vate to spatulate, bright red; flowers sessile, about 1’ long or less, not longer than the bracts; calyx cleft as in the preceding species, and corolla similar. 3. Castilleja minor A. Gray. Small- flowered Painted-cup. (Fig. 3320.) Castilleja affinis var. minor A. Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 119. 1859. ee minor A. Gray, in Brew. & Wats. Bot. Cal. 1:573. 1876. Annual, villous-pubescent; stem slender, strict, simple, or with 1 or 2 erect branches, 1°-214° high. Leaves all linear-lanceolate and entire, parallel-yeined, sessile, acuminate, 2/-3/ long, the bracts similar, smaller, red or red-tipped; very narrow, equalling or longer than the short- pedicelled flowers; calyx green, cleft on both sides to about the middle, the lobes lanceolate, acute, entire, or 2-toothed; corolla yellow, 6//— 10’ long, its upper lip much longer than the small lower one; capsule oblong, acute, 6’//-8/’ long. In moist soil, Montana and western Nebraska to May-July. In sandy soil, Kansas to Texas. New Mexico, west to Nevadgeand cera 180 SCROPHULARIACEAE. (Vor. III. 4. Castilleja acuminata (Pursh) Spreng. lLance-leaved Painted-cup. (Fig. 3321.) Bartsia acuminata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 429. 1814. Castilleja acuminata Spreng. Syst. 2:775. 1825. cae seplentrionalis Lindl. Bot. Reg. pl. 925. 1825. Castilleja pallida var. septentrionalis A. Gray, in Brew. & Wats. Bot. Cal. 1: 575. 1876. Perennial, glabrous, or loosely tomentose above; stems slender, commonly clustered, 6’—2° high, usually simple. Leaves sessile, 3-5-nerved, mostly quite entire, the lower linear, the upper lanceolate, acuminate or acute at the apex, some- what narrowed at the base, 2’-4’ long; bracts oblong, oval, or obovate, obtuse, dentate, or en- tire, yellowish, greenish-white or purple, as long as the sessile flowers; calyx cleft on both sides to about the middle, the lobes lanceolate, usually again 2-cleft; corolla 6’/-8’’ long, its upper lip 2-4 times as long as the lower; capsule oblong, 6//-8” high. In moist soil, Labrador to Alaska, the mountains of New England, Ontario, Minnesota, the Black Hills, in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and to British Columbia. June-Aug. 5. Castilleja sessiliflora Pursh. Downy Painted-cup. (Fig. 3322.) Castilleja sessiliflora Pursh, Am. Sept. 738. 1814. Perennial, cinerous-puberulent all over; stems stout, simple, or branched from near the base, 6-15’ high, densely leafy. Leaves sessile, 1/-2’ long, the lowest commonly linear, obtuse and entire, the others laciniate into narrow, entire or cleft segments; bracts green, similar to the upper leaves, shorter than the sessile flowers; calyx deeper cleft on the lower side than on the upper, its lobes linear-lanceolate, acute; corolla yellowish, 114’ long, the upper lip about twice as long as the lower, the lobes of the latter linear; capsule oblong-lanceolate, acute, 6-8’ long. On dry prairies, Manitoba to the Northwest Territory, south to Illinois, Nebraska, Wyoming and Texas. May-July. 27. ORTHOCARPUS Nutt. Gen. 2:56. 1818. ‘\, Annual or rarely perennial herbs, mostly with alternate leaves, and yellow white or pur- lish flowers, in bracted usually dense spikes, the bracts sometimes brightly colored. Calyx bular or tubular-campanulate, 4-cleft, or sometimes split down both sides. Corolla very irregular, the tube slender, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip little if any longer than the 3-lobed ~3-saccate lower one. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip; anther-sacs issimilér, the outer one affixed by its middle, the inner pendulous from its upper end, com- only smaller. Style filiform; stigma entire. Capsule oblong, loculicidally dehiscent, matry-seeded. Seeds reticulated. [Greck, erect-fruit.] 5uoAlbéut>zo:speeyes, natives of America, mostly of the western United States, 1 or 2 Andean. Vo. III.] FIGWORT FAMILY. 181 1. Orthocarpus luteus Nutt. Yellow Orthocarpus. (Fig. 3323.) Orthocarpus luteus_Nutt. Gen. 2:757. 1818. Annual, rough-pubescent or puberulent; stem strict, erect, branched above, or simple, 6’-18’ high, densely leafy. Leaves erect or ascending, linear or lanceolate, entire, or sometimes 3-cleft, 1/-114’ long, 1// 2’” wide, sessile, long-acuminate; bracts of the dense spike lan- ceolate, broader and shorter than the leaves, entire or 3-cleft, acute, green, mostly longer than the flowers; flowers bright yellow, 4’/-5’’ long; calyx-teeth acute, shorter than the tube; corolla about twice as long as the calyx, puberulent without, its upper lip ovate, ob- tuse, about as long as the saccate 3-toothed lower one; capsule about as long as the calyx-tube. On dry plains and prairies, Manitoba to Minnesota and Nebraska, west to British Columbia and California. July— Sept. 28. SCHWALBEA L,. Sp. Pl. 606. 1753. A perennial erect finely pubescent and minutely glandular, simple or sparingly branched, leafy herb, with sessile entire 3-nerved leaves, and rather large yellowish-purple flowers in a terminal bracted spike. Calyx tubular, somewhat oblique, 10-12-ribbed, 2 bracteolate at the base, 5-toothed, the upper tooth much the smallest, the 2 lower ones partly connate; corolla very irregular, the tube cylindric, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip arched, concave, entire; lower lip somewhat shorter, 3-lobed, 2-plaited. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending within the upper lip of the corolla; anther sacsequal. Style filiform. Capsule oblong, many-seeded. Seeds linear, with a loose reticulated testa. [Named for C. G. Schwalbe, of Holland, who wrote (1719) on Farther India. J . A. 2 A monotypic genus of eastern North America. \ La 1. Schwalbea Americana L. Chaff- seed. (Fig. 3324.) Schwalbea Americana I,. Sp. Pl. 606. 1753. Stem slender, strict, 1°-2° high. Leaves ob- long or ovate-oblong, entire, acute at both ends, 1/-1'4’ long, 2’’-8’’ wide, the upper gradually smaller and passing into the bracts of the rather loose spike; flowers very nearly sessile, 1/-114/ long, longer than the bracts; bractlets at the base of the calyx linear, shorter than its tube; corolla- tube slightly exceeding the lower lobes of the calyx, these connate to near their apices; capsule enclosed by the calyx. In wet sandy soil, eastern Massachusetts to Florida and Louisiana, near the coast. May-July. 29. EUPHRASIA L.. Sp. Pl. 604. 1753. Annual or perennial low mostly branched herbs, parasitic on other plants, with opposite dentate or incised leaves, and small blue yellow or white flowers in terminal leafy-bracted spikes. Calyx not bracteolate at the base, campanulate or tubular, 4-cleft (rarely 5-cleft with one of the lobes much smaller than the others). Corolla very irregular, 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, scarcely concave, 2-lobed, its margins recurved; lower lip larger, 3-lobed, spreading, its lobes either emarginate or obtuse. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla; anther-sacs equal and parallel, mucronate at the base. Cap- sule oblong, loculicidally dehiscent, many-seeded. Seeds oblong, longitudinally ribbed. (Greek, delight. ] About 110 species, natives of temperate and cold regions of both the northern and southern hemispheres. Besides the following, another occurs in northwestern North America. a 182 SCROPHULARIACEAE. (Vor. III. Bracts, and usually the leaves, glandular. 1. £. latifolia. Neither bracts nor leaves glandular, but usually pubescent. Spikes elongated; bracts sharply toothed; plant 4'-10' high. 2. E. Americana. Spike short, capitate; bracts bluntly toothed; plant 1'-2' high. 3. £. Oakesit. 1. Euphrasia latifolia Pursh. Glandular Eyebright. (Fig. 3325.) Euphrasia latifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 430. 1814. Annual; stem erect, simple, or with a few erect branches from near the base, pubescent with crisped hairs, 2’-7’ high. Leaves ovate to obovate, obtuse, 2-5-toothed on each side, the teeth sharp or blunt; spike 1/-4’ long, the bracts imbricated, at least above, broadly oval to orbicular, cuneate at the base, sharply toothed, glandular-pubescent beneath or also on the margins; calyx-teeth acute; corolla 3/’-4/’ long, lilac, or variegated; capsule oblong- elliptic, ciliate on the margins, and more or less pubescent or pilose, about as long as the calyx. Greenland to Hudson Bay and New Brunswick. Also in northern Europe. Summer. 2. Euphrasia Americana Wettst. Hairy Eyebright. (Fig. 3326.) Euphrasia Americana Wettst. Mon. Euph. 127. 1896. Annual, pubescent with crisped hairs; stem often at length much branched, 4/-r1o’ high. Leaves sessile, ovate to oval, obtuse or acutish at the apex, 3-5-toothed on each side, 3//-6’” long, 114//-44/’ wide, the teeth acute; bracts cuneate or obtuse at the base, dentate, pubescent, not glandular, slightly shorter than the flowers; calyx-teeth lanceolate, acuminate; corolla 3/’-4/” long, purplish or nearly white, its lobes emarginate; capsule narrow, cune- ate, 2/’-3/’ high, about equalling the calyx. In fields and on hills, Maine and New Brunswick to Newfoundland, western Ontario and Michigan, perhaps extending further west. Summer. Euphrasia officinalis L. is not known from North America. (> 3. Euphrasia Oakesii Wettst. Oakes’ Eyebright. (Fig. 3327.) Euphrasia Oakesit Wettst. Mon. Euph. 142. 1896. Stem erect or ascending, very slender or filiform, simple, 1/-2/ high, somewhat pubescent. Stem leaves 2 or 3 pairs. Bracts and leaves orbicular or broadly oval,narrowed or nearly truncate at the base, 2’”-3/ long, obtuse, pubescent, not glan- dular, with 2-5 blunt teeth on each side; spike short, capitate, only 3/’-5’’ long, the bracts densely imbricated; calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, short; corolla 14//-2’” long, purplish; capsule oblong-elliptic, ciliate, longer than the calyx. White Mountains of New Hampshire. Vor. III.] FIGWORT FAMILY. 183 30. BARTSIA L,. Sp. Pl. 602.1753. Annual or perennial herbs, partly parasitic on the roots of other plants, with opposite leaves, and purple pink red or yellow flowers, in terminal leafy-bracted spikes. Calyx cam- panulate or tubular, 4-toothed or 4-cleft. Corolla very irregular, the tubé straight or re- curved, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect, concave, entire, the margins not recurved; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla; anther-sacs similar, parallel. Capsule globose, oblong, or ovoid, loculicidally dehis- ‘cert, several-many-seeded. Seeds horizontal, striate, or ribbed. [Named for John Bartsch, a Prussian botanist, died 1738.] About 6 species of the northern hemisphere. Only the following is known to occur in North America. 1. Bartsia alpina I Alpine Bartsia. (Fig. 3328.) Barlsia alpina I. Sp. Pl. 602. 1753. Perennial by short rootstocks, pubescent; stem erect, leafy, simple, or rarely with 1 or 2 short branches, 4’-10’ high. Leaves sessile, ovate, or ovate- oblong, crenate-dentate, obtuse or acutish, rounded and sometimes slightly clasping at the base, %/—1/ long; bracts similar, smaller, mostly shorter than the flowers; spike 1/—2’ long; flowers 8’’-10’’ long, some- times borne also in the upper axils; calyx 4-cleft nearly to the middle; corolla purple, its tube much longer than the calyx; anthers pubescent, at least on the back; capsule ovoid-oblong, equalling or longer than the calyx. Labrador to Greenland and the Arctic Sea. Also in Europe. Summer. 31. ODONTITES Gmel. Fl. Sib. 3: 213. 1768. Annual erect herbs, half parasitic on the roots of other plants, with small opposite leaves, and yellow or red flowers in terminal bracted spikes or racemes. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla with a narrow tube and a strongly 2-lipped limb, the upper lip concave, entire, or 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed, spreading. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending; anther-sacs similar. Cap- sule mostly subglobose, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds few, pendulous. [Greek, referring to its supposed value as a cure for toothache. ] About 20 species, mostly natives of the Mediterranean region. 1. Odontites Odontites (1,.) Wettst. Red Bartsia. Red Eyebright. ES fe (Fig. 3329.) Euphrasia Odontites I, Sp. Pl. 604. 175, 70 Barista Odontites Huds. Fl. Angl. Ed. 2268. 1778. Odontites Odontites Wettst. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam. 4: Abt. 3b, 102. 1891. Annual, appressed-pubescent, roughish; stem slender, at length much branched, 6/-15/ high, the branches erect or ascending. Leaves sessile, lan- ceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, serrate with low distant teeth, slightly nar- rowed at the base, 1%4/-134/ long, 1/’-3/’ wide; spikes slender, becoming 2/-5’ long in fruit, somewhat 1-sided; bracts similar to the leaves, but smaller; flowers numerous, 4//-5’’ long; calyx 4-cleft; cor- olla red or pink, its tube somewhat longer than the calyx; anthers slightly pubescent; capsule oblong, shorter than the calyx. In fields and waste places, coast of Maine to Nova Scotia. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-Sept. 184 SCROPHULARIACEAE, [Vox III. 32. PEDICULARIS L.. Sp. Pl. 603. 1753. Herbs, with alternate opposite or rarely verticillate, pinnately lobed cleft or pinnatifid leaves, and yellow red purple or white flowers, in terminal spikes orspike-like racemes. Calyx tubular, cleft on the lower side or sometimes also on the upper, or 2-5-toothed. Corolla strongly 2-lipped, the tube cylindric, the upper lip (galea) laterally compressed, concave or conduplicate, sometimes beaked; lower lip erect or ascending, 3-lobed, the lobes spreading or reflexed, the middle one the smallest. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending within the upper lip of the corolla; anthers approximate in pairs, their sacs transverse, equal, parallel, obtuse or rarely mucronate at the base. Capsule compressed, oblique or curved, beaked, many-seeded, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds reticulate, pitted, striate or ribbed. [Latin, pertaining to lice, long supposed to breed lice in sheep that feed on these plants. ] About 125 species, mostly natives of the northern hemisphere. In addition to the following, some 25 others inhabit the western parts of North America. Mostly known as Lousewort; a few red-flowered species are called Red Rattle. % Galea produced into a filiform beak 6’’-8” long. 1. P. Groenlandica. 4% % Galea short-beaked or beakless. Beak of the galea conic, decurved, 1’’ long. 2. P. Lapponica. Beak of the galea very short, or none. Annuals or biennials; stems leafy, freely branching; northern. Puberulent; upper leaves crenulate, lower pinnatifid. 3. P. euphrasioides, Glabrous or very nearly so; leaves all pinnatifid. 4. P. parviflora. Perennials; stems leafy, simple (rarely branched in No. 6). Corolla yellow, or the galea red; plants 6’-3° high; eastern species. Leaves pinnately lobed; capsule ovate, scarcely longer than the calyx. 5. P. lanceolata. Leaves pinnately parted; capsule lanceolate, 3 times as long as the calyx. 6. P. Canadensis. Lower leaves pinnately divided; capsule ovate. 7. P. Furbishiae. Galea crimson or purple; plant 1'-4’ high; arctic. 8. P. flammea. Perennial; stem scapose, or 1-leaved; flowers capitate; arctic. 9. P. capitata, beaked Pedicularis. (Fig. 3330.) y 1. Pedicularis Groenlandica Retz. Long- el P. Groenlandica Retz. Fl. Scand. Ed. 2, 145. 1795. \ high. Leaves alternate, lanceolate in outline, acute “a or acuminate, pinnately parted or the lower pinnately divided into lanceolate acute crenulate or incised segments, the upper sessile, the lower slender-peti- oled, 2’-6’ long; spike 1/-6’ long, very dense; calyx 5-toothed, nearly as longas the corolla-tube, the teeth short, acutish; corolla red or purple, the galea pro- duced into a filiform beak 6’’-8’’ long, which is de- curved against the lower lip and upwardly recurved beyond it; body of the corolla 244’/-3’’ long; capsule obliquely ovate, about 3’” long. } In wet soil, Labrador, Greenland and Hudson Bay to the Northwest Territory and British Columbia, south in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico, and in the Sierra Nevada to California. Summer. 2. Pedicularis Lapponica I,. Lapland Pedicularis. (Fig. 3331.) Pedicularis Lapponica ¥,. Sp. Pl. 609. 1753. Perennial, puberulent; stems simple, or sparingly branched, leafy, 4/-S’ high. Leaves sessile, or very short-petioled, alternate or the lowest opposite, lanceo- late or linear-lanceolate, obtuse or acutish at the apex, %4/-1%’ long, pinnately incised into numerous ap- proximate oblong serrulate lobes; spike short, the flowers almost capitate, light yellow, 6//-7’’ long; calyx cleft on the lower side, 2-toothed on the upper; galea erect, arched, tipped by an abruptly spreading or recurved conic beak about 1’ long. In open places, Labrador and Greenland to the Arctic Sea. Also in Arctic Europe and Asia. Summer. Pedicularis pedicellata Bunge, an Alaskan species is re- corded by Bunge from Labrador. Itis distinguished from the above by its scapose stem, deeply pinnatifid leaves and pedicellate lower flowers. We have not seen specimens from the eastern side of the continent. ——— — Vor. III.) FIGWORT FAMILY. 185 33 Pedicularis euphrasioides Steph. Eyebright Pedicularis. (Fig. 3332.) P. euphrasioides Steph. ; Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 204. 1801. Biennial or annual, puberulent; stem branched, 6-15’ high, the branches ascending. Lower leaves petioled, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate in outline, 2/-4’ long, 4’’-8’’ wide, pinnatifid into oblong ob- tuse crenate-dentate segments; upper leaves sessile, linear or linear-oblong, smaller, merely crenulate; flowers in a short terminal spike and solitary in the upper axils; calyx cleft on the lower side, 2-3- toothed on the upper, shorter than the corolla-tube; corolla yellow, or the galea purplish, about 6’/ long; galea as long as the tube, tipped with a very short truncate beak, minutely 2-toothed on the lower side at the apex; capsule apparently shorter than the calyx. Labrador to Greenland, the Arctic Sea, Alaska and British Columbia. Also in northern Asia. Summer. 4. Pedicularis parviflora J. E. Smith. Purple Pedicularis. (Fig. 3333.) P. parviflora J. E. Smith in Rees’ Cyclop. 1814. Pedicularis Wlassoviana Stev. Mem. Soc. Nat. Mose. 6: 29. pl. 9, fir. 1823. Pedicularis palustris var. Wilassoviana Bunge; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 3: 283. 1847-49. Biennial or annual, glabrous throughout, or the petiole-bases ciliate; stem erect, much branched, 1°-2° high. Leaves 1/-2’ long, alternate, or some of them opposite, oblong- lanceolate in outline, all pinnatifid into ob- long crenate or incised segments; flowers in terminal rather loose spikes and solitary in the upper axils, 7/”-8’’ long; calyx 2-cleft, the lobes with an incised crested border; corolla purple, its tube twice as long as the calyx, the lip much shorter, the galea arched at the top, not beaked, blunt, bearing a pair of minute teeth below its summit; capsule obliquely ovate, twice as long as the calyx when mature. Labrador to Alaska, south to Quebec, the North- west Territory and Oregon. Summer. Pedicularis palustris L., which differs from this in its larger flowers and apiculate galea, is re- ported from Newfoundland and Labrador; it is widely distributed in Europe and Asia. It is known as Red Rattle, Cow’s-wort and Marsh Lousewort. 5. Pedicularis lanceolata Michx. Swamp Lousewort. (Fig. 3334.) Pedicularis lanceolata Michx. F\. Bor. Am. 2:18. 1803. Pedicularis auriculata Smith in Rees’ Cyclop. 1814. Perennial, glabrous or very nearly so throughout; stem stout, simple, or branched above, 1°-3° high, the branches erect. Leaves alternate and opposite, lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, 2/-5’ long, pinnately lobed, the lower petioled, the upper sessile, the lobes oblong, obtuse, short, crenate-dentate, the margins cartilaginous; spikes short; calyx 2-lobed, the lobes with foliaceous margins; corolla yellow, 8//-10’ long, the galea arched, terminated bya very short truncate beak, the lower lip erect-ascending; capsule ovate, little exceeding the calyx, about 5’ high. In swamps, Ontario to Connecticut and Virginia, west to Manitoba, Minnesota, Ohio, Michigan, and Nebraska (according to Williams). Aug.-—Oct. 186 SCROPHULARIACEAE. [Vor. II. 6. Pedicularis Canadénsis L. Wood Betony. Lousewort. (Fig. 3335.) y Pedicularis Canadensis J,. Mant. 86. 1767. Perennial, hirsute, pubescent, or glabrate be- low; stems commonly tufted, ascending or erect, 6’-18’ high, simple. Leaves alternate or some of them opposite, oblong-lanceolate, 3/— 5/ long, all but the uppermost slender-petioled, pinnately parted into oblong obtuse incised or dentate lobes; flowers spicate, the spike short in flower, 5/-8’ long in fruit, the lower bracts usually foliaceous, the others small; calyx cleft on the lower side; 2-3-crenate on the upper, oblique; corolla yellow, or reddish (rarely white) 7//-10’" long, the tube much longer than the calyx, the galea arched, incurved, not beaked, minutely 2-toothed below the apex; capsule lanceolate, oblique, 7’’-8’’ long, 2’’ wide, about 3 times as long as the calyx. In dry woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to Mani- toba, south to Florida, Kansas, Colorado and North Mexico. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. Called also High Heal-all, Beefsteak plant. April-June. 7. Pedicularis Furbishiae S. Wats. Miss Furbish’s Pedicularis. (Fig. 3336.) Pedicularis Furbishiae S. Wats. Proc. Am, Acad. 17: 375. 1882. Perennial, pubescent, at least above; stem strict, simple, 2°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate, alternate, or some of them opposite, the lower long-petioled, 4/-6’ long, pinnately divided into ovate or oblong, pinnatifid or incised segments, the upper sessile, pinnately parted or lobed; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes entire or dentate; narrow, somewhat unequal; cor- olla yellow, 7’’-9’’ long, the galea arched, trun- cate, not beaked, 2-cuspidate at the apex; capsule ovate. In swamps and along streams, Maine and New Brunswick. July—Sept. =) is 8. Pedicularis lammea L. Red- tipped Pedicularis. (Fig. 3337.) Pedicularis flammea I,. Sp. Pl. 609. 1753. Perennial, glabrous or somewhat woolly; stem simple, 2’-4’ high, with several linear-ob- long, pinnately parted leaves, Basal and lower leaves slender-petioled, 1/-114’ long, the uppermost sessile, the lobes ovate or ob- long, incised-serrate; flowers about 6’’ long, pedicelled in a short spike-like raceme, longer than the narrow bracts; calyx 5-toothed, the teeth lanceolate, acute, unequal; corolla-tube and the lower lip greenish yellow, the galea slightly arched, very blunt, much longer than the lower lip, its summit crimson or purple; capsule lanceolate, 6’’-S’’ long, 2-3 times as long as the calyx; fruiting pedicels 3//-5’’ long. — (Labrador to Greenland, west to Alaska. Also in arctic and alpine Europe. Summer. Vou. UI.) FIGWORT FAMILY. 187 g. Pedicularis capitata Adams. Capitate Pedicularis. (Fig. 3338.) Pedicularis capitata Adams, Mem, Soc. Nat. Mosc. 5: 100. 1817. Perennial, pubescent or glabrous; stem scapose, leafless, or 1-leaved, 1/-5’ high. lL,eaves slender-petioled, often shorter than the scape, pinnately divided, the segments ovate or ob- long, incised; flowers several in a capitate cluster at the end of the scape, 1/-114’ long; calyx 5-cleft, the lobes foliaceous, incised or crenate; corolla described as white; galea scarcely broadened above, slightly curved, very obtuse, twice as long as the lower lip; capsule oblong, a little longer than the calyx, beaked on the outer side near the summit. Hudson Bay to Alaska. Summer. 33. RHINANTHUS L.. Sp. Pl. 603. 1753. Annual erect mostly branched herbs, with opposite leaves, and yellow blue violet or variegated flowers, in terminal 1-sided leafy-bracted spikes, or solitary in the upper axils. Calyx compressed, 4-toothed, much inflated, membranous and conspicuously veiny in fruit. Corolla very irregular, 2-lipped, the upper lip (galea) compressed, arched, minutely 2-toothed below the entire apex, the lower lip 3-lobed, shorter, the lobes spreading. Stamens 4, didy- namous, ascending under the galea; anthers pilose, the sacs obtuse at the base, transverse, distinct. Capsule orbicular, flat, loculicidally dehiscent, several-seeded. Seeds nearly or- bicular, winged. [Greek, nose-flower, from the beaked corolla. ] About 3 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. 1. Rhinanthus Crista-Galli L. Rattle. Rattle-box. Yellow or Penny Rattle. (Fig. 3339. ) Rhinanthus Crista-galli 1, Sp. Pl. 603. 1753. Rhinanthus minor Eth. Beitr. 6: 44. 1791. ay, Glabrous, or pubescent above; stem slender, usu- ally branched, 6’-18’ high, the branches erect or ascending. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, coarsely serrate-dentate, acute or obtuse, 1/-2/ long, 2/’-4’/ wide; bracts broader, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, incised-dentate, the teeth acu- minate or subulate-tipped; flowers yellow, 6//-8/’ long; corolla-tube longer than the calyx, commonly with a purple spot on one or both lips; ruiting calyx ovate-orbicular, 4’’-6’’ in diameter; capsule orbicular, or broader, nearly as broad as the calyx, very flat, not oblique. Kun Newfoundland and Labrador to Alaska and Oregon, south to Quebec, the White Mountains of New Hamp- shire, Ontario and in the Rocky Mountains to New # Mexico: on the Atlantic Coast from Rhode Island to \ New Brunswick. Common in northern Europe and Asia. Calledalso Rattle-bags, Penny-grass. June-Aug. 34. MELAMPYRUM L.,. Sp. Pl. 605. 1753. Annual branching herbs, with opposite leaves, and small white yellow violet or variegated flowers, solitary in the upper axils, or in terminal bracted spikes. Calyx 4-toothed, the 2 upper teeth somewhat the longer. Corolla irregular, 2-lipped, the tube narrow, gradually enlarged above, the upper lip compressed, obtuse or emarginate with a groove behind the margins, or these recurved or with a tooth on each side; lower lip spreading or ascending, 3-toothed, 2-grooved beneath. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip; an- ther-sacs distinct, parallel, obtuse or mucronulate at the base. Capsule flat, oblique, loculi- cidally dehiscent, 2-4-seeded. Seeds smooth, strophiolate. [Greek, black wheat. ] About ro species, all of the northern hemisphere. Only the following are known in North America. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, the floral 2-4-toothed at the base. 1. M. lineare. Leaves ovate, all entire. 2. M. lalifolium. ne 188 SCROPHULARIACEAE, [Vor. III. 1. Melampyrum lineare Lam. Narrow-leaved Cow-Wheat. (Fig. 3340.) Melampyrum lineare Lam. Encycl. 4:22. 1797. oN M. Americanum Michx. F). Bor. Am. 2:16. 1803. ay’ Puberulent; stem slender, obscurely 4-sided tA above, at length widely branched, 6’—114° high. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, short- petioled, acuminate or acute at the apex, nar- rowed, obtuse, or the upper truncate at the base, M; 1/-2'4’ long, 14//-6’’ wide, the lower all en- tire, the upper floral ones ovate or lanceolate, ~with 2-6 bristle-pointed teeth near the base; flowers short-peduncled, 4’/-6’7 long; calyx about one-third the length of the corolla, its subulate teeth longer than its tube; corolla white or whitish, puberulent, the lower lip yellow; capsule 4/’-5’’ long, about 2/’ wide, twice as long as the calyx. In dry woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to North Carolina, Kentucky and Minnesota. Ascends 3500 ft. in Virginia. May—Aug. ff Chideetle. Sea 2. Melampyrum latifolium Muhl. Broad- leaved Cow-Wheat. (Fig. 3341.) Melampyrum latifolium Muh. Cat. 57. 1813. Similar to the preceding, widely branched, 1°-1%4° high; but the leaves all entire, short petioled, the lowest small, spatulate, obtuse, the middle ones lan- ceolate or ovate, acuminate, narrowed at the base, 2/-3’ long, the floral ovate or ovate-lanceolate, shorter, acute, mostly rounded at the base; corolla purple, veiny. In dry woods, Delaware (according to Muhlenberg); Virginia to Georgia and Tennessee. June-Aug. Family 28. LENTIBULARIACEAE Lindl. Veg. Kingd. 686. 1847.* BLADDERWORT FAMILY. Aquatic plants, or terrestrial on moist ground, with the leaves basal and tufted, or borne on floating branching stems, or reduced to minute scales. Scapes erect. Flowers solitary or racemose, perfect, irregular, the pedicels bracteolate. Calyx inferior, 2—5-parted. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip usually erect, con- cave, or the sides plicate, entire, or 2-lobed, interior in the bud; lower lip larger, spreading or reflexed, 3-lobed, with a palate projecting into the throat and a nectariferous spur beneath. Stamens 2; anther-sacs confluent into 1. Ovary superior, ovoid or globose, r-celled; ovules numerous; style short, or none; stigma 2-lamellate. Fruit acapsule, irregularly bursting, or dehiscent by valves. Seeds anatropous, rugose, reticulated, or bristle-bearing; endosperm none. About 4 genera and 180 species, widely distributed in warm and temperate regions, both of the Old World and the New. Aquatic or bog plants; foliage often dissected and bladder-bearing. 1. Utricularia. Terrestrial; leaves basal, tufted, entire. 2. Pinguicula. 1. UTRICULARIA L. Sp. Pl. 18. 1753. Herbs floating free in the water, or rooting in the mud, the aquatic species with stems usually bearing finely divided leaves and covered with minute bladders; marsh species with a few bladder-bearing leaves or rootlets under ground. Bladders contracted at the mouth, closed by an operculum and furnished with a few projecting bristles. Flowers racemose or solitary at the summits of slender scapes, the pedicels 2-bracteolate. Calyx deeply 2-lobed, * Text contributed by the late REV. THOMAS MORONG. Vor. III.] BLADDERWORT FAMILY. 189 the lobes equal or nearly so. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip usually erect and entire, the lower larger, 3-lobed, spurred at the base and with a prominent palate, commonly bearded in the throat. Capsule many-seeded. [Latin, utriculus, a bag, or little bladder. ] About 150 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, 3 others occur in the southern United States. % Scapes rooting in the mud; leaves entire; bladders usually few or none. Scapes stout, strict, 1-1o-flowered; flowers yellow, 4'’—10'' broad. Flowers 8’’—10'’ broad; spur 6’’ long. Flowers 4''-5'' broad; spur 3'’ long. Scape filiform, 2-bracted above; flower solitary, purple. Scape filiform, the raceme zig-zag; flowers 1-10, yellow. Scape filiform; flowers minute, cleistogamous. U. cornuta. U. Juncea. U. resupinata, U. subulata. U. cleistogama. Ao n7 % % Branches and finely divided leaves floating, or creeping on the mud, bladder-bearing. + Scape bearing a whorl of leaves with inflated petioles. 6. U. inflata. t+ t Scape leafless, or with a few minute scales. Teaves verticillate; corolla purple. 7. U. purpurea. Leaves crowded, 2-3 pinnately divided; corolla yellow, large. 8. U. vulgaris. Leaves scattered, dichotomously divided. Cleistogamous flowers among the leaves. g. U. clandestina. No cleistogamous flowers. | Bladders mainly or entirely on leafless branches. Leaf-segments linear, flat. 10. U. intermedia. Leaf-segments capillary. 1. U. fibrosa. Bladders among the leaves. Flowers 2-8; spur usually reduced to a short protuberance. 12. U. minor. Flowers 1-2; spur shorter than the lower lip, conic, gibbous. 13. U. gtbba. Flowers 1-3; spur oblong, as long as the lower lip. 14. U. biflora. 1. Utricularia cornuta Michx. Horned Bladderwort. (Fig. 3342.) Utricularia cornuta Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:12, 1803. Scape stout, strict, 3/-14’ high, with or without a few scattered scales, rooting in the mud. Stems and branches root-like, sometimes with a few entire leaves and few bladders, or several; flowers 1-6, yellow, fra- grant; pedicels 1//-2’’ long; corolla 8’’-10’” broad when expanded; lower lip large, somewhat galeate, the sides strongly reflexed, with a prominent palate which pro- jects inwardly and is pubescent at the throat; upper lip smaller, obovate; spur 14’ long, acute, curved; seeds black, rugosely pitted. On borders of ponds, or in bogs, Newfoundland to On- tario and Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. June- 2. Utricularia jancea Vahl. Rush Bladder- wort. (Fig. 3343.) Utricularia juncea Vahl, Enum. 1: 202. 1805. Scape rather stout, strict,6’-16’ high, rooting in the mud, bearing few or several minute scales. Leaves not seen; flowers 3-10, bright yellow; pedicels 1’/ long, or less; cor- olla 4//-5’’ broad when expanded, the lower lip obovate, pointed, mainly composed of the palate, the upper little smaller, obovate, emarginate; spur linear-subulate, slightly curved, or straight, about 3/’ long. AN In bogs, southeastern Virginia to Florida and Texas, mostly /i1A)\\\ near the coast. Also in the West Indies and South America. 4 ¥ \"" July—Aug. Igo LENTIBULARIACEAE. {Vor III. Ney 3. Utricularia resupinata B. D. Greene. Reversed ‘Bladderwort. (Fig. 3344.) Utricularia resupinata B. D, Greene; Bigel. Fl. Bost. Ed. 3, 10. 1840. Scape filiform, 2’-7’ high, 2-bracted near the flower, arising from creeping rooting shoots which rise 1/-2’ above the ground and bear a few branches and bladders. Flower solitary, purple, resting transversely upon the summit of the scape and so appearing resupinate; cor- olla 3//-5’’ long, the limb deeply 2-parted, remote from the conic spur. In sandy bogs and borders of ponds, Maine to Florida, west to Michigan. Rare and local. July-Aug. 3 5 4. Utricularia subulata L. ‘Tiny or Zig-zag Bladderwort. (Fig. 3345.) Utricularia subulata Y,. Sp. Pl. 18. 1753: ree - Utricularia setacea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:12. 1803. \ y, ) Scape filiform, 1/-8’ high, the racemes zig-zag. Leaves few, entire, they and the bladders seldom found; pedicels 2//-6’’ long, slender; flowers 1-10, yellow; corolla 2’/-3/7 broad, the lower lip 3-lobed, the upper smaller, ovate; spur conic, appressed to the lower lip and equalling it in length, or shorter. In wet, sandy soil, Nantucket to Florida, west to Texas, Mexico and Arkansas. Alsoin Cuba. March-Aug. TAN 5. Utricularia cleistogama (A. Gray) Britton. Closed Bladderwort. (Fig. 3346.) Utricularia subulata var. cleistogama A. Gray, Syn. FI. 2: Part 1, 317. 1878. U. clandestina Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad, Sci. 9: 12. 1889. Scape hair-like, 1/-3’ high, 1-2-flowered. Stems root- like, sparse, sending a few minute simple shoots above ground; bladders minute, seldom seen; flowers on short bracted pedicels; corolla 14’/-1’” broad, strictly cleistoga- mous, spurless, the lips nearly equal, the lower varying from purplish to yellow, the upper white; seeds dark ru- gosely pitted, scarcely 14’ in diameter; capsule globose. In wet soil, eastern Massachusetts and in the pine-barrens of New Jersey. August. 6. Utricularia inflata Walt. Swollen Bladder- WG wort. (Fig. 3347.) RY \ he Utricularia inflata Walt. Fl. Car. 64. 1788. \ Utricularia ceratophylla Michx. F\. Bor. Am. 1:12. 1803. («) _—S— Scapes stout, 3/-20’ high, bearing a whorl of 5-9 leaves at about the middle. Branches long, floating, crowded with dichotomously divided leaves and coy- ered with bladders; leaves of the scape finely dissected, their petioles cylindric, inflated, dilated upward, %/- 2’ long; flowers 2-10, yellow, about 9’ broad; upper lip of the corolla broadly ovate, obscurely lobed or crenate, the lower 3-lobed; spur conic, emarginate, ap- pressed to the lower lip and about one-half its length; capsule nodding in fruit. In ponds, Canada (according to Pursh); Maine to Florida and Texas, near the coast. March-Aug. | Vou. III.] BLADDERWORT FAMILY. IQI 7. Utricularia purpurea Walt. Pur- ple Bladderwort. (Fig. 3348.) Utricularia purpurea Walt. Fl. Car. 64. 1788. Utricularia saccata Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 21. 1816, Scape 1/-6’ high, naked, or bearing a few scales, 1-4-flowered. Branches floating, long, with numerous dichotomous capillary leaves in verticils of 4's and 5’s and many large bladders; corolla violet-purple, 3//-8’’ broad, the lower lip 3-lobed, the lateral lobes sac- cate; upper lip truncate, emarginate; spur nearly conic, appressed to the lower lip and one-half its length, or more. In ponds, Maine to Florida, near the coast; also in Indiana. May-Aug. 8. Utricularia vulgaris L. Greater Bladderwort. Hooded Water-Mil- foil. Pop-weed. (Fig. 3349.) Utricularia vulgaris I, Sp. Pl. 18. 1753. Utricularia macrorhiza \,e Conte, Ann. Lyc. N. ¥.1:73. 1824. Scapes stout, naked, or with a few broad scales, 3/-14’ high. Leaves 2-3-pinnately divided, usually much crowded, the seg- ments setaceous; branches floating, some- times 1° long, the leaves sometimes 6/’—7/’ long with numerous bladders; flowers 3-20, racemose, yellow; pedicels 4/’-8’’ long, re- curved in fruit; corolla 14’ broad or more, the sides of the lips reflexed; palate promi- nent; upper lip nearly entire, the lower slightly 3-lobed and longer than the conic blunt or acutish, somewhat curved spur. In brooks and ponds, Newfoundland to Florida, west to British Columbia and California, throughout nearly the whole of North America. / Also in Europe, Asia, Cuba.and Mexico. June-Aug. The plant, like others of the genus, is often prop- agated by winter buds. g. Utricularia clandestina Nutt. Hid- den-fruited Bladderwort. (Fig. 3350.) U. clandestina Nutt.; A. Gray, Man. 287. 1848. Utricularia striata Tuckerm. Am. Journ. Sci. 45: 29. 1843. Not Le Conte, 1824. Scape slender, 2’-5’ high, arising from long floating branches. Leavesscattered, repeatedly forked, the divisions capillary, bearing numerous bladders. Flowers of two kinds; those of the scape 3-5, complete, those among the leaves strictly cleistogamous, numerous, their pedicels reflexed in fruit; corolla of the upper complete flowers yellow, spreading, 4//-5/’ broad when expanded, the lips nearly equal in length, the lower broader and 3-lobed; spurshorter than the —= lower lip, thick, obtuse, approximate to it. In shallow ponds, New Brunswick to New Jersey, ~/ near the coast. July. 192 LENTIBULARIACEAE. (Vor. III. 10. Utricularia intermédia Hayne. Flat-leaved Bladderwort. (Fig. 3351.) Utricularia intermedia Hayne in Schrad. Journ. Bot. 1:18, 1800. Scape capillary, 2/-10’ high, naked, or with a few scales. Branches floating, 2/-6’ long; leaves }4’-'%4’ long, more or less scattered, 2- ranked, repeatedly dichotomous, the segments linear, flat, 14’’ wide or less, the margins bristly- serrulate. Bladders, with rare exceptions, borne on leafless branches; flowers I-5, yellow; corolla 14’ broad, its lower lip broad with a large palate and exceeding the upper; spur conic, sub acute, nearly as long as the lip, to which it is appressed. In shallow water along the margins of pools and ponds, Cape Breton to British Columbia, south to New Jersey, Minnesota and California. Also in Europe. The plant is commonly propagated by the velvety-looking winter buds, which are buried in the mud atits base, June-Aug. 11. Utricularia fibrosa Walt. Fibrous Bladderwort. (Fig. 3352.) Utricularia fibrosa Walt. Fl. Car. 64. 1788. Utricularia striata Le Conte, Ann. Lye. N. Wee Ec7 5am od: Utricularia bipariita Chapm. FI. S. States, 283. 1860. Scape slender, naked, or with very few minute scales, 3/-I12’ high. Leaves scat- tered, dichotomously divided, small or sometimes scarcely any, the segments cap- illary; bladders often on leafless branches, sometimes none; flowers 1-6, yellow; cor- olla 4/’-6’’ broad, the lips nearly equal, broad, the upper undulate or 3-lobed, the middle lobe striate; spur nearly linear, ob- tuse, ascending, nearly equalling or some- times exceeding the lower lip. In shallow ponds and swamps, Long Island to Florida and Louisiana, mostly in pine barrens. June- ee ES) aa 12. Utricularia minor L. Lesser Bladderwort. (Fig. 3353.) Utricularia minor I,. Sp. Pl. 18. 1753. Scapes slender, 2’-7’ high. Branches floating, short; leaves much scattered, dichotomously divided, the divisions few and setaceous; blad- ders borne among the leaves, few, often none, the largest not over 1’ long; flowers I-10, pale yellow, racemose; corolla 2’/-3’’ broad, ringent, NN | 3 . g* the upper lip smaller than the lower; spur usu- a J 2 ally reduced to a blunt broad protuberance, > shorter than the lips; pedicels reflexed in fruit. M3 [ae In shallow ponds and in bogs, Greenland and YG iy Labrador to British Columbia, south to New Jersey, - 2 Arkansas, Utah and California. Also in Europe. June-July. Vor. III.] BLADDERWORT FAMILY. 193 13. Utricularia gibba L. Humped Bladderwort. (Fig. 3354.) Utricularia gibba ¥,. Sp. Pl. 18. 1753. U. fornicata Le Conte, Ann. Lyc. N.Y. 1:76. 1824. YU. minor Torr. Fl. N. ¥.2: 21. 1843. Not L. 1753. Scapes filiform, 1/-5’ high, arising from sparing- ly leafy, floating or creeping branches. Leaves root-like, in the mud or just above it, usually deli- cate, the divisions often only 1 or 2, capillary; bladders few and minute, borne among the leaves, the largest about 14’ long, or often none; flowers I or 2, yellow; corolla 3/’-4’’ broad, its lips round- ed, broad, entire, or undulate, about equal; spur thick, conic, ascending, gibbous at the base, ob- tuse, shorter than the lips. In shallow water, or in mud on the borders of ponds and pools, Ontario to Michigan, south to Alabama and Illinois. July-Aug. 14. Utricularia biflora Lam. ‘I‘wo-flowered Bladderwort. (Fig. 3355.) Utricularia biflora Yam, I. 1: 50. 1791. ee longtrostris Le Conte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: 76. 1824. Scapes filiform, 2’-5’ high, arising from long float- ing branches. Leaves scattered, their divisions few, finely capillary, often copiously bladder-bearing; flowers I-3, yellow; corolla 4’’-6’’ broad, the lips rounded, nearly equal; spur narrowly oblong, blunt, curved upward, equalling the lower lip. In shallow water on the margins of ponds, Eastern Massachusetts and Rhode Island to Illinois, south to Louisiana and Texas. 2. PINGUICULA L.. Sp. Pl. 17. 1753. Acaulescent herbs, with fibrous roots, naked %1-flowered circinate scapes, and basal tufted entire leaves, the upper surface covered with a viscid secretion to which insects ad- here, and are captured by the involution of the sensitive leaf-margins. Calyx 4-5-parted, or 2-lipped, the lower lip 3-parted, the upper 2-parted. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip 2-cleft, the lower 3-cleft; base of the corolla saccate and contracted into a nectariferous spur. Cap- sule 2-valved or 4-valved. Seeds oblong, wrinkled or reticulated. [Latin, pzzgwis, fat, the leaves seeming greasy to the touch. ] __ About 3o species, of wide geographic distribution, chiefly in temperate and cold regions. Be- sides the following, 4 others are found in the southern United States. Scapes villous, 1'-2' high; leaves oval, 3'’-6'’ long. : 1. P. villosa. Scapes glabrous or minutely downy; leaves ovate or elliptic, 1’-2’ long. 2. P. vulgaris. 1, Pinguicula villdsa I. Hairy Butterwort. (Fig. 3356.) Pinguicula villosa I, Sp. Pl. 17. 1753. Pinguicula acutifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 1: 11. 1803. Scapes slender, villous, 1/-2’ high. Leaves 3 or 4, oval, obtuse, 3/’-6’ long, 2’/-3’’ wide, sessile, or petioled; petioles short, villous; flowers 2/’ broad; corolla pale violet with a yellowish-striped throat, 2-lipped, the upper lip 2-parted, the lower larger, 3-parted, the tube abruptly contracted into a straight linear or oblong blunt spur 114//-2’ long. . Labrador and Hudson Bay to Alaska. Also in Greenland. Summer. 13 194 LENTIBULARIACEAE. [Vor.. III. 2. Pinguicula vulgaris L. But- terwort. Bog or Marsh Violet. (Fig. 3357-) Pinguicula vulgaris I, Sp. Pl.17. 1753- Scapes glabrous, or minutely puberu- lent, 2’-6’ high. Leaves 3-7 in a rosette at the base of the scape, greasy to the touch on the upper surface, ovate to lanceolate, obtuse, 1/-2’ long, 3//-10/7 wide, short-petioled, or sessile; corolla violet-purple,3/’-4’’ broad when ex pand- ed, 2-lipped, the upper lip 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed, larger, the tube gradually contracted into an acute or obtuse nearly straight spur 2/’-4’” long; capsule glo- bose ovoid, longer than the calyx. On wet rocks or in gravelly rivulet beds, Newfoundland and Labrador to Alaska, south to Vermont, northern New York, Minnesota and British Columbia. Also in Greenland, Europe and northern Asia. Other English names are Beanweed, York- shire Sanicle, Sheep-root or -rot, Rot-grass, Sheep-weed, and Steep- or Earning-grass, from its use in curdling milk. July-Aug. Pinguicula alpina I. is reported to have been collected in Labrador but not sufficiently authenti- cated. It may be known by its recurved obtuse conic spur, not one-half as long as the lower lip of the corolla, Family 29. OROBANCHACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 287. 1836. BROOM-RAPE FAMILY. Erect, simple or branched, brown yellowish purplish or nearly white root- parasites, the leaves reduced to alternate appressed scales, the flowers perfect, irregular (rarely cleistogamous), sessile in terminal bracted spikes, or solitary and peduncled in the axils of the scales. Calyx inferior, gamosepalous, 4—-5- toothed, 4-5-cleft, or split nearly or quite to the base on one or both sides. Corolla gamopetalous, more or less oblique, the tube cylindric, or expanded above, the limb 2-lipped, 5-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes, a fifth rudimentary one occasion- ally present; filaments slender; anthers 2-celled, the sacs parallel, equal. Ovary superior, 1-celled, the four placentae parietal; ovules numerous, anatrop- ous; style slender; stigma discoid, 2-lobed, or sometimes 4-lobed. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved. Seeds numerous, reticulated, wrinkled or striate; embryo minute; cotyledons scarcely differentiated. aero II genera and 200 species of wide geographic distribution, mcstly in the northern hemis- ioe all complete and perfect. Calyx 2-5-toothed. Calyx about equally 5-cleft; no bracts on pedicels nor calyx. 1. Thalesia. Calyx unequally toothed, or split on both sides; flowers bracted. 2. Orobanche. Calyx spathe-like, split on the lower side, 3-4-toothed on the upper. 3. Conopholis. Lower flowers cleistogamous, fertile; upper complete, mostly sterile. 4. Leplamnium. 1. THALESIA Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2: 267. 1818. [ANOPLANTHUS Endl. Icon. Gen. Pl. 12. pl. 72. 1838.] [APHYLLON A. Gray, Man. 290. 1848.] Glandular or viscid-pubescent simple-stemmed herbs, parasitic on the roots of various plants, with scattered scales, and long-peduncled yellowish white or violet, complete and per- fect bractless flowers. Calyx campanulate or hemispheric, nearly equally 5-cleft, the lobes acute or acuminate. Corolla oblique, the tube elongated, curved, the limb slightly 2-lipped, the upper lip erect-spreading, 2-lobed, the lower spreading, 3-lobed, the lobes all nearly equal. Stamens included; anther-sacs mucronate at the base. Ovary ovoid; placentae equidistant, or contiguous in pairs; style slender, deciduous; stigma peltate, or transversely 2-lamellate. [Dedicated to Thales. } About 3 species, natives of North America. Stem very short; peduncles 1-4, erect; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate. 1. 7. uniflora, Stem erect, 2'-5’ high; peduncles several; calyx-lobes broad, acute. 2. T. fasciculata, Vor. IlI.] BROOM-RAPE FAMILY. 195 1. Thalesia uniflora (1,.) Britton. Pale or Naked Broom-rape. One-flowered Broom-rape. Cancer-root. (Fig. 3358.) Orobanche uniflora \,. Sp. Pl. 633. 1753 Anoplanthus uniflorus Endl. Icon. Gen, Pl. 12 pl. 72. 1838. oo uniflorum T. & G.;A. Gray, Man. 290. 8. r. uniflora Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 298. 1894. Stem usually less than 1’ long, nearly sub- terranean, bearing several ovate-oblong scales and 1-4 slender erect scape-like glandular- puberulent naked 1-flowered peduncles 3/-8” high. Calyx campanulate, pubescent, glandu- lar, 4/’-5’’ high, less than one-half the length of the corolla, its lobes as long as the tube or longer, lanceolate, acuminate; corolla white or violet, puberulent without, 8’/-12’” long, the curved tube about 3 times as long as the limb, the short lobes oval or obovate, obtuse; placentae nearly equidistant; capsule ovoid, longer than the calyx. In woods and thickets, parasitic on the roots of various herbs, Newfoundland to British Columbia, Virginia, Ohio, Texas and California. April-June. 2. Thalesia fasciculata (Nutt. ) Britton. Clustered or Yellow Cancer- root. (Fig. 3359.) Orobanche fasciculata Nutt. Gen. 2: 59. 1818. Anoplanthus fasciculalus Walp. Rep. 3: 480. 1844-45. Aphyllon fasciculatum A, Gray, Syn. FI. 2: Part 1, 312. 1878. Thalesia “fasciculata Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 298. | 1894. Stem erect, 2’-4’ high, densely glandular- pubescent, bearing several scales and 3-15 naked 1-flowered peduncles 1/-4’ long. Calyx glandular, broadly campanulate, 3//— 5’ high, about one-third the length of the corolla, its lobes triangular-lanceolate or tri- angular-ovate, acute, equalling or shorter than the tube; corolla nearly 1’ long, pur- plish-yellow, puberulent without, the curved tube 3 times as long as the limb, the lobes oblong, obtuse, the limb more manifestly 2-lipped than in the preceding species; cap- sule ovoid to globose. In sandy soil, parasitic on the roots of various plants, northern Indianato the Northwest Territory and British Columbia, south to Nebraska, Arizona and California. April-Aug. Thalesia fasciculata lutea (Parry) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 298. 1894. Phelipaea lutea Patry, Amer, Nat. 8: 214. 1874. Aphyllon fasciculatum var. luteum A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part 1, 312. 1878. Whole plant light yellow. Western Nebraska and Wyoming. 2, OROBANCHE IL, Sp. Pl. 632. 1753. Glandular-pubescent, erect simple or branched, reddish yellowish violet or nearly white herbs, parasitic on the roots of various plants, with scattered scales, and spicate or racemose, complete and perfect, bracted and sometimes bracteolate flowers. Calyx split both above and below, nearly or quite to the base, the divisions 2-cleft or rarely entire, or more or less unequally 2-5-toothed. Corolla oblique, strongly 2-lipped; upper lip erect, emarginate or 2-lobed; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens included; anther-sacs mostly mucronate atthe base. Placentae equidistant, or approximate in pairs. Style slender, commonly per- sistent until after the dehiscence of the capsule; stigma peltate to funnelform, entire, or later- ally 2-lamellate. [Greek, Choke-Vetch. ] About 90 species, natives of the Old World and western America, Besides the following some 6 others occur in the western parts of North America. pe OP 196 OROBANCHACEAE. (Vou. III. Calyx 4-toothed; stems mostly branched. 1, O. ramosa. Calyx split on both sides; stem simple. 2. O. minor. Calyx 5-cleft;*stem simple. 3. O. Ludoviciana. 1. Orobanche ramésa L. Hemp or Branched Broom-rape. (Fig. 3360.) Orobanche ramosa I,. Sp. Pl. 633. 1753. Plant yellowish; stem rather slender, branched, or rarely simple, 3/-15’ high, the scales few and distant, 2’’-5’// long. Spike loosely many-flowered, denser above than below, the lowest flowers short- pedicelled; bracts usually 3, the longest about equal- ling the calyx; calyx 4-toothed, the teeth triangular- ovate, acute, or acuminate, about as long as the tube; corolla 5’’-9’’ long, the tube yellow, slightly constricted above the ovary, the limb bluish. Parasitic on the roots of hemp and tobacco, Kentucky. Adventive or naturalized from Europe. Summer. 2. Orobanche minor J. E. Smith. Lesser or Clover Broom-rape. Herb- bane. (Fig. 3361.) O. minor J. E. Smith, Engl. Bot. pl. 422. 1797. Plant yellowish. brown; stem rather stout, sim- ple, 4’-20’ high; lower scales numerous, ovate- oblong, the upper lanceolate, acute, scattered, 3//-10” long. Spike dense, or the lower flowers separated, 3/-S’ long; bracts lanceolate, equal- ling or longer than the flowers; flowers 5//-9/’ long; calyx split both above and below, each of the lateral segments 2-cleft, the teeth lanceolate- subulate; corolla-tube yellowish, scarcely con- stricted above the ovary, the limb bluish. Parasitic on the roots of clover, New Jersey to Virginia. Naturalized from Europe. Called also Devil’s-root and Hell-root. May-July. 3. Orobanche Ludoviciana Nutt. Louis- jana Broom-rape. (Fig. 3362.) Orobanche Ludoviciana Nutt. Gen. 2:58. 1818. eon Ludovicianum A. Gray, Bot. Cal. 1: 585. 876. Stems stout, simple, solitary or clustered, viscid- puberulent, 4’-12’ high, scaly. Flowers 6’/-8’’ long, very numerous in dense terminal spikes, 1-2-bracted under the calyx; calyx 5-cleft, the lobes somewhat unequal, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, longer than the corolla-tube, or shorter; corolla 2-lipped, pur- plish, its tube narrow, about twice as long as the limb; anthers woolly; capsule ovoid-oblong, shorter than the calyx. In sandy soil, Illinois to the Northwest Territory, south to Texas, Arizona and California. June-Aug. 3. CONOPHOLIS Wallr. Orobanch. 78. 1825. An erect stout simple glabrous, densely scaly, light brown herb, parasitic on the roots of trees, with yellowish flowers 2-bracteolate under the calyx, in a thick dense bracted spike, the Vo. III.] BROOM-RAPE FAMILY. 197 bracts similar to the scales of the stem. Calyx oblique, deeply split on the lower side, 3-4- toothed on the upper. Corolla strongly 2-lipped, the tube slightly curved, the upper lip concaye, nearly erect, emarginate, the lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens exserted; anther- sacs bristly pubescent. Placentae about equidistant; stigma capitate, obscurely 2-lamellate. Capsule ovoid-globose. [Greek, signifying a scaly cone. ] Two known species, one of eastern North America, the other Mexican. 1. Conopholis Americana (L. f.) Wallr. Squaw-root. (Fig. 3363.) Orobanche Americana J,. f. Suppl. 88. 1767. Conopholis Americana Wallr. Orobanch. 78. 1825. Plants 3/-10’ high from a thickened base, light brown, usually clustered, covered all over with stiffimbricated scales. Upper scales lanceolate or ovate, acute, 6//-10’’ long, the lowest much shorter; flowers about 14’ long, exceedingly numerous in the dense spike which is 6’’-10’’ thick; corolla pale yellow, somewhat exceeding the calyx; anthers sagit- tate; capsule ovoid-globose, 4//-5/’ high. In rich woods at bases of trees (Canada?); Maine to Michigan, south to Florida. Called also Can- cer-root and Earth Club. April-Aug. wy 4. LEPTAMNIUM Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2: 267. Feb. 1818. ([EPIFAGUS Nutt. Gen. 2: 60, 1818.] An erect slender glabrous, purplish or yellowish, rather stiff branching herb, parasitic on the roots of the beech, with few small scattered scales, and sessile dimorphous flowers, dis- tantly spicate on the branches, the lower cleistogamous, abundantly fertile, the upper com- plete but mostly sterile, Calyx short, nearly equally 5-toothed. Corolla of the upper flowers cylindric, slightly flattened laterally, the tube much longer than the 4-lobed limb, the upper lobe concave, larger than the 3 lower ones; stamens not exserted; anther-sacs mucronulate at the base; style filiform, 2-lobed; ovary with an adnate gland on the upper side near the base. Corolla of the lower flowers minute, not unfolding, borne like a hood on the summit of the ovoid ovary; style very short; placentae contiguous in pairs; capsule at length 2-valved atthesummit. [Greek, referring to the small calyx. ] A monotypic genus of eastern North America. 1. Leptamnium Virginianum (L,.) Raf. Beech-drops. (Fig. 3364.) Orobanche Virginiana I,. Sp. Pl. 633. 1753. Epifagus Americana Nutt. Gen. 2:60. 1818. LEpiphegus Virginiana Bart. Comp. Fl. Phil. J } 2: 50. 1818. tt Leplamnium Virginianum Raf.; A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part 1, 314. 1878. As synonym. a | Plant 6’—2° high from a thick scaly base, 1 Ve the roots brittle, fibrous. Stem paniculately Ray (een “ branched, the branches straight, ascending; Yr / “Let "6 scales very few and small; corolla of the upper flowers 4//-5/’ long and 1’ thick, striped with purple and white, the limb not at all spreading; stamens about as long as the corolla; style slightly exserted; lower flowers 114’’ long, the corolla resembling the calyptra of a moss; capsule 3/ high, some- what oblique and compressed, many-seeded. In beech woods, New Brunswick to Florida, west to Ontario, Michigan, Missouri and Louisi- ana. Called also Cancer-root. Aug.-Oct. 198 BIGNONIACEAE. [Vou. III. Family 30. BIGNONIACEAE Pers. Syn. 2: 168. 1807. TRUMPET-CREEPER FAMILY. Trees, shrubs or woody vines, a few exotic species herbs, with opposite (rarely alternate) compound or simple leaves, and mostly large and showy, clus- tered terminal or axillary, more or less irregular flowers. Calyx inferior, gamo- sepalous. Corolla gamopetalous, funnelform, campanulate, or tubular, 5-lobed, somewhat 2-lipped, at least in the bud. Anther-bearing stamens 2 or 4, in- serted on the tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk annular or cup-like. Ovary sessile or stalked,'mostly 2-celled; placentae parietal, or on the partition-wall of the ovary; ovules very numerous, horizontal, anatropous; style slender; stigma terminal, 2-lobed. Capsule 2-valved, loculicidally, septifragally or septicidally dehiscent. Seeds flat, transverse, winged in our genera; endosperm none; cotyledons broad and flat, emarginate or 2-lobed; radicle short, straight. About 6o genera and 500 species of wide geographic distribution in tropical regions, a few in the north and south temperate zones. Leaves compound; anther-bearing stamens 4; our species vines. Calyx-limb undulate; capsule flattened parallel with its partition-wall. 1. Bignontia. Calyx 5-toothed; capsule compressed at right angles to its partition-wall. 2. Tecoma, Leaves simple; anther-bearing stamens mostly 2; trees. 3. Catalpa. 1. BIGNONIA L. Sp. Pl. 633. 1753. Woody vines, with opposite 2-3-foliolate leaves, the terminal leaflet usually reduced to a tendril (some tropical species with decompound or even simple leaves), and large flowers in axillary cymes or terminal panicles. Calyx campanulate, the limb merely undulate, truncate or slightly 5-toothed. Tube of the corolla much expanded above the calyx, the limb some- what 2-lipped, 5-lobed, the lobes rounded. Anther-bearing stamens 4, didynamous, included, inserted near the base of the corolla; anther-sacs glabrous, divergent. Capsule linear, flat- tened parallel with the thin partition, septifragally dehiscent, the margins of the vaives more or less thickened. Seeds in 1 or 2 rows on both margins of the partition, winged, much broader than high, the wing entire, or erose at the end. [Named after the Abbe Bignon, 1662-1743, librarian to Louis XV.] About 1sospecies, natives of America. The following‘is the only one known in the United States. 1. Bignonia crucigera L. ‘Tendrilled Trumpet-flower. Cross-vine. (Fig. 3365.) Bignonia crucigera L. Sp. Pl. 624. 1753. Bignonia capreolata ¥,. loc. cit. 1753. A glabrous woody vine, often climbing to the height of 40°-60°, the stems sometimes 4/ in diam- eter, exhibiting a conspicuous cross in the trans- verse section. Leaves petioled, commonly with small simple stipule-like ones in their axils, 2-folio- late, terminated by a branched tendril; leaflets stalked, oblong or ovate, entire, acute or acuminate at the apex, cordate at the base, pinnately veined, 3/-7’ long; cymes numerous, short-peduncled, 2-5- flowered; pedicels 1/-2’ long; calyx membranous; corolla 2’ long, orange and puberulent without, yellow within; capsule 5’-7’ long, 8’/—10’” broad, very flat, each valve longitudinally 1-nerved; seeds broadly winged laterally, narrowly winged above and below, 114’ broad. In moist woods, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana, north to Ohio and southern Illinois. Called also Quar- ter Vine. April-June. 2. TECOMA Juss. Gen. 139. 1789. Climbing woody vines with aerial rootlets, or erect shrubs, with opposite pinnately compound or sometimes simple leaves, and large showy red or orange flowers, in terminal corymbs, racemes, or panicles. Calyx tubular-campanulate, somewhat unequally 5-toothed. Corolla-tube elongated, enlarged above the calyx, narrowly campanulate, the limb slightly 2-lipped, 5-lobed, the lobes spreading. Anther-bearing stamens 4, didynamous, ascending under the upper lip; anther-sacs divergent, glabrous or slightly pubescent. Capsule elongated, slightly compressed at right-angles to the partition, loculicidally and septicidally dehiscent. Seeds in 1, 2 or several rows on each side of the margins of the partition, winged, the wing translucent. [From the Aztec name Tecomaxochitl. ] Vou. III.] TRUMPET-CREEPER FAMILY. 199 About 8o species, natives of warm and temperate regions of both the Old World and the New. Besides the following, another occurs in the southern United States. 1. Tecoma radicans (I) DC. Trumpet-flower. Trumpet-creeper. (Fig. 3366.) Bignonia radicans L. Sp. Pl. 624. 1753. Tecoma radicans DC. Prodr. 9: 223. 1845. A woody vine, climbing to the height of 20°-4o0°, or prostrate if meeting nosupport. Leaves petioled, odd-pinnate, not tendril-bearing, 8/-15’ long; leaf- lets 7-11, ovate to lanceolate, short-stalked, sharply serrate, reticulate-veined, glabrous, or pubescent on the veins beneath, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, 114’—3’ long; flowers corym- bose, short-pedicelled; corymbs 2-9-flowered; calyx coriaceous, about 1’ long; corolla scarlet, 214’ long, the tube veined within, 3 times as long as the limb; anther-sacs glabrous; stigma spatulate; capsule stalked, 4’-6’ long, 10’ in diameter, narrowed at both ends, little flattened, ridged above and below by the margins of the valves; seeds in several rows on each surface of the partition, broadly winged laterally, the wing eroded. In moist woods and thickets, southern New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Florida and Texas, north to IIl1- nois. Escaped from cultivation further north. Called also Trumpet-vine and Trumpet-Ash. Aug.—Sept. 1. CATALPA Scop. Introd. 170. 1771. Trees, or some exotic species shrubs, with opposite or rarely verticillate simple petioled leaves, and large showy white or mottled flowers in terminal panicles or corymbs. Calyx closed in the bud, splitting irregularly or into 2 lips in opening. Corolla-tube campanulate or obconic, oblique, expanded above, 2-lipped, 5-lobed, the lobes all spreading, their mar- gins crisped. Anther-bearing stamens 2, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla; an- ther-sacs glabrous, linear or oblong, divergent; sterile stamens (staminodia) 3, short (or oc- casionally 4 perfect didynamous stamens and rstaminodium). Disk obsolete. Ovary sessile, 2-celled; ovules in 2-several rows on the sides of the partition. Capsule elongated-linear, terete, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds flat, the large lateral wings dissected into capillary processes. [The American Indian name of the first species below. ] About 7 species, the following in eastern North America, 2 in eastern Asia, 2 or 3 in the West Indies. ‘Corolla thickly spotted within, 1’-1'4’ long, the lower Jobe entire. 1. C. Calalpa Corolla little spotted, 2’ long, the lower lobe emarginate. 2. C. speciosa. 1. Catalpa Catalpa (1,.) Karst. Catalpa. Indian Bean. Candle-tree. Bean-tree. (Fig. 3367.) Bignonia Catalpa ¥,. Sp. Pl. 622. 1753. Catalpa bignonioides Walt. Fl. Car. 64. 1788. Catalpa Catalpa Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 927. 1880-83. A tree, with thin flaky bark, reaching a maximum height of about 60° and a trunk diameter of 4°, the branches spreading. Leaves strong-scented, broadly ovate, entire, or 3-lobed, acute or acuminate at the apex, densely pubescent beneath, becoming gla- brous above, obtuse at the base, 6/-12’ long, the lobes, when present, acuminate; petioles stout, nearly as long as the blade; flowers white, numerous, mottled with yellow and purple within, 1/-114/ long, in large terminal erect panicles; corolla-tube campanulate, the lower lobe entire; capsules 10’-13/ long, 4/’-5’’ thick, thin-walled, drooping. In woods in the Gulf States. Escaped from cultiva- tion northward as far as Pennsylvania and southern New York. Wood brown, soft, weak, durable in con- tact with the soil. Weight per cubic foot 28 lbs. June-July. 200 BIGNONIACEAE. {Vor IIT. 2. Catalpa speciosa Warder. Catawba Tree. Larger Indian Bean. (Fig. 3368.) Catalpa api Warder; Engelm. aia Bot. Gaz. 5: 1. 1880. Catalpa cordifolia Duham. Nouveau, 2: Pl. * 1802. Not Moench, 1794. A tree, with thick rough bark, reaching a maximum height of 120° and a diameter trunk of 44°, similartothe preceding species. Leaves not unpleasantly scented, broadly ovate,commonly entire, long-acuminate at the apex; panicles few-flowered; corolla faintly mottled within, the tube obconic, the limb only slightly oblique, the lower lobe emar- ginate; capsule thick-walled, 10’-20’ long, nearly 10’ in diameter. In woods, southern Illinois to Tennessee, west to Missouri and Arkansas. Wood brown, soft, weak, durable. Weight per cubic foot 26 lbs. May-June. Family 31. MARTYNIACEAE Link, Handb. 1: 504. 1829. UNICORN-PLANT FAMILY. Herbs, with opposite leaves, or the upper sometimes alternate, and perfect irregular "flowers, racemose in our species. Calyx inferior, 4—5- -cleft or 4-5- parted or sometimes split to the base on the lower side. Corolla gamopetalous, irregular, the tube oblique, often decurved, the limb slightly 2-lipped, 5-lobed, the lobes nearly equal, the 2 upper ones exterior in the bud. Anther- “bearing stamens 4, didynamous, or the posterior pair sterile; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentae expanded into broad surfaces, or 2-4-celled by the intrusion of the placentae or by false partitions; ovules numerous or few in each cavity of the ovary, anatropous; style slender; stigma 2-lobed or 2-lamellate. Fruit various in the different genera. Seeds oblong or orbicular, compressed, wingless or narrowly winged; endosperm none; embryo large; cotyledons fleshy, flat; radicle short and straight. Three genera and to species, mainly tropical. 1. MARTYNIA L. Sp. Pl. 618.1753. Coarse diffusely branched glandular- pubescent and viscid strong-scented herbs, with oppo- site or alternate long-petioled leaves, and large violet purple whitish or mottled flowers in short terminal racemes. Calyx 1-2-bracteolate at the base, campanulate, inflated, unequally 5-cleft, deciduous. Corolla funnelform-campanulate, oblique, decurved, the 5 lobes nearly equal, spreading. Stamens 4 in our species; anthers gland- lipped, their sacs divergent. Ovary 1-celled, the 2 parietal placentae intruded and expanded i in the center of the cavity into broad surfaces bearing the ovules in 1 or2 rows. Fruitan incurved beaked loculicidally 2-valved capsule, the exocarp somewhat fleshy, the endocarp fibrous, woody, crested below or also above, 4-celled by the extension of the placentae. Seeds numerous, tuberculate: [Named for John Martyn, 1693-1768, professor of botany at Cambridge, England. ] About 8 species, natives of America. Besides the following, 2 others occur_in the southwest- ern United States. Vou. III.] UNICORN-PLANT FAMILY. 201 1. Martynia Louisiana Mill. Unicorn-Plant. Elephant’s Trunk. Double-claw. (Fig. 3369.) M. Louisiana Mill. Gard. Dict. Ed.8,no. 3. 1768. Martynia proboscidea Glox. Obs. 14. 1785. Annual, densely glandular-pubescent all over; stem stout, much branched, the branches pros- trate or ascending, 1°-3° long. Leaves broadly ovate to orbicular, rounded at the apex, cordate at the base, repand, undulate or entire, 3/-12/ in diameter, the petiole stout, mostly longer than the blade; bractlets at the base of the calyx ob- long or linear, deciduous; calyx somewhat cleft on the lower side; racemes several-flowered; pedicels slender; corolla whitish or yellowish, mottled with purple or yellow within, 114/-27 long, the limb nearly as broad, the lobes obtuse; stamens all anther-bearing; fruit strongly curved, 4’-6’ long when mature, the beak longer than the body, splitting into 2 elastically di- verging segments, the endocarp crested on the under side only. In waste places, escaped from gardens, Maine to New Jersey and North Carolina. Native in the Mississippi Valley from Iowa and Illinois south- ward. July-Sept. Family 32. ACANTHACEAE J. St. Hil. Expos. Fam. 1: 236. 1805. ACANTHUS FAMILY. Herbs, or some tropical genera shrubs or small trees, with opposite simple exstipulate leaves, and irregular or nearly regular perfect flowers. Calyx in- , ferior, persistent, 4-5-parted or 4~-5-cleft, the sepals or segments imbricated, equal or unequal. Corolla gamopetalous, nearly regularly 5-lobed with the lobes convolute in the bud, or conspicuously 2-lipped. Anther-bearing stamens 4, didynamous, or 2 only; anthers mostly 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally de- hiscent. Disk annular, or cup-like. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 2-10 in each cavity, anatropous or amphitropous; style filiform, simple; stigmas 1 or 2. Capsule dry, 2-celled, loculicidally elastically 2-valved. Seeds globose or orbicular, not winged, borne on curved projections (retinacula) from the placentae, the testa close, mostly roughened, often developing spiral threads and mucilage when wetted. Endosperm in the following genera none; cotyledons flat, commonly cordate. About 175 genera and 1800 species, natives of temperate and tropical regions of the Old World and the New. Corolla convolute in the bud, nearly regular; stamens 4. Ovules 2in each cavity; capsule 2-4-seeded. 1. Calophanes. Ovules 3-10 in each cavity; capsule 6-20-seeded. 2. Ruellia. Corolla imbricated in the bud, strongly 2-lipped; stamens 2. Lower lip of the corolla 3-cleft; flowers bracted. not involucrate. 3. Dianthera. Lower lip of the corolla entire or 3-toothed; flowers involucrate. 4. Diapedium, 1. CALOPHANES Don; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. (II). pl. z8z. 1833. Erect or procumbent perennial herbs or shrubs, with entire leaves (smaller ones some- times fascicled in their axils), and blue or purple, rather large, bracted flowers, axillary, soli- tary or clustered. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, the lobes setaceous. Corolla funnelform, the tube slightly curved, enlarged above, or cylindraceous, the limb spreading, 5-lobed, somewhat 2-lipped, the lobes rounded, sinistrorsely convolute in the bud. Stamens 4, didynamous, in- cluded, all anther-bearing in our species; anther-sacs mucronate at the base. Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary; summit of the style recurved; stigma simple, or of 2 unequal lobes. Capsule oblong, linear, narrowed at the base, 2-4-seeded. Seeds flat, orbicular, attached by their edges to the retinacula. [Greek, beautiful appearance. ] About 30 species, of wide distribution in warm and tropical regions. Besides the following, 4 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. 202 ACANTHACEAE. [Vor. III. 1. Calophanes oblongifolia (Michx. ) Don. Calophanes. (Fig. 3370.) Ruellia biflora ¥,. Sp. Pl. 635. 1753.2 R. oblongifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:23. _ 1803. Calophanes oblongifolia Don; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. (II) pl. 28r. 1833. ee oe biflorus Nees, Linnaea, 16: 294. Rootstocks horizontal, slender. Stems slender, erect, simple, or branched below, pubescent or puberulent, obtusely 4-angled, 6/-15’ high, rather stiff. Leaves ascending or erect, oblong or oval, rounded at the apex, somewhat narrowed at the base, very short- petioled, or sessile, pubescent or glabrate, 8’’-15’’ long; flowers commonly solitary in the axils; calyx-segments filiform, hirsute, exceeding the oblong obtuse bractlets; cor- olla blue, or mottled with purple, 8/’/-12// long, slightly 2-lipped, its tube enlarged above; capsule oblong, about one-half the length of the calyx; anther-sacs mucronate- aristate at the base. In sandy pine barrens, Virginia to Florida, mainly near the coast. June-Sept. 2. RUELLIA Ie Sp blog 4 e753 Perennial herbs, or shrubs, mostly pubescent, with entire or rarely dentate leaves, and large violet blue white or yellow flowers, solitary or clustered in the axils, or cymose in ter- minal panicles. Calyx 5-cleft, or 5-parted, the segments narrow. Corolla funnelform or salverform, the tube usually narrow, slightly enlarged above, the limb spreading, 5-lobed, the lobes obtuse, mostly nearly equal, sinistrorsely convolute in the bud. Stamens 4, in- cluded or exserted; anther-sacs not mucronate atthe base. Ovules 3-10 in each cavity of the ovary; apex of the style recurved; stigma simple, or of 2 unequal lobes. Capsule oblong or club-shaped, compressed or terete, 6-20-seeded. Seeds compressed, ovate or orbicular, at- tached by their edges to the retinacula. [Named for I. Ruel or de la Ruelle, 1474-1537, an early French herbalist. ] About 200 species, mainly of tropical America, a few in Africa, Asia and Australia. Besides the following, some 5 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. Flowers sessile or nearly so. Calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, scarcely exceeding the capsule. 1. R. strepens. Calyx-segments filiform-linear, much exceeding the capsule. 2. R. ciliosa. Flowers peduncled; peduncle with two large bracts at the summit. 3. R. pedunculata, 1. Ruellia strépens IL. Smooth Ruellia. (Fig. 3371.) Ruellia strepens Y,. Sp. Pl. 634. 1753. A Glabrate, or somewhat pubescent; stem erect, slender, simple, or branched, 4-sided, 1°-4° high, the branches ascending. Leaves oblong, oval, or ovate, petioled, acute or sub- acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, 3/-6’ long; petioles 2’’-10’’ long; flowers solitary or several together in the axils; calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, shorter than the corolla- tube, slightly pubescent or ciliate, 8//—12’/ long, %4’/-1’ wide; corolla blue, 114/—2’ long, the limb nearly as broad, the tube about as long as the throat and limb; capsule club- shaped, longer than or equalling the calyx. In dry woods, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, south to Florida and Texas. . May-July. Ruellia strépens micrantha (Engelm. & Gray) Britton. Dipteracanthus micranthus Engelm. & Gray, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5: 257. 1845. Ruellia strepens var. cleistantha A. Gray, Syn. Fl, 2: Parti, 327. 1878. 7 Flowers mostly cleistogamous; leaves often narrower. Range of the type. Vor. III.] ACANTHUS FAMILY. 203 2. Ruellia cilidsa Pursh. MHairy Ruellia. (Fig. 3372.) ; Ruellia ciliosa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 420. 1814. Similar to the preceding species, but hir- sute or pubescent, at least above; stem erect, or ascending, rather stout, 1°-2%° high. Leaves hairy, ciliate oblong, oval, or ovate, sessile or short-petioled, obtuse or subacute at the apex, narrowed at the base, 1}4/-3/ long; flowers clustered or solitary in the axils, sometimes cleistogamous; calyx-seg- ments filiform, hirsute, 10’’-12’’ long, about \(// wide; corolla blue, 114’—2’ long, the tube equalling or longer than the obconic throat and nearly regular limb; capsule shorter than the calyx. In dry soil, southern New Jersey and Pennsyl- vania,to Florida, west to Michigan, Nebraska and Louisiana. Perhaps includes several species. June-Sept. Ruellia cilidsa parviflora (Nees) Britton. Dipleracanthus ciliosus var. parviflorus Nees, Linnaea, 16: 294. 1842. Ruellia ciliosa var. ambigua A. Gray, Syn. Fl. Beart, 320. 1875. Glabrous or nearly so throughout, or the calyx pubescent; leaves often manifestly petioled. Virginia to Alabama. 3. Ruellia pedunculata Torr. Stalked Ruellia. (Fig. 3373.) Ruellia pedunculata Torr.; A. Gray, Syn. FI. 2: Part 1, 326. 1878. Finely pubescent; stem erect, 1°-2%° tall, the branches spreading. Leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute or acum- inate at the apex, narrowed at the base, short-petioled, the larger 2/-3/ long; pe- duncles slender, spreading, 1/-3/ long, with 2 leaf-like bracts at the summit which subtend a solitary flower, or 2 or 3 slender-pedicelled ones with pedicels similarly bracted; calyx-segments awn- like, equalling the narrow corolla-tube, or shorter; corolla funnelform, 1%4/—2’ long; capsule about 10’ long, puberulent, longer than the calyx. In dry soil, Missouri to Arkansas and Louisiana. June-Sept. 3. DIANTHERAS Tasps P27. 92753. Herbs, mostly perennial, with entire or rarely dentate leaves, and small or large very ir- regular flowers, variously clustered or solitary in the axils. Calyx deeply 4-5-parted, the segments narrow. Corolla-tube slender, short or elongated, curved or nearly straight, the limb conspicuously 2-lipped; upper lip interior in the bud, erect or ascending, concave, entire, or 2-dentate; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 2, inserted on the throat of the corolla, not exceeding the upper lip; anther-sacs ovate or oblong, slightly divergent,not mucronate, separa- ted by arather broad connective. Ovules 2 in each cavity of the ovary; styleslender; stigma entire, or 2-lobed. Capsule contracted at the base into a long stipe, about 4-seeded. Seeds flat, | orbicular or ovate, the placentae not separating from the walls of the capsule. [Greek, double anthers. | About 100 species, native of tropical America, a few in tropical Asia and Africa. Besides the following, 4 others occur in the southern aud southwestern United States. Flowers capitate, the heads dense, at length oblong. 1. D. Americana. Flowers in loose spikes. 2. D. ovata. 204 ACANTHACEAE. [Vor. III. 1. Dianthera Americana L,. Dense-flowered Water Willow. (Fig. 3374.) Dianthera Americana ¥,. Sp. Pl. 27. 1753. Perennial, glabrous; stem erect, grooved and angled, slender, usually simple, 1°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceo- late, gradually acuminate, 3/-6’ long, 3//- 8’’ wide, entire, narrowed at the base into short petioles, or sessile; flowers violet, or nearly white, capitate-spicate at the ends of slender axillary peduncles which are shorter than or equal the leaves; bractlets linear- subulate, shorter than the flowers; corolla 5’’-6’’ long, its tube shorter than the lips, the base of the lower lip rough and palate- like; capsule 6’’ long, exceeding the calyx, its stipe about the length of the slightly compressed body. In water and wet places, Ontario and Michi- gan to Georgia and Texas. May-Aug. 2. Dianthera ovata Walt. lLoose-flowered Water Willow. (Fig. 3375.) Dianthera ovata Walt. Fl. Car. 63. 1788. Dianthera humilis Engelm. & Gray, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5: 230. Name only. 1845. Perennial, glabrous; stem ascending or erect from a horizontal base, slender, 6’—20/ high, simple, or sparingly branched. Leaves short-petioled, or sessile, ovate, oblong, oval, lanceolate, or linear, 1/-3/ long, 2’/-18’’ wide; flowers in loose slender-peduncled axillary spikes, which become 1/-3/ long; peduncles shorter than or but little exceeding the leaves; calyx-segments narrowly linear, much longer than the bracts and bractlets; corolla pale purple, 4’’-5’’ long; capsule about 6’ long. In wet soil, especially along streams, southern Virginia to Florida, west to Arkansasand Texas. June-Aug. 4. DIAPEDIUM Konig; Konig & Sims, Ann, Bot. 2: 189. 1806. [DIcLIPTERA Juss. Ann. Mus. Paris, 9: 267. 1807. ] Erect or diffuse branched pubescent or glabrous herbs, with entire petioled leaves, and blue red or violet flowers, subtended by involucres of 2-4 distinct or connate bracts, the in- florescence mostly cymose or spicate, the involucres subtending 1 flower or several. Calyx 4-5-cleft, the lobes linear or subulate. Corolla-tube slender, slightly enlarged above, the limb conspicuously 2-lipped; upper lip erect, concave, interior in the bud, entire or 2-3-toothed; lower lip spreading, entire or 3-toothed. Stamens 2; anther-sacs parallel, sometimes unequal, separated by a narrow connective. Style filiform; ovules 2 in each cavity of the ovary. Capsule flattened, ovate or suborbicular, sessile or stipitate, 2-4-seeded. Placentae separat- ing elastically from the walls of the capsule. Seeds compressed, nearly orbicular. _ About 60 species, natives of warm and tropical regions. Besides the following, 4 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States, Vou. III.] ACANTHUS FAMILY. 205 1. Diapedium brachiatum (Pursh) Kuntze. Diapedium. (Fig. 3376.) Justicia brachiata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 13. 1814. Dicliptera brachiata Spreng. Syst. 1:86. 1825. Diapedium brachiatum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 485. 1891. Annual (?), glabrate, or pubescent; stem slender, 6-grooved, erect, much branched, 1°- 2° high. Leaves ovate, membranous, long- petioled, acuminate or acute at the apex, nar- rowed or rounded at the base, 3/-6’ long, 1/3’ wide; inflorescence paniculate,the involucres 1-4-flowered, each of 2 oblong or obovate, obtuse or mucronate, opposite bracts; corolla 8’’-12” long, pink or purple, the lips about as long as the slender tube; upper lip 2-3- toothed, the lower entire; capsule oblong, 2//— 3’ high, a little longer than the involucre, the valves slightly divergent in dehiscence, the placentae curving upward and remaining attached to their summits. In moist thickets, Kansas (according to Smyth); Indian Territory to Texas, Florida and North Carolina. July-Oct. Family 32. PHRYMACEAE Schauer in DC. Prodr. 11: 520. 1847. LOPSEED FAMILY. An erect perennial herb with divaricate branches, opposite membranous simple leaves, and small irregular purplish flowers, distant in slender elongated spikes. Calyx cylindric, 2-lipped; upper lip 2-cleft, the teeth setaceous; lower lip much shorter, 3-toothed, the teeth subulate. Corolla-tube cylindric, the limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect, concave, emarginate; lower lip larger, spreading, con- vex, 3-lobed, the lobes obtuse. Stamens 4, didynamous, included. Ovary ob- lique, 1-celled; ovule 1, orthotropous, ascending; style slender; stigma 2-lobed. Calyx reflexed in fruit, enclosing the dry achene, becoming prominently ribbed, closed andits teeth hooked at the ends. Cotyledons convolute; radicle superior. Consists of the following: 1. PHRYMA aps Le Gore rss. A monotypic genus of eastern North America, east- ern and central Asia. 1. Phryma Leptostachya I. Lopseed. (Fig. 3377.) Phryma Leptostachya 1,. Sp. Pl. 601. 1753. Puberulent; stem somewhat 4-sided, sometimes constricted above the nodes, branched above, the branches slender, elongated, divergent. Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate at the apex, obtuse or narrowed at the base, very thin, coarsely dentate, 2/-6’ long, the lower petioled, the upper often nearly sessile; spikes very narrow, 3/-6’ long; flowers about 3/’ long, mostly opposite, distant, borne on very short minutely 2-bracteolate pedicels, at first erect, soon spreading, the calyx, after flowering, abruptly reflexed against the axis of the spike. In woods and thickets, Canada to Minnesota, south to Florida and Kansas. June-Aug. Family 33. PLANTAGINACEAE Lindl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 267. 1836. PLANTAIN FAMILY. Annual or perennial, mostly acaulescent or short-stemmed, rarely stolonifer- ous herbs, with basal, or, in the caulescent species, opposite or alternate leaves, and small perfect polygamous or monoecious flowers, bracteolate in dense ter- minal long-scaped spikes or heads, or rarely solitary. Calyx 4-parted, inferior, persistent, the segments imbricated. Corolla hypogynous, scarious or mem- 206 PLANTAGINACEAE. (Vor, III. branous, mostly marcescent, 4-lobed. Stamens 4 or 2 (only 1 in an Andean genus), inserted on the tube or throat of the corolla; filaments filiform, exserted or included; anthers versatile, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary sessile, superior, 1-2-celled, or falsely 3-4-celled. Style filiform, simple, mostly longitudinally stigmatic. Ovules 1-several in each cavity of the ovary, peltate, amphitropous. Fruit a pyxis, circumscissile at or below the middle, or an indehiscent nutlet. Seeds 1-several in each cavity of the fruit; endosperm fleshy; cotyledons narrow; radicle short, mostly straight. Three genera and over 200 species, of wide geographic distribution. Flowers in terminal spikes or heads; fruit a pyxis. 1. Plantago. Flowers monoecious, the staminate solitary, peduncled, the pistillate sessile among the linear leaves; fruit indehiscent. 2. Littorella. 1. PLANTAGO L.. Sp. Pl. 112. 1753. Acaulescent or short-stemmed herbs, the scapes arising from the axils of the basal or al- ternate leaves, bearing terminal spikes or heads of small greenish or purplish flowers (flowers solitary in a few exotic species). Calyx-segments equal, or two of them larger. Corolla salverform, the tube cylindric, or constricted at the throat, the limb spreading in anthesis, erect, spreading or reflexed in fruit, 4-lobed or 4-parted. Stamens 4or2. Ovary 2-celled, or falsely 3-4-celled; ovules 1-several in each cavity. Fruita membranous pyxis, mostly 2-celled. Seeds various, sometimes hollowed out on the inner side. [The Latin name. ] Over 200 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 6 others occur in the western and southwestern parts of North America. Known as Plantain, Ribwort or Road-weed. + Stem acaulescent; flowers spicate or capitate at the ends of scapes, Corolla-lobes spreading or reflexed in fruit, not closed over the top of the pyxis. Leaves ovate, lanceolate or oblong. Seeds several or many in each pyxis. Pyxis ovoid, circumscissile at about the middle. 1. P. major. Pyxis oblong, circumscissile much below the middle. 2. P. Rugelit. Seeds 2-4 in each pyxis. : Leaves all narrowed at the base, parallel-ribbed. Seeds excavated on the inner side. : Seeds flat or but slightly concave on the inner side. Capsule equalling or a little longer than the calyx. Spike very dense; leaves pubescent. 4. P. media. Lower flowers scattered; leaves glabrous or very nearlyso. 5. P. eriopoda. 6. a . P. lanceolata. w& Capsule twice as long as the calyx. P. sparstflora. Leaves, or some of them, cordate; veins starting from the midrib. P. cordata, Leaves linear or filiform. Leaves fleshy; plant maritime. 8. Leaves not fleshy; plants not maritime. Spike densely tomentose; bracts usually not longerthan calyx. 9. P. Purshit. Plant green and glabrate; bracts much longer than the calyx. 10. P. arisfaia, Corolla-lobes erect and closed over the top of the pyxis. P. maritima. Leaves spatulate to obovate; stamens 4. 1. P. Virginica. Leaves linear-filiform; stamens 2. Capsule about 4-seeded, slightly exceeding the calyx. 12, P. elongata. Capsule 8-20-seeded, twice as long as the calyx. ; 13. P. heterophylla. % % Stem erect, leafy; flowers capitate at the ends of axillary peduncles. 14. P. avenaria. 1. Plantago major I. Common, or Greater Plantain. (Fig. 3378.) Plantago major \,. Sp. Pl. 112. 1753. Perennial, glabrous or somewhat pubescent; rootstock short, thick, erect; scapes longer than the leaves. Leaves spreading or ascending, long-petioled, mostly ovate, obtuse or acutish, narrowed, rounded or cordate at the base, entire, or coarsely dentate, 1/-10’ long, 3-11-ribbed; scapes 2/-3° high; spike linear-cylindric, us- ually very dense, commonly blunt at the sum- mit, 2-10’ long, 3’’-4’’ thick; flowers perfect, proterogynous; sepals broadly ovate to obovate, scarious on the margins, one-half to two-thirds as long as the ovoid obtuse or subacute, 5-16- seeded pyxis, which is circumscissile at about the middle; corolla-lobes spreading or reflexed on the summit of the pyxis; stamens 4. _ In waste places, nearly throughout North Amer- ica. Naturalized from Europe, or perhaps indige- nous in the far North and on salt meadows. Small leaves are occasionally borne near the bases of the spikes, and the spikes are rarely branched. The salt meadow plant may be distinct. May-Sept. Old names, Bird-seed, Broad-leaf, Hen-plant, Lamb’s-foot, Waybread, Healing-blade, Dooryard Plantain, Vor. III.] PLANTAIN FAMIT Vv 207 2. Plantago Rugeélii Dec. Rugel’s Plantain. (Fig. 3379.) Plantago Rugelit in DC. Prodr. 13: Part 1, 700. 1852, Similar to the preceding species, the spikes less dense, at least toward the base, usually long-at- tenuate at the summit, sometimes 5’ thick. Sepals oblong, prominently keeled on the back, the ma:- gins green or scarious; pyxis oblong-cylindric, 2//— 3/’ long, twice as long as the sepals, circumscissile much below the middle and entirely within the calyx, 4-10 seeded; corolla-lobes spreading or re- flexed on the summit of the pyxis; stamens 4. In fields, woods and waste places, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota, south to Florida, Kansas and Texas. Petioles commonly purple at the base. Usually bright- er green and with thinner leaves than P. major. This species, or the preceding one, was known to the In- dians as ‘‘ White Man’s Foot.’’ June-Sept. 3. Plantago lanceolata L. Ribwort. Rib-grass. English Plantain. Snake Plantain. (Fig. 3380.) Plantago lanceolata I,. Sp. Pl. 113. 1753. Perennial or biennial, more or less pubescent; rootstock short, erect, with tufts of brown hairs at the bases of the leaves. eaves narrowly ob- long-lanceolate, mostly erect, shorter than the scapes, entire, acute or acuminate at the apex, gradually narrowed into petioles, 3-5-ribbed, 2/- 12’ long, 3/’-12’ wide; scapes slender, chan- nelled, sometimes 214° tall; spikes very dense, at first short and ovoid, becoming cylindric, blunt and 14/-4’ long in fruit, 4//-6’’ thick; flowers perfect, proterogynous; sepals ovate, with a nar- row green midrib and broad scarious margins, the two lower ones commonly united; corolla _ glabrous, its tube very short; filaments white; pyxis oblong, very obtuse, 2-seeded, slightly longer than the calyx, circumscissile at about the middle; seeds deeply excavated on the face. In fields and wasie places, New Brunswick to the Northwest Territory and British Columbia, south to - Florida and Kansas. Naturalized from Europe; native also of Asia. Sepals rarely metamorphosed into small leaves. April-Noy. Old names, Black-jacks, Jack-straws, Dog’s-rib, Cocks, Kemps, Leechwort, Ram’s-tongue, Rattail, Windles, Long Plantain, Ripple-grass, Kempseed, Headsman, Hen-plant, Clock, Chimney-sweeps. 4. Plantago média I, Hoary Plantain. (Fig. 3381.) Planitago media I,. Sp. Pl. 113. 1753. Perennial, intermediate in aspect between /P. major and P. lanceolata, the short rootstock clothed with brown hairs among the bases of the leaves. Leaves spreading, ovate, broadly oblong or elliptic, obtuse or acute at the apex, entire, or repand-den- tate, densely and finely canescent, 5-7-ribbed, nar- rowed-at the base into margined, usually short petioles; scapes slender, much longer than the leaves, 1°-2° tall; spikes very dense, cylindric and 1/-3/ long in fruit, about 3/’ thick; flowers perfect, white; sepals all distinct, oblong, with a narrow green midrib and broad scarious margins; corolla glabrous; stamens pink or purple; pyxis oblong, ob- tuse, about as long as the calyx, 2-4-seeded, the seeds merely concave on the face; stamens 4. In waste places, Maine, Rhode Island, Ontario and New York. Adventive from Europe. Native also of Asia. May-Sept. Old names, Fire-leaves, Fire-weed, Lamb’s Lettuce, Lamb’s Tongue, Healing Herb. OB Kae Tn O4 7 PLANTAGINACEAE. [Vou. TIT. 5. Plantago eridpoda Torr. Saline Plantain. (Fig. 3382.) Planiago glabra Nutt. Gen. 1: too, 1818? Plantago ertopoda Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 2: 237. 1827. Perennial, succulent; rootstock long, usually densely covered with long brown hairs among the bases of the leaves. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceo- late, or oblanceolate, entire, or repand-dentate, acute at the apex, narrowed into petioles, 5-9-rib- bed, 3/-12’ long, 14’-114’ wide, glabrous or very nearly so; scapes stout, more or less pubescent, longer than the leaves, 6/-18’ high; spikes 1/-5/ long, dense above, the lower flowers scattered; flowers perfect; sepals distinct, oblong-obovate with a narrow green midrib and broad scarious margins; corolla glabrous, its lobes spreading or reflexed; pyxis ovoid-oblong, very obtuse, one-third longer than the calyx, 2-4-seeded, circumscissile below the middle; seeds nearly flat. In maritime or saline soil, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, California and the Northwest Territory. June-Sept. 6. Plantago sparsifldra Michx. South- ern Plantain. (Fig. 3383.) Bhs fo sparsiflora Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. I: 94. 1503. Perennial, pubescent, or glabrate; scapes very slender, sometimes 2° tall, much longer than the leaves. Leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate, 3/—10’ long, %/-1’ wide, 5-7-ribbed, acute or acuminate at the apex, entire, narrowed into slightly mar- gined petioles; spikes loosely flowered, sometimes 1° long; flowers perfect; sepals oblong or oval, rather rigid, with a broad green midrib and nar- row scarious margins; corolla glabrous, its lobes not erect over the fruit; pyxis oblong, 214’’ long, twice as long as the calyx, 2-seeded; seeds convex In sandy dry soil, North Carolina to Florida and in southern Illinois. on the back, slightly concave on the face. pp lb 7. Plantago cordata Lam. Heart-leaved Plantain. Water Plantain. (Fig. 3384.) Plantago cordata Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 338. 1791. Perennial, glabrous, purple-green; rootstock short, very stout. Leaves broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, pinnately veined, obtuse or acute at the apex, entire or dentate, rounded, abruptly narrowed, or cordate at the base, often 10’ long; petioles stout, margined above; scapes stout, lon- ger than the leaves; spikes loosely flowered, sometimes 1° long, with interrupted clusters; flowers perfect; sepals ovate to obovate, obtuse, green; corolla-lobes spreading; pyxis ovoid- globose, obtuse, circumscissile at or slightly below the middle, I-4-seeded; seeds not exca- vated on the face. In swamps and along streams, New York to Ala- bama, west to Missouriand Louisiana. March-July. VoL. III.] PLANTAIN FAMILY. 209 8. Plantago maritima L. Sea or Seaside Plantain. (Fig. 3385.) Plantago maritima L,. Sp. Pl. 114. _ 1753. Plantago decipiens Barneoud, Mon. Plantag.16. 1845. Annual, biennial, or perennial, fleshy; root- stock stout or slender, sometimes with tufts of whitish hairs among the bases of the leaves. Leaves linear, glabrous, very obscurely nerved, sessile, or narrowed into short margined petioles, 2’-10’ long, entire, or with a very few small teeth, 1//-2'4// wide; scapes slender, more or less pubes- cent, longer than or equalling the leaves; spikes dense, linear-cylindric, blunt, 1/-5’ long; flowers perfect; sepals ovate-lanceolate to nearly orbicular, green, somewhat keeled; corolla pubescent with- out, its lobes spreading; pyxis ovoid-oblong, ob- tuse, 2-4-seeded, circumscissile at about the mid- dle, nearly twice as long as the calyx; seeds nearly flat on the face. In salt marshes and on sea-shores, Labrador to New Jersey, and on the Pacific Coast from Alaska to Califor- nia. Also on the coasts of Europe and Asia. Called also Buckshorn, Gibbals, Sea Kemps. June-Sept. g. Plantago PurshiiR. & S. Pursh’s Plantain. (Fig. 3386.) Plantago Purshit R. & S. Syst. 3: 120. 1818. Plantago gnaphalioides Nutt. Gen. I: 100, 1818. Plantago Patagonica var. gnaphalioides A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 269. 1856. Annual, woolly or silky all over, pale green; scapes slender, 2’-15’ tall, longer than the leaves. Leaves ascending, linear, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed into margined petioles, 1-3-nerved, 114’’-4’’ wide, entire, or very rarely with a few small teeth; spikes very dense, cylindric, obtuse, 1/-5’ long, about 3/7 in diameter, exceedingly woolly; bracts rigid, equalling or slightly exceeding the flowers; flowers perfect but heterogonous, many of them cleistogamous; sepals oblong, obtuse, scarious- margined; corolla-lobes broadly ovate, spread- ing; stamens 4; pyxis oblong, obtuse, 11/’/ dong, little exceeding the calyx, 2-seeded, circumscis- sile at about the middle; seeds convex on the back, deeply concave on the face. On dry plains and prairies, Illinois and western Ontario to British Columbia, south to Texas and northern Mexico. May—Aug. gia 1o. Plantago aristata Michx. Large- bracted Plantain. (Fig. 3387.) Plantago aristata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:95. 1803. Plantago Patagonica var. aristata A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 269. 1856. Annual, dark green, villous, or glabrate; scapes stout, erect, 6’-18’ tall, exceeding the leaves. Leaves linear, acuminate at the apex, entire, nar- rowed into slender petioles, sometimes prominently 3-ribbed, 114’/-4’’ wide; spikes very dense, cylin- dric, 1/-6’ long, pubescent but not woolly; bracts puberulent, linear, elongated, ascending, the lower often ro times as long as the flowers; flowers very similar to those of the preceding species; pyxis 2- ~ seeded; the seeds concave on the face. On dry plains and prairies, Illinois to Louisiana and ‘Texas, west to British Columbia and New Mexico. Also widely adventive as a weed in the eastern States from Maine to Georgia, its eastern natural limits now diffi- cult to determine. May-Oct. iii\ / I4 210 PLANTAGINACEAE. [Vor. III. 11, Plantago Virginica L. Dwarf or White Dwarf Plantain. (Fig. 3388.) Plantago Virginica I,. Sp. Pl. 113. 1753. Annual or biennial, pubescent or villous; scapes erect, slender, 1/-18’ high, much longer than the leaves. Leaves spatulate or obovate, obtuse or acu- tish, thin, entire, or repand-denticulate, narrowed into margined petioles, or almost sessile, varying greatly in size, 3-5-nerved, ascending or spreading; spikes very dense, or the lower flowers scattered, linear-cylindric, obtuse, 3/’-4’’ thick, usually 1/-4” long, but in dwarf forms reduced to 2-6 flowers; flowers imperfectly dioecious; corolla-lobes of the fertile plants erect and connivent on the top of the pyxis, those of the sterile widely spreading; sta- mens 4; pyxis oblong, about as long as the calyx, appearing beaked by the connivent corolla-lobes, 2-4-seeded. In dry soil, Connecticut to Florida, west to Illinois, Missouri, Arizonaand northern Mexico. March-July. Plantago occidentalis Dec. (P. Virginica var. longi- Solia A, Gray), of the Southwest, with larger leaves, longer spikes and larger flowers may be specifically distinct. It is reported from Missouri. 12. Plantago elongata Pursh. Slender Plantain. (Fig. 3389.) Plantago elongata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 729. 1814. Plantago pusilla Nutt. Gen. 1: 100, 1818. Annual, puberulent; scapes filiform, 2/-7’ high, longer than the linear-filiform, mostly entire, blunt- pointed obscurely 1-nerved leaves. Leaves about 4%4/’ wide; spikes slender, linear, rather loosely flowered, 14/-3/ long, 114’’-2’’ thick; flowers im- perfectly dioecious, or polygamous; sepals oblong, obtuse, about as long as the bract, scarious-mar- gined; corolla-lobes of the more fertile plants be- coming erect over the pyxis; stamens 2; pyxis ovoid-oblong, obtuse, one-fourth to one-third longer than the calyx, about 4-seeded, circumscissile at about the middle; seeds nearly flat on both sides. SORE. RRP RELR BT. “s RFR In dry sandy soil, southern New York to Virginia and Louisiana, west to Illinois, Oregon, Utah and Texas. April-Aug. A 13. Plantago heterophylla Nutt. Many- seeded Plantain. (Fig. 3390.) Plantago heterophylla Nutt. Trans, Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 5:177- 1833-37. Annual, similar to the preceding species, but glabrous or slightly puberulent; scapes ascending or spreading, equalling or exceeding the leaves, 2’-10’ long. Leaves narrowly linear or filiform, the larger about 2/’ wide, entire or often with several distant small teeth or linear lobes; spikes loose, linear, 14/-5’ long; sepals oblong, obtuse, scarious-mar- gined, mostly shorter than the bract; corolla-lobes in the more fertile plants becoming erect over the pyxis; stamens 2; pyxis oblong, subacute, about twice as long as the calyx, 7-30-seeded, circumscis- sile rather below the middle; seeds somewhat angled, scarcely concave on the face. In moist soil, New Jersey to Florida,'westjto Ala- bama, Texas and southern California. April-July. Vor. III.] PLANTAIN FAMILY. 14. Plantago arenaria W. & K. Sand Plantain. (Fig. 3391.) Plantago arenaria W. & K. Pl. Rar. Hung. 1: 51. pl. 57. 1802. Annual, pubescent, somewhat viscid; stem simple, or commonly becoming much branched, leafy, 3/-15’ high. Leaves opposite, or whorled, narrowly linear, entire, sessile, 1/-3/ long, about 1/’ wide; peduncles axillary, often umbellate at the ends of the stem and branches, slender, as long as the !leaves or longer; heads of flowers conic, oval, or subglobose, 5//—10/’ long, about 5’ thick; lower bracts acute or acumi- nate; calyx-lobes unequal; corolla-lobes ovate to lan- ceolate, acute; capsule 2-seeded. Dayton, Ohio. Adventive or fugitive from central Europe. Summer. 2. LITTORELLA L, Mant. 2: 295.1771. A low perennial succulent herb, with linear entire basal leaves and monoecious flowers, the staminate solitary or two together at the summits of slender scapes, the pistillate sessile among the leaves. Sepals 4. Corolla of the staminate flowers with a somewhat urceolate tube, and a spreading 4-lobed limb. Corolla of the pistillate flowers urn-shaped, 3-4-toothed. Staminate flowers with 4 long-exserted stamens, their filaments filiform, the anthers ovate. Pistillate flowers with a single ovary and a long-exserted filiform style. Fruit an indehiscent 1-seeded nutlet. [Latin, shore. ] A monotypic genus of Europe and northern North America. 1. Littorella uniflora (1,.) Rusby. Plan- tain Shore-weed. Shore-grass, (Fig. 3392.) Plantago uniflora Y,. Sp. Pl. 115. 1753. Littorella lacustris I,, Mant. 2: 295. 1771. Littorella uniflora Rusby, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 301. 1894. Tufted, usually growing in mats; leaves bright green, 1/-3 long, %4//-1/’ wide, spreading or as- cending, mostly longer than the scapes of the stam- inate flowers, which bear a small bract at about the middle; sepals lanceolate, mostly obtuse, with a dark green midrib and lighter margins, sometimes only 3 in the fertile flowers; stamens conspicuous, 4/’-6’’ long; corolla-lobes ovate, subacute; pistil- late flowers very small; nutlet about 1/’ long. Borders of lakes and ponds, Maine and Vermont to Nova Scotia and Ontario. July-Aug. Family 34. RUBIACEAE B. Juss, Hort. Irian. 1750. MADDER FAMILY, Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with simple, opposite or sometimes verticillate, mostly stipulate leaves, and perfect, often dimorphous or trimorphous, regular and nearly symmetrical flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb var- ious. Corolla gamopetalous, funnelform, club-shaped, campanulate, or rotate, 4-5-lobed, often pubescent within. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, inserted on its tube or throat; anthers mostly linear- oblong. Ovary 1-10-celled; style short or elongated, simple or lobed; ovules I-o in each cavity. Fruit a capsule, berry, or drupe. Seeds various; seed- coat membranous or crustaceous; endosperm fleshy or horny (wanting in some exotic genera); cotyledons ovate, cordate, or foliaceous. i212 RUBIACEAE. (Vou. III. About 355 genera and 5500 species of very wide geographic distribution, most abundant in tropical regions. Known as Madderworts. % Leaves opposite, stipulate (sometimes verticillate in No. 3). Ovules numerous in each cavity of the ovary; herbs. Top of the capsule free from the ovary; seeds few, peltate. Capsule wholly adnate to the ovary; seeds minute, angular. . Oldenlandia. Ovules 1 in each cavity of the ovary. Shrubs; flowers in dense globular heads. 3. Cephalanthus. Low evergreen herbs; flowers 2 together, their ovaries united. 4. Mitchella. 2 . Houstonia, ne Herbs; flowers axillary, nearly sessile, distinct. Capsule separating into 2 dehiscent carpels. . Spermacoce. Capsule separating into 2 (or 3) indehiscent carpels. P 6. Diodia, % % Leaves appearing verticillate; herbs (some of the leaves rarely opposite in No. 7). Corolla rotate; calyx teeth minute or none. 7. Galium. Corolla funnelform. Flowers in involucrate heads. 8. Sherardia. Flowers in panicles. g. Asperula. 1. HOUSTONIA L. Sp. Pl. 105. 1753. Erect or diffuse, usually tufted herbs, with opposite entire often ciliate leaves, and small blue purple or white, mostly dimorphous flowers. Calyx-tube globose or ovoid, 4-lobed, the lobes distant. Corolla funnelform or salverform, 4-lobed, the lobes valvate, the throat gla- brous or pubescent. Stamens 4, inserted on the tube or throat of the corolla; anthers linear or oblong. Ovary 2-celled. Style slender; ovules numerous in each cavity; stigmas 2, linear. Capsule partly inferior, its summit free from the calyx, globose-didymous, or emarginate at the apex, loculicidally dehiscent above. Seeds few or several in each cavity, peltate, more or less concave, not angled. Seed-coat reticulate or roughened; endosperm horny; embryo club-shaped. [Named in honor of Dr. William Houston, botanist and collector in South America, died 1733. ] About 25 species, natives of North America and Mexico. »% Plants 1-7’ high; peduncles 1-flowered. + Peduncles filiform, 1'-2'%’ long. Erect; leaves obovate or spatulate, narrowed into petioles. . H. coerulea. Diffuse or spreading; leaves nearly orbicular. 2. H. serpyllifolia, + + Peduncles 3'’-18"’ long, stouter. Calyx-lobes narrow, about equalling the capsule. 3. H. minor. Calyx-lobes broad, much exceeding the capsule. 4. Hl. minima. % % Plants 4’-18’ high; flowers cymose, Leaves broad, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate. Leaves oblong or spatulate, ciliate. a & Leaves linear-lanceolate or oblanceolate, not ciliate. . H. longifolia. Leaves filiform or narrowly linear. : Flowers loosely cymose on filiform pedicels ; leaves not fascicled. | . A. tenutfolia. Flowers densely cymose on very short pedicels; leaves usually fascicled. 9. H. angustifolia. - . H. purpurea. . HH, ciliolata, San ao 1. Houstonia coerulea I. Bluets. Innocence. (Fig. 3393.) Houstonia coerulea \,. Sp. Pl. 105. 1753. Hedyotts coerulea Hook. Fl. Bor, Am, 1: 286. Olena coerulea A, Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 174. 1856. Erect, 3/-7’ high, glabrous, or nearly so, perennial by slender rootstocks and form- ing dense tufts. Lower and basal leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, about 6’’ long; sometimes hirsute or ciliate, narrowed into a petiole, the upper oblong, sessile; flowers solitary on filiform terminal and axillary peduncles; corolla salverform, violet, blue, or white with a yellowcenter, 4//-6’’ broad, its tube slender and about the length of the lobes; capsule didy- mous, compressed, about 2’’ broad and broader than long, the upper half free from the calyx and shorter than its lobes. In open grassy places, or on wet rocks, Nova Scotia to Quebec, New York and Michigan, south to Georgia and Alabama. April-July, or producing a few flowers through the summer. Called also Quaker Ladies, Quaker bonnets, Venus’ Pride. Vor, III.] MADDER FAMILY. 2. Houstonia serpyllifolia Michx. eal Thyme-leaved Bluets. (Fig. 3394.) Houstonia serpyllifolia Michx, Fl. Bor. Am. 1:85. 1803. Hedyotis serpyllifolia T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 39. 1841. Perennial; stems prostrate or diffuse, slender, glabrous, 4’-10’ long. Leaves or- bicular or broadly oval, abruptly petioled, 3/’-4’’ long, sometimes hispidulous; or those of the flowering stems narrower, distant; flowers on terminal and axillary filiform peduncles; corolla usually deep blue, 4//-6’” broad, its tube rather shorter than the lobes; capsule similar to that of the preceding species but usually slightly larger, nearly as long as the calyx. High mountains of Virginia and West Virginia to South Carolina and east Tennes- see. May. 3. Houstonia minor (Michx.) Britton. Small Bluets. (Fig. 3395.) j Floustonia Linnaei var. minor Michx. FI. i i W Bor. Am. I: 35. 1803. J ans Vis. Houstonia patens Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: Ss Y Igl. 1821. fToustonia minor Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 302. 1894. Annual, glabrous or nearly so, branched from the base, 1/-6’ high. Lower and basal leaves oval or ovate, 5/’-6’’ long, narrowed into petioles often of their own length, the upper narrower and sessile; peduncles axillary and terminal, diver- gent, 3//-18/7 long, 1-flowered; corolla violet-blue or purple, 3//-4/’ broad, its tube about equalling the lobes; capsule compressed, didymous, 2%4//-3/’ broad, its upper part free from the calyx and about equalling or exceeding the subulate lobes. In dry soil, Virginia to Florida, Arkansas and Texas. March-April. 4. Houstonia minima Beck. Least Bluets. (Fig. 3396.) Houstonia minima Beck, Am. Journ. Sci. 10: 262. 1826. Hedyolis minima T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2:38. In part. 1841. Oldenlandia minima A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 173. 1856. Annual, spreading or diffuse, 1/-2%4’ high, roughish. Lower and basal leaves oval or ovate, with petioles shorter than or equalling the blade, the upper oblong, sessile; pe- duncles axillary and terminal, rather stout, 3//-12’’ long; flowers 4’/-5’’ broad; corolla violet or purple, the tube longer than the lobes; capsule didymous, compressed, about 3’ broad, its upper part free from the calyx and considerably exceeded by the lanceolate foliaceous lobes. In dry soil, Missouri (and Illinois?) to Arkansas and Texas. March-April. 214 RUBIACEAE. [Vor. III. 5. Houstonia purpurea L. Large Houstonia. (Fig. 3397.) Houstonia purpurea 1. Sp. Pl. 105. 1753. Hedyotis purpurea T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: e 1841. Oldenlandia purpurea A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2,173. 1856. Perennial, stout, erect, tufted, branched or simple, glabrous or somewhat pubescent, 4’-18’ high. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile, or the lower ones short-petioled, 3-5-nerved and pinnately veined, ob- tuse or acute, %4’-2’ long, 3/’-15’’ wide, the margins often ciliate; flowers in terminal cymose clusters; pedi- cels 1/’-4’’ long; corolla purple or lilac, funnelform, 3//-4’’ long, the tube at least twice as long as the lobes; capsule compressed-globose, 114’’ broad, somewhat didymious, its upper half free and considerably shorter than the subulate-linear calyx-lobes. In open places, Maryland to Kentucky, Georgia and Alabama, especially in the mountains. May-Sept. Houstonia purpurea pubéscens Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 4: 125. 1894. Whole plant densely pubescent. Virginia. Houstonia purpurea ealyonge ead Syn. Flor. 1: Part 2, 2 A Leaves lanceolate or narrower, firm; calyx-lobes subu- late, 2'’-4'’ long. North Carolina to Georgia, Alabama and Missouri. Perhaps specifically eae 6. Houstonia ciliolata Torr. Fringed Houstonia. (Fig. 3398.) Houstonia ciliolata Torr. Fl. N. U. S. 1:173. _ 1824. Houstonia igi var. ciliolata A. Gray, Mans Ed. 5, 212. 1867. Perennial, tufted, erect or ascending, 4’-7’ high. Lower‘and basal leaves petioled, thick, 1-nerved, obo- vate"or oblanceolate, obtuse, 6’/-10’’ long, their mar- gins conspicuously ciliate; stem leaves oblong or ob- lanceolate, sessile or nearly so; flowers in corymbed cymes; pedicels filiform, 1//-4’’ long; corolla funnel- form, lilac or pale purple, about 3/’ long, the lobes about one-third the length of the tube; capsule little compressed, obscurely didymous, 114’’ wide, over- topped by the linear-lanceolate calyx-lobes. On rocks and shores, Maine (?), Ontario to Michigan, south to Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Kentucky and Arkansas. Nee 7. Houstonia longifolia Gaertn. Long- leaved Houstonia. (Fig. 3399.) Floustonia longifolia Gaertn. Fruct. 1: 226. pl. 49. f- & 1788. Hou Stonia purpurea var. longifolia A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 212. 1868. Perennial, usually tufted, erect, glabrous, 5/—10/ high. Basal leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, ob- tuse, not ciliate, very short-petioled; stem leaves linear or linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, I-nerved, 6’/-12’” long, 1//-2%4’’ wide; flowers in corymbed cymes; corolla pale purple or nearly white, 2%//— 3’ long, its lobes about one-third the length of the tube; capsule little compressed, globose-ovoid, about 1’ in diameter, its upper half free and much exceeded by the subulate calyx-lobes. In dry open places, Maine and Ontario to Manitoba, south to Georgia and Missouri. May-Sept. Vor. IIT.] MADDER FAMILY. 215 8. Houstonia tenuifolia Nutt. Slender- leaved Houstonia. (Fig. 3400.) Hfoustonia tenutfolia Nutt. Gen. 1:95. 1818. Houstonia purpurea var. tenuifolia A. Gray, Syn. Flor. 1: Part 2, 26. 1878. Perennial, somewhat tufted, very slender and widely branching, erect, glabrous, 6’—1° high, some- times finely pubescent below. Basal and lowest stem leaves ovate or oval, obtuse, petioled, 4/’-6’’ long; upper leaves narrowly linear or filiform, blunt- pointed, 6’’-15’’ long, 34’/’-1%4’’ wide; flowers in loose corymbose cymes; pedicels filiform, 2’’-6’’ long; corolla purple, narrow, 2//-3’’ long, its lobes short; capsule compressed-globose, didymous, about 1/ in diameter, its upper half free and only slightly ex- ceeded by the subulate calyx-lobes. In dry soil, Virginia to Ohio, North Carolina and Ten- messee. May-July. g. Houstonia angustifolia Michx, Nar- row-leaved Houstonia. (Fig. 3401.) Floustonia angustifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am.1:85. 1803. eae angustifolia A. Gray, Pl. Wright. 2: 68. feu Perennial by a deep root, erect, stiff, glabrous, usually branched, 1°-2° high. Leaves linear, 6//— 18’ long, 1//-2/ wide, or the lowest narrowly spatu- late, usually with numerous smaller ones fascicled in the axils, or on short axillary branches; flowers in terminal dense cymose clusters; pedicels short; cor- olla white or purplish, between funnelform and sal- verform, about 2// long, its lobes shorter than the tube; capsule compressed-obovoid, 1 14’ wide, its sum- mit free and scarcely exceeded by the calyx-lobes. In dry open places, Illinois to Kansas and Texas, east Tennessee and Florida. May-July. 2. OLDENLANDIA L, Sp. Pl. 119. 1753. Erect or diffuse slender herbs, with opposite leaves, and small axillary or terminal, soli- tary or clustered, white or pink flowers. Calyx-tube obovoid or subglobose, the limb 4- toothed, Corolla rotate or salverform, 4-lobed. Stamens 4, inserted on the throat of the corolla; anthers oblong. Ovary 2-celled; ovules {numerous in each cavity; style slender, 2-lobed. Capsule small, ovoid, top-shaped, or hemispheric, wholly adnate to the calyx-tube, loculicidally dehiscent at the summit, several or many-seeded. Seeds angular, not peltate; endosperm fleshy; embryo club-shaped. [Named [forj/H. B. Oldenland, a Danish botanist. ] About 175 species, mostly of tropical distribution, most abundant in Asia. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the southern States and 1 in New Mexico. 1. Oldenlandia uniflora L. Clustered Bluets. (Fig. 3402.) Oldenlandia uniflora Y,. Sp. Pl. 119. 1753. Oldenlandia glomerata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 83. 1803. Weak, usually tufted, more or less hirsute-pubescent, diffuse or ascending; stems 1/-15’ long. eaves short- petioled or sessile, mostly thin, entire, 3-5-nerved, ovate, oblong, or oval, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, 14’-1’ long; flowers sessile or nearly so, white, about 1’ broad, terminal and axillary, clustered or sol- itary; calyx-hirsute, hemispheric in fruit, the ovate or oval lobes erect and nearly equalling the tube. In low grounds, southern New York to Florida and Texas. Also in Cuba. Rootannual. June-Sept. Secs tat. V 216 RUBIACEAE. (Von. III. 3. CEPHALANTHUS L. Sp. Pl. 95. 1753. Shrubs, or some tropical species small trees, with opposite or verticillate short-petioled entire leaves, and terminal or axillary, densely capitate, bracteolate small white or yellow flowers. Calyx-tube obpyramidal, its limb with 4 obtuse lobes. Corolla tubular-funnelform, with 4 short erect or spreading lobes. Stamens 4, inserted on the throat of the corolla, fila- ments very short; anthers oblong, 2-cuspidate at the base. Ovary 2-celled; ovules solitary in each cavity, pendulous; style filiform, exserted; stigma capitate. Fruit dry, obpyrami- dal, 1-2-seeded. Endosperm cartilaginous; cotyledons linear-oblong. [Greek, head-flower. ] About 6 species, natives of America and Asia. The following is the only one known to occur in North America, unless the southwestern and Mexican plant proves to be distinct. 1. Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Button-bush. Button-tree. Honey- balls. Globe-flower. (Fig. 3403.) Cephalanthus occidentalis l,. Sp. Pl. 95. 1753. A shrub 3°-12° high, with opposite or verti- cillate leaves and branches, glabrous, or somewhat pubescent. Leaves petioled, ovate or oval, entire, acuminate or acute at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, 3/—6’ long, 1/-2%’ wide; peduncles 1/—3/ long; heads globose, about 1’ in diameter, the re- ceptacle pubescent; flowers sessile, white, 4/’-6/’ long; style very slender, about twice the length of the corolla; calyx-tube pro- longed beyond the ovary. Inswamps,and low grounds, New Brunswick to western Ontario and California, south to Florida, Texas and Arizona. Alsoin Cuba. Also called Pond Dogwood, Buttonwood Shrub, June-Sept. 4. MITCHELLA L. Sp. Pl. rrr. 1753- Creeping herbs, with opposite petioled, entire or undulate, evergreen leaves, and white axillary or terminal peduncled geminate dimorphons flowers, their ovaries united. Calyx- tube ovoid, the limb 3-6-lobed (usually 4-lobed). Corolla funnelform, usually 4-lobed, the lobes recurved, bearded on the inner side. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and inserted on its throat; filaments short and style exserted, or filaments exserted and style short. Ovary 4-celled; stigmas 4, short, filiform; ovules rt in each cavity, erect, anatropous, Fruit composed of 2 united drupes usually containing 8 roundish nutlets. Seed erect; cotyledons. short, obtuse; embryo minute. [Named after Dr. John Mitchell, botanist and correspondent of Linnaeus in Virginia. ] Two species, one North American, the other Japanese. 1. Mitchella répens IL, Partridge-berry. ‘Iwin-berry. (Fig. 3404.) Mitchella repens Y,. Sp. Pl. 111. 1753. Stems slender, trailing, rooting at the nodes, 6’-12 long, branching, glabrous, or very slightly pubescent. Leaves ovate-or- bicular, petioled, obtuse at the apex, rounded or somewhat cordate at the base, 3//-10o’ long, pinnately veined, dark green, shining; peduncles shorter than the leaves, bearing 2 sessile white flowers at the summit; corolla 5’/-6’’ long; drupes red (rarely white), broader than high, 2//— 4’’ in diameter, persistent through the winter, edible. In woods, Nova Scotia to Florida, west to western Ontario, Minnesota, Arkansas and Texas. April-June, sometimes flowering a second time in the autumn. Called also Hive- or Squaw-vine, Checker-berry, Deer-berry, Fox- or Box-berry, Partridge- vine and Winter Clover. Leaves often whit- ish-veined; flower-buds pink. Ascends 5000: ft. in Virginia. Vor. 111.] MADDER FAMILY. 217 5. SPERMACOCE IL, Sp. Pl. 102: 1753. Herbs, with 4-sided stems, opposite pinnately veined stipulate leaves, and small white flowers, in dense axillary and terminal clusters. Calyx-tube obovoid or obconic, its limb 4- toothed. Corolla funnelform, 4-lobed. Stamens 4, inserted on the tube of the corolla; anthers oblong or linear. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 1 in each cavity; style slender; stigma capitate, or slightly 2-lobed. Capsule coriaceous, didymous, of 2 dehiscent carpels, or one dehiscent, the other indehiscent. Seeds oblong, convex on the back; endosperm horny; embryo central; cotyledons foliaceous. [Greek, seed-point, from the sharp calyx-teeth sur- mounting the carpels. ] Two species, natives of America. 1. Spermacoce glabra Michx. Smooth Button-weed. (Fig. 3405.) Spermacoce glabra Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:82. 1803. Glabrous, decumbent or ascending, rather stout; stems 10’—20’ long. Leaves lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, petioled, or the uppermost sessile, 1/-3’ long, 4//—12// wide, acute at each end, the margins rough; corolla pubescent in the throat, about 114’ long, scarcely exceed- ing the ovate-lanceolate acute calyx teeth; stamens and style included; capsule obovoid, about 2’ long, glabrous; seeds black, punctate. On river-banks and in wet soil, southern Ohio and Ken- tucky to Florida and Texas. Also in tropical America, June-Sept. 6. DIODIA J. Sp. Pl. 104. 1753. Decumbent or ascending branching herbs, with opposite, mostly sessile, entire conspicu- ously stipulate leaves, and small axillary white lilac or purple flowers. Calyx tube obconic or obovoid, the limb 2-4-lobed (sometimes 1-6-lobed), often with minute teeth between the lobes. Corolla funnelform or salverform, mostly 4-lobed. Stamens usually 4, inserted on the throat of the corolla; filaments slender; anthers versatile, oblong-linear, exserted. Ovary 2-celled (rarely 3-4-celled); ovules 1 in each cavity; style filiform, simple, or 2-cleft; stigmas 2. Fruit crustaceous or somewhat fleshy, oblong, obovoid, or subglobose, 2-celled, finally separating into 2 indehiscent carpels. Seed oblong, convex on the back; endosperm horny; cotyledons foliaceous; embryo straight. [Greek, thoroughfare, where the species are frequently found. } About 35 species, mostly American. Besides the following, another occurs in the southern States. Leaves linear-lanceolate; style entire; stigmas capitate. 1. D. teres. Leaves lanceolate or oval; style 2-cleft; stigmas filiform. 2. D. Virginiana. 1. Diodia téres Walt. Rough Button-weed. (Fig. 3406. ) Diodia teres Walt. Fl. Car. 87. 1788. Spermacoce diodina Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 1:82. 1803. Rigid, usually rough, much branched from near the base, the branches prostrate or ascending, 4-sided above, 4/-30’ long. Leaves linear or linear-lanceo- late, very rough, %/-1%4’ long, 14’/-3’’ wide, acute, the margins revolute when dry; flowers lilac or pur- ple, 2’’-3’’ long, usually solitary in the axils; style entire; stigmas capitate; fruit obovoid or top-shaped, hispid, about 2’/ high, the usually 4 persistent calyx- lobes ovate to lanceolate. In dry or sandy soil, Connecticut to Florida, west to Illinois, Missouri, Texas, New Mexico and Sonora. July-Sept. 218 RUBIACEAE. [Vou. III. 2. Diodia Virginiana L. Larger Button-weed. (Fig. 3407.) Diodia Virginiana I,. Sp. Pl. 104. 1753. Hispid-pubescent or glabrate, much branched from near the base, the branches procumbent or ascending, 1°-2° long. Leaves lanceolate to narrowly oval, nar- rowed at the base, acute, or the lowest ob- tuse at the apex, 1/-3’ long; flowers I or 2 "in each axil, about 6’ long, the corolla-tube very slender; fruit somewhat fleshy, but becoming dry, hirsute or glabrous, oval, 3/’-4’’ high, furrowed, crowned with the 2 or 3 persistent lanceolate calyx-lobes. In moist soil, southern New Jersey to Flor- ida, west to Arkansas and Texas, June-Aug. 7. GALIUM IL, Sp. Pl. 105. 1753. Annual or perennial herbs, with 4-angled slender stems and branches, apparently verti- cillate leaves, and small white green yellow or purple flowers, mostly in axillary or termi- nal cymes or panicles, the pedicels usually jointed with the calyx. Flowers perfect, or in some species dioecious. Calyx-tube ovoid or globose, the limb minutely toothed, or none. Corolla rotate, 4-lobed (rarely 3-lobed). Stamens 4, rarely 3; filaments short; anthers ex- serted. Ovary 2-celled; ovules rin each cavity. Styles 2, short; stigmas capitate. Fruit didymous, dry or fleshy, smooth, tuberculate, or hispid, separating into 2 indehiscent car- pels, or sometimes only 1 of the carpels maturing. Seed convex on the back, concave on the face, or spherical and hollow; endosperm horny; embryo curved; cotyledons foliaceous, (Greek, milk, from the use of G. verum for curdling.] About 225 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, about 27 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. The leaves are really opposite, the in- tervening members of the verticils being stipules. % Fruit dry, smooth, hispid or roughened. + Annuals. (except No. 1.) 1. Flowers yellow; leaves narrowly linear. 1. G. verum, 2. Flowers white or greenish white. a. Fruit smooth and glabrous. 2. G. Mollugo., b. Fruit bristly, tubercled or papillose. Flowers in axillary cymules, or panicled. Fruit granular or tubercled, not bristly. Fruit slightly granular, or smooth, '4’’ broad; pedicels not recurved; stem very slender. 3. G. Parisiense. Fruit granular-tubercled, 134"’ broad; fruiting pedicels recurved; stem stout. 4. G. tricorne. Fruit densely bristly-hispid. Cymes few-flowered; leaves 1’-3' long; fruit fully 2'’ broad. 5. G. Aparine. Cymes mostly several-flowered; leaves %’-1' long; fruitsmaller. 6. G. spurium. Flowers solitary in the axils, subtended by 2 foliaceous bracts; fruit bristly. 7. G. virgatum. + + Perennials. 1. Fruit bristly-hispid (or becoming glabrous in no. 12). a. Leaves in 4’s, I-nerved. 8. GC. pilesum. b. Leaves in 4’s, 3-nerved. Leaves lanceolate, oval, or ovate; flowers in open cymes. Upper leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. 9. G. lanceolatum. Upper leaves ovate, oblong, oval, ovate-lanceolate or obovate, obtuse. Corolla usually hirsute; plant mostly pubescent; leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate. 10. G. circaezans. Corolla glabrous; plant little pubescent; some leaves obovate. 11. G. Kamtschaticum,. Leaves linear to lanceolate; flowers in terminal panicles. 12. G. boreale. c. Leaves in 6’s. 13. G. triflorum. 2. Fruit smooth and glabrous (warty in no. 15). a. Flowers brown-purple. Leaves lanceolate, 3-nerved; fruit smooth. 14. G. latifolium. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, 1-nerved; fruit warty. 15. G. Arkansanum. b. Flowers white, yellowish, or greenish. Endosperm of seed annular in cross-section. Corolla 4-parted, its lobes acute; stems smooth, or nearlyso. 16. G. tinctorium. Corolla mostly 3-parted, its lobes obtuse; stems minutely retrorse-hispid. Pedicels slender, rough; leaves mostly in q4’s. 17. G. trifidum., Pedicels rather stout, smooth; leaves mostly in 5’s and 6’s. 18. G. Claytont. Vor. III.] MADDER FAMILY. 219 Endospern of seed lunate in cross-section. Leaves obtuse. 19. G. palustre. Leaves acute, or cuspidate. ; Stem nearly or quite smooth. 20. G. concinnnm Stem strongly retrorse-hisgid. 21. G. asprellum, % % Fruit fleshy, resembling a double berry. 22. G. hispidulum. 1. Galium vérum 1. Yellow Bedstraw. R00 Lady’s Bedstraw. (Fig. 3408.) : e Galium verum I,. Sp. Pl. 107. 1753. & RNG Perennial from a somewhat woody base, erect or ciate~< 3 ascending, simple or branched, 6’—214° high. Stems \y A smooth or minutely roughened; leaves in 6’s or 8’s, ) narrowly linear, 4//-12’’ long, about 1%4/’ wide, Dy rough on the margins, at length deflexed; flowers e yellow, the cymes in dense narrow panicles; fruit usually glabrous, less than 1/’ broad. In waste places and fields, Ontario, eastern New England, southern New York and NewJersey. Adven- tive or naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. May-Sept. Called also Cheese-rennet, Curdwort, Bed- flower, Fleawort, Maids’ Hair and Yellow Cleavers, 2. Galium Mollugo I. Wild Madder. White, or Great Hedge Bedstraw. (Fig. 3409. ) Galium Mollugo ¥,. Sp. Pl. 107. 1753. Glabrous or nearly so throughout. Stems erect, or diffusely branched, 1°-3° long; leaves in 6’s or 8’s, oblanceolate or linear, cuspidate at the apex, 6//-15// long, 1’’-2’’ wide, sometimes roughish on the mar- gins; flowers small, white, very numerous in terminal panicled cymes; pedicels filiform; fruit smooth and glabrous, nearly 1/’ broad. In fields and waste places, Newfoundland to Vermont, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware. Ad- ventive or naturalized from Europe. Called also Whip- tongue. May-—Sept. 3. Galium Parisiénse I. Wall Bedstraw. (Fig. 3410.) Galium parisiense I,. Sp. Pl. 108. 1753. Galium Anglicum Huds. Fl. Angl. Ed. 2, 69. 1778. Annual, erect or ascending, very slender, much branch- ed; stem rough on the angles, 6-12’ high. Leaves in verticils of about 6 (4-7), linear or linear-lanceolate, cuspidate, minutely scabrous on the margins and mid- rib, 2//-4’’ long; cymes several-flowered, axillary and terminal on filiform peduncles; flowers minute, greenish- white; fruit glabrous, finely granular, less than 14’’ wide. Along roadsides, Virginia. Adventive or naturalized from Europe. June-Aug. gies 220 RUBIACEAE, [Vou. III. 4. Galium tricérne Stokes. Rough-fruited Corn Bedstraw. (Fig. 3411.) Galium tricorne Stokes; With. Bot. Arr. Brit. Pl. Ed. 2, 1: 153. 1787. Rather stout, decumbent or ascending, 6’-12’ high, simple, or little branched. Stem rough with reflexed prickles; leaves in 6’s or 8’s, linear or narrowly ob- lanceolate, 1’ long or less, 134//-2/’ wide, rough on the margins and midrib; peduncles axillary, shorter than the leaves; pedicels thickened and curved down- ward in fruit; cymes axillary, usually 3- (1-3-) flow- ered; fruit tuberculate or granular, not hispid, 4/’-5’’ broad. In waste places or cultivated fields, eastward (accord- ing to Gray); Ontario, and in ballast about the eastern seaports. May-Aug. 5. Galium Aparine I. Cleavers. Goose- grass. Cleaver-wort. (Fig. 3412.) Galium Aparine \,. Sp. Pl. 108. 1753. Annual, weak, scrambling over bushes, 2°-5° long, the stems retrorsely hispid on the angles. Leaves in 6’s or 8’s, oblanceolate to linear, cuspidate at the apex, 1/-3/ long, 2’/-5’’ wide, the margins and midrib very rough; flowersin I-3-flowered cymesin the upper axils; peduncles 5/’-12’’ long; fruiting pedicels straight; fruit 2/’-3/’ broad, densely covered with short hooked bristles. In various situations, New Brunswick to Ontario, south to Florida, Missouri and Texas. Apparently naturalized from Europe. Widely distributed in temperate regions asaweed. May-Sept. Among some 7o other English names are Catchweed, Beggar-lice, Burhead, Clover-grass, Cling-rascal, Scratch-grass, Wild Hedge-burs, Hairif or Airif, Stick-a-back or Stickle-back, Gosling-grass, Gosling- weed, Turkey-grass, Pigtail, Grip or Grip-grass, Loveman. Sweethearts. 1837. me 4a 6. Galium spurium [,. Lesser-Goose- grass or Cleavers. (Fig. 3413.) Galium spurium I,. Sp. Pl. 106. 1753. Galium Vaillantit DC. Fl. France. 4: 263. 1805. Galium Aparine var. Vaillantii Koch, Fl. Germ. 330 Similar to the preceding species but smaller, the stem equally rough-angled. Leaves smaller, 1’ in length or less, linear-oblong or slightly oblanceolate, cuspi- date-pointed, rough on the margins and midrib; cymes 2-9-flowered; fruit 1//-14’’ broad, usually less hispid, sometimes smooth, or nearly so. In low grounds, Ontario to British Columbia, south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizonaand to California. Alsoin Europe, or the American plant may be distinct from the European. Called also Smooth-fruited Corn Bedstraw. May-Aug. Vor.. III.] MADDER FAMILY, 221 7. Galium virgatum Nutt. Southwest- ern Bedstraw. (Fig. 3414.) aig virgalum Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 20. 1841. Annual, 4’-12’ high, usually hispid, some- times nearly glabrous; stem very slender, 4-an- gled, branched from the base, orsimple. Leaves in 4’s, oblong or linear-oblong, 214//-5/’ long, 1’ wide, or less, obtuse or acutish; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, less than 1/’ long, recurved in fruit; flower white, subtended by 2 large ob- long to lanceolate bracts which closely resemble the leaves; fruit about 1/’ in diameter, covered with slender barbed bristles. Greene Co., Mo., probably introduced from the south; Arkansas to Louisiana and Texas. April- June. 8. Galium pilosum Ait. Hairy Bedstraw. (Fig. 3415.) Galium pilosum Ait. Hort. Kew. 1: 145. 1789. Galium Bermudense I,. Sp. Pl. 105. 1753? Perennial, more or less hirsute-pubescent; stems ascending, branched, 1°-214° long. Leaves in 4’s, oval or oval-ovate, punctate, 1- nerved, obtuse, or obscurely 3-nerved at the base, mucronulate,6’/—-12’’ long, 3//-5’’ wide, the lower usually smaller; peduncles axillary and terminal; cymes numerous but few-flow- ered; pedicels 1//-6’’ long, flowers yellowish- purple; fruit dry, densely hispid, nearly 2// in diameter. In dry or sandy soil, eastern Massachusetts to Indiana, south to Floridaand Texas. June-Aug. Galium pilésum puncticuldsum (Michx.) I. & G. Fl. N. A. 2:24. 1841. Galium puncticulosum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 1: 80. 1803. Glabrous or nearly so; leaves smaller, ciliate. Southern New Jersey to Florida and Texas. Perhaps a distinct species. g. Galium lanceolatum ‘Torr. ‘Tor- rey’s Wild Liquorice. (Fig. 3416.) Galium circaezans var. lanceolatum Torr. Cat. PI. INGMe123., 1SI9: Galium lanceolatum Torr. Fl. U.S. 168. 1824. Galium Torreyi Bigel. Fl. Bost. Ed. 2, 56. 1824. Perennial, glabrous or nearly so, the stems minutely roughened, simple or often branched, 1°-2° high. Leaves in 4’s, lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate, acutish or acuminate, 3-nerved, more or less ciliate on the margins and nerves, 1/-2%4’ long, 5/’-11/’ wide, the lower smaller and obtuse or obtusish; cymes rather few- flowered, loose, widely branched; flowers ses- sile or very nearly so; corolla glabrous, yellow- ish green to purple, its lobes acuminate; fruit dry, hispid with long hairs, 2/’/-21%4’’ broad. In dry woods, Quebec and Ontario to Minnesota, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Michigan. Ascends to 4ooo ft. in Virginia. June-Aug. 11. Galium Kamtschaticum Steller. Northern Wild Liquorice. (Fig. 3418.) Galium Kamitschaticum Steller; R. & S. Mant. 3: 186. 1827. Galium Littellii Oakes, Hovey’s Mag.'7:179. 1841 Galium circaezans var. montanum T. & G. Fl. A. 2:24. 1841. Similar to the preceding species, but weak, smaller, stems 4’-15’ long. Leavesin 4’s, broadly oval, orbicular, or obovate, thin, 3-nerved, ob- tuse, mucronulate, 6’’-18’’ long, 4//-12’” wide, glabrate, or pubescent with short scattered hairs on the upper surface and on the nerves beneath, sometimes ciliate; flowers few, all on pedicels 2//-6’’ long; corolla glabrous, yellowish-green, its lobes acutish; fruit hispid, 2’” broad. In mountainous regions, Quebec, northern New England and northern New York. Also in north- eastern Asia. Summer. RUBIACEAE. (Vor. III. 1o. Galium circaézans Michx. Wild Liquorice. Cross-Cleavers. (Fig. 3417.) G. circaezans Michx. F1. Bor, Am, 1: 80, 1803. Perennial, more or less pubescent, branch- ed, 1°-2° high. Leaves in 4’s, oval, oval- lanceolate or ovate, obtuse or obtusish at the apex, 3-nerved, 6’/-18’’ long, 4’/-8/’ wide, usually somewhat pubescent on both surfaces, the lower smaller; cymes divari- cately branched; flowers sessile or nearly so, greenish; corolla hirsute without, its lobes acute; fruit hispid, similar to that of the preceding species, at length deflexed. In dry woods, Quebecand Ontario to Minne- sota, Florida, Kansas and Texas. May-July. Galium circaézans glabéllum Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 303. 1894. Foliage nearly or quite glabrous; corolla gla- brous. New York. > peal Te aA Y avs \ 2 & Z 12. Galium boreale L. Northern Bedstraw. (Fig. 3419.) Galium boreale I, Sp. Pl. 108. 1753. Galium sepientrionale R. & S. Syst. 3: 253. 1818. Erect, perennial, smooth and glabrous, strict, simple, or branched, leafy, 1°-2'4° high. Leaves in 4’s, lanceolate or linear, 3-nerved, obtuse or acute, I/-2'4’ long, 1//-3/’ wide, the margins sometimes ciliate; panicles terminal, dense, many-flowered, the flowers white in small compact cymes; fruit hispid, at least when young, some- times becoming glabrate when mature, about 1/’ broad. In rocky soil or along streams, Quebec to Alaska, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Nebraska, New Mexico and Cali- fornia. Also in Europe and northern Asia. May-Aug. Sed x" Vor. III.] 13. Galium trifldrum Michx. Sweet- scented or Fragrant Bedstraw. (Fig. 3420.) Galium triflorum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:80. 1803. Perennial, diffuse, procumbent, or ascending, glabrous or nearly so, shining, fragrant in dry- ing, the stems and margins of the leaves some- times a little roughened. Leaves in 6’s, nar- rowly oval or slightly oblanceolate, 1-nerved, cuspidate at the apex, narrowed at the base, 1’-3¥4’ long, 2/’-6’’ wide; peduncles slender, terminal and axillary, often exceeding the leaves, 3-flowered or branched into 3 pedicels which are I-3-flowered; flowers greenish; fruit 1%4//-2” broad, hispid with hooked hairs; seed almost spherical, the groove obsolete. In woods, Nova Scotia to Alaska, south to Ala- bama, Louisiana, the Indian Territory, Colorado and California. Also in northern Europe, Japan and the Himalayas, June-Aug. 15. Galium Arkansanum A. Gray. (Fig. 3422. Arkansas Bedstraw. Galium Arkansanum A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 19: 80. 1883. Similar to the preceding species but usually lower, the leaves linear-lanceolate, 6//-12// long, 1//-3/’ wide, the lateral nerves obscure or none, the midrib sometimes pubescent be- neath, and the margins ciliate; fruiting pedi- cels roughish, 3//-12/’ long; flowers brown- purple, the numerous cymes loosely several— many-flowered; fruit glabrous, warty, some- what fleshy, each carpel 1//-14’’ in diameter. Southern Missouri and Arkansas. June-July. MADDER FAMILY. 223 14. Galium latifolium Michx. Purple Bedstraw. (Fig. 3421.) Galium latifolium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 79. 1803. Perennial, erect, smooth and glabrous, branched, 1°-2° high. Leaves in 4’s, lanceo- late,3-nerved,acuminate at the apex, narrow- ed or rounded at the base, 1/-2/ long, 4//-8’” wide, the midrib sometimes pubescent be- neath, the margins minutely roughened, the lower smaller and sometimes opposite; pe- duncles axillary and terminal, slender, but usually shorter than the leaves; flowers pur- ple; cymes loosely many-flowered, the pedi- cels slender, 2’7-6’’ long, smooth or very nearly so; fruit smooth, slightly fleshy, 2// broad, usually only one of the carpels devel- oping. In dry woods in mountainous regions, Penn- sylvania to Georgia. May-Aug. 224 RUBIACEAE. [Vot. III- 16. Galium tinctorium L. Stiff Marsh Bedstraw. Wild Madder. (Fig. 3423.) Galium tinctorium I,. Sp. Pl. 106. 1753. Galium trifidum var. latifolium Torr. Ei. N. & Mid. States, 78. 1826. Galium obtusum Bigelow, F1. Bost. Ed. 2, 55. 1824. Perennial; stem erect, 6-15’ high, rather stiff, branched almost to the base, the branches com- monly solitary, strict (not irregularly diffuse), several times forked; stem 4-angled, nearly gla- brous; leaves commonly in 4’s, linear to lanceo- late, 44/-1’ long; broadest below the middle, ob- tuse, cuneate at the base, dark green and dull, not papillose, 1-nerved, the margins and midrib rough- ish; flowers terminal in clusters of 2 or 3; pedicels slender, not much divaricate in fruit; corolla white, large, 1/’-134’’ broad, 4-parted, its lobes oblong, acute; disk large; fruit smooth; seed spherical, hollow, annular in cross-section, Damp shady places, wet meadows and swamps, Canada to North Carolina and Tennessee, west to Michigan, Nebraska and Arizona. May-July. Galium tinctorium filifélium Wiegand, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 397. 1897. More slender than the type and often more diffuse; leaves almost filiform, 1'’ wide or less, not broader below the middle, strongly cellular-papillose; inflorescence more open; pedicels slender; bracts minute; flowers in 2’s or 3's; corolla larger. Sandy places in swamps, Virginia to Florida, along the coast. Galium tinctérium Labradéricum Wiegand, Bull. Torr, Club, 24: 398. 1897. Low and strictly erect, 2'-10' high; branches few, ascending, mostly from the upper nodes; stem as in the type; leaves small, 3''-4'’ long, linear, reflexed; flowers large. In sphagnous bogs, Connecticut, New York and Wisconsin to Labrador. 17. Galium trifidum L. Small Bedstraw. Small Cleavers. (Fig. 3424.) Galium trifidum V,. Sp. Pl. 105. 1753. G. trifidum vax, pusillum A, Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 209. 1867. Perennial by slender rootstocks, very slender and weak; stem ascending, 16’ long or less, much branched and intertangled; stem sharply 4-angled, rough; branches commonly in 2’s; leaves in 4’s, linear-spatulate, 2%3’/—7’” long,obtuse, cuneate at the base, 1-nerved,dark green and dull on both surfaces, scarcely papillose, the margins and tnidrib retrorse-scabrous; flowers small, on lateral or terminal pedicels which are capillary and much longer than the leaves, commonly two at each node or three terminal; corolla very small, white, 1(’’ long, trifid, its lobes broadly oval, very obtuse; fruit glabrous; seed spherical and hollow, annular in cross-section. Sphagnous bogs and cold swamps, Maine to southern New York, Ohio, Nebraska, Colorado and northward. Summer. 18. Galium Claytoni Michx. Clayton’s Bedstraw. (Fig. 3425.) y Galtum Claytont Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1; 78. 1803. Galium tinctorium Bigelow, Fl. Bost. Ed. 2, 54. 1824. Perennial; stem erect or ascending, more diffuse when old, 6’-2° high; stem slender or sometimes quite stout, sharply 4-angled, more or less rough, the diffuse branches in 2’s; leaves of medium size, 4//-8/” long, commonly in §’s or 6’s, linear-spatulate or spatu- late-oblong, obtuse, cuneately narrowed into a short petiole, rather firm in texture, scabrous on the mar- gin and midrib, dark green and dull above, not papil- lose, discolored in drying; flowers in clusters of 2’s or 3's, terminal, provided with 1 or 2 minute bracts; pedicels straight, in fruit strongly divaricate, glabrous and rather stout; corolla minute, white, 3-parted, the lobes broadly oval, obtuse; fruit glabrous; seed spherical and hollow, annular in cross-section. Swamps, Massachusetts and New York to North Caro- lina, Michigan, Missouri and Texas. May-July. Vor. III.] MADDER FAMILY. 225 19. Galium palustre L. Marsh Bedstraw. (Fig. 3426.) Galium palustre V,. Sp. Pl. 105. _1753- Galium trifidum var. bifolium Macoun, Cat. Can. Plants, 202. 1884? Perennial, stem erect and rather slender, about 16’ high; internodes very long (middle one 214-3’ long); short branches mostly in 2’s. Stem sharply 4-angled, glabrous or a little rough; leaves in typical specimens rather small, in 2's to 6’s, linear-elliptic to spatulate, cuneate at the base, obtuse, 3/’-8’” long, 1//-— 2// wide, the rather firm margins and the midrib slightly scabrous, not papillose; flowers numerous in terminal and lateral cymes; brac- teoles in the inflorescence minute; pedicels in flower ascending, 114’/-214’’ long, in fruit strongly divaricate; corolla large, white, 1//- 134’ broad, 4-parted, the lobes oblong, acute; disk almost obsolete; fruit glabrous; endosperm of the seed grooved on the inner face, in cross- section lunate. In damp shady or open places along roadsides and ditches, or in the margins of swamps. New- foundland, Prince Edward Island and Quebec, to Massachusetts and New York. Alsoin Europe. 2 By 20.’ Galium concinnum Torr. & NY, * NZ Gray. Shining Bedstraw. Ws i (Fig. 3427.) Galium parviflorum Raf. Med. Rep. (II) 5: 360. 1808? Galium concinnum T. & G. Fl. N. A.2:23. 1841. Perennial, glabrous, shining, usually much branched, the angles of the stem and edges of the leaves minutely scabrous. Leaves usu- ally all in 6’s, linear or sometimes broader above the middle, narrowed at the base, blunt-pointed, or minutely cuspidate, 4’/-6/7 long, 1/’-114’’ wide, green in drying; pedun- cles filiform; pedicels short; flowers minute, white, numerous in open cymes; fruit small, glabrous; endosperm deeply grooved. In dry woodlands, western New Jersey to Vir- ginia, west to Minnesota and Arkansas. June- Aug. = 21. Galium aspréllum Michx. Rough Bedstraw. (Fig. 3428.) Galium asprellum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:78. 1803. Perennial, weak, much branched and reclining on bushes, or sometimes erect; stem retrorsely hispid, 2°-6° long. Leaves in 6’s or 5’s, or those of the branches rarely in 4’s, narrowly oval or slightly oblanceolate, cuspidate at the apex, nar- rowed at the base, sometimes so much so as to ap- pear petioled, 4’/-8’’ long, 1//-2/’ wide, their margins and midribs rough; cymes terminal and axillary, several-many-flowered; flowers white; fruit smooth and glabrous, about 1’” broad; endo- sperm with a7shallow groove. In moist soil, Newfoundland to western Ontario, south to North Carolina, Illinois, Wisconsin and Nebraska. Called also Pointed Cleavers. Ascends to 3500 ft. in the Adirandacks. June-Aug. 15 226 RUBIACEAE. (Vou. III. 22, Galium hispidulum Michx. Y) Coast Bedstraw. (Fig. 3429.) Galium hispidulum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 79. 1803. Perennial, much branched, hirsute, hispid or nearly glabrous, 1°-2° high. Leaves in 4’s, I-nerved, oval, mucronate, rather thick, 3//-10/’ long, 134’’-4/’ wide, the margins more or less revolute in drying; flowers few, terminating the branchlets, white; pedicels 3//-4’’ long, rather stout, becoming deflexed in fruit; fruit fleshy, minutely pubescent, about 2’’ broad. In dry or sandy soil, southern New Jersey to Florida and Georgia. May-Aug. 8. SHERARDIA L. SprelenrO23 1753. Slender annual procumbent or diffuse herbs, with verticillate spiny-pointed leaves, and small nearly sessile pink or blue flowers, in terminal and axillary involucrate heads. Calyx- tube ovoid, its limb 4-6-lobed, the lobes lanceolate, persistent. Corolla funnelform, 4-5- lobed, the tube as long as the lobes or longer. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla; filaments slender; anthers linear-oblong, exserted. Ovary 2-celled; style 2-cleft at the summit; ovules 1 in each cavity. Fruit didymous, the carpels indehiscent. Seed erect. [Named for Dr. Wm. Sherard, 1659-1728, patron of Dillenius. ] A monotypic genus of the Old World. 1. Sherardia arvénsis L. Blue Field Madder. Herb Sherard. Spurwort. (Fig. 3430.) Sherardia arvensis I, Sp. Pl. 102. 1753. Tufted, roughish, stems numerous, prostrate, ascending, or decumbent, 3/-10’ long. Leaves in 4’s, 5’s or 6's, the upper linear or lanceolate, acute and sharp-pointed, rough-ciliate on the _margins, 3//-8’’ long, 1//-2/’ wide, the lower often obovate, mucronate; flowers in slender- peduncled involucrate heads, the involucre deeply 6-8-lobed, the lobes lanceolate, sharp- pointed; corolla-lobes spreading; fruit crowned with the 4-6 lanceolate calyx-teeth. In waste places, Ontario and eastern Massachu- setts. Alsoin Bermuda. Adventive from Europe. June-July. 9. ASPERULA L, Sp. Pl. 103. 1753. Erect or ascending branching perennial herbs, with 4-angled stems, verticillate leaves, and small white pink or blue flowers in terminal or axillary, mostly cymose clusters. Calyx- tube somewhat didymous, the limb obsolete. Corolla funnelform, 4-lobed. Stamens 4, in- serted on the tube or throat of the corolla; anthers linear or oblong. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 1 in each cavity; style 2-cleft. Fruit globose-didymous, the carpels indehiscent. Seed ad- herent to the pericarp; endosperm fleshy; embryo curved. [Latin diminutive of asper, rough, referring to the leaves. ] About 80 species, natives of the Old World. Vou. III.] MADDER FAMILY. 227 1. Asperula odoratalL. Sweet Woodruff. (Fig. 3431.) Asperula odorata ¥,. Sp. Pl. 103. 1753. Stems erect, slender, smooth. Leaves usually in 8's (6’s-9’s), thin, oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, mucronate, I-nerved, roughish on the margins, 6’’-18’ long, the lower smaller, often obovate or oblanceolate; peduncles terminal'and axillary, slender; cymes several-flowered; flow- ers white or pinkish, 114’’ long; pedicels 1//-2/” long; fruit very hispid, about 1/’ broad. In waste places, New Brunswick, N.J. Fugitive from Europe. Other English names are Hay-plant, Mugwet or Mugget, Rockweed, Sweet Hairhoof, Woodrip, Woodrowel, Star-grass, and Sweet-grass. May-July. Asperula arvénsis L., another European species, with terminal capitate flowers, and linear obtuse leaves, has been found in waste places on Staten Island. Family 35. CAPRIFOLIACEAE Vent. Tabl. 2: Foge «l799; HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. Shrubs, trees, vines, or perennial herbs, with opposite simple or pinnate leaves, and perfect, regular or irregular, mostly cymose flowers. Stipules none, or sometimes present. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb 3-5-toothed or 3-5-lobed. Corolla gamopetalous, rotate, campanulate, funnelform, urn-shaped, or tubular, the tube often gibbous at the base, the limb 5-lobed, sometimes 2- lipped. Stamens 5 (very rarely 4), inserted on the tube of the corolla and alter- nate with its lobes; anthers oblong or linear, versatile. Ovary inferior, 1-6- celled; style slender; stigma capitate, or 2—-5-lobed, the lobes stigmatic at the summit; ovules anatropous, I or several in each cavity. Fruit a 1-6-celled berry, drupe, or capsule. Seeds oblong, globose, or angular; seed-coat mem- branous or crustaceous, smooth or cancellate; embryo usually small, placed near the hilum; radicle terete; cotyledons ovate. About 10 genera and 260 species, mostly natives of the northern hemisphere, a few in South America and Australia. Corolla rotate or urn-shaped; flowers in compound cymes; style deeply 2-5- a oveds shrubs or trees. Leaves pinnate; drupe 3-5-seeded. . Sambucus. , Leaves simple; drupe 1-seeded. Fs Viburnum. Corolla tubular or campanulate, often 2-lipped; style slender. Erect perennial herbs; leaves connate. 3. Triosteum. Creeping, somewhat woody herb; flowers long-peduncled, geminate. 4. Linnaea. Shrubs or vines. Fruit a few-seeded berry. Corolla short, campanulate, regular, or nearly so. 5. Symphoricarpos. Corolla more or less irregular, tubular or campanulate. 6. Lonicera, Fruit a 2-celled capsule; corolla funnelform. 7. Diervilla, 1. SAMBUCUS L.. Sp. Pl. 269. 1753. Shrubs or trees (or some exotic species perennial herbs), with opposite pinnate leaves, serrate or laciniate leaflets, and small white or pinkish flowers in compound depressed or thyrsoid cymes. Calyx-tube ovoid or turbinate, 3-5-toothed or 3-5-lobed. Corolla rotate or slightly campanulate, regular, 3-5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted at the base of the corolla; filaments slender; anthers oblong. Ovary 3-5-celled; style short, 3-parted; ovules 1 in each cavity, pendulous. Drupe berry-like, containing 3-5, 1-seeded nutlets. Endosperm fleshy; embryo nearly as long as the seed. [Latin name of the elder. ] About 20 species, of wide geographic distribution. In addition to the following, 3 others occur in western North America. Cyme convex; fruit purplish black. : 1. S. Canadensis. Cyme thyrsoid-paniculate, longer than broad; fruit red. 2. S. pubens. CAPRIFOLIACEAE. [Vor. III. 1. Sambucus Canadensis L, American Elder. Sweet Elder. (Fig. 3432.) Sambucus Canadensis \,. Sp. Pl. 269. 1753. A shrub, 4°-10° high, glabrous or very nearly so throughout, the stems but lit- tle woody, the younger ones with large white pith. Leaflets 5-11, usually 7, ovate or oval, acuminate or acute at the apex, short-stalked, glabrous above, sometimes slightly pubescent on the veins beneath, 2’-5’ long, sharply ser- rate, sometimes stipellate; cymes con- vex, broader than high; flowers white, about 114/” broad; drupe deep purple or black, nearly 3/’ in diameter; nutlets roughened. In moist soil, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia to Florida,west to Manitoba, Kansas, Texas and Arizona. Ascends to 4ooo ft. in North Carolina. Called also Elder-blow, Elder-berry. The flowers and fruit have strong medicinal properties. Leaves heavy- scented when crushed, those of young shoots often stipulate. June-July. 2. Sambucus pubens Michx. Red-berried Elder. (Fig. 3433.) 4 Sambucus pubens Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 1: K [ / 181. 1803. te fe A shrub, 2°-12° high, the twigs and leaves commonly pubescent; stems woody, the younger with reddish-brown pith. Leaflets 5-7, ovate-lanceolate or oval, acuminate at the apex, often narrow- ed and usually inequilateral at the base, 2/-5/ long, not stipellate, sharply serrate; cymes thyrsoid, longer than broad; flow- ers whitish, turning brown in drying; drupe scarlet or red, 2’’-3/’ in diameter; nutlets very minutely roughened. In rocky places, New Brunswick to Brit- ish Columbia, Georgia, Colorado and Cali- fornia. Fruit rarely white. April-May. Called also Mountain Elder. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Virginia. Sambucus pubens dissécta Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 304. 1804. Leaflets laciniate. Lake Superior and Pennsylvania. Sambucus nigra laciniata (Mill.) DC, a cut-leaved variety of the related European species, has been found at Cape May, N. J., perhaps escaped from cultivation. 2. VIBURNUM IL. Sp. Pl. 267. 1753. Shrubs or trees, with entire dentate or lobed, sometimes stipulate leaves, and white or rarely pink flowers in compound cymes, the outer flowers sometimes radiant and neutral. Calyx-tube ovoid or turbinate, its limb short, 5-toothed. Corolla rotate or short-campanu- late in our species, regular, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla; an- thers oblong, exserted. Ovary 1-3-celled; style short, 3-lobed or 3-parted; ovules solitary in each cavity, pendulous. Drupe ovoid or globose, sometimes flattened, 1-seeded. Seed com- pressed; endosperm fleshy; embryo minute. [The ancient Latin name. ] About 100 species, of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, about 5 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. % Outer flowers of the cyme large, radiant; drupe red. Leaves doubly serrate, pinnately veined. 1. V. alnifolium. Leaves 3-lobed, palmately veined. 2. V. Opulus. % % None of the flowers radiant; drupe blue or black (red in no. 3). 1. Leaves palmately veined, or 3-ribbed. Cymes }4'-1' broad, the rays short; drupe red. 3. V. pauciflorum. Vor, III.] HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 229 Cymes 114’-2%' broad, the rays slender; drupe nearly black. 4. V. acerifolium. 2. Leaves pinnately veined. p a. Leaves coarsely dentate, the veins prominent beneath. Leaves very short-petioled, pubescent. 5. V. pubescens. Petioles 3'’—20'' long. Leaves glabrous, or with tufts of hairs in the axils beneath. 6. V. dentatum. Leaves pubescent beneath, the pubescence more or less stellate. Drupe globose-ovoid; eastern. 7. V. molle. Drupe oblong, twice as long as thick; western. 8. V. Demetrionis. b. Leaves entire, crenulate, or serrulate, the veins not prominent. Cymes manifestly peduncled. ? Peduncle shorter than the cyme; leaves crenulate. g. V. cassinoides. Peduncle equalling or longer than the cyme; leaves mostly entire. 10. V. nudum. Cymes sessile, or nearly so. Leaves slender-petioled, large. Leaves prominently acuminate. 11. V. Lentago. Leaves obtuse, or merely acute. Leaves and scarcely winged petioles glabrous, or nearly so. 12. V. prunifolium. Veins of lower leaf-surfaces and winged petioles tomentose. 13. 7. rufotomentosum. Leaves nearly sessile, obovate, small. 14. V. obovatum. 1. Viburnum alnifolium Marsh. Hobble-bush. American Warfaring Tree. (Fig. 3434.) V. alnifolium Marsh.Arb.Am. 162. 1785. Viburnum lantanoides Michx. FI. Bor. Am. 1: 179. 1803. A shrub, with smooth purplish bark, sometimes reaching a height of 10°, widely and irregularly branching, the branches often procumbent,the young- est twigs scurfy. Leaves orbicular, Sh ? Seat) WZ or very broadly ovate, strongly pin- BENNY SW —F i— ) nately veined, short-acuminate or iy’ \ ? Y\]\\\F acute at the apex, usually cordate at the base, finely stellate-pubescent, or at length glabrous above, scurfy with stellate pubescence on the veins be- neath, finely serrate all around, 3/-S’ broad; petioles %/-14’ long; cymes sessile, 3/-5’ broad, the exterior flow- ers usually radiant and neutral, about I’ broad; drupes red, becoming purple, } - ovoid-oblong, 5’/-6’’ long; stone 3- grooved on one side, 1-grooved on the other. In low woods, New Brunswick to North Carolina, western New York and Michi- gan. Leaves of shoots from cut stumps thin, ovate, coarsely toothed. May-June. 2. Viburnum OpulusL. Cran- berry-tree. Wild Guelder-rose. High Bush-cranberry. (Fig. 3435.) Viburnum Opulus \. Sp. Pl. 268. 1753. V. trilobum Marsh. Arb. Am. 162. 1785. A shrub sometimes 12° high, with nearly erect smooth branches. Leaves broadly ovate, sometimes broader than long, gla- or less pubescent on the veins beneath, rather deeply 3-lobed, rounded or trun- cate and 3-ribbed at the base, the lobes divergent, acuminate, coarsely dentate; petioles 34’-1’ long, glandular above; cymes peduncled, 3/4’ in diameter, the exterior flowers radiant, neutral, 14/-1/ broad; drupes globose, or oval, 4//-5/” in diameter, red, very acid, translucent; stone orbicular, flat, not grooved. In low grounds, New Brunswick to Brit- ish Columbia, south to New Jersey, Michi- gan and Oregon. Also in Europe and Asia. Among many English names are Marsh-, ‘ Rose-, or Water-elder, White Dogwood, Whit- EA ten-tree, Dog Rowan-tree, Gaiter-tree or Gat- brous, or with scattered hairs above, more ‘y 230 CAPRIFOLIACEAE. [Vor. II. ten, Cherry-wood, May Rose, Squaw-bush, Cramp-bark. In cultivation, the Snowball. June-July. 3. Viburnum paucifldrum Pylaie. Few-flowered Cranberry-tree. (Fig. 3436.) Viburnum pauciflorum Pylaie; T. & G. Fl. No Acar x7. r84r. Viburnum Opulus var. eradiatum Oakes, Hovey’s Mag. 7: 183. 1841. Astraggling shrub, 2°-6° high, with twigs and petioles glabrous or nearly so. Leaves broadly oval, obovate, or broader than long, 5-ribbed, truncate or somewhat cordate at the base, mostly with 3 rather shallow lobes above the middle, coarsely and unequally dentate, glabrous above, more or less pu- bescent on the veins beneath, 1 14/—3 broad; cymes peduncled, short-rayed, 4’-1’ broad; flowers all perfect and small; drupes glo- bose to ovoid, light red, acid, 4’’-5’’ long; stone flat, orbicular, scarcely grooved. In cold mountain woods, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Maine, New Hampshire, Ver- mont, Pennsylvania, in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, and to Washington. June-July. 4. Viburnum acerifolium L. Maple-leaved Arrow-wood. Dockmakie. (Fig. 3437.) V. acertfolium V,. Sp. Pl. 268. 1753. A shrub, 3°-6° high, with smooth gray slender branches, and somewhat pubescent twigs and petioles. Leaves ovate, orbicular, or broader than long, cordate or truncate at the base, pubes- cent on both sides, or becoming gla- brate, 2’-5’ broad, mostly rather deeply 3-lobed, coarsely dentate, the lobes acute oracuminate; petioles %4/—-1’long; cymes long-peduncled, 114’-3’ broad; flowers all perfect, 2’’-3/’ broad; drupe nearly black, 3//-4’’ long, the stone lenticular, faintly 2-ridged on one side and 2- grooved on the other. In dry or rocky woods, New Brunswick to North Carolina, west to Ontario, Michi- gan and Minnesota. May-June. 5. Viburnum pubéscens (Ait. ) Pursh. Downy-leaved Arrow-wood. (Fig. 3438.) Viburnum dentatum var. pubescens Ait. Hort. Kew. 1: 372. 17809. V. pubescens Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 202. 1814. A branching shrub, 2°-5° high with straight and slender gray branches. Leaves sessile, or on petioles less than 3/’ long, ovate or oval, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, acute or acuminate at the apex, coarsely dentate, 1%/-3/ long, densely velvety-pubescent be- neath, glabrous, or with scattered hairs above, or rarely glabrate on both surfaces; cymes pe- duncled, 114’-2'4’ broad, the flowers all per- fect; drupes oval, nearly black, about 4’’ long; stone slightly 2-grooved on both faces. In rocky woods, Quebee and Ontario to Mani- toba, south, especially along the Alleghanies to Georgia and to Illinois, lowaand Michigan. June- July. A form of this species, or a related plant, ’ with petioles '4’ long or more, occurs in Missouri. diameter, blue, becoming nearly black; Vor,. III.] 6. Viburnum dentatum I, Arrow-wood. Viburnum dentatum I,. Sp. Pl. 268. 1753. A shrub with slender glabrous gray branches, sometimes reaching a height of 15°. Twigs and petioles glabrous; pet- joles 3//-12/’ long; leaves ovate, broadly oval or orbicular, rounded or slightly cor- date at the base, acute or short-acumi- nate at the apex, prominently pinnately veined, coarsely dentate all around, 1%4/— 3/ broad, glabrous on both sides, or some- times pubescent with simple hairs in the axils of the veins beneath; cymes long- peduncled, 2’-3’ broad; flowers all per- fect; drupe globose-ovoid, about 3/’ in stone rather deeply grooved on one side, rounded on the other. In moist soil, New Brunswick to Ontario, south along the mountains to Georgia and to western New York, Michigan and Minnesota. Called also Mealy-tree. May-June. 8. Virburnum Demetridnis Deane & Robinson. Demetrio’s Viburnum. (Fig. 3441.) Viburnum Demetrionis Deane & Robinson, Bot. Gaz. 22: 167. pl. 8. 1896. A shrub about 12° high, the older twigs ash gray, or at length grayish black and rough with lenticels, the bark exfoliating. Bud- scales acutish, ciliolate; leaves broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, short-acuminate at the apex, cordate or truncate at the base, 3/-5’ long, coarsely dentate, glabrous and bright green above, soft-pubescent and paler be- neath, some of the pubescence stellate; peti- oles 8’/-20’’ long, channeled; stipules linear- filiform, 2’/-5’/ long; cymes terminal, pedun- cled, 4-7-rayed, glandular-puberulent; calyx- teeth ciliate; drupe oblong, obtuse at both ends, about 5’ long and 214’ broad, much flattened, with 2 grooves when dry. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 231 (Fig. 3439.) 7. Viburnum molle Michx. Soft- leaved Arrow-wood. (Fig. 3440.) Viburnum molle Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 180. 1803. Similar to the "preceding species but the twigs, petioles, rays of the cyme and lower surfaces of the leaves more or less densely stellate-pubescent; petioles short and stouter; leaves usually larger, crenate or dentate, com- monly somewhat pubescent above; drupe glo- bose-ovoid, blue, 4/7 in diameter, its stone similar to that of V. dentatum. Eastern Massachusetts to New Jersey, near the coast, south to Florida and Texas. Said to bloom later than V. dentatum. Bluffs, Benton Co., Missouri. Flowers not seen nor_described. a Tee ACL aq, ANovet ; epbh.'2.5-_ 232 g- Viburnum cassinoides L. Withe-rod. Appalachian Tea. CY.9 AYER Fay ALY? y “Ch ) “y/ io. Viburnum nudum |. Larger Withe-rod. (Fig. 3443.) Viburnum nudum lL. Sp. Pl. 268. 17 Viburnum nudum var. Claytont'T. €E. Fl. N. A. 2:14. 1841. Similar to the preceding species, but usu- ally a larger shrub, sometimes 15° high. Leaves oval, oval-lanceolate, or obovate, en- tire or obscurely crenulate, mostly larger (sometimes 9’ long), narrowed at the base, acute or obtuse at the apex, more promi- nently veined, sometimes scurfy on the upper surface; peduncle equalling or exceeding the cyme. In swamps, Long Island to Florida, west to Kentucky and Louisiana. Blooms a little later than the preceding species. bic foot. Fruit sweet, edible. CAPRIFOLIACEAE. (Vor. II. (Fig. 3442.) Viburnum cassinoides I,. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 384. 1762. Viburnum nudum var. casstnoides T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 14. 1841. A shrub, 2°-12° high, with as- cending gray branches, the twigs somewhat scurfy, or glabrous. Leaves ovate or oval, thick, pin- nately veined, narrowed or some- times rounded at the base, acute or blunt-acuminate at the apex, 1’-3/ long, generally crenulate, rarely entire, glabrous or very nearly so on both sides; pedun- cle shorter than or equalling the cyme; drupe pink, becoming dark blue, globose to ovoid, 3//-5’’ long; stone round or oval, flattened. In swamps and wet soil, New- foundland to Manitoba and Minne- sota, New Jersey and the mountains of North Carolina. June-July. 2 AYY YQ? yy yy ie ; aks, — ESZ 3) VS 11. Viburnum Lentago L. Nanny-berry. Sheep-berry. Sweet Viburnum. (Fig. 3444.) Viburnum Lentago I,. Sp. Pl. 268. 1753. A shrub, or often a small tree, some- times 30° high, and with a trunk di- ameter of 10’. Winter buds acuminate, glabrous; leaves slender-petioled, ovate, mostly rounded at the base, acuminate at the apex, 2/-4’ long, glabrous on both sides, or rarely a little pubescent beneath, sharply serrulate; petioles often broadened and wavy-margined, 9//-12// long; cyme sessile, several-rayed, 2/-5/ broad; drupes oval, bluish-black with a bloom, 5’’-6’’ long; stone very flat, circu- lar or oval. In rich soil, Hudson Bay to Manitoba, south to New Jersey, along the Alleghanies to Geor- gia, and to Indiana and Missouri. Wood orange-brown, hard; weight 45 lbs. to the cu- May. Fruit ripein’October. Called also Nanny-bush, Black Thorn. Vor. III.] ‘ HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 233 12. Viburnum prunifolium L. Black Haw. Stag-bush. Sloe. (Fig. 3445.) Viburnum pruntfolium L,. Sp. Pl. 268. 1753. A shrub or small tree somewhat similar to the preceding species; but the winter buds smaller, less acute, often reddish-pubescent. Leaves shorter-petioled, ovate or broadly oval, obtuse or acutish but not acuminate at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, 1/-3/ long, finely serrulate, glabrous or nearly so; petioles rarely margined; cyme sessile, several-rayed, 2’-4’ broad; drupe oval, blu- ish-black and glaucous, 4’/-5’’ long; stone very flat on one side, slightly convex on the other, oval. In dry soil, Connecticut to Florida, west to Michigan, Kansas and Texas. Wood hard, red- dish-brown; weight per cubic foot 521bs. April- June. Fruitripe in September, sweet and edible. Viburnum prunifolium globdsum Nash, Bull. ‘Torr. Club, 20:70. 1893. Drupe globose, about 3’ in diameter; cymes smaller; flowers expanding before the leaves. New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania. 13. Viburnumrufotomentésum Small. Southern Black Haw. (Fig. 3446.) Viburnum prunifolium var. ferrugineum T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 15. 1841. Not V. ferrugineum Raf. 1838. Viburnum rufotomentosum Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 23: 410. 1896. A small tree, becoming 20° high. Leaves elliptic to obovate, mostly obtuse at the apex, finely and sharply serrate or serrulate, narrowed or obtuse at the base, the veins brown-tomen- tose beneath; petioles 3//-8/’ long, winged, brown-tomentose; cymes large, sessile, or very short-peduncled, the principal rays 3-5, mostly 4; flowers 3/’-314’’ broad; drupe oval, 5//—-7/” long, blue with a bloom; seed nearly orbicular. In woods and thickets, Virginia to Illinois, Florida and Texas. Ascends to 3500 ft. in Vir- ginia. April-May. Fruit ripe Aug.—Sept. 14. Viburnum obovatum Walt. Small Viburnum. (Fig. 3447.) Viburnum obovatum Walt. Fl. Car. 116. 1788. A shrub, 2°-S° high, the twigs, petioles and rays of the cyme slightly pubescent, or at length glabrate. Leaves obovate, oblanceolate or spat- ulate, obtuse or retuse at the apex, short-peti- oled, glabrous or very nearly so on both sides, entire, or obscurely crenate toward the apex, small, %/-114’ long; cymes sessile, 3-5-rayed, 1/-2/ broad; drupe oval, black, 3//-4/’ long; stone lenticular, slightly furrowed on both sides. _ Inswamps and along streams, Virginia (accord- ing to Gray) to Florida near the coast. April-May. 234 CAPRIFOLIACEAE. [Vor III. 3. TRIOSTEUM L. Sp. Pl. 176. 1753. Perennial herbs, with simple terete stems and opposite connate-perfoliate or sessile leaves narrowed below the middle. Flowers axillary, perfect, solitary or clustered, sessile, yellow- ish, green, or purplish, 2-bracted. Calyx-tube ovoid, its limb 5-lobed, the lobes elongated, persistent and sometimes foliaceous in our species. Corolla-tube narrow or campanulate, gibbous at the base, the limb oblique, unequally lobed. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla- tube; filaments very short; anthers linear, included. Ovary 3-5-celled; ovules 1 in each cavity; style filiform; stigma 3-5-lobed. Drupe coriaceous, orange or red, enclosing 2-3 (rarely 4-5) I-seeded nutlets. Endosperm fleshy; embryo minute. [Greek, three-bone, from the 3 bony nutlets. ] Five known species, the following of eastern North America, two Japanese, one Himalayan. Leaves ovate or oval; flowers purplish. x 1. 7. perfoliatum. Leaves lanceolate or oval-lanceolate; flowers yellowish. 2. T. angustifolium. 1. Triosteum perfoliatum L. Fever-wort. Horse-Gentian. (Fig. 3448.) Triosteum perfoliatum I, Sp. Pl. 176. 1753. Stem erect, stout, finely glandular-pubes- cent, or sometimes hirsute, 2°-4° high. Leaves ovate to broadly oval, 4’-9’ long, 2/— 4’ wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, ab- ruptly or gradually narrowed at the base, sessile, or connate-perfoliate, soft-pubescent beneath, somewhat hairy above, the margins entire or sinuate; bracts linear; corolla pur- plish-brown, 6//-10’” long, viscid-pubescent, about the length of the calyx-lobes; filaments bearded; drupe 4’//-6’ long, obovoid-globose, orange-red, densely and finely pubescent; nutlets usually 3. In rich soil, Quebec and Ontario to Minnesota, south to Alabama, Kentucky and Kansas. Called also Fever-root, Wild or Wood Ipecac, Tin- ker’s-weed, Wild Coffee, Horse-Ginseng, White Gentian. Ascends 3000 ft. in Virginia. May-July. 2. Triosteum angustifolium L,. Yellow or Narrow-leaved Horse- Gentian. (Fig. 3449.) Triosteum angustifolium I,. Sp. Pl. 176. 1753. Resembling the preceding species, but the stem slender and hirsute-pubescent, 1°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate or oval-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, 3/-5/ long, ¥4/-1%4’ wide, rough-pubescent, tapering to the sessile base, or the lower smaller, obtuse and spatulate; corolla yellowish, 6’’—7’’ long; flowers commonly solitary in the axils. In rich soil, Connecticut and Long Island, to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Alabama, Illinois and Louisiana. May-Aug. 4. LINNAEA L, Sp. Pl. 631. 1753. Creeping, somewhat woody herbs, with opposite evergreen petioled obovate or orbicular leaves, and perfect pink or purplish flowers borne in pairs at the summit of elongated ter- minal peduncles. Calyx-tube ovoid, the limb 5-lobed. Corolla tubular-campanulate, regu- lar, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricate. Stamens 4, inserted near the base of the corolla-tube, didy- namous, included. Ovary 3-celled, 2 of the cavities with several abortive ovules, the other with 1 perfect pendulous ovule. Fruit nearly globose, 3-celled, 2 of the cells empty, the other with a single oblong seed. Endosperm fleshy; embryo cylindric. [Named by Grono- vius for Linnzeus, with whom the plant was a favorite. ] A monotypic genus of the north temperate zone. Vor. III.] HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 235 1. Linnaea borealis L. ‘Iwin-flower. Fo O/ ’ Ground-vine. (Fig. 3450.) } Linnaea borealis I. Sp. Pl. 631. 1753. Branches slender, slightly pubescent, trailing, 6/-2° long. Petioles 1//-2’’ long; leaves ob- scurely crenate, thick, 3’’-10’’ wide, sometimes wider than long; peduncles slender, erect, 2- bracted at the summit, 2-flowered (or rarely proliferously 4-flowered ); pedicels filiform, 3/’— 10’’ long, 2-bracteolate at the summit; flowers nodding, 4’/’-6’’ long, fragrant; ovary subtended by a pair of ovate glandular scales which are connivent over the fruit or adnate to it. In cold woods, mountains of Maryland, New Jer- sey, Long Island, north to Newfoundland, west through British America to Alaska and Vancouver, south to Michigan, inthe Rocky Mountains to Colo- rado and in the Sierra Nevada to California, Also in northern Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 5. SYMPHORICARPOS Juss. Gen. 211. 1789. Shrubs, with opposite deciduous short-petioled simple leaves, and small white or pink, perfect flowers, in axillary or terminal clusters. Calyx-tube nearly globular, the limb 4-5- toothed. Corolla campanulate or salverform, regular, or sometimes gibbous at the base, 4—- 5-lobed, glabrous or pilose in the throat; stamens 4 or 5, inserted on the corolla. Ovary 4-celled, 2 of the cavities containing several abortive ovules, the other two each witha single suspended ovule; style filiform; stigma capitate, or 2-lobed. Fruit an ovoid or globose 4- celled 2-seeded berry. Seeds oblong; endosperm fleshy; embryo minute. [Greek, fruit borne together, from the clustered berries. ] About to species, natives of North America and the mountains of Mexico. Known as St. Peter’s-wort. Fruit white; style glabrous. Stamens and style included; clusters usually few-flowered. Erect shrub; leaves 1'-2' long; clusters several-flowered, 1. S. racemosus. Diffuse shrub; leaves 1’-1' long; clusters 1-2-flowered. 2. S. pauciflorus. Stamens and style somewhat exserted; clusters many-flowered. 3. S. occidentalis. Fruit red; style bearded. 4. S. Symphoricarpos. Snowberry. (Fig. 3451.) Symphoricarpos racemosus Michx. Fl. Bor, Am. 1: 107. 1803. An erect shrub, °-4° high, gla- brous or nearly so, the branches slender. Petioles about 2/’’ long; leaves oval, obtuse at each end, sometimes a little pubescent be- neath, 1/-2’ long, entire, undulate, or those of young shoots sometimes dentate; axillary clusters few-flow- ered, the terminal one mostly in- terruptedly spicate; corolla cam- panulate, about 3’ long, slightly gibbous at the base, bearded with- in; style glabrous; stamens and style included; berry snow-white, globose, loosely cellular, 3//-5/’ in diameter. In rocky places and on river shores, Nova Scotia to British Columbia,south o Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Minne- sota and in California. Commonly planted and sometimes escaped from cultivation. Called also Snowdrop-berry, Egg-plant. June- Sept. 236 CAPRIFOLIACEAE. [Vor. III. 2. Symphoricarpos pauci- florus (Robbins) Britton. Low Snowberry. (Fig. 3452.) Symphoricarpos racemosus var. pauct- Jlorus Robbins; A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5. 203. 1867. Symphoricarpos pauciflorus Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 305. 1894. A low spreading diffusely branched shrub, 6’-10’ high. Leaves broadly oval to orbiculate, entire, softly pu- bescent, especially along the veins, beneath, 6’’/-12’’ long; flowers 2//-3/” long, solitary in the upper axils and 2 or 3 in the terminal spike; corolla campanulate, 5-lobed, bearded within; stamens and glabrous style included; berry oval when young, becoming " globose, white, 2//-3/’ in diameter. In rocky places, Ontario and Vermont to western New York and Pennsylvania, west to South Dakota, British Columbia, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colo- rado. June-July. 3. Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook. Wolfberry. (Fig. 3453.) Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook. FI. Bor. Am. I: 285. 1833. Similar to S. vacemosus but stouter, ( with larger leaves 1/-3’ long, more or less EFS Sy pubescent beneath, entire, or often undu- late-crenate; petioles 2//-3/” long; axil- lary clusters spicate, many-flowered, 6//— 12’ long; corolla campanulate, 3/’ long, lobed to beyond the middle; stamens and glabrous style somewhat exserted; berry nearly globular, white, 4’’-5’’ in diameter. Michigan and Minnesota to British Colum- bia, Kansas and Colorado. June-July. 4. Symphoricarpos Symphori- carpos (I,.)MacM. Coral-berry. In- dian Currant. (Fig. 3454.) Lonicera Symphoricarpos 1, Sp. Pl. 175. Ay ep hinilela Moench, Meth. 503. 1794. Symphoricarpos vulgaris Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 106. 1803. Symphoricarpos Symphoricarpos MacM. Bull. Torr. Club, 19: 15. 1892. A shrub, 2°-5° high, the branches erect or ascending, purplish, usually pubescent. Petioles 1//-2’’ long; leaves oval or ovate, entire or undulate, mostly obtuse at each end, glabrous or nearly so above, usually soft-pubescent beneath, 1/-114/ long; clus- ters dense, many-flowered, at length spi- cate, shorter than the leaves; corolla campanulate, sparingly pubescent within, pinkish, about 2’” long; style bearded; sta- mens included; berry purplish red, ovoid-globose, 1%4//-2’’ long. Along rivers and in rocky places, banks of the Delaware in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, west to western New York and Dakota, and south to Georgia and Texas. Also sparingly escaped from cultivation farther east. Fruit persistent after the leaves have fallen. July. a Vou. III.] HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 237 6. LONICERA L.,. Sp. Pl. 173. 1753. Erect or climbing shrubs, with opposite mostly entire leaves; flowers spicate, capitate or geminate, usually somewhat irregular. Calyx-tube ovoid or nearly globular, the limb slightly 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, funnelform, or campanulate, often gibbous at the base, the limb 5-lobed, more or less oblique, or 2-lipped. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla; anthers linear or oblong. Ovary 2-3-celled; ovules numerous in each cavity, pen- dulous; style slender; stigma capitate. Berry fleshy, 2-3-celled or rarely 1-celled, few- seeded. Seeds ovoid or oblong with fleshy endosperm and a terete embryo. [Named for Adam Lonitzer, 1528-1586, a German botanist. ] About 100 species, natives of the north temperate zone, a few in tropical regions. Besides the following, some § others occur in the western parts of North America. % Climbing or trailing vines; flowers in heads, or interrupted spikes; upper leaves connate-perfoliate. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip 4-lobed, the lower entire. Corolla glabrous within. 1. L. Caprifolium. Corolla pubescent within. Leaves pubescent, at least beneath; corolla yellow. Leaves pubescent on both sides, at least when young, ciliate; corolla slightly gibbous at base. 2. L. hirsuta. Leaves glabrous above, pubescent beneath; corolla-tube strongly gibbous at the base. 3. L. glaucescens. Leaves glabrous on both sides, very glaucous beneath. Corolla greenish yellow, the tube somewhat gibbous. Corolla-tube 3/’-5'’ long; filaments hirsute at the base, 4. L. dtotca. Corolla-tube 5’’-7'’ long; filaments nearly glabrous. 5. L. Sullivantii. Corolla bright yellow or orange, its slender tube not gibbous. 6. L. flava. Corolla tubular, the short limb nearly equally 5-lobed. 7. L. sempervirens. % % Climbing vines; flowers in pairs on short axillary peduncles. 8. L. Japonica. + % % Shrubs; flowers in pairs on axillary bracted peduncles. Bracts of the peduncle subulate, linear, minute, or none. Leaves rarely cordate, more or less pubescent, or ciliate. _ Leaves pale, or glaucous, thick, strongly reticulate-veined. Peduncles shorter than the flowers; fruit blue; leaves ciliate. g. L. coerulea. Peduncles equalling the flowers; fruit red; leaves not ciliate. io. L. oblongifolia. Leaves bright green, thin, ciliate, not strongly reticulate; fruit red. 11. L. ciliata. Leaves pale, densely pubescent beneath, even when old. 12. L. Xylosteum. Leaves cordate, glabrous. 13. L. Tatarica. Bracts of the peduncle broad, foliaceous. 14. L. tnvolucrata. 1, Lonicera Caprifolium I,. Italian, or Perfoliate Honeysuckle. (Fig. 3455.) L. Caprifolium I,. Sp. Pl. 173. 1753. Lonicera grata Ait. Hort. Kew. 1: 231. 1780. Caprifolium gratum Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. 161. 1814. Climbing high, glabrous and some- what glaucous. Upper one to three pairs of leaves connate-perfoliate, glaucous beneath, the others sessile or short-petioled, oval or obovate, all rounded at the base, entire; flowers in terminal capitate sessile clusters; corolla glabrous within, 1/-1%4’ long, purple without, the limb white within, strongly 2- lipped; upper lip 4-lobed, the lower one narrow, reflexed; tube slightly curved, not gibbous; stamens and style much exserted; berries red. Thickets, southern New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Michigan and in the southern States. Escaped from cultivation and naturalized. Na- tive of Europe. Called also American, or Fragrant Woodbine. May-June. 238 CAPRIFOLIACEAE. (Vor. III. 2. Lonicera hirsuta Eaton. NHairy Honeysuckle. (Fig. 3456.) L. hirsuta Eaton, Man, Ed. 2, 307. 1818. Twining, the branches hirsute-pubes- cent. Upper one or two pairs of leaves connate-perfoliate, the others oval or ovate, short-petioled or sessile, softly pu- bescent beneath, dark green and appress- ed-pubescent above, ciliate, obtuse or obtusish at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, 2/-314’ long; flowers ver- ticillate in short terminal interrupted spikes; corolla pubescent within, about 1’ long, viscid-pubescent without, orange- yellow, the tube slender, somewhat gib- bous at the base, the limb strongly 2-lip- ped, about as longas the tube; stamens and style exserted, filaments hirsute below. In woodlands, Vermont and Ontario to Manitoba, Pennsylvania, Ohioand Michigan. Called also Rough Woodbine. June-July. 3. Lonicera glaucéscens Rydb. Douglas’ Honeysuckle. (Fig. 3457.) Lonicera Douglasti Hook. F1. Bor. Am. 1: 282. 1833. Not Caprifolium Douglasit Lind. 1830. Lonicera glaucescens Rydb. Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 90. 1897. Similar to the preceding species, the branches glabrous. Leaves glabrous above, pubescent, at least on the veins, beneath, 1 %4/-2/ long, chartaceous-margined, not cil- iate, usually only the upper pair connate- perfoliate; flowers verticillate in a short terminal interrupted spike; corolla yellow, changing to reddish, pubescent or puberu- lent without, pubescent within, 1/ long, or less, the tube rather strongly gibbous at the base, the 2-lipped limb shorter than the tube; stamens nearly glabrous, or somewhat pubescent; style hirsute; both exserted. Ontario to Saskatchewan, Pennsylvania, Ohio and Nebraska. May-June. Att YAS Wir 4. Lonicera didica I. Smooth- leaved or Glaucous Honeysuckle. (Fig. 3458.) Lonicera dioica I,. Syst. Ed. 12, 165. 1767. L. glauca Hill, Hort. Kew. 446. pl. 18. _ 1769. L. parvifiora Lam. Encycl. 1: 728. 1783. Glabrous throughout, twining or shrub- by, 3°-10° long. Leaves very glaucous beneath, 114/-3/ long, the upper connate- perfoliate, oval, obtuse, the lower sessile or short-petioled, narrower; flowers sey- eral in a terminal cluster, yellowish green and tinged with purple, glabrous without, pubescent within, the tube 3//-4’’ long, gibbous at the base, scarcely longer than the 2-lipped limb; stamens hirsute below, exserted with the style; berries red, 3/’— \ 4’ in diameter. ; In rocky and usually dry situations, Quebec © to Manitoba,south, especially along the moun- P tains to North Carolina, and to Ohio and Michigan. Ascends to 3500ft.in North Carolina. All the leaves of young shoots are sometimes connate-perfoliate. Small Yellow Honeysuckle. May-June. Vor, III.] HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 239 5. Lonicera Sullivantii A. Gray. Sullivant’s Honeysuckle. (Fig. 3459.) Lonicera Sullivantiit A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 19: 76. 1883. Similar to the preceding species, very glaucous. Leaves oval or obovate, glau- cous and commonly pubescent beneath, obtuse; flowers larger than those of the preceding species, the tube 5/’-7’” long, slightly exceeding the limb, pale yellow; stamens usually nearly glabrous; fruit yellow, 3’ in diameter. In woodlands, Tennessee, Ohio and west- ern Ontario (?) to Wisconsin and Manitoba. May-June. 6. Lonicera flava Sims. Yellow Honey- suckle. (Fig. 3460.) Lonicera flava Sims, Bot. Mag. pl. 7778. 1810. Twining toa height of several feet, or trailing, glabrous. Jeaves broadly oval, or elliptic, entire, obtuse at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, short-petioled, or the upper sessile, green above, glaucous beneath, the pairs subtending flow- ers connate-perfoliate; flowers bright orange-yel- low, fragrant, in a terminal interrupted spike; corolla 1/-134’ long, the slender tube pubescent above within, not gibbous at the base, the limb strongly 2-lipped, about half as long as the tube; filaments and style glabrous, exserted; fruit about 3/’ in diameter. North Carolina to Kentucky, Georgia and Alabama. April-May. 7. Lonicera sempervirens I,. Trumpet or Coral Honeysuckle. (Fig. 3461.) Lonicera sempervirens I,. Sp. Pl. 173. 1753+ Glabrous, high climbing, evergreen in the South. Leaves oval, obtuse, 2’-3/ long, or the lower ones smaller, narrower and acutish, the up- per pairs connate-perfoliolate, all conspicuously glaucous and sometimes slightly pubescent be- neath, dark green above; flowers verticillate in terminal interrupted spikes; corolla scarlet or yellow, 1/-14’ long, glabrous, the tube narrow, slightly expanded above, the limb short and nearly regular; stamens and style scarcely ex- serted; berries scarlet, about 3/’ in diameter. In low grounds, or on hillsides, Connecticut to Florida, west to Nebraska and Texas. April-Sept. ? f Ubtee, porte LAL _ 240 g. Lonicera coerulea I,. Blue or Mountain Fly-Honeysuckle. (Fig. 3463.) Lonicera coerulea V,. Sp. Pl. 174. Erect, shrubby, 1°-3° high, the twigs some- times slightly pubescent. obovate, I/-134’ long, very obtuse at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, thick, conspicuously reticulate-veined, pale and more or less pubescent beneath, glabrous above, at least when mature, ciliate on the margins; flowers in pairs in the axils, short- peduncled, subulate-bracted, yellow, 6’/-8’” long, corolla pubescent, or glabrate, the tube gibbous at the base, the limb nearly regular, its lobes oblong, equalling or slightly exceed- ing the tube; ovaries of the two flowers be- coming united and forming an oblong or nearly globose, bluish-black 2-eyed berry, about 234’ in diameter. In low grounds, Newfoundland to Alaska, so California. Also in Europe and Asia. Leaves oval or CAPRIFOLIACEAE. [Von. III. 8. Lonicera Japonica Thunb. Japanese or Chinese Honeysuckle. (Fig. 3462.) Lonicera Japonica Thunb. Fl, Jap. 89. 1784. Pubescent, climbing high or trailing. Leaves all short-petioled, ovate, entire, t/— 3/ long, acute at the apex, rounded at the base, dark green and glabrous above, pale and usually sparingly pubescent beneath; flowers in pairs from the upper axils, pe- duncled, leafy-bracted at the base, white or pink, fading to yellow, pubescent without, the tube nearly 1’ long, longer than the strongly 2-lipped limb; stamens and style exserted; berries black,3//-4’’ in diameter. Freely escaped from cultivation, southern New York and Pennsylvania to North Caro- lina and West Virginia. Naturalized from eastern Asia. June-Aug. uth to Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin and 10. Lonicera oblongifolia (Goldie) Hook. Swamp Fly- Honeysuckle. (Fig. 3464.) Aylosteum oblongifolium Goldie, Edinb. Phil. Journ. 6: 323. 1822. Lonicera oblongifolia Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 284. pl. z00. 1833. Similar to the preceding species. Leaves oval-oblong, 1/-2’ long, reticu- late-veined, glabrous or nearly so on both sides when mature, downy-pu- bescent when young, not ciliate; flow- ers in pairs on long slender peduncles; corolla yellow, or purplish within, 8’/— 9’’ long, gibbous at the base, deeply 2-lipped; bracts at the summit of the peduncle minute or none; ovaries re- maining distinct, or becoming more or less united, the berries red or crimson. In swamps, Quebec to Manitoba, south to Vermont, New York, Pennsylvania and » Michigan. May-June. Vou. III.] HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 241 ir. Lonicera ciliata Muhl. American Fly Honeysuckle. (Fig. 3465.) Vaccinium album I,. Sp. Pl. 350. 1753. Not L. alba I. Lonicera ciliata Muhl. Cat. 23. 1813. Shrubby, 3°-5° high, the twigs glabrous. Petioles 2//-3// long, very slender; leaves thin, bright green on both sides, ovate or sometimes oval, acute or acutish at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, villous-pu- bescent beneath when young, glabrous or nearly so when mature, but the margins strongly ciliate; flowers in pairs from the axils, about 8’’ long; peduncles long-filiform; bracts very small, subulate; corolla-limb nearly regular, its lobes short; berries sepa- rate, ovoid, light red, about 3/’ in diameter. In moist woods, Nova Scotia and New Bruns- wick to Manitoba, south to Connecticut, Penn- sylvania and Michigan. Ascends to 2000 ft. in the Catskills. May. 12. Lonicera Xylosteum I. Fly Honeysuckle. (Fig. 3466.) Lonicera Xylosteum VY. Sp. Pl. 174. 1753. A shrub, 3°-7° high, the foliage densely ap- pressed-pubescent when young. Leaves ovate, oval, or obovate, entire, short-petioled, rather pale green, obtuse, or the upper acute at the | apex, obtuse, subcordate or narrowed at the base, glabrous above when mature, persistently pubescent beneath, 1/-3/ long; petioles 2//-4/’ long; peduncles axillary, 2-flowered, 4//-8/’ long, about as long as the flowers, or longer; flowers yellowish white; bracts linear-subulate; berries scarlet. Escaped from cultivation in New York. Na- tive of Europe and Asia. May-June. 13. Lonicera Tatarica L,. Tartarian Bush-Honeysuckle. (Fig. 3467.) Lonicera Tatarica I, Sp. Pl. 173. 1753. A glabrous shrub, 5°-10° high. Leaves ovate, rather thin, not conspicuously retic- ulate-veined, 1/3 long, acute or obtusish at the apex, cordate at the base, not ciliate; flowers in pairs on slender axillary pedun- eles; corolla pink to white, 7’’/-8’’ long,the tube gibbous at the base, the limb irregu- larly and deeply 5-lobed, somewhat 2-lipped; peduncles 1’ long; bracts linear, sometimes as long as the corolla-tube; stamens and style scarcely exserted; berries separate, red. Escaped from cultivation, Ontario and Ver- mont to southern New York, New Jersey and Kentucky. May. Native of Asia, 242 CAPRIFOLIACEAE. [Vor III. 14. Lonicera involucrata (Richards.) Banks. Involucred Fly-Honeysuckle. (Fig. 3468.) Xylosteum involucratum Richards.App. Frank. Journ, Ed. 2, 6. 1823. Lanes tnvolucrata Banks; Richards, Joc. cit. 1823. A glabrate or pubescent shrub, 3°-10° high. Leaves short-petioled, ovate, oval, or obovate, 2’-6/ long, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, more or less pubescent, at least when young; peduncles axillary, 1/-2/ long, 2-3-flowered; bracts folia- ceous, ovate or oval, often cordate; bractlets also large, at length surrounding the fruit; flowers yellow; corolla pubescent, funnel- form, the limb nearly equally 5-lobed; lobes short, little spreading; stamens and style slightly exserted; berries separate, globose, or oval, nearly black, about 4’’ in diameter. In woodlands, Quebec to western Ontario and Michigan, west to British Columbia and Alaska, oe to Arizona, Utah and California. June- uly. 7. DIERVILLA Moench, Meth. 492. 1794. Shrubs, with opposite leaves, and yellow axillary and terminal cymose or solitary flow- ers. Calyx-tube slender, elongated, narrowed below, the limb with 5 linear persistent lobes. Corolla narrowly funnelform, the tube slightly gibbous at the base, the limb nearly regular, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla; anthers linear. Ovary 2-celled; ovules numer- ous in each cavity; style filiform; stigma capitate. Fruit a linear-oblong capsule, narrowed or beaked at the summit, septicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. Seed coat minutely reticu- lated; endosperm fleshy; embryo minute. [Named for Dr. Dierville, who brought the plant to Tournefort. ] Two species, the following and one in the mountains of the southern States. The Japanese and Chinese Wetgelas, often referred to this genus, are here regarded as distinct. 1. Diervilla Diervilla (1.) MacM. Bush Honeysuckle. (Fig. 3469.) Lonicera Diervilla L,. Sp. Pl. 175. 1753: Diervilla trifida Moench, Meth. 492. 1794. D. Diervilla MacM., Bull. Torr, Club, 19:15. 1892. A shrub, 2°-4° high, glabrous or nearly so throughout, with terete branches. Leaves short-petioled, ovate or oval, acuminate at the apex, usually rounded at the base, 2/-5’ long, irregularly crenulate and often slightly ciliate on the margins; peduncles terminal, or in the upper axils, slender, I-5-flowered; flowers about 9’ long; corolla more or less pubescent both without and within, regular or slightly irregu- lar, 3 of its lobes somewhat united; capsule gla- brous, linear-oblong, slender, beaked, crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes. In dry or rocky woodlands, Newfoundland to the ayy) : Northwest Territory, south to North Carolina and \ Michigan. Called also Gravel-weed. May-June. } SS Family 36. ADOXACEAE Fritsch; Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam. 4: Abt. 4,170. 1891. MoscHaTEL FAMILY, Glabrous slender herbs, with scaly or tuberiferous rootstocks, basal and op- posite ternately compound leaves, and small green flowers in terminal capitate clusters. Calyx-tube hemispheric, adnate to the ovary, its limb 2-3-toothed. Corolla rotate, regular, 4—6-lobed. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla, inserted in pairs on its tube; filaments short; anthers peltate, 1-celled. Ovary 3-5-celled; style 3-5-parted; ovules 1 in each cavity, pendulous. Fruit a small drupe with 3-5-nutlets. Endosperm cartilaginous. The family contains only the following monotypic genus of the north temperate zone. Vot.. III.] MOSCHATEL FAMILY. 243 1. ADOXA L. Sp. Pl367. 1753; Characters of the family. [Greek, without glory, 7. e., insignificant. ] 1. Adoxa Moschatéllina L. Musk- root. Hollow-root. Moschatel. (Fig. 3470.) Adoxa Moschatellina ¥,. Sp. Pl. 367. 1753. Stems simple, weak, erect, 3/-6’ high, bearing a pair of opposite ternate leaves usu- ally above the middle. Basal leaves 1-4, long-petioled, ternately compound, the seg- ments broadly ovate or orbicular, obtuse, thin, 3-cleft or 3-parted, the lobes obtuse and mucronulate; head 3/’-4’’ in diameter, com- posed of 3-6 flowers; corolla of the terminal flower 4-5 lobed, those of the others usually 5-6-lobed, drupe green, bearing the persist- ent calyx-lobes above the middle. In shaded rocky places, Arctic America, south to Iowa and Wisconsin and in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in northern Eu- rope and Asia. Other English names are Bul- bous Fumitory, Glory-less, Musk Crowfoot or Wood Crowfoot. Odor musky. May. Family 37. VALERIANACEAE Batsch, ‘abl. Aff. 227. 1802. VALERIAN FAMILY. Herbs with opposite leaves, no stipules, and usually small perfect or poly- gamo-dioecious flowers, in corymbed panicled or capitate cymes. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb inconspicuous or none in flower, often becoming prominent in fruit. Corolla gamopetalous, epigynous, somewhat irregular, its tube narrowed, and sometimes gibbous or spurred at the base, its limb spread- ing, mostly 5-lobed. Stamens 1-4, inserted on the corolla and alternate with its lobes, usually exserted. Ovary inferior, 1-3-celled, one of the cavities contain- ing a single anatropous ovule, the others empty. Fruit indehiscent, dry, con- taining a single suspended seed. Endosperm little or none; embryo straight; cotyledons oblong. About 9 genera and 275 species of wide distribution, most abundant in the northern hemisphere. Fruit 1-celled; persistent calyx-lobes becoming awn-like; tall herbs. 1. Valeriana, Fruit 3-celled; calyx-lobes minute or none; low herbs. 2. Valerianella, 1. VALERIANA L, Sp. Pl. 31.1753. Perennial strong-smelling mostly tall herbs, the leaves mainly basal and the cymose flowers paniculate in our species. Calyx-limb of 5-15 bristle-like plumose teeth, short and inrolled in flower, but elongated, rolled outward and conspicuous in fruit. Corolla funnel- form or tubular, usually more or less gibbous at the base, the limb nearly equally 5-lobed. Stamens commonly 3. Style entire, or minutely 2-3-lobed at the summit. Fruit com- pressed, 1-celled, 1-neryed on the back, 3-nerved on the front. [Name Middle Latin, from valere, to be strong. ] About 175 species, mostly in the temperate and colder parts of the north temperate zone and the Andes of South America. Besides the following, 5 others occur in southern and western North America, Corolla-tube very slender, 6'’-10’’ long; basal leaves cordate. 1. V. pauciflora. Corolla-tube 1'’-3'’ long; basal leaves not cordate. Leaves thick, parallel-veined, entire, or the segments not dentate, 2. V. edults. Leaves thin, reticulate-veined, the segments dentate. Lower leaves spatulate, often entire; plant glabrous. 3. V. sylvatica, All the leaves pinnately divided; plant pubescent, especially a the nodes. 4. V. officinalis. 244 VALERIANACEAE, (Vor. IIl. 1. Valeriana pauciflodra Michx. Large-flowered Valerian. (Fig. 3471.) V. paucifilora Michx, Fl. Bor. Am. 1:18, 1803. Rootstocks slender, usually horizontal. Stem glabrous, erect or ascending, 1°-3° high, often sending out runners from the base; leaves thin, the basal ones slender- WING petioled, simple, or sometimes with a pair of small leaflets on the petiole, broadly ovate, cordate, acute at the apex, the mar- gins crenate or dentate; stem leaves pin- nately 3~7-divided, the terminal segment larger than the others; cymes terminal, clustered; flowers few or numerous; co- rolla pink, its tube very slender, 6’/-10/’ long; bracts linear; fruit oblong or oblong- lanceolate, about 3/’ long, glabrous or puberulent; bristles of the calyx at length elongated and plumose. In moist soil, Pennsylvania to West Vir- ginia, Illinois, Kentucky and Missouri. Call- ed also AmericanWild Valerian. May-June. 2. Valeriana édulis Nutt. Edible Valerian. ‘Tobacco-root. (Fig. 3472.) V. edulis Nutt. in T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2:48. 1841. Erect, 1°-4° high, from a deep fusiform car- rot-shaped root. Stem glabrous, or nearly so, the young leaves commonly more or less pubescent and the older ones finely cil- iate, sometimes glabrous; basal leaves spat- ulate or oblanceolate, thick, 3/-12’ long, 2//-10/’ wide, obtuse at the apex, narrowed into a margined petiole, parallel-veined, en- tire or with a few obtuse entire lobes; stem leaves few, sessile, pinnately-parted into linear or lanceolate segments; flowers yel- lowish-white, small (2/7) polygamo-dioe- cious, paniculate, the inflorescence at length widely branching; bracts lanceolate, short; fruit narrowly ovate, glabrous or nearly so, A= 2/’ long, at length exceeded by the plumose calyx-teeth. In wet open places, Ontario to British Columbia, south to Ohio, Wisconsin, and in the Rocky Mount- tains to Arizonaand New Mexico. Called also Oregon Tobacco; the root cooked for food. May-Aug. 3. Valeriana sylvatica Banks. Wood or Swamp Valerian. (Fig. 3473.) Valeriana sylvatica Banks; Richards. App. Frank. Journ. Ed. 2, 2. 1823. Valeriana dioica Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 727. 1814. Not L. 1753. Erect, glabrous or very nearly so through- out, 8’-2%4° high. Rootstocks creeping or ascending; basal leaves thin, petioled, oblong or spatulate, obtuse, entire, or with a few obtuse lobes, reticulate-veined, 2’-10’ long, 3//-18’’ wide; stem leaves 2-4 pairs, petioled, pinnately parted into 3-13 ovate to lanceo- late, dentate or rarely entire, acute or obtuse segments; inflorescence cymose-paniculate, at length loosely branched; flowers pink or nearly white, 3//-4’’ long; bracts linear-lan- ceolate; fruit ovate, glabrous, 114’ long. In wet soil, Newfoundland to British Colum- bia, south to Vermont, New .York, Ontario, Michigan and in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico and Arizona. Also in northeastern Asia. Called also AmericanWild Valerian. May-Aug. Vor. III.] VALERIAN FAMILY. 245 4. Valeriana officinalis L,. Garden or Great Wild Valerian. Vandal-root. (Fig. 3474.) Valeriana officinalis L,. Sp. Pl. 31. 1753. Erect, 2°-5° high, more or less pubes- cent, especially at the nodes. Leaves all pinnately parted into 7-25 thin reticulate-veined lanceolate acute or acuminate segments, sharply dentate, or those of the upper leaves entire, usu- ally with some scattered hairs beneath; flowers pink or nearly white, about 2’’ long; inflorescence of several rather compact corymbed cymes; bracts linear- lanceolate, rather large; fruit glabrous, ovate, about 114’ long. Escaped from gardens to roadsides in New York and New Jersey. Native of Eu- rope and Asia. Old names Cats’ Valerian, Setwell, Cut-heal, All-heal. June-Aug. 2. VALERIANELLA Poll. Hist. Pl. Palat. 1: 29. 1776. Annual dichotomously branched herbs, the basal leaves tufted, entire, those of the stem sessile, often dentate, the flowers in terminal, compact or capitate, in our species corymbed or panicled cymes. Corolla small, white, blue, or pink, nearly regular. Calyx-limb short or obsolete in flower, in fruit various, not divided into filiform plumose segments, often none. Corolla-tube narrowed at the base, the limb spreading, 5-lobed. Stamens 3; style minutely 3-lobed at the summit. Fruit 3-celled, 2 of the cells empty, and in our species about as large as the fertile one. [Name a diminutive of Valerian. ] About 50 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, most abundant in the Mediterranean region. Besides the following, 8 others occur in the western parts of North America. Corolla funnelform, the short tube not longer than the limb or about equalling it. Fruit flattened, twice as broad as thick. 1. V. Locusta. Fruit triangular-pyramidal. 2. V. chenopodifolia. Fruit oblong-tetragonal or ovoid-tetragonal, grooved. Groove of the fruit broad and shallow. Groove of the fruit narrow. Fruit globose or saucer-shaped. Corolla salverform, the slender tube much longer than the limb. V. radiata. V. stenocarpa., V. Woodsiana, . V. longiflora. DANE H 1. Valerianella Loctsta (L.) Bettke. European Corn Salad. (Fig. 3475.) Valeriana Locusta and var. olitoria \,. ) j Spek sae 1753: . wp ny Sh) nck ey, Valerianella olitoria Poll. Hist. Pl. Palat. a REY BREE oe Sy “Sr SS Gse7 TsO 7/703 Q Z N Valerianella Locusta Bettke. Anim. Val. S \"\A Io. 1826, Glabrous, or pubescent at the nodes, 6/-12’ high, usually branched from the base and repeatedly forked. Basal leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, rounded and obtuse at the apex, 14 /— 2’ long, 3/’-5’’ wide, entire; upper stem leaves oblong-lanceolate, usually dentate; peduncles short; cymes 3//— 6’’ broad, almost capitate; bracts lin- ear or linear-oblong; corolla blue, about 1’ long; fruit flattened, rounded on the edges, 1’’ long, glabrous, twice as broad as thick, depressed-orbicular in outline, the two empty cavities smaller than the fertile one, which has a corky mass at its back. In waste places, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania to Virginia and Louisiana. Naturalized from Europe. The leaves are cultivated and used for salad under the name of Fetticus. Called also White Pot-Herb, Lamb’s Lettuce, Milk Grass. April-July. 246 VALERIANACEAE. (Vor. III. 2. Valerianella chenopodifolia (Pursh) DC. Goose-foot Corn Salad. (Fig. 3476.) eee chenopodtfolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 727. 1814. Velersanehe, chenopodifolia DC. Prodr. 4: 629. 1830. ian Fagopyrum T. & G. Fl, N. A. 2: 51. 1841. Glabrous, 1°-2° high. Leaves entire, or the basal and lower ones repand, spatulate, ob- tuse; upper stem leaves oblong or lanceo- late, 1/-3/ long; cymes dense, 6’’-8’’ broad, at length slender-peduncled; bracts lanceo- late or oblong-lanceolate; corolla white, about 1/” long; fruit triangular-pyramidal, 2’’ long, 1’ thick, glabrous or minutely pubescent, the two empty cavities narrower than the fertile one but about as deep. In moist soil, western New York to Virginia, west to Wisconsin and Kentucky. May-July. 3. Valerianella radiata (L.) Dufr. Beaked Corn Salad. (Fig. 3477.) Valeriana Locusta var. radiata I,. Sp. Pl. 34. 1753. Fedia radiata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 118. 1803. Valerianella radiata Dufr. Hist. Val. 57. 1811. Glabrous, or minutely pubescent below, 6/- 18’ high. Basal and lower leaves spatulate, obtuse, entire, the upper lanceolate, usually dentate; cymes 4’/-6’’ broad, dense; bracts small, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; corolla white, 1/’ long; fruit narrowly ovate-tetragonal, finely pubescent or sometimes glabrous, 1’ long, 44’ thick, the empty cavities as thick as or thicker than the beaked fertile one and separa- ted from each other by a broad shallow groove. In moist soil, New York to Florida, west to Michigan, Missouri and Texas. Called also Lamb’s Lettuce. May-July. 4. Valerianella stenocarpa (Engelm.) Krok. Narrow-celled Corn Salad. (Fig. 3478.) Fedia stenocarpa Engelm. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 6: 216. 1857. Valerianella stenocarpa Krok, Kong]. Svensk. Akad. Handl. 5: 64. 1866. Similar to the preceding species and perhaps better regarded as a variety ot it. Fruit oblong-tetragonal, slightly smaller, glabrous or sometimes pubes- cent; sterile cavities not as thick as the oblong seed-bearing one, and separated from each other by a narrow groove. Kansas and Missouri to Texas. March- June. ' late or linear-oblong, usually dentate; cymes Vot. III.] VALERIAN FAMILY. 247 5. Valerianella Woodsiana (T. & G.) Walp. Woods’ Corn Salad. (Fig. 3479.) Fedia Woodsiana 'T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 52. 1841. Valerianella Woodsiana Walp. Rep. 2: 527. 1843. Usually larger than any of the preceding species, sometimes 3° high, glabrous or very nearly so throughout. Basal and lower leaves spatulate, obtuse, entire; upper leaves lanceo- 3//-6’’ broad, few-flowered; bracts compara- tively large, lanceolate; corolla white, about 1’ long; fruit glabrous, nearly globular, about 1’ in diameter, the empty cavities inflated, in- trorse with a depression or concavity between them, as broad as the fertile one. In moist soil, New York, Pennsylvania and ‘Ohio to Tennessee and Texas. May-July. Valerianella Woodsiana umbilicata (Sulliv.) A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 19: 82. 1883. F. umbilicata Sulliv. Am. Journ. Sci. 42:50. 1842. Empty cells of the fruit bladdery-inflated, curved together at the ends, forming a deep con- cavity. Same range. Valerianella Woodsiana patellaria (Sulliv.) A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 19: 82. 1883. Fedia patellaria Sulliv.; A. Gray, Man. 183. 1848. i Empty cells divergent, the fruit becoming saucer-shaped. Ohio and Pennsylvania. This variety and the preceding one are probably but forms of the species. 6. Valerianella longiflora (T. & G.) Walp. Long-flowered Corn Salad. (Fig. 3480. ) Fedia longiflora T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 51. 1841. Valerianellalongifiora Walp. Rep. 2: 527. 1843 Glabrous; stem usually several times forked, 6’-12’ high. Leaves very obtuse, the basal ones spatulate, 1-214’ long, 4’/-8/” wide, those of the stem oblong or spatulate- oblong, smaller, somewhat clasping; cymes dense, corymbed, commonly numerous, sev- eral-many-flowered; corolla salverform, pink or purplish, about 6’” long, the almost fili- form tube 3-4 times as long as the somewhat irregular 5-parted limb, the lobes linear-ob- long; bracts with small gland-tipped teeth; fruit broadly ovate or nearly orbicular in out- line, the empty cavities divergent, larger than the oblong seed-bearing one. In moist rocky situations, Missouri and Ar- LI _ kansas. April-May. Family 38. DIPSACACEAE Lindl. Veg. Kingd. 699. 1847. TEASEL FAMILY. Perennial biennial or annual herbs, with opposite or rarely verticillate leaves, and perfect gamopetalous flowers in dense involucrate heads. Stipules none. Flowers borne on an elongated or globose receptacle, bracted and involucellate. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb cup-shaped, disk-shaped, or divided into spreading bristles. Corolla epigynous, the tube usually enlarged at the throat, the limb 2-5-lobed. Stamens 2-4, inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes; filaments distinct; anthers versatile, longitudin- ally dehiscent. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, style filiform; stigma undivided, terminal, or oblique and lateral; ovule 1, anatropous. Fruit an achene, its apex crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes. Seed-coat membranous; endosperm fleshy; embryo straight. About 7 genera and 140 species, natives of the Old World. Scales of the elongated receptacle prickly pointed. 1. Dipsacus. Scales of the receptacle not prickly, herbaceous, capillary, or none. 2. Scabiosa, 1. DIPSACUS L. Sp. Pl. 97. 1753. Rough-hairy or prickly tall erect biennial or perennial herbs, with opposite dentate en- tire or pinnatifid, usually large leaves, and blue or lilac flowers in dense terminal peduncled 248 DIPSACACEAE. (Vou. III. oblong heads in our species, Bracts of the involucre and scales of the receptacle rigid or spiny pointed. Involucels 4-8-ribbed with a somewhat spreading border. Limb of the calyx cup-shaped, 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Corolla oblique or 2-lipped, 4-lobed. Stamens 4. Stigma oblique or lateral. Achene free from or adnate to the involucel. [Greek, to thirst, the leaves of some species holding water. ] About 15 species, natives of the Old World. Scales of the receptacle straight-pointed. 1. D. sylvestris. Scales of the receptacle hooked at the apex. 2. D. fullonum, 1. Dipsacus sylvéstris Huds. Wild, Common or Card Teasel. (Fig. 3481.) Dipsacus fullonum J. Sp. Pl. 97. In part. 1753. Dipsacus sylvestris Huds. Fl. Angl. 49. 1762. Biennial, stout, with numerous short prickles on the stem, branches, peduncles, midribs of the leaves and involucre, otherwise glabrous or nearly so, 3°-6° high. Leaves sessile, or the upper ones connate-perfoliate, lanceolate or ob- long, the upper acuminate and generally entire, the lower obtuse or obtusish, crenate or some- times pinnatifid at the base, often 1° long; heads at first ovoid, becoming cylindric, at length 3/- 4/ long; flowers lilac, 4’//-6’’ long; leaves of the involucre linear, curved upward, as long as the head or longer; scales of the receptacle ovate, tipped with a long straight subulate barbed awn, usually exceeding the flowers. In waste places, Maine and Ontario to Virginia, westto Michigan. Naturalized from Europe and na- tive also of Asia. July-Sept. Other English names are Venus’ Bath, Venus’ Cup, Wood- or Church- brooms, Shepherds’ Staff, Card or Water Thistle, Gipsy Combs, Hutton-weed. 2. Dipsacus fullonum L. Fuller’s Teasel. Fuller’s Thistle. (Fig. 3482.) Dipsacus fullonum ¥,. Sp. Pl. 97- 1753+ Dipsacus fullonum var. sativus I,. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 1677. 1763. Similar to the preceding species. Leaves of the involucre, or some of them, shorter than the heads, spreading or at length reflexed; scales of the receptacle with hooked tips, about equal- ling the flowers, which are usually paler than in D. sylvestris. About wool mills, Eastern and Middle States, rare. Fugitivefrom Europe. Other English names are Clothiers’ Brush, Venus’ Bath, or Cup, Drapers’ Teasel. Generally regarded as probably a cultivated variety of the preceding species, as it is not found wild, except as an evident escape. 2. SCABIOSA L. Sp. Pl. 98. 1753. Herbs, with opposite leaves, no prickles, and blue pink or white flowers in peduncled involucrate heads. Bracts of the involucre herbaceous, separate, or slightly united at the base. Scales of the receptacle small, capillary, or none, not sharp-pointed nor hooked. In- volucels 2-8-ribbed, the margins 4-toothed or expanded. Calyx-limb 5-toothed. Limb of the corolla 4-5-cleft, oblique or 2-lipped. Stamens 4 (rarely 2). Stigma oblique or lateral. Achene more or less adnate to the involucel, crowned with the persistent calyx. [Latin, scale, from its repute as a remedy for scaly eruptions. ] About 100 species, natives of the Old World. Leaves, or some of them, pinnatifid; receptacle hairy, not scaly. 1. S. arvensis. Leaves entire, or toothed; receptacle scaly. 2. S. australis, Vor. III.J TEASEL FAMILY. 249 1. Scabiosa arvénsis L. Field Scabious. (Fig. 3483.) Scabiosa arvensis U. Sp. Pl. 99. 1753. Knautia arvensis Coult. Dips. 29. 1823. Perennial, pubescent, simple or little branch- ed, 1°-3° high. Basal and lower leaves petioled, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, entire, lobed, or pinnatifid, 3/-8’ long; upper leaves sessile, often deeply pinnatifid; heads long-peduncled, depressed-globose, 1/-134’ broad; flowers lilac- purple, about 6’” long; receptacle depressed- hemispheric, not scaly, covered with hairs be- tween the flowers; achene angled, crowned with the 8 or ro linear-subulate calyx-teeth. Tn cultivated fields and waste places, Massachu- setts, Vermont, New York and Pennsylvania. Ad- ventive from Europe. Other English names are Blue Buttons, Blue Caps, Gipsy or Egyptian Rose, Pincushion, June-Sept. yj 2. Scabiosa australis Wulf. Southern Scabious. (Fig. 3484.) Scabiosa australis Wulf. in Roem. Arch. 3: Part 3, 316. 1803. Succtsa australis Reicheneb. Fl. Germ. Excurs. 196. 1830. Perennial, puberulent, at least above; stem slender, branched, 114°-3° high. Basal leaves oblanceolate to oblong, mostly obtuse, 4/-12/ long, the petiole often as long as the blade, or onger; stem leaves distant, lanceolate or ob- long-lanceolate, entire, or toothed, short-peti- oled, or the upper sessile, acute or acuminate; heads of purple flowers long-peduncled, rather less than 1/ in diameter, oblong-ovoid in fruit; receptacle scaly, the scales about as long as the involucels or longer; achene crowned with 5 calyx-teeth. Naturalized from Europe in central New York and Massachusetts. Pincushion-flower. Summer, Family 39. CUCURBITACEAE B. Juss. Hort. Trian. 1759. GouRD FAMILy. Climbing or trailing, herbaceous vines, usually with tendrils. Leaves alter- nate, petioled, generally palmately lobed or dissected. Flowers solitary or race- mose, monoecious or dioecious. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb cam- panulate or tubular, usually 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated. Petals usually 5, inserted on the limb of the calyx, separate, or united into a gamopetalous cor- olla. Stamens mostly 3 (sometimes 1), 2 of them with 2-celled anthers, the other with a 1-celled anther; filaments short, often somewhat monadelphous. Ovary 1- 3-celled; style terminal, simple, or lobed; ovules few or numerous, anatropous. Fruit a pepo, indehiscent, or rarely dehiscent at the summit, or bursting irregu- larly; orsometimes dry and membranous. Seeds usually flat; endosperm none. About go genera and 650 species, mainly natives of tropical regions, a few in the temperate zones. Flowers large, yellow; prostrate vine. d 1. Cucurbita, Flowers small, white or greenish; climbing vines. Fruit glabrous; seeds numerous, horizontal. 2. Melothria. Fruit prickly; seeds 1 or few, erect or pendulous, Fruit dehiscent at the apex or bursting irregularly; several-seeded. Leaves 3-7-lobed; anthers 3. 3. Micrampelis, Leaves digitately compound; anther 1. 4. Cyclanthera, Fruit indehiscent, 1-seeded. 5. Sicyos. 250 CUCURBITACEAE. [Vor. III. 1. CUCURBITA L. Sp. Pl. 1010. 1753. Rough prostrate vines, rooting at the nodes, with branched tendrils, usually lobed leaves mostly cordate at the base, and large yellow axillary monoccious flowers. Calyx-tube cam- panulate, usually 5-lobed. Corolla campanulate, 5-lobed to about the middle, the lobes re- curving. Staminate flowers with three stamens, the anthers linear, more or less united and no pistil. Pistillate flowers with 1 pistil; ovary oblong with 3-5 many-ovuled placentae; style short, thick; stigmas 3-5, each 2-lobed, papillose; staminodia 3. Fruit large, fleshy, with a thick rind, many-seeded, indehiscent. [The Latin name of the gourd. ] About 10 species, natives of America, Asia and Africa. Besides the following, some 6 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. 1. Cucurbita foetidissima H.B.K. Missouri Gourd. Calabazilla. Wild Pumpkin. (Fig. 3485.) Sh os Soetidissima H.B.K. Nov. Gen, 2: 123. Cucuinds perennetereed in Long’s Exp. 2: 20, 1823. Cucurbita perennts A. Gray, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 6: 193. 1850. Stem stout, rough, hirsute, trailing to a length of 15°-25°. Root large, carrot-shaped. Petioles stout, 3/-8’ long, very rough; leaves ovate-tri- angular, thick and somewhat fleshy, cordate or truncate at the base, acute at the apex, 4’-12’ long, usually slightly 3-5-lobed, denticulate, rough above, canescent beneath; peduncles 1/- 2’ long; flowers mostly solitary; corolla 214/-4’ long; pepo globose or globose-oyoid, 2’-3/ in diameter, smooth, its pulp fibrous and bitter. Dry soil, Nebraska to Texas and Mexico, west to southern California. May-Sept. Cucurbita Pépo L., the Pumpkin, is found occa- sionally in waste places. Citrullus Citrullus (L.) Karst., the Watermelon, is found escaped from cultivation along river-shores in Virginia and West Virginia. 2. MELOTHRIA L. Sp. Pl. 35. 1753. Slender, mostly climbing vines, with simple or rarely bifid tendrils, lobed or entire thin leaves, and small white or yellow monoecious flowers, the staminate clustered, the pistillate often solitary. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Corolla campanulate, deeply 5-parted. Stamens 3 in the staminate flowers, the anthers distinct or slightly united, the pistil want- ing or rudimentary. Fertile flowers with 1 pistil; ovary ovoid, constricted below the corolla; placentae 3; ovules numerous; style short; stigmas 3, linear. Fruit small, berry-like, pulpy, many-seeded. [From the Greek for some vine, probably Bryonta Cretica.] About 64 species, natives of warm and tropical regions, most abundantin the Old World. Only the following occurs in the United States. (Fig. 3486.) as 1. Melothria péndula L. Creeping Cucumber. SS Melothria pendula ¥,. Sp. Pl. 35. 1753- Root perennial. Stem slender, climbing to a height of 3°-5°, branched, glabrous, grooved; petioles 14/-2'%4’ long; leaves nearly orbicular in outline, finely pubescent or scabrous on both sides, cordate at the base, 5-lobed or 5-angled, denticulate or dentate; tendrils puberulent; staminate flowers 4-7, racemose, borne on a peduncle %4/-1/ long; fertile flowers solitary, slender-peduncled; corolla greenish white, about 2’’ broad; fruit smooth, ovoid, green, 4/’-6’’ long. In thickets, Pennsylvania (Schweinitz, according to Cog- niaux); Virginia to Florida, west to Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana and northern Mexico. June-Sept. eee Vor, III.] GOURD FAMILY. 251 3. MICRAMPELIS Raf. Med. Rep. (II.) 5: 350. 1808. [Ecurinocystis T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1: 542. 1840.] Mostly annual climbing herbs, with branched tendrils, lobed or angled leaves, and small white monoecious flowers. Calyx-tube campanulate, 5-6-lobed. Corolla very deeply 5-6- parted. Stamens 3 in the staminate flowers, the anthers more or less coherent. Pistillate flowers with a 2-celled ovary; ovules 2 in each cavity; style very short; stigma hemispheric orlobed. Fruit fleshy or dry at maturity, densely spiny, 1-2-celled, usually with 2 seeds in each cavity, dehiscent at the summit. Testa of the seed roughened. [Greek, small-vine. ] About 25 species, nativesof America, Besides the following, about ro others occur in the west- ern United States. 1. Micrampelis lobata (Michx.) Greene. Wild Balsam Apple. Mock Apple. (Fig. 3487.) Momordica echinata Muhl. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 3: 180. Name only. 1793. Sicyos lobata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 217. 1803. Echinocystis lobata 'T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1: 542. 1840. Micrampelis lobata Greene, Pittonia,2: 128. 1890. Stem nearly glabrous, angular and grooved, branching, climbing to a height of 15°-25°, sometimes villous-pubescent at the nodes. Petioles 1/-3/ long; leaves thin, roughish on both sides, deeply cordate at the base, 3-7- lobed to about the middle, the lobes triangu- lar-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, the mar- gins remotely serrulate; staminate flowers very numerous in narrow compound racemes; pistil- late flowers solitary, or rarely 2 together; fruit ovoid, green, about 2’ long, armed with slen- der spines. Along rivers, and in waste places, Maine to Minnesota and Ontario, south to Virginia (accord- ing to Cogniaux), Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Kan- sas and Texas. Eastward, mostly occurring as an introduced plant. July-Sept. 4. CYCLANTHERA Schrad. Ind. Sem. Hort. Goett. 1831. Climbing, annual or perennial, mostly glabrous vines, with forked or simple tendrils, usu- ally digitately compound leaves and small white or greenish monoecious flowers. Calyx cup-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-parted. Staminate flowers racemose or pani- cled, the stamens united into a central column; anther 1, annular in our species. Pistillate flowers solitary; ovary obliquely ovoid, beaked, 1~-3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cavity; style short; stigma large, hemispheric. Fruit spiny, obliquely ovoid, beaked, at length irregularly dehiscent, few-seeded. [Greek, circle-anther. ] About 4o species, natives of America. om Ae SS 1. Cyclanthera dissécta (T. & G.) Arn. Cut-leaved Cyclanthera. (Fig. 3488.) Discanthera dissecta T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1: 697. 1840. es dissecta Arn, in Hook. Journ. Bot. 3: 280. Annual; stem grooved and angular, glabrous, branching, climbing to a height of 3°-4°, or strag- ling. Petioles 1/-2’ long; leaves digitately 3-7- fol.olate, the leaflets oval or oblong, usually acute at each end, %/—2/ long, rough on both sides, den- tate, or somewhat lobed; staminate flowers race- mose, borne on a peduncle %’/-2’ long; pistillate flowers solitary, very short-peduncled; fruit nar- rowed at the base, slightly oblique, about 1/ long, armed with slender spines. Thickets, Kansas to Texas, Louisiana and northern Mexico. July-Sept. 252 CUCURBITACEAE. [Von. III. a SICYOS L. Sp. el Morgs eae 5a: Annual climbing vines, with branched tendrils, angled or lobed leaves, and small white or green monoecious flowers. Calyx-tube campanulate or cup-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla campanulate or rotate, 5-parted nearly to the base. Staminate flowers corymbose or racemose, with 3 stamens, the filaments united into a short column, the anthers coherent; pistil want- ing. Pistillate flowers several together in capitate long-peduncled clusters, with no stamens; ovary oblong or fusiform, 1-celled; ovule 1, pendulous; style short, slender; stigmas usually 3. Fruit spiny, indehiscent, 1-seeded. [Greek, a cucumber or gourd. ] About 35 species, natives of America and Australasia. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the southwestern states. 1. Sicyos angulatus L. One-seeded Bur- Cucumber. Star Cucumber. (Fig. 3489.) Sicyos angulatus I,. Sp. Pl. 1013. 1753. Stem angled, more or less viscid-pubescent, climbing to a height of 15°-25°, or trailing. Peti- oles stout, 1/-4’ long, pubescent; leaves nearly or- bicular, rough on both sides, rather thin, deeply cordate at the base, 5-angled or 5-lobed, the lobes acute or acuminate, the margins denticulate; stam- inate flowers loosely corymbose or racemose, borne on elongated peduncles; fertile flowers capitate, their peduncles shorter; fruits sessile, 3-10 together, yellowish, about 34’ long, pubescent, armed with slender rough spines, Along river banks and in moist places, Quebec and Ontario to Florida, west to Minnesota, Kansas and Texas. Naturalized in eastern Europe. Called also Nimble Kate. Leaves sometimes 10’ across, June- Sept. Family 4o. CAMPANULACEAE Juss. Gen, 163. 1789. BELL-FLOWER FAMILY. Herbs (some tropical species shrubs or even trees), with alternate exstipu- late entire dentate or rarely lobed leaves, acrid and usually milky juice, and racemose spicate paniculate or solitary perfect flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb mostly 5-lobed or 5-parted, the lobes equal or slightly un- equal, valvate or imbricate in the bud, commonly persistent. Corolla gamo- petalous, regular or irregular, inserted at the line where the calyx becomes free from the ovary, its tube entire, or deeply cleft on one side, its limb 5-lobed, regular, or more or less 2-lipped, or corolla rarely divided into separate petals. Stamens 5, alternate with the corolla-lobes, inserted with the corolla; filaments separate or connate; anthers 2-celled, introrse, separate, or united into a ring or tube. Ovary 2-5- -celled (rarely 6-10- ‘celled), with the placentae projecting from the axis, or 1-celled with two parietal placentae ; style simple ; stigma mostly 2-5-lobed, pilose by a tuft or ring of hairs, or glabrous; ovules anatropous. Fruit a capsule or berry. Seeds very numerous and small; embryo minute, straight ; endosperm fleshy. About 60 genera and 1500 species, of wide geographic distribution. Corolla regular, campanulate or rotate; anthers separate. Corolla campanulate, rarely rotate; flowers all complete. 1. Campanula, Corolla rotate; earlier flowers cleistogamous. 2. Legouzia. Corolla irregular; anthers connate around the style. 3. Lobelia. 1. CAMPANULA L., Sp. Pl. 163. 1753. Perennial or annual herbs, with alternate or basal leaves. Flowers large or small, soli- tary, racemose, paniculate, or glomerate, regular, complete, blue, violet, or white. Calyx- tube hemispheric, turbinate, obovoid, or prismatic, adnate to the ovary, the limb deeply 5- lobed or 5-parted (rarely 3-4-parted). Corolla campanulate or rotate, 5-lobed or 5-parted. Stamens 5, free from the corolla; filaments usually dilated at the base; anthers separate. Ovary inferior, 3-5-celled; stigma 3-5-lobed. Capsule wholly or partly inferior, crowned by the persistent calyx-lobes, opening on the sides, either near the top, middle or bottom by 3-5 small valves or perforations, or tending to be indehiscent in some species. [Diminutive of the Latin campana, a bell. ] About 250 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, some 8 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America; all known as Bell-flower. Vor. III.] BELLFLOWER FAMILY. _ 253 % Corolla campanulate; flowers solitary, racemose, glomerate, or panicled, Flower solitary at the end of the stem; arctic and alpine plants. : Corolla 4''-6'' long; capsule-openings near the summit. 1. C. uniflora, Corolla 6'’-12"' long; capsule-openings near the base. 2. C. rotundifolia. Flowers racemose, glomerate, or paniculate. Corolla 7''-15'' long. ve Stem leaves linear, the basal orbicular, mostly cordate. 2. C. rotundifolia, Leaves all ovate to lanceolate; plants pubescent or scabrous. Flowers pedicelled in 1-sided racemes. 3. C. rapunculoides. Flowers sessile in terminal and axillary clusters. 4. C. glomerata, Corolla 2'’-5'' long. aes Plant rough; ore not exserted. 5. C. apartinotdes, Plant smooth, glabrous, Sree viscid; style long-exserted. 6. C. divaricata. % % Corolla rotate; flowers spicate. 7. C. Americana. 1. Campanula unifidra L. Arctic Harebell or Bellflower. (Fig. 3490.) Campanula uniflora I, Sp. Pl. 163. 1753: Perennial, glabrous or nearly so; stem simple, 1-flow- ered, 1/-6’ high. Leaves linear or linear-oblong, acute, sessile, thickish, entire or sparingly dentate, 9’/-18’’ long, or the lower and basal ones spatulate, obtuse and nar- rowed into petioles; flower erect; calyx-tube turbinate, glabrous or pubescent, shorter than or equalling the lobes; corolla campanulate, 4’/’-6’’ long, blue; capsule cylindric or club-shaped, about 6’ long, erect, opening by valves near the summit. Labrador and Arctic America to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Summer. 2. Campanula rotundifolia L. Harebell. Blue Bells of Scotland. (Fig. 3491.) Campanula rotundifolia I,. Sp. Pl. 163. 1753. Perennial by slender rootstocks, glabrous or nearly so; stems erect or diffuse, often sev- eral from the same root, simple or branched, K [J 6’-3° high. Basal leaves nearly orbicular or U broadly ovate, usually cordate, slender-peti- oled, 1(/’-1’ wide, dentate or entire, often wanting at flowering time; stem leaves linear or linear-oblong, acute, mostly entire, sessile, or the lower narrowed into short petioles and somewhat spatulate; flowers several or nu- merous, racemose (rarely solitary), drooping or spreading, slender-pedicelled; calyx-lobes subulate,spreading, longer than the short-tur- binate tube; corolla blue, campanulate, 7//— 12/’ long; capsule obconicor ovoid, pendulous, ribbed, opening by short clefts near the base. On moist rocks and in meadows, Labrador to Alaska, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Illi- nois, Nebraska, in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona and in the Sierra Nevada to California. Also in Europe and Asia. Other English names are Thimbles, Lady’s Thimble, Heath or Witches’ Bells, Round-leaved Bellflower. June-Sept. Campanula rotundifolia Langsdorfiana (A. DC.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 309. 1894. C. linifolia var. Langsdorfiana A. DC. Prodr. 7: 471. 1839. C. rotundifolia var. alpina Tuckerm, Amer. Journ. Sci. 45: 27. 1843. + Flower commonly solitary, erect, nearly or quite 1’ long; calyx-lobes nearly filiform, spreading or deflexed. Summits of the White Mountains of New Hampshire; Quebec to Labrador and Arctic America, ja Campanula rotundifolia velitina DC. Fl. France, 6: 432. 1815. Stem and leaves pubescent or canescent. Sand hills, Burt Lake, Michigan (according to Gray). CAMPANULACEAE. [Vor. II. 3. Campanula rapunculoides L, Creeping or European Bellflower. (Fig. 3492.) Campanula rapunculoides I,. Sp. Pl. 165. 1753- Perennial by slender rootstocks; stem gla- brous or pubescent, simple or rarely branched, leafy, erect, rather stout, 1°-3° high. Leaves pubescent or puberulent, crenate-denticulate, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, the lower and basal ones mostly cordate, 3/-6’ long, 1/-2’ wide, slender-petioled, the upper short-petioled or sessile, smaller; flowers short-pedicelled, drooping, 1/-1}4’ long in an elongated bracted 1-sided raceme; corolla campanulate, blue to violet, rather deeply 5- lobed, much longer than the linear spreading calyx-lobes; capsule globose, nodding, about 4’’ in diameter; opening near the base. In fields and along roadsides, New Brunswick to Ontario, southern New York, Pennsylvaniaand Ohio. Naturalized from Europe. July—Sept. 4. Campanula glomerata L. Clus- tered Bellflower. Dane’s Blood. (Fig. 3493-) Campanula glomerata I,. Sp. Pl. 166. 1753. Perennial by short rootstocks; stem stout, e4 Leet simple, erect, pubescent, leafy, 1°-2° high. ae, Teaves pubescent on both sides, crenulate, 4 FAO the lower and basal ones oblong or ovate, f niostly obtuse, sometimes cordate, slender- petioled, 2’—4’ long, the upper lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, sessile or clasping, smaller; flowers about 1/ long, sessile, erect and spreading in terminal and axillary glom- erules; corolla campanulate, blue, rather deeply 5-lobed; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acum- inate; capsule ovoid or oblong, erect, about 3/’ high, opening near the base. In fields and along roadsides, eastern Massa- chusetts. Naturalized from Europe. Some- times called Canterbury Bells, a name more properly belonging to C. medium and C, Trach- elium. June-Aug. 5. Campanula aparinoides Pursh. Marsh or Bedstraw Bellflower. (Fig. 3494.) WY Campanula aparinoides Pursh Fl. Am. Sept. 159. 1814. ; Perennial; stems very slender or filiform, weak, reclining or diffuse, rough with short retrorse bris- tles, similar to those of Galium asprellum, leafy, paniculately branched, 6’—2° long. Leaves lanceo- late, or linear-lanceolate, sessile, sparingly dentate with low teeth, or entire, rough on the margins and midrib, acute at both ends, 1%/-1}4’ long, 1/’-3/’ wide; flowers pale blue or white, paniculate, 2%4’/— 4’’ long; pedicels filiform; buds drooping; corolla open-campanulate, deeply 5-cleft, its tube equal- ling or longer than the triangular-lanceolate acute calyx-lobes; style included; capsule subglobose, opening near the base. In grassy swamps, New Brunswick to the Northwest Territory, south to Georgia, Kentucky, Nebraska and Colorado. Called also Slender Bellflower. June-Aug. Vo. IIT.] BELLFLOWER FAMILY. 255 6. Campanula divaricata Michx. Panicled Bellflower. (Fig. 3495.) Campanula divaricata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 10g. 1803. Campanula flexuosa Michx. loc. cit. 1803 ? Perennial, glabrous but somewhat viscid; stem erect, paniculately branched, slender, 1°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, the uppermost sometimes / linear, sharply serrate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed to the base, the upper ses- Sot 9, y j sile, the lower petioled, 2’-3’ long, 3//-12/’ wide, or the lowest commonly shorter and broader; flowers very numerous in com- pound panicles, drooping, slender-pedi- celled; corolla light blue, campanulate, about 3’’ long; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute, scarcely spreading, often dentate; style long- exserted; capsule turbinate, about 214’ long, opening near the middle. On rocky banks, mountains of Virginia and West Virginia toGeorgia and Tennessee. As- cends to 2500 ft. in North Carolina, June-Sept. 7. Campanula Americana L, Tall Bellflower. (Fig. 3496.) Campanula Americanal,. Sp. Pl. 164. 1753. Annual or biennial, more or less pubes- cent; stem erect or nearly so, rather slen- der, simple or rarely with a few long branches, 2°-6° high. Leaves thin, ovate, oblong, or, lanceolate, serrate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, peti- oled, or the upper sessile, 3/-6’ long, the lowest sometimes cordate; flowers in a loose or dense terminal sometimes leafy spike, which is often 1°-2° long; lower bracts foliaceous, the upper subulate; corolla rotate, blue, or nearly white, about 1’ broad, deeply 5-cleft; calyx-lobes lin- ear-subulate, spreading, style declined and curved upward, long-exserted; cap- sule narrowly turbinate, ribbed, erect, 4/’-5’ long, opening near the summit. In moist thickets and woods, New Bruns- wick to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Flor- ida, Kentucky and Arkansas. Rare near the coast in the Middle States and New England. Ascends to 3000 ft. in West Virginia. uly- Sept. 2. LEGOUZIA Durand, Fl. Bourg. 2: 26. 1782. [SPECULARIA Heist.; A. DC. Mon. Camp. 344. 1830.] Annual herbs, with alternate toothed or entire leaves, the stem and branches long, slen- der. Flowers axillary, sessile or nearly so, 2-bracted, or the upper panicled in some exotic species, the earlier (lower) ones small, cleistogamous, the later with a blue or purple nearly rotate corolla. Calyx-tube narrow, the lobes in the earlier flowers 3 or 4, in the later 4 or 5. Corolla 5-lobed or 5-parted, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Filaments flat; anthers sepa- rate, linear. Ovary 3-celled (rarely 2- or 4-celled); ovules numerous; stigma usually 3-lobed. Capsule prismatic, cylindric, or narrowly obconic, opening by lateral valves. Seeds ovoid, oblong, or lenticular.? [Name unexplained. ] About 10 species, natives of the northern hemisphere, one extending into South America. Capsule narrowly oblong. Leaves sessile; capsule-valves near the top. 1. L. biflora. Leaves cordate-clasping; capsule-valves at about the middle. 2. L. perfoliata, Capsule linear-cylindric; leaves sessile; western. 3. L. leplocarpa. a Din MMC eLLInr - 1894. and Texas. ) Ke April-July. ee A YN 2. Legouzia perfoliata (L.) Britton. Venus’ Looking-glass. (Fig. 3498.) Campanula perfoliata L.. Sp. Pl. 169. _1753- Specularia perfoliata A. DC. Mon. Campan. 351- 1830. ib, Ber patiata Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 309. 1894. More or less pubescent; stem densely leafy, simple or branched from near the base, slender, rather weak, sometimes prostrate, retrorse-his- pid on the angles, or nearly smooth, 6’—24’ long. Leaves orbicular or broadly ovate, strongly cor- date-clasping or the lower merely sessile, cre- nate-dentate or sometimes entire, 4/-1/ wide; flowers solitary or 2-3 together in the axils, ses- sile, the later (upper) ones with 5 (rarely 4) triangular-lanceolate acuminate rigid calyx- lobes, and a rotate blue or violet corolla 5’/—10’’ broad, the earlier ones with 3-4 shorter calyx- lobes longer than the rudimentary corolla; cap- sule oblong, or narrowly turbinate, 2’’-3’’ long, finally opening at about the middle; seeds len- ticular. CAMPANULACEAE., (Vor. III. 1. Legouzia biflora (R. & P.) Britton. Small Venus’ Looking-glass. Campanula biflora R. & P. Fl. Per. 2: 55. pi. 200, f. 6. 1799- Specularia biflora A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 11: 82. (Fig. 3497.) 1876. Legouzia biflora Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 309. Glabrous, or nearly so; stem simple or branched, very slender, roughish on the angles, 6’—2° high. Leaves ovate, oblong, or the upper lanceolate, ses- sile, acute or obtuse at the apex, crenate with a few teeth, or entire, 4’’-I0’’ long, or the upper smaller; Hy earlier flowers with 3 or 4 ovate to lanceolate calyx- Wf lobes, those of the later flowers 4 or 5, lanceolate-sub- ulate, longer; capsuie oblong-cylindric, 3//-5’’ long, opening by valves close under the calyx-teeth. In dry soil, Virginia to Tennessee, Kansas, Florida Also in California and South America. In dry woods, Maine and Ontario to British Columbia, south to Florida, Louisiana, Mexico, Utah and Oregon. Called also Clasping Bellflower. May-Sept. ton. 1876. and Texas. 3. Legouzia leptocarpa (Nutt.) Brit- Western Venus’ Looking-glass. (Fig. 3499.) Campylocera lepiocarpa Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 8: 257. 3 Specularia lepiocarpa A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 11; 82. 876 L. leptocarpa Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, §: 309. 1894. Hirsute, or nearly glabrous; stem slender, simple, or branched from the base, 67-15’ high. linear-lanceolate to oblong, sessile, not clasping, acute at both ends, or the lowest obtuse at the apex, entire or sparingly denticulate, %/-1’ long, 1//-2/” wide; flowers sessile and usually solitary in the axils, the later ones with 4-5 subulate calyx-lobes and a rotate corolla 5’’-9’’ broad, the earlier ones with 3 shorter calyx-lobes and rudimentary corolla; capsule linear-cylindric, 4/’-8’ long, less than 1/’ thick; the upper at length opening near the sum- mit; seeds oblong. In dry soil, western Missouri and Kansas to Montana Leaves Vou. III.] BELLFLOWER FAMILY. 257 ae LOBELIA L. Sp. Pl. 929. 1753. Herbs (some tropical species shrubs), with alternate or basal leaves, and racemose spi- cate or paniculate, often leafy bracted, red yellow blue or white flowers. Calyx-tube turbi- nate, hemispheric or ovoid, adnate to the ovary. Corolla-tube straight, oblique, orincurved, divided to the base on one side, 2-lipped in our species, the lobe on each side of the cleft erect or recurved, turned away from the other three which are somewhat united, the sinuses inclining to extend to the base of the corolla at maturity so as to divide it into 5 petals. Stamens free from the corolla-tube, monadelphous, at least above, two or all the 5 anthers with a tuft of hairs at the tips, three of them usually larger than the other two, all united into a tube or ring around the style. Ovary 2-celled, the 2 placentae many-ovuled; stigma 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Capsule loculicidally 2-valved. [Named after Matthias de L’Obel, 1538- 1616, a Flemish botanist. ] About 225 species of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, some 12 others occur in the southern and western United States. % Aquatic; stems simple, nearly naked; flowers light blue. Leaves terete, hollow, obtuse, all tufted at the base. L. Dortmanna. Leaves flat, linear-oblong or spatulate, entire or glandular-denticulate. 2. L. paludosa. % % Terrestrial plants of wet or dry soil; stems leafy. 1. Corolla-tube 5'’-12"’ long. Flowers bright scarlet (rarely white); corolla-tube 10'’-12'' long. 3. L. cardinalis. Flowers blue, white, or blue and white; corolla-tube 5’’-7'’ long. Leaves ovate, lanceolate, or the lower ones obovate. Leaves glabrous or sparingly pubescent. co) Calyx-lobes hirsute; sinuses with large deflexed auricles. 4. L. syphilitica. Calyx-lobes glabrous or glandular, usually without auricles. 5. L. amoena. Leaves densely puberulent; calyx hirsute; auricles small. 6. L. puberula. Leaves elongated-linear, strongly glandular-denticulate. 7. L. glanduosa. 2. Corolla-tube only 2'’-4’’ long. Stems mostly simple: flowers in terminal spike-like racemes. Sinuses of the calyx without auricles. 8. L. spicata. 9 Sinuses of the calyx with reflexed subulate auricles. L. leptostachys. Stems mostly paniculately branched; flowers in loose racemes. Stem stout, pubescent; leaves ovate or oblong, dentate. 10. L, inflata. Stems slender, glabrous; stem-leaves narrow, the basal wider. Pedicels mo=tly longer than flowers, 2-bracteolate near the middle. iu. L. Kalmiz. Pedicels not longer than flowers, not bracteolate, or only so at the base. Corolla 2%4''-3%6"' long; calyx-tube hemispheric in fruit. 12. L. Nuttallii. Corolla 434'’-51s'' long; calyx-tube turbinate. 13. L. Canbyt. 1. Lobelia Dortmanna I, Water Lobelia. Water Gladiole. (Fig. 3500.) Lobelia Dortmanna I. Sp. Pl. 929. 1753. Perennial, aquatic, glabrous throughout, somewhat fleshy; roots numerous, white, fibrous; stem slender, sim- ple, erect, hollow, minutely scaly, 6/-18’ high. Leaves all submersed and tufted at the base of the stem, terete, hol- low, obtuse, longitudinally divided by a partition, 1/-2/ long, about 2’ thick; flowers in a loose terminal raceme, blue, 6’’-8’’ long; pedicels filiform, shorter than or equal- ling the flowers; calyx-lobes subulate or lanceolate, the sinuses usually not at all appendaged; corolla-tube 3-4/7 ~“ \S I | long, its lower lip glabrous or nearly so. \ Borders of ponds, usually in sandy soil, sometimes wholly AN emersed when the water is low, New Jersey and Pennsylvania EP to Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and the Northwest Territory. Y \ 4) / J \ \)\, Also in Europe. July-Sept. y/ iy PA4\\\\ 2. Lobelia paludosa Nutt. Swamp Lobelia. (Fig. 3501. ) Lobelia paludosa Nutt. Gen. 2: 75. 1818. Perennial, aquatic, glabrous throughout; roots few and thick; stem nearly naked, slender, simple, or branched above, 1°-4° high. Leaves flat, narrowly oblong or spatulate, emersed, obtuse or acutish, entire or repand- denticulate and glandular, those of the stem few, small and sessile, the basal ones 2/-9/ long, 2//-4’’ wide, nar- rowed into petioles; flowers pale blue, racemose, 5//—6/” long; calyx-lobes narrowly lanceolate, the sinuses com- monly not at all appendaged; corolla-tube 3//-4’’ long, its lower lip pubescent at the base. In swamps and ponds, Delaware to Florida and Louisiana, mostly near the coast. May-July. 17 e 258 CAMPANULACEAE. (Von. III. 3. Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinal-flower. Red Lobelia. (Fig. 3502.) Lobelia cardinalis I, Sp. Pl. 930. 1753. Perennial by offsets; stem slightly pubescent, or glabrous, leafy, simple or rarely branched, 2°-414° high. Leaves oblong, oval, ovate-lanccolate, or lanceolate, thin, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, 2/-6’ long, 4/’-1%4’ wide, acuminate or acute at both ends, crenulate or denticulate, the upper ses- sile, the lower petioled; flowers racemose, com- monly numerous, bright scarlet or red (rarely white), 1/-14’ long; bracts usually glandular; calyx glabrous or pubescent, its lobes linear, elon- gated, acute; corolla-tube nearly or quite 1’ long; larger anthers glabrous. In moist soil, New Brunswick to Florida, west to the Northwest Territory, Kansas and Texas, July-Sept. 4. Lobelia syphilitica L. Great Lobelia. Blue Cardinal-flower. (Fig. 3503.) Lobelia syphilitica Y,. Sp. Pl. 931. 1753. Perennial by short offsets; stem sparingly pubes- __/ cent, rather stout, very leafy, usually simple, 1°-3° 7 / high. Leaves thin, green, glabrous or sparingly puberulent, 2’-6’ long, %’-2’ wide, oval, oblong, or lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, nar- rowed at the base, repand-denticulate, or irregularly crenate-dentate, sessile, or the lower obovate, obtuse and narrowed into petioles; flowers bright blue, or occasionally white, 10’/-12’’ long, densely race- mose, leafy-bracted; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acumi- nate, pubescent or ciliate, the sinuses appendaged by large deflexed auricles; corolla-tube 5’’-6’” long, about 2/” thick, the lobes of its larger lip oblong- oval, obtuse, glabrous; larger anthers glabrous. In moist soil, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota and Dakota, south to Georgia, Louisianaand Kansas. Said to hybridize with the preceding species. July—Oct. Lobelia syphilitica Ludoviciana A. DC. Prodr. 7: 377. 1839. Glabrous or very nearly so; leaves thick, pale green, oblong or lanceolate, nearly entire, the lower obtuse and spatulate; calyx-lobes sparingly pubescent; lobes of the larger lip of the corolla acutish. Nebraska to Louisiana. 5. Lobelia amoéna Michx. Southern Lobelia. (Fig. 3504.) Lobelia amoena Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 2: 152. 1803. Nearly glabrous throughout, perennial; stem simple, slender, leafy, 1°-4° high. Leaves thin, oblong-lanceo- late, narrowly oblong, or oval, repand-dentate or denticu- late, the lower petioled and mostly obtuse, 2’-6’ long, the upper sessile, acute or acutish, smaller; flowers blue, racemose, nearly 1’ long; bracts narrow and small, or the lower foliaceous, glandular; pedicels 1//-214’’ long; calyx-lobes linear-subulate, acuminate, glabrous, elon- gated, the sinuses usually not auricled; corolla-tube 5//— 7’ long, 114//-2’’ hick; larger anthers glabrous, or pu- berulent at the tip; lobes of the larger lip of the corolla broadly ovate to oval, obtuse, glabrous. In swamps, North Carolina to Florida; probably within our area, though not reported. July-Sept. Lobelia amoéna‘ glandulifera A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part 1, 4. 1878. Smaller, stem very slender; leaves 1'-2' long, mostly obtuse, glandular-dentate; bracts small, very glandular; raceme somewhat secund; sinuses of the calyx sometimes slightly auricled, the lobes commonly glandular. Southern Delaware and Virginia to Florida and Alabama, Vou. III.] BELLFLOWER FAMILY. 6. Lobelia pubérula Michx. Downy Lobelia. (Fig. 3505.) Lobelia puberula Michx. F1. Bor. Am, 2: 152. 1803. Perennial, densely and finely puberulent all over, slightly viscid; stem simple, or rarely with a few branches, stout or slender, leafy, 1°-3° high. Leaves oval, oblong, ovate, or obovate, rather thick, the lower petioled, all obtuse or the uppermost acute, denticu- late or crenate-dentate, the teeth often glandular; flowers blue, 8’’-10’’ long, in long spike-like racemes; lower bracts, or sometimes all of them, foliaceous, glandular; pedicels very short; calyx hirsute or pubes- cent, its lobes narrowly lanceolate, elongated, usually with small short rounded auricles at the sinuses; cor- olla-tube about 5/’ long, 1//-114’’ thick, the lobes of its larger lip broadly ovate, glabrous; larger anthers minutely bearded. In moist sandy soil, southern New Jersey to Florida, west to Illinois, Kansas and Texas. Ascends to 3500ft. in North Carolina. Aug.-Oct. 7. Lobelia glandulosa Walt. Glandular Lobelia. (Fig. 3506.) Lobelia glandulosa Walt. Fl. Car. 218. 1788. Perennial; stem slender, leafy below, nearly naked above, simple, glabrous, or sparingly pubescent, 1°-4° high. Leaves elongated-linear to narrowly lanceolate, thick, glabrous, strongly glandular-dentate, the lower petioled, obtuse, often 7’ long and 4’’ wide, the upper sessile,acutish, shorter; flowers racemose-spicate, secund, often few and distant, blue, nearly 1’ long; bracts nar- row, glandular; peduncles very short, sometimes with a pair of glands near the base; calyx-tube often densely hirsute, its lobes subulate, the sinuses not appendaged; corolla-tube 5’/-6”" long, 1//-114’’ thick, about twice as long as the calyx-lobes; larger lip of the corolla pubes- cent within at the base, its lobes ovate, acutish; anthers all bearded at the tip. In swamps near the coast, southern Virginia to Florida. July-Sept. 4 8. Lobelia spicata Lam. Pale Spiked ce Lobelia. (Fig. 3507.) \ | 4 “SY, Lobelia spicata Lam. Encycl. 3: 587. 1789. \ | A Wi \ wi Perennial or biennial, puberulent; stem strict, sim- ple, leafy, 1°-4° high. Leaves thickish, pale green, repand-dentate, crenulate, or entire, the basal ones commonly tufted, broadly oblong, oval, or obovate, very obtuse, narrowed into short petioles, 1/-3%4/ long; 1/-2’ wide; stem leaves sessile, oblong, lanceo- late, or spatulate, obtuse, the uppermost gradually smaller and acutish; flowers pale blue, 4’/-5/” long, densely or distantly racemose-spicate, the inflores- cence sometimes 2° long; bracts linear, entire; pedi- cels very short, ascending; calyx-tube turbinate, usu- ally glabrous, shorter than its subulate spreading lobes, the sinuses usually not at all appendaged; cor- olla-tube about 214’ long and 1’ thick. “In dry, mostly sandy soil, or in meadows, Ontario to the Northwest Territory, south to North Carolina, Louisiana and Arkansas. Ascendsto 2500 ft. in Virginia. June-Aug. Lobelia spicata hirtélla A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part 1,6. 1878. Rough or roughish; bracts and calyx-lobes hirsute or ciliate. Manitoba to the Northwest Territory. south to Michigan and Kansas. Lobelia spicata parviflora A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 2: Part 1,6. 1878. Glabrous or nearly so; stem low, very slender; flowers only about 3'’ long; calyx-lobes broadly subulate. Inaswamp at Lancaster, Pa. CAMPANULACEAE. (Vor. III. g. Lobelia leptostachys A. DC. Spiked Lobelia. (Fig. 3508.) Lobelia leptostachys A. DC. Prodr. 7: 376. 1839. Similar to the preceding species; stem usually stouter, puberulent or glabrous, 2°-4° high. Basal leaves oval or obovate, obtuse; stem leaves spatu- late, oblong, or lanceolate, obtuse, sometimes slightly scabrous, denticulate or entire, or the up- permost narrower and acute; spike-like raceme elongated, usually dense; bracts linear, glabrous; pedicels very short; calyx-lobes linear-subulate, nearly as long as the corolla-tube, the sinuses with subulate deflexed auricles; flowers blue, 4//-5/’ long. In dry soil, Virginia to Ohio and Illinois, Georgia and Kansas, June-Aug. ‘I 1o. Lobelia inflata L. Indian Tobacco. Wild Tobacco. (Fig. 3509.) Lobelia inflata l,. Sp. Pl. 931. 1753. eee | i Annual, pubescent or hirsute, very acrid; CALLE stem leafy, commonly paniculately branched, 1°-3° high. Leaves thin, repand-dentate or denticulate, the lower oval or obovate, ob- tuse, 1/-214’ long, narrowed into short peti- oles, the upper sessile, oval, oblong, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, or the uppermost acute; flowers light blue, 2’/-3/’ long, usu- ally distant in somewhat spike-like racemes; lower bracts foliaceous, the upper subulate; pedicels 2’’-5’” long in fruit; calyx glabrous or nearly so, its subulate lobes about as long as the corolla; capsule inflated, 3/’-4’’ long, finely transversely veined between the ribs. In fields and thickets, usually in dry soil, Labra- dor to the Northwest Territory,Georgia, Nebraska and Arkansas. Called also Gag-root, Puke-weed, Asthma-weed and Bladder-pod Lobelia. July-Nov. 11. Lobelia Kalmii L. Brook or Kalm’s Lobelia. (Fig. 3510.) Lobelia Kalmii \,. Sp. Pl. 930. 1753. Perennial by short offsets, glabrous through- out, or sparingly pubescent below; stem leafy, erect, paniculately branched, rarely simple, slender, 6-20’ high. Lower and basal leaves spatulate, obtuse, narrowed into short petioles, sparingly repand-denticulate, or entire, 6’/-12’” long, 114’-214’ wide; upper leaves sessile, usu- ally longer and narrower, linear, linear-oblong, or narrowly spatulate, the uppermost acute; flowers light blue, 4’’—5’’ long,in loose racemes; lower bracts linear-lanceolate, the upper subu- late; pedicels nearly filiform, 4’/’-12’’ long, usually 2-glandular or 2-bracteolate near the middle; calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate, longer than the turbinate tube, the sinuses not appen- daged; capsule wholly inferior, not inflated, campanulate or subglobose, about 2’ long. On wet banks, and in wet meadows, Nova Scotia to New Jersey, west to Ontario, the Northwest Ter- titory, Ohio and Michigan. July-Sept. Vot.. III.] BELLFLOWER FAMILY. 12. Lobelia Nuttallii R. & S. Nuttall’s Lobelia. Lobelia gracilis Nutt. Gen. 2:77. 1818. Not Andr. Lobelia Nuttallii R. &. S. Syst. 5: 39. 1819. Annual, or perhaps biennial, glabrous throughout, or puberulent below; stem weak, usually reclining, very slender, loosely branched, at least when old,1°-3° long. Basal leaves spatulate to oval, obtuse, mostly petioled, 6’’-12’’ long, slightly repand, or entire; stem leaves distaut, linear, linear-oblong, or slightly spatu- late, longer and narrower, eutire or sparingly glan- dular-denticulate; flowers 214’/-4’” long, pale blue, loosely racemose; bracts linear or the upper subulate; pedicels filiform, 2/’-4’’ long, naked, or minutely 2- bracteolate near the base; calyx-lobes subulate, longer than the depressed-hemispheric strongly ribbed tube, the sinuses unappendaged; capsule depressed-globose, half-inferior, about 1/’ long. In sandy soil, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Florida and Georgia. June-Sept. we Ay x TV \ \ \ naked, filiform, Lobelia. Family 41. CICHORIACEAE Reichenb. Fl. Excurs. 248. CHICORY FAMILY. Herbs (two Pacific Island genera trees), almost always with milky, acrid or bitter juice, alternate or basal leaves, and yellow, rarely pink, blue purple or Bracts of the involucre in 1 to several series. Receptacle of the head flat or flattish, naked, scaly (paleaceous) smooth, pitted, or honeycombed. Flowers all alike (heads homogamous), perfect. Calyx-tube completely adnate to the ovary, its limb (pappus) of scales, or simple or plumose bristles, or both, or wanting. Corolla gamopetal- ous, with a short or long tube, and a strap-shaped (ligulate) usually 5-toothed limb (ray). Anthers connate into a tube around the style, the sacs sagittate or auricled at the base, not tailed, usually appendaged at the summit, the simple pollen-grains usually r2-sided. Ovaryr-celled; ovule 1, anatropous; style very slender, 2-cleft, or 2-lobed, the lobes minutely papillose. white flowers in involucrate heads (anthodia). Seed erect; endosperm none; radicle narrower than the cotyledons. About 65 genera and 1400 species, of wide geographic distribution. as LIGULIFLORAE, and is often regarded as a tribe of the COMPOSITAE. *% Pappus of scales, or of scales and bristles, or none (see No. 18). Flowers blue or white; pappus of blunt scales. Flowers yellow. Bracts of the involucre membranous, or herbaceous. Pappus none; achenes 20-30-nerved. Pappus none; achenes 8-10-ribbed. Pappus of rounded scales, with or without an inner series of bristles. Bracts of the involucre thickened and keeled after flowering; pappus none. % % Pappus, at least some of it, of plumose bristles. Receptacle chaffy. Receptacle naked. Plume-branches of the pappus not interwebbed. Flowers yellow; plants scapose, the leaves basal. Flowers yellow; plants leafy-stemmed. The family 4 a VEYD om (Fig. 3511.) 13. Lobelia Canbyi A. Gray. Canby’s (Fig. 3512.) Lobelia Canbyt A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 284. Annual, slightly puberulent, usually glabrous; stem erect, slender, paniculately branched, or simple, 2°-3° high. Stem leaves linear or linear-oblong, '4/-1 14’ long, 44//-14/’ wide, the lower obtuse, sometimes slightly repand-denticulate, the upper acute, narrower, entire; flowers racemose, blue, 4//-5 14’’ long; lower bracts lin- ear, the upper subulate; pedicels erect or ascending, 1//-3/’ long; calyx-lobes linear-sub- ulate, glandular-denticulate, equalling or somewhat longer than the narrowly turbinate tube, mostly shorter than the tube of the corolla; capsule oblong-turbinate, 2’’ long, shorter than the calyx-tube. Swamps, New Jersey to South Carolina. 1867. July—Sept. 1831. Fruit an achene. is also known . Cichorium., . Lapsana, . Serinea. Adopogon. Arnoseris. . Hy pochaeris. . Leontodon. Picris. /) , Ate 0) F i [ OS UT tecee 262 CICHORIACEAE. (Vor. III. Flowers pink. 9. Pliloria. Plume-branches of the pappus interwebbed. 10, Tragopogon. 3¢ % % Pappus of simple bristles (of soft white scales with or without bristles in No. 18). + Receptacle with a few deciduous bristles; flowers yellow. 11. Malacothrix. t Receptacle naked. 1. Achenes spinulose, or with short processes near the summit. Heads few- (6-15-) flowered, yellow; stem branching. 12. Chondrilla, Heads many-flowered, yellow, solitary on scapes. 13. Taraxacum. 2. Achenes smooth, or papillose, not spinulose toward the summit. (a) Achenes flattened. Achenes truncate, not beaked; flowers yellow. 14. Sonchus. Achenes narrowed at the summit, or beaked; flowers blue or yellow. 15. Lactuca. (b) Achenes cylindric, or prismatic. Achenes terete, not narrowed either at the base or summit; flowers pink or purple. 16. Lygodesmia. Achenes narrowed at the base, narrowed or beaked at the summit; flowers yellow. Achenes slender-beaked. Pappus-bristles not surrounded by a villous ring at base. Pappus of slender simple bristles. 17. Agoseris. Pappus of narrow soft scales, with or without some slender bristles. 18. Wo/hocalats. Pappus-bristles surrounded by a villous white ring at base. 19. Stttlias. Achenes merely narrowed above, not beaked. 20. Crepis. Achenes narrowed at the base, otherwise columnar, truncate (except in 2 species of Hveractum). Flowers yellow, orange, or red. 21. Hieractum. Flowers white, cream-color, or purple. 22. Nabalus. 1. CICHORIUM L. Sp. Pl. 813. 1753. Erect branching herbs, with alternate and basal leaves, those of the stem and branches usually very small and bract-like, and large heads of blue purple pink or white flowers, peduncled, or in sessile clusters along the branches. Involucre of 2 series of herbaceous bracts, the outer somewhat spreading, the inner erect and subtending, or partly enclosing, the outer achenes. Receptacle flat, naked, or slightly fimbrillate. Rays truncate and 5- toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches slender, obtusish. Achenes 5-angled or 5-ribbed, truncate, not beaked. Pappus of 2 or 3 series of short blunt scales. [From the Arabic name. ] About 8 species, natives of the Old World. wy 1. Cichorium Intybus L. Chicory. Wild QY Succory. Blue Sailors. Bunk. (Fig. 3513.) =29\9 Cichorium Intybus \,. Sp. Pl. 813. 1753. AN Perennial from a long deep tap-root; stems slightly Ay, hispid, stiff, much branched, 1°-3° high. Basal leaves spreading on the ground, runcinate-pinnatifid, spatulate in outline, 3/-6’ long, narrowed into long petioles; up- per leaves much smaller, lanceolate or oblong, lobed or << entire, clasping and auricled at the base; heads numer- ous, I/-1 4’ broad, 1-4 together in sessile clusters on the Sh \S nearly naked or bracted branches; inner bracts of the in- a volucre about 8; flowers bright blue, or sometimes white. SY . Roadsides, fields and waste places, Nova Scotia to Minne- {Dy sota, North Carolina, Nebraska and Missouri. Abundant il eastward. ‘The ground-up root is used as a substitute or adul- RN / terant for coffee. Flowers usually closed by noon. July—Oct. YH \Dl:dy 11783: Similar to the preceding species, usually stouter, the branches ascending or diffuse. Leaves similar and roughish and commonly thicker; stem often brown-spotted; bur ob- long, usually densely hispid, 9’’-12’’ long, 4/’-6’ in diameter, the two stout beaks hooked or incurved at the apex, longer than or equalling the more or less hispid stout or slender hooked spines. Along rivers and sea-beaches and in waste places, Nova Scotia to North Carolina, west to the Northwest Territory, Nevada, Texas and Mexico. Not common in the interior region east of the Mississippi. Aug.—Oct. Family 43. COMPOSITAE Adans. Fam. Pl. 2: 103. 1763. THISTLE FAMILY. Herbs, rarely shrubs (some tropical forms trees), with watery or resinous (rarely milky) sap, and opposite alternate or basal exstipulate leaves. Flowers perfect, pistillate, or neutral, or sometimes monoecious or dioecious, borne on a common receptacle, forming heads, subtended by an involucre of few to many bracts arranged in one or more series. Receptacle naked, or with chaffy scales subtend- ing the flowers, smooth, or variously pitted or honeycombed. Calyx-tube com- pletely adnate to the ovary, the limb (pappus) of bristles, awns, teeth, scales, or crown-like, or cup-like, or wanting. Corolla tubular, usually 5-lobed or 5-cleft, the lobes valvate, or that of the marginal flowers of the head expanded into a ligule (ray); when the ray-flowers are absent the head is said to be discoid; when present, radiate; the tubular flowers form the disk. Stamens usually 5, borne on the corolla and alternate with its lobes, their anthers united into a tube (syngenesious), often appendaged at the apex, sometimes sagittate or tailed at the base; pollen-grains globose, often rough or prickly. Ovary r-celled; ovule I, anatropous; style of fertile flowers 2-cleft, its branches variously appendaged, or unappendaged; stigmas marginal; style of sterile flowers commonly undivided. Fruitanachene. Seed erect; endosperm none; embryostraight; hypocotyl inferior. About 760 genera and not less than 10,000 species, of wide geographic distribution. The family is also known as CARDUACEAE, AGGREGATAE, and by the English name of As/erworts, In Kuhnia, the anthers are distinct, or nearly so. Vou. III] THISTLE FAMILY. 299 x Anthers not tailed at the base; stigmatic lines of the style-branches only at the base, or not extending beyond the middle; flowers all tubular and perfect, never yellow; rays none. Style-branches filiform or subulate, hispidulous; receptacle naked. Tribe 1.: VERNONIEAE. Style-branches thickened upward, obtuse, papillose. Tribe 2, EUPATORIEAE. % + Anthers tailed at the base, unappendaged at the tip; heads small; rays none (except in /nu/a where they are large, yellow). Tribe 4. INULEAE. ++ % % Anthers not tailed at the base; stigmatic lines of the style-branches in the perfect flowers extending to the summit; flowers tubular only, or tubular and radiate, often yellow. 1. Receptacle naked (see also Nos: 79, 80, 81 and 82 of Tribe 7.) a. Bracts of the involucre usually well imbricated. Style-branches of the perfect flowers flattened, with terminal appendages. Tribe 3. ASTEREAE. Style-branches truncate, or with hairy tips. Tribe 6. HELENIEAE. b. Bracts little imbricated, or not at all; pappus of soft bristles. Tribe 8. SENECIONEAR. 2. Receptacle chaffy (except in Nos. 79, 80, 81 and 82). Bracts of the involucre herbaceous or foliaceous; not scarious. Tribe 5. HELIANTHEAE. Bracts of the involucre dry, scarious. Tribe 7. ANTHEMIDEAE. % % % % Anthers long-tailed at the base, with elongated appendages at the tip; heads large; rays none. (in Centaurea often with enlarged marginal flowers); bracts impricated. Tribe 9g. CYNAREAE. Tribe 1. VERNONIEAR. Pappus double, the inner of rough capillary bristles, the outer of scales, or short bristles; heads not glomerate. — : 1. Vernonia. Pappus a single series of bristles; heads glomerate, subtended by sessile bracts. 2. Elephanlopus. Tribe 2. EUPATORIEAE. % Achenes 3-5-angled, not ribbed. Pappus of 5 broad obtuse scales; aquatic herb with linear whorled leaves. 3. Sclerolepis. Pappus of numerous capillary bristles. Involucre of more than 4 bracts; erect herbs. 4. Eupatorium. Involuere of 4 bracts; twining herbaceous vines. 5. Willughbaeya. 3% *% Achenes 8-10-ribbed, or 8-10-striate. 1. Bracts of the involucre in several series, the outer successively shorter. Bracts of the involucre strongly striate-nerved; heads panicled or cormybed in our species. Pappus-bristless rough or serrate; involucral bracts numerous. 6. Coleosanthus. Pappus-bristles plumose; involucral bracts few. 7. Kuhnia, Bracts of the involucre faintly striate, if at all; heads spiked or racemed. 8. Lacinaria. 2. Bracts of the involucre in only 2 or 3 series; all nearly equal. 9. 7yilisa. Tribe 3. ASTEREAR. A. Ray-flowers yellow (white in one species of Solidago), or wanting; plants not dioecious. % Pappus of scales, or awns, or wanting, never of numerous capillary bristles. Heads small, not over 2'' high; leaves narrowly linear, entire. Perennial herbs, or shrubs; all the flowers fertile. 10. Gulierrezia. Annual herb; disk-flowers sterile. 11. Amphiachyris. Heads large, showy; leaves oblong to lanceolate, spinulose-dentate. 12. Grindelia. | *% ++ Pappus of either the radiate or tubular flowers, or both, of numerous capillary bristles, with or without an outer series of shorter ones, or of scales. t Pappus, at least of the disk-flowers, double, an inner series of capillary bristles, and an outer one of scales or short bristles; heads large. Achenes of the ray-flowers thick, the pappus obsolete, or of a few caducous bristles; achenes of the disk-flowers flat. 13. Helerotheca. Achenes of both ray-flowers and disk-flowers flattened. 14. Chrysopsis. tt Pappus wholly of capillary bristles. 1. Heads wholly of disk-flowers (in our species); rays none; leaves narrowly linear. a. Perennial herbs; style-tips not exserted; eastern. 15. Chondrophora. b. Shrubs; style-tips mostly exserted; western. Involucral bracts gradually narrowed to the tip, keeled, chartaceous. 16. Chrysothamnus. Involucral bracts cuspidate, flat, herbaceous. 17. Oonopsis. 2. Heads with both ray-flowers and disk-flowers (in our species). a. None of the leaves cordate; pappus mostly as long as the achene, or longer. Leaves bristly-serrate or pinnatifid. Achenes glabrous; pappus-bristles deciduous, 18, Prionopsts. Achenes white-tomentose; pappus-bristles persistent. 19. Eriocarpum. Leaves entire, or toothed, not bristly-serrate. Leaves narrow, coriaceous, evergreen, entire; low western undershrubs. 20. S/enotus. Annual or perennial herbs; leaves not evergreen. Pappus-bristles unequal; heads loosely panicled; annual. 21. Isopappus. Pappus-bristles equal; heads variously clustered; perennial herbs. Receptacle alveolate; rays mostly not more numerous than the disk-flowers. 22. Solidago. Receptacle fimbrillate; rays more numerous than the disk-flowers; heads corymbose- pan:culate. 23. Euthamia. b. Lower and basal leaves cordate; pappus-bristles shorter than the achene. 24. Brachychaeta. B. Ray-flowers present, not yellow in any of our species. x Pappus a mere crown, or of a few awns or bristles, or wanting, never of numerous capillary bristles. I. Receptacle conic. Outer bracts of the involucre shorter than the inner; achenes prismatic. 25. Aphanoslephus. Bracts of the involucre all about equal; acienes flattened. 26. Bellis. 2. Receptacle flat, or somewhat convex. Achenes of the disk-flowers compressed, of the ray-flowers 3-angled; perennial herbs with large heads. 27. Townsendia. 300 COMPOSITAE. [Vor. III. Achenes fusiform, terete; annual herbs with small heads. 28. Chaetopappa. Achenes obovate, flattened, with thickened or winged margins; perennials. 29. Bol/onia. % *% Pappus of numerous capillary bristles. 1. Pappus a single series of capillary bristles; sometimes with an outer series of shorter ones, a. Bracts of the involucre in 2 to many series. Bracts mostly in 2-5 series; teetn or lobes of the leaves not bristle tipped. Involucre narrow, its bracts firm; rays few, white. 30. Sertcocarpus. Involucre turbinate to hemispheric, bracts mostly thin; rays usually numerous, white to purple. Disk-flowers turning red, purple, or brown. 31. Aster. Disk-flowers permanently white; leaves subulate to spatulate, crowded, rigid. 32. Leucelene. Involucre turbinate; rays not exceeding the mature pappus, or none. 33. Brachyactts. Bracts in many series; teeth or lobes of the leaves bristle-tipped in ourspecies. 34. Machaeranthera, b. Bracts of the involucre in only 1 or 2 series, very narrow; heads mostly long-peduncled. Rays longer than the diameter of the disk. 35. Lrigeron. Rays not longer than the diameter of the disk; heads very small, panicled. 36. Lep/ilon. 2. Pappus distinctly double, the inner bristles long, the outer shorter. Leaves lanceolate, ovate, or obovate; rays white. 37. Doellingeria. Leaves narrowly linear; rays violet. 38. Janactis. C. Ray-flowers none; dioecious shrubs ; pappus capillary. 39. Baccharis. Tribe 4. INULEAE. % Heads small, rays none; flowers white, or whitish. 1. Receptacle chaffy. Receptacle convex; pappus none. 40. Filago. Receptacle subulate; pappus of the inner flowers of rough capillary bristles. 41. Gz/0la. 2. Receptacle naked. a. Pappus, at least that of pistillate flowers, of capillary bristles. Bracts of the involucre not scarious; plants pubescent or glabrous, not woolly. 42. Pluchea. Bracts of the involucre scarious, mostly white or pink; plants woolly. Plants dioecious, or polygamo-dioecious. Pappus-bristles of stam‘nate flowers thickened above. 43. Antennaria. Pappus-bristles not thickened; stem leafy. 44. Anaphalis. Plants not dioecious; flowers all fertile. 45. Gnaphalium. b. Pappus none; leaves broad, alternate, woolly beneath. 46. Adenocaulon. % % Heads large; ray-flowers yellow. 47. Inula, Tribe 5. HELIANTHEAE. A. Disk-flowers perfect, but sterile. Achenes thick, short, not flattened; pappus none. Achenes merely subtended by the inner involucral bracts. 48. Polymnia. Achenes embraced and enclosed by the inner involucral bracts. 49. Melampodium. Achenes flattened. Ray-flowers in 2 or 3 series; achenes falling away free. 50. Silphium, _Ray-flowers in 1 series; achenes adnate to 2 or 3 scales of the receptacle, falling away with them. Rays large, yellow. Leaves opposite and basal. 51. Chrysogonum., Leaves alternate. Pappus none, or of 2 caducous awns. 52. Berlandiera. Pappus a persistent irregularly cleft crown. 53. Engelmannia Rays small, the heads appearing discoid. 54. Parthenium, B. Disk-flowers fertile. x% Ray-flowers persistent upon the achenes. Achenes compressed, or 3-angled; leaves entire, 55. Crassina. Achenes short, thick; leaves toothed. 56. Heliopsts. 4 ™% Ray-flowers deciduous, or none.’ | Pappus acup, or crown, or of a few teeth, awns, or brisiles. 1. Achenes, at least those of disk-flowers, not compressed (except in Ra/ibida and Verbesina), scales of the receptacle mostly concave, or clasping. Scales of the receptacle small, awn-like or bristles-like; rays white, short. 57. £clip/a. Scales of the receptacle broad, larger. Involucre of 4 large somewhat united bracts. 58. Telragonotheca. Involucre of several or numerous separate bracts. Receptacle conic, or columnar. Ray-flowers fertile, or wanting; leaves opposite. 59. Spilanthes. Ray-flowers sterile, or neutral; leaves mostly opposite. Rays yellow. Achenes 4-angled. 60. Rudbeckia. Achenes compressed, winged. 61. Ratibida. Rays rose-purple. 62. Brauneria. Receptacle flat, or convex (low-conic in species of Nos. 64 and 65. ) Low fleshy sea-coast shrubs. 63. Borrichia. Tall herbs, not fleshy. Achenes not much flattened, not winged, nor margined. 64. Helianthus. Achenes of disk-flowers flattened and margined, or winged. 65. Verbesina. 2. Achenes very flat; scales of the receptacle flat, or but slightly concave. a. Bracts of the involucre all separate. Pappus of 2 short teeth or awns, or a mere border, or none. 66. Coreopsis. Pappus of 2-6 awns or teeth, upwardly or downwardly barbed or hispid. 67. Bidens. b. Inner bracts of the involucre united to about the middle. 68. 7helesperma. tt Pappus of numerous scales. Leaves opposite, toothed; ray-flowers fertile; rays small. 69. Galinsoga. Leaves alternate, entire. VoL. III.] THISTLE FAMILY. 301 Rays large, neutral; receptacle deeply honey-combed. Rays none; scales of the receptacle narrow, rigid. Tribe 6. HELENIEAER. A. Ray-flowers persistent on the achenes, falling away with them, papery. B. Ray-flowers deciduous, or wanting. *% Plants oy dotted with oil-glands. . Pappus none. 73. Flaveria. b. Pappus present (in all Ese species), of separate scales or bristles. 1. Bracts of the involucre petal-like, colored, their margins and apices scarious. Leaves, at least the lower, pinnately parted, or pinnatifid; rays none; corolla-lobes of disk-flowers ovate. 74. Hymenopappus. Leaves entire; rays present, or none; corolla-lobes of disk-flowers linear. 75. Polypteris. 2. Bracts of the involucre herbaceous, not scarious-tipped, nor petal-like, appressed, or spreading. Receptacle naked. Bracts of the involucre appressed. Achenes 4-angled, linear or oblong. 70. Actinospermum. 71. Marshallia. 72. Psilostrophe. 76. Bahia. Achenes 5-10-ribbed or 5-10-angled, top-shaped. Bracts of the involucre spreading, or reflexed at maturity. Receptacle with bristle-like chaff. * * 77. Picradenta. 78. 79: % Plants dotted with oil-glands, especially the leaves and involucre. Flelentum. Galliardia. Involucral bracts more or less united; style-branches of the disk-flowers elongated. Involucral bracts united at the base. 80. Dysodia. Involucral bracts united high up into a cup. 81. Thymophylla. Involucral bracts separate; style-branches of the disk-flowers very short. 82. Pectis. Tribe 7. ANTHEMIDEAE. a Rareniacle chaffy. Achenes flattened; involucre obovoid to campanulate; heads small. 83. Achillea. Achenes terete; involucre hemispheric; heads large. 84. Anthemts. %+ % Receptacle not chaffy, naked, or sometimes hairy. 1. Ray-flowers usually present, sometimes wanting; rays large. 85. Chrysanthemum. Receptacle flat to hemispheric; bracts of the involucre in several series. Receptacle conic to ovoid; bracts in few series; rays white or none. 86. Matricaria. . Ray flowers none; heads small. Heads corymbed; pappus a short crown: flowers yellow. 87. Tanacetum. Heads racemose, spicate or panicled; pappus none. 88. Artemisia, Tribe 8. SENECIONEAE. Leaves all basal; heads on scapes. Head solitary; flowers yellow. 89. Tussilago. Heads corymbed; flowers white or purple. go. Petasttes, Leaves opposite; rays yellow. gt. Arnica. Leaves alternate. Flowers white, whitish or pinkish; rays none. Marginal flowers pistillate; disk-flowers perfect. 92. Lrechtiles. Flowers all perfect. Involucre of about 5 bracts; sap milky. 93. Mesadenia. Involucre of about 12 bracts and several smaller outer ones. 94. Svnosma. Flowers yellow; ray-flowers mostly present. 95. Senecio. Tribe 9. CYNAREAR. + Achenes inserted on the receptacle by their bases, not oblique. Receptacle densely bristly. Filaments separate. Involucral bracts hooked at the tip; leaves not bristly. 96. Arclium. Involucral bracts not hooked; leaves bristly. 97. Carduus. Filaments united below. 98. Mariana. Receptacle fleshy, not bristly. 99. Onopordon. % Achenes obliquely inserted on the receptacle. Heads not subtended by bristly leaves; involucral bracts often bristly. 100. Centaurea, Heads sessile, subtended by bristly leaves. 1or1. Cnicus. 1. VERNONIA Schreb. Gen. Pl. 2: 541. 1791. Erect branching perennial herbs, or some tropical species shrubby, with alternate (very rarely opposite), in our species sessile leaves, and discoid cymose-paniculate heads of purple pink or white tubular flowers. Involucre hemispheric, campanulate or oblong-cylindric, its bracts imbricated in several or many series. Receptacle flat, naked. Corolla regular, 5-cleft. Anthers sagittate at the base, not caudate. Style-branches subulate, hispidulous their whole length. Achenes 8-1o-ribbed, truncate. Pappus of our species in 2 series, the inner of nu- merous roughened capillary bristles, the outer of much shorter small scales or stout bristles. {Named after William Vernon, English botanist. ] About 475 species, of wide distribution in warm-temperate regions, most abundant in South America. Besides the following, 2 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. Bracts of the eae aa involucre, or some of them, with subulate or filiform tips. Involucre 3/'- ‘broad, its bracts shorter than the head. 1. V. Noveboracensis. Involucre 9’ ae ' broad, its bracts as long as the head. 2. V. crinita. Bracts of the involucre merely acute, obtuse, or truncate. Leaves lanceolate to oval, pinnately veined, Bracts of the involucre with squarrose reflexed tips. 3. V. Baldwintt. BY uote, - 302 COMPOSITAE. [Vou. III. Bracts of the involucre wholly appressed. Leaves glabrous or very nearly so on both surfaces. Leaves thin, pale beneath, the lower oval, coarsely serrate. 4. V. glauca. Leaves thin, green beneath, lanceolate, finely serrate. V. gigantea. Leaves thick, narrowly lanceolate, finely serrate. V. fasciculata. Leaves densely tomentose-pubescent beneath, lanceolate. V. Drummondit, Leaves narrowly linear, 1-nerved, 2''—3'' wide, dentate. V. marginata. \ Hil), 1. Vernonia Noveboracénsis (L.) |// Willd. New York Iron-weed. Flat Top. (Fig. 3601.) Serratula Noveboracensis \,. Sp. Pl. 818. 1753. V. Noveboracensis Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 1632. 1804. C. Noveboracensis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 323. 1891. Roughish-pubescent or glabrate, 3°-9° high. Leaves lanceolate or narrowly oblong, serrulate, 3/-10’ long, 5/’-12’’ wide, acuminate or acute at the apex; heads peduncled; involucre hemis- pheric, 20-30-flowered, 4’’-5’’ in diameter; bracts brownish- purple, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, tipped with subulate spreading awns usually of twice or three times their own length, or some of the lower linear subulate, the upper sometimes merely acute; flowers deep purple, rarely white; achenes hispidulous on the ribs. In moist soil, Massachusetts to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Missouri. July-Sept. Vernonia Noveboracénsis tomentosa ( Walt.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 311. 1894. Chrysocoma tomentosa Walt. Fl. Car. 196. 1788. Leaves densely puberulent beneath, broader; involucre purple, some scales sometimes merely acute. In dry soil, Virginia to North Carolina. wr Min) Hs) Hh \/ gaan 2. Vernonia crinita Raf. Great Seiad) Iron-weed. (Fig. 3602.) Ai V. crinita Raf. New Flora N. A. 4:77. 1836. = Vernonia Arkansana DC. Prodr. 7: 264. 1838. C. Arkansana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 969. ‘1891. Stout, glabrate or finely rough-pubescent, $°-12° high. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, finely denticulate, acuminate, 4’-12’ long, 3/’— 12’ wide; heads stout-peduncled, the pedun- cles thickened above; invyolucre hemispheric, 9//-12’’ broad, 50-70-flowered; bracts green, or the upper reddish, very squarrose, all filiform- subulate from a broader base and equalling the head, the inner ones somewhat wider below; achenes hispidulous on the ribs. On prairies and along streams, Missouri to Texas. Aug.-Oct. WL i 3. Vernonia Baldwinii Torr. Bald- win’s Iron-weed. (Fig. 3603.) V. Baldwinii Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 2: 2t1. 1827- ceca Baldwinti Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 969- 1891. Stout, 2°-5%° high, finely and densely to- mentose-pubescent. Leaves lanceolate or ob- long-lanceolate, acuminate or acute at the apex, sharply serrate, 4/-S’ long, 14/-2’ wide, scabrate above, densely tomentulose beneath; heads stout-peduncled, 15-30-flowered; invo- lucre hemispheric, 3//-4’’ broad; bracts ovate, the acute tips recurved or spreading. In dry soil, Missouri and Nebraska to Texas. July-Sept. GENUS I.] THISTLE FAMILY. 4. Vernonia glauca (L.) Britton. Broad-leaved Iron-weed. (Fig. 3604.) Serratula glauca \,. Sp. Pl. 818. 1753. Vernonia Noveboracensis var. latifolia A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 89. 1884. Vernonia glauca Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 311. 18094. Slender, glabrous or finely puberulent, 2°-5° high. Leaves thin, the lower broadly oval or slightly obovate, sharply serrate, acute or acuminate, 4/-7’ long, 1/-214’ wide, the upper narrower and more finely toothed; inflorescence loosely branched; heads slender-peduncled, 10-20-flowered; involucre campanulate, 2/’-314/’ broad; bracts ovate, acute, or mucronate, or the upper ones obtuse, all appressed; achenes minutely hispidulous. In woods, Pennsylvania and Maryland to aio. south to Floridaand Louisiana. Aug.— ept. 5. Vernonia gigantéa (Walt.) Britton. ‘Tall Iron-weed. (Fig. 3605. ) Chrysocoma gigantea Walt.F1.Car.196. 1788. Vernonia altissima Nutt. Gen. 2: 134. 1818. Ceca gigantea Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 324. 1891. ee gigantea Britton; Kearney, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 485. 1893. Glabrous or nearly so, 5°-10° high. Leaves thin, lanceolate,sometimes broadly so, usually long-acuminate, finely serrate, 4/-12/ long, 14/-1 14 wide, usually glabrous on both surfaces; inflorescence at length loosely branched and open; heads short- peduncled or some of them sessile; inyo- lucre campanulate or turbinate, 2//-3// broad, 15-30-flowered; bracts obtuse or mucronate, more or less ciliate, appressed; achenes slightly hispidulous. In moist soil, Pennsylvania to Florida, west to Illinois, Kentucky and Louisiana. July—Sept. - cower us 6. Vernonia fasciculata Michx. Western Iron-weed. (Fig. 3606.) Vernonia fasciculata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 2:94. 1803. Cacalia fasciculata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 970. 1891. Glabrous, or puberulent above, 2°-6° high. Leaves firm, lanceolate or linear- lanceolate, long-acuminate, 3/6’ long, 2/7 -15’’ wide, glabrous or nearly so on both surfaces; inflorescence usually compact; heads short-peduncled, or some of them ses- sile; involucre campanulate, 2’/—3/’ broad, 20-30-flowered; bracts all appressed, ovate or oval, acute, ciliate, or sometimes pubes- cent; achenes glabrous, or a little pubes- cent. In moist soil or on prairies, Ohio to Minne- sota and Dakota, south to Kentucky and Texas. July—Sept. 304 COMPOSITAE. [Vor III. 7. Vernonia Drummondii Shuttlw. Drummond’s Iron-weed. (Fig. 3607.) Vernonia altissima var. grandiflora A, Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 90. 1884. Not V. grandiflora Less. 1831. Vernonia Drummondti Shuttlw.; Wer- ° ner, Journ, Cine. Soc. Nat. Hist. 16: 171. 1894. Stout, densely tomentose, 3°-7° high. Leaves lanceolate to narrowly oblong, acuminate, finely serrate, 3/-6’ long, 44/-14/ wide, scabrous above, densely pubescent beneath; inflorescence usu- ally compact; heads short-peduncled; involucre hemispheric or short-cylin- dric, 2//-6’’ in diameter, 15-50-flow- ered; bracts purplish, appressed, ovate, acute, or mucronate, more or less floc- cose-pubescent or ciliate; achenes gla- brous or a little pubescent. Prairies, Illinois and Kentucky to Mis- souri and Texas. Autumn, 8. Vernonia marginata (Torr. ) Britton. James’ Iron-weed. (Fig. 3608.) Vernonia altissima var. marginata Torr. Ann, Lyc. N. Y¥. 2: 210. _ 1827. Vernonia JamesizT. & G. Fl. N. A. 2:58. 1841. Cacalia marginata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 968. Veron ja marginaia Britton, Mem. Torr.Club, 5: 311. 1894. Glabrous or very nearly so, 1°-3° high. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, minutely denticulate, I-nerved, firm, punctate, 2/-5/ long, 1%//-3/’ wide, acuminate; inflores- cence rather loose; heads slender-peduncled; involucre campanulate or turbinate, 15-30- flowered, 4//-6’’ broad; bracts ovate or oval, acute, mucronate or obtusish, purplish,some- what pubescent, appressed; achenes nearly glabrous, or somewhat pubescent. Prairies, Nebraska to Texas and New Mex- ico. Autumn. 2. ELEPHANTOPUS L. Sp. Pl. 814. 1753. Perennial rigid pubescent herbs, with alternate or basal, simple pinnately-veined leaves, and in our species glomerate bracted heads of blue or purple flowers in branching corymbs. Heads discoid, 2-5-flowered. Involucre compressed, oblong, its chaffy bracts imbricated in about 2 series, the 4 outer bracts shorter. Bracts of the glomerules large, foliaceous. Recep- tacle small, naked. Corolla nearly regular, 5-lobed, but a little deeper cleft on the inner side. Achenes 10-ribbed, truncate. Pappus of rigid persistent awn-like scales or bristles in 1 or 2rows. [Greek, ivory, or Elephant’s-foot. ] About 14 species, natives of tropical or warm regions. Only the following are known to occur in the United States. Stem and branches usually leafy. 1. E. Carolinianus. Stem scapiform, naked, or with 1 or 2 leaves. Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, 9'’-2' wide; heads 4"’ long. 2. E. nudatus, Leaves ovate, oval, or obovate, 2'-4’ wide; heads 6'’ long. 3. £. tomentosus GENUS 2.] THISTLE FAMILY. 305 1. Elephantopus Carolinianus Willd. . Carolina Elephant’s-foot. (Fig. 3609. ) Elephantopus Carolinianus Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 2390. 1804. Erect, hirsute-pubescent, or glabrate above, branched above, 1°-3° high. Leaves oval, ovate, or obovate, thin, the lower rather abruptly narrowed into margined petioles, obtuse, crenate-den- tate, 3/-S’ long, 2/-4’ wide, the upper smaller, narrower and sessile; glom- erules, including the bracts, nearly 1/ broad; scales of the pappus lanceolate- subulate, gradually narrowed into along slender awn. In dry woods, southern New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Florida, west to Kansas and Texas. Aug.-Sept. 3. Elephantopus tomentosus L. Woolly Elephant’s-foot. Tobacco-weed. (Fig. 3611.) Elephantopus tomentosus V,. Sp. Pl. 814. 1753- Erect, villous-pubescent, or some- times glabrate, 1°-2° high, the stem branching above, leafless or with 1 or 2 leaves. Basal leaves ovate, oval, oblong, or obovate, obtuse, sessile, narrowed at the base, usually silky-pubescent be- neath, crenate-dentate, 4’-9’ long, 2’—4’ wide; glomerules 1/-114’ broad; heads about 6’ long; scales of the pappus tri- angular-subulate, gradually narrowed into the awn. In moist soil, Virginia to Florida, west to Kentucky, Arkansas and Louisiana. Called also Devil’s Grandmother. Aug.- Sept. ae 2. Elephantopus nudatus A. Gray. Smoothish Elephant’s-foot. (Fig. 3610.) Elephantopus nudatus A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 15:47. 1880. Erect, rather stout, appressed-pubes- cent, or glabrate, 1°-2° high. eaves ob- long or oblanceolate, obtuse at the apex, gradually narrowed at the base, crenate or repand, 2/-10/ long, 9’’-2’ wide, the basal ones usually much larger than those of the stem and branches, or these usually few and bract-like; glomerules 6/’/-9/’” broad; heads about 4’ long; scales of the pappus ovate-triangular, abruptly nar- rowed into the awn. In sandy woods, Delaware to Florida, west to Arkansas and Louisiana. Aug.—Sept. 306 COMPOSITAE. [Vor III. Be SCLEROLEPIS Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom, 1816: 198. 1816. Slender aquatic herbs, with linear entire verticillate leaves, and solitary (rarely 2-4) dis- coid peduncled terminal heads of small purplish flowers. Involucre broadly campanulate or hemispheric. Bracts imbricated in about 2:series. Receptacle conic, naked. Corolla regu- lar, its tube short, its limb campanulate, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse at the base. Style- branches slender, obtuse. Pappus of 5 broad cartilaginous obtuse scales. Achenes 5-angled. [Greek, hard scale, referring to the pappus. | A monotypic genus of eastern North America. 1. Sclerolepis uniflora (Walt. ) Porter. Sclerolepis. (Fig. 3612.) AEthulia uniflora Walt. Fl. Car. 195. 1788. Sparganophorus verticillatus Michx. F1. Bor. Am. 2: 98. 1803. Sclerolepis verticillata Cass, Dict. 48: 155. 1827. pe a uniflora Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 311. Perennial; stem simple, decumbent at the base, erect or ascending, glabrous or slightly pubescent, 1°-2° long, leafy. Leaves sessile, verticillate in 4’s-6’s, linear, I-nerved, 4/’-12’/ long, 34//-1/” wide, or the submerged ones filiform; head about 5’’ broad; bracts of the involucre linear-oblong, acutish, usually puberulent. In shallow ponds and streams, pine-barrens of New Jersey to Florida. July-Sept. 4. EUPATORIUM L. Sp. Pl. 836. 1753. Erect, mostly branching, perennial herbs; with opposite or verticillate, or sometimes alternate, often punctate leaves, and in our species cymose-paniculate discoid heads of white blue or purple flowers. Involucre oblong, ovoid, campanulate, or hemispheric, the bracts imbricated in 2-several series. Receptacle flat, convex, orconic, naked. Corolla reg- ular, its tube slender, its limb 5-lobed or 5-toothed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base, appendiculate at the apex. Style-branches elongated, flattened, or thickened above, stig- matic at the base. Achenes 5-angled, truncate. Pappus of numerous capillary usually sca- brous bristles arranged in 1 row. [Named for Mithridates Ewfa/or, 7. e., of a noble father. } About 475 species, mostly of warm or tropical regions. Besides the following, some 30 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. % Leaves alternate, pinnatifid into filiform segments. E. capillifolium. x x Leaves petioled, verticillate in 3’s-6’s, or the upper Saponka: Leaves thick, rugose, pubescent; inflorescence depressed. 2. E. maculaium, Leaves thin, neatly glabrous; inflorescence pyramidal. 3. EE. purpureum. % % % Leaves opposite (rarely in 3's), or the uppermost alternate. | Involucral bracts imbricated in 2 or more series, the outer shorter. 1. Leaves, at least the lower, slender-petioled. 4. E. serotinum. 2. Leaves all sessile, short-petioled or connate-perfoliate. a. Leaves not clasping nor connate-perfoliate. % Leaves narrowed at the base. Bracts of the involucre acute or cuspidate. Leaves linear-lanceolate, sparingly toothed, 2'’-6'’ wide. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, coarsely toothed, 14'-134' wide. Bracts of the involucre obtuse. Leaves linear, crowded, usually entire, obtuse. Leaves lanceolate, oval, or oblong, usually dentate. E. leucolepis. E. EF Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, dentate. . £. Torreyanum. E E E . album. nun . hyssoptfolium. 8 Leaves oblong to oval, sharply ‘dentate, obtusish or acute. 9. E. semiserraium., Leaves mBnceolate, , sparingly dentate, long- acuminate. 10, £. altissimum. % Leaves rounded, obtuse or truncate at the base. Plant glabrous; leaves EER long-acuminate. Tire Plants pubescent; leaves ovate or oblong, acute or obtuse. Leaves ovate- ‘oblong, rounded at the base, usually obtuse. 12 Leaves broadly ovate, crenate-dentate, mostly truncate at the base, EAE . Sesstlifolium. . verbenacfolium. . EB. rotundifolium. Leaves ovate, dentate, acute. . BE. pubescens. b. Leaves clasping or connate-perfoliate at the Sse Leaves connate-perfoliate; involucral bracts acute. E. perfoliatum. E. resinosum. 15. Leaves merely clasping; involucral bracts obtuse. 16. T t Lnvolucral bracts ins or 2 series, all equal or nearly so. Receptacle flat; flowers white. Leaves thin, 2'’-5’ long, sharply dentate, acuminate. 17. E. ageraloides. GENUS 4.] THISTLE FAMILY. 307 Leaves thickish, 1'-2' long, blunt-toothed, acute or obtusish. 18. E. aromaticum, Receptacle conic; flowers blue or violet; leaves petioled. 19. £. coelestinum. 1, Eupatorium capillifolium (Lam.) Small. Dog-fennel. Hog-weed. (Fig. 3613.) Artemisia capillifolia Lam. Encycl. 1: 267. 1783. Eupatlorium foeniculoides Walt. Fl. Car.199. 1788. E. foeniculaceum Willd. Sp. Pl. 3:1750. 1804. £. capillifolium Small,Mem.Torr.Club, 5: 311. 1894. Erect, paniculately much branched, with the aspect of an Artemisia, the stem finely pubes- cent, 4°-10° high. Leaves crowded, glabrous or nearly so, alternate, pinnatifid into filiform seg- ments, the lower petioled, the upper sessile; heads very numerous, about 114’ high, short- pedicelled, racemose-paniculate, 3-6-flowered; bracts of the involucre in about 2 series, linear, cuspidate, narrowly scarious-margined, gla- brous; flowers greenish white. In fields, Virginia to Florida, Also in the West Indies. Sept. 2. Eupatorium maculatum L. Spotted Joe-Pye Weed. (Fig. 3614.) E. maculatum V,. Amoen. Acad, 4: 288. 1755. Eupatorium purpureum var. maculatum Darl FI. Cest. 453. 1837. Similar to the following species, but sca- brous or pubescent, often densely so, 2°-6° high. Stem usually striate, often rough and spotted with purple; leaves thick, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, coarsely dentate, verticil- late in 3’s-5’s, or the upper ones opposite; inflorescence depressed, cymose-panicu- late; pedicels and outer scales of the invo- lucre pubescent; flowers pink or purple. In moist soil, New York to Kentucky, Minne- sota, British Columbia, Kansas and New Mex- ico. Called also Spotted Boneset. Aug.—Sept. Eupatorium maculatum amoénum (Pursh) Brit- ton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 312. 1894. E. amoenum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 514. 1814. Leaves opposite, or in 3’s or 4’s, ovate or oblong; heads smaller and fewer; plant low. In dryer places, Virginia to New York. 3. Eupatorium purptreum [,. Joe-Pye or Trumpet-weed. Gravel-root. Tall or Purple Boneset. (Fig. 3615.) Eupatorium trifoliatum 1. Sp. Pl. 837. 1753. ? Eupatorium purpureum I,. Sp. Pl. 838. 1753. Glabrous or sparingly pubescent, simple, or branched at the summit,3°-10° high. Stem green or purple, terete or striate, usually smooth; leaves thin, verticillate in 3’s—6’s, ovate, oval, or ovate- lanceolate, petioled, acuminate, serrate, 4/—12/ long, 1/-3/ wide, glabrous or slightly pubescent along the veins on the lower surface; inflores- cence usually elongated; heads very numerous; involucre cylindric, its bracts pink, oblong, ob- tuse, imbricatedin 4 or 5series, the outer shorter; flowers pink or purple, occasionally white. In moist soil, New Brunswick to Manitoba, Florida and Texas. Called also Kidney-root, Queen of the Meadow. Aug.-Sept. Eupatorium purpireum falcatum (Michx.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 312. 1894. E. falcatum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:99. _ 1803. ELupatorium purpureum var. angustifolium T. & G, Fl. N. A. 2:82. 1841. Leaves narrower, linear, lanceolate, or linear- oblong, 6''-15'' wide. With the type. 5. Eupatorium leucolepis T. & G. White-bracted Thoroughwort. Justice-weed. (Fig. 3617.) E. leucolepis T. &. G. Fl. N. A. 2:84. 1841. Slender, puberulent, branched above, 1°- 2° high. Leaves opposite, sessile, linear, oblong or oblong-lanceolate,glaucous green, rough, thick, blunt-pointed, sparingly ser- rate, or the upper entire, 1/-3’ long, 2//-5’’ wide, obscurely 3-nerved and narrowed at the base; inflorescence cymose-paniculate; heads 3//-4’’ high, about 5-flowered; bracts of the narrow involucre imbricated in about 3 series, white, lanceolate, acute, densely canescent, the outer shorter; flowers white. involucre greenish. COMPOSITAE. [Vou. III. 4. Eupatorium serétinum Michx. Late-flowering Thoroughwort. (Fig. 3616.) E. serotinum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 100, 1803- Much branched, finely and densely pubes- cent, or glabrate below, 4°-8° high. Leaves all slender-petioled, lanceolate or ovate-lan- ceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, 3/-6/ long, 14/-2’ wide, 5-nerved at the base, the lower opposite, the upper alternate; heads very numerous, the inflorescence broadly cymose; heads 7-15-flowered, 2’/-3/ high; involucre campanulate, its bracts pubescent, linear-oblong, obtuse or truncate, imbricated in 2 or 3series, the outer shorter; flowers white. In moist soil, Maryland to Florida, west to Iowa, Kansas and Texas. Sept.—Nov. (Fig. 3618.) 1767. Thoroughwort. Eupatorium album 1,. Mant. 111. Eupatorium glandulosum Michx. Fl. Bor, Am, 2:98. 1803. Pubescent with spreading hairs, branched = above, 1°-3° high. Leaves opposite, sessile * or uearly so, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, obtusish or the upper acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, coarsely serrate, 1/-4’ long, %’-1’ wide, rather thick, mi- nutely scabrous above, more or less pubes- cent beneath; inflorescence cymose-pani- culate; heads numerous, 4//-5’’ long, 5-7- flowered; involucre narrow, its bracts bright white, linear, cuspidate, imbricated in 3-4 series, the outer short and usually pubescent, the inner much longer, glabrous and shining; flowers white. In sandy soil, Long Island to Florida, west to Louisiana. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. Aug.— Sept. Eupatorium album subyendsum A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1. Part 2,98. 1884. Leaves 1'-2' long, acute, less coarsely serrate, prominently 3-nerved at the base; bracts of the Eastern Long Island and New Jersey. GENUS 4.] THISTLE FAMILY. 7. Eupatorium hyssopifolium L, Hyssop-leaved Thoroughwort. (Fig. 3619.) Eupatorium hyssopifolium 1, Sp. Pl. 836. 1753. E. linearifolium Walt. Fl. Car. 199. 1788. Roughish-puberulent, densely corymbosely branched above, bushy, 1°-2° high. Leaves linear, opposite, and fascicled in the axils of the stem, or on short axillary branches, entire or very nearly so, %4’-2/ long, 1’’-2’’ wide, firm, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base; in- florescence densely cymose-paniculate; heads 3//-4’ long, about 5-flowered; involucre cam- panulate, its bracts linear or linear-oblong, ob- tuse or truncate, sometimes apiculate, puberu- lent, imbricated in about 3 series, the outer shorter; flowers white. In dry fields, Massachusetts to Florida and Texas. Called also Justice-weed. Leaf-margins usually revolute. Aug.-Sept. A plant from the coast of Maryland with very narrow leaves, closely approaches Lupatortum lecheaefolium Greene, from Florida. 8. Eupatorium Torreyanum Short. ‘Torrey’s Thoroughwort. (Fig. 3620.) P ® , ELupalorium Torreyanum Short, 2nd Suppl. Cat. Pl. Ky. 5. 1836. Eupatorium hyssopifolinm var. lacintatum A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2,98. 1884. Rootstock tuberous-thickened; stem usually densely puberulent, mostly branched above, 114°-3° high. Leaves opposite, or sometimes in 3’s, commonly with short leafy branches in their axils, often drooping, lanceolate, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, sessile, 1/-. 3’ long, 2//-6’’ wide, usually distinctly 3- nerved, distantly serrate, the upper and those of the branches much smaller, linear, entire; inflorescence mostly loose; heads about 3// high, generally 5-flowered; bracts of the cam- panulate involucre linear-oblong, obtuse, pubescent, or puberulent, imbricated in about 3 series, the outer shorter; flowers white. In dry soil, Pennsylvania to North Carolina, Kentucky, Florida and Texas. July-Sept. g. Eupatorium semiserratum DC. Small-flowered Thoroughwort. (Fig. 3621.) Eupatorium ambiguum Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. 1:96. Inpart. 1835. E. semiserratum DC. Prodr. 5: 177. 1836. Pubescent or puberulent, loosely branched above, 2°-3° high. Leaves rather thin, short- petioled, oblong-lanceolate to spatulate, acute or obtusish at the apex, narrowed at the base, sharply serrate, at least above the middle, 2/— 4’ long, 5-12’ wide, 3-nerved, usually with short branches in their axils; inflorescence cymose-paniculate; heads 2//-3/’ high, about 5-flowered; involucre campanulate, its bracts linear-oblong, obtuse, canescent,imbricated in 2 or 3 series, the outer shorter; flowers white. In dry soil, Virginia to Florida, Texas and Arkansas. Aug.-Sept. 310 COMPOSITAE. (Vor. III. q 1o. Eupatorium altissimum L,. Tall Thoroughwort. (Fig. 3622.) Eupatorium altissimum I, Sp. Pl. 837. 1753: Densely and finely pubescent, corym- bosely much-branched above, 4°-8° high. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, tapering below into a short petiole, rough- ish, rather thick, sparingly dentate above the middle,or some of them entire,strongly 3-ribbed, 2’-5’ long, 5//-12’’ wide; inflor- escence densely cymose-paniculate; heads about 5-flowered, 3/’-4’’ high; involucre campanulate, its bracts oblong, obtuse, or truncate, densely pubescent, imbricated in about 3 series, the outer shorter; flow- ers white. In dry open places, Pennsylvania to North Carolina and Alabama, west to Iowa, Ne- braska and Texas. Sept.—Oct. 11. Eupatorium sessilifolium L. Up- land or Bastard Boneset. (Fig. 3623.) Eupatorium sessilifolium I,. Sp. Pl. 837. 1753+ Glabrous throughout, or pubescent above, branched near the summit, 2°-6° high. Leaves opposite, or the lower rarely in 3’s, closely ses- sile, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, long-acumi- nate, thin, sharply serrate, 3’-6’ long, %4/-1}4’ wide, inflorescence cymose-paniculate; heads 4/’-5’/’ high, about 5-flowered; involucre cam- panulate, its bracts linear-oblong, imbricated in about 3 series, the inner obtuse, the outer acut- ish, shorter; flowers white. In dry woods, Massachusetts to Pennsylvania, Illinois and Alabama. Aug.—Oct. Eupatorium sessilifolium Brittonianum Porter, Bull. Torr. Club, 19: 129. 1892. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, sparingly and finely serrate, firm, rounded at the base, acute, the upper 1-2’ long, 6''-9'’ wide, pinnately veined, dark green; cymes dense, their branches puberulent. Budd’s Lake, N. J. Perhaps a distinct species. 12, Eupatorium verbenaefolium Michx. Rough or Vervain Thorough- wort. (Fig. 3624.) Eupalorium pilosum Walt. Fl. Car. 199. 1788. ? Eupatorium verbenaefolium Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:98. 1803. E. teucriifolium Willd. Sp. Pl. 3:1753. 1804. Rough-pubescent, slender, 3°-S° high, branched at the summit. Leaves opposite, or occasionally in 3's, ovate-oblong, usually obtuse or blunt-pointed, closely sessile or rarely short-petioled, rounded at the base, more or less crenate-dentate, 2’-4’ long, %4’—- 1/ wide, the upper pairs distant and small; in- florescence cymose-paniculate; heads 5-flow- ered, about 3’ high; involucre campanulate, its bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, imbricated in about 3 series, densely pubescent, the outer shorter; flowers white. In moist soil, Massachusetts to Pennsylvania, south to Florida and Louisiana. Called also Wild Hoarhound. July-Sept. a GENUS 4.] THISTLE FAM 13. Eupatorium rotundifolium L. Round-leaved Thoroughwort. Wild Hoarhound. (Fig. 3625.) E. rotundifolium J,. Sp. Pl. 837. 1753. Rough-pubescent, branched at the sum- mit, 1°-3° high. Leaves opposite, sessile, broadly ovate, often as wide as long, acut- ish or obtuse, truncate to subcordate at the base, coarsely dentate-crenate, 1/-2’ long, ascending; inflorescence cymose-panicu- late; heads about 5-flowered, 2/’-3/’ high; involucre campanulate, its bracts linear-ob- long, acute, densely pubescent, imbricated in about 3 rows, the outer shorter; flowers white. In dry soil, southern New York to Florida, Kentucky and Texas. Reported from Canada, but doubtful. July-Sept. 14. Eupatorium pubéscens Muhl. Hairy Thoroughwort. (Fig. 3626.) E. pubescens Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 1755. 1804. Eupatorium rolundtfolium var. ovatum Torr. ; DC. Prodr. 5: 178. 1836. Puberulent or pubescent, branched above, usually taller than the preceding species. Leaves opposite, ovate, sessile, often twice as long as wide, acute at the apex, rounded or truncate at the base, coarsely dentate with acute or acutish teeth, or the lower incised- dentate; inflorescence cymose-paniculate, sometimes 10’ broad; heads 5-8-flowered, 2//-3// high; involucre campanulate, its linear-oblong bracts in 2 or 3 series, the outer shorter; flowers white. In dry soil, Massachusetts to Pennsylvania West Virginia and Florida. Ascends to 3000 ft. in Virginia. July—Sept. 15. Eupatorium perfoliatum L,. Common Thoroughwort. Bone- set. Indian Sage. (Fig. 3627.) E. perfoliatum J,. Sp. Pl. 838. 1753. Pubescent, stout, branched above, 2°-5° high. Leaves opposite, or rarely in 3's, connate-perfoliate, divaricate, lanceolate, long-acuminate with a slen- der apex, finely crenate-serrate, rugose and pubescent beneath, 4’-8/ long, 1/— 114’ wide; heads crowded, 10-16-flow- ered, 2//-3/’ high; involucre campanu- late, its bracts lanceolate, acutish, im- bricated in 2 or 3 series, pubescent, the outer shorter; flowers white, rarely blue. In wet places, New Brunswick to Mani- toba, Florida, Nebraska and Texas. Called also Ague-weed, Cross-wort. Wild Sage, Thorough-wax. July-—Sept. Eupatorium perfoliatum truncatum (Muhl.) A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2.99. 1804. Eupatorium truncatum Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 3:1751. 1804. Leaves separated and truncate, or somewhat rounded at the base. Occasional with the type. 312 COMPOSITAE. {Vor III. Eupatorium perfoliatum cuneatum (Engel. ) A.Gray, loc. cit. 100, with leaves smaller, narrowed and sepa- rated at the base, occurring in Arkansas and Mis- souri, is regarded by collectors as a hybrid with £. serotinum, 16. Eupatorium resindsum ‘Torr. Resin Boneset. (Fig. 3628.) E. resinosum Torr. DC. Prodr. 5:176. 1836. Slender, resinous-pubescent, 2°-3° high, branched at the summit, the inflorescence com- paratively small, 3’-4’ broad. Leaves opposite, closely sessile, clasping, or slightly connate-per- foliate at the base, linear-lanceolate, long-acu- minate, sharply serrate, 3’-6’ long, 3//-6’’ wide, roughish above, canescent beneath; heads 10- 15-flowered; involucre campanulate, about 2// high, its bracts oblong, obtuse, imbricated in 2 or 3 series, the outer shorter; flowers white. In wet places, pine-barrens of New Jersey. Aug.- Sept. YR AN Si yy : 4 : WAN Y tight 2 17. Eupatorium ageratoides L. f. \@ White Snake-root. White Sanicle. Deerwort Boneset. (Fig. 3629.) E. ageratozdes I,. £. Suppl. 355. ‘1781. Glabrous or nearly so, much branched, 1°-4° high. Leaves opposite, thin, acu- minate at apex, rounded, truncate or cor- date at the base, or abruptly narrowed into the slender petiole, coarsely and usually sharply dentate-serrate, sometimes cre- nate, 3/-6’ long, 1/-3/ wide, 3-nerved and veiny; petioles 14’-214/ long; inflorescence rather loose, ample; heads 10-30-flowered; receptacle flat; involucre narrowly cam- panulate, about 2’ high, its bracts linear, acute or acuminate, in 1 or 2 series, equal or nearly so; flowers bright white. In rich woods, New Brunswick to western Georgia, Ontario, Nebraska, the Indian Terri- tory and Louisiana. Indian Sanicle. July—Nov. ENN 4 Vi 18. Eupatorium aromaticum L, Smaller White Snake-root. (Fig. 3630.) Eupatorium aromaticum V,. Sp. Pl. 839. 1753- Puberulent or glabrate, slender, branched at the summit, 1°-2° high. Leaves opposite, petioled, firm, obtuse or acutish at the apex, rounded, cordate or sometimes narrowed at the base, crenate-dentate, 114/-3/ long, 9’’-18’’ wide, 3-nerved and veiny; petioles 2’’-8’’ long; inflor- escence usually compact; heads 10-25-flowered; receptacle flat; involucre campanulate, 1 4’’-2/” high, its bracts linear, generally obtuse, in 1 or 2 series; flowers white. In dry soil, Massachusetts to Florida. Blooms rather later than the preceding species where the two grow together. Called also Poolroot, Poolwort, and Wild Hoarhound. Aug.—Oct. et ee pe a een GENUs 5.] 1g. Eupatorium coelestinum L, Mist-flower. (Fig. 3631.) Eupatorium coelestinum I,. Sp. Pl. 838. 1753. Conoclinium coelestinum DC. Prodr. 5: 135. 1836. Pubescent or puberulent, branched, 1°-3° high. Leaves opposite, petioled, ovate, ob- tuse or acute at the apex, truncate at the base, or abruptly contracted into the petiole, crenate-dentate, 114’-3’ long, 9/’-18’’ wide; inflorescence cymose-corymbose, rather com- pact; heads 2’/-3/7 high; involucre broadly campanulate, its bracts linear-lanceolate, acuminate, equal or nearly so, in I or 2 series; receptacle conic; flowers blue or vio- let. In moist soil, New Jersey to Florida, west to Illinois, Kansas, Arkansas and Texas. Also in Cuba. Aug.-Oct. THISTLE FAMILY. 5. WILLUGHBAEA Neck. Elem. 1: 82. [M1kaniA Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 1742. 1790. 1804. ] Herbaceous twining vines, or some tropical species erect shrubs, with opposite, petioled leaves, and discoid, mostly cymose-paniculate heads of whitish flowers. Involucre oblong, of 4 slightly unequal narrow bracts. regular, its tube slender, the limb campanulate, 5-cleft. Style-branches elongated, acutish. Achenes truncate, 5-angled. Pappusof numerous base. capillary roughish bristles in 1 or 2 series. About 150 species, natives of America. United States. 6. COLEOSANTHUS Cass. Dict. 10: 36. Heads 4-flowered. Receptacle small, naked. Corolla Anthers entire and obtuse at the [Probably named in honor of Francis Wil- loughby, 1635-1672, English naturalist, but the name spelled by Necker as above. ] | Besides the following another occurs in the southern 1. Willughbaea scandens (L.) Kuntze. Climbing Hemp- weed or Boneset. (Fig. 3632.) E. scandens \,. Sp. P1..836. 1753. Mikania scandens Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 1743. Wileuehbya scandens Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl 37r. | ¥8o1: Glabrous or nearly so, twining over bushes, 5°-15° long. Leaves ovate or hastate, deeply cordate at the base with the lobes rounded or truncate, acuminate at the apex, repand or ob- tusely dentate, 2’-4’ long, 1/-2’ wide; petioles slender, shorter than the blades; heads in compound clusters borne at the ends of the branches; in vo- lucre about 3’ long, its bracts lanceo- late, acuminate or apiculate; flowers white or pink; achenes resinous. In swamps and moist soil, Massachu- setts to western Ontario and Indiana, Florida and Texas. Also in the West Indies and South America. July-Sept. 1817. [BRICKELLIA Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 290. 1824.] Herbs or shrubs, with opposite or alternate leaves, and discoid heads of white yellowish or pink flowers, in panicles or cymes, or rarely solitary. Involucre campanulate or oblong, its bracts striate, imbricated in several series, the exterior ones successively smaller. Re- ceptacle flat or convex, naked. Corolla regular, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse at the base. 314 7 COMPOSITAE. (Vor. III. Style-branches long, obtuse. Achenes Io-striate or 1o-ribbed. Pappus a single row of nu- merous rough or serrate bristles. [Greek, sheath-flower. ] A genus of about 60 species. Besides the following some 4o others occur in the southern and western United States. . 1. Coleosanthus grandiflérus (Hook.) Kuntze. Large-flowered Thoroughwort. (Fig. 3633.) Eupatorium grandifiorum Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 26. 1834. Brickellia grandiflora Nutt. Trans. BEN) i Am, Phil. Soc. (II) 7: 287. 1841. Rw , Coleosanthus grandiflorus Kuntze, SQ ye Rev. Gen. Pl. 328. 1891. Erect, glabrous or puberulent, much branched, 2°-3° high. Leaves slender-petioled, deltoid-ovate, cor- date at the base, acuminate at the apex, coarsely crenate-dentate, 2’/— 4/ long, 1/-2’ wide; petioles shorter than the leaves; inflorescence cy- mose-paniculate; heads short-ped- uncled, 6’’-7’ long; peduncles pu- bescent; involucre campanulate, 30- 45-flowered, the outer bracts ovate, pubescent, usually abruptly acumi- nate or subulate-tipped, the inner linear, glabrous, striate, obtuse or acute; bristles of the pappus sca- brous. Montana to southern Missouri and New Mexico, west to Oregon and b y Arizona. Aug.—Sept. | YY U 7. KUHNITA'L.Sp. Pleiid:. 2) 1662.) 1763. Perennial herbs, with alternate punctate resinous-dotted leaves, and discoid heads of white or purplish flowers in terminal cymose corymbs. Involucre turbinate-campanulate, its bracts striate, imbricated in several series, the outer shorter. Corolla regular, the tube slender, the limb 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base, nearly or quite separate. Style-branches slender, obtusish. Achenes to-striate. Pappus a single row of numerous very plumose bristles. [Named for Dr. Adam Kuhn, of Philadelphia, a pupil of Linnaeus. ] About § species, native of North America and Mexico. Puberulent; leaves sparingly dentate, or entire; heads loosely clustered, 4'’-5'’ high. 1. K. eupatoriotdes. Pubescent or tomentulose; leaves sharply serrate; heads densely clustered, 6''-8'’ high. f 2. K. glutinosa. 1. Kuhnia eupatorioides L, False Boneset. (Fig. 3634.) Kuhnia eupatorioides I, Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 1662. 1763. Eu patoriu m alternifolium Ard. Spec. Bot. 2: 40. pl. 20. 1764. Erect, puberulent and resinous, 1°-3° high, branched above. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute or obtusish at the apex, narrowed at the base, sparingly den- tate, or entire, the upper sessile, the lower usually short-petioled; heads several or nu- merous, peduncled, 4//-5’’ high, loosely clustered; outer bracts of the involucre lan- ceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, the inner much longer, linear, cuspidate; pap- pus tawny, or sometimes nearly white. In dry soil, New Jersey to Georgia, Ohio, West Virginia and Texas. Ascends to 3300 ft. in West Virginia. Aug.—Sept. GENUs 8.] THISTLE FAMILY. 315 2. Kuhnia glutinosa Ell. Prairie False Boneset. (Fig. 3635.) Tuhnia glutinosa Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 292. 1821-24. Kuhnia suaveolens Fresen. Ind. Sem. Francf. 1838. Kuhnia eupatorioides var. corymbulosa T. &. G. Fl. N. A. 2:78. 1841. Stouter and often taller than the preceding species, corymbosely or paniculately branched, pubescent or tomentulose, somewhat viscid. Leaves all sessile, lanceolate to ovate-lanccolate, usually sharply serrate with distinct teeth, veiny, 1/-3’ long, 3/’-10’’ wide; or those of the branches linear-lanceolate and entire; heads numierous, 6’/-S’’ high, densely clustered in the cymes, their peduncles mostly short; inner bracts of the inyolucre lanceolate, acuminate; pappus tawny or brown. In dry soil, Illinois to South Dakota, Alabama and Texas. Aug.-Oct. 8. LACINARIA Hill, Veg. Syst. 4: 49. Al. 6. 1762. [LiaTris Schreb. Gen. Pl. 542. 1791.] Erect perennial herbs, usually from a globular tuber, simple or little branched, with alternate entire narrow I-5-nerved leaves, and spicate or racemose discoid heads of rose- purple or white flowers. Involucre oblong, ovoid or subhemispheric, its bracts imbricated in several series, the outer shorter. Receptacle flat, or slightly convex, naked. Corolla regu- lar, its tube slender, its limb 5-lobed or 5-cleft. Anthers obtuse at the base. Style-branches elongated, obtuse or flattened at the apex. Achenes 10-ribbed, slender, tapering to the base. Pappus of I or 2 series of slender barbellate or plumose bristles. [Latin, fringed, from the appearance of the heads. ] About 16 species, natives of eastern and central North America, known as Blazing Star, or Button Snakeroot from the globular tubers. 7 , % Bracts of the involucre acute, acuminate or mucronate. Involucre cylindric, or turbinate, 15-60-flowered, its base rounded. Bracts with lanceolate spreading rigid tips. 1. LZ, squarrosa. Bracts mucronate, closely appressed. 2. L. cylindracea. Involucre oblong, or narrowly campanulate, 3-6-flowered. Inner bracts with prolonged petaloid tips. 3. L, elegans. Bracts all acute, mucronate or acuminate. Bracts appressed; pappus-bristles very plumose. Leaves 1''-2'' wide; spike usually leafy below. 4. L. punctata. Leaves less than 1’ wide; spike mostly naked. 5. L. acidota. Tips of the bracts spreading: pappus-bristles barbellate. 6. L. pycnostachya. % % Bracts of the involucre rounded or obtuse. i Involucre hemispheric, '4'-1' broad, 15-45-flowered; heads peduncled. 7. L. startosa, Involucre oblong, 2'’-4'' broad, 5-15-flowered. Involucre rounded at base; bracts usually not punctate; heads mostly sessile. 8. ZL. spicata. Inyolucre narrowed at base; bracts usually very punctate; heads peduncled. 9. L. graminifolia. . i. Lacinaria squarrosa (L.) Hill. Scaly | Blazing Star. Colic-root. (Fig. 3636.) | Serratula squarrosa V.. Sp. Pl. 818. 1753. Lacinarta squarrosa Hill, Veg. Syst. 4:49. 1762. Liatris squarrosa Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 1634. 1804. Usually stout, %°-2° high, pubescent or glabrous. Leaves narrowly linear, rigid, sparingly punctate, 3/-6’ long, 1’/-2'4’” wide; heads sessile or short-pe- duncled, 15-60-flowered, usually few, or sometimes solitary, %’-14’ long, 4’’-8” thick; bracts of the involucre imbricated in 5-7 series, lanceolate, rigid, acuminate, glabrous or pubescent, their tips spread- ing; flowers bright purple; pappus very plumose. In dry soil, western Ontario to Kentucky and Florida, west to Minnesota, Nebraska and Texas. Called also Rattlesnake-master. June-Sept. \ 316 COMPOSITAE. (Vou. III. Lacinaria squarrésa intermédia ( Lindl.) Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 314. 1894. Liatris intermedia Lindl. Bot. Reg. pl. 948. — 1825. Liatris squarrosa var. intermedia DC. Prodr. 5: 129. 1836. Heads narrower; tips of the bracts less spreading. With the type. 2. Lacinaria cylindracea (Michx.) Kuntze. Cylindric Blazing Star. (Fig. 3637.) pice? cylindracea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 2: 93. 1803. setts graminifolia Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 1636. I 4. Lacinaria cylindracea Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 349. 1891. Glabrous or nearly so, stout, 1°-134° high, sometimes branched above. Leaves narrowly linear, rigid, scarcely punctate, 3/-7’ long, 1//-2// wide; heads several or numerous, peduncled, or the lower sessile, turbinate- cylindric, %4/-1’ high, 4//-6’” thick, 15-60- flowered; bracts of the involucre imbricated in 5 or 6 series, broadly oval, appressed, ab- ruptly acuminate at the apex; flowers purple; pappus very plumose. In dry soil,western Ontario to Minnesota,south to Illinois and Missouri. July-Sept. a 3. Lacinaria élegans (Walt.) Kuntze. Handsome Blazing Star. (Fig. 3638.) Stoepelina elegans Walt. Fl. Car. 202. 1788. Liatris elegans Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 1635. 1804. Lacinaria elegans Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 349. 1891. Densely and finely pubescent, rarely glabrate, 2°-3° high. Leaves linear, very punctate, 1/—5’ long, 1//-3/’ wide, the upper much smaller than the lower and soon reflexed; heads 4-5-flowered, 6/’-7// high, narrowly campanulate, very numerous in a dense spike or raceme sometimes a foot long; bracts of the involucre in 2 or 3 series, the inner ones linear, dilated above into oblong or lanceolate acuminate rose-colored petaloid tips, or sometimes white; pappus very — — plumose; flowers purple. In dry soil, Virginia to Florida, Alabama and Texas, Aug.-Oct. 4. Lacinaria punctata (Hook.) Kuntze. Dotted Button-Snakeroot. (Fig. 3639.) Liatris punctata Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 306. pl. 55. 1833. Lacinaria punctata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 349. ‘Sgr. Glabrous, or sparingly pubescent, 6/-30’ high; rootstock stout, branching, or globose. Leaves linear, rigid, very punctate, 2’-6’ long, about 1’’ wide, or the lower 2’, the upper gradually shorter, all erect or ascending; heads 3-6-flowered, 6’/—-S’’ long, sessile, “crowded into a dense spike; spike commonly leafy below; involucre narrowly cam- panulate, acute or acutish at the base, its bracts ob- long, cuspidate or acuminate, often ciliate on the margins, sometimes woolly, imbricated in 4 or 5 series; flowers purple; pappus very plumose. In dry soil, Minnesota and Manitoba to Montana,south to Missouri, Texas, New MexicoandSonora. Aug.—Oct. ’ Genus 8.] THISTLE FAMILY. 317 5. Lacinaria acidota (Engelm. & Gray) Kuntze. Slender Button-Snakeroot. (Fig. 3640. ) sot tes Pb Engelm. & Gray, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5: . 1847. Bannapbaaciiots Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 349. 1891. Similar to the preceding species, but usually gla- brous throughout, the rootstock globose, or elonga- ting. Stem 2° high, or less, slender. Leaves narrowly linear, 1(//-%’’ wide, or the lower wider, slightly punctate, 1/-4’ long, the upper gradually shorter; spike slender, naked, or sparingly leafy at the base, 4-10’ long; heads 3-5-flowered, 6’/-9’’ long; involucre narrowly oblong-campanulate, its bracts oblong to ovate-lanceolate, more or less punctate, abruptly or gradually acuminate; glabrous or sparingly ciliate; flowers purple; pappus plumose. Prairies, Kansas (and Missouri, according to Bush) to Texas. Aug.—Oct. 6. Lacinaria pycnostachya (Michx. ) Kuntze. Prairie or Hairy Button- Snakeroot. (Fig. 3641.) Liatris pycnostachya Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:91. 1803. Lacinaria pycnostachya Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 349. 1891. Hirsute-pubescent above, usually glabrous below, 2°-5° high, very leafy. Lower leaves linear-lanceolate, narrowed below the middle into a slender margined petiole, acuminate at the apex, often 1° long and 1%” wide, the upper much smaller, linear-subulate, rigid, punctate; spikes very dense, 6’-18’ long; heads 4’/-6/’ long, 3-6-flowered; invoiucre oblong or cylindric, its bracts oblong, pubescent and ciliate with acute, slightly spreading, colored tips; flowers purple; pappus barbel- late or roughened, not plumose. On prairies, Illinois and Minnesota to Nebraska, south to Kentucky, Louisiana and Texas. Aug.—Sept. 7. Lacinaria scariosa (L.) Hill. Large Button-Snakeroot. (Fig. 3642.) Serratula scariosa 1. Sp. P1.818. 1753. Lacinaria scariosa Hill, Veg. Syst. 4:49. 1762. Liatris scariosa Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 1635. 1804. Finely pubescent, at least above, 1°-6° high. Lower leaves oblanceolate, spatulate or oblong-lanceolate, narrowed into a mar- gined petiole, acute or obtusish at the apex, often 1° long and 114’ wide; upper leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, acute, or some- times very obtuse, much smaller, all densely punctate; heads hemispheric, %/—1’ broad, 15-45-flowered, on stout peduncles 2’/-2’ long, or sometimes sessile; bracts of the involucre imbricated in 5 or 6 series, spatulate-linear, oblanceolate or obovate, rounded at the apex, appressed, their tips dry and scarious, often col- ored; flowers bluish purple; pappusbarbellate. In dry soil, Maine to Florida, west to Minne- sota, western Ontario, Manitoba, Nebraska and Texas. Called also Blue Blazing Star, Gay Feather, Rattlesnake-master. Aug.—Sept. Lacinaria scaridsa squartulosa (Michx.) Small, Mem. Torr. Club, 4: 128. 1894. Liatris squarrulosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:92. _ 1803. Liatris scariosa var. squarrulosa A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 110. 1884. Heads smaller, 5''~7'' broad, turbinate-hemispheric. Dry woods, Virginia to Florida and Texas. Ascends to 3300 ft. in West Virginia. Perhaps a distinct species. COMPOSITAE. {Vou. III. 8. Lacinaria spicata (L.) Kuntze. Dense Button-Snakeroot. Gay Feather. Devil’s Bit. (Fig. 3643.) Ne CA Serrulata spicata 1,. Sp. Pl. 819. 1753. Liatris spicata Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 1636. 1804. tet Pitta t L. spicata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 349. 1891. Glabrous or nearly so, 2°-6° high. Lower leaves linear-lanceolate or linear- oblong, usually blunt-pointed, sometimes 1° long and 5’ wide, the upper linear or even subulate, somewhat or obscurely punctate; spike generally dense, 4/-15’ long; heads short-oblong or cylindric, 5-I3-flowered, 2/’-4’" broad, mostly sessile; involucre rounded or obtuse at the base, its bracts appressed, oblong, ob- tuse and scarious-margined at the apex, obscurely punctate, imbricated in 4-6 series; flowers blue-purple, occasionally white; pappus roughened or barbellate. In moist soil, Massachusetts to Florida,west toWisconsin, Kentucky, Louisianaand Arkan- sas. Called also Rough or Backache-root, ahitte pulls Throat-wort, Prairie Pine, Colic-root, Aug.—Oct. Lacinaria spicata pumila (I,odd.) Porter, Mem. Torr, Club, 5: 314. 1894. Liatris pumila Lodd. Bot. Cab. pl. 747. 1821. Liatris spicata var. montana A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 111. 1884. : Low, stout, 1°-2° high. Lower leaves broader and shorter, obtuse; spike shorter; heads larger. g. Lacinaria graminifolia (Walt. ) Kuntze. Loose-flowered Button- Snakeroot. (Fig. 3644.) Walk ' Anonymus graminifolius Walt. Fl. Car. Vil ALR 197. 1788. Liatris gramintfolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. J ont 2: 508. 1814. Not Willd. 1804. Lacinaria graminifolia Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Or = [f- Pl. 349. 1801. AO (a hrbv ‘A. Glabrous, or sparingly pubescent, 1°-3° e, I |S '3 ¢ high. Leaves similar to those of the pre- f° > ceding species, but more conspicuously punctate, usually somewhat ciliate near the base and acute or acutish at the apex; heads spicate or racemose, mostly pedun- cled; involucre narrowed or acute at the base, 2’/-4’’ broad, its bracts distinctly punctate, appressed, rounded and scarcely margined at the apex, thick; flowers pur- ple; pappus barbellate; achenes hairy. In dry soil, Virginia to Florida and Georgia. Ascends to 4200ft. in North Carolina. Called also Fine-leaved Blazing Star. Aug.—Sept. Lacinaria graminifolia pilosa ( Ait.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 314. 1894. Serrulaia pilosa Ait. Hort. Kew. 3:138. 1789. Liatris gramintfolia var. dubia A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, 185. 1856. Leaves usually prominently ciliate; heads larger, spicate, racemose, or even paniculate; bracts of the involucre linear-oblong or spatulate, narrowly scarious-margined. In sandy soil, New Jersey to Florida and Alabama. g. TRILISA Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1818: 140. 1818. Erect perennial herbs, with fibrous roots and alternate simple leaves; those of the stem sessile or clasping, the basal ones narrowed into petioles. Heads small, discoid, of 5-10 purple or white flowers, in terminal thyrsoid or corymbose panicles. Involucre campanulate, its bracts imbricated in 2 or 3 series, the outer scarcely shorter than the inner. Receptacle flat, naked. Corolla regular, its limb 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Achenes nearly terete, 10-ribbed. Style-branches slender, obtuse. Pappus of 1 or 2 series of elon- gated, barbed bristles. [Anagram of /7airis.] Two known species, native of the southeastern United States. Stem glabrous; heads corymbose-paniculate. 1. T. odoratissima, Stem viscid-pubescent; heads thyrsoid-paniculate. 2. T. paniculata, GENUS Io.] THISTLE FAMILY. 319 1. Trilisa odoratissima (Walt. ) Cass. Vanilla-leaf. Vanilla-plant. Dog’s-tongue. Carolina Vanilla. (Fig. 3645.) Anonymos odoratissima Walt. Fl. Car. 198. 1788. Liatris odoratissima Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 93. 1803. Trilisa odoratissima Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom, 1818: 140. 1818. Rather stout, glabrous, 2°-3° high. Leaves thick,entire,or sometimes dentate, the lower oblanceolate, oblong or spatu- Ww / late, obtuse, 4’-10’ long, 1/-114’ wide, those of the stem gradually smaller, ob- long, ovate or oval, the uppermost bract- like; heads corymbose-paniculate, about y 3’ high; bracts of the involucre oblong, \ obtusish; achenes glandular-pubescent. \\ \\ In pine-barrens, Virginia (according toWat- son and Coulter) to Florida and Louisiana. Called also Deer’s-tongue and Hound’s- tongue. Aug.-Sept. &e A 2. Trilisa paniculata (Walt. ) wey Ww Cass. Hairy Trilisa. (Fig. 3646.) Anonymos paniculatus Walt. Fl. Car. 198. 1788. Liatris paniculata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 93. 1803. Trilisa paniculata Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom: 1818: 140. 1818. \ a Stem viscid-pubescent, 1°-3° high. Leaves entire, the basal ones lanceolate or narrowly oblong, acute or obtusish, 3/— 10/ long, %/-114’ wide, those of the stem much smaller, lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate; heads thyrsoid-paniculate, about 3/’ high; bracts of the involucre oblong, obtusish; achenes finely pubes- cent. In pine barrens, Virginia to Florida and Georgia. Sept.—Oct. 10. GUTIERREZIA Lag. Gen. & Sp. Nov. 30. 1816. Erect branching, usually glabrous and often glutinous herbs, or shrubs, with linear en- tire alternate leaves, and small heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers, corym- bosely paniculate in our species. Radiate flowers few, pistillate. Disk-flowers regular, mostly perfect, or some of them only staminate, the corolla-limb 5-lobed. Involucre ovoid or narrowly campanulate, its bracts coriaceous, imbricated in few series. Receptacle flat, conyex or conic, commonly foveolate. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style- branches narrow, flattened, their appendages slender. Achenes terete, ribbed or 5-angled. Pappus of several scales, those of the ray-flowers shorter than or equalling those of the disk. [Named from Gutierrez, a noble Spanish family. ] __ About 20 species, natives of western North America, Mexico and western South America. Be- sides the following 4 others occur in the southwestern United States. 320 COMPOSITAE. (Vor. III. 1. Gutierrezia Saréthrae (Pursh) Britt. and Rusby. Gutierrezia. (Fig. 3647.) Solidago Sarothrae Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 540. 1814. Gutierrezia Euthamiae T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 193. 1841. e Gutierrezia Sarothrae Britton & Rusby, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci.'7: 10. 1887. Glabrous or minutely pubescent, bushy, %°-2° high, the branches rigid, ascending. Leaves linear, %4/-1 14’ long, %4’/-1’’ wide, acute; heads oblong, 134//-2’’ high, few-flowered, usually in clusters of 2-5 at the ends of the numerous branches; rays I-6, scarcely 1/’ long; scales of the pappus linear-oblong, subulate or acuminate; achenes pubescent. In dry or rocky soil, Minnesota and Manitoba to western Nebraska, Texas and Sonora, west to Nevada, Arizona and California. Aug.-Sept. 7 11. AMPHIACHYRIS DC. Not. Pl. Rar. Jard. Gen. 7: 1. fl. z. 1835. Erect, much branched, glabrous herbs, with small alternate entire leaves, and very nu- merous small heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers, solitary or clustered at the ends of the branches. Involucre ovoid or hemispheric, its bracts coriaceous, imbricated in few series. Receptacle naked. Ray-flowers pistillate. Disk-flowers perfect, but sterile, or staminate. Pappus of the ray-flowers obsolete or coroniform, that of the disk-flowers of 5-20 subulate scales or bristles somewhat united at the base. Achenes pubescent. [Greek, chaff-around. | Two known species, natives of the south-central United States. The genusisclosely related to the preceding one. 1. Amphiachyris dracunculoides (DC.) Nutt. Amphiachyris. (Fig. 3648.) Brachyris dracunculotdes DC. Mem. Soc. Phys. Gen. 7: Part 2, 265. fl. 7. 1836. Amphiachyris dracunculoides Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7: 313. 1841. Annual, slender, much branched, 6-18’ high, the branches ascending. Leaves linear, 6’7—18’” long, 1/’-2’’ wide, acutish, the uppermost al- most filiform; heads solitary at the ends of short branches, 10-30-flowered, about 2’’ high; invo- lucre hemispheric, its bracts oval, obtuse; rays 5-10, about as long as the involucre; disk-flow- ers mostly staminate, their ovaries abortive, their pappus of 5-8 subulate aristate scales, united into a short cup at the base. In dry soil, Missouri and Kansas to Texas. Found adventive at Easton, Penna. Sept.-Oct. 12, GRINDELIA Willd. Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berl. Mag. 1: 260. 1807. Perennial herbs, sometimes woody at the base, with alternate sessile or clasping leaves, usually spinulose-dentate, and rather large heads of both discoid and radiate yellow flowers, solitary at the ends of the branches (rays rarely wanting). Involucre hemispheric or de- pressed, its bracts imbricated in several or many series, usually subulate-tipped. Receptacle flat or convex, naked, foveolate. Ray-flowers fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, or sometimes only staminate. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches narrow, flattened, their appendages linear or lanceolate. Achenes short, thick, sometimes compressed, gla- brous, 4-5-ribbed. Pappus of 2-8 soon deciduous awns or bristles. [Named for Prof. H. Grindel, of Riga, 1776-1836. ] GENUS 13.] THISTLE FAMILY. 321 About 25 species, natives of western North America, Peru and Chili. Besides the following, some 9 others occur in the western and southwestern parts of North America. Known as Gum- plant or Tar-weed. Leaves spatulate or oblong, obtuse or obtusish; achenes truncate. 1. G. squarrosa. Leaves linear or linear-oblong, acute; achenes 2-toothed. 2. G. lanceolata. 1. Grindelia squarrdsa (Pursh) Dunal. Broad-leaved Gum-plant. (Fig. 3649.) Donia squarrosa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 559. 1814. Grindelia squarrosa Dunal in DC. Prodr. 5: 315. 1836. Glabrous, erect or ascending, branched, 10’-2° high. Leaves oblong or oblong- spatulate, obtuse, more or less clasping at the base, sharply spinulose-dentate, some- times laciniate, 14’-1 14’ long, 3/’-6’” wide; heads 10//-15’’ broad, very glutinous; bracts of the involucre linear-lanceo- late, subulate-tipped, strongly squarrose; achenes truncate, those of the outer flow- ers usually thicker than those of the in- ner; pappus of 2 or 3 awns. In dry soil, Illinois and Minnesota to Mani- toba, south to Missouri, Texas, Nevada and Mexico. Adyentive in southern New Jersey. June-Sept. Grindelia squarrdsa nida (Wood) A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 118. 1884. Grindelia nuda Wood, Bot. Gaz.3:50. 1878. Rays wanting. Missouri and westward with the type. UT) \ 2. Grindelia lanceolata Nutt. Narrow-leaved Gum-plant. (Fig. 3650.) Grindelia lanceolata Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phil. 7:73. 1834. Slender, erect, glabrous, branched,about 2° high. Leaves lanceolate or linear, acute at the apex, sessile or clasping at the base, spinulose-dentate, laciniate, or the upper entire, 1/-2’ long, 2//-5/” wide; heads nearly as large as those of the pre- ceding species; bracts of the involucre linear-subulate, the inner erect, the outer spreading; achenes 2-toothed; pappus of I or 2 awns. In dry soil, Tennessee to Kansas, Louisiana and Texas. July—Sept. 13. HETEROTHECA Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1817: 137. 1817. Erect, hirsute or pubescent, branching herbs, with alternate, mostly dentate leaves, and rather large heads of both discoid and radiate yellow flowers, generally solitary at the ends of the branches. Involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, its bracts imbricated in several series, the outer shorter. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Ray-flowers pistillate. Disk- flowers perfect, or some of them only staminate. Style-branches flat, their appendages lanceolate or triangular. Achenes pubescent, obtuse, those of the ray-flowers thick, those of the disk-flowers flattened. Pappus of the ray-flowers obsolete or of a few caducous bristles, that of the disk-flowers of an inner row of numerous capillary rough bristles, and an outer row of shorterstouter bristles orscales. [Greek, different-case, from the dissimilar achenes, ] Five or 6 species natives of the southern United States and Mexico. 21 322 COMPOSITAE. (Vor. III. 1. Heterotheca subaxillaris (Lam. ) Britt. & Rusby. Heterotheca. (Fig. 3651.) Inula subaxillaris Lam. Encycl. 3: 259. 1799. Heterotheca Lamarckii Cass, Dict. Sci. Nat. 21: 131. 1821. Heterotheca subaxillaris Britt. & Rusby, Trans. N. Y. Acad, Sci.'7:10. 1887. Biennial or sometimes annual, 1°-3° high. Basal and lower leaves petioled, ovate or oblong, 2’—3/ long, the upper ones oblong, sessile or clasping, smaller, all acutish or obtuse, dentate; heads rather numerous, 6//-9’’ broad; involucre nearly hemispheric, 3/’-5’’ high, its bracts linear, or slightly dilated above, the inner with scarious mar- gins; rays 10-25; inner bristles of the pappus of the disk-flowers about 2’” long. In dry soil, Delaware to Florida, Louisiana, Kansas, Arizona and Mexico. July-Sept. 14. CHRYSOPSIS Nutt. Gen. 2: 150. 1818. [DipLocon Raf. Amer. Month. Mag. 2: 268. 1818. Not Poiret, 1Sr11.] Perennial branching herbs, with alternate sessile entire leaves, or the basal ones dentate, and large many-flowered heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers (rays wanting in some western species), loosely corymbose, or solitary at the ends of the branches. Invo- lucre campanulate to hemispheric, its bracts narrow, imbricated in several series, the outer shorter. Receptacle usually flat, more or less foveolate. Ray-flowers pistillate. Disk- flowers mostly all perfect. Pappus double in both the disk and ray-flowers, the inner of numerous rough capillary bristles, the outer of smaller or minute scales or bristles. Achenes flattened, oblong-linear or obovate. Style-branches narrow, somewhat flattened, their ap- pendages linear or subulate. [Greek, of golden aspect. ] About 20 species, natives of North America and Mexico. Besides the following, about 8 others occur in the southern and western United States. Leaves elongated-linear, parallel-veined; achenes linear; involucre campanulate. 1°-3° high, silvery-pubescent; leaves grass-like, 3'-12' long. 1. C. gramintfolia. 4'-10' high, woolly-pubescent; leaves rigid, 1'-4’ long. 2. C. falcata. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, or linear, pinnately veined; achenes obovate, or oval; involucre hemis- pheric. Plant densely woolly-pubescent. 3. C. pilosa. Plants hirsute, or villous-pubescent. Heads numerous, corymbose-paniculate; eastern species. 4. Heads fewer, corymbose, or terminating the branches; western species. Villous-pubescent; leaves oblanceolate, oblong, or lanceolate. Leaves acute. . camporum. 5. G. Leaves obtuse. 6. C. villosa. G C. C. Mariana. Hirsute-pubescent. Leaves linear, acutish, short. 7. C. stenophylla. Leaves spatulate, obtuse. 8. C. hispida. Pilose-pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate. g. C. Nuttallit. 1. Chrysopsis graminifolia (Michx. ) Nutt. Grass-leaved Golden Aster. (Fig. 3652.) Bh gramintfolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 2: 122. Grice graminifolia Nutt. Gen. 2: 151. 1818. Slender, corymbosely branched above, very silvery-pubescent, 1°-3° high. Leaves linear, soft, grass-like, 3-5-nerved, shining, the basal ones 4/-12/ long, 2’/-5/’ wide, the upper much smaller, and the uppermost subulate and erect; heads several or numerous, about %’ broad, solitary at the ends of the branches; involucre campanulate, its bracts glabrate; achenes linear- fusiform. In dry soil, Delaware to Florida, west to Ohio (Cooper in Torrey Herbarium) and Texas. Called also Silver-grass, Scurvy-grass. Aug-—Oct. a . WY NA, i) oh Aare. AW a4 \ y ), 3. Chrysopsis pilésa (Walt. ) GENUS 14.] THISTLE FAMILY. 323 2. Chrysopsis falcata (Pursh) Ell. Sickle-leaved Golden Aster. (Fig. 3653.) Inula falcata Pursh, Fl. Am, Sept. 532. 1814. Chrysopsis falcata EN. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 336. 1824. Corymbosely branched above, rather stiff, 4’-12/ high, leafy to the top, very woolly-pubescent, at least when young, or becoming glabrate. Leaves linear, rigid, spreading, sometimes slightly curved, 1/-4’ long, 1/’-3’” wide, obscurely parallel-nerved; heads rather few, 3/’-5’’ broad, terminating the branches; involucre campanulate,its bracts slightly pubescent; achenes linear. In sandy soil, eastern Massachusetts to New Jersey. July-Aug. >i — Ne all) 1 S He \ WW RA) ea ~ N\\ y )] Vip a ANY uy Sal N Britton. Cottony Golden Aster. (Fig. 3654.) nae pilosum Walt. Fl. Car. 206. ry i Inula gossypina Michx. Fl, Bor, Am, 2: 122, 1803. C. gossypina Nutt. Gen. 2: 150. 1818. Chrysopsis pilosa Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 316. 1894. Stout, 1°-2° high, branched above, densely woolly-pubescent all over. Leaves spatulate or oblong, obtuse, the lower and basal ones 1/—3/ long, 3//-5/7 wide, the uppermost much smaller; heads usually nearly 1’ broad, termina- ting the branches, bright yellow; invo- lucre hemispheric, its bracts densely pubescent when young, becoming glabrate; achenes obovate. In pine-barrens, Virginia (according to Watson and Coulter) to Florida and Alabama, Autumn, 4. Chrysopsis Mariana (L,.) aN LD Nutt. Maryland Golden“ o({{\'(\- ak Aster. (Fig. 3655.) SNA) SA Inula Mariana I,. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 1240. ‘\\ y 4 1763. C. Mariana Nutt. Gen. 2: 151. 1818. Stout, 1°-214° high, loosely villous- pubescent with silky hairs when young, at length nearly glabrous, corymbosely branched at the sum- mit. Upper leaves oblong or lanceo- late, acutish or obtuse, sessile, 1/—2/ long, the lower oblanceolate or spatulate and narrowed intoa petiole, generally obtuse, 2/-4’ long and sometimes 1’ wide; heads commonly numerous, 9’’—12’’ broad, on glandu- lar peduncles; involucre hemis- pheric, its bracts glandular, acute, viscid-pubescent; achenes obovate. In dry soil, southern New York and Pennsylvania to Florida and Louisiana. Aug.-Sept. 324 COMPOSITAE. [ Vor. III. i / Ze p 5. Chrysopsis camporum Greene. jy Prairie Golden Aster. (Fig. 3656.) Chrysopsis camporum Greene, Pittonia, 3:88. 1897. : Stem villous-pubescent, erect, often branched, Wy, 1°-2%° high, leafy up to the inflorescence. Wy Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, entire, or with a few low distant teeth, acute, sessile, or the lower narrowed into petioles, appressed- pubescent with short hairs, ciliate, at least near the base, 1/-3/ long, 2’’-5’’ wide; heads several or solitary at the ends of the branches, 1/-1 14’ broad, showy; peduncles 1/-4’ long; involucre nearly hemispheric, %4’ high, its bracts lanceo- late, acuminate, pubescent; outer pappus-bristles subulate. On prairies, Illinois and Kentucky to Missouri, July-Sept. / 4 6. Chrysopsis villdsa (Pursh) Nutt. Hairy Golden Aster. (Fig. 3657.) Ameilus villosus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 564. 8r4. Chrpsobstt villosa Nutt. Gen. 2: 151. 1818. Stem villous or strigose-pubescent, 1°- 2° high. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, or oblanceolate, obtuse, 1/-2’ long, 2//-5/” wide, the upper sessile, the lower nar- rowed into a petiole, pale, persistently canescent with appressed hairs; heads rather few, 1’ broad or more, terminating the short branches; rays oblong-linear, golden yellow; involucre hemispheric, its bracts 4’’-5’’ high, linear-subulate, pubes- cent and often ciliate; achenes obovate. In dry soil, Minnesota and Illinois to Ala- bama, west to Manitoba, British Columbia and Nebraska. July-Aug. 7. Chrysopsis stenophylla (A. Gray) Greene. Stiff-leaved Golden Aster. (Fig. 3658.) Chrysopsts villosa var. stenophylla A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2,123. 1884. Chrysopsis stenophylla Greene, Erythea, 2: 1894. Low, slender, hirsute or rough-pu- bescent, 6/-10’ high. Leaves linear or slightly broadened above, densely canes- cent and ciliate, acutish, 9/’’-15’’ long, 1//-2/’ wide, the margins revolute in dry- ing; involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, its bracts pubescent or the outer densely ciliate; heads few, 6’’—10’’ broad. In dry soil, Nebraska to Arkansas and Texas. Aug.—Sept. GENUS 15.] THISTLE FAMILY. 8. Chrysopsis hispida (Hook.) Nutt. Hispid Golden Aster. (Fig. 3659.) Diplopappus hispidus Hook. Fl. Bor. Am, 2:22. 1834. Chrysopsis hispida Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (IT) PR oTES cAtiosa var. hispida A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: } % Part 2, 123. 1884. ANA Lower than C. villosa, stem rarely over 1° high, with spreading hirsute or hispid pubescence. Leaves spatulate to oblong, entire, spreading, 9//-18/’ long, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, ‘\ often into petioles half as long as the blade or \ more; heads smaller, often more numerous; invo- , lucre not over 4” high, its bracts lanceolate, hirsute. / In dry soil, Manitoba to Idaho, Kansas and Texas. July-Sept. OS, g. Chrysopsis Nuttallii Britton. Nuttall’s Golden Aster. (Fig. 3660.) Chrysopsis pilosa Nutt. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 7: 66. 1834. Not Erigeron pilosum Walt. 1788. C. Nuttalli Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 316. 18094. Pilose-pubescent with soft hairs and minutely glandular, 1°-2° high, branched above. Leaves ob- long-lanceolate, mostly acute, 1/-21%4’ long, 2//-5// wide, entire, or the lower serrate or even incised; heads few, 8’’—12’’ broad, terminating the branches; involucre hemispheric, its bracts glandular-viscid; achenes obovate. In dry soil, Kansas to Louisiana, Arkansas and Texas. July-Sept. 15. CHONDROPHORA Raf. New FI. N. A. 4:79. 1836. [BicELOw1a DC. Mem. Comp. f/. 5. 1833. Not Bigelovia Spreng. 1821.] Perennial stiff herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and corymbose-paniculate discoid heads of yellow flowers. Involucre oblong or campanulate, its bracts rigid and glutinous, imbricated in several series. Receptacle flat, generally foveolate, naked. Corolla regular, tubular, the Jimb 5-cleft. Anthers obtuse at the base. Style-branches flattened, their appendages lanceolate. Achenes oblong, somewhat compressed, I-2-ribbed on each side. Pappus of I or 2 series of numerous capillary unequal bristles. [Greek, cartilage-bearing. ] One, or perhaps two species, native of eastern North America. 1. Chondrophora nudata (Michx.) Britton. Rayless Golden-rod. (Fig. 3661.) . Chrysocoma nudata Michx. F1. Bor.Am. 2: 101, 1803. Bigelowia nudata DC. Prodr. 5: 329. 1836. C. nudata Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 317. 1894. Glabrous, erect, simple, 1°-2%4° high. Lower and basal leaves spatulate, obtuse, or obtusish, 3/-6’ long, 3/’-6’” wide, attenuate into a mar- gined petiole; stem leaves distant, small, linear or subulate; heads numerous, 2’/-3/’ high, crowded in a compound terminal corymbose cyme; involucre narrowly campanulate, acute at the base, its bracts coriaceous, appressed, linear-oblong, imbricated in 3 or 4 series, the outer much smaller than the inner; achenes short-turbinate; pappus-bristles rigid; edges of the depressions in the receptacle prolonged into subulate teeth. In moist pine-barrens, New Jersey to Florida and Texas. Aug.-Oct. 326 COMPOSITAE. (Von. IIL. Chondrophora nudata virgata (Nutt.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 317. 1894. Chrysocoma virgata Nutt. Gen. 2: 137. _ 1818. Bigelovia nudata var. virgata T. & G, Fl. N. A. 2: 232. 1841. Chondrophora virgata Greene, Erythea, 3:91. 1895. Lower leaves linear, shorter, or the basal ones linear-spatulate. Perhaps specifically distinct. With the type, southward, not certainly known from within our territory. 16. CHRYSOTHAMNUS Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 629. 7: 323. 1840. Low shrubs, with equably leafy branches, hard wood, linear leaves, and discoid heads of yellow perfect flowers. Heads narrow, 5-7-flowered. Involucre oblong to narrowly campanulate, its bracts more or less keeled, thin, or papery, imbricated in several series, often so as to form 5 vertical rows. Corolla 5-toothed. Anthers obtuse at the base. Style- branches exserted, their appendages subulate to filiform. Achenes narrow, mostly pubes- cent. Pappus of copious capillary roughened bristles. [Greek, golden-bush. ] About 25 species, natives of western North America. Heads about 6'’ high; involucral bracts obtuse or mucronulate. 1. C. nauseosa,. Heads 7''-10'' high; involucral bracts subulate-tipped. 2. C. Howardi. 1. Chrysothamnus nausedsus (Pursh) Britton. Fetid Rayless Golden-rod. (Fig. 3662.) C. nauseosa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept.517. _ 1814. C. graveolens Nutt. Gen, 2: 136. 1818. Bigelovia graveolens A, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 644. 1873. Chondrophora nauseosa Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 317. 1894. Densely white-tomentose, at least when young, much branched, very leafy, 1°-6° high, odorous. Leaves linear, or slightly spatulate, 1/-2’ long, 1/’-2’’ wide; heads 5//-8’’ high, very numerous and crowded in terminal compound corymbose cymes, rays none; involucre narrowly campanu- late, acute at the base, its bracts oblong or linear-oblong, acutish, puberulent, imbricated in about 4 series; achenes linear; pappus-bristles soft, copious. In sterile, especially alkaline soil, North- west Territory to western Nebraska (?) and New Mexico, west to British Columbia and southern California. Aug.—Oct. 2. Chrysothamnus Howardi (Parry) Greene. Howard’s Ray- less Golden-rod. (Fig. 3663.) Linosyris Howardi Parry; A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 6: 541. 1865. Bigelovia Howardi A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 641. 1873. Chrysothamnus Howardi Greene, Erythea, 3: 113. 1895. Similar to the preceding species, densely white-tomentose when young, glabrous or nearly so when old, tufted, much branch- ed, 6’-10’ high. Leaves narrowly linear, entire, 1/-2’ long, about 1’’ wide; heads 7’//-10’ long, narrow, 5-flowered, more or less glomerate, usually surpassed by the upper leaves; rays none; involucre slightly pubescent, or glabrous, its bracts lanceo- late, thin, acuminate or subulate-tipped; achenes nearly linear, pubescent. In dry soil, western Nebraska, Colorado and Utah to New Mexico. July-Sept. GENUS 17.] THISTLE FAMILY. 327 17. OONOPSIS Greene, Pittonia, 3:45. 18096. Perennial herbs, the following species glabrous, mostly tufted, with woody roots, the stems leafy to the top. Leaves entire, linear to lanceolate. Heads cymose at the end of the stem or branches. Involucre campanulate to ovoid, its bracts flat, imbricated in severa series, herbaceous, cuspidate, appressed and erect, or the outer spreading. Disk-flowers with a nearly cylindric 5-toothed corolla. Stamens and style included or scarcely exserted. Ray- flowers present or wanting, pistillate. Style-appendages ovate to subulate. Achenes gla- brous, or somewhat pubescent. Pappus-bristles coarse, rigid. [Greek, resembling an egg, referring to the ovoid involucre. ] Four known species, natives of central North America. 1. Oonopsis Engelmanni (A. Gray) Greene. Engelmann’s Oonopsis. (Fig. 3664.) Bigelovia Engelmanni A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 1:75. 1876. Oonopsis Engelmanni Greene, Pittonia, 3: 45. 1896. Perennial by a deep woody root, glabrous throughout; stems stiff, about 8’ high, densely leafy. Leaves narrowly linear, sessile, 9’/-18/” long, less than 1/’ wide, brittle when dry; heads clustered, or sometimes solitary at the ends of the branches, 14’ wide or less, sessile among the upper leaves; involucre oblong-campanulate, its bracts in about 4 series, oblong to spatulate, short-acuminate or mucronate, appressed; ray- flowers none; disk-flowers about as long as the rather rigid capillary pappus-bristles; achenes linear-oblong, narrowed at the base, many- striate. Western Kansas and Nebraska. Sept.-Oct. 18. PRIONOPSIS Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7: 329. 1841. A glabrous annual or biennial herb, leafy to the top, with sessile spinulose-dentate leaves, and large heads of yellow radiate and tubular flowers. Involucre broadly hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in several series, lanceolate, acuminate, the outer more or less spreading. Receptacle naked. Disk-flowers perfect, their corollas 5-toothed. Ray-flowers very numer- ous, pistillate. Achenes glabrous, those of the ray-flowers broader than those of the disk; pappus of a few deciduous rigid unequal bristles, the outer very short. [Greek, resembling a saw, referring to the leaf-margins. ] A monotypic genus of south-central United States. 1. Prionopsis ciliata Nutt. Prionopsis. (Fig. 3665.) 12 ctliata Nutt. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 2: 118. Aplipahpas ciliatus DC. Prodr. 5: 346. 1836. Prionopsis ciliata Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7: 329. 1841. Stem erect, stout, branched, very leafy, 2°-5° ' high. Leaves sessile, oval or the lower obovate, obtuse, conspicuously veined, 1/-3/ long, %4/-1 14’ wide, sharply serrate with bristle-pointed teeth; heads few, clustered, stalked or nearly sessile, 1/— 1%’ broad; involucre depressed-hemispheric, its bracts glabrous; achenes of the ray-flowers ellip- soid, those of the disk-flowers oblong, the central sterile; pappus-bristles rigid, the inner ones rough or ciliate. On hillsides and river-banks, Missouriand Kansas to Texas. Aug.-Sept. 328 COMPOSITAE. (Vou. III. 19. ERIOCARPUM Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7: 320. 1841. Perennial or annual herbs or shrubs with alternate spinulose-dentate or lobed leaves and many-flowered heads of tubular or of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers (heads rarely without rays). Involucre hemispheric to campanulate, its bracts imbricated in several series, the outer ones gradually smaller. Receptacle flat or convex, generally foveolate, naked. Ray-flowers fertile. Disk-flowers usually perfect. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches flattened, their appendages short, lanceolate. Achenes oblong or obovoid, obtuse, white-tomentose, or canescent, usually 8-1o-nerved. Pappus of 1-3 series of numerous capillary persistent more or less unequal bristles. [Greek, woolly fruit. ] About to species, natives of America. Besides the following, about 6 others occur in the west- ern parts of the United States. Rays none; leaves dentate. 1. E. grindeliotdes. Rays present. Leaves dentate: annual. 2. E. rubiginosum. Leaves pinnatifid; perennial. 3. E. spinulosum. 1. Eriocarpum grindelioides Nutt. Rayless Eriocarpum. (Fig. 3666.) Eriocarpum grindelioides Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) '7. 321. 1841. Aplopappus Nuttallii T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 240. 1842. © Perennial by a deep woody root, finely pubescent; stems tufted, simple, erect, 4/-12’ high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to spatulate, sessile, or the lower petioled, 1%4/-1’ long, firm, acute or obtusish, spinulose-dentate; heads several or solitary, termi- nating the stem or branches; peduncles 1’ long, or less; involucre campanulate, its bracts linear, acute, puberulent,their tips somewhat spreading, the outer shorter than the inner; achenes densely silky to- mentose. In dry soil, Northwest Territory to South Dakota, Nebraska, Utah and Arizona, July.-Aug. 2. Eriocarpum rubiginédsum (JT. & G.) Britton. Viscid Eriocarpum. (Fig. 3667.) Aplopappus rubiginosus T. &. G. Fl. N. A. 2: 240. 1841. Eriocarpum rubiginosum Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 316. 1894. Viscid, glandular-pubescent, erect, an- nual, branched near the summit, 1°-3° high. Leaves sessile, or the lowest narrowed into short petioles, oblong, lanceolate, or oblanceolate, conspicuously dentate with distant awn-pointed teeth, acute or obtusish at the apex, 114/-2%4’ long, 2//-6’’ wide; heads several, cymose-paniculate, 8//-15/’ broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts linear-subulate with spreading tips; rays large; pappus bristles rigid, very unequal; achenes villous-canescent, turbinate, not compressed. Nebraska and Colorado to Texas. Autumn. GENUS 20.] THISTLE FAMILY. 329 3. Eriocarpum spinul6dsum (Nutt.) Greene. Cut-leaved Eriocar- pum. (Fig. 3668.) hie spinulosus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 2: 564. 1814. Aplopappus spinulosus DC. Prodr. 5: 347. 1836. Eriocarpum spinulosum Greene, Erythea, 2: 108. 1894. Canescent or glabrate, much branched at the base, perennial from thick woody roots, 6’-15’ high. Leaves pinnatifid, sessile, linear to ovate in outline, %/’-1%’ long, 1//-214’/’ wide, the lobes with bristle-pointed teeth; heads several or numerous (rarely solitary), 6’/-12’’ broad; involucre hemis- pheric, its bracts linear, acute, appressed; rays narrow; achenes pubescent, narrowed below; pappus soft and capillary. In dry soil, Northwest Territory and North Dakota to Nebraska and Texas, west to Colo- tado, Arizona and Mexico. March-Sept. 20. STENOTUS Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7: 334. 1841. Low undershrubs, with coriaceous narrow entire evergreen leaves, scapose or leafy stems, and rather large heads of both radiate and tubular yellow flowers. Involucre mostly hemis- pheric, its bracts imbricated in several series, appressed, ovate to lanceolate. Receptacle alveolate. Disk-flowers perfect, their corollas tubular, usually somewhat enlarged upward, deeply 5-toothed. Ray-flowers fertile. Anthers obtuse at the base. Appendages of the style-branches short, lanceolate. Achenes white-villous. Pappus of soft white capillary bristles. [Greek, narrow, referring to the leaves. ] About 18 species, natives of western North America. 1. Stenotus armerioides Nutt. Narrow-leaved Stenotus. (Fig. 3669.) Stenoltus armerioides Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (11) 7: 335. 1841. a Aplopappus armerioides A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 132. 1884. Perennial, tufted from a branched woody caudex, glabrous throughout; flowering stems slender, naked above, or quite leafless, 4/-8’ high. Basal leaves numerous, narrowly spatulate or linear, acute or acutish, firm, 1/-3/ long, 1/’—2’’ wide, en- tire, narrowed below; stem leaves usually 1-3, sessile, linear, sometimes none; head commonly solitary, about 1’ broad; involucre campanulate, 4/’-6’’ high, its bracts broadly oval, green, ap- pressed, obtuse or retuse, scarious-margined, or the inner ovate-oblong and acutish; rays 8-10; achenes canescent or villous; pappus bristles soft, white. In dry, mostly rocky soil, western Nebraska to Wyoming, Utah and New Mexico. June-July. 21 ISOPAPPUS (Lic Gr BieNeeAn 2230) 1841: Rough-hairy annual or biennial herbs, loosely paniculately branched, with alternate linear to lanceolate I-nerved entire or somewhat toothed leaves, and small slender-peduncled heads of radiate and tubular yellow flowers. Involucre campanulate-cylindric, its appressed lanceolate or subulate bracts in 2 or 3 series. Receptacle alveolate. Ray-flowers 5-12, pistillate. Disk-flowers 10-20, perfect. Anthers not sagittate. Style-appendages narrow, hirsute. Achenes terete, narrowed below, silky-villous, Pappus a single series of rough capillary bristles, nearly equal in length. [Greek, equal pappus. ] Two known species, natives of the southern United States. 330 COMPOSITAE. [Vot. III. 1. Isopappus divaricatus (Nutt. ) T. & G. Isopappus. (Fig. 3670.) Inula divaricata Nutt. Gen. 2:152. 1818. SUE IRE SS divaricatus A, Gray, Syn. Fl, 1: Part 2, 130. 1884. Isopappus divaricatus T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 239. 1841. Annual or biennial, erect, paniculately much branched, slender, rough-pubescent or glandular, 1°-3° high. Jeaves linear, linear-lanceolate, or the lowest linear-spatulate, acute or cuspidate, dentate with distant teeth, or sometimes entire, 1/—3’ long, 1//-3/’ wide, the uppermost much smaller, subu- late or bract-like; heads numerous, 3/’-5’’ broad; involucre campanulate, its bracts linear-lanceolate, subulate-tipped, pubescent, peduncles very slender or filiform. In dry soil, Kansas to Texas, east to Georgia and Florida. Aug.—Oct. 22. SOLIDAGO L. Spy els 7 820 2753. Perennial erect herbs, sometimes woody at the base, simple, or little branched, with alternate simple toothed or entire leaves, and small heads of both tubular and radiate, yellow or rarely white flowers, in terminal or axillary panicles, thyrsi, or cymose-corymbose or capitate clusters. Involucre oblong or narrowly campanulate, its bracts imbricated in several series, the outer successively shorter. Receptacle small, flat, or somewhat convex, generally alveolate. Ray-flowers in one series, pistillate. Disk-flowers mostly all perfect, their corollas tubular or narrowly campanulate, 5-cleft or 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches flattened, their appendages lanceolate. Achenes terete or angled, usually ribbed. Pappus of numerous capillary rough nearly equal bristles in 1 or 2 series. [Greek, to make whole. ] About 85 species, mostly of North America, 2 or 3 in Europe, a few in Mexico and South America, A. Tips of the involucral bracts, or some of them spreading or recurved. Leaves glabrous or glabrate, 4'~10' long. 1. S. sguarrosa. Leaves rough-ciliate, 1’-2' long. 2. S. petiolaris. B. Tips of the involucral bracts all erect and appressed. *% Heads in axillary clusters, or also in a terminal spike-like, sometimes branched thyrsus. Heads 2''—3!’ high, chiefly in axillary clusters; achenes pubescent. Stem and branches terete; leaves lanceolate to oblong. ; 3. S. caesta. Stem and branches grooved or angled. Leaves broadly oval, contracted into margined petioles. 4. S. flexicaulis. Leaves lanceolate, sessile. 5. S. Curtisii. 2. Heads 2'’-3'' high, chiefly in a terminal spike-like thyrsus; achenes glabrous, or nearly so. Rays white; stem “pubescent. 6. S. bicolor. Rays yellow; stem densely pubescent. 7. S. hispida. Rays yellow; stem glabrous, or sparingly pubescent. Leaves thick, not acuminate, dentate, or the upper entire. 8. S. erecta. Leaves thin, acuminate, sharply serrate. g. S. monticola. 3. Heads 5-6" high; bracts elongated, acute; leaves ovate. 10. S. macrophylla. * Heads in a terminal simple or branched thyrsus, not at all secund on its branches, or scarcely so. 1. Bracts of the involucre acute. High northern; leaves spatulate, glabrous. 44. S. multiradiata. Eastern; stem minutely puberulent or glabrous; heads 2''’-3'’ high. 11. S. puberula. Western; stem and leaves scabrous or rough-pubescent. 12. S. Lindhetmeriana. 2. Bracts of the involucre obtuse (or the inner acutish in No. 13). (a) Upper leaves abruptly smaller than the lower, appressed. 13. S. stricta. (b) Leaves gradually smaller upward, spreading or ascending. ih Lower leaves large, oblong or oval, acule or oblusish, t At least the lowest leaves dentate; plants 2°-6° high. Lower leaves oblong- lanceolate; branches of the thyrsus appressed. 14. S. uliginosa. Lower leaves ovate or broadly oval; branches of the thyrsus ascending. 15. S. spectosa. t t Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, entire, 1'-5’ long. 16. S. rigidiuscula. + Basal leaves narrowly spatulate. 17. S. Purshii, + + + Basal leaves obovate, oblanceolate, or broadly spatulate. Plant a -12! high, on alpine summits: stem angular. 18, Ss alpestr ts. Plant 1°-3° high, not alpine; heads 3''-4’" high. 19. S. Virgaurea. % % % Heads ina terminal, usually large panicle, secund on its spreading or recurved branches. { Plant maritime; leaves thick, fleshy, entire. 20. S. sempervirens. tt Plants not maritime ; leaves not fleshy. 1. Leaves pinnately- veined, not triple-nerved. (a) Leaves all entire, thin and glabrous. at. S. odora. GENUS 22.] THISTLE FAMILY. 331 (b) Leaves, at least the lower, more or less dentate or serrate. } Leaves linear or linear-oblong, 1'-2' long, scabrous. 22. S. fortifolia. T t Leaves broader, lanceolate, oblong, or ovate, 2'-r10' long. } Stem densely pubescent; leaves more or less so. Leaves rugose-veiny beneath, sharply serrate. 23. S. rugosa. Leaves not rugose, sparingly dentate or entire. 24. S. fistulosa. { { Stem glabrous, or merely puberulent above. Leaves very rough on the upper surface, serrulate. 25. S. patula. Leaves smooth, or minutely roughened on the upper surface. Racemies few, widely divergent, very slender. Lower leaves oblong, coarsely serrate. 26. S. ulmifolia, Lower leaves ovate or lanceolate, rather finely serrate. 27. S. Boottit. Racemes numerous, spreading, recurved or ascending, Leaves all oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sessile. 28. S. Elliottii. At least the lower leaves petioled, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate. Leaves firm, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; heads about 2'’ high; racemes short; rays several. 29. S. neglecta. Leaves firm, narrowly lanceolate; heads about 2’’ high; racemes few, short; rays 1-3. 30. S. uniligulata. Leaves firm, lanceolate or oval-lanceolate; heads 1!4''-2'’ high; racemes numerous, slender. A gi. S. juncea. Leaves thin, the lower broadly ovate, short-acuminate; heads 214''—3!4'’ high; racemes numerous. 32. S. argula. 2. Leaves triple-nerved, 7. ¢., with a pair of lateral veins much stronger than the others. Stem glabrous; bracts of the involucre obtuse. Leaves, and bracts of the involucre thin. Leaves linear-lanceolate, entire or sparingly serrate. 33. S. rupesiris. Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate. 34. S. serotina. Leaves, and bracts of the involucre thick, somewhat rigid. Leaves linear-lanceolate or lanceolate; achenes glabrous. 35. S. Missouriensis. Leaves oblong-lanceolate; achenes silky-pubescent. 36. S. Shortit. Basal leaves oblanceolate, upper bract-like. 37. S. Gallingert, Stem pubescent or scabrous. Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate or entire, rough above. 38. S. Canadensis. Leaves oblanceolate, spatulate, oblong, or ovate, the lower crenate. Minutely rough-pubescent, grayish; lower leaves oblanceolate; heads 2'’ high. 39. S. nemoralis, Canescent and pale; leaves oblong or ovate; heads 3!’ high. 40. S. mollis. Very scabrous, green, not grayish, nor canescent. 41. S. radula. Leaves broadly ovate-oval, sharply serrate, finely pubescent. 42. S. Drummondit. *% % % % Headsinaterminal,corymbiform,sometimes thyrsoid cyme,forming a flat-topped inflorescence. Leaves ovate, oblong, or oval, very rough on both sides. 43. S. rigtda. Leaves lanceolate, linear, oblong, or oblanceolate, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves, at least the lower, oblanceolate; high northern. 44. S. multiradiata. Leaves not oblanceolate nor spatulate. Lower leaves oblong-lanceolate, serrulate. 45. S. Ohioensis. Leaves all lanceolate or linear, entire. Stout; leaves lanceolate, the basal 8/-12' long. 46. S. Riddelliz, Slender; leaves linear, the basal 4'—5’ long. 47. S. Houghtont. 1. Solidago squarrésa Muhl. Stout Ragged Golden-rod. (Fig. 3671.) ) Solidago squarrosa Muhl. Cat. 76. 1813. Stem stout, simple, or rarely branched above, glabrous or puberulent, 2°-5° high. Upper leaves oblong, acute, entire or nearly so, sessile; lower and basal leaves obovate, oval, or broadly spatulate, acute or obtuse, 4-10’ long, 17-3’ wide, sharply dentate, often narrowed into a margined petiole, all glabrous, or sometimes slightly pubescent; heads 15-25-flowered, 4/’-5’’ high, numerous in a terminal narrow often leafy thyrsus some- times 12’ in length; rays 10-15, showy, 2//— 3’ long; tips of the involucral bracts green, acute or obtuse, rarely some of them erect, all usually strongly recurved, giving the heads a ragged appearance; achenes glabrous. In rocky soil, New Brunswick and Ontario, south to Virginia and Ohio. Ascends to 2000 ft. in the Catskills. Lower branches of the in- florescence sometimes elongated. Aug.-Oct. A.V. 332 COMPOSITAE. {Vor. III. 2. Solidago petiolaris Ait. Downy Ragged Golden-rod. (Fig. 3672.) Solidago petiolaris Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 216. 1789. Stem rather slender, pubescent or puberulent, 1°-3° high, simple, or branched above. Leaves sessile, or very short-petioled, oblong to oval, acute, obtuse or mucronate, entire or dentate, %4’-3’ long, rough or ciliate on the margins; heads 3/’-4’’ high, in a termi- nal narrow more or less compound thyrsus; involucral bracts with green acute to acuminate tips, the outer spreading, the inner appressed; achenes glabrous or nearly so. In dry soil, Illinois to Kansas and Texas, east to North Carolina and Florida. Variable, or perhaps includes sev- eral species. Sept.—Oct 3. Solidago caésia I. Blue- stemmed or Wreath Golden-rod. (Fig. 3673.) Solidago caesia L,. Sp. Pl. 879. 1753. S. gracilis Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 8:476. 1808. Stem glabrous, slender, often glaucous, usually bluish or purple, branched or sim- ple, terete, 1°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, glabrous, sharply serrate, 2’-5’ long, 3//-15’’ wide; heads 2//-3/f high, in axillary clusters or racemes, or occasionally with some in a short terminal thyrsus; bracts of the invo- cre obtuse, appressed; achenes pubescent. In woods and thickets, Maine and Ontario SK », to Minnesota Florida, Arkansas and Texas. Nae Called also Woodland Golden-rod. Aug.-Oct. 3 Yay Solidago caésia axillaris (Pursh) A. Gray, Proc. Ste i Y LA ae Am. Acad. 17: 189. 1882. S. axillaris Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 542. 1814. } Heads few, in dense short axillary clusters, much exceeded by the long thin leaves; upper leaves often entire. Nova Scotia to Ontario and New Jersey. Xt 4. Solidago flexicaulis L. Zig-zag or Broad-leaved Golden-rod. (Fig. 3674.) Solidago flexicaulis I,. Sp. Pl. 879. 1753. Solidago latifolia ¥,. loc. cit. 1753. Stem glabrous, angled, usually simple, zig-zag, 1°-3° high. Leaves thin, ovate, acuminate at the apex, abruptly narrowed at the base into a margined petiole, somewhat pubescent, or gla- brous beneath, sharply serrate, 2’-7’ long, 1/—4’ wide, the uppermost sometimes lanceolate and entire or nearly so; heads about 3/’ high, in short axillary racemose clusters, and rarely also in a narrow terminal thyrsus; bracts of the in- volucre obtuse to acutish, appressed; achenes hirsute-pubescent. In rich woods, New Brunswick to Georgia, west to Minnesota and Missouri. Ascends to 2300 ft. in the Catskills. July-Sept. GENUS 22.] THISTLE FAMILY. 333 5. Solidago Curtisii T. & G. Curtis’ Golden-rod. (Fig. 3675.) meee? Curtisti T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 200. 1841. Stem glabrous or sparingly pubescent, simple or branched, slender, 114°-3° high, angled and grooved. Leaves thin, sessile, elongated-lanceolate or sometimes broader above the middle, long-acuminate, nar- rowed below into an entire base, sharply serrate, 3/-6’ long, 4//-12/’ wide, glabrous or nearly so; heads 2//-3/’ high, in rather loose axillary clusters and sometimes also in a narrow terminal thyrsus; bracts of the involucre few, obtuse. In mountain woods, Virginia and West Virginia to Georgia. Aug.-Sept. 6. Solidago bicolorl,. White Golden-rod. Silver-rod. (Fig. 3676.) Solidago bicolor, Mant. 114. 1767. WA Stem rather stout, hirsute-pubes- / je, cent, or nearly glabrous, 6/-4° high, simple or branched. Basal and lower leaves obovate or broadly oblong, mostly obtuse, 2/-4’ long, 1/-2/ wide, narrowed into long margined petioles, dentate or crenate-dentate, more or less pubescent; upper leaves smaller and narrower, oblong or sometimes lanceolate, obtusish or acute, sessile or nearly so, often entire; heads 2//—3// high, crowded in a terminal narrow thyrsus 2’~7’ long, and sometimes also clustered in the upper axils; rays white; bracts of the involucre obtuse; achenes glabrous. In dry soil, New Brunswick to Georgia, west to Ontario, Minnesota and Missouri. Ascends to 6300 ft. in North Carolina. July-Sept. " 7. Solidago hispida Muhl. Hairy Golden-rod. (Fig. 3677.) S. hispida Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 2063. 1804. Solidago hirsuta Nutt. Journ. Phil. Acad. 7: 103. 1834. Solidago bicolor var. concolor T. & G. Fl. N. A.2:197. 1841. Stout, stem densely pubescent or hir- sute, simple, or sometimes branched, 1%°-3° high. Lower leaves oval, acute, or obtuse, petioled, pubescent on both sides, usually dentate, 2/-5’ long, 1/-2/ wide; upper leaves oblong, sessile, acute, dentate or entire, smaller, sessile; heads about 3’’ high, crowded in a dense narrow terminal thyrsus and also often in racemose clusters in the upper axils; rays yellow; involucral bracts obtuse; achenes with a few appressed hairs, or glabrous. ‘ In dry soil, Nova Scotia to western Ontario and Minnesota, south to Pennsylvania, Georgia and Wisconsin. More abundant northward than the preceding species. As- cends to 2000 ft. in the Catskills. Aug.-Oct. DNV RN & 2D AN ys 334 COMPOSITAE. g. Solidago monticola T. & G. Mountain Golden-rod. (Fig. 3679.) Solidago Curtisii var. monticola T. & G. Fl. N. A.2: 200. 1841. Solidago monticola 'T. & G.; Chapm. Fl. S. States, 209. 1860. Slender, glabrous or nearly so, 1°-3° high. Stem leaves ovate-oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, thin, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, sharply and sparingly serrate, or the upper en- tire, 1/-6’ long,4’/-1 4’ wide, the upper sessile, the lower petioled; basal leaves broadly oblong, obtuse, with slender petioles; heads about 2’ high; in a terminal spike-like simple or branched thyrsus; bracts of the involucre acut- ish or obtuse; achenes glabrous. In mountain woods, Pennsylvania and Maryland to Georgia and Alabama. [Vor. III. 8. Solidago erécta Pursh. Slender Golden-rod. (Fig. 3678.) eee erecta Pursh, Fl. Am, Sept. 542. 1814. Solidago speciosa var. angustata 'T. &. G. Fl. N. A. 2: 205. 1841. Stem slender, glabrous, or puberulent above, 2°-3° high, simple or rarely branched. Leaves firm, nearly glabrous on both sides, ciliolate on the margins, the lower and basal ones broadly oblong or oval, obtuse or obtusish, crenate- dentate, the upper lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, acute, usually quite entire; heads 2’/-3’ high in a very narrow terminal thyrsus, rarely also with a few clustered in the upper axils; bracts of the involucre obtuse; achenes glabrous. In dry soil, New Jersey and Pennsyl- vania to Georgia and North Carolina. Aug.—Sept. 10. Solidago macrophylla Pursh. Large-leaved Golden-rod. (Fig. 3680.) Solidago macrophylla Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 542. Solidago thyrsoidea E. Meyer, Pl. Lab. 63. 1830. Stem striate, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, stout, {6’-4° high. Leaves thin, ovate, acumi- nate, or the basal ones obtuse, sharply serrate, glabrous, or sparingly pubescent beneath, 3/—5’ long, 1/-2%4’ wide, abruptly contracted into margined petioles, or the uppermost lanceolate, entire, sessile; heads 5//-6’” high in a terminal compact or loose thyrsus and usually also in axillary clusters; bracts of the involucre linear, acute; rays S-10, linear-oblong, conspicuous; achenes glabrous or nearly so. In rocky woods, Catskill Mountains, N. Y. to Labrador and Hudson Bay, west to Lake Superior. Ascends to 4ooo ft. inthe Adirondacks. July-Sept. GENUS 22.] THISTLE FAMILY. 11. Solidago pubérula Nutt. Downy Golden-rod. (Fig. 3681.) Solidago puberula Nutt. Gen. 2: 162. 1818. * Minutely puberulent, or glabrous, usu- ally simple, rather slender, 114°-3° high, leafy. Stem leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, sparingly serrate or entire, 1/—2 long, sessile, or the lower petioled, basal leaves and sometimes the lowest ones of the stem spatulate, obtuse, sharply serrate, 2/-4’ long, narrowed into mar- gined petioles; heads 214’/-3/’ high, in a terminal, often leafy thyrsus, the branches of which are spreading or as- cending; bracts of the involucre subu- late, very acute; achenes glabrous; heads rarely a little secund. In sandy soil, New Brunswick to Florida and Mississippi, near the coast and on sand- stone rocks in the Appalachian mountain system. Aug.-Sept. 12. Solidago Lindheimeriana Scheele. Lindheimer’s Golden-rod. (Fig. 3682.) Solidago Lindhetmeriana Scheele, Linnaea, 21: 599. 1848. Scabrous, simple, 114°-3° high, leafy, rather stout and rigid. Leaves oblong, oblong- lanceolate or oval, acute or acutish at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, all entire, thickish, rough on both surfaces, sessile or the lowest petioled; heads about 3/’ high in a terminal, often short thyrsus; bracts of the involucre acute or the outer obtuse, puberulent; achenes nearly glabrous. Southern Kansas (according to Watson and Coulter) to Texas, Arizona and northern Mexico. Aug.-Nov. Solidago Bigelovii A. Gray, Proc, Am. Acad. 16: 80, another southwestern species, which is rougher than this one, and with oval or oblong leaves ob- tuse or obtusish at both ends, is reported from Kansas, 13. Solidago stricta Ait. Wand-like or Willow-leaf Golden-rod. (Fig. 3683.) Solidago stricta Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 216. _ 1789. S. virgata Michx, Fl. Bor. Am. 2:117. 1803. Glabrous throughout, slender, erect, simple, 2°-8° high. Basal and lowest stem leaves oblong, or somewhat spatulate, with few lat- eral veins, obtuse, entire, or very sparingly dentate, 3/-8’ long, %/-1’/ wide, narrowed into long petioles; upper stem leaves ab- ruptly smaller, narrowly oblong, spatulate or linear, appressed, the uppermost very small and bract-like;heads about 3’ high ina dense simple, or sometimes branched, naked thyrsus; bracts of the involucre oblong, ob- tuse, or the inner acutish; achenes glabrous, or sparingly pubescent. In wet sandy pine-barrens, New Jersey to Flor- ida and Louisiana. Also in Cuba. Aug.-—Oct. COMPOSITAE. {Vor III. 14. Solidago uligindsa Nutt. Bog Golden-rod. (Fig. 3684.) Solidago uliginosa Nutt. Journ. Phil. Acad. 7: Ior. 1834. Stem glabrous, rather stout, simple, 2°-4° high. Leaves oblong lanceolate or lanceo- late, glabrous, firm, more or less ciliolate or scabrous on the margins, few-veined, acute or acuminate, the lower and basal ones 4/—9’ long, %/-114’ wide, more or less serrate and narrowed into petioles, the upper smaller, mostly sessile and entire; heads 2’’-3/’ high in a terminal oblong dense thyrsus, its branches appressed; bracts of the involucre linear-oblong, obtuse; achenes glabrous. In swamps and bogs, Newfoundland to north- ern New Jersey and Pennsylvania, west to west- ern Ontario, Minnesota and Wisconsin. Aug.— 15. Solidago specidsa Nutt. Showy or Noble Golden-rod. (Fig. 3685.) Solidago speciosa Nutt. Gen. 2: 160. 1818. Stem stout, glabrous below, often rough above, usually simple, 3°-7° high. Leaves glabrous, firm, the lower and basal ovate, or broadly oval, 4’—10/ long, 1/-4’ wide, dentate or crenate, pinnately veined, acute or obtuse at the apex, long-petioled; upper leaves smaller, oblong or oval, acute at each end, crenate-dentate, or entire, sessile or short- petioled, rough-margined; heads 3//-4’/ high in a large terminal thyrsus, the branches of which are ascending and often leafy; bracts of the involucre oblong, very obtuse; achenes glabrous or nearly so. YANN Wit ze ge In rich soil, Nova Scotia to North Carolina, west to Minnesota, Kentucky, Arkansas and Ne- braska (according to J. M. Bates). Aug.—Oct. Solidago specidsa$pallida Porter, Bull. Torr. Club, 19: 130. 1892. Leaves ovate or oblong, coriaceous, prominently veined, pale green; stems stout, tufted, 1°-2° high, densely pubescent above. On the rocky summit of Mt. Mackay, western Ontario. 16. Solidago rigidiuscula (T. & G.) Porter. Slender Showy Golden- rod. (Fig. 3686.) Solidago speciosa var. rigidiuscula T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 205. 1841. Solidago speciosa var. angustata A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2,152. In part. 1884. Solidago rigidiuscula Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 319. 1894. Stem rather slender, usually glabrous below, rough-pubescent above, simple, 2°-4° high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, entire, or the basal ones some- times crenate, strongly ciliolate on the margins, 1/-5’ long, 3//-12’’ wide, the , upper sessile, the lower sometimes nar- = rowed into petioles; heads similar to those of the preceding species; thyrsus generally narrow, dense, simple or rarely branched, In dry soil, mostly on prairies, Ohio to Ala- bama, west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Louisi- ana and Texas. Aug.-Oct. . GENUS 22.] THISTLE FAMILY. 17. Solidago Purshii Porter. River-bank Golden-rod. (Fig. 3687.) Solidago humilis Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 543. 1814. Not Mill. Solidago Purshii Porter, Bull. Torr. Club, 21: 311. 1894. S. racemosa Greene, Pittonia, 3: 160. 1897. Glabrous or nearly so; stems simple, usually somewhat glutinous, 6-18’ high. Lower and basal . leaves oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, dentate, or crenate, 2/-6’ long, %/-1’ wide, narrowed into slightly margined petioles; stem leaves sessile, lan- ceolate, oblong or linear, numerous, crenate or entire, mostly acute, smaller; heads 3/’-4’’ high in a terminal simple or branched thyrsus; bracts of the involucre linear-oblong, obtuse, or the inner acutish; achenes striate, pubescent. On rocky river-banks, Newfoundland to northern New York, Vermont and Virginia. July-Sept. 18. Solidago alpéstris Wald. & Kit. Alpine Golden-rod. (Fig. 3688.) Solidago alpestris Wald. & Kit. Pl. Rar. Hung. 3. pl. 208. _ 1812. Solidago Virgaurea var. alpina Bigel. Fl. Bost. Ed. 2, 307. 1824. Glabrous, or somewhat pubescent; stems simple, often tufted, 3/-12’ high, ascending, or erect, an- gular. Basal leaves obovate, or broadly spatulate, serrate with low sharp or blunt teeth, at least above the middle, obtuse, or acute, 2/-4’ long, narrowed into petioles; stem leaves oblanceolate, spatulate, or oblong, sessile, or the lower petioled, mostly distant; inflorescence a short raceme or thyrsus, with clusters of heads in the axils of the leaves; heads 3//-4’’ high; bracts of the involucre obtuse or acute; achenes pubescent. Alpine summits of the mountains of Maine, New Hampshire and northern New York, mostly above tim- ber line. Alsoin Kurope. Aug.—Sept. 1g. Solidago Virgaurea L. European Golden-rod. (Fig. 3689.) Solidago Virgaurea I,. Sp. Pl. 880. 1753. Somewhat pubescent, at least above; stem usually simple, rather stout, 1°-2° high. Basal leaves oblan- 2s — se AN pel AAD N (POTN B.S.P. Toothed White-topped Aster. TaN Sep i Ay Wy, 7; . ES = N (Fig. 3734.) WY \ Conyza asteroides I. Sp. Pl. 861. 1753- jj j S. conyzoides Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 150. 1832. \, S. asteroides B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 26. 1888. NI} be Stem pubescent, or glabrate, slightlyangled, | 1°-2° high. Leaves thin, pubescent or gla- brous, ciliate, pinnately veined and faintly 3-nerved, the basal and lower ones obovate or spatulate, dentate or rarely entire, 2’—4’ long, ! I/-14/ wide, narrowed into margined petioles; upper leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, en- tire or dentate, acute or obtuse, smaller; heads 5/’-6’’ high, densely clustered; involucre campanulate, its bracts oblong, ciliate or \ pubescent, the outer with green reflexed tips; pappus brown or white. In dry woods, Maine to Florida, west to Ohio, Kentucky and Alabama. July-Sept. 31. ASTER L,. Sp. Pl. 872. 1753. Perennial or rarely annual, mostly branching herbs, with alternate leaves, and corym- bose or paniculate (rarely racemose or solitary) heads of both tubular and radiate flowers. Involucre hemispheric, campanulate or turbinate, its bracts various, imbricated in several series, the exterior ones usually smaller and shorter. Receptacle flat or convex, generally foveolate. Ray-flowers white, pink, purple, blue, or violet, pistillate. Disk-flowers tubular, perfect, their corollas 5-lobed, usually yellow and changing to red, brown, or purple. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches flattened, their appendages subulate, lanceolate or ovate, acute. Pappus-bristles slender, numerous, scabrous or denticulate, usu- ally in 1 series, sometimes in 2series. Achenes mostly flattened and nerved. [Greek, star.] A genus of not less than 250 species, most abundant in North America, where, in addition to the following, about 70 others occur beyond our limits. Known as Asters or Starworts. A. Basal and lower leaves, or some of them, cordate and slender-petioled. (See No. 50.) 1. None of the stem-leaves cordate-clasping. x» Rays white, violet, or rose. 2 Rays white, or rarely rose, usually 2-toothed; plants not glandular. + Involucre ovoid, campanulate or turbinate, its bracts mostly obtuse or rounded; basal leaves few and small, or commonly none (except in No. 5). (a) Leaves membranous or thin, smooth, or nearly so. Heads short-peduncled, 9’ broad or less, the disk turning crimson; leaves acute or short-acuminate. 1. A. carmesinus. Heads long-peduncled, 9!’ broad or more, the disk turning brown or reddish brown; leaves long- acuminate. : Heads 1’ broad or more; leaves of the branches large, long, lanceolate, acuminate. 2. A. tenebrosus. Heads 9''-12'' broad; leaves of the branches small, obtuse, or acute. 3. A. divaricalus. * Text prepared with the assistance of Prof. EDWARD S. BURGESS. ~ GENUS 31.] THISTLE FAMILY. 355 (b) Leaves thick, firm, rough. Heads 6''-8’’ high; inflorescence forking. 4. A. furcatus. Heads 4'’-5'' high; inflorescence paniculate or glomerate. Leaves acute, or short-acuminate, pilose beneath; inflorescence glomerate. 5. A. glomeratus. Leaves long- acuminate, not pilose beneath; inflorescence open-paniculate. 6. A. Clayton. + + Involucre cylindric, its bracts tapering to an obtuse apex; basal leaves large, tufted. Bracts of the involucre pale, scarious, usually without herbaceous tips. ie A, curvescens. Bracts of the involucre broader, with herbaceous tips. 8. A. Schreberi. 2 % Rays violet, usually 3-toothed; plants glandular. t Bredonnrint glands ‘large, capitate; leaves thick, coarse, heavy. Sinus broad; glands chiefly confined to the inflorescence; plant usually harsh, g. A. macrophyllus. Sinus narrow; glands abundant on the leaves and stem; growing plant clammy. 10, A. rvoscidus, } Predominant glands minute, scarcely capitate; leaves usually thin. (a) Inflorescence rather regular, flat, or convex-topped; plants usually less than 234° tall. Sinus broad, shallow. Broader leaves orbicular- cordate, their teeth and the: inflorescence- leaves aeone icons: . A. tanthinus. *» Broader leaves reniform, sharply incised; some iafloredoencstleny es Ceenieaenil 12. A, violarts. Sinus rather deep and narrow; broader leaves ovate-cordate, sharply serrate. 13. A. mulliformts. (b) Inflorescence very irregular, paniculate-corymbose; plants often 4°-5° high; broader leaves large, cordate, acute. 14. A. nobilis. “% % Rays blue or purple; plants not glandular. + Bracts of the involucre spreading or recurved; rays 30-45. 15. A. anomalus. + { Bracts of the involucre appressed, or erect; rays 8-20. (a) Leaves all entire, or nearly so, thick, or firm. Leaves nearly or quite glabrous above. 16. A. Shortit. Leaves rough-puberulent on both sides, the upper bract-like. 17. A. azureus. b) Leaves nearly all sharply serrate, thin. Heads 2''-3'’ high, numerous; bracts obtuse or obtusish. Leaves: rough; petioles not wing-margined; bracts appressed. 18. A. cordifolius. Leaves smooth, or nearly so; petioles, or some of them, wing-margined. 19. A. Lowsrieanus. Heads 4" a high, ‘usually few; bracts acute or acuminate. 20. A. Lindleyanus. Heads 3''-5’’ high, numerous; bracts acute or acuminate. Stem densely and finely pubescent. a1. A. Drummondit. ‘4 Stem glabrous or nearly so; bract-tips spreading. 22. A. sagittifolius. 2. Stem leaves, or some of them, cordate-clasping, plant rough when dry. 23. A. undulatus. B. No cordate and petioled leaves; those of the stem, or some of them, with more or less cordate or auricled clasping bases. 1. Stem rough, or hirsute-pubescent. % Leaves entire, oblong, linear, or lanceolate. 2 Heads 1'-2' broad; leaves sessile, strongly cordate-clasping. t+ Stem rough; leaves oblong to lanceolate; involucre turbinate. Leaves thick, firm, very rough, oblong to oval. 24. A. patens. Leaves thin, roughish, oblong-lanceolate. 25. A. phlogifolius. + + Stem hirsute; leaves lanceolate; involucre hemispheric. 26. A. Novae-Angliae. % 4 Heads %4'-1' broad; leaves but slightly clasping. Involucre hemispheric, ae bracts glandular. 27. A. oblongifolius. Involucre turbinate, its bracts hispid. 28. A. amethystinus. % % Leaves, at least the lower, serrate. Stems usually pilose; bracts very glandular. 29. A. major. Stem hispid-pubescent; bracts glabrous, or ciliate. 30. A. punicers. . Stem glabrous, or only sparingly pubescent above. % Leaves sharply serrate. 2 Leaves tapering to the base. Outer bracts of the involucre foliaceous. 31. A. fardifiorus. Bracts of the involucre narrow, not foliaceous. Leaves lanceolate, to oblong-lanceolate, sessile. 30. A. puniceus, Leaves oval to ovate, the lower often petioled. 32. A. palulus. Z 7 Leaves abruptly contracted into margined petioles, often enlarged near the base. A, prenanthoides. 2% 4% Leaves strongly cordate-clasping; bracts green- Pree 34. A. laevis. % % Leaves entire, or very nearly so. 2 Involucre campanulate, its bracts appressed, green-tipped. } Bracts of the involucre with rhomboid green tips. Stem leaves oblong, lanceolate, or oval-lanceolate. 34. A. laevis. Stem leaves elongated-lanceolate. 35. A. concinnus. + t Bracts of the involucre linear, the tips narrower, lanceolate; stem leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, 36. A. purpurafus. Z Involucre hemispheric. + Bracts ne the involucre narrow, not foliaceous. (a) Bracts in several series unequal. ’ Bracts linear-subulate; leaves narrowly linear. 37. A. Junceus. Bracts lanceolate, linear, or Bpab ulate; leaves lanceolate to linear. Western dry soil plant, I 52. tall; leaves 1 '-3' long. 38. A. adscendens. Eastern swamp plant, 2°-5° tall; leaves 2'-6/ long. 39. A. Novi-Belgiz. (b) Bracts in only I or 2 series; leaves linear to lanceolate. 40. A. longifolius. + + Bracts of the involucre green, foliaceous; western. 41. A. foliaceus. C. Leaves sessile, or petioled, not at all clasping, or scarcely so. 1. Leaves silky, silvery or canescent on both sides, entire. . Heads corymbose-paniculate; bracts oblong; achenes glabrous. 42. A. sericeus. Heads in a narrow raceme; bracts linear; achenes silky. 43. A. concolor. 356 COMPOSITAE. [Vor. II. 2. Leaves neither silky, silvery nor canescent, often toothed. + Rays normally purple, blue, pink, or violet; not white. ? Leaves bristly ciliate, linear, rigid; western species. 44. 4. Fendlert. % 4 Leaves not bristly-ciliate. + Tips of the involucral bracts strongly squarrose. Leaves linear to linear-oblong, rigid, obtuse, entire; heads 2’ broad. 45. A. grandifiorus. Leaves lanceolate to oblong, at least the lower dentate. Involucre hemispheric, or nearly so; heads 1’ broad or more. Bracts of the involucre glandular. 46. A. spectabilis. Bracts of the involucre ciliate, or glabrous. 47. A. surculosus, Involucre turbinate; heads 6''-9'’ broad. 48. A. gracilis. Tips of the involucral bracts appressed, or erect (except in forms of No. 50). (a) Bracts of the involucre coriaceous or herbaceous, oblong, lanceolate, or spatulate. Bracts of the involucre coriaceous, obtuse. Involucre hemispheric; leaves oblong, sharply serrate; stem smooth. 49. A. Radula. Involucre turbinate. Leaves ovate-oblong, the lower dentate; stem rough. 50. A. Hervey. Leaves linear-oblong, entire, ciliolate. si. A. durbinellus. Bracts of the involucre herbaceous, foliaceous, acute; leaves oblong, very rough. 52. A. Nebraskensts. Bracts of the involucre rigid, lanceolate, large, acute; leaves linear. 53. A. paludosus. (b) Bracts of the involucre linear-subulate, membranous, acute. 54. A. nemoralis. % % Rays mostly white or nearly so (often pink or purple in Nos. 55, 57, 58 and 59). % Heads corymbose, 10'’-20'' broad. Leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate; bracts linear-subulate. 55. A. acuminatus. Leaves linear, entire, or nearly so; bracts oblong, obtuse. 56. A. plarmicotdes. % % Heads solitary at the ends of slender branchlets. 57. A. dumosus. 2% 4 2 Heads paniculate, or racemose, 4'’-10'' broad. } Bracts of the involucre acute to obtusish; plants glabrous or pubescent. (a) Heads paniculate, not in 1-sided racemes. Stem-leaves lanceolate, serrate or entire. Heads 8''-10"' broad. Plants glabrous, or sparingly pubescent above. Leaves firm, roughish or rough; rays often bluish. 58. A. salicifolius. Leaves thin, smoothish; rays chiefly white. 59. A. paniculatus. Plant puberulent all over. 60. A. Missouriensis. Heads 6''-8'’ broad; stem-leaves narrowly lanceolate. 61. A. Tradescanti. Stem-leaves linear-lanceolate to subulate, mostly entire. Heads scattered, 6'’-9'' broad; upper leaves linear. 62. A. Faxont. Heads numerous, 4’'-7'’ broad; upper leaves subulate. Paniculately branched, bushy. 63. A. ertcotdes. Simple, or with ascending slender branches; northern. 64. A. Pringlet. (b) Heads racemose and 1-sided on the branches. Stem-leaves oval, oblong, or lanceolate, serrate, or chiefly so. Stem pubescent or glabrate. 65. A. lalerifiorus. Stem villous; leaves narrowly lanceolate, thin. 66. A. hirsuticaulis. Stem-leaves linear-lanceolate to linear, nearly entire; stem glabrate. 7. A. vimineus. + { Bracts of the involucre, at least the outer, obtuse; plants very rough. Heads 3''-4'' broad, very numerous, densely clustered. 68. A. multiflorus. Heads 6''-8"’ broad, rather loosely clustered; western. 69. A. incanopilosus. D. Leaves fleshy, narrow, entire; plants of salt marshes or saline soil (No. ‘7x sometimes in non-saline situations). Perennial; heads 6'’-12'' broad; involucral bracts lanceolate, acuminate. 70. A. /enuifolius. Annuals; heads 3'/-5'’ broad; involucral bracts linear-subulate. Involucre campanulate; disk-flowers more numerous than the rays; rays about 2’’ long. I 71. A. exilis. Involucre cylindraceous; disk-flowers fewer than the very short rays. 72. A. subulalus. 1, Aster carmesinus Burgess. Crimson-disk Aster. (Fig. 3735.) Stems erect, delicate, closely tufted, 1°-2° high, glabrous, reddish brown, terete. Leaves all peti- oled, glabrate, very thin, but firm and crisp, the lower and basal ones oval, rounded, or with a small deep and rounded sinus at the base, bluntly acute or short-acuminate at the apex, crenate-scrrate, the upper ones sometimes ovate-lanceolate, the upper- most short-elliptic; petioles slender, the uppermost sometimes winged; inflorescence 5’ broad, or less, usually of about 5 convex glomerules, each often of 10-15 short peduncled heads, its branches spread- ing, 3’ long,or less; rays chiefly 6, white; disk at first golden yellow, finally deep purplish crimson; florets broadly bell-shaped; outer bracts obtuse, ciliate, pale, with a green tip; achenes glabrous. _ On shaded rocks, near Yonkers, N. Y. Peculiar in its dense glomerules subtended by large short-elliptic leaves. September. GENUS 31.] THISTLE FAMILY. 357 2. Aster tenebrosus Burgess. Long-leaved Wood Aster. (Fig. 3736.) Stems solitary or scattered, glabrate, striate, about 3° high. Leaves very thin and smooth, slender-petioled, broadly oblong, coarsely toothed with remote acuminate teeth, abruptly long-acuminate at the apex, the basal sinus broad, rounded, shallow, except in the lowest ones; leaves of the inflorescence lanceolate, subentire, sessile, sometimes 4’ long; inflores- cence broadly corymbose, heads about 4’’ high, often 14’ broad; rays usually 9-12; disk pale yellow, becoming purplish brown, the florets funnelform with a long slender tube; outer bracts chiefly elongated-triangular, acute, green, the others linear, obtusish, the green tip lance- linear; achenes generally glabrous. In moist dark woodlands, New York to Virginia. Peculiar in its large dark leaves with coarser teeth than in the next species. Aug.—Sept. As ae Aster divaricatus I. White orn Wood Aster. (Fig. 3737.) WP Aster divaricatus Pl. 8 Sa =f ) Aster corymbosus mero mew. 3: ide 1789. Ay 0 Stems tufted, assurgent, flexuous, brittle, v) terete, 114°-2° high, glabrate at maturity. y)\\ Leaves thin, smoothish, slender petioled, i ovate-lanceolate, closely dentate with sharp teeth, or the small basal ones coarsely serrate, \ acute to acuminate, the basal sinus moder- iN ate; leaves of the inflorescence small, short, a \ ovate and acute to orbicular, subentire; oy shen corymb broad, flattish, repeatedly forked, 4 r the slender branches long, divergent; heads 9//-12/ broad; rays chiefly 6-9, linear, V =) white; disk turning brown; bracts of the in- N Ey; volucre broad, ciliate, the rounded tip with an inconspicuous green spot. q In open woodlands and thickets, in rather dry } soil,Canada to Manitoba, Georgia and Tennessee, Variable; rays rarely rose- purple. Sept.—Oct. Aster divaricatus cymulosus Burgess. Smaller, bearing a single dense corymb about 4’ broad, or several smaller ones; the branches short, suberect; acumination of the leaves, sinus, and teeth conspicuous; upper leaves much re- duced; rays short, broad, chiefly 3’’-4'’ long, sometimes laciniate. In grassy openings in woods, often in dense patches, New England and New York to Virginia. Aster divaricatus curtifolius Burgess. Stem erect, reddish,smooth, sometimes glaucous; leaves small, dull green, firm, ovate and orbicu- lar toreniform, the sinus broad, rounded, the apex obtuse or apiculate; inflorescence loose, flattish; disks turning purple; rays about 5! long; green tips of the involucral bracts conspicuous. In moist woods, New York to Virginia. Aster divaricatus deltoideus Burgess. Delicate, 132° high or less; lower leaves triangular, cordate with a broad sinus or subtruncate, the apex incurved-acuminate; the teeth large, sharp; petioles often all filiform; veins directed for- ward; heads nearly as in the preceding variety. In moist shaded places, New England to New York, Virginia and Tennessee. Aster divaricatus persaliens Burgess. Stems virgate, 24° high, or less; leaves extremely thin, firm, chiefly lanceolate-acuminate, long and narrow, the teeth very slender, salient or recurved, the lowest ovate with a small narrow sinus; disk maroon. In deep shade, New England and New York to Virginia and Kentucky. Aster divaricatus fontinalis Burgess, Plants solitary; basal leaves often numerous, tufted, thin, smoothish, sharply serrate or den- tate, 6’ long by 4%’ broad, or smaller, broadly oval, acute, the base subcordate or rounded; inflor- escence usually ample, the long virgate branches with numerous small oval-oblong leaves; involucre turbinate, its bracts with definite green tips. In springy places and grassy ditches in open sunny situations, New England and New York to Virginia. Aster viridis Nees, remarkable for its coarse rough basal leaves, and large oval rhomboid rameal ones, occasional from New York and Pennsylvania to Virginia, may prove to be a hybrid between the preceding and A. macrophyllus L,. > BOR, Ca COMPOSITAE. (Vor. III. 4. Aster furcatus Burgess. Forking Aster. (Fig. 3738.) Stem leafy, 14° high, or less, loosely forked above. Leaves hispid above, hispidulous beneath, firm, sa- liently cut-toothed, the lower ovate, short-petioled, with a small or shallow sinus, the upper sessile, with broad laciniate winged bases, often 5’ long by 2%’ wide, the uppermost elliptic-oblong, often 314’ long; teeth long and low, sharp; heads few (5-20), slender- peduncled; involucre turbinate to campanulate, with a truncate or rounded base; rays 3-toothed; disk turning brown, the florets funnelform with rather broad lobes; pappus long, straight; achenes pubes- cent, subangular, not constricted at the summit. In woods, especially on shaded cliffs, Illinois and Missouri, Aug.—Oct. 5. Aster glomeratus (Nees) Bernh. Bernhardi’s Aster. (Fig. 3739.) Aster glomeratus Bernh. in Nees, Ast. 139. 1832. ge glomerata Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 139. 1832. Loosely clustered, dull green. Leaves not large, mostly short-pilose beneath, thickish, rough above; basal leaves present, these and the lower stem-leaves cordate with a deep narrow sinus, the teeth sharp, rather close and small; petioles slender, ciliate; upper leaves much smaller, ovate, truncate with a short broadly winged base, or the uppermost ovate to lanceo- late, sessile, entire; inflorescence compact, of many glomerate clusters, round-topped; heads about 4’’ high; bracts pubescent, obtuse, green, the inner twice as long as the outer; rays about 6, cream-white, short, soon deciduous; disk turning brown. In moist thickets or swamps, especially in ravines, New York and Pennsylvania. July. 6. Aster Claytoni Burgess. Clayton’s Aster. (Fig. 3740.) Similar to A. divaricatus, stems red, tough. Leaves chiefly ovate-lanceolate, not large, rough, thick, slender-petioled, coarsely serrate, pale, or dull, the apex incurved-acuminate, the upper spreading or deflexed, sessile by a broad base, lanceolate-triangular, serrulate; inflorescence high, with percurrent axis, the long suberect branches each bearing a small umbelliform clus- ter of heads; peduncles filiform, as long as the heads, 3-4’ long; bracts pale; rays short, nar- row, Chiefly 6, snow-white; disks at first golden- yellow, finally sienna-brown; florets about 20, achenes densely short-hairy. In sunny or slightly shaded rocky places, New York to the mountains of Virginia. Sept. Aster Claytoni crispicans Burgess. Basal leaves often not cordate, deeply incised; those of the stem long-acuminate or even caudate sharply serrate with large acute close teeth, some of which are suberect; chief bracts of the involucre acute. Onrocky banks, solitary orin small clusters, Maine to New York and New Jersey. GENUS 31.] THISTLE FAMILY. 7. Aster curvéscens Burgess. Dome-topped Aster. (Fig. 3741.) Dark green, chiefly glabrous; rootstocks often to’ long; stem pale green, striate, delicate, 1%4°-2° high. Basal leaves tufted, conspicuous, these and the lowest stem leaves with a broad shallow sinus ta- pering into a petiole 1-2 times as long as the blade, abruptly incurved-acuminate; middle leaves ovate, short-petioled, rounded at the base, the upper lanceolate, slenderly acuminate, often falcate; leaves firm, smoothish, the teeth broad, curved; inflorescence small, convex, 3/-5’ broad, its short | filiform naked branches widely ascending; heads 4/’-5’’ high; lower bracts short, obtuse, the others longer, nearly uniform, scarious, shining, linear, often acute, usually glabrous; rays about 8, cream- white, about 5’’ long; disk becoming purple-brown; pappus early reddening; achenes slender, glabrous. In loose moist shaded soil, New England and New York to Virginia. Aug.—Sept. Aster curvéscens umbelliformis Burgess. Stem very smooth, deep red, robust, straight, some- times 3%2° tall; leaves apple-green, smooth when dry, sparingly toothed; inflorescence symmetrically umbelliform, decompound; sinus of the lower leaves rather deep and narrow. In grassy woods and thickets, Connecticut and to Virginia. Aster curvéscens oviférmis Burgess. Stem about 2° high, leafy; leaves dull green, not acuminate, very thin but rough, ovate, cor- date with a deep narrow sinus, 8’ long by 4%’ wide, or smaller; some of the bracts broader and green-tipped; inflorescence smaller and less branched. Range of the preceding. ys GME UG Sy eg 8. Aster Schréberi Nees. Schreber’s OY SOS ARV Tee | @ Aster. (Fig. 3742.) MY ANAT DSett |, 6 : NA LAS x TRS fp Aster Schrebert Nees, Syn. Ast. 16. 1818. ] Aye Stem stout, 2°-3° high, with long internodes. \/ A Basal leaves often in extensive colonies, thin, dull » 2 green, firm, rough above, with scattered slender ap- pressed bristles, pubescent beneath on the veins, reniform-cordate or cordate-triangular, often 7’ long by 5’ wide, the basal sinus when well developed rect- angular, 2’ across and 1’ deep; upper leaves ovate- oblong to lanceolate, with a short broad basal wing, or sessile; petioles of the lower leaves long, conspic- uously ciliate when young; inflorescence decom- pound, flattish, or irregularly convex, 6’—12/ broad; heads about 5’ high; bracts greenish, mostly obtuse, ribs and midrib dark green, ciliate; rays usually 10. In borders of woods, and along fence rows in partial shade, New York to Michigan and Virginia. July—Aug. g. Aster macrophyllus L. Large- leaved Aster. (Fig. 3743.) Aster macrophyllus J, Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 1232. 1763. Rough; rootstocks long, thick; stem reddish, angular, 2°-3° high. Basal leaves forming large colonies, 3 or 4 to each stem, broad, cordate with a large irregular sinus, rough above, harsh, thick, the teeth broad, curved, pointed, the petioles long, narrow; upper stem leaves oblong with short broadly winged petioles, the uppermost sessile, acute; inflorescence strigose and glandu- lar, broadly corymbose, irregular; heads 5//-6/’ high; peduncles rigid, thickish; rays about 16, 5/’-7’’ long, chiefly lavender, sometimes violet, rarely pale; bracts conspicuously green-tipped, the lower acute, the inner oblong, obtuse; disk turning reddish brown; florets short-lobed. In moderately dry soil, in shaded places, Canada ito Minnesota and North Carolina. Aug. 360 COMPOSITAE. (Vor. III. Aster macrophyllus velutinus Burgess. Smaller; leaves small, ovate-triangular, slender petioled, often truncate at the base, about 2!" long by 2’ wide, sometimes none of them cordate; glands fewer; pubescence subpilose or velvety; bracts broad, flat, green; rays violetor blue. In grassy woods and thickets, especially in mountain- ous regions, "Maine to Minnesota and West Virginia. Ascends to 2400 ft. in the Adirondacks. Aster macrophyllus sejunctus Burgess. Strigose-pubescent; glands numerous; leaves apple-green above, pale beneath, chiefly cordate- orbicular, abruptly short-acuminate, thick, spongy, commonly minutely wrinkled; basal leaves few; bracts narrow, obtuse; peduncles slender; inflorescence dense, convex, 4’-8' broad, not leafy; rays. lilac. In open grassy ’places, Maine to Pennsylvania and Wisconsin. Aster macrophyllus apricénsis Burgess. Glabrate, branched from near the base, the branches numerous, often 18’ high; heads small, numerous; rays short, pinkish lavender; leaves broad, oval to ovate, the teeth and sinus little de- veloped; petioles often expanded into a long wing, sometimes 3 long and %' wide; uppermost leaves short-oblong with a narrowed sessile base. In clearings and open gravelly or sandy places, New York and Pennsylvania. Aster macrophyllus biférmis Burgess. Small, stocky, with 3 or 4 small oval closely crenate spongy-thickened lower leaves with long slender petioles, the sinus deep, narrow, the teeth triangular to semicircular; stem-leaves crowded, much reduced, subentire, ovate-oblong, subsessile; inflorescence nearly naked, dense, convex, usually 4’ broad; strigose pubescence little developed: sess lilac. In open grassy sunny situations. forming small patches, Maine to Ontario and Lake E Aster macrophyllus shicutthiie Burgess. Stems stout, leafy, glabrous, about 2° high; basal and lower leaves large, forming extensive patches, deep green above, very pale beneath, many of them appearing greasy, some roughening in drying; petioles fleshy, sometimes 9’ long; inflorescence broad, flat-topped; heads large; rays lavender to almost white; only the upper leaves sessile. Borders of woods, Connecticut and Long Island to Minnesota. Aster macrophyllus excélsior Burgess. Stem robust, glabrous, often 4° tall, purple, or glaucous; leaves mostly very smooth, pale, nu- merous, narrower, cordate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, chiefly sessile; rays deep lilac to violet. Along paths and borders of rocky woods, Ontario and western New York to Michigan. to. Aster roscidus Burgess. Dewy-leaf Aster. (Fig. 3744.) Clammy-hairy, odorous, copiously glandular when young, somewhat so at maturity; stem 3° high, or less. Basal leaves in close colonies, coriaceous, the earlier ones cordate-quadrate, low-serrate, the sinus deep, narrow, the later, or winter leaves elliptic, long-petioled, often prostrate, often 5’ long; stem leaves chiefly or- bicular and not cordate, with short broadly winged petioles, rarely slender-petioled; inflor- escence convex, sometimes irregular; involucre hemispheric, its bracts chiefly with rounded ciliate tips, rays 14-16, broad, clear violet; disks at first golden yellow, soon turning red; pappus long, white, copious. In slight shade and rich cleared woodlands, Maine to Pennsylvania and Michigan. Aug.—Sept. 11. Aster ianthinus Burgess. Violet Wood Aster. (Fig. 3745.) Glandular, dark green, slightly strigose-pubes- cent. Stem erect, or decumbent, 2°-3° tall; leaves thinnish, rough, the lower and basal ones orbicular to oblong, 5’ long, orless, abruptly acuminate, low- serrate or crenate; the sinus broad, open, shallow, upper leaves sessile by a narrowed base, crenate- serrate; inflorescence open, nearly naked, pedun- cles slender, divergent; heads large; rays 10-13, long, very deep violet or sometimes pale, 4’/-6’” long; bracts green-tipped, little pubescent. On shaded banks and along woodland paths, Maine to Lake Erie and West Virginia. July—Oct. GENUS 31.] THISTLE FAMILY. 361 12. Aster violaris Burgess. Violet-leaf Aster. (Fig. 3746.) Caudex thick, fleshy; plant glabrate, bluish green, minutely glandular. Stem slender, erect, or as- surgent, 2° high, or less; basal and lower leaves broadly reniform, abruptly acuminate or apiculate, often 3’ long by 4’ wide, their slender petioles 6’— S’ long, the sinus very broad and shallow; middle stem leaves similar, not cordate; the upper numer- ous, long-elliptic, chiefly with narrowed bases, all thin, firm, rough above; inflorescence leafy, small, loose, rather narrow and high, paniculate-corym- bose, nearly level-topped, its slender branches with nearly opposite, oblong leaves; heads 6’’ high, or more; rays I2-15, pale violet, narrow. In shaded moist places, sometimes in leaf-mold among rocks, New York from the Hudson to Lake Erie. Sept.-Oct. 13. Aster multiformis Burgess. Various-leaved Aster. (Fig. 3747.) Deep green, minutely glandular. Stem erect, slender, 1°-2° high, angular-striate in drying. Basal leaves usually 2, large, thick, cordate-oblong, often accompanied by later smaller oblong ones; stem leaves very thin, sharply serrate, rough above, minutely puber- ulent beneath, the lower, ovate, acuminate, usually with a narrow sinus, the upper oval to ovate-lanceolate, petioled, the uppermost elliptic-lanceolate, serrulate, sessile or nearly so; inflorescence small, its branches upwardly curved; heads about 7’ high, rays about 13, rounded and retuse at the apex; bracts green, glands few, almost hidden by the minutely strigose pubescence of the peduncles. In moist shaded places, Maine to western New York, Pennsylvania and Maryland. July—Aug. gy " y 14. Aster nobilis Burgess. Stately Aster. (Fig. 3748.) Tall, minutely glandular above, stem shining, bright green, 4°-5° high. Leaves thin, but firm, smooth in growth, roughened in drying, minutely puberulent beneath, dark green, basal and lower leaves large, the blade often 9’ long by 6’ wide, about as long as the stout petiole, sharply toothed, the sinus deep, broad, or the lobes overlapping; stem leaves similar, the up- per oblong-lanceolate, sessile; inflorescence ir- regularly cymose-paniculate, with small subu- late recurved leaves; bracts long, acute, green; heads 6’ high, or less; rays 13-15, violet-blue or pale violet; disk-flowers not numerous, their corollas funnelform with a long capillary tube. In leaf-mold, Lake Champlain to Lake Erie. Aug. | | | | | ™_ 362 COMPOSITAE. (Vor. III. 15. Aster anOmalus Engelm. Many-rayed Aster. (Fig. 3749.) eS A Aster anomalus Engelm.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: Py ae J /) Nyy Stem rough, rather stout, branched above, eas 1°-3° high. Leaves thin, the lower and basal ones deeply cordate, ovate, or ovate-lanceo- late, entire or slightly repand, rough-pubes- cent on both surfaces, acute or acuminate at the apex, 3-4’ long, 1’-2’ wide, on slender naked petioles; upper leaves short-petioled orsessile, lanceolate, oblong, or linear, much smaller; heads few, 4/’-6’’ high, 12//-15/7 broad; receptacle hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate, acute, or acuminate, hirsute, im- bricated in several series, their foliaceous tips spreading or reflexed; rays 30-45, 5/’-6’’ long, bright violet-blue; pappus whitish. On limestone cliffs, Illinois to Missouri and Arkansas. Sept. 16. Aster Shortii Hook. Short’s Aster. (Fig. 3750.) Aster Shortii Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:9. 1834. Stem roughish or smooth, slender, panicu- lately branched above, 2°-4° high. Leaves thick, glabrous or nearly so above, finely and sparingly pubescent beneath, the lower and basal ones ovate or ovate-lanceolate, cordate at the base, acute or acuminate at the apex, slightly dentate, or entire, 2/6’ long, 1/-2’ wide, borne on slender naked petioles; upper leaves lanceolate, entire, ses- sile or short-petioled, not cordate, those of the branches small and bract-like; heads numerous, 5//-7’’ high; involucre broadly campanulate, its bracts linear, acute, puberu- lent, imbricated in several series, their green tips appressed; rays 10-15, linear, violet-blue, 5//-6’’ long; pappus tawny. On banks and along edges of woods, western Pennsylvania to Virginia and Georgia, west to Illinois and Tennessee. Sept.-Oct. 17. Aster aztreus Lindl. Sky-blue~ Aster. (Fig. 3751.) Aster azureus Tindl.; Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. 1: 98. 1835. Stem slender, stiff, rough, branched above, 1°-4° high. Leaves thick, usually all entire, scabrous on both sides, the lower and basal ones cordate, ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate, acute, acuminate, or obtusish, 2’-6’ long, with slender naked often pubescent petioles; upper leaves short-petioled or sessile, lanceolate or linear, those of the branches reduced to small appressed bracts; heads numerous, 4//—5’’ high; involucre turbinate, its bracts glabrous, linear- oblong, abruptly acute, imbricated in several series, their green tips appressed; rays I0-20, bright blue, 3’’-4’’ long; pappus tawny. On prairies and along borders of woods, western New York to Georgia, west to Minnesota, Missouri and Texas. Aug.-Oct. GENUS 31.] THISTLE FAMILY. 363 18. Aster cordifolius L. Common Blue Wood Aster. (Fig. 3752.) ' Aster cordifolius L,. Sp. Pl. 875. 1753. Stem glabrous or nearly so, much branched, bushy, 1°-5° high. Leaves thin, rough, more or less pubescent with scattered hairs above and on the veins beneath, sharply serrate, acuminate, the lower and basal ones slender-petioled, broadly ovate-cordate, 2/-5’ long, the upper short-petioled or sessile, ovate or lanceolate, smaller; petioles scarcely mar- gined; heads very numerous, small, 2’7-3// high, 6’’-9’’ broad, handsome; involucre turbinate to cylindric, its bracts oblong- linear, obtuse or obtusish, green-tipped, appressed; rays 10-20, 3’’-4’’ long, violet or blue, sometimes pale (rarely white); pappus whitish. Woods and thickets, New Brunswick to Minnesota, Georgia and Missouri. Sept.— Dec. Aster cordifolius Furbishiae Fernald, Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 129, 1897. Similar; stem and petioles densely villous, the leaves somewhat so beneath. Northern Maine. Aster cordifolius polycéphalus Porter, Bull. Torr. Club, 21: 120. 1804. More robust and more branched than the type; leaves smaller, often rough only when dry, the upper ones sessile, ovate; panicle large; heads usually smaller, very numerous; rays deep blue, or paler. Massachusetts and eastern Pennsylvania to Virginia. Aster cordifolius alvearius Burgess. Leaves thin, usually smoothish, cordate, triangular-lanceolate, or broader; inflorescence dense, thyrsoid, not leafy, in form resembling that of the lilac; bracts linear, acute; heads medium sized; rays blue. On shaded banks, Massachusetts to North Carolina and Tennessee. Aster cordifolius pedicellatus Burgess. Stem leafy, often 4° high; leaves thin, the lower ovate, cordate, the upper ovate-lanceolate, or those of the branches elliptic and subentire; inflorescence loosely pyramidal, often 2° high and 134° broad, its ultimate branchlets long and often naked; heads large, 9’ broad, or more, often 5’’ high; tays chiefly purple-blue; bracts obtuse. In moist wood borders, Ontario to Virginia and Kentucky. 1g. Aster Lowrieanus Porter. Lowrie’s Aster. (Fig. 3753.) Aster cordifolius var. laevigatus Porter, Bull. Torr. Club, 16:67. 1889. Not A. laevigatus Lam. 1783. Aster Lowrieanus Porter, Bull. Torr. Club, 21: 121. 1894. Glabrous, or very nearly so throughout; stem branched, 1°-4° high. Leaves thickish, firm, a little succulent, the basal slender-peti- oled, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, cordate, acute or obtusish, serrate, 2-6’ long, those of the stem ovate to oblong, often cordate, con- tracted into winged petioles, the uppermost lanceolate; heads usually not very numer- ous, 21%4//-3/’ high, loosely panicled; involu- cre turbinate, its bracts obtuse or obtusish, appressed; rays light blue, 3/’-4’ long, but variable in length. In woods, Connecticut and southern New York to Pennsylvania, Ohio, Virginia and Ken- tucky. Sept.—Oct. Aster Lowrieanus lancifolius Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 325. 1894. ’ A. cordifolius var, lanceolatus Porter, Bull. Torr. Club,16:68. 1889. Not A. /anceolatus Willd. 1804. Leaves lanceolate, appressed-serrate, only the basal ones cordate. Southern New York and Pennsylvania. Aster Lowrieanus Bicknéllii Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 325. 1894. : Aster cordifolius var. incisus Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 19: 224. 1892. Not A.zncrsus Fisch, 1812. Leaves all lanceolate, all sharply serrate, or the lowest incised, usually none of them cordate. Southern New York and Pennsylvania. 364 COMPOSITAE. [Vou. III. 20. Aster Lindleyanus T. & G. Lindley’s Aster. (Fig. 3754.) My Aster Lindleyanus T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 122. 1841. Stem usually stout, glabrous, or sparingly pubescent, 1°-3%° high, branched above. Leaves rather thick, glabrous, or slightly pubes- cent, especially on the veins, the lower and basal ones cordate at the base, sharply serrate, ovate, acute or acuminate, 2/-4’ long, with slender naked petioles; upper leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate, less serrate, or entire, sessile, or with margined petioles, those of the branches lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, smaller; heads usually not numerous, 4//-5// high; involucre broadly turbinate or nearly hemispheric, its bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, rather loosely imbricated, glabrous, or nearly so, their tips green; rays 10-20, blue or violet, 3//-5’’ long; pappus nearly white. In open places, Labrador to the Northwest Terri- tory and British Columbia, south to Maine and Michigan. Aug.—Oct. Aster Lindleyanus eximius Burgess. Tall, sometimes 7° high; leaves thick, usually rough and strigose-pubescent above, almost glabrous beneath; inflorescence widely branched, loosely paniculate, often over 2° long; rays bluish purple; heads nearly 1’ broad; bracts linear, abruptly acute. New Hampshire to Ohioand Virginia. 21. Aster Drummondii Lindl. Drum- mond’s Aster. (Fig. 3755.) Aster Drummondii Lindl. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. 1:97. 1835. Stem usually stout, finely and densely canes- cent, branched above, 2°-5° high. Leaves mostly thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, rough above, canescent beneath, the lower and basal W ; ones cordate, with slender naked petioles, sharply IV) SQ AEE] toothed, 2/-4’ long, the upper cordate or rounded WY H NG at the base, usually on margined petioles, thoseof SX SNE the branches sessile and entire or nearly so, much y smaller; heads 3//-4’’ high, rather numerous on the racemose branches; involucre turbinate, its bracts linear, slightly pubescent, acute or acumi- nate, their green tips appressed; rays 8-15, blue, 3/’-4’’ long; pappus whitish. In dry soil, borders of woods and on prairies, Ohio to Minnesota, Arkansas and Texas. Sept.—Oct. | “A MN A. Ps 22. Aster sagittifolius Willd. Arrow- leaved Aster. (Fig. 3756.) Aster sagittifolius Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 2035. 1804. Stem stout, or slender, strict, glabrous, or sparingly pubescent above, 2°-5° high, panicu- lately branched at the inflorescence,the branches ascending. Leaves thin, slightly roughened, or glabrous above, usually ylabrate beneath, the lower and basal ones cordate or sagittate, ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate, acuminate, 3/— 6’ long, with slender naked or narrowly margined petioles; upper leaves lanccolate, sessile, or on short and usually margined petioles, serrate or entire, those of the branches very small; heads 2%4//-4”’ high, 8’’-10’’ broad, numerous, crowded, racemose; involucre turbinate, its bracts linear- subulate, glabrous or nearly so, their tips green and slightly spreading; rays 10-15, light blue or purplish, 3’/-4’’ long; pappus whitish. In dry soil, New Brunswick to North Dakota, New Jersey, Kentucky and Missouri. Aug.—Oct. GENUS 31.] THISTLE FAMILY. 365 Aster sagittifdlius dissitiflorus Burgess. Differs from the typical form of the species in its broader looser pyramidal inflorescence, the somewhat larger and longer peduncled heads, the leaves less serrate, often none cordate. New York to Florida, Mississippi and Oklahoma. Aster sagittifdlius urophyllus (Lindl.) Burgess. Aster urophyllus Lindl.; DC. Prodr. 5: 233. 1836. Leaves pilose beneath during growth, persistently so on the veins, rough above, lanceolate, acu- minate, the lower, or all of them, cordate; stem often 5° tall, the narrow inflorescence sometimes 3° long; heads about 3’ high; rays white. Grassy thickets and river-banks, New York to Minnesota. 23. Aster undulatus L. Wavy-leaf Aster. (Fig. 3757.) Aster undulatus L,. Sp. Pl. 875. 1753. Stem stiff, very rough and pubescent, divaricately branched above, 1°-334° high. Leaves usually thick, rough on both sides, pubescent beneath, dentate, undulate or en- tire, acute or acuminate, the lowest and basal ones ovate, cordate, 2/-5’ long, with naked or margined petioles; middle ones ovate, lanceolate or oblong, with margined petioles dilated and clasping at the base, the upper sessile or clasping, those of the branches small and subulate; heads numerous, race- mose and often secund on the spreading branches, about 4’’ high, 8’/-10’” broad; in- volucre broadly turbinate, its bracts linear- oblong, pubescent, acute or acutish, their green tips appressed; rays 8-15, pale blue to violet, 3/’-5’’ long; pappus whitish. In dry soil, New Brunswick and Ontario, south to Florida, Alabama and Arkansas. Called also Small Fleabane and Various-leaved Aster. Sept.—Oct. Aster undulatus abruptifélius Burgess. _ _ Tall 3°-5° high; leaves rougher, chiefly short-ovate, sessile, entire and about 2! long, 134’ broad; inflorescence pyramidal; heads much darker, more crowded. New England to Virginia. Aster undulatus loriformis Burgess. - Predominant leaves greatly elongated, linear-oblong to linear-lanceolate, often 6’ long,with the clasping base narrowed or broadened, only a few of the lower ones contracted into winged petioles; plant little pubescent at maturity. Eastern Massachusetts to Virginia and Pennsylvania. : Aster undulatus torquatus Burgess. Leafy, 8’-14' high, dark green, short-downy; leaves small, very short and broad, close together, entire, their bases clasping the stem as a succession of collars often %’ in diameter; lowest leaves petioled; inflorescence much branched, paniculate. Martha’s Vineyard, Mass., to Long Island. } Aster undulatus triangularis Burgess. Tall, leafy, 3°-7° high, pale; pubescence slight; leaves hispid above, ovate-triangular, acumi- nate, chiefly 2’-3' long, 4%’ broad and sessile. New York to South Carolina. 24. Aster patens Ait. Late Purple Aster. (Fig. 3758.) =r Aster patens Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 201. 1789. Stem slender, rough, 1°-3° high, diver- gently branched. Leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, rough or pubescent, thick and somewhat rigid, strongly cor- date or auriculate-clasping at the broad base, entire, acute, or the lowest obtuse, 1/-3/ long, those of the branches much smaller and bractlike, the margins rough- ciliate; heads 1’ broad or more, solitary at the ends of the branches; involucre broadly turbinate, its bracts linear-oblong, finely pubescent or scabrous and somewhat glan- dular, imbricated in several series, their green acute tips spreading; rays 20-30, purplish-blue, or deep violet, 4/’-6’’ long; pappus tawny; achenes pubescent. In dry, open places, Massachusetts to north- ern New York and Minnesota, south to Florida, Louisianaand Texas. Reported from Canada, Known also as Purple Daisy. Aug.—Oct. 366 COMPOSITAE. [Vot. II. 25. Aster phlogifolius Muhl. Thin- leaved Purple Aster. (Fig. 3759.) A. phlogifolius Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 2034. 1804. Aster patens var. phlogifolius Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 49. 1832. Similar to the preceding species, usually taller. Leaves larger, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, entire, thin or membranous, acuminate at the apex, strongly auriculate-clasping at the base, roughish above, pubescent beneath, usually narrowed below the middle, sometimes 6’ long; heads usually numerous, 1/-2’ broad, panicled, or somewhat racemose on the branches; bracts of the involucre lanceolate, glabrate, rather loose, with herbaceous tips; rays numerous, purple-blue. In woods and thickets, New York to Ohio, North Carolina and Tennessee. Aug.—Sept. England Aster. (Fig. 3760.) Aster Novae-Angliae I. Sp. Pl. 875. 1753. A. roseus Desf, Cat. Hort. Paris, Ed.3, 401. 1812. Stem stout, hispid pubescent, corymbosely branched above, 2°-8° high, very leafy. Leaves lanceolate, entire, rather thin, acute, pubescent, 2’-5’ long, 6//-12’’ wide, clasping the stem by an auriculate or broadly cordate base; heads numerous, I/-2’ broad, clustered at the ends of the branches; involucre hemis- pheric, its bracts linear-subulate, somewhat unequal, green, spreading, pubescent and more or less glandular, viscid; rays 40-50, linear, 5//-8’’ long, violet-purple, rarely pink or red, or white; achenes pubescent; pappus reddish-white. In fields and along swamps, Quebec to the Northwest Territory, south to South Carolina. Missouri, Kansasand Colorado. One of the most beautiful of the genus. Aug.—Oct. 27. Aster oblongifolius Nutt. Aro- matic Aster. (Fig. 3761.) Aster oblongifolius Nutt. Gen. 2:156. 1818. Aster oblongtfolius var. rigidulus A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1. Part 2,179. 1884. Stem much branched, hirsute-pubescent, 1°-2%° high, the branches divaricate or as- cending. Leaves crowded, oblong, or oblong- lanceolate, sessile by a broad, partly clasping base, usually rigid, entire, acute or mucronu- late at the apex, rough or hispidulous on both sides, rough-margined, those of the stem 1/-27 long, 2’’-4’’ wide, those of the branches gradu- ally smaller; heads corymbose, nearly 1” broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts much imbricated, glandular, aromatic, linear or lin- ear-oblong, the acute green tips spreading; rays 20-30, violet-purple, rarely rose-pink, 3//-5’’ long; pappus light brown; achenes canescent. On prairies and bluffs, central Pennsylvania to Minnesota and Nebraska, south to Virginia, Ten- nessee and Texas. Plant odorous, Aug.—Oct. GENUS 31.] THISTLE FAMILY. ; 367 28. Aster amethystinus Nutt. Bi Amethyst Aster. (Fig. 3762.) Aster amethystinus Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II),7: 204. 1841. Resembles the preceding species, but is often taller, sometimes 5° high. Leaves often crowded, linear-lanceolate, entire, rough or hispidulous on VRTF both sides, partly clasping at the sessile base, acute ! A777 SW at the apex, those of the stem 1/-2’ long, 2//-3// wide; heads rather numerous, racemose or corym- bose, 14/1’ broad; involucre broadly turbinate, its bracts much imbricated, linear, hispid, not glandu- lar, the acutish green tips spreading; rays 20-30, blue-purple, about 3’’ long; pappus brown; achenes canescent. _==>> = Niessen eresenrerin coco ree In moist soil, Massachusetts to southern New York, \ eastern Pennsylvania, Illinois and Iowa. Sept.—Oct. SS lo 29. Aster major (Hook.) Porter. Great Northern Aster. (Fig. 3763.) Aster Unalaschensis var. major Hook. F1. Bor. Am. 2:7. 1834. Aster modestus Lindl.; Hook, loc. cit. 8. 1834. Aster majus Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 325. 1894. Stem stout, leafy tothe summit, usually densely pilose-pubescent with many-celled hairs, rarely glabrate, branched above, 4°-6° high. Leaves membranous, lanceolate, partly clasping by a narrowed base, acuminate at the apex, sharply serrate with low distant teeth, dark green and slightly pubescent above, villous-pubescent on the veins beneath, 3/-5’ long, 5’/-10’’ wide; heads mostly solitary at the ends of short branches, 114’ broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts little im- bricated, green, linear-subulate, densely glan- dular; rays 35-45, purple, 5’/’-7/’ long; achenes appressed-pubescent; pappus tawny. In moist soil, western Ontario to Dakota, Oregon and British Columbia. Sept.—Oct. 30. Aster puniceus lL. Red-stalk or Purple-stem Aster. (Fig. 3764.) Aster puniceus I,. Sp. Pl. 875. 1753. : Stem usually stout, reddish, corymbosely or racemosely branched above, hispid with rigid hairs, 3°-S° high. Leaves lanceolate to oblong- lanceolate, acuminate, sessile and clasping by a broad or narrowed base, sharply serrate, or some of them entire, usually very rough above, pubes- cent on the midrib beneath, 3/—6’ long, %4/-114 wide; heads generally numerous, 1/14’ broad; involucre nearly hemispheric, its bracts linear or oblong, attenuate,imbricated in about 2 series, glabrous or ciliate, green, loose, spreading, nearly equal, sometimes broadened; rays 20- 40, violet-purple or pale, 5/’-7’” long, showy; pappus nearly white; achenes pubescent. In swamps, Nova Scotia to western Ontario and Minnesota, south to North Carolina, Ohio and Michigan. Called also Early Purple Aster, Swan- weed, Cocash, Meadow Scabish. July-Nov. j Aster puniceus firmus (Nees) T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 141. Aster firmus Nees, Syn. Ast. 25. 1818. Aster puniceus var. laevicaulis A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2,195. 1884. Stem sparingly hispid, or glabrous, 2°-5° high; leaves sharply serrate. With the type. 1841. 368 COMPOSITAE. [Vor. III. Aster puniceus lucidulus A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2,195. 1884. Aster lucidus Wender. Flora, 12: Part 1, Ergbl. 23. 1829. Not Moench 1802. Stem nearly or quite glabrous; leaves crowded, entire, or nearly so, thin, glabrous or slightly rough-pubescent. Quebec to New England, Ontario and Michigan. \\ ‘< 31. Aster tardifldrus L. Northeastern ly 4 » i \Wy Aster. (Fig. 3765.) Si Wye. Aster tardiflorus . Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 1231. 1763. Stem glabrous, or slightly pubescent above, corymbosely branched near the summit, 1°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, serrate with low teeth, or some of them entire, acuminate at the apex, narrowed into a clasping base, glabrous or nearly so on both sides, roughish- margined, 3/-6’ long, 4’/-10’’ wide; heads about 1’ broad, not very numerous, involucre hemis- pheric, its outer bracts broad and foliaceous, often 6’ long, acute, somewhat unequal; rays 20-30, violet; pappus nearly white; achenes pubescent. Along streams, Massachusetts to Labrador, Closely related to the preceding species: Aug.-Oct. IN ey; 32. Aster patulus Lam. Spreading Aster. (Fig. 3766.) Aster patulus Lam. Encycl. 1: 308. 1783. Pubescent, or nearly glabrous; stem 1°-4° high. Leaves oval, ovate, or oblong-lanceolate, sharply and irregularly serrate, rather thin, acute, acumi- nate, or blunt at the apex, the lower 3/6’ long, 1/-2%’ wide, narrowed into margined petioles, the upper sessile and somewhat clasping; heads numerous, panicled, about 1’ broad; involucre campanulate, 3/’-4’’ high, its bracts linear to lin- ear-lanceolate, acuminate, not foliaceous, loosely imbricated in 3 or 4series, the outer shorter than the inner; rays violet-purple or rarely white. New Brunswick to New Hampshire. Also called Smooth Red-stem Aster. Sept. 33. Aster prenanthoides Muhl. Crooked-stem Aster. (Fig. 3767.) Aster prenanthoides Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 2046. 1804. Stem glabrous, or pubescent in lines above, flexuous, much branched, 1°-2° high. Leaves thin, oblong to ovate-lanceolate, sharply and coarsely serrate, scabrous above, glabrous or nearly so beneath, 3/-6’ long, 9/’-18’’ wide, acuminate at the apex, abruptly narrowed below into a broad margined entire petiole, the base auriculate-clasping; heads usually numerous, 1’ broad or more; involucre hemispheric, its bracts linear, acute, green, spreading, imbri- cated in 3 or 4 series, the outer shorter; rays 20-30, violet, 4/’-6’’ long; pappus tawny; achenes pubescent. In moist soil, Massachusetts to Wisconsin, south B Vv to West Virginia, Kentucky and Iowa. Aug.—Oct. Aster prenanthoides porrectifélius Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, §: 326. 1894. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, much elongated, sometimes 8’ long, gradually contracted into an entire clasping base. Pennsylvania. GENUS 31.] THISTLE FAMILY. 369 34. Aster laévis L. Smooth Aster. (Fig. 3768.) Aster laevis L.. Sp. Pl. 876. 1753. Stem usually stout, glabrous, often glaucous, 2°-4° high, branched or simple. Leaves thick, entire, or serrate, glabrous, slightly rough-mar- gined, the upper all sessile and strongly cor- date-clasping, oblong-lanceolate,oblanceolate or ovate, acute or obtusish, 1/-4’ long, 4’/-2’ wide, the basal and lower gradually narrowed into winged petioles, those of the branches often small and bract-like; heads usually numerous, about 1’ broad; involucre campanulate,its bracts rigid, acute, appressed, green-tipped, imbricated in several series; rays 15-30, blue or violet; pap- pus tawny; achenes glabrous or nearly so. Usually in dry soil, Maine and Ontario to Penn- sylvania and Louisiana, west to the Northwest Ter- ritory and Missouri. Sept.—Oct. Aster laévis amplifolius Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 324. 1594. Stout, somewhat fleshy; leaves broadly ovate, nar- towed toward the base, strongly clasping. Massa- chusetts to eastern Pennsylvania, Minnesota and Missouri. Aster laévis Potomacénsis Burgess. Lower stem-leaves abruptly contracted into winged petioles, sharply serrate; heads few, usu- ally racemose; green tips of the bracts broad, conspicuous. Maryland and Virginia. 35. Aster concinnus Willd. Narrow- leaved Smooth Aster. (Fig. 3769.) Aster concinnus Willd. Enum. 884. 1809. Similar to narrow-leaved formsof Aséer laevis, glabrous, or sparingly pubescent above; stem paniculately branched, 1°-3° high. Leaves light green, lanceolate to linear, entire, or some- times serrulate, the upper sessile, somewhat clasping, 1/-3’ long, the lower and basal ones spatulate, or oblong, narrowed into margined petioles, sometimes coarsely toothed; heads usually numerous, about 1’ broad; bracts of the involucre with rhomboid acute herbaceous tips; rays violet to purple. New York and Pennsylvania to Virginia, North Carolina (?) and Arkansas. 36. Aster purpuratus Nees. Southern Smooth Aster. (Fig. 3770.) Aster virgatus Ell. Bot. S. C.& Ga. 2:353. 1824. Not LEGEN Vb Moench, 1802. (2 IRN A. purpuratus Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 118. 1832. V Stem slender, glabrous, simple, or branched \\\ AQ above, 134°-3° high, the branches sometimes Ae aN \ FZ eee berulent. Leaves firm, glabrous, dark green, entire, 7 the upper sessile and clasping at the base, elon- (\ gated-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 2/-6’ long, 2’’-4’’ wide, the lower and basal ones LE eS petioled, oblong-lanceolate, obtusish, those of the \ NI branches very small; heads rather few, loosely \ paniculate, 8’’-12’’ broad; involucre campanulate, \ to turbinate, its bracts coriaceous, linear, appressed, green-tipped, acute, imbricated in several series, the outer shorter; rays 5-10, blue or violet, 3//-5’’ long, Like pappus tawny; achenes glabrous, +C7-8) Virginia and Wes Virginia to Georgia and Texas. Aug.-Sept. 24 _—— =. 2 COMPOSITAE. [Vor TI. 37. Aster jQnceus Ait. Rush Aster. (Fig. 3771.) Aster junceus Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 204. 1789. Stem very slender, glabrous, or minutely pubes- cent above, simple or little branched, 1°-3° high. Leaves firm, glabrous, narrowly linear, entire, or sometimes with a few distant teeth, acute or acuminate at the apex, sessile by a broad clasping and often slightly cordate base, 3/-6’ long, 114//-4// wide; heads paniculate, rather distant, about 1” broad; involucre hemispheric, about 3/’ high, its bracts glabrous, linear-subulate, very acute, imbri- cated in 3 Or 4 series, the outer shorter; rays violet to nearly white, 4’’-5’’ long; pappus pale. In swamps and bogs, Nova Scotia to the Northwest Territory, south to New Jersey, Ohio, Wisconsin and in the Rocky Mountains. July-Sept. 38. Aster adscéndens Lindl. Western Aster. (Fig. 3772.) A, adscendens Lindl.; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am, 2:8. 1834. Stem slender, rigid, glabrous, or sparingly hirsute-pubescent, branched or simple, 6/-2° high. Leaves firm, entire, rough-margined, sometimes ciliolate, those of the stem linear- lanceolate or linear-oblong, acute or obtusish, 1/-3/ long, 2’’-5’’ wide, sessile by a more or less clasping base ; basal leaves spatulate, nar- rowed into short petioles; heads not numerous, about 1’ broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in 3-5 series, oblong-linear or spatu- late, their tips obtuse or obtusish, slightly spreading, the inner often mucronulate; pappus nearly white; achenes pubescent. On prairies and moist banks, western Nebraska to Wyoming, Montana and the Northwest Territory, west to Colorado, New Mexico and Nevada. July- Sept. iy 39. Aster Novi-Bélgii L. New York Aster. (Fig. 3773-) Aster Novi-Belgii L,. Sp. Pl. 877. _ 1753. Aster longifolius A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 23 Lam. 1783. Stem slender, usually much branched, glabrous, or slightly pubescent above, 1°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, firm, entire, or slightly serrate, glabrous, or very nearly so, acuminate at the apex, narrowed, sessile and more or less clasping at the base, 2’—5’ long, 3//-8’’ wide, the lowest petioled; heads corymbose- paniculate, usually numerous, 10’’-15’’ broad; in- volucre hemispheric, to campanulate, its bracts lin- ear, acute, green, somewhat spreading, in 3-5 series, the outer shorter; rays 15-25, violet, 4’/-5/’ long; pappus whitish; achenes glabrous or nearly so. In swamps, Newfoundland to Maine and Georgia, mainly near the coast. Aug.—Oct. Aster Novi-Bélgii litoreus A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 189. 1884. rea, Low and spreading, more or less fleshy, much branched; leaves shorter, broader, thickish, acute, 1'-2%4' long; principal bracts of the involucre, obtuse, loose, spatulate. Along salt-marshes, Prince Edward Island and Quebec to Georgia. Aster Novi-Bélgii elides (T. & G.) A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 190, 1884. Aster elodes T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 136. 1841. A ; Leaves narrowly linear-lanceolate, often elongated to 4-6 inches; bracts of the involucre acute. In moist ground, southern New York to North Carolina. Probably specifically distinct. Aster Novi-Belgii Atlanticus Burgess. : Oe Leaves lanceolate, tapering from the middle to an acuminate base and apex, sometimes 1’ wide; 3. 1867. Not / a GENUS 31.] THISTLE FAMILY. 371 heads usually fewer; inflorescence racemose-corymbose. In shaded swamps, Massachusetts to North Carolina. Aster Novi-Bélgii Brittonii Burgess. Leaves thick; heads short-peduncled, racemose-spicate toward the ends of the branches; green tips of the bracts short. Massachusetts to southeastern New York and Virginia, near the coast. 40. Aster longifolius Lam. Long-leaved Aster. (Fig. 3774.) Aster longifolius Lam. Encycl. 1: 306. 1783. Stem glabrous, or somewhat pubescent, leafy, paniculately branched, 1°-3° high. Leaves lan- ceolate to linear-lanceolate, entire or nearly so, acuminate at the apex, narrowed into a sessile clasping usually slightly cordate base, 3’-8’ long, 2//-6’’ wide; heads rather numerous, about 1’ broad; involucre hemispheric, 4/’-5’’ high, its bracts gla- brous, narrow, green, acute, imbricated in only I or 2 series, nearly equal; rays numerous, about 4’ long, violet or pale purple; pappus pale. In swamps and moist ground, Labrador to the North- west Territory, south to northern New England, Onta- rio and Montana. Summer. Aster longifolius villicaulis A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 189. 1884. : Stem densely white-villous; leaves narrowly linear- lanceolate, the mid-rib villous beneath; heads fewer, long-peduncled; rays dark violet. Northern Maine and New Brunswick. 4t. Aster foliaceus Lindl. Leafy- bracted Aster. (Fig. 3775.) Aster foliaceus Lindl. in DC. Prodr. 5: 228. 1835. Stem usually stout, sparingly pubescent in lines, 2°-3° high, branched above, the branches ascending. Leaves rather thin, oblong-lanceo- late, acute at the apex, entire, or witha few small distant teeth, glabrous on both sides, very rough- margined, 2-4’ long, %4/-1’ wide, the upper all strongly clasping at the base, the lowest petioled; heads corymbose-paniculate, numerous, 1’ broad or more; involucre hemispheric, its bracts green, folia- ceous, oblong, mucronate, the inner mostly nar- rower and acute; rays about 30, violet, 4’’-5’’ long; pappus nearly white; achenes pubescent. Kimball Co., Nebraska (Rydberg). August. Asrec- ognized by Dr. Gray, this species comprises several varieties, widely distributed in the Rocky Mountains and extending west to the Pacific. Our description and figure are drawn from Mr. Rydberg’s specimens. 42. Aster sericeus Vent. Western | Silvery or Silky Aster. (Fig. 3776.) . Aster sericeus Vent. Hort. Cels, p/. 37. 1800. Aster argenteus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 111. 1803. | Stem slender, paniculately or corymbosely | branched, stiff, glabrous, leafy, 1°-2° high. Stem leaves sessile, with a broad base, oblong, entire, mucronate, %4/-114’ long, 2/’-5’’ wide, erect or as- cending, with a dense silvery-white silky pubes- cence on both sides; basal and lowest leaves oblanceolate, narrowed into margined petioles; heads numerous, about 114’ broad; involucre turbi- nate, its bracts oblong, or the inner lanceolate, canescent, imbricated in 3 or 4 series, their tips green, acute, spreading; rays 15-25, violet-blue, 6/’-8’ long; pappus tawny; achenes glabrous. In dry open soil, Illinois to Minnesota and Mani- toba, south to Tennessee, Missouri and Texas. Aug.— Sept. ————— ———— —— -rci( tc 372 COMPOSITAE. [Vor III. 43. Aster concolor L. Eastern Silvery Aster. (Fig. 3777.) Aster concolor 1,. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 1228. 1763. Stem slender, glabrous, or pubescent above, 1°-214° high, leafy, simple, or with few erect branches. Leaves oblong or linear-oblong, finely and densely canescent on both sides, or the lower glabrate, sessile, obtuse or mu- cronate, 114/-2/ long; heads numerous in an elongated narrow raceme resembling Lacin- aria; involucre broadly turbinate, its bracts linear or linear-oblong, appressed, canescent, imbricated in 4 or 5 series, their tips green, acute, the outer shorter; rays 10-15, lilac, 3/’-4’’ long; pappus tawny; achenes villous. In dry sandy soil, eastern Massachusetts and Rhode Island to Florida and Louisiana, near the coast. Lilac-flowered Aster. Aug.—Oct. 44. Aster Féndleri A. Gray. Fendler’s Aster. (Fig. 3778.) Aster Fendleri A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. (II) 4: 66. Adee Nuitallii var. Fendlert A. Gray, Pac. R. R. Rep. 4:97. 1856. Stems several or solitary from thick woody roots, rigid, hirsute, 6/-12’ high. Leaves linear, rigid, I-nerved, acute or acuminate, 8//-15// long, 1//-114’’ wide, glabrous on both sides, but the margins bristly-ciliate; heads usually few and racemose, %4’-I’ broad; involucre tur- binate, its bracts glandular, linear-oblong, im- bricated in about 4 series, the inner acute, the outer shorter and obtuse; rays 10-15, violet, 3//-5// long. In dry soil on the plains, western Kansas to Colo- rado and New Mexico. Aug.—Sept. 45. Aster grandiflorus L. lLarge-flowered Aster. (Fig. 3779.) Aster grandifiorus Y,. Sp. Pl. 877. 1753. Stem rather stiff, divaricately much branch- ed, hispid with short hairs, 1°-2%4° high. Leaves oblong, linear,or somewhat spatulate, rigid, sessile by a broad, sometimes slightly clasping base, reflexed, entire, obtusish, his- pid, the larger 2’ long and 4’’ wide, those of the branches very numerous, 2//-5’’ long; heads about 2’ broad, terminating the branches; involucre hemispheric, its bracts very squarrose and foliaceous, imbricated in 5-7 series, linear, or linear-oblong, glandular, the outer obtusish, the inner acute; rays very numerous, deep violet, nearly 1/ long, 114’ wide; pappus brownish; achenes ribbed, canescent. In dry soil, Virginia, east of the mountains, to Florida. Sept. GENUS 31.] 46. Aster spectabilis Ait. Low Showy Aster. THISTLE FAMILY. 373 Seaside Purple Aster. (Fig. 3780. ) Aster spectabilis Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 209. 1789. Stem stiff, simple, or corymbosely branched above, puberulent, or rough below, more or less glandular above, 1°-2° high. Leaves firm, thickish, the basal and lower ones oval, acute or acutish, 3/-5’ long, 1/-134’ wide, sparingly dentate with low teeth, nar- rowed at the base into slender petioles; upper leaves sessile, entire or very nearly so, acute, linear-oblong; heads several or numerous, about 114’ broad, corymbose, very showy; involucre nearly hemispheric, its bracts linear-oblong or siightly spatulate, glandular, imbricated in about 5 series, their green ob- tusish tips spreading; rays 15-30, bright vio- let, 6-10’ long; pappus whitish; achenes slightly pubescent. In dry sandy soil, Massachusetts to Delaware, mostly near the coast. Aug.—Oct. 48. Aster gracilis Nutt. Slender or Tuber Aster. (Fig. 3782.) Aster gracilis Nutt. Gen. 2:158. 1818. Stem slender, finely puberulent and scabrous, corymbosely branched above, 1°-1%4° high. Leaves minutely scabrous, the basal and lower ones oval, acute or obtusish, 2/-3/ long, 4//-8’’ wide, dentate, narrowed into slender petioles; upper leaves linear, linear-oblong, or slightly oblanceolate, acute, entire, sessile or a little clasping; heads usually nu- merous, 6//-10’’ broad; involucre nar- rowly turbinate, its bracts coriaceous, glabrous or very nearly so, imbricated in about 5 series, their tips green and spreading, obtusish; rays 9-15, violet, 3//— 4%” long; pappus nearly white; achenes minutely pubescent. In dry sandy soil, New Jersey to Kentucky, Tennessee and North Carolina. Rootstock tuberous-thickened. July-Sept. 47. Aster surculdsus Michx. Creeping Aster. (Fig. 3781.) Aster surculosus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 112, 1803. Stem slender, from elongated-filiform rootstocks, minutely scabrous-pubescent, 10’-18’ high, corymbosely branched above. Leaves firm, lanceolate or linear, the lower petioled, 2/-3’ long, 4’/-8’’ wide, rough- margined, slightly scabrous above, sparingly dentate, the upper narrower, sessile, entire; heads few, or sometimes solitary, about 15’” broad; involucre turbinate-hemispheric, its bracts coriaceous, imbricated in about 5 se- ties, ciliate, but scarcely glandular, their green tips spreading; rays 15-30, violet; pappus whitish; achenes nearly glabrous. In sandy or gravelly soil, North Carolina and Georgia. Reported from New Jersey. Sept.—Oct. 374 COMPOSITAE. [Vor. IIL. 49. Aster Radula Ait. Low Rough Aster. File-blade Aster. (Fig. 3783.) Asler Radula Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 210. 1789. Stem glabrous, or puberulent above, slen- der, corymbosely branched near the summit, 1°-2° high. Leaves sessile, rough above, more or less pubescent beneath, oblong- lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate, strongly pinnately veined, 2’-3/ long, 3/’-12’’ wide; heads several, or sometimes numerous, I/—1 14 broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts ob- long or oblong-spatulate, coriaceous, ap- pressed-pubescent, conspicuously ciliolate, their green obtuse tips appressed; rays 20- 30, violet, 4’’-6’7 long; achenes glabrous, striate; pappus nearly white. In swamps, Delaware and southern Pennsyl- vania to Newfoundland. July-Sept. Aster Radula biflérus (Michx.) Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 326. 1894. Aster biflorus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 114. 1803. Aster strictus Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. 556. 1814. Aster Radula var. strictus A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2,176. 1884. Lower, very slender; heads 1-3; leaves narrower, less serrate or entire; involucral bracts, or some of themacute. Mountains of New England to Labradorand Newfoundland. Perhaps a distinct species. 50. Aster Hérveyi A. Gray. Hervey’s Aster. (Fig. 3784.) Aster Herveyi A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 229. 1867. Stem roughish, at least above, slender, sim- ple orcorymbosely branched, rarely paniculate, 1°-3° high, the branches glandular-puberulent. Leaves firm, rough above, pubescent on the veins beneath, the basal and lower ones on slender naked petioles, ovate, dentate with low usually distant teeth, acute at the apex, nar- rowed, rounded or rarely cordate at the base, 2’-6/ long, 1/-3’ wide; upper leaves sessile, or narrowed into winged petioles, smaller, entire or nearly so; heads 1/-114’ broad; involucre turbinate or campanulate, its bracts appressed, or sometimes spreading, densely glandular, ob- long or spatulate, obtuse or mucronulate; rays 15-25, violet, 5’’-7’’ long; achenes minutely pubescent, striate; pappus nearly white. In dry soil, eastern Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Apparently hybridizes with A. specta- bitlis. Aug.-Oct. WN 51. Aster turbinéllus Lindl. Prairie Aster. (Fig. 3785.) ae turbinellus Lindl. Comp. Bot. Mag. 1: 98. 1835. Stem slender, paniculately branched, glabrous below, puberulent above, 2°-3° high. Leaves firm, lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, entire, ciliate, acute or acuminate, 2/-3’ long, the lower and basal ones petioled, the upper ses- sile, those of the branches much smaller; heads about 1’ broad, mostly solitary at the ends of the branches; involucre turbinate, its bracts oblong, coriaceous, obtuse, appressed, imbricated in 5 or 6 series, their tips green only at the apex; rays 10-20, 3//-5’’ long, violet; pappus tawny; achenes finely pubescent. In dry soil, especially on prairies, Illinois to Mis- souri, Kansas, Louisiana and Arkansas. Sept.-Oct. mean _ =s - — a THISTLE FAMILY. 375 GENUS 3I.] 52. Aster Nebraskénsis Britton. Nebraska Aster. (Fig. 3786.) Stem strictly erect, slender, stiff, rough to the base, simple, or with a few short nearly erect branches, very leafy, 114°-214° tall. Leaves thick, rather rigid, ascending, lanceolate to ob- long-lanceolate, sessile by a subcordate base, acute or acuminate at the apex, 1I/-3/ long, 4’’-6’’ wide; very rough on both sides, the mid-. veiu prominent beneath, the lateral veins ob- scure; heads few, terminating short leafy branchlets, 1/-1%’ broad; involucre broadly campanulate or hemispheric, about 3” high, its bracts green, oblong, acute, imbricated in sev- eral series, the outer quite foliaceous; rays pur- ple, about 6” long. Lake shores, central Nebraska. Sept. Lower and basal leaves not seen. Type, Rydberg, No. 1724, 1893, “in the lake region of Grant Co., 2 miles northwest of Whitman.” Southern Swamp Aster. (Fig. eae ) Aster paludosus Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 201. 1789. phelea sth um paludosum DC. Prodr. 5: 264. 183 Stem roughish, or rough-pubescent, slender, simple, or somewhat branched above, 1°-24%%° high. Leaves linear, en- tire, glabrous, the margins rough or ciliate, rather rigid, 2’-6’ long, 2’/-4’’ wide, mostly I-nerved, acute, the lower part commonly sheathing the stem; heads few or several, racemose or paniculate, 114/-2’ broad; in- volucre broadly campanulate or hemis- pheric, its bracts imbricated in about 5 series, foliaceous, ciliate, the outer lanceo- late, acute, the inner oblong or spatulate; rays 20-30, deep violet, 5’’-7’’ long, pap- pus tawny; achenes 8-10-nerved, glabrous or nearly so. In swamps, Missouri to Texas, east to North Carolina and Florida. Aug.—Oct. 53. Aster paludosus Ait. {i\ \ \ ( Wo) WAX Bog 54. Aster nemoralis Ait. Aster. (Fig. 3788.) Aster nemoralis Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 198. 1789. Stem puberulent, slender, simple, or corym- bosely branched above, 6’-2° high. Leaves sessile, membranous, oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong, acute at each end, pubescent or puberulent on both sides, dentate or entire, 1/-2/ long, 114’/-4’’ wide, margins often revo- lute; heads several, or solitary, 1/-114’ broad, the peduncles slender; involucre hemispheric, its bracts appressed, linear-subulate, acute or acuminate, imbricated in about 3 series; rays 15-25, light violet-purple to rose-pink; achenes glandular-pubescent; pappus white. In sandy bogs, New Jersey to northern New York, Ontario, Newfoundland and Hudson Bay. Aug.-Sept. Aster nemoralis Blakei Porter, Bull. Torr. Club, 21: 311. 1894. Stems 1°-2's° high, ascending, leafy from the base; leaves 2'’-3!4' long, 5'’-1' wide, oblong-lan- ceolate, eel and sharply dentate, or nearly entire; heads rather few, sometimes solitary. Maine, New Hampshire and northern New York. Forms resemble the following species. 56. Aster ptarmicoides (Nees) I. & G. Upland White Aster. Chrysopsis alba Nutt. Gen. 2: 152. 1818. Not A. albus Willd. Doellingeria plarmicoides Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 183. 1832. A. plarmicoides T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 160, 1841. Stems tufted, slender, rigid, usually rough above, corymbosely branched near the sum- mit, 1°-2° high. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 3-ribbed, entire, or with a few distant teeth, firm, shining, rough-margined or ciliate, sometimes scabrous, acute, narrowed to a sessile base, or the lower petioled, the low- est and basal ones 3/-6’ long, 2/’-4’’ wide, the upper smaller, those of the branches linear-subulate; heads not numerous, 8//— 12/’ broad, terminating the branches of the corymb; involucre nearly hemispheric, 2//— 3’’ high, its bracts linear-oblong, obtuse, ap- pressed, nearly glabrous, green, imbricated in about 4 series; rays 10-20, snow white, 3//- 4’’ long; pappus white; achenes glabrous. In dry or rocky soil, Massachusetts, Vermont and Ontario, to the Northwest Territory, Illi- nois, Missouri and Colorado. July—Sept. Aster ptarmicoides lutéscens (Hook. Diplopappus albus var. lutescens Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 21. COMPOSITAE. [Vot. III. 55. Aster acuminatus Michx. Whorled or Mountain Aster. (Fig. 3789.) Aster divaricatus Yam. Encycl. 1: 305. 1783. Not L. 1753. Aster acuminatus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:109. 1803. Stem pubescent or puberulent, zigzag, cor- ymbosely branched, often leafless below, 1°- 3° high. Leaves thin, broadly oblong, acumi- nate at the apex, narrowed to a somewhat cuneate sessile base, sharply and coarsely den- tate, pinnately veined, glabrous or pubescent above, pubescent at least on the veins beneath, 3/-6’ long, %4/’-114’ wide, often approximate above, and appearing whorled; heads several or numerous, 1/-114’ broad; involucre nearly hemispheric, its bracts subulate-linear, acumi- nate, the outer much shorter; rays 12-18, nar- row, 6/’-8’’ long, white or purplish; pappus soft, fine, nearly white; achenes pubescent. Moist woods, Labrador to Ontario, western New York, and in the mountains to Georgia. July-Oct. (Fig. 3790.) ) A. Gray, Syn. ay 1: Part 2, 199. 1534. Rays pale eellan? short; involucre narrower. Northern Illinois to the Northwest Territory. 57. Aster dumosus IL. Bushy Aster. Rice-button Aster. (Fig. 3791.) Aster dumosus I. Sp. Pl. 873. 1753- Glabrous or very nearly so throughout, pani- culately much branched, 1°-3° high. Leaves firm, those of the stem linear or linear-lanceo- late, entire, acute, or obtusish, 1/-3/ long, 1 4’/-3/7 wide, roughish-margined, often reflexed, those of the branches very numerous, small and bract- like, the basal ones spatulate, dentate; heads 4’’-7/’ broad, terminating the usually divergent slender branches and branchlets, usually numer- ous; involucre broadly campanulate, its bracts linear-subulate, obtuse or acutish, appressed, im- bricated in about 4 series, green-tipped; rays 15— 30, white to pale violet, 2’” long, pappus white; achenes minutely pubescent. Sandy soil, Massachusetts to western New York, Ontario, Florida, Louisianaand Missouri. Aug.-Oct. 1884. GENUs 31. ] THISTLE FAMILY. ei) Aster dumdsus coridifolius (Michx.) T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 128. 1841. Aster coridifolius Michx.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 3. 2028. _ 1804. More rigid and stouter; branchlets elongated; bracts of the involucre coriaceous; leaves of the branches small and numerous, very close, divergent. Pine-barrens, Martha’s Vineyard to Florida. Aster dumdsus strictior T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2:128. 184r. Stem sparingly branched, the branches ascending, terminated by rather larger heads; leaves sessile by a broad base, acuminate, mostly quite entire. Swamps, Massachusetts to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Maryland. 58. Aster salicifolius Lam. Willow Aster. (Fig. 3792.) Aster salicifolius Lam. Encycl. 1: 306. 1783. Aster carneus T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 133. 1841. Stem rather slender, paniculately much branch- ed, usually very leafy, 2°-5° high, glabrous, or somewhat pubescent above. Leaves firm, lan- ceolate or linear-lanceolate, rough-margined, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed and sessile or slightly clasping at the base, entire or sparingly dentate with low teeth, glabrous or nearly so, 2/-4/ long, 2//-6’’ wide, the lowest sometimes petioled, those of the branches grad- ually smaller; heads numerous, 8//-12’’ broad; involucre broadly turbinate, its bracts linear-ob- long, appressed, imbricated in 4 or 5 series, their green tips acute or obtusish; rays numerous, vio- let, or violet-purple, or sometimes white, 3//-4/’ long; pappus white; achenes minutely pubescent. In moist soil, Maine and Ontario to Massachusetts and Florida, west to Montana, Missouri and Texas. Intergrades with 4. pantculatus. Aug.—Oct. Aster salicifolius subasper (Lindl.) A. Gray, Syn. Fl. xr: Part 2: 188. 1884. Aster subasper Lindl. Comp. Bot. Mag. 1:97. 1835. Stem scabrous; leaves more or less so. Indiana to Missouri and Texas. Aster salicifolius stenophyllus (Lindl.) Burgess. Aster stenophyllus Lindl., DC. Prodr. 5: 242. 1836. Leaves narrowly linear-lanceolate, small, those of the branches numerous and minute; bracts of the involucre linear-subulate. Southern New York and eastern Pennsylvania to Virginia. 59. Aster paniculatus Lam. Tall White or Panicled Aster. (Fig. 3793.) Aster paniculatus Lam. Encycl, 1: 306. 1783. Stem glabrous or nearly so, paniculately much branched, 2°-8° high. Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, nar- rowed to a sessile or slightly clasping base, glabrous, usually thin, roughish-margined, those of the stem sparingly serrate in the middle, or sometimes very nearly entire, 3/-6’ long, 3/’-6’” wide, the upper and those of the branches grad- ually smaller; heads numerous, 8//—10’’ broad; involucre nearly hemispheric, 3//-4/’ high, its bracts narrowly linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, appressed, green-tipped, imbricated in 4 or 5 series; rays numerous, white, or faintly tinged with violet, 3/’-4’’ long; pappus white or nearly so; achenes minutely pubescent. In moist soil, New Brunswick to western Ontario and Montana, south to New Jersey, Virginia, “Ken- tucky, Louisiana and Missouri. Aug.—Oct. Aster paniculatus bellidiflorus ( Willd.) Burgess. Aster bellidiflorus Willd. Enum. 886. 1809. Aster tenutfolius var. bellidiflorus TV. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 132, 1841. Leaves narrowly linear, acuminate at both ends, entire, or remotely appressed-serrate, chiefly 4 long by 3’ wide, or less; heads numerous, rather densely clustered on the ascending branches of the large panicle. In moist or wet soil, in open situations, New Brunswick to western Ontario, North Carolina, Missouri and Kansas. Aster paniculatus simplex ( Willd.) Burgess. Aster simplex Willd. Enum. 887. 1809. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to oblanceolate, thin, long-acuminate at both ends, the larger often 8’ long and 1’ wide, sparingly serrate with low teeth; inflorescence leafy, the heads less showy than in the preceding. In shaded moist places, Massachusetts to Ohio, Virginiaand Kentucky. 378 COMPOSITAE. [Von. III. Aster paniculatus acitidens Burgess. Aster carneus var. ambiguus T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 133. 1841. Not A. ambiguus Thunb. 1832. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, the larger often 6’ long by 1\' wide, very sharply serrate, at least above the middle; branches often very short, sometimes elongated. Along streams and ditches, Connecticut to Virginia, Ohio and Kansas, 60. Aster Missouriénsis Britton. Missouri Aster. (Fig. 3794.) Stem densely puberulent or pubescent, at least above, much branched, 2° high or more. Leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate to oblanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, sharply serrate above the middle, gradually tapering to an entire sessile or slightly clasping base, or the lower petioled, puber- ulent above, finely pubescent beneath, the larger 3-4’ long, the upper much smaller, entire; heads 6’’-8’’ broad, panicled, short-peduncled, or termi- nating short leafy branchlets, sometimes somewhat secund; involucre 2’’-3’’ high, its linear acute bracts well imbricated, ciliate or pubescent; rays white. In moist soil, Kansas and Missouri. Sept.—Oct. 61. Aster Tradescanti lL. Tradescant’s Y Aster. Michaelmas Daisy. (Fig. 3795.) Aster Tradescanti 1. Sp. Pl. 876. 1753. Stem slender, paniculately branched, 2°-5° high, the branches usually ascending and often pubescent in lines. Stem leaves linear-lanceo- late or lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, nar- rowed to a sessile base, 3/-6’ long, 114//-6/’ wide, glabrous or nearly so on both sides, com- monly thin, sharply serrate in the middle with low teeth, or sometimes entire; heads very numerous, racemose but not secund on the branches, 5’/-8’’ broad; involucre hemispheric to broadly turbinate, 2’/-3/’ high, its bracts linear, acute, appressed, green-tipped, imbri- cated in 4 or 5 series; rays white or nearly so, numerous, 2’’-3’’ long; pappus white; achenes minutely pubescent. In fields and swamps, Ontario to Virginia, west to the Northwest Territory, Illinois and Minnesota. Extends to Florida? Aug.—Oct. 62. Aster Faxoni Porter. Faxon’s Aster. (Fig. 3796.) Aster polyphyllus Willd. Enum. 888. 1809. Not Moench, 1802. Aster Faxont Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 323. 1894. Glabrous throughout; stem paniculately or cor- ymbosely branched; rather stout,2°-5° high. Stem leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, narrowed to a sessile base, or the lower into margined petioles, entire or nearly so, firm, 2’-5’ long, 2’’-4’’ wide, those of the branches grad- ually smaller; basal leaves oblong to spatulate, ob- tuse, dentate, heads not very numerous,6’/-9’’ broad; involucre hemispheric, nearly 4’’ high, its bracts linear-lanceolate, acute or subulate, green-tipped or green on the back, imbricated in about 3 series, the outer shorter; rays bright white, 3’/-4’’ long,numer- ous; pappus white; achenes minutely pubescent. On moist cliffs, Vermont and Massachusetts to Penn- sylvania, west to Wisconsin(?) south to North Carolina (according toGray). Aug.—Sept. eee GENUS 31.] THISTLE FAMILY. 379 63. Aster ericoides L. White Heath Aster. Frost-weed Aster. (Fig. 3797.) Aster ericoides I. Sp. Pl. 875. 1753. Stem glabrous or very nearly so, paniculately branched, usually bushy, 1°-3° high, the branches racemose, and the branchlets often somewhat secund. Leaves firm or rigid, the basal ones spat- ulate, obtuse, dentate, narrowed into margined petioles, glabrous or ciliate; stem leaves narrowly linear, acute, entire, 1/-3/ long, 1’’-3’’ wide, those of the branches linear-subulate, numerous; heads usually very numerous, 4/’-6’’ broad; involucre campanulate to hemispheric, its bracts coriaceous, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, abruptly acute or acuminate, green-tipped, imbricated in about 3 series; rays 15-25, white, or tinged with rose; pappus white; achenes finely pubescent. In dry soil, Maine and Ontario to Florida, west to Wisconsin and Kentucky. Called also Frost-weed, Michaelmas Daisy, Farewell Summer, White Rose- mary, Dog-fennel, Mare’s-tail, Scrub-bush. Sept.— Dec. Aster ericoides pilosus (Willd.) Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 323. 1894. Aster villosus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 113. 1803. Not Thunb. 1800. Asier ericotdes var. villosus T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 124. 1841. Stem, branches and often the leaves villous-hirsute or hispid; leaves linear-lanceolate. West- ern Ontario to Pennsylvania and Georgia, west to Minnesota and Missouri. Aster ericoides platyphyllus T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 124. r84r. Densely villous-hirsute; stem leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 1'—2' long, 4'’-12'’ wide. Indiana to North Carolina and Georgia. Aster ericoides depauperatus Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 323. 1894. Aster evicoides var. pusillus A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 184. 1884. Not Ad. pusillus Horn. 1815. Glabrous, very slender, 6’-12' high; stem leaves and those of the branches linear or subulate. Southern Pennsylvania and West Virginia. Aster ericoides Randi Britton. Low, stout, glabrous, seldom over 1° high, corymbosely or somewhat racemosely branched above, often bushy; stem-leaves elongated, sometimes 3'’ wide; basal leaves spatulate, petioled, en- tire; heads numerous, larger than in the type, sometimes over 1’ broad; rays white to violet; bracts of the involucre greener than in the type. Perhaps a distinct species. Mt. Desert Island, Maine. Aster ericoides parviceps Burgess. More or less pilose; stem strict, erect, about 1° high, usually bushy, branched above, the branches miostly short; leaves narrowly linear, ascending, with short leafy branches in their axils; heads nu- merous, crowded, 3'’-4'’ broad, somewhat secund; involucre %4''-2'' high; leaves of the branches reduced to small scales. Prairies, Illinois and Missouri. 64. Aster Pringlei (A. Gray) Britton. Pringle’s Aster. (Fig. 3798.) Aster ericoides var. Pringlei A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 184. 1884. Stem very slender, glabrous, simple, or with few or numerous slender ascending branches, not bushy, 6/-2° high. Basal leaves lanceolate, oblong or oblanceolate, 2’-6’ long, 2//-6’’ wide, entire, or slightly toothed, ciliate and some- times a little pubescent, at least on the slender petioles which are often as long as the blades; stem leaves narrowly linear, those of the branches small and subulate; heads as large as those of A. ericoides, or commonly smaller, usually fewer, solitary at the ends of the branches and branchlets; bracts of the cam- panulate involucre with short green tips; rays white. On banks, especially in rocky places, Massa- chusetts and Vermont to Wisconsin, Aug.—Oct. COMPOSITAE. [Vor. Il. 65. Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britton. Starved Aster. Calico Aster. (Fig. 3799.) olidago lateriflora I,. Sp. Pl. K . Bion SA Hore Kew, eee 789. Asler miser Nutt. Gen. 2:158. 1818. A, laterifiorus Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 9:10. 1889. Stem puberulent, or nearly glabrous, slender, di- vergently branched, 1°-5° high. Basal leaves ovate, slender-petioled; stem leaves broadly lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, mostly acuminate, serrate, 2/-5” long, 6’’-12/’ wide, those of the branches smaller, oblong or Jinear-oblong; heads 3/’-5’’ broad, race- mosely unilateral on the branches, short-peduncled or sessile, usually numerous and crowded; involucre turbinate, its bracts linear-oblong, obtuse or acutish, imbricated in about 4 series, their short green tips ap- pressed or slightly spreading; rays numerous, short, white or pale purple; disk-flowers purple; pappus white; achenes minutely pubescent. In dry or moist soil, Nova Scotia to western Ontario, south to North Carolina, Louisiana and ‘Texas. Called in Maryland Rosemary. Aug.—Oct. Aster lateriflorus glomeréllus (T. & G.) Burgess. Aster miser var. glomerellus T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 130. | 1841. ie Chiefly unbranched, with the habit of Solidago caesia ; leaves hispidulous above, oblong-lance- olate, dull green, the teeth very sharp and straight; heads glomerate in the axils, often somewhat spi- cate toward the summit of the plant, sometimes also on short branches. In deep woods, New York to Virginia. Aster lateriflorus thyrsdideus (A. Gray) Sheldon, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 286, 1893. Aster diffusus var. thyrsoideus A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 187. 1884. Ashy-pubescent; leaves ovate to lanceolate; branches ascending, rather stiff, mostly short; heads usually densely thyrsoid-paniculate, less markedly secund than in the type. New York and Ontario to Illinois. Aster lateriflorus grandis Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 324. 1894. Aster bifrons Lindl.; DC. Prodr. 5: 243. 1836. Not All, 1785. Aster diffusus var. bifrons A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 187. 1884. Taller and larger-leaved than the type, the branches spreading; leaves lanceolate, sometimes 6' long and nearly 1’ wide; heads mostly larger, rather loosely paniculate. In shaded places, southern New York to Kentucky and Illinois. Aster lateriflorus péndulus ( Ait.) Burgess. Aster pendulus Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 205. 1789. Leaves linear-elliptic, conspicuously drooping, remotely appressed-serrulate, often with nar- rowly margined petioles, roughish when dry; branches long, slender, often pendulous; heads long- peduncled; rays and bracts often purple-tinged. In thickets, New York to Virginia. Aster lateriflorus horizontalis (Desf.) Burgess. Aster horizontalis Desf. Cat. Hort. Paris, Ed. 3, 402. 1829. Branches long, slender, widely spreading; leaves firm, those of the branches very small, mostly entire; heads very numerous; rays rather large. Southern New York to Virginia. 66. Aster hirsuticatlis Lindl. Hairy-stemmed Aster. (Fig. 3800. ) hi Aster hirsuticaulis Lindl.; DC. Prodr. 5: 242. Y 836. SS Aster ‘lateriflorus hirsuticaulis Porter, Mem. \ 4 4 Torr. Club, 5: 324. 1894. SSS | Stem slender, erect, 114°-3° high, pubes- NAN: cent nearly or quite to the base, the usually WS ~\ short branches spreading or ascending. Leaves thin, glabrous above, usually pubes- SEZ. cent on the midvein beneath, serrate with a iy NS few appressed teeth, or entire, linear-lanceo- AY late to lanceolate, sometimes 6’ long, 2’’-7/’ SN wide, sessile, or the basal ones spatulate and + petioled; heads more or less secund on the i branches, densely or loosely clustered, often AN also solitary or few in the lower axils; bracts we of the involucre in 3 or 4 series, linear-lan- _ ~ ceolate, acuminate or acute; rays white, about 2’ long. In woods and thickets, New York and Penn- sylvania to Kentucky. Oro GENUS 3I.] THISTLE FAMILY. 381 67. Aster vimineus Lam. Small White css MUZ Zs Aster. (Fig. 3801.) VIS en mae ADS Aster vimineus Lam. Encycl. 1: 306. 1783. Vy hg » Aster Tradescantt T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 129. 1841. NZ N Not L. 1753. Wy J (4 Glabrous or nearly so throughout; stem slender, WW ZS 7 We. divergently branched, 2°-5° high. Stem leaves We \ } : linear-lanceolate, entire, or with a few low teeth, WAV, \ PLZ 3’-5’ long, 2/’’-4’’ wide, acuminate at the apex, Sie \y narrowed to a sessile base, those of the branches 1p 4 much smaller; heads very numerous, small, 3//-5’’ \ y / broad, 2’/-3’ high, generally densely racemose- / ly -~ secund, short-peduncled; involucre broadly turb- inate, its bracts linear, acute or acutish, imbricated in about 3 series, green-tipped, appressed; rays *\ | \’ Ni / WAY Wp Yo ALi ** : a2 = numerous, about 2% long, white; pappus white; \ achenes minutely pubescent. NN Ry Hiv In moist soil, Ontario to Florida, west to Minnesota ¢ VAY Zip and Arkansas. Aug.-Sept. Wy ) LE = . Me Aster vimineus foliolosus ( Ait.) A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: — | NS Part 2, 186. 1884 Aster foliolosus Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 203. 1789. Branches ascending, very leafy; heads paniculate, scarcely secund, less densely clustered. Massachusetts to Virginia, Illinois and Missouri. : Aster vimineus Columbianus Britton. Minutely pubescent, 2°-4° high, the slender branches ascending; leaves linear to linear-lanceo- late, those of the stem deflexed; heads about 1’ broad; rays red-purple. Perhaps a distinct species. District of Columbia to New York. 68. Aster multiflorus Ait. Dense-flowered Aster. White Wreath Aster. ; (Fig. 3802.) Aster multiflorus Ait. Hort. Kew. 3:203. 1789. Aster multifiorus var. stricticaulis T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2. 125. r841. Stem strict, much branched and bushy, rough- pubescent or scabrous, 1°-7° high, the branches ascending or spreading. Leaves rigid, linear or linear-oblong, entire, mostly obtuse, sessile or slightly clasping at the base, rough and ciliate, those of the stem 14/’-1%4’ long, those of the branches very small and crowded; heads 3//—4/’ broad, densely crowded, nearly sessile, sometimes slightly secund on the branches; involucre turbin- ate, 2/’-3/’ high, its bracts coriaceous, pubescent, in 3 or 4 series, their short green tips obtuse or mu- cronate, spreading; rays 10-20, white, 14/2’ long; pappus brownish white; achenes puberulent. In dry open places, Maine and Ontario to the North- west Territory and British Columbia, south to Georgia, Texas and Arizona. Calledalso Fall-flower. Aug.—Nov. 69. Aster incanopilosus (Jindl.) Sheldon. White Prairie Aster. (Fig. 3803.) Aster ramulosus var. incanopilosus Lindl. in DC. Prodr. 5: 243. 1836. Aster multifiorus var. commutatus T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 125. 1841. Aster commutatus A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2,185. 1884. A. incanopilosus Sheldon, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 286. 1893. Similar to the preceding species, except in the in- florescence, the stem rough-pubescent, or sometimes nearly glabrous, 114°-214° high, with ascending or di- vergent branches. Leaves linear or linear-oblong, ob- tuse, entire, sessile or slightly clasping at the base, those of the stem 1/-3’ long; heads larger than those of 4, multifiorus, 6-8’ broad, involucre 3/’-4’’ high, its bracts squarrose-tipped and sometimes foliaceous; rays 20-30, about 3’ long. On prairies and along rivers, Northwest Territory to western Nebraska and Texas, west to Oregon, Utah and New Mexico. Aug.-Oct. “ke ; a Oe 382 COMPOSITAE. (Vor. III. 70. Aster tenuifolius IL. Perennial Salt-marsh Aster. (Fig. 3804.) Aster tenutfolius L. Sp. Pl. 873. 1753. Aster flexuosus Nutt. Gen. 2: 154. is, Perennial, glabrous and fleshy; stem flexuous, striate, at least when dry, sparingly and loosely branched, 1°-2° high. Stem leaves linear, en- tire, acute, sessile or partly clasping at the base, the lowest lanceolate-linear, 2/-6’ long, 2’/-3// wide, those of the branches minute, bract-like, appressed; heads rather few, 6’’-12’’ broad, terminating the branches; involucre turbinate, about 4’” high, its bracts lanceolate, acuminate or mucronate, glabrous, green on the back or tip, appressed, imbricated in about 5 series, the outer shorter; rays numerous, longer than the pappus, pale purple or nearly white; pappus tawny; achenes hispid-pubescent, 5-nerved. In salt marshes, coast of Massachusetts to Flor- ida. Aug.—Oct. 71. Aster exilis Ell. Slim Aster. (Fig. 3805. ) Aster exilis Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 344. 1824. Aster divaricatus T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2:163. 1841. Not L. 1753. Annual, glabrous, fleshy; stem slender, usually much branched, the branches usually divergent. Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, 1/-4’ long, 1//-2%4’’ wide, entire, sessile, acute or acuminate, or the lowest narrowly ob- long, 3’’-4’’ wide and petioled, those of the branches subulate; heads numerous, panicled, about 5’” broad; in- volucre campanulate, about 3’” high, its bracts linear- subulate, appressed, imbricated in 3 or 4 series; rays pur- plish, about 2’” long, mostly fewer than the disk- flowers, longer than the pappus; achenes somewhat pubescent. In moist or wet soil, especially in saline situations, Kansas to Texas, South Carolina and Florida. Aug.-Oct. 72. Aster subulatus Michx. Annual Salt-marsh Aster. (Fig. 3806.) Aster subulatus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 111. 1803. Aster linifolius T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 162. 1841. Not Ll. 1753. Annual, glabrous and fleshy ;stem paniculately branched, flexuous above, 1°-6° high, slightly angled, sometimes I’ in diameter at the base, but usuallysmaller. Stem-leaves linear-lanceo- late, acute, entire, sessile by a broad or slightly clasping base, 2’—10’ long, 1’’-S’’ wide, those of y the branches very small and subulate; heads “ numerous, 3’’-5/’ broad; involucre campanulate, y y, or at length hemispheric, 2’’-3’’ high, its bracts ‘ = linear-subulate, green, imbricated in 3 or 4 series, the outer shorter; rays 20-30, purplish, scarcely exceeding the nearly white pappus, more numer- ‘ous than the disk-flowers; achenes compressed, minutely pubescent. In salt marshes, coast of New Hampshire to Florida. Aug.-Nov. Los) (o/s) Ww GENUS 32. ] THISTLE FAMILY. 32. LEUCELENE Greene, Pittonia, 3: 147. 1896. Low perennial herbs, with much branched leafy stems, sessile, rather rigid, narrow entire leaves and small heads of both tubular and radiate white flowers, solitary at the ends of the numerous slender branchlets, involucre turbinate, its bracts well imbricated. Disk-flowers perfect, their corollas white, tubular-funnelform, 5-toothed. Ray-flowers numerous, white, or drying red to rose, pistillate. Style appendages acutish. Achenes elongated, flattened, hispidulous. Pappus a single series of slender rough white bristles. [Greek, referring to the white disk. ] One species, or more, native of the southwestern States and Mexico. 1. Leucelene ericoides (‘Torr.) Greene. Rose Heath Aster. (Fig. 3807.) Vi Ni% Inula (?) ericoides Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 2: 212. 1828. Aster ericaefolius Rothrock, Bot. Gaz. 2:70. 1877. Leucelene ericoides Greene, Pittonia, 3: 148. 1896. Stems tufted from deep woody roots, corymbosely much branched, 3/-12’ high, hispid or scabrous, the branches erect or diffuse. Leaves hispid-ciliate, erect, or slightly spreading, obtusish or mucronu- late, the lower and basal ones spatulate, 3//-6’” long, tapering into short petioles, the upper ses- sile, linear or linear-spatulate; heads terminating the branches, 5//-8’’ broad; involucre broadly tur- binate, its bracts lanceolate, appressed, scarious- margined, imbricated in 3 or 4 series; rays 12-15, white to rose, 2’’-4/’ long. In dry soil, western Nebraska to Kansas, Texas and Mexico, west to California. May-Aug. 33. BRACHYACTIS Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 2: 495. 1846. Annual, nearly glabrous, somewhat fleshy herbs, with narrow chiefly entire leaves, and small racemose or racemose-paniculate heads of tubular, or also radiate purplish flowers. In- volucre campanulate. Central flowers of the head few, perfect, their narrow corollas 4-5- toothed; outer flowers pistillate, usually in 2 series or more, and more numerous than the perfect ones; style-appendages lanceolate; rays very short, or none. Achenes 2-3-nerved, slender, appressed-pubescent. Pappus a single series of nearly white bristles. [Greek. short rays. ] About 5 species, natives of western North America and northern Asia. 1. Brachyactis angtstus (Lindl.) Britton. Rayless Aster. (Fig. 3808.) // Tripolium angusium Vindl.; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2, 15. 1834. Aster angustus T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 162. 1841. Stem usually sparsely pubescent, at least above, racemosely or rarely paniculately branched, 6/—24/ high, striate, at least when dry. Leaves linear, fleshy, ciliate on the margins, acutish, entire, sessile by a rather broad base, the basal (when present) spatulate; heads 4/’-6’’ broad, racemose on the as- cending branches, or terminating them; involucre campanulate or nearly hemispheric, 2//-3’’ high, its bracts linear or linear-oblong, somewhat foli- aceous, green, acute or obtuse, imbricated in 2 or 3 series, glabrous or slightly ciliate, nearly equal; rays none, or rudimentary; pappus soft and copious. In wet saline soil, or sometimes in waste places, Minnesota to the Northwest Territory, Utah and Colo- rado. Found also about Chicago. July-Sept. 384 COMPOSITAE. [Vor. III. 34. MACHAERANTHERA Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 224. 1832. Annual, biennial or perennial branched herbs, with leafy stems, alternate, mostly serrate or pinnatifid leaves, the teeth or lobes usually bristle-tipped, and large heads of both tubular and radiate flowers. Involucre of numerous series of imbricated canescent or glandular bracts with herbaceous or foliaceous spreading or appressed tips. Receptacle alveolate, the alveoli usually toothed or lacerate. Ray-flowers numerous, violet to red or purple, pistillate. Disk flowers perfect, their corollas tubular, 5-lobed, yellow, changing to red or brown; anthers exserted, appendaged at the tip, rounded at the base; style-appendages subulate to lanceo- late. Achenes turbinate, narrowed below, pubescent. Pappus of numerous stiff rough un- equal bristles. [Greek, sickle-anther. | About 15 species, natives of western North America. Annual or biennial; leaves pinnatifid. 1. M. tanacetifolia. Perennial or biennial; leaves sharply serrate. 2. M. sessiliflora. 1. Machaeranthera tanacetifolia (H.B.K.) Nees. ‘Tansy Aster. Dagger-flower. (Fig. 3809.) Aster tanacelifolius H.B.K. Nov. Gen. Sp. 4:95. 1820. Machaeranthera tanacetifolia Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 225. 1832. Annual or biennial; stem glandular-pubescent, often viscid, densely leafy, much branched and bushy, 1°-2° high. Leaves sessile, or short-peti- oled, pubescent, the lowest 1/-3/ long, 2-3-pinnati- fid, their lobes linear or oblong, acute or mucron- ate, the upper pinnatifid, those of the branches sometimes entire; heads numerous, corynmibose- paniculate, 1/-2’ broad; involucre hemispheric, 4/’-6’’ high, its bracts linear, glandular, imbricated in 5-7 series, their green tips very squarrose; rays 15-25, violet-purple, 5’’-8’’ long, pappus copious, tawny; achenes villous. In dry soil, Nebraska to Texas and Mexico, west to California. June-Aug. 2. Machaeranthera sessiliflora (Nutt. ) Greene. Viscid Aster. (Fig. 3810.) Dieteria sessiliflora Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 7, 301. 1840. Machaeranthera sessiliflora Greene, Pittonia, 3: 60. 1896. Stem usually stout, finely rough-pubescent or canescent, branched, and viscid-glandular above, 1°-2° high. Leaves lanceolate, linear, or the lowest spatulate, sessile, somewhat viscid, sharply incised- dentate, the larger 1-3’ long, the teeth bristle-tip- ped; heads numerous, racemose, or corymbose above, 1/-1}4’ broad, the lower often nearly sessile; invo- lucre broadly turbinate or hemispheric, 4/’-6’” high, its bracts acute, imbricated in 6-10 series, their tips strongly squarrose; rays numerous, violet, 4’’-6// long; pappus copious; achenes narrow, appressed- pubescent. In dry soil, centraland western Nebraska. Has been referred to As/er canescens. July—Oct. 35- ERIGERON L. Sp. Pl. 863. 1753. Branching or scapose herbs, with alternate or basal leaves, and corymbose, paniculate or solitary, peduncled heads, of both tubular and radiate (rarely all tubular) flowers. Involucre hemispheric or campanulate, its bracts narrow, nearly equal, imbricated in but J or 2 series in our species. Receptacle nearly flat, usually naked. Ray-flowers, in our species, white, violet or purple, pistillate. Disk-flowers yellow, tubular, perfect, their corollas mostly 5- lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches more or less flattened, their GENUS 35.] THISTLE FAMILY. 385 appendages short, mostly rounded or obtuse. Achenes flattened, usually 2-nerved. Pappus- bristles fragile, slender, scabrous or denticulate, in 1 series, or often an additional outer shorter series. [Greek, early-old, alluding to the early hoary pappus. ] A genus of some 130 species, of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in the New World. In addition to the following, about 60 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. “% Rays long, narrow, usually equalling or longer than the diameter of the disk, it poe 1'-10' high, simple, leafy; head solitary; involucre woolly. 1. &. uniflorus. Tt T Stem 4'-3° high, leafy, usually branched; involucre hirsute or glabrous. Roots perennial, thick’ and wood y. Heads 1'-2' broad; leaves lanceolate, ovate, oblong, or spatulate. Rays violet or purple; stem- leaves ovate, lanceolate, or oblong. Stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, the upper much smaller. . EB. asper. Stem-leaves ovate-lanceolate, the upper little smaller. . E£. subtrinervis. Rays mostly white; stem-leaves linear or linear-oblong. . E. caespitosus. Heads 's'-1' broad; leaves linear, Plants hirsute or canescent; pappus double; western species. Stem hirsute; achenes pubescent; flowers white. 5. £. pumilis. Stem appressed- canescent; achenes glabrous; flowers purple or white. 6. E. canus. Plant nearly glabrous; pappus simple; northern. 7. E. hyssoptfolius. 2. Perennial by decumbent rooting stems or stolons. 8. 2. flagellaris. 3. Roots annual or biennial, fibrous; plants often perennial by offsets. ty Sw Heads 1’ 118 ' broad, few; stem simple; eastern. g. E. pulchellus. Heads '4'-1' broad, numerous; stem branched. Rays 100-150, marrow, mostly purple or violet. Pappus simple; plant erect, corymbosely branched. to, £. Philadelphicus, Pappus double; plant diffusely branched, western. 11. L£. divergens. Rays much less, numerous, purplish or white. Plants 6'— med high, diffuse, western; pappus simple. 12. E, Bellidiastrum. Plants 1°-3° high, erect, corymbosely branched; pappus double. Stem-leaves lanceolate, nearly all sharply serrate. 13. £. annuus. Stem-leaves linear- lanceolate or oblong, nearly all entire. 14. £. ramiosus. + + t Stem leafless or nearly so; heads '%' broad, corymbose. 15. E. vernus. % % Rays inconspicuous or short; a row of tubular pistillate flowers inside the row of rays. 16. £. acris. 1. Erigeron unifldrus I. Arctic Erigeron. (Fig. 3811.) Erigeron unifiorus L. Sp. Pl. 864. 1753. Perennial by short branching rootstocks; stems slender, single or tufted, more or less pubescent, simple, erect, 1/-10/ high. Basal leaves petioled, spatulate, obtuse, entire, 1/—2/ long; stem-leayes sessile, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, en- tire, acute or obtuse; head solitary, peduncled, %4/-1’ broad; rays about 100, purple or purplish, 2’’/-4’’ long; involucre hemispheric, its bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, copiously woolly; pappus simple. Labrador and Arctic America to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and in the Sierra Nevada. Alsoin Europe. Summer. 2, Erigeron asper Nutt. Rough Erigeron. (Fig. 3812.) Er: igeron asper Nutt. Gen. 2: 147. 1818. Erigeron glabellus Nutt. loc. cit. 1818.? Perennial by a woody root; stem simple, or branched above, more or less pubescent, sometimes hirsute, 6’-24/ high. Leaves glabrous, pubescent or ciliate, entire, the basal ones spatulate, obtuse, 2/-4’ long, 3//-1/ wide, narrowed into margined petioles; stem leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear- lanceolate, obtuse or acute, the upper smaller; heads several or solitary, slender-peduncled, 1/-2/ broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts linear, acute, hirsute or pubescent; rays I00-150, very narrow, violet, purple, or nearly white, 4//-7/ long; pappus doable the outer row of bristles much shorter than the inner. In dry soil, Minnesota to Nebraska, west to the Northwest Territory, Utah and New Mexico. June-Sept. 25 386 v COMPOSITAE. (Vor. III. 3. Erigeron subtrinérvis Rydberg. Three-nerved Fleabane. (Fig. 3813.) Erigeron glabellus var. mollis A. Gray, Proc. Acad. aie. 1863: 64. 1864. Not £. mollis D. Don, E pein subtrinervis Rydberg, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 328. 1894. Similar to the preceding species, perennial by a woody root, finely pubescent all over. Stems leafy to the inflorescence; leaves entire, thin, the basal and lower ones oblanceolate to oblong, obtuse or acute, petioled, the upper lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile or ‘somewhat clasp- ing, acute, rather distinctly 3-nerved; heads 1/-1 4’ broad, corymbose, or rarely solitary; in- volucre hemispheric, hirsute; rays numerous, blue to pink; pappus double, the outer bristles. very short. South Dakota to Nebraska and Utah, 4. Erigeron caespitosus Nutt. Tufted Erigeron. (Fig. 3814.) Diplopappus canescens Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 21. 1834. Not Z. canescens Willd. 1804. Erigeron caespitosus Nutt. Trans. Am, Phil. Soc. (II) 7: 307. 1841. Perennial by a deep root; stems tufted, canes- cent, simple, or branched above, 6/-12/ high. Leaves canescent or pubescent, entire, the lower and basal ones petioled, narrowly oblanceolate or spatulate, obtuse or acutish, 1/-3’ long; stem leaves linear or linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, sessile, the upper gradually shorter, heads soli- tary or severai, short-peduncled, 1/-114’ broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate or linear-oblong, acute, canescent; rays 40-60, 3//— 6’ long, white or pinkish; pappus double, the outer series of bristles very short. In dry soil, Manitoba and the Northwest Terri- tory to Nebraska (according to Webber), New Mexico and California. 5. Erigeron pumilus Nutt. Low Erigeron. (Fig. 3815.) Erigeron pumilus Nutt. Gen, 2:147. 1818. Perennial by a ‘deep root; stems tufted, hirsute, slender, simple, or branched, 4’/-10’ high. Leaves en- tire, hirsute, the lower and basal ones narrowly spatu- late or linear, petioled, obtuse or acutish, 1/-4’ long, 1//—2/ wide; stem leaves linear, sessile, %3’-21!2’ long, acute; heads solitary or several, 6’/-10’’ broad, short- peduncled; involucre hemispheric, its bracts linear, acute, hirsute; rays 50-80, white, 3//-4’’ long, at length deflexed; pappus double, the outer row of bristles short and,more or less intermixed with the inner; achenes pubescent. '{Dry plains, Northwest Territory to western Nebraska, *\ west to British Columbia, Colorado and Utah. May-Sept. GENUS 35. ] THISTLE FAMILY. 6. Erigeron canus A. Gray. Hoary | Erigeron. (Fig. 3816.) Erigeroncanus A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. (II) 4: 67. 1849. Perennial by a deep woody root, resembling the preceding species; stems slender, erect, tufted, ap- pressed-canescent, 6/-10’ high, simple, or branched above. Leaves narrow, entire, canescent, the basal and lower ones narrowly spatulate, petioled, 2’-4/ long, the upper linear, sessile, acute, gradually smaller; heads solitary, or 2-4, peduncled, 6’/-8’’ broad; invo- lucre hemispheric, its bracts linear, acute, densely canescent; rays 40-50, purple or white, 2’/-3’’ long; achenes glabrous, 8-10-nerved; pappus double, the outer row of bristles rather conspicuous. J In dry soil, western Nebraska and Wyoming to Colorado | and New Mexico. June-Aug. . 7. Erigeron hyssopifolius Michx. Hyssop-leaved Erigeron. (Fig. 3817.) Erigeron hyssopifolius Michx. F1. Bor. Am, 2: 123. 1803. Aster graminifolius Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 545. 1814. Perennial by slender rootstocks; stems tufted or single, very slender, simple or branched, gla- brous or very nearly so, 4’-15/high. Leave nar- row, thin, the basal and lower ones oblong or spatulate, short-petioled, 1/-114’ long, 114//-2/’ wide,the upper linear or linear-oblong,acute,usu- ally numerous; heads solitary or several, slender- peduncled, 5/’-8’” broad; peduncles appressed pubescent, involucre hemispheric, its bracts lin- ear-lanceolate, sparingly pubescent; rays 20-30, white or purplish, 2’’/-3/’ long; pappus simple. On moist cliffs, Newfoundland to northern Ver- mont, west to the Northwest Territory and Lake Superior. July—Aug. 8. Erigeron flagellaris A. Gray. Running Fleabane. (Fig. 3818.) Erigeron flagellaris A, Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. (II) 4:68. 1849. Appressed-pubescent, sometimes densely so, perennial by decumbent rooting stems or stolons; root slender. Stem slender, branch- ed, the branches elongated; leaves entire, the basal and lower ones spatulate or oblong, obtuse or acute, 1/-2’ long, narrowed into long petioles, the upper sessile, linear or linear-spatulate, much smaller; peduncles solitary, elongated; heads about 1’ broad and 14’ high; involucre hemispheric, its nar- row bracts pubescent; rays very numerous, white to pink; pappus double, the outer series of subulate bristles. In moist soil, South Dakota to Colorado, Utah, western Texas and New Mexico. May-July. 388 COMPOSITAE. [Vou. III. g. Erigeron pulchéllus Michx. Robin’s or Poor Robin’s Plan- tain. (Fig. 3819.) E. pulchellus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 124. 1803. Erigeron bellidifolius Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 1958. 1804. Perennial by stolons and offsets, villous- pubescent; stems simple, slender, 10’-24’ high. Basal leaves tufted, spatulate or obo- vate, somewhat cuneate at the base, nar- rowed into short margined petioles, obtuse at the apex, 1/-3/ long, 4’-2’ wide, dentate or serrate; stem-leaves sessile, partly clasp- ing, oblong, lanceolate to ovate, mostly acute, entire, or sparingly serrate; heads 1-6, slen- der-peduncled, 1/-1}4’ broad; involucre depressed-hemispheric, its bracts linear, acuminate, villous; rays numerous, violet or purplish, 4’’-7’’ long; achenes nearly gla- brous; pappus simple. On hills and banks, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida and Louisiana. : Called also Rose Petty, Robert’s Plantain and oe Blue Spring Daisy. April-June. 1o. Erigeron Philadélphicus L,. , SN Philadelphia Fleabane. Skevish. (Fig. 3820.) Erigeron Philadelphicus 1,. Sp. Pl. 863. 1753- Perennial by stolons and offsets, soft-pubes- cent or sometimes nearly glabrous; stems slen- der, mostly branched above, 1°-3° high. Basal and lower leaves spatulate or obovate, obtuse, dentate, 1/-3’ long, narrowed into short petioles; upper stem-leaves clasping and often cordate at the base, obtuse:or acute, dentate or entire; heads several or numerous, corymbose-panicu- late, 5//-12/’ broad, slender-peduncled; pedun- cles thickened at the summit; involucre de- pressed-hemispheric, its bracts linear, usually scarious-margined; rays 100-150, 2//-4/’ long, light rose-purple; pappus simple; achenes pu- berulent. In fields and woods, throughout North America except the extreme north, but locally rare. Buds drooping. Called also Sweet Scabious and Daisy = Fleabane. April-Aug. if ‘i YEAS 11. Erigeron divérgens T. & G. Spreading Fleabane. (Fig. 3821.) Erigeron divergens T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2:175. 1841. Annual or biennial, diffusely branched, 6/-15/ high, densely cinereous-pubescent or hirsute. Basal and lower leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, acute or obtuse, mostly petioled, entire, dentate or lobed, 1/-2/ long, 2’’-5’’ wide, the upper ses- sile, linear or narrowly spatulate, usually acute, gradually smaller; heads slender-peduncled, 8’/— 12’ broad, usually numerous; involucre hemi- spheric, about 2’’ high, its bracts linear, acute, hirsute or canescent; rays about 100, purplish, violet or nearly white, 2’’-4’’ long; pappus double, the short outer row of bristles subulate. In moist soil, Montana to Nebraska, Texas and Mexico, west to Washington and California. April- Sept. GENUS 35-] THISTLE FAMILY. 12. Erigeron Bellidiastrum Nutt. Western Daisy Fleabane. (Fig. 3822.) Erigeron Bellidiasirum Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7: 307. 1841. Annual, much branched, 6’-15’ high, cinereous- pubescent throughout. Leaves entire, linear-spatulate, the lower and basal petioled, 1/-114’ long, the upper sessile and smaller; heads several, or numerous, 5//-8/’ broad; involucre hemispheric, about 2’ high, its bracts linear, hirsute, acute; rays 30-65, purplish, about 2’’ long; pappus a single series of capillary bristles. In moist soil, Nebraska and Kansas to Texas. May- july. 13. Erigeron annuus (L,) Pers. Sweet Scabious. (Fig. 3823.) Aster annuus I. Sp. Pl. 875. 1753. ELrigeron annuus Pers. Syn. 2: 431. 1807. Annual, sparingly, pubescent with spreading hairs; stem erect, corymbosely branched, 1°-4° high. Leaves thin, the lower and basal ones ovate or ovate-lanceolate, mostly obtuse, petioled, usually coarsely dentate, 2’-6’ long, 1/3 wide, the upper sessile or short-petioled, lanceolate, oblong, or linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, mostly sharply dentate in the middle, those of the branches narrower and often entire; heads rather numerous, 5/’-7’’ broad, mostly short-peduncled; bracts of the hemispheric involucre somewhat hispid; rays 40-70, linear, white, or commonly tinged with pur- ple, 2’’-4’’ long; pappus double, the inner a series f of slender fragile deciduous bristles, often wanting ‘ in the ray-flowers, the outer a persistent series of short, partly united, slender scales. In fields, Nova Scotia to the Northwest Territory, south to Virginia, Kentucky and Missouri. Naturalized in continental Europe. Also called Daisy Fleabane. May-Nov. : + NNN WZ 14. Erigeron ramosus (Walt.) B.S.P. ENN HA Daisy Fleabane. (Fig. 3824.) SV Y > ‘ Doronicum ramosum Walt. Fl. Car. 205. 1788. E. strigosus Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 1956. 1804. Erigeron ramosus B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y.27. 1888. Resembles the preceding species, but is usu- ally lower and the pubescence more appressed. Stem-leaves linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate, nearly all of them entire; basal and lowest spat- ulate or oblong, usually serrate; bracts of the inyolucre glabrous or nearly so; pappus similar to that of the preceding; rays white, or some- times purplish, occasionally minute or wanting. In fields, Nova Scotia to the Northwest Territory, south to Florida, Louisiana and Texas. May-—Nov. Erigeron ramosus Beyrichii (F. & M.) Smith & Pound, Bot. Surv. Neb. 2:11. 1893. Stenactis Beyrichii F. & M. Index Sem. Hort. Petrop. 5: 1838. Stem more slender; leaves narrower; heads smaller; pubescence minute. Georgia to Nebraska and Texas. 390 COMPOSITAE. (Vou. III. (/ 15. Erigeron vérnus (L.) T. & G. yd Early Fleabane. (Fig. 3825.) - W, Me A Za Aster vernus I,. Sp. Pl. 876. 1753. } Erigeron nudicaulis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 124. 1803. Erigeron vernus T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 176. 1841. Perennial by stolons and offsets; stem slender, simple or branched above, glabrous, or the branches pubescent, 1°-2%° high. Leaves mainly in a basal rosette, glabrous, obovate, oval or spatulate, obtuse, repand-denticulate or entire, 2’-4’ long, narrowed into margined pet- ioles; stem-leaves mostly reduced to subulate- lanceolate scales, the lowest sometimes spatu- late or oblong; heads not numerous, corymbose, peduncled, about 5’ broad; involucre hemi- ) 3 spheric, its bracts linear-subulate; rays 20-30, a white or pink, 2’/-3/ long; pappus simple; achenes usually 4-nerved. I Se In marshes and moist soil, Virginia to Florida and — rs Louisiana. April-May. 16. Erigeron acris L. Blue or Bitter Fleabane. (Fig. 3826.) Erigeron acris L. Sp. Pl. 863. 1753. Biennial or perennial; stem hirsute-pubescent, slender, simple, or branched above, 6/-18’ high. Leaves pubescent or glabrous, entire, the basal and lower ones spatulate, mostly obtuse, 1/-3/ long, petioled, those of the stem mostly oblong or oblan- ceolate, obtuse or acutish, sessile, shorter; heads several or numerous, racemose or paniculate, pe- duncled, 5’’-6’’ broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts linear, hirsute; rays numerous, purple, equalling or slightly exceeding the brownish pap- pus; tubular pistillate flowers filiform, numerous; pappus simple or nearly so, copious. Labrador to British Columbia, south in the Rocky Mountains to Coloradoand Utah. Alsoin Europeand Asia. July-Aug. Erigeron acris Droebachianus (O. F. Mueller) Blytt, Norg. Fl. 1: 562. 1861. Erigeron Droebachianus O. F. Mueller, Fl. Dan. p/. 574. 1782. Usually taller and less pubescent, or glabrate; involucre nearly glabrous. New Brunswick to western Ontario, Alaska, British Columbia and Colorado. Also in Europe. Erigeron Acris débilis A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 220. 1884. Slightly pilose-pubescent, very slender, heads few. Range of the last. 36. LEPTILON Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2: 268. 1818. [CaEnotus Raf. Fl. Tell. 2:50. 1836.] Annual or biennial herbs, with small racemose thyrsoid or panicled heads of white flow- ers, the rays small, usually shorter than the diameter of the disk, or none. Involucre mostly campanulate, its narrow bracts in 2 or 3 series. Receptacle naked. Ray-flowers pistillate; disk-flowers perfect, their corollas usually 4-lobed or 4-toothed, the anthers obtuse at the base; style-branches somewhat flattened, their appendages short. Achenes flattened. Pappus of numerous simple fragile bristles in 1 series. [Greek, referring to the small heads. ] About 20 species, natives of America and Asia. Besides the following, 2 or 3 others occur in the southwestern United States and one is naturalized from Asia on the southern Atlantic avd Pacific coasts. GENUS 36.] THISTLE FAMILY. 391 1. Leptilon Canadénse (JL.) Britton. Horse-weed. Canada Fleabane. (Fig. 3827.) Erigeron Canadensis I,. Sp. Pl. 863. 1753- Stem hispid-pubescent, or glabrate, 3/-10° high, the larger plants paniculately much branched. Leaves usually pubescent or ciliate, the basal and lower spatulate, petioled, incised, dentate or entire, 1/-4’ long, obtuse or acutish, those of the stem linear and mainly entire; heads usually very numerous; about 2’’ broad; involucre campanulate, 1//-114/’ high, its bracts linear, acute, glabrate, the outer shorter; rays numerous, white, shorter than the pappus and mostly shorter than their tubes. In fields and waste places, a common weed throughout North America except the extreme north. Widely distributed as a weed in the Old World and in South America. Called also Butter- weed, Prideweed, Fireweed, Blood-staunch, Cow’s- or Colt’s-tail, Bitter-weed. June-Nov. 2. Leptilon divaricatum (Michx.) Raf. Low Horse-weed. Purple Horse-weed. (Fig. 3828.) Erigeron divaricatus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:123. 1803. Leptilon divaricatum Raf. Fl, Tell. 2: 265. 1818. Stem diffusely much branched, 3/-12’ high, pubes- cent or hirsute. Leaves all linear or subulate, entire, 4//-12’’ long, about 1%4’’ wide, the uppermost minute; heads numerous, about 2/’ broad; involucre campanu- late, 1/’ high, its bracts linear, acute, pubescent, the outer shorter; rays purplish, shorter than their tubes. In sandy soil, especially along rivers, Indiana to Minne- sota, south to Tennessee, Louisiana, Nebraska and Texas, June-Oct. , 37. DOELLINGERIA Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 176. 1832. Perennial leafy herbs, the lower leaves reduced to scales or sheaths, the upper large, mostly entire, acute or acuminate in ourspecies. Basalleavesnone. Heads corymbose, usu- ally numerous; involucre campanulate to hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in several series, appressed, thin, sometimes scarious-margined, their tips not herbaceous nor foliaceous. Receptacle foveolate. Ray-flowers white, pistillate, not very numerous. Disk-flowers per- fect, the corolla with a slender tube abruptly expanded into a campanulate 5-lobed limb, white to greenish in our species. Anthers obtuse at the base; style-appendages ovate to sub- ulate (rarely obtuse). Achenes obovoid, glabrous, or pubescent, , Pappus double, the outer series of numerous short bristles or scales, the inner series of long capillary bristles, some or all of which have thickened tips. [In honor of Th. Dollinger, botanical explorer. ] About 4 species, natives of eastern North America, Leaves lanceolate to ovate; heads mostly numerous. Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute. Leaves, at least the lower, obovate; heads commonly few. . D. umbellata. . D. humilis. . D. infirma. NH 392 COMPOSITAE. {Vor. III. 1. Doellingeria umbellata ( Mill.) Nees. Tall Flat-top White Aster. (Fig. 3829.) Aster umbellatus Mill. Gard. Dict. Ed. 8, No. 22. 1768. Diplopappus umbellatus Hook. F1.Bor.Am, 2° 22. 1834. D. umbellata Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 178. 1832. Stem glabrous or pubescent above, striate, corymbosely branched at the summit, 2°-8° high. Leaves lanceolate, to oblong-lanceolate, ascend- ing, glabrous above, usually pubescent on the veins beneath, membranous, acuminate at the Wy apex, narrowed at the base into short petioles, or the uppermost sessile, hispid-margined, those of j ‘ the stem 5’—6’ long, 14’-1’ wide; heads numerous, y 6/’-10’’ broad, in terminal compound corymbs; Y involucre broadly campanulate or hemispheric, Yo 14//-2’’ high, its bracts lanceolate, usually pubes- (if cent or ciliate, acutish or obtuse, imbricated in 3 (( or 4 series, the outer shorter; rays 10-15, white; style-appendages ovate, acute; pappus nearly white; achenes nerved, slightly pubescent. Bp In moist soil, Newfoundland to Georgia, west to the Northwest Territory, Michigan and Arkansas. July-Oct. Doellingeria umbellata pubens (A. Gray) Britton. Aster umbellatus var. pubens A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2,197. 1884. Under leaf-surfaces pubescent. Michigan to the Northwest Territory. 2. Doellingeria humilis ( Willd.) Britton. Broad-leaved Flat-top White Aster. (Fig. 3830.) Aster humilis Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 2038. 1804. D. amygdalina Nees, Gen. & Sp. Ast. 179. 1832. Aster umbellatus vat. latifolius A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2,197. 1884. Similar to the preceding species, usually lower, seldom over 4° high. Stem striate, corymbosely branched above, glabrous, or somewhat pubescent. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, rather firm, ses- sile, or the lower very short-petioled, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, narrowed, or some- times rounded at the base, rough-margined, those of the stem 1/-3/ long, 14/-2’ wide, inflorescence asin D. umbellata ; pappus dirty white; achenes somewhat pubescent. In moist soil, southern New Jersey and Pennsylva- nia to Florida and Texas. July—Sept. 3. Doellingeria infirma (Michx.) Greene. Cornel-leaved Aster. (Fig. 3831.) Aster ingirmus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 109. 1803- Diplopappus cornifolius Vess.; Darl. Fl. Cestr- 474. 1837. gered D. infirma Greene, Pittonia, 3:52. 1806. Stem slender, glabrous, or roughish above, sparingly branched at the summit, terete, 1%°-3° high. Leaves entire, hispid-mar- gined, glabrous above, sparingly hispid on the veins beneath, the lower obovate, small, obtuse, usually sessile, the upper larger, ob- long-lanceolate, acute, 2’-5’ long, 1/-1'4% wide; heads few, about 1’ broad, in a diver- gently branched terminal corymbose cluster; involucre broadly campanulate, 2’/-3’’ high, its bracts oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, sparingly pubescent, imbricated in about 4 series, the outer much shorter; rays 8-15, white; style- appendages subulate; pappus tawny; achenes nerved, glabrous. In dry, usually rocky soil, Massachusetts to New York, Pennsylvania and Tennessee. Aug.—Sept- GEnvs 38.] THISTLE FAMILY. 393 38. IONACTIS Greene, Pittonia, 3: 245. 1897. Low, mostly branching, perennial herbs with numerous narrow entire 1-nerved leaves, and rather large and showy heads of tubular and radiate flowers terminating the stem and branches. Basal leaves none. Involucral bracts coriaceous, imbricated in several series, ap- pressed, their tips not herbaceous. Ray-flowers normally violet, pistillate. Disk-flowers perfect, the corolla with a campanulate limb. Achenes villous. Pappus double, the inner series of long capillary bristles, the outer much shorter. [Greek, violet rays. ] Three known species, natives of North America. 1. Ionactis linariifolius (L.) Greene. Stiff or Savory-leaved Aster. (Fig. 3832.). Aster linaritfolius L,. Sp. Pl. 874. 1753. Diplopappus linaritfolius Hook. F1. Bor. Am. 2:21. 1834. Tonactis linariifolius Greene, Pittonia, 3: 245. 1897. Stems tufted, stiff, puberulent or scabrous, very leafy, corymbosely branched above, 6/-2° high. Leaves linear or spatulate, spreading, 1-nerved, rigid, entire, rough, usually ciliolate on the margins, mucronulate, 9//-18’/ long, 1’’-2’’ wide, sessile, those of the branches much smaller and somewhat appressed; heads several, terminating the branchlets, about 1’ broad; involucre broadly turbinate, its bracts linear-lanceolate, keeled, green on the back, appressed, imbricated in 4 or 5 series, the inner obtuse, the outer usually acute; rays 10-15, violet, rarely white, 4/’-5’’ long, entire, or their tips dentate, or even laciniate; pappus bristles in 2 series, tawny, the outer ones setose; achenes silky. In dry or rocky soil, Newfoundland to Quebee and Florida, west to Minnesota, Missouri and Texas. Called also Sandpaper- or Pine-Starwort. July-Oct. 39. BACCHARIS L. Sp. Pl. 860. 1753. Dioecious shrubs, with alternate leaves, and small paniculate or corymbose heads of tu- bular flowers. Involucre campanulate in our species, its bracts imbricated in several series, the outer shorter. Receptacle flat, naked, commonly foveolate. Corolla of the pistillate flowers slender, that of the staminate tubular, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches narrow or subulate, those of the fertile flowers smooth, exserted, those of the sterile flowers rudimentary, tipped with an ovate pubescent appendage. Achenes more or less compressed, ribbed. Pappus of the fertile flowers copious, capillary, that of the sterile flowers short. [Named for Bacchus; originally applied to some different shrubs. ] About 275 species, all American, most abundantin South America. Besides the following, some 18 others occur in the southern and western United States. Shrubs; pappus of fertile flowers in 1 or 2 series. Leaves oblong, or lance-oblong, mostly obtuse, sparingly dentate. 1. B. salicina. Leaves deltoid-obovate, or oblong, the lower coarsely dentate. ' 2. B. halimifolia. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, mostly acute, sparingly dentate. 3. B. neglecta. Herbaceous, from a woody base; pappus of fertile flowers in several series. 4. B. Wrightit. 1. Baccharis salicina T. & G. Willow Baccharis. (Fig. 3833.) Baccharis salicina T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 258. 1841. A glabrous glutinous much-branched shrub, 3°-6° high, the branches ascending. Leaves firm, oblong- lanceolate or somewhat oblanceolate, more or less conspicuously 3-nerved, mostly obtuse at the apex, narrowed into a cuneate subsessile base, 1/—1}47 long, 2/’-6’’ wide, sparingly repand-dentate, or en- tire; heads in peduncled clusters of 1-7, the invo- lucre of both sterile and fertile ones campanulate, 2%4//-3/’ high, its bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or subacute; pappus usually but a single series of nearly white capillary bristles. Western Kansas and eastern Colorado to Texas. May-July. Je MZ, £ Leve £ of En . /923. sé the tt ‘pte & f 2 witite Nino kaa LAID ao Ae GO» eso \ y Marna. \ COMPOSITAE. (Vor. III. 2. Baccharis halimifolia L. Groundsel- tree or -bush. Pencil-tree. (Fig. 3834.) Baccharis halimifolia \,. Sp. Pl. 860. 1753. A branching glabrous shrub, 3°-10° high, the branch- lets angled, sometimes minutely scurfy. Leaves thick, those of the stem and larger branches obovate or del- toid-obovate, obtuse, petioled, coarsely angular-den- tate, 1/-3’ long, 14/-2’ wide, those of the branchlets oblanceolate, short-petioled or sessile, entire, or few- toothed toward the apex; heads in peduncled clusters of I-5, those of the sterile plant nearly globose when young, the bracts of the involucre oblong-ovate, ob- tuse, glutinous, appressed, the inner ones of the pis- tillate heads lanceolate, acute or acutish; fertile pap- pus bright white, 3’’-4’’ long, of 1-2 series of capillary bristles, much exceeding the involucre. Along salt marshes and tidal rivers, extending beyond saline influence, Massachusetts to Floridaand Texas. The white pappus is very conspicuous in autumn. Sept.-Nov. Baccharis glomerulifolia Pers., which has larger heads glomerate in the axils of the upper leaves, is doubtfully re- ported from southern Virginia, but occurs along the coast from North Carolina to Florida. 3. Baccharis neglécta Britton. Linear-leaved Baccharis. (Fig. 3835.) A much-branched, glabrous or slightly glutin- ous shrub, 3° high or more, the branches pan- iculate, slender, ascending. Leaves narrowly lin- ear to linear-lanceolate, faintly 3-nerved, acute, or the lower subobtuse at the apex, gradually attenuate into a nearly sessile base, 1/-3/ long, 1//-3/’ wide, entire, or remotely dentate or den- ticulate, green in drying; heads in short-pedun- cled clusters; involucre of both kinds of heads campanulate, 2/” high, its outer bracts ovate, acute or somewhat obtuse, the inner lanceolate, acuminate; pappus of the fertile flowers a single series of capillary dull-white bristles. Nebraska to Texas‘and North Mexico. Has been referred to B, angustifolia Michx. July-Sept. 4. Baccharis Wrightii A. Gray. Wright’s Baccharis. (Fig. 3836.) Baccharis Wrightti A. Gray,Pl.Wright. 1: 101. 1852. Herbaceous from a thick woody base, much branched, glabrous, not glutinous, 1°-3° high, the branches straight, nearly erect, slender, stri- ate. J,eaves linear, sessile, r-nerved, entire, 3//-— 12’ long, %4’/-1’’ wide; heads solitary at the ends of the branches, 5//-6’’ broad; involucre of the sterile heads hemispheric, about 3’ high, that of the fertile ones somewhat campanulate and longer; bracts of both involucres lanceolate, acu- minate, with scarious margins and a green back; pappus of the fertile flowers of several series of tawny or purplish capillary bristles. Western Kansas and Colorado to Texas, Arizona and Chihuahua. April-July. GENUS 40.] THISTLE FAMILY. 395 40. FILAGO L,. Speelnos7. | L753: [Evax Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 2: 393. pl. 165.23. 1791.) White-woolly annual herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small discoid clustered heads, usually subtended by leafy bracts. Bracts of the involucre few and scarious. Recep- tacle convex or elongated, chaffy, each chaffy scale subtending an achene. Outer flowers of the heads in several series, pistillate, fertile, their corollas filiform, minutely 2-4-dentate. Central flowers few, perfect, mainly sterile, their corollas tubular, 4-5-toothed. Anthers sagittate at the base, the auriclesacuminate. Achenescompressed or terete. Pappus none. [Latin fi/wm, a thread. ] About 12 species, natives of temperate or warm regions of both the New World and the Old. In addition to the following, 3 others occur in the western and southwestern United States. 1. Filago prolifera (Nutt.) Britton. Filago. (Fig. 3837. Evazx prolifera Nutt.; DC. Prodr. 5: 459. 1836. Diaperia prolifera Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7: 338. 1841. Filago prolifera Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 329. 1894. Stem simple, or branched at the base, very leafy, 2’-6’ high. Leaves spatulate, obtuse, sessile, as- cending or appressed, 4’/-8’’ long, 1//-214’’ wide; heads in a sessile leafy-bracted cluster, usually subtended by 1 or several slender, nearly leafless branches, each terminated by a similar cluster, or these again proliferous; heads oblong or fusiform; Ati ip receptacle convex; chaff of the central sterile ANY I We flowers woolly-tipped, that of the fertile flowers ew ( Wy scarious, mostly glabrous. QW We . = y In dry soil, Texas to western Kansas and South Da- iS kota, west to Colorado and New Mexico. April-July. NE ve \ 3 ; say 41. GIFOLA Cass. Bull. Philom. 1819: 143. 1819. [Finaco IL. Gen. Pl. Ed. 5. 1758. NotSp. Pl. 1753.] White-woolly herbs, closely resembling those of the preceding genus, with alternate en- tire leaves, and small discoid glomerate heads, often subtended by leafy bracts, the clusters proliferous in our species. Involucre small, its bracts scarious, imbricated in several series, the outer usually tomentose. Receptacle subulate, cylindric or obconic, chaffy, each chaffy scale near its base enclosing an achene. Outermost flowers pistillate, fertile, with filiform corollas and no pappus, or the pappus a few rudimentary bristles; inner flowers also pistillate and fertile, but with a pappus of capillary scabrous bristles; central (uppermost) flowers few, perfect, their corollas tubular, their pappus capillary and scabrous. Anthers sagittate at the base. Achenes terete or slightly compressed. [Anagram of Filago.] About ro species, natives of warm and temperate regions, In addition to the following, 3 Cali- fornian species are probably to be referred to this genus. 1. Gifola Germanica (L.) Dumort. Cudweed. Cotton Rose. Herba Impia. (Fig. 3838.) Gnaphalium Germanicum I,. Sp. Pl. 857. 1753. Filago Germanica \,. Sp. Pl, Ed. 2, 1311. 1763. Gifola Germanica Dumortt. FI. Belg. 68. 1827. Annual, erect, cottony, 4/-18’ high, simple, or branched at the base, very leafy. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, linear, or slightly spatulate, erect or ascending, obtuse or acutish, 3/’— 12’ long; stem terminated by a sessile dense cluster of heads, , usually subtended by several leafy branches terminated by similar clusters and these often again proliferous; heads 12- 30 in each cluster, many-flowered; involucre ovoid, light yel- low, its bracts mainly acute. In dry fields, southern New York to Pennsylvania and North Carolina. Old names Downweed, Hoarwort, Owl’s Crown, Chafe- weed, Childing Cudweed. May-Sept. 396 COMPOSITAE. [Vor. III. 42. PLUCHEA Cass. Bull. Philom. 1817: 31. 1817. Pubescent or glabrous herbs, or some tropical species shrubby, with alternate dentate leaves, and small heads of tubular flowers in terminal corymbose cymes. Involucre ovoid, campanulate, or hearly hemispheric, its bracts appressed, herbaceous, imbricated in several series. Receptacle flat, naked, Outer flowers of the head pistillate, their corollas filiform, 3-cleft or dentate at the apex. Central flowers perfect, but mainly sterile, their corollas 5- cleft. Antherssagittate at the base, the auricles caudate. Style of the perfect flowers 2-cleft or undivided. Achenes 4-5-angled. Pappus a single series of capillary scabrous bristles. [Named for the Abbé N. A. Pluche, of Paris. ] About 30 species, widely distributed in warm and temperate regions. In addition to the follow- ing, another indigenous species occurs in the southwestern United States, and two introduced ones have been found in waste places in Florida. Perennial; leaves sessile, cordate, or clasping at the base. 1. P. viscosa. Annual; leaves, at least those of the stem, petioled. Leaves short-petioled; heads about 3'’ high; involucral bracts densely puberulent. 2. P. camphorata. Leaves slender-petioled; heads 2''-2!4'’ high; involucral bracts granulose, ciliate. 3. P. peliolata, 1. Pluchea foétida (L.) B.S.P. Viscid Marsh Fleabane. (Fig. 3839.) Baccharis foetida \,. Sp. Pl. 861. 1753. Baccharis viscosa Walt. Fl. Car. 202. 1788. Pluchea bifrons DC. Prodr. §:451- 1836. : Pluchea foetida B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y.28. 1888. Root perennial; stem simple or sparingly branched at the summit, puberulent and slightly viscid, 114°-3° high. Leaves oblong, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, closely sessile and more or less cordate-clasping at the base, obtuse or acute at the apex, sharply denticulate, pubescent or pu- berulent, 2/-4’ long, 34’-11!4’ wide, reticulate- veiny; clusters of heads sessile, or stalked, com- pact, leafy-bracted; involucre 214’/-3/” high, its bracts lanceolate, acute, viscid-puberulent. In swamps, southern New Jersey to Florida and Texas, mainly near the coast. Also in the West In- dies. July—Sept. 2. Pluchea camphorata (L.) DC. Spicy or Salt-marsh Fleabane. (Fig. 3840.) Erigeron camphoratum I,. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 1212. 1763. Pluchea camphorata DC. Prodr. 5: 451. 1836. Root annual; stem usually branched, finely vis- cid-puberulent, or nearly glabrous, 2°-3° high, somewhat channeled. Leaves ovate, oblong or lanceolate, puberulent or glabrous, acute or acu- minate at the apex, narrowed at the base, short- petioled, or the upper sessile but not clasping, 3/-8’ long, 1/-3’ wide, serrate or denticulate, not conspicuously reticulate-veined; heads about 3// high, rarely leafy-bracted, mostly in naked open corymbiform cymes; bracts of the involucre ovate- lanceolate, or lanceolate, acute, puberulent; flowers purplish; achenes pubescent. In salt marshes, coast of Massachusetts to Florida, Texas and Mexico. Alsoin the West Indies. Called also Ploughman’s-wort. Aug.—Oct. GENUS 42.] THISTLE FAMILY. 397 3. Pluchea petiolata Cass. Inland Marsh Fleabane. (Fig. 3841.) Pluchea petiolata Cass. Dict. Sci. Nat. 42:2. 1826. Pluchea foetida DC. Prodr. 5: 452. 1830. Similar to the preceding species, but glabrate, usu- ally taller, 234°-4° high, the stem stout, rather strongly channelled. Leaves ovate-lanceolate to oval, thin, 4’-10’ long, 114’-3’ wide, mostly acumi- nate at the apex, cuneate-narrowed at the base, long- petioled, irregularly serrate; petioles of the larger leaves 8//-12’’ long; heads 2’/-2!2’ high, in terminal and often also axillary clusters; bracts of the involu- ere granular, ciliate; achenes short-pubescent. In moist soil, often in woods, Virginia to Florida, Illi- nois, Missouri and the Indian Territory. Aug.—Oct. & 43- ANTENNARIA Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. 2: 410. pl. 767. 1791.* Perennial woolly dioecious or polygamo-dioecious herbs, with alternate and basal leaves, and small discoid many-flowered heads usually capitate, glomerate or corymbose. Involu- cre oblong, ovoid or campanulate, its bracts scarious, imbricated in several series, the outer shorter, usually woolly. Receptacle convex, or nearly flat, foveolate, not chaffy. Staminate flowers with a truncate or minutely dentate corolla, usually undivided style and scanty pap- pus of club-shaped smooth or minutely barbed bristles. Pistillate or perfect flowers with tubular mostly 5-toothed corollas, 2-cleft style, and copious pappus of capillary naked bris- tles, slightly united at the base. Achenes oblong, terete, or slightly compressed. [Latin, in allusion to the fancied resemblance of the sterile pappus to insect antennae. ] About 36 species, natives of the north temperate zone and southern South America, In addition to the following, about a dozen others occur in the western parts of North America, and one in the southern states. + Pappus-bristles of sterile flowers with club-shaped or dilated tips. + Plant not stoloniferous; basal leaves oblanceolate. 1. A. Carpathica. Tf Plants stoloniferous, growing in patches. Basal leaves 4''-134' long, 114’’-6'' wide, 1-nerved, or indistinctly 3-nerved. Involucral bracts of fertile heads dark brownish green, lanceolate, acute or acuminate; plant 1-4’ high. : 2. A. alpina, Involucral bracts all light green, or light brown, with white or pinkish scarious tips. Bracts all elliptic or oblong, mostly obtuse; plant 2'-8’ high. 3. A. diotca. Bracts of fertile heads lanceolate, mostly acute. Basal leaves spatulate, petiole distinct; fertile plant about 1° high. 4. A. neodiotca. Basal leaves obovate or oblanceolate, without distinct petioles. Stem of fertile plant slender, about 1° high; stolons long and slender; basal leaves oblanceolate. 5. A. neglecta. Stems all stout, 2'-6’ high; stolons short; basal leaves obovate. 6. A. campestris. Basal leaves mostly more than 1%’ long and %4’ wide, distinctly 3-nerved. 7. A. plantaginifolia. *% % Pappus-bristles of sterile flowers not dilated, barbellate; plant about 1’ high, tufted; head solitary. Sul 8. A. dimorpha, 1. Antennaria Carpathica (Wahl.) Hook. Carpathian Everlasting. (Fig. 3842.) Gnaphalium Carpathicum Wahl. F1. Carp. 258. p/. 3. _1814. Antennaria Carpathica Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 329. 1833. Plant floccose-woolly throughout, not stoloniferous; stem 2/-10’ high, simple. Basal leaves oblanceolate or oblong, obtuse or acutish at the apex, narrowed at the base into short petioles, 1-2’ long, 2’’-4’’ wide; stem-leaves linear, acute or acutish, erect, the upper gradually smaller; heads in a term- inal subcapitate cluster, or rarely solitary, 21%4//-3/’ broad; in- volucre 2//-3/’ high, woolly at the base, its bracts brownish purple, the inner ones of the fertile heads mostly acutish, those of the sterile heads mainly obtuse. In dry soil, Labrador and Anticosti to Hudson Bay. Also in Europe and northern Asia. May-Sept. * Text contributed by Mr. P. A. RYDBERG. 398 COMPOSITAE. (Von. III. 2. Antennaria alpina (L.) Gaertn. Alpine Everlasting. (Fig. 3843.) Gnaphalium alpinum I,. Sp. Pl. 856. 1753. Antennaria alpina Gaertn. Fr. & Sem 2: 410. 1791. Surculose by short stolons; stems floccose-woolly, 1’-4’ high. Basal leaves usually numerous, tufted, spatulate or linear-oblong, obtuse, silvery-woolly on both sides, or glabrate and green above, 4//-12// long; stem leaves linear and small, few, sessile, woolly; heads in a terminal capitate, or seldom somewhat corymbose cluster, rarely solitary, 2//— 24’ broad; involucre about 2%’’ high, the bracts of the fertile heads dark brownish-green, the inner ones acute or acuminate; those of the sterile heads lighter, brownish, broader and obtuse; achenes glandular. Labrador and Arctic America to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado andin the Sierra Nevada to California. April-Aug. 3. Antennaria dioica (1,.) Gaertn. Mountain Everlasting or Cudweed. (Fig. 3844.) oii. Gnaphalium dioicum J. Sp. Pl. 850. 1753. aN Antennaria dioica Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 2: 410. Pl. 167. SJ: 3. 1791. Floccose-woolly or canescent, surculose, form- ~ ing broad patches. Flowering stems 2/-12/ high; basal leaves spatulate or obovate, obtuse, narrowed into short petioles, white-canescent on both sides, or sometimes green but rarely glabrous above, 4//— 15’ long, 1/’-4’’ wide; stem-leaves linear, sessile; heads 3/’-4’’ broad in a terminal capitate or cor- ymbose cluster; involucre 2/’-3// high, the bracts of the fertile heads oblong, white or pink, all ob- tuse, or the inner ones acute; those of the sterile heads oval or elliptical, obtuse; achenes glabrous, or minutely glandular. Labrador and Newfoundland to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico and Arizona, and in the Sierra Nevada to southern California. Also in Eu- trope and Asia. Called also Moor Everlasting, Cat’s- ear, Cat’s-foot, Cat’s-paws, Cotton-weed. May-Aug. 4. Antennaria neodioica Greene. Smaller Cat’s-foot. (Fig. 3845.) Antennaria neodioica Greene, Pittonia, 3:184. 1897. Floccose-woolly, with numerous stolons which are leafy throughout. Stem of fertile plants slender, about 1° high; basal leaves about 1’ long, 3//-5’’ wide, broadly obovate to spatulate, 1- nerved, or indistinctly 3-nerved, white-tomentose beneath, generally pale and glabrate above, nar- rowed into distinct petioles; stem-leaves linear, acute; heads loosely corymbose, 3/’-4’’ broad; outermost bracts of the involucre obtuse, the rest lanceolate, acute, or acuminate, all greenish or brownish below, with white tips; achenes ob- tusely 4-angled, granular-papillose. Sterile plant lower, 3’-8’ high; heads more densely clustered; bracts of the involucre oblong, obtuse. In dry shaded places, often growing with A. p/an- faginifolia, Quebec to Virginia, west to South Da- kota. Alsoin Europe? April-July. GENUS 43.] THISTLE FAMILY. 399 5. Antennaria neglécta Greene. BR Field Cat’s-foot. (Fig. 3846.) Wiss Antennartia neglecta Greene, Pittonia, 3: 173. 1897, Ws Stoloniferous, the stolons long and slender, ES bearing small leaves, except at the ends, where they are normally developed. Basal leaves ob- lanceolate, or cuneate-spatulate, gradually taper- ing to a sessile base, without a distinct petiole, white-tomentose beneath, glabrate above, I-nerv- ed; stem-leaves linear; fertile plant nearly1°high; heads 3’/-4’’ broad, corymbose; bracts brownish, with white tips, lanceolate, acute; sterile plant 4’-8’ high, the heads densely clustered, the bracts oblong, obtuse. In fields and pastures, Maine to New York, Vir- ginia and Wisconsin. April-June. RN! iy, , / = N WB / IZ ZZ —=S | BA \\ \\ \ | H y 6. Antennaria campéstris Rydberg. Prairie Cat’s-foot. (Fig. 3847.) Y] Antennaria campestris Rydberg, Bull. Torr. / Club, 24: 304. 1897. / Stolons short, leafy; flowering stems of both fertile and sterile plants 2/-6’ high; basal leaves obovate-cuneate, without a dis- tinct petiole, white-tomentose beneath, gla- brate above, t-nerved, or indistinctly 3-nerved; stem-leaves small, linear; heads 3//-4// broad in subcapitate clusters; bracts of the fertile heads lanceolate, greenish below, brownish at the middle, the apex white, acute or acuminate; bracts of sterile heads elliptic, obtuse. On dry prairies, Nebraska to the Saskatche- wan. May-June. 7. Antennaria plantaginifolia (1,.) Richards. Plantain-leaf Everlasting. Mouse-ear Everlasting. (Fig. 3848.) Gnaphalium plantaginifolium 1, Sp. Pl. 850. a Wat et 1753: eNe NLP Hie Antennaria plantaginifolia Richards. App. \)\\\ ih fi: Frank. Journ. Ed. 2, 30. 1823. \ ay Antennaria Parlinit Fernald, Gard. & For. 10: 284. 1897. Floccose-woolly, stoloniferous, forming broad patches, the patches of sterile and fer- tile plants commonly distinct. Flowering stems of fertile plant, 6’-18’ high; basal leaves obovate or spatulate, or broadly oval, obtuse, distinctly 3-ribbed, petioled, often glabrate and dark green above, silvery be- neath, 134’—3/ long, 5’’-18’ wide; stem-leaves sessile, oblong or lanceolate, the upper usu- ally small and distant; heads in corymbose or often subcapitate clusters, 4/’-5’/ broad; involucre about 3’” high, its bracts greenish- white, lanceolate, acute or acutish; achenes minutely glandular; sterile plant smaller, 3/- 8’ high; basal leaves somewhat smaller; stem- leaves mostly linear; heads smaller, 3//—4/’ broad; bracts oblong, obtuse. In dry soil, especially in open woods, Labrador to Florida, west to Nebraska and Texas. Called also Spring or Early Everlasting, White Plantain, Pussy-toes, Ladies’ Tobacco. April-June. 400 COMPOSITAE. [Von.. III. 8. Antennaria dimérpha (Nutt.) T. & G. Low Everlasting. (Fig. 3849.) Gnaphalium dtmorphum Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) '7: 405. 1841. A, dimorpha T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 431. 1843. Tufted from a thick woody often branched caudex, 1/-14%4’ high. Leaves all in a basal cluster, spatulate, white-canescent or tomentose on both sides, obtuse or acutish, 14/-1’ long, ; 1//-2// wide, narrowed into short petioles; heads of staminate flowers about 3’ broad and high, solitary and sessile among the leaves, or raised on avery short sparingly leafy stem, with ob- tuse or obtusish brownish invyolucral bracts, those of pistillate flowers longer, their inner bracts linear-lanceolate, acuminate; pappus of the staminate flowers slender, scarcely thick- ened, but barbellate at the tips, that of the pis- tillate flowers of fine and smooth bristles. Dry soil, Nebraska to Utah and California, north to Montana and British Columbia. April-June. 44. ANAPHALIS DC. Prodr. 6: 241. 1837. Perennial white-tomentose or woolly herbs, with leafy erect stems, in our species, alter- nate entire leaves, and small corymbose discoid heads of dioecious flowers. Involucre ob- long to campanulate, its bracts scarious, imbricated in several series, mostly white, the outer shorter. Receptacle mostly convex, not chaffy. Staminate flowers with a slender or fili- form corolla, an undivided style, and a pappus of slender bristles, not thickened at the sum- mit, or scarcely so; anthers tailed at the base. Pistillate flowers with a tubular 5-toothed corolla, 2-cleft style, and a copious pappus of capillary separate bristles. Achenes oblong. (Greek name of some similar plant. ] About 30 species, natives of the north temperate zone. Only the following is known to occur in North America. 1. Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. & Z Hook. Pearly or Large-flowered Everlasting. (Fig. 3850. ) Gnaphalium margaritaceum Y,. Sp. Pl. 850. 1753. Antennaria margaritacea Hook. Fl. Bor.Am.1: 329. 1833. A. margaritacea Benth. & Hook. Gen. Pl. 2: 303. 1873. Stem floccose-woolly, corymbosely branched at the summit, leafy, 1°-3° high. Leaves linear-lanceolate, narrowed to a sessile base, revolute, green, but more or less pubescent above, woolly beneath, 3’—5’ long, 2//-4’’ wide, the lowest shorter, spatulate, usually obtuse; cor- ymb compound, 2/-8’ broad; heads very numerous, short-peduncled or sessile, about 3/’ high, 4’” broad when expanded; involucre campanulate, its bracts ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, finely striate, pearly white, mostly glabrous; pappus-bristles of the fertile flowers A. distinct and falling away separately. j rT ey ae Dry soil, Newfoundland to Alaska, North Carolina, Kansas, California and northern Asia. Adven- tivein Europe. Silver-leaf, Life Everlasting, Moonshine, Cotton-weed, None-so-pretty. July-Sept. 45. GNAPHALIUM L, Sp. Pl. 850. 1753. Woolly erect or diffusely branched herbs, with alternate leaves, and discoid heads of pis- tillate and perfect flowers arranged in corymbs, spikes, racemes, or capitate. Receptacle flat, convex or conic, not chaffy, usually foveolate. Distillate flowers in several series, their corollas filiform, minutely dentate or 3-4-lobed. Central flowers perfect, tubular, few, their corollas 5-toothed or 5-lobed. Anthers sagittate at the base, the auricles tailed. Achenes oblong or obovate, terete or slightly compressed, not ribbed. Pappus asingle series of capil- lary bristles, sometimes thickened above, cohering at the base, or separately deciduous. [Greck, referring to the wool. ] About 120 species, widely distributed, known as Cudweed, Cotton-weed, or Everlasting. Tall, erect; inflorescence corymbose, or paniculate; pappus-bristles distinct. Leaves sessile; plant not viscid. G. obtusifolium. "5 Leaves sessile; plant glandular-viscid. | 2. G. Helleri. Leaves decurrent; plant glandular-viscid. 3. G. decurrens. 4. Low, diffuse; inflorescence mostly capitate; pappus-bristles distinct. Floccose-woolly; involucral bracts yellowish, or white. G. palustre. GENUS 45. ] THISTLE FAMILY. 401 Appressed-woolly; involucral bracts becoming dark brown. 5. G. uliginosum. ‘Tufted low mountain herbs; heads few; bracts brown; pappus-bristles distinct. 6. G. supinum. Slender, simple; heads spicate; pappus-bristles united at base. Leaves linear or lanceolate-spatulate, acute; heads about 3'’ high; northeastern. Bracts dark brown; stem leaves lanceolate-spatulate. 7. G. Norvegicum, Bracts brownish tipped; stem leaves linear. 8. G. sylvaticum. Leaves spatulate, obtuse or obtusish; heads 2" to 2!s’’ high; eastern and southern. g. G. purpureum. t. Gnaphalium obtusifolium I. Sweet or White Balsam. Sweet or Fragrant Life Everlasting. (Fig. 3851.) Gnaphalium oblusifolium L. Sp. Pl. 851. 1753. G. polycephalum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 127. 1803. Annual or winter-annual, fragrant; stem erect, simple, or branched above, tomentose, 1°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, sessile, acute or acutish, or the lower obtuse at the apex, marrowed at the base, densely white-woolly be- neath, glabrate and commonly dark green above, | 1/-3/ long, 2’’-4’’ wide, the margins undulate; | hheads in numerous corymbose or paniculate clus- ters of 1-5, about 3/’ high; bracts of the involucre white, or tinged with brown, oblong, thin’ and ‘scarious, obtuse, the outer woolly at the base; pappus-bristles distinct, separately deciduous; achenes glabrous. In dry, mostly open places, Nova Scotia to Florida, Manitoba, Missouri and Texas. Other names are Pov- rty-, Chafe- or Balsam-weed, Old-field Balsam,Indian | Se Posey. Leavesof winterrosettesoblong. Aug.—Sept. | ! ZAIN WA » sii 2. Gnaphalium Hélleri Britton. Heller’s 9 Jai Everlasting. (Fig. 3852.) G. Helleri Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 280. 1893. Similar to the preceding species, corymbosely or somewhat paniculately branched above, 114°-2° high, the stem and branches densely glandular- pubescent, not tomentose. Leaves oblong-lanceo- late, sessile, acuminate at both ends, green and hispidulous above, white-tomentose beneath, the larger about 2’ long and 5/’ wide, the uppermost muchsmaller and narrower; heads very numerous, corymbose or corymbose-paniculate, sessile or short- peduncled in the clusters, about 214’ broad; invo- lucre oblong, or becoming campanulate, 3/’ high, its bracts bright white, tomentose, the outer oblong, the inner linear-oblong, all obtuse ; pappus-bristles distinct to the base, separately deciduous ; achenes glabrous. In fields, southeastern Virginia to Georgia. Sept.—Oct. 3. Gnaphalium decurrens Ives. Clammy Everlast- ing. Winged Cudweed. (Fig. 3853.) Gnaphalium decurrens Ives, Am. Journ. Sci. 1: 380. pl. 7. 1819. Annual or biennial, similar to the two preceding species, frag- rant; stem very leafy, glandular-viscid, corymbosely branched above, 2°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate or broadly linear, acutish at the apex, densely white-woolly beneath, glabrate or loosely woolly above, sessile and decurrent on the stem at the base, 1/-3/ long, 2//-3/’ wide, or the lowest shorter and slightly spatulate; heads in several or numerous corymbose glomerules of 2-6, about 3’’ high; bracts of the involucre white or brownish, ovate, acutish or the inner lanceolate and acute, the outer woolly at the base; pappus-bristles distinct, separately deciduous ; achenes glabrous. In open, moist or dry places, Nova Scotia to Pennsylvania, west to western Outario, Michigan and British Columbia, southin the Rocky Mountains to Arizona. Also called Sweet Balsam and Balsam-weed. July-Sept. 26 402 COMPOSITAE. (Von. IIT. 4. Gnaphalium palustre Nutt. Western Marsh Cudweed. (Fig. 3854.) Gnaphalium palustre Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) '7> 403. 1841. Annual; diffusely branched from the base, densely but loosely floccose-woolly all over, 2’-8’ high. Leaves. sessile, oblong, linear-oblong, or the lower spatulate, obtuse or acutish, 6’’-12/’ long, 134’/-3/’ wide; heads. about 2’ high, several together in leafy-bracted glom- erules; involucre more or less woolly, its bracts linear or lanceolate, acute, white or pale yellow; pappus- bristles distinct, separately deciduous. In moist wet soil, Northwest Territory to western Ne- braska and New Mexico, west to British Columbia and California. May-Aug. 5. Gnaphalium uligindsum L. Low or Marsh Cudweed. Wartwort. Mouse-ear. (Fig. 3855.) Gnaphalium uliginosum VL. Sp. Pl. 856. 1753+ Annual; diffusely branched from the base, or the stems sometimes erect or ascending, ap- pressed-woolly all over, 2/-8’ high. Leaves sessile, spatulate-linear, linear, or the lower oblanceolate or spatulate and narrowed into petioles, all obtuse or obtusish, generally mu- cronulate, 1/-114’ long; heads about 2/’’ high, numerous in dense leafy-bracted terminal glomerules; bracts of the involucre oblong or oblong-lanceolate, brown, the outer obtuse or obtusish and more or less woolly, the inner acute; pappus-bristles distinct, separately de- ciduous. In damp soil, Newfoundland to Virginia, west to western Ontario, Minnesota and Indiana. Apparently naturalized from Europe, where itiscommon. Occurs also in the far Northwest, where it is probably indigenous. July-Sept. 6. Gnaphalium supinum L. Dwarf Cud- weed. (Fig. 3856.) Gnaphalium supinum I,. Syst. Ed. 2, 234. 1767. Perennial, white-woolly, much tufted; stems sim- ple, 1/-3%’ high. Leaves mainly basal, linear, acute, narrowed at the base, sessile, 6’’-12’’ long, 1//-2/’ wide; heads few or several, capitate or short- spicate, about 3/’ high; flowers yellowish; bracts of the involucre brown, glabrous, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute; pappus-bristles distinct, separately deciduous. Alpine summits of the White Mountains of New Hampshire; Labrador and Greenland, and on high mountains in Europe and Asia. Called also Mountain Cudweed. July-Aug. GENUS 45.] THISTLE FAMILY. 403 7. Gnaphalium Norvégicum Gunner. Norwegian Cudweed. (Fig. 3857.) Gnaphalium Norvegicum Gunner, Fl. Norveg. 2: 105. 1772. Perennial; stem simple, 6’-18’ high. Leaves lanceolate to spatulate, elongated, acute, nar- rowed at the base, woolly on both sides, or green and glabrate above, 3/-6’ long, 2//-5’’ wide, the lower and basal ones petioled ; heads about 3/’ high, numerous in a more or less leafy spike, the lowest often distant, solitary or glomerate in the upper axils; bracts of the involucre ovate- oblong, dark brown, or brown-tipped, glabrous or slightly woolly, obtuse; pappus-bristles united at the base, falling away in a ring; achenes his- pidulous. Mt. Albert, Gaspé, Quebec, north to Greenland and Arctic America. Alsoin Europe. July—Aug. 8. Gnaphalium sylvaticum L. Wood Cudweed. Chafeweed. Owl’s Crown. Golden Mother- wort. (Fig. 3858.) Gnaphalium sylvaticum I, Sp. Pl. 856. 1753. Perennial; stem slender, simple, 6/-1S’ high. Leaves linear, acute, 1/-2’ long, about 1’ wide, or the lowest linear-spatulate, woolly beneath, glabrous or glabrate above; heads about 3/f high, numerous in a more or less leafy spike, or the lowest solitary or glomer- ate in the upper axils; bracts of the involucre _linear-oblong, obtuse, mostly glabrous, yel- >t : . . ) lowish or greenish with a brown spot at or {just below the apex; pappus-bristles united at ) the base; achenes hispidulous. _ New Brunswick and Cape Breton Island, per- haps introduced from Europe. Widely distrib- uted in Europe and Northern Asia. June-Aug. g. Gnaphalium purptreum [. Pur- plish Cudweed. (Fig. 3859.) Gnaphalium purpureum VY, Sp. Pl. 854. 1753. Annual or biennial, simple and erect, or branched from the base and the branches as- cending, 2’-2° high. Leaves spatulate, or the uppermost linear, mostly obtuse, mucronulate, woolly beneath, usually green and glabrous or nearly so above when old, sessile, or the lowest narrowed into petioles, 1/-2’ long, 2’/-6’’ wide; heads 2//-214’ high in a terminal, sometimes leafy, often interrupted spike, or the lowest ones distant and axillary; bracts of the invo- lucre yellowish brown or purplish, lanceolate- oblong, acute or acutish, the outer woolly at the base; pappus-bristles united below; achenes roughish. In dry sandy soil, eastern Maine to Florida, west to Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Kentucky, Arkan- sas, Texas and Mexico. Also on the Pacific Coast and in South America. May-Sept. 404 COMPOSITAE. (Vor. III. 46. ADENOCAULON Hook. Bot. Misc. 1:19. 1830. Perennial herbs, with broad alternate slender-petioled leaves, woolly beneath, and pani- cled small heads of tubular flowers. Involucre campanulate, composed of a few herbaceous bracts. Receptacle nearly flat, naked. Corollas all tubular, 4-5-lobed. Marginal flowers pistillate, fertile. Central flowers perfect, sterile, the style undivided; anthers slightly sagittate at the base. Pappus none. Achenes obovoid or clavate, very obtuse, faintly nerved, glandular above, longer than the bracts of the involucre. [Greek, gland-stem. ] About 3 species, natives of North America, Japan, the Himalayas and Chile. Only the following is known in North America. 1. Adenocaulon bicolor Hook. Adeno- caulon. (Fig. 3860.) Adenocaulon bicolor Hook. Bot. Mise. 1:19. pl. 75. 1830. Stem floccose-woolly, or at length glabrous, 1°-3° high, leafless and mostly paniculately branched above. Leaves all basal or nearly so, deltoid-ovate, obtuse or acute at the apex, deeply cordate at the base, coarsely repand-toothed or lobed, thin, green and glabrous above, densely and persistently white-woolly beneath, 2’-6’ long and broad, with slender narrowly margined petioles; heads numerous, very slender- peduncled, small; bracts of the involucre 4 or 5, ovate to lanceolate, reflexed in fruit, at length deciduous; achenes 3/’-4/’ long, %4’’ thick, the upper part beset with nail-shaped glands. In moist woods, Northern Michigan and Lake Superior to British Columbia and California. May-July. : ul 47- INULA L,. Sp. Pl. 881. 1753. Perennial, mostly tomentose or woolly herbs, with alternate and basal leaves, and large heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers. Involucre hemispheric or campanulate, its bracts imbricated in several series, the outer often foliaceous. Receptacle flat or convex, areolate or foveolate, not chaffy. Ray-flowers pistillate, their ligules 3-toothed. Disk- flowers perfect, their corollas tubular, 5-toothed. Anthers sagittate at the base, the auricles caudate. Style-branches of the disk-flowers linear, obtuse. Achenes 4-5-ribbed; pappus of capillary rough bristles in our species. [The ancient Latin name. ] About 90 species, natives of Europe, Asia and Africa. 1. Inula Helénium L. Elecampane. Horseheal. (Fig. 3861.) Inula Helentum J,. Sp. Pl. 881. 1753- Stems tufted from large thick roots, simple or rarely somewhat branched, 2°-6° high, densely pubescent above. Leaves large, broadly oblong, rough above, densely pubes- cent beneath, denticulate, the basal ones acute at each end, long-petioled, 10’—20/ long, 4/-8’ wide; stem leaves sessile, or cordate- clasping at the base, acute at the apex, smaller; heads solitary, or few, terminal, stout-peduncled, 2/—4/ broad; involucre hemi- spheric, nearly 1/ high, its outer bracts ovate, foliaceous, pubescent; rays numerous, linear; achenes glabrous, 4-sided. Along roadsides and in fields, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Missouri. Naturalized from Europe. Native alsoin Asia. Called alsoScabwort, Horse-elder, Yellow Starwort, Elfdock. Genus 48.] THISTLE FAMILY. 405 48. POLYMNIA L. Sp. Pl. 926. 1753. Perennial herbs (some tropical species woody), with opposite membranous lobed or angled leaves, or the lower alternate, and mostly large corymbose-paniculate heads of both tubular and radiate yellow or whitish flowers, or rays sometimes wanting. Involucre hemi- spheric or broader, of about 5 large outer bracts, and more numerous smaller inner ones. Receptacle chaffy. Ray-flowers pistillate, fertile, subtended by the inner involucral bracts, the ligules elongated, minute, or none. Disk-flowers subtended by the chaffy scales of the receptacle, perfect, sterile, their corollas tubular, 5-toothed. Anthers 2-toothed at the base. Pappus none. Achenes thick, short, turgid, glabrous. [From the Muse Polhymnia. } About to species, natives of America. Only the following are known in North America. Rays commonly 6’ long or more, yellow; achenes strongly striate. 1. P. Uvedalia. Rays commonly minute and whitish, or none; achenes 3-ribbed. 2. P. Canadensis. 1. Polymnia Uvedalia L. Yellow or Large-flowered Leaf-cup. (Fig. 3862.) Polymnia Uvedalia I,. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 1303. 1763. Rough-pubescent, stout, branched, 3°-10° high. Leaves broadly ovate or deltoid, 3-nerved, abruptly contracted above the base, minutely ciliate, more or less pubescent on both sides, angulate-lobed, the lower often 1° long and broad, petioled, the upper sessile, somewhat clasping; heads few in terminal clusters, peduncled, 1 14/—3’ broad; rays Io-15, com- monly 6’/-12’ long, linear-oblong, bright yellow, 3-toothed or entire; exterior bracts of the cup-like involucre ovate-oblong, obtuse, ciliate, 4//-10’’ long; achenes slightly oblique and laterally com- pressed, strongly striate, nearly 3’ long. In rich woods, New York to Indiana, and Michigan (according to Wright), south to Florida, Missouri and Texas. Called also Yellow Bearsfoot. July-Aug. 2. Polymnia Canadénsis L. Small- flowered Leaf-cup. (Fig. 3863. ) Polymnia Canadensis I, Sp. Pl. 926. 1753. Rather slender, viscid-pubescent, at least above, simple or branched, 2°-5° high. Leaves deltoid-ovate to hastate, usually very thin, all petioled, deeply angulate-lobed and the lobes dentate, or the lower lyrate-pinnatifid, 4’—10/ long, the uppermost sometimes ovate and en- tire or merely denticulate; heads few in term- inal clusters, short-peduncled or sessile, 4’’-6’” broad; outer bracts of the involucre ovate to lanceolate, obtuse or acutish, 2//-3/’ long; rays small, minute or none, whitish or yellowish; achenes 3-angled, obovoid, obcompressed, 3- ribbed, not striate. In damp, rich shaded places, western Ontario to Ainncaate, North Carolina and Arkansas. June- ept, Polymnia Canadénsis radiata A. Gray, Seth Fl. N. A. x: Part 2, 238. 1884. Ligules larger, sometimes 6’’ long, 3-lobed, nearly white. Occasional in the range of the type. 49. MELAMPODIUM IL, Sp. Pl. 921. ~- 1753. Herbs, some species woody, with opposite entire or dentate leaves, and terminal peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate, white or yellow flowers in our species. Involucre hemi- spheric, its bracts in 2 series, the 4 or 5 outer ones broad, often connate at the base, the inner hooded, embracing or permanently surrounding the pistillate fertile ray-flowers. Receptacle convex or conic, chaffy. Ray-flowers in I series, the rays spreading, 2-3-lobed or entire. Disk-flowers perfect, sterile, their corollas with a narrowly campanulate 5-toothed limb, the anthers entire at the base, the style undivided. Achenes obovoid, more or less incurved. Pappus none. [Greek, black-foot, without significance. ] About 25 species, natives of the warmer partsof America. Besides the following, some 4 others occur in the southwestern United States, COMPOSITAE. (Vor. III. 1. Melampodium cinéreum DC. Pale Melampodium. (Fig. 3864.) Melampodium cinereum DC. Prodr. 5: 518. 1836. Perennial, woody at the base, branched, canes- cent, 4/-12’ high, the branches slender. Leaves linear, lanceolate, or the lower spatulate, sessile, entire, undulate or sinuate, 1/-2’ long, 114//-3// wide, obtuse or obtusish at the apex; heads 8’’-14/’ broad, terminating the branches; pe- duncles slender, 1/-3/ long; outer bracts of the involucre ovate or oval, obtuse, united below; rays 5-9, cuneate-oblong, white, 2-3-lobed; inner bracts turbinate or terete, hooded, muricate, the hood wider than the body. In dry soil, Kansas to Arizona, Texas and Mexico. June-Oct. 50. SILPHIUM L. Sp. Pl. 919. 11753. Tall perennial herbs, with resinous juice, opposite or alternate leaves, and large corym- bose or paniculate (rarely solitary) peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers. Involucre hemispheric or campanulate, its bracts imbricated in few series. Re- ceptacle” flat or nearly so, chaffy, the chaff subtending the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers in 2 or 3%series, pistillate, fertile, the ligules numerous, linear. Disk-flowers perfect but sterile, their corollas tubular, 5-toothed, the style undivided. Anthers minutely 2-toothed or entire at the base. Achenes broad, dorsally flattened, 2-winged, notched at the apex. Pappus none, or of 2 awns confluent with the wings of the achene. [Greek, from the resinous juice. ] About 12 species, natives of North America, known as Rosin-weed or Rosin-plant. Stem leafy, the leaves opposite, alternate, or verticillate. ,_ Leaves, or their petiole-bases, connate-perfoliate; stem square. 1. S. perfoliatum. Leaves not connate-perfoliate, sessile or petioled. Leaves opposite, or the uppermost alternate; cauline sessile. 2. S. integrifolium. Leaves, or some of them, verticillate in 3’s or 4’s, petioled. 3. S. trtfoliatum. Most or all of the leaves alternate, entire or dentate. 4. S. Asteriscus, Leaves all alternate, pinnatifid or bipinnatifid, large. 5. S. lacintatum. Stem leafless or nearly so, scaly above; leaves basal, large. 6. S. terebinthinaceum. 1. Silphium perfoliatum L, Cup-plant. Indian-cup. (Fig. 3865.) S. perfoliatum I,. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 1301. 1763. Stem square, glabrous, or rarely some- what hispid, branched above, or some- times simple, 4°-8° high. Leaves ovate or deltoid-ovate, opposite, the upper con- nate-perfoliate, the lower abruptly con- tracted into margined petioles, all thin, usually scabrous on both sides, or pubes- cent beneath, coarsely angulate-dentate, or the upper entire, the larger 6/—12/ long, 4/-S’ wide; heads commonly numer- ous, 2’-3/ broad; rays 20-30, about 1’ long and 2/’ wide; involucre depressed-hemi- spheric, its outer bracts broad, ovate, ciliolate, spreading or erect; achenes ob- ovate, emarginate, sometimes 2-toothed. In moist soil, southern Ontario to Minne- sota, south to Georgia, Nebraska and Louisi- ana. Naturalized near New York City. Called also Ragged Cup. July-Sept. "GENUS 50.] THISTLE FAMILY. 407 2. Silphium integrifolium Michx. Entire-leaved Rosin-weed. (Fig. 3866.) Silphium integrifolium Michx, Fl. Bor. Am, 2: 146. 1803. Stem glabrous, rough or sometimes hirsute, -corymbosely branched above, 2°-5° high. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, en- tire, denticulate or remotely dentate, rough above, pubescent or glabrous beneath, those of the stem all closely sessile, often half-clasping but not con- nate-perfoliate at the rounded base, 3/-5’ long, 1/-2’ wide; heads usually numerous, 1/—2’ broad; involucre nearly hemispheric, its outer bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, spreading, cilio- late or pubescent; rays 15-25; achenes oval or obovate, 4’’-5’’ long, deeply emarginate. On prairies, Ohio to Minnesota, south to Louisiana, Nebraska, Arkansas and Texas. Aug.—Sept. 4. Silphium Asteriscus L. Starry Rosin-weed. (Fig. 3868.) Silphium Asteriscus I. Sp. Pl. 920. 1753. Stem hispid-pubescent, simple, or branched above, 2°-4° high, usually purple. Leaves nearly all alternate, ovate, ovate-oblong, or lanceolate, acute or obtusish, sessile, somewhat clasping, or the lower narrowed into short peti- oles, dentate, or the upper entire, 2/-5’ long, ¥4/-1/ wide; heads commonly few, 1/—2’ broad; Tays 12-15; involucre hemispheric, its bracts mostly hispid, ovate to oblong, acute or obtuse, Squarrose; achenes oval or obovate, narrowly winged, 2-toothed. In dry soil, Maryland to Tennessee and Missouri, south to Florida and Louisiana. June-Sept. Silphium trifoliatum L. Whorled Rosin-weed. (Fig. 3867.) Silphium trifoliatum I, Sp. Pl. 920. 1753. Stem glabrous,sometimes glaucous, corym- bosely branched at the summit, 4°-7° high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, the middle ones almost always whorled in 3’s or 4’s, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base and usually somewhat petioled, rough or roughish above, pubescent or nearly glab- rous beneath, entire or denticulate, 3/-7’ long, 4/-1%4’ wide; heads several or numerous, 1%/-2/ broad; involucre hemispheric, its outer bracts ovate or oval, acute or obtuse, glabrous, or slightly pubescent,ciliolate; rays 15-20; achenes oval or obovate, narrowly winged, emarginate, sharply 2-toothed. In woods, Pennsylvania to Ohio, south to Vir- ginia and Alabama. July—Oct. 408 COMPOSITAE. [Vow IIT. 5. Silphium laciniatum L. Com- pass-plant. Pilot-weed. (Fig. 3869.) Silphium laciniatum ¥,. Sp. Pl. 919. 1753. Rough or hispid, very resinous; stem 6°-12° high; basal leaves pinnatifid or bi- pinnatifid, long-petioled, 1° long or more, the lobes oblong or lanceolate; stem leaves alternate, vertical, their edges tending to point north and south, sessile, or the lower short-petioled, the upper cordate-clasping at the base, gradually smaller and less divided; heads several or numerous, ses- sile or short-peduncled, 2’-5’ broad, the peduncles bracted at the base; rays 20-30, Sail | 1/-2/ long; involucre nearly hemispheric, \ its bracts large, rigid, lanceolate or ovate, V’ very squarrose; achenes oval, about 6/” long, the wing broader above than below, notched at the apex, awnless. I On prairies, Ohio to South Dakota, south to \ Alabama, Louisiana and Texas. Called also \\ Turpentine-weed, Polar-plant, Rosin-weed. July-Sept. 6. Silphium terebinthinaceum Jacq. Prairie Dock. Prairie Burdock. (Fig. 3870.) Silphium terebinthinaceum Jacq. Hort. Vind. 1: fl. 43. 1770. Stem glabrous or nearly so, branched and scaly above, 4°-10° high. J,eaves all basal or nearly so, coriaceous, ovate, mostly long-petioled, acute at the apex, cordate at the base, rough on both sides, often 12’ long and 6’ wide, sharply den- tate; heads numerous, 114/-3’ broad, borne on glabrous peduncles; involucre hemispheric, its bracts ovate-oblong, erect, glabrous or minutely pubescent; trays 12-20; achenes obovate, narrowly winged, slightly 2-toothed and emargin- ate at the apex. On prairies and in dry woods, southern Ontario and Ohio to Minnesota, south to Georgia, Iowa and Louisiana. Called also Rosin-plant. July—Sept. Silphium terebinthinaceum pinnatifidum (E11. ) A. Gray, Man. 220. 1848. S. pinnatifidum Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 462. 1824. Leaves laciniate or pinnatifid. Ohio to Georgia. 51. CHRYSOGONUM L. Sp. Pl. 920. 1753. Pubescent perennial herbs, with opposite and basal petioled leaves, and slender-peduncled- axillary and terminal, rather large heads of both tubular and radiate, yellow flowers. In volucre hemispheric, its bracts in 2 series of 5, the outer large, obovate or spatulate, folia- ceous, the inner oval, firm, each subtending a pistillate ray-flower. Receptacle chaffy, each scale subtending and partly enclosing a perfect but sterile tubular flower with a 5-toothed corolla. Anthers nearly entire at the base. Achenes obovate, compressed, their margins acute, not winged, I-nerved on the back, 1-2-ribbed on the inner side. Pappus a short half- cup-shaped crown. [Greek, golden-knee. ] A monotypic genus of eastern North America. GENUS 51.] THISTLE FAMILY. 409 1. Chrysogonum Virginianum L,. Chrysogonum. (Fig. 3871.) Chrysogonum Virginianum I,. Sp. Pl. 920. 1753. Perennial by rootstocks or runners, pubescent or hirsute throughout, branched from the base, or at first acaulescent, 3/-12’ high. Leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse or acutish at the apex, the upper sometimes subcordate at the base, crenate-dentate, rather thin, 1/-3’ long, 14/-2/ wide, the basal ones with petioles as long as the blade or longer, those of the upper ones shorter; peduncles 1/-4’ long; heads 1/-1 34’ broad; outer bracts of the involucre obtuse; rays about 5, 4/’-7// long. In dry soil, southern Pennsylvania to Florida. April-July. Chrysogonum Virginianum dentatum A. Gray, Bot. Gaz. 7: 31. 1882. Leaves dentate, the teeth and acutish apex mu- cronulate; outer bracts of the involucre acute. High Island, Potomac River, near Washington. x 52. BERLANDIERA DC. Prodr. 5: 517. 1836. Perennial canescent or pubescent herbs, with alternate leaves and rather large, peduncled solitary or corymbose heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers. Involucre de- pressed-hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in about 3 series, the outermost small, mostly oblong, the second series broader, oval or obovate, the inner membranous, similar, reticu- lated when mature, subtending the ray-flowers and exceeding the disk. Receptacle nearly flat, chaffy, the chaff subtending the disk-fowers. Ray-flowers 5-12, pistillate, fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, tubular, sterile, their corollas 5-toothed. Anthers entire, or minutely 2-toothed at the base. Style of the tubular flowers undivided, hirsute. Achenes obovate, compressed, not winged, 1-ribbed on the inner side, the pappus obsolete, early deciduous or of 2 caducous awns. [Named after J. L. Berlandier, a Swiss botanical collector in Texas and Mexico. ] About 5 species, natives of the southern United States and Mexico. Stem leafy; leaves ovate to oblong, crenate. 1. B. Texana. Plant acaulescent, or nearly so; leaves lyrate-pinnatifid. 2. B. lyrata. 1. Berlandiera Texana DC. Texan Berlandiera. (Fig. 3872.) Berlandiera Texana DC. Prodr.5: 517. 1836. Hirsute-pubescent throughout; stem erect, branched above, or simple, 2°-3° high, leafy. Leaves ovate, or the basal ob- long, crenate, acutish or obtuse at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, 2’-4’ long, 1/-2’ wide, the upper sessile, the lower petioled; heads few or several, 1/— 14’ broad, in a terminal corymbose-cymose cluster; peduncles 14/-1%’ long; inner bracts of the involucre twice as large as the outer. In dry soil, Missouri and Kansas to Arkan- sas and Louisiana. July-Aug. 410 COMPOSITAE. (Vor. III. 2. Berlandiera lyrata Benth. Lyre- leaved Berlandiera. (Fig. 3873.) Silphium Nutiallianum Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 2: 216. Name only. 1827. Berlandiera lyrata Benth. Pl. Hartw. 17. 1839. Finely whitish-canescent, acaulescent or short- stemmed; scapes or peduncles slender, 3/-5’ long, bearing a solitary head, or rarely 2. Leaves lyrate- pinnatifid, obtuse, petioled, the terminal segment usually larger than the lateral ones, the lower ones very small, all obtuse, mostly crenate, sometimes becoming green and glabrate above; head about 1” broad; inner bracts of the involucre much broader than the outer, orbicular, or wider than long; achenes obovate, keeled on the inner face. In dry soil, Kansas to Texas, Arizona and Mexico. 4 53. ENGELMANNIA T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 283. 1841. Perennial hirsute herbs, with alternate pinnatifid leaves, and corymbose slender-pedun- cled rather large heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers. Involucre hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in 2 or 3 series, the outer linear, loose, hirsute, ciliate, the inner oval or obovate, concave, appressed, subtending the ray-flowers. Receptacle flat, chaffy, the chaff subtending and partly enclosing the disk-flowers. Rays 8-10, pistillate, fertile. Disk- flowers about as many, tubular, perfect, sterile, the corolla 5-toothed. Anthers minutely 2-dentate at the base. Style of the tubular flowers undivided. Achenes obovate, compressed, not winged, 1-ribbed on each face. Pappus a persistent irregularly cleft crown. [Named for Dr. Geo. Engelmann, botanist, of St. Louis. ] A monotypic genus of the south-central United States. 1. Engelmannia pinnatifida T. & G. Engelmannia. (Fig. 3874.) Engelmannia pinnatifida T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 283. 1841. Stem usually branched above, 1°-3° high. Basal leaves slender-petioled, 4’-8’ long, their lobes lanceolate or oblong, dentate or entire, obtuse or acutish; upper leaves smaller, sessile, less divided, the uppermost sometimes entire, or with a pair of basal lobes; heads usually numerous, about 1/ broad; peduncles 1/-5’ long; outer bracts of the involucre somewhat in 2 series, the first linear, the second broadened at the base. In dry soil, Kansas to Louisiana, Arizona and North Mexico. May.-Aug. 54. PARTHENIUM IL. Sp. Pl. 988. 1753. Perennial, mostly pubescent or canescent herbs, or shrubs, with alternate leaves, and small corymbose or paniculate heads of both tubular and radiate white or yellow flowers. Inyolucre broadly campanulate or hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in 2 or 3 series, obtuse, appressed, nearly equal. Receptacle convex or conic, chaffy, the chaff membranous, sur- rounding the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers about 5, pistillate, fertile, their ligules short, broad, 2-toothed or obcordate. Disk-flowers perfect, sterile, their corollas 5-toothed, the style undivided. Anthers entire at the base. Achenes compressed, keeled on the inner face, margined, bearing the persistent rays on the summit. Pappus of 2-3 scales or awns. (Greek, virgin. ] About ro species,natives of North America, Mexico,the West Indies and northern South America, ides the following, some 5 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. GENUS 54.] THISTLE FAMILY. 4II Stem minutely pubescent, or glabrous below; rootstocks thickened. 1. P. integrifolium, Stem pilose-pubescent; rootstocks slender, creeping, forming runners. 2. P. repens. 1. Parthenium integrifolium L. American Fever-few. Prairie Dock. (Fig. 3875.) Parthenium integrifolium 1, Sp. Pl. 988. 1753- Stem stout, striate, finely pubescent with short hairs, or glabrous below, corymbosely branched above, 1°-4° high. Rootstocks tuberous-thickened; leaves firm, ovate or ovate-oblong, acute or acuminate, crenate dentate or somewhat lyrate at the base, hispidulous and roughish on both sides, the lower and basal ones petioled, often 12’ long and 5’ wide, the upper smaller, sessile and partly clasping; heads numer- ous in a dense terminal corymb; involucre nearly hemispheric, about 3/’ high, its bracts firm, the outer oblong, densely ap- pressed-pubescent, the inner broader, gla- brous, or ciliate on the margins; rays white or whitish. In dry soil, Maryland to Minnesota, south to Georgia, Missouri and Texas. Called also Cutting Almond. May-Sept. 2. Parthenium repens Eggert. Creep- ing or Hairy Parthenium. (Fig. 3876.) Parthenium repens Eggert, Cat. Pl. St. Louis, 16. 1891. Similar to the preceding species, but lower, seldom over 2° high. Rootstocks slender, forming runners; stem pilose or hispid with spreading hairs; leaves hispid on both sides, irregularly crenate, sometimes lyrate at the base, the teeth rounded and obtuse; heads fewer, slightly larger, in a smaller looser corymb; outer bracts of the involucre propor- tionately broader. Missouri. April-July. 55. CRASSINA Scepin, Sched. Acido Veg. 42. 1758. [Zinnia L. Syst. Ed. 10, 1221. 1759.] Annual or perennial herbs, some species shrubby, with opposite entire, or sparingly ser- rate, mostly narrow and sessile leaves, and large or middle-sized heads of both tubular and radiate flowers. Ray-flowers pistillate, yellow, or variegated, persistent on the achene. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile; corolla cylindraceous, its lobes villous. Involucre campanulate to nearly cylindric, its bracts obtuse, dry, firm, appressed, imbricated in 3 series or more, the outer gradually shorter. Receptacle conic or cylindric, chaffy, the chaff subtending and enwrapping the disk-flowers. Style branches elongated, not appendaged. Achenes of the ray-flowers somewhat 3-angled, those of the disk flattened. Pappus of few awns or teeth. {In honor of Paul Crassus, an Italian botanist of the 16th century. ] About 12 species, natives of the United States and Mexico. 412 COMPOSITAE. (Von. IIT. 1. Crassina grandiflora (Nutt. ) Kuntze. Prairie Zinnia. (Fig. 3877.) Zinnia grandiflora Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7: 348. 1841. ar i grandiflora Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 331. 1891. Perennial, woody at the base, tufted, much branched, rough, 4’-6’ high. Leaves rather rigid, linear to linear-lanceolate, entire, 6’’-15’’ long, 14’’ wide, or less, connate at the base, acute or acutish, crowded; heads numerous, peduncled, terminating the branches, 10’/-18’’ broad; rays 4 or 5, broad, yellow, rounded, or emarginate, their achenes with a pappus of 2 or 4 awns; in- volucre campanulate-cylindric, 3//-4/’ high; style-branches of the disk-flowers subulate. In dry soil, Kansas and Colorado to Texas, Mexico and Arizona. June-Sept. 56. HELIOPSIS Pers. Syn. 2: 473. 1807. Perennial herbs (a tropical species annual), with opposite petioled 3-ribbed leaves, and large peduncled terminal and axillary heads of tubular and radiate yellow flowers. Invo- lucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, its bracts oblong or lanceolate, imbricated in 2 or 3 series. Receptacle convex or conic, chaffy, the chaff enveloping the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers pistillate, fertile, the rays spreading, the tube very short, commonly persistent on the achene. Disk-flowers perfect, the tube short, the limb elongated, 5-toothed. An- thers entire, or minutely 2-toothed at the base. Style-branches tipped with small hirsute appendages. Achenes thick, obtusely 3-4-angled, the summit truncate. Pappus none, or of 2-4 teeth, or a coroniform border. [Greek, sun-like. ] About 6 species, natives of America. Besides the following, two others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. Leaves smooth, or nearly so; pappus none, or of 2-4 stout teeth. 1. H. helianthotdes. Leaves rough; pappus crown-like, or of 1-3 sharp teeth. 2. H. scabra. 1. Heliopsis helianthdides (L.) B.S.P. Ox-eye. False Sunflower. (Fig. 3878.) Buphthalmum helianthoides VW. Sp. Pl. 904. 1753- Heliopsis laevis Pers. Syn. 2: 473. 1807. Heliopsis helianthoides B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 28. 1888. Stem glabrous, branched above, 3°-5° high. Leaves opposite, or rarely in 3’s, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, rather thin, acuminate at the apex, usually abruptly narrowed at the base, sharply and nearly equally dentate, smooth on both sides, or roughish above, 3/-6’ long, 1/-214’ wide; heads long-pedun- cled, somewhat corymbose, 114/-21!4’ broad; rays 9//-12/’ long, persistent, or at length decaying away from the achenes; bracts of the involucre oblong or linear-oblong, ob- tuse or acutish, the outer commonly longer than the inner; achenes glabrous, the summit truncate; pappus none, or of 2-4 short teeth. In open places, Ontario to Florida, west to Illinois and Kentucky. July-Sept. ‘GENUS 56.] THISTLE FAMILY. 413 2. Heliopsis scabra Dunal. Rough Ox-eye. (Fig. 3879.) Heliopsis scabra Dunal, Mem. Mus. Paris, 5: 56. pl. 4. 1819. Heliopsis laevis var. scabra T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 303. 1842. Similar to the preceding species, but stem rough, at least above, simple or branched, 2°-4° high. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or sometimes acuminate, sharply dentate, rough on both sides, firm, 2’-5’ long, 134’-2’ wide, abruptly narrowed at the base, short-petioled; heads few, or sometimes solitary, long-pedun- cled, 2’-2%4’ broad; rays usually 1’ long, or more; bracts of the involucre canescent, oblong or linear-oblong; achenes pubescent on the margins when young; pappus a short laciniate crown, or I-3 sharp teeth. Usually in dry soil, Maine to New York, New Jer- sey, Illinois, British Columbia, and Arkansas, June- Sept. 57. ECLIPTA I. Mant. Pl. 2:157. 17717. Erect or diffuse branching pubescent or hirsute herbs, with opposite leaves, and small peduncled terminal and axillary heads of tubular and radiate whitish flowers. Involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, its bracts imbricated in about 2 series, nearly equal, or the outer longer. Receptacle flat or convex, chaffy, the chaff awn-like, subtending the achenes. Ray-flowers pistillate, fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, mostly fertile, their corollas tubular, 4-toothed or rarely 5-toothed. Anthers entire or minutely 2-toothed at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers with obtuse or triangular tips. Achenes thick, those of the rays 3-sided, those of the disk compressed. Pappus none, or of a few short teeth. {Greek, wanting, referring to the absence of pappus. ] About 4 species, mostly of tropical distribution. 1. Eclipta alba (1L,.) Hassk. Kclipta. (Fig. 3880.) Verbesina alba I,. Sp. Pl. 902. 1753. Eclipta erecta 1, Mant. 2: 286. 1771. Eclipta procumbens Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 2: 129. 1803. Eclipta alba Hassk. Pl. Jav. Rar. 528. 1848. Annual, rough with appressed pubescence, erect or diffuse, 6’-3° high. Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lance- olate or linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, den- ticulate or entire, narrowed to a sessile base, or the lower petioled, 1/-5’ long, 2/’-10’’ wide; heads com- monly numerous, 3/’-6/’ broad, nearly sessile, or slender-peduncled; rays short, nearly white; anthers brown; achenes 4-toothed, or at length truncate. Along streams,and in waste places, southern New York to Illinois and Nebraska, south to Florida, Texas and Mexico. Naturalized from tropical America and widely distributed in warm regions asa weed. July—Oct. 58. TETRAGONOTHECA IL. Sp. Pl. 903. 1753. Erect perennial mostly branched herbs, with opposite, sessile or connate-perfoliate, broad dentate leaves, and large peduncled heads of tubular and radiate yellow flowers. In- volucre depressed-hemispheric, its principal bracts 4, large and foliaceous, inserted in I series; inner bracts 6-15, small, subtending the pistillate ray-flowers. Receptacle conic, chaffy, the chaff concave, enwrapping the perfect fertile disk-flowers, the corollas of which are slender and 5-toothed. Anthers entire or minutely 2-toothed at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers hispid, tipped with elongated appendages. Achenes thick, 4-sided, truncate at the summit. Pappus none, or of several short scales. [Greek, 4-angled-case, referring to the involucre. ] Three known species, natives of the southern United States and northern Mexico. 414 COMPOSITAE. (Vor. 111. 1. Tetragonotheca helianthoides L. Tetragonotheca. (Fig. 3881.) Telragonotheca helianthoides 1, Sp. Pl. 903. 1753. Viscidly pubescent; stem branched or sim- ple, 1°-24° high. Leaves ovate, ovate-ob- long, or somewhat rhomboid, thin, coarsely \ and unequally dentate, pinnately veined, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, sessile, or connate-perfoliate, 2-6’ long, 1/-3 wide; heads usually few, 114/-3/ broad; in- volucre 4-angled in the bud, its principal bracts broadly ovate, acute; rays 6-10, strong- ly parallel-nerved, 2-3-toothed; corolla-tube villous below; achenes 4-sided, or nearly terete; pappus none. In dry soil, Virginia to Florida and Alabama. May-June. Sometimes flowering again in the autumn. 59. SPILANTHES Jacq. Stirp. Am. 214. A/. 726. 1763. Annual branching herbs, or some species perennial, with opposite, usually toothed leaves and rather small, long-peduncled discoid and radiate heads, terminal, or in the upper axils, or rays wanting in some species. Involucre campanulate, its bracts in about 2 series, her- baceous, loosely appressed. Receptacle convex or elongated, chaffy, its chaff embracing the disk-achenes and at length falling away with them. Ray-flowers yellow, or white, pis- tillate. Disk-flowers yellow, perfect, their corollas tubular with an expanded 4-5-cleft limb. Anthers truncate at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers long, sometimes penicillate at the summit. Ray-achenes 3-sided, or compressed, those of the disk-flowers compressed, margined. Pappus of 1-3 awns, or more. [Greek, spot- or stain-flower, not significant. ] About 30 species, natives of warm and tropical regions. 1. Spilanthes répens (Walt.) Michx. Spilanthes. (Fig. 3882.) Anthemis repens Walt. Fl. Car. 211. 1788. Spilanthes repens Michx. F1. Bor. Am. 2: 131. 1803. Perennial, usually rooting at the lower nodes; stem slender, simple or branched, spreading or ascending, 8/-2° long, pubescent, or nearly glabrous. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, petioled, acute or acuminate at the apex, or the lower obtuse, coarsely toothed, or nearly entire, 1/-3/ long; heads long-peduncled, solitary at the end of the stem and branches, 6’/—10’ broad; bracts of the involucre oblong to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute; rays 8-12, yellow; receptacle narrowly conic; achenes oblong, most of them roughened when mature and hispidulous; pap- pus of 1 or 2 very short awns, or none. In moist or wet soil, Missouri to Texas, east to South Carolina and Florida. June-Sept. 60. RUDBECKIA IL, Sp. Pl. 906. =1753. Perennial or biennial (rarely annual), mostly rigid, usually rough or hispid herbs, with alternate undivided lobed or pinnatifid leaves, and large long-peduncled heads of tubular (mostly purple) and radiate (yellow) flowers. Involucre hemispheric, its bracts imbricated ¢ GEnvs 60.] THISTLE FAMILY. 415 in 2-4 series. Receptacle coniz or convex, with chaffy concave scales subtending or en- veloping the disk-flowers. Ray-fowers neutral, the rays entire or toothed. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas 5-lobed. Anthers entire or minutely 2-mucronate at the base. Style-branches tipped with hirsute appendages. Achenes 4-angled, obtuse or truncate at the apex. Pappus coroniform, sometimes of 2-4 short teeth, or none. [In honor of Claus Rudbeck, 1630-1702, Swedish anatomist and botanist. ] About 27 species, natives of North America and Mexico. In addition to the following, some 18 others occur in the southern and western United States. % Stem-leaves not cordate-clasping; achenes 4-angled. Disk globose or ovoid and purple or dark brown in fruit; lower leaves entire or lobed. Lower leaves deeply 3-lobed or 3-divided. Plant more or less hirsute; leaves thin; chaff awned. 1. R. triloba. Plant scabrous; leaves thick; chaff blunt, pubescent at apex. 2. R. subtomentosa. Leaves neither 3-lobed nor 3-divided. Plants hispid; chaff acute or acutish, hirsute at summit. Stem leaves lanceolate tooblong; involucre shorterthantherays. 3. R. hirfa. Stem leaves oval to obovate; involucral bracts foliaceous, nearly as long as the rays. 4. R. Brittonti, Plants pubescent or glabrate; chaff obtuse. Leaves denticulate or entire; rays 9/’-12'' long. Stem leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate; disk 6'’-8'' broad, globose. 5. R&. fulgida. Stem leaves obovate or spatulate; disk 4'’-5'’ broad, depressed. 6. R. spathulata. Leaves dentate or laciniate; rays about 18'’ long. 7. R. speciosa. Disk elongated or cylindric in fruit, yellowish or gray; lower leaves pinnately divided or pinnatifid. 7 8. R. laciniata. % % Stem-leaves cordate-clasping; achenes nearly terete, striate. 9g. R. amplexicaulis. 1. Rudbeckia triloba L. Thin-leaved Cone-flower. (Fig. 3883.) Rudbeckia triloba I, Sp. Pl. 907. 1753. r Stem somewhat pubescent and rough, rarely glabrate, branched, 2°-5° high. Leaves \ thin, rough on both sides, bright green, the basal and lower ones petioled, some or all of them 3-lobed or 3-parted, the lobes lanceo- late or oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate; upper leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or lance- olate, acuminate or acute, narrowed to a ses- \S sile base or into short margined petioles, RAGS serrate or entire, 2/-4’ long, 14/-1’ wide; LEN heads nearly 2’ broad, corymbed; bracts of / WS the involucre linear, acute; pubescent, soon teflexed; rays 8-12, yellow, or the base orange or brownish-purple; disk dark purple, ovoid, about 6’” broad; chaff of the receptacle awn-pointed; pappus a minute crown. In moist soil, New Jersey to Georgia, west to Michigan, Missouri and Louisiana. Sometimes escaped from gardens to roadsides. Called also Brown-eyed Susan. June-Oct. Wine We Wy =< 2. Rudbeckia subtoment6sa Pursh. Sweet Cone-flower. (Fig. 3884.) Rudbeckia subtomentosa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept.575. 1814. Densely and finely cinereous-pubescent and scab- rous; stem branched above, 2°-6° high. leaves thick, some or all the lower ones deeply 3-lobed or 3-parted, petioled, 3/-5’ long, the lobes oblong or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, dentate; upper leaves, or some of them, lanceolate or ovate, acuminate, sessile or nearly so; heads numerous, 2/—3/ broad; rays 15-20, yellow, or with a darker base; disc sub- globose, rounded, purple, 6/’-8’’ broad; bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate, acuminate, squarrose, sweet-scented; chaff of the receptacle linear, obtuse or obtusish, pubescent, or somewhat glandular at the apex; pappus a short crenate crown. On prairies and along rivers, Illinois to Louisiana, Mis- souri and Texas, July-Sept. 416 COMPOSITAE. (Vou. III. 3. Rudbeckia hirtaL. Black Eyed Susan. Yellow Daisy. (Fig. 3885.) Rudbeckia hirta I. Sp. Pl. 907. 1753. Hirsute or hispid throughout, biennial or some- times annual; stems simple or sparingly branched, often tufted, 1°-3° high. Leaves thick, sparingly serrate with low teeth, or entire, lanceolate or ob- long, the lower and basal ones petioled, mostly ob- tuse, 3-5-nerved, 2’-7’ long, 4’-2’ wide, the upper sessile, narrower, acute or acutish; heads common- ly few or solitary, 2’-4’ broad; rays 10-20, orange, rarely darker at the base; bracts of the involu- cre very hirsute, spreading or reflexed, much shorter than the rays; disk globose-ovoid, purple-brown; chaff of the receptacle linear, acute or acutish, hir- sute at the apex; style-tips acute; pappus none. In fields, Quebec to western Ontario and the North- west Territory, south to Florida, Colorado and Texas. Native only on the western prairies. Widely distribu- ted in the east as a weed. Called also Nigger-head, Golden Jerusalem, Ox-eye Daisy. May-Sept. 4. Rudbeckia Brittonii Small. Brit- ton’s Cone-flower. (Fig. 3886.) Rudbeckia Brittonit Small, Mem. Torr. Club, 4:130. 1894. Stem stout, hispid, erect, 1 4°-24° high, sim- ple, grooved, leafy, at least below. Leaves ser- rate or crenate-serrate, strigose-pubescent, the basal ones ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 3/-4/ long, obtuse, long-petioled; stem leaves obovate to oval, often with a lateral lobe, the petioles wing-margined; uppermost leaves often ovate- lanceolate, sessile, cordate; bracts of the invo- lucre foliaceous, often 1’ long or more; head 2/-3/ broad; rays about 12, 2-lobed; outer chaff oblanceolate, the inner linear, acute, purple-tipped, fringed with jointed hairs; style-tips slender, acute. In woods, mountains of Pennsylvania to Vir- ginia and Tennessee. May-July. wi 5. Rudbeckia falgida Ait. Orange Cone- flower. (Fig. 3887.) Rudbeckia fulgida Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 251. 1789. Perennial; stem hirsute, or strigose-pubescent, slender, sparingly branched or simple, 1°-3° high. Leaves firm, entire, or sparingly serrate with distant teeth, more or less hirsute or pubescent on both sides, the basal and lower ones oblong or spatulate, obtuse, 2-4’ long, 3-nerved, narrowed into margined petioles, the upper lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, or slightly clasping at the base; heads few, 1/-14’ broad; bracts of the involucre oblong or lanceolate, 3/’-8’’ long; rays 10-15, linear, bright yellow, or with an orange base; disk globose or globose-ovoid, brown-purple, 5’/—7’ broad; chaff of the receptacle linear-oblong, obtuse, glabrous, or nearly so at the summit; pappus a minute crown. In dry soil, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Georgia, west to Missouri and Texas. Aug.-Oct. | | GENUS 60.] THISTLE FAMILY. 417 6. Rudbeckia spathulata Michx. Spatulate-leaved, or Flat-headed Cone-flower. (Fig. 3888.) Rudbeckia spathulata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 144. 1803. Perennial; stem slender, simple, or little branched, finely strigose-pubescent, 1°-3° high. Leaves ap- pressed-pubescent on both sides, obovate, oval, or spatulate, the lower 2’-4’ long, 1/-1}4’ wide, or the basal ones sometimes nearly orbicular, obtuse or ob- tusish,denticulate, narrowed into margined petioles; upper leaves smaller, sessile, mostly entire, oblong and acute; heads few, or solitary, 1/-1%4’ broad; bracts of the involucre short, at length reflexed; disk depressed-globose or ovoid, about 5’’ broad; rays 8-12, oblong, yellow, mostly orange at the base; chaff of the receptacle obtuse; style-tips obtuse; pappus a short-toothed crown. In dry woods, Chester Co., Penn., to Tennessee and ! mn Florida. Aug.-Sept. 4 — 7. Rudbeckia speciosa Wenderoth. Showy Cone-flower. (Fig. 3889.) Rudbeckia aspera Pers. Syn. 2: 477. 1807.? Rudbeckia speciosa Wender. Ind. Sem. Hort. Marb. 1828. Perennial, more or less hirsute or hispid; stem branched above, 1°-4° high. Leaves firm, slender- petioled, 2’-5’ long, 1/-2’ wide, dentate with low teeth, acute or sometimes acuminate, 3-5-nerved; stem leaves sessile or partly clasping, or narrowed into broad margined petioles, laciniate or sharply serrate, lanceolate, acuminate, often 6’ long, the uppermost smaller and sometimes entire; heads several, 2’-3/ broad; bracts of the involucre linear- lanceolate, acute; rays 12-20, 1/-114’ long, bright yellow, usually orange at the base; disk depressed- globose, 5’’-8’’ broad, brown-purple; chaff of the receptacle obtusish or acute, ciliate or naked; pap- pus a short crown. In moist soil, New Jersey to Michigan, south to Ala- bamaand Arkansas. Aug.-—Oct. 8. Rudbeckia laciniata IL. ‘Tall, or Green-headed Cone-flower. (Fig. 3890.) Rudbeckia laciniata 1. Sp. Pl. 906. 1753. Perennial; stem much branched, glabrous, or nearly so, 3°-12° high. Leaves rather thin, mi- nutely pubescent on the margins and upper surface, broad, the basal and lower ones long-petioled, often 1° wide, pinnately 3-7-divided, the segments vari- ously toothed and lobed; stem leaves shorter-peti- oled, 3-5-parted or divided, the uppermost much smaller, 3-lobed, dentate or entire; heads several or numerous, 24/-4’ broad; rays 6-10, bright yellow, drooping; bracts of the involucre unequal; chaff of the receptacle truncate and canescent at the apex; disk greenish-yellow, at length oblong and twice as long as thick or longer; pappus a short crown. In moist thickets, Quebec to Manitoba and Montana, south to Florida and New Mexico. Called also Thim- ble weed. July-Sept. 27 418 COMPOSITAE. [Vor. III. Rudbeckia laciniata himilis A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 262. 1884. Simple or branched, glabrous or nearly so, 1°-2° high, some or all of the basal leaves orbicular and undivided; heads1'%'-2'4' broad; disk globose or ovoid. Virginia and North Carolina to Ten- nessee and Georgia, mostly in the mountains. 9. Rudbeckia amplexicatlis Vahl. Clasping-leaved Cone-flower. (Fig. 3891.) Rudbeckia amplexicaulis Vahl, Act. Havn, 2: 29. pi. 4. 1783. Annual; glabrous throughout, somewhat glaucous; ~_ stem branched, grooved, 1°-2° high, the branches © ascending. eaves entire, or sparingly toothed, r- ribbed, reticulate-veined, the lower oblong to spatu- late, sessile, the upper ovate, ovate-oblong, or lance- olate, acute, cordate-clasping; heads solitary at the ends of the branches, long-peduncled, about 2’ broad; bracts of the involucre few, lanceolate, acu- minate; rays yellow, or sometimes brown at the base; disk ovoid-oblong, often becoming 1’ high; achenes not angled, striate and transversely wrin- kled, obliquely attached to the elongated receptacle; chaff at length deciduous; pappus none. In wet soil, Missouri to Louisiana and Texas, June- Aug. u 61. RATIBIDA Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2: 268. 1818. [LepacHys Raf. Journ. Phys. 89: Ioo, 1819.] Mostly perennial herbs, with alternate pinnately divided or parted leaves, and long-pedun- cled terminal heads of tubular and radiate flowers, the disk-flowers gray or yellow, becoming brown, the rays yellow, or with brown bases, drooping or spreading. Involucral bracts in 2 or 3 series. Disk globose, oblong or cylindric. Receptacle columnar to subulate, the con- cave chaff subtending or enveloping the disk-flowers, truncate, the tips inflexed, canescent. Ray-flowers neutral. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas with scarcely any tube. Achenes short, flattened, sharp-margined, or winged, at length deciduous with the chaff. Pappus with 1 or 2 teeth, or none. [Name unexplained. ] About 4 species, natives of North America. Style-tips lanceolate-subulate; leaf-segments lanceolate; rays 1'-3' long, 1. R. pinnala. Style-tips short, blunt; leaf-segments linear; rays 3'’-15'’ long. Disk cylindric, at length 1’ long or more; rays mostly as long, or longer. 2. R. columnaris, Disk globose to short-oblong, about }4' high; rays mostly short. 3. R. Tagetes. 1. Ratibida pinnata (Vent.) Barnhart. Gray-headed Cone-flower. (Fig. 3892. ) Rudbeckia pinnata Vent. Hort. Cels, pl. 77. 1800, Lepachys pinnata T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 314. 1842. Ratibida pinnata Barnhart, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 410. 1897. Perennial; rough and _strigose-pubescent throughout; stem branched or simple, 3°-5° high. Leaves pinnately 3-7-divided, the basal ones sometimes 10’ long, petioled, the segments lanceolate-dentate, cleft or entire, acute or acuminate; upper leaves sessile or nearly so, the uppermost commonly small and entire; bracts of the involucre linear or linear-oblong, short, re- flexed; rays 4-10, bright yellow, 1/-3/ long, 3//- 9/’ wide, drooping; style-tips lance-subulate; disk oblong, gray or becoming brown, rounded, at length twice as long as thick; chaff of the re- ceptacle canescent at the summit; achenes com- pressed, acutely margined, the inner margin produced into a short tooth. On dry prairies, Western New York to Florida, west to Minnesota, Nebraskaand Louisiana. June- Sept. GENUS 61. ] THISTLE FAMILY. 419 2. Ratibida columnaris (Sims) D. Don. Long-headed or Prairie Cone-flower. (Fig. 3893.) senabeckia columnaris Sims, Bot. Mag. pl. sr6or. 1813. Ratibida columnaris D. Don; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. 2: 361. 1838. Lepachys columnaris T.& G. Fl. N. A. 2: 313. 1842. Lepachys columnaris var. pulcher rima 'T. & G. loc. cit. 1842. Perennial, strigose-pubescent and _ scabrous; stem slender, usually branched, 1°-2%° high. Leaves thick, pinnately divided into linear or linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, entire dentate or cleft segments, the cauline short-petioled or ses- sile, 2’-4/ long, the basal ones sometimes oblong, obtuse and undivided, slender-petioled; bracts of the involucre short, linear-lanceolate or subulate, reflexed; rays 4-10, yellow, brown at the base, or brown all over, 4’-15’’ long, drooping; disk gray, elongated-conic or cylindric, obtuse, at length 3 or 4 times as long as thick; chaff of the receptacle canescent at the apex; achenes scar- ious-margined or narrowly winged on the inner side; pappus of 1 or 2 subulate teeth usually with several short intermediate scales. On dry prairies, Northwest Territory to Minnesota, Nebraska, ‘Texas and Arizona. Also in Ten- nessee. May-Aug. 3. Ratibida Tagétes (James) Barnhart. Short-rayed Cone-flower. (Fig. 3894.) gS Ni eg Tageles James in Long’s Exp. 2: 68. 1823 hee Tagetes A. Gray, Pac. R. R. Rep. 4: 103. Ratibida Tagetes Barnhart, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 100. 1897. Perennial, rough-canescent; stem 1°-1%° high, usually much branched, leafy. Leaves firm, pinnately divided into 3-7 narrowly linear, mostly entire segments; peduncles terminal, %4/— 2’ long; heads 1’ broad, or less; bracts of the receptacle narrow, deflexed; rays few, mostly shorter than the globose to short-oyal disk; style- tips obtuse; achenes scarious-margined; pappus of I or 2 subulate deciduous teeth, with no short intermediate teeth. On dry plains and rocky hills, Kansas to Texas, Chihuahua, New Mexico and Arizona. July—Sept. 62. BRAUNERIA Neck. Elem. 1:17. 1790. [EcuHrnacEA Moench, Meth. 591. 1794.] Perennial erect branched or simple herbs, with thick black roots, thick rough alternate or opposite 3-5-nerved entire or dentate undivided leaves, and large long-peduncled heads of tu- bular and radiate flowers, the rays purple, purplish or crimson, the disk green or purple, at length ovoid or conic. Involucre depressed-hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate, spreading or appressed, imbricated in 2-4 series. Receptacle conic, chaffy, the chaff carinate and cuspi- date. Ray-flowers neutral, or with a rudimentary pistil. Disk-flowers perfect, the corolla cylindric, 5-toothed. Achenes 4-sided, obpyramidal, thick. Pappus a short dentate crown. [Named for Jacob Brauner, a German botanist of the 18th century. ] Two known species, natives of eastern and central North America. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, mostly dentate. 1. B. purpurea. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, entire. 2. B. pallida, 420 COMPOSITAE. [Vor. IIL. 1. Brauneria purpurea (L.) Britton. Purple Cone-flower. Black Sampson. (Fig. 3895.) Rudbeckia purpurea I. Sp. Pl. 907. 1753- Echinacea purpurea Moench, Meth. 591. 1794. Brauneria purpurea Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 334. 1894. Stem glabrous, or sparingly hispid, usually stout, 2°-5° high. Lower and basal leaves slender-petioled, ovate, mostly 5-nerved, acute or acuminate at the apex, abruptly narrowed or rarely cordate at the base, commonly sharply dentate, 3’-8’ long, 1-3’ wide; petioles mostly winged at the summit; uppermost leaves lan- ceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, sessile or nearly so, often entire; rays 12-20, purple, * crimson, or rarely pale, 114’-3’ long, spreading or drooping. In moist, rich soil, Virginia to Alabama, west to Illinois, Kentucky and Louisiana. Called also Red Sunflower. July-Oct. 2. Brauneria pallida (Nutt. ) Britton. Pale Purple Cone-flower. (Fig. 3896.) Rudbeckia pallida Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7: 77- 1834. Echinacea angustifolia DC. Prodr. 5: 554. 1836. Brauneria pallida Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 333. 1894. Stem hispid, slender, often simple, 1°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, acute and about equally narrowed at each end, strongly 3-nerved and sometimes with an additional pair of marginal less distinct nerves, entire, 3’-8’ long, 4’/’—12/’ wide, the lower and basal ones slender- petioled, the upper short-petioled or sessile; heads and flowers similar to those of the pre- ceding species, but the rays usually shorter and narrower, often pale. In dry soil, especially on prairies, Illinois to Alabama, west to Minnesota, the Northwest Ter- ritory, Nebraska and Texas. July-—Oct. 63. BORRICHIA Adans. Fam. Pl. 2: 130. 1763. Fleshy, more or less canescent, branching shrubs of the sea-coast, with opposite entire or denticulate, cuneate oblong spatulate or obovate, I-3-nerved leaves, and terminal large long- peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers. Involucre hemispheric, its bracts slightly unequal, imbricated in 2 or 3 series, the inner ones coriaceous. Receptacle convex, chaffy, the chaff rigid, concave, subtending or enwrapping the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers pis- tillate, fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, the corolla tubular, 5-toothed, the style-branches elongated, hispid. Anthers dark-colored, entire at the base, or minutely sagittate. Achenes of the ray-flowers 3-sided, those of the disk-flowers 4-sided. Pappus a short dentate crown. [Named for Olaf Borrick, a Danish botanist. ] aaa 5 species, natives of America. In addition to the following, another occurs in South Florida. NE ae GENUS 63.] THISTLE FAMILY. 421 1. Borrichia frutéscens (L.) DC. Sea Ox-eye. (Fig. 3897.) Buphthalmum frutescens l,. Sp. Pl. 903. 1753. Borrichia frutescens DC. Prodr. 5: 488. 1836. Finely canescent, even when old; stems terete, spar- ingly branched, 1°-4° high. Leaves mostly erect or ascending, spatulate or obovate, obtuse or acutish and mucronulate at the apex, fleshy, tapering to the sessile base, somewhat connate, 1/-3’ long, 2//-7’’ wide; heads solitary or few, about 1’ broad; rays 15-25, rather short; exterior bracts of the involucre ovate and somewhat spreading, the inner ones and the chaff of the receptacle cuspidate. coasts of Mexico and the West Indies. April—Oct. Sea-coast, Virginia to Florida and Texas. Also on the i) 64. HELIANTHUS L.. Sp. Pl. 904.1753. Erect, annual or perennial, mostly branched herbs, with opposite or alternate, simple leaves, and large peduncled corymbose or solitary heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, the rays yellow, the disk yellow, brown, or purple. Involucre hemispheric, or depressed, its bracts imbricated in several series. Receptacle flat, convex or conic, chaffy, the chaff sub- tending the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers neutral (in our species), the rays spreading, mostly entire. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, the corolla tubular, the tube short, the limb 5-lobed. Anthers entire, or minutely 2-toothed at the base. Style-branches tipped with hirsute ap- pendages. Achenes thick, oblong or obovate, compressed, or somewhat 4-angled. Pappus of 2 scales or awns, or sometimes with 2-4 additional shorter ones, deciduous. [Greek, sun- flower. ] About 60 species, natives of the New World. Besides the following, about 18 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. *% Disk purple, purplish or brown; receptacle flat or convex. 1. Leaves mostly alternate, the lower opposite. Leaves narrow, linear or lanceolate; perennials. Stem rough; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate; eastern. 1. H. angustifolius. Stem glabrous; leaves elongated-linear; western. 2. H. orgyalis. Leaves broad, ovate; annuals. Leaves dentate; bracts ovate, acuminate, ciliate, hispid. 3. H. annuus. Leaves entire or nearly so; bracts lanceolate, canescent. 4. H. petiolaris. 2. Leaves mostly opposite, the upper alternate. Leaves hispid, abruptly contracted into winged petioles. 5. H. alrorubens. Leaves gradually narrowed into petioles. 6. H. scaberrimus. % % Disk yellowjor yellowish; receptacle convex or conic. } Leaves nearly all basal or near theybase; upper bract-like. 7. H. occidentalis. Tt Stems leafy, leaves alternate or opposite. 1. Leaves prevailingly lanceolate and 3-8 times as long as wide. a. Leaves glabrous on both sides; heads 1/-1%’ broad. 8. AH. laevigatus. b. Leaves scabrous, at least on the upper surface. Heads %4'-114' broad: leaves thin; stem glabrous. 9. H. microcephalus. Heads 134-3’ broad; leaves firm, many of them often alternate. Stem scabrous, scabrate or hispid; leaves sessile or nearly so. Leaves lanceolate, scabrous above, hirsute beneath. 10. H. giganteus. Leaves elongated-lanceolate, very scabrous on both sides. 11. H Maximiliant. Stem glabrous; leaves sessile by a truncate base. 13. H. divaricatus. *. Stem glabrous, glaucous; leaves petioled. 12. HZ. grosse-serratus. 2. Leaves prevailingly ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong. a. Leaves sessile, or very nearly so. Stem glabrous; leaves divaricate. 13. H, divaricatus. Stem hirsute or hispid; leaves ascending, Leaves cordate-clasping at the base. 14. Hf. mollis. Leaves narrowed from below the middle. 15. H. doronicoides, b. Leaves manifestly petioled. Stem puberulent or glabrous. Leaves membranous, slender-petioled, sharply serrate. 16. H. decapetalus. Leaves firmer, shorter-petioled, less serrate or entire. Bracts of the involucre much longer than the disk. 17. Hi. tracheltifolius, Bracts of the involucre about equalling the disk. 18. A. strumosus. Stem hirsute, hispid, or scabrous. ’ Leaves rounded or truncate at the base, short-petioled. 19. H. hirsulus. Leaves, at least the upper, narrowed at the base . Bracts of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, appressed. 20. H. laetiflorus. 422 COMPOSITAE. (Vou. III. Bracts of the involucre lanceolate-acuminate, spreading. Leaves villous-pubescent beneath. 21. H. tomentosus. Leaves scabrous or puberulent beneath. 22. H. tuberosus. 1. Helianthus angustifolius L. Narrow-leaved or Swamp Sunflower. (Fig. 3898. ) Helianthus angustifolius 1, Sp. Pl. 906. 1753. Perennial by slender rootstocks; stems branched above, or simple, slender, rough or roughish above, often hirsute below, 2°-7° high. Leaves firm, entire, sessile, linear, slightly scabrous, rarely somewhat ca- nescent beneath, 2’-7’ long, 2’’-3’’ wide, the margins revolute when dry, the upper ones all alternate, the lower opposite; heads usually few, sometimes solitary, 2/-3/ broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts linear- lanceolate, acute or acuminate, scarcely squarrose, pu- bescent; receptacle slightly convex; disk purple; chaff entire or 3-toothed; rays 12-20; achenes truncate, glabrous; pappus usually of 2 short awns. In swamps, Long Island, N. Y. to Florida, Kentucky and Texas, mainly near the coast. Aug.-Oct. 2. Helianthus orgyalis DC. Linear- leaved Sunflower. (Fig. 3899.) HI, giganteus var. crinttus Nutt. Gen. 2: 177. 1818.? Helianthus orgyalis DC. Prodr. 5: 586. 1836. Perennial by slender rootstocks; stems gla- brous, branched near the summit, very leafy to the top, 6°-10° high. eaves sessile, entire, linear or nearly filiform, or the lowest lanceolate, remotely dentate and short-petioled, rough with mucronate- tipped papillae, especially on the lower surface, acuminate, 4’-16’ long, 1’’-4/’ wide, the upper all alternate and 1-nerved, the lower commonly oppo- site; heads numerous, about 2’ broad, terminating slender branches; involucre nearly hemispheric, its bracts linear-subulate to lanceolate, acuminate, squarrose, ciliate; disk purple or brown; receptacle convex, its chaff entire, or toothed, slightly ciliate; rays 10-20; achenes oblong-obovate, glabrous, 214//— 3/’ long, 2-4-awned. On dry plains, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas. Cultivated. Sept.—Oct. 3. Helianthus annuus L. Common Sunflower. (Fig. 3900.) Helianthus annuus V,. Sp. Pl. 904. —1753- Stem hispid or scabrous, stout, branched above, 3°- 6° high, or in cultivated forms sometimes 15° high. Leaves all but the lower alternate, broadly ovate, peti- oled, 3-nerved, dentate or denticulate, acute at the apex, rough on both sides, sometimes pubescent be- neath, the lower cordate at the base, 3’-12’ long; heads in the wild plant 3/-6’ broad; disk dark purple or brown; involucre depressed, its bracts ovate or ob- long, usually long-acuminate or aristate, hispid-ciliate; chaff of the receptacle 3-cleft; achenes obovate-oblong, appressed-pubescent, or nearly glabrous. On prairies, etc., Minnesota to the Northwest Territory, Missouriand Texas. Much larger in cultivation; an occa- sionalescapeinthe east. Old names, Gold, Gloden, Larea- bell. Its flowers yield honey and a yellow dye ; its leaves fodder; its seeds, an oil and food; and its stalks a textile fibre. July-Sept. GENUS 64.] THISTLE FAMILY. 423 4. Helianthus petiolaris Nutt. Prairie Sunflower. (Fig. 3901.) HH. petiolaris Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 2: 115. 1821. Annual, similar to the preceding species, but smaller and with smaller heads; stem strigose-hispid or hir- sute, 1°-3° high. Leaves all but the lowest alternate, petioled, oblong, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, rough on ‘both sides, usually paler beneath than above, 1/-3/ long, entire, or denticulate, obtuse or acutish at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base; heads 114/-3/ ‘broad; disk brown; involucre depressed-hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, densely canescent, not hispid-ciliate, acute or short-acuminate; achenes villous pubescent, at least when young. On dry prairies, Minnesota to the Northwest Territory, and Oregon, south to Missouri, Texasand Arizona. Found tarely in waste places farthereast. June-Sept. Helianthus petiolaris canus Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 334- _ 1894. HT, petiolaris var. canescens A. Gray, Pl. Wright. 1: 108. 1852. Not H. canescens Michx. Leaves ovate, white-canescent beneath. Nebraska to Texas and New Mexico. Helianthus petiolaris patens (Lehm.) Rydberg, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 334. 1894. Helianthus patens ehm. Ind. Sem. Hamburg. 1828. “ ee larger, long-peduncled, the peduncles fleshy toward the top; leaves large, long-petioled. Nebraska. 5. Helianthus atrorubens L. Hairy Wood Sunflower. Purple-disk F Sunflower. (Fig. 3902.) Helianthus atrorubens I, Sp. Pl. 906. 1753. Perennial; stems hirsute below, often minutely pu- bescent above, branched at the summit, 2°-5° high. Leaves hirsute on both sides, or canescent beneath, mostly thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acutish, con- tracted near the base into margined petioles, dentate or crenate-dentate, 4/-10’ long,1/—4’ wide, the lower op- posite, the upper few, distant, small, mainly alternate; heads not numerous, slender-peduncled, about 2 broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts oblong to ob- ovate, obtuse, ciliolate, appressed; disk purple; recep- tacle convex, its chaff acute, entire, or 3-toothed; rays 10-20; achenes obovate, truncate, finely pubescent, about 2’’ long; pappus usually of 2 lanceolate awns. In dry woods, Virginia to Florida, west to Ohio, Miss- ouri, Arkansas and Louisiana. Aug.—Oct. 6. Helianthus scabérrimus Ell. Stiff Sunflower. (Fig. 3903.) H., scaberrimus Ell. Bot. S, C. & Ga. 2: 423. 1824. AI, rigidus Desf. Cat. Hort. Paris, Ed. 3, 184. 1829. Perennial; stems simple or little branched, hispid or scabrate, 1°-8° high. Leaves thick, coriaceous, serrate or serrulate, very scabrous on both sides, 2/— 7/ long, 14’-2/ wide, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, the lower ovate or ovate-oblong, petioled, the upper lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile or short-petioled, all opposite, or the uppermost bract- like and alternate; heads solitary or few, 2/-3/ broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts ovate, acute or ob- tusish, ciliate; disk purple or brown; receptacle con- vex, its chaff obtuse; rays 15-25, light yellow; achenes more or less pubescent, oblong-obovate; pappus of 2 broad scales or of 2-4 stout awns. Prairies, Minnesota to the Northwest Territory, south to Illinois, Georgia, Texas and Colorado. Aug.-Sept. 424 COMPOSITAE. [Vor. III. 7. Helianthus occidentalis Riddell. Few-leaved Sunflower. (Fig. 3904.) H. occidentalis Ridd. Suppl. Cat. Ohio Pl. 13. 1836. Perennial; stems appressed-pubescent or some- times nearly glabrous, slender, mostly simple, 2°-3° high. Leaves mainly basal, firm, ovate or oblong- lanceolate, obtuse or obtusish at the apex, narrowed at the base, 3-5-nerved, serrulate or entire, scabrous above, pubescent beneath, with slender petioles of about their own length; stern usually bearing I or 2 pairs of small distant leaves; heads several or soli- tary, 114/-2%4’ broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acumi- nate, generally ciliate, appressed; receptacle convex, its chaff acute; disk yellow; rays 12-15; achenes truncate and pubescent at the summit; pappus of 2 lanceolate-subulate awns. In dry soil, Ohio to Minnesota, south to Florida and Missouri. Aug.—Sept. Helianthus laevigatus T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 330. 1842. Stems slender, from a perennial root, simple or little branched, glabrous, or somewhat glaucous, 2°-6° high. Leaves nearly all opposite, firm, glabrous, lanceolate, short-petioled, or the upper sessile, serrulate or entire, pale beneath, acumi- nate, narrowed at the base, 3/6’ long, %4/-1%4’ wide, the margins sometimes roughish; heads few or solitary, 1/-1 34’ broad; involucre campanu- late, its bracts lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, firm, ciliolate, the tips of the outer ones spreading; rays 5-10; disk yellow; chaff linear; achenes slightly pubescent at the summit; pappus of 2 lanceolate or ovate awns, with or without 2 inter- mediate scales. In dry soil, mountains of Virginia and North Caro- lina, Aug.-Oct. | YW 9g. Helianthus microcéphalus T. &G. Small Wood Sunflower. (Fig. 3906.) Helianthus parviflorus Bernh.; Spreng. Syst. 3: 617. 1826. Not H.B.K. 1820. Helianthus microcephalus T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 329. 1842. Stems slender, glabrous, branched above, or rarely simple, 3°-6° high. Leaves thin or thin- nish, petioled, most of them opposite, lanceo- late, or the lower ovate-lanceolate, rough above, canescent or puberulent beneath, long-acumi- nate at the apex, narrowed at the base, serru- late, or the lower serrate, 3/—7’ long, 14/-134/ wide; heads commonly several or numerous, borne on slender, sometimes roughish pedun- cles, %’-1{’ wide; involucre campanulate, its bracts lanceolate or ovate, acute or acuminate, ciliolate, the tips of the outer ones spreading; chaff of the receptacle oblong, entire, or 3- toothed; rays 5-10; disk yellow; achenes nearly glabrous; pappus usually of 2 subulate awns. In moist woods and along streams, Pennsylvania to Georgia, west to Ohio, Missouri and Louisi- ana. July-Sept. GENUS 64.] THISTLE FAMILY. 425 10. Helianthus gigantéus L. ‘Tall or Giant Sunflower. (Fig. 3907.) Helianthus giganteus 1, Sp. Pl. 905. 1753. Perennial by fleshy roots and creeping rootstocks; stems hispid or scabrous, at least above, branched near the summit, or simple, 3°-12° high. Leaves sessile or short-petioled, firm, lanceolate, very rough above, rough-pubescent beneath, serrate or denticu- late, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, many or all of the upper ones alternate but sometimes all opposite, 2-6’ long, 1%4/’-1’ wide; heads usually several, mostly long-peduncled, 114/-214’ broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts squarrose, lanceolate- subulate, hirsute or ciliate, commonly as long as the diameter of the yellowish disk; chaff of the receptacle oblong-linear, acute; achenes oblong, glabrous; rays 10-20; pappus of 2 subulate awns. J In swamps and wet meadows, Maine and Ontario to the Northwest Territory, south to Florida, Nebraska and Louisiana. Stem commonly purple. Aug.-Oct. Helianthus gigantéus subtuberdsus (Bourgeau) Britton. : Helianthus subtuberosus Bourgeau; A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2,276. Assynonym. 1884. Fleshy roots thick and edible. Leaves more broadly lanceolate and more sharply serrate, largely opposite. Michigan and Minnesota to the Northwest Territory. 11. Helianthus Maximiliani Schrad. Maximilian’s Sunflower. (Fig. 3908.) Helianthus Maximiliani Schrad. Ind, Sem. Hort. Goett. 1835. Perennial by fleshy roots and thickened root- stocks; stems stout, scabrous or hispid below, 2°—12° high. Leaves sessile or short-petioled, long-lanceo- late, folding in drying, alternate or the lower op- posite, very rough on both sides, rigid, acuminate or acute at both ends, denticulate or entire, 3/-7’ long, %/-134’ wide; heads few or numerous, 2/—3/ broad on stout densely rough-pubescent peduncles; involucre hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate, acumi- nate, squarrose, densely strigose-pubescent, often 9’ long; disk yellowish; rays 15-30; chaff linear, acute, pubescent above; achenes linear-oblong, glabrous or nearly so; pappus commonly of 2 lanceolate awns. On dry prairies, Minnesota and Manitoba to the Northwest Territory, Nebraska and Texas. Aug.-Oct. Sl aa 12. Helianthus grosse-serratus Martens. Saw-tooth Sunflower. (Fig. 3909. ) Helianthus grosse-serralus Martens, Sel. Sem, Hort. Loven. 18309. Perennial by fleshy roots and slender root- stocks; stems glabrous, glaucous, branched above, 6°-10° high, the branches usually strigose-pubes- cent; leaves long-lanceolate, slender-petioled, the upper alternate, the lower opposite, long-acuminate, narrowed at the base, sharply serrate, or merely denticulate, the uppermost entire, rough above, densely puberulent or canescent beneath, 4/’-8/ long, %4’-’ wide; heads several or numerous, 1 4/— 3/ broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts squar- rose, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, hirsute; chaff linear-oblong, pubescent at the summit, acute, of- ten 3-toothed; disk yellowish; rays 10-20, deep yellow; achenes nearly glabrous; pappus of 2 lanceolate awns. On prairies, Pennsylvania to South Dakota, Missouri and Texas. Reported from further east. Aug.-Oct. 426 COMPOSITAE. [Von. III. Helianthus Nuttallii T. & G., a low Rocky Mountain plant with smaller heads, slender usually simple stem, and entire or serrulate leaves, may occur in the western part of our area. 13. Helianthus divaricatus L. Rough or Woodland Sunflower. (Fig. 3910.) Helianthus divaricatus Y,. Sp. Pl. 906. 1753. Perennial by slender rootstocks; stem glabrous throughout, or pubescent at the summit, slender, 2°-7° high. Leaves usually all opposite, divaricate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, firm, dentate or den- ticulate, 3-nerved, rough above, pubescent be- neath, sessile, or nearly so by a truncate base, tapering gradually to the long-acuminate apex, 3/— 8/long, 1{’-1 14’ wide; heads few or solitary, about 2’ broad, borne on strigose-pubescent peduncles; involucre hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, strigose or hirsute, the outer ones spreading; disk yellow; rays 8-15; chaff of the re- ceptacle apiculate; achenes glabrous; pappus of 2 short subulate awns. In dry woodlands, Ontario to the Northwest Terri- tory, south to Florida, Nebraska and Louisiana. July- Sept. 14. Helianthus mollis Lam. Hairy Sunflower. (Fig. 3911.) Helianthus mollis Lam. Encycl. 3: 85. 1789. Perennial; stem stout, simple, or sparingly branched above, densely hirsute or hispid, 2°-4° high. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, closely sessile and somewhat clasping by a broad cordate base, pinnately veined, 3-nerved above the base, all opposite, or the upper alternate, ascending, acute or acuminate, scabrous or cinereous-pubescent above, densely and finely pubescent beneath, serru- late, 2’-5’ long, 1/-214’ wide; heads solitary or few, 2/-3’ broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate, acuminate, densely villous canescent, somewhat spreading; disk yellow; rays 15-25; chaff canescent at the summit; mature achenes nearly glabrous; pappus of 2 lanceolate scales. In dry barren soil, Ohio to Georgia, west to Iowa, Missouri and Texas. Aug.—Sept. 15. Helianthus doronicoides Lam. Oblong-leaved Sunflower. (Fig. 3912.) Helianthus doronicoides Lam. Encycl. 3: 84. 1789. Perennial by slender rootstocks; stems stout, rough, or finely rough-pubescent, branched above, 3°-7° high. Leaves oblong, ovate-oblong, or ovate, thick, ascending, serrate or serrulate, acute or acumi- nate at the apex, narrowed at or below the middle to a sessile or slightly clasping base, rough on both sides, or finely pubescent beneath,somewhat 3-nerved, 4/-8/ long, 1-213’ wide; heads commonly numerous, 214/-4’ broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent or hirsute, some- what spreading; disk yellow; rays 12-20, 4//-6/7 wide; achenes glabrous; pappus of 2 subulate awns. In dry soil, Ohio to Michigan, Missouri and Arkansas. Aug.-Sept. ‘GENUS 64. ] THISTLE FAMILY. 427 16. Helianthus decapétalus L. Thin- leaved or Wild Sunflower. (Fig. 3913.) \ / Y i Dy A Helianthus decapetalus 1,. Sp. Pl. 905. 1753. SN y Perennial by branched, sometimes thickened =I ae Lhe. rootstocks; stem slender, glabrous or nearly so, : y AS branched above, 1°-5° high; branches puberulent. \ NY Leaves thin or membranous, 3/-8/ long, 1/3’ wide, 4 hirsute, ciliate, spreading, often longer than the yellow disk; rays 8-15, light yellow; chaff entire or | 3-toothed, pubescent at the apex; achenes glabrous; ; YT ovate or oyate-lanceolate, the lower all opposite and slender-petioled, the upper commonly alternate, pappus of 2 subulate awns. : a In moist woods and along streams, Quebec to Michi- | - ms -gan, south to Georgia and Kentucky. Aug.-Sept. \\\\ —<— \ > h all usually sharply serrate, roughish above, finely but often sparingly pubescent beneath, acuminate, the rounded or truncate base decurrent on the peti- ole; heads numerous, 2/—3/ broad; involucre hemi- spheric, its bracts linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 17. Helianthus tracheliifolius Mill. Throatwort Sunflower. (Fig. 3914.) ATES trachelitfolius Mill. Gard. Dict. Ed. 8, No. 7. 17606. Similar to the following species, but the stem usually roughish-pubescent. Leaves short-petioled, ovate-lan- ceolate, 3-nerved near the base, green both sides, but darker above, generally rougher on the upper sur- face, the lower ones sharply serrate; branches and pe- duncles scabrous; heads several, 214’—3 4’ broad; bracts of the hemispheric involucre linear-lanceolate, long- acuminate, ciliate and puberulent, longer than the yel- low disk, sometimes foliaceous, and 3 times its length. In dry soil, Pennsylvania and Ohio to Wisconsin. Aug.—Sept. 18. Helianthus strumosus I,. Pale- leaved Wood Sunflower. (Fig. 3915.) FTelianthus strumosus 1. Sp. Pl. 905. 1753. Perennial by branched, sometimes tuberous- < thickened rootstocks; stem glabrous below, some- times glaucous, 3°-7° high, branched above, the branches usually pubescent. Leaves short-petioled, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, not membranous, rough above, pale and somewhat puberulent or canescent beneath, serrate, serrulate, or nearly entire, acumi- nate, contracted much below the middle and decur- rent on the petiole, 3-nerved above the base, 3/-8/ long, 1/-214’ wide, mostly opposite, the upper often alternate; heads commonly several, 2%%’—4’ broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate, equalling or a little longer than the diameter of the yellow disk; rays 5-15; chaff pubescent; achenes nearly glabrous. . In dry woods and on banks, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota, Georgia and Arkansas, July-Sept. Helianthus strumésus macrophyllus ( Willd.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 335. 1894. Helianthus macrophyllus Willd. Hort. Berol. pl. 70. 1806. Helianthus mollis Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 2240. 1804. Not Lam. 1789. HT, strumosus var. mollis T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 327. 1842. ; Leaves finely and densely canescent beneath. Massachusetts to Pennsylvania and Iowa. 428 COMPOSITAE. [Von. II. 1g. Helianthus hirsttus Raf. Stiff- haired Sunflower. (Fig. 3916.) Helianthus hirsutus Raf. Ann. Nat. 14. 1820. Perennial; stem densely hirsute, usually branched’ above, stout, rigid, 2°-4° high. Leaves ovate-lance- olate or the upper lanceolate, rounded, truncate or subcordate at the base, acuminate at the apex, thick, very rough above, rough-pubescent beneath, 3- uerved, serrate or serrulate, 3/-6’ long, %4’—2’ wide, short-petioled, or the uppermost sessile, nearly all’ opposite; heads usually several, 2’-314’ broad; in- volucre hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate, or ovate- lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate, mostly puberulent, erect or but slightly spreading, equalling or shorter than the yellow disk; rays 12-15; chaff obtusish, pubescent at the summit; achenes oval, rounded at the summit, glabrous; pappus of 1 or 2 subulate awns. In dry soil, Pennsylvania and Ohio to Wisconsin, south to West Virginia, Georgia and Texas. July—Oct. Helianthus hirsiitus trachyphyllus T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 329. 1842. Leaves thick, very rough on both sides; heads larger; involucral bracts more spreading. Nebraska to Arkansas. 20. Helianthus laetifiorus Pers. Showy Sunflower. (Fig. 3917.) Flelianthus laetiflorus Pers. Syn. 2: 476. 1807. Perennial; stem scabrous or hispid, leafy, 4°-8° high. Leaves oval-lanceolate or ovate lanceolate, short-petioled, 3-nerved, rough on both sides, nar- ‘ rowed at the base, long-acuminate at the apex, serrate or serrulate, 4’/-10’ long, %/-214’ wide, the upper of- ten alternate; heads usually several, 2’-4’ broad, mostly short-peduncled; bracts of the hemispheric involucre oyate-lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, im- bricated in only 2 or 3 series, ciliate, otherwise nearly glabrous, appressed or but little spreading, shorter than or equalling the yellow disk; rays 15-25, showy; chaff of the receptacle entire, or sometimes 3-toothed. On prairies and barrens, Pennsylvania and Ohio to Minnesota. Aug.—Sept. 2t. Helianthus tomentosus Michx. Woolly Sunflower. (Fig. 3918.) Be eala tomentosus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 141~ 1803. Perennial; stem stout, hirsute or hispid, especi- ally above, branched, 4°-10° high. Leaves rather thin, ovate, or the lower oblong, mostly alternate, 3-ribbed above the base, gradually or abruptly con- tracted into margined petioles, rough above, softly villous-pubescent beneath, sparingly serrate, the lower often 1° long and 4’ wide; heads commonly several or numerous, 3/-4’ broad; involucre hemi- spheric, its bracts imbricated in many series, linear- lanceolate, long-acuminate, squarrose, densely hir- \ sute and ciliate, usually longer than the broad \ yellowish disk; chaff of the receptacle and lobes of the disk corollas pubescent; pappus of 2 subulate awns, In dry soil, Virginia to Georgia and Alabama. Re- ported from Illinois. Aug.-Oct. GENUS 64.] THISTLE FAMILY. 429 22. Helianthus tuberdsus L. Jerusalem Artichoke. Earth Apple. (Fig. 3919.) Helianthus tuberosus L. Sp. Pl. 905. 1753- Perennial by fleshy thickened rootstocks, bearing tubers; stems hirsute or pubescent, branched above, 6°-12° high. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, firm, 3-nerved near the base, narrowed, or the lower rounded, truncate or subcordate at the base, acumi- nate at the apex, rather long-petioled, scabrous above, finely pubescent beneath, serrate, 4’-8’ long, 1%4/-3/ wide, the upper alternate, the lower opposite; heads several or numerous, 2’-314’ broad; involu- ere hemispheric, its bracts lanceolate, acuminate, hirsute or ciliate, squarrose; disk yellow; rays 12-20; chaff of the receptacle acute and pubescent at the summit; achenes pubescent. In moist soil, New Brunswick and Ontario to the Northwest Territory, south to Georgia and Arkansas. Often occurs along roadsides in the east, a relic of cul- tivation by the aborigines. Now extensively grown foritsedible tubers. Called also Canada Potato, Gira- sole, Topinambour. Sept.—Oct. ‘ Helianthus tuberdsus subcanéscens A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2: 280. 1884. Lower; leaves densely white canescent beneath. Prairies, Minnesota to the Northwest Terri- tory, south to Missouri. 65. VERBESINA IL, Sp. Pl. gor. 1753. [ACTINOMERIS Nutt. Gen. 2: 181. 1818.] Perennial or annual, pubescent or scabrous herbs (some tropical species shrubby ), with alternate or opposite leaves often decurrent on the stem and branches, and corymbose or soli- tary heads of both tubular and radiate yellow or white flowers, or the rays sometimes wanting. Involucre campanulate or hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in few series. Receptacle convex or conic, chaffy, the chaff embracing the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers pistillate or neutral. Disk- flowers perfect, mostly fertile, their corollas with an expanded 5-lobed limb, usually longer thanthetube. Style-branches of the disk-flowers with acute papillose appendages. Achenes flattened, or those of the ray-flowers 3-sided, their margins winged or wingless. Pappus of 2 (1-3) subulate awns,sometimes with 2 or 3 intermediate scales. [Namealtered from Verbena. ] A large genus, variously restricted by authors, mainly natives of the New World. Besides the following, about 6 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. Involucre campanulate, 2'’-3'’ broad; heads small, numerous. Leaves alternate; rays white. 1. V. Virginica, Leaves opposite; rays yellow. 2. V. occidentalis. Involucre hemispheric, 7''—12'’ broad; heads few, large. Leaves ovate, sessile, serrate. 3. V. helianthoides. Leaves deltoid, petioled, coarsely dentate. 4. V. enceliotdes. Involucre of a few, at length deflexed bracts; disk globose. 5. V. alternifolia. 1. Verbesina Virginica I. Small White or Virginia Crownbeard. (Fig. 3920.) Verbesina Virginica \,. Sp. Pl. 901. 1753- Perennial; stem densely puberulent, terete or winged, simple or branched, 3°-6° high. Leaves usually thin, alternate, ovate, roughish above, puberulent, canescent or glabrate beneath, acute or acuminate at the apex, 4’-10 long, 1/-3/ wide, con- tracted at the base into winged petioles, the upper- most sessile, lanceolate, smaller, often entire; heads corymbose-paniculate at the ends of the stem and branches, numerous, 6//-10/’ broad; involucre oblong-campanulate, 2//-3/’ broad, its bracts nar- rowly lanceolate, erect, obtuse, pubescent; rays 3-5, obovate, white, pistillate; achenes minutely pubes- cent, winged or wingless; pappus of 2 slender awns, or sometimes none. In dry soil, Pennsylvania (according to Michaux), Virginia to Illinois and Missouri, south to Florida and Texas. Aug.—Sept. 430 COMPOSITAE. [Vor III. 2. Verbesina occidentalis (L.) Walt. Small Yellow Crownbeard. (Fig. 3921.) Stegesbeckia occidentalis W.. Sp. Pl. goo. 1753. Verbesina occidentalis Walt. Fl. Car. 213. 1788. V. Siegesbeckia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 134. 1803. Perennial; stem glabrous, or puberulent above, usually much branched, narrowly 4-winged, 3°— 7° high, the branches also winged and pubes- cent. Leaves thin, ovate, or the upper oblong, opposite, minutely rough-pubescent on both sides, or glabrate, acuminate at the apex, nar- rowed or contracted below into slender margined or naked petioles, serrate, 4’-10’ long, 1/-3147 wide; heads numerous, 6’/-12’’ broad, corym- bose at the ends of the stem and branches; in- volucre oblong-campanulate, 2//-3’’ broad, its bracts lanceolate, obtuse, erect, or the tips slightly spreading, pubescent; rays 1-5, yellow, usually pistillate, rarely none; achenes wingless; pappus of 2 slender, at length divergent awns. In dry thickets and on hillsides, Maryland and southern Pennsylvania to Illinois, south to Florida and Georgia. Aug.—Oct. 3. Verbesina helianthoides Michx. Sunflower Crownbeard. (Fig. 3922.) Ver beae helianthoides Michx. Fl, Bor. Am. 2: 135. 1803. pine G helianthoides Nutt. Gen. 2: 181. 1818. Perennial; stem hispid or hirsute, 4-winged, usu- ally simple, 2°-4° high. Leaves ovate or oval, ses- sile, acute, acuminate or obtuse at the apex, nar- rowed at the base, serrate or serrulate, rough or appressed-hispid above, densely pubescent or ca- nescent beneath, 2’-4’ long, 1/-1 34’ wide, all alter- nate, or the lower opposite; heads solitary or few, 2/-3/ broad; involucre hemispheric, about 14’ high, its bracts lanceolate, acutish, canescent, appressed; rays 8-15, pistillate or neutral, linear-oblong, yel- low; achenes scabrous or pubescent, broadly winged; pappus of 2 subulate awns. On dry prairies and in thickets, Ohio to Georgia, west to Iowa, Missouri and Texas. June-July. 4. Verbesina encelioides (Cay.) A. Gray. Golden Crownbeard. (Fig. 3923.) AXimenesia encelioides Cav. Icon. 2: 60. pl. 178. 1793. V. encelioides A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 288. 1884. Annual; stem densely puberulent, much branch- ed,1°-2° high. Leaves deltoid-ovate or deltoid-lan- ceolate, thin,2’-4’ long, acuminate, acute or blunt at the apex, coarsely dentate, or even laciniate, green and minutely pubescent above, pale and densely canescent beneath,all alternate, or the low- est opposite, narrowed at the base into naked or wing-margined petioles, which are often provided with dilated appendages at the base; heads several or numerous, 1/-2’ broad; involucre hemispheric, about 34’ high, its bracts lanceolate,canescent; rays _ 12-15, bright golden yellow, 3-toothed; achenes of \ the disk-flowers obovate, winged, pubescent, their pappus of 2 subulate awns; those of the ray-flowers rugose, thickened, often wingless. In moist soil, Kansas to Texas, Arizona and Mexico. Also in Florida and widely distributed in warm regions asaweed. Summer. GENUS 65.] THISTLE FAMILY. 43t 5. Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Britton. Actinomeris. (Fig. 3924.) Coreopsis alternifolia L,. Sp. Pl. 909. 1753. Actinomeris squarrosa Nutt. Gen. 2: 181. 1818. Actinomeris allernifolia DC. Prodr. 5: 575. 1836. Verbesina alternifolia Britton; Kearney, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 485. 1893. Perennial; stem puberulent or glabrous, narrowly winged, or wingless, simple, or branched near the summit, leafy, 4°-9° high. Leaves oblong-lanceo- late or lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, serrulate or entire, rough or roughish on both sides, gradually narrowed to the sessile base, or the lower short- petioled, 4/-12’ long, 1%’-214’ wide, sessile, short- petioled, alternate, or the lower opposite and slen- der-petioled; heads numerous, 1/—2’ broad, corym- bose-paniculate; rays 2-10, yellow; involucre of few lanceolate, at length deflexed bracts; disk globose, yellow; achenes broadly winged or nearly wingless, sparingly pubescent; pappus 2 divergent awns. In rich soil, New Jersey to western New York, Iowa, Florida and Louisiana. Aug.-Sept. 66. COREOPSIS L,. Sp. Pl. 907. 1753. Annual or perennial, mostly erect herbs, with opposite leaves, or the upper alternate, and large long-peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, the rays yellow, or brown at the base, or brown throughout, or pink. Involucre usually hemispheric, its bracts in 2 distinct series, all united at the base, those of the outer series commonly narrower and shorter than the inner. Receptacle flat or slightly convex, chaffy, the chaff flat or concave. Ray- flowers neutral. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas with slender tube and broader §-toothed limb. Anthers mostly entire at the base. Style-tips truncate or subulate. Achenes flat, orbicular to oblong, winged or wingless. Pappus of 2 short teeth, or a mere coroniform border, or none. [Greek, bug-like, referring to the achenes. ] About 50 species, natives of America, South Africa and Australasia, known as Tickseed. In addition to the following, some ro others occur in the southern and western United States. * Rays pink, or occasionally white; leaves linear, entire. 1, C. rosea. % % Rays yellow with a brown base, or brown; lower leaves pinnately divided. Lobes of the lower leaves oblong or oval; achenes winged. 2. C. cardaminefolia. Leaf-lobes all linear-lanceolate; achenes Wingless. 3. C. tinctoria. = _ & % % Rays yellow throughout. I. Leaves sessile, rigid, palmately 3-lobed below the middle. 4. C. palmata,. 2. Leaves sessile, some or all 3-divided to the base, appearing verticillate. Leaf-segments oblong or lanceolate, entire. 5. C. major. Leaf-segments 1-2-pinnately parted. Divisions of the segments linear-lanceolate. 6. C. delphinifolia. Divisions of the segments very narrowly linear. 7. C. verticillata. 3. Stem-leaves sessile or petioled, entire, or the lower 3-5-lobed; achenes often with a callus at each end on the inner side. Glabrous or nearly so; stem leaves lanceolate; achenes winged. 8. C. lanceolata. Plants hirsute, hispid or pubescent at least below. Plant leafy, 2°-4° high; stem leaves oblong, acutish. 9. C. pubescens. Leaves few; plants 1°-2° high: stem leaves mostly obtuse. Achenes broadly winged; basal leaves oblong. 10. C. crassifolia. Achenes narrowly winged; basal leaves nearly orbicular. 11. C. auriculata. 4. Leaves, or most of them, 1-2-parted into linear segments; rays lobed. 12. C. grandiflora. 5. Leaves petioled, all but the upper pinnately 3-5-divided, rays entire. 13. C. triplerts. 1. Coreopsis rosea Nutt. Small Rose or Pink Tickseed. (Fig. 3925.) Coreopsis rosea Nutt. Gen. 2: 179. 1818. Perennial by slender rootstocks; stems at length much branched, slender, strict, glabrous, 6/-24’ high. Leayes opposite, linear, glabrous, entire, obscurely I-nerved, 1/-2%4’ long, %4//-1/’ wide, sessile, or the lower petioled; heads slender-peduncled, several or numerous, 6’/-12/’ broad; disk yellow; rays 4-8, pink or rose-colored (occasionally white), oblong to obo- vate, slightly 3-toothed or sometimes entire; inner bracts of the hemispheric involucre ovate-oblong, acutish or obtuse, glabrous, much longer than the lanceolate outer ones; style-tips yellow, truncate; achenes oblong or linear-oblong, thin, not winged, nearly straight, slightly ribbed on the inner face; pappus a very short truncate crown. In open swamps, eastern Massachusetts to Georgia, near the coast. July-Aug. 432 COMPOSITAE. [Vor III. 2. Coreopsis cardaminefolia (DC.) T. & G. Cress-leaved Tickseed. (Fig. 3926.) Calliopsis cardaminefolia DC. Prodr. 5: 568. 1836. a cardaminefolia T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 346. Annual; stem glabrous, branched, 1°-2%4° high. Basal leaves petioled, 2’-4’ long, 1-2-pinnately parted into oblong or oval obtuse segments, the petioles sometimes slightly ciliate; stem-leaves dis- tant, sessile, or nearly so, pinnately parted into lin- ear segments, or the uppermost entire; heads 8//— ! _ 12// broad, slender-peduncled; involucre hemi- i spheric, its inner bracts brown, ovate or ovate- / lanceolate, obtuse or obtusish, scarious-margined, much longer than the lanceolate obtusish outer ones; rays 4-8, yellow witha brown base, 3-toothed; achenes oval, 1/’-114’’ long, winged, smooth, or slightly papillose; pappus of 2 minute awns,or none. In moist soil, Kansas to New Mexico, Louisiana and northern Mexico, May-Oct. 3. Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. Garden Tickseed. (Fig. 3927.) Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. Journ, Acad. Phila. 2: 114. 1821. Annual; stem glabrous, branched, 1°-3 4° high. Leaves I-2-pinnately divided into linear obtusish mostly entire segments, or the uppermost linear and entire, the lower petioled; heads slender-pe- duncled, 10/’-12’’ broad, or in cultivation much broader; involucre hemispheric, its inner bracts brown, ovate or oblong, obtuse or acute, scarious- margined, 3-5 times as long as the obtuse outer ones; rays 6-10, cuneate, yellow with a brown base or brown all over; style-tips truncate; achenes linear or linear-oblong, about 1/’’ long, wingless; pappus a mere border, or none. In moist soil, Minnesota to the Northwest Terri- tory, south to Nebraska, Louisiana and Arizona. Es- caped from gardens to roadsides and waste places eastward. May-Sept. & 4. Coreopsis palmata Nutt. Stiff Tickseed. (Fig. 3928.) Coreopsis palmata Nutt. Gen. 2: 180. 1818. Perennial, stems rigid, glabrous, simple, or little branched, very leafy, 1°-3° high. Leaves sessile, 2’-3/ long, palmately 3-lobed at or be- low the middle, or the uppermost entire, thick, rigid, the lobes linear-oblong, obtusish, entire, or with 1-3 lateral lobes, their margins rough; heads few or solitary, short-peduncled, 1/-2/ broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts some- what united at the base, those of the outer series narrower and nearly as long as the inner ones; rays 6-10, bright yellow, oblong or obovate, mostly 3-toothed; achenes oblong, narrowly winged, slightly incurved; pappus of 2 short tips, or none. On dry prairies and in thickets, Illinois to Lou- isiana, west to Minnesota, Manitoba, Nebraska and Texas. June-July. GENvs 66.] : THISTLE FAMILY. 433 5. Coreopsis major Walt. Wood, or Greater Tickseed. (Fig. 3929.) Coreopsis major Walt. Fl. Car. 214. 1788. Coreopsis sentfolia Michx. Fl. Bor, Am, 2:138. 1803, Perennial; stem pubescent, branched above, 2°-3° high. Leaves sessile, more or less pubes- cent, or glabrous, divided to the base into 3, lanceolate or oblong, acute entire segments 2’-4’ long, 4’’-12/’ wide, which appear as if in verticils of 6; upper and lower leaves (rarely all of them), undivided and entire; heads several or numerous, slender-peduncled, 1/-2’ broad; bracts of the hemispheric involucre all united at the base, the outer ones linear-oblong, ob- tuse, equalling or shorter than the broader inner ones, all pubescent; rays 6-10, yellow, oblong, entire; disk yellow; achenes oblong to elliptic, winged, %4’’-2/’ long; pappus of 2 short deciduous teeth. In dry sandy woods, Virginia (according to Watson and Coulter), North Carolinato Florida. July-Aug. Coreopsis major Oémleri (Ell.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 4: 131. 1894. Coreopsis OEmleri Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 435. 1824. Coreopsis stellata Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7:76. 1834. Coreopsis senifolia var. stellata T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 342. 1842. Plant glabrous throughout; leaf-segments often narrower. Virginiaand West Virginia to Georgia. / / 6. Coreopsis delphinifolia Lam. /) | Larkspur Tickseed. (Fig. 3930.) /f/ Coreopsis delphinifolia Lam. Encycl.2:108. 1786 Perennial; stem glabrous, branched above, rather slender, 1°-3° high. Leaves sessile, 1-2- ternately parted into linear or linear-lanceolate segments which are 1/-2/ long, 1//-3/’ wide; ) heads several or numerous, 114’-2’ broad; invo- lucre hemispheric, its bracts glabrous, the outer linear-oblong, obtuse, shorter than or equalling the ovate-oblong inner ones; rays 6-10, yellow, WH entire; disk brown; achenes oblong to oval, / narrowed at the base, narrowly winged; pappus / of 2 short teeth. In dry woods, Virginia (according to Torrey and Gray), North Carolina to Georgia and Alabama. / \ iy lif \\ Aug.-Sept. VF. 2 7. Coreopsis verticillata lL. Whorled Tickseed. (Fig. 3931.) Coreopsis verticillata I, Sp. Pl. 907. 1753. Perennial; stem stiff, much branched, slender, leafy, 1°-2° high. Leaves sessile, glabrous, 2-3-ternately dissected into linear-filiform entire segments; heads numerous, 1/-1 14’ broad; invo- lucre hemispheric, or short-cylindric in fruit, glabrous, its outer bracts linear, obtuse, com- monly somewhat shorter and much narrower than the ovate-oblong inner ones; rays 6-10, yel- low, spatulate-oblong, obtuse; disk dull yellow; achenes oblong, narrowly winged, 2/’ long; pappus of 2 short teeth. In dry soil, western Ontario to northern Michi- gan, south to Maryland, North Carolina, Kentucky, Nebraska and Arkansas. June-Sept. 25 434 COMPOSITAE. : (Vor. II- 8. Coreopsis lanceolata L. Lance- leaved Tickseed. (Fig. 3932.) Coreopsis lanceolata I,. Sp. P1. 908. 1753- Coreopsis lanceolata var. angustifolia ie & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 344. 1842. z Perennial; stem slender, glabrous, or spar- ingly hispid near the base, 1°-2° high. Leaves glabrous, the lower and basal ones slender-peti- oled, spatulate or narrowly oblong, very obtuse, 2/-6’ long, entire, or with 1-3 lateral obtuse en- tire lobes; stem leaves few, sessile or nearly so, lanceolate or oblong, obtuse or acutish, usually quite entire; heads few or solitary on elongated slender peduncles, 114’/-2%4’ broad, showy; pe- duncles often 12’ long; involucre depressed- hemispheric, its bracts glabrous or ciliate, lan- ceolate or ovate-lanceolate, the outer narrower than the inner, but nearly as long; rays 6-I0, bright yellow, cuneate, 3-7-lobed; achenes ob- long, broadly winged, about 1’’ long; pappus of _ 2 short teeth. NY In dry or moist soil, western Ontario to Virginia,. “Florida, Louisiana and Missouri. May-Aug. g. Coreopsis pubéscens Ell. StarjTickseed. (Fig. 3933.) Coreopsis pubescens Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 441. ; )y VV} 1824. / ci RY Yf D (AM HAAN SAS \Y WH Mil Perennial; stem pubescent or puberulent, / leafy, little branched, or simple, erect, 2°-4° || igs high. Leaves pubescent or glabrous, entire, or Ng =z, some of them 3-5-lobed or divided, the basal and lower ones slender-petioled, obovate-oval, obtuse, the upper short-petioled or sessile, broadly lanceolate or oblong, acute or acutish, 2/-3/ long; heads few, 1/-114’ broad, long-pe- | duncled; inyolucre depressed-hemispheric, gla- | brous, star-like, its lanceolate obtuse or acute | outer bracts nearly as long as but much narrower than the ovate inner ones; rays 8-10, yellow, cuneate, lobed at the apex; achenes similar to those of the preceding species or broader. In dry woods, Virginia to Illinois and Missouri, south to Florida and Louisiana. June—Aug. to. Coreopsis crassifolia Ait. Thick- leaved or Hairy Tickseed. (Fig. 3934.) Coreopsis crasstfolia Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 253. 1789. Coreopsis lanceolata var. villosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am, 2:137. 1803. Perennial; stem hirsute or villous-pubescent below, ascending, little branched, 8’-20’ high. Leaves rather thick, hirsute or pubescent, all entire, the lower and basal ones petioled, oblong to obovate-spatulate, mostly very obtuse, 1/—3/ long, 4’’-10’ wide; stem leaves few, short-peti- oled or sessile, obtuse or acutish, narrower; heads few, 1/-2’ broad, borne on slender, puber- ulent peduncles often 1° long, similar to those of C. lanceolata, as are the rays, inyolucral bracts and achenes. Dry soil, Illinois to Louisiana, east to South Carolina and Florida. May-Aug. GENUS 66.] THISTLE FAMILY. 435 11. Coreopsis auriculata lL. Running or Lobed Tickseed. (Fig. 3935.) Coreopsis auriculata 1. Sp. Pl. 908. 1753. Perennial; stoloniferous; stems weak, very slender, decumbent or ascending, 6’-15’ long, little branched, or simple, pubescent or hirsute, at least below. Leaves thin, entire or pinnately 3-5-lobed or 3-5-divided, the terminal segment entire and much larger than the lateral ones, the lower and basal more or less pubescent, broadly oblong or nearly orbicular, with slender pubescent petioles; stem leaves few, petioled or sessile, mostly obtuse; heads 1/-1}4’ broad, slender-peduncled; outer bracts of the involucre oblong, narrower than the mostly ovate and acute inner ones; rays 6-10, cuneate, about 4- toothed, yellow; achenes oval, narrowly winged, the wings involute and thick. In woods, Virginiato Kentucky, south to Florida and Louisiana. May-Aug. % LP \ fi N 2 y 12. Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg. Large-flowered Tickseed. (Fig. 3936.) Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg; Sweet, Brit. Fl; Garn. 2: pl. 175. 1825-27. Perennial (or sometimes annual?); stem gla- brous, usually branched above, 1°-3° high. Leaves, or most of them, 1-2-pinnately parted, or the lower entire and slender-petioled; seg- ments of the lower stem leaves oblong, obtuse, the terminal one larger than the lateral; seg- ments of most of the stem leaves linear or even filiform; petioles ciliate; heads commonly sev- eral, 1/-2/ broad, long-peduncled; outer bracts of the involucre lanceolate, narrower and mostly shorter than the oval or ovate-lanceo- late inner ones; rays 6-10, yellow, lobed; achenes oblong, broadly winged when mature, the projections on the inner face usually large; pappus of 2 short scales. In moist soil, Missouri to Texas, east to Georgia. May-Aug. 13. Coreopsis tripteris L. Tall Tickseed. (Fig. 3937.) Coreopsis tripteris 1,. Sp. Pl. go8. 1753. Perennial; stem glabrous, much branched above, 4°-8° high. Leaves petioled, glabrous, or very nearly so, firm, the lower all divided into lanceo- late entire acute rough-margined segments, which are 2-5’ long, 4’-1/ wide and pinnately veined; uppermost leaves lanceolate, entire; heads nu- merous, slender-peduncled, 1/-134’ broad; outer bracts of the involucre linear, rae much narrower than the ovate-oval or ovate-lanceolate, acute inner ones; rays 6~10, yellow, obtuse, entire; achenes oblong to obovate, narrowly winged, emarginate; pappus none. In moist woods and thickets, Pennsylvania to Wis- consin, south to Virginia, Florida and Louisiana. July-Oct. 436 COMPOSITAE. — [Vou IIT. 67. BIDENS L. Sp. Pl. 831.1753. Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite serrate lobed divided or dissected leaves, or the uppermost alternate, and mostly large heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, or the rays none, or rudimentary. Involucre campanulate or hemispheric, its bracts in 2 series, dis- tinct, or slightly united at the base; the outer often foliaceous and much larger than the inner. Receptacle flat or nearly so, chaffy, the chaff subtending the disk-flowers. Rays, when present, neutral, mostly entire, yellow in our species. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas tubular, 5-toothed. Anthers entire, or minutely sagittate at the base. Style- branches with short or subulate tips. Achenes flat, quadrangular or nearly terete, cuneate, oblong, or linear. Pappus of 2-6 teeth or subulate awns, upwardly or downwardly barbed or hispid. [Latin, two-toothed, referring to the achenes. ] About 60 species of wide geographic distribution. Besides the following, about 8 others occur in the southern and southwestern United States. ‘ Plants terrestrial, erect; leaves simple, or divided. Leaves lanceolate, serrate, undivided, rarely 3-5-lobed. Rays present, large and conspicuous. Heads persistently erect. 1. B. laevis. Heads nodding after flowering. 2. B. cernua, Rays rudimentary, or none. Heads nodding after flowering. 2. B. cernua. Heads persistently erect. Pappus awns downwardly barbed. Involucral bracts not foliaceous; stem purple; flowers orange. 3. B. connata. Involucral bracts foliaceous; stem straw-color; flowers greenish yellow. 4. B. comosa. Pappus awns upwardly barbed. 5. B. bidentoides. Leaves some, or all of them, pinnately 1-3-parted or dissected. Rays rudimentary, or none, or very short. Achenes flat; leaves, some or all of them, 1-3-divided. Leaves membranous; heads 2'’-3'’ high. 6. B. discoidea. Leaves not membranous; heads 5''-7’' high. 7. B. frondosa, Achenes linear; leaves dissected. 8. B. bipinnata. Rays large and conspicuous. Achenes sparingly pubescent, not ciliate; pappus of 2 short teeth. 9. B. coronata. Achenes ciliate; pappus 2-4 subulate teeth or awns. Achenes cuneate, or linear-cuneate. 10. B. trichosperma. Achenes obovate, very flat. Bracts of the involucre glabrous, or ciliate, short. 11. B. aristosa. Outer bracts densely hispid, much longer than the inner. 12. B. involucrata. Plant aquatic; submersed leaves filiformly dissected. 13. B. Becktt, I. Bidens laévis (L.) B.S.P. Larger or Smooth Bur-Marigold. Brook Sunflower. (Fig. 3938.) Flelianthus laevis Y,. Sp. Pl. 906. 1753. Bidens chrysanthemoides Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:136. 1803. Bidens laevis B.S.P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 29. 1888. Annual; glabrous throughout; stems branched, erect or ascending, 1°-2° high. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, evenly serrate or serrulate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed to the sometimes connate-perfoliate base, 3/-8’ long, 4%’-1’ wide; heads numerous, short-peduncled, erect, 1/-2%4’ broad; rays very showy, golden yellow; involucre hemi- spheric, its outer bracts linear-oblong or spatulate, equalling or exceeding the broader, ovate or oblong, membranous inner ones; rays 8-10, obovate-oblong, obtuse; achenes cuneate, truncate, 2’” long, retrorsely hispid on the margins; pappus of 2-4 (usually 2), rigid downwardly barbed awns. In swamps and wet meadows, Quebec to On- tarioand Minnesota, south to Florida, Louisiana, Mexico and southern California. Aug.—Nov. GENUS 67.] THISTLE FAMILY. 437 2. Bidens cérnua L. Smaller or Nod- \ ding Bur-Marigold. (Fig. 3939.) Bidens cernua I,. Sp. Pl. 832. _1753- Coreopsis Bidens ¥,. loc. cit. 908. 1753- Annual; stems glabrous, or hispid, usually erect, branched, 3/-3° high. Leaves sessile and com- monly somewhat connate-perfoliate at the base, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, usually coarsely _ and sharply serrate, glabrous, acuminate, 3/—6/ © long, (’-1/ wide; heads numerous, globose, short- peduncled, 14/-1’ broad, nodding after or during flowering; rays 6-10, short (3/’-6/’), or none; in- volucre depressed-hemispheric, its outer bracts commonly ciliate, often large, foliaceous and much exceeding the broad, yellowish-margined membranous inner ones; achenes cuneate, about 2// long, retrorsely hispid on the margins; pappus of 2-4 (usually 4), downwardly barbed awns. In wet soil, Nova Scotia to Hudson Bay and British Columbia, south to Virginia, Missouri and California. Also in Europe and Asia. Called also Water Agri- mony, Double-tooth. July-Oct. 3. Bidens connata Muhl. Purple-stemmed Swamp Beggar-ticks. (Fig. 3940.) = B. connata Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 1718. 1804. Annual; glabrous throughout; stem erect, usually much branched, 6’-8° high, purple. Leaves petioled, lanceolate or oblong-lanceo- late, sharply and coarsely serrate, apex acumi- nate, base tapering, thin, 2’-5’ long, !/’-1’ wide, the uppermost sometimes sessile, nearly entire and acutish, the lower sometimes with a pair of lateral basal lobes, decurrent on the petiole; heads several or numerous, peduncled, 14/-1}2’ broad; involucre campanulate or hemispheric, its outer bracts ciliate or naked, somewhat ex- ceeding the ovate-oblong, inner ones; rays none, or 1-5 and inconspicuous; disk-flowers orange; stamens often exserted; achenes cuneate or obovate, hairy and tubercled, or nearly glabrous, often keeled, the margins with either erect or retrorse hairs, or both, the 2-4 pappus-awns downwardly barbed. In swamps or moist soil, Nova Scotia to the North- west Territory, south to Delaware, Georgia, Ken- tucky and Missouri. Called also Cuckold, Harvest Lice. Aug.—Oct. —— <= 4. Bidens comoésa (A. Gray) Wiegand. Leafy-bracted Tickseed. (Fig. 3941.) B. connata var. comosa A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5, 261. 1867. B. comosa Wiegand, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 436. 1897. Annual, glabrous; stem erect, branched, 6/-4%° high, straw-colored. Leavesshort-petioled, lanceo- late, coarsely serrate with mostly smaller teeth than in &. connata, tapering to each end, the petioles broadly margined; heads several or numerous, 4’ broad, or more; outer bracts of the involucre spatu- late or lanceolate, foliaceous, often toothed, 2-4 times as long as the head; corollas mostly 4-lobed, pale greenish yellow; stamens and style included; achenes larger, 3%’/-514’’ long, evenly cuneate, very flat, retrorsely hairy; pappus-awns commonly 3, downwardly barbed. In wet soil, southern New York and Massachusetts to Illinois. Leaves thicker and paler than in B. con- nata, Aug.—Oct. COMPOSITAE. (Vor. IIT. 5. Bidens bidentoides (Nutt. ) Britton. Swamp Beggar-ticks. (Fig. 3942.) Diodonta bidentoides Nutt. Trans. Am, Phil. Soc. (II) 7: 361. 184r. Coreopsis bidentordes T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 339. 1842. B. bidentoides Britton, Bull. Torr.Club, 20: 281. 1893. Closely resembles 2. connata, glabrous throughout; stem branched, 1°-4° high. Leaves similar, lanceolate, sharply serrate, petioled, or the upper sessile and entire, acumi- nate at the apex, narrowed at the base; invo- \ Iucre narrowly or becoming somewhat broadly \ campanulate, its outer bracts linear, foliaceous, not ciliate, usually much exceeding the oblong inner ones; rays none, or rarely present and very short; achenes linear-cuneate, 4’’-5’’ long, their sides and the 2 slender pappus-awns (rarely with 2 short intermediate awns) up- wardly barbed or hispid. Muddy shores of the Delaware River and Bay in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware and Maryland. Aug.-Oct. f ek, : 7 6. Bidens discoidea (T. &. G.) Brit- \ Q VAIN BAKA SSS ton. Small Beggar-ticks. (Fig. 3943.) 1 irae: SY is VA Coreopsis discoidea T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2:339. 1842. B. discoidea Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 281. 1893. Annual, glabrous, slender, branching, erect, 2/-6° high. Leaves membranous, very slender- petioled, all the lower ones divided into 3 lan- ceolate or oblong-lanceolate, dentate, acuminate segments which are 1/-3/ long; uppermost leaves commonly rhombic-lanceolate and undi- vided; heads usually numerous, slender-pedun- cled, 2/’-5’’ broad and about as high; involucre broadly campanulate or hemispheric, its outer bracts usually foliaceous and obtuse, usually much surpassing the inner ones; rays appar- ently always wanting; achenes flat, narrowly cuneate, upwardly strigose, about 2’” long; pappus of 2 short, upwardly hispid, rarely down- wardly barbed awns. In swamps and wet places, Connecticut to Virginia, Ohio, Michigan, Louisiana and Texas. July—Sept. AA 7. Bidens frondésa L. Beggar-ticks. Stick-tight. (Fig. 3944.) Bidens frondosa \,. Sp. Pl. 832. 1753- Annual; stem erect, branched, sparingly pu- bescent,or glabrous, often purplish, 2°-9 4° high. Leaves thin, but not membranous, slender-peti- oled, pinnately 3-5-divided or the uppermost undivided, the segments lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, sharply serrate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, usually slightly pu- bescent beneath, stalked, 2/-4’ long, %/-1/ wide; heads usually numerous, peduncled, about 6’ high, 5’/-10’’ broad; involucre cam- panulate, becoming hemispheric, its outer bracts more or less foliaceous, often much exceeding the ovate-lanceolate, scarious-margined inner ones; rays none, or rudimentary and inconspic- uous; achenes flat, oval or obovate, ciliate, the i two slender awns downwardly barbed, or some- Wi times upwardly hispid. : In moist soil, often a weed in fields, Nova Scotia YE to Florida, British Columbia, Nebraska and Texas. Introduced as a weed into southern Europe. Called also Rayless Marigold, Beggar-lice, Pitchforks, Stick-seed, Common Bur-marigold. July-Oct. ‘GENUS 67.] THISTLE FAMILY. 439 8. Bidens bipinnata L. Spanish Needles. (Fig. 3945.) Bidens bipinnata I,. Sp. Pl. 832. 1753. Annual; stem quadrangular, erect, freely branched, rather slender, 1°-5° high. Leaves thin, acuminate, petioled, 1-3-pinnately dissected into oyate or oblong, toothed or lobed segments, the lower often 8’ long; heads usually numerous, long- peduncled, 2’/-4’’ broad; involucre narrow, its -outer bracts linear, ascending, nearly as long as the broader erect inner ones; rays 3-4, yellow, short, sometimes none; achenes linear, 4-angled, slightly pubescent, narrowed upward into a beak, 5/’-9’” long, the outer ones commonly shorter and thicker than the inner; pappus of 2-4 (usually 4), down- wardly barbed, slightly spreading awns, much shorter than the achene. In various situations, often a weed in cultivated fields, Rhode Island to Florida, west to Ohio, Nebraska and Arizona. Also in Mexico and tropical America : -and introduced as a weed into southern Europe and Asia. July-Oct. gq 9% Bidens coronata (I,.) Fisch. Southern / Tickseed-Sunflower. (Fig. 3946.) Coreopsis coronata I,. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 1281. 1763. Coreopsis aurea Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 252. _1789. Bidens coronata Fisch.; Steudel, Nom. Ed. 2, 202. 1840. Annual, glabrous or nearly so throughout; stem branched, 1°-3° high. Lower leaves petioled, 3/— 5/ long, 3-divided, the terminal segment lanceolate, acute or acuminate, serrate, much larger than the serrate or entire lateral ones; upper leaves much smaller, 3-parted, 3-lobed or undivided, sessile or short-petioled, entire or serrate; heads numerous, slender-peduncled, 1/-2’ broad; involucre hemi- spheric, its outer bracts linear-oblong, obtuse, equal- ling or slightly exceeding the broader inner ones; rays 6-10, obtuse; achenes broadly cuneate, slightly pubescent, 1//-2/’ long; pappus of 2 chaffy diver- gent somewhat laciniate teeth, rarely with 2 shorter intermediate ones. In wet places, Virginia (according to Gray),to Florida and Alabama. July-Sept. 10. Bidens trichospérma (Michx. ) Brit- ton. Tall Tickseed-Sunflower. (Fig. 3947.) C. trichosperma Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 139. 1803. B. trichosperma Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 281. 1893. Annual or biennial, glabrous; stem tall, obscurely ‘quadrangular, much branched, 2°-5° high. Lower leaves petioled, 4/-8’ long, pinnately divided into 5-7 lanceolate acuminate, sharply serrate, incised or nearly entire, sessile or short-stalked segments; upper leaves sessile or nearly so, 3-lobed, 3-divided, or entire and linear-lanceolate; heads numerous, 1%4/-214’ broad, long-peduncled; involucre hemi- spheric, its outer bracts linear or spatulate, some- times ciliate, about the length of the broader inner ones; rays 6-19, obtuse, golden yellow, 7//-12’’ long; achenes oblong-cuneate, hispid-pubescent and cili- ate, 3//-4’’ long; pappus of 2 short erect or diver- gent, upwardly hispid teeth or short awns. In swamps and wet meadows, Massachusetts to Geor- gia, Illinois and Kentucky. Aug.—Oct. Bidens trichospérma tenuiloba (A. Gray) Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 281. 1893. Coreopsis trichosperma var. tenuiloba A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 295. 1884. _ Segments of the leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate or entire; achenes sometimes smaller. In bogs, Tllinois, Indiana, Minnesota and southern Ontario, A similar form occurs in southern New Jersey. COMPOSITAE. [Vor. III. 11. Bidens arist6sa (Michx.) Britton. Western Tickseed-Sunflower. (Fig. 3948.) Coreopsis aristosa Michx, ¥1. Bor. Am. 2: 140. 1803. C. aristata Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 2253. _ 1804. B. aristosa Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 281. 1893. Annual or biennial; stem much branched, 1°-3° high. Leaves thin, slender-petioled, pu- bescent beneath, the lower ones pinnately 5-7- divided, 3/-6’ long, the segments lanceolate, serrate, incised or pinnatifid, acuminate, nar- rowed at the base; upper leaves less divided, lanceolate, or merely lobed, sessile or short- petioled; heads numerous, slender-peduncled, 1/-2/ broad; outer bracts of the hemispheric in- volucre linear or spatulate, usually ciliate, not surpassing the inner; rays 6-9, obtuse; achenes very flat, oblanceolate or obovate, upwardly ciliate and strigose-pubescent; pappus of 2 slen- der upwardly or downwardly barbed awns, nearly as long as the achene, rarely wanting. In swamps and wet prairies, Illinois to Michigan, south to Louisiana and Missouri. Aug.—Oct. 12. Bidens involucrata (Nutt. ) Brit- ton. Long-bracted Tickseed-Sunflower. (Fig. 3949.) Core tinvolucrata Nutt. Journ. Phil. Acad. 7: I . 4. 34 Bidens involucrata Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 281. 1893. Similar to the two preceding species, minutely pubescent, 1°-3° high, much branched. Seg- ments of the leaves narrower, linear-lanceolate, incised or pinnatifid, long-acuminate; heads numerous, I/—2’ broad, on slender usually hispid peduncles; outer bracts of the hemispheric in- volucre linear-lanceolate, acuminate, densely hispid and ciliate, much exceeding the inner ones; rays orange at the base; achenes flat, ciliate and strigose; pappus of 2 short teeth. In swamps, Illinois to Kansas, Arkansas and Texas, July-Sept. 13. Bidens Béckii Torr. Water Marigold. (Fig. 3950.) Bidens Beckit Torr.; Spreng. Neue Entdeck. 2: 135, “X82. Perennial, aquatic; stems simple, or little branched, 2°-8° long. Submersed leaves sessile, 1/-2’ long. repeatedly divided into numerous capillary segments; emersed leaves few, sessile, opposite, or sometimes in 3’s, lanceolate or oblong, acute, serrate or laciniate, %/-1%4’ long; heads solitary or few, short-peduncled, 1/-114’ broad; involu- cre hemispheric, its bracts oval or oblong, obtusish, glabrous, the outer somewhat shorter than the inner; rays 6-10, obovate, or oblong, obtuse, golden yellow; achenes nearly terete, each end truncate; pappus of 3-6 slender awns, downwardly barbed above, smooth below, divergent, 6’’-12’’ long. In ponds and streams, Quebec to New Jersey, west to Manitoba and Missouri. Aug.-Sept. GENUS 68. ] THISTLE FAMILY. 441 68. THELESPERMA Less. Linnaea, 6: 511. 1831. Glabrous annual or perennial herbs, with opposite linear and undivided, or finely dissec- ted leaves, and long-peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, or the rays want- ing. Invyolucre hemispheric or campanulate, of 2 distinct series of bracts, the outer short, narrow and somewhat spreading, the inner united nearly to or beyond the middle intoacup, their tips scarious-margined. Receptacle flat, chaffy, the 2-nerved broad white scarious chaff subtending the disk-flowers and achenes. Ray-flowers, when present, neutral, the rays yel- low, entire or toothed. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corolla with a slender tube and 5-toothed limb. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-tipsacute. Achenes, some or all of them, papillose on the back, oblong or linear, slightly compressed or terete, wingless. Pappus of 2 retrorsely hispid awns or scales, or sometimes none. [Greek, nipple-seed. ] About 7 species, natives of the south central United States, Mexico and southern South America. Rays large; pappus-awns shorter than the width of the achene. Leaves not rigid, their segments filiform-linear; annual or biennial. 1. T.ambiguum. Leaves rigid, their segments linear; perennial. _ 2. T. trifidum. Rays inconspicuous, or none; awns longer than the width of the achene. 3. T. gracile. 1. Thelesperma trifidum (Poir.) Britton. Fine-leaved Thelesperma. (Fig. 3951.) Coreopsis trifida Poir. in Suppl. Lam. Encycl. 23:353. I8rr. Thelesperma filifolium A. Gray, Kew Journ, Bot. 1: 252. 1849. Thelesperma trifidum Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 9: 182. 1890. Annual or biennial; stem branched, 1°-3° high. Leaves numerous, not rigid, 114/-2’ long, bipinnately divided into filiform or linear-filiform segments; heads several or numerous, 12/’-15’’ broad; outer bracts of the involucre about 8, subulate-linear, equal- ling or more than half as long as the inner, which are united not higher that the middle; rays 6-10, somewhat spatulate, 3-lobed; disk purple or brown; achenes linear-oblong, straight, or slightly curved, the outer ones strongly papillose; awns of the pappus not longer than the width of the summit of the achene. In dry soil, Nebraska to Texas. June-Aug. 2. Thelesperma ambiguum A. Gray. Stiff Thelesperma. (Fig. 3952.) Thelesperma ambiguum A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad, 19:16. 1883. Perennial from a deep woody root and slender rootstocks; stem rigid, usually much branched, 1°-1%° high. Leaves usually numerous, 134/—2’ long, bipinnately divided into entire rigid linear segments, but less compound than those of the preceding spe- cies; outer bracts of the involucre lanceolate- subulate, usually much shorter than the inner ones, which are united to about the middle; rays (rarely wanting) and achenes similar to those of the preceding. In dry soil, Montana, Colorado and Nebraska to Texas and New Mexico. June-Aug. 442 COMPOSITAE. (Vor. III. 3. Thelesperma gracile (Torr.) A. Gray. Rayless Thelesperma. (Fig. 3953.) Bidens gracilis Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2: 215. 1827. rae ee gracile A. Gray, Kew Journ. Bot. 1: 252. Perennial from a deep root; stem rigid, branched, 1°-3° high, the branches nearly erect. Leaves rigid, erect or ascending, 2/-3’ long, pinnately or. bipinnately divided into linear segments, or the upper linear and entire; heads 6’/—10’’ broad; rays usually none, sometimes present and 2//-3’’ long; outer bracts of the involucre 4-6, oblong or ovate, mostly obtuse, very much shorter than the inner ones which are united to the middle or beyond; disk yellow or brownish; outer achenes slightly papillose; pappus-awns longer than the width of the summit of the achene. On dry plains, Nebraska and Wyoming to Texas, northern Mexico and Arizona. May-Aug. 69. GALINSOGA R. & P. Prodr. Fl. Per. 110. Al. 2g. 1794. Annual branching herbs, with opposite, mostly petioled, dentate or entire leaves, and small peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, terminal and in the upper axils. Involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, its bracts in 2 series, ovate, obtuse, mem- branous, striate, nearly equal, or the outer shorter. Receptacle conic or elongated, its thin chaff subtending the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers white, pistillate, fertile, the rays 4 or 5, short. Disk-flowers yellow, perfect, the corolla 5-toothed. Anthers minutely sagittate at the base. Style-branches tipped with acute appendages. Achenes angled, or the outer ones flat. Pappus of the disk-flowers of several short laciniate or fimbriate scales, that of the ray-flow- ers of several or few short slender bristles, or none. [Named in honor of M. M. Galinsoga, superintendent of the Botanic Gardens at Madrid. ] About 5 species, natives of tropical and warm temperate America. 1. Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Galinsoga. (Fig. 3954.) Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Icon. 3:41. pl. 28%. 1794. Slightly appressed-pubescent, 1°-3° high. Leaves thin, ovate or deltoid-ovate, 3-nerved, 1/-3’ long, acute at the apex, mostly obtuse at the base, dentate, the lower slender-petioled, the upper short-petioled or ses- sile, and sometimes nearly or quite entire; heads usu- ally numerous, 2’/-3’’ broad, slender-peduncled; bracts of the involucre glabrous or nearly so, the outer shorter; pappus of the disk-flowers 4-16, oblong to spatulate, fimbriate obtusish scales, shorter than the finely pubescent obpyramidal achene. In door-yards and waste places, eastern Massachusetts to Oregon, North Carolina, Missouri and Mexico. Natu- ralized from tropical America. Introduced into Europe asaweed. June—Nov. Galinsoga parviflora hispida DC. Prodr. 5:677. 1836. Pubescence more abundant, especially above, spreading; pappus of the disk-flowers attenuate, bristle-tipped. In waste places, Rhode Island to Pennsylvania, North Caro- lina and Wisconsin. 70. ACTINOSPERMUM EIl. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 448. 1824. [BaLpDuINA Nutt. Gen. 2: 175. 1818. Not Baldwinia Raf. F. 1818.] Annual or perennial,simple or branched, erect herbs, with alternate entire narrow punctate leaves, and large terminal heads of both tubular and radiate, yellow flowers, or those of the disk purplish. Involucre hemispheric, its small bracts imbricated in several series, appressed, or with spreading tips, the outer shorter. Receptacle convex, deeply honey-combed, chaffy, the persistent chaff coriaceous or cartilaginous, laterally united, subtending the disk-flowers. Rays large, neutral, toothed. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, the corolla 5-toothed. Anthers sagittate atthe base. Style-branches with truncate subulate tips. Achenes turbinate, silky- villous. Pappus of 7-12 scarious nearly equal scales. [Greek ray-seed.] Two known species, natives ef the southeastern United States. GENUS 70. ] THISTLE FAMILY. 443 1. Actinospermum uniflorum (Nutt.) Barn- hart. One-headed Actinospermum. (Fig. 3955.) Balduina uniflora Nutt. Gen. 2:175. 1818. A. uniflorum Barnhart, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 411. 1897. Stem stout, puberulent, simple, or with a few erect branches, 1°-3° high. Leaves thick, spatulate-linear or the upper linear, sessile, erect or ascending, 1/-2’ long, the lower 2’/-3/’ wide; heads long-peduncled, solitary, 2/-214’ broad; bracts of the involucre ovate, acuminate, thick, their tips at length spreading; rays 20-30, cuneate, 3-4-toothed at the truncate apex; disk 8/’-12’’ broad; chaff of the receptacle cuneate, truncate, very cartilaginous, more or less united laterally, the summit eroded; achenes obconic; pappus of 7-9 oblong scales about as long as the achene. In wet pine-barrens, Virginia (according to Torrey and =" >} Gray), North Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. July—Sept. 2 71. MARSHALLIA Schreb. Gen. Pl. 810. 1789. Perennial, often tufted, simple or branched, nearly glabrous herbs, with basal or alter- nate, entire leaves, and large long-peduncled discoid heads of purple pink or white, glandu- lar-pubescent flowers. Involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, its bracts in I or 2 series, herbaceous, narrow, nearly equal. Receptacle convex or at length conic, chaffy, the scales narrow, rigid, distinct. Rays none. Flowers all perfect and fertile, their corollas with a deeply 5-lobed or 5-parted campanulate limb and a slender tube. Anthers minutely sagittate at the base. Style-branches long, truncate. Achenes turbinate, 5-ribbed and 5- angled. Pappus of 5 or 6 acute or acuminate, ovate or lanceolate-deltoid, nearly entire scales. [Named for Humphrey Marshall, of Pennsylvania, botanical author. ] Four known species, natives of the southern and central United States. Leaves ovate or oval, or oval-lanceolate, thin, 3-nerved. 1. WW. trinervia. Leaves linear, or the basal spatulate, thick. 2. M. caespitosa. 1. Marshallia trinérvia (Walt.) Porter. Broad-leaved Marshallia. (Fig. 3956.) Athanasia trinervia Walt. Fl. Car. 201. 1788. Mar shaliia latifolia Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 519. _ 1814. Aor aliee trinervia Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 337- 1894. Stem simple, or little branched, leafy to or beyond the middle, 1°-2° high. Leaves thin, those of the stem ovate, oval, or ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed to a sessile base, 2/-3/ long, 9//-18’’ wide; heads %4’-1’ broad, corolla purplish; bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate, acute, rigid; chaff of the receptacle subulate-filiform; pappus-scales lanceolate-acuminate from a triangular base; achenes glabrous when mature. In dry soil, Virginia to Alabama and Mississippi. May-June. il é 2. Marshallia caespitosa Nutt. Narrow- leaved Marshallia. (Fig. 3957.) Marshallia caespitosa Nutt.; DC. Prodr. 5: 680, 1836. Stems usually tufted and simple, sometimes spar- ingly branched, leafy either only near the base or to beyond the middle, 8/-15’ high. Leaves thick, faintly 3-nerved, the basal ones spatulate, or linear-spatulate, obtuse, those near the base usually much longer and linear, sometimes 4’ long and 3/’ wide, the upper ones linear, acutish, shorter; head about 1’ broad, borne on a peduncle often 10’ long, corollas pale rose or white; bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate, acute or acut- ish; chaff of the receptacle linear, or slightly dilated above; achenes villous on the angles; scales of the pap- pus ovate, acutish, equalling or longer than the achene. In dry soil, Kansas to Texas. May-June. 444 COMPOSITAE. {Vor. III. 72, PSILOSTROPHE DC. Prodr. 7: 261. 1838. (RIppDELLIA Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7: 371. 1841.] Branched annual or perennial woolly herbs, often nearly glabrous when old, with alter- nate leaves, and middle-sized heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers, corymbose, or clustered at the ends of the branches. Involucre cylindraceous, its bracts 4-10 in 1 series, narrow, equal, densely white-woolly, separate, but erect and connivent, commonly with 1-4 scarious ones within, and occasionally a narrow outer one. Rays broad, becoming papery and whitish, persistent, 5-7-nerved, 2-3-toothed, pistillate. Receptacle small, naked. Disk- flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas with a short proper tube and elongated cylindraceous limb, 5-toothed, the teeth glandular-bearded. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style- branches of the disk-flowers capitellate. Achenes linear, striate. Pappus of 4-6 nervyeless acute scales, glabrous or villous. Three species, natives of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. 1. Psilostrophe Tagétinae (Nutt. ) Kuntze. Psilostrophe. (Fig. 3958.) Riddellia Tagetinae Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) Psliotrophe agetiaae Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 358. 1891. Perennial, branched, 6’-2° high, loosely white- woolly, or at length glabrous. Basal and lower leaves spatulate, entire, dentate or rarely pinnatifid, mostly obtuse, 2’-4’ long; upper leaves sessile, or nearly so, smaller, linear, or spatulate, usually entire; heads several together in the clusters, %4/— 1’ broad, short-peduncled; rays few, commonly as wide as long, with 2 or 3 broad teeth or lobes at the summit; achenes glabrous, or sparingly pubes- cent; pappus-scales linear-lanceolate to oblong-lan- ceolate, glabrous, shorter than the disk-corollas. In dry sandy soil, Kansas and Colorado to Texas and Arizona. June-Sept. 73. FLAVERIA Juss. Gen. Pl. 186. 1789. Glabrous or minutely puberulent, light-green, mostly annual herbs, with opposite sessile entire or serrate leaves, and small 1-several-flowered, usually sessile, oblong and densely cymose-capitate heads of tubular, or both tubular and radiate yellow or yellowish flowers. Involucre of 2-5 narrow, nearly equal, appressed bracts, sometimes with 1 or 2 additional small exterior ones. Receptacle small, naked. Ray-flower commonly 1, pistillate, fertile, sometimes wanting. Disk-flowers 1-15, perfect, fertile, their corollas 5-toothed. Anthers entire at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers truncate. Achenes oblong or linear- oblong, 8-1o-ribbed. Pappus none. [Latin, //avus, yellow, from its dyeing properties. ] About 7 species, natives of the warmer parts of America, In addition to the following, 3 others occur in the southern United States. 1. Flaveria angustifolia (Cav.) Pers. Narrow-leaved Flaveria. (Fig. 3959.) Milleria angustifolia Cav. Icon. 3:12. pl. 2237. 1794. Flaveria angustifolia Pers, Syn. 2: 489. 1807 Annual, glabrous or very nearly so, erect, 1°-2° high, little branched. Leaves linear or lanceolate, serrulate or entire, 3-nerved, acuminate or acute at the apex, sessile by a broad and somewhat clasping base, 1/-214” long, 2’/-4’’ wide; heads about 3’ high, closely ses- sile in terminal glomerules or these pedunculate from the upper axils; involucre usually of 3 oblong-lanceo- late bracts, 2—-5-flowered; ray equalling or longer than the breadth of the disk; achenes linear, glabrous, about 134’ long. In alkaline soil, Kansas and Colorado to Texas, Mexico and New Mexico. Aug.-Oct. GENUS 74.] THISTLE FAMILY. 445 74. HYMENOPAPPUS L/ Her.; Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 103. 1803. Perennial or biennial, erect herbs, with angled stems, alternate or basal, mostly pinnatifid or dissected leaves, and corymbose or solitary, small or rather large discoid heads, of white or yellow flowers. Involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, its bracts 6-12 in I or 2 series, nearly equal, mostly appressed, colored, petal-like, the margins and apices scarious. Receptacle small, naked. Rays none. Disk-flowers all perfect and fertile, their corollas with slender tubes and reflexed or spreading campanulate 5-lobed limbs, the lobes ovate. Anthers entire at the base. Style-branches with short conic appendages. Achenes obovoid or obpyramidal, 4-5-angled, the faces usually prominently 1-3-nerved. Pappus of 10-20 thin obtuse scales, sometimes very short or none. [Greek, membrane-pappus. ] About 7 species, natives of southern and central North America and Mexico. Bracts of the involucre broadly ovate or oval, bright white. 1. H. Carolinensts. Bracts obovate to oblong, green or with white tips. Heads numerous, 4’’-6'’ broad; biennials. Achenes puberulent; corolla white. 2. H. corymbosus. Achenes densely villous. Plant glabrate, or loosely woolly; corolla dull white. Plant densely white-woolly; corolla yellow. Heads few, 6'’-12"’ broad; corolla yellow; perennial. . H. tenutfolius. . Hf, flavescens. . H, filifolius. Aw 1. Hymenopappus Carolinénsis (Lam.) Porter. White-bracted Hymeno- pappus. (Fig. 3960.) Rothia Carolinensis Lam. Journ. Hist. Nat. 1: 16. pl. 1. 1792. Hymenopappus scabiosaeus 1)Her.; Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 104. 1803. Hymenopappus Carolinensis Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 338. 1894. Biennial: stem woolly-pubescent or glabrate, leafy below, corymbosely branched and nearly naked above, 2°-3° high. Basal and lower leaves petioled, 4’-6’ long, 1-2-pinnately parted or deeply pinnatifid into linear or oblong, obtuse or obtusish lobes, more or less white-tomentose beneath, green and glabrate above; upper leaves few, smaller, sessile, less divided; heads com- monly numerous, corymbose, 6//-10’” broad; bracts of involucre oblong, ovate or oval, some- times slightly obovate, thin, bright white, pu- berulent or glabrate; corolla-lobes about as long as the throat, white; achenes puberulent or pu- bescent; pappus of very small nerveless scales, shorter than the width of the top of the achene. In dry sandy soil, Illinois to Texas, east to South Carolina and Florida. March-June. Wy 2. Hymenopappus corymbosus T. & G. Corymbed, or Smooth White Hymeno- pappus. (Fig. 3961.) Hymenopappus corymbosus T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 372. 1842. Biennial; stem glabrous, or nearly so,corymbosely branched and nearly naked above, 1°-2° high. Lower and basal leaves petioled, 1~-2-pinnately parted into linear or nearly filiform, acute or acut- ish glabrous lobes, or somewhat tomentose beneath; upper leaves few, much smaller and less divided, or the uppermost reduced to linear scales; heads cor- ymbose, numerous, 4/’-6/’ broad; bracts of the in- volucre obovate to oblong, puberulent, their tips greenish white; corolla white, its lobes about as long as the throat; achenes puberulent; pappus-scales small, nerveless, shorter than the width of the top of the achene. On dry prairies, Nebraska to Texas. Summer. 446 COMPOSITAE. (Vou. III. 3. Hymenopappus tenuifolius Pursh. Woolly White Hymenopappus. (Fig. 3962.) Bia i cd fenutfolius Pursh, Am. Sept. 742. 1814. Biennial; stem lightly tomentose, orat length glabrate, 1°-2° high, slender, leafy below, cor- ymbosely branched and nearly naked above. Lower and basal leaves petioled, 1-3-pinnately parted into linear or filiform lobes, woolly pu- bescent beneath, at least when young; upper leaves much smaller and less compound; heads numerous, corymbose, 4//-6’’ broad; bracts of the involucre obovate-oblong, usually densely tomentose; corolla white, its lobes slightly shorter than the throat; achenes densely villous- pubescent; pappus of several oblong to ovate, ribbed or nerved scales, which are about as long as the width of the top of the achene. On dry prairies, Nebraska to Texas. June-Sept. 4. Hymenopappus flavéscens A. Gray. Woolly Yellow Hymenopappus. (Fig. 3963.) i a Hymenopappus flavescens A. Gray, Mem. Am.Acad. (II) 4:97. 1849. Bienniai; stem densely white-woolly, at least when young, 1°-214° high, leafy, branched above. Leaves 1-3-pinnately parted or divided into linear segments; heads numerous, usually larger than those of the preceding species; in- volucral bracts obovate to ovate with greenish white margins; corolla yellow or yellowish, the lobes about equalling the throat, achenes short- villous; pappus-scales spatulate, shorter than the slender corolla-tube. In sandy soil, Kansas to Texas, Arizona and northern Mexico, 5. Hymenopappus filifolius Hook. Low Tufted Hymenopappus. (Fig. 3964.) Bead 5S filifolius Hook. Fl. Bor, Am. 1: 317. 1833. Perennial from a deep woody root; stems usually tufted, woolly when young, sometimes glabrate when old, densely leafy toward the base, usually naked or nearly so and sparingly branched above, 6/-18’ high. Leaves tomentose when young, the lower and basal ones petioled, 1-3-pinnately parted or pinnatifid into narrowly linear, somewhat rigid lobes; heads commonly few, 6’/—12’” broad; bracts of the involucre obovate-oblong, usually densely woolly, their tips whitish; corolla yellow or yellow- ish, its lobes much shorter than the throat; achenes densely villous; pappus-scales costate, short. On prairies and in dry rocky soil, Northwest Terri- tory to Nebraska and Arizona, June-Sept. GENUS 75.] THISTLE FAMILY. 447 75. POLYPTERIS Nutt. Gen. 2: 139. 1818. Erect rough, glandular or cinereous, branching herbs, with alternate, mostly entire leaves, or the lower opposite, and corymbose heads of tubular or both tubular and radiate pink or purple flowers. Involucre campanulate or obconic, its bracts in I or 2 series, narrow, herbaceous, nearly equal, or with a few exterior shorter ones, appressed, usually colored. Receptacle small, flat, naked. Ray-flowers, when present, pistillate, fertile, the rays 3-cleft. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas with slender tubes and deeply 5-parted campanu- late limbs. Anthers entire or emarginate at the base. Style-branches filiform, acutish, glandular-pubescent throughout. Achenes linear or narrowly obpyramidal, quadrangular. Pappus of 8-12 lanceolate strongly costate scales, that of the outer achenes often much shorter. [Greek, many-winged. ] About 6 species, natives of the southern and south-central United States and Mexico. Rays purple, deeply 3-lobed; leaves lanceolate. 1. P. Hookeriana. Rays none; leaves linear. 2. P. callosa, 1. Polypteris Hookeriana (T. & G.) A. Gray. Hooker’s Polypteris. (Fig. 3965.) Stevia sphacelaita Nutt.; Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2: 214. Without description. 1827. Palafoxia Hookeriana T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 368. 1842. Polypteris Hookeriana A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 19; 31. 1883. Annual; stem rather stout, glandular-pubescent and viscid above, 1°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate, entire, acute or acuminate, narrowed at the base, rough on both sides, the upper alternate, the lower opposite and slender-petioled, 2/-4’ long, 3’’-5’’ wide; bracts of the involucre 10-16, linear-lanceolate or spatulate, glandular-hispid, the inner with purplish tips; ray- flowers 8-10; rays rose-purple, deeply 3-cleft, some- times small, or none; achenes about 4’ long and %’” thick; pappus-scales of thedisk-flowers 6-8, lanceolate, awned, more than half the length of the achene, those of the ray-flowers as many, spatulate, obtuse, shorter, In dry soil, Nebraska to Texas and Mexico, July-Sept. 2. Polypteris callosa (Nutt.) A. Gray. Rayless Polypteris. (Fig. 3966.) Stevia callosa Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 2: 121. 1821. Polvpteris callosa A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 19: 30. 1883. Annual, glandular, at least above; stem slender, paniculately branched, 1°-2° high. Leaves linear, or linear-lanceolate, 1-234’ long, 1/’-2}2’’ wide, entire, short-petioled, mostly alternate; heads dis- coid; bracts of the top-shaped involucre 8-10, linear or narrowly oblong, herbaceous, pubescent, about %’ long; corollas purple, deeply 5-parted; achenes narrowly obpyramidal, pubescent or gla- brous, nearly as long as the involucre; pappus- scales obovate or nearly orbicular, rounded, or retuse, or sometimes minute, or none. In dry soil, Missouri to Texas and New Mexico. June-Oct. 76. BAHIA Lag. Gen. et Sp. Nov. 30. 1816. Herbs or shrubs, more or less woolly, wtth opposite or alternate leaves, and small or rather large, corymbose or solitary heads, of both tubular and radiate, yellow flowers. In- volucre campanulate or hemispheric, its bracts in 1 or 2 series, herbaceous, obtuse, appressed, nearly equal. Receptacle small, nearly flat, naked, foveolate. Ray-flowers in 1 series, pis- tillate, fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas with campanulate or cylindric, 448 COMPOSITAE. [Vor III. 5-cleft limb. Anthers entire or emarginate at the base. Style-tips mostly truncate and ob- tuse. Achenes quadrangular, linear or oblong. Pappus of several nerveless or costate scales, rarely none. [Named for J. F. Bahi, Professor of Botany at Barcelona. ] About 16 species, natives of western North America, Mexico and Chile. Besides the following, some ro others occur in the western parts of North America. 1. Bahia oppositifolia Nutt. Bahia. (Fig. 3967. ) Trichophyllum oppositifolium Nutt. Gen, 2: 167. 1818. Bahia oppositifolia Nutt.; 'T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 376. 1842. Perennial, herbaceous; stem densely cinereous, much branched, 4’-12’ high, very leafy. Leaves opposite, or the uppermost alternate, 4/-114/ long, palmately 2-5-parted into linear, obtuse or obtusish, entire segments, finely cinereous on both sides; heads short-peduncled, 6’/-9’’ broad; involucre campanulate, or becoming hemi- spheric, its bracts oblong, obtuse, densely to- mentose; rays 5-7, Short; achenes linear-oblong, glandular-pubescent; pappus of 4-8 spatulate to lanceolate scales with thickened bases. On plains, Nebraska and Montana to New Mex- ico. June-Sept. 77+ PICRADENIA Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: Si7- ssa. [AcCTINELLA Nutt. (1818), not Pers. (1807) nor Actinea Juss. (1803).] Branched or scapose, villous-pubescent or glabrous, bitter and aromatic herbs, with al- ternate or basal, often punctate leaves, and small or rather large, peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate, yellow flowers, or rays rarely wanting. Involucre hemispheric, cam- panulate or depressed, its bracts imbricated in 2-3 series, appressed, the outer ones some- times united at the base. Receptacle convex or conic, naked. Ray-flowers pistillate and fertile, the rays 3-toothed, 3-lobed Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas with 4-5- toothed limbs. Anthers entire or minutely sagittate at the base. Style-branches truncate and penicillate at the summit. Achenes turbinate, 5-10-ribbed or angled, villous or pubescent. Pappus of 5-12 thin aristate acuminate or truncate scales. [Greek, bitter glands. ] About 20 species, natives of western North America and Mexico. Besides the following, some 11 others occur in the western and southwestern parts of the United States. Leaves entire; bracts of the involucre distinct to the base. Stem leafy, branching; stem-leaves linear. 1. P. linearifolia. Stems tufted, simple, scapose; leaves basal. Leaves linear or narrowly spatulate, glabrous or slightly villous. 2. P. scaposa. Leaves spatulate, mostly densely silky- villous. 3. P. acaulis. Leaves 1-3-parted into filiform segments; outer bracts connate. 4. P. odorata. = a mi 1. Picradenia linearifolia (Hook. ) Britton. Fine-leaved Picradenia. (Fig. 3968. ) Hymenoxys linearifolia Hook. Icon. pl. 146. 1837. Actinella linearifolia T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 383. 1842. Annual or perhaps biennial; stem usually dif- fusely branched, finely hirsute, or glabrous, or woolly at the base, slender, 6’-15’ high. Stem- leaves narrowly linear, sessile, 4/-1 14’ long, 14//- 1// wide; basal leaves spatulate, often villous, much broader, obtuse, narrowed into margined petioles; heads numerous, slender-peduncled, 6’/— 8’ broad; involucre broadly campanulate, its bracts oblong, obtuse, pubescent, distinct to the base, imbricated in about 2 series; receptacle conic; rays 6-10, oblong; achenes pubescent; pap- pus of 5 or 6 ovate awned scales. In dry soil, Kansas to Louisiana, Texas and New Mexico. May-Sept. GENUS 77.] THISTLE FAMILY. 449 2. Picradenia scaposa (DC. ) Britton. Dotted Picradenia. (Fig. 3969.) Cephalophora scaposa DC. Prodr. 5: 663. 1836. ZF; / Actinella scaposa Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 7: 379. 1841. Hi Perennial by thick roots and a slender branching caudex; scapes tufted, slender, monocephalous, pubescent or glabrate, some- times woolly below, 6’-15’ high. Leaves all basal, or near the base, linear or narrowly spatulate, entire (rarely somewhat cleft), glabrous, or slightly villous, conspicuously punctate, 1/-234’ long, 1/’-2%4’’ wide; heads 1/-1}4’ broad; involucre nearly hemispheric, its bracts often obtuse, densely tomentose; tays 12-20; pappus of about 5 ovate or oblong awned scales. In dry soil, Nebraska to Texas, Mexico and New Mexico. May-Nov. I 3. Picradenia acaulis (Nutt.) Britton. Stemless Picradenia. (Fig. 3970.) Actinella acaulis Nutt. Gen. 2:173. 1818. Similar to the preceding species, perennial from thick roots andastout branched caudex; scapes tufted, rather stout, or slender, densely silky or tomentose, 2’-S’ high. Leaves all borne on the ends of the branches of the caudex, spatu- late, entire, obtuse or obtusish, 1/-2’ long, 1%4//— 3// wide, densely silky or villous; heads 9//-18/’ broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts densely villous; rays 10-15; pappus of 5 or 6, ovate or oblong, awned scales. In dry or rocky soil, Northwest Territory to Mon- tana, Nebraska, Arizona and New Mexico. May- Aug. 4. Picradenia odorata (DC.) Britton. Fragrant Picradenia. Limonillo. (Fig. 3971.) Hymenoxys odorata DC. Prodr. 5: 661. 1836. Actinella odorata A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. (II.) 4: tor. 1849. Annual; stem much branched, puberulent, spar- ingly hirsute or glabrous, 1°-2° high, leafy. Leaves 1/-2/ long, 1-3-parted into filiform entire somewhat pubescent segments about %/’/ wide; heads com- monly numerous, 6’’-10’ broad; involucre cam- panulate, puberulent, its outer bracts 6-9, lanceo- late, keeled, acute, united at the base; rays 7-10, cuneate; pappus-scales lanceolate, acuminate. In dry soil, Kansas to Texas, Mexico and southern California. April-July. 29 450 COMPOSITAE. [Von.. IIT. 78. HELENIUM I. Sp. Pl. 886. 1753. Erect, mostly branching herbs, with alternate, mainly decurrent, punctate bitter entire or dentate leaves, and large peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate, yellow or brownish-yel- low flowers, or rays sometimes wanting. Involucre broad and short, its bracts in I or 2 series, linear or subulate, reflexed or spreading. Receptacle convex, sub-globose or oblong, naked. Ray-flowers pistillate and fertile, or neutral, the rays cuneate, 3-5-lobed. Disk-flowers per- fect, fertile, their corollas 4-5-toothed, the teeth glandular-pubescent. Anthers 2-toothed or sagittate at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers dilated and truncate at the apex. Achenes turbinate, ribbed. Pappus of 5-8 entire, dentate or incised, acuminate or aristate scales. [The Greek name of some plant, from Helenus or Helena. ] About 24 species, natives of North and Central America. In addition to the following, some 18- others occur in the southern and southwestern parts of the United States. Stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, dentate; rays fertile; disk yellow. 1. H. aulumnale. Stem-leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, mainly entire; rays neutral; disk purple. 2. H. nudiflorum. Leaves all linear-filiform, entire; rays fertile. 3. H. tenutfolium. 1. Helenium autumnale IL. False or Swamp Sunflower. Sneezeweed. (Fig. 3972.) Helenium autumnale ¥,. Sp. Pl. 886. 1753. Perennial; stem puberulent or glabrous, rather stout, narrowly winged by the decur- rent bases of the leaves, corymbosely branch- ed above, 2°-6° high. Leaves firm, oblong, lan- ceolate or ovate-lanceolate,acuminate or acute at apex, narrowed to the sessile base, pinnately few-veined, 2’-5’ long, 14 ’—2/ wide, dentate or denticulate, puberulent or glabrous, bright green; heads numerous, I’-2’ broad, borne on long puberulent peduncles; bracts of the flattish involucre densely canescent; rays 10-18, drooping, bright yellow, equalling or longer than the globose yellow disk, pistillate and fertile, 3.cleft; achenes pubescent on the angles; pappus-scales ovate, acuminate or aristate, often lacerate or toothed. In swamps and wet meadows, Quebec to Flor- ida, west to the Northwest Territory and Arizona. Called also Yellow-star, Ox-eye. Ascends to: 2600 ft. in Virginia. Aug.—Oct. Helenium autumnale pubéscens ( Ait.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 339. 1894. Helenium pubescens Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 287. 1789. Leaves pale, pubescent, or densely canescent beneath. Minnesota to British Columbia, Nebraska and Texas. a 2. Helenium nudifidrum Nutt. Pur- ple-head Sneezeweed. (Fig. 3973.) Helenium nudiforum Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II.) 7: 384. 1841. ae ds brachypoda T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 388. 1842. Perennial; stem mostly slender, puberulent at least above, corymbosely branched near the summit, 1°-3° high, narrowly winged by the decurrent leaf-bases. Stem-leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, entire or sparingly denticu- late, acute or obtusish at the apex, 1!4/-3/ long, 2//-6/’ wide, sessile; basal and lower leaves spatulate, obtuse, more or less dentate, taper- ing into margined petioles; heads several or numerous, I/-14’ broad, on slender or short- puberulent peduncles; rays 10-15 (sometimes wanting), drooping, yellow, yellow with a brown base, or brown throughout, 3-toothed, neutral, or with rudimentary pistils, sterile, equalling or exceeding the brown or purple globose disk; pappus-scales ovate, aristate. In moist soil, Missouri and Illinois to Texas, ify east to North Carolina and Florida. Also near ahs Philadelphia, where it is apparently naturalized from the south. June-Oct. GENvs 78.] THISTLE FAMILY. 451 3. Helenium tenuifolium Nutt. Fine-leaved Sneezeweed. (Fig. 3974.) Helenium tenutfolium Nutt. Journ. Phil. Acad. L 7:66. 1834. Annual; glabrous or minutely pubescent above; stem slender, very leafy and usually much branched, 8/24’ high. Leaves all lin- ear-filiform, entire, sessile, often fascicled, %4/— 1%’ long, 14’’ or less wide; heads several or numerous, corymbose, 9’/-15’’ broad, borne on slender or filiform peduncles; bracts of the in- volucre few, linear or subulate, sometimes pu- bescent, soon reflexed; rays 4-S, fertile, 3-4- toothed, at length drooping, longer than the globose disk; achenes villous; pappus-scales ovate, tipped with slender awns. In moist soil, southeastern Virginia to Florida, Missouri, Arkansas and Texas. Aug.—Oct. 79. GAILLARDIA Foug. Mem. Acad. Sci. Paris, 1786: 5. f/. 7, 2. 1786. Branching or scapose, more or less pubescent herbs, with alternate or basal leaves, and large peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, or rays wanting. Involucre de- pressed-hemispheric, or flatter, its bracts imbricated in 2 or 3 series, their tips spreading or reflexed. Receptacle convex or globose, bristly, fimbrillate or nearly naked. Rays cuneate, yellow, purple, or parti-colored, neutral or rarely pistillate, 3-toothed or 3-lobed. Disk-flow- ers perfect, fertile, their corollas with slender tubes and 5-toothed limbs, the teeth pubescent with jointed hairs. Anthers minutely sagittate or auricled at the base. Style-branches tipped with filiform or short appendages. Achenes turbinate, 5-ribbed, densely villous, at least at the base. Pappus of 6—-12, 1-nerved awned scales, longer than the achene. [Named for M. Gaillard de Marentonneau, a French botanist. ] About 12 species, natives of the south-central part of the United States, and Mexico, 1 in southern South America. All the following called in Texas Blanket-flower. Stem leafy; style-tips with filiform hispid appendages. Fimbrillae of the receptacle obsolete, or short; southern. 1. G. lanceolata. Fimbrillae subulate or bristle-like, mostly longer than the achenes. Rays yellow; fimbrillae exceeding the achenes, 2. G. aristata. Rays purple, or red at base; fimbrillae about equalling the achenes. 3. G. pulchella. Leaves basal; style-tips with short naked appendages; rays none, or few. 4. G. suavts. 1. Gaillardia lanceolata Michx. Sweet Gaillardia. (Fig. 3975.) Gaillardia lanceolata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 142. 1803. Annual,or perhaps perennial; stem puberulent with jointed hairs, or cinereous, usually branched, 14°-3° high, the branchesstraight, nearly erect. Stem-leaves sessile, spatulate or linear, entire or sparingly serrate, puberulent, ciliolate, acute or obtusish and mucronulate at the apex, narrowed to the base, 1’—3/ long, 2’’-4’’ wide; basal leaves broader, very obtuse, sometimes short-petioled; heads 1/—2/ broad, long-peduncled; flowerssweet- scented; bracts of the involucre about equalling the violet disk; rays 8-12, yellow or reddish with darker veins,rarely none; style-tips with filiform hispid appendages; achenes villous at the base, or to beyond the middle; fimbrillae of the recep- tacle short or none; awns of the pappus slender. In dry woods, Kansas to Texas, east to South Carolina and Florida. May-Sept. 452 COMPOSITAE. [Vor. III. 2. Gaillardia aristata Pursh. Great- flowered Gaillardia. (Fig. 3976.) Gaillardia aristata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 573. 1814. Perennial; stem simple, or little branched, hirsute, or densely pubescent with jointed hairs, 1°-3° high. Leaves firm, densely and finely pubescent, the lower and basal ones peti- oled, oblong or spatulate, laciniate, pinnatifid or entire, mostly obtuse, 2’-5’ long; upper leaves sessile, lanceolate, or oblong, or slightly spat- ulate, smaller, entire or dentate, rarely pin- natifid; heads 1%/-4’ broad, long-peduncled; bracts of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate, hirsute; rays 10-18, yellow; style-tips with fili- form appendages; fimbrillae of the receptacle mostly longer than the achenes, which are villous at least at the base. On plains and prairies, Minnesota to the North- west Territory and British Columbia, south to Colorado and New Mexico. Leaves sometimes all basal. May-Sept. RS) 3. Gaillardia pulchélla Foug. Showy Gaillardia. (Fig. 3977.) Gaillardia pulchella Foug. Mem. Acad. Sci. Paris, 1786:5. 1786. Annual; diffusely branched at the base, the branches ascending, 6/-15/ high, or larger in ~ cultivation, more or less hirsute or pubescent with jointed hairs. Leaves lanceolate, ob- long, or the lower spatulate, 1/-3’ long, en- tire, dentate or sinuate-pinnatifid, all but the lowest sessile; heads 1/-3/ broad, long-pe- duncled, bracts of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate, hirsute or pubescent; rays 10-20, red or purple at the base, yellow toward the apex; style-tips with filiform hispid appen- ages; fimbrillae of the receptacle equalling or scarcely longer than the achenes, which are more or less villous, or glabrous. In dry soil, Nebraska aud Missouri to Louisi- ana, Mexico and Arizona. May-Sept. | 4. Gaillardia suavis (A. Gray) Britt. & Rusby. Rayless Gaillardia. (Fig. 3978.) Agassizia suavis A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.1:49. 1846. Gaillardia simplex Scheele, Linnaea, 22: 160. 1849. Gaillardia suavis Britt. & Rusby, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 7:11. 1887. Annual or biennial. Leaves in a basal tuft, or a few near the base of the slender pubescent scape, spatulate or obovate in outline, 2’-6’ long, pinnati- fid, dentate, or some of them entire; scape 1°-2° high, monocephalous; head about 1’ broad with the odor of heliotrope, globose in fruit; rays none, or short and pistillate, or a few of them longer and neutral; bracts of the involucre oblong or lanceo- late, sparingly pubescent; fimbrillae of the recep- “ tacle obsolete; style-appendages short, naked; achenes densely villous; pappus-scales broad, their awns very slender. In dry rocky soil, Kansas to Texas. April-June. GENvs So.] THISTLE FAMILY. 453 80. DYSODIA Cay. Ann. Cient. Nat. 6: 334. I80I—2. Erect or diffuse, branching, mostly annual, strong-scented more or less glandular herbs, with pposite or alternate, mostly finely dissected leaves, and small peduncled heads of both tubiar and radiate yellow Mowers. Involucre cylindric, campanulate or nearly hemispheric, its bracts in I series, united into a cup, usually with a few small additional outer ones. Re- ceptacle flat, pubescent, or covered with short bristles. Ray-flowers pistillate, the rays short. Disk-flowers perfect, their corollas 5-toothed, Anthers entire or minutely 2-toothed at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers elongated, hirsute, sometimes apiculate. Achenes narrowly obpyramidal, 3-5-angled, striate. Pappus of about 10 scales, parted to be- yond the middle into numerous capillary, rather stiff, bristle-like segments. [Greck, ill-smell. ] About 15 species. natives of the south-central United States and of Mexico. Besides the fol- lowing, 2 others occur in the southwestern United States. 1. Dysodia papposa (Vent.) A. S. Hitchcock. Fetid Marigold. False Dog-fennel. (Fig. 3979.) Tageltes papposa Vent. Hort. Cels, fl. 376. 1800. Boebera chrysanthemoides Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 2125. 1804. ry , Dysodia chrysanthemoides Lag. Gen. et Sp. Nov.29. 1816. \\\ W \) D, papposa Hitche. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 5: 503. 1891. Y D Annual, very leafy, glabrous or finely pubescent, gland-dotted, much branched,6’-18’ high, the branches diffuse or erect. Leaves opposite, sessile, or short-peti- oled, %4’-114’ long, pinnately parted into linear or slightly spatulate, sharply serrate or incised segments; heads numerous, short-peduncled, 3-5’ broad; invo- lucre campanulate, of 8-10 appressed oblong obtuse, green or purplish, glabrous or ciliate bracts, with sev- eral narrow shorter outer ones; rays few, not longer than the width of the disk; receptacle and achenes pubescent. Along streams and roadsides, Ohio to Minnesota and Nebraska, south to Louisiana, Mexico and Arizona. Oc- casionally found as a weed in waste places in the Eastern and Middle States, and in Ontario. July—Oct. 81. THYMOPHYLLA Lag. Gen. et Sp. Nov. 25. 1816. [HyMENATHERUM Cass, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1817: 12. 1817.] Annual or perennial herbs, some species low undershrubs, with gland-dotted foliage and involucre, alternate or opposite leaves, and small heads of both tubular and radiate, mostly yellow flowers. Involucre campanulate, its principal bracts united into a cup, sometimes with smaller outer ones. Receptacle naked, or fimbrillate, not chaffy. Ray-flowers pistil- late, fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile. Style-branches truncate or blunt. Achenes stri- ate. Pappus of several or numerous scales or bristles. [Greek, thyme-leaf, not applicable to the following species. } About 15 species, natives of America. Besides the following, some 4 others occur in the west- ern parts of the United States. NWSE BY)> 1. Thymophylla aurea (A. Gray) ye AINSI Greene. Thyme-leaf. (Fig. 3980.) X We N py) D WA AE Lowellia aurea A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. (II) 4: 91. 1B ea eae aureum A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 19: 42. 1883. f Annual, glabrous, 4/-12’ high, much branched; the leaves and involucre with large oval oil-glands. Leaves alternate, or the lower opposite, sessile, or nearly so, very deeply parted into 5-9 linear-fili- form, mostly entire, blunt segments; heads nu- merous, corymbose, 6//-10’’ broad, terminating the branches; involucre about 3/’ high, its bracts acute; rays about 12, 2!4//-3/’ long; pappus of 6-8 erose truncate scales, somewhat longer than the thickness of the achene. Kansas and Colorado to Texas, June-Sept. 454 COMPOSITAE. (Vor. III. 82. PECTIS L. Syst. Nat. Ed. 10, 2: App. 1376. 1759. Annual or perennial, diffuse prostrate or erect, mostly glabrous herbs, gland-dotted and strong-scented, with opposite narrow sometimes ciliate leaves, and small usually cymose heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers. Involucre cylindric, oblong or campanu- late, its bracts in I series, narrow, keeled, distinct. Receptacle small, naked. Ray-flowers pistillate, the rays small, entire or 3-lobed. Disk-flowers perfect, their corollas with ex- panded, somewhat irregularly 5-cleft limbs. Anthers entire at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers very short, obtuse. Achenes linear, slightly angled, striate. Pappus of several or numerous scales, slender bristles or awns, sometimes with a few outer smaller additional ones. [Latin, pecfen, comb, referring to the pappus. ] About 50 species, natives of the warmer parts of America. Besides the following, about 10 others occur in the southern and western parts of the United States. 1. Pectis angustifolia Torr. LLemon-scented Pectis. (Fig. 3981.) Pectis angustifolia Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. ¥. 2: 214. 1827. Annual, much branched, 4/-12’ high, the branches diffuse or ascending. Leaves narrowly linear, sessile, obtusish, 14’-2’ long, 1’’ wide or less, often ciliate with a few bristles near the base; heads several or nu- merous, short-peduncled, about 3’’ broad; involucre short-cylindric or narrowly campanulate, its bracts about 8, linear, acutish, partly enclosing the outer achenes; rays few, 3-toothed, or entire; pappus a crown of 4-6 somewhat united short scales, with or without 2 slender short awns. In dry soil, Nebraska and Colorado to Mexico and Ari- zona, Plant with the odor of lemons. May-Oct. 83. ACHILLEA I,. Sp. Pl. 898. 1753. Herbs, mostly perennial, with erect leafy stems, finely dissected, pinnatifid or serrate al- ternate leaves, and small heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, corymbose at the ends of the stem and branches. Involucre obovoid, or campanulate, its bracts appressed, imbri- cated in few series, the outer shorter. Receptacle nearly flat or convex, chaffy, the mem- branous chaff subtending the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers pistillate, fertile, the rays white or pink. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas yellow, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and en- tire at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers truncate. Achenes oblong or obovate, slightly compressed. Pappus none. [Named for Achilles. ] About 75 species. natives of the northern hemisphere, mostly of the Old World. Besides the following, another, or perhaps 2 others, occur in northwestern North America. Involucre broadly campanulate; leaves serrate. 1. A. Plarmica. Involucre ovoid; leaves finely dissected. 2. A. Millefolium. 1. Achillea Ptarmica L. Sneezewort. White Tansy. Sneezewort- Yarrow. (Fig. 3982.) Achillea Plarmica I,. Sp. Pl. 898. 1753. Perennial from horizontal or creeping rootstocks; stem glabrous, or slightly pubescent, nearly or quite simple, 1°-2° high. Leaves linear or linear-lanceo- late, sessile and slightly clasping at the base, acute at the apex, regularly and closely serrate, sometimes pubescent on the veins beneath, 1/-2'%’ long, 114//- 3’’ wide; heads not very numerous, 5/’-9’’ broad; peduncles puberulent; involucre broadly campanu- late, its bracts ovate-oblong, obtuse or obtusish, slightly tomentose; rays 5-15, white, rather large. In moist soil, Newfoundland, New Brunswick and Quebec to Massachusetts and Michigan. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of northern Asia. Called also Goose-tongue, Wild, Bastard or European Pellitory, Fair Maid of France, Sneezewort Tansy. July-Sept. GENUS §3.] THISTLE FAMILY. 455 2. Achillea Millefolium L. Yarrow. Milfoil. (Fig. 3983.) Achillea Millefolium 1,. Sp. Pl. 899. 1753. Perennial from horizontal rootstocks; flow- ering stems pubescent, or nearly glabrous, simple, or corymbosely branched above, 1°- 2° high. Basal leaves, and those of the nu- merous short sterile shoots, mostly petioled, sometimes 10’ long and 14’ wide, those of the stem sessile, all narrowly oblong or lanceolate in outline and finely dissected into narrow pinnatifid segments, tomentose, pubescent or nearly glabrous; heads numerous, 2//—3// broad, in terminal compound dense, some- what convex corymbs; involucre ovoid, its bracts oblong, obtusish, pubescent; rays 4-6, white, or often pink or purple. In various situations throughout North Amer- ‘ica; in the east occurring as a naturalized weed, ‘greener and less tomentose than the native west- ern plant, which is probably specifically dis- tinct. Native also of Europe and Asia. Old names, Sanguinary, Thousand-leaf, Nosebleed, “Old Man’s Pepper, Soldier’s Woundwort. J une-Nov. 84. ANTHEMIS L. Sp. Pl. 893. 1753. Annual or perennial herbs, with pinnatifid or dissected, alternate leaves, and usually large peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, terminating the branches. Invo- lucre hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in several series, scarious-margined, appressed, the outer shorter. Receptacle convex, conic or oblong, chaffy at least toward the summit, the chaff subtending the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers pistillate and fertile, or neutral, the tube terete or 2-winged, the ray white or yellow, entire or 2-3-toothed. Disk-flowers perfect, fer- tile, yellow, their corollas with 5-cleft limbs. Anthers obtuse and entireatthe base. Style- branches of the disk-flowers truncate. .Achenes oblong, angled, ribbed or striate. Pappus none, or a short coroniform border. [Greek name of Camomile. ] About 60 species, natives of Europe, Asia and Africa. Rays white. ‘ Rays neutral; plant glabrous, or nearly so, fetid. 1. A. Cotula. Rays pistillate; plants pubescent. Annual; chaff of the receptacle acute. Perennial; chaff of the receptacle obtuse. Rays yellow; plant pubescent, or tomentose. A, arvensis. . A. nobilts. . A. linctoria. 1. Anthemis Cotula L. Mayweed. Dog’s, or Fetid Camomile. Dillweed. (Fig. 3984.) Anthemis Cotula I,. Sp. Pl. 894. 1753. Maruta Cotula DC. Prodr. 6:13. 1837. Annual, glabrous, or sometimes pubescent above, glandular and with a fetid odor and acrid taste, much branched, 1°-2° high. Leaves mostly sessile, 1/-2’ long, finely 1-3- pinnately dissected into narrow, or almost filiform, acute lobes; heads commonly nu- merous, about 1’ broad; bracts of the invo- lucre oblong, obtuse or obtusish, usually somewhat tomentose; rays 10-18, white, at length reflexed, neutral, or rarely with abortive pistils, mostly 3-toothed; receptacle convex, becoming oblong, its chaff bristly, subtending the central flowers; achenes Io- ribbed, rugose or glandular-tuberculate; pap- pus none. In fields, waste places and along roadsides, all over North America except the extreme north. Naturalized from Europe, and widely distributed as a weed in Asia, Africa and Aus- tralasia. Other names are Mather, Dog-fennel, Dog-finkle, Morgan. June-Noy. Pon 456 COMPOSITAE. [Vor 111. 2. Anthemis arvénsis L. Corn or Field Camomile. (Fig. 3985.) 3. Anthemis nobilis L. Garden, Scotch, White or Low Camomile. (Fig. 3986.) Anthemis nobilis I. Sp. Pl. 894. 1753. Perennial, pubescent, aromatic, much branch- ed, 6’-18’ high, the branches procumbent. Leaves numerous, 1/-2’ long, finely and com- pactly dissected into nearly filiform lobes and segments; heads about 1’ broad; bracts of the involucre obtuse, pubescent, their scarious margins broad; rays 12-18, white, spreading, pistillate, 2-3-toothed; chaff of the conic recep- * tacle broad, membranous, obtuse; achenes long, obtusely 3-angled; pappus none. Sparingly escaped from gardens, Rhode Island to Delaware and Michigan. Adventive from Europe. June-Aug, Se Anthemis arvensts I. Sp. Pl. 894. 1753. Annual or sometimes biennial, not fetid; stem finely pubescent, usually much branched, about 1° high, the branches decumbent or ascending. Leaves sessile, 1/-3’ long, I-2-pinnately parted into linear or lanceolate acute lobes, less divided than those of the preceding species and with broader segments; heads commonly numerous, 1/-134’ broad; bracts of the involucre oblong, obtuse, usually somewhat pubescent, with broad scarious margins; rays 10-18, white, pistillate, spreading, mostly 2-toothed; chaff of the obtuse receptacle lanceolate, acute or acuminate; achenes oblong, obtusely 4-angled; pappus a mere border. In fields and waste places, Nova Scotia to Vir- ginia, west to Michigan, Missouri, and on the Pa- cific coast. Naturalized from Europe. May-Aug. Vv ob- 4. Anthemis tinctoria L. Yellow or Ox-eye Camomile. (Fig. 3987.) Anthemis tincioria L,. Sp. Pl. 896. 1753. Perennial, pubescent or tomentose; stem erect, branched, 1°-3° high, with nearly erect branches. Leaves sessile, 1/-3’ long, pinnately divided, the oblong segments pinnatifid into narrow acute lobes; heads few or several, 1/-1 's’ broad; bracts of the involucre oblong, obtuse, densely tomen- tose; rays 20-30, pistillate, usually 2-toothed, bright yellow or sometimes paler; chaff of the nearly hemispheric receptacle lanceolate, acum- inate, rather rigid; achenes 4-angled, somewhat compressed; pappus a crown-like border. In fields and waste places, Maine to New Jersey, and locally escaped from gardens. Adventive from Europe. Native also of Asia. June-Sept. GENus 55.] THISTLE FAMILY. 457 85. CHRYSANTHEMUM I, Sp. Pl. 888.1753. Perennial or annual, mostly erect and branching herbs, with alternate dentate incised or dissected leaves, and large, usually long-peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate flow- ers, or rays rarely wanting. Involucre hemispheric or depressed, its bracts appressed, im- bricated in several series, the outer shorter. Receptacle flat, convex or hemispheric, naked. Ray-flowers pistillate, fertile, the rays white, yellow or rose-colored, entire or toothed. Disk- flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas with terete or 2-winged tubes and 4-5-cleft limbs. An- thers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers truncate, penicillate. Achenes angled or terete, 5—ro-ribbed, those of the ray-flowers commonly 3-angled. Pappus none, orascaly cup. [Greek, golden-flower. ] About 100 species, of wide geographic distribution in the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, 2 others occur in northwestern arctic America, Our species have white ray-flowers. Heads large, few or solitary at the ends of the stem or branches. Stem-leaves linear-spatulate, pinnately incised; weed. 1. C. Leucanthemum. Stem-leaves cuneate-spatulate, toothed or lobed above; arctic. 2. C. arcticum, Heads numerous, small, corymbose; plants escaped from gardens. Leaves pinnatifid, the segments incised. 3. C. Parthenium. Leaves oblong, serrate. 4. C. Balsamita. 1. Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum IL. White-weed. White or Ox-eye Daisy. (Fig. 3988.) ; | C. Leucanthemum I,. Sp. Pl. 888. 1753. Leucanthemum vulgare Yam, Fl. Fr. 2: 137. 1778. Perennial; stem glabrous, or sparingly pu- berulent, simple or little branched, 1°-3° high, often tufted, the branches nearly erect. Basal leaves obovate, oblong, or spatulate, coarsely dentate or incised, narrowed into long slender petioles; stem-leaves mostly sessile and partly clasping, 1/-3/ long, linear- spatulate or linear, pinnately incised or toothed, the uppermost very small and nearly entire; heads few or solitary, 1/-2’ broad, on long naked peduncles; rays 20-30, white, spreading, slightly 2-3-toothed; bracts of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, mostly glabrous, with scarious margins and a brown line within the margins; pappus none. In pastures, meadows and waste places, com- mon throughout our area as a weed, but less abundant in the south and west. Naturalized from Europe. Nativealsoof Asia. Other Eng- lish names are Dog-, Bull-, Butter-, Big-, Mid- summer-, Moon-, Horse-, Poorland- or Maudlin-Daisy, Dutch Morgan, Moon-flower, Moon-penny, Great White Ox-eye, Poverty-weed, White Man’s Weed, Herb-Margaret. Rays rarely short and tubular. Disk bright yellow. May-—Nov. 2. Chrysanthemum arcticum I,. Arctic Daisy. (Fig. 3989.) Chrysanthemum arcticum 1, Sp. Pl. 889. 1753. Leucanthemum arcticum DC. Prodr. 6:45. 1837. Similar to the preceding species, but somewhat fleshy, lower, seldom over 114° high. Leaves cune- ate-spatulate, 18’’-3’ long, crenate or cleft at the apex, narrowed intoa long tapering entire base, or the lower into slender petioles, slightly clasping at the base, the uppermost few, small, linear and nearly en- tire; heads solitary or few, long-peduncled, 1/—2/ broad; rays 20-30, white; bracts of the involucre ob- long, obtuse, brown, or with broad brown scarious margins, usually pubescent; pappus none. Coast of Hudson Bay to Alaska. Also in arctic Europe and Asia. Summer. 458 COMPOSITAE. (Vou. III. 3. Chrysanthemum Parthénium (L.) Pers. Common Feverfew. Featherfew. (Fig. 3990.) Matricaria Parthenium 1. Sp. Pl. 890. 1 ie nig Parthenium Pers. Syn. 2: 462. ve Perennial; stem puberulent or glabrate, much branched, 1°-24%° high. Leaves thin, the lower often 6’ long, petioled, or the upper sessile, pinnately parted into ovate or oblong, pinnatifid orincised segments; heads numerous, corymbose, slender-peduncled, 6’’-10’’ broad; bracts of the depressed invo- lucre lanceolate, rather rigid, keeled, pubes- cent, acute or acutish; rays 10-20, white, oval or obovate, spreading, mostly toothed, long- persistent; pappus a short toothed crown. In waste places, New Brunswick and Ontario to New Jersey, and locally in the interior, mostly escaped from gardens. Naturalized or adven- tive from Europe. Called also Pellitory, Wild Camomile. Rays variable in length. Summer. 4. Chrysanthemum Balsamita L,. Costmary. (Fig. 3991.) Chrysanthemum Balsamita 1,. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 1252. 1763. Pyrethrum Balsamita Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 2153. 1804. Perennial, puberulent or canescent; stem much branched, 2°-4° high. Leaves oblong, obtuse, crenate-dentate, 1/-2’ long, those of the stem mostly sessile, and often with a pair of lateral lobes at the base; heads numerous, corymbose, slender-peduncled, 5/’-8’’ broad, or when rayless only 3’ broad; bracts of the involucre narrow, obtuse, pubescent; rays 10-15, white, spreading; pappus a short crown. Sparingly escaped from gardens, Ohio to On- tarioand NovaScotia. Native of the Old World. Other English names are Cost, Alecost, Alecoast. Summer. 86. MATRICARIA L. Sp. Pl. 890.1753. Annual or perennial, mostly erect herbs, similar to some species of the preceding genus, with alternate leaves, dissected into filiform or narrowly linear segments and lobes, and pe- duncled heads of both tubular and radiate flowers, or rays wanting in some species. Invyo- lucre hemispheric, its bracts appressed, imbricated in few series, the outer shorter. Re- ceptacle conic, elongated or hemispheric, naked. Rays, when present, white, pistillate and fertile. Disk-flowers yellow, perfect, fertile, their corollas 4-5-toothed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches of the disk-flowers truncate, penicillate. Achenes 3-5- ribbed. Pappus none, or a coroniform border. [lLatin, matrix, from its medicinal virtues. ] About 20 species, natives of the northern hemisphere and South Africa. The following are the only ones known to occur in North America. Rays present, white. Achenes obpyramidal, strongly 3-ribbed. Plant tall, much branched; bracts of the invelucre green. Plant low, nearly simple, arctic; bracts dark brown or black. Achenes nearly terete, oblong, faintly 3-5-ribbed. Rays none; achenes oblong, faintly nerved. . M. tnodora. . M. grandiflora. . M. Chamomilla. . M. matricarioides. fwd GENUS S6.] THISTLE FAMILY. 459 1. Matricaria inodora L. Scentless Camomile. Corn Mayweed. (Fig. 3992.) Matricaria inodora I,. Fi. Suec. Ed. 2, 297. 1755. oo inodorum \,. Sp. Pl. Ed, 2, 1253. 763- Annual; stem usually much branched, gla- brous, or very nearly so throughout, 1°-2° high. Leaves numerous, sessile, 2-3-pinnately dis- sected into filiform lobes, the rachis somewhat dilated at the base. Heads several or numerous, terminating the branches, 14/-1}4’ broad; bracts of the involucre lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, green with brown scarious margins; rays 20-30, white, spreading; receptacle hemrispheric or ovoid; achenes obpyramidal with three promi- nent ribs; pappus a short entire or 4-toothed ‘crown. In fields and waste places, Newfoundland to New Jersey, and locally in the interior. Naturalized or adventive from Europe. June-Sept. 2. Matricaria grandiflora (Hook.) Britton. Arctic Camomile. (Fig. 3993.) Chrysanthemum grandifiorum Hook. in Parry’s 2d Voy. 398. 1825 Pyrethrum tnodorum var. nanum Hook. FI. Bor, Am. I: 320. 1833. M. grandiflora Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 5:340. 1894. Perennial; stem usually simple and monocephal- ous, glabrous, 4’-12/ high. Leaves sessile, or the lowest short-petioled, 1-2-pinnately dissected, 1/-214 long. Head not very long-peduncled, 1/—2’ broad; bracts of the involucre ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse, glabrous, brown or nearly black, or with broad, brown, scarious margins; rays 15-35, bright white, slightly 3-5-toothed at the summit; receptacle hemi- spheric when mature. Coast of Hudson Bay to Alaska. Reported from Lake Huron. Summer. 3. Matricaria Chamomilla L. Wild or German Camomile. (Fig. 3994.) Matricaria Chamomilla ¥,. Sp. Pl. 891. 1753. Annual, glabrous, much branched, 1°2° high. Leaves aromatic, finely 2-3-pinnately dissec- ted into numerous linear lobes; heads numer- ous, 5/’-12’’ broad, slender-peduncled at the ends of the branches; bracts of the involucre oblong, obtuse, green, or with brownish mar- gins; rays 10-20, white, spreading; receptacle ovoid, becoming conic and hollow; achenes nearly oblong, or somewhat obovoid, faintly 3- 5-ribbed; pappus none. In waste places and on ballast, southern New York to Pennsylvania. Adventive or fugitive from Europe. Called also Horse-gowan. Summer. 460 COMPOSITAE. (Vor. III. 4. Matricaria matricarioides (Less.) Porter. Rayless Camomile. (Fig. 3995.) Santolina suaveolens Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 520. 1814. Not M. suaveolensL. 1755 Artemisia matricarioides Less. Linnaea, 6: 210. 1831. Matricaria discoidea DC. Prodr. 6:50. 1837. Matricaria matricarioides Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 341. 1894. Annual, glabrous; stem very leafy, at length much branched, 6’-18’ high. Leaves 2-3-pinnately dissected into linear acute lobes; heads numerous, 3/’-4’’ broad, pe- duncled; bracts of the involucre oval or ob- long, green with broad white scarious mar- gins, much shorter than the ovoid yellow disk; rays none; receptacle conic; achenes oblong, slightly angular, faintly nerved, pappus an obscure crown, sometimes pro- duced into 2 coriaceous oblique auricles. In waste places, in ballast and along rail- roads, Missouri to Maine. Adventive from the Pacific coast. Naturalized as a weed in northern Europe. May-Aug. ~ 87. TANACETUM IL. Sp. Pl. 843. 1753. Erect, strongly aromatic herbs, our species perennials, with alternate, 1-3-pinnately dis- sected or divided leaves, and numerous small corymbose heads of tubular flowers, or with rays sometimes present and imperfectly developed. Involucre hemispheric, depressed, or campanulate, its bracts appressed, imbricated in several series. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Marginal flowers pistillate, fertile, their corollas 2-5-toothed or lobed, sometimes produced into short rays. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas 5-toothed. Anthers ob- tuse and entire at the base, their tips broad. Style-branches truncate and penicillate at the summit. Achenes 5-angled or 5-ribbed, truncate or obtuse. Pappus none, or a short crown. [From tanasie, old French for tansy; Greek, athanasia, immortality. ] About 35 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, 6 others occur in western and northwestern North America. Glabrous, or nearly so; heads numerous, 3'’-5'’ broad. 1. 7. vulgare. Villous-pubescent; heads few, 6''-8’’ broad. 2. T. Huronense. NY 1. Tanacetum vulgare Tanacetum vulgare 1, Sp. Pl. 844. 1753- Stem stout, usually simple up to the in- florescence, glabrous, or sparingly pubescent, 134°-3° high. Leaves pinnately divided into linear-oblong, pinnatifid or incised seg- ments, the lobes acute, usually serrate; lower segments of the leaves often smaller than the others; basal leaves often 1° long; heads commonly numerous, 3//-5’’ broad, rather short-peduncled; involucre depressed- hemispheric, its bracts oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, or the outer acute, slightly pubes- cent or ciliate; receptacle flat; flowers yel- low; marginal corollas with short oblique 3-toothed limbs; pappus a short crown. Along roadsides, mostly escaped from gar- dens, Nova Scotia and Ontario to Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Missouri. Natu- ralized or adventive from Europe. Other Eng- lish names are Bitter Buttons, Hindheal, Gin- ger-plant. July-Sept. Tanacetum vulgare crispum DC. Prodr. 6: 128. Leaf-segments See Giicinedl and crisped. Occasional, in similar situations. In some places more plentiful than the type. GEnus §7.] THISTLE FAMILY. 2. Tanacetum Huronénse Nutt. Lake Huron Tansy. (Fig. 3997.) Tanacetum Huronense Nutt. Gen. 2: 141. 1818. Villous-pubescent throughout, at least when young, less so when mature, 1°-2° high. Leaves 2-pinnately divided, the lobes dentate or incised, acute, the lower segments commonly smaller than the others; heads 1-8, 6’’-8’’ broad, on very stout pubescent peduncles; involucre depressed- hemispheric; marginal flowers with 3-5-lobed limbs, often expanded into short rays; pappus a short crown. In moist soil, especially along streams or lakes, New Brunswick to Hudson Bay, Maine, Lake Superior, Alaska and Oregon, July—Sept. 88. ARTEMISIA I.. Sp. Pl. 845.. 1753. Odorous herbs or shrubs, often canescent or tomentose, with alternate leaves, and small pendulous or erect, discoid racemose spicate glomerate or paniculate heads, of greenish or yellowish flowers. Involucre ovoid, oblong, or broadly hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in few series, the outer gradually shorter. Receptacle flat, convex or hemispheric, naked or pubescent, not chaffy. Central flowers perfect, sometimes sterile, with abortive ovaries and undivided styles, sometimes perfect and fertile, with truncate style-branches; marginal flow- ers usually pistillate and fertile, their corollas 2-3-toothed; or flowers all perfect and fertile in some species. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base, often tipped with subulate appen- dages. Achenes obovoid or oblong, 2-ribbed or striate, rounded at the summit, usually bearing a large epigynous disk. Pappus none. [Named for Artemisia, wife of Mausolus. ] About 200 species, natives of the northern hemisphere and southern South America. Besides the following, some 25 others occur in the western parts of North America. % Marginal flowers pistillate; central flowers perfect, sterile. a. Biennial or perennial herbs. Leaves pinnately dissected into narrowly linear lobes. Heads very numerous, 1'' broad; leaves mostly glabrous. 1. A. caudata. Heads 2" broad, in narrow panicles; leaves silky-pubescent. Heads few; involucre brown, mostly pubescent. 2. A. borealis. Heads numerous; involucre green, mostly glabrous. 3. A. Canadensis. Leaves linear, the lower sometimes 3-cleft or pinnately divided. Leaves glabrous. 4. A. dracunculoides. Leaves finely and densely pubescent. 5. A. glauca. b. Shrubby, silvery-canescent; heads small and numerous. 6. A. filifolia. % *% Marginal flowers pistillate; central flowers perfect, fertile. a. Receptacle villous-pubescent. Leaf-segments linear-filiform, short. 7. A. frigida. Leaf-segments oblong, or linear-oblong; introduced. 8. A. Absinthium. b. Receptacle glabrous, or sparingly pubescent. Leaves dissected, glabrous or pubescent, green, not tomentose. Heads about 2”’ broad, numerous in panicled racemes; perennial. g. A. Abrotanum. Heads about 1’' broad, paniculate or spicate; annuals. Leaves finely 2-3-pinnately divided; heads paniculate. 10, A, annua, Leaves pinnately divided; segments pinnatifid; headsin leafy spikes. 11. A. biennis. Leaves densely white-canescent or tomentose, at least beneath. Leaves pinnatifid or dissected. Heads 3''-4'’ broad, racemose-glomerate; sea-beach plant. 12. A. Stelleriana. Heads 1''-2'' broad, spicate-paniculate or racemose. Leaves deeply pinnatifid, the segments mostly incised. 13. A. vulgaris. Leaves finely dissected into short linear lobes. 14. A. Pontica. Leaves pinnately parted into 5-7 narrow entire segments. 15. A. Kansana. Leaves lanceolate or linear, serrate or entire, not pinnatifid. Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate, glabrous above. 16. A. serrata. Leaves linear, oblong, or lanceolate, entire or lobed. Leaves elongated, at length glabrous above. 17. A. longifolia. Leaves shorter, oblong or lanceolate, tomentose both sides. 18. A. gnaphalodes. Leaves cuneate, 4’ long, 3-toothed at the apex. 19. A. Bigelovit. % % % Flowers all perfect and fertile; far western species. Leaves cuneate, 3-toothed or 3-lobed. 20. A. tridentata. Leaves linear, entire. 21. A. cana. 2. Artemisia borealis Pall. Wormwood. (Fig. 3999.) Artemisia borealis Pall. Iter. 129. pl. ih, f. 7. 1771+ COMPOSITAE. (Vor. II. 1. Artemisia caudata Michx. ‘Tall or Wild Wormwood. (Fig. 3998.) Artemisia caudata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 129. 1803. Root biennial (sometimes perennial? ); stems slender, glabrous, tufted, strict, very leafy, 2°-6° high, at length paniculately branched, the branches glabrous, or rarely slightly pubescent, nearly erect. Lower and basal leaves and those of sterile shoots slender-petioled, sometimes a little pubescent, 3/-6’ long, 2-3-pinnately divided into narrowly linear acute lobes about %’/ wide; upper leaves sessile or nearly so, pinnately di- vided, or the uppermost entire and short; heads about 1/’ broad, very short-peduncled, very numerous in a large somewhat leafy panicle, mostly nodding; bracts. of the ovoid-campanulate involucre ovate, or the inner elliptic, glabrous; receptacle hemispheric, naked; central flowers sterile. In dry sandy soil, abundant on sea-beaches, from Quebec to Florida, west to Manitoba, Nebraska and Texas. July— Sept. Northern Artemisia Groenlandica Wormsk. Fl. Dan. pl. 1585. 1818. Perennial, 5/-15’ high, densely silky-pubescent all over, resembling small forms of the following species. Leaves less divided, the basal and lower ones petioled, 1/-214’ long, the upper sessile, lin- ear and entire or mercly 3-parted; heads about 2/7 broad in a dense terminal rarely branched thyrsus; involucre nearly hemispheric, its bracts brown or brownish, pilose-pubescent or nearly glabrous; re- ceptacle convex, naked; disk-flowers sterile. Maine (according to Fernald); Quebec to Greenland, west through arctic America to Alaska, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, Also in northern Asia. July-Aug. 3. Artemisia Canadénsis Michx. Canada Wormwood. (Fig. 4000.) Artemisia Canadensis Michx. Fl. Bor, Am, 2: 129. 1803. Root perennial (or sometimes biennial); stem pubes- cent or glabrous, strict, simple or branched, 1°-2° high, the branches appressed and erect. Leaves usually pubes- cent, but sometimes sparingly so, the basal and lower ones petioled, 2/-3’ long, 2-pinnately divided into linear acute lobes which are shorter and broader than those of Artemisia caudata ; upper leaves sessile, less divided; heads short-peduncled, about 2’’ broad, commonly num- erous in a narrow virgate panicle, mostly spreading or erect, in small forms the panicle reduced to a nearly or quite simple terminal raceme; involucre ovoid, its bracts ovate or oval, green, glabrous or pubescent; re- ceptacle hemispheric; central flowers sterile. In rocky soil, Hudson Bay to northern Maine and Ver- mont, west along the Great Lakes to Minnesota and Mani- toba and to the Canadian Pacific coast, south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona, and to Nebraska. Called also Sea or Wild Wormwood. July-Aug. GENUs 88.] THISTLE FAMILY. 463. 4. Artemisia dracunculoides Pursh, Linear-leaved Wormwood. (Fig. 4001.) ee dracunculoides Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 742. 1814. Perennial, glabrous; stem somewhat woody, usually much branched, 2°-4° high, the branches nearly erect. Leaves linear, 1/-3'%4’ long, 1//-2/” wide, acute, entire, or the lower and basal ones sometimes 3-cleft or even more divided; heads very numerous, 1/’-134/’ broad, nodding, very short-peduncled, racemose-paniculate; involucre nearly hemispheric, its bracts ovate or oblong, green, scarious-margined; receptacle hemispheric, naked; disk-flowers sterile. Dry plains and prairies, Manitoba to the Northwest Territory and British Columbia, south to Nebraska, Texas, New Mexico and California. July-Nov. 5. Artemisia glauca Pall. Silky Wormwood. (Fig. 4002.) A. glauca Pall.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 1831. 1804. Artemisia dracunculoides var. tncana T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2:416. 1843. Perennial, similar to the preceding species; stems strict, leafy, usually simple or little , branched, 1°-2° high, pubescent, tomentose or canescent, or glabrous below. Leaves linear, ¥4/-234/ long, about 1/’’ wide, entire, finely and densely pubescent, obtuse or obtusish, or the lower or sometimes nearly all of them 3-cleft into linear lobes 1/-114’ long; panicle narrow, branched, its branches nearly erect; heads droop- ing, sessile, very numerous, scarcely more than 14’ long; involucre hemispheric, its bracts scarious-margined, obtuse; receptacle naked; disk- flowers sterile. Minnesota and Manitoba to the Northwest Territory. 6. Artemisia filifolia Torr. Silvery Wormwood. (Fig. 4003.) Artemisia filifolia Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.2:211. 1827. Shrubby, finely silyery-canescent throughout; stem branched, 1°—3° high, the rigid branches nearly erect. Leaves 1/-2’ long, nearly all 3-parted into filiform entire segments less than %’’ wide, or the uppermost undivided; heads exceedingly numerous, about 4’ broad, racemose-paniculate, very short- peduncled, 3-5-flowered; involucre oblong, its bracts densely canescent; receptacle small, naked or slightly fimbrillate; central 1-3 flowers sterile. On dry plains, Nebraska to Utah, south to Texas, Mexico and New Mexico. Wormwood Sage. July-Oct. 464 COMPOSITAE. (Vor. II. 7. Artemisia frigida Willd. Pasture Sage- Brush. Wormwood Sage. (Fig. 4004.) Artemisia frigida Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 1838. 1804. Perennial, woody at the base, densely silky- canescent all over; stem branched or simple, 10’— 20’ high. Leaves 1%4/-114’ long, ternately or 5- nately divided into numerous short acutish mostly entire lobes less than '%4’’ wide, the lower and basal ones petioled, and often with a pair of en- tire or 3-cleft divisions near the base of the peti- ole, the upper sessile and less divided; heads rather numerous, racemose or racemose-panicu- late, short-peduncled, nodding, about 2’’ broad; in- volucre hemispheric, its bracts oblong, canescent or tomentose; receptacle villous-pubescent; central flowers fertile. On dry plains and in rocky soil, Minnesota to the Northwest Territory and Idaho, south to Nebraska, Texas and New Mexico. Called also Wild Sage. July-Oct. ; 8. Artemisia Absinthium L. Common Wormwood. Absinth. (Fig. 4005.) Artemisia Absinthium I,. Sp. Pl. 848. 1753. Shrubby, finely canescent; stem much branched, 2°- 4°high. Leaves 2/-5’ long, I-3-pinnately divided into numerous oblong to obovate obtuse lobes, the lower } long-petioled, the upper short-petioled or sessile, the uppermost commonly linear and entire; heads numer- ous, yellow, racemose-paniculate, drooping, short-pe- duncled, 2’/-214’” broad; involucre hemispheric, its outer bracts linear, the inner much broader, scarious- margined; receptacle pilose-pubescent; central flowers , fertile, the marginal ones fertile or sterile. In waste places, Newfoundland and Hudson Bay to Massachusetts, western Ontario and New York. Natu- ralized or adventive from Europe, mostly escaped from gardens. Old English names, Maderwort, Mugwort, Mingwort, Warmot. July—Oct. g. Artemisia Abrotanum I, Southernwood. (Fig. 4006.) Artemisia Abrotanum I,. Sp. Pl. 845. 1753. Perennial, somewhat shrubby; stem puberulent or glabrous, much branched, 2°-4° high, the branches short, erect or ascending. Leaves glabrous or some- what pubescent, 1/-3/ long, I-3-pinnately parted into linear obtuse entire lobes about 1%4’’ wide, or the uppermost linear and entire, the lowest petioled; heads several-flowered, yellow, very numerous, nod- ding, racemose-paniculate, 2’/-214’’ broad; involucre nearly hemispheric, pubescent, its outer bracts lan- ceolate, acute, the inner ones obovate; receptacle glabrous; central flowers fertile. In waste places, Massachusetts to western New York, southern Ontario, and Nebraska. Adventive from con- tinental Europe. Old English names, Lad’s Love, Boy’s Love, Slovenwood, Old Man. Artemisia procera Willd., a similar species, but with glabrous involucre, is stated by Dr. Gray (Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 370) to have escaped from gardens at Buffalo, N. Y., but is not recorded in Mr. D. F. Day’s Catalogue of Plants of that vicinity. GENUS 88. ] THISTLE FAMILY. 465 1o. Artemisia annua L. Annual Wormwood. (Fig. 4007.) Arlemisia annua I,. Sp. Pl. 847.1753. Aunual, glabrous throughout, much branched, 2°-5° high. Leaves 2’-6’ long, finely 2-3-pinnately dissected into very narrow short obtuse lobes, the lower and basal ones slender-petioled, the upper sessile and less divided, but none of them entire; heads very numerous, about 1’’ broad, drooping, borne on very slender peduncles of about their own length or less; involucre hemispheric, glabrous, its bracts few, ovate to oblong; receptacle glabrous; flowers commonly all fertile. In waste places, Ontario to West Virginia, Tennessee and Kansas, a bad weed in some places. Adventive or naturalized from Asia. Summer. 11. Artemisia biénnis Willd. Biennial Wormwood. (Fig. 4008.) Artemisia biennis Willd. Phytogr. 11. 1794. Annual or biennial, glabrous throughout; stem very leafy, usually branched, 1°-4° high, the branches nearly erect. Leaves 1/-3/ long, I-2-pinnately di- vided into linear or linear-oblong, acutish, serrate or incised lobes, the lowest petioled, the uppermost less divided or rarely quite entire; heads about 114// broad, not drooping, sessile and exceedingly numer- ous in axillary glomerules which are crowded, form- ing a compound spicate inflorescence, the subtend- ing leaves much exceeding the clusters; involucre ,. nearly hemispheric, its bracts green, scarious-mar- } gined; receptacle naked; central flowers fertile. Native in the Northwest Territory and the northwest- ern United States, now widely distributed as a weed from Manitoba to Nova Scotia, south to Missouri, Kentucky and Pennsylvania. Plant not odorous. Aug.—Oct. 12. Artemisia Stelleriana Bess. Beach Wormwood. (Fig. 4009.) Artemisia Stelleriana Bess. Abrot. 79. pl. 5. 1829. Perennial, densely white-tomentose; stem branched, 1°-214° high, bushy, the branches ascending. Leaves obovate to spatulate, 1/—4’ long, pinnatifid into oblong obtuse entire or few-toothed lobes, the lower petioled, the upper sessile, all densely tomentose beneath, but be- coming green and glabrous above when old; heads racemose-spicate or racemose-glomerate, 3/’-4’’ broad, not drooping; involucre oblong- campanulate, its bracts tomentose, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; receptacle naked; central flowers fertile. Sandy sea-beaches, Maine and Massachusetts to New Jersey. Cultivated in gardens along the coast. Native of northeastern Asia. Occurs also on the coast of Sweden. Foliage similar to that of the Dusty Miller, Cinerarta maritima I, July-Aug. —_ 30 466 COMPOSITAE. (Vor, III. 13. Artemisia vulgaris L. Common Mugwort. (Fig. goro.) Artemisia vulgaris I. Sp. Pl. 848. 1753. Perennial; stem glabrous or nearly so, much branched, 1°-3%° high. Leaves 1/-4'4’ long,. deeply pinnatifid, into linear, oblong or some- what spatulate, pinnatifid, toothed or entire lobes, densely white-tomentose beneath, dark green and glabrous above, the lower petioled and often with 1 or 2 pairs of small lateral divis- ions at or’near the base of the petiole, the upper sessile, the uppermost sometimes linear and en- tire; heads numerous, erect, about 2’’ broad, in panicled simple or compound spikes; involucre oblong-campanulate, its bracts oblong, obtusish, scarious-margined, tomentose or glabrous; re- ceptacle naked; central flowers fertile. In waste places, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Michi- gan, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Reported as. native in arctic America. Called also Motherwort, Fellon-herb, Sailor’s Tobacco, Wormwood, Bul- wand, July—Oct. 14. Artemisia Péntica Ll. Roman or Hungarian Wormwood. (Fig. 4o11.) Artemisia Pontica I. Sp. Pl. 847. 1753- Perennial; stem branched, glabrous or canescent, 1°-3° high. Leaves 114’-214’ long, 2-3-pinnately dissected into short narrow lobes less than 1’’ wide, canescent on both sides, or tomentose beneath, the lower petioled and the petioles somewhat clasping or auricled at the base, the upper mostly linear and entire; heads numerous, 1//-2/’ broad, drooping, slender-peduncled; involucre hemispheric, canes- cent, its bracts oblong or obovate, obtuse, the outer short, lanceolate; receptacle glabrous; central flowers fertile. Railway embankment near Tumble Station, Hunt- erdon Co., N, J.; mountain-side near Lily Lake, Lu- zerne Co., Pa. Both specimens in leaf only, and re- ferred to this species with some hesitation. Fugitive or adventive from central Europe. July—Aug. 15. Artemisia Kansana Britton. Kansas. Mugwort. (Fig. 4012.) Densely white-woolly all over; stem erect, much branched, the branches strict, bearing very numerous. small heads forming a narrow dense panicle. Leaves numerous, crowded, the lower pinnately divided into 3-7 narrowly linear revolute-margined segments 14/7 wide or less, greenish above; upper leaves mostly narrowly linear and entire; heads oblong-oval, ses- sile, or very short-peduncled, erect, or somewhat spreading, 114’ long; involucre very woolly, its bracts ovate-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acute; recep- tacle naked. ? Plains, Lane Co., Kansas, Aug. 15, 1895 (A. S. Hitch- cock). GeENus 88.] THISTLE FAMILY. A 16. Artemisia serrata Nutt. \SS Saw-leaf Mugwort. (Fig. 4013.) Artemisia serrata Nutt. Gen. 2: 142. 1818, Perennial; stem stout, tomentose or be- coming glabrous, much branched, 5°-s0° high, Leaves lanceolate, 2’-6’ long, 3//- 12’’ wide, densely white-tomentose beneath, dark green and glabrous above, acuminate at the apex, narrowed to a sessile base, or the lowest petioled, sharply serrate or in- cised, or the upper entire; heads very nu- merous, greenish, erect, about 1%4’’ broad, sessile or short-peduncled in panicled spikes or racemes; involucre canescent, its bracts oblong, obtuse, or the outer ones lanceolate; receptacle naked; central flowers fertile. Prairies, Illinois to Minnesota and Dakota. Introduced on the Mohawk River, near Sche- nectady, N. Y. Aug.-Oct. 17. Artemisia longifolia Nutt. Long-leaved Mugwort. (Fig. 4014.) Artemisia longifolia Nutt. Gen. 2:142. 1818. Perennial; stem densely white-tomentose, branched, 2°-5° high. Leaves linear or lin- ear-lanceolate, elongated, entire, 2’-5’ long, 1/’-5’/ wide, acuminate, tapering to a sessile base, or the lower petioled, densely white- tomentose on both sides, or becoming green and glabrate above; heads numerous, erect, spicate-paniculate, about 2’’ broad; involucre tomentose, its bracts oblong, obtuse; recep- tacle naked; central flowers fertile. In dry rocky soil, western Nebraska to Min- nesota, Montana and the Northwest Territory. Aug.-Sept. 18. Artemisia gnaphalodes Nutt. Prairie, Western or Cud-weed Mugwort. (Fig. 4015.) Artemisia gnaphalodes Nutt. Gen. 2:143. 1818. Artemisia Ludoviciana var. gnaphalodes T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 420. 1843. Perennial, similar to the preceding spe- cies; stem white-tomentose, usually much branched, 1°-4° high. eaves lanceolate or oblong, 1/-3/ long, 2’/-6’’ wide, entire, or the lower somewhat toothed, lobed or in- cised, white-tomentose on both sides, acute or acuminate, sessile or the lower narrowed into short petioles; heads numerous, erect, spicate-paniculate, above 114’” broad; invo- lucre oblong, tomentose; receptacle naked; central flowers fertile. On prairies and dry banks, western Ontario and Illinois to British Columbia, south to Mis- souri, Texas, Arizona, Mexico and California. Aug.-Oct. ~N << Wiis SS ey COMPOSITAE. [Vor. III. 1g. Artemisia Bigelovii A. Gray. Bigelow’s Sage-Bush. (Fig. 4016.) Artemisia Bigelovit A, Gray, Pac. R. R. Rep. 4: 110. 1856. Perennial, shrubby, silvery-canescent through- out, 8-15’ high, much branched, the branches erect. Leaves narrowly cuneate, or oblong, obtuse, truncate, or 3-5-toothed at the apex, 5’’-9’ long, about 1/’ wide; heads very numerous, about 1// broad, densely glomerate-spicate in a narrow vir- gate panicle, 2-5-flowered, 1 or 2 of the marginal ones pistillate, the others perfect and fertile; invo- lucre short-oblong, canescent or tomentose, its bracts oblong, obtuse; receptacle naked. Kansas (according to Smyth), and Colorado to Ari- zona. Aug.—Oct. 20. Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Common Sage-bush. Sage-brush. Sage-wood. Mountain Sage. (Fig. 4017.) Arlemisia tridentata Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7: 398. 1841. Shrubby, silvery-canescent; stem much branched, 1°-12° high. Leaves narrowly cune- ate, 1%’-14’ long, 1//-3/’ wide, sessile, 3-7- toothed at the truncate apex; heads very nu- merous,5-5-flowered, about 114’ broad, sessile, “r very nearly so, in large dense panicles; invo- lucre oblong, tomentose, its inner bracts oblong, tthe outer short, ovate, all obtuse or obtusish; re- .ceptacle naked; flowers all perfect and fertile. ‘On dry plains and in rocky soil, western Ne- ‘braska to Colorado, Utah and California, north to Montana and British Columbia. July—Sept. 21. Artemisia cana Pursh. Hoary Sage-Bush. (Fig. 4018.) ‘ Artemisia cana Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 521. 1814. Shrubby, densely white-canescent; stem much branched, 1°-2%° high. Leaves linear, linear-oblong or narrowly lanceolate, sessile, acute at both ends, 1/-2’ long, 14//-3/’ wide, usually quite entire, rarely with 2 or 3 acute teeth or lobes; heads numerous, about 114// broad, glomerate or sometimes solitary in the axils of the leaves, or crowded into a naked thyrsus at the summit, 5-9-flowered; invo- ) lucre oblong, canescent, its inner bracts ob- ‘ long or lanceolate, obtuse, usually with I- 3 shorter outer ones; receptacle naked; s flowers all perfect and fertile. Plains, Nebraska and Colorado to North Da- kota and the Northwest Territory. July-Sept. GENUs 89. ] THISTLE FAMILY. 469 89. TUSSILAGO L. Sp. Pl. 865. 1753. An acaulescent herb, more or less white-tomentose, with slender perennial rootstocks, broad basal cordate, dentate or lobed, long-petioled leaves, and large solitary, monoecious heads of both tubular and radiate yellow flowers at the summit of a scaly scape, appearing before the leaves of the season. Involucre campanulate to cylindric, its principal bracts in a single series, equal, with or without a few shorter outer ones. Receptacle flat, naked. Ray- flowers in several series, pistillate, fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, sterile, the corolla 5-cleft, the style undivided and obtuse, lobed. Achenes of the ray-flowers linear, 5-Io-ribbed. Pap- pus copious, of numerous slender roughish bris- \ tles, that of the sterile flowers shorter than that of the fertile. [Latin, /wssis, cough, for which the plant was a reputed remedy. ] A monotypic genus of northern Europe and Asia. 1. Tussilago Farfara 1. Coltsfoot. Coughwort. (Fig. 4or9.) Tussilago Farfara \,. Sp. Pl. 865. 1753. Scape slender, 3/-18’ high, bearing a solitary large head atthesummit. Leaves nearly orbicu- lar, or broadly ovate-reniform, angulately lobed and dentate, 3’-7’ broad, green and glabrous above, persistently white-tomentose beneath; head about 1’ broad; involucre campanulate; _ rays bright yellow, numerous, linear, pistillate, fertile. In moist soil, along roadsides, ete., Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to Massachusetts, New York and Minnesota. Naturalized from Europe. Other names are Horse-foot, Horse-hoof, Dove-dock, Sow- foot, Colt-herb, Hoofs, Cleats, Ass’s-foot, Bull’s- foot, Foal-foot, Ginger, Clay-weed. April-June. go. PETASITES Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 2: 406. Al. 766. Herbs with perennial thick horizontal rootstocks, broad basal petioled leaves, and scaly scapes bearing racemose or corymbose heads of tubular or both tubular and radiate, white or purplish, often dioecious or subdioecious flowers. Involucre campanulate to cylindric, its bracts in 1 series, equal. Receptacle flat, or nearly so, not chaffy. Corolla of pistillate flow- ers very slender, 2-5-toothed, truncate or sometimes with a ray, marginal, or composing most of the head; perfect but sterile flowers with a tubular 5-cleft corolla, the style undivided. Anthers entire or minutely sagittate at the base. Fertile achenes linear, the pappus of nu- merous capillary rough or barbellate bristles. [Greek, a broad-rimmed hat, referring to the broad leaves of these plants. ] About 12 species, natives of the north temperate and subarctic zones. Flowers whitish, the pistillate radiate; natives; northern. Leaves orbicular, 7-11-cleft nearly to the base. 1. P. palmata. Leaves hastate-reniform, sinuate-lobed or toothed. 2. P. frigida. Leaves deltoid-ovate, repand-denticulate. 3. P. sagittala, Flowers all rayless, purple; introduced. 4. P. Petasites. 1. Petasites palmata (Ait.) A. Gray. Palmate-leaf Sweet Coltsfoot. (Fig. 4020.) Tussilago palmata Ait. Hort. Kew. 2:188. p/.2. 1789. Nardosmia palmata Hook. FI. Bor. Am. 1: 38. 1833. Petasites palmata A, Gray in Brew. & Wats. Bot. Cal. I: 407. 1876. Scape very scaly, stout, 6/-24’ high. Leaves nearly orbicular in outline, 3/-12’ broad, deeply 7-11-cleft to much beyond the middle, green and glabrous above, densely white-tomentose beneath, at least when young, sometimes becoming glabrate, the lobes oblong or obovate, acute, often somewhat cuneate, sharply dentate or incised; heads mostly dioecious, corymbose or racemose-corymbose, nu- merous, 4/’-6’’ broad; flowers nearly white, fragrant, the marginal ones of the pistillate heads radiate. In swamps and along streams, Newfoundland to Alaska and British Columbia, south to Massachusetts, New York, Wisconsin and California April-June. 470 COMPOSITAE. [Vor. IIL. 7 2. Petasites frigida (L.) Fries. Arctic Sweet Coltsfoot. (Fig. 4021.) Tussilago frigida 1. Sp. Pl. 865. 1753. eee Jrigida Fries, Summa Veg. Scand. 182. Scape very scaly, 3’-10’ high. Leaves hastate- reniform to triangular-ovate, 1/-4’ long, irregu- larly and angulately lobed and incised, green and glabrous above, persistently white-tomen- tose beneath, the lobes entire or few-toothed; heads usually fewer and larger than those of the preceding species; involucre short-campanulate; flowers nearly white, fragrant, the marginal ones of the pistillate heads radiate. Lake Winnipeg (according to Richardson), to the Arctic Sea, west to Alaska and the mountains of British Columbia, Also in northern Europe and Asia, June-Aug. 3. Petasites sagittata (Pursh) A. Gray. Arrow-leaf Sweet Coltsfoot. (Fig. 4022.) Tusstlago sagitiata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 332. 1814. AOS sagittata Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 307. 1033. Petasttes sagittata A. Gray in Brew. & Wats. Cal. Bot. 1: 407. 1876. Scape and racemose-corymbose inflorescence similar to those of the two preceding species. Leaves deltoid-ovate or reniform-ovate, persist- ently white-tomentose beneath, glabrous or nearly so above, 4’-10’ long, their margins sinu- ate denticulate, neither cleft nor lobed; involucre campanulate; flowers nearly white, the marginal ones of the pistillate heads radiate. In wet ground, Hudson Bay to Manitoba and Minnesota, west to British Columbia, south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. May-June. 4. Petasites Petasites (L.) Karst. Butter-bur. Butterfly-dock. (Fig. 4023.) Tussilago Petasites V,. Sp. Pl. 866. 1753. Petasites officinalis Moench. Meth. 568. 1794. Petasites vulgaris Desf. Fl. Atlant. 2:270. 1798. P. Petasites Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 1062. 1880-83. Scape very scaly, 6/15’ high. Leaves or- * bicular or hastate-reniform, often 12’ broad when mature, rounded or pointed at the apex, repand-denticulate all around, persistently white-tomentose beneath, green and mostly glabrous above; heads 4/’/-6’’ broad, mostly dioecious, in a dense raceme, the staminate ones smaller than the pistillate; flowers pink- purple, fragrant, none of them radiate. In cultivated and waste ground, Bucks Co. to Delaware Co., Pa. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of northern Asia. Other names are Batter-, Butter- or Flea-dock, Bog- or Poison- thubarb, Eldin, Gallon, Umbrella-leaves, Pesti- lence-wort, Ox-wort. April. } ‘GENUS QI. ] THISTLE FAMILY. 471 gl. ARNICA L. Sp. Pl. 884. 1753. Erect, simple or little branched herbs, with opposite leaves, or the upper rarely alternate, and large, long-peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate, yellow flowers, or rays wanting in some species. Involucre turbinate or campanulate, its bracts in I or 2 series, narrow, nearly equal. Receptacie flat, naked, fimbrillate or villous. Ray-flowers pistillate, fertile, the Tays spreading, entire, or 2-3-toothed. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, the corolla 5-lobed, the style with slender branches. Anthers entire or minutely 2-auriculate at the base. Achenes linear, 5—-10-ribbed, more or less pubescent. Pappus a single series of rough or bar- ‘bellate rigid slender bristles. [Derivation uncertain, perhaps from Ptarmica. ] About 20 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Besides the following, some 11 others occur in the western parts of North America. Basal leaves ovate or oval, sessile; southern. 1. A. acaults. Basal leaves oblong, lanceolate, or cordate-ovate, petioled. Basal leaves cordate-ovate. . A. cordifolia. Basal leaves not cordate, tapering to the petiole. Stem-leaves 3-5 pairs; upper somewhat smaller. 3. A. Chamissonis. Stem-leaves 1-3 pairs; upper much smaller. 4. A. alpina. bs 1. Arnica acaulis (Walt.) B.S.P. ss Leopard’s-bane. (Fig. 4024.) Doronicum acaule Walt. Fl. Car. 205. 1788. Arnica Claytont Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 527. 1814. Arnica nudicaulis Nutt. Gen. 2:164. 1818. Arnica acaulis B.S.P. Prel. Cat.N. ¥.30. 1888. Glandular-hirsute; stem 1°-3° high, bearing ‘several slender-peduncled heads at the sum- mit. Basal leaves tufted, ovate or oval, ob- ‘tuse, narrowed to a sessile base, denticulate -or entire, 2’-5’ long, 1 }4’-3’ wide; stem-leaves I-3 pairs, and some alternate, very small ones above; heads 1/-1 14’ broad; bracts of the in- volucre linear-lanceolate, acute or acutish; Tays 12-15, commonly 3-toothed at the trun- cate apex; achenes pubescent when young, glabrous or nearly so when mature. In low woods, Delaware and southern Penn- ssylvania to Florida. April-May. 2. Arnica cordifolia Hook. Heart-leaf Arnica. (Fig. 4025.) Arnica cordifolia Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. f: Saree Toga: Hirsute, or pubescent; stem simple, or sparingly branched, 1°-2° high. Basal and lower leaves ovate to nearly orbicular, obtuse or acute, deeply cordate at the base, dentate, 1/-3’ long, with slender some- times margined petioles; stem-leaves 1-3 pairs, ovate to oblong, sessile or short-peti- oled, much smaller; heads 1-8, 2/—3’ broad; bracts of the involucre acute or acuminate, 6/’-10’’ long; rays 12-16, toothed at the apex; achenes hirsute-pubescent, or gla- brous at the base. Western Nebraska to the Northwest Terri- tory, west to Nevada and British Columbia. May-July. 472 COMPOSITAE. (Vor. IIT. 3. Arnica ChamissOnis Less. Chamisso’s Arnica. (Fig. 4026.) Arnica Chamissonis Less. Linnaea, 6: 317. 1831. Arnica mollis Hook. Fl. Bor. Am, 1:331. 1833. Villous-pubescent; stem simple, or little branched, 1°-24° high, bearing 1-6 heads at the summit. Leaves oblong or oblong-lan- ceolate, dentate or entire, acute or obtuse, 2/-5/ long, 3/’-9’’ wide, the lower and basal ones narrowed into petioles, the upper ses- sile, and usually somewhat connate by a broad or narrowed base, those of the stem 3-5 pairs, usually with some alternate small ones on the branches; heads 1/-2’ broad; bracts of the involucre acute; rays 10-15, 3- toothed; achenes hirsute-pubescent. Mountains of northern New York, New Hampshire and Maine to New Brunswick, west to Lake Superior, Alaska and California, south in the Rocky Mountains to Utah and Colorado. June-Aug. 4. Arnica alpina (L.) Olin. Mountain Tobacco. Arctic Leopard’s-bane. Arctic Arnica. (Fig. 4027.) Arnica montana var. alpina \. Sp. Pl. 884. Weare alpina Olin, Mon. Arn. Upsala. 1799. ma angustifolia Vahl, Fl. Dan. pl. 1524. Similar to the preceding species, but smaller and more slender, 6’-15’ high, villous or pu- bescent. Stem simple, usually bearing but a single head, but sometimes with 1-3 addi- tional ones from the axils of the upper leaves; leaves lanceolate, linear-oblong, or the lowest spatulate, thickish, entire or denticulate, 3- nerved, the basal ones petioled, those of the stem I-3 pairs, sessile or short-petioled, scarcely connate, the upper pair usually much smaller than the lower ones; heads about 2’ broad; rays 10-15, toothed; achenes hirsute or glabrate. Labrador to Greenland and the Arctic Sea, west to Manitoba (according to Macoun), Alaska and British Columbia, south in the Sierra Ne- vada to California and in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. Alsoin northern Europe. May- Sept. : 92. ERECHTITES Raf. Fl. Ludov. 65. 1817. Erect, usually branching herbs, with alternate leaves, and (in our species) rather large discoid many-flowered heads of whitish flowers, corymbose-paniculate at the ends of the stem and branches. Involucre cylindric, swollen at the base, its principal bracts in 1 series, linear, with or without some much smaller outer ones. Receptacle concave, naked. Mar- ginal flowers in 2-several series, pistillate, fertile, their corollas filiform, the limb 2-4-toothed. Central flowers perfect, fertile; corolla narrowly tubular, the limb 4-5-toothed, the style- branches elongated, truncate or obtuse at the summit. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Achenes linear-oblong, angled or striate. Pappus of copious capillary soft smooth white bristles. [Ancient name of some groundsel. ] About 12 species, natives of America and Australasia. The following is the only one known to occur in North America. GENUS 92.] THISTLE FAMILY. 473 1. Erechtites hieracifdlia (L.) Raf. Fire-weed. Pilewort. (Fig. 4028.) Senecio hieractfolius ¥,. Sp. Pi. 866. Erccbiites hieractfolia Raf. DC. Prodr. 6: 294. 1837. Annual, glabrous, or somewhat hir- sute; stem striate, succulent, usually branched, 1°-8° high. Leaves thin, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, den- tate and often deeply incised, 2/-8’” long, the upper sessile or auriculate- clasping, mostly acuminate, the lower usually narrowed into petioles; heads 6’’-10”7 long, about 3’” in diameter, the involucre conspicuously swollen at the base before flowering, its bracts numerous, striate, green, with narrow scarious margins; pappus bright white. In woodlands, thickets and waste places, very abundant after fires, New- foundland to Florida, west to the North- west Territory, Nebraska and Louisiana. Also in Mexico and South America. July-Sept. 93. MESADENIA Raf.; Loud. Gard. Mag. 8: 247. 1832. Tall perennial mostly glabrous herbs, with alternate petioled leaves and numerous, rather small, corymbose, discoid heads of white, yellowish or pinkish flowers, all tubular and perfect. Sap milky (at least in some species). Involucre cylindric or nearly so, its princi- pal bracts 5, in 1 series, equal, usually with a few short outer ones. Receptacle flat, not chaffy, with a fleshy projection inthe centre. Corollas with somewhat spreading 5-cleft limbs, the lobes usually with a mid-nerve. Style-branches conic or obtuse at the apex. Achenes oblong, glabrous. Pappus of copious white scabrous bristles. [Greek, referring to the cen- tral projection of the receptacle. ] About 12 species, natives of North and Central America. Besides the following, 4 others occur in the southern and southwestern parts of the United States. Leaves thin, reniform or fan-shaped, lobed, or angulate-dentate. Leaves green both sides, angulate-dentate. Leaves glaucous beneath, green above, angulate-lobed. Leaves thick, green both sides, ovate or oval, entire, or repand. OPN WE \ 1 VS bE . M. reniformis. . M. atriplicifolia. M. tuberosa. WNH 1. Mesadenia reniformis (Muhl. ) Raf. Great Indian Plantain. Wild Collard. (Fig. 4029.) SS ANS re Zi N <= LAW ( ry Cacalia reniformis Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: \ clan 1735. 1804. jf De Mesadenia reniformis Raf.New F1.4:79. 1836. ae Glabrous; stem angled and grooved, 4°— fi 10° high. Leaves thin, green both sides, 47 \ a coarsely angulate-dentate with mucronate- za} ee pointed teeth, the basal and lower reniform, long-petioled,sometimes 2° wide, the upper ovate or fan-shaped, mostly cuneate at the Vy base, the uppermost small and oblong; VE i heads numerous, mostly 5-flowered, about o 2// broad, in large compound corymbs; in- “ volucre 3/’-4’’ high, its bracts about 5, lin- y ear-oblong, obtuse or acutish, scarious-mar- » gined, with or without 1-3 minute outer ones. In woods, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Tennessee. July—Sept. 474 : COMPOSITAE. (Vox. III. 2. Mesadenia atriplicifolia (L.) Raf. Pale Indian Plantain. (Fig. 4030.) Cacalia atriplicifolia I. Sp. P1.835. 1753. Senecio alriplictfolius Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. I: 332. 1833. Mesadenia atriplicifolia Raf. New Fl. 4: 79. 1836. Stem terete, glabrous and glaucous, 3°-6° high. Leaves thin, angulate- lobed, glaucous. beneath, the lower and basal ones slender-petioled, sometimes 6’ wide, the upper reniform, fan-shaped, or triangular with a nearly truncate base, the uppermost commonly small, lanceolate or oblong and entire; heads \ very numerous, about 114’’ broad, in large loose compound corymbs; invo- lucre 3//-4’’ high, its bracts about 5, linear-oblong, scarious-margined, with or without 1-3 minute outer ones. In woods, western Ontario to Minnesota, south to Florida, Missouri and Kansas. Rare or absent near the coast. Called also Wild Caraway. July-Sept. 3. Mesadenia tuberésa (Nutt.) Britton. Tuberous Indian Plantain. (Fig. 4031.) Cacalia tuberosa Nutt. Gen. 2:138. 1818. Mesadenia plantaginea Raf. New Fl. 4:79. 1836. & Senecio Nuttallii Sch. Bip. Flora, 27: 499. 1845. \ Glabrous and green throughout; stem angled, IN\) stout, 2°-6° high. Leaves thick, strongly 5-9- \ nerved, the lower and basal ones oval, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or acutish, usually quite entire, but sometimes repand, long-peti- oled, narrowed at the base, or rarely subcordate, 4’-8’ long, 1’-3/ wide; upper leaves ovate to / oblong or cuneate-obovate, sessile or short-pet- ioled, much smaller, sometimes toothed toward the apex; heads very numerous 1n a compound corymb, about 2’’ broad, mostly 5-flowered; involucre 3’-4’’ high, its bracts linear-oblong, obtuse or obtusish, scarious-margined. / On wet prairies and in marshes, Ohio and west- I} ern Ontario to Minnesota,south to Alabama, Louisi- WY ana and Arkansas. June-Aug. YW) 94. SYNOSMA Raf.; Loud. Gard. Mag. 8: 247. 1832. A perennial leafy herb, glabrous or very nearly so, with triangular or hastate, alternate leaves, the lower petioled, the upper sessile, and several or numerous, corymbose or corym- bose-paniculate, discoid heads of white or pinkish flowers. Involucre nearly cylindric, its principal bracts 12-15, linear, acute, usually with some subulate outer ones. Receptacle flat, naked. Flowers perfect; corolla 5-lobed. Style-branches not appendaged. Pappus of very numerous white soft capillary bristles. [Greek, perhaps signifying a fragrant composite. ] A monotypic genus of eastern North America. GENUS 94. ] THISTLE FAMILY. 1. Synosma suavéolens (IL..) Raf. ee Sweet-scented Indian Plantain. (Fig. 4032.) \ Cacalia suaveolens 1. Sp. Pl. 835. 1753. Senecio suaveolens Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2:328. 1821-24. Synosma suaveolens Raf.; Loud. Gard. Mag. 8: 247. 1832. Glabrous or very nearly so throughout; stem stri- ate, 3°-5° high, leafy to the inflorescence. Leaves triangular-lanceolate or hastate, sharply and irregu- larly serrate, acuminate, 4/-10’ long, 2/-6’ wide at the base, the auricles sometimes with 1 or 2 lobes on the lower side; petioles margined, or those of the basal leaves naked and slender; uppermost leaves sometimes merely lanceolate and sessile; heads 2’’-3’’ broad in a usually large and compound corymb; involucre 4’/-6” high, its principal bracts linear, acute; heads 20-30-flowered. In woods, Connecticut and New Jersey to Illinois and Minnesota, south to Florida, West Virginia and Kentucky, Called also Wild Caraway. Aug.—Oct. 95. SENECIO L.. Sp. Pl. 866.1753. Annual or perennial herbs (some tropical species shrubby or even arborescent), with alternate or basal leaves, and solitary corymbose or paniculate many-flowered heads, of both tubular and radiate, or only tubular flowers, in our species yellow. Involucre cylindric or campanulate, its principal bracts in I series, distinct, or united at the base, usually with some shorter outer ones. Receptacle flat or slightly convex, mostly naked, often honeycombed. Rays, when present, pistillate, fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile, their corollas tubular, the limb 5-toothed or 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base, or rarely slightly sag- ittate. Style-branches of the disk-flowers usually recurving or spreading. Achenes terete, or those of the marginal flowers somewhat compressed, 5-10-ribbed, papillose or canescent, at least after wetting, and then usually emitting a pair of spiral threads. Pappus of numer- ous slender or capillary, smooth or rough, mostly white bristles. [Latin, sevea,an old man, referring to the hoary character of some species, or to the white pappus. ] An immense genus of probably at least 1000 species, of very wide geographic distribution. In addition to the following, some 50 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. Our species known as Groundsel, Ragwort, or Squaw-weed. % Heads conspicuously radiate (except in forms of Nos. g, 10 and 15). (a) Heads solitary or few, 6'’-12'' high; northern species. Stout; leaves 4’-8’ long; heads 1!4'-2' broad. 1. S. Pseudo-Arnica. Low; leaves 1/~2' long; heads !4'-1' broad. 2. S. frigidus. (b) Heads several or numerous, corymbose, mostly smaller. } At least the lowest leaves entire or dentate, not pintatifid (or sometimes pinnatifid in No. 7). t None of the leaves cordate. Heads 5''-7''’ high; plants 1°-5° tall; northwestern species. Involucral bracts acuminate; leaves mostly entire. 3. S. tinlegerrimus. Bracts acute or obtuse, mostly black-tipped; leaves denticulate. 4. S. lugens. Heads 3''-5'’ high; plants 6’—30’ tall. Leaves and stems persistently more or less tomentose or woolly. Achenes glabrous. 5. S. canus. Achenes hispidulous or glandular. Basal leaves long-petioled, crenate-dentate or sometimes pinnatifid; plants tall. Basal leaves crenate-dentate; eastern. 6. S. tomentosus. Stem leaves and often also the basal, pinnatifid; western. 7. S. Platlensis. Basal leaves short-petioled, much tufted, oval, few-toothed, or entire; plant low. 8. S. antennaritfolius. Leaves glabrous or nearly so; stem often woolly, especially below. Basal leaves obovate, spatulate, or oval; achenes glabrous. Basal leaves obovate or suborbicular, crenate or dentate; involucral bracts 2''-2's"’ long. g. S. obovatus. Basal leaves ovate to oval; involucral bracts 3'’-5'’ long. to. S. discoideus, Basal leaves oblong; achenes hispidulous. Heads few or several, 3'’-4'’ high; basal leaves 1'-3' long. 11. S. Balsamitae. Heads numerous, 2''~2!4'' high; basal leaves 3'-6’ long. 12. S. Smallit. Basal leaves linear-cuneate, entire or 3-toothed at apex. 13. S. compactus. t { Basal leaves cordate or subcordate; plants mostly glabrous. Basal leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate. 14. S. Robbinsit. Basal leaves orbicular or ovate-oval. 15. S. aureus. tt Leaves narrowly linear, entire, or with linear, entire lobes. 16. S. Douglasit. ttt Leaves all pinnatifid or coarsely sinuate-dentate; plants glabrous,or somewhat woolly when young. Leaves sinuate-dentate, lanceolate; heads 4''-5'’ high. 17. S. palustris. Leaves pinnately divided; segments entire or dentate; heads 2'’-3'’ high. 18. S. /obatus. Leaves 2-pinnatifid; heads 3'’ high; introduced species. 19. S. Jacobaea. % % Heads discoid, the rays none, or minute. Leaves pinnatifid; plants glabrous or puberulent; achenes canescent. Heads 3''-4'’ high; involucre naked, or nearly so at the base. 20. S. sylvaticus, 476 COMPOSITAE. [Vor III. Heads 4''-6'’ high; involucre with several short outer bracts. a1. S. vulgarts. Leaves pinnatifid; plant viscid-pubescent; achenes glabrous. _ 22. S. viscosus. Basal leaves obovate, orbicular, or spatulate, merely dentate. Varieties of Nos. 9, 10 and 15. 1. Senecio Psetdo-Arnica Less. Sea- beach Senecio. (Fig. 4033.) Arnica maritima 1, Sp. Pl. 884. 1753. Not S. maritimus 1. Senecio Pseudo-Arnica Less. Linnaea, 6: 240. 1831. Perennial, somewhat fleshy; stem stout, mostly simple, very leafy, 6’-3° high. Leaves oblong-ob- ovate, or the lower spatulate, acute or obtuse at the apex, 4/-8’ long, '4’-2’ wide, densely tomentose beneath, at least when young, repand-dentate or denticulate, narrowed to a sessile and partly clasp- ing base, or the lowest into margined petioles; heads solitary, or several (2-7) and corymbose, stout-peduncled, 114/-2’ broad, nearly 1’ high; in- volucre broadly campanulate, its bracts lanceolate, f\,, acuminate, mostly tomentose, commonly with sev- | eral subulate spreading ones at the base; rays 12— 15, linear, 3-toothed, conspicuous; disk-corollas 5-lobed; achenes glabrous; pappus dull. On sea-beaches and rocks near the sea, Maine, New Brunswick and the lower St. Lawrence to Labrador and the Arctic Sea. Also in Alaska and northern Asia. July-Aug. 2. Senecio frigidus Less. Arctic Senecio. — (Fig. 4034. ) Senecio frigidus Less. Linnaea, 6: 239. 1831. Perennial, more or less tomentose, or becoming glabrous when old; stem slender, 6/-12’ high, bearing a solitary head (rarely 2 or 3) %/-1’ broad. Basal and lower leaves spatulate or obovate, 1/—2/ long, petioled, obtuse, repand-dentate or entire; stem-leaves oblong to linear-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, sessile, mostly entire, smaller; involucre broadly campanulate, its bracts lanceolate, acute, with no exterior smaller ones; rays 10-16, 6//—10/” long, 3-toothed, linear-oblong, or cuneate at the base; achenes glabrous or sparingly pubescent; pappus white. Labrador and arctic America to Alaska. Also in northeastern Asia. Summer. IS 3. Senecio integérrimus Nutt. VA Entire-leaved Groundsel. (Fig. 4035.) Senecio integerrimus Nutt. Gen. 2: 165. 1818. if; os Perennial, more or less woolly when young, / glabrous or nearly so when old; stem stout, 1°-4° high. Leaves entire, or sparingly dentic- ulate, somewhat fleshy, the lower and basal ones oval or oblong, obtuse or obtusish at the apex, 3/-6’ long, 17-134’ wide, petioled, the upper linear or lanceolate, acute, the uppermost very small; heads numerous, corymbose, long-pedun- cled, 6’’-10’” broad; involucre nearly cylindric, y 4’’-5’’ high, its principal bracts linear, acumi- nate, green, usually with a few subulate outer \ J (| ones; rays 8-12, linear-oblong; achenes nearly WY \/ _ glabrous, pappus white. Minnesota and Manitoba to Wyoming and British * AWN Columbia. June-July. GENUS 95.] THISTLE FAMILY. 477 4. Senecio lugens Richards. Black-tipped Groundsel. (Fig. 4036.) Senecio lugens Richards. App. Frankl. Journ. Ed. angie) £623; Similar to the preceding species, more or less woolly when young, soon glabrous; stem stout, 1°-3° high. Basal and lower leaves oblong, oval, or slightly spatulate, obtuse or acute, den- ticulate or dentate, 2’-5’ long, 14’-114’ wide, narrowed into margined petioles; upper leaves few, sessile, small and bract-like; heads several or numerous, corymbose, often short-pedun- cled, 6’’-10’’ broad; involucre campanulate, 3//-4’’ high, its bracts lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, acute or obtuse, often with con- spicuous black tips; rays 10-12, oblong-linear; achenes glabrous; pappus white. In moist soil, arctic America and the Northwest Territory to Minnesota, Iowa and Nebraska, west to Alaska and California. June-Aug. 5. Senecio canus Hook. Silvery Groundsel. (Fig. 4037.) S. canus Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 333. pl. 176. 1833. Perennial, densely and persistently white- tomentose to the inflorescence; stems slender, usually tufted, 6-18’ high. Basal and lower leaves spatulate or oval, entire, or rarely some- what repand, very obtuse, 1/-2’ long, nar- rowed into petioles; upper leaves oblong or spatulate, obtuse or acute, mostly sessile,smaller, entire or dentate; heads several or numerous, 8//-10’’ broad, usually slender-peduncled; in- volucre campanulate, or at first short-cylindric; about 5’ high, its bracts linear-lanceolate,acute sparingly tomentose, or glabrate, usually with no exterior smaller ones; rays 8-12; achenes glabrous, at least below; pappus white. In dry soil, Manitoba to Minnesota and Ne- braska, west to British Columbia and California. May-Aug. 6. Senecio tomentdsus Michx. Woolly Ragweed. Ashwort. (Fig. 4038.) S. tomentosus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 119. 1803. Z Perennial, more or less densely and per- sistently tomentose or woolly-canescent; stems rather stout, solitary, or sometimes tufted, 1°-2%° high. Basal and lower leaves ovate-lanceolate, oblong or rarely spatu- late, long-petioled, erect, very obtuse, 2’—6/ long, %4’-2’ wide, crenate-dentate, narrowed or truncate at the base; stem-leaves few and distant, small, linear-lanceolate or spatu- late, crenate or rarely laciniate; heads several or numerous, corymbose, mostly long- peduncled, 8//-10’ broad; involucre cylindric, or narrowly campanulate, its bracts linear-lan- ceolate, acute or acuminate, at length glabrate, with or without a few small outer ones; rays 10-15; achenes hispidulous, at least on the angles; pappus white. In moist soil, southern New Jersey to Florida, west to Louisiana. April-June. COMPOSITAE. (Vou. III. Z, 4), g > — \ Le 7. Senecio Platténsis Nutt. Prairie Ragwort. (Fig. 4039. ) yi oie i Nutt. Trans, Am. Phil. Soc. (II) 7: 413- 1841. Perennial, similar to the preceding species, usu- ally smaller-leaved, lower and less tomentose, or becoming glabrate in age, seldom over 114° high. Basal leaves oval, ovate or oblong, some or all of them more or less pinnatifid, with the terminal segment much larger than the lateral ones, crenu- late or dentate, long-petioled; heads several or numerous, compactly or loosely corymbose, con- spicuously radiate. Illinois to South Dakota, Nebraska and the Indian 7/ Territory. April-June. AN 8. Senecio antennariifolius Britton. Cat’s-paw Ragwort. (Fig. 4040.) Perennial, tufted in mostly large clumps; stems slender, 8’/-18’ high, loosely white-woolly. Leaves nearly all basal, commonly numerous, oval to spatulate, angulately few-toothed or entire, mostly obtuse, narrowed into a petiole as long as the blade or longer, densely white-tomentose beneath, green and finally glabrous above, 1/24’ long; stem-leaves small, spatulate, laciniate, or the upper narrowly linear and entire; heads several, corymbose, slen- der-peduncled, rather less than 1’ broad; rays golden-yellow, showy; involucre 3/’ high, white- woolly; achenes glandular-pubescent. White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia, on a loose slate hillside, T. F. Allen and N. L. Britton, May 16, 1897; Blue Ridge, Virginia, S. B. Buckley, 1838. g. Senecio obovatus Muhl. Round-leaf Squaw-weed. (Fig. 4041.) Senecio obovatus Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 1999. 1804. Senecio Elliottit T. &. G. Fl. N. A. 2: 443. 1843. S. aureus var. obovatus T. & G. loc. cit. 442. 1843. Perennial; stems commonly several from the same root, glabrous, or a little woolly at the base, 9’-24’ high. Leaves glabrous, rather thick, the basal ones obovate with a cuneate base, or spatu- late, very obtuse and rounded at the apex, I’-314” long, %/-2/ wide, crenate-dentate, often purplish, usually with short margined petioles, or the earli- est sessile; stem-leaves commonly few and sessile, spatulate to oblong, often incised or pinnatifid, the uppermost very small; heads several, corymbose, 6/’-8” broad, about 3’’ high, slender-peduncled; involucre nearly cylindric, its principal bracts linear-lanceolate, 2//-3/’ long, acute, usually with I-3 small exterior ones; rays 8-12, usually con- spicuous, achenes glabrous; pappus white. In moist soil and on banks, Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Ontario, Michigan, Kentucky and Missouri. April-June. Senecio obovatus elongatus (Pursh) Britton. Senecio elongatus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 529. 1814. Stem slender, weak; leaves, or some of them, with tufts of wool in their axils; heads few, ray- less or short-rayed, often long-peduncled. On moist shaded banks, eastern Pennsylvania. GENUS 95. ] THISTLE FAMILY. 479 Senecio obovatus rotundus Britton. Basal sea. orbicular, broadly oval, or ovate-orbicular, rather abruptly narrowed into the peti- ole, the larger 2!4’-3' broad. Onwet banks, or rocks, Kentucky to Missouri and the ES Territory. 1o. Senecio discdideus (Hook) Britton. Northern Squaw-weed. (Fig. 4042.) Senecio aureus var, discotdeus Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 333. 1833. Perennial, glabrous except for small tufts of wool in the axils of the lower leaves; stem rather stout, 1°-2° tall; basal leaves oval to ovate, obtuse, thin, sharply dentate, abruptly narrowed into peti- oles longer than the blade; stem-leaves few, small, more or less laciniate; heads few or several, slen- der-peduncled, corymbose; bracts of the involucre narrowly linear, 3//-5’’ long; rays very short, or none; aclienes glabrous. In moist places, Michigan to the Northwest Territory. June-Aug. 11. Senecio Balsamitae Muhl. Bal- sam Groundsel. (Fig. 4043. ) Senecio Balsamitae Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 1999. care Senecio aureus var. Balsamitae 'T. & G. Fl. N. A 2: 442. 1843. Perennial, often tufted, stems slender, 10’—207 high, woolly at the base and in the axils of the lower leaves. Basal leaves slender-petioled, oblong, rarely slightly spatulate, very obtuse, narrowed at the base, mostly thick, crenate, often purplish, 1/-3/ long, 3//-6’’ wide, their petioles and sometimes their lower surfaces persistently tomentose or woolly, or glabrous throughout; lower stem-leaves petioled, lacini- ate or pinnatifid, the upper sessile, very small; heads few or several, slender-peduncled, 6’/—10/” broad, 3/’-4’’ high; rays 8-12; achenes usually hispidulous on the angles; pappus white. In dry or rocky soil, Nova Scotia to North Caro- lina, west to Washington, British Columbia, Texas and Nebraska. May-July. 12. Senecio Smallii Britton. Small’s Squaw-weed. (Fig. 4044.) Ds gue “eus vat. angustifolius Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 39. 1890. Not S. angustifolius Willd. 1804. Se Smallii Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, 4: 132. 1893. Similar to the preceding species but taller, grow- inginlargeclumps. Stem 114°-214° high, slender, densely and persistently floccose-woolly at the base and in the lower axils, or finally glabrate; basal leaves elongated-oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse or acute, long-petioled, crenate-dentate, 3/-6’ long, 3’’-9’’ wide, at first tomentose, at length nearly glabrous; stem-leaves several, deeply pin- natifid, or the lower lyrate, the uppermost very small; heads very numerous, 4’/—5’’ broad, about 2%4’’ high, slender-peduncled, forming large cor- ymbs; rays 8-10; achenes hispidulous; pappus white. In meadows and thickets, mountains of Virginia and North Carolina. May-June. 480 COMPOSITAE. (Vor. III. 13. Senecio compactus (A. Gray) Rydberg. Western Squaw-weed. (Fig. 4045.) Senecio aureus var. compactus A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 391. 1884. Senecio compactus Rydberg, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 342. 1893. Perennial; stem usually tufted, low, rather stout, 6’-12/ high, woolly at the base and in the lower axils, or glabrous. Basal leaves linear-cuneate, entire or 3- toothed at the apex, 1/-3/ long, 2//-3/’ wide, thick, slender-petioled, the petioles commonly woolly-mar- gined; lower stem-leaves often much larger and broader, usually laciniate or pinnatifid, but sometimes similar to the basal, the uppermost very small and sessile; heads several, 8’’-10’’ broad, short-peduncled in a com- pact corymb; rays 10-15; achenes hispidulous; pap- pus white. ; On dry plains, Nebraska and Colorado to Texas. May- une. 14. Senecio Robbinsii Oakes. Rob- bins’ Squaw-weed. (Fig. 4046). Senecio Robbinsti Oakes; Rusby, Bull. Torr. Club, 20:19. 1893. Perennial, glabrous or very nearly so through- out; stems slender, 1°-2%4° high. Basal leaves long-petioled, lanceolate, obtuse oracute at the apex, cordate, subcordate or truncate at the base, usually thin, 2’-4’ long, %4/’-114’ wide, sharply dentate; heads several or numerous, slender-peduncled in an open corymb, 8//-10’ broad; rays 6-12; achenes glabrous; pappus white. In swamps and mountain meadows, northern New Hampshire, Vermont and New York, and on the summit of Roan Mountain, N. C. June-Sept. A _ 15. Senecio atreus IL. Golden ae Ragwort. Life-root. Swamp Squaw- / weed. (Fig. 4047.) ity Senecio aureus I. Sp. Pl. 870. 1753. \ {ZA Perennial, glabrous or very nearly so } Zs throughout; stems rather slender, solitary or , tufted, 1°-2%4° high. Basal leaves cordate- ovate or cordate-orbicular or reniform, cre- = nate-dentate, very obtuse and rounded, often purplish, 1/-6’ long, with long slender peti- oles; lower stem-leaves lanceolate or oblong, usually laciniate, pinnatifid or lyrate, the uppermost small, sessile, somewhat auricu- late and clasping; heads several, 8//-10// broad, 4’’-5’’ high, slender-peduncled in an open corymb; rays 8-12, golden-yellow; achenes glabrous; pappus white. In swamps and wet meadows, Newfoundland to Florida, west to Ontario, Missouri and Texas. Called also Grundy Swallow, False Valerian. Root strong-scented. May-July. Senecio aureus paucifloérus (Pursh) Britton. Senecio paucifilorus Pursh, Fl. Am, Sept. 529. 1814. Glabrous or with a little wool in the axils of the lower leaves; stem rather stout, 6’-12' high; basal leaves ovate to orbicular, about '%4’ broad, cordate or subcordate at the base, crenate; stem-leaves few, pinnatifid; heads 1-10, short-peduncled, rather large, apparently always rayless. Perhaps a distinct species. Newfoundland to the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Ooo GENUS 95.] THISTLE FAMILY. 481 Senecio aureus gracilis (Pursh) Britton. Senecio gracilis Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 529. 1814. Stem slender, 1°-2° high, the lowest axils some- times woolly. Basal leaves smaller than those of the type, cordate or subcordate; heads numerous, rather small; rays conspicuous. In wet soil, Rhode Island to Michigan, South Dakota, Virginia and Missouri. 16. Senecio Douglasii DC. Douglas’ Senecio. (Fig. 4048.) Senecio Douglasti DC. Prodr. 6: 429. 1837. Woody at the base, usually branched, some- times shrubby, glabrous or tomentose, leafy, 1°-6° high. Leaves sessile, or the lowest peti- oled, mostly thick, 1/-3/ long, pinnately parted into 3-9 linear or filiform entire segments, or the upper, or sometimes all of them, linear and en- tire; heads corymbose at the ends of the branches, %4/-1’ broad, slender-peduncled; involucre cyl- indric or becoming campanulate, 4/’-6’’ high, its bracts linear, acute or acuminate, usually with some subulate exterior ones; rays 8-15; achenes canescent; pappus bright white. Plains, in dry soil, Nebraska to Texas and Mexico, west to California. June—Sept. necio palustris (I,.) Hook. Marsh Fleawort. Pale Ragwort. 4 Marsh Groundsel. (Fig. 4049.) Cineraria palustris . Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 243. 1763. Senecio palustris Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 334. 1833. Annual or biennial, pubescent or glabrate; stem stout, simple, hollow, 6/24’ high. Leaves lanceolate, oblong or spatulate, entire, dentate, or laciniate, acute or obtuse, 2’-7’ long, 3//-15/” wide, or the upper linear-lanceolate and small, those of the stem sessile and somewhat auricu- late-clasping, the basal petioled; heads numer- ous, 6/’-12/’ broad, mostly short-peduncled in a large, rather dense, terminal corymb; involucre cylindric, becoming campanulate, 3/’-4/’ high, its bracts linear, acute, more or less pubescent, with no shorter outer ones; rays 15-20, pale-yel- low; achenes glabrous; pappus white, elongated, at length twice the length of the involucre. In swamps, Iowa and Wisconsin to Manitoba and arctic America, west to Alaska. Reported from Labrador. Also in Greenland, northern Europe and Asia. June-Aug. 18. Senecio lobatus Pers. Butterweed. Cress-leaved Groundsel. (Fig. 4050.) S. lyratus Michx.F1.Bor.Am.2: 120. 1803, Not L. 1753. Senecio lobatus Pers. Syn. 2: 436. 1807. Annual, glabrous throughout, or slightly woolly when young, fleshy and tender; stem hollow, sim- ple or branched, 1°-3° high. Leaves 2/-10’ long, pinnately divided, the segments orbicular, oblong, obovate or cuneate, obtuse, sinuate-dentate, entire or lobed, the terminal segment usually larger than the others; lower and basal leaves slender-petioled; heads numerous, 7’/-10’’ broad, slender-peduncled in terminal corymbs; involucre nearly cylindric, 2%4’’ high, its bracts linear, acute, usually with no small outer ones; rays 6-12; achenes minutely his- pidulous on some of the angles; pappus white, somewhat longer than the involucre. In swamps, Missouri and southern Illinois to North Carolina, New Mexico, Mexico and Florida. April- Sept. 3I 482 COMPOSITAE. [Vor III. 1g. Senecio Jacobaéa L. Tansy Ragwort. Staggerwort. (Fig. 4051.) Senecio Jacobaea I. Sp. Pl. 870. 1753. Perennial by short thick rootstocks, some- what woolly, or glabrous; stems stout, simple, or branched above, 2°-4° high, very leafy. Leaves. 2-pinnatifid, 2-8’ long, the lower petioled, the upper sessile, the lobes oblong-cuneate, den- tate or incised; heads very numerous, 6//-8// broad, short-peduncled in large compact corymb; involucre narrowly companulate, about 234// high, its bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, green, or tipped with black, usually with a few subulate outer ones; rays 12-15; achenes of the disk- flowers pubescent, those of the rays glabrous; pappus white. In waste places, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Ontario, and in ballast about New York and Philadelphia. Adventive from Europe. Calledalso Staverwort, Cankerweed, Kettle-dock, St. James’- wort, Felon-weed, Fairies’ Horse, Ragweed. July- Sept. 20. Senecio sylvaticus IL. Wood Groundsel. (Fig. 4052.) Senecio sylvaticus ¥,. Sp. Pl. 868. 1753. Annual, glabrous or puberulent; stem usually much branched, 1°-2%° high, leafy. Leaves pinnatifid, oblong or lanceolate in outline, the segments oblong or spatulate, obtuse, dentate, lobed or entire, or the uppermost leaves linear and merely dentate; heads several or numerous in the corymbs, slender-peduncled, about 2/’ broad, 3/’-4’ high; involucre usually quite naked and swollen at the base; rays none, or very short and recurved; achenes canescent; pappus white. In waste places, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. Also onthe coasts of California and British Columbia. Naturalized or adventive from Europe. April-Sept. 21. Senecio vulgaris L. Common Groundsel. (Fig. 4053.) Senecio vulgaris L,. Sp. Pl. 867. 1753. Annual, puberulent or glabrate; stem hollow, usually much branched, 6’-15’ high. Leaves pinnatifid, 2’-6’ long, the lower spatulate in outline, petioled, obtuse, the upper sessile or clasping at the base, more deeply lobed or in- cised, their segments oblong, dentate; heads several or numerous in the corymbs, nearly 3// broad, 4’’-6’’ high; bracts of the involucre linear, often blackish-tipped, almost always with a few subulate outer ones; rays none; achenesslightly canescent; pappus white. In cultivated ground and waste places, New- foundland and Hudson Bay to Virginia, west to Minnesota and Michigan. Also on the Pacific Coast Naturalized from Europe. Other names are Grinsel, Simson, Birdseed, Chickenweed. April-Oct. GENUS 95. ] THISTLE FAMILY. 22. Senecio viscdsus L. Fetid or Viscous Groundsel. (Fig. 4054.) AE Senecio viscosus I,. Sp. Pl. 868. 1753. \ Annual, viscid-pubescent, strong-scented; stem usually much branched, 1°-2° high. Leaves I-2-pinnatifid, 114/- 3/ long, oblong or somewhat spatulate in outline, the seg- ments oblong or cuneate, dentate or incised; lower leaves petioled; heads few in the corymbs, 3/’-4’’ broad, mostly slender-peduncled; involucre nearly cylindric, 4’/-5/’ high, its bracts linear, acute, usually with 1-3 shorter outer ones; rays commonly about 20, very short, recurved and inconspicuous; achenes glabrous; pappus bright white, about one-third longer than the involucre. In waste places and on ballast near the coast, New Bruns- wick to North Carolina. July—Sept. x 96. ARCTIUM L. Sp. Pl. 816. 1753. Large coarse branching, rough or canescent, mostly biennial herbs, with broad alternate petioled leaves, and rather large heads of purple or white perfect tubular flowers, racemose, corymbose or paniculate at the ends of the branches. Involucre subglobose, its bracts rigid, lanceolate, tipped with spreading or erect hooked bristles, imbricated in many series. Recep- tacle flat, densely bristly. Corollas tubular with 5-cleft limbs. Filamentsglabrous. Anthers sagittate at the base. Achenes oblong, somewhat compressed and 3-angled, ribbed, truncate. Pappus of numerous short serrulate scales. [Greek, bear, from the rough involucre. ] About 6 species, natives of Europe and Asia. ‘ Bracts densely cottony; heads corymbose. 1. A. tomentosum. Bracts of the involucre glabrous, or slightly woolly. Involucre 1’ broad or more; inner bracts equalling or exceeding the flowers. 2. A. Lappa. Involucre 6''-9'’ broad; inner bracts not exceeding the flowers. 3. A. minus. 1. Arctium tomentodsum (Iam.) Schk. Woolly or Cottony Burdock. (Fig. 4055.) Lappa tomentosa Yam. Encycl. 1: 377. 1783. Arctium tomentosum Schk. Bot. Handb. 3: 49. 1803. Arctium Lappa var. tomentosum A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 397. 1884. Similar to the following species. Heads 8//— 10’’ broad, corymbose at the ends of the branches, mostly long-peduncled; bracts of the involucre densely cottony, the inner ones erect and somewhat shorter than the flowers, In waste places, New Brunswick to Massachusetts and southern New York. Adventive from Europe. July-Aug. 2. Arctium LappaL. Great Bur, Burdock, or Clotbur. (Fig. 4056.) wu. ; Arctium Lappa \,. Sp. Pl. 816. 1753. Lappa major Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. 2: 379. fl. 762. 1802. Stem much branched, 4°-9° high. Leaves thin, broadly ovate, pale and tomentose-canescent beneath, obtuse, entire, repand or dentate, mostly cordate, the lower often 18’ long; petioles solid, deeply furrowed; heads clustered or subcorymbose, sometimes long-pe- duncled, 1/-1}4’ broad; bracts of the involucre gla- brous or nearly so, their spines all spreading, the inner ones equalling or exceeding the flowers; corolla-tube longer than the limb, 484 COMPOSITAE. [Vor III. In waste places, New Brunswick and Ontario to southern New York, and locally in the interior. Not nearly as commonas the next species in the Middle States. Naturalized from Europe. Other names are Cockle-bur, Cockle-button, Cuckold-dock, Hurr-bur, Stick-button, Hardock, Bardane, Beggar’s Buttons. July-Oct. 3. Arctium minus Schk. Common Burdock. (Fig. 4057.) Arctium minus Schk. Bot. Handb. 3: 49. 1803. Lappa minor DC. Fl. Fran. 4: 77. 1805. Arctium Lappa var. minus A, Gray, Syn. Fl. 1: Part 2, 307- 1884. Smaller than the preceding species, seldom over 5° high. Leaves similar, the lower deeply cordate; petioles hollow, not deeply furrowed; heads num- erous, racemose on the branches, short-peduncled or sessile, 6’’-9’’ broad; bracts of the involucre glabrous or slightly cottony; the spines of the outer ones spreading, those of the inner erect and shorter than the flowers; corolla-tube about as long as the limb. In waste places, common throughout our area. Naturalized from Europe. Called also Cuckoo Button. Leaves rarely laciniate or pinnatifid. July-Nov. 97- CARDUUS L. Sp. Pl. 820. 1753. Erect, branching or simple, prickly herbs, some species acaulescent, with alternate or basal, sinuate-dentate lobed or pinnatifid, usually very spiny leaves, sometimes decurrent, and large many-flowered, solitary or clustered, discoid heads of purple, yellow or white, tubular, perfect and fertile, or rarely dioecious flowers. Involucre ovoid or globose, its bracts prickle- tipped or unarmed, imbricated in many series. Receptacle flat or convex, bristly. Corolla- tube slender, the limb deeply 5-cleft. Filaments pilose, or rarely glabrous. Anthers sagit- tate at the base. Style-branches short or elongated, obtuse. Achenes obovate or oblong, compressed or obtusely 4-angled, glabrous, smooth or ribbed. Pappus of several series of slender, plumose, minutely serrulate, or simple bristles, connate at the base. [The ancient Latin name of these plants. ] About 250 species, widely distributed in the northern hemisphere, Besides the following, some 35 others occur in the southern and western parts of North America. % Pappus-bristles, at least those of the inner flowers, plumose. (Plumed Thistles.) + Outer involucral bracts, or all of them, strongly prickly-pointed. 1. Leaves glabrous or hispid above, tomentose beneath. All the bracts of the involucre tipped with prickles; naturalized weed. 1. C. lanceolatus. Outer bracts prickle-tipped, the inner merely acuminate; native species. Branches leafy up to the heads; involucral bracts firm or rigid. Leaves undivided, lobed or dentate, rarely pinnatifid. 2. C. allissimus. Leaves deeply pinnatifid into lanceolate or linear segments. 3. C. discolor. Heads naked-peduncled, 1’ high; involucral bracts thin. 4. C. Virginianus. 2. Leaves tomentose on both sides, or becoming glabrous above; western Leaves pinnately parted; segments linear, entire or lobed. 5. C. Pitchert. Leaves pinnatifid into triangular or lanceolate dentate segments. Outer bracts with spines less than one-half their length. Leaf-lobes triangular; flowers pink or purple. Leaf-lobes linear-lanceolate to oblong; flowers cream-color. Outer bracts with spines of nearly or quite their length. Leaves entire or undulate; outer pappus-bristles barbellate. 3. Leaves green both sides, somewhat pubescent beneath. Leaf-lobes acute; bracts of the involucre faintly nerved. 10. C, odoratus. Leaf-lobes blunt; bracts with prominent glutinous midnerve. rr. (G. isle. + + Bracts of the involucre not at all prickly-pointed, or scarcely so. Heads large, few, 1’-4’ broad; flowers all perfect and fertile. Heads involucrate by the upper very spiny leaves; flowers usually yellow. 12. C. spinosisstmus. Heads peduncled, naked, or with 1 or 2 bracts at the base; flowers purple. 13. C. muticus. . C. undulatus. . C. Platiensts. . C.ochrocentrus. C. Nebraskensis. © WI Heads small, numerous, 1’ or less broad; flowers imperfect, dioecious. 14. C. arvensis. % % Pappus-bristles simple, or minutely serrulate. (Plumeless Thistles.) Head solitary, nodding; bracts of the involucre lanceolate. 15. C. nutans. Heads clustered, erect or ascending; bracts linear. 16. C. crispus. GENUS 97.] THISTLE FAMILY. 485 1. Carduus lanceolatus L. Common ° . AS Bur or Spear Thistle. (Fig. 4058.) i XK ie SUIT, Carduus lanceolatus L,. Sp. Pl. 821. 1753. \ Nt) Cirsium lanceolatum Scop. F1. Carn. Ed. 2, 2:130. 1772. NW \t Cnicus lanceolatus Willd. Prodr. Fl, Berol. 259. 1787. Biennial; stem stout, branched, more or less tomentose, 3°-5° high, leafy to the heads. Leaves \ OREN We ve eA CAD ROE dark green, lanceolate, acuminate, deeply pinnatifid, 3/-6’ long, or the lowest larger, decurrent on the stem and branches, the lobes triangular-lanceolate, tipped with stout prickles, the margins and decur- rent bases bristly, the upper surface strigose-pubes- cent or hispid, the lower brown-tomentose and mid- nerve pilose especially when young; heads mostly solitary at the ends of the branches, 114/—2’ broad, 1%4/-2/ high; bracts of the involucre cottony, nar- rowly lanceolate, acuminate, all tipped with slen- der erect or ascending prickles; flowers dark purple. In fields and waste places, Newfoundland to Georgia, west to Minnesota, Nebraska and Missouri. Natural- ized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Other names are Plume, Bank, or Horse Thistle, Bell, Bird, Blue, Button, Bull or Roadside Thistle. July—Nov. 2. Carduus altissimus I. ‘Tall or Roadside Thistle. (Fig. 4059.) Carduus altissimus 1. Sp. Pl. 824. 1753. Cnicus altissimus Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 1671. 1804. Cirsium altissimum Spreng, Syst. 3: 373. 1826. Biennial or perennial; roots often thickened; stem pubescent, or tomentose, stout, branched, leafy to the heads, 3°-10° high. Leaves ovate- oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, or slightly clasping,sparingly pubescent above,densely white- tomentose beneath, scarcely or not at all decurrent, acute, spinulose-margined, entire, dentate with bristle-pointed teeth or lobed, sometimes pinnati- fid into oblong or triangular-lanceolate segments, the lowest sometimes 8’ long, narrowed into mar- gined petioles, the uppermost linear or lanceolate, much smaller; heads about 2’ broad, 14/-2’ high, mostly solitary at the ends of the branches; outer bracts of the involucre ovate or ovate-lanceolate, firm, with a dark, slightly glandular spot at the apex, tipped with short prickles, the inner linear- lanceolate, acuminate, unarmed; flowers light purple. In fields and thickets, Massachusetts to Minnesota, Florida, Nebraska and Texas. Aug —Sept. 3. Carduus discolor (Muhl.) Nutt. | 7 Field Thistle. (Fig. 4060.) \ NK Cnicus discolor Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 3:1670. 1804. \. \ Carduus discolor Nutt. Gen. 2: 130. 1818. S \} / Y, Cirsium discolor Spreng. Syst. 3: 373. 1826. NV h Yjgpps ! Cnicus altissimus var. discolor A. Gray, Proc. Am. — SS \\y lie Y \ UZ Acad. 19:57. 1883. AN Ni Similar to the preceding species, but lower and Fahy more leafy, seldom over 7° high. Leaves deeply AANA pinnatifid into linear, linear-lanceolate, or falcate, \\\ VW prickly toothed segments, white tomentose beneath, YA i ff, \ ) \ AW sessile, the basal ones sometimes 12’ long; heads ATS 1%/-2/ broad, about 14’ high, usually involucrate by the upper leaves, mostly solitary at the ends of the branches; outer bracts of the involucre coria- ceous, ovate, slightly woolly, tipped with slender bristles, which are longer than those of the preced- ing species; inner bracts lanceolate, acuminate, un- armed; flowers light purple or pink, rarely white. In fields and along roadsides, Quebec and Ontario to Georgia, Minnesota, Nebraskaand Missouri. July-Nov. 486 COMPOSITAE. (Vou. III. 4. Carduus Virginianus L. Virginia Thistle. (Fig. 4o6r.) Carduus Virginianus L. Sp. Pl. 824. 1753. Cirsium Virginianum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 90. 1803. Cn re Virginianus Pursh, Fl, Am. Sept. 506. 1814. Biennial; stem slender, naked or scaly above, pubescent or somewhat tomentose, simple or branched, 2°-3 4° high, Leaves oblong, oblong- lanceolate, or the lowest slightly spatulate, ses- sile, or somewhat clasping, not decurrent, acute or acutish, spinulose-margined, entire, lobed or pinnatifid into triangular-lanceolate lobes, the lower sometimes 8’ long and 2’ wide, narrowed into margined petioles, all pubescent or glabrate above, and densely white-tomentose beneath; heads long-peduncled, 1/-1'4’ broad, about 17 high; outer bracts of the involucre not coriaceous, lanceolate or oyate-lanceolate, tipped with weak short bristles, the inner ones very narrow and merely acuminate; flowers purple. In dry woods and thickets, Virginia to Kentucky, Ohio, Florida and Texas, April-Sept. 5. Carduus Pitcheri (Torr.) Porter. Pitcher’s Thistle. (Fig. 4062.) Cnicus Pitchert Torr.; Eaton, Man. Ed. 5, 180. 1829. Cirsium Pitcheri 'T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2! 456. 1843. Carduus Pitcheri Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5:345. 1894. Biennial, persistently white-tomentose throughout; stem stout, leafy up tothe heads, usually branched, 1°-2° high. Leaves sessile, partly clasping, or slightly decurrent, pinnately divided into narrowly linear, entire lobed or pinnatifid, acute sparingly prickly segments 2’/-3’’ wide, with revolute mar- gins; basal leaves often 12’ long; heads solitary or several and racemose-spicate at the ends of the branches, about 114’ broad; outer bracts of the in- volucre ovate-lanceolate, sparingly pubescent and tomentose-ciliate, glutinous on the back, tipped with short spreading bristles, the inner narrowly lanceolate, acuminate or sometimes tipped with weak prickles; flowers cream color, Shores of Lakes Michigan, Huron and Superior. June-Aug. AN \ WA 6. Carduus undulatus Nutt. Wavy- leaved Thistle. (Fig. 4063.) Carduus undulatus Nutt. Gen. 2: 130. 1818. Cnicus undulatus A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 10:42. 1874. Biennial, persistently and densely white-tomen- tose throughout, or the upper surfaces of the leaves at length green and glabrous; stem stout, leafy, usu- ally branched, 1°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate in outline, acute, sessile or decur- rent, or the lowest petioled, undulate, lobed or pin- natifid, the lobes dentate, triangular, often very prickly; basal leaves often 8’ long; heads about 27 broad, and nearly as high, solitary at the ends of the branches; outer bracts of the involucre ovate or ovate-lanceolate, firm, glutinous on the back, tipped with short spreading prickles, the inner ones lanceolate, acuminate; flowers purple or pink. On plains and prairies, Lake Huron to the Northwest Territory and British Columbia, south to Kansas, New Mexico and Oregon. June-Sept. Carduus undulatus megacéphalus (A. Gray) Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 345. 1894. Cnicus undulatus var. megacephalus A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 10: 42. 1874. Heads larger than in the type, 2’-3' broad. Minnesota to Idaho and Arizona, ‘GENUS 97.] THISTLE FAMILY. ; 487 7. Carduus Platténsis Rydberg. Prairie Thistle. (Fig. 4064.) Carduus Plattensis Rydberg, Contr. Nat. Herb. 3:167. pl. 2. 1895. Perennial or biennial, the root thick and deep. ‘Stem stout, simple, or little branched, 114°-21!4° tall, densely white-felted. Leaves deeply pin- natifid, white-tomentose beneath, green, loosely tomentose, or glabrate above, the lower 5/7’ long, the lobes lanceolate to oblong, acute, prickly tipped and margined; upper leaves small- erand less divided; heads few, about 2’ high and ‘broad; outer bracts of the involucre lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, firm, dark, tipped with a -short weak spreading prickle, the inner linear- lanceolate, unarmed, tipped with a scarious re- flexed erose appendage; corolla yellow, its lobes linear; pappus of outer flowers merely barbel- late. ; en hills, Nebraska and South Dakota. May- July. 8. Carduus ochrocéntrus (A. Gray) Greene, Yellow-spined Thistle. (Fig. 4065. ) Cirstum ochrocentrum A. Gray, Mem. Am, Acad, 1:110. 1849. Cnicus ochrocentrus A, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 19:57. 1883. : Carduus ochrocentrus Greene, Proc. Phil. Acad. 1892: 336. 1893. Similar to Carduus undulatus, but com- monly taller and more leafy, often 6° high, equally white-tomentose. Leaves oblong- lanceolate in outline, usually very deeply pinnatifid into triangular-lanceolate, serrate or entire segments, armed with numerous long yellow prickles; lower leaves often 6/-8” long; heads about 2’ broad, 114/-2’ high, solitary at the ends of the branches; outer bracts of the involucre lanceolate; tipped with stout yellow prickles of nearly or quite their own length, the inner narrowly lanceo- late, long-acuminate; flowers purple (rarely white ?). On plains, Nebraska to Texas, Nevada and Arizona, May-Sept. / g. Carduus Nebraskénsis Britton. Nebraska Thistle. (Fig. 4066.) Stem densely white-woolly, apparently over 1° high. Leaves linear-oblong to lanceolate, white- woolly beneath, green and sparingly loosely woolly above, irregularly slightly toothed or entire, the upper 3/-6’ long, 1¢/—1’ wide, the margins prickly; heads solitary, or few, short-peduncled, about 114’ high; outer bracts of the involucre lanceolate, prickle-tipped, the inner narrower with a reflexed acute scarious appendage; pappus-bristles of inner flowers plumose, of the outer barbellate. Scott’s Bluff, western Nebraska (P. A. Rydberg, No. 110. 1891). 488 COMPOSITAE. [Vor. III. ro. Carduus odoratus (Muhl.) Porter. Pasture Thistle. Fragrant Thistle. (Fig. 4c67.) Cnicus odoratus Muh}. Cat. 70. 1813. Carduus pumilus Nutt. Gen. 2: 130. 1818. Cnicus pumilus Torr. Compend. 282. 1826. Carduus odoratus Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 345- 1894. Biennial, more or less villous-pubescent; stem stout, simple or branched, leafy, 1°-3° high. Roots. thick, branched, solid; stem-leaves green both sides, sessile and clasping, oblong or oblong-lan- ceolate in outline, acute, 3-7’ long, 1/-2’ wide, pinnatifid into triangular acute dentate prickly lobes; basal leaves petioled; heads solitary, termi- nal, 2/-3/ broad, about 2’ high, often involucrate by the upper leaves; outer bracts lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, with a slight glutinous strip on the back, glabrous or sparingly tomentose, tipped with slender prickles, the inner narrow, long-acum- inate; flowers purple, rarely white, fragrant; tips. of the pappus-bristles usually spatulate. In fields, Maine to Pennsylvania and Delaware. July-Sept. Ai nv Py gly Me 11. Carduus Hillii (Canby) Porter. Hill’s Thistle. (Fig. 4068.) Cnicus Hillii Canby, Gard. & For. 4: 101. 1891. Carduus Hillii Porter, Mem. Torr. Club, 5: 344. 1894. ee 2,\\ (i Biennial ? low, villous-pubescent or somewhat (y VH woolly; stem leafy, simple or branched, 1°-2° MY ) high. Root perpendicular, fusiform, slender Ny MY) and hollow above, enlarged below, 8’—12’ long; AN Wi leaves green both sides, mostly obtuse, lobed or UK WH pinnatifid, the lobes mostly broad and rounded, = dentate, spinulose or with some rather stout WN y prickles, the upper oblong, sessile and clasping, the lower spatulate-oblong, narrowed at the base or the lowest ones petioled and 6’-8’ long; i \ \ heads 2/-3/ broad, about 2’ high; outer bracts of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, tipped with short bristles, conspicuously glutinous on the back, the inner narrowly lanceolate, long-acu- oN a minate; flowers purple; pappus-bristles slender- \ 4 £41 pointed or some of them slightly spatulate. In fields, western Ontario to Minnesota, south to Pennsylvania, Illinois and Iowa. June-July. 12. Carduus spinosissimus Walt. Yellow Thistle. (Fig. 4069. ) Carduus spinosissimus Walt. Fl. Car. 194. 1788. Cirsium horridulum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:90. 1803. Cnicus horridulus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 507. 1814. Biennial or perennial, somewhat woolly when young, but becoming glabrate; stem branched, leafy, 2°-5° high. Leaves green both sides, lanceolate or oblong in outline, sessile and clasping or the basal ones short- petioled and somewhat spatulate, pinnatifid into tri- angular or broader,spinulose-margined and prickle-tip- ped, entire or dentate lobes; heads involucrate by the upper leaves, 2’-4’ broad, 114’-214’ high; bracts of the involucre narrowly lanceolate, roughish and ciliate, long-acuminate, unarmed; flowers pale yellow, yel- lowish, or occasionally purple. In moist or dry sandy soil, Maine to Pennsylvania, Florida and Texas. Abundant along the edges of salt- meadows in New York and New Jersey. May-Aug., or earlier in the South. GENUS 97.] THISTLE FAMILY. 489 13. Carduus muticus (Michx.) Pers. e Cirsium muticum Michx. F1. Bor. Am. 2:89. 1803. (| Carduus muticus Pers, Syn. 2: 386. 1807. \ Cnicus muticus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 506. 1814. Biennial; stem woolly or villous when young, becoming glabrate, slender, striate, leafy, paniculately branched above, 3°-8° high. Leaves densely white-tomentose beneath when young, sometimes becoming glabrous on both sides, deeply pinnatifid into lanceolate or ob- long, entire, lobed or dentate, spiny segments usually tipped withslender prickles; basal leaves petioled, 4’-8’ long, those of the stem sessile and smaller; heads about 114’ broad and high, solitary, terminal, naked-peduncled, or with a few small bract-like leaves near the base; outer j bracts viscid, appressed, more or less cottony, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, the inner linear-lance- olate, acute, all unarmed; flowers purple. In swamps and moist soil, Newfoundland to Florida, Northwest Territory and Texas. July—Oct. Carduus miticus subpinnatifidus Britton. Leaves lobed, not deeply pinnatifid, green, and nearly glabrous on both sides. New Jersey to West Virginia. 14. Carduus arvénsis (I,.) Robs. Canada Thistle. Creeping Thistle. (Fig. 4071.) Serratula arvensis I, Sp. Pl. 820. _ 1753. Cirsium arvense Scop. Fl. Carn. Ed. 2, 2: 126. 1772. Carduus arvensis Robs. Brit. Fl. 163. 1777. ~ Cnicus arvensis Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. Ed. 2, 1: Part 2, 130. 1804. Perennial by horizontal rootstocks, forming patches, nearly glabrous; stems striate, 1°-3° high, branched above. Leaves sessile and slightly clasp- ing, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, deeply pin- natifid into very prickly, lobed or dentate segments; basal leaves sometimes petioled, 5’-8’ long; heads numerous, corymbose, dioecious, 1’ broad or less, nearly 1’ high, purple or white, staminate heads globose, corollas projecting; pistillate heads ob- long-campanulate, corollas shorter, the long pap- pus conspicuous; outer bracts ovate or ovate-lan- ceolate, appressed, tipped with short prickly points, inner bracts of the pistillate heads linear, elongated. In fields and waste places, Newfoundland to Virginia, Minnesotaand Nebraska. In many places a pernicious weed. Naturalized from Europe. Called also Way or Cursed Thistle, Corn or Hard Thistle. June-Sept. 15. Carduus nutans L. Musk Thistle. Plumeless Thistle. (Fig. 4072.) Carduus nutans I,. Sp. Pl. 821. 1753. Biennial, branched, sparingly tomentose, 2°-3° high. Leaves lanceolate in outline, deeply pinnat- ifid, acuminate, 3/-6’ long, the lobes triangular, very prickly; heads long-peduncled, solitary at the end of the stem or branches, 1 4/-214’ broad, nod- ding, purple, rarely white, fragrant; bracts of the involucre in many series, lanceolate, long-acumi- nate, the prominent mid-nerve prolonged into a prickle, or the inner nerveless and awned; pappus- bristles 10’’/-1’ long, white, very minutely barbed. In waste places, Pennsylvania and New Jersey to New Brunswick, and in ballast about the sea ports. ' Naturalized or adventive from Europe. Native also aN of Asia. Bank or Buck Thistle, Queen Ann’s Thistle. I I , | July-Oct. 2 ll Dh 490 COMPOSITAE. (Von. III. 16. Carduus crispus L. Curled Thistle. oy Welted Thistle. (Fig. 4073.) es Carduus crispus Y,. Sp. Pl. 821. 1753. Wy, Biennial, somewhat tomentose; stem much Wh Mee branched, densely prickly, 2°-4° high. Leaves lanceolate in outline, with undulate and ciliate- x spiny margins, all sinuate-pinnatifid into broad, 3- lobed, toothed segments, the teeth prickle-pointed, heads several, usually crowded at the ends of the winged branches, 1’ broad or less, purple or white, sessile or short-peduncled, or some of them rarely solitary and slender-peduncled; bracts of the in- tt} volucre very numerous, linear, the outer prickle- \ if tipped and rigid, the inner thinner and merely / acuminate. In waste places, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, and in ballast about the seaports. Adventive from Europe. Native also of Asia. July-Sept. 98. MARIANA Hill, Veg. Syst. 4: 19. 1762. [Sr.yvBum Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. 2: 398. p/. 762. 1802.] Annual or biennial, simple or branched, nearly glabrous herbs, with large alternate clasp- ing, sinuate-lobed or pinnatifid, white-blotched leaves, and large discoid heads of purple tubu- lar flowers, solitary at the end of the stem or branches. Involucre broad, subglobose, its bracts rigid, imbricated in many series, the lower ones fimbriate-spinulose at the broad trian- gular summit, the middle ones similar but armed with huge spreading or recurved spines, the inner lanceolate, acuminate. Receptacle flat, densely bristly. Corolla-tube slender, the limb expanded and deeply 5-cleft. Filaments monadelphous below, glabrous. Anthers sagit- tate at the base. Style nearly entire. Achenes obovate-oblong, compressed, glabrous, sur- mounted bya papillose ring. Pappus-bristles in several series, flattish, barbellate or scabrous. A monotypic genus of the Mediterranean region. YW Wu “hal 1. Mariana Mariana (L.) Hill. Milk INRA Thistle. (Fig. 4074.) SX S} Carduus Marianus L. Sp. Pl. 823. 1753. \ OX Mariana Mariana Hill, Hort. Kew. 61. 1769. pao Marianum Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem, 2: 378. 1802, Stem striate, glabrous or slightly woolly, little branched, 2°-4° high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, prickly,strongly clasping,the lower often 12’ long and 6’ wide, the upper much smaller, scarcely lobed, acute; heads about 214’ broad; spines of the middle inyolucral bracts often 114’ long; pappus-bristles white, barbellate. Escaped from gardens near Kingston, Ontario (T. Walker, according to Macoun), in ballast about the eastern seaports, and on the Pacific Coast from British Columbia to southern California, where it is naturalized. Called also Virgin Mary’s Thistle, Lady’s Milk, Holy Thistle. June-Aug. ie SN 99. ONOPORDON I. Sp. Pl. 827.1753. Coarse, branching or rarely acaulescent, tomentose herbs, with stout stems winged by the decurrent bases of the alternate dentate or pinnatifid, prickly leaves, and large discoid heads of purple violet or white flowers, mostly solitary at the ends of the branches. Invo- lucre nearly globular, its bracts imbricated in many series, all tipped with long spines in our species, the inner narrower than the outer. Receptacle flat, fleshy, honeycombed, not bristly. Corolla-tube slender, the limb expanded and deeply 5-cleft. Filaments pilose. An- thers sagittate at the base. Achenes obovate or oblong, 4-angled or compressed, smooth or corrugated. Pappus-bristles in several series, filiform, barbellate or plumose, united at the base. (Greek, Asses’ thistle, the ancient name. ] About 12 species, natives of the Old World. GENUS 99.] THISTLE (FAMILY. 491 1. Onopordon Acanthium L. Cotton Thistle. Scotch Thistle. (Fig. 4075.) Onopordon Acanthium I,, Sp. Pl. 827. 1753. Biennial, white-tomentose all over; stem usu- WEG LEZ ally much branched, leafy, 3°-9° high. Leaves — oblong, lobed and dentate, acute, very spiny, INSS the lower often 12’ long; heads 14/2’ broad, about 1%’ high, solitary at the ends of the branches; outer bracts of the involucre ovate or oblong, minutely serrulate, tipped with long stout spreading spines; flowers pale purple; achenes slightly corrugated; pappus-bristles brownish, longer than the achene. In waste places, Nova Scotia and Ontario to New Jersey and Michigan. Naturalized from Europe. Native also of Asia. Called also Argentine, Asses’, Oat or Down Thistle, Queen Mary’s or Silver Thistle. July-Sept. 100. CENTAUREA I, Sp. Pl. 909. 1753. Perennial or annual herbs, with alternate entire dentate incised or pinnatifid leaves, and large or middle-sized heads, of tubular purple violet white or rarely yellow flowers. Involu- cre ovoid or globose, its bracts imbricted in many series, appressed, fimbrillate, or dentate. Receptacle flat, densely bristly. Marginal flowers usually neutral and larger than the central ones, which are perfect and fertile, or flowers all perfect and fertileinsome species. Corolla- tube slender, the limb regular or oblique, 5-cleft or 5-lobed, the segments sometimes appearing like rays. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches short, somewhat connate, obtuse. Achenes oblong or obovoid, compressed or obtusely 4-angled, usually smooth and shining, obliquely or laterally attached to the receptacle, surmounted by a disk with an elevated mar- - gin. Pappus of several series of bristles or scales, rarely none. [Greek, of the Centaurs, who were said to use it in healing. ] About 350 species, mostly natives of the Old World. Besides the following, 2 others, intro- duced species, occur on the Pacific Coast, and are rarely found in ballast about the eastern seaports. Bracts of the involucre lacerate or fimbriate, not spiny. Heads 1%4' broad or less; achenes laterally attached; introduced species. Annual; pappus about the length of the achene. 1. C. Cyanus. Perennials; pappus obsolete, or short. Flowers all perfect; marginal ones scarcely enlarged. 2. C. nigra. Marginal flowers neutral, with palmately cleft corollas. a Ge /QCea. Heads 2'-4' broad; achenes obliquely attached; native western species. 4. C. Americana. Bracts of the involucre tipped with stout, nearly simple spines. 5. C. Calcitrapa. 1. Centaurea Cyanus |. Blue-bottle. Corn Blue-bottle. Corn-flower. (Fig. 4076.) Centaurea Cyanus Y,. Sp. Pl. 911. 1753. Annual, woolly or tomentose, at least when young; stem leafy, slender, branched, 1°-2%4%° high, the branches ascending. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, mucronate, 2’—6’ long, the basal and lower ones mostly dentate or pinnatifid, the upper, or sometimes all of them, entire; heads 1/-1 4’ broad, on long naked peduncles; invo- lucre campanulate, its bracts greenish-yellow or with darker tips and margins, appressed, fimbri- ate with scarious teeth; flowers blue or purplish, varying to white, the marginal ones neutral with large radiant corolla-limbs; achenes slightly compressed, or 4-angled; pappus-bristles une- qual, nearly as long as the achene. In waste places, escaped from gardens, and in bal- last, Quebec to western New York and Virginia. Other names are Witches’-bells or Thimbles, Corn- Centaury, Corn-bottle or -binks, Brushes, Hurt- sickle, Blue Bennets, Blaver, Blue Poppy. July-Sept. COMPOSITAE. [Von III. 2. Centaurea nigra L. Black Knap- weed. MHorse-knops. Hardheads. Centaury. (Fig. 4077.) Centaurea nigra I, Sp. Pl. 911. 1753. Perennial, scabrous or pubescent; stem stiff, branched, 1°-2° high. Lower and basal leaves spatulate or oblong, acutish, entire, denticulate, dentate or lobed, not pinnatifid, 3/-6’ long, nar- rowed into long petioles; upper leaves oblong or lanceolate, sessile, or partly clasping, entire or nearly so; heads rarely 1’ broad, bracted by the small, uppermost leaves; involucre globose, its bracts lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, closely im- bricated, tipped with brown fimbriate append- ages, or the uppermost merely lacerate; flowers rose-purple, all perfect, the marginal ones usu- ally not at all enlarged; achenes slightly 4-sided; pappus none, or a ring of minute scales. ty : In waste places and fields, Newfoundland to On- i, i tario and New Jersey. Naturalized from Europe. : Among many other English names are Iron-head or -weed, Club-weed, Matfelon, Hurt-sickle, Tassel, Horse-knobs,Crop-, Knob-, Bole-,or Button-weed, Loggerheads, Lady’s Cushion, Blue-tops. July-Sept. We 3. Centaurea Jacea I. Brown or Rayed Knapweed. (Fig. 4078.) Centaurea Jaceal,. Sp. Pl. 914. 1753- Perennial, similar to the preceding species. % Leaves entire or denticulate, rarely lobed; heads 1/-1%4’ broad; involucre globular to ovoid, its bracts closely imbricated, brown or with brown backs, the outer ones with fimbriate appendages, the middle ones lacerate, the inner entire or nearly so; marginal flowers neutral with en- larged radiant corolla-limbs; achenes obscurely 4-sided; pappus none, or a minute crown. In waste places northern New York and Vermont, and in ballast about eastern seaports. Also in Brit- ish Columbia. Fugitive from Europe. June-Sept. 4. Centaurea Americana Nutt. American Star Thistle. (Fig. 4079.) C. Americana Nutt. Journ. Phila. Acad. 2:117. 1821. Plectocephalus Americanus Don, in Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. (II). pl. 57. 1831. Annual, roughish; stem stout, simple, or little branched, 2°-6° high. Leaves entire or dentic- ulate, the lower and basal ones spatulate or ob- long, 2/-5’ long, narrowed into petioles, the upper oblong-lanceolate, sessile, mucronate; heads solitary at the ends of the leafy stem or branches, very showy, 2’-4’ broad; involucre nearly hemispheric, its bracts ovate or lanceo- late with conspicuously pectinate appendages; flowers pink or purple, the marginal ones with enlarged and radiant corolla-limbs; achenes somewhat compressed, obliquely attached at the base; pappus of copious unequal bristles longer than the achene. Dry plains, Missouri and Arkansas to Louisiana, Mexico’and Arizona. May-Aug. GENUS I00. ] THISTLE FAMILY. 493 5. Centaurea Calcitrapa L. Star Thistle Centaurea Calcitrapa V,. Sp. Pl. 917. 1753. Annual, pubescent or glabrous, green; stem much branched, 1°-14° high. Leaves 1-2- pinnatifid into oblong-lanceolate to linear, ser- rulate-spinulose, dentate or entire mostly acute lobes, the upper sessile and slightly clasping, the lower and basal short-petioled, 4’-7’ long, the uppermost somewhat involucrate at the bases of the sessile heads which are about 1/ broad; involucre ovoid, its outer bracts ovate- oblong, tipped with stout spreading spines which are simple, or commonly with 2-6 bristles at the base; flowers purple, none of them radi- ant; achenes compressed or obscurely 4-sided; pappus none. In waste places and ballast, southern New York and New Jersey to Virginia. Also in British Co- lumbia. Adventive or naturalized from Europe. Called also Caltrops, Maize Thorn. June-Oct. ror. CNICUS L. Sp. Pl. 826. 1753. An annual herb, with alternate pinnatifid or sinuate-dentate leaves, the lobes or teeth spiny, and large sessile heads of yellow tubular flowers, solitary at the ends of the branches, subtended by the upper leaves. Bracts of the involucre imbricated in several series, the outer ovate, the inner lanceolate, tipped by long pinnately branched spines. Receptacle flat, bristly. Achenes terete, striate, laterally attached, the horny margin 1o0-toothed at the summit; pappus of 2 series of awns, the inner fimbriate, the outer longer, naked; anther-ap- pendages elongated, united to their tips. [Latin name of Safflower, early applied to thistles. ] A monotypic genus of the Old World, | hy } i *; Ww ee Wa 1. Cnicus benedictus L. Blessed Thistle. Our Lady’s Thistle. (Fig. 4081.) ip Cnicus benedictus L. Sp. Pl. 826. 1753. Centaurea benedicta 1,. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 1296. 1763. Hirsute or pubescent, much branched, seldom over 214° high. Leaves oblong- lanceolate in outline, rather thin, reticu- late-veined, 3/—6’ long, the upper clasping, the basal and lower ones narrowed at the base and petioled; heads about 2/ broad, subtended by several large lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate leaves; bristles of the re- ceptacle soft, long; outer awns of the pappus alternating with the inner. In waste places, Nova Scotia to Maryland, \ Pennsylvania and Alabama, and on the Paci- fie Coast. Adventive from southern Europe. Called also St. Benedict’s Thistle. May-Aug. APPENDIX. The following are new discoveries or new determinations, mostly from the west, made while the work has been in press. [Vol. 1: p. 2.] 2. Ophioglossum Engelmanni Prantl. Engelmann’s Adder’s-tongue. (Fig. 1a.) Ophioglossum vulgatum Eaton, Ferns of the Southwest, U. S. Geol. Surv. 340. 1878. Not. 1753. Ophioglossum Engelmanni Prantl. Jahrb. d. k. Bot. Gart. Ber- lin, 3: 318. p/. 8, fig. 17. 1884. Rootstock cylindric; stems often several, 1-5 from the same root, 3/-9’ high, bearing the sessile fleshy elliptic leaf below the middle; blade 1/-3%’ long, 14/-2’ wide, with wide oblique meshes coniatning numerous anastomosing veinulets, the apex mucronulate; spike 6//-12/’ long, apiculate, borne on a stalk 1/-4/ long, sporangia 12-27 pairs. In damp, sterile places or on rocks in cedar woods, in the Cen- tral States, from Indiana to Texas and Arizona, also in Virginia. April-Oct. [Vol. 1: p. 2.] 3. Ophioglossum arenarium E. G. Britton. Sand Adder’s-tongue. (Fig. 1b.) Ophioglossum arenarium ¥, G. Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 555. pl. 318. 1897. Rootstock slightly thickened, with 1 or 2 stalks; stem rigid, erect, 2’-7’ high, bearing the sessile /anceolate fleshy leaf below the middle; blade 1/-2/ long, 3//-6’” wide, acute or apiculate, not pellucid, wth indistinct venation forming long narrow meshes, with few, if any, free veinlets; spike 6’’-13’’ long, apiculate, borne on a stalk 2/—4’ long, often twisted; sporangia 12-26 pairs. Gregarious in a colony of many plants in sandy ground under trees at Holly Beach, New Jersey. The genus is also called Ad- der’s-fern, Adder’s-spear and Snake-tongue. July. [Vol. 1: p. 3.] 4a. Botrychium dis- s€ctum Spreng. Cut-leaved Grape- fern, or Moonwort. (Fig. 5a.) Botrychium dissectum Spreng. Anleit, 3: 172. 1804. Botrychium ternatum var. dissectum D. C. Eaton, Ferns N. A. 1: 150. 1878. Plant 8/16’ high with slender fleshy stems. Sterile portion long-stalked from near the base of the stem with broadly deltoid basal divisions, decompound ; secondary pinnae lanceolate from a broader base, pinnate with laciniate and deeply cut Pinnules, the ultimate divisions divergent, =. often two toothed at their apices, usually less. than half a line wide; fertile portion with a long stem, bi-tripinnate; bud pilose, enclosedin the base of the stem, the apex of both portions bent downward in vernation. In low grounds, rare in New England as far as eastern Massachusetts, more common southward from New York to Virginia and inland to Indiana and Kentucky. Vor. II1.] APPENDIX. 495 [Vol. 1: p. 47.] 5a. Isoetes Dédgei A. A. Eaton. Dodge’s Quillwort. (Fig. 106a.) Isoetes Dodgei A. A. Eaton, Fern Bull. 6:6. 1898. Plant amphibious from a bilobed trunk. Leaves 10-75, 8-18’ long when submersed, erect, or spirally ascending when scattered; emersed leaves 4/—6’ long, tortuous and often interlaced, with numerous stomata and usu- ally 4 bast bundles; velum narrow, covering 4 to \ of the sporange; sporanges thickly sprinkled with light brown cells; macro- spores more numerous on submersed plants, globose, 500-675 in diameter, sfarsely cov- ered with irregular crests which at maturity separate into irregular groups leaving bare : spaces, serrate or spinulose at the top; mi- crospores more numerous on emersed plants, Ay 22-401, ashy, papillose. y : 4 fe a An Growing in mud flats, East Kingston, New 7 Hampshire. IX | [Vol. I: p.47.] 5b. Isoetes Eatoni Dodge. Eaton’s Quillwort. (Fig. 106b. ) Tsoetes Eatoni Dodge, Ferns and Fern Allies of New Eng. 39. 1896. Amphibious from a large trunk 1/-2/ to 1/— 4’ in diameter. Leaves of the submerged plant 20-200, varying in length up to 28’, marked with an elevated ridge on the ven- tral side; leaves of the emersed plant shorter, 3-6; stomata abundant; peripheral bast bun- dles irregular in occurrence or often wanting; velum covering I-4 of the sporange, polyg- amous; sporanges large, 0.4’ by 0.15’, pale “22, spotted; macrospores small, 300-4ooy in diam- Y eter, marked with convolute labyrinthine ridges and cristate on the angles of the tnner face ; microspores 25-30 in diameter, smooth or slightly papillose. In mud flats, East Kingston and Epping, New Hampshire. [Vol. 1: P. 47] 5c. Isoetes ionealata. im A. Eaton. Pitted Quillwort. (Fig. 106c. ) Isoetes foveolata A. A. Eaton; Dodge, Ferns and Fern Allies of New Eng. 38. 1896. Amphibious from a bilobed or rarely trilobed base. Leaves 15-70, stout, 2/-6’ long, pinkish even when dry, or rarely dark green; stomata scattered, found only near the tips; no peripheral bast bundles; monoicous or becoming dioicous; velum covering I-4 or 1-3 of the sporange; ligule round-ovate; sporanges thickly sprinkled with dark cells which are often collected in groups; macrospores 380-560u, covered beneath with very thick-walled reticula- tions, the openings appearing like little pits ; reticulations elongate on the upper surface of the spore; microspores dark brown, 22-35% long, densely reticulate and usually slightly papillose. In muddy banks of the Pautuckaway river, Epping, N. H., also at East Kington of the same state. 496 APPENDIX. » CLL (Vol. 1: p. 55.] 4. Picea brevifolia Peck. Swamp Spruce. (Fig. 1222.) Picea brevifolia Peck, Spruces of the Adirondacks, 13. 1897. A small slender tree, sometimes 30° high, or on moun- tain summits reduced toa low shrub. Twigs pubescent ; sterigmata glabrous, or slightly pubescent; leaves straight, or a little curved, mostly glaucous, obtuse, or merely mucronulate, stout, 2'’-5/’ long; cones oval, persistent for two seasons or more, 8/’-12/’ long, the scales with eroded margins; wing of the seed about 2’’ long. Inswamps and open bogs, Vermont and northern New York to Michigan. June. [Vol. 1: p. 111.] 2a. Syntherisma serotina Walt. Late-flowering Finger-grass. (Fig. 2414.) Svntherisma serolina Walt. Fl. Car. 76. 1788. Panicum serotinum Trin. Gram. Panic. 166. 1826. Culms slender, erect, often creeping and branch- ing at the base, 8’-24’ tall, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths about one-half as long as the internodes, pilose with long spreading hairs; ligule a scarious ring; leaves linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, 1/-4’ long, 2/’-4’’ wide, acuminate, pilose on both sur- faces; inflorescence composed of 2-6 1-sided slender erect or ascending spike-like racemes 1/-414’ long, arranged singly, in pairs, or scattered and approximate; spikelets numerous, oval, about 34// long and one-half as broad, acute, in pairs, one short-, the other long-pedicelled, in 2 rows on one side of a flat and winged rachis less than 14’” wide; first scale wanting, che second about one-half as long as the spikelet, 3-nerved, the third scale 7-nerved, both scales appressed-pubescent on the margins. Fields and roadsides, Delaware (according to Scribner); North Carolina to Florida, west to Mississippi. [Vol. 1: p. 113.] 1a. Panicum colénum [,. Jungle Rice. (Fig. 243a.) Panicum colonum V,. Syst. Ed. 10, 870. 1759. Panicum Walteri Ell, Bot. S.C. & Ga.t:115. 1817. Not Pursh, 1814. Culms tufted, smooth and glabrous, 6’-214° tall, often decumbent and rooting at the lower nodes. Sheaths com- pressed, usually crowded; ligule wanting; leaves flat, 1/-7/ | long, 1/’-4/’ wide; inflorescence composed of 3-18 1-sided | more or less spreading dense racemes, 4 ’-11¢’ long, disposed along a 3-angled rachis and generally somewhat exceeding | the length of the internodes; spikelets single, in pairs, or in 3’s in 2 rows on one side of the hispidulous triangular rachis, obovate, pointed, the first scale about one half as long as the spikelet, 3-nerved, ¢e second and third scales a little more than 1/’ long, awnless, 5-nerved, hispid on the nerves, the fourth scale cuspidate. Fields and roadsides, Virginia to Florida, Texas and Mexico. Common in all tropical countries. March-Sept. Vor. II.] [Vol. 1: p. 118.] Agric. Div. Bot. 8: 32. Culms erect, slender, glabrous, roughish, espe- cially near the nodes, 1°-2° tall, at length branched. Sheaths papillose-hirsute with spreading hairs, usu- p ally longer than the internodes; ligule a short i scarious ciliolate ring; leaves erect or ascending,’ lanceolate, 2’-4’ long, 3’’-6’’ wide, acuminate at the apex, rounded at the partly clasping base, papillose-hispid beneath and sometimes sparingly so on the rough upper surface; panicle oblong, 2/-4/ long, its branches erect or ascending; spike- lets 134//-2’’ long, oval, the outer three scales pap- illose-hirsute with long spreading hairs, the first scale’about one-half as long as the spikelet, ovate, acute, I-3-nerved, the second and third scales broadly oval when spread out, 7-9-nerved. Dry soil, Ohio ‘to Minnesota and South Dakota, south to Missouri and Nebraska. [Vol. 1: p. 120.] Nashianum Scribn. (Fig. 264a.) Panicum Nashianum Scribn. Bull. U. S. Dept. = Agric. Div. Agrost. 7: 79. : Culms tufted, glabrous or puberulent, slender, 6/-15/ tall, at length much branched. Sheaths glabrous, or the lower pubescent, the primary about one-third as long as the internodes, those on the branches overlapping; ligule a short scarious ring; leaves erect or ascending, lanceo- late, acuminate, smooth and glabrous, ciliate, at least at the base, 3/’-2’ long, 1/’-214’’ wide, the leaves of the branches smaller; primary panicle 1/—2/ long, the branches widely spreading; spike- letsabout 1/’ long, obovate, the first scale 1- nerved, the second and third scales 7-nerved, densely pubescent with short spreading hairs. Pine lands, Virginia to Florida. June-July. Panicum Nash’s Panicum. APPENDIX. 497 17a. Panicum Liebérgii (Vasey) Scribn. Lieberg’s Panicum. (Fig. 2592.) Panicum scoparium Lam. var. Liebergii Vasey, Bull. U.S. Dept. Agric. Div. Bot. 8: 32. Panicum Liebergii Scribn.; Vasey, Bull. U. S. Dept. AS synonym. 1889 1889. [Vol. 1: p. 120.] 21a. Panicum Brittoni Nash. Britton’s Panicum. (Fig. 263a.) Panicum Brittont Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 194. 1897. Smooth and glabrous. Culms coarsely striate, wot branched, tufted, slender, erect, rigid, 4/-8’ tall; sheaths less than one-half as long as the internodes; ligule a ring of short hairs; leaves longer than the sheaths, those on the culm three in number, the middle one the longest, ¥e/-1/ long, 34//-1¥4’” wide, erect, acuminate, 5-7- nerved; panicle 3/-1/ long, its branches spreading or ascending; spikelets one-half as long as the pedicels, or less, obovoid, obtuse, 3/’” Jong, the first scale one-third as long as the epitelee the second and third scales 7- nerved, densely pubescent with spreading hairs. Moist sand in the pine barrens of southern New Jersey. May-June. March-July. 32 498 APPENDIX. [Vor. III. [Vol. 1: p. 120.] 22b. Panicum sphagnicolum Nash. Sphagnum Panicum. (Fig. 264b.) Panicum sphagnicolum Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 22> 422. 1895. Culms slender, smooth and glabrous,114°-3° long, at length much elongated, dichotomously much branched and declining. Sheaths smooth and gla- brous, or the lower ones pubescent, one half the length of the internodes or less; ligule a short ring; leaves erect, smooth and glabrous on both surfaces, lanceolate, principal nerves 5~7, the primary leaves 1/-214’ long, 1/’-5’’ wide, those on the branches 114’ or less long, concealing the small contracted panicles; primary panicle loose and open, 134/—3/ long, its branches spreading or ascending, the lower 34/-14’ long; spikelets on elongated filiform pedi- cels, scattered, 74’’-114’ long, oval to obovate, the scales glabrous or sparsely pubescent, the first less than one-half as long as the spikelet, 1-nerved, the second and third scales 7-nerved. Sphagnum bogs, District of Columbia and southern New Jersey to Florida, west to Texas. June-Sept. [Vol. 1: p. 121.] 24a. Panicum lanuginédsum Ell. Woolly Panicum. (Fig. 266a.) P. lanuginosum Ell. Bot. S.C. & Ga, 1:123. 1817. Culms, sheaths and leaves villous with Spreading hairs, those on the leaves and the upper part of the culm shorter, Culms leafy, tufted, 1°-2%4° tall,erect, at length branched, a smooth ring below each barbed node; sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule a ring of long hairs; leaves erect, lanceolate, acumi- nate, 1%4/—5/ long, 2/’/-414’’ broad; panicle ovate, 114’-4’ long, the axis pubescent, the branches ascending, the larger 1/-2’ long; spikelets numerous, broadly obovate, about H// long, the first scale orbicular, glabrous or pubescent, 1t-nerved, the second and third scales nearly orbicular when spread out, 7- g-nerved, densely pubescent with spreading hairs. Dry sandy soil, southern New Jersey to Flor- ida and Alabama. [Vol. r: p. 121.] 25a. Panicum implicatum Scribn. Hairy-panicled Panicum. (Fig. 267a.) Culms tufted, erect, 10-18’ tall, very slender, more or less pubescent,at length much branched. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, densely papillose-hirsute, at least the lower ones; ligulea ring of long hairs; leaves erect, lanceolate; '%/—2 long, 1//-3’’ wide, at least the lower ones papillose- hirsute on both surfaces,especially beneath; pani- cle open, ovate, 1/-214/ long, zfs branches widely spreading; spikelets broadly obovate, obtuse, purplish, about 34’ long, the outer 3 scales pu- bescent with short spreading hairs, the first scale nearly one-half as long as the spikelet, broadly ovate, obtuse, r-nerved, the second and third scales orbicular-oval, 7-nerved. Dry soil, Maine to New York. Related eee ce pubescens Lam., but certainly distinct. Vor. III.] APPENDIX. 499 [Vol. 1: p. 121.] 25b. Panicum Colum- bianum Scribn. American Panic-grass. Short-leaved Panicum. (Fig. 267b.) Panicum Columbianum Scribn. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric. Div. Agrost.'7:78. 1897. Culms tufted, erect, softly pubescent, 8/-2° tall, at length dichotomously branched, ¢he branches erect. Lower sheaths pubescent, the upper glabrous, the primary one-half as long as the internodes; ligule a ring of short hairs; leaves lanceolate, erect, ¢hick- ish and firm, glabrous above, the lower ones more or less pubescent beneath, the primary 114/-214’ long, 2’/-3’’ wide, those on the branches smaller; panicle sya//, ovate, 1/-134’ long, its branches as- cending; spikelets broadly obovate, a@ Jittle more than 3¢// long, the outer 3 scales densely pubescent with spreading hairs, the first scale about one-half as long as the spikelet, 1-nerved, the second and / third scales 7-nerved. Fields and open woods, Massachusetts to North Carolina, west to Tennessee and Alabama. June-Sept. LIS [Vol. 1: p. 121.] 25c. Panicum Eatoni Nash. LEaton’s Panicum. (Fig. 267c.)) : Panicum Eatoni Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 25:84. 1898 Smooth and glabrous. Culms 11%4°-3%° tall, erect, at length dichotomously branched and swollen at the nodes; sheaths much skorter than the internodes, usually more or less ciliate on the. margins; ligule a ring of long hairs; leaves erect, lanceolate, acuminate, 114/-4/ long, 114//-5/’ wide; panicle finally long-exserted, dense and contracted, 3/-5’ long, 114’ or less broad, zts branches erect-as- cending ; spikelets oval, about 3//” long, acutish, the first scale about one-third as long as the spike- let, pubescent, I-nerved, the second and third scales broadly oval when spread out, 7-nerved, densely pubescent with spreading hairs. Along the coast, in damp or wet places, Maine to New York. May-Aug. [Vol.1:p.121.] 25d. Panicum tsugetorum ) Nash. Hemlock Panicum. (Fig. 267d.) P. tsugetorum Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 25:86. 1898. Culms and sheaths pubescent with short appressed or ascending hairs intermixed toward the base with longerones. Culms tufted, 114° or less tall, somewhat slender, at length much branched and decumbent or prostrate ; sheath shorter than the internodes; ligule a ring of hairs about 14’ long; leaves erect or ascend- (4 ing, firm, lanceolate, 5~7-nerved, minutely appressed- pubescent beneath, smooth and glabrous above, or the upper primary leaves sometimes with a few long erect hairs, the primary leaves 114/-3’ long, 214’’-4/’ wide, those on the branches smallerand partly concealing the small panicles; primary panicles broadly ovate, 1%4/— 214’ long, the branches spreading-ascending; spikelets broadly obovate, about 7%/’ long, the outer 3 scales pubescent, with short spreading hairs, the first scale I-3-uerved, the second and third scales 7-9-nerved. Dry soil in hemlock woods, Connecticut and New York. 500 APPENDIX. [Vor,. III. [Vol. 1: p. 121.] 25€. Panicum Addisonii Nash. Rigid Panicum. AI | Be 4 ——— [Vol. 1: p. r21.] 25f. Panicum Atlanticum Nash. Atlantic Panicum. (Fig. 267f.) P, Allanticum Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 346. 1897. Papillose-pilose with long white spreading hairs. Culms tufted, at length branched, 12/—20/ tall, erect or ascending, a smooth ring below the nodes which are barbed with spreading hairs; sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule a ring of hairs 1//-214/’ long; leaves erect, rigid, thickish, linear-lanceolate, 11(’-4/ long, 2’’-34’’ wide, acuminate, 7-11-nerved, middle leaves the longest; panicle 114/-214’ long, 1(/-234’ wide, the branches and their divisions hispidulous; spikelets numerous, obovate, @ /ittle over 1’ long, 34’ wide, obtuse, the outer 3 scales densely pubescent with short spreading hairs, the first scale about one-half as long as the spikelet, t-nerved, the second and third scales 9-nerved. Dry soil, New York to Virginia. June-Aug. (Fig. 267e.) P. Addisonii Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 25:83. 1898. Culms 1o/-15/ tall, sigid, tufted, erect or decum- bent at the base, at length much branched, ¢he branches erect, pubescent below with long nearly appressed hairs which decrease in length toward the summit where they are very short. Sheaths often longer than the internodes, appressed-pubes- cent, at least the lower ones; ligule a ring of hairs; leaves erect, lanceolate, thickish, smooth and gla- brous on both surfaces, rough on the margins, acuminate, 1/-3/ long, 114//-3’’ wide; panicle ovate to oblong, 3(’-21{’ long, its branches spreading or ascending; spikelets obovate, 1/’ Jong, the first scale acute or acutish, about one-half as long as the spikelet, r-nerved, pubescent, second and third scales g-11-nerved, densely pubescent with long spreading hairs. Sandy soil, southern New Jersey. May-June. [Vol. 1: p. 121.] 26a. Panicum linearifolium Scribn. Linear-leaved Panicum. (Fig. 268a.) Culms tufted, slender, erect, smooth and glabrous, simple, 6’-16’ tall. Sheaths gla- brous or pilose with long white hairs, longer than the internodes; ligule a ring of short hairs; leaves elongated, smooth or rough, glabrous or more or less pilose, especially upon the lower surface, 3/-10’ long, 1//-2/’ wide, the uppermost leaf the longest and often extending beyond the panicle; primary panicle loose and open, often long-exserted, 114’-4’ long, its branches ascending, second- ary panicles small and contracted on very short culms and partly concealed by the bases of the long culms; spikelets 1/’-1%’ long, obtuse or acutish, pubescent with spreading hairs. Dry soil, especially hillsides, New York and New Jersey to Missouri. Vou. III.] [Vol. 1: p. 121.] June-July. 26b. Panicum Werneri Scribn. Werner’s Panicum. (Fig. 268b.) Smooth and glabrous, light green. erect, slender, simple or later sparingly branched, 10’-18/ tall; sheaths equalling or shorter than the internodes; ligule a ring of short hairs; leaveserect, elongated, /inear, acuminate, 244/-414/ long, 1}4//- 2%/’ wide, panicle finally long-exserted, loose and open, 2'4/-314’ long, its branches ascending; spike- lets about 1/’ long on longer hispidulous pedicels, oval, minutely and sparsely pubescent, the first scale orbicular, about one-quarter as long as the spikelet, I-nerved, the second and third scales 7-nerved, the fourth scale oval, slightly apiculate. Dry knolls in swamps, New York and Ohio. ‘The smaller spikelets and the entire absence of the small basal panicles serve to distinguish this from P. lineari- folium, to which it otherwise has a great resemblance. Culms tufted, APPENDIX. [Vol. 1: p. 121.] 26c. Panicum Bick- néllii Nash. Bicknell’s Panicum. (Fig. 268c.) P, Bicknellii Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 193. 1897. Culms erect or decumbent at the base, slender, 8/-16/ tall, at length sparing ly branched, the lower internodes puberulent, the nodes sparingly barbed. Sheaths generally longer than the internodes, cili- ate on the margins, the lowermost pubescent; ligule a fringe of very short hairs; leaves elongated, increasing in length toward the top of the culm, erect, /inear-lanceolate,acuminate, narrowed toward the ciliate base, 7-9-nerved, primary leaves 3/-7’ long, 234//-5/’ wide ; primary panicle 214’-3/ long, its branches ascending, secondary panicles smaller, with appressed branches; spikelets obovate or oval 1%(//-1%” long, pubescent with short spread- ing hairs, the first scale 1-nerved, the second and third scales 9-nerved. Dry wooded hills, New York and Pennsylvania. July-Aug. [iMol-px+" ps 122: 27a. Panicum neuran- thum Griseb. Nerved Panicum. (Fig. 2692.) Panicum neuranthum Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 232. 1866. Culms tufted, slender, at length much branched, the primary simple,erect, glabrous or pubescent, 12’— |) 30’ tall. Sheaths glabrous, or the lower pubescent, the primary about one-halfas long as the internodes, those on the branches overlapping; ligule a ring of hairs; leaves smooth and glabrous, the primary erect, acuminate, 1/-4’ long, 1/’-214’’ wide, those on the branches shorter, erect or ascending, usually involute when dry, concealing the small secondary panicles; primary panicle 1/-4/ long, z¢s branches at Jirst erect, at length widely spreading; spikelets numerous, broadly obovate, about 1/’ long, densely pubescent with short spreading hairs, the second and third scales 7-nerved. Dry or moist soil along the coast, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. Also in Cuba. APPENDIX. [Vor. III. [Vol. 1: p. 132.] 1a. Savastana Nashii Bicknell. Nodding Vanilla-grass. (Fig. 2942.) S. Nashii Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club, 25: 104. p/. 728. 1898. Plant smooth, glabrous and shining. Culms erect, slender, simple, 2°-3° /a//. Sheaths over- lapping, striate; ligule scarious, 2//-3/” long; leaves erect or ascending, elongated, a little rough- ened above, the culm leaves 5 or 6, 2’-8’ long, 2//— 3// wide, acuminate; panicle long-exserted, loose and open, 7/-17/ long, its apex nodding, the capil- lary branches drooping, the larger 3/-7’ long, in pairs, the divisions more or less flexuous; spike- lets 2%//-4’’ long, on capillary pedicels; scales 5, the outer 2 empty, abruptly long-acuminate, the first r-nerved, the second 3-nerved, the third and fourth scales about 2'%’’ long, rough, ciliate on the margins with ascending hairs, 5-nerved, acute, usu- ally awn-pointed, the fifth scale smaller, smooth, hispidulous at the apex, sometimes awn-pointed. Along brackish marshes, New York City. July-Aug. [Vol. 1: p. 136.] 10a. Aristida divaricata H.&B. Spreading Aristida. (Fig. 306a.) Aristida divaricata H. & B.; Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 99. 1809. Culms 1%4°-3° tall, tufted, erect. Sheaths over- lapping, rough, usually with a tuft of long hairs on each side at the apex; ligule a short ciliate ring; leaves smooth beneath, rough above, those of the culm 6/-12/ long, 1/’-2/’ wide, erect or ascending; the sterile shoots from one-third to one-half as long as the culm, the leaves narrower; panicle compris- ing one-half of the plant, or more, often included at the base, z/s branches rigid, at length widely spreading; spikelets, exclusive of the awns, about 44’ long,numerous; empty scales acuminate, usually awn-pointed; flowering scale commonly slightly shorter than the empty ones, firm, sometimes spotted with purple, hispidulous above; awzs not articulated to the scale, the lateral ones shorter than the central, which is 6’’-10’” long; callus pilose. Dry sandy soil, Kansas to Arizona and New Mexico, south to Mexico. [Vol. 1: p. 159. ] rr, Ia. eereus coarctata Ehrh. Dense-flowered Bent-grass. (Fig. 3624.) Agrostis coarctata Ehrh.; Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. Ed. 2, I: 37. 1800. Glabrous. Culms tufted, erect, or decumbent at the base and often rooting at the lower nodes, smooth, 12’-20/ tall,at length branching; sheaths shorter than the internodes; ligule scarious, 1%4//-1’’ long; leaves erect, rough on both sur- faces, 114/-3'4’ long, 1%4’’ or less wide; panicle dense and contracted, 1'4/-4/ long, &/— ur thick, its branches erect, the longer 11{/ tone or less : spikelets numerous, crowded, acute at both ends and lanceolate when closed, 1//-1¥%/’’ long, on shorter hispidulous pedicels which are much thickened at the apex; empty scales acute, his- pidulous on the upper part of the keel, espe- cially in the first scale; flowering scale hyaline, about three-quarters as long as the spikelet, den- ticulate at the truncate or rounded apex; palet about one-half as long as the scale. Maine to New Jersey. Alsoin Europe. July-Sept. Vor.. III.] APPENDIX. 503 [Vol. 1: p. 160.] 4a. Agrostis rupéstris Allioni. Rock Bent-grass. (Fig. 3652.) Agrostis rupestris Allioni, Fl. Pedem. 2:237. 1785. Culms tufted, 6’ or /ess tall, slender, erect, or decumbent at the base, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths longer than the internodes; ligule about 34’ long; leaves smooth and glabrous, ‘hose on the culm i’ or less long, the basal leaves from one-third to one-half as long as the culms; panicle contracted, 1’ or less long, its axis and branches smooth, the latter erect or nearly so, spikelet-bearing above the middle; spikelets about 1’ long; empty scales about equal, 1- nerved, acute, usually purple, hispidulous on the keel; flowering scale shorter, hyaline, den- ‘ticulate at the obtuse or truncate apex, bearing about the middle a dorsal scabrous awn a little over I’’ long; palet wanting. Labrador and the high mountains of Nevada. Also in Europe. Summer. Glabrous. ,. *>— [Vol. 1: p.174.] 2a. Danthonia glabra Nash. Smooth Wild Oat-grass. (Fig. 398a.) , Danthonia glabra Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 43. 1897. Culms erect, tufted, 16/-28/ tall, slightly roughened just below the panicle and puberulent below the brown nodes; sheaths usually shorter than the in- ternodes; ligule densely ciliate with long silky hairs; leaves smooth excepting at the apex, 1/’-2/’ wide, erect, those on the sterile shoots 6’ or more long, the culm leaves 2’-4’ long; panicle 2’—3/ long, contracted; spike- lets, including awns, 9//-ro’’ long, 5—10-flowered, on hispidulous appressed pedicels; empty scales acumi- nate; flowering scales 214//-3’/ long to the base of the teeth, pzlose on the margins below and sometimes spar- ingly so on the midnerve at the base, the remainder of the scale glabrous, teeth, including the awns, 1//-114/” long, the central awn 414/’-6’’ long, more or less spreading. In swamps, southern New Jersey toGeorgia. May-July. [Vol. 1: p. 185.] 2a. Sieglingia albéscens (Vasey) Kuntze. White Sieglingia. (Fig. 422.) Tricuspis albescens Munro; A. Gray, Proc. Phila. Acad, Nat. Sci. 1862: 335. Name only. 1863. Triodia albescens Vasey, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric. Div. Bot, 12: Part 2, 33. 1891. Sieglingia albescens Kuntze; L. H. Dewey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 2: 538. 1894. Culms tufted, erect, smooth and glabrous, 12/—20’ tall, the sterile shoots one-half as long as the culm or more. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth; ligule a ring of short hairs; leaves smooth beneath, roughish above, acuminate, 214/-11/ long, 1//-2/’ wide; panicle dense and contracted, whz/e, 214/-5/ long, 4’-34’ broad, its branches erect or ascending, 1’ or less long; spikelets about 7-11- flowered, 2’/-21%4’’ long, the empty scales white, I-nerved, about equal; flowering scales about 1%” long, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves vanishing be- low the apex, a// the nerves glabrous, the midnerve excurrent in a short scabrous point, denticulate and irregularly and obscurely lobed at the truncate apex, short-pilose on the callus. Prairies, Kansas to Texas. Aug.-Sept. 504 APPENDIX. [Vor II. [Vol. 1: p. 185.] 2b. Sieglingia elongata (Buckley) Nash. Long-panicled Sieglingia. (Fig. 422b.) Uralepis elongata Buckley, Proc. Phila. Acad. Sci. 1862: 89. 1863. Tricuspis trinerviglumis Munro; A, Gray in Proc. re Acad. Nat. Sci. 1862: 333. Name only. 1863. Culms 1°-3° tall, tufted, erect, rough, the ster- ile shoots about % aslong as the culms. Sheaths rough, longer than the internodes, a ring of hairs at the apex, the lower sheaths usually sparingly papillose-pilose; ligule a ring of hairs; leaves rough, usually involute when dry, 3/-107 long, 1’’-2’” wide; panicle narrow, 5/-10/ long, 44’ wide, its branches erect, 114’ or less long, usually exceeding the rachis-internodes; spike- lets 10-12-flowered, 414’/-6’’ long, the empty scales scabrous, hispidulous on the midnerve, the first I-nerved, the second 3-nerved; flow- ering scales about 3// long, obtuse at the scabrous apex, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves vanishing at or below the apex, the midnerve usually excur- rent in a short point, a// the nerves pilose below the middle. , Prairies, Kansas to Arizona and Texas. June-Aug. [Vol. 1: p. 185.] 2c. Sieglingia pilosa (Buck- ley) Nash. Sharp-scaled Sieglingia. (Fig. 422c. ) Uralepis pilosa Buckley, Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1862: 4. 1563. ‘ Tricuspis acuminata Munro; A. Gray in Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1862: 335. Nameonly. 1863. Culms tufted, 24’—12/ tall,smooth and glabrous, the ster- ile shoots 4/ tall or less. Sheaths smooth, a tuft of hairs on each side at the apex, much shorter than the internodes; ligule a ring of short hairs; leaves strict or curved, thick, linear, obtuse, I-nerved, the margins white, serrulate, 1%’ long or less, less than 1/’ wide, folded, at least when dry, pubescent with long hairs, especially beneath; panicle al- most racemose, long-exserted, %4/-134’ long; spikelets 3-10, crowded, 8-12-flowered; empty scales acuminate, I-nerved; flowering scales 3//-3%’’ long, acuminate, g-nerved, the midnerve generally excurrent in a short point, all the nerves (the /a/eral at the top and bottom, the midnerve below the middle), the callus, and the base pilose. Dry soil, Kansas to Colorado, Texas and New Mexico. April-Sept. [Vol. 1: p. 208.] 21a. Poa arachnifera Torr. ‘Texas Blue-grass. (Fig. 4792.) Poa arachnifera Torr. Marcy’s Exped. 301. 1853. Culms tufted, 1°-3° tall, smooth and glabrous, from: running rootstocks; sterile shoots from one-half as long as the culms to equalling them. Sheaths longer than the internodes, smooth or roughish, hyaline on the margins; ligule a short membranous ring; leaves linear, erect, usually folded when dry, smooth beneath, rough above, 114/-9’ long, 134//-3/’ broad, abruptly acute; panicle dense and contracted, sometimes interrupted below, 3/-614’ long, 14/-134’ broad, its branches as- cending or erect; spikelets numerous, 4-7-flowered, the scales acuminate, the empty ones hispidulous on the midnerve; flowering scales 2//-234’’ long, often pointed, pubescent at the base with copious long cob- webby hairs, 5-nerved, the midnerve and lateral nerves pilose below the middle. Prairies, Kansas to New Mexico, south to Louisiana and Texas. Also introduced in Florida. April-May. Vor. III.] APPENDIX. 505 Vol. 1: p. 213.) 8a. Panicularia borealis Nash. Northern Manna-grass, p. 213 : 8 (Fig. agra.) Glyceria fluitans var. angustata Vasey, Proc. Port. Soc. Nat. Hist.2:91. 1895. Not G. angus- tata 'T. Fries. 1869. P. borealis Nash, Bull, Torr. Club, 24: 348. 1897. Glabrous. Culms erect from a creeping base, 144°-5° tall; sheaths overlapping,smoothorrough- ish, the uppermost one enclosing the base of the panicle; ligule 2'4’/-714’’ long, membranous; leaves linear, abruptly acuminate, 3 14’-21’ long, 1//-5/’ wide; panicle slender, narrow, the ex- serted portion 6’—20’ long, its branches appressed or nearly so, the lower in 2’s or 3’s, the longer of which bear 5-12 spikelets; spikelets 5//-9’/ long, 7-13-flowered, appressed; outer two scales empty, I-nerved, smooth and shining, unequal; flowering scales ¢hin, 2//-214’’ long, 7-nerved, the zerves hispidulous, a broad scarious margin at the obtuse and erose apex; palet hyaline, slightly shorter than the scale, shortly 2-toothed at the obtuse apex. In shallow water, Maine to New York, Idaho, Cali- fornia, Washington, and northward. [Vol. t: p. 213.] ga. Panicularia brachyphylla Nash. Short-leaved Manna- grass. (Fig. 4924.) P. brachyphylla Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 349. 1897. Glabrous. Culms erect from a creeping base, 2°-3° tall; sheaths generally longer than the internodes, almost closed, the uppermost one enclosing the hase of the panicle; ligule 3//-414// long, membranous; leaves linear, acuminate, 214/-5’ long, 2//-2%4/’ wide; panicle slender, narrow, the exserted portion 12/-16’ long, its branches appressed or nearly so, the lower in 2’s or 3’s, the longer of which bear 2 or 3 spike- lets; spikelets compressed-cylindric, 10’’-14/’ long, 7-12-flowered; empty scales I-nerved, the second 214//-3/’ long; flowering scales hispidulous all over, 7-nerved, about 2%4’’ long, the obtuse apex obscurely and irregularly few-toothed; palet about 3/’ long, acuminate, a little exceeding the scale. In shallow water, New York. June-July. [Vol. 1: p.217.] 4a. Festuca brachyphylla Schultes. Short-leaved Fescue-grass. (Fig. 5004.) Festuca brevifolia R. Br. Append. Parry’s Voy. Suppl. 289. 1824. Not Muhl. 1817. Festuca Been hy iia Schultes, Mant. 3: Addit. 1, 2 Festuca pee L. var. brevifolia S. Wats. in King’s Rep. U. S. Geol. Expl. goth Paral. 5: 389. 1871. Smooth and glabrous. Culms densely tufted, 8’ or less tall, slender, erect, much exceeding the short basal leaves; sheaths coarsely striate; ligule a short scarious ring; leaves very narrow, involute, at least when dry, ‘hose on the culms’ or less long, erect or ascending; particle 1’ or less long nearly simple,its branches appressed; spzke- lets 2-4-flowered, the empty scales acuminate, the first 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved; flower- ing scales acute or acuminate, rough toward the apex, 2/’-2%4’ long, exclusive of the scabrous awn which is %4//-1'(’’ long. Newfoundland to British Columbia, the higher mountains of Vermont, and the Rocky_Mountains to Colorado, Summer. APPENDIX. {Vor, III. [Vol. 1: p. 217.] 4b. Festuca capillata Lam. Filiform Fescue-grass. (Fig. 500b.) Festuca capillata Lam. Fl, France. 3: 598. 1778. Densely tufted. Culms erect with a decumbent base, 6/-15/ tall, slender, smooth and glaucous,shin- ing; sheaths smooth, longer than the internodes, confined to the base of the culm; ligule a short membranous ring; /eaves filiform, smooth or rough, the basal ones from one-third to one-half as long as the culm, the culm leaves 1/-134’ long; panicle contracted, 14’-2’ long, its branches erect, %’ or less long; spikelets 2//-21%4’’ long, 4-5-flowered; outer scales empty, unequal, the first acuminate, the second acute; flowering scales about 114’/ long, unawned, acute. Fields and roadsides, Maine and New York. Intro- duced from Europe. June-July. [Vol. 1: p. 220.] 4a. Bromus Madritén- sis IL. Compact Chess. (Fig. 5092.) Bromus Madritensis I,. Amoen. Acad. 4: 265. 1755. Culms 1°-2° tall, tufted, smooth and glabrous, Sheaths smooth, glabrous, or the lower ones pubes- cent, usually shorter than the internodes; ligule scarious, lacerated, 1//-2’’ long; leaves 214/-8/ long, 114//-3/’ wide, rough above, often pubescent on both surfaces; panicle dense, 3/-6’ long, its rough branches erect or ascending, the longer 2/— 3’ long; spikelets 2wmerous, 114/-2/ long, includ- ing the awns, the scales acuminate, scarious on the margins, the first scale 1-nerved, the second 3- nerved; flowering scales, exclusive of the awn, 6’/-7/" long, sparsely and minutely appressed-pu- bescent, the apex acuminately 2-toothed, 5-nerved, bearing an erect or divergent awn 6’/-9’ long. Waste places, Michigan and Virginia; also in Cali- fornia. Locally adventive from Europe. Summer. =2y [Vol. 1: p. 222.] 10a. Bromus arvénsis 1. Field Chess or Brome. (Fig. 515a. ) Bromus arvensis l,. Sp. Pl. 77. 1753- Culms erect, 1°-3° tall, smooth and shining, glabrous except at or near the brown nodes. | Steathe shorter than the internodes, softly and densely pubescent with short reflexed hairs ; ligule scarious, 14//-14’’ long; leaves erect or ascending, more or less hirsute on both surfaces, 3/-6’ long, 2//-3// wide; panicle ample, 5/-9’ long, its rough branches erect or ascending, rarely spreading, |; branching and spikelet-bearing above the middle, i the longer 3/-6’ long; spikelets, including the awns, / 9//-12/’ long, lanceolate, somewhat shining, the scales membranous, scarious on the margins, mi- nutely and sparsely appressed-pubescent toward the acute apex, papillose along the nerves, the first scale 3-nerved, the second 5-nerved; flowering scales broadest at the middle, 5-nerved, 314’/-4’” long, bearing an erect awn of about the same length. Fields and waste places, New York, New Jersey and Michigan. Locally adventive from Europe. Summer. Vor. IIL] APPENDIX. 507 [Vol. 1: p. 226.] 1a. Agropyron pseudorépens Scribn. & Sm. False Couch-grass. (Fig. 524a.) Agropyron pseudorepens Scribn. & Sm. Bull. U. S- Dept. Agric. Div. Agrost. 4: 34. 1897. Light green. Culms 1°-3° tall, erect, smooth and glabrous, from a running rootstock; sheaths shorter than the internodes, smooth; ligule a short membranous ring; leaves erect, prominently nerved, rough on both surfaces, acuminate, the culm leaves 3/-8’ long, 2//-3’’ wide, the basal leaves about one-half as long as the culms; spikes 3/-8’ long, strict; spikelets 5’/-8’’ long, 3-7-flow- ered, a little compressed, appressed to the rachis which is hispidulous on the margins; empty scales lanceolate, equalling or somewhat shorter than the spikelet, acuminate and often awn-pointed, 5-7- nerved, the nerves hispidulous; flowering scales 5- nerved, roughish toward the apex, usually awn- pointed. Rich river bottoms, Montana to British Columbia, south to Nebraska, Arizona and Texas. July—Aug. Wy [Vol. I: p. 226. ] tb. Agropyron spi- WA catum (Pursh) Scribn. & Sm. Western VY Wheat-grass. (Fig. 524b.) Wr Festuca spicata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1:83. 1814. [7 Agropyron spicatum Scribn, & Sm. Bull. U. S. 7 Dept. Agric. Div. Agrost. 4: 33. 1897. Fale green, glaucous. Culms 11%4°-4° tall, erect, from a slender creeping rootstock, smooth and glabrous; sheaths shorter than the inter- nodes, smooth; ligule a short membranous ring; leaves erect, 2’-8/ long, 2’/-4’’ wide, acu- minate, very scabrous above, smooth beneath, becoming involute when dry; spike long-ex- serted, strict, 4’-8’ long; spikelets crowded, divergent from the rachis, compressed,lanceolate when closed, 14/-1’ long, 6-12-flowered; empty scales acuminate, awn-pointed, shorter than the spikelet, hispidulous on the keel; flowering scales 5//-6’’ long, acute or awn-pointed, gla- brous or sparsely pubescent. Moist land, Manitoba and Minnesota to Oregon, south to Missouri and Texas. [Vol. 1: p. 226.] 1c. Agropyron tetra- stachys Scribn. & Sm. Coast Wheat-grass. (Fig. 524¢.) Agropyron tetrastachys Scribn. & Sm. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric. Div. Agrost. 4:32. 1897. Glaucous. Culms rigid, slender, erect, 114°-3° tall, from a running rootstock; sheaths shorter than the in- nodes, smooth and glabrous; ligule wanting; leaves erect, acuminate, 5’-8’ long, 2’’ or less wide, smooth beneath, glaucous above, scabrous on the margins; spikes long-exserted, 3/-5’ long, 4-sided ; spikelets crowded, 6’’-1o’’ long, 6-11-flowered, appressed to the 4-angled articulated rachis, the angles hispidulous; empty scales lanceolate, 5’” long, rough on the keel, 5-7-nerved; flowering scales lanceolate, keeled, rough toward the apex, acute, awn-pointed or short-awned. Sandy beaches, coast of Maine. July-Aug. 508 APPENDIX. [Vor. III [Vol. 1: p. 228.] 5a. Agropyron Gmélini Scribn. & Sm. Gmelin’s Wheat-grass. (Fig. 528a.) Agropyron Gmelini Scribn. & Sm. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric. Div. Agrost. 4: 30. 1897. Culms 1'%°-4° tall, erect, slender, tufted, smooth and glabrous, 70 rootstocks. Sheaths smooth, usually longer than the internodes; ligule a short membranous ring; /eaves erect, 4/-10/ long, 1/’-3’’ wide, acuminate, smooth be- neath, scabrous on the margins and sometimes also sparsely so above; spike slender, long-ex- serted, 2/-8’ long; spikelets 6-20, somewhat crowded, appressed to the rachis, more or less compressed, 5-9-/lowered; empty scales 5’/-7/% long, shorter than the spikelet, acuminate into a shorter awn; flowering scales 4’/-6’’ long, acuminate, bearing at or just below the apex a slender scabrous awn 7’/-15/’ long. KZA Bottom lands, Washington to western Nebraska- [Vol. 1: p. 231.] 3a. Elymus inter- médius (Vasey) Scribn. & Sm. Strict Wild Rye. (Fig. 535a.) } Elymus Canadensis var. intermedius Vasey; Wats. & Coult. in A. Gray, Man. Ed. 6, 673. 1890. Elymus intermedius Scribn. & Sm. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric. Div. Agrost. 4: 38. 1897. ) \ Culms erect from a perennial root, 2°-3° tall, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths longer than the internodes, smooth, the uppermost often inflated and enclosing the base of the spike; ligule a short membranous ring; leaves 7/-12/ long, 4’’-9’’ wide, acuminate, very rough on both surfaces; spikes 214’-6’ long, stout, the rachis pubescent; spikelets crowded, in pairs, 2-5-flowered; empty scales linear, 5/’-6’’ long, thick, 3-5-nerved, the nerves hirsute, \ SSS SS SS _ SS —— = YS acuminate into a scabrous awn as long as or shorter than thescale; flowering scales lanceolate, 5-nerved, appressea-hirsute, 4//-5// long, acuminate into a rough awn 6//-8’’ long. River banks, Maine to Virginia, west to Illinois and Nebraska. July-Aug. ™ [Vol. 1: p. 231.] 3b. Elymus robustus Scribn. & Sm. Stout Wild Rye. (Fig. 535b.) Elymus robustus Scribn, & Sm. Bull.U. S. Dept. Agric. Div. Agrost. 4:37. 1897. Culms erect, usually stout, 3°-6° tall, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths longer than the internodes, smooth or slightly roughened; ligule a short cori- aceous ring with acute lateral auricles; leaves firm, very rough on both surfaces, 4’-15’ long, 4’’-10/7 wide, acuminate; spike little exserted, s/owt?, 4’-9’ long, the rachis usually glabrous except on the angles; spikelets numerous, crowded, 77 2’s—4’s, 3-4-flowered; empty scales subulate, 5/’-6’’ long, bearing an awn 6/’-9’ long; flowering scales lan- ceolate, 5’//-6’’ long, 2-toothed at the apex, from sparsely to densely appressed-pubescent, bearing a flexuous or bent awn 15//-24/’ long. River banks, Ontario and Vermont to Oregon, south to North Carolina, Texas and Arizona. Vo. II.] APPENDIX. 509 [Vol. 1: p. 268.] 19a. Scirpus Novae-Angliae Britton. New England Coast Sedge. (Fig. 6274.) Perennial by rootstocks; culm stout, erect, 4°-7° tall, sharply’ 3-angled, the sides flat or nearly so. Leaves long, 4’’-6’’ wide, somewhat roughish on the margins when dry, the lowest reduced to pointed sheaths, those of the invo- lucre 2-5, the longer of them much exceeding the inflorescence; spikelets narrowly cylindric, acute, 4%/-2/ long, less than 1,’ thick, solitary or 2-5 together at the ends of the rays of the umbel, the rays 1/-4/ long; scales awned; bristles 2-4, \\ shorter than the grayish-white dull obovate \ \ achene, which is distinctly 3-angled; stamens 3; \ style 3-cleft. \ \ In fresh water and brackish marshes, Stratford \ | and Fairfield, Conn. (Dr. Edwin H. Eames), Spuy- \ ten Duyvil, New York City (E. P. Bicknell). \ — [Vol. 1: p. 366.] 2a. Lemna minima Philippi. Least Duckweed. (Fig. 886a.) Lemna minima Philippi, Linnaea, 33: 239. 1844. ‘SJ Thallus oblong to elliptic, 1/’-2’” long, obscurely 1-erved, 7 or nerveless, with a row of papules along the nerve, the lower surface flat, or slightly convex; the apex rounded, rootcap usually short, a little curved, rarely perfectly straight, cylindric, blunt; spathe open; pistil short-clavate; stigma concave; ovule solitary, obliquely orthotropous; seed oblong, QR) pointed, about 16 ribbed, with many transverse striations. Georgia and Florida to Kansas, Wyoming and California. 3 4 [Vol. 1: p. 367.] 2a. WOLFFIELLA Hegelm. Engler’s Bot. Jahrb. 21: 303. 1895. Thallus thin, unsymmetrical, rootless, curved in the form of a segment of a band, punc- tate on both surfaces with numerous brown pigment-cells. Pouch opening as a cleft in the basal margin of the thallus, a stipe attached to its margins. Flowers and fruit unknown. {Diminutive of Wolffia.] About 7 species, mostly of tropical regions. Besides the following, 2 others are known from western North America. 1. Wolffiella Floridana (J. D. Smith) Thompson. Florida Wolffiella. (Fig. 889a. ) \ Wolffia gladiata var. Floridana J. D. Smith, Bull. Torr. Club, 7: 64. 1880. Wolffia Floridana J. D. Smith; Hegelm. Engler’s Bot. Jahrb. 21: 305. 1895. EO Ipeus Floridana Thompson, Ann, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 9: 17. 1897. Thalli solitary, or commonly coherent for several genera- tions forming densely interwoven masses, strap-shaped,scythe- shaped, or doubly curved, tapering from the rounded oblique base to a long-attenuate apex, 214//-5’” long, 14-21 times as long as wide; basal portion of the long stipe persistent, the pouch elongated-triangular, or the upper angle rounded. Georgia and Florida to Missouri, Arkansas and Texas. 510 APPENDIX. [Vor. III. [Vol. 1: p. 367.] 2a. Wolffia papulifera Thompson. Pointed Duckweed. (Fig. 891a.) 9 Q Wolffia papulifera Thompson, Ann. Rep. Mo. Bot. © O a SC Ome Gard. 9:20. pl. 4D. 1897. Gig Thallus slightly unsymmetrical, obliquely broadly ovate, about %/’’ broad, the apex rounded, ‘he upper surface flat at the margin, gradually ascending into a prominent conic papule on the median line, brown-punctate, the under surface strongly gibbous, less punctate; stomata numerous on the upper surface; flower and fruit unknown. aie Floating, with the entiie upper surface exposed 1 to the air, Kennett and Columbia, Mo. [Vol. 1: p. 377-] 1a. Tradescantia bracteata Small. Long-bracted Spiderwort. (Fig. g10a.) Perennial, deep green, glabrous to the inflorescence, or nearly so. Stems erect, 4/-10/ tall, simple or spar- ingly branched; leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, 4/- 8’ long, long-acuminate; sheaths paler than the leaf- blades, conspicuously ribbed, glabrous, or the upper ones sometimes ciliate; zzvolucres of 2 bracts, these broader than the leaves, more or less strongly saccate at the base, ciliate and often sparingly villous on the back; umbel-like cymes few-flowered; Aedicels glan- dular-pubescent, ¥4/-\/ long ; sepals ovate-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, glandular, more or less involute; corolla blue or reddish, about 1’ broad. In sandy soil, Minnesota to South Dakota, south to Kansas. Spring and summer. Ascends to 7500 feet in the Black Hills. [Vol. 1: p. 377.] 2a. Tradescantia refléxa Raf. Reflexed Spiderwort. (Fig. gt1a.) Tradescantia refiexa Raf. Atl. Journ. 150. 1832. Perennial, glabrous, e/aucous. Stems erect, 1°-3° tall, nearly straight, commonly much branched; leaves linear, 8’—20’ long, straight, or somewhat curved, long-attenuate; sheaths large, 5//-15/’ long; izvolucres of 2 unequal Jinally refiexed leaf-like bracts; umbel-like cymes usually dense at maturity; Aedicels slender, 10//-13/’ long, recurved; sepals ob- long or elliptic, apparently lanceolate by the S involute edges, 4/’-5’’ long, hooded, mos#ly with a tuft of hairs at the apex ; corolla blue or red, 10’/-15’” broad, the petals suborbicular ; capsule ovoid to oblong, 2%4’/-3’’ long, glabrous. In sandy or clayey soil, Minnesota to Florida and Texas. Spring and summer. Vot. III. APPENDIX. 5Ir [Vol. 1: p. 436.] 1a. Trillium viride Beck. Green Wake-robin. (Fig. 10432.) Trillium viride Beck, Am. Journ. Sci. 11: 178. 1826. Perennial by a short corm-like rootstock, light green. Stems solitary, or several together, 4’-15’ tall, rough-pubescent near the top, or glabrous in age; leaves oblong to ovate, 2’-4’ long, obtuse or acutish, 3-5-nerved, usually blotched, more or less pubescent on the nerves beneath; lowers sessile ; sepals linear or linear-lanceolate, 1/-2’ long, bright green, acute or obtuse; Aetals clawed, the blades lin- ear or nearly so, surpassing the sepals, light green or purplish green, the claws sometimes brown or purple; stamens about as long as the petals; fila- ments flattened, 1(-} shorter than the anthers. In woods and glades, Missouri and Tennessee to Mississippi and Arkansas. Spring. [Vol. 1: p. 473.] 1a. Listera reni- formis Small. Kidney-leaf T'wayblade. (Fig. 1128a. ) L. reniformis Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 334. 1897 Perennial, deep green. Stems erect, 4/-12’ tall, slender, glabrous below, densely glandular- pubescent above; leaves 2, opposite, about the middle of the stem, venzform, or ovate-rent- form, 5/’-14”’ broad, apiculate or short-acumi- nate, more or less pubescent beneath, cordate or subcordate at the base, sessile; racemes 34/—4/ long; bracts lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 1%4//-2'4’’ long, acute; pedicels 2’”-4’’ long, less densely pubescent than the adjacent stem, or glabrate; sepals oblong or linear-oblong, about 1%’ long, reflexed; corolla greenish, the lp wedge-shaped, 3//-334// long, with 2 prominent teeth near the base, sharply cleft, the segments obtuse; capsules oval, 2//-214’’ long. In damp thickets in the mountains, Maryland, Virginia and North Carolina. Spring and summer. [Vol. 1: p. 485.] 4a. Hicoria Carolinae-septentrionalis Ashe. Southern Shag-bark. (Fig. 11542.) ff Hlicoria Carolinae-septentrionalis Ashe, Notes SS iY on Hickories. 1896. SY 41 A small tree attaining a maximum height Sy). of about 80°, and diameter of 24°, with YN gray bark hanging in long loose strips. Bud-scales 8—1o, imbricate, the inner greatly enlarging in leafing, and tardily deciduous; terminal bud ovate-lanceolate, truncate, the scales spreading, Jarely 14’ long; lateral buds oblong; ¢wigs very slender, ¥%/ thick, glaucous, smooth, purplish-brown ; staminate aments in threes, glabrous on short peduncles, at base of shoots of the season; s/amens gla- brous; ovary glabrous ; young foliage black- ening in drying, glabrous, ciliate, with few resinous globules; /eaflets 3-5, the 2 upper 3¢/-1%’ wide, 4/-6/ long, lanceolate; lower pair often smaller; fruit subglobose, 34/-14/ Jong; husk soon falling into 4 pieces; nut white or brownish, much compressed, angled, cordate or subcordate at tof, thin-shelled; seed large and sweet. Sandy or rocky woods, rarely entering ‘‘ bot- toms,’’ Delaware to Georgia and Tennessee. 512 APPENDIX. (Vou. LI. [Vol. 1: p. 486.] 6a. Hicoria villdsa (Sarg.) Ashe. Scurfy Hickory. Woolly Pignut. (Fig. 1156a.) HT. glabra var. villosa Sarg. Sylva, '7: 167. 1895. Hicoria pallida Ashe, Notes on Hickories. In part. 1896. : #1. villosa Ashe, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 11, 530. 1897. A small or medium sized tree reaching a max- imum height of about 80°, and a diameter of 2°, with deeply furrowed dark gray bark. Buds of 6-8 imbricated scales, the outer usually thickly dotted with resinous globules, the inner some- what enlarging in leafing; terminal bud ovate, 1¢/ long, lateral buds mostly short-stiped ; stam- inate aments pubescent, and g/and and scurf covered, peduncled in 3’s at base of shoots of the season; twigs slender, 14/ thick or less, usually glabrous, bright purfple-brown; petiole pubes- cent; /eaffets 5-9, at first thickly covered beneath with silvery peltate glands, mixed with resinous globules, generally pubescent; fruit about 1/ long, obovoid or subglobose, the husk dotted with resinous globules, ¥%/ thick and partly splitting; nut brown, thick-shelled, angled; seed small, but sweet. LLG Poor sandy or rocky soils, Delaware to Georgia \\\ykes., (according to Ashe), west to Missouri. Wood hard, SP ee strong, dark brown; weight per cubic foot 50 lbs. Hicoria villésa pallida Ashe. FTicoria pallida Ashe, Notes on Hickories. In part. 1896. Less pubescent; fruit ovoid, fla//ened laterally; husk thin, splitting to the base; nut light brown, zo/ angled. Virginia to Georgia. (Vol. 1: p. 487] after Hicoria glabra add Hicoria glabra hirsuta Ashe, Notes on Hickories. 1806. Similar to type, but leaves larger, pubescent beneath, thinner, generally destitute of resinous globules on the lower surface; fruit larger. Virginia to Georgia, along and near the mountains. [Vol. 1: p. 486.] 6b. Hicoria borealis Ashe. Northern Hickory. (Fig. 1156b. ) Hicoria borealis Ashe, Notes on Hickories. 1896. A small tree, with rough furrowed bark when young, becoming shaggy in long narrow strips with age. Bud-scales 8-10, imbricated, the inner bright- colored and sericeous, enlarging in leafing and tardily deciduous; terminal bud ovate-lanceolate, 14/ long; twigs very slender, 14’ thick, glabrous, bright brownish red; staminate aments in 3’s at base of shoots of season; mzddle lobe of staminate calyx much prolonged; young foliage blackening in drying, pubescent when young, becoming smooth, ciliate, with few resinous globules on lower surface ; leaflets 5, occasionally 3, lanceolate, the upper 34’ 1%’ wide, 314/-6’ long; lower pair often smaller; fruit ovoid, much flattened, 34’ or more long; husk very thin, rugose, coriaceous, usually not splitting; nut white, somewhat angled; shell thin and elastic ; seed large, sweet and edible. A small tree of dry uplands, growing with oaks and Hicoria microcarpa. Southernand eastern Michigan, east to Belle Isle, Detroit river. Probably also in southern Ontario. [Vol. 1: p. 537.] 2a. NESTRONIA Raf. New Flora, 3: 12. 1836. [DarBya A. Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. (II) 1: 388. 1846.] A low glabrous dioecious shrub, with opposite short-petioled, oblong to ovate entire leaves. Staminate flowers small, in axillary peduncled umbels; calyx top-shaped, 4-5-cleft, the lobes spreading, each with a tuft of wool; stamens as many as the calyx-segments and opposite them; disk crenate. Pistillate flowers solitary in the axils, short-peduncled; calyx narrowly top-shaped, 4-lobed; stamens 4; style short, 4-lobed; ovary adnate to the calyx. Fruit an oval 1-seeded drupe. [From the Greek name of Dapfhne.] A monotypic genus of the southeastern United States. PI Vos | Vou, IIT. ] APPENDIX. 513 1. Nestronia umbéllula Raf, Nestronia. (Fig. 1276a.) Nestronia umbellula Raf. New Flora, 3:13. _ 1836. Darbya umbellulaia A. Gray, Am, Journ, Sci. (II.) 1: 388. 1846. -Shrub 1°-3° high, branching. Leaves thin, 1/-2/ long, acute or obtuse at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, pinnately veined, bright green above, petioles 1//-3’’ long; peduncles of the staminate 3-9-flowered umbels filiform,” nearly or quite one-half as long as the leaves, the pedicels about 2’” long, equalling the green calyx; stamens shorter than the oblong-ovate calyx-segments; pistillate calyx glaucescent, about 3’ long, the lobes much shorter than the tube; drupe about 14’ in diameter. In woods and along streams, Virginia to Georgia and Alabama, April-May. [Vol. 1: p. 538.] 1a. Asarum acu- minatum (Ashe) Bicknell. Long-tipped Wild Ginger. (Fig. 12774.) A, Canadense var. acuminatum Ashe. Oct. 1897. Similar to 4. Canadense but more pubescent, at least when young. Leaves thin and mem- branous, reniform-cordate and acutely short- pointed or broadly reniform and blunt, at first densely cinerous tomentulose on the lower sur- face, less so when old, the larger veins often densely divaricate- pubescent, giving the leaves beneath a coarsely white-reticulated appearance; calyx-lobes much longer than in A. Canadense and duller browntsh-purfple, caudate-acuminate, or flagellate, the slender terminations recurved- spreading, often flexuous, 5/’-10’ long. Rich woods, Minnesota and Wisconsin to Iowa, Indiana and Ohio. May-June. [Vol. 1: p. 538.] 1b. Asarum refléxum Bicknell. Short-lobed Wild Ginger. (Fig. 1277b.) Asarum reflexum Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 533+ bl. 317. 1807- Similar to A. Canadense, more ioosely pubes- cent,rootstocks more elongated,slender. Leaves reniform, broader than long, the basal sinus shal- low or deep, obtusely pointed, the upper surface commonly nearly glabrous, the petioles often nearly glabrous in age; flowers smaller than those of A. Canadense, the calyx-tube white within; /obes of the calyx-limb early reflexed, pur- plish-brown, 4’/-5’’ long, about as long as the tube, ¢r/angular, with a straight obtuse tip, 1/- 2// long. In rich woods, along streams or river valleys, often forming large patches, Connecticut and south- eastern New York to Iowa, North Carolina, Mis- souri and Kansas. April-May. Asarum refléxum ambiguum Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 535. 1897. Leaf-blades short and very broad, with a wide, often rectangular sinus; calyx-lobes narrower and longer, 6''-8'' long, the straight tip 2'’-4'’ long, sometimes extending back to the base of the ovary. Michigan, Illinois and Missouri. 33 514 APPENDIX. (Von. I. [Vol. 2: p. 11.] 11a. Silene conica L. Striate, or Corn Catchfly. (Fig. 1450a. ) Silene conica I. Sp. Pl. 418. 1753. Annual, canescent or puberulent; stems solitary, or several together, erect, commonly forked above, 6’-24’ high. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, sessile, 1%’ long, or less, about 144’ wide; inflorescence cymose; flowers 1-several; pedicels 4/—1’ long; ca/yx ovold, rounded or truncate at the base, densely about 30 xerved, its teeth triangular-subulate; Aefa/s rose, obcordate ; capsule oblong-ovoid, distending the calyx and nearly equalling it. Clyde, Ohio. Adventive or naturalized from Europe. June-July. [Vol. 2: p. 60.] 3a. Delphinium Nélsoni Greene. Nelson’s Larkspur. (Fig. 1564a. ) Delphinium Nelsoni Greene, Pittonia, 3:92. 1596. Finely puberulent, at least above; stem slen- der, simple, 8’-114° high from a cluster of tuber- ous roots near the surface of the ground. Leaves firm, ‘he lower pedately divided into linear lobes or segments, long-petioled, the petioles sheath- ing the stem, the upper short-petioled, less di- vided; flowers in the upper axils and forming a loose terminal raceme, blue, slightly villous, slender-pedicelled; lower pedicels 1/—2’ long, longer than the flowers; sepals oblong, shorter than the slender spur; lower petal 2-cleft, with a tuft of hairs about the middle; follicles 3, ap- pressed-pubescent; seeds wing-angled above Wyoming, western Nebraska and Colorado, May-June. [Vol. 2: p. 117.] 10a. MYAGRUM L, Sp. Pl. 640. 1753. An annual glabrous glaucous branching herb, with entire or undulate oblong to lanceo- late leaves, the lower petioled, the upper sessile and deeply auricled at the base. Flowers small, yellow, in elongating racemes; pedicels short, erect-ascending, bractless. Sepals nearly erect. Petals short; longer stamens somewhat connate in pairs. Silicle obcuneate 3 to spatulate, flattened, indehiscent, falsely 3-celled, 1- seeded, tipped by the short style. Seed pendulous; cotyledons incumbent. [Greek, a fly-trap.] A monotypic genus of southern and central Europe and western Asia. at 1. Myagrum perfoliatum L. Myagrum. (Fig. 1699. ) Myagrum perfoliatum I,. Sp. Pl. 640. 1753. Lower leaves oblong, narrowed into petioles; upper leaves 2/-5’ long, 14’-1’ wide, obtuse or acutish at the apex, the basal auricles mostly rounded; racemes, in fruit, elongating to several inches in length; pedicels 1/’-2// long, 2-3 times shorter than the pods, equalling oralittle longer than the calyx; longer stamens about equalling the petals. In waste places about Quebec. Fugitive or adventive from Europe. Summer, Vor. UT.] APPENDIX. 515 [Vol. 2: p. 139.] 1a. Camelina micro- carpa Andrz. Small-fruited False-flax. (Fig. 1753a.) Camelina microcarfia Andrz.; DC. Syst. 2: 517. 1821. Camelina sylvestris Wallr. Sched. Crit. 347. 1822. Stem pubescent, at least below, simple or with few elongated branches. Leaves lanceo- late, sessile, auricled, or the lower narrowed at the base; fructing racemes much elongated, often 1° long or more; pediccls relatively somewhat shorter than those of C. sat/va; pod smaller, rather more flattened, 2’’-3// long, strongly margined. In waste places, Rhode Island to West Virginia, Idaho, British Columbia and Kansas. Naturalized or adventive from Europe. May-July. [Vol. 2: p.154.] 37a. CONRINGIA Link, Enum. 2: 172. 1822. An erect glabrous annual herb, with elliptic or ovate entire leaves, sessile and cordate at the base, and middle-sized yellowish white flowers in terminal racemes. Sepals and petals narrow. Style 2-lobed or entire. Siliques elongated-linear, angled, the valves firm, I-3- nerved. Seedsin1row in each cell, oblong, marginless; cotyledonsincumbent. [In honor of Hermann Conring, 1606-1681, Professor at Helmstadt. ] 1. Conringia orientalis (L.) Du- mort. Hare’s-ear, Treacle Mustard. (Fig. 17902.) Brassica orientalis \,. Sp. Pl. 666. 1753 F. perfoliatum Crantz, Stirp. Aust. 1: 27. 1762. Brassica perfoliata Lam. Encycl. 1: 748. _ 1783. Erysimum orientale R. Br. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 4: 117. 1812. Conringia perfoliata Link, Enum, 2:172. 1822. C. orientalis Dumort. Fl. Belg. 123. 1827. Stem usually erect, simple, or somewhat branched, 1°-3° high. Leaves light green, obtuse at the apex, 2/-5’ long, 14’-2’ wide, the upper smaller; racemes at first short, much elongating in fruit; pedicels slender, ascending, 4’’-8’’ long; petals about 14/ long; nearly twice as long as the sepals; pods 3/-5’ long, about 1’’ wide, 4-angled, spreading. In waste places, Michigan and Minnesota to the Northwest Territory, and on the Atlantic Coast from New Brunswick to Pennsylvania. Recently become a bad weed in the Northwest. [Vol. 2: p. 216.] 23a. Potentilla pu- mila Poir. Dwarf Five-finger. (Fig. 1935a.) P. pumila Poir. in Lam. Enc. Meth. 5: 594. 1804. Potentilla Canadensis var. pumila T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1: 443. 1840. Low perennial herb, seldom more than a few inches high; flowering stems at first very short and upright; later in the season producing some slender prostrate runners; whole plant densely silky strigose ; basal leaves digitately 5-foliolate, on slender petioles; stem-leaves few and often only 3-foliolate; leaflets obovate, sharply serrate, 516 APPENDIX. (Von. HI. usually less than 1/ long; stipules small, lanceolate; flowers few, on slender 1-flowered axil- lary peduncles, the first usually from the axil of the first stem-leaf, yellow, 3/’-5/’ broad; petals broadly obovate, slightly exceeding the narrowly lanceolate, sub-equal sepals and bractlets; stamens about 20; style terminal, filiform. In poor soil, New England to Pennsylvania. Closely related to P. Canadensis, but differing in its smaller size, denser and perfectly appressed pubescence, earlier blooming, and the lack of the long adsurgent stems characteristic of that species. [Vol. 2: p. 218.] 1a. Waldsteinia parvi- flora Small. Southern Dry Strawberry. (Fig. 19392. ) as oo parviflora Small, Bull. Torr. Club, 25: 137. Perennial by horizontal rootstocks, villous-hirsute, or glabrous in age. Leaves basal, 5-12’ high; peti- oles much longer than the blades, usually less densely pubescent than the scapes; leaflets cuneate-obovate or broadly rhomboidal, 14’-3’ long, coarsely and irregu- larly crenate or lobed; scapes erect, solitary or sev- eral together, commonly shorter than the leaves, cor- ymbose at top; calyx usually hairy, the tube broadly turbinate, 1%//-1%4/’ long, the segments triangular- lanceolate, or lanceolate-acuminate, often shorter than the tube; Aefals lincar-oblong or narrowly elliptic, shorter than the calyx-segments or barely longer; achenes obovotd, 1%4’’ long. In woods and shaded soil, southwestern Virginia to North Carolina, Tennessee and Georgia. Ascends to 2100 = feet in Virginia. March—May. [Vol. 2: p. 256.] 3a. PROSOPIS L, Mant. 1: ro. 1767. Trees or shrubs often with spines in the axils, with 2-pinnate leaves, the pinnules few or nu- merous, and small spicate or capitate perfect flowers. Calyx campanulate, with 5 short teeth. Petals 5, valvate, distinct, or connate below. Stamens 10, distinct; filaments long. Ovary often stalked, many-ovuled; styleslender or filiform; stigma very small. Pod linear, straight or curved, compressed, leathery, indehiscent, the mesocarp spongy ordry. Seeds flattened. [Ancient name for some very different plant. ] About 15 species, natives of warm and tropical regions. Besides the following, 2 or 3 others occur in the southwestern United States. 1. Prosopis glandulosa Torr. Prairie Mesquite. (Fig. 29324.) Prosopis glandulosa Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2: 192. pl. 2. 1828. . A glabrous or minutely pubescent shrub, the axils usually with a pair of sharpspines. Leaves petioled, with 2 spreading short-stalked pinnae, each of numerous sessile pinnules; pinnules lin- ear or linear-oblong, entire, acute or obtuse, mostly mucronulate, firm, veiny, 14/-2’ long, 1//-2// wide; spikes or spike-like racemes axil- lary, often numerous, peduncled, very densely many-flowered, 2’—5/ long, nearly 14’ thick; pedi- cels %4’/-1’’ long; calyx campanulate; petals 2-4 times as long as the calyx; ovary villous; pods linear, stipitate, 4’-8’ long, 4’’-6’’ wide, con- stricted between the seeds. Kansas to Texas, Arizona and Mexico. Appa- rently distinct from the West Indian P. /ulifora. April-June. Vor. III.] APPENDIX. 517 [Vol. 2: p. 288.] 4a. Parosela nana (Torr.) Heller. Low Parosela. (Fig. 21078.) Dalea nana Torr.; A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. 4: 31. 1849. Parosela nana Heller, Contr. Frankl. & Marsh. Coll. 1:49. 1894. Suffrutescent, erect, silky-villous throughout. Stems several from the same root, branched, 3/—10 high; leaflets 3-5, rarely 4//-5/’ long, obovate to S2\ linear-oblong, obtuse or mucronulate, narrowed ~ at the base, rarely glabrate above, and usually minutely glandular beneath; petioles as long as the leaflets; spikes oblong-ovoid, 5//-10’” long, short-peduncled; bracts ovate, mucronate or aris- tate, caducous; corolla yellow, somewhat longer than the setaceous aristate and plumose calyx-teeth ; standard shorter than the wings and keel. Sand hills and prairies, Comanche Co., Kansas to Texas and California. [Vol. 2: p. 294.] 1a. Kraunhia macr6- stachys (T. & G.) Small. Long-clustered Wistaria. (Fig. 2120.) Wistaria frutescens var. macrostachys T. & G. Fl, N. A I: 283. 1838. d Wistaria macrostachys Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. A. I: 283. Assynonym. 1838. K. macrostachys Small, Bull. Torr. Club. 25: 134. 1898. A vine, sometimes 20°-25° long. Stem becoming 14’ thick, branching; leaves 4/-8/ long; leaflets usu- ally 9, ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, 1/-234’ long, acumi- nate, or acute, rounded or cordate at the base; racemes 8’-12/ long, loosely-flowered, drooping; rachis and pedicels densely hirsute and glandular; calyx pubes- cent like the pedicels, the tube campanulate, the seg- ments lanceolate, /azeral ones about as long as the tube, lower one longer; corolla lilac-purple or light blue; standard with blade 7’’ broad, decurrent on the claw; pods 2/—-4’ long, constricted between the black lustrous seeds. In swamps, Tennessee to Missouri and Arkansas. Spring. [Vol. 2: p. 312.] 1a. Stylosanthes riparia Kearney. Decumbent Pencil-flower. (Fig. 2168a. ) Stylosanthes riparia Kearney, Bull. Torr. Club, 24: 565. 1897. ~ Stems decumbent, or ascending, 3/-12/ long, usually with a We tomentose line on the elongated internodes, Stipules sheath- = ing, subulate above; petioles pubescent; leaflets elliptic to obovate-cuneate, the terminal one 5/’-9’’ long, the lateral ones somewhat smaller; spikes terminal, about 6-flowered, with only 1 or 2 perfect flowers; calyx-tube conspicuously veined, about 2’’ long: vexillum proportionately longer than in S. bifora; floral bracts (prophylla), usually deeply cleft to the middle, or beyond (entire in S. d7fora), 2-nerved; upper seg- ment of the pod nearly twice as broad asin S. difora. In dry woods, Virginia and West Virginia to Alabama and ,== Tennessee. May-—Aug. Le [Vol. 2: p. 361.] 1a. ANDRACHNE L, Sp. Pl. 1org4. 1753. Herbs, or shrubby plants, with diffusely branching stems. Leaves alternate, petioled, the blades often membranous. Flowers monoecious, axillary, pedicelled, the staminate often clustered, with a 5-6-lobed calyx, 5 or 6 petals, a glandular or lobed disk, 5 or 6 stamens and dis- 518 APPENDIX. (Vor. Il. tinct filaments; pistillate flowers solitary, with a 5-6-lobed calyx, minute petals or these wanting; ovary 3-celled; styles stout, 2-cleft or 2-parted; ovules 2 in each cavity. Capsules dry, separating into 3 2-valved carpels. Seed somewhat curved, rugose; endosperm fleshy; embryo curved, [From the Greek for Portulaca. ] About to species, of wide geographic distribution. 1, Andrachne phyllanthoides (Nutt.) Mill. Arg. Northern Andrachne. (Fig. 228ga.) Lepidanthus phyllanthoides Nutt. Trans. Am, Philos. Soc. 5: 175. 1837. is : Andrachne phyllanthoides Mill. Arg. in DC. Prodr. 15: 435. Assynonym. 1862. A straggling much branched shrub, 1°-3° tall, with glabrous lustrous branches and minutely pubescent twigs. Leaves numerous, the blades obovate or oval, 4/’-9’’ long, retuse or obtuse at the apex, often mucronulate, bright green, paler beneath than above, short-petioled; pedi- cels filiform, 3-10’ long, glabrous; calyx-seg- ments oblong-obovate, 3/’/-1}4’’ long, spreading; petals of two kinds, those of the staminate flow- ers narrowly obovate, or oblong-oboyate, 3-5- toothed, greenish-yellow, those of the pistillate flowers smaller, broadly obovate, entire; capsule subglobose, rather fleshy until mature. On rocky barrens, Missouri to Arkansas and Texas. Summer. [Vol. 2: p. 363.] 3a. Croton Lindheimeri- anus Scheele. Lindheimer’s Croton. (Fig. 22924.) Croton Lindheimerianus Scheele, Linnaea, 25: 580. 1852. Somewhat shrubby, whitish-tomentose. Stems erect, 4’-15’ tall, sometimes diffusely branched; leaves rather numerous, the blades ovate to oblong-ovate, 1%4/-2’ long, obtuse or acutish, green above, undulate; petioles almost 14 as long as the blades or shorter; pedicels 1’/-3’” long, recurving; calyx slightly accres- cent, its segments oblong or elliptic-oblong, becoming 2’ long, slightly keeled in age; petals pubescent; capsules oval, 3//-3%4’’ long, 3-celled, tomentose, truncate-obtuse at both ends, drooping; seeds oblong- elliptic, nearly 2’’ long. In dry soil, Kansas to Texas and New Mexico. Summer. [ Vol. 2: p. 373.] 8a. Euphorbia hirstta (Torr.) Wiegand. Hairy Spurge. (Fig. 23144. ) E.Ayperictfolia var. hirsuta Torr. Fl.N.& Mid.St.331. 1826. Euphorbia hirsuta Wiegand, Bot. Gaz. 24:51. 1897. Euphorbia Rafinesqui Greene, Pittonia, 3: 207. 1897. Annual, move or less hirsute. Stems branched at the hase, the branches prostrate or decumbent, 2/-10’ long, dichotomous, zigzag; leaves ovate-oblong, 4//-8/’ long, acutish, serrulate nearly to the oblique base, pale beneath; petioles about 14’ long; stipules lacerate; peduncles surpassing the petioles; involucres funnel- form, %/’ high, glabrous, bearing 4 stalked saucer- shaped dark-brown glands, each subtended by white crenate appendages; capsule about 1’ in diameter, broader than long, glabrous, retuse at the apex, its angles obtuse; seed slightly more than 1%’ long, 4- angled, black with a white coating, its faces even or slightly wrinkled. In sandy of gravelly soil, Quebec and Ontario to Con- necticut, New York and Pennsylvania. June-Sept. Vor. III.] APPENDIN. [Vol. 2: p. 391.] 4a. Ilex lucida ( Ait.) Ay . & G. Shining Inkberry. (Fig. 2359a.) Prinos luctdus Ait. Hort. Kew, 1: 478. 1789. Prinos cortaceus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 221. 1814. Tlex coriacea Chapm. Fl. S. States, 270. 1860. 328) flex lucida T. & G.; S. Wats. Bibl. Index, I: 159. 1878. Leaves thick, A glabrous shrub, 15° high or less. evergreen, oval fo obovate or oblong, acute at both ends, entire, or with a few small sharp teeth, 1/-3’ long, dark green and shining above, paler anil short-petioled, somewhat viscid when young; flowers clustered in the axils, or the staminate solitary, the cymes sessile; dotted beneath, bractless, short; calyx-segments 6-9; drupe black, 3//-4/’ én diameter ; nutlets flat, smooth. Dismal Swamp, Virginia, to Florida and Louisiana. April-May. pedicels [ Vol. 2: p. 423.] 1a. Sphaeralcea cus pidata (A. Gray.) Britton. Sharp- fruited Globe-Mallow. (Fig. 24314.) Sida stellata Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2:171. 1827. Not Cav. 1802. Sphaeralcea stellata T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1:228, 1838. Sphaeralcea angustifolia var. cuspidata A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 22; 293. 1887. Perennial, densely stellate-canescent; stems rather stout, simple, or somewhat branched, leafy, 1°-4° high. Leaves lanceolate, linear-lan- ceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, or acutish, firm, crenulate, the lower with petioles as long as the blade, the others short-petioled, the larger 2’-4’ long, 4’—-1/ wide, sometimes has- tately lobed toward the base; flowers red, 6//— 10’ broad, clustered in the axils, short-pedi- celled; carpels 1I-3-seeded, cusfédate, the tip often deciduous, wrinkled on the sides, stellate- canescent, or glabrate. RAnGRS t to Texas, Colorado, Arizona and Mexico. Aprii-Aug. [Vol. 2: p. 447.] Glabrous; fleshy, acaulescent, similar to l’. obliqua. Rootstock short, or often elongated (Fig. 24874.) 4a. Viola doméstica Bicknell. Yard Violet. and stout; flowering scapes usually obliquely as- cending ; petioles stout, 1-3 times as long as the blades; blade broadly reniform, often only a little cordate or contracted at the base, cucul- late in unfolding, irregularly crenate-dentate or crenulate nearly all around, mostly wrinkled and wavy, often 4’-5’ wide, somewhat decur- rent on the petiole; petals dark blue, the lower and lateral ones bearded; peanucles of cleistog- amous flowers wsual/y very numerous, hori- zontal, mostly sibtesratican very stout, often thickened toward the end, bearing pods about 4’ long. Apparently always in cultivated soil, especially about buildings, southern New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. April-May. 520 APPENDIX. [Vor. IL. [Vol. 2: p. 447.] 4b. Viola cucullata Ait. Marsh Blue Violet. (Fig. 2487b.) Viola cucullata Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 228. 1789. Glabrous or rarely sparingly pubescent, acaules- cent; rootstock usually short, Leaves thin, /ig// £reen, broadly ovate to reniform in outline, irregu- larly and not deeply crenate-dentate, usually cor- date, cucullate in unfolding; blade mostly less than one-half as long as the petioles; flowering scapes elongated, usually equalling or exceeding the leaves; petals light blue (sometimes white); Aedun- cles of cletstogamous flowers slender, erect, often as long as the petioles, or longer. In marshes and wet woods. Common in the East- ern and Middle States. April-June. [Vol. 2: p. 448.] 7a. Viola emargi- nata (Nutt.) Le Conte. Triangle-leaved Violet. (Fig. 2490.) Viola sagittata var. emarginata Nutt. Gen. 1: 147. 1818. Viola emarginata Ve Conte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 2: 142. 1828. Glabrous or very nearly so, often growing in large clumps, swcculent, acaulescent. Root- stocks stout; petioles mostly much longer than the blades; Slades triangular, or ovate-triangu- lar in outline, from merely dentate to deeply cleft, then simulating forms of V. Aalmata; flowering scapes about as long as the leaves; flowers blue, the petals often emarginate; ods of cle’stogamous flowers on slender erect pedun- [Vol. 3: p. 12.] 21a. Asclepias galioides H.B.K. Bedstraw Milkweed. (Fig. 29202. ) Asclepias galioides H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 3: 188. 1818. Glabrous, except the minutely pubescent stems and pedicels. Stems erect, 1° high or more, from a horizon- tal rootstock; leaves erect or spreading, in whorls of 2-6, narrowly linear, 2/-3/ long, the margins revolute ; peduu- cles longer than the pedicels and shorter than the leaves; umbels 9’/-13’’ in diameter; flowers greenish-white; co- rolla-segmeuts 2’’ long; hoods as high as the anthers, broadly rounded at the summit, dorsally hastate-sagittate, the ventral margins slightly involute, entire; Zorn arising from the base of the hood, long-exserted over the anthers ; anther-wings minutely notched at the base; follicles erect on erect fruiting pedicels, attenuated, 2’/-23/’ long, glabrous or minutely puberulent. Kansas to Colorado, Arizona and Mexico. May-July. Vor. III.] APPENDIX. 521 [Vol. 3: p. 98.] 1a. Stachys Germanica L. Downy Woundwort. Mouse-ear. (Fig. 31222.) Stachys Germanica ¥,. Sp. Pl. 581. 1753. Annual; stem erect,simple,or somewhat branched, 1°-3° high, densely villous. Leaves oval, ovate or lanceolate, crenate-dentate, villous, the lower round- ) ed or subcordate at the base, long-petioled, mostly {\: obtuse at the apex, the upper short petioled or ses- {:\ sile,narrowed at both ends; clusters of flowers dense, 4 borne in most of the axils; bracts lanceolate, half })<\\\\"; as long as the calyx; calyx-teeth ovate, acuminate, awned; corolla purple, its tube about as long as the calyx. Roadsides near Guelph, Ontario. Adventive from Europe. July-Sept. a Qwee ANY i ss [Vol. 3: p. 411.] 7a. Parthenium auriculatum Britton. Auricled Parthenium. (Fig. 38758.) Rootstock az oval erect tuber twice as long as thick; stem villous-pubescent, 114°-24° high. Leaves rough above, villous, especially on the veins beneath, oval, ovate or oblong, irregularly crenate-dentate, some or all of them laciniate or pinnatifid at the base, the basal and lower slender-petioled with petioleas long as the blade, or longer, the upper with a sessile clasp- ing auricled base, or with margined clasping petioles; inflorescence densely corymbose, its branches villous-tomentose; bracts of the invo- lucre densely canescent. Near Clarksville, Va. (W. W. Ashe, No. 2400), Alleghany Mountains (H. H. Eaton, 1831). SUMMARY. Families. Genera. Species. PARIS REEO PNMDA LS eis fea iie"le , shiv, 1 key kates Leste ee II 30 II5 SPERMATOPHYTA ENANMOSHELIMACHS, isi a5 sll scsutmeh eed 2 10 27 Angiospermae WMOMOCULVICH ONES st x 3) Soy athe te ered age aes 28 217 1058 Dicotyledones Cioripetalaers weesit acs ane be Ser 64 92 465 1601 Gainonetatae’. Vs sae in snc, ce ech ebm 44 378 1361 SR OMAL ei eh cies oeade ie tl, o dad meee eee rte 177 1103 4162 FIGURES fea REE St pH 1-4081 A ATIPCO CIR.) eto Toms alia bee ee eR Rok ai on.) ( 81 GR CRD AN Mena sicea ieee. OMNES. © Rea RTa life fo) Gerd, \s0.. 10 4162 GLOSSARY OF SPECIAL TERMS. Acaulescent. Withstem subterranean, or nearly so. Accumbent. Cotyledons with margins folded against the hypc ¢ptyl. Achene. Adry one-seeded indehiscent fruit with the pericarp tightly fitting around the seed. Acicular. Needle-shaped. Acuminate. Gradually tapering to the apex. Acule. Sharp pointed. Adnate. An organ adhering toa contiguous dif- fering one; an anther attached longitudinally to the end of the filament. Adventive. Not indigenous, but apparently be- coming naturalized. Albumen. See Endosperm. Alliaceous, Onion-like, in aspect or odor. Allernate. Not opposite; with a single leaf at each node. Alveolate. Like honeycomb; closely pitted. Ament, Aspike of imperfect flowers subtended by scarious bracts, as in the willows. Amphibious. At times inhabiting the water. Amphitropous, Term applied to the partly inverted ovule. Amplexicaul, Clasping the stem, or other axis. Anastomosing. Connecting soas to form a well- defined network. Anatropous. Applied toan inverted ovule with the micropyle very near the hilum. Androgynous. Flower clusters having stamin- ate and pistillate flowers. Angiospermous, Pertaining to the Angio- spermae; bearing seeds within a pericarp. Anther, The part of the stamen which contains the pollen. Antherid. The male organ of reproduction in Pteridophyta and Bryophyta. Anthesis, Period of flowering. Apetalous. Without a corolla. Apical. At the top, or referring to the top. Apiculate. With a minute pointed tip. Appressed. Lying against another organ. Arborescent, Tree-like, in size or shape. Archegone. The female reproductive organ in Pteridophyta and Bryophyta. Areolate. Reticulated. Areolation. The system of meshes in a net- work of veins. Areole. A mesh in a network of veins. Aril. A fleshy organ growing about the hilum. Arillate, Provided with an aril. Aristate. Tipped by an awn or bristle. Aristulate. Diminutive of aristate. Ascending. Growing obliquely upward, or up- curved. Asexual, Without sex. Assurgent. See Ascending. Auricled. ( Auriculate)with basal ear-like lobes. Awn. A slender bristle-like organ. Axil. The point on a stem immediately above the base of a leaf. Axile. In the axis of an organ. Axillary. Borne at, or pertaining to an axil. Baccate. Berry-like. Barbellate. Furnished with minute barbs. Basifixed, Attached by the base. Berry. A fruit with pericarp wholly pulpy. Bilabiate. With two lips. Bipinnate. Twice pinnate. Bipinnatifid. Twice pinnatifid. Blade. The flat expanded part ofa leaf. Bract. A leaf, usually small, subtending a flower or flower-cluster, or a sporange. Bracteate. With bracts. Bracteolate. Waving bractlets. Bractlet. A secondary bract, borne ona pedicel, or immediately beneath a flower; sometimes applied to minute bracts. _ Campylotropous. Bulb. A bud with fleshy scales, usually subter- ranean. Bulblet. A small bulb, especially those borne on leaves, or in their axils. Bulbous. Similar to a bulb; bearing bulbs. Caducous. Falling away very soon after devel- opment. Caespitose. Growing in tufts. Callosity. A small, hard protuberance. Callus, An extension of the inner scale of a grass spikelet; a protuberence. Calyx. The outer of two series of floral leaves. Campanulate. Bell-shaped. Term applied to the curved ovule. Cancellate, Reticulated, with the meshes sunken. Canescent, With gray or hoary fine pubescence. Canaliculate. Channelled; longitudinally grooved, Capitate. Arranged in a head; knob-like. Capsular, Pertaining to or like a capsule. Capsule. A dry fruit of two carpels or more, usually dehiscent by valves or teeth. Carinate. Keeled: with a longitudinal ridge. Carpel. The modified leaf forming the ovary, or a part of a compound ovary. Caruncle. An appendage toa seed atthe hilum. Carunculate. With a caruncle. Caryopsts. The grain; fruit of grasses, with a thin pericarp adherent to the seed. Caudate. With a slender tail-like appendage. Caudex. The persistent base of perennial herbs, usually only the part above ground. Caudicle, Stalk of a pollen-mass in the Orchid and Milkweed Families. Cauline. Pertaining to the stem. Cell. A cavity, of an anther or ovary. Chaff. Thin dry scales. Chalaza. The base of the ovule. Chartaceous. Papery in texture. Chlorophyll, Green coloring matter of plants. Chlorophyllous. Containing chlorophyll. Ciliate. Provided with marginal hairs. Ciliolate. Minutely ciliate. Cilium, A hair. Cinereous, Ashy; ash-colored. Circinnate. Coiled downward from the apex. Circumscissile. ‘Transversely dehiscent, the top falling away as a lid. Clavate, Club-shaped. Cletstogamous. Flowers which do not open, but are pollinated from their own anthers. Cleft. Cut about halfway to the midvein. Clinandrium, Cavity between the anther-sacs in orchids. Cochleate. Like a snail shell. Coma. Tuft of hairs at the ends of some seeds. Commissure. The contiguous surfaces of two carpels. Conduplicate. Folded lengthwise. Confluent. Blended together. Connate. Similar organs more or less united. Connective. The end of the filament, between the anther-sacs. Connivent. Converging. . Convolute. Rolled around or rolled up longi- tudinally. Coralloid. Resembling coral. Cordaie. Heart-shaped. Coriaceous. Veathery in texture. Corm. A swollen fleshy base of a stem. Corolla, ‘The inner of two series of floral leaves. Corona; Crown. An appendage of the corolla; a crown-like margin at the top of an organ. Coroniform, Crown-like. Corvmb. Aconvex or flat-topped flower-cluster of the racemose type with pedicels or rays arising from different points on the axis. Vor. III.] Corymbose. Borne in corymbs; corymb-like. Costate. Ribbed. Colyledon. Crenale. A rudimentary leaf of the embryo. Scalloped; with rounded teeth. Crenulate. Diminutive of crenate. Crustaceous. Hard and brittle. Cucullate, Hooded, or resembling a hood. Culm. The stem of grasses and sedges. Cuneate. Wedge-shaped. Cusp. A sharp stiff point. Cuspidate. Sharp-pointed; ending in a cusp. Cyme. A cmvyex or flat flower-cluster of the deter- minate type, the central flowers first unfolding. Cymose. Arranged in cymes; cyme-like. Deciduous. Falling away at the close of the growing period. Decompound. More than once-divided. Decumbeni. Stems or branches in an inclined position, but the end ascending. Decurrent. GLOSSARY. | | | Fasligiate. Applied to the prolongation of an | organ, or part of an organ running along the | sides of another. Deflexed. Turned abruptly downward. Dehiscence. The opening of an ovary, anther- sac or sporange to emit the contents. Dehiscent. Opening to emit the contents, Deltord. Broadly triangular, like the Greek let- ter delta, a. Dentate. projecting teeth. Denticulate. Diminutive of dentate. Depauperate. Impoverished, small. Depressed. Vertically flattened. Dextrorse. Spirally ascending to the right. Diadelphous. Stamens united into two sets. Diandrous. Having two stamens. Dichotomous. Forking regularly nearly equal branches or segments, Dicotyledonous. With two cotyledons. Didymous. Twin-like; of two nearly equal segments. Diffuse. Woosely spreading. Digitate. Diverging, like the fingers spread, Dimorphous. Of two forms. Dioecious. Bearing staminate flowers or an- therids on one plant, and pistillate flowers or archegones on another of the same species. Discoid. Heads of Compositae composed only of tubular flowers; rayless; like a disk. Disk. An enlargement or prolongation of the receptacle of a flower around the base of the pistil; positae. Dissected. Divided into many segments or lobes. into two Dissepiment. A partition-wall of an ovary or fruit. Distichous. Arranged in two rows. Distinct. Separate from each other; evident. Divaricate. Diverging at a wide angle. Divided. Cleft to the base or to the mid-nerve. Dorsal. On the back, or pertaining to the back, Drupaceous. Drupe-like. Drupe. A simple fruit, usually indehiscent with fleshy exocarp and bony endocarp. Drupelet. Diminutive of drupe. Echinate. Prickly. Ellipsoid. A solid body, elliptic in section. Elliptic. With the outline of an ellipse; oval. Emarginate. Notched at the apex. Embryo. A rudimentary plant in the seed. Embryo-sac. The macrospore of the flowering plants, contained in the ovule. Endocarp. The inner layer of the pericarp. Endogenous, Forming new tissue within. Endosperm. ‘The substance surrounding the embryo of a seed; albumen. Ensiform. Shaped like a broad sword. Entire. Without divisions, lobes, or teeth. Ephemeral. Continuing for only a day or less. Epigynous. Adnate to or borne on the upper part of the ovary Epiphytic. Growing on other plants, but not parasitic. Egquitant. dling. Folded around each other; strad- | Fertilization. Toothed, especially with outwardly | | Fulrform. | Flexuous. | Excurrent. 543 Erose. Irregularly margined, as if gnawed. Evanescent, Early disappearing. £vergreen. Beating green leaves throughout the year. With a tip projecting beyond the main part of the organ. Exfoliating. Peeling off in layers. Exocarp. ‘The outer layer of the pericarp. Exogenous, Forming new tissue outside the older. Exserted. Prolonged past surrounding organs. Exstipulate. Without stipules. Extrorse. Facing outward. Falcate. Scythe-shaped. Farinaceous. Starchy, or containing starch. Fascicle. A dense cluster. Fascicled. Borne in dense clusters. Stems or branches which are nearly erect and close together. Fenestrate. With window-like markings. Ferlile, Bearing spores, or bearing seed. The mingling of the contents of a male and female cell. Ferruginous. Color of iron-rust. Fetid. ll-smelling. Fibrillose, With fibres or fibre-like organs. Filament. The stalk of an anther; the two form- ing the stamen. Filamentous. Composed of thread-like struc- tures; thread-like. Thread-like. With fringed edges. Minutely fringed. Fistular. Hollow and cylindric. Flabellate. Fan-shaped, or arranged like the sticks of a fan. Flaccid. ax; weak. Alternately bent in different direc- Fimbriate. Fimbrillate. tions. Floccose.. With loose tufts of wool-like hairs. Foliaceous, Similar to leaves. Foliolate. With separate leaflets. follicle. A simple fruit dehiscent along one suture. Follicular. Similar to a follicle. foveate. Foveolate. More or less pitted. Free, Separate from other organs; not adnate. I’rond. ‘The leaves of ferns. | Frutescent. Fruticose. More or less shrub-like. the head of tubular flowers in Com- | Frugacious, Falling soon after development. Fugitive. Plants not native, but occurring here and there, without direct evidence of be- coming established. Funiculus, The stalk of an ovule or seed. Fustform, Spindle-shaped. Galea. A hood-like part ofa perianth or corolla, Galeate. With a galea. Gametophyte. The sexual generation of plants, Gamopetalous. With petals more or less united. Gemma. microphylla 286 | media 21) nana 286 Michauxii 23 Ampelanus 3,26 pubera 22 (Enslenia) uliginosa 21 albidus 16 Althaea 2 415 Ampelopsis 2 412 | officinalis 415 arborea 412 Alyssum 2 138,152 cordata 412 alyssoides 153. heterophylla 412 arclicum 138 quinguefolia 413 calycinum 153 “ vitacea 413 incanum 154 Vettchiit 413 maritimum 153 Amphiachyris 3 320 AMARANTHACEAE I she dracunculoides 320 GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. [Vou III. Amphicarpa | Anethum monoica 2 334| Foeniculum 2 525 Pitcheri 334 Angelica Sur Amphicarpon 1109, Archangelica 520 Amphicarpon 110 atropurpurea 512 Purshit 110, Curtisii rt; Amsonia 3 1| Atrsula 512 Amsonia 1) ériquinata 512 Tabernaemoniana 1 villosa 512 Amygdalus 2 253; ANGIOSPERMAE I 61 Persica 254 Annona ANACARDIACEAE 2 385| /riloba 2 49 Anacharis Anogra 88 Canadensis I 93\ (OE¬hera in Anagallis 2 592 art) arvensis 593 albicaulis 488 “coerulea 593 + coronopifolia 488 Ananthrizx _ pallida 489 decumbens 3 13) ANONACEAE 2 49 Anaphalis 3 400 Anonymo margaritacea 400 captiata I 443 Andrachne 3 .517| Anonymos phyllanthoides 518) aquatica I 526; 2 623 Andromeda 2567 bracteata 313 arborea 571 -odoratissima 3 319 calyculata 570 paniculatus 319 coerulea 565 petiolata 2 606 floribunda 568 vrolundifolia 268 hypnoides 565 | Anonymus ligustrina 570| graminifolius 3 318 Mariana 569 Anoplanthus Polifolia 568 fasciculatus 195 taxifolia 565 uniflorus 195 tetragona 566 Antennaria 3 307 see Leucothoé 566-7 alpina 398 see Pieris 568-9 campestris 399 Andropogon 13100 Carpathica 307 alopecuroides 98 dimorpha 400 ambiguus 178| dioica 398 argenteus lol wmargaritacea 400 argyraeus Iol_ neodioica 398 avenaceum 104 neglecta 309 Belvisti tor, Parlinit 399 dissitiflorus 102, plantaginifolia 399 Eliiottii 103 ANTHEMIDEAE 3 301 furcatus 102 Anthemis 455 glaucus 103| arvensis 456 glomeratus 102, Cotula 455 Hallii 101 | nobilis 456 Halepensis 104 repens 414 Jamesti 103 __ tinctoria 456 macrourum 1o2 Anthoxanthum I 131 marilimus IoL odoratum 131 provinctalis 102 Anthriscus 2 528 saccharotdes 103; Anthriscus 528 scoparius’ 101 Cerefolium 528 Torreyanus 103| sylvestris 528 vaginalus 10o2| vulgaris 528 Virginicus 102 Antirrhinum 3 147 Androsace 2586, Canadense 146 occidentalis 586! Cymbalaria 144 Androstephium 1415| £latine 145 coeruleum 416| gentstacfolium 146 violaceum 416| Linaria 146 Anemone 2 62) majus 147 Canadensis 64 Orontium 148 Caroliniana 62 repens 147 cylindrica 3) spurium 145 dichotoma 64 Anychia 2 38, 40 Hepatica 65| argyrocoma 38 Hudsoniana 63, Canadensis 4o lanctfolia 65 capillacea 40 multifida 3) dichotoma 40 nemorosa 64 | Apargia nudicaulis 74| autumnalis 3 266 Nuittalliana 7 Apera I 167 parviflora 62| Spica-venti 167 Fennsylvanica 64 | Aphanes quinquefolia 64| arvensis 2 225 Richardsonii 64 Aphanostephus 3 349 thalictroides 66; Arkansanus 349 trifolia 65| skirrobasis 349 Virginiana 63 | Aphora Anemonella humilis 2 365 thalictroides 2 66| mercurialina 364 Vor. III.] Aphyllon 194 fasciculatum 195 “Tuteum 195 Ludovicianum 106 uniflorum 195 Apiastrum 2 526 (Leptocaulis) patens 527 Apios 2 334 Apios 335 tuberosa 335 Apium — 533 Ammi 534 divaricatum 537 echinatum 537 graveolens 533 leptophyllum 534 patens 527 Petroselinum 533 Popet 525 Aplectrum I 481 hyemale 481 spicatum 481 Aplopappus armerioides 3 329 ctliatus 327 divaricatus 330 Nutlallii 328 rubiginosus 328 Spinulosus 329 APOCYNACEAE I Apocynum 2 androsaemifolium 2 cannabinum ia * glaberrimum 3 hypericifolium 3 pubescens 3 Apogon humilis 3 263 Aquilegia 2057 brevistyla 58 Canadensis 58 flaviflora 58 vulgaris 58 Arabis 2 146 alpina 148 brachycarpa 150 bulbosa 131 Canadensis 149 confinis 150 dentata 148 Douglasit 130 glabra 150 hirsuta 2 149 Holboellii 150 humifusa 147 laevigata 149 “laciniata 149 “ Burkei 149 Ludoviciana 147 lyrata 147 patens 148 perfoliata 150 petraca 116 retrofracta 150 rhomboidea urp. 130 Thaliana 146 Virginica 147 ARACEAE I 360 ARALIACEAE 2 505 Aralia 505 hispida 507 nudicaulis 506 “ prolifera 506 quinguefolia 507 racemosa 506 spinosa 506 trifolia 507 A Seto alpina 2 57 Uva-Ursi a Arceuthobium minutum I 535 pusillum 535 GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. Archangelica atropurpurea 2 512 Gmelint 520 Archemora rigida 513 | Arctagrostis I 157 | latifolia 157 | Arctium 3 483 Lappa 483-4 minus 484 tomentosum 483 Arctostaphylos 2 572) alpina 573 | Uva-Ursi 572 | Arctous alpina 2 573 | Arenaria 30, biflora 32 Canadensis 37 | Caroliniana 33 ciliata 31 | Fendleri 32 | Groenlandica 34 hirta 33 Hookeri 32 | humifusa 31 laleriflora 35 macrophylla 35 Michauxit 33 patula 34 peploides 36 Pitcheri 34 rubra 37 ““ marina 37 Sajanensis 32 serpyllifolia 31 squarrosa 33 stricta 33 Texana 34 thymtfolia 21 verna 33 Arethusa I 469 bulbosa 469 spicata 481 see Pogonia 1 467-8 » Argemone 2 101 alba Io albiflora 101 inlermedia 101 Mexicana IoI Argyrothamnia humilis 365 mercuritalina 364 Aria 2, 236 Arisaema I 361 atrorubens 361 Dracontium 361 triphyllum 361 Aristida I 133 Americana 136 basiramea 134 desmantha 137 dichotoma 133 dispersa 136 divaricata 3 502 Sasciculata I 136 gracilis 133 lanata 135 lanosa 135 oligantha 135 purpurascens 134 purpurea 135 ramosissima 134 stricta 136 tuberculosa 136 ARISTOLOCHIACEAE 537 Aristolochia I 539 Clematitis 540 | macrophylla 540 Serpentaria 540 Sipho 540 tomentosa 541 Armeria vulgaris 2 595 | Arnica 3 471 Arnica | acaulis 3 471 alpina 472 angustifolia 472 Chamissonis 472 | Claytont 471 cordifolia 471 | maritima 476 | mollis 472 | montana var. 472 | nudicaulis 47I | Amoseris 3 265 | minima 265 | pusilla 265 | Aronia 2 236 | (Pyrus in part) alntfolia 239 | arbutifolia 236 nigra 237 | Arrhenatherum I 173 avenaceum 173 elatius 173 | Artemisia 3 461-8 Abrotanum 464 | Absinthium 464 annua 465 biennis 465 | Bigelovii 468 borealis 462 cana 468 Canadensis 462 | capillifolia 307 caudata 462 dracunculoides 463 tincana 463 filifolia 3 463 frigida 464 glauca 463 gnaphalodes 467 Groenlandica 462 matricarioides 460 Kansana 466 longifolia 467 Ludoviciana var. 467 Pontica 3 466 procera 464 serrata 467 Stelleriana 465 tridentata 468 vulgaris 466 Arum Dracontium 1 361 triphyllum 361 Virginicum 362 Aruncus 2 1097 (Spiraea in part) Aruncus 197 sylvester 197 Arundinaria I 233 macrosperma 233 tecta 233 Arundo Sestucacea 209 Phragmites 184 tecta 233 see Calamagrostis | I 163-6 | Asarum I 538 | acuminatum 3 513 arifolium I 539 Canadense 538 macranthum 539 reflexum 3 513 ‘ambiguum 513 Virginicum I 538 ASCLEPIADACEAE 3 4 Asclepias 5 arenaria II auriculata 15 brachystephana II Cornutt 10) decumbens 6 | Douglasii 10 exaltata 9) Floridana 15 529 Asclepias galioides 3 520 incarnata Samesti 8 lanceolata 6, 14 lanuginosa 3.15 latifolia 8 laurtfolia 6 Meadii 9 nigra 16 obtusifolia 8 ovalifolia II perennis 12 paupercula 6 phytolaccotdes 9 pulchra 7 pumila 12 purpurascens 7) quadrifolia 10 rubra 3) 6 speciosa 10 stenophylla 14 Sullivantii 8 Syriaca 10 tuberosa 5 variegata 9 verticillata 12 viridifiora 14 viridis 13 Asclepiodora 3023 decumbens 13 viridis 13 | Ascyrum 2 428 Crux-Andreae og 2 428, 434 hypericoides 2 428 stans 428 Asimina 49 triloba 49 Asparagus I 428 officinalis 428 Asperugo 61 procumbens 61 Asperula 226 arvensis 227 odorata 227 Aspidium see Dryopteris 1 13- 18 Asplenium 22 acrostichoides 26 angustifolium 2 Bradleyi 26 ebeneum 23 ebenoides 23 Filix-foemina 26 fontanum 25 montanum 25 parvulum 23 pinnatifidum 22 platyneuron 2 rhizophylla 2t Ruta-muraria 2: thelypleroides 26 Trichomanes 2 viride 2 Asprella fystrix I 233 Virginica 129 | Aster 3 354 acuminatus 376 adscendens 370 ambiguus 37) amethystinus 367 angustus 383 annuus 389 anomalus 362 argenteus 371 azureus 362 bellidiflorus 377 biflorus 374 bifrons 380. canescens 384 carmesinus 356 carneus 377 “ ambiguus 378 539 “Cla 58 laytoni_ 3 35 crispicans 358 commutatus 381 concinnus 369 cordifolius 363 ‘* alvearius 363 ‘* Furbishiae 363, “ incisus 363 “ laevigatus 363 ‘“lanceolatus 363 ‘ pedicellatus 363 “ polycephalus 363 cortdtfolius 377 corymbosus 357 curvescens 359 ** oviformis 359 “ umbelliformis 359 diffusus 380 “thyrsoideus 380 “ bifrons 3 380 divaricatus 357, 376, 382, 392 ““cymulosus 3 357 “ curtifolius 357 “* deltoideus 357 ‘* fontinalis 357 * persaliens 357 Drummondii 364 dumosus 37 * coridifolius 377 “ strictior 377 elodes 370 ericaefolius 383 ericoides 379 ‘ Pringlet 37 ““depauperatus 379 ‘* parviceps 379 “ pilosus 379 “platyphyllus 379 “ pusillus 379 “ Randi 379 “ willosus 379 exscapus 3 35! exilis 382 Faxoni 378 Fendleri 372 Jirmius 367 SJlexuosus 382 ‘foliaceus 371 JSoliolosus 381 fureatus 358 glomeratus 358 gracilis 373 graminifolius 387 grandiflorus 372 Herveyi 374 hirsuticaulis 380 horizontalis 380 humilis 392 ianthinus 360 incanopilosus 381 tnfirmus 392 junceus 370 laevis 69 “‘amplifolius 3 369 ““Potomacensis 369 lanceolatus 363 lateriflorus 380 * glomerellus 380 “* grandis 380 “ horizontalis 380 “ pendulus 380 “ thyrsoideus 380 Lindleyanus 364 “eximius 364 linaritfolius 393 lintfolius 382 longifolius 371, 370 I “villicanlis 3 Lowrieanus 363 * Bicknellii 363 ““lancifolius 363 lucidus 368 macrophyllus 357, 359 | | Aster macrophyllus 3 359 apricensis 360 ‘ biformis 360 ““ excelsior 360 “ pinguifolius 360 “ sejunctus 360 “ velutinus 360 major 3 367 miser 380 ‘“glomerellus 380 Missouriensis 378 modestus 367 multiflorus 38r ““commutalus 381 “ stricticaulis 381 multiformis 361 Nebraskensis 375 nemoralis 375 ** Blakei 375 nobilis 361 Novae-Angliae 366 Novi-Belgii 370 ‘* Atlanticus 370 ‘* Brittonii 371 “ elodes 370 “ litoreus 370 Nuttallit Fend. 372 oblongifolius 366 “ rigidulus 366 paludosus 375 paniculatus 377 “‘acutidens 378 “bellidiflorus 377 “ simplex 377 patens 3 365-6 patulus 368 pendulus 380 phlogifolius 366 polyphyllus 37 prenanthoides 368 ‘ porrectifolius 368 Pringlei 379 ptarmicoides 37 “ lutescens 376 puniceus 367 “ firmus 367 “ laevicaulis 367 ‘“Jucidulus 368 purpuratus 369 Radula 374 “ biflorus 374 “ striclus 374 ramulosus vat. 381 roscidus 360 roseus 366 sagittifolius 364 ** dissitiflorus 365 “ urophyllus 365 salicifolius 377 ““stenophyllus 377 “ subasper 377 Schreberi 359 sericeus 71 Shortii 362 stmplex 377 spectabilis 373-4 Stenophyllus 377 strictus 374 subasper 377 subulatus 382 surculosus 373 tardiflorus 368 tanacelifolius 384 tenebrosus 357 tenuifolius 377, 382 “ bellidifiorus 377 tortifolius 354 Tradescanti 378, 381 turbinellus 3 374 umbellatus 392 “ latifolius 392 “* pubens 392 Unalaschensis major 367 GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. | Aster undulatus 65 “abruptifolius 365 ‘‘loriformis 365 ““ torquatus 365 “ triangularis 365 urophyllus 365 vernus 390 villosus 379 vimineus 381 “Columbianus 381 “ foliosus 381 violaris 361 virgalus 369 viridis 357 ASTEREAE 3 299 Astilbe 2 169 biternata 170 decandra 170 Astragalus 2 263, 296 (Phaca in part) aboriginorum 2 303) adsurgens 299 alpinus 304 bisulcatus 300 | caespilosus 306 campestris 308 | Canadensis 298 carnosus 263, 297 | Carolinianus 2 298 caryocarpus 297 Coopert 305 crassicarpus 297 distortus 303 Drummondii 299 elatiocarpus 301 elegans 303 elongalus 202 flexuosus 302 Srigidus Americanus £0 2 304 gracilis 302 hyalinus 306 Hypoglottis 299 Kentrophyta 306 lotiflorus 301 melanocarpus 301 Mexicanus 297 microlobus 302 Missouriensis 301 mollissimus 298 muliflorus 305 pectinatus 300 pictus filtfolius 305 Plattensis 2 207 racemosus 300 Robbinsii 304 Sesupi 304 sericoleucus 307 Shortianus 301 tenellus 305 Tennesseensis 298 trichocalyx 297 triphyllus 306 Athamania Chinensis 2 512 Athanasia trinervia 3 443 Atheropogon oligostachyus 1 180 Atragene 2 71 (Clematis in part) Americana 71 Atriplex I 578 arenaria 579 argentea 579 canescens 580 expansa 579 hastata 578 littoralis 578 Nuttallii 580 patula 578 rosea 578 Atropa physalodes 3 125) [Vou. III. Avena 1172 elatior I 173 fatua 173 Slavescens 17L mollis 17 palustris 171 Pennsylvanica 171 Smithii 172 Spicata 174 striata 172 Azalea 2 557 (Rhododendron in part) arborescens 559 calendulacea a4 canescens hispida 559 Lapponica 560 lutea 559 nitida 560 nudiflora 558 pilosa 562 procumbens 563 viscosa 559 * glauca 560 zolla I 35 Caroliniana 35 Baccharis 3 303 angustifolia 394 foelida 306 halimifolia 304 glomerulifolia 394 neglecta 394 salicina 393 viscosa 396 Wrightii 304 Bahia 3 447 oppositifolia 448 Balduina 442 uniflora 443 Baldwinita 442 Ballota 3°95 nigra 96 BALSAMINACEAE 2 403 Baptisia 2 264, 265 alba 267 australis 265 bracteata 266 leucantha 267 leucophaea 265-6 mollts 264 tinctoria 266 villosa 266 Barbarea 2 121 Barbarea 122 praecox 122 stricta 122 vulgarts 122 “ arcuata 122 Barkhausta grandiflora 3 279 Bartonia Moseri 2 621 tenella 621 verna 621 Virginica 621 Bartonia Pursh. see Mentzelia 2 458 Bartsia 3 183 acuminata 180 alpina 183 coccinea 179 Odontites 183 Batis vermiculata I 584 Batrachium 2 83 (Ranunculus in part) divaricatum 84 hederaceum 84 trichophyllum 84 Batschia canescens 3 65 Carolinensis 65 Gmelini 65 Vor. III.] Beckmannia 1181 erucaeformis 181 Behen vulgaris 2 9 Belamcanda Chinensis I 453 Bellis 349 integrifolia 350 perennis 350 Benzoin 2 98 ( Lindera) Benzoin 2 98 melissaefolium 98 BERBERIDACEAE 2 89 Berberis 2 89 Aquifolium 90 Canadensis go repens go Sinensis go vulgaris go Berchemia 2 404 scandens 404 volubilis 404 Bergia 2 438 Texana 438 Berlandiera 3 409 lyrata 410 Texana 409 Berteroa 2 153 ( Alyssum in part) incana 154 Berula 2 538 angustifolia 538 erecta 538 Betonica 3 98 (Stachys in part) officinalis 99 BETULACEAE I 506 Betula I 508 alba 508 Alnobetula 512 Alnus 512, 513 glandulosa I 510 lenta 510 lutea 510 Michauxtt 51f nana 511 nigra 509 occidentalis 509 papyracea 509 papyrifera 509 populifolia 508 pumila 511 viridis 512, 513 Bicuculla 2 103 ( Dicentra) Canadensis 104 Cucullaria 104 eximia 104 Bidens 3 430 (ine. Coreopsis in part) aristosa 3 440 Beckii 440 bidentoides 438 bipinnata 439 cernua 437 comosa 437 connata 437 chrysanthemoides 436 coronata 3 439 discoidea 438 frondosa 438 gracilis 442 involucrata 440 laevis 436 trichosperma 439 “ tenuiloba 439 Bigelovia Engelmanni 3 327 graveolens 326 Howardi 326 nudala 325 “ wirgala 326 untligulala 341 GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. | Bigelowia | Brassica nudata 3 325, alba — 27, Ee 3 3 Sevens s ot ignonia I campestris capreolata 198 juncea 118 Catalpa 3 Napus ne crucigera nigra radtcans 3 i ortentalis 3 515 sempervirens 2605 perfoliata 515 tomentosa 3.157 _ Stnapistrum 2 119 Blechnum Brauneria 3 419 Virginicum 1 20. (Echinacea) Blephilia 3.105, pallida 420 ciliata 105 | yt a 420 hirsuta 105 | Braya nepetoides 105 | “ humilis 2 116 Bletia | Breweria 3 20 aphylla I 48 (inc. Bonamia in Blitum I 571, 576 part, and Stylisma) Bonus-Henricus aquatica 2r I 574 humistrata 20 capitatum 76 Pickeringii 21 chenopodioides 577 Brickellra glaucum 571 grandiflora 3 314 Nuttallianum 574 Briza I 199 ~ tot bes m 574) Co wadenses 211 ‘oebera media 199 chrysanthemoides minor 199 3.453 Brizopyrum Boehmeria I 533. see Distichlis 1 1098 | cylindrica 534 BROMELIACEAE I 374 | Boltonia 3 35! Bromus — I 219 asteroides 352, arvensis 3 506 decurrens 353! asper I 220 diffusa 352 ~sCbreviaristatus 223 glastifolia var. 353‘ brizaeformis 223 oe ea 352 sete 219 ‘onamia erectus 220 see Breweria 3 20-1 giganteus 218 Lae aa a 3 50 #hordeaceus 222 orago 67 Kalmii 221 officinalis 68 Madritensis 3 506 Borrichia 3.420 mollis I 222 frutescens 421 Porteri 221 Botrychium I2| purgans 219, 221 boreale 2. racemosus I 222 dissectum 3.494 Schraderi 224 gracile I 4) secalinus 222 lanceolatum 4 squarrosus 223 Lunaria 3 Sterilis 221 matricariaefolium 3 tectorum 220 simplex 2 unioloides 224 ternatum and var. Bee I 52 1333494 _papyrilera 529 Virginianum t 4 Brunella Bouteloua 1179 _ see Prunella 3 88 curtipendula 180 Brunnichia I 568 hirsuta 180 cirrhosa 569 oligostachya 180 Bryanthus racemosa 180 faxifolius 2 565 Boykinia Buchloé acontlifolia 2177 _ dactyloides r 183 humilis 470 Buchnera 3.172 Brachyactis _ 3 383. Americana 172 ( As/er in part) Canadensis 72 angustus 383, Buda Brachychaeta 3 348 borealis 2° 37 cordata 349 marina 37 sphacelata 349 9=mitnor 37 Brachyelytrum I 146 rubra 37 aristatum 146 Bulbilis I 183 erectum 146 (Buchloé) Brachylobus dactyloides 183 ees 2 125 ee teat fee rachyris aquatica 164 dracunculoides 3 320 Bumelia 2 505 Brachystemon densiflora 596 see Koellia 3 111,115, lanuginosa 596 Bradburya 2 332 _ lycioides 596 ( Centrosema) Bunitas Suscia | eel ap wmarreieiaa I 2 Buphthalmu peltata 42| Srutescens 3 421 purpurea 42, helianthoides 412 Brassica 2 117-18 Bupleurum 2 529 531 Bupleurum rotundifolium 2 529 BURMANNIACEAE I 455 | Burmannia I 455 biflora 450 ursa 2 138 ( Capselia) Bursa-pastoris 139 pastoris 139 | Burshia | humilis 2 504 Butneria 2 95 fertilis 95 florida 95 | BUXACEAE 2 384 Cabomba 2 4I | Caroliniana 41 Cacalia | See Vernonia 3 302-4 | alriplictifolia 474 reniformts 473 suaveolens 475 | tuberosa 474 CACTACEAE 2 460 | Cactus 461 | ferox 464 fragilis 464 humifusus 463 mamillaris 462 Missouriensis 462 * similis 462 | Opuntia 463 viviparus 462 Caenolus 3 399 CAESALPINIACEAE 2 256 Caesalpinia falcaria 2 259 Jamesti 259 Cakile 2 17, Americana 117 edentula 117 Calamagrostis I 163 arenaria 166 brevipilis 166 breviseta 164 Canadensis 163 cinnoides 165 confinis 165 Lapponica 165 Langsdorfii 164 longifolia 167 Macouniana 163 neglécta 165 Nulttalliana 165 Pickeringtt 164 Porteri 164 robusta 165 stricta 165 sylvatica 164 Calamintha Clinopodium 3 108 glabella var. Nutt. 109 officinalis 109 Nuttallit 109 See Clinopodium 108-10 Calamovilfa I 166 brevipilis 166 longifolia 167 Calceolaria 2 456 (Solea) verticillata 456 Calla I 363 palustris 363 sagillaefolia 362 Callicarpa 3 74 Americana 74 Calligonum canescens I 580 Calliopsis cardaminefolia 3 432 Callirrhoe 2 418 alceoides 418 Capnoides crystallinum 107, curvisiliquum 107 flavulum 106 micranthum 106 montanum 107 | sempervirens 105 CAPPARIDACEAE 2 154, Capraria gratioloides 3 163, multifida 159 CAPRIFOLIACEAE 3 227 | Caprifolium Douglassti 238 | gralum 237 | Capriola . r 175! ( Cynodon) } Dactylon 175 | Capsella Bursa-pastoris 2 139 elliplica 138 Cardamine 2 127 arenicola 129 bellidifolia 130 bulbosa 131) Clematitis 130 | Douglasti 130, flexuosa 129 hirsuta 128 ‘* sylvatica 129 Ludovictana 147 parviflora 129 purpurea 130 Pennsylvanica 128 “ Brittoniana 128 pratensis 128 rhombotdea I3t rotundifolia 131 spathulata 147 uniflora 135 Virginica 129, 147 see Dentaria 2 132-3 Cardiospermum 2 403 Halicacabum 403 CARDUACEAE 3 208 Carduus 532 Callirhoe digitata 2 418 involucrata 419 triangulata 419 CALLITRICHACEAE 2 381 Callitriche 2 381, 470 Austini 382 aulumnalis 382, 470 | ) bifida 382 | heterophylla 382 palustris 382 terrestre 382 verna 382 vernalis 382 Calluna 2 573 vulgaris 573 Calochortus I 421 | Gunnisonii 422 Nuttallii 422 Calophanes 3 201 oblongifolia 202 Calopogon pulchellus I 480 Caltha 5 flabellifolia 5 natans 52 palustris 5I CALYCANTHACEAE 2 94 Calycanthus 95 fertilis 95 Jloridus 95 glaucus 95 laevigalus 95 Calycocarpum 263 Lyoni 93 Calymenia angustifolia I 5096 | Calypso I 477 borealis 477 bulbosa 477 Calystegia sepium 3 25 “ pubescens 25 Spithamaea 26 Camassia Fraseri I 423 Camelina 2 139 microcarpa 3515 sativa 2 139 sylvestris 3515 CAMPANULACEAE 3 252 Campanula 252 Americana 255 aparinoides 254 btflora 256 divaricata 255 Slexuosa 255 glomerata 254 lintfolia var. 253 perfoliata 256 rapunculoides 254 rotundifolia 253 ‘alpina 253 “Langsdorf. 3 253 “ velutina 253 uniflora 253 Camptosorus E< 21 rhizophyllus 2t Campulosus 1177 (Ctenium) aromaticus 177 Campylocera leplocarpa 3 256 Cannabis I 530 sativa 530 Cantua aggregata 3 39 longifiora 38 pungens 38 Capnoides 2 105-7 ( Corydalis) aureum 106 “ occidentale 107 3.4 (ine. Cirsium naa Cnicus mostly ) altissimus 3 485 arvensis 489 crispus 490 discolor 485 Hillii 488 lanceolatus 485 Marianus 490 muticus 3 489 E eabpinnatifidie _ 3 489 Nebraskensis 487 undulatus 486 nutans 489 ochrocentrus 487 odoratus 488 Pitcheri 486 Plattensis 487 pumilus 488 spinosissimus 488 undulatus 486 ““megacephalus 486 Virginianus 486 Carex I 284-360 abacta 292 abbreviata 324 acutiformis 303 adusta 357 aestivalis 317 alata 359 alba setifolia 332 albicans 334 albolutescens 359 Albursina 329 alopecoides 344, 345 alpina 306 altocaulis 326 ambusta 207 GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. | Carex amphibola I 321 angustlata 308 aperta 308 anceps var. 1 327 aquatilis 309 arcta 352 arctata 320 arida 355 arenaria 34 argyrantha 357 aristata 302 Asa-Grayi 293 Assiniboinensis 319 Atlantica 350 atrata ovata 306 atratiformis 306 atrofusca 313 aurea 295, 331 Backit 7 338 Baileyi I 299 Barrattii gi2 Bellardi 284 Bella-villa 294 Bicknellii 360 bicolor 33t Bigelovii 310 blanda 327 Boottiana 336 bromoides 354 brunnescens 35! bullata 298 Buxbaumtt 307 caespitosa 309 canescens 351, 352 capillatis I 320 capitata 339 Careyana 328 Caroliniana 317 castanea I 319, 320 cephaloidea 348 cephalophora 344, 349 chordorhiza 34l Collinsii I 292 communis 333 comosa 301 compacia 206 concinna 332 conjuncta 342 conoidea 325 costata 316 costellata 316 Crawei 323, 360 crinita 314, 315 cristala 357 cristatella 357 Crus-corvi I 343 cryptocarpa 3l4 curta var. 351 cuspidata git Davisii 318 debilis 320, 321 decom posita I 343 deflexa 334 Deweyana 354 digitalis 328 distans 324 Douglasii 342 Drummondiana 338 durifolia 338 eburnea 332 echinata var. 350° Eleocharis I 346 Emmonsit 334 exilis 340 extensa 323 festucacea 359 filifolia 339 filiformis 305 filipendula 314 flaccosperma 322 flava 323, 324 Sflextlis 319 foenea 357) 358 folliculata 293 [Vot. III. Carex formosa X 318, 320 Frankii I 301 Fraseri 336 Fraseriana 336 fulva 324 fusca 307 giganiea 294, 295 glabra 32 glareosa 353 glauca 315 glaucodea 322 g£lobularis 293 Goodenovii I 309 gracilis 299 gracillima 317 grandis 295 granularis 322 gravida 345 Grayt 293 grisea 321, 322 gynandra I 315 gynocrales 340 Haleana 322 Halet 294, 322, 343 Hartii 299 Haydeni 308 Heleonastes 352 heterostachya 323 hirsuta 316, 317 hirta I 306 Hitchcockiana 325 Hoppneri gio Houghtonii 305 hyperborea gio hystricina 300 incurva 34t interior 350, 350 intumescens 293 trrigua I 313 Jamesii 337 Kntéeskerni 320 laeviconica 302 lagopina 353 lagopodioides 356 lanuginosa 305 laxiculmis 329 laxiflora 322, 327-320 Leavenworthii I 349 lenticularis 309 leporina 350 leptalea 339 limosa 313, 331 littoralis 312 livida 331 longirostris 319 Louisianica I 294 lupuliformis 204 lupulina 294 lurida 2 macrokolea 315 Magellanica 313 marcida 344 maritima 314 Maxima 344 Meadii 327 media 334 membranacea 206 membranopacta 296 Michauxtt 292 Michauxiana 292 microglochin % 285 miliacea BIL miliaris 295, 296 mirabtlis 358 misandra 312 monile 207 Muhlenbergii 349 muricata 348 Muskingumensis 355 mutica nardina 340 Nebraskensis 308 nigro-marginata 335 Norvegica 351 Vor. IIL] Carex Novae-Angliae I 324 oblita I 322 Oederi 323 | Olneyi 297 oligantha 285 oligocarpa 325 oligosperma 295 ovala 306 oxylepis 318 pallescens 324 paludosa 303 panicea 330 Parryana 307 pauciflora” 285, 292 pedicellata 333 Peckit 334 pedunculata I 333 Pennsylvanica 333 picta 336 plantaginea 329, 330 platyphylla 330 podocarpa 313 polystachya 204, 352 polymorpha 326 | polytrichoides 339 Porteri 315 praecox 335 prairea I 344) prasina 3Ir pratensis 354 Pseudo-Cyperus 300, 301 ptychocarpa 330 pubescens 317, 336 pulla 295, 296. Raeana 295 ramosa 344 rariflora 312 Redowskyana I 340 retrocurva 329 retroflexa 347 retrorsa 294, 298 Richardsoni 332 rigida 309 riparia 303 rosea 347 rostrata 292 rupestris 338 Sabulosa 358 salina 310, 311 Saliuensis 326 Sartwellii 346 saxatilis 206 scabrata 304 scabrior 346 Schweinitzii I 300 scirpoidea 337 scoparia 356, 358 setacea 346 setifolia 332 Shortiana 303 siccata 355 silicea 358 Smithit 317 sparganioides 348 squarrosa 301, 302 Stellulata var. 350 stenolepis 301 stenophylla I 341 sterilis 350 Steudelit 337 stipata 343 straminea 358-360 striata 304 stricta 308 strictior 321 styloflexa 328 stylosa 307 subspathacea 310 subulata 292 Sullivantii 317 supina 338 sychnocephala 360 tenella 346 GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES.’ Carex | Castelleja tenera 1358 pallida var. 3 180 tentaculala 299 ~«Septentrionalis 180 tenuiflora 352 _ sessiliflora 180 tenuis 20, 321 Catabrosa I 194 teretiuscula 344 aquatica 194 | tetanica 326, 327 | Catalpa 199 Texensis 347. ~«~otgnontoides 199 Torreyana 318, 324 Catalpa 199 Torreyt 324 cordifolia 200 torta 31I, 314 speciosa 200 tribuloides 356, 357 Caucalis_ 2 510 triceps 316, 317. Anthriscus 511 trichocarpa 302. nodosa 510 trisperma 353 Caulinia Tuckermani 298, flexilis I 8&1 typhinoides 302, Guadalupensis 8 umbellata I 335 Caulophyllum 2 OL utriculata 297. _ thalictroides gl ursina 353 Ceanothus 2 407 Vahlit 306 Americanus 407 vaginata 326 ovalis 407 varia 333) 334 ovatus 407 venusta minor 321 ““ pubescens 407 verrucosa 315 Cebatha 2 9 vestita 304 (Cocculus) virescens 316, 320 Carolina 94 viridula 324 Cedronella vulgaris 309, 310, cordata 3 86) vulpina 342 | CELASTRACEAE 2 393 | vulpinoidea I 345 Celastrus 395 Walteriana 304, _scandens 396 Willdenovii 337 | Celosia NXalapensis 349 _ paniculata I 593 | xanthocarpa 345 Celtis I 526 axanthophysa 292 Mississippiensis 527 | xerantica 355. occidentalis 526, 527 | xerocarpa 308 _— pumila 526 Carpinus I 506 Cenchrus I 127 Caroliniana 506 Carolinianus 127 Virginiana 507. vacemosa 105 Carum 2535 _ tribuloides 127 Carui 535 Centaurea 3 491 Carya Americana 492 alba r 485 benedicta 493 amara 485 Calcitrapa 493 | olivaeformts 484, Cyanus 491 porcina 487|' Jacea 492 tomentosa 486 _nigra 492 see Hicoria I ABs -6 | Centaurella CARYOPHYLLACEAE verna 2 621 2 6 Centella 2 541 Cassandra ( Hydrocotyle in part) calyculala 2570 _Asiatica 541 Cassia 2 257 Centrosema Chamaecrista 258 lirginianum 2 333 “robusta 238 | | Centunculus 2 593 Sasciculata 258, _ minimus 593 | Marylandica 258 | Cephalanthus 3 216! nictitans 25 occidentalis 216 obtusifolia 258 | Cephalophora occidentalis 259| _ Sscaposa 3 449 | Tora 258 5 Cerastium 2 25 Cassiope 25 alpinum 27 hypnoides 2 aquaticum 20 tetragona 566, arvense 27 Castalia 44| brachypodum 26 (Nymphaea) ““compactum 27 Letbergti 45 cerastioides 28 odorata 44 Fischerianum 27 “rosea 44, glomeratum 25 pudica 44 quaternellum 29 pygmaea 45| longipedunculat’m 26 tetragona 45| mutans 26 tuberosa 44 oblongifolium 27 Castanea 1514, semidecandrum 25 dentata 515 lrigynum 28 pumila 15| ¢riviale 26 vesca var, Amer. 515| velulinum 27 Castilleja 3 178 | viscosum 25, 26 acuminata 180 vulgatum 25, 26 affinis var. 179 Cerasus coccinea 179) demissa 2 253 indivisa 179| Mahaleb 252 minor 179 Pennsylvanica 252 533 Cerasus pumila 2 250 serolina 253 ‘“ montana 253 Virginitana 252 | Ceratochloa breviaristala 1 223 CERATOPHYLLACEAE 2 46 Ceratophyllum 46 demersum 46 Cercis 2 256 | Canadensis 257 | Cercocarpus 2 223 parviflorus 223 Ceresia fluitans I 106 Cereus caespitosus 2 46 viridifiorus 460 Chaerophyllum 2 529 | procumbens 529 “ Shortii 529 | sativum 528 Teinturieri 530 Chaetopappa 3 351 asteroides 351 modesta 351 Chamaecistus 2 563 ( Lotseleuria) procumbens 2 563 serpyllifolia 563, | Chamaecyparis I 58 Sphaeroidea 59 thyoides 59 | Chamaedaphne 2 570 ( Cassandra) calyculata 570 Chamaelirium I 402 Carolinianum 402 luteum 402 | Chamaenerium 2 480 ( Epilobium in part) angustifolium 481 latifolium 481 Chamaeraphis glauca I 126 Ltalica 127 verticillata 126 | wtridis 126 |Chamaesaracha 3, 133 conioides 133 Coronopus 134 sordida 133 Cheilanthes I 30 Alabamensis 30 dealbata 32 gracilis 31 | lanosa 31 lanuginosa Br tomentosa 3I Chelidonium 2 102-3 diphyllum 102 Glaucium 103 majus 103 | Chelone 149 Digitalis 152 glabra 149 hirsuta 151 Lyoni 150 obliqua 150 Penstemon 152 CHENOPODIACEAE ; I 569 Chenopodium 570 album 570, 571 ambrosioides 1 575 anthelminticum 575 Berlandieri 572 Bonus-Henricus 574 Boscianum 572 Botrys 574 capitatum 576 Fremontii 572 glaucum 571 534 Chenopodium hybridum I 573 leptophyllum 548, 571 maritimum 1 585 mullifidum 576 murale 573 polyspermum 571 Scoparia 581 rubrum 574 urbicum 573 viride 570 Chimaphila 2 553 | corymbosa 554 maculata 553 umbellata 554 Chimonanthus 2 95 Chiogenes 2 581 hispidula 581 Japonica 581 serpyllifolia 581 Chionanthus 2 603 Virginica 603 Chironia see Sabbatia 2 609-12 Chloris 1178 curlipendula 180 verticillata 178 | Chondrilla 3 270 juncea 270 Chondrophora 3 325 ( Bigelovia in part) NAUSEOSA 326 nudata 325 | “ virgata 326 | CHORIPETALAE 1 482 Chrosperma I 402 (Amianthium) muscaetoxicum 403 Chrysanthemum 3 457 arcticum 457 Balsamita 458 grandifiorum 459 tnodorum 459 Leucanthemum 457 | Parthenium 458 Chrysocoma gigantea 3 303 gramintfolia 347 nudatla 325 tomentosa 302 virgata 326 Chrysogonum 3 408 | Virginianum 409 “ dentatum 409 Chrysopogon I 103 avenaceus 104 nutans 104 | Chrysopsis 3 322) alba 376 | camporum 324 | falcata 323 | Lossypina 323 graminifolia 322 hispida 325 Mariana 323 Nuttallii 325 pilosa 323, 325 stenophylla 324 | villosa 324 Chrysosplenium 2 181 | alternifolium 181 Americanum 181 oppositifolium 181 Chrysothamnus 3 326) (Bigelovia in part) | gvraveolens 3 326 | Howardi 326 nauseosus 326 Cicendia exaltata 2 608 CICHORIACEAE 3, 261 Cichorium 262 Intybus 262 | “divaricatum 262 Cicuta 2 535! GENERAL INDEX Cicuta bulbifera 2 536 maculata 536 virosa maculata 536 Cimicifuga 2 56 Americana 57 cordifolia 57 palmata 72 racemosa 56 * dissecta 56 Cineraria maritima 3 465 palustris 481 inna I 158 arundinacea 158 glomerata 102 lateralis 102 latifolia 158 pendula 158 Circaea 2 499 alpina 500 Lutetiana 499 Cirsium see Carduus 3 485-9 horridulum 488 Cissus - Ampelopsis 2 412 slans 4i2 CISTACEAE 2 439 Cistus Canadensis 440 Citrullus Citrullus 3 250 Cladium I 281 mariscoides 281 Cladothrix I 592 lanuginosa 592 Cladrastis 2 264 Sragrans 264 lutea 264 tinctoria 264 Claytonia CVE Caroliniana 3 Chamissoi 3 lanceolata 3 perfoliata 4 Virginica 3 Clematis 2: 67 Addisonii 69 Catesbyana 7 crispa 638 cordala 68 cylindrica 68 Fremontii 70 hirsulissima 7 ligusticifolia 68 ochroleuca 69 ovata 69, 79 Pitcheri 2 68 Scottii 70 | sericea 69 | Simsii 68 verticillaris 71 Virginiana 67 Viorna 69 viornioides 69 Cleome 2 155 dodecandra 157 tnlegrifolia 155 lutea 156 pinnala 109 pungens 155 serrulata 155 spinosa 155 Cleomella 2 156 angustifolia 157 CLETHRACEAE 2 548 Clethra 548 acuminata 549 alnifolia 548 | Clinopodium 3 107) (ine. Calamintha) Acinos 109 Calamintha 109 glabrum 109 OF LATIN NAMES. ' Clinopodium glabellum 3 110 incanum 114 Nepeta 108 vulgare 108 Clintonia I 428 | borealis 428 ciliala 429 umbellata 429 | umbellulata 429 Clitoria 2 333 | Mariana 333 Virginiana 333 Clypeola alyssoides 2 153 marilima 153) Cnicus 3 493 | see Carduus 3 485-9. benedictus 493. horridulus 4838 pumilus 488 Cocculus Carolinus 2 of Cochlearia 2 113, 114 Armoracia 127 Coronopus 113 oblong tfolia 15 officinalis 115 | Coelopleurum 2 520 | Gmelini 520 Coix dactyloides I 98 Coleosanthus 3 313 ( Bricke/llia) grandiflorus 314 Collinsia 3 155 parviflora 156 verna 156 violacea 156 Collinsonia 3 123 Canadensis 123 Collomia 3 41 linearis 42 see Gilia 38-40 Colpodium lattfolium I 157 Comandra I 536 livida 537 pallida 536 | umbellata 536 Comaropsis 2 218 Sragarioides 218 Comarum 2 217 palustre 217 COMMELINACEAE I 374 Commelina 375 agraria 375 communis 375, 376 dubia 380 erecta 375, 376 hirtella I 375 | longtfolia 375 nudiflora 375 Virginica 376 | Willdenovit 37 COMPOSITAE 3 208 | Comptonia I 488 | asplentfolia 489 | peregrina 489 CONIFERAE I 49 | Conioselinum 2 512 Canadense 512 | Chinense 512 Conium 2 531 maculatum 532 Conobea 3 159 niultifida 159 Conoclinium coelestinum 3 313 Conopholis 3 196 Americana 197 | Conostylis | Americana I 446 | Conringia 3 515 orientalis 515 [Vor II], Conringia perfoliata 3 515 CONVALLARIACEAE I 427 Convallaria 434 biflora 433 commutata 434 majalis 434 racemosa 429 stellata 430 trifolia 430 CONVOLVULACEAE I | Convolyulus 74 aquaticus 21 arvensis 26 Carolinus 23 humistralus 20 incanus 26 Japonicus 25 panduralus 23 Pickeringti 2i purpureus 24 repens 2 sepium and var. 25 spithameus 26 Conyza asterotdes 3 354 bifoliata 354 lintfolia 353 Cooperia I 444 Drummondii 444 Coprosmanthus herbaceus I 439 tamnifolius 439 Coptis 2.453 trifolia 54 Corallorhiza I 477 Corallorhiza 478 Tnnala 478 Macraei 479 multiflora 479 odontorhiza 478 striata 479 Wisteriana 478 Corema 2 383 Conradii 384 Coreopsis 3 43t alternifolia 431 aristata 440 aristosa 440 aurea 439 auriculata 435 Bidens 437 bidentoides 438 cardaminefolia 432 coronala 3 439 crassifolia 434 delphinifolia 433 discoidea 438 grandiflora 435 lanceolata 434 “angustifolia 434 “villosa 434 tnvolucrata 440 major 3 433 © Oemleri 433 palmata 432 pubescens 434 rosea 43U sentfolia var. 433 tinctoria 432 stellata 433 tripteris 435 verticillata 433 tricosperma vat. 439 trifida 44 see Bidens 3 436740 Corispermum I 581 hyssopifolium 582 CORNACEAE 2 542 Cornucopiae altissima I 162 hiemalis 161 perennans 161 Vor. III. Cornus 2 542 alba 545 alternifolia 546 Amonum 544 asperifolia 544 Baileyi 545 Canadensis 543 candidissima 545 circinata 544 fastigiala 546 Drummondii 544 florida 543 paniculata 545 rugosa 544 sericea 544 stolonifera 545 stricta 546 Suecica 543 Coronilla 2 310 varia 310 Coronopus 2 snr ( Senebiera) Coronopus 2 113 didymus 113 Corydalis Canadensis 2 104 glauca 105 see Capnoides 2 105-7 Corylus I 507 Americana 507 rostrata 508 Cotinus 2 388 (Rhus in part) Americanus 3890 cotinoides 389 Cotinus 389 Cotoneaster 2 245 (Cralaegus in part) Pyracantha 245 Cracca 2 292 ( Tephrosia) hispidula 293 spicata 293 Virginiana 292 ““ holosericea 293 Cranizia lineala 2 521 Crassina 3 411 (Zinnia) grandiflora 412 | CRASSULACEAE 2 103 Crataegus 2 239 apiifolia 242 arborescens 242 coccinea 242 ‘ flabellata 242 “ oligandra 243 | cordata 241 Crus-Galli 240 | flava 244 | ‘* pubescens 244 Slexispina 244 | glandulosa 243 macracantha 243 mollis 243 Oxyacantha 241 parvifolia 244 | populifolia 241 punctata 241 *“ canescens 241 | Pyracantha 2 245) racemosa 237 | rotundifolia 243 | spathulata 240 Spicata 238 | subvillosa 243 tomentosa 244 uniflora 244 | Vailiae 245 | viridis 242 “ nitida 242 Crepidium glaucum 3 280 Crepis 3 279 biennis 281 GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. | Crepis glauca 3 280 intermedia 282 nudicaulis 266 occidentalis 282 polymorpha 281 pulchra 280 runcinata 280 tectorum 281 virens 281 Cristaria coccinea 2 421 | Cristatella 2 156 Jamesii 156 Crotalaria 2 267 alba 267 ovalis 268 rotundifolia 268 sagittalis 268 “ ovalis 268 Croton 2 362 capitatus 363 glandulosus 362 Lindheimerianus 3 518 monanthogynus 2 363 Texensis 363 Crotonopsis 2 364 linearis 364 CRUCIFERAE 2 108 Crypsts schoenoides I 147 | squarrosa 183) Cryptanthe 56 (Aryniizia in nee crassisepala 57 | Fendleri 57 Cryptogramma 28 acrostichoides 28 Cryptotaenia Canadensis 2 536 Clenium Americanum 1 177 Cubelium 2 456 (Solea) concolor 456 Cucubalus Behen 2 9 niveus 9 Stellatus 9 Cucumis perennis 3 250 CUCURBITACEAE 3 249 Cucurbita 250 foetidissima 250. Pepo 250 | perennis 250 Cunila 3 116 £labella 110 Mariana 116 origanoides 116 pulegioides 106 Cuphea petiolata 2 473 viscosissima 473 | Cupressus disticha r 58 thyoides 59 CUSCUTACEAE 3)-27 Cuscuta 27 arvensis 28 Cephalanthi 29 chlorocarpa 28 compacta 31 Coryli 29 cuspidata 30 decora 29 densiflora 27 Epilinum 27 Epithymum 28 glomerata 31 Gronovii 30 indecora 29 inflexa 29 paradoxa 31 | Cuscuta Polygonorum 3 28 pulcherrima 29 | rostrata 30 tenuiflora 29 Trifolit 23 | vulgivaga 30 Cyclachaena xanthiifolia 3 294 Cyclanthera 3 251 dissecta 251 Cycloloma I 576 atriplicifolia 577 plalivphyllum 577 Cymbalaria 3 144 Cymbalaria 144 } Cymbidium hyemale I 481 odontorhizon 478 pulchellum 480 Cymopterus 2 517 acaulis 517 glomeratus 517 montanus 517 Cynanchum 16 ( Vincetoxicum ) Carolinense 18 hirtum 18 nigrum 16 | obliquum 18 suberosum 17 CYNAREAE 3 301 Cynoctonum 2 605 ( MWitreola) Mitreola 606 | petiolatum 606 Cynodon Dactylon Ta75 Cynoglossum 3753 glomeratum 58 ‘Morisoni 55 officinale 53 pilosum 55 Virginicum 54 Cynosciadium 2 521 pinnatum 521 Cynosurus I 200 Aecgyplius 182 cristatus 200 Indicus 181 | Cynthia Dandelion 3 264 Virginica 263 CYPERACEAE I 234 Cyperus I 234 acuminatus 239 artstatus 237 arundinaceus 247 Baldwintt 246 calcaratus 238 compressus 238 cylindricus 245 dentatus 240 diandrus 236 echinatus 246 Engelmanni 243 esculentus 241 erythrorhizos 24t ferox 242 Serruginescens 242 filiculmis 245 flavescens 235 flavicomus 237 fuscus 239 Grayi 246 Halei I 241 Hallii 240 Haspan 239 Houghtoni 246 Hydra 240 inflexus 237 Lancastriensis 244 Michauxianus 242 microdontus 237 Nuttallii 236 535 ' Cyperus ovularis ° I 245 parvus 242 | phymatodes 241 | pseudovegetus 238 refractus 244 retrofractus 244 rivularis 236 rotundus 240 Schweinitzii 238 Spathaceus 247 speciosus 242 strigosus 243 Torrevi 245 | Cypripedium I 457 acaule 457 | album 458 arietinum 457 | bulbosum 477 | candidum 458 hirsutum 458 | parviflorum 459 pubescens 458 | Teginae 458 Spectabile 458 CyRILLACEAE 2 389 Cyrilla 389 racemiflora 389 Cyrtorhyncha 2 85 (Ranunculus in part) Cymbalaria 86 ranunculina 85 Cystopteris Der2 | bulbifera 12 fragilis 13 | montana 13 | Cytisus 2 265, 271 rhombifolius 265 | scoparius 271 | Dactylis I 200 glomerata 200 see Spartina 1 175-7 | Dactyloctenium I 182 Aegyptium 182 Aegypliacum 182 | Dalea 2 287 alopecurotdes 288 lanuginosa 288 laxiflora 287 nana 3 517 parviflora 2 302 violacea 290 see Parosela 2 287-8 see Kuhnistera 289-91 Dalibarda 2 205 Sragarioides 218 repens 205 violaeotdes 205 Danthonia I 173 Alleni 174. compressa 174 glabra 3 503 sericea I 174 spicata 174 Daphne 2 465 Mezereum 465 | Darbya umbellulata 3 513 Darlingtonia 2 255 | Dasystoma 173 (inc. Gerardia in part) Drummonditi 3 174 flava 173 grandiflora 174 laevigata 174 Pedicularia 173 pubescens 173 quercifolia, var. 174 Virginica 174 Datisca hirta 2 386 Datura 3 139 Metel 140 Stramonium 139 Tatula 139 536 Daucus 2 509 Carota 510 divaricalus 537 Decodon 2 470 ( Nesaea) aquatic us 471 verticillatus 471 Decumaria 2 185 barbata 185 Delphinium 2 59 Ajacis 59 azureum 60 Carolinianum 60 Consolida 59 exallatum 59 Nelsoni 3 514 tricorne 2 urceolatum 59 Dendrium 2 562 . (Lefophyllum) buxiflorum 562 Dentaria 2 131 diphylla 132-3 heterophylla 133 laciniata 132-3 maxima 132 Dentidia Nankinensis 3 124 Deringa 2 536 (Cryplotaenia) Canadensis 536 Deschampsia I 169 atropurpurea 170 caespitosa 169 flexuosa 170 Descurainia Flartwegiana 2 tncisa 145 pinnata 145 Sophia 144 Desmanthus brachylobus 2 255 leplolobus 255 Desmodiune see Meibomia 2 313-20 acuminatum 2 314 Canadense hirsut.3t7 * longifolia 317 ciliare g2i cuspidatum 317 Tineatum 315 Deyeuxta Macouniana 1 163 Dianthera 3 203 Americana 204 humilis 204 ovata 204 Dianthus 2 18 Armeria 19 barbatus 20 deltoides 19 prolifer 19 Saxifraga 17 Diapedium 3 204 (Dicliptera) brachiatum 205 DIAPENSIACEAE 2 582 Diapensia 582 barbulata 583 Lapponica 583 Diaperia prolifera 3 305 Diarina I 1096 Diarrhena Americana I 196 Dicentra see Bicuculla 2 104 Dichondra 3 20 evolvulacea 20 repens 20 Dichromena I 256 colorata 256 latifolia 257 leucocephala 256 Dicksonia ee a1 GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. ' Dicksonia pilostuscula I 12) punctilobula 12 | Dicliplera 3 204 brachiata 205 Diclytra see Bicuculla 2 104 DICOTYLEDONES I 482 Didiplis 2 470 diandra 470 linearis 470 Dielytra Cucullaria 2 104 Diervilla 3 242 Diervilla 242 trifida 242 Dieteria sessiliflora 3 384 Digitalis 3 171 purpurea 171 Digttaria Siliformis © 211 humifusa III paspaloides 109 sanguinalis III Diodia 3 217 teres 217 Virginiana 218 Diodonta bidentoides 3 438 DIOSCOREACEAE I 446 Dioscorea 447 villosa 447 Diospyros 2 596 Virginiana 597 Diotis lanata I 581 Diphylleia 2 9g! cymosa gl Diplachne I 186 fascicularis 186 rigida 190 Diplogon 3 322 Diplopappus see Doellingeria 3 392 amygdalina 392 CANESCENS 386 corntfolius 392 hispidus 325 linarttfolius 393 umbellatus 302 Diplotaxis 2 119 muralis 120 tenuifolia 120 DIPSACEAE 3 247 Dipsacus 247 fullonum 248 ‘ sativus 248 sylvestris 248 Dipteracanthus biflorus 3 202 ciliosus var. parvt- Jlorus 203 micranthus 202 Dirca 2 466 occidentalis 466 palustris 466 Discanthera dissecta 3 251 Discopleura 2 537 capillacea 538 Nuttallit 538 Disporum T 431 | ( Prosariles) lanuginosum 431 trachycarpum 432 Distasis 3 35r Distichlis I 1098 ( Uniola) maritima 198 spicata 198 Ditaxis 2 364 (Argvrothamnia) humilis 365 mercurialina 364 | Dodecatheon 2 Meadia “ Frenchii Doellingeria 3 (Diplopappus) amygdalina humilis infirma plarmicoides umbellata pubens Dolichos Catjang 2 polystachyus regu larts Sinensts Dondia I (Sueda) Americana depressa maritima Donia ciliata 3 squarrosa Doronicum acaule ramosum Draba alpina androsacea arabisans aurea brachycarpa Caroliniana confusa cuneifolia Fladnizensis hispidula incana micrantha nemorosa nivalis ramosissima verna Dracaena borealis I wumbellulata Dracocephalum 3 cordatum denticulatum tntermedium Moldavicum parviflorum speciosum Virginitanum Dracontium Joetidum DROSERACEAE Drosera Americana Anglica filiformis intermedia linearis longifolia rotundifolia tenutfolia DRUPACEAE 2 Dryas 2 chamaedrifolia Drummondii integrifolia petobetall tenella Dryopteris I ( Aspidium) acrostichoides aculeata Boottii Braunii cristata dilatata Filix-mas fragrans Goldieana vw NH 161, 161, 222, (Vor. III. | Dryopteris intermedia r 18 Lonchitis 14 marginalis 17 Noveboracensis 15 simulata 16 spinulosa 18 Thelypteris 15 Duchesnea 2 207 (Fragaria in part) Indica Dulichium I 7s arundinaceum 247 Spathaceum ey Dupatya ( Pia palagtiain a flavidula 373 Dupontia I 209 Cooleyt 210 Fisheri Dysodia 3.453 chrysanthemoides 453 papposa 453 Eatonia I 192 Dudleyi 193 nitida 193 obtusata 192 Pennsylvanica 193 EBENACEAE 2 596 Echinacea angustifolia 3 420 purpurea 420 Echinocactus 2 461 Simpsoni 461 Echinocereus 2 460 caespitosus 461 viridiflorus 460 Echinocystis 3 251 lobata 251 Echinodorus r 85 cordifolius 86 parvulus 85 radicans 86 rostraius 86 tenellus 85 Echinospermum deflexum Am. 3 56 Redowskti cup. 55 see Lappula 54-6 Echites difformis 3 8 Echium 3 68 vulgare 69 Eclipta 3 413 alba 413 erecta 413 procumbens 413 ELAEAGNACEAE 2 466 Elaeagnus 2 466 argentea 467-8 Canadensis 467 ELATINACEAE 2 437 Elatine 2 437; 3 145 Americana 2 437 brachysperma 438 triandra 438 Elatinoides 3 145 (Linaria in part) Elatine 145 spuria 145 Eleocharis t 245 acicularis 252 acuminata 255 albida 254 atropurpurea 250 capitata 250 compressa 255 Engelmanni 251 eqguisetoides 248 intermedia 255 interstincta 248 melanocarpa 254 microcarpa 253 mutata 249 ochreata 249 Vor, III.] GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. Eleocharis Epilobium Erigeron olivacea I 250; lineare 2 483| flagellaris 3 387 ovata 251| molle 483| glabellus var. on palustris 251 oliganthum 483| gramtntfolius 387 paucifiorus 262) palustre 483 hyssopifolius 387 pygmaea 262) paniculatum 484| macranthus 385 quadrangulata 249) spicatum 481 mollis 386 Robbinsii 249} strictum 483| mudicaulis 390 rostellata 256 | Epipactis 1 469| Philadelphicus 388 tenuis 255| convallarioides 473| pilosum 323 Torreyana 253| Helleborine 469} pulchellus ~ 388 tortilis 253| Jatifolia var. 469| pumilus 386 tricostata 254| _viridiflora 469| ramosus 389 tuberculosa 253 | Eptphegus “ Beyrichii 389 Watsoni 252 Virginiana 3.197| strigosus 389 Wolfii 252| EQUISETACEAE I 35) ‘“‘ discotdeus 389 Eleogenus Equisetum 35| subtrinervis 386 ochrealus I 249| arvense 36| uniflorus 385 Elephantopus 3 304| fluviatile 37 | _ vernus 390 Carolinianus 305| hyemale 38 | Eriocarpum 328 nudatus 305| laevigatum 38| (Aplopappus in part) tomentosus 305| limosum 37| grindelioides 328 Eleusine I 181 littorale 37| rubiginosum 328 Aegyplia 182| palustre 37| spinulosum 329 Indica 181| pratense 36 | ERIOCAULACEAE I 371 mucronata 182|/ robustum 38 | Eriocaulon 371 Ellisia scirpoides 39| anceps 373 microcalyx 3 45| sylvaticum 36) articulalum 371 Nyctelea 45|_ variegatum 39| compressum 372 Elodea Eragrostis 1 187| decangulare 372 campanulala 2436) campestris 191| flavidulum 373 Canadensis I 93/ capillaris 188| gnaphalodes 372 petiolata 2 437| Caroliniana 189| septangulare 371 Virginica 436| curtipedicellata 190 | Eriochloa I 110 Elodes 436! Eragrostris 189| polystachya 110 Elsholtzia 3.124| erythrogona 188| punctata 110 cristata 124| Frankii 188 | Eriocoma Patrinii 124; hypnoides 192| cuspidata I 14! Elymus I 230| major 189 Eriogonum I 542 Americanus 231| megastachya 189| alatum 542 arenarius 232| minor 189| Alleni 543 Canadensis 231 oxylepis 191 annuum 544 condensatus 232| pectinacea 190| brevicaule 546 elymoides 232| pilosa 188| campanulatum 546 glaucifolius 231| poaeoides 189} cernuum 546 glaucus 231 Purshii 189} corymbosum 544 Hystrix 233| refracta I9gt| effusum 544 intermedius 3.508| replans 192} flavum 545 Macounii I 231} secundiflora 191} gnaphaloides 545 robustus 3.508 sessilispica 190} Jamesii 543 Stbtricus I 231| /fenuts 19t} lachnégynum 546 Siltanion 232| _ trichodes 191} Lindhetmerianum striatus 230 | Eranthis 2 53 I 544 Virginicus 230, _ hyemalis 53| longifolium 543 yna T 283 | Erechtites 3.472| micranthum 546 Bellardi 284 | | _ hieracifolia 47, microthecum 544 spicata 284 | Erianthus m9 multiceps 545 Elytrospermum | alopecuroides 98| parviflorum 545 Californicum 1 267| brevibarbis 99| pauciflorum 545 EMPETRACEAE 2 383) compactus 99| sericeum 543, 545 Empetrum 2.383 _ saccharoides 99 Texanum 543 Conradit 384 | peeecene 2 556 Eriophorum I 271 nigrum 383 | Erica 573 alpinum 271 Enemion cinerea 573| capitatum 272 biternaltum 2 54| ‘Tetralix 573| cyperinum 271 Engelmannia 3410) vulgaris 573| gracile 273 pinnatifida 410 Erigenia 2541| Jatifolium 273 Enslenia bulbosa 542 polystachyon 273 albida 3 16) Erigeron 3 384| russeolum 272 Epifagus acris 390| Scheuchzeri 272 Americana 3 197 ‘ debilis 390| triquetrum 273 Epigaea 2 571 | ““Droebachianus 390! vaginatum 272 repens 571; annuus 3 389 Virginicum 273 Epilobium 2 481-5; asper 385 | Eritrichium adenocaulon 484)\ Bellidiastrum 389| Californicum 3 56 alpinum 482)\ bellidifolius 388 | crasstsepalum 57 majus 485| caespitosus 386| glomeratum 58 avagallidifolium 482) camphoratum 396| fulvocanescens 59 angustifolium 481| Canadensis 391} Jamestt 58 coloratum 484| canescens 386 | Erodium 2 344 glandulosum 484 canus 387| cicutarium 344 | hirsutum 482\| Carolinianum 348| moschatum 344 | Hornemanni 485| divaricalus 391 | Lrophila | lactiflorum 482| divergens 388 | vulgaris 2 140 latifolium 481| Droebachianus 390| Ervum 2 328 | 537 Ervum hirsutum 2 328 Lens 329 mulliforum 305 tetraspermum 328 Eryngium 2 521 aquaticum 522 integrifolium 523 Leavenworthii 522 prostratum 523 Virginianum 522 yuccaefolium 522 Erysimum 2 115, 151 Alliaria 115 Arkansanum 152 asperum 152 Barbarea 122 cheiranthoides 151 inconspicuum I5t lanceolatum 152 officinale 116 orientale 3515 parviflorum 2 151 perfoliatum 3515 pinnatum 2 145 praecox 122 syrticolum 152 Erythraea 2 607 calycosa 608 Centaurium 607 Douglasti 608 exaltata 608 pulchella 608 ramosissima 608 spicata 607 Erythronium I 419 albidum 420 Americanum 420 angustatum 420 bracteatum 420 mesachoreum 421 propullans 421 Eulophus 2 528 Americanus 528 Euonymus 2 393 Americanus 304 atropurpureus 394 Europaeus 395 obovatus 304 EUPATORIEAE 3 209 Eupatorium 3 306 ageratoides 312 album 308 “subvenosum 308 allterntfolium 314 altissimum 310 ambiguum 309 amoenum 307 aromaticum 312 capillifolium 307 coelestinum 313 Salcatum 307 Joeniculaceum 307 Joenitculoides 307 glandulosum 308 grandifiorum 314 hyssopifolium 309 “lactnialum 309 lecheaefolium 309 leucolepis 308 lineartfolium 309 maculatum 307 “amoenum 307 perfoliatum 311 ““cuneatum 312 “truncatum 311 pilosum 310 pubescens oe I purpureum ‘angustifolium oe “faleatum 3 307 resinosum 312 rotundifolium 31 “ovatum 3It scandens 313 538 Eupatorium semiserratum 3 309 serotinum sessilifolium 310 “Brittonianum 310 Torreyanum 309 leucriifolium 310 trifoliatum 307 truncatum gil verbenaefolium 310 EUPHORBIACEAE 2 361 Euphorbia 2 369 arenaria 371 commutata 3 corollata 375 cuphosperma 376 Cyparissias 38r Darlingtonii 378 dentata 376 dictyosperma 379 Esula 380 Fendleri 374 Geyeri 372 glyptosperma 373 Helioscopia 379 heterophylla 377 hexagona 375 hirsuta 3.518 humistrata 2 373 hy pericifolia 375 Ipecacuanhae 377 Lathyris 377 lata 374 maculata 373 marginata 76 montana robusta 381 Nicaeensis 2 380 nutans 375 Nuttallii 371 humistrata 373 obtusata 378 Ohiotica 380 Peplus 379 petaloidea 371 platyphylla 378 polygonifolia 371 Preslit 375 Rafinesqui 3518 robusta 2 381 serpens 372 serpyllifolia 372 stictospora 374 zygophylloides 371 Euphrasia 3 181 Americana 182 latifolia 182 Oakesii 182 Odontites 183 officinalis 182 Euploca convolvulacea 3 52 Eurotia I 580 lanata 58I Eurybia glomerata 3 358 Eustoma 2 612 Russellianum 612 Eustylis 4 452 Euthamia 347 (Solidago in pant} Caroliniana 348 graminifolia 347 leptocephala 348 Eutoca Franklinii 3 47 Euxolus crispus I 590 deflexus 590 lividus 589 pumilus 590 Evax prolifera 3 395 Evolvulus 3 21 argenteus 21 pilosus 2I GENERAL INDEX. OF LATIN NAMES. FAGACEAE I 513 Fagopyrum I 553 esculentum 553 Fagopyrum 553 Tataricum 554 Fagus I 514 Americana 514) Castanea dentata 515 Serruginea 514 pumila 515 Falcata © 2 333 (Amphicarpa) comosa 334 Pitcheri 334 | Fedia 3 246-7 see Valerianella | Fagopyrum 246 | patellaria 247 | umobilicala 247 Ferula | Canadensis 2 519) Soeniculacea 516 | villosa 512 | Festuca 215 brachyphylla 3 505 brevifolia 505 capillata 506 decumbens I 185 diandra 196 duriuscula 217 elatior 217 fascicularis I 186 fluttans 213 gigantea a8 Myuros 216 nutans 218 octoflora 216 ovina 217 “ brevifolia 3 505 pratensis I 217 tubra 216 seabrella 217 Shortii 218 spicata 3 597 tenella I 216 untoloides 224 Ficaria 2 85 Ficaria 85, 103 ranunculoides 85 FICOIDEAE see AIZOACEAE I 507 Filago 3 395 Germanica 395 prolifera 395 FILICES EN TZ Fimbristylis I 259 autumnalis 260 Baldwiniana 260 capillaris 258 castanea 259 congesta 260 laxa 260 spadicea 259 Vahlii 260 Flaveria 3 444 angustifolia 444 Floerkea 2 385 proserpinacoides 385 Foeniculum 2 525 Foeniculum 525 vulgare 525 Forestiera acuminata 2 603 Forsteronia difformis ya Fothergilla 2 192 alnifolia 192 Carolina 192 Gardent 192) Fragaria 2 206 Americana 207 Canadensis 206 Indica 208 rubens 209 vesca 207 | Fragaria | Virginiana 2 206 “ [llinoensis 206 Frangula Caroliniana 2 406 | Franseria discolor 206 Hookeriana 296 tomentosa 297 | Frasera 2 619 Carolinensis 619 Fraxinus 600 Americana 601 Caroliniana 602 lanceolata 601 nigra 601 Pennsylvanica 601 platycarpa 602 pubescens 601 quadrangulata 602 sambucifolia 602 viridis 601 Fritillaria I 419 alba 422 atropurpurea 4t Froelichia I 8 Floridana 592 gracilis 593 Fuirena I 274 hispida 274 simplex 274 squarrosa 274 FUMARIACEAE 2 99 Fumaria 2 104, 108 Cucullaria To4 eximia 104 Sungosa 105 officinalis 108 parviflora 108 sempervirens 105 Gaertneria 3 296 ( Franseria) acanthicarpa 296 discolor 296 tomentosa 297 Gaillardia 3 451 aristata 452 lanceol: ta 451 pulchella 452 simplex 452 suavis 452 Galactia 2 335 glabella 335 mollis 336 pilosa 336 regularis 335 | voliibilis 336 Galax 2 583 aphylla 584 Galega 292 see Cracca 292-3 Galeopsis 3 92 Ladanum 92 Tetrabit 2 Galinsoga 3 442 parviflora 442 “hispida 442 Galium 3 218 Anglicum 219 Aparine and var, 220 Arkansanum 223 asprellum 225 Bermudense 221 boreale 222 circaezans 222 “ olabellum 222 “lanceolaium 221 “ montanum 222 Claytoni 3 224 concinnum 225 hispidulum 226 Kamtschaticum 222 lanceolatum 221 latifolium 223 Littellit 222 [Von III. ‘| Galium Mollugo 3 210 obltusum 224 palustre 225 Parisiense 219 parviflorum 225 pilosum 221 * puncticulosum 221 seplentrionale 222 spurium 220 tinctorium 224 “ filifolium 224 “ Labradoricum 224 Torreyt 221 tricorne 3 220 trifidum 224 ““bifolium 225 ‘ latifolium 224 “ pusillum 224 triflorum 223 Vaillantit 220 verum 218-19 virgatum 221 Galpinsia 9. ( Oenothera in patty Hartwegi GAMOPETALAE 2 Gaultheria 2 571 procumbens 572 aura 2 496 biennis 497 coccinea 497 filipes 497 lintfolia 499 Michauxii 497 parviflora 496 sinuata 498 villosa 498 Gaurella 2 493 guttulata 494 Gaylussacia 2 574 brachycera 575 dumosa 575 “ hirtella 575 frondosa 574 resinosa 574 Gelsemium 2 604 nitidum 605 sempervirens 605 Gemmingia I 452 ( Belamcanda) ( Pardanthus) Chinensis 453 Genista 2 270 tinctoria 271 GENTIANACEAE 2 606 Gentiana 2 612 acuta 614 affinis 615 alba 616-7 Amarella var. 2 614 Andrewsii 616 angustifolia 618 Catesbaei 616 Cenlaurium 607 crinita 612 detonsa 614 Elliottii 616 flavida 617 Grayi 617 linearis 617 “ lanceolata 617 “ latifolia 617 ochroleuca 618 Porphyrio 618 propinqua 614 puberula 615 pulchella 608 purpurea 618 guinquefolia 615 “occidentalis 615 quingueflora 615 ramostssima 608 tubricaulis 617 Saponaria 616 Vou. III.] Gentiana scaberrima 2 616 serrata 614 spicata 607 ventricosa 613 villosa 618 GERANIACEAE =. 2: 340 Geranium 340 Bicknellii 343 Carolinianum 342 cicularium 344 columbinum 342 dissectum 343 maculatum 341 molle 34 pusillum 343 Robertianum 341 rotundifolium 342 Sibiricum 341 Gerardia 3 175 aspera 175 auriculata 178 Besseyana 177 densiflora 173 intermedia 176 linifolia 175 macrophylla 172. 177 maritima 176 parvifolia 1977 paupercula 176 purpurea 7 quercifolia 174 Skinneriana 177 tenuifolia 177 “asperula 177 see Dasystoma 173-4 Geum 2 209, 218 album 220 Canadense 220 Canadense 221 Carolinianum 220 ciliatum 219 flavum 221 macrophyllum 221 Peckit 219 radiatum 219 “© Peckit 219 rivale 219 strictum 221 2 al 219 urbanum 221 vernum 220 Virginianum 220 Gifola 3 395 Germanica 395 Gilia Bia aggregata 39 congesta 40 coronopifolia 38 gracilis 38 tberidifolia 40 inconspicua 39 linearis 42 longiflora 38 minima 42 pinnatifida 39 | pumila 4o pungens 38 ““ caespitosa 38 spicata 39 tricolor 40 Gillenia 2 197 stipulacea 198 trifoliata 198 Ginseng quinguefolium 2 507 trifolium 507 Gisopteris palmata RS Glandularia bipinnalifida 3 72 Carolinensis 72 Glaucium 2 102 Glaucium 103 luteum 103 | GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. Glaux 2 592 maritima 592 Glecoma 3 86 hederacea 87 Gleditsia 2 260 aquatica 260 monosperma 260 triacanthos 260 Glyceria I 210-14 see Panicularia fluitans ang. 3 505 Glycine Apios 2 335 comosa 334 Srutescens 294 monotca 334 lomentosa 336 umobellata 339 Giycyrthiza 2 310 lepidota 310 Gnaphalium 3 400 alpinum 398 Carpathicum 307 decurrens 4o1 dimorphum 400 dioicum 398 Germanicum 395 Helleri 401 margaritaceum 400 Norvegicum 403 obtusifolium 4o! palustre 402 polycephalum 4ol purpureum 403 plantaginifolium 399 supinum 402 sylvaticum 403 uliginosum 402 see Antennaria 3 397-400 Gonolobus 3 17-19 laevis 18 macrophyllus 17 see Vincetoxicum Gonopyrum Americanum 1 568 Goodyera see Peramium 1 474-5 Gordonia 2 427 Lasianthus 427 GRAMINEAE I 94 Graphephorum I 210 festucaceum 209 flexuosum 186 melicoideum 210 Gratiola 161 acuminata 160 aurea 162 Monntera 160 pilosa 163 sphaerocarpa 162 Virginiana 161 viscosa 162 Grindelia 3 320 lanceolata 321 nuda 321 squarrosa 321 “nuda 321 | GROSSULARIACEAE } 2 187 Guilandina dioica 2 261 Gutierrezia 3 319 Euthamiae 320 Sarothrae 320 Gymnandra rubra 3 166 Gymnocladus 2 260 Canadensis 261 dioica 261 Gymnopogon I 178 ambiguus 178 brevifolius 79 | vacemosus 178 GYMNOSPERMAE I 49 Gymnostichum Hystrix I 233 Gypsophila 26 muralis 16 paniculata 17 Gyrostachys I 470 (Spiranthes) cernua 471 gracilis 472 latifolia 470 odorata 471 plantaginea 470 praecox 471 Romanzoffiana 470 simplex 472 Gyrotheca I 442 (Lachnanthes) capitata 443 tinctoria 443 Habenaria I 460 (ine. Orchis in part) blephariglottis 1 465 bracteata 463 ciliaris 464; 465 clavellata I 463 cristata 464 dilatata 462 Jimbriata 466 flava 464 grandiflora 466 Hookeriana 461 hyperborea 462 integra 463 lacera 465 leucophaea 465 nivea 462 obtusata 461 orbiculata 461 peramoena 466 psycodes 466 tridentata 463 wirescens 464 viridis 463 HAEMODORACEAET 442 Halenia Brentoniana 2 620 deflexa 620 Halesta Carolina 2 598 lelraplera 598 HALORAGIDACEAE 2 500 HAMAMELIDACEAE 192 Hamamelis 2 192, 193 Virginiana 2 193 “ Carolina 192 Hamiltonia oleifera I 537 Hartmannia 2 492 ( Oenothera in part) speciosa 492 Hedeoma 3 105 ciliata 106 Drummondii 106 glabra 109 hirta 106 hispida 106 pulegioides 106 Hedera quinguefolia 2 413 Hedyosmos origanoides 3 116 Hedyotis see Houstonia 3 312-14 | Hedysarum 2 311 acuminatune 314 alpinum Amer, 311 Americanum 311 boreale gil ciliare 321 lineatum 315 | Mackenzii BIL pedunculatum 285 Virginicum 312 539 Hedysarum volubile 2 336 see Meibomia 2 314-20 ‘““ Lespedeza 322-4 Heleastrum paludosum 3 375 HELENIEAE 3 301 Helenium 450 autumnale 450 “pubescens 450 nudiflorum 450 pubescens 450 tenuifolium 451 Heleochloa L 147 ( Crypsis) schoenoides 147 Helianthemum 2 439 Canadense 440 corymbosum 440 majus 439 HELIANTHEAE 3 300 Helianthus 3 421 angustifolius 422 annuus 422 atrorubens 423 decapetalus 427 divaricatus 426 doronicoides 426 giganteus 425 ‘ crinitus 422 ““subtuberosus 425 grosse-serratus 425 hirsutus 428 ‘““trachyphyllus 428 laetiflorus 428 laevigatus 424 laevis 436 macrophyllus 427 Maximiliani 425 microcephalus 424 mollis 3 426, 427 Nuttallii 426 occidentalis 424 - orgyalis 422 parviflorus 424 patens 423 petiolaris 423 canescens 423 “ canus 423 ““patens 423 rigtdus 423 scaberrimus 423 subluberosus 425 strumosus 427 ““macrophyllus 427 “ mollis 427 tomentosus 423 tracheliifolius 427 tuberosus 429 ““subeanescens 429 Heliopsis 412 helianthoides 412 Jaevis and var. 412-13 seabra 413 Heliosciadium leplophyllum 2 534 Heliotropium 3 51 convolvulaceum 52 Curassavicum 52 Europaeum 51 Indicum 53 tenellum 52 Helleborus 2 52-53 hyemalis 2 53 orientalis 52 | trifolius 54 viridis 53 Helmintha | echiotdes 3 267 | Helonias I 401 | asphodeloides 4ol bullata 402 graminea 403 | Hemerocallis I 410 | ° flava 4II | 549 Hemerocallis fulva I 411 Hemianthus micranthemoides 3 164 Hemicarpha I 275 micrantha 275 subsquarrosa 275 Hendecandra Texensis 2 363 Hepatica 2 65 acuta 66 acutiloba 66 Hepatica 65 triloba 65 Heracleum 2 513 lanatum 514 Herpestis 3 159 amplexicaulis 160 cunetfolia 160 Monniera 160 nigrescens 160 See Monniera 3 160-1 Hesperis 2154 pinnalifida 123 matronalis 154 Heteranthera I 379 dubia 380 graminea 380 limosa 380 reniformis 380 Heterotheca 3 321 Lamarckii 322 subaxillaris 322 Heuchera 2 178 Americana 17 hispida 180 Re Tirsaticalis 180 pubescens 179 Richardsonit 180 Rugelii 17 villosa 179 Hexaphoma petiolarits 2 176 Hexalectris I 480 (Bletia) aphyllus 481 Squamosus 481 Hibiscus 2 424 lasiocarpus 425 militaris 425 Moscheutos 424 roseus 424 Syriacus 426 Trionum 425 Virginicus 424-5 Hicoria I 484 (Carya) alba I 486 aquatica 485 borealis 3 512 Carolinae-septentrio- nalis 3 511 glabra I 487 “hirsuta 3 512 “ odorata I 486 “ villosa 3 512 laciniosa I 486 | microcarpa 486 minima 485 pallida 3 512 ovata I 485 Pecan 484 sulcata 486 villosa 3 512 “pallida 512 Hieracium 3 282 aurantiacum 284 barbatum 287 Canadense 286 Greenii 285 Gronovii 287 longipilum 287 Marianum 285 | molle 283 GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES, [Vor III. Hieracium Hyacinthus Hypericum murorum 283| racemosus 1425) mudicaule 2 436 paniculatum 286 Hydrangea 2184) perforatum 433 Pilosella 283 arborescens 184 | petiolatum 437 “Peleterianum 283 “ Kanawhana 184 prolificum 430 praealtum 284 nivea 185| pyramidatum 429 pratense 284| radiata 185| Sarothra 436 runcinatum 280 vulgaris 184 sphaerocarpum 431 scabrum 287 | Hydrastis 2 50| virgatum 432 spathulalum 285| Canadensis 50 “ovalifolium 432 umbellatum 286| Carolinensis 72 Virginicum 436 venosum 285 | Hydrocharis Hypochaeris 3 265 vulgatum 283| cordifolia I 94| glabra 265 Hierochloa Spongita 94| _radicata 265 alpina 1 132| Hydrocotyle 2 521, 539 | Hypopeltis borealis 132| ambigua 2 540 oblusa LAL pauciflora 132| Americana 540 | Hypopitys 2 556 HIPPOCASTANACEAE Asiatica 541 Hypopitys 556 2400) Canbyi 540| Monotropa 556 Hippuris 2 501 Chinensis 521 | Hypoporum maritima 501 interrupla 540 verticillatum 1 283 tetraphylla 501| lineata 521 | Hypoxis I 445 vulgaris 501 natans 541 erecta 446 Hoffmanseggia 2 259| ranunculoides 541 | _ hirsuta 446 Falcaria 259| vrepanda 541 | Hyssopus 3 110 Jamesii 259| umbellata 539| antsalus 85 stricla 259 “ ambigua 540 officinalis 110 Holcus 1 168| verticillata 540| See Agastache 84-5 alpinus 132| Hydrolea Hystrix I 233 Halepensis 104| Caroliniana 3 50 x Asprella) lanatus 168| see Nama 3 49-50 Hystrix 233 laxus 197 | Hydropellis Tlex 2 390 odoralus 132| purpurea 2 42 Amelanchier var. 392 Holosteum 2 28| HYDROPHYLLACEAE Cassine 2 391 umbellatum 28 3 43| coriacea 3 519 Homalobus 2 305 Hydrophyllum 43| Dahoon 2 391 (Astragalus in part)| appendiculatum 44) decidua 392 caespitosus 306| Canadense 44| glabra 391 montanus 306 | macrophyllum 44 laevigata 393 multifiorus 305| Virginicum 43| lucida 3 519 tenellus 305 | Hymenatherum | mollis 2 392 Homalocenchrus 1128) aureum 3453) montana 392 ( Leersia) Hymenocallis I 444 monticola 392 lenticularis 129) occidentalis 445 | opaca 390 oryzoides 129 | Hymenolobus verticillata 392 Virginicus 129| divaricalus 2 138 ““ padifolia 393 Homotropa Hymenopappus 3 445 “ tenuifolia 393 macranthum 1 539| Carolinensis 445 | vomitoria 391 Honkenya corymbosus 445 ILICACEAE = 390 peplotdes 2 36| filifoljus 446 | Ilicioides 2 303 Hopea flavescens 446 (Nemopanthes) tinctoria 2 597| scabiosaeus 445 mucronata 393 Hordeum I 228) tenuifolius 446 | Ilysanthes 3 163 jubatum 229 | HYMENOPHYLLACEAE attenuata 164 murinum 229 I | gratioloides 163 nodosum 228 | Hymeno2zys ““curtipedicel. 164 pratense 228| lineartfolia 3 .448| riparia 163 pusillum 229| odorata 449 | Impatiens 2 403 Hosackia | Hyoscyamus 3 138 aurea 404 Purshiana 2 280| niger 138 | biflora 403 Hottonia 2 586 | Hyoseris fulva 403 inflata 586| Caroliniana 3 264| pallida 404 Houstonia 3 212| minima 265 | Imperatoria 2 514 angustifolia 215 Virginica 264 Ostruthium 515 ciliolata 214, HYPERICACEAE 2 427 | Indigofera 2 292 coerulea 212 Hypericum 2 427, 429 leptosepala 292 Linnaei minor 213 | adpressum 431 | Inula 3 404 longifolia 214| angulosum 432 divaricata 330 minima 213| Ascyron 429| ericoides 383 minor 213| boreale 434| falcata 323 patens 213 campanulatum 436| gossypina 323 purpurea 214| Canadense 435| gramintfolia 322 ““ calycosa 214 | corymbosum 433 Helenium 404 “pubescens 214 | densiflorum 430| Mariana 323 serpyllifolia 213 dolabriforme 432| subaxillaris 322 tenuifolia 215, Drummondii 435 | INULEAE 3 300 Hudsonia 2 440, ellipticum 432 Iodanthus 2 123 ericoides 441| galioides 431 ( Thelypodium in tomentosa 441 graveolens 433 part Humulus I 529) gymnanthum 434 | hasperiloides 123 Lupulus 530| Kalmianum 430|_ pinnatifidus 123 | Hutchinsia 2138| Lasianthus 427 Ionactis procumbens 138) maculatum 433 | (Diplopappusin oan Hyacinthus majus 435 linariifolius 393 botryoides 1424) mutilum 434 | Jonidium — Vo. III.] LIonidium lineare 456 peesgatacfolium 456 3022 Pearce 23 coccinea 22 commutata 23 hederacea 24 lacunosa 23 leptophylla 24 Nyctelea 45 pandurata 23 purpurea 24 Quamoclit 22 trichocarpa 23 Tresine I 593 celostoides 593 paniculata 593 IRIDACEAE I 447 Ins I 447 aphylla 450 Caroliniana 449 cristata 451 cuprea 450 Duerinckii 450 fulva 450 Germanica 450 gracilis 450 hexagona 448 Hookeri 449 lacustris 451 Missouriensis 449 prismatica 450 Pseudacorus 451 verna 452 versicolor 448 Virginica 448, 450 thus 3 77 ( Trichostema in part) brachiatus coeruleus Ce Isnardia 2 476 (Ludwigia in part) palustris 476 ISOETACEAE I 45 Isoetes 45 Braunti 46 Butleri 48 Dodgei 3 495 Eatoni 495 echinospora I 46 Engelmanni 48 foveolata 3 495 lacustris I 46 macrospora 46 melanopoda 48 muricata 47 tiparia 47 saccharata 47 Tuckermani 46 Isopappus 3 329 divaricatus 330 Isopyrum 2 54 biternatum 54 trifolium 54 Itea 2 187 Virginica 187 Iva 3 292 annua 293 axillaris 293 ciliata 293 frutescens 292 imbricata 203 xanthiifolia 294 Ixia acula I 452 Chinensis 453 Ixophorus I 125) ( Setaria) | glaucus 126 Italicus 127 verticillatus 126 viridis 126 Jacksonia trachysperma 2 158 GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. Jatropha 2 368 | stimulosa 369 Jeffersonia 2 92 Bartonts 92 binala 92 diphylla 92 JUGLANDACEAE I 483 Juglans 483 cinerea 484 nigra 483 tomentosa 486 see Hicoria 1 484-487 JUNCACEAE I 381 | Juncoides I 396 (Luzula) campestre 398 hyperboreum 398 | nemorosum 397 nivale 398 parviflorum 397 pilosum 396 spicatum 397 Juncus I 381 | acuminatus 395 alpinus 391 | aristulatus 388 articulatus 391 asper 392 Balticus 354 biglumis 389 brachycarpus 393 brachycephalus 394 bufonius 385 bulbosus 390 Caesariensis 392 campestris 398 Canadensis 394 castaneus 389 conglomeratus 383 debilis 395 dichotomus 387 diffusissimus 396 effusus 382, 383 Engelmannt 1 393 filiformis 383 Gerardi 385 Greenei 387 gymnocarpus 383 Leersit 383 longistylis 388 maritimus 384 marginatus 388 megacephalus 399, 394 militaris I 391 nemorosus 397 nodosus 392 parviflorus 397 pelocarpus 390 pilosus 396 polycephalus 393 Tepens 383 Richardsonianus 391 robustus 395 Roemerianus 384 scirpoides 393 secundus 386 setaceus I 387 Smithti 383 Spicatus 397 stygius 389 * subtilis 390 tenuis 386 Torreyi 392 trifidus 385 triglumis 390 Vaseyi 386 Juniperus I 59 communis 59 nana 60 Sabina 60 Sitbirica 60 Virginiana 60 Jussiaea 2 480 brachycarpa 478 decurrens 480 Jussiaea diffusa 2 480 repens 480 Justicia brachiata 3 205 Kallstroemia 2 352 maxima 352 Kalmia 2 563 angustifolia 563 glauca 564 | hirsuta 564 | | latifolia 564 ‘“ myrtifolia 564 Keerlia skirrobasis 3 349 Kentrophyla montana 2 306 viridis 306 | Knautia arvensis 3 249 Kneiffia 2 489 (O€nothera in part) Alleni 2 490 fruticosa 491 ““ pilosella 49 glauca 491 linearis 490 | linifolia 489 longipedicellata 490 pumila 491 Kobresia I 284 bipartita 284 caricina 284 Scirpina 284 Kochia I 581 Americana 581 atriplicifolia 577 Scoparia 581 Koeleria I 193 cristata 194 nilida 194 Pennsylvanica 193 Koellia SL ELE (ine. Pycnanthemum and Brachyslemum) albescens 3 114} aristata 113 clinopodioides 113 flexuosa Ill hyssopifolia 113 incana 114 montana II5 mutica 115 pilosa 112 pycnanthemoides 114 | verticillata 112 Virginiana 112 Koenigia Tslandica I 542 Koniga 2 153 ( Alyssum in part) maritima 153 Korycarpus I 196 ( Diarrhena) arundinaceus 196 diandrus 196 Kosteletzkya 2 423 Virginica 424 KRAMERIACEAE 2 261 Krameria 2 261 secundiflora 261 Kraunhia 2 293 ( Wisteria) frutescens 294 macrostachys 3 517 Krigta amplexicaulis 3 263 Caroliniana 264 Dandelion 264 occidentalis 264 oppositifolia 263 Virginica 264 Krynitzkia 3 56 crasstsepala 57 Fen leri 57 541 Kryntizkia glomerata 3 58 Jamesti 58 sericea 58 Kuhnia 314 eupatorioides 314 ‘corymbulosa 315 glutinosa 315 suaveolens 315 Kuhnistera 2 289 ( Petalostemon) candida 2 289, 290 “occidentalis 2 290 compacta 289 foliosa 291 multiflora 290 oligophylla 290 purpurea 290 tenuifolia 2gt villosa 291 Kyllinga I 247 pumila 247 | Kyllingia maculata I 275 ovularis 245 LABIATAE 3 74 Lachnanthes tincloria I 443 Lachnocaulon I 373 anceps 373 Michauxti 373 Lacinaria 3 315 ( Liatris) acidota 317 cylindracea 316 elegans 316 graminifolia 318 “ pilosa 318 punctata 316 pycnostachya 317 scariosa 317 ““ squarrulosa 317 spicata 318 “pumila 318 squatrosa 315 “intermedia 316 Lactuca 273 acuminata 275 Canadensis 74. ‘“ montana 274 elongata vats. 274 Floridana 275 hirsuta 274 tnlegrifolia 274-5 leucophaea 3 276 integrifolia 276 Ludoviciana 273 pulchella 275 sagittifolia 274 sanguinea 274 Scariola 273 spicata 276 “ integrifolia 276 villosa 275 LAMIACEAE 3 74 Lamium 94 album 95 amplexicaule 94 hispidulum OL maculatum 95 purpureum 94 | Laportea Canadensis I 533 Lappa major 3 483 minor 484 tomentosa 483 | Lappago racemosa I 105 Lappula 3 54 ( Echinospermum ) Americana 3 56 floribunda 55 Lappula 54 Myosotis 54 542 Lappula exana 3 55 Virginiana 55 Lapsana 3 262 communis 262 Larix E5h Americana 54 laricina 54 Lathyrus 2 329 decaphyllus 331 glaucifolius 332 linearis 326 maritimus 330 myrtifolius 331 ‘“ macranthus 331 ochroleucus 332 ornatus 331 palustris 330 polymorphus 331 pratensis 332 venosus 330 LAURACEAE 2 95 Laurus Benzoin 98 Borbonia 96 Carolinensis var. 96 genitculata 97 melissaefolia 98 Sassafras 97 Lavauxia 2 493 (OEnothera in part) brachycarpa 493 triloba 493 “ Watsonii 493 Leavenworthia 2 134 Michauxitt 135 torulosa 135 uniflora 135 Lechea 2 441 intermedia 444 juniperina 444 Leggettii 443 major 439, 442 maritima 443 minor 442-3 Novae-Caesareae 442 racemulosa 2 442 stricta 444 tenuifolia 443 thymifolia 442-3 villosa 442 Ledum 2 557 buxtfolium 562 Groenlandicum 557 latifolium 557 palustre 557 Leersia see Homalocenchrus I 120 Legouzia 255 (Specularia) biflora 256 leptocarpa 256 perfoliata 256 LEGUMINOSAE 2 262 Letophyllum buxtfolium 2 562 LEITNERIACEAE 1 489 Leitneria 4890 Floridana 489 LEMNACEAE I 365 Lemna 365 Angolensis 365 gibba 367 minima 3 509 minor I 366 paucicostata 365 perpusilla 366 polyrhiza 365 trisulca 366 Valdiviana 366 Lemotrys hyacinthina I 423 LENTIBULACEAE 3 188 | Leontice GENERAL INDEX Leontice thalictroides 2 91 Leontodon 3 266 autumnale 266 Carolinianum 279 hirtum 266 nudicaule 266 Taraxacum 271 Leonurus 3 92 Cardiaca 9 Marrubiastrum 93 Sibiricus 93 Lepachys 3 418 | columnaris 419 “ pulcherrima 419 pinnala 418 | Tagetes 419 Lepargyraea 2 467 ( Shepherdia) argentea 468 Canadensis 467 rotundifolia 467 | Lepidanche | compositlarum 3 31 Lepidanthus phyllanthoides 3 518 Lepidium 2 110 apetalum 112 campestre Ill didymum 113 Draba 111 | intermedium 112) medium 112 | procumbens 138 ruderale I1I, 112 sativum 112 Virginicum 1I2 Leptamnium 3 107 ( Epiphegus) Virginianum 197 Leptandra 3.171 | ( Veronica in part) Virginica 3 171 Leptanthus I 380 | see Heteranthera I 380 Leptilon 3 3 ( Zrigeron in sh Canadense 3 301 divaricatum 391 Leptocaulis divaricatus 2 537 echinalus 537 patens 527 Leptochloa I 182 mucronata 182 Leptodactylon caespilosum 3 38 Leptoglottis 2 255 Leplopoda brachypoda 3 450 Leptorchis I 476 (Liparis) | liliifolia 476 | Loeselii 477 | Leptoserts sonchoides 3 270] Lepturus I 225 filiformis 226 paniculaius 179 | Lespedeza 2 321 angustifolia 324 capitata 324 * sericea 32 frutescens 323-4 hirta, and var. 324 leptostachya 2 325 longifolia 324 Nuttallii 322 polystachya 324 procumbens 322 repens 321 reticulata 323 striata 325 Stuvei, and vars. 323 OF LATIN NAMES. Lespedeza violacea 2 322 “ angustifolia 3 Virginica 323 Lesquerella 2 136 ( Vesicaria in part) arctica 138 “ Purshii 138 argentea 137 Engelmanni 137 globosa 136 | gracilis 137 Ludoviciana 137 ovalifolia 137 spathulata 136 Leucanthemum ‘ arcticum 3 457 vulgare 457 | Leucelene 383 ( Aster in part) ericoides 383 Leucocrinum I 4 montanum 411 Leucophysalis grandiflora 3 133 Leucopsitdium Arkansanum 3 349 Leucothoe 2 566 axillaris 566 Catesbaei 567 racemosa 567 recurva 567 Spicata 567 | _ spinulosa 567 | Liatris | see Lacinaria 3 315-18 gramintfolia 316-318 “ dubia 3 318) intermedia 316 odoratissima 319 | paniculata 319 pumila 318 | spicata ‘montana 318 | squarriulosa 317 | Ligusticum 2 519) actaetfolium 519 | Canadense 519 | Scoticum 519 | Ligustrum 2 604 | vulgare 604 | Lilaeopsis 2 520. (Crantzia) lineata 521 LILIACEAE I 410 Lilium I 416 | andinum 417 Canadense 417 Carolinianum 418 Catesbaei 417 | Grayi 418 Philadelphicum 416 superbum 417, 418 tigrinum 419 umbellatum 417 LIMNANTHACEAE 2 385 | Limnanthemum 2 622 | aquaticum 623 | lacunosum 622 nymphaeoides 623 trachyspermum 623 Limnobium I 94 | Spongia 04 4 | Limodorum I 480 | (Calopogon) | praecox 71 | tuberosum 480 | unifolium 480 Limonium 2 594 ( Statice) Carolinianum 594 Limosella 3 164 aquatica 165 australis 165 calycina 160 | {Vor III. Limosella tenuifolia 3 165 LINACEAE 2 348 Linaria 3 145 Canadensis 146 Cymbalaria 144 Elatina 145 genistaefolia 146 Linaria 146 repens 147 Spuria 145 striata 147 vulgaris 146 Lindera Benzoin 2 98 melissaefolia 98 Lindernia attenuata 3 164 Linnaea 3 234 borealis 235 Linosyris Howardi 3 326 Linum 2 348 Boottit 350 catharticum 351 diffusum 350 Floridanum 350 humile 348 Lewisii 349 medium 349 perenne 349 rigidum 351 simplex 350 striatum 350 suleatum 350 usitatissimuim 348 Virginianum 349 Liparis liltifolia I 476 Loeseltt 477 Lipocarpha I 275 maculata 275 | Lippia Say72 cuneifolia 73 lanceolata 73 nodiflora 73 Liquidambar 2 193 asplentfolia 1 489 peregrina 489 Styraciflua 2 193 Liriodendron 2 49 Tulipifera 49 Lisianthus glaucifolius 2 612 Russellianus 612 Listera I 472 australis 473 convallarioides 473 cordata 473 reniformis 3 511 Lithospermum 3 63 angustifolium 65 arvense 63 canescens 65 Carolinianum 65-6 Gmelini 65 hirtum latifolium 64 officinale 64 pilosum 64 tenellum 52 Torreyi 64 Virginianum 67 Litsea gentculala 2 97 Littorella 3 211 lacustris 211 uniflora 211 LOASACEAE 2 458 Lobelia 3 257 amoena 258 “‘olandulifera 258 Canbyi 261 cardinalis 258 Dortmanna 257 Vor. III] GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. Lobelia Lupinus Lythrum glandulosa 3 259| argenteus 2 269) peliolatum 2 473 gracilis 261| argophyllus 269) Salicaria 473 inflata 260| decumbens 2 verticillatum 471 Kalmii 260| ornatusvar. glab, 269) __Vulneraria 472 leptostachys 3 260) perennis and var. 269|Machaeranthera 3 3%4 Nuttallii 261 Plattensis 269| sessiliflora 384 paludosa 257| _ pusillus 270\ tanacetifolia 384 puberula 259 | Luzula Maclura spicata 259/_ see nat aera I 396| aurantiaca I 529 * hirtella 259 | Lychni 2 13| Macounastrum I 541 “ parviflora 259 nainis 15|_ Islandicum 542 syphilitica 258| alba 13 | Macrocalyx 3/45 “Tudoviciana 258) alpina 7| (E&llisia) Lobularia 2153| apetala 15| Nyctelea 45 Loeflingia 2 38) Chalcedonica 14| MAGNOLIACEAE 2 47 Texana 38 Coronaria 16 | Magnolia 2 47 LOGANIACEAE 2 604| dioica 14| acuminata 48 Lotseleuria diurna 14| auriculata 47 procumbens 2 563| Drummondii 15| Fraseri 47 ium I 225} Flos-cuculi 14| glauca 48 perenne 225, Guithago 7| macrophylla 47 temulentum 225 vespertina 13 tripetala 48 Lonicera 3 237 | Lycium 137| wmbrella 48 Caprifolium 237| Barbarumvar. 138| Virginiana 48 ciliata 241} vulgare 138 | Mahonia coerulea 240 | Lycopersicon 3 .137| _ repens 2 go Diervilla 242| (Solanum in part, Maianthemum dioica 238 Lycopersicum) Canadense I 431 Douglasii 238| esculentum 137 | Mairania 2 572 flava 239! Lycopersicon 137| (Arctostaphylos in glauca 238 | LYCOPODIACEAE I 39 part) glaucescens 238 | Lycopodium I 39] alpina 573 grata 237 alpinum 42| Malachodendron hirsuta 238| alopecuroides 41| ovatum 2 427 involucrata 242, annotinum 42 | Malapoenna 207; Japonica 240| apodum 45| ( Tetranthera, Lilsea) Marylandica 2605) Carolinianum 43| geniculata 97 oblongifolia 3 240| clavatum 43 | Malacothrix 3 269 parviflora 238| complanatum 43| _sonchoides 270 sempervirens 239| dendroideum 41 | Malaxis Sullivantii 239| inundatum 4 unifolia I 476 SL lad 236) lucidulum 4o|/Malus 2 234 atarica 241| obscurum 4t| angustifolia 234 Xylosteum 241| wrupestre 44| coronaria 235 Lophanthus | sabinaefolium 42| TIoensis 235 see Agastache 3 a selaginoides 44 Malus 236 anisatus Selago 40| Soulardi 235 we aes ‘pus aia Lycopsis 3 68) MALVACEAE 2 415 Lophiola I 446| arvensis 68 | Malva 2 416 Americana 446 Virginica 63| Alcea 417 aurea 446 | Lycopus 3.116| Caroliniana 423 | Lophotocarpus x 86| Americanus 117| coccinea 420 (Sagitlaria in part) Europaeus 118| crispa 417 calycinus 87 vars 117-118 | ztnvolucrata 419 LORANTHACEAE I 534| lucidus 118| moschata 17 Lotus 2 279; rubellus 117| rotundifolia 416, 417 (ine. Hosackia) sessilifolius 117| sylvestris 416 Americanus 280| stnuatus 117| ¢riangulata 419 corniculatus 280| + Virginicus 116| _verticillata 417 sericeus 280 | Lygodesmia 3 276 | Malvastrum 2 420 Lowellia juncea 276-7 | angustum 420 aurea 3 453 minor 268 coccineum 421 Ludwigia 2 477|_ rostrata 277 | Malveopsis alata 478 | Lygodium I 7| hispida 2 420 alternifolia 479 _ palmatum 7 | Mamillaria “ linearifolia 479 | Lyonita Nuttallit 2 462 arcuala 477|_ ligustrina 2 570|_ see Cactus 2 462 cylindrica 478 | Lysimachia 2 587 Manisuris I 100 decurrens 480, hybrida 599, tTugosa 100 glandulosa 478| longifolia 591 | MARANTACEAE I 454 hirtella 479, Nummularia 589 | Mariana 490 linearis 479 punctata 588 (Carduus in part) palustris 476| quadrifolia 588 | Szlybum polycarpa 478|\ stricta 588; Mariana 499 rudis 477 terrestris 588 | Mariscus sphaerocarpa 477 thyrsiflora 591 cylindricus I 245 Ludwigiantha 2 476| vulgaris 587 | __echinalus 246 (Ludwigiain part) | see Steironema eae go | Marrubium 3 83 arcuata 477 | LYTHRACEAE 2 468 vulgare 84 Lunaria 2 133 Lythrum 2 471 Marshallia 3 443 annua 134 alatum 472| caespitosa 443 biennis 134 Hyssopifolia 471 | latifolia 443 rediviva 133 Kennedyanum 472\ trinerva 443 Lupinus 2 268| lineare 472| MARSILEACEAE I 33 543 Marsilea Z33 mucronata 34 natans 34 quadrifolia 33 vestita 34 MARTYNIACEAE 3 200 Martynia 200 Louisiana 201 proboscidea 201 Maruta Colula 3 455 Matourea NILVESCENS 3 160 Matricaria 3 458 asteroidea 352 Chamomilla 459 discoidea 460 glastifolia 352 grandiflora 459 inodora 459 matricarioides 460 Parthenium 458 MAYACACEAE I 367 Mayaca 368 Aubleti 368 Michauxti 368 Meconopsis diphylla 2 102 Medeola I 435 Virginiana 435 Medicago 2271 Arabica 273 denticulata 272 lupulina 272 maculata 273 sativa 272 Virginica 323 Meehania 85 3 (Cedronella in part) cordata Megapterium 2 A (OLEnothera in part) Fremontii 495 Missouriense 494 Meibomia 2 313 ( Desmodium) angustifolia 2 318 arenicola 315 bracteosa 317 Canadensis 320 canescens and var. : Dillenii 319 Floridana 318 glabella 316 grandiflora 314 Illinoensis 319 laevigata 318 longifolia 317 Marylandica 320 Michauxii 315 nudiflora 314 obtusa 321 ochroleuca 15 paniculata, vars. 318 pauciflora 314 rhombifolia 318 rigida 20 rolundtfolia 315 sessilifolia 316 stricta 316 viridiflora 319 Melampodium 3 405 cinereum 4 Melampyrum 3 187 Americanum 188 latifolium 188 lineare 188 MELANTHACEAE I 399 Melanthium 406 glaucum 405 hybr tdum 407 latifolium 407 muscaetoxicum 403 parviflorum 407 racemosum 400 544 Melanthium Virginicum I 406 MELASTOMACEAE 2 473 Melica I 194 altissima 195 diffusa 195 mutica 195 parviflora 195 Portert 195 Smithit 172 Melilotus 2 273 alba 273 Indica 274 officinalis 274 vulgaris 273 Melissa 107 Clinopodium 108 officinalis 107 pulegioides 106 see Clinopodium 108-9 Melothria 3 250 pendula 250 MENISPERMACEAE y 2 93 Menispermum 2 93, 94 Canadense 94 Carolinum 94 Lyont 93 Mentha 3 118 alopecuroides 120 aquatica 121 arvensis 121 borealis 122 Canadensis 122 “ glabrata 122 citrata 119 crispa 12I gentilis 122 longifolia 120 Patrinit 124 piperita 119g rotundifolia 120 sativa 122 spicata 119 sylvestris 120 viridts 119 Mentzelia 2 458 albicaulis 459 aurea 458 decapetala 459 laevicaulis 459 nuda 458 oligosperma 458 ornata 459 MENYANTHACEAE 2 621 Menyanthes 2 621 nymphaeoides 42, 623 pellata 2 42 trachysperma 623 trifoliata 622 Menziesia 2 561 ferruginea var. 562 glabella 562 globularis 562 pilosa 562 taxtfolia 565 Merimea Texana . 438 Meriolix 2 495 (OEnothera in part) serrulata and var. 496 Mertensia 59 lanceolata 60 maritima 59 paniculata 60 Virginica 60 Mesadenia 3 473 ( Cacalia in part) atriplicifolia 474 reniformis 473 tuberosa 474 Mespilus Azarolus 2 240 cornifolia 241 GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. | | Mespilus hyemalis 2 244 see Amelanchier 237-9 Aronia 2 236-7 Crataegus 241-3 Micrampelis 3 251 | ( Echinocystis) lobata 251 Micranthemum 3 164 micranthemoides 164. Nutlallit 164 Microstylis monophylla I 475 ophioglossoides 476 Mikania scandens 3 313 Milium I 141 amphicarpon 110 cthatum 110 compressum 109 effusum 141 ene 110 Milla coerulea I 416 Milleria angustifolia 3 444 MIMoSACEAE 2 254 Mimosa Jiliculoides 2 254 Lllinoensis 255 Intsta 256 Mimulus 3 157 alatus 158 guttatus 158 Jamesii 158 moschatus 159 ringens 157 Mitchella 3 216 repens 216 Mitella 180 diphylla 180 nuda 181 Mitreola 2 605 petiolata 606 | Modiola 2 423 Caroliniana 423 mulltifida 423 Moehringia 2 35 lateriflora 35 macrophylla 35 Moenchia 2 28-29 erecta 29 Mohrodendron 2 598 ( Halesia) Carolinum 598 Molinia I 187 coerulea 187 Mollugo I 598 verticillata 598 Momordica echinata 3 251 Monarda 3 102 aristata 104 Bradburiana 104 ctliata 105 citriodora 104 Clinopodia 102 clinopodioides 104 didyma 102 fistulosa 103 “rubra 103 hirsula 105 media 103 mollis 103 punctata 104 scabra 103 Monardella montana 3 115 Moneses 2 552 grandiflora 553 uniflora 553 Monniera 159 ( Herpestis) acuminata 160 amplexicaulis 160 (Vor, III. Myrica cerifera r 488 Gale 487 Mynriophyllum 2 502 alterniflorum 503 ambiguum 504 Farwellii 504 heterophyllum 504 humile 504 nudum 503 pinnatum 504 proserpinacoides 505 scabratum 504 spicatum 503 tenellum 503 verticillatum 503 Myriopleris gracilis £-0gt Myrrhis Claylont 2 530 cor eptce 530 Nabal 3 2 ( eho He in part) Monniera Caroliniana 3 160 Monniera 160 rotundifolia 161 MONOCOTYLEDONES I 62 | Monolepis 577 chenopodioides 577 Nuttalliana 577 MONOPETALAE 2 548 MONOTROPACEAE 2 554 Monotropa 555 Hy popitys 556 procera 554 uniflora 555 | Monotropsis 2 555 ( Schweinitzia) odorata 555 Montia 22-4 Chamissonis fontana 4 Morongia 2 255 (Schrankia) angustata 256 uncinata 256 MORACEAE I 527 Morus 527 alba 528 papyesyera 529 tubra 528 Muhlenbergia I 141 ambigua 143 capillaris 145 comata 144 debtilis 145 diffusa 144 erecla 146 glomerata 143 gracillima 145 Mexicana 142 | microsperma 145 pungens 146 racemosa 143 sobolifera 142 sylvatica 143 tenuiflora 144 Willdenovit 144 Mulgedium acuminatum 3 275 Floridanum 275 leucophaeum 276 Munroa I 183 squarrosa 183 Muscari I 424 botryoides 424 Tracemosum 425 Musenion see Musineon 2 527 Musineon 527 divaricatum 527 tenuifolium 527 trachyspermum 527 Myagrum 3 514 argenteum 2 137 paniculatum 140 perfoliatum 354 sativum 2 139 Myosotis 3 61 arvensis 62 Lappula 54 laxa 62 palustris 61 scorpioides vars. 61-2 ae rulicosa 3 58 verna 63 Virginiana 55 Virginica 63 versicolor 62 Myosurus x ey A minimus 71 Shortii 71 MyRICACEAE I 487 Myrica 487 asplenifolia 4 Carolinensis 4 albus 289 altissimus 288 asper 291 Boottii 290 crepidineus 2gt Frasert 289 inlegrifolius 289 nanus 290 racemosus 291 “ pinnatifidus [ serpentarius 289 “integrifolius 289 trifoliolatus 289 virgatus 290 NAIADACEAE I 65 Naias 80 flexilis 81 gracillima 81 Guadalupensis 81 Indica 81 major 80 marina 80 Nama 49 ( Aydrolea) affinis 49 ovata 50 quadrivalvis 50 Napaea 2 419 dioica 420 hermaphrodila 422 Nardosmia palmata 3 469 sagittala 470 Nardus I 224 stricta 224 Narthecium Americanum 1 401 glutinosum 400 ossifragum 4o1 pubens 400 Nasmythia articulata I 371 Nasturtium amphibium 2 127 Armoracia 121 curvisiligua 126 hispidum 125 lacustre 127 natans var, Amer.127 obtusum 2 124 officinale 126 palustre 125 “hispidum 125 sesstliflorum 126 sinuatum 124 Sphaerocarpum 125 sylvestre 124 terrestre 125 Naumbergia 2 591 ( Lysimachia in part) gultata thyrsiflora Vo1. III.] Navarretia 3 42| (Gilia in part) minima 42 Nazia I 105 ( Tragus) | racemosa 105 | Neckeria 2 105 Negundo acerotdes 2 400 | Negundo 400 | aie opultfolia 2 195 Nelumbinm Se luteum 2 45) Spectosum re Nelum 2 lutea - Nelumbo 46 nucifera 46 Nemastylis I 452 acuta 452 gemmiflora 452 Nemopanthes 2 303 Canadensis 393 | Sascicularis 393 | Nemophila 3 45| microcalyx 5 Wepbeckia” ‘ | aquatica 2 127 | Neottia | see Gyrostachys I 470-2 pubescens I 474 epeta 86 Cataria 86 Glechoma 87 hederacea 7 Nephrodium acrostichoides i 14 lanosum 31 punctilobulum 12 Nesaea verticillata 2 471 Neslia 2 139 paniculata 140 Nestronia 3 512 (Darbya) umbellula 513 Nicandra 125 Nicotiana 3 140 axtilaris 141 longiflora 14 rustica 140 Notaphoebe Borbonia 2 96 Nothocalais 3 278 ( Troximon in part) cuspidata 278 Notholaena I 32 dealbata 32 nivea 32 Nothoscordum I 415 bivalve 415 striatum 415 Nuphar see Nymphaea 2 42-3 Nuttallia digitata 2 418 tinvolucrala 419 NYCTAGINACEAE I 504 NYMPHAEACEAE 2 4I Nymphaea 42 advena 42 Fletcheri 43 Kalmiana 43 lutea var. Kalm. 43 microphylla 43 Nelumbo 46 odorala 44 “* rosea 44 “ minor 44 reniformis 44 tubrodisca 43 sagittaefolia 43 leltragona 45 36 GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 545 Nymphaea Ophioglossom | Osmunda tuberosa 2 44| vulgatum 1 2, 3 494 Lunaria tar *3 Nyssa 2 546 | Ophiorhiza regalis 5 aquatica 547| _Mitreola 2606) Struthiopleris 9 biflora 547 | Ophrys ternala 3 mullifiora 547| cernua 1471| Virginiana 4 sylvatica 547 Corallorhiza 478 Ostrya I 507 untflora 547| cordata 473 Virginiana 507 Oakesia 2 383 Jilitfolta 476 Virginica 507 puberula 1410) Loeselit 477| OXALIDACEAE 2 344 sesstlifolia 409) monophyllos 475 Oxalis 345 Obolaria 2 620| Oplotheca Acetosella 345 Carolintana 3160 Floridana 1592, + corniculata 346 Virginica 2 620 Opulaster 2195| cymosa 347 Ocimum ( Physocarpa) filipes 346 Srutescens 3 123 ( Netllia) | grandis 347 | Odontites 3.183, opulifolius 195, recurva 347 ( Bartsia in part) Opuntia 2 462 stricta 346 Odontites 183 arborescens 465 _ violacea 345 OEnanthe Camanchica 464 | Oxybaphus ambigua 2 513| fragilis 464 see Allionia 1 594-6 Jjiliformisa 513 humifusa 463, angustifolius = terelifolt 513| mesacantha 463, Bodin OEnothera 2 485-96 Missouriensis 464 | | hirsutus ee brachycarpa 493, Opuntia 463 Oxycoccus 2 581 caespitosa 492} polyacantha 464 erythrocarpus 582 canescens 494, Rafinesquit 463) macrocarpus 582 chrysantha 49t_— tortispina 463 | | Oxycoccus 581 Fremontit 495 vulgaris 463 palustris 581 grandiflora 486-7 ORCHIDACEAE I 456 Oxydendrum 2 570 gullulala 2 494 Orchis T 459 | arboreum 571 Hartwegi 495| jissa 466 | Oxygraphis 2 86 humifusa 487 rotundifolia 460 (Ranunculus in part) laciniata 487 spectabilis 459| Cymbalaria 86 “ grandis 487. see Habenaria 1 460-6 ‘‘alpina 86 lavendulaefolia 495 Oreocarya 3. 57 Oxypolis 2 513 macrocarpa 494 (Eritrichium and | ( Tiedemannia) minima 487 Krintizkia in part) filiformis 513 Missourtensis 494 fulvocanescens 59) rigidus 513 muricata 486 glomerata 58| ‘‘longifolius 513 Nutlallti 489s sericea 58 | Oxytia I 553 pinnatifida 488 suffruticosa 58| digyna 553 rhombipetala 487 Origanum 3.110 rentformis 553 serrulata 496 ean I1l | Oxytropis “* spinulosa 496 vulgare III podocarpa 2 307 stnuata 487. Omithogalum I 423| sericea 309 ‘ erandis 487, bivalve 415| see Spiesia 2 307-9 scapigera 492, hirsutum 446 | Pachylophus 2 492 speciosa 492) nutans 424 | (OEnothera in part) triloba 493| _ umbellatum 423 caespitosa 492 “ parviflora 493 OROBANCHACEAE 3 194 | Pachypodium see Anogra 2 488-9 | Orobanche 195| iniegrifolium 2 110 Kneiffia 489-91 | Americana 197 Pachysandra 2 384 Onagra 485-6| fasciculata 195 procumbens 384 Oldenlandia 3 215| Ludoviciana 196 Pachystima 2 395 uniflora 215| minor 196 Canbyi 395 see Houstonia 212-15 | ramosa 196| Myrsinites 395 OLEACEAE ? 600! uniflora 195 | Paepalanthus ONAGRACEAE 475| _ Virginiana 197 | flavidulus t 373 Onagra z 485 Orontium I 364 | Palafoxta (OE£nothera in part)| aquaticum 364 | Hookertana 3 447 biennis 2 486 | Orophaca 2 306 Panax 2 507 ‘ grandiflora 486 (Astragalus in part)| (Avalia in part) cruciata 485 caespitosa 306 quinquefolium 507 Oakesiana 486 sericea 307 trifolium 507 Onoclea i 8 Orthocarpus 3 180 | Pancralium sensibilis 9 luteus 181 | Carolinianum 1 445 Struthiopteris g Oryzopsis I 139| occidentale 445 Ononis 2274 asperifolia 140 | Panicularia I 210 repens 74, Canadensis 139 | (Glyceria) Onopordon 490| cuspidata 141 | acutiflora 213 Acanthium 491 juncea 139 Americana 212 Onosmodium 3 66 melanocarpa 140 angustata 215 Carolinianum 66 membranacea 141 borealis 505 molle 66 micrantha 140| brachyphylla 505 Virginianum 67 | Osmorrhiza Canadensis I 211 Onychium brevistylis 2 530| distans 215 densum I 30| see Washingtonia | elongata 212 Oonopsis 3 327} 2 530 fluitans 213 ( Bigelovia in part) OSMUNDACEAE I 4 laxa 21 Engelmanni 327 Osmunda 5 nervata 212 OPHIOGLOSSACEAE I cinnamomea 5| obtusa 21r Ophioglossum I 1j| Claytoniana 6 pallida 213 arenarium 3.494, tnterrupta 6 Panicum I 112-125 Engelmanni 494| lanceolata 4\ Addisonii 3 500 546 Panicum agrostidiforme 1 115 agrostoides 115 amarum 122 anceps 115) angustifolium 122 Atlanticum 3 500 autumnale I 124 barbulatum 120 Bicknellii 3 501 boreale I 119 Brittoni 3 497 cam pestre I 123 capillare 123, 124 carinatum 114 clandestinum 118 colonum I 113, 3 496 Columbianum 3 499 commutatum I 117 consanguineum 122 Crus-galli 113 Curtisti 114 Dactylon 175 | debile 125 depauperatum 121 dichotomum 120 diffusum 124 | digitarioides 114 | divaricatum 114 | divergens 124 | Eatoni 3 499° elongatum I 115 Jjiliforme III | flexile 124 | gentculatum 123 gibbum 125 glabrum Ill glaucum 126 hians 114 hirtellum 113} hispidum 113} implicatum 3 498 involutum I 121 | LItalicum 127 lanuginosum I 121; 3 498 latifolium I 115/ laxiflorum 119 | Liebergii 3 407 lineare Ilr linearifolium 3 500 longifolium I 116 macrocarpon 117 melicarium 114 microcarpon 116 miliaceum 123 minus 124 Nashianum 3 407 NEVUOSUM I1i7 neuranthum 3 501 nitidum I 120 nudum 124 | obtusum 114 paucifiorum 118 | pedunculatum 118 Porterianum 117 proliferum 123 pubescens 121 ramulosum 120 Tostratum 115 sanguinale 1iI scoparium 118, 121 scoparium var. 5 3 497 Scribnerianum 1 118 serolinum 3 496 sphaerocarpon I 116 sphagnicolum 3 498 strictum LiL2I tsugetorum 3 499 verrucosum I 125 verlicillatum 126 virgatum 122 viride 126 viscidum 121 GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. | Panicum Paulownia Walteri | tmperialis 3 157 I 113, 117: 3.496 _ tomentosa 157 Werneri sor Pectis 3 454 Wilcoxianum 1119 angustifolia 454 xanthophysum 118 Pedicularis 184 PAPAVERACEAE 2 08 auriculata 185 | Papaver 99 Canadensis 186 | alpinum 1cO, capitata 187 Argemone 100 ~=— euphrasioides 185 dubium 100} flammea 186 nudicaule 100 Furbishiae 186 Rhoeas 99 Groenlandica 184 somniferum 99 ~=— lanceolata 185 PAPILIONACEAE 2 262 Lapponica 184 Pardanthus palustris 185 Chinensis I 453 parviflora 185 Parietaria , I 534 pedicellata 184 Pennsylvanica 534 Wlassoviana 185 Parnassia 2 182 Pellaea TAZ asarifolia 184 atropurpurea 29 Caroliniana 182) densa 30 grandifolia 182; gracilis 29. | Kotzebuei 183, Stelleri 2 palustris 183 Peltandra I 362 parviflora 183| alba 362 Paronychia 2 38) sagittaefolia 362 argyrocoma 38 undulata 362 dichotoma 39 Virginica 362 Jamesii and var. 39) Pentstemon 3 150 sessiliflora 39| acuminatus 154. _Parosela 2 287| albidus 152 | ( Dalea) angustifolius 155) aurea 288 canescens 151 Dalea 288 Cobaea 153, enneandra 287 coeruleus 155 lanata 288 cristatus 151 nana 3 517 Digitalis 152 Parsonsia 2473 ~~ gilaber 154 ( Cuphea) gracilis 153 petiolata 473 ~+grandiflorus 154 Parthenium 3410 Haydeni 155 auriculatum 521 hirsutus 151 integrifolium 411 | Jaevigatus and vars. repens 411 151-2 | Parthenocissus 2 413 Pentstemon 152) quinquefolia 413, pubescens 151) * laciniata 413 tubiflorus 153 tricuspidata 413 Penthorum 2 168 | wilacea 413) sedoides 169 Paspalum 1 105 | Peplis } ambiguum III Americana 2 437 | arenarium 108 diandra 470 ciliatifolium 107 Peramium I 474 compressum 109| (Goodyera) dasyphyllum 107 Menziesii I 475 debile 108 pubescens 474 dilatatum 107 | repens 474 distichum 106 | Perilla 3 123 Elliottit I09| frutescens 123 | filiforme 111} ‘‘Nankinensis 124 Floridanum 108 | ocimotdes 123 fluttans 106 “ crispa 124 laeve 108 Persea 2 96 longipedunculatum Borbonia 96 1108; Carolinensis 96 macrospermum 108| ‘‘ palustris vars. 96 membranaceum 106 pubescens 06 Michauxianum 109 | Petalostemon mucronatum 106 | macrostachyus 2 289 ovatum 107 | witolaceus 290 | paspaloides 109 | see Kuhnistera platycauion 109 2 289-91 pubescens 107 Petasites 3 469 | Sanguinale III (Nardosmia) | setaceum 107 | frigida 3 470) tristachyum 109 officinalis 470 | Walterianum 106 palmata 469 | | PASSIFLORACEAE 2 457| Petasites 470 | | Passiflora 457 sagittata 470 | inearnata 457 vulgaris 470 | | lutea 457 | Petunia 3 141 | | Pastinaca 2514 axillaris I4I | sativa 514 nyclaginiflora 141 | Paulownia 3 157 parvillora 141 | [Vox III. Petunia violacea 3 141 Peucedanum 2 515 foeniculaceum 516 graveolens 516 Kingii 516 nudicaule 516 , sativum 514 verlicillatum 538 villosum 517 Phaca 2 298-304 Americana 304 argophylla 3c6 astragalina 304 bisulcata 300 elongata 302 Srigida var. Am. 304 longifolia 2 305 neglecta 305 parviflora 302 villosa 298 see Astragalus 2 300-4 Orophaca 306-7 Phacelia 3 46 bipinnatifida 47 Covillei 48 dubia 47 fimbriata 49 Franklinii 47 heterophylla 46 hirsuta 48 integrifolia 46 leucophylla 46 parviflora 47-8 Purshii 48 Phalaris I 130 Americana 130 arundinacea 130 Canariensis 131 Caroliniana 130 erucaeformis 181 intermedia 130 oryzoides 129 picta 130 Pharnaceum marilimum 1 598 PHASEOLACEAE 2 262 Phaseolus 2 338-9 angulosus 338 diversifolius 388 leiospermus 339 perennis 338 polystachyus 338 see Strophostyles 338-9 Phegopteris ri 18 calcarea 19 Dryopteris 19 hexagonoptera 19 Phegopteris 19 polypodioides 19 Phelipaea lutea 3 195 Philadelphus 2 185 coronarius 186 grandiflorus 186 inodorus 186 Philotria I 93 ( Anacharis) Canadensis 93 Phippsia I 150 algida 150 Phieum I 147 alpinum 148 pratense 147 schoenoides 147 Phlomis 3 91 tuberosa 9! Phlox 3 32 amoena 34 bifida 35 bryoides 30 Carolina 33 divaricata 34 VoL. III.] Phlox Douglasii “ andicola “ longifolia glaberrima Hoodii Kelseyi longtfolia maculata ‘candida ovata paniculata pilosa reptans stellaria suaveolens subulata Phoradendron I flavescens Phragmites I COMMUN ts Phragmites PHRYMACEAE Phryma Leptostachya Phyllanthus Carolinensis obovalus Phyllodoce coerulea Physalis aequala Alkekengi ambigua angulata Barbadensis “obscura comata g£randifiora hederaefolia heterophylla “ ambigua “nyctaginea ixocarpa Lagascae lanceifolia lanceolata “ laevigata ““hirta lobata longifolia macrophysa minima nyclaginea obscura 127, Pennsylvanica 129, 130, Philadelphica 3 Peruviana pruinosa pubescens pumila rotundata Virginiana “intermedia “ ambigua viscosa Physalodes (Nicandra) Peruvianum physalodes Physaria didymocarpa Physocarpa Physostegia denticulata intermedia parviflora Virginiana PHYTOLACCACEAE 2 3 125, 127, 129, 130, 5) Phytolacca decandra Picea I I I ( Abtes in part) Bw Wow ION wWNNS w = 129 129 127 131 131 132 128 131 126 126 130 13 130 GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 547 Picea | PLATANACEAE 2 194 | Pogonia alba I 54 Platanus 2194 ~~ divaricata I 468 brevifolia 3.456 occidentalis 194, ophioglossoides 467 Canadensis I 54) Platanthera pendula 467 Mariana 55| holopetala I 465 | trianthophora 467 nigra 55| rotundifolia 460 _ verticillata 468 tubra 55| see Habenaria 461, 465 Polanisia 2 157 Picradenia 3 448 | Plectocephalus | graveolens 157 ( Actinella) Americanus 3492 _ trachysperma 158 acaulis 449 Pleurogyne 2 618 | POLEMONIACEAE 3° 3x ‘“ glabra 449 (Swertia ) Polemonium 41 linearifolia 448} Carinthiaca 619 coeruleum 41 odorata 449 _ rotata 618 dubium 47 scaposa 449 Pleuropogon I 196 Nyctelea 45 Picris 3 266 Sabinil 196 reptans 41 echioides 267 Pluchea 3 396, Van Bruntiae 41 hieracioides 267| bifrons 396 | POLYGALACEAE 2 355 Pieris 2.568) camphorata 396 | Polygala 2 355 ( Andromeda in part) foetida 396-7) acutiflora 356 floribunda 568 petiolata 397 | alba 360 Mariana 569 PLUMBAGINACEAE | ambigua 358 nitida 569 2594 brevifolia 357 Pilea Pneumaria 3 _ corymbosa 356 pumila I 533 ( Mertensia in part) cruciata 357 Piloselia maritima 59, Curtissii 359 Spathulata 3 285 Poa I 201, cymosa 356 Pimpinella 2526 abbreviata 202| /fastigiala 359 integerrima 526) atrotdes 215. incarnata 358 Saxifraga 526; alpina 203 Iutea 356 PINACEAE I 49) alsodes 207 Mariana 359 Pinguicula 3.193| andina 208 = Nuttallii 359 acuttfolia 193 angustata 215. ~paucifolia 361 alpina 194 annua 201; polygama 360 vulgaris 194| aquatica 212) ramosa 356 Pinus I50 arachnifera 3504 sanguinea 358-9 alba 54. ~—« arida 1 208 Senega and var. 2 360 australis 5¢, autummnalis 206 = fenutfolia 360 balsamea 57 brevifolia 207 | untflora 361 Banksiana 52) Buckleyana 208 _-verticillata 357 Canadensis 56 caesta 205 | viridescens 358 divaricata 52| capillaris 188 | POLYGONACEAE I 541 echinata 52| Caroliniana 188-9 | Polygonatum I 433 Frasert 57| cenisia — I 203) biflorum 433 tnops 52 Chapmaniana 202) commutatum 434 laricina 54 compressa 202, giganleum 434 mitis 52| cristata 202 Polygonella I 568 nigra 55/| debilis 206, Americana 568 palustris 5t distans 214 articulata 568 pendula 54| elongata 212) ericoides 568 ponderosa 51| Eragrostis 189 Polygonum I 554 ptingens 53 | flava 205; acre 560 resinosa 5t| flexuosa 206; amphibium 555 tigida 53| glauca 205 arifolium 567 rubra 55. glumaris 208 articulatum 568 Strobus 50 hypnoides 192 aviculare 561 Taeda 53 tnterrupla 191} Bellardi 562 Virginiana 52! laxa I 203 camporum 564 Pisum | maritima 214, Careyi 559 marilimum 2 330; memoralis 205 cilinode 565 _ Planera I 525| mervala 212) Convolvulus 565 | aquatica 526| obtusa 2It | cristatum 566 | PLANTAGINACEAE3 205| peclinacea 190, cuspidatum 567 Plantago 3.206) pilosa 188) densiflorum 556 arenaria 21L| pratensis 204) Douglasii 565 aristata 209, pseudopratensis 204) dumetorum 566 cordata 208 refracta I9I emersum 556 dectpiens 209| seslerioides 184 erectum 563 elongata 210| serotina 205) exsertum 563 eriopoda 208 sylvestris 206| Fagopyrum 553 glabra 208 lenutfolia 208| glaucum 562 gnaphaliotdes 209) tenuts 188 | Hartwrightii 556 heterophylla 210| trichodes 191} Hydropiper 560 lanceolata 207| trivialis 204 hydropiperoides 560 major 206 Wolfii 207! tucanum I 557 maritima 209 Podalyria | incarnatum 57 media 207, bracteata 2 266 lapathifolium 557 occidentalis 210, _ mollis 264 ‘‘incanum 557 Patagonica vars. 209 | Podophyllum 2 92 “nodosum 557 Purshii 209, diphyllum 92 littorale 562 pusilla 210|_ peltatum 92 _— longistylum 558 Rugelii 207, PODOSTEMACEAE 2 163, maritimum 562 sparsiflora 208 Podostemon 2163! mite 560 uniflora 211|_Ceratophyllum 163) Muhlenbergii 556 Virginica 210 | Pogonia I 467| nodosum 557 “longifolia 210| affinis 468, Opelousanum 559 548 GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. Polygonum | Portulaca » a orientale 1561 grandiflora 6 Pennsylvanicum pe oleracea 5 Persicaria 5 | pilosa 5 persicarioides 4 | retusa 5 Portoricense 356 | Portuna punctatum Jloribunda 2 568 Rayi | Potamogeton 1 65 ramosissimum 564 alpinus 68 sagittatum 567. amplifolius 67 scandens 566 3 angustifolius 7 setaceum 559| Claytonii 7 Tataricum 554. compressus 72-74 tenue 564| confervoides © 972 Virginianum 561 crispus 72 viviparum 555 diversifolius 76 Zuccarinii 567, Faxoni 68 Polymnia 3 405 filiformis 77 Canadensis 405 flabellatus 73 “radiata 405| fluttans 68 Uvedalia 405 foliosus 73 Polyotus | Friesii 7. angustifolius 3 14 gemmiparus 76 POLYPODIACEAE I 8 gramineus 69 Polypodium I 32 heterophyllus 69 bulbtferum 12) Hillii 73 cristalum 16, hybridus 76 | dilatatum 18 Illinoensis 70) Dryopteris 1g) interruptus 78 | Filix-foemina 26 lateralis 75 | Filix-mas 17. lonchites 68 fontanum 25 +lucens 7o fragile 13) major 74 Sragrans 16 Mysticus 71 hexagonoplerum 19 | natans 66 incanum 33| Niagarensis eG] Lonchitis 14| Nuttallii 67 | marginale 17, Oakesianus 66 montanum 13| obtusifolius 73 Noveboracense 15| Panormitanus 75 obtusum 11| paucifiorus 73 Phegopteris 19| pectinatus 77 | polypodioides 33) perfoliatus m1 Robertianum 19| pinnatum 2 504 spinulosum 18) praelongus xre7L vulgare 32 | pulcher 67 Polypogon I 157, pusillus 74-76 Monspeliensis 157 | Robbinsii r 78} Polypremum 26061 rufescens 68 | procumbens 606) rutilus 74 | Polypteris 3 .447| spathulaeformis 69) callosa 447| Spirillus 77 | Hookeriana 447 trichoides 72 | Polystichum Io13| Tuckermani 72 Polytaenia 2515; Vaseyi 74 Nuttallii 515| Zizii POMACEAE 2 232| zosteraefolius us Pomaria | Potentilla 22 glandulosa 2259| agrimonioides PONTEDERIACEAEI 379, Anserina 216 | Pontederia I 379| argentea 209 | cordata 379. = arguta 209 lanctfolia 379| bipinnatifida 214 limosa 380 Canadensis 216 Populus I 490 “pumila 216; 3 515 acuminata 491 collina 2 209 alba ‘490, +effusa 214 angulata 493 Egedit 216 angustifolia 491, emarginata 2I1 Athenitensts 492 frigida 211 balsamifera 491 fruticosa 215 candicans 491. intermedia 210 Carolinensis 493, Hippiana 213, 214 deltoides 493| hirsuta 2 212 dilatata 493 intermedia 210 grandidentata 492, leucocarpa 212 heterophylla 492| leucophylia 213 monilifera 493) littoralis 214 nigra 493 maculata 2 tremuloides 492 millegrana 212 Porteranthus 2197) minima 211 (Gillenia) Monspeliensis stipulatus 198 210, 212 trifoliatus 198 =multifida 2 215 PORTULACACEAE 2 I nana 211 [Vor,. III. | Potentilla | Pseudacacia nemoralis 2216) odorata 2 294 Nicolletii 213 | Psilocarya I 257 nivea 210) nitens 257 Norvegica 212) rynchosporoides 257 palustris 217| _ scirpoides 258 paradoxa 213 Psilostrophe 3 444 Pennsylvanica 214| (Riddellia) ‘ strigosa 214, _ Tagetinae 444 pentandra 212 Psoralea 2 280 pilosa 210. argophylla 28 procumbens 217 aurea 2 pumila 3515, collina 283 recta 2210 cryptocarpa 284 reptans 216 cuspidata 284 rivalis 213 Dalea 288 Robbinsiana 211 digitata 283 rubens 209 «esculenta 284 Salisbrugensis 209 floribunda 282 simplex 216 hypogaea 284 supina 213 tncana 283 tridentata 215. ~lanceolata 281 Poterium linearifolia 282 Canadense 2 228 ~=longifolia 305 Sangutsorba 228, macrorhiza 2 284 Prasium meltlotoides 285 purpureum 3 90 micrantha 281 Prenanthes | obtusiloba 282 see Nabalus 3 288-91 Onobrychis 285 Mainensis 3 2901 pedunculata 285 paucifiora 268 = stipulata 285 lenutfolia 268 tenuifolia 281 PRIMULACEAE 2 584 Ptelea 2 354 Primula 2 584 _ trifoliata 354 Egaliksensis 585 PTERIDOPHYTA I I farinosa 585 Pteris r 28 Mistassinica 585| Alabamensis 30 Prinos see Ilex | aquilina 28 2 391-3:3 519 atropurpurea 29 Prionopsis 3 327, caudala 28 (Aplopappus) | gracilis 29 ciliata 327, _ Steller 29 Prosartes Pterospora 2 554 lanuginosa I 431 Andromedea 554 trachycarpa 432 Ptilimnium 2 537 Prosperinaca 2 501 (Discopleura) palustris 502) capillaceum 538 pectinacea 502) Nuttallii 538 pectinata 502 Ptiloria 267 | Prosopis 516| (Stephanomeria) glandulosa 516) pauciflora 268 Prunella 3 88 _ tenuifolia 268 (Brunella) | Puccinellia I 214 laciniata 89 (Glyceria in part) v ‘ulgaris 88 airoides 215 ‘ pinnatifida 89 angustata 215 Prunus 2246 distans 214 | Alleghaniensis 248 maritima I 214, 215 Americana 247 Pulmonarta angustifolia 248 see Mertensia 3 60 Avium 251 maritima 59 Besseyi 251 Pulsatilla 2 66 cerasifera 249 ( Anemone in part) Cerasus 251 hirsutissima Chicasa 248 | Pycnanthemum 3 Int cuneata 250 ~+=see Koellia III-I15 demissa 253. Jlanceolatum 3 112 gracilis 249| linifolium IIr Gravesii 249, Monardella 102 hortulana 247 Torreyit 112 “ Mineri 247 Tullia II4 insititia 250 Pyrethrum Mahaleb 2252. Balsamita 3 458 maritima 249| tnodorum var. mollis 247 nanum 459 montana 253 PYROLACEAE 2 549 nigra 247 Pyrola 2 549 Pennsylvanica 252. ~=asarifolia 551 pumila 250 chlorantha 550 serotina 253| elliptica 550 “ Smalilii 253| maculata 553 Sphaerocarpa 249, minor 552 spinosa 250 oxypetala 551 Virginiana 252 rotundifolia 550 Watsoni 248 “pumila 550 Vou. III.] GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. Pyrola | Ranunculus | Rhexia secunda I 552 | arvensis 2 83/_ Virginica 2 474 ‘pumila 552, bulbosus 80 Rhinanthus 3 187 uliginosa 551 | cardiophyllus 77 | Crista-Galli 187 umbellata 554 circinatus 84) minor 187 uniflora 553. Cymbalaria 86| Virgrnicus 174 Pyrrhopappus delphinifolius 73 | Rhodiola Carolinianus 3 279, ‘‘ terrestris 73 rosea 2 165 Scaposus 279| divaricatus 84 Rhododendron 2 559-61 laria 1537‘ fascicularis 82| Canadense 560 oletfera 537| Ficaria 85 Catawbiense 561 pubera 537| Jiliformis 2 75| Lapponicum 560 s 2 233-8, Flammularepians | maximum 561 arbutifolia 236 | 75| Rhodora 559 Botryapium 238 ‘intermedius 76 see Azalea 2 558-60 communis 234, Harveyi 77 Rhodora 2 559 nigra 237 hederaceus 84 — Canadensis 559 see Sorbus 2 233 ~=hispidus 80, 81 Rhus 2 385 Malus 234-6 hyperboreus 74 + aromatica 387 Pyxidanthera 2583 lacustris 73 Canadensis 387 barbulata 583 Lapponicus 74! copallina 386 Quamasia I 422) limosus 73 cotinotdes 389 (Scilla) | Macounii 80; Cotinus 389 hyacinthina 423, micranthus 78| glabra 387 Quamoclit 3 22 \ Missouriensis 74| hirta 386 (Lpomoea) mullifidus 73| yYadicans 388 coccinea 22) “ repens 73, Toxicodendron 388 Quamoclit 22. muricatus 83) trilobata 2 387 vulgaris 22! nivalis 76| typhina 386 Quercus | 1515, Nultallit 85! venenata 388 acuminata 522| oblongifolius 75| Vernix 388 alba 520 obtusiusculus 76 Rhynchosia 2 336 ambigua 516 ovalis 77| erecta 337 aquatica 519s parviflorus 82, latifolia 337 bicolor 521. parvulus 282 = rentformis 337 Brittoni 518 pedatifidus 77 ~=~simplicifolia 337 coccinea 517| Pennsylvanicus 80 tomentosa 336 digitata 518, Philonotis 82 ‘* monophylla 337 Salcala 518, Purshii 73| __‘* volubilis 336 heterophylla 519 ~—pusillus 75 Ribes 2 187 tlicifolia 518 pygmaeus 76\ aureum 192 imbricaria 520, ranunculinus 85 ‘‘chrysococeum 192 laurifolia 519s: recurvatus 79| albinervium 2 191 Leana I 520. repens 80, 81; cereum 19t lyrata 521 Teptans 275| Cynosbati 188 macrocarpa 520, 521 ‘intermedius 7 floridum 191 Marylandica 1 518| rhomboideus 77| gracile 183 | Michauxii 522. ~=sceleratus 79 Grossularia 189 | minor 520 + septentrionalis 81 | hirtellum 189 Muhlenbergii 522, trichophyllus 84| Hudsonianum 190 nana 518 | Raphanus 2 120, 140, lacustre 190 nigra 518,519 Raphanistrum 121 nigrum 190 obtusiloba I 520 _ sativus 121 oxyacanthoides olivacformis 521 Rapistrum 2 140 189, 190 palustris 1 516,520' rugosum 140 Pennsylvanicum 191 Phellos 518, 519 Ratibida 418/ prostratum 2 190 platanoides I 521 ( Lepachys) | rotundifolium 189 prinoides 523 colummnaris 419) rubrum Igl Prinus I 520, 522 pinnata 418} ‘“‘sxubglandulos, 191 rubra 516, 518 _ Tagetes 419| setosum 188 Rudkini I 518 Razoumofskya I 535| _ Uva-crispa 189 stellata 520 { Arceuthobiunz) | Ricinus 2 368 Texana 517 pusilla 535 communis 368 tinctoria 517 Redfieldia 1 186 | Riddellia tridentata 520| flexuosa 186 Tagetinae 3 444 velitina 517 Renealmia Robertsonia 2174 wirens 523 usneoides I 374 micranthidifolia 174 Virginiana 523 RESEDACEAE 2 158 Robinia 2 204 Queria Reseda 2158)| hispida 295 Canadensis 2 40 alba 159 Pseudacacia 204 capillacea 40 lutea 159 viscosa 295 | uinaria 2413. + Luteola 158 | Roripa 2 123 uincula 132. odorata 159| (Nasturtium) ( Physalis in part) RHAMNACEAE 2 404| Americana 127 lobata 132 Rhamnus 2 405 Armoracia 127 Rajania ovata I 569, alnifolia 406 curvisiliqua 126 | RANUNCULACEAE 2 50 Caroliniana 406| hispida 125 Ranunculus 2 72\ cathartica 405| Nasturtium 126 abortivus 77, 78 Frangula 406; obtusa 124 | acris 79, 80 lanceolata 405 palustris 125 affinis 2 77) Rhexia 2 474| sessiliflora 126 alismaefolius 76 aristosa 475 sinuata 124 Alleghaniensis 78 ciliosa 47. sphaerocarpa 125 ambigens 7 Mariana 474 sylvestris 124 aquatilis vars. 84, peliolata 475 | ROSACEAE 2 194 549 Rosa 2 228 acicularis 230 Arkansana 230 blanda 229 canina 232 Carolina 231 cinnamomea 232 eglanteria 232 Engelmannt 230 Fendleri 2 230 humilis 231 “ villosa 231 lucida 231 micrantha 232 nitida 231 parviflora 231 tubiginosa 232 Sayt 230 setigera 229 Woodsii 230 Rotala 2 470 Tramosior 470 Rothia Carolinensis 3 445 Rottboellia filiformis I 226 rugosa 100 Roubieva I 575 multifida 576 RUBIACEAE 3 211 Rubus 2 198 Alleghaniensis 202 Americanus 201 arcticus 200 Baileyanus 204 Canadensis 205 ‘* roribaccus 205 Chamaemorus 200 cuneifolius 203 Dalibarda 205 Srondosus 202 Sruticosus 202 hispidus 203 ** suberecta 204 Idaeus var. 200-1 TNUVISUS 204-5 laciniatus 2 202 Millspaughii 203 montanus 202 neglectus 201 Nutkanus 199 obovalis 203 occidentalis 201 odoratus 199 parviflorus 199 parvifolius 203 Saxaitlis vars, 201 setosus 204 strigosus 200 triflorus 201 trivialis 204 vallosus Vats. 202-205 Rudbeckia 414 amplexicaulis 418 aspera 417 Brittonii 416 columnaris 419 fulgida 416 hirta 416 laciniata 417 “humilis 418 pallida 420 pinnala 418 purpurea 420 spathulata 417 speciosa 417 subtomentosa 415 Tageles 419 triloba 415 Ruellia 3 202 biflora 202 ciliosa 203 “ parviflora 203 “ ambigua 203, oblongifolia 202 55° Ruellia pedunculata 3 203 strepens 202 ‘micrantha 202 “* cletstantha 202 Rumex I 547 Acetosa 548 Acetosella 547 altissimus 549 Britannica 549, 550 conglomeratus I 551 crispus 551 digynus 553 Engelmannt 548 hastatulus 548 Hydrolapathum 550 marilimus 552 obtusifolius 552 occidentalis 550 orbiculatus 550 Patientia 550 persicarioides 552 pulcher 552 salicifolius 549 sanguineus 551 venosus 548 verticillatus 549 Ruppia ry maritima 79 | lacustris 5 occidentalis 79 | RUTACEAE 2 352 Rynchospora I 276 (ine. Shans) alba I 277 axillaris 279 capillacea 278 cephalantha 279 corniculata 276 cymosa 280 fusca 279 glomerata 278 gracilenta 279 inexpansa 280 Knieskernii 27 macrostachya 276 nitens 257 oligantha 277 pallida 277 paniculata 278 sctrpoides 258 Torreyana 280 Sabbatia 2 608 angularis 610 | angustifolia 609 | brachiata 609 ealycina 610 calycosa 610 campanulata 611 campestris 610 chloroides 612 dodecandra 612 Elliottii 611 gracilis 611 lanceolata paniculata —I1 stellaris 611 Sagina 2 29 apetala 29, 30 decumbens 2 30 ““ Smithii 30 erecla 29 fontinalis 24 Linnaet 30 nodosa 30 | procumbens 29 saginoides 30 subulata 30 Virginica 621 Sagittaria i 87 ambigua go arifolia 89 ealycina 87 cristata Ql cuneata 89 GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. Sagittaria Salvia Engelmanniana 188 Sclarea 3 Io1 Salcata go. urticifolia Ior graminea gt _ verbenaca Tot heterophylla 90 SALVINIACEAE I 34 lancifolia a Salvinia I 34 latifolia 8 natans 34 longiloba 89 Sambucus 3 227 longirostra 88 Canadensis 228 | mnatans 92, nigra laciniata 228 / platyphylla 92, pubens 228 | pubescens 388 “ dissecta 228 | puszlla 92 Samolus 2 587 radicans 86 floribundus 587 rigida 90| Valerandi var. Sagttlaefolia 88 | Americanus 7 subulata 90 Sanguinaria 2 101 teres 88 — Canadensis 102 variabilis 92 Sanguisorba 2 228 SALICACEAE I 491 Canadensis 228 Salicornia I 582| _ Sanguisorba 228 ambigua 583 Sanicula 2 523 Bigelovii 583 Canadensis 524 Europaea var. 582 gregaria 524 Sruticosa 583 Marylandica 523 herbacea 582, trifoliata 524 mucronata 583 SANTALACEAE I 530 Virginica 583 | Santolina Salix I 493| _ suaveolens 3 460 adenophylla a SAPINDACEAE 2 402 alba Sapindus 402 aneedelotdes PE fl acuminatus 402 | angustata 503 marginatus 402 | arctica 502, _ Saponarta 402 | argyrocarpa 500 Saponaria 2 17 Babylonica 496 officinalis 18 | balsamifera 504 _ Vaccaria 18 Barclayi 504 SAPOTACEAE 2 595 Bebbiana 498 Saracha 3 133 Brownii 502 Sarcobatus I 583 candida 501 vermicularis 584 coerulea 496 Sarothamnus cordata 503 | _ scoparius 2 271 Cutleri 505 Sarothra 2 435-6 | desertorum 500 | Drummondii 435 discolor 499 gentianoides 436 ertocephala 499 | SARRACENIACEAE 2 159 Salcata 494 Sarracenia 159 | fluviatilis 497 flava 160 | fragilis 496 heterophylla 160 | glauca 501 purpurea and var. 160 | gracilis 500 | Sassafras G7, | glaucophylla 1 503| officinale 97 | herbacea 505 | _ Sassafras 97 | humilis 498 | Satureia 3 107 | longifolia 497 hortensis 107 | lucida 495 origanotdes 116 | Missouriensis 503 Thymus Virg. 111 | myrtilloides 505 Virginiana 112 nigra 404, 495 Virginica IIL petiolaris 500 Satyrium phylicifolia 500, 502 repens I 474 prinoides I 499 SAURURACEAE I 482 purpurea 497 | Saururus 482 reticulata 497 _ cernuus 482 rostrata 408 | Savastana I 131 sericea 499, 503, (Hterocloé) tristis I 499, alpina 132 Uva-ursi 505 Nashii 3 502 vestita 498 | odorata I 132 viminalis 5sor| pauciflora 132 vilellina 496 | SAXIFRAGACEAE 2 169 Wardi 495 | | Saxifraga 170 Salpingia 2495! aconitifolia 177 | Salsola I 585| aizoides 171 | depressa 585 | Aizoon 73 Kali 586 caespitosa 173 salsa Americana 584 Caroliniana 17. Tragus 586 cernua 2172 Salvia 99 comosa 17 azurea grandif/, 100 erosa 174 lanceolata 100| foltolosa 175 lyrata 99 Forbesti 173 Pitcheri 100 Geum 176 pratensis Ioo0 Grayana 175 (Vor. III. | Saxifraga Hirculus 2171 leucanthemifolia 176 Michauxii 2 176 nivalis 174 oppositifolia 171 Pennsylvanica 173 rivularis 172 stellaris and var. 175 Sullivantt? 177 tricuspidata 172 Virginiensis 174 Scabiosa 3 248 arvensis 249 australis 249 Scandix 2 528, 531 Cerefolium 528 Pecten-Veneris 531 Schedonnardus I 179 paniculatus 179 Texanus 179 SCHEUCHZERIACEAE xr 82 Scheuchzeria 84 palustris 84 SCHIZAEACEAE wily Schizaea 7 pusilla 7 Schoenus mariscotdes I 281 rufus 267 see Rynchospora I 276 Schollera 1 379, 2 581 graminea I 380 Oxycoccus 2 581 Schrankia angustata 2 256 uncinala 256 Schwalbea 3 181 Americana 18 Schweinitzia Carolintana 2555 odorata 555 5 | Scilla Fraseri I 423 Scirpus I 261 acicularis 252 acuminalus 255 Americanus 265 alropurpureus 250 atrovirens 269 aulumnalis 260 caespitosus 262 Californicus 267 campestris 267 Canbyi 266 capillaris 258 capitatus 250 castaneus 259 Clintoni 263 cylindricus 266 cyperinus 271 debilis 264 divaricatus 270 eqguiseloides 248 Eriophorum 271 fluviatilis 268 glaucescens 252 Hallii 264 intermedius 255 tinterstinclius 248 lacustris 266 leptolepis 266 lineatus 270 marilimus 266, 268 micranthus I 275 microcarpus 269 mucronatus 266 mutatis 249 nanus 262 nilens 257 Novae-Angliae 3 509 Olneyi I 265 ovatus 251 Vor. III.] Scirpus palustris I 251 pauciflorus 262 Peckii 27 planifolius 263 polyphyllus 269 pungens 265 quadrangulatus 249 retrofractus 244 robustus 268 rostellatus 256 tufus 267 Smithii 264 Spadiceus 259 subterminalis 263 supinus 264 sylvaticus mix 269 Tatora I 267 fenuis 255 Torreyi 265 tortilis 253 tuberculosus 253 Vahlit 260 validus 266 Wolfit 252 Scleranthus 2 40 annuus 4l Scleria I 281 laxa 282 oligantha 281 pauciflora 283 reticularis 282 Torreyana 282 triglomerata 282 verticillata 283 Sclerolepis 3 306 uniflora 306 verlicillata 306 Scolochloa I 209 festucacea 209 | Scolopendrium Deer Scolopendrium 21} vulgare 2t SCROPHULARIACEAE 142 Scrophularia 148 leporella 149 Marylandica 148 nodosa var. Mar. 148 Scutellaria 3 78 ambigua 81 Brittonii 82, campestris 82 canescens 79 cordifolia xo Drummondii 81 galericulata 83 hirsuta 80 hyssopifolia 80 incana 3 79 integrifolia 80 laevigata 79 lateriflora 7 mollis 82 nervosa 83 ovaltfolia 80 parvula 81 pilosa 80 Tesinosa 81-2 saxatilis 3 82 serrata 79 teucritfolia 83 versicolor 80 Wrightit Sr Sedum 2 164 acre 166 Nevii 168 pulchellum 167 reflexum 167 Rhodiola 165 roseum 165 Sparsiflorum 166 stenopetalum 166 telephioides 165 Telephium 165 GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. Sedum | Sefaria ternatum 2167| dactyvloides I 183 Torreyi 166 _ see Ixophorus 126-127 SELAGINELLACEAE | Seymeria I 44 macrophylla 3 172 Selaginella 44 Shepherdia apus 45, argentea 2 468 Tupestris 3 sf Canadensis 467 selaginoides Sherardia 3 226 Spinosa arvensis 226 Selenia Por mal | Sibbaldia 2 217 aurea 134| procumbens 217 Selinum | Sibthorpia acaule 2 517 evolvulacea 3 20 Canadense 12 Sicyos 252 Sempervivum 2168 angulatus 252 tectorum 168 /obata 251 Senebiera Sida 2 418, 421 Coronopus 2113, Abutilon 422 didyma 113| alceoides 418 | SENECIONEAE 3 301, Elliottii 42 Senecio 3475| hermaphrodita 422 antennariifolius 478; hispida 420 atriplicifolius 474, Napaea 422 aureus and ss spinosa 421 79-81 | stellata 3 519 “angustifoli wos Pte Sideroxylon “ pauciflorus 3 480 lanuginosum 2 596 gracilis 481 | Llycioides 596 Balsamitae 479 | Siegesbeckia canus 477| _ occidentalis 3 430 compactus 480 | Sieglingia I 184 discoideus 479| (Tricuspis, Triodia) Douglasii 481 | albescens 3 503 Elliottti 478 decumbens 1 185 elongatus 478 elongata 3 504 frigidus 476| pilosa 504 hieractfolius 473 purpurea I 185 integerrimus 476 | seslerioides 184 Jacobaea 34 stricta 185 obtusus Bt Silene 250s lelgan 477| acaulis 8 lyratus 48t|} alba 9 obovatus var. 478-9| Anglica 12 “ elongatus 3.478 antirrhina II ““rotundus 479 ‘ divaricata II palustris 481 | Armeria II paucifiorus 480, Caroliniana II Plattensis 478| conica 3 514 Pseudo-Arnica 476, Cucubalus 2 Robinsii 480 dichotoma 12 Smallii 479 Drummondt 15 sylvaticus 482 Gallica 12 | tomentosus 477 inflata 9 viscosus 483) Menziesii 13 vulgaris 482 nivea 9 Serapias noctiflora 12 viridiflora I 469 xoclurna 12] Sericocarpus 3 353 nutans 9 asteroides 354‘ ovata 8 bifoliatus 354| Pennsylvanica II conyzotdes 354 vacemosa 12 linifolius 353| regia 10 solidagineus 353 rotundifolia Io tortifolius 354 ~—s stellata 8 Serinia 3 263 Virginica Io | ( Apogon) vulgaris 9 | oppositifolia 263 Silphium 3 406 Serratula Asteriscus 407 see Lacinaria 3 315-18 integrifolium 407 arvensts 3 489 = laciniatum 408 glauca 303 Nultallianum 410 Noveboracensts 302 perfoliatum 406 Sesban 2295 +#terebinthinaceum 408 | ( Sesbania ) ““pinnatifidum 408 | macrocarpa 296 _ trifoliatum 407 Sesbania 2 2905 Silybum 3 490 Seseli Marianum 490 divaricatum 2 527' SIMARUBACEAE) 2 354 Sesleria Sinapis 2 117 dactyloides I 183 alba 117 Sesuvium I 598 arvensis 119 maritimum 598 jJuncea 118 pentandrum 598 nigra 118 Setaria | Sison 2 534-6 551 Sison Ammi 2 534 Canadense 3 | Sisymbrium 2 115 Alliaria II5 altissimum 116 brachycarpon 145 canescens 145 dentatum 148 humifusum 147 humile 116 murale 120 officinale 116 Pannonicum 116 Stnapistrum 116 tenutfolium 120 Thalianum 146 see Roripa 2 124-6 Sophia 144 Sisyrinchium I 453 anceps T 453, 454 angustifolium 1 454 Atlanticum 454 | Bermudiana 453 graminoides 453 mucronatum 454 Sitanion elymoides I 232 Sitilias 3 278 (Pyr rhopappus) Caroliniana 279 jprenditiors 279 Sium 513, 532-8 angushyolion 2 538 | Carsoni 532 cicutaefolium 532 ereclum 538 | latifolium 532 | lineare 532 | longtfolium 513 rigidum 513 SMILACEAE I 438 Smitlacina bifolra I 431 | _ see Vagnera I 429 Smilax 438 Bona-nox 441 caduca 440 ecirrhata 439 | glauca 440 hastata 441 | herbacea 439 hispida 440 lanceolata 442 | laurifolia 441 | Pseudo-China 441 pulverulenta 439 quadrangularis 440 | rotundifolia I 440 spinulosa 440 | tammifolia 439 tamnotdes 44 Walteri 442 Smyrntum atropurpureum 2 518 aureum 534 barbinode 518 cordatum 535 | tnlegerrimum 526 nudicaule 516 SOLANACEAE 3 124 | Solanum 3 134 Carolinense 135 cttrullifolium 136 contoides 133 Coronopus 134 Dulcamara 137 elaeagnifolium 135 helerandrum 136 heterodoxum 136 Lycopersicum 137 nigrum 134 rostratum 136 neglecta and var. 341 nemoralis 3 344 | ‘“arenicola 344 odora 338 “‘inodora 338 Ohioensis 346 patula 339 petiolaris 332 pilosa 339 procera 344 puberula 335 Purshii 337 racemosa 337 Radula 345 retrorsa 338 Riddellii 346 rigida 345 rigidiuscula 336 rugosa 3 339 rupestris 342 Sarothrae 320 scabra 344 sempervirens 338 serotina 342 “ gigantea 343 Shortii 343 sphacelata 349 552 Solanum Torreyi 3 136 triflorum 135 triquetrum 137 Solea concolor 2 456 Solidago 3 330 alpestris 337 pada 339, 344 argut: 3 342 a Nbretla 341 axillaris 332 bicolor 333 “ concolor 333 | Bigelovii 335 Boottii 340 caesia 332 “ axillaris 332 Canadensis 344 ** gilvocanescens 344 ** olabrata 3 344 “procera 344 “ scabra 344 ““scabriuscula 344. cordata 349 Curtissii and var. 333 Drummondii 3 345. Elliottii 340 elliplica 340 erecta 334 fistulosa _ 339 flexicaulis 332 | Gattingeri 343 gigantea 342- gracilis 3 332 graminifolia 347 hirsuta 333 hispida 333 Houghtoni 347 humilis 337 “ Gillmant 338 incana 3 344 juncea 341 ‘“ramosa 342 “scabrella 341 lanceolata 347 latifolia 332 laterifiora 380 lepiocephala 348 Lindheimeriana 335 linoides 34 macrophylla 334 Missouriensis 343 mollis 344 monticola 334, 337 Muhlenbergii 342 multiradiata 346 ) GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. | | Solidago speciosa 3 336 angustata —_ 334-6 “ pallida 336 “Yyigidiuscula 336 squarrosa 331 stricta 335 tenutfolia 34 Terrae-Novae 341 thyrsotdea 334 tortifolia 338 uliginosa 336, 341 ulmifolia 3 340 uniligulata 341 virgata 335 Virgaurea 337 ‘ alpina 337 “ Deanei 337 “ Gilmani 338 “ Randii 337 “ Redfieldii 337 “ monticola 337 Sonchus 3 271 | acuminatus 275 arvensis 272 asper 272 Floridanus 275 Ludovicianus 273 oleraceus 272 pulchellus 275 Sspicatus 276 Sophia 2 144 (Sisymbri tumin part) Hartwegiana 145 incisa 145 pinnata 145 Sophia 144 Sophora 2 263 australis 265 sericea 263 tinctoria 266 villosa 266 Sorbus 2 233 Americana 233 Aucuparia 233 microcarpa 233 | sambucifolia 233 Sorghum I 104 avenaceum 104 | Halepense 104 | nutans 104 | SPARGANIACEAE I 63 Sparganium I 63 androcladum 64 angustifolium 64 eurycarpum 63 Jluitans 64 minimum 64 simplex 64 Sparganophorus verticillatus 3 306 Spartina PoE eds allternifiora 177 cynosuroides 175 glabra 177 gracilis 176 juncea 176 patens 176 polystachya 176 stricta 177 Spartium scopartum 2 271 Spathyema I 363 foetida 363 Specularia biflora 3 256 | leplocarpa 256 | perfoliata 256 Spergula 2 30, 3 arvensis 3 decumbens 30 nodosa 30 saginoides 30 Sperguilaria media 2 37 (Vor. II. Spergularia | Stanleya rubra 2 37. pinnatifida 2 109 salina 37 | STAPHYLEACEAE 2 396 Spermacoce 3 217 Staphylea 396 diodina 217 _ trifolia 396 glabra 217 Statice 2 505 SPERMATOPHYTA I 49) Armeria 505 _ Spermolepis 2537| Caroliniana 5904 divaricatus 537 Limonium var. 5094 echinatus 537 | __ vulgaris 505 | Sphaeralcea 2 422 | Steironema 2 589 acerifolia 423| ciliatum 589 cuspidata 3.519, tnlermedium 590 rivularis 2 423, lanceolatum 590 stellata 3519, Jlongifolium 591 Spiesia 2 307, quadriflorum 591 (Oxytropis) tadicans 590 arctica 308 _ tonsum 590 Belli 309 | Stellaria campestris 308 | alpestris 2 24 inflata 307| agualica 20 Lamberti 309| biflora 32 ““ sericea 309| borealis 24 multiceps 3 cerastioides 28 splendens 309| crassifolia 24 Spigelia 2605 £dwardsit 23 Marylandica 605, Sontinalis 24 Spilanthes 3.414 Ffriesiana 22 repens 414| gvaminea 22, 23 Spiraea 2170, 195, Groenlandica 2 34 Aruncus 170, 197, Yolostea 22 belulifolia var. 2196) humtfusa 2I corymbosa 196, longifolia 22 opulifolia 195 /ongipes 23 salicifolia 196, 224, media 21 sorbifolia 2197, peduncularis 23 tomentosa 196, pubera 22 stipulata 108 | uliginosa 21 trifoliata 108 Stenanthium I 403 Virginiana 197| angustifolium 403 see Ulmaria 2224. gramineum 403, Spiranthes robustum 404 decipiens I 475 Stenophragma 2 146 graminea var. 471, (Sisymbriuminpart) see Gyrostachys 470 _ Thaliana 146 Spirodela I 365 Stenophyllus I 258 (Lemna in part) | (Fimbristylisin part) polyrhiza 365| _ capillaris 258 Sporobolus 1 150 Stenosiphon 2 498 (ine. Vilfa) | linifolium 499 airoides I155|_ virgatus 499 argutus 154 | Stenotus 3 320 asper 151 (A plopappus in 4 asperifolius 156| _atmerioides 329 brevifolius 153 Stephanomeria compressus 156) minor 3 268 cryptandrus 155 runcinata 268 cuspidatus 153 | Stevia depauperatus 153 ¢allosa 447 heterolepis 155 _Sphacelata 447 Indicus 154 | Stewartia 2 426 junceus 154 Stillingia 2 369 longifolius I51 _ sylvatica 369 minor 152 Stipa I 137 neglectus 152. avenacea 138 pilosus 152. barbata 138 serotinus 156| bicolor 138 vaginaeflorus 152, capillaris 145 Virginicus 153| comata 138 Stachys 3.96 juncea 139 ambigua 97 Macounii 137 arvensis 08 membranacea 141 aspera 098 = Richardsontt 137 Betonica 99 ~—s Spartea 138, 139 Cincinnatensis 97 Virginica I 138 cordata 98 _viridula 138 Germanica 521 Stoepelina glabra o7 elegans 3 316 hyssopifolia 96-7 Siramonium 125 hispida o8 Streptopus I 432 Nutlallit 98 amplexifolius 432 palustris 96-7 lanuginosus 431 tenuifolia 97. _ Toseus 43: Stanleya 2 109 Strophostyles 2 ae pinnata 109 ( Phaseolus in part) Vor. III] Strophostyles | Tagetes angulosa 2 338 mt 3 453 helvola | Talinum ae ““ Missouriensis S | calycinum 2 pauciflora 2 339 | parviflorum 2 peduncularis 339 _ teretifolium I umbellata 339 Tanacetum 3 460 Stuartia 2426 MHuronense 461 Malachodendron 6 vulgare 460 pentagyna 2 427 | crispum 460 Virginica 426 Taraxacum 3 270 Stylipus — | Dens-leonts 71 vernus 2220, erythrospermum 271 Stylisma | officinale 271 | see Breweria 3 20-1 Taraxacum 271 Stylophorum 2 102 “alpinum 271 diphyllum 102 | TAXACEAE Ge Stylosanthes 2 312 Taxodium Te 57 biflora gi2,_ distichum 58 elatior 3i2| Taxus I 61] racemosa 285| baccata 61 riparia 3 517 brevifolia 61 STYRACEAE 2 5098 Canadensis 61 Styrax 598 | _ minor 61 Americana 599 | Tecoma 3 108 grandifolia 599 _radicans 199 pulverulenta 599 | Tephrosia Suaeda holosericea 2 293 depressa 1585 _ see Cracca 292-3 linearis var. 584 Tetragonanthus 2 619 maritima 585| (Halenia) Subularia 2110 deflexus and var. 620 aquatica 110 | Tetragonotheca 3 413 Succisa helianthoides 414 australis 3 249 Telranthera Sullivantia 2 197 geniculata 2 97 Ohionis 177 | Teucrium 3°76 Sullivantii 177 Canadense 76 Swertia occidentalis 77 | Carinthiaca 2619, Virginicum 76 difformis 611 Thalesia 3 194 deflexa 620 (Aphyllon) rotala 618 fasciculata 195 | SYMPETALAE 2 548| ‘lutea 195 Symphoricarpos 3 235 uniflora 195 occidentalis 236 | Thalia I 455 orbiculata 236 dealbata 455 pauciflorus 236 Thalictrum 2 86 racemosus 235| alpinum 86 Symphoricarpos 236| anenonoides 66 vulgaris 236 campestre = Symphytum 3 67| clavatum officinale 67 ~+«coriaceum 8 Symplocarpus Cornutt 88 Soetidus I 363 dioicum 87 SYMPLOCACEAE 2 597| polygamum 88 Symplocos 597 | purpurascens 88 tinctoria 507| ‘‘ ceriferum 88 Synandra 3 91| venulosum 88 grandiflora gt | Thapsia hispidula gl trifoliata 2 518 Syndesmon 2 66 | Thaspium 2 518 ( Anemonella) alropurpureum 518 thalictroides 66 aureum 2 518 Synosma 3 474 “ aplerume 534 ( Cacalia in part) barbinode 518 suaveolens 475 “angustifolium 518 Syntherisma Ii10| pinnatifidum 518 (Digitaria ; | trifoliatum 518 Pamecunis in part) “ aplerum 535 filiformis ELIT Walteri 518 glabra 111 THEACEAE 2 426 linearis 111 Thelesperma 3 441 praccox III ambiguum 44t sanguinalis 11) filifolium 44t serotina I 111; 3 496 | gracile 442 villosa Iii trifidum 441 Synthyris 165 Thelypodium 2 110 Houghtoniana 166 integrifolium 110 rubra 166 pinnatifidum 123 Syringa 2 600 Thermia vulgaris 600 rhombifolia 2 265 Tabernaemontana Thermopsis 2 264 Amsonia gn 2 mollis 264 Tagetes rhombifolia 265 GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. Therofon 2 176 | Tradescantia (Boykinia) Slexuosa | aconitifolium 177) montana | mapelloides 177| pilosa Thesium reflexa umbellaium I 536, rosea | Thiaspi 2113/_ Virginiana arvense 114 | Tragia Bursa-pastoris 139| cordata campestre Ill! wtunocua perfoliatum 114} macrocarpa Thuja I 58| nepetaefolia | occidentalis 58| ramosa THYMELEACEAE 2 465| stylaris _Thymophylla 3 453) _ urens (Hymenantherum) | Tragopogon aurea 3.453| Dandelion | Thymus 3.115 parvifolius Acinos 109| pratensis Serpyllum 115 Virginicum | Tiarella 2 170, 177| Tragus | Obtlernata 170 | TRAPACEAE | cordifolia 178 | Trapa Tiedemannia natans rigida 2 513 Trautvetteria terettfolia 513, Carolinensis | TILIACEAE 2 413, palmata Tilia 2 413 Triadenum alba 414| (£lodes) | Americana 414) petiolatum |‘ Walter 414) Virginicum Canadensis 414 | Tribulus Europaea 414| maximus glabra 414 terrestris heterophylla _414| Trichochloa pubescens 414 microsperma Tillaea 2 164 Trichodium aquatica 164| see Agrostis simplex 164 | Trichomanes Tillandsia I 374| radicans | usneoides 374.| Trichophyllum | Tipularia 1 479\ oppositifolium discolor 480 | Trichostema 5 | unifolia 480| brachiatum | Tissa 2 36-7. dichotomum (Buda) lineare (Spergularia) | Tricuspis Canadensis 37| acuminata marina 37| albescens tubra 37 | purpurea | salina 37 _ trinerviglumis Tofieldia I 399 | Trientalis glutinosa 4oo' Americana palustris 399 Trifolium pubescens goo, agrarium racemosa 400, arvense Tordylium Beckwithii Anthriscus 2 SII biflorum nodosum 510, Carolinianum Torilis dubium | Anthriscus 2 SII ereclum nodosa 510, hybridum Tormentilla incarnatum replans 2216, medium Torreya MmInuUs grandifiora 3 QI pratense Towndsendia 3.350) procumbens grandiflora 350) reflexum exscapa 351, tepens sericea 351 | stmplicifolium Toxicodendron stoloniferum crenatum Virginicum pinnalum Triglochin vulgare elata Toxylon maritima ( Maclura) palustris pomiferum 529| striata Trachelospermum 3 4,| ¢riandra ( Echites in part) Trigonella difforme 4 Americana Trachynotia Trilisa polystachya 1176) (Liatris) Tradescantia 1377. +odoratissima bracteata 3.510 paniculata brevicaulis 1 378 Trillium 554 Trillium / cernuum 1-437 erectum 437 erythrocarpum * 433° grandiflorum 437 nivale I 436 | recurvatum 436 | rhombotdeum 437 sessile 436 undulatum 438 viride ceo Triodia albescens 3 503 cuprea I 184 decumbens 185 stricta 185 Triosteum 3 234 | angustifolium 234 | perfoliatum 234 Tripolium angustum 3 383) Tripsacum XI 97] dactyloides 98 | Tripterella | coerulea I 456 | Tripleridium micranthum 597 Trisetum I 170} flavescens 171 palustre 171 | Pennsylvanicum 171 | pratense I 171 | subspicatum 171 | Triticum see Agropyron I 226) Trollius 2 52| Americanus 52 laxus 52 “ albiflorus 52 Troximon cuspidatum 3 278 glaucum 277 marsinatum 278 parviflorum 278 Tsuga re o55 (Abies) Canadensis 6 Caroliniana 56 Tullia 3 114) pvenanthemoides 114) Tunica 2 17) Saxifraga 17 | Turritis see Arabis 2 149-50 Tussilago 3 469 Farfara 469 JSrigida 470 palmata 469 Petasites 470 | sagittata 470 TYPHACEAE I 62 Typha I 62 angustifolia 63 latifolia 62 Udora I 93 Ulex 2 270 Europaeus 270 ULMACEAE I 523 Ulmaria 2 223 (Spiraea in part) palustris 224 rubra 224 Ulmaria 224 | Ulmus I 524 | alata 525 | Americana 524 campestris 524 fulva 525) pubescens 525 racemosa 524 UMBELLIFERAE 2 508 Uncinia I 284 microglochin 285 Unifolium I 430 ( Matanthemum) GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. Unifolium | (Smilacina in part) Canadense I 431 | liliaceum 430 Uniola I 197 | gracilis 197 laxa 197. latifolia 197 | paniculata 198 Spicata 198 stricta 198 Urachne asperifolia I 140 micrantha 140 racemosa 140 Uralepis | elongata 3 504 pilosa 504 | URTICACEAE I 530 | Urtica 531 chamaedryoides 532. cvlindrica I 534 divaricata 533 dioica 531 | gracilis 531 pumila 533 urens 532 Urticastrum I 532) (Laportea) | divaricatum 533 | Utricularia 3 188 biflora 193 bipartita 192 | ceratophvlla 19) | clandestina 190-1 | cleistogama 199) cornuta 189 fibrosa 192 Sornicata 193 gibba 193 | inflata 190, intermedia 192 | macrorhiza 191 juncea 189 longtrostris 193 minor 192-3 | purpurea IQ! | resupinata 190 saccata IQI | selacea 190 striata Ig1-2 | subulata 190 | vulgaris and var. 191 | Uvularia I 408 | amplexifolia 432 | grandiflora 409 perfoliata 409 | puberula 410 | sessilifolia 409 | Vaccaria 2 18] (Saponaria in part) Vaccaria 18 vulgaris 18 | VACCINIACEAE 2 573) Vaccinium 2 575 album 3 241 amoenum 2 577 arboreum 589 atrococcum 578 buxifolium 575 caespitosum 576 Canadense 578 corymbosum 577 disomorphum 578 hirtellum 575 hispidulum 581 ligustrinum 570 membranaceum 576 mucronatum 393 myrtilloides 576 nigrum 57 ovalifolium 577 pallidum 579 Pennsylvanicum 578 ‘“angustifolium 578 Vaccinium stamineum 2 580 tenellum 577 uliginosum 576 vacillans 579 virgatum 577 Vitis-Idaea see Gaylussacia 574-6 Oxycoccus 581-2 Vagnera I 429 (ine. Smilacina in part) amplexicaulis I 429 racemosa 429 stellata 430 trifolia 430 | VALERIANACEAE 3 243 Valeriana 3 243 dioica 244 edulis 244 | Locusta 245 * olit., rad. 245-6 officinalis 245 pauciflora 244 sylvatica 244 Valerianella 3 245 chenopodifolia 246 Locusta 245 longiflora 247 olitoria 245 radiata 246 stenocarpa 246 Woodsiana 247 “ patellaria 247 “umbilicata 247 VALLISNERIACEAE Ling? Vallisneria I 92 spiralis 93 Vaseva comata I 144 Veratrum I 407 angustifolium — 403 luteum 402 parvifiorum 407 viride 408 Woodii 408 Verbascum 3 143 Blattaria 144 Lychnitis 144 phlomoides 143 Thapsus 143 VERBENACEAE 3 69 Verbena 69 angustifolia VAs Aubhletia 72 bipinnatifida 72 bracteosa 71 Canadensis 72 hastata and var. 70 nodiflora 73 officinalis 70 poniculata jo pinnatifida 7o rigens 7t riparia jo stricta 71 urticifolia jo Verbesina 3 429 alba 413 alternifolia 431 encelioides 430 helianthoides 430 occidentalis 430 Stegesbeckia 430 Virginica 429 VERNONIEAE 3 299 Vernonia 3 301 ailtissima 303 “ orandifiora 304 ““marginata 304 Arkansana 302 Baldwinii 302 crinita 302 Drummondii 304 [Vot. III. | Vernonia fasciculata 3 303 gigantea 303 glauca 303 Samesti 304 marginata 304 Noveboracensis 302 “ latifolia 303 tomentosa 302 Veronica 3 166 agrestis and var. 170 alpina 168 Americana 167 Anagallis-aquatica 167 arvensis 3 169 Buxbaumit 170 Byzantina 170 Chamaedrys 168 hederaefolia 170 officinalis 168 peregrina 169 scutellata 167 serpyllifolia 169 Virginica 171 Vesicaria argentea 2 137 arctica 138 didymocarpa 135 globosa 130 gracilis 137 Shortit 136 Viburnum 3 228 acerifolium 230 alnifolium 229 cassinoides 232 Demetrionis 231 Jerrugineum 233 dentatum 231 “ pubescens 230 lantanoides 229 Lentago 232 molle 231 nudum 232 “ Claytoni 232 obovatum 3 233 Opulus 229 “eradiatum 230 pauciflorum 230 prunifolium 233 globosum 233 “ferrugineum 233 pubescens 230 tufotomentosum 233 trilobum 229 Vicia 2 325 Americana 2 326 angustifolia 329 Caroliniana 327 Cracca 32 hirsuta 328 linearis 326 Ludoviciana 327 micrantha 327 Mitchelli 328 parviflora 327 sativa 32% sepium 32 tetrasperma 328 truncata 326 Vigna 2 33 Catjang 340 Sinensis 340 Vilfa see Sporobolus 1 152-6 Villarsia aquatica 2 623 lacunosa 622 Vinca gra minor 2 Vincetoxicum 3 17 ( Gonolobus) Baldwinianum 19 Carolinense 18 gonocarpos 17 “ laevis 18 Vou, III. ] GENERAL INDEX OF LATIN NAMES. 555 Vincetoxicum | Virgilia | Wolffia I 367 | Xyris I 368 hirsutum 3 18|_ lutea 2 264 Brasiliensis 367. Caroliniana 370 nigrum 8 | _ Viscaria 2 7 Columbiana 367. communis 369 obliquum 18| alpina 7 Floridana 3509 adifformis 369 Shortii 19 | Viscum gladiata var. 509 = elata 370 suberosum 17 | Slavescens I 535 _ papulifera 510. fimbriata 370 VIOLACEAE 2 445| lerrestre 2 588 Wolffiella 3.509 flexuosa 369 Viola 2 446-56 | VITACEAE 2 407) _ Floridana 509, Jupacat 379 amoena 450 | Vitis 408 | Woodsia I 9g montana 369 arenaria 454 aestivalis 4o9| alpina Io|__ torta 370 arvensis 455 “ canescens 409 glabella to Yucca I 426 Atlantica 446 arborea 412, Ayperborea 10 angustifolia 427 blanda 450 +Baileyana 4it Ilvensis Io —baccata 426 ** palustriformis 450| bicolor 409 obtusa II filamentosa 427 Canadensis 2453 Obtpinnata 412; Oregana II glauca 427 canina var. 454| cinerea 409 scopulina 11 Zannichellia I 79 concolor 456 cordifolia 410 Woodwardia I 20 palustris 80 cucullata 2 447; 3 520 tndtvisa 412; ang uslifolia 20 Zapania delphinifolia 2 447 Labrusca 408-9 areolata 20 | cunetfolia 3673 domestica 3.519 palmata 410! Virginica 20 | Zephyranthes I 443 emarginata §20| guinguefolia 413 Wulfenia 3165| Atamasco 444 hastata 2 452 riparia 410 (Synthyris) | Zinnta 3 411 Labradorica 454 ~=—i rotundifolia 4II Houghtoniana 166 grandiflora 412 lanceolata 451 rupestris 411 rubra 166 | Zizania I 128 Muhlenbergiit 454 Virginiana 411 Xanthium 297. aquatica 128 multicaulis 454. _ vulpina 410, 411 Canadense 298 miliacea 128 Nuttallii 452 Vileckia | echinatum 298 Zizaniopsis 1127 obliqua 447. see Agastache 3 84-5 = spinosum 297| miliacea 128 odorata 449| _ antsala 85 strumarium 298 | Zizia 2 534 ovata 448 | Volvulus Xanthorrhiza 2 54] aurea 534 palmata 446| spithamaeus 3 26| apiifolia 55. Bebbii 534 palustris 450 Waldsteinia 2 218| simplicissima 55| cordata 535 pedatifida 447. _~—«&fragarioides 218 Nanthosoma integerrima 526 pedata 449 | parviflora 3.516, sagittaefolia I 362 pinnatifida 518 “ bicolor 449 Washingtonia 2 530-1 Xanthoxylum 2 353, Zornia 2 312 primulaefolia 451 (Osmorrhiza) Americanum 353, bracteata 313 pubescens 2452 Claytoni 530 Carolinianum 353) _ tetraphylla 313 renifolia 451 divaricata 531 Clava-Herculis 353 Zostera I 82 rostrata 455 _ longistylis 530 Xerophyllum I 401| marina 82 rotundifolia 449 Weigela 242| asphodeloides 4o1 | Zygadenus I 404 sagittata 448 Willughbaea 3.313) _ Seltfolium 401) elegans 405 emarginala 3520 (Mikania) | ATmenesia glaberrimus 404 scabriuscula 2 453. scandens 313 | _ enceliotdes 3 430, glaucus 405 Selkirkii 450 | Windsoria | Xolisma 2 569 leimanthoides 406 sororia 448| stricta 1185 (Andromedainpart)| Nuttallii 405 striata 453 | pallida 213 _ ligustrina 570, +venenosus 405 tenella 455 | Wistaria ( Wisteria) Xylosteum ZYGOPHYLLACEAE tricolorand var. 455) _/rutescens 2294) tnvolucratum 3 242 2 351 verticillata ‘ macrostachys 3 517| oblongifolium 240 villosa 447! speciosa 2 294 | XYRIDACEAE I 368 ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. [The heavy face figures 1, 2, 3 indicate the volume; those following them, the page. Names in z/alics are additional popular names, not printed in the text, but referred to the proper plant by the zwmber of the L//ustration or Figure (f).] Aaron’s Beard 3 144, £1883, Aaron’s Rod 2 165, 3 743, rie Abele 90 | A bel-tree f 1164 Abronia I 507 Abscess-root, Am.t 2993 Absinth 3 464 Acacia 2 254 Bastard, False 204 Illinois 2030 | Prairie 2 254 | Rose 2 295, f 2122 Three-thorned 2 260 ACANTHUS FAMILY 3 201 Ache 2 533 Aconite 61 Winter 53 Aconite Saxifrage 177 Actinomeris 3 431 | Actinospermum 443 Adam-and-Eve =I 481 Adam ’s-cup f 1801 -flannel 3 143, #3481 -needle 1 427; 2 531 | Adder’s-fern I -flower 2 14 -meat 22 -mouth I 475-6 Pogonia frrm4 Adder’ s-spear ain Adder’s-spit f 61 ADDER’S TONGUE FAMILY I I Adder’s-tongue I 2, 420; 3 494 Engelmann’s 3 404 Sand 494 Adder’s-violet £1132 Adders-wort f 3056 Adelia 2 603 Adenocaulon 3 404 Adonis-flower £1639 African-rose f 1659 Agave I 445 Agoseris 3 277-8 Agrimony 2 226-7 Water 3 437 -bark f 2271 -grass,-root f 51085 -tree O7 Ague-weed 2 615; : 311 AILANTHUS FAMILY Ailanthus Ainf Aise-weed Aitten Alder I | Alder Amaranth Apple American f1222| Red 1fizg99var.| Love 137 Be 2 406 | | Thorny f1400, Mad 3222 Black | AMARYLLIS FAMILY May 2 92 392, 406, f1221, 1223 I 443 Mock 251 Common f 1222 | Amber 2 433 Osage 1259 Dwarf 2 406, £1878 | Ambrose f 1371 Peru f 3222 False f 2362 Ambrosia, Tall 3 295 Prairie 2 284 Green f 1222 | Ammannia 2 469, Swam 558 Spiked f 2724 | Ampelopsis 412| Thorn 3 139-40 Spolied f 1879 | Amphiachyris 3320! White f 2227 Striped f 2362 | | Amphicarpon riro| Wild Balsam 3 251 Tag f 1219, 1221-2 Amsonia 3 1) Apple of Peru 3 125 White f 2362, eh Amy-root 3 3 Apple of Sodom — 135 Witch 78 | Anchusa, Amer. f 3043) A bple -pie (smell) f 2568 Alecoast, Alecost 3 458 Andromeda 2 568-71 | Apple-root 2321 Alehoof 87, Lyon's £2771 | April-fools f 1581 Alexanders 2 518| Privet 2 570 | Arbor-vitae I 58 Golden | Andrachne 3 518 | Arbutus, Trailing 2 571 2 518, f 2670, 2690-1 | Androsace 2 576 | Archangel f 2636 Heart- leaved 2 535|Androstephium 1416 Black 3 96 Alfalfa 2 272| Anemone, Canada2 64 Green f 3168, 3173 Alfilaria 2 344| Carolina 62, RedorSweet 3 94 | Alfilarilla f 2249) Cut-leaved 63| White 95 | Alkali-grass £977 False-rue 54 Arctagrostis cE ef Alkanet f 3048 Long-fruited 63 Arethusa 4 Bastard 3 63 | Meadow-rue £1580) Argentina f 1934 Alkekengi 3.132) Mountain 2 65 | Argentill 2 225 All-bone 2 22| Northern 62| Arnica 3 471-2 f 3532 Alleghany Fringeti672| Prairie £1581 | Arnica-bud f 3522 Alleghany Vine 2105 Richardson’s 2 64/ Aristida I 133-7 Alleluia 2 271, 345 Round-leaved £1574 | Arrow-arum I 362 Allgood £ 1370 -headed f 1574 | Arrow-beam 2 395 All-heal 3 88, 97, 245 Rue 2 66) ARROW-GRASS FAMILY Alligator-tree 2193 Smaill-flowered £1570 z 82 -bonnets f 1530 Slar f 2822 | Arrow-grass 1 83, f 301 Allionia 595| Tall 2 63 | Arrow-head I 82-90 Allison, Sweet f 17838 Wind-flower £1580) Arrow-leaf f 193-8 White £1775 Wood 1576 | ARROW-ROOT FAMILY Allocarya 3 56 Angel-eves f 3393 I 454 Alilseed £1362 Angelica 2 511-12} ARUM FAMILY _ I 360 Allspice, Carolina2 95 Hairy f 2637 Arum I 362-3 Wild 98 High f 2636 Arrow-wood 2 406, 543; Almond, Cutting 3 411) Sea-coast 2 520 3 230-1, f 2367 Earth £559 Angelica-tree 506, f 22 Indian 2712 Aloe-root f 1023 Angelico 2 519| Arsenic, Wild £2735 Alpine Bistort I 555 Angel’s-eyes 3 168 Artichoke, Jerusalem Alsike 2 278 Angleberries 2 332 3 42 Althaea, Shrubby 426) Angle-pod 3 17 Asarabacca I 538-9 Alum-bloom f 2239 | Anise, Sweet f 2681 | Asarum 538-9 Alum-root 2 179, 341 | Anise-root f 2681 Ash 2 601, f 2838 Common £1845 Aphanostephus 3 349 Basket f 2843 Alyssum 2 152 Apiastrum 2 527| Bitter f 2367 Hoary 154 Appalachian Tea | Black Sweet 153 3 232 £2359 | 2 602, f 2380, 2840 Yellow 153 APPLE FAMILY 2 232-45| Blue 2 600, 602, f 2839 AMARANTH FAMILY Apple 2 236) Brown 2843 1586) WDevil’s £1646, 3222) Cane f 2838 Amaranth 1 588-90 Hog 2 92 Carolina f 2841 Dwarf f1408 Honeysuckle 558| Flowering f 2845 Green £1398-9| J/ndian 1646| Green 2 601 Vou. III.] ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT Ash Hoop-~ 2 602, f 1255 Maple f 2380 Mountain 2 233 Ox 96 Poison 2 388, f ais aes a Poppy f 2841 | Aster Northeastern 3 368 Panicled 377 Prairie 374, 38r | Pringle’s 379 | Purple 365-7 Early 367 Late 365 Seaside 373 | Thin-leaved 366 Purple-stem 367 Rayless 383 Red-stalk Prickly 2 353 | Red 601 Rim f E1255 Sea 2 353, Southern Prickly 353. Swamp f 2839, 2843 Wafer 2 354 Water 2 602, f 2380, 283 White 3 ou 2 6or, f 2839, 2845 Yellow f 2046 Ash-weed 2 539 -wort . 3477 Asp, Mountain f1170 Quaking £117 White f 1164 Asparagus I 428 Aspen, American 492 Great 4 f 1164 Asphode I 399, 4or Bastard sa 969 Bog I 4o1 False £ 966-7 Lancashire f 969 Scottish I 399 Ass-foot 3 469 Aster 3 354 Amethyst 307 Aromatic 366 Arrow-leaved 364 Bee-weed 3753 Bernhardi’s 3 358 Blue-Devil f 3753 Blue Wood 3 363 Bog 375 | Bushy 376 | Calico 380 | Clayton’s 358 Cornel 392 Creeping 373 Crimson-disk 350 Crooked-stem 368 Dense-flowered 381 Dewy-leaf 360 Dome-topped 359 Drummond’s 364 Early Purple 367 Eastern Silvery 372 Fall f 3753 Faxon’s 3 378 Fendler’s 372 File-blade 374 Flat-topped 392 Forking 358 Frost-weed 379 Great Northern 367 Hardy £3760 Hair-stemmed 3 380 Hervey’s 374 Heath, Rose 383 White 379 Large-flowered 372 -leaved 359 Late Purple 365 Leafy-bracted 371 Lilac-flowered 372 Lindley’s 364 Long-leaved 371 Lowrie’s 363 Low Rough 374 Low Showy 373 Many-rayed 362 Missouri 378 Mountain 376 Nebraska 375 New England 366 New York 370 Spreading 3 368 | Starved 380 | Stately 361 Stiff 393 | Swamp, Southern 375 Tall White 377 Tansy 384 | Thins leaved Parle 365 | Tradescant’s 378 Tuber 373 Various-leaved 361, 365 Violet-leaf 3 361 Violet Wood 360 Viscid 334 Wavy-leaved 365 Western 370-1 White Flat-top 3 39 Small 38 Tall Ey] Upland 37 White Heath 37 White Prairie 381 | White-topped 353- White Wood 3 357 White Wreath 381 Whorled 376 Willow 377 | Wood Common Blue 363 Long-leaved 357 Violet 360 White 357 Asterworts 3 298 Asthma-weed 260 | Astilbe 2 170 ae. Lily I 444 Atriple 579-80 | ' Avens Red-stem, Smooth 38h Rice-button 37 Rose Heath 3 383 Rosemary 380 Rough 374 | Rush 370 Salt-marsh, Annual 382 | Perennial 382 Savory-leaved 393 Schreber’s 359 Seaside, Purple 373 Short’s 362 Showy, Low 373 Silkseed f 37 33 Silky, Western 3,32 Silver Hea Silvery, Western 3 371 Eastern 372 Sky-blue 362 Slender 373 Slim 382 Small White 381 Smooth 369 Narrow-leaved 369 Southern 369 Smooth Red-stem 368 Aunt Tes tcho tones | Autumnal Hawkbit 3 266 2 ae 1892 | Bahia 3 448) Bald Cypress I 58 | Baldmoney f 2869 | Bald Rush I 257-8 | Balders £ 3084 | Balewort f 1658 | Ball Mustard £1754 5 Ballogan 3 263) Balloon Vine 2 403 | Balm, Basil 3 102, 109 Bee, Amer. 102, 107 Calamint 109 Field 87, 108 Fragrant 102 Garden 107 Lemon 107 Low f 3131 Moldavian f 3007 Ox f 3186 Red f 3131 Yellow f 2813 | Balm-leaf 107 Balm-mint 3 107, 3181 | Balm-of-Gilead ‘ I 491 ace | mir 491, Mee Balmony s no Balsam ; 2 403, f 126-7, 2337 Canada q f oy He f 122 Mountain £127 Old-field 3 401 | | She f 127 | Sweet, White, 3 4or Wild '£ 2388-9 | | Balsam Apple 3 251 Balsam Fir I 57 Balsam-flowers 2 274 Avens Cream-colored 2 221 | Drooping f 1940 Early Water £1943} Large-leaved 2 221 _ Long-plumed 219 | Mountain 222-3 | Purple 2 219 Rough 220 Spring 220 | | Water 2 219 f 1943} | White 220 f 1945 | Yellow 2 221 | Yellow Mountain 2109 | | Awlwort, Water 2 110 | Axeseed 310 Axweed 539 | Axewort 310 Aye-green f 1820 Azalea 2 559-9 Alpine 563 | Clammy 559 | Flame 559 | Hoary f 2744 | Mountain 2 558 | Pink, Purple, 558 Smooth 559 Trailing 563 Tree, White, 559 Azolla 35 | Babies’-breath f 1021, 1464, 3409 Seet, -toes, “slippers f 2288 Baccharis 3 393-4 | Bachelor’s Buttons 2 356; 3 492, f 1614, 3513, 4076 Backache-brake f 58 Backache-root 3 318 Back-wort 67 Bacon-weed £ 1359 Badger 1581 Bag-leaves f 1811 | | Baked-apple, -berry, NAMES. 557 Eee Poplar I 491 eed 3 401 mamton, Redberry f 1059 Bamboo Brier f 1054 Banana, False £1543 Baneberry 2 55-6 Bank-cress f 1696 Bannal 2 271 Banwort f 3724 Barbeau f 4076 Barbary-fig f 2527 BARBERRY FAMILY 2 89 Barberry 90 Holly-leaved £ 1642 Bardane 3 484 Bargeman’s eusbice £1704 Barley I 228-9 Mouse, Way, Wild : 532 Bartonia 2 621 | Bartsia, Alpine 3 183 Red 183 Base Vervain 168 Basil 3 108-9, III, f 3155 Cow f 1467 Field, Stone, 3 108 Wild 3 108, 114, f 3160, 3167 Basil-balm 3 102, 109 -thyme 3 109, f 3147 -weed 108 Bass f Ga Bass-wood 2 414, f ae White 2 414 Yellow f 2411 Bastard -Alkanet 3 63 -Boneset 310 -Chinaroot f 1056 -Cress f 1684 -Elm £1255 -Gentlian f 2869 -Hellebore f 1120 -Hemp BhNG2 -Hoarhound £3115 -Jasmine f 3220 -Pennyroyal 3 78 -Pimpernel f 2825 -Rocket 1703 -Toad-flax I 536 Bast-tree f 2411 LINE f 1046-7 | Batliefetd flower 'f osrt Bay 2 48, 96, 427 Dwarf 2 465 fTolly f 2441 Lobloll 2 427 North Carolina £1537 Red 2 96 Rose 2 560-1, f 2566 Swam 2 96 Sweet 48, £1652 Tan 2 427 White 48, £1652 BAYBERRY FAMILY I 487 Bayberry 1 488, f 1160 Tallow 1 1160 Baybush-buds £1159 Bay Galls f 1652 Beach Pea 2 330 Bead-ruby £ 1034 Beak-sedge f 648-660 Beaked Rush 1 277-80 Beam Tree 2 236 Bean, Blackeyed 340 China 340 Indian Ace Smoking 3307 Water 2 45 Wild Kidney 338 558 ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. Bean (Wild) | Beetlebung f 2721 | Bindweed | 2 338-9, f 2227 Beetle-weed 2584) Blackbird 1 £1348 | Bean-tree 3 199 Beeweed £3752, Blue 3 137] Bean-trefoil 2 622 Beewort f $53 Bracted 2951, 2953 | Bean-vine 338 Beggars’-lice Climbing f 134% Bean-weed 3 104 3 55, 220, 438, f 2188 Corn or [vy = £1348 Bear-berry | -buttons 3 484| False 8 122' 2 572-3, f 2360, 2800) -needle 2 531 Fringed Black 1 565 Bear-bind 3 26, £1348 Beggar-ticks Great 25 Bear-corn f O84 3 55, 438, f1957, 2171 Hedge 3 25, f 2952 “grass f 2474, Swamp 437-8 | Hoary 3 26 -longue f1029 Beggar-weed 11337, 1513, Knot £1348) Beard-grass 1 98, 101-3 Behen 9| Low f 2953 | Beard-tongue 3 151-5 | Belza, Low Bees Small 3 26) Cobaea 153 High 3503 Trailing 25 Crested 151 Belino 3.138) Upright 26 | Foxglove 152 Bellbind 25| BIRCH FAMILY I 506 Funnelform 153 Bellbine 26 | Birch I 508-11 Gray 151 | BELL FLOWER FAMILY | Prairie 419, Purple 420 Short-rayed 419 Showy 417 Spatulate-leaf 417 Sweet 415 Tall 417 Thin-leaved 415 Congo-root £ 2099 CONIFERS I 49-53 | Conobea 3 159 Conquer-John fi039 Conquerors 2 400 Consound f 3053 King’s f 1562 Consumplion-weed f 2726 Continental-tea f 2742 Convulsion-weed or ! -root 2739 Coolweed f 1268 Coolwort 2 178 Coon-root f 1665 Cooperia I 444 Copal-balsam 2 193 Copalm 193 Coral-and-Pearl £ 1554 Coral-berry 3 236 Coral Evergreen £ 96 Coral-root I 478-9 Crested 481 Small, Late, f1140 Wister’s 478 Cord-grass I 175-6 Fresh-water 401 Coreopsis, Golden f 3927 Cork-elm Corkscrew-plant f 1127 CoRK-woop FAMILY I 489 Cork-wood 489 Corn-campion 2 -bind 3 26, f as -binks 491 -blue-bottle 3 491 -bottle 491 -centaury 491 -cockle 29 T 524 ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. (Vor. III. | Corn Cowslip | Cress -flower 3.491| Spring f 1545 | Brown £ 1721 <2 ass f 257 Virginia Fg Bulbous 2 131 -gromwell 3 63| Cowslops 1545 | Cow III -kale 2 119 | Cow’s-lungwort 3 143 Curved-fruited 126 -lily 3 26) -tail ms jock 262 -Mayweed 2 49 | -wort 1 Early Winter 2 122 -poppy Cowthwort Field III -pink f 1438 | Crab Apple 2 ae | Garden 112 -root 1665| Fragrant f1979| Golden 112 -Tose 27,99| Jowa 1980| Hoary II -salad 3 .245-7| Southern f 1978 Lamb's £1725 -spurry 2 36| Wild fig78-9| Land £1711, 1725 Cornel 3. 543-6| Crab-grass f 1337; 1389 Mouse-ear 2 146 Alternate-leaved 546) JLitile 3 406,f241a| Penny 114 Bailey’s 545| Sprouting 273| Purple 130 Blueberry f 2714 | Crab-stock 1982| River £1723 Dwarf 2 543 | Crab Tree Rock 2 147-50 Lapland f2711 2 235, f 1978, 1982! Rocket 122 ow 2 543 | Cracker-berry 2710, + Round-fruited 125 Northern Dwarf 543| Crackers f 2780 Sessile-flowered 126 Panicled 545, f 2719| Crain £1629 «= Spring 1733 Red-osier 2 545 Crake-berry 2 383| Swine’s 2 113 Rough-leaved 544 -needles 531 Thale 146 Round-leaved 544| Cramberry f 2799, 2800 Tower £1781 Silky 544 | Crambling Rouket™ | Town 2112 Stiff 546 159, Wall 146 Waxberry f 2717 | Cramp-bark fone Wart 2 TIT, 11s White — 2712, at 18 | Cranberry | Water 124-127 Cornelian Tree 2 543 2 580-82, f 2799 | Winter 122 Cornstalk-weed £154| High-Bush 3 229) Yellow 122-24, £1713 Coronilla 2310| Hog f 2343, 2776 (see Watercress) Copper-leaf £2726, Marsh £ 2799, 2800 | 2 124-127 Corpse-plant 2.555| Mountain 2 582, f 2776 | Crested Dwarf Irist 45 Corydalis 2 105-7 ock f 2795 | Crinkle-root 2 132 Golden f 1678 Upland, Wild 2776 | Cristatella, James’ 156 Fale f 1673 | Cranberry-tree 3 229-30) Crocus (N.C.) £2774 Yellow £1674 | Crane-willow £3403) Prairie, Wild, f 158 Cost 3 458 | Crane’s-berry 2799 Croneberr f 2709 Costmary 3 458 | Crane’s-bill 2 341-4 Crop-wee 3 492 Cottagers 171, Bicknell’s 343 | Cross, Herb-of-the 7o Cotton, Wild Carolina 342 | Cross-of-Jerusalem f 2806, 2914 Culver-foot 344 | 2 14 Cotton-grass =-1-271- Cut-leaved 343 | Crosstoes £ 2084 Hare’s-tail 4638 | Dove’s-foot 344 Cross Vine 3 198, f 3366 Cotton-gum 2547, Long-stalked 342 | Crossweed f 1705-6 -rose 3 395| Pigeon-foot 344 Crosswort 2 588, 3 31! -rush, -gvass 1 271-3| Round-leaved 342 | Croton 2 362-3 -seed tree f 3834 Siberian 341 Lindheimer’s 3 515 -/ree f1172| Small-flowered 343 | Crotonopsis 2 364 -weed Spotted 341 | Crouper-bush f 3403 3 308, 400, f 2430] Starlights 344 | CROWBERRY saree Cottonwood I 491-3,| Wild 341 1168, 2413 | Crap £1316) | Crowberry 383-4, f a Big 1172| Crashes f1721| Brown f2 Black I 491, £1166 | Crawley-root firgo) Plymouth f oH River f 1168 | Crazy-Bet £1545 | Crowd-weed wamp f 1168 | Crazy-weed } f 1684, 1703 Willow £1166} Colorado 2 309 Crow-flower 2414 Yellow f1172| Stemless 309 CROWFOOT FAMILY Couch-grass I 226|/ Woolly 208 | 2 50 Black f 336 | Creek-grass £146 Crowfoot 2 77-82, False ; 3 507 | Creek-stuff f 402 f 92, 98, 1545, Cough-root f1048) Low f 405 1574, 1735. 2239 Coughweed £4047! Upland f gor Biting f 1612 Coughwort 3 469 | Creek-thatch 1176| Bristly f 1616 Cowbane 2 513| Creeper Celery-leaved 2 79 Spotted 536 | f 2410, 2951, 3487 Corn 83 Cow-basil pei Creeping-Charlie Cursed vi 1b Cowbell 9) 3 87, £1813, Ditch 2 79 Cowberry 217, 580, f54o4 | -Jennie 2 589, Dwarf f 1600 Cow-cress | f 96, 98, 1816, ve Hooked 2 79 -grass 277, f 1337, ae | _-Mitchella f 3404 Ivy-leaved 84 -herb 18 Creeping Snowberry Kidney-leaved 78 -lily 2, f 1545 | 2581, Marsh 1612 -parsnip 2514| -bur £96 Mountain 2 78 f1604 -plant f 2750 Cress (see Peppergrass ) Musk 3 243 -quake £455, 1513 | 2110-12, Prairie 2 7 -raltle f£1455| Alpine 2130) Rock 78 -tongue f1029| American f1711 Rough f 1613 -wheat 3188| Bank f 1696, 1711 Ronen yr uited zs 1606 Cowslip Bastard 2 114, £1684! Seaside 86 2 51, f 1034, 1621, 2388 American | 2 594, f 1545! Belle-Isle 2 122 Bermuda f1711 Bitter 2 122, 128-30! Small-flowered 82 Smooth f 1609 Spiny-fruited 2 83 Vou. 11I.] ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. Crowfoot | Cycloloma I 577 | Water 2 73, 84 Cymopterus 2 517 | Wood 3 243 Cynosciadium 521 | See Buttercup 2 73-85 Cyperus I 234 | Crownbeard 3 429 | “Awned 237 Golden 430| Baldwin’s 246 | Small Yellow 430 Brown 239 | Sunflower 430 | Coarse 242 / White 429, Coast 237 Crown-of-the-field 2 7 Elegant 237 Crow-needles 531 Engelmann’s 243 Crow’s-nest Sto. —- Flat 238 Crow-pea 2 329, 383 Globose 245 -poison £973) Gray’s 246 Crowtoes 2 280, £1735! Hale’s 24 Crow-victuals £3095, Hall’s 240 Cryptanthe 57| Houghton's 246 Crystal-wort £1578 lancaster 244 Cuckle-bur f 3600 Low 236 | Cuckles f 3944, Marsh 238 | Cuckold 3 437; Michaux’s 242 | -dock 484, Nuttall’s 236 Cuckoo-duds f1615| Pine-barren 245 | -button 3.484 Red-rooted 24 -flower 2 14,128,| Reflexed 244 1455, 2250, Rough 244 -gillifower £1458 Round-root £557 grass f£965| Schweinitz’s 1 238 -spil £1724, Sheathed 23 Cuckoo’s-meat 2 345, Shining 236 Cucumber, Bur 3 252; Short-pointed 239 Creeping 250 Slender 245 | Star 252. Straw-colored 243 | Wild Toothed 240, f 1576, 3487, 3489, Yellow I 235, 241 | Cucumber-root 1 435) Cynthia 3 263 | -tree 2 47-8, Cypress 158, f 120, 2337 | f 1537, 1539) 1542 Bald 1 58 | Cudweed | Belvedere f 1387 Dwarf 3 402 Black, Red, Swamp. | Low 402 Southern, Virginia | Marsh 4o2 or White £128 Mountain 398, 402,» Broom, f 1387 | Norwegian 3 403; Heath f 94 Purplish 403| Standing f 2985. note | Western Marsh 402 Summer £ 1387 Winged 4ot | Cypress-mioss f94 Wood 403 | Cypress-vine 3 22, f 1672 | Culver-foot 2 344 | Cvpress-grass £544) -wort f 1561 | CyRILLA FAMILY 2 389 | Culver’s Physic 3 171 | Cystopteris I 12-13 | -root 171 | Daddy-nuts f 2411 | Cuphea, Clammy 2 473 | Dagger-flower 3 384) Cupid’s-delight £2511 | Daggers f 290, 1077 | Cupid’s-flower £2943 Dasies (Ohio) any Aster Cup-plant 3 406 | Daisy 3 350, £3815, 3820 Cupseed 2 93| Arctic 457 Curdwort 3 219 Big, or Bull 457 Curlew-berry f 2343| Blue 3513 Curlock £1703, 1707 Blue Spring 3 388 Curly-grass Leeay | Brown 3885 | Curly Head f 1588 Butter | Currant, Black 2 190-1 3 457, f 1614-15, 1618 | Buffalo 192| Childing 3 350. Clove £1877| Dog 457 Fetid 2190| European 350 Flowering £1877| Field f 3988 Golden 2 192| Garden, March, 3 350} Indian 3 236| Horse 457 | Missouri 2192] Irish Northern Black 190| Michaelmas 378, Sint Red 19I (and As/ers gener- Skunk f 1872 ally) | Squaw 2 191 Midenentier 3 457 White-flowered 191 Moon, or Maudlin 457 Wild Black 191 Nigger f 3885 | Currantleaf £1848; Ox-eye, Poor-land 457 Cushion Pink 2 8/ Purple 3 365 CUSTARD-APPLE FAM-| Western 350 ILY 2 49| White 457 Custard-apple 1543| Yellow 416 Cut-heal 245 | Daffy-down-dilly f 1047 Cut-paper 1260| Dakola Potato £2227 Cutting Almond 3 411 | Dalibarda 2 205 Cyclanthera 251 | Damask Violet 154 | Dame’s-gilliflower 2 154 -rocket, -violet 154 Dandelion 3 271, f 3550 Blue 3513 Dwarf 2 264 False 3 278-9, f 3516 Fall or Dog 266, f 3522 Aigh f 3571 Red-seeded 3 271 Danes’ Blood 254 Dangleberry 2 574, £2756 Daphne 2 465 | Darnel I 225, | Darbya 3 513, f 1276a Date Plum 2 597 Day-berry f 1870 4 Day-flower I 375-6 -lily I 411 Dena Men’s Bones £3236 Dead-nettle 3 92, 94-5, 97 3 92 Hemp Henbit 94 Death Camass f 979 | Decumaria 2 185 Deerberry 2 572, 580; 3 216 | _ Seedy f 2788 | Deer-food f 1526 -grass 2 474 -hair f 611 | Deer-laurel f 2750 -vine 3450 -wood f 1208 Deer’s- Tae 3 319, f 1012-13 Deil’s-spoons £ 142, 188 Devil’s-apple £1646, 3222 -bit I 402, 3 318, fo72 -bite £984. 3642 -claws f 1625 -darning-needle FTE AG 58 Pe sig f 1663 flax f oe fingers f£ 1171, ae -flower f 1456 -grandmother 3 305 £rass f 229, 3531 | -grip f 1425 -guls f 1513, 2963 -head-in-a-bush £ 2437 -hair f 1582 -hop-vine f 1054, -iron-weed 3 274, f 3539 -milk f 2332-3 -paint-brush 3 284 -pitchforks f 3044 -plague f 2632 -raltlle-box f 1443 -root 196 -shoestrings £2117 -lether f 1348 -longue f 2527-8 -trumpet f 3222 -walking-slick £ 2272 -weed f 3539 Dewberry 2 204-5, £1807 Dew-cup 2 225 Dewdrop f 1907 Dew-plant 2 161-2 De Witt’s Snakeroot 3 2900 | Dewtry 139 Diapedium 20. DIAPENSIA FAMILY 2 582 Diapensia 583 Dichondra 3 20 Dichromena I 256-7 Dicksonia, Hairy f 22 Dill 2 525 Dillweed 3 455! 563 Dindle 272 | Diplachne I 186 Dish-cloth f 1047 Dish-mustard £1692 Disporum I 431-2 Ditaxis 2 364-5 Ditch bur 3. 298 “grass £176 | _ -moss I 93 | Dittany, Amer. 3 116 Mountain f 3167 | Dock I 548-51 | Batter 3 470, £142 Bitter I 552 | Bloody 551 | Blunt-leaved £1313 Broad-leaved 1 552 | Butter 3 470, £1313 Butterfly 3 470 | Can £1528 Clustered I 551 Cuckold 3 484 | Curled I 551 Dove 3 469 | Elf 404 | Fiddle I 552 Flea 3 470 Golden I 552 Great Water 550 | Kettle 3 482 | Mullen 143 Narrow f 1309 Pale 1 549, f 1305 Patience I 550 Peach-leaved 549 Prairie 3 408, 411 Red-veined I 551 | Sharp f 1301 | Smaller Green 1 551 _ Sour 548, | f 1299, 1309, i318 | Swamp I 549 | Tall 549 | Veined 548 | Velvet 3.143 | Water I 550, f 852 Western I 550 White 549 Willow-leaved 549 | Winged f 1302 Yellow f 1309 Dock-cress, Succory 3 262 Dockmakie 230 DODDER FAMILY 3 27 Dodder 27-31 American f 2967 | Beaked 30 Button-bush 29 Clover 28 Compact 31 | Cuspidate 30 | Field 28 Flax 27 | Glomerate 31 | Gronovius’ 30 | Hazel 29 Lesser 28 Love-vine f 2958 Lucerne 2957 Pretty 29 Smart-weed 28 Thyme 28 | DOGBANE FAMILY 3 I | Dogbane Bitter f 2895 Clasping-leaved3 3 St. Johns f 2897 Spreading 3 2 Velvet 3 | Dogberry 2 188, 233, f 1029 -tree 2 236, f 2717 Dog-bur f 3019-20 564 Dog-fennel 3 307, 455 Jigar 453 Dog-finkle 3.455 “grass f 868 -laurel f 2764 -lily 1527 -mint f 3146 -plum f 1030 -poison 2 520 -rose 232 -loes £ 3848 Dog’s-dinner f 2474 -mouth 3 147 -parsley 2 520 -rib 3 207 -tongue 3 53) 319 Dog’s-tooth vieieie 420 Yellow 1012 Whate f 1013 DoGwoopD FAMILY 2 542 Dogwood 2 543-6, f 1985, 2368, 2712, 2720, 3434 (See Cornel 2 543-6) Alder-leaved £2713 American f 2712 Black f 2395 Blue 2720 European f 2368 False 2 399 Florida f 2712 Flowering 2 543 Green Oster £2713 Poison 2 388 Pond 216 Purple 2720 Red Osier 2 545 Striped 399 Swamp 2 354, 388, 544 White 229 White-fruited £2718 Dollar-lea f 2726 Dolphin-flower £1562 Door-gvass, -weed I 561 Double-claw 3 201 -leaf f 1129 -tooth 3 437 Dove-dock 3 469 Dove’s-foot 2 344 Down-hill- SEES 2815 Down Ling f 641 | Down-weed 3 395 Draba, see Whitlow- | grass 2 140-4 Dragon Brown £876 Female ot Water £880 Dragon-head 3 87-8, f 3098 False 3 89 Dragon-root I 361 Dragon’s Blood 2 341 -claws f 1140, 1142 -mouth 3 147, f 1119 -tongue f 2735 Drake f 395 Drew £183 Drooping Avens f 1940 Drop-flower 3 288 -seed f 320-331 Dropsy-plant f 3144 Dropwort, Water 2 513, qe Western Drumheads f 2276 Drunk f 522 Drunkards £1545, 2775 Dryas 2 222-23 Duck-acorn f 1534 Duckretter f o84 Ducks f 1089-92 Duck’s-foot 2 225, £1646 Duck's meat 88 ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. (Vor. III. | Evening-Primrose Sinuate-leaved 2 487 DUCKWEED FAMILY | Elm 1 365, Bastard f 1255 | Duckweed I 365-7| Cliff I 524 Small-flowered 485 Least 3.509 Cork 524, £1252) WhiteShruby f 2586 Pointed 510| Corky White £1251| White-stemmed 2 489 Dulichium I 247| False I 526 Evening Trumpet- Dummy-weed £4019 Hickory 52 Flower 2 605 Dupatya 1373, Jndian £1253 | Everfern £71 | Dupontia 209, Moose or Red 1 525 Evergreen f 1811 Duscle 134| Racemed f 1251 Christmas f 99 Dusty-clover 2200| Rock Trailing f 89 -husband £1775 1 524, f1250, 1253 | Everlasting Dusty Miller 3 405, Slippery I 525 3 307, £1811, 183 Dutch-beech £1164) Sweet £1253, Alpine 33 flax £1753 Swamp 1 524, f 1250 Carpathian 397 Dutchman’s-breeches Water Clammy 401 2 104 | I 524, 526, £1252 Heller’s 401 -pipe 1 540, £2739, White I 524\ Early 399 Dutch-morgan 3457. Winged 525 Large-flowered 400 Dye-leaves £2359, 2532 Witch f1252, Life 400, 401 Dyer’s-broom 2 271 Elsholtzia 3 124 Fragrant, Sweet, 4or * -cleavers f 3423-4 | 'Elyna I 284 Low 400 -Green-weed 2 271 | Enchanter’s-Night- Moor 398 -mignonette 158 | shade 2 499-500 Mountain 398 -rocket 155 | Enchanter’s-plant3 70 Mouse-ear -weed | Engelmannia 410 Pearly 400, f BY 2 158; 3 344, £3693 Enslen’s Vine f 2929 Plantain-leaf 3 399 -whin 2 271 | Equisetum I 39 Spring Dye-weed 271 | Eragrostis 1188 Everlasting-gvass f 239 Dysentery-rool,-weed | Capillary 188 | -pea 2 330, f 2219 f 3023 Clustered 191 Sea-side 2 330 Earyjewel £2388) Creeping 192 Eve’s Darning-needle Earning-grass 3 1904 Frank’s 188 1027 Earth-a/mond £559 Hair-like 191 Eve’s-thread £990 -apple 3429, Low 189 Evolvulus 3 21 -club 197 Meadow I9t -gall 2 607, £984) Prairie 190 -smoke £1680 Purple 190 Easter-beil £1477, Pursh’s 189 flower 1581 Short-stalked 190 -lily f1062| Strong-scented 189 Eatonia I 192-3 Tufted 188 EBONY FAMILY 2 596 Eriocarpum . 3 328-9 Eclipta 3 413. Erigeron Eel-grass I 82, 93 Arctic 3 385 Green £1626) Hoary 387 Egg-plant 3 235, Hyssop-leaved 387 Eggs-and-Bacon 146, Low 386 Eglantine 2 232| Rough 385 Egriot 251| Three-nerved 386 Bice o’clock-Lady | Tufted 386 f 1019 Eriogonum I 542-6 | Blder 3 228-9, Allen’s 543 American 228; Annual 544 Bishop’s 2539 + Branched 545 Box Boo Crisp-leaved 544 CUR £3432 Few-flowered 545 Dwarf 2 539, f 2629 James’ 543 Horse 3 404 Long-leaved 543 Marsh 3 229, 292-4 Long-rooted 546 Mountain 228 Narrow-leaved 546 Poison 2 388, f 3433 Nodding 546 ed £2626, Slender 544 Red £3435 Winged 542 Red-berried 3 228 Yellow 545 Rose 229 Eryngo 2 522-3 Sweet 228 Water f 2660 Water 229 Erysimum 2 151-2 Wild 2 507 Eulophus 528 Elder-berry 3 228 Eurotia, American -blow 228 I 581 Eldin 470 Eustoma 2 612 Elecampane 404 Evans’-root f 1940 Elephant’s-foot 304-5 Evening Lychnis 2 13 -trunk 201 EVENING-PRIMROSE Election-posies £3318 FAMILY 2 475 Elfdock 3 404 Evening-Primrose Elk-bark £1538 Common 2 486 -nut £1276 =©Cut-leaved 488 Elk-tree 2 571 Dwarf or Golden- -wood 48 flowered f 2501 Eller £1223) Oakes’ 2 486 ELM FAMILY I 523| Prairie 488 Elm I 524-6 Rhombic 487 American I 524. Seaside 487 Ewe-gowan 350 Eyebright 3 168, 182-3 f 1803, 2739, 2824, 3393. 3 Eyeseed : Ae Eyewort ioe note Eve-balm,or -rootf 1544 Fabes, Fapes f 1870 Fair Maid of France 3 454 Fairy-bells 17 -circle f 131 -creeper £1672 -cup £1848 -fingers, -glove 3 171 ~Zvass f 455 -smoke f 2739 -thimbles, weed 3 171 Fairies’ Horse 482 Faitour’s-grass 2 380 Fall Dandelion 3 266 -flower 381 False-alder f 2362 -aloe I 445 -banana £1543 -Beech-drops 2 556 -bindweed 3 22 -bittersweet 2 396 -boneset 3 314-15 -box, boxwood f 2712 -buckwheat I 566, f 1350 -bugbane 2 72 -Calais 2 278 -Choke-dog 2934 -Colt’s-foot f 1277 -Couch-grass 3 507 -Dandelion 279 -Dog-fennel 453 -Dragon-head 89 -elm I 526 -flax 2 130; 3 515, f 1684 -foxglove 3 173-4 -garlic I 415 -Goat’s-beard 2 170 -Golden-rod 3 349 -grape 2 413 -gromwell 3 66-7 -heather 2 441 Vot,. III.] ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. False -hellebore 1 408, fo84 | False Indigo 2 286) Blue 2 265 | Dwarf f 2102, Fragrant 2 286 White 2054 | Yellowish f 2052 | False Johnswort £ 2463 -letiuce £3 -lily-of-the- valley” I 431 -loosestrife 2 476, £ 2558 | -mahogany f 1652 False-mallow 2 420-1 | | -mallows f 2427 FALSE MERMAID FAM- ILY 2 385 False-mermaid 385 | -Mitrewort 178 | -mustard f 1796 | -nettle I 534 | -Oat 171 | -Pennyroyal 3 77 -Pimpernel 163-4 -Rue-anemone 2 54 -Sanicle £1848 -Sarsaparillia £ 2628 Solomon’ s-seal f 1031-2 -sunflower 3 412, 450 -Sweet-flag £1077 -sycamore f 18s1 -valerian 3 480 -Varnish-tree £2272} -wheat f 524 -wintergreen £2726 Fame-flower ya Fancy 455 Farewell Summer f£ 3800 Farkleberry 2 580 Farmer's Ruin £1513 Fat Hen £13509, 1370, 1379 Fayberry f 1870 Feaberry f 1870 Featherfew 3458 Featherfoil 2 586 | Feather-Geranium I 574 -Bunch-grass £310 -g7ass £ 311, 384. 417 leaf (Indian) f 129 -weed £ 3851 Felon-grass 2 515 -herb 3 283, 466 -weed 482 | -wort 3 137, £2643 Felwort 2 614 Feltwort 3 143 Fenberry 2 581 Fennel 525 Dog 3 307 Hog’s 2 515 Water 382 FERN FAMILIES I I-33 Fern Adder's £1) 71 -spear f1 -spit f61 -tongue I 2; 3 494 | Backache, -brake f 58 | Basket 36 | Beech I 19] Common f 39 | Hexagon f 4o Bladder, Brittle f 24 | Mountain f 25 | Bottle f 24} Brake, Bracken | I 28-30 Bristle, Rooling1 6 | Brittle 13 | Fern uehors (Brake) f 8 | Chain (NVelled) 1 20 | Christmas 14 | -Shield £27 | Cinnamon rts Clayton's 6 Cliff-brake 29-30 Clayton’s £64) Climbing 7 Common Wood £37, Var. 1 | Crested f.33 Creeping £13 Cup Goldilocks f11 Curly-grass ry? Cystopteris I 12-13 | Dicksonia, Hairy f 22 | Dickson's f 22 Ditch £8} Dudder-grass f59 Eagle f61) Ernfern f 61 Everfern £71 Female f 30, 61 Fiddle-heads fg) Fine-haired f22 Flower-cup £17 Flowering £8 Clayton's f 10| Interrupted = 10 | Goldie’s 17 | Golden Polypod iy £71} Golden Locks £7 Hitchcock's I I | Grape =I _ 2-4; 3 494 | £2 | Rattlesnake £7 Hair f 60 Hare’ s-foot fir Hartford Ty Ay Hart’s Tongue 2I Hay-scented 12 Hog-brake f 61 Holly I 14-15, f 27 Indian’s Dream £64 “Indicator” (Va.)f Z King Knoltty-brake ws He Lady 26 Lady Bracken if 61 Lady’ s-hair £59 Lip O-31 | Prothed £67} Webby f 69 Maiden-hairt 27, f 59 | American 60 Black, ** True,” £59 English £50 Golden £71 White £53 Maidenhair Spleen- wort I 24 Male 1 ah tr Male Shield f 36) Marsh f 30 | Meadow f 1159, 1162 Moon ites Moonwort I 3; 3 4 4 | Common 3 Hemlock-leaved £7 Moss £71 ed York 115 Oak 19, f 61 Osmond- the- Ww aler- man f Ostrich r 9 Polypody I 32- 3 Golden £7 Pale Mountain f£ as Fern-bush | Fern Ouill f 30 Rattlesnake £7 Regal £8 Rock f 60 Rockbrake r 28, £71, 72 | Rough Alpine f 26 Royal I | Royal-Osmond £8} Rue £53) Sea-weed f 44 | Sensitive 9) Shield (or I 0d) I 15-18, f 27 | Broad Prickly- toothed £ 37 var. 2 | Crested z, 06} Fragrant 16 Marginal f 35 Male ery Massachusetts 16 Marsh 15 Prickly £28 | Prickly-toothed f 37 | Spinulose I 18] Shrubby f 1162 | Snake £8, 44 Snakes-tongue f2 Spleenwort 1 22-26 | Bradley’s 26 Common Wall £50 Dwarf £50, 53 Ebony © 231) Green 24 Little Ebony £48 Maiden-hair 1 24 Mountain 2 Narrow-leaved 24 | Pinnatifid 22 | Rock (Smooth) 25 Scott’s, Small 23 Silvery 26 Szwam p £52 Wall Rue I 25] Stone, Stone Rue £53 | Stonebrake £71 | Sun f 39 Swamp f 30 | Sweet I 489 Sweet-brake f 36 Tentwort £53 | Tree £8 | Venus’-hair I 27| Walking 21 Walking-leaf £45 Wall £71 Wall Rue 25 Water £8 Water-wort f 50 White-oak f 24 Wilson’s f 25 Windsor £13 Winter Brake £63 Wood 1 17, f 30-38, 71 Common £ 37 var. | Evergreen Te SL7 Goldie's f 34 Woodsia I I0-II Northern £ 17,| Ray’s f 16 f 1162 -gale f 1159, 1162 Fescue I 216-18; 3 505-6 Fetid Shrub £1543 Fetter-bush 2 568-9 Fetticus 3 245 | | Fever-bush 2 98, 392) 'Feverfew 3 458, 4981 Hoary, Scaly, American 34 Tree, f72, Common 458 | Tender Three- | Fever-plant f 2579 | branched f 41 | Fever-root 3 23 Prickly-toothed £37| -twig 2 a3 | Broad £37 Var.2! -weed £ 3303, 3061 | 565 | Fever-wort 3 234 | Fiddle-grass 2 482 -heads f9 Field-balm 87 -pine 2473 -sorrel I 547 Fighting-cocks £ 2487 FIGWORT FAMILY 3 142 Figwort, Hare 149 Maryland 148 Filago 395 Filbert 1209 FILMY-FERN FAMILY Tr 6 |Fimbristylis 1 aa 08 Finger-berry 1898 -grass I III, 3 496 Finkel 2 525 Fiorin I 159 Fir 57 Amer. Silver £126 Balm-of-Gilead KM 126 Balsam 57 Fir-pine or -lree eae Fir Rape f 2740 Fire-balls f 1457 -grass 2 225 -leaves 3 207 -Pink 2 10 -top f 2566 Pb 2 481; 3 139, 3 207, 274, 39h) eae Fish-mouth 244 -poison ; oie -wood £ 2365 Fit-root plant £ 2739 Five-finger 2 216, f 2410 Dwarf 515 Marsh 1937 Mountain f 1933 Five-Sisters f 2813 Flag I 364, 448-51 Corn 1077 Blue I 448-50 False Sweet — £ 1077 Myrtle £883 Narrow f 1074 Red-brown I 450 Slender Blue f 1080 Sweet I 364 Sword f 1077 Water f 1069 Yellow Water f 1077 Flag-lily f 1069 Flagons f 1077 Flagroot f 883 Poison f 1074 Flamy 455 Flannel-leaf 3 143 Flat-top 302 Flaveria 4 FLAX FAMILY 2 348 Flax 2 348-551 Cathartic 351 Cultivated f 2258 Devil's f 3236 Dwarf, Fairy 2 351 Dutch 175 False 2 139, 3.515, f 1684 Florida Yellow 2 350 Grooved Yellow 350 Large-flowered 351 Lewis’ Wild 349 Mountain 351, 360 Prairie f 2259 Purging 35l Ridged Yellow 350 Slender 349 Spurge f 2534 Stiff Yellow 2 349 Wild f 3236, 3927 Yellow 2 349-51 Flax-ta7l £136 -weed 3 146, f 1706 565 Fleabane Bitter, or Blue 3 390 | | Fritillaria I 419 Froelichia I pues / Frog-fruil -g7ass f ca ee -leaf f 1526, -plant f 1811 | -worl f picis Frog’s-bit Canada 391 Daisy 3 388. 389 ‘Western Fy 389 Dwarf 3828 Early 399, Marsh 396-7 | Philadelphia 3 388 Running 387 Small 365 Spreading 383 Three-nerved 386 Fleaweed, Horse £ 2050 Fleawort 3 219 Marsh 481 Fleur-de-lis 1 447, 450 Flixweed 2 14}, £1705 Floating Heart 2 622- :| Floramor f 1399 Flora’s Paint Brush : f 3564 Florida Moss I 374 Flower-de-luce 447 Flower-gentle £1399 Flower-of-an- say 2 425) -of -Gold; (any Soli- dago) Fluellin 3 168 Female 145 Sharp-pointed 145 Flux-root f 2900 weed f 3072 Fly- honeysuckle 3 240-2 Garden f 3467 Fly-poison I 403) -lrap f 1801, 2895 Foal-foot 469 | Foam-fiower 1842 Fog-fruit 3 73 Folk’s-glove Fool's Parsley 171 Forget-me-not 3 61, 168, f 3042 | Smaller 3 White f 3029-32 Wild f 3303 Fothergilla 2 192 Four-o'CcLocK FAMILY I 594 Four-o' clock f 2579 four-toes f 3848 Fox-berry 2 572; 3 216} £88 Seet -geranium f 2240 Foxglove 3 171, f 1801, 3366 False 3 173-4 Lousewort f 3335 Mullen 3 172 Purple 171 Yellow f 3304 Fox-grape 2 408, 411 -tail I 126, 148-9, f 96 | Floating £ 337 | French-grass f 2100 -Pinks _ £1471, 4076 Dwarf 1450 Fringe American f 2845 Mountain 2 105 White 2845 Wood f 1672 Fringe-Cup £1848 | Fringe-tree 2 603 American f 2845 Fringed-Gentian 2 613 Fringed-Orchis 1 494-6 Greenish f i110 Pink f 1112 Ragged f 1109 2 520/ Forefather’s-cup f 1801 | 94 -bladder, SHR 2 1811 ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. Gentian Narrow-leaved 2 617 Northern 614) Oblong-leaved 615 One-flowered 618) | Red-Stemmed 7 | Rough 875 | Smaller Fringed 2 ea | | Snake 3 289 Frost-blite £1359) Soapwort 2 616 Frost-flowers (any Spurred 620) Aster) | Stiff 615 | -weed 2 439-40| Straw-colored f 2880 any Asler | Striped 2 618 Frostwort 2 440, f 1615 Swollen 613 Frost, It-brings-the-, Yellow f 2884 (Indian name of the | _ Yellowish 2 617 Aster) | Gentleman's Cane t 1335 | Fuirena 1 274, GERANIUM FAMILY 3}0 | Fuller’s-herb 2 18) Geranium 2 341-4 -teasel 3 248 See Crane’s-bill Fumitory, Bulbous | Feather I 574 | 3243, Fox, Wild f 2240, Climbing 2 105 Mountain f 2240 Hedge 108 Turnpike I 574 Furze 2 270 Wood f 2246 Fustic-tree f 2046 Gerardia 3 175-8 Fuzzy-guzzy f 385: Auricled 178 | Gadrise f 3135 | Bessey’s 77 | Gaertneria 3 296-7| Bushy f 3303 Gagroot 260| Cut-leaved 3 178 Gaillardia 451-2 | Flax-leaved 175 | Gaiter-tree 3 229, f 2368 Large Purple 176 Galax, Galaxy 2584 Rough Purple 175 Guile, Fern f 115 Salt-marsh 176 Sweet or Scotch x ae Sea-side 176 Galingale r 234, #543 -4 Skinner’s 177 Edible £559 Slender 177 Lank £565 | Small-flowered 176 Galinsoga 3 32 | | Germander, Amer. 3 is Gallberry 359 Gall-of-the-Earth 3 289 | | Hairy | Germander Chickweed Gallon 470 3 170 Gall-weed f 2871 | Ghost-flower 2 555 -wort f 3236 | | Giant Hyssop 3 84-5 Garb f 1179 Gibbals 209 Garden-gate 2 455 Gilia 3 38-40 -plague f 2702 Cypress f 2985 note Gardener’s- eye £1462 Gill, Gill-ale 87 -delight f 1462 | Gill-go-by-the-Ground Garget I 594, 3 87) Garlic I 412-15 Gill-over-the-Ground Chive 412 3 87) Crow, Field I 413 Gilliflower | False 415 Cuckoo f 1458 Hedge 2 115 Dame's 2 154 Meadow I 414 Marsh f 1458 Rush £993, Mock f 1466 Wild I 413, £997, Night-scented 2 154 Garlic-mustard 2 115 Queen’s, Rogue’s 154 -wort f 1695 Sea 595 Garnel-berry f 1875 Winter 154 Gaskins f 1870, pot | Gill-run f£ 3095 | Gatten 3 229, f 2368 | Grlt-cups f 1615 Gatleridge f 2568 | Ginger 3 469, f1813, 1816 Gaura 2 495-8 Green ‘f go10 |Gay-feather 3 317-18, Jndian f 1277 Gay-wings 2 361 Southern Wild f 1278 Gem-fruit f 1842 Wild Genson f 3448 I 538; 3 513, £1283 | GENTIAN FAMILY 2 606 | Ginger-plant 34 | Gentian 2 612-618 | -rvol f go1g) Barrel f 2876 GINSENG FAMILY 2 a | Bastard f 2863 | Ginseng Blind 2616{ Blue f en Blue f 2875. 3072; Horse 3 234) Bottle f 2876 | Gipsy-flower 3 53 Closed 2 616 \ -herb 118 Downy 615 -rose 249 Elliott's 616 weed f 3168, 3290 Five-flowered f£ 2871 Four-parted 2 614 | Fringed 613 Horse 3 234 Marsh £2875, 28801 -wort 3 118, f 3170-1 Gipsy-Combs 3 248 | | Girasole 429 | Glasswort I 582-3 Jointed f 1380 (Vor. III. | Glasswort Prickly f 13 Glenn- tig *pper f 1684 -weed f 1684 Glidewort f 3107 _Globe- ower =e 216 Spr midinge 1548 | Swamp f 1548 | Globe-mallow Maple-leaved 2 423 Sharp-fruited 3 519 Gloden 3 422 Glory-less 243 Goat’s-beard 2 197 Dwarf 3 264 False 2 170 Virginia 3 263 Yellow, Purple, 269 Goat-foot 2 539 Goat’s-rue 292-3 God's-eye Fs 168 Gogeles 1870 Gold 3 422 Gold-and-silver-plant f 1740 Gold-balls f 1618 Gold-chain 2 166 Gold-cups 80 -knops f 1614, 1618 -threa 2 54 -weed f 1625 Gold-of-pleasure 2 139 Golden Alexanders 2 518, f 2670, 2690-1 Golden Aster 3 322-5 Cottony 323 Grass-leaved 322 Hairy 324 Hispid 325 Maryland 323 Nuttall’s 325 Prairie 324 Sickle-leaved 323 Stiff-leaved 324 Golden-bush 326 -club - Fs -coreopsts -corydalis2 106, ‘ey -cup f 1629 -currant 2 192 flower, ld tk f 3653 -gutneas f we -Jerusalem -knops f 1614-15, 1218 -meadow-parsnip 2 534 -motherwort 3 403 -m0ss 2 166 -oak f 3307 Goldenpert 3 162 Golden Ragwort 480 Golden Rod = 3 330-49 Alpine 337 Anise-scented 338 Beach f 3690 Blue-stemmed 3 332 Bog 336 Broad-leaved 332 Boott’s 340 Bushy 347 Canada 344 Curtis’ 333 Cut-leaved 342 Double f 3708 Downy 3 335 Downy Ragged 332 Drummond’s 345 Dwarf 3709 Early 3 341 Elliott’s 340 Elm-leaved 340 European 337 False 349 Vor. III.] ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. Golden Rod Few-rayed 3 341 Field 344 | Flat-lop f fu 18 | Fragrant 3 347 Gattinger’s 343 | Gray 344 | Ground f 3709 var. airy 3 333 | Hard-leaved 345 | High f 3708 Houghton’s 3 347 Large-leaved 334 Late 342 Lindheimer’s 335 Minaret 3081 Missouri 3 343 Mountain 334 Noble 336 Northern, Ohio, 346 Pale f 3676 Pine Barren 3 339 Plume 341 Pyra aged f 3693; 3699. 3701 Ragge’ 3 331-2 Rayless 325 Fetid 326 Howard's 326 Riddell’s 346 River-bank 337 Rock 342 Rough-leaved 33! Salt-marsh 339 Sea-side 38 Sharp-toothed 3H Showy 3 330 Short’s 343 Slender 334 -fragrant 348 -showy 336 Spreading 339 Suff 345 Stout Ragged 331 Swamp 3 341, f 368 Sweet | Tall Hairy 339 True f 36901 Twisted-leaf 3 338 Velvety 344 Wand-like 335 Western Rough 345. ‘* Bushy 348 White 333 Willow-leaf 335 Woodland 332 Wreath 332 Wrinkle-leaved 339 Yellow-top 341 Zig-zag 332 Golden-saxifrage 2 181 -seal 2 50, f 1031 -slar, Marlow 53655 -trefoil £1578 -willow-herb f£ 2811 Good-bye-summer ( pur- ple asters, N. C.) Good King ie I 574 Good Morning Sere ng f 1429 Gools £ 1545 Good Friday Grass % GOOSEBERRY FAMILY 2 187 Gooseberry f 2796-7 Cae 2 188 3 126, 131 | panei W ia 2 189 Garden 159 Hawthorn 189 Illinois f 1867 Missouri 2 188 Northern 189 | Gooseberry | Prickly Wild f 1865 Slender f 1867 | Smooth f 1868-9 | | Swamp 2 190} Wild 188 | Gooseberry-pie f 2568 GoosEFOOT FAMILY | 1 569 | Goosefoot I 570-6 | Berlandier’s 572 | Bosce’s 572 | City I 573 | Cut, leaved 576 Feather Geranium 574 Fremont’s 572 Good King Henry 574 Jerusalem Oak I 574 Many-seeded 57 Maple-leaved 573 Mercury f 1370 | Narrow-leaved 1 571 Nettle-leaved 573 Mexican Tea 575 Oak-leaved 571 Perennial 574 Red 574 Sea f 1393 Turnpike Geranium : I 574 Upright 573 White 570 Wormseed 575 Goose-grass I 214; 2 216; 3 220, f 415, 713, 1337 Great 3 6r| Lesser Goose-tansy 220 2 216 tongue 3 454, f 3144 Gopher-wood 2046 Gordolobo f 3983 Gorse 2 270 Gosling f 1581 Gosling-grass 3 220 -weed 220 Gosmore 265 Go-to-bed-at-noon 269 GOURD FAMILY 3 249 Gourd, Missouri 250 Gout-weed, -wort 2 539 | Gowan, Ewe 3 350 Horse 459 Ling 283 May 2 32 Meadow 51 Milk or Witch 2 271 Open or Water € 1545 Yellow | 3 271, £ 1614-5, 1618 Gozell f 1870 GRAPE FAMILY 2 407 | Grape Arroyo f 2402 Ashy f 2400 | Bailey’s 2 411 | Bear’s 572 Blue 409 | Bull £ 2402 Bullace 2 4ir | Catawba 408 Chicken 410 | Concord 408 | Downy He False 3 | Fox 2 408, 411, f Siarl Frost 410, f 2402 | Isabella 2 408} Missouri 410) Mountain £ 2406 Muscadine ft 2402 Oregon f 1642 Plum 2 408 Possum 410 Rocky Mountain f 1642) | Grape Riverside 2 410 Salt f 1396 Sand 2 4II Scuppernong 41 Sea £1396 English £ 1389 Small 2 409 | Southern Fox 41 Sugar 41 Summer 409 Sweet-scented 410 Winter 2 409, 410, f 2402 | Grape-fern I 2-4 Cut-leaved 3 494 Hitchcock's 2 Rattlesnake £7 | Grape-flower f 1021-2 -hyacinth I 424-5 -~pear £ 1986 -root f 1642 Grapewort f 1554-5 |Graphephorum I 210 GRASS FAMILY I 94-233 Grass Ague f 1023 Alkali f 454, 977 Aristidal 133-7; 3 502 Arrow I 83, f 301 Bahama f 400 Barley I 228-9 Mouse, Way, Wald f 532 Barnacle f 183 Barnyard I 113 Beach f 380, 453 | Bead f 231 Bear Aa. f 284, 1027, 2474 | Beard 1 98, tts 3, 157, f 299, 304 Annual f 358 Indian f 221 Naked f 408 Short leaved f 409 Triple-awned £ 306 Woolly f 211 Beckman’s £414 Bengal f 283 ent I 160-2, 167 Black f 336. 520 Creeping f 362 Dense-flow'd 3 502 Dog f 365 Marsh 362 | Narrow 539 | Purple f 341 Reed f 380 Rhode Island f 365 | Rock 3 503 Sea f 821 Sea-shore f 380 Spider f 364, Way f 532 White f 362 Wind £ 383 | Bermuda I 175 Big Blue-stem_ f 219 | Bird f 468 -seed f 292 Bitter f 1023 Black I 385; 2 272, f 510 -bent f 336, 520 -couch £ 336 Black-head f 965 Black-oat I 138 -quitch f 362 Black-seed f 349 Blow-out f 331, 425, 438 Blubber £513 Blue I 202, 204, f 524, 786, 1085 567 Grass, Blue Colorado f 524, var. English f 521 Oregon f 479 Texas 3 504 Blue-eyed I 453-4, f 3393 Blue-joint I 163, f 219, 524, var. Big f 216 Blue-stem f 373 Big f 216, 219 Bushy f 221, 224 Little f 216 Bonnet f 362 Bottle f 282, 2074 Bottle-brush I 233 Bottle-rush f 541 Bride’s-laces f 290 Bristle, Green 282 Glaucous f 281 Rough f 280 Brome I 219-224 Barren I 221 Briza-like f 517 Field 3 506 Hairy t 220, f 506 Smooth Rye £54 Soft £513 Short-awned £518 Wild £519 Brook f 221 Broom f 216, 219 Broom-corn, Wild f 420 Buck £96 Buffalo 1 183, f 411-12 Bull £513 Bullpates f 387 Bunch f 216, 312, » 318 4, Buffalo f a Larly f 441 Feather f 310 Bur I 127 Burdock f 226 Button f 306 Burden’s f 362 Canary I 130-1 Southern 291 Candy f 433 Cane I 233, f 400 Maiden f 225 Switch f 542 Capon’s-tail f 498 Carnation 1 330, £713. 742 Carpet £ 236 Catch-fly I 129 Cat’s-tail f 334 Alpine f 335 Meadow f 334 Rush I 147 Causeway f 459 Cheat I 222, f 522 Chess I 219, 221-4 Compact 3 506 Field 506 Swamp f Be Wild - oe Claver Clump-head . 636 Cock f 514 Cocksfoot f 457 Cockspur I 113 Coe f 926 Coco £557 Corn £ 257, 383 Cord I 175-6 Fresh-water 175 Slender f 404 Cotton I 703 Horsetail 638 Couch I 226 Black f 336 568 Grass, Couch False 3 507 Cow 2 277, £1337, 075 | Cow-quake Crab 1 109, 111, 181, | f 416, 1337, 1389 Sprouting f 273 Texas f 410. Cra f 521 Creek £146) Crested Hair f 444) Crowfoot £240, 416 Cuckoo f 965 Cuba f 225 Curly Loe Al Cut, Rice 129 Cypress £544 Darnel I 225} Bearded, Poison, | f 522) Red f 521 Dart f 384 Deer 2 474-5 Deer-tongue f 257 | Devil's f 229, 3531 | Dew 457 | Summer f 362) Ditch £176 Dodder f 455 Dog f 524, 868 Dog-bent f 365 | Dog-wheat f 528 | Dog’s-tail 1 200, fats Crested £458 Dog’s- iat DTG at 528 | Door f1 1337 | Dothering Dicks € 455 Dover 502 Dr ager, Drawkef 522 | Drake f 395 Drop-seed 1 144, ae 6) Drunk 522 | Dudder f 59 Earning 3 104) Eel I 82, 93 | Green £1626 Egyptian I 182 -millet f 225 English Blue 1 202 Ever 521 | Evergreen f 396. 502 | Everlasting £239 Fairy f 455 Faitour’s 2 380 False f 288 False Buffalo £ 419| False Oat 1171) False Red-top / I 205, f 436 | Feather £ 311, 384. 417 | Richardson's f£ 309 | Feather Bunch £ 310 | Felon 2 Ziel Fescue I 216-18; 3 505-6 | Hard f 500, var. | Fine John f 362| Fine Top f 365 | Finger III} Hairy f 240, Late-flowering | 3 496 | . Smooth + 241 Fiorin I 159 Fire 2 225 | Flote f 337. 491 | Fiy-awav f 368 | Fowl Meadow | I 205, f 468, 488 | Fox f 403 | Fox-tail 1 126, 148-9 | Bristly f 280, 281 | Brown ft Floating f Grass, Fox-tail Water f 337 | French f 2100 Frisky Bf ba f 502 Frog f 926, ¢ 369 Furze Top f 365 Gallow 1262 Gama r 68 Gilliflower £742, 786 Good Friday f 065 Goose Grama Black f 411 Blue f 412 Common f 412 Side Oats f 413 Tall f 413 Great Goose S61 Green f 466 Hair I 168-70 Crested f 444) Long-awned 1 145 Rough pee Water 445 Hard I 226, t 457 Hassock f 387 Haver f 510, 513 -corn f 395 Heather I 185 Hedgehog 127 Marsh f 766 Hendon Bent £458 Herd’s I 147, 159 Hever f 395-6 Hirse ee Holy I 132 Hooded f 513 Hungarian I 127 Hunger f 336 Indian I 104, f 427 dndian-Beard f 221 Inditan-Doob f 400 Indian Rice I 128 -millet f 318 Iron £799 Ivray I 225 Johnson tf 104 f 519 Joint I 106 June 1 204, f 397 Prairie f 444 Kentucky Blue 1 204 Knob f 3186 Knot 1 561, f220, 524 Lady es 290 Lady-Hair f 455 -laces f 290 Lavender f 427 4 Leghorn Straw f 458 Lemon f4 Lob or Lop £513 London Lace f 290 Louisiana f 236 Love I 187 Lyme 232 Maiden Cane f 225 Maiden-Hair £455 Manna I 211-13; 3 505 Poland f 4o1 Manna-croup — f 401 Maram I 166 Marl 2 277, £ 2075 Marram Sea f 539 Marsh I Marsh- emeenve as Mat I 224 -reed f 520 -weed I 166 May f 450 Meadow 1f 201-7, 212, 214-15, oie Common f 466 Fowl I 205. f 468, 488 I 214; ) phe: 3 61, 220, | 415, 713, 1337 | 5 $7377 | ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. Grass, Meadow Reed I 212 Sea f 493 Short-stalked f 429 Meadow-fescue Tey -spear 488 Melic I 195} Merlin’s f 102) Mesquite 1 180, f 304, 413 Bristly f4i1 Honey 3516, f 2032a Prairie 3 516 Velvet f 384 Vine f 246 Milk 3 245. Millet I 110, 123, 127, I41 Molinia I 187 Purple f 427 Money 3339 Monkey’s f 362 | Moor f 969, 1803 | Mountain res ee Mouse Mouse-tail a ies Munro’s I 183 Myrtle f 883 Nard I 224 | Nalural | f 466, 468, goss Needle f 312 Neele Nimble Will I 144 Nonesuch, White £ 521 Nut I 240, 241 Oat 1 138,171-4, 198 Downy f 390 False f 306 | Golden f 391 Poor f 305 Tall £ 301, 396 Oats, Sea-side, f 453 Old White-top £ 384 Old Witch f 274 Onion f 306 Orange 2 436 Orchard I 200 | Painted 130 | Panic I 113-125; 3 496-501, See Panic | Pearl f 306, 455 Penny 3.187 Pepper f 1083-4 Pigeon tr 126; 3 70, Bad Pin Pink £436, 742, 709 Pitchfork hye 231 Plume 99 Pond f 173, 2 var. Poor Oat f 305 Porcupine 1 139, f 312 Poverty I 133:2 441, f 595, 2074, 2473 Southern f 344 Prairie € 341, 353. 441 -June fay -Tush I 153 Prickle I 105 Prim f 293 Purple f 2067, 2083, 2549 Quake, Quaking I 199 Quick, Quack £524 Quickens f 524 Quitch I 226 Black f 362 Randall f 502 Rat-tail £ 334 Rattlesnake I 211 Ray I 225, Red f 521 Red-stem, Little f 216 Red-top I 159, 184, 205 f5 522 | (Von. Ill | Grass, Red-top Bunch f 479 False 1 205, f 436 Northern f 363 Wild f 270 Reed 1 128, 130, 158, 163-7, 176, 184, f 542 Common, Bog, f 420 Ditch, Pole f 420 Indian f 360 Salt 1 176 Reed-bent f 380 Reed-Canary 1 130 -meadow 212 Rescue f 519 Ribbon f 291 Rice I 128, 139-40 Rice Cut I 129 Ripple 3 207 Rot 3 194 Rush 1 151-4, f 352 Rush Cat’s-tail 1 147 Russia f 491 Rye I 225, ga Giant Perennial f 521 Wild 1 230-2, 3 508 Ryle f 522 St. Mary's £ 225 sod P 384 alt 352, 417. 4 Clustered 4 oie Fine.top f 352 Rush f 403 Salt-marsh f 405 Salt-meadow 1 176 Sand 1 185, f 380, 1356 Big 5, F 3 ‘gop Sand-bur f 284 Sand-reed I 166 Sand-spur f 284 Satin f 321-2, 326-7 Scorpion 3 “61-3 Scratch f 1355 Scutch I 175 Cane 233 Scurvy 2 115, 122; 3 322 See £176, 183, 13 -Marram £539 -meadaw f 493 Sea-oats I 198 -reed, -sand, £380 -spur f 494 Seneca Eye Serpent f 1318 Sesame f 210 Shakers £455 Shave £84 Shear £ 524 Shelly f 524 Shining f 1634 Short-husk f 332 Side-oats f 413 Sickle £1355 Silk £312, 1027, 3652 Silky f 318 Silver 3 322 Slender f 417 Slough f 414, 524, var. Small Cane I 233 Smut 154 Snake f 1477 Soft I 168 Soldier's Feather f 334 Sour f 1301 Southern Reed f 201 Sow f 1691 Snake 3 61, £1477 Sparrow f 1028 Spart f 405 Spear I 201-3, 205-8, 214 Bunch f 478 Vot. III.] ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. Grass, Spear Meadow f 488 Mountain / I 203, f 464 | 5 pike. 1 7 431 | a e 1 197-8, f 453} ot ate | Sopter f 293 | Spurt f 627 | Squirrel-tail I 229 ee f Pe 524 | Stagg’ I 444 Stare aa 380, 425, 446; | 2 381; 3 227 | Steep 3 194) Stroil f 524 | Sturdy f 522 Sweet £183, 491, 883 | Sweet Vernal 1 131 | Swine’s £1337 | Switch f 270 | Sword f 290, 618 Syrian f 225) Tare f 522 Tassel £176 Terrell I 230 Texas Blue 3 504 ae = 161 a Three-awned 1 ne Three-fork f 403 Tickle f 274, 368 Timothy I 147 California f 291 Mountatn f 335 Wild 322 Tine 2 326 Toad f 926 Tongue £1475, 1689 Toothache I 177 Triple-awned f 304, 306 Tumble-weed 1 123) Turkey-foot f 218 Turtle £183 Twin f 367 Twin-spike f 405 Twitch 524 Black f 500 Butter t 396 Onion f 3 ae mS 362 wo-penny 2815 Umbrella f 644-5 Union f 451-3 Vanilla I 132 Nodding 3 502 Velvet I 168 -mesquile f 384 Vine-mesquite £246 Wag-wanton f 455 Wart 2 379 Water € 445, 1721, 2703 Large 230 Water Oats I 128 Way 1337 Way-bent f 532 Well £1721 Wheat I 227-8, f 524, var. Bearded f 528 Coast 3 507 Dog f 52) False f 524 Gmelin’s 3 508 Western 3. 507 | Whip 663 White I 129 Whiles £384 White Top f 362 | Whitlow 2 140-4 Whorl, Water 194 Wickens 524 Widgeon f 183 Tass Wild Canary f 291 Wild Oat ; I 173-4, 3 503 Wild aye 230-2, 3. 508 Wild Timothy f 322 Willow f 1319 Wind f 383 Windlestraw I 167, f 387 Windmill 407 Winter £748 Wire I 154, 181, f 242, 400, 410 | Wire-bent I 224 Witch I 123, f 524 Old £274 Wobsqua f 270| Wood £224 321 -meadow I 205 | Worm 2 605 | Wool I 271 Wrack £183 Yard 1 181, £410 Yellow ee Yellow-eyed 1 369°79 Yellow-top 378 Yorkshire-fog f 384 Grass-flower f 1085, 1429 Grass of the Andes f 396 | Grass-of-Parnassus 2 182-4 Grass-pink 1 48o, f 1469 Grass- poly 2 471 -weed f 183 -wrack I 82 Gravel-plant £277 Gravel-root 3 307 -weed 242 Graveyard-weed £2337 Gi ray-beard tree £2845 Graymile 3 64 Greasewood I 584 Greek Valerian 3 41 American f 2993 Creeping 2993 Green-brier I 440-2 | Fiddle-shaped f 1057 | Green-dragon I 361 | -ginger 4010 | -oster 2713. 2720 -SaUCce f 1301 -sorrel f 1301 -weed, or-wood 2 271 Grig Grim-the-Collier 3 2k Grinsel 482 Grip, Grip-grass 220 Gromwell, Amer. 3 64 Corn False 66-7 Woolly 64 Ground-berry 2 572 -burnut 352 -cedar f 98. 2474 -centaury f 2284 Ground-Cherry 3 126-33 Barbadoes 127 Clammy 130 Cut-leaved 128 Hillside 131 Lance-leaved 127 Large-bladder 129 Long-leaved 129 Low 130 Low Hairy 126 Mexican 128 Peruvian 131 Philadelphia 128 Prairie 129 Purple-flowered 132 Round-leaved 131 | Small-flowered 127 £ 2778 | | Ground-Cherry | Hardock 484 | Stellate 3 132, Hardweed 4077 | Tall Hairy 126 Harebell 3 253 | Virginia 130| Arctic 253 White-flowered 133 Hare’s-beard 3 143 Ground- Fir f 95 | -ear 2 529; 3 515 -hele 3 168 | Hare’s-foot Fern f11 -hemlock I 61 Hartford Fern rerz -holly f 2736 Hari’s-eyve f 2642 | -ivy 3 87 Hartshorn-bush £8 | -laurel 2571 -plant f 1581 | -lemon f 1646 | Hart’s-thorn 2 405 | -lily fio48| -tongue Dever | _ -moss f 2474 | Harvest-bells f 2875 Ground-nut 2 335| -lice 437 Dwarf 2 507| -dily 2951 Ground-pea f 2227 Hathorne 2 241 Ground-pine I 41, | Haver-corn f 395 2 436, £96, 98, 3079 Haw (see Thorn) | Festoon 98 | 2 240-6 Ground-plum - 297| Black -raspberry £1544 3 333; f ease 3444 Ground-squirrel-pea Dotte f 1993 f 1645 Paice 2 242 Ground-vine 3 235| Pear 244 Groundsel 475| Possum f 2360, 3443 Black-tipped 477| Red 2 242, f 1991, Balsam 479 1994, 1996, 2002-3 | Common 482) Scarlet 2 242 | Cross-leaved 481| Shawnee f 3443 | Entire-leaved 476, Small-fruited 2 240 Fetid 483, Summer 244 Marsh 481| Tree £ 1996 | Silvery 77| Vail’s 2 245 | Viscous 483| _ Yellow 244 | Wood 482 | Hawkberry f 2021 Groundsel-bush 3 394 Hawkbit 3 266, 282, 285 -tree 394 | Hawk’s-beard 3 279-82 Grouseberry £ 2775 Gray Grundy-Swallow 3 480 Frawkweed 3 oe é Guelder-rose, Wild 229 Canada 286 | Maple-leaved f py | Early 285 | Gum, Black 2 547, f2 Field 284 | Cotton 2 oe | Golden Mouse-ear Red 193 | 284 | Sour 2 547, f 2723| Green 285 Spruce 122 Gronovius’ 287 | Star-leaved 2193| Hairy 287 Sweet 193 Long-bearded 287 Tupelo 547 | Maryland 285 | Water f2722| Mouse-ear 283 White £1880} Narrow-leaved 286 Gum- Elastic f 2830 Orange 284 Gum-plant 3 321, f 3053} Panicled 286 , Gum-tree Rough 287 | Spruce f122| Tawny 284 Yellow f2721| Vein-leaf 285 Gun-bright £84! Wall 283 Gutierrezia 3 320 Hawthorn Gutter-t7€e £2717 2 241, f 1991. 1998 Gutweed 3 272 English f 1995 Gymnopogon§ 1 178-9 Haw-tree f 1995 Gypsophyll 2 16-17 Hayhofe 3 387 Hackberry, So. 1 526-7 Haymaids 87 Hackmatack 1 54, f131 Hay-plant 227 Hacmack if eo | Hazel, Black f 1208 Hagweed 2271| Snapping f 1879 Hail-, Hair-,weed £2957 Witch 2 193 Hatr-fern t6o0 Hazel-nut I 507-8 Hair Grass I 145, 161, 168-171 Hairhoof, Sweet 3 227 Hairhound 96 Hairif 220 Hammer-sedge £713 Hammerwort £1270 Handsome Harry f 2552 Harbinger of Spring 2 542 Hardhack - 96, 215, f 1208 f 1884 f 1883-4 Hardheads 3 492 He-huckleberry 2355 Headache 2 99, f 1660-1 -plant f 1581 Head-flower 3 216 -Betony f 3335 Headsman 3 207 Heal-all 3 88, 148, f 1029, 1006 High 186 Heal-bite f 1787 -dog f 1787 Healing! blade 3 206. f 1820 -herb 3 67, 207 Heart-clover 2 273 -leaf 2 273, f 1278-80 57° Heart-of-the-earth3 88) | Hempweed, Climbing | Hirse 313 Hive-vine 3 216, f 2164 Heart-pea 2 403 -seed -trefoil 273 | f 1820, 3724 | Flearts f 2250 Henbane, Black Fy 138 ane ee Yellow 3206 | f 1319, 1327, Henbit 3 of 96 | Heart’ s Say f 2511 Small Heartweed f 1327 | Henbit Dead-nettle cS Heartwort 2 274 Hen-plant 3 206-7 HEATH FAMILY 556 Hens 2505 Heath f 2343, 2474 Hep- or Hip-tree f 1973 Blackberried 2 383 Herb-bane 196 Corn 1316 -Barbara 1709 Cross-leaved 2573 -bennet f 1944-5, 1948 Mountain 565 -Christopher Scotch 573 2 55, £8, 1954 Heath-bells 3 253, -Gerard 2 539 Heathberry 2 383. -Impious 3 395 Heath-cypress 94| -ivy 2 113 Heather 2573\ -John 433 Beach, False, 441 -Margaret 3 350, 457 Monox 383 Herb-of-the-Cross 3. 70 Heavenward Treef2272 Herb-Robert 2 341 Hedge-bells 3 26 -Sherard 3 226 -burs, Wrld 220, -Sophia 2 144 -Dead-nettle 94) -twopence 589 -garlic 2115) -Trinity 2 455, £1578) Hedgehog 531 -wicopy f 2566 | -thistle 461 -William 2 538 Hedge-hyssop 3 na Herba Impia 3 305. Hedge-lily Hercules’ Club | Hedge-maids hese 2 506, f 2270 Hedge-mustard 2 116 Heron’s-bill 2 314] Fine-leaved 144 Heuchera 2 178-80 Hedge-nettle 3 96-8 Hickory I 484-7 -parsley 2 5IO-II Big Shag-bark 486 | Hedge-peak £1973, Bitter f 1152 Hedge Picks f 2016 Bitter-nut Hedge-plant f 12590 I 485, f 1158 -strawberry f1910 Bitter Pig-nut f 1152 -taper 3143) Black f 1156, 1158 -thorn 2 241 Brown, or Broom -weed £ 1696 f 1158 | Hedysarum 2,315 Bullinut £1156) Heliotrope 351-3 Fragrant I 486 Garden, Hardy £3474, Hardbark f 1156 Summer f 3474 King-nut 1 486 Wild £3016) Mocker-nut 486 Hellebore 2 53. £973, Northern 3 512 American White r 408 Pecan I 484 Bastard fii20) Pig f 1152} Big £084 Pig-nut 1 487:3 512! False £984-5 Red f 1156, 1158 | Green 253| Redheart £1154 | Swamp fo954) Scurfy 3 512 Wilda £3016, Shag-bark | Wood’s False 1 408 I 485; 3 511 Helleborine I 469 Southern 3 511 Hellroot 3.196, Shell-bark Hellweed f 1625 I 485, f 1155 Helmet-flower 3 78 Big £1155 -pod f 1645 Thick, or Western Hemicarpha I 275 £1155 Hemlock I 56, 61 Small-fruited 1 486 Carolina 56) Soft-shell £1151 Creeping f 135 Swamp 1 485, : 1153 Ground I Upland £1154 Lesser,or Small f 266 Water I 485 Poison 2 532 White | Southern f 125 f 1154, 1156, 1158 Spolted £2690}; White-heart I 486 Water 2 536 | White Walnut 485 Hemlock-Chervil 2 511 | Hickory Poplar f 1542 Hemp I 530, 591 | High-belia f 3503 Albany £1267! High Dandelion f 3571 American f 2430 | High or Hig Taper3 143 Bastard 3 92| High-water shrub 3 292 Indian 3 3, £2430 Hillberry 2 572 Nettle 3 92) Hillwort 115 Water 2 591 Hindheal 3 460, f 1371 Wild 3 92, 295 | Hip-brier,-rosef ihe 73-4 Hemp Dead-nettle 92 > -zree Hemp-nettle, Red 92 Hippo, Wild f ahs Common £3107 Jndian f 1888 3 403 | | Hen-and-chickens ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. (Vor. II. f 272 | Honeysuckle Tartarian Bush 3 241 | Hoarhound, Black Trumpet 239 3 96 While 2747 Common f 3089; Wild 2 55%, Fetid 3 f 2604, 2607-8 Marsh 118} Yellow Water 3 117-118 3 230, f 2745, 3458 White 84 Honeysuckle Apple Wild 310-312 2 558 Hoarwort 3.395 -clover 276, 279 Hobble-bush 229 Honey-sweet 224 Hoffmanseggia 2 259 Hoodwort 3 79 Hog-apple 92 Hoofs 469 -bed f 98 | Hook-heal 88 -bile £3531| -weed f3 Hog Peanut 2 334, Hoop-ash 2 602, f tae -physte f 3502, Hoopkoop-plant 2 325 Hog’s-bean FS 138 Hoopwood f 2363 -fennel 2 515, f 3984 | Hop or Hops I 530 -potatoe fo79 = Bog f2 Hogweed 3 295, 307, Wild 3 99, f 1582 f 2634, 3827 Hop-clover 2 272, 275 Hogwort 2 363 -hornbeam I 507 Hollard £1223 Hop-tree 2 354 Hollow-root 3 243, -trefoil 275 HOLLY FAMILY 2 $3 -vine, Devil’s £1054 Holly, American Hornbeam 15 Dahoon 2 oe Hal Swamp f 2721-3 Deciduous f 2360 | Horn-bine 2721 Emetic f 2358 | -pine, -pipe, f 2721 Ground f 2736 Horned Clover f 2065 Large-leaved 2 392 Horned Rush I 276 Meadow 392 | Horn-weed f 1536 Mountain 393, f 2361 HORNWORT FAMILY Swamp 2 392 2 46 White f 2356 Hornwort 46 Wild 2 393 | Horse-balm 3 123 Holly-bay f 2441 | Horse-blob 2 51 Hollyhock, Sea £2434) __-bramble f 1973 Holy-hay f 2064 | Horse-brier I 440 -herb 3 70 | -cane 3 205 -rose, Marsh 2 568 | Horse-chestnut 2 400 Homewort 168 American £ 2382 Honesty 134 Horse-elder 3 404 Honewort 536 | -foot 4 Honey f 2041 | Horse-fleaweed f 2050 Honey-balls 3 216) | Horsefly- weed 2 266 Honey-blob f 187 | Horse- -gentian 3 234 Honey-bloom 3 2! -ginseng 234 -locust 2260 -gold -lotus 273 f 1614-15, 1618, 1625 -mesquile Horse-gowan 3 459 3 516, f 2032a | Horse-heal 404 -plant 3.107. -hoof 469 -shucks f 2041 -knobs, -knop 492 -stalks 2 279) Horse-laurel f 2750 HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY | -/i/y f 1527 3 227 Horse-Mint 3 104, 120, Honeysuckle 2 280; f 3131, 3139 3 237-42; f 1559 European f 3177 Bush 3 241-2} Ohio f 3139 Chinese 240} Sweet 3 116 Cinnamon Horse-nettle 135 f 2747, var. 2| Horse-pipe £77, 84 Clammy f 2747 Horse-radish 2 127 Coral 3 2390 Horse-sorrel f 1299 Crimson f 3458 Horse-sugar 2 597 Douglas’ 3 238 HORSE-TAIL FAMILY Early f 2743 ery Fly 3 240-42, f 3467 Horse-tail I 35-7 Glaucous 3 238 Cornfield 77 Ground 2 280 Meadow f 7 Hairy 3.238 Rough £84 Italian 237 Water f 82 Japanese 240 Horse-thyme 3 108 Garden Fly f 3467 | Horse-weed 3 123, 391, Perfoliate 3 237 f 3539, 3592 Purple f2743| Low, Purple, 3 391 Scarlet Trumpet | Houndbene 3 84 f 3461 | Hound’s-berry 134 Small Yellow 3 238 -tongue 3 53. 319 Smooth f2 2740 | House-leek 2 166-8 Sullivant’s 3 239 | Houstonia 3 214-215 Swamp 2 559, f 2743 Hove 87 Vor. IIIl.] ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY | Indian-paint, Red 2 = 2 573 Yellow Huckleberry -paint-brush 2 17 a 2 574-5, f2701 -pear, Wild 1985 Black 2 574 -physic Blue 579 2 108, f 1537, 1889 Box 575. ~pine f 118 Bush 575 -pink 2 605: 3 22 Dwarf 575 £1445, 1458, 2288, 3318 He 2355 INDIAN-PIPE FAMILY High-bush 2 574 2 554 Southern Black 577 Indian-pipe 555 Squaw 580 - pitcher f 1801 Strawberry f 2791 -plantain 3 473-5 Tree £2797, -poke T 408, f 985 Huckleberry Lily | -posy f 1003 3 401, f 2Q00, 3850 Hudsonia 2 441 -potato 2227 Hunger-flower 142, -puccoon f 3048 | Hunger-weed 83. -red-root f 1061 Hungry-vine £1054 -root 2 506 | Huntsman’s Cup 2 160 -sage 3 311 Hurr-bur 3.484 -shamrock f 1047 Hurt-sickle 491-2. -shoe f 1092 Huskroot £1023 -soap-plant f 2386 Hutchinsia 2138 -strawberry zs 1375 | Hutton-weed 3.248 = -thistle f 3481 Hyacinth I 423 -tobacco Grape I 424-5 3 260, f 3225. 3848 Wild 1 423, £1670 = -turmeric £1544 Hydrangea 2 184-5 Indian-turnip I 361 Snowy £1859, Three-leaved £876 Hyeble f 2629 Indian-wickup f 2566 Hymenocallis I 445| /ndtan’s Dream f 64 Hymenopappus 3 445-6 Indian’s Plume 3 102 Hyssop 3 110 Indigo, Wild 2 265-7) Anise f 3092 False, Bastard, 2 286 | Garden £3152. Blue False 265 Giant 381-5 Dwarf False f 2102 Hedge 160-3, Fragrant False 2 286 Prairie 2 112 Prairie f 2053 Water 3271 Indigo-broom 2 266 Wild 3 70 -plant 292 Hyssop Hedge-nettle -weed f 2050 396 Infant’s-breath f 3409 Iceland-moss £1818 Inkberry 1594; 2 301 -poppy £1662 Shining 3 519 Ice-leaf 3 143 Ink-root 2 Baal -plant, Amer. 2 555|Innocence 3 156, 212 Lllinois-nut £1151 | Insane-root 138 Impudent-lawyer f 3236 Iodanthus 2 123 Indian-apple £1646 Ipecac, American -arrow 2 304 2 198, f 2325 -arrow-wood £2712 False : 1888 -balm 1047} Milk 2321 -hark f 1540 le ge, White, f 2325 | -bean 3199 Wil -beard-grass f 221 sy 377; 3 234, f 2895 | -black-drink £2358 Wood 3 234 -boys and girls £1669 Iresine I 503 | -bread-root 2 284 IRIS FAMILY I 447 -cedar f 1208 Iris 451-2 -cherry f 1985, 2394 Spring 2 1080 -chickweed I 598 Irish-daisy 3 271 -chief £2826 -mahogany f 1223 | -cucumber-root 1 435 Iron-head 3 492 -cup 160; 3 406 Iron-weed -currant 2 236 3 302-4, 492, f 3059 | -doob f4o00, Devil’s 3 274 -dve £1544 Iron Wood I 507; -elm f 1253 £ 1207, 2829 -fig 2 463 Southern 2 389 Sog £1816 Ironwort 3 92, f 3107 -gravel-root £3615 Isabella wood 96 Indian-hemp Isopappus 3 330 3 3, £ 2430 | Ltch-weed f o84 Black f2 Si Itea 2 187 White f ao Ivory Plum 2 572, £2798 Indian-Hippo 888 Ivray I 225 | -lettuce 2 550 Ivy, American 2 413} -mallow 2 422,f2427| Big-leaved f 2757 -millet £318 Climbing : 38 -Moccasin f1089 Coliseum 144 -mozemize £1975 Five-fingered é 2410 -paint f 1375, 3048 ive-leaf f 2410 571 Ivy Jupiter’s-staff 3 143 Ground 87 | Jussiaea 2 480 | Kenilworth 144 | Justice-weed 3 308-9 Poison 2 38% | Jute, American 2 422 Three-leaved 388 Kale, Corn or Field 119 Spoonwood £2756|Kalmia 2 564, f 2757 Ivy-berry 2775 | Kedlock f 1700, 1703 -bush 2 564 Kellup-weed f 3988 | -chickweed 170 | Kelp £ 1527 flower 1578 | Kelpwort f 1396 -weed 3 144, Kemps, Kempseed | Jack-by-the-hedge2 115 | 3 207 Jack-in-the-pulpit 1 361 Sea 209 -in-trousers £1550 | puracey Mahogany Jack-straws 3 207 f 2043 JSackson-vine £ 3220 | Kerlock f 1701, 1703 | Jacob’s-ladder Ketmia, Bladder 2 425 | f 2370, 3236 | Kettle-dock 3 482 American 3 41, f 1050 | Kicking-coll £ 2388 | Jacob’s-staff 3 143 -horses 2388 -sword f 1077 | Kidney-bean, Wild | Jalap, Cancer £1415 2 338 Wild 2945 | Kidney-bean Tree 294 Jasmine, Amer. f 2944) Kidney-root 3 307 Bastard f 3220| -wort f 1836 Carolina 2 605 | Kill-cow £505 Red £2943) -kid f 2756 Wild £1576! -wart f 1668 Jaundice-berry or -tree | King-cups 2 8o, £1545 f 1640 | -devil 3 284 -root £1544) -nut zr 486, £.1154-1156 Jenny Wren f 2240 | | -of the Meadow f 3615 Jersey Tea 2 407 | King’s-clover 2 274 Jerusalem-oak -crown 274 I 574, £1373| -cure f 2736 -artichoke 3.429) -cure-all f 2579 -sage gi| -fern £8 -star 269 | Kinnikinnik Jessamine f 3220 | 2 544, 572, f 2717 Blue £1584 | Kino-rool, Am. f 2239 Red f 2943 | Ausky- Thomas Nut Water f 3275 f 1150 Yellow 2 605 | Ki'ss-me f 2511 Jesutl’s-bark £ 3586 | Avss-me-Dick f 2337 -Water-nut f 2612 | Kisses f 2511 JEWEL-WEED Spee Knap 2 276 2 403| -botile £1443 Jewels, Speckled £ 2388 | Knapweed 3 492, ue Jewel-weed 2 403- 4| Knawel 4! Speckled f 2388 | Knight-cross £ 1457 | Je ew’sharp-plant f 1048 | Knight’s-spur 2 59 Jew’s Ear f 3219 | Knit-back 3 67 Jimson-weed | Knob-grass, -roott 3180 3 139, f 3223 -weed 3 492, $51 Joan Silver-pin f 1658 | Knot-berry fee! s-lears f 1031 | Knot-grass 1 561; a aa Wild f 3052 f 229, 524 Joe Pye Weed 3 307| Bird’s 1337 | _ Spotted 307 Coast £ 1340 | Johnny-jump f 2826,) German 2 4I | Johnny-jumper = 2 455 | Knot-root f 3186 | Johnny- -jump-up | Knotweed I 561-7 2 455, £2484, 2492) Biting f£ 1333 | -smokers £1942) Spotted f 1327 Johnswort £ 2454 | Knout-berry f 1892 | False f 2463 | Kobresia I 284 Joint-vetch 2 312| Kochia 581 -weed I 568; 2 501 | Koeleria 194 | Jointed Charlock 2 121| Koniga, Seaside 2 153 | Joseph’s-flower 3 269 | Korycarpus I 196 Jove's-fruil € 1657, 2831 | Kosteletzkya 2 424 Joy, American f 2410 KRAMERIA FAMILY | Juba’s Bush I 593) 2 261 Judas-tree, Amer. 2 257 | Krameria 261 Red f 2033 | Kraut-weed f 1703, 1707 Juniper I 59, 60, | Kyllinga I 247 | f 120, 122, 130, 133 ; Labrador f 2742 | Creeping f 134 | Labrador Tea 2 557 Red £133 | Lace-button f 3823 Juniper-bush £133| -flower f A -lree f 1255 Lad’s Love 34 June-berry 2 237-9 | Ladies’-eardrop f es -flower f 2505 -pocket f 2388 Juno’s-tears 3 70| Ladies’-slipper Jupiter’s-beard_ f 1820 I 457-9, f 2288, 2388 572 ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. [Vot. III. Ladies’-slipper Lead-plant 2 287) Lily | Liquorice Downy f 1092 , Leaf-cup ; 405| Frog £1527 _ See Licorice Pink or Purple f 1089 | Leather-bush 2535 Glade f 1003 Little Good 2 379 Ladies’-smock 2128| -flower 2 60, f 1585 Great Yellow : 1534 Little-boy’s Breeches -sorrel 2 346,f2254| -leaf 2570! Ground f 16 -tobacco 3 399, f 3850 Leather-wood 466, Gunebo { aa Little-pollom f 2288 Ladies’ Tresses 1 470-2, Southern 389| Harvest f2951 -washerwoman f 3393 Drooping £1123 Leavenworthia 134-5) Hedge 3 25 Littlewale 3 64 Lady-by- the Gates 1466 | Leaver-wood £2535| Huckleberry _ f 1003 Live- dal 2 165 Lady-fern 26 | Ledum-oil 2557| Jamestown f 3222-3 / Wild f 1812 -fingers, -glove, = 171 | Leechwort 3.207, Lemon fg90 Live-long 2 16 -laurel 2 465 | Leek, Wild 14i2| Little Water £1526 Liver-berry f 1037- -thimble 3171| Three-seeded f992| Mariposa 1 422| -leaf 2 65-6 Lady-never-fade f 3850 Leitneria 1 489| May fi1041| -lily if pee Lady’s-clover f 2250) Lemon, Wild 2 92) Meadow £1006 -moss f -comb 2531 Ground £1646| Nodding f 1006, 1008 | Liverwort, Noble 2 ah -cushion 2 595; 3 492, Lemon-balm 3 107 Northern f1029 Heart £1578 fingers f 2084. 2222| -lily f990| Philadelphia 1416 Three-leaf f 8 -delight 2 455| -lobelia £3144, Pond 2 42-4 LIZARD’s TAIL FAMILY -hair 455| -monarda 3 104 Prairie £1063, 2520 I 482 -laces f290, -walnut firso| Red I 416-17 Lizard’s-tail 482 -lint f 1477 | Lentil 2 32 Rock f 1559, 1581 LOASA FAMILY 2 458 -mantle 2 225| Water £888 Southern Red 1 417 Lobelia 3 257-61 -milk 490 | Leopard-flower f1082| Snake f 1069) Bladder- 260 -needlework 2634| Leopard’s-bane 3 471| Spider fo1o| Brook 260 -nightcap 25 Leptochloa 1182, Spring f1013, Canby’s 261 -purse 1752 Lesquerella 2136) Swamp f1062 Downy 259 -shoes f1561 Lettuce 3 273-6, 288) Straw fo88 Glandular 259 -shoes-and-stockings | Arrow-leaved” 3 274| Tiger I 419, f 1003. Great 258 £2084) Blue 275-6 Dwarf f1082, Kalm’s 260 -thimble 3 253| Canker 2 550 Wild fi008 Nuttall’s 261 -thumb I558| False 3 275, f 3543 Toad £1531 Pale-spiked 259 Lakeweed £1333) Florida 3 275 Trinity f1046 Red,Southern, 258 Lamb-kill 2 563, f ore Hare’s 272 Trout fioi2 Spiked 260 -lilies 966| Hairy Wood 274| Turk’s-cap I 418 | Sree Water, 257 -mint 3 119, HAE A Indian 2 550 -head f 1008 Loco-vetch, Boge in -sucklings 2 279; Lamb's 3 245-6 Water f 880, 1534 Lambs f2381| Liverwort f2726| Western Red 1 417 Loco-weed 2 309, ry 255 Lamb’s-cvess £1725} Prickly 3 273 While fi1046 Stemless -foot 3 206| Red Wood 274 White Water 2 44-5 | Woolly Le -lettuce 3 207, 245-6, Spanish 2 4)| Wid Orange f 1003 Locust, Black -quarters I 570.| ‘Tall 3 274 Wild Yellow I 417 2 294, f 2041 f 1048, 1379) Tall Blue 276| Wood Bristly, or Moss 2 205 -succory 3 265; Tall White 288 I 416; 2 552, f 1041 Clammy 295 -tatls £96 Western 273| Yellow 1 417, f 1012| Green f 2121 -tongue 3 121. 207,) White 3 289, 201 Yellow Pond 2 42-3) Honey 2 260, f 2021-3 fioi2| Wild 274, f 2726, 3537| Lily-bind 25| Pea-flower f 2121 Land-cress £1711,1725| Wood 3 274 LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY Posi, or White £2121 Langdebeef 3 267, Leucocrinum I 411 FAMILY 1 427. Red-flowering Lap-love 26 Leucothoé 2 566-7 | Lily-of-the-valley 434 f 2121-2 Larch i 54 Lever-wood f 1208, 2535| False 431| River f 2101 Black or Red = £120 | Licorice, American Wild € 1029, 1034, 2728 Rose-flowering f 2122 Lareabel 3 422) f 2163; Lime Tree 2 414, f 2411 Swamp 2 260 Lark-heal 2 59 Wild 2 310: Black f 2411 Sweet, Water, 260 Lark’s-claw f 1562 3 221-2, f 2628 | Limewort-catchfly Thorn f 2041 Larkspur 2 59-60 | Licorice-root f 2163 | f 1450 Yellow 2 294, f 2046 Azure or Blue £1564 Life-everlasting 3 4oo Limonillo 3 449 Loeflingia, Texan 2 38 Garden #1562, Fragrant or Sweet gor | Lin 2 348, f 2412-13, LOGANIA FAMILY 604 Nelson’s 3 514 | Life-lasting f 3851 | Lind, White f2411 Loggerheads 3 492 Prairie £1564, Life-ofman LINDEN FAMILY 2 413, London Lace f 290 LAUREL hei hae) 2 95 f 1811, 1975, 2627, 3469| Linden, American 414 -pride f 1466, 1471 Laurel 2 563-4, f 2757 Life-root 3 480 | Ling 573. -luft f 1471 American 2 564 Lilac 2 600 Wire 383 Long-beard f 904 Big, Big-leaf £2750, Summer f 1790 Ling-berry 580 -moss I 374 Black f 2441 Liliaeopsis 2 521 -gowans 3 283 Long Purples 2 473 Deer £2750 LILy FAMILY r4gio, Linn f 2411-13 Longshucks £118 Dog f 2764 | Lily x 416, f 1013 Black, Yellow, £1541 LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY Dwarf £2756 Asa-Gray’s I 418 Southern 2412 2 468 Great 2 561 Atamasco 444 White f 2413 Loosestrife Florida £2832, «Beaver £1527 Linseed 2348 Bulb-bearing oa Ground 2 571 Blackberry I 453) Lint 348 Creeping Hairy 564. Bullhead 1527 Fairy 351 False 2 476, f Rae Horse f2750, Canada I 417 Lady’s £1477, Fringed 2 589 Lady 2465 Carolina 418 | Lint-bells 2348 Golden 587 editors) 564, f ep Clinton’s f 1029 Lin-tree f 2411 Hyssop 471 Pale 2 564 Conval f 1041 | Lion’s-ear f 3108 Kennedy’s 472 Sheep 563 Corn 3 26| -foot 2 225;3 288-90 Lance-leaved 590 Small £1540, 2757. Cow 2 42, £1545| -heart 3 89-90 =Linear-leaved 472, 591 Spurge 2 465, f 2757 Day I 4il -mouth 3 147, 171 Purple 2 473 Swamp 48, 564, f 2441 Dog, Horse, £1527 -snap £3240 Southern 590 White 1540, Dwarf Tiger £1082) -tail 392-3. Spiked 473 Wood £2757| Easter, Fairy, £1062| -tooth 266, 271 Spotted 588 Laurel Magnolia 2 48 Field f 1006 Lip-fern I 30-31 Swamp 47t Lavender-thrift 594 Flag, Liver, £1069 Lipocarpha 275 Trailing 590 Lawyers £1973 Flame f 1003| Liguidambar f s80 Tufted 591 — Vor. III.] ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT Loosestrife | Whorled 2 588 Yellow 587 Wing-angled 472 Lotus, American 2 45 Honey 273 Indian 46 Lophiola I 446 Lophotocarpus 87 | LOPSEED FAMILY 3 = Lopseed Lotus-tree f ae Louseberry-tree £2368 Lousewort 3 184-6, 3303 Marsh, Swamp 3 185 Lovage, ‘Scotch 2 519 Love-apple 3 137 -grass I 187 -entangled £1813 -in-a-chain £1816 -tn winter f 2736 -in-idleness 2 455 Loveman 3 220 Love-me 61} Lover’s Pride £1327} Love roses £ 3435 | Love-vine 3 30, f 1582. 296 | } Love's test £ 3848 | Lucerne 2 271-2) Ludwigia 477-9 | Ludwigiantha 77 | Lungwort 3 59-60 Bullocks f 3229 | Cow’s 3 143 | French, Golden, 283 Sea 5 Smooth f 30345 Tree 60) Lupine 2 ee Perennial f 2057 | Lustwort f 1803. Lychnis, Arctic 2 15) Evening 13 | Nodding 15 Scarlet Zao! Lygodesmia 3 276-7 | Lyre-tree f 1542 Macounastrum 1 542 Mad-apple f 3222) MADDER FAMILY 3 211 Madder 219 Blue Field 226 | Wild 3 219) £ 3423 Mad-dog Wee | ¢ 188, 3075 Madderwort 3 212, 464 Madnep 2 514 Madweed 3.79 Mad Woman's Milk £ 2332 Madwort | 2 152, £1753, mes German 3 Magotly Boy Bean £ 2035 MAGNOLIA FAMILY 2 47 Magnolia, Fraser’s 47 Great-leaved 47 Laurel 43 Mountain Small, Swamp, f ic Mahaleb 2 252 Mahogany, Trish £ 1223 False f 1652 Kentucky f 2043 Mountain f 1215 Mahonia, Trailing 2 90 Maiden- “hair; see ee I 27, f 1940, 27 Maiden’ ue f 1443 Maid’s Hair ee a Maise Maize Thorn 3 ie 59 Manna, Poland Malacothrix 2 270 | Malice 2416) MALLOW FAMILY 2 415 | Mallow | Bristly -fruited 423 Common 2 416, f 2416 Country f 2415-16 Curled 2 417 | Dwarf 416 | European 417 | False 420-1 | Glade 420 Globe 2 423; 3 519 High 2 416 Indian 422 Low 416 Marsh 415 Musk 417 Poppy 2 418-19 Rose 424-5 Running 416 Swamp f 2434 Venice 2 42 Vervain f 2419 Virginia 2 422 Water f 2434 Whorled 2 417 Mallows, Blue £2416 False f 2427 Indian f 2427 Maltese Cross f 1457 Mandrake, Wild 2 92, f 2610 Manisuris I 100 Manna-grass I 211-13; 3 505 f 491 Man-of-the-earth an 22 Man-root £ 2945, 2948 Man's Motherwort 2304 | MAPLE FAMILY 2 396 Maple 2 397-400 Ash-leaved 400 Bark f 2377 Bird’s-eye 2 308 Black f 2375-6 Black Sugar 2 308 Creek 2372 Curled 2 398 | Cut-leaved f 2380 | Drummond’s 2 308 Dwarf 399 Goose-foot 399 Hard £ 2373-6 Low f 2379 Moose f 2379 Mountain 2 399 Northern f 2378 Norway 2 400 Red 397 Red-river £ 2372. 2380 River f 2372 | Rock 2 308 | Rocky Mountain 399) Scarlet Shoe-peg Shrubby Silver | Stlver-leaf Soft 2 307, f 2373, 2377 Striped 2 399 Sugar 398, 400 Swamp 2 397. f 2372, 2379 Sycamore 2 400 W ped | 2 397, £ 2372, 2379 | White 397, f 2373 Marbleflower _ £1658 | March 2687-8 Mardling f 888 | Mare’s-tail 2 sor, f 84! Marigold | 1569, 1576, 1578-81, 1724, 1833, 2743 May-gowan 3 350 May-grass £459 May-lily f 1041 ~pear f 1085 -pops 2 457 -Tose 230 -slar ? 2822 -WIngs f 2288 MAYACA FAMILY I 367 Mayaca 368 NAMES. 573 | Marigold Mayweed 3 455 Fetid 3 453 Corn 459 Marsh 2 51-2) Mead-sweet 2 224 Rayless 3 438 MEADow BEAUTY Water 440 FAMILY 2 473 Wild f 3995 Meadow-beauty {7 5 Mariposa Lily 1 422) Meadow-bouts t 1545 Marjoram, Pot 3 111 -cabbage £881 Wild Ilr) -fern f 1159, 1162 Markry £2353| -burs f 1159 Mark-weed f 2353) -gowan 2 5I Markerry £1370 Meadow-grass Marl-grass 2 277, f ea I 201-7, 212-15 Marram 166 Annual I 201 -Sea-g7rass * 539| Arctic 215 Marrube 3 54 ~=Flat-stemmed 202 Marsh-dee/le £136, Fowl 1 205, f 468, 488 -berry f 27 Grove I 207 -clover f 2889 Prairie 204 -elder 3 292-4 Round-stalked f 468 -fleawort 3481 Reed I 212 Sfive-finger £1937, Roughish 204 -fleabane 3 pe? | Rough-stalked f£ 468 Fetid 3839| Short-stalked 429 Spicy 3 396 | Slender I 215 Marsh-gentian | Spreading 214 f 2875. 2880| Wavy 203 -gilliflower f oe Wood 205 -grass I 175,177 Meadow-nuts f 1937 -hoarhound 3 148 Meadow-parsnip 2 518 -holy-rose 2 568| Early, Golden, 534 -lousewort 3 185 Meadow-pink a 14, -mallow 2 415 f 1111, 1470, 2747 -matigold 51-2) -queen 2 224 -milkwort 357 | Meadow-rue 86-8 -parsley 2 533-4 | all f 1638 -pennywort 539-41 | Slender f 1633 -pestle £ 136 | all 2 88, f 1637 -pink 2 611-12| Waz-leaved f 1637 -root f 2827 Wind-flower 1580 -rosemary 2 594, f 27! 67 Meadow-scabish 3 367 -samphire I 582 Meadow-sweet -tea 2 557 2 224, f 1884, 1888 -trefoil 622 American 2 106 -Lurnips £876| Birch-leaved f 1885 -valerian f 3473 Meadow-wort 2 224 -reed £80, Meakin f 2617 Marshallia 3 443 Meal-berry 2 572 Marshlocks, Purple | -pblum f 2776 2 217 | Mealy Starwort f 1023 Marshwort 581 Mealy Tree 3 231 | MARSILEA FAMILY | Mecha Meck 23 | I 33 | Mechoacanna f 2045 | Marsilea 33-4 Medaddy-bush £3465 Martinoe f 3369 Medic 2 271-3 Marvel 3 84 Black or Hop 272 Masterwort Purple 272 2 514, 539, £ 2636 Toothed 272 Imperial f 2643, Spotted 273 Matfelon 3 492 Medlar 2 237 Mather 455 Meehania Fy 86 Matrimony-vine Meeting-houses 1559 138, f 1740 | Melampodium 3 406 Matweed I 166 Melanthium I 407 Maul 2 416 | Melilot 2 273-4 | Maw-seed £1658 Melilot-trefoil 272 May 2 241 Melmot-berries £131 May-apple 2, Mentzelia 2 458-9 -blob 51 Menziesia 562 -blossoms £1041 Mercury, Black f 2353 -bush 2241| L£nglish 1370 -cherry 237 Scotch 31 | Mayflower 2 571,f£1420,| Three-seeded 2 Belle Mercury-weed 2298 Mermaid-weed 2 502 Merry, Black Merry f 2021 Mesquite, Prairie 3 516 (See Grass) Mexicat-poppy 2 Io1 -tea I 575 Mexico-seed f 2304 MEZEREON FAMILY 2 465 Mezereon 465 574 ' ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. [Vor III. Mezereon | Milkweed | Missionary-weed f 3564 | Moss American f 2535, Yellow f 2900) Mire-blubs £1545 Cypress f 94 Micranthemum 3 164 MILKWORT sis ee Mist £1464, Dwarf Club fo Midsummer-men 2 165_ 355-6 ee Mist-flower BS gisi|) eer f 88 MIGNONETTE FAMILY | Milkwort, Bitter MISTLETOE FAMILY _ Florida I 374 2158 Cross- leaved 2 ald 1531 Flowering Mignonette 2 158-9 Curtiss’ 359 Mistletoe 1 535; 2 S88 | 2 583; f go 2979 Mile 533| Dwarf f 2288 | Wissey-moosev 1975| Golden pes Milfoil 3.455| Field 2 354 Mitrewort 2 180, 181, 605 | Ground Water 2 503-5, f 1626, Fringed 361 False 2178 Hanging rE Milk-gowan 3 271. Loose-spiked 358 Moccasin Flower 1 457' Jceland f ee -grass 245| Low Pine-barren 356) Yellow fio92| Jrish f 2337 ~Epecac if 2321 | Marsh 357 Mock-apple 3.251; Kentucky f 1437 -maids £1724; Maryland 359| ~Bishop’s-weed 2 538 Long -pea 2 335-6| Nuttall’s 359| Mock-orange 2 185-6, Mountain f he 83 -purslane 2 373. f 2321 Orange 350 f 2829, 2836, 3187, Pixie Milk-vetch 2 297-307, Pink 2 358, f 2287| -willow f 188; Pdi Club *? ri Alpine 304| Purple 2 358 Mocker-nut I 486 f Bt Arctic 304) Racemed 360| Modesty 2 520, f 12437 pe f 14 Ascending 299) Sea 592 | Moehringia Running, Snake, fos Bent 303, Short-leaved 357 | Mohawk-weed 4 oh Spanish = Canadian f2130) Tall Pine-barren 356 Mo/davian Balmf3097 ~=Stag’s Horn Carolina 2 298; White "360 | Mole-plant, -tree 2 377! Tall 1813 Cooper’s 305| Whorled 357 | Molimia I 187 Tree £88, 2337 Drummond’s 299 Yellow f 2275, Monarda 3 104 Moss-berry 2 581 Flexile 302) Milky Tassel 3 272 Money-grass 33390 -bush f 2761 Hoary 307 | Millet 110, 123,127,141 | -plant £1740. -campion Re! Indian 303) Broom-corn f 272 Moneywort 2589 -crop #638, 643 Long-leaved 305; Cat-tarl f 283) Prairie 59f -locust 2 295 Loose-flowered 305 Dotted I 110; Monkey-flower 3 157-8) -mi/ion(melon)f 2799 Low 301 Egyplian f 225 Monkey-nut Treet2411| -phlox Fy 36 Missouri 301 German, Golden |Monkey’s Face 2455, -pink 3 36, f 1440 Narrow-leaved 300 | f 283 Monk’s-head 3 .271| -plant 2 565 Notched-leaved 302) Hungarian f 283 | Monkshood 2 61, f 1669 -rose f 2426 Platte 297' Indian £318) Trailing £1568 | Mossy Stonecrop 2 166 Pretty 303, Italian 1127. Monk’s Rhubarb f 1306 | Mother-of-thousands Prickly 306| Tall 141 Monniera 3 160-1 3 144 Purple 299| While f 2068 | Monolepis I a | -of-thyme 3 109, 115 Racemose 300) Yellow £ 2069 Montia -of-wheat 3.170 Robbins’ 304 | Mill-mountain 2266 Moon-fern meg 3) Mother’s-heart 2 139 Sessile-flowered 306 MIMOSA FAMILY 2 254 Moon-flower | Motherwort Short’s 301 | Mimosa 255 | 3 457, f 2889 | 3 93, 466, f 3615 Slender 302) Mingwort 3 464! Moon-fruit Pine £89! Golden 3 403 Tennessee 298 | Minnie Bush f 2752 Moon-penny 3 457 Becnaitid 93 Tufted 306| MINT FAMILY 3 74! MOONSEED FAMILY | Man’s f 2304 Two-grooved 300 Mint 2 93, Siberian 3 93 MILKWEED FAMILY American Wild 3 122) Moonseed 94 Mountain Ash 2 233 3 4! Apple 120| Red-berried £1648) Elder-leaved f 197 Milkweed 3 5-15, 272, Balm 3 107, f 318r | Moonshine 3 400, #3850 | | Mountain-joy 3 110 f 2314, 2321, 3545 Bergamot 3 119} | Moonwort 3 -laurel 2 564, f 2750 Auricled 3 15 Brandy 119) __Cut-leayv ed : 494) -mahogany f 1215 Bedstraw 520 Brook 120 Moor 2 573 | Mountain- mint Blunt-leaved 8 Brown 119 Moor-berry 581 3 102, 109 Broad-leaved 8| Cat 86 -grass f 969, 1803, Awned 3113 Common 10} Corn 121 Moorwort 2 568, Basil 113 Creeping f2go1| Creeping Whorled Moose-bush, -berrv Hairy 112 Decumbent Ee ba 3 122 f 3434| Hoary II4 Dwarf f aa14 Crisped-leaved 121 Moose-Elm I 525 Hyssop 113 Few-flowered 3 Cross 121 | -MUSSE f "8 | Narrow-leaved It Florida 1: | Curled 121} _-wood 2 399, 466 Short-toothed 115 Four-leaved 10o| Dog f 3146 Morass-weed 1536| Southern 14 Green 14 Dow ny Whorled 3 122! Morel 3134| Thin-leaved 115 Hairy 7| Field 3 121 Petty f 2627, Torrey’s 112 Low 12 Fish 120-1 | Morgan 3 455 Virginia 112 Marsh £3615, Garden 119} Dutch 457! White-leaved II4 Mead’s ai 9 Horse 3 104, 116, 120, | Morgeline 170 | Mountain-77ce I 139-40 Narrow-leaved 14 | f 3131, 3139| Wormon-weed £2430) -snow f 2322 Oblong-leaved 13 | European f 3177 | MORNING-GLORY -sweel f 2306 Oval-leaved II Ohio f 3139 FAMILY 3 19 _ -tea 2 572 Poke 9, Lamb 3 119, £3174 Morning-glory 3 22-24 | Mouse-ear 3 61-2, 402, Purple 7| Mackerel 3119 Bush 24 521, f 1486 Red 6| Marsh Whorled 122| Dwarf f 2953, Spring 2 25 Running f 2933! Mountain Ivy-leaved 3 24 Virginia f 3023 Sand Sell 3 102, 109, 111-5) Pink 23| -chickweed 2 25-28 Short-crowned II Our Lady’s 3 119 Red 22 Water 20 Showy 10| Patagonia £3178| White 4 | Mouse-ears f 1578 Sullivant’s 8| Pepper 3119| White Star f 2046 | Mouse-ear Cress 2 146 Swamp 7| Round-leaved 120 Morocco, Red f 1669 Mouse-milk 379 Tall 9| Spear 3 110, f 3183-4) Mortification-root | Mouse-tail 2 71, £ 336 Thin-leaved 12| Squaw 3 106 f2414| Little f 1593 Trumpet 274| Stone 116, MOSCHATEL FAMILY | Mouse-ihorn f 4080 Wandering f2895| Water 120-1 | 3 242 | Mouth-root f 1551 White 3 9| Whorled 122, Moschatel 243 | Moxie-berry f 2708 Whorled 12| Wild 3 120, 122! Moss, Black f904| WMuckweed ~ f 159, 1359 Woolly 15' Woolly 120, Club I 40-43 | Mud-flower 3 163 Vou. IIIl.] ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. Mud-plantain I 380] -purslane 2 437 -weed, or -wort 3 165 Mugget, Mugwet. 227) Mugwort 3 46477 | Common 466 | Cudweed 467 | Kansas 466 Long-leaved 467 | Prairie 467 Saw-leaf 467 Western 467 Muhlenbergia 1 142-6 MULBERRY FAMILY I 527) Mulberry TU 528-9, | f 1257, 1890, 1894, 1807 | Bermuda f 3068 | French 74) Otahetle 1260 | Mullen vy 3 143-4 Sage-lea 105 | Mullen-pink 2 16, f Pe | | Musk f 2418 Wild f 2249 Musk-crowfoot 3 243. -flower 159. -plant 3 159, f 2418. -root Fd 243 | Muskrat-weed 1638 | Musquash-root 2 536 -potson f 2694 -weed f pies Musineon 2 527} MUSTARD FAMILY | 2 108 | Mustard Ball £1754) Black 2 118, £17 ied California ; 1696 Dish f 1692 False £1796 Garlic 2 115} Hedge 2 116, 144 | Indian 118 | Mithridate 111 | Orange £1786! Poor Man’s £1695 Tansy 2 145 Tower 150 Treacle 2 151; 3 515 White 2 117 Wild 11g Wormseed 151 Myagrum 2 1309; Fy 514 | My Lady’s Belt £1954 Myriad-leaf f a | Myrtle 3 | Bog f 1159, 2889 sersaas (not Bae ten’’) 2 572, f 115 Candleberry f Ce Dutch, Moor, £1159 Running ae Sand 2 562 | Sweet £ 883 Myrtleflag f 883 -grass, sedge, £883 Mysterious Plant f 2534 Naias I 80-81 Nailwort 2 39, f1 155 1760 Naked- mae ; 3 270 Nama 3 49-50 Nanny-berry pe 3 232, £3443, 3445 -bush 232 | -plum 3444 Nap-at-noon Bark 3 269, f 1019 Nape e f 170. Napoleons 2 27 Natural-grass 12065 Nature’s-mistake f 2712 | Navarretia 3 42! Navelwort £2617, 2703 | Navew, Wild 2 119, Necklace- poplar 1 493 Necklace-weed £1555 Neckweed 3 169, f 1262 Needle-chervil 2 531 -and-thread f 1027 | Needlewort, Queen's f 1883 | Neele f 522 | Negro-vine f 2933 Nelumbo, Amer. 2 45 Nemastylis I 452} Nemophila 3 45) | Nep 86 lapeoe: root f 1089-go Water f 2905 Neslia 2 140 Nest-root £27 39 Nestronia 3 513 NETTLE FAMILY I 330 Nettle I 531-4 Bee 3 95 Blind 3 92, 95 Bull 3213 Burning £ 1265 Canada f 1267 | ay 394-5 Dead, Dog, Dumb, | 3 92-4 Deaf 94-5 Dwarf £1265 False I 534 | Flowering £ 3107 | French 3 94 Great I 531 Hemp 3 92 Horse 135 Slender I 531 Small I 532 Spurge 2 369 Stinging 5315 3192) 1265 Stingless 1268 Tali Wild : eo Weak I 532 | Wood 533 Nettle-polato f 2306 Nettle-tree, Amer. 1 526. Networt f 1132 New Jersey Tea 2 407 Nickar-tree f 2043 Nigger-head 3 416, f 1054 Nigger-weed f 3615 Nightshade 137 American 1415 Beaked 3 136 Black 134 Bindweed 2 499 Cut-leaved 3 135 Enchanter’s 2 499-500 Fetid 3 138 Garden 134 Melon-leaved 130 Silver-leaved 135 Three-leaved } I 435, f 1043 | Torrey’s 3 136 Woody 137 Nimble Kate 252 Ninebark 2 195 Ninety-knot f 1337 Nipple-wort 3 262 Dwarf 265 Noble-pine f 273 | Nit-weed 2 436) Noah’s Ark | I 437, f 1092 Nondo 2 519 None-so-pretty 3 400, f 1480, 2511 | Nonesuch 2 272, f 1457 Black 2065 | White f 521 575 Noon-flower 3 269 | Oak Noontide 269 wa Nosebleed 3 455, f 1047 I 519. f 1229, 1238 Notholaena I 32) Water White £1242 Nuns f 3393, White 1 520-1, f 1241 Nurse-garden f 1982} Mossy-cup £1243 Nut-grass r 240-1, £565) Willow 1 519, f 1238 | Nut-rush I 281-3| Yellow I 522 Nuttall’s-weed £ 3927 -chestnut f 1247 Nyctelea 3 45 Yellow-bark £1232 Oak I 516-23 | Oak-fern Les) Barren 1 518, f 1234-6 Oat I 172°3 Bartram I 519} False 71 Basket 522| Haver, or Poor f 395 Bear 518! Purple Eor7: Bitter £1234) Sea, or Seaside 198 Black Smith’s I 517, £1228, 1231 Wild = 1 173, £ 086. 8 Dwarf f 1234 | Oat-grass I 138, 173 Black-Jack | Black 138 r 518, £1236! Downy f 390 Black-Scrub £1234| False f 396 Blue £1243) Golden f 301 Box White f 1241 Tall f 306 Brash f12}1 Obedient-plant 3 89 Bur I 521 Ohio Cucuma f 1544 Champion f 1228 | Oil-nut I 484, 537 Chestnut I 522-3 | Ovl-plant 2304 Dwarf f1248 -seed Stberian £1753 Swamp £1246 | Olcotl-root figir White f 1246 | | Old Goose f 1089 Yellow f 1247 | Old Maid’s Bonnets Chinkapin 2 269 I 523, f 1247 | -night-caps f 2239 Cow I 522] pink 218, £ 1438, 1450 Duck £1236 | Oldenlandia 215 Dyer’s f 1232 | | Ord Field-sweet tf 3800 Golden £3307| Old Ladies’ Clothes- Holly £1234] pins f S44 Iron 1 520, £1235, Old Man 3 464 Sack f 1239, 1235 | Old Man’s-beard 2 603 eee | flannel f 3229 574, £1373 _-root £ 2627 Laurel “S19, £1239 | Oleander, Wild f 2544 Lea f 1239, note |OLEASTER FAMILY Live I 523 | 2 466 Mossy-cup 521 | Oleaster-tree Mountain £1246) Wild f 2537-8 Over-cup 1 521, f 1243 | OLIVE FaMILy 2 600 Peach 1237 | Olive, Spurge 465 Pin I 516, f 1247 | Olive-tree Poison 2 388| Wild £ 2537-8, 2833 Possum £ 1236 | One-berry £1255, 3404 Post I 520-1 | One-blade f 1034 Punk 1236 | One-leaf f 1034 Quercitron I517| Onion, Wild =r 413-15 Bed I 516, f 1231, 1233| Bog £8, 876 Roe. £1246, Shore £993 Rock Chestnut 1 522 Oonopsis 3 327 Rough, Rough white | Open Gowan £1545 fr2yr Opium, Wild 3 274 Running White Opossum-tree f 1880 f 1248 Opuntia 2 ae is Sand Jack f 1237, Orache eee) Scarlet I 517. Orange, Spring 2834 Scrub 1518,| Wild 2 506, : 2270 £1243, 1247 -blossom f 1047 Scrub-Chestnut 1 523 Orange-flower Tree Shingle 520 f 1863 Shrub f1247 Orange-grass 2 436 Spanish Orange-root 2 50335 1 518, f 1228, 1231 Climbing 2370 Spanish Water £1233 | ORCHID FAMILY I 456 Spotted Cees I 459-66 f 1232, 1230, 1236 Bog I 461, 462 Stave fi240; Bracted Green f ee Swamp I 516, 521,| Crane-fly I 480 f 1238, 1244 Crested Yellow 464 -chestnut £1245, Dwarf f 1098 Spanish if 1229 | Feather-leaved f 1108 -white s21| Fen I 477 -post f 1242, Flaming f 1112 Tan-bark £1246, Fringeless Purple Texan Red I 517 | I 466 Turkey £1233, 1241! Gay f 1094 576 Orchis Great Purple £1113. Greenish f 1105 Green Wood I 463 -fringed f 1109-10 Green Rein £1105 Hooker's I 461 Fleal-all f 1096 Leafy Green I 462 Long-bracted 463 Meadow Pink £1111 Northern Bog 461 “green 1100 -white f 1101 One-leaved 098 Pink Fringed £1112) Prairie White-fringed | I 465 | Preacher-in-the- / Pulpit f 1054 Purple Purple-friunged 1 “466 Early 3 IIIT) Ragged I 465 | Sringed f 1109 Rein f 1104 Green f 1105 Round-leaved 1 461 | Small 460 Showy I 459 Small Pale Green 464 | -two-leaved 1097 Southern White 462, Yellow I 463 Spring f 1004 Tall White Bog 1 462 Tattered-fringef 1111 Three-toothed f£ 1104) Tubercled I 464 Two-leaved Large f ee Small £ 109 White-fringed 1 Aes Yellow-fringed 464 Yellow f 1105 Oregon-gvape f 1642 -tobacco 3 244 Oreocarya 8-9 Organs, Organy il ORPINE FAMILY 2 163 Orpine, American 165 Garden £1811 Orthocarpus 3 181} Oryzopsis I 14! Osage f 1259 Osage-orange I 529 -apple f 1259 | Osier I 496-501 Common f 1194 Golden 1 406, f 1159 Green f 2713, 2720 Red f 2714 Stag’s-head £1177 Velvet f 1194. White f 2766 Ostrich-fern aie} Oswego Tea 3 102, f 3133 Our Lady’s-mint 3 119. -bedstraw f 3408 -thistle 3 493, f 4074 Owler f 1223 Owl’s Crown 3 395, 403 Oxadoddy 3299 Oxalis 2 345-7 O2-balm 3186 Ox-eye 3 412-13, 450 Great White 3 457 | Sea 42! | Ox-eye Daisy 3 416, ier Oxford-weed 3 14 Ox-tongue, Bristly oS Ox-wort 470 Oxypolis 2 513 Oxytrope 2 pro Silvery 2161 | | reer pia -roo 359, pd | Parsley Spolled ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. £ 2684 Pearls of Spain [Vor. III, Pearl f 306 f 1022 Badabens -pipes Wild f 2690 Pearl-plant 3 63-4 2 5o1, f 80, 82. Parsley-breakstone 225 Pearlwort 2 30 Padelian 2 225| -piert 2 225, f 1524 | Pearly astern Patnt-brush £2446 = -vlix 2 225 3 400, #3808 Paint-root fro6t Parsnip 2 514, f 2632 Pealweed f 2544 Painted Cup 3 179- aa Cow 2 on | Pebble-vetch 2 328 Pale t 332 Meadow Pecan I 484 Palma Christi 2 336 Water 2, a8 Biter f 1153 Palsy-wort £1545 _ Wild 514, f 2680, 2694 Pectis 454 Panicum, Panic-grass, | Parthenium 3 411 Pedicularis 3 184-7 Agrostis-like 1115 Auricled 521 Peg-wood 2 395 American 3 499 Resteicpe Dense Pellas 416 Atlantic 500 572; i 216 Pelican-flower f 1281 Barbed I 120) Mauatate 2798 | Pellitory 1 534, 3 458 Beaked 115 Partridge-pea 2 78 | Basar, 5 dwelt or Eu- Bicknell’s 3.501, -vine 3 216 ropea 3 454 Bitter f 271 | Paspalum I 105 Pellitory of Spain Blunt rim. Ciliate-leaved 107 2 515 Britton’s 3.497. Crab-grass 109 Pencil-flower 3l2 Diffuse I124| Field 108 Decumbent 3 517 Eaton’s 499| Flat 109 | Pencil-tree 3.394 Filat-Stemmed £248| Florida 108 -wood f 133 Gaping 1114. Joint-grass 106 Penny-cress 2 114 Gibbous 125. Long-stalked 108 | Penny-flower f 1740 Hairy 121 Slender 107 -hedge f 1695 Hairy-panicled 3 498; ‘Tall 107 Penny-john 2 433 Hemlock 499| Walter’s 106 Penny-grass 3 187 Hispid 1118| Water 106 Penny Mountain 115 Large-fruited 117 | Pasque-flower 2 67 Pennyroyal Lax-flowered 119 | PASSION- FLOWER 3 87, 122, f 3155 Lieberg’s 497 | FAMILY 2457| American 3 106 Linear-leaved 500 | Passion-flower 457. ~+‘Bastard 78 Long I 115 | Passions 1306 Drummond’s 106 Long-leaved 116 | Patience, Garden | False 77 Loose f 243 | f 1306 | Mock, Rough 106 Narrow I 114 Paulownia 3 157 | | Wild 121 Narrow-leaved 122) Paul’sBetony 3 168, | Penny-post f 27 Nash’s 3 497 f 3171, 3293 | Pennywort 2 620; 3 144 Nerved sor Pauson f1665| Marsh 2 539-41 Northern I 119) PEA FAMILY 2 262, Pepper, Poor Man’s Porter's 117 | Pea, Beach 330 2 111, £1813 Red-top f 249 | Bird- Lg f2i50| Water f 1333 Rigid 3.500; Buffalo f 2125, 2205 Wild f 1049, 2534. 2396 afane fruited 1116) Butterfly 2 333 | Pepper and Salt f 2709 Scribner’s 18 Canada f 2204 Pepperbush f 2771 Sea-beach 122) Cat 2 326, Sweet 2 548-9 Shining 120 Cow 340| White f 2766, 2771 Short-leaved 3499 > Craw, or Mouse 332! Pepper-crop f 1813 Slender 1118; Crow 2 329, 383 | Pepper-grass Small £266, Everlasting 330, f 2210 2 110-12, f 1083-4 Small-fruited 1116) Heart 2 403) Apetalous 2 112 Sphagnum 3498; Hoary 292 English f 1684 Spreading 1123) Meadow 332) Garden 2112 Starved 121} Milk 335-6 Golden 112 Tall Smooth 122, Myrtle-leaved Marsh Narrow-leaved III Variable 117 2 331 Roadside III Velvety 121| Partridge 258| Town 112 Warty 125; fPolatoe 2227| Wild 112 Werner's 3 501 Rabbit f 2117 Pepperidge 2 547 Wilcox’s Itig| Sea-side,Sea 2 330| -bush go Wiry 124 -everlasting 330 | Peppermint 3 119 Wood 124! Scurfy 2 280, | Pepper-plant Woolly 3 4908 2088, 2 f 1333, 1752 Pansy 2 455, £2492, Sensitive 2 257-8 Pepper-root 2 131-3 Papaw, NorthAm.2 49) Sgutrrel, Ground -turnip f 876 Paper- mulberry I 52 £1645 = -vine 2 412 Papoose-root 2 91| Trailing f 2227 -wood 353 Paradise-plant 465| Tur “hey f 1670, erty, | Pepperwort 2 110 Paraguay ( false) £3442| Veiny 330| _ (see Peppergrass ) Partila, Yellow f 1649| W: id 269, f 2055, cats Perilla 3 123 Parosela 2 287-8| Wild, Sweet 2 292 | Periwinkle 2 Low 3 517 | Pea-nut 313 | _ Small f 2894 Parsley 2 516-17| Hog, or Wild 334 Persian-berry £2395 Beaked 528 Pitcher’s 334 | Persicaria I 555 Common 533 | Pea-tree f£2124| Biting f 1333 Dog’s 520 Pea-vine 2 326,f2225| Bristly I 559 False, Fools 520 Peach 2 254 Carey’s 559 Garden 533 | Peachwort f 1327 Dense-flowered 556 Hemlock 512 Pear, Choke 2 234 Dock-leaved 7 Marsh 533-4, /utce fio85| Hart Wright’s 556 Poison # 2084 Swamp Sugar 2 238 Lady’s Thumb 558 Sand 2 525 Wild f 1985-6 Long-styled 558 Sea 519 -Indian f1985| Opelousas 559 Vor. 1II.] ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. 5] Persicaria Pigweed Pine Pale : 1557, _ Winged £1376, Short-shucks f 115 Pennsylvania 557. Pilew Be 2 85; 3 148, Slash f 116, 118 Slender Pink 557. , £1399, sie Soft-deal f r10 Southwestern 558 | Pilot- oa 3 405 Southern I 51 Swamp 556 | Pimentary 107 -hard or -heart Water 555 | Pimpernel, Bennet 2 526 f 112 Persimmon 2507! Bastard f 2825 -mountain f 117 | Peru-Apple f 3222| Blue f 3075 -pitch f 112 | Pestilence-wort 470; False 2 593; 3 163-4 yellow £112] Peter’s-Staff 143| Red, or Scarlet 2 593 Sprral f 92 | Petty Morel f 2627; Sea £1512) Spruce Ti 552; Petunia 3 I4I Water 2 587; 3 167 f r10, 115, 122, 124 Peucedanum 2515, Yellow 2 526) Swamp £118 Pewterwort 84 Pimpernelle 2 228) Table-Mountainr 53 Phacelia 3 46) Pin-ball f 3403 Texas Yellow f112 Coville’s 48 Pin-clover 2 oH Torch I 53, £118 Crenate-leaved 46| -grass Turpentine f112 Franklin’s 47 Pincushion 3 249, £8 Virginia 1 51, f 118 | Fringed 49 -flower 249, Western Yellowr 51 Hairy 48 -shrub : 395 | Weymouth 50 Loose-Howered 47|_ -tree f 3435| White 50 Mountain 49 | PINE FAMILY I 49 Yellow 151,f112, 119) Pursh’s 48 Pine 50-53 Yellow Pitch £112 Silky 46. Banks’ or Black f114) Yew f 122 Small-flowered 47| Bastard £118 PINE-APPLE FAMILY Pheasant’s-eye 2 89) Blister f 126) I 374 | Phippsia T 150) Bull I 52, £113 | Pine-broom f 112] Phleum, Mountain 148) Canadian I 51 | Pine-barren Beauty PHLOX FAMILY 3 31, Candlewood 53 | 2 583 Phlox 3 32 Carolina £116 | Pine-cheat f 1513 Chickweed 35| Cat f 121 | Pine-drops 2 554 Cleft 35| Cedar II5| -sap 2 555-6 Crawling 35, Cornstalk £118 | Pine-tulip f 2736 Downy 34, Deal fito| -weed 2 436 | Douglas’ 37| fat f 112 | PINK FAMILY Bai6 Garden 32) estoon fo9| Pink, Bearded f 1145 Hairy 3 34, f 2972 Field f 2473} Boston 1466 Hood’s Brean euler £126! Bunch 2 20 Kelsey’s 36 «©©Florida f112/ Carolina 605 Moss 36 «=Foxtail fir8| Childing f 1468 Mountain 33 | Frankincense I 53 Corn f 1438 Prairie £2972, Gambier Parry’s Cushion 2 8 Smooth 3 33 - 113, Deptford 19 | Wild Blue 34| Georgia 51| Drummond’s 15 | Woods 1466 | -pitch, SA. f ae | Dutch £1798 Yellow 2152, Gray 52| lection f 2743 Phthisic-weed £2555 Grannd I 41; 2 436,| Fire 2 10 Phyllanthus 2 362 3070, French f 1471 Physalis 3125| Hard 1x 51,f111,119/ Grass I 480 Physic, see Indian | Hickory I 53. Ground 3 36 Picac f2321, Hudson Bay 52| Hedge 2 18 Pickaway-anise f oie Indian f118|} Indian 2 605; 3 22, Pick-cheese 416, Jack £114 £ 1445, 1458, 2288, 3318 PICKEREL-WEED ee Jersey, Labrador,1 52, Maiden 2 19 ILY 1 379| Loblolly 53| Marsh 2 611-12 Pickerel Weed Long-leaved 51, f113| Meadow 2 14, | I 379, f£ 1626 | -pitch, -yellow f 112 f I1II, 1470, 2747 Pickpocket £1752) Long-straw £112,118; Menzies’ 2 Pick-purse f 1513, 1752 | | Long-shucks f118| Mice f ra Pick-tree 626, Moon-fruit £89) Monthly f 1466 Pickle-plant 89 | Nigger £115 Moss 3 36, f 1440 Picradenia 3 i Noble f 2736| Mountain f 277. Picris Northern fi1o}| Mullen 2 16 Picry f oe | | Northern Scrub 1 52) Old Maid’s 2 18 Pie-marker £ 2430! Norway f1ir| Proliferous 19 Pie-print f 2430 Black fi19) River f 2743 Pigeon-berry I 504 | Old-field I 53| Rock £ 1428 f 1897, 1989, 2629,| Pitch 1 53,f112,1316| Rose 2 io 2720, 3404 | Southern f 112| Saxifrage -foot 2 344 Western f£113| Sea 2 595, 611, f ye -grass 3 70,f240, Prairie 3 318! Swamp I 402; 2 559, -root f1430 note) Prickly f 117) f 1145, 2743 vtree £2626 Prince’s 2 554| Wild xi Pigmy-weed 2164) Red Sra 113 | f 1119, 1447, 1470, 2979 Pignut 1 487| River fir Winter 2774 Bitter f115s2, Rock f Fi | Pink-bloom f 2858 Little, Small, f1157| Rosemary f118| -grass f 436, 742, 799 Woolly 512 Running I 43|_ -needles 2 344, 531 Pig-potato f 2640| Sap I 53, £118 | Pink-root 2 60 -root 1085, Scru I 52| Pinks, Old Maid’s Pigsty-daisy f 3984 | Shore f114 f 1438 | Pig-tail 3 220} Short-leaved | Wax f£ 1437 Pigweed Pe 570, 587, I 52, f 115, 118| Pinkster-flower 2 558 £ 1369, 2566! Shortschat £115,116! Pink-weed f 1327, 1337 | 38 Plantain 577 | Pinweed 2 442-4, f 2249 | Pipe-plant f 2739 | Pipe- -privets 2 600 Piperidge-bush £1640 Spotted f 2735 Pipe-stem f 2769 Pipe- tree 2 Pipe-vine 1 541, f 1283 Woolly I 541 PIPEWORT FAMILY ‘ I 37! Pipewort 371-3 Yellow f 902 Pipsissewa 2 554 Spotted £ 2735 Piskies, Pixte £1447 Pismire f 3988 PITCHER-PLANT FAMILY 2 159 Pitcher-plant 160 Pitchforks 3 438, f 3939-40 PLANE- ee FAMILY 2 194 Plane-tree 194 Planer-tree 526 PLANTAIN Haeeee 3205 3 206-11 Buck, Buckhorn £3380 Common 3 206 Dwarf 210 Dooryard 206 English 207 Greater 206 Heart-leaved 208 Hoary 207 Indian 475 Large-bracted 209 Long 207 Manyseeded 210 Mud I 380 Net-leaf f 1132 Poor Robin's 3 285, 388 Pursh’s 3 209 Rattlesnake 1 474-5 Ripple 3380 Robert’s 3 388 Robin’s 388 Round-leaf f 3378 Rugel’s 3 207 Sand 211 Saline 208 Sea, or Seaside 209 Slender 210 Southern 208 Snake 3 207, 285 Sweet-scented 3 475 Water I 85; 3 208 Wayside ft 3378 White 3 399, f 1131, 3388 White Dwarf 3 210 Pleurisy-root 5 Pleurogyne 2 618-19 Pleuropogon I 196 Ploughman’s-wort 3 396 | Plum FAMILY 2 246 Plum, Beach 2 249, f 2017 Bullace 2 250 Canada 2 247, f 2008 Chickasaw 2 248 Date 597 Dog f 1030 Garden, Wild f 2009 Goose f 2007 Grave’s Beach 2 249 Ground 207 Hog 2 248, f 2007, 2009 Horse 2 247, f 2007 Ivory 2 572 Larger Ground 297 Low 249 Plum Pondweed Native f 2007 Opposite-leaved 1 75 | Porter’s 2 248 Rafinesque’s 76 Red f 2005! Robbins’ 3 / Sand 2 248, f 2013) Shining 70 | Seeded 2831 Slender m4 | Watson's 2 248 Small Wild f 2008) Spatulate-leaved é Wild Goose 2 247! Spiral Wild Red 247| Spotted i Wild Yellow 247 Tassel f 176 Winter 2831 Various-leaved 1 69 Plum-granite f 2007| Vasey’s 74 Plum-grape 2 408 White-stemmed 7 PLUMBAGO FAMILY 594 Ziz’s 70 Pocan-bush f 1415 | Pond Spice 2 97 Pogonia I 467-8 Pool-blossom 622 Adder’s-mouth f 1114 | Pool-root, ee Poison-ash 2 385 3 gia 629 | -berry 3 137, £1554|.Pvor Annie 4 | -dogwood 2 388 | Poor Man’s- need -elder 2 388, f 3433) f 1695 | Slag fi069 -pepper 2 111, £1813, -flower 3.137| -rhubarb f 1634 | -hemlock 2 532| -soap f 1884 -ivy 388| -weather-glass 2 593. -oak 388 | Poor-Robin £1456, 3412 | -parsley f 2684 | Poor Robin’s-plantain -rhubarb 347 3. 285, 388 | -snakeweed f 2684 Pop-dock, or- rahe 171 -sumac 2 3%8 | Pop-weed 191 -tobacco £3221 Poplar 1 490-3, f 1169, -tree, or -wood £2352) American f 1170 -vine f 2353) Aspen £1164 Poke-root £984 Balsam I 491 POKE-WEED FAMILY Berrybearing £1172 1 593, Black I 493 | Poke, Pokeweed 1 5094 -Ttalian £1172) Indian 408, f 985, Blue f 1542 Polar-plant 3 408 Cat-foot £1171 Pole-cat Weed £881! Carolina Polk-weed f 881 I 493, f 1165, 1172 Polly Mountain 3109, Downy I 492} Polypody I 32-3| Ackory 1542 See Fern Lombardy I 493 Polypremum 2606; Old English £1171 | Polypteris 3 447| River £1172 Polytaenia 2515| Rough-bark f 1165 | Pomegranate f 2008} Silver-leaf Pomme Blanche 2 284 I 490, f 2413 Pond-bush £1655| Trembling £1170 -dog wood f 3405 | Tulip 1542 -grass 173 Water f 1172 Pond-lily 2 42-4| White I 490, Arrow-leaved 43 f 1169-70, 1542 | Red-disked 43 Willow f 1171 | White 44| Yellow 2 49| Yellow 42-3| Poppy FAMILY 2 98) PONDWEED FAMILY Poppy. 2 9, 99-103 65)\ Arctic 2 100 Pondweed I 66-81 Celandine 102) Alga-like 72 Corn, Field, Red, 99 Blunt-leaved 73|\ Frothy 9) Capillary 76 Garden, Opium, 99 Clasping-leaved 71 Iceland f 1662 Curled-leaved 72| Mexican 2 I01 Curly f159, Pale 100 Eel-grass X 72| Prickly 101 Faxon’s 68 Rough-fruited 100 Fennel-leaved 97| Sea 103 Filiform 77| Smooth-fruited 100 Floating 66, Spattling 9) Fries’ 74| Thorn f 1663 Grass-wrack £160) White Prickly 2 101 | Hill’s rs Yellow 102 Horned £178| Yellow Horned 103) Illinois I 70)\ Poppy-mallow 2 418-19 Interrupted 78 | Portulaca 2 5-6) Large-leaved 67| _ Showy f 1437 | Leafy 73 Possum-haw Long-leaved 68 | f 2360, 3443 Mystic Pond 71 | Possum-wood f 2831 Northern 68 POTATO FAMILY 3 124 Nuttall’s | Potato, Canada 429 | Oakes’ 6 | Cree f 2006 | Yellow 2270 | Prickly-back f 3481 Prickly-bur f 1226 Prickly-thistle £4071 -elder f 2626 Prickly-pear 2 463 | -poppy 101 Prick Madam f 1813, 1816 | -timber 2 395 | Prick-tree Prickwood 2 305 | Pricky-back f 3481 -thastle f 4071 | Pride-of-Ohio 2 504 | Pride-weed 3 391 | | Priest’s Crown 271 | Priest’s-pintle £876 Prim 2 604 | PRIMROSE FAMILY 584 ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT -zinnia 3 412 Preacher- taihe pee I Pretty Nancy f 1450 Pricket 2 166 Prickly-ash 2 353, 4 2626 Butcher £ 2368, 2305 Primrose 2 492, 585, f 1974, meee Bird’s-eye 25 Dwarf Canadian age Fremont’s 495 Greenland 585 Hartweg’s 495 need 585. Missouri 494 | Mistassini 3 Scapose ‘a Short-podded Showy ee Spotted 494 | Three-lobed 493 Tooth-leaved 496 NAMES. [VoL. III. Potato Primrose Dakota £2227, Tree f 2579 Hog’s f 979 | Primrose-willow 2 480 Indian f 2227 | Primwort Nettle f 2306 Prince’s-feather Pig f 2227, 2640 | 1 561, f 1399 Wil f 1429 Prince’s pine Wild Sweet f 2945 Print "Beal Potato-fea f 2227 | Prionopsis 3 327 -vine, Wild 3 23) Privet 2 604 | Pot- herb, White 245 | Procession-flower f 2280 Poukenel 2 531 | Pry 742 Poverty f 1494 Psilostrope 3 444 Poverty-grass I 133; Psoralea 2 281-5 2 441, £595, 929, 2074, Black-dotted 282 2344, 2473 Digitate 283 Southern f 344 Few-flowered 281 Poverty-weed 3 401,457, Lance-leaved 281 f 3848, 3850-1 Large-bracted 284 Powder-horn 2 26| Large-stipuled 285 Praitie-apple 284,f2126| Many-flowered 282 -anemone f 1581 Narrow-leaved 282 -bergamot £3138 Nebraska 2 283 -burdock 3 408 Sainfoin 285 anne clover 2 289-91 Silver-leaf 283 Purple £2112 Small-flowered 281 Silky f 2115 | Ptiloria 3 268 Prairie-dog weed f 3979 Puccoon, Gmelin’s 65 Prairie-grass £341, 441| Hairy, Hoary, 6 fire f 3318 | Indian 304 -2r ub f 227 Red 2 102 -hyssop ae White f 1665 -indigo 2053 Yellow 2 5! -lily f 1063, 2520 | Puccoon-root f 1665 -mesquite 3 516 | Puff-ball 3 271, f 2387 -pine 318 | Puke-weed Fg 260 -rocket £1784, 1786 | Pulsatilla Amer. = -rose 2 229 | Pumpkin, Wild -senna f 2035 | Purging-root be -smoke £1581, 1942 | Purple-grass -turnip 2 284 | ig 7, 2083, 2549 -weed 215 | Purplewort ‘¥ 1937, 2083 PURSLANE FAMILY 2 I Purslane, Pussley, 5 Black 2314 French £ 1437 Garden f 1437 Marsh 2 476 Milk 2 373, t apa! Mud ta Notched Sea I 598; 2 3 Spotted f 2314 Water 2 470, 476 Western f 1435 White 2321 Pursley, Milk = f 2321 Black-spotted 2314 | Purvain 3059 Pusstes, Pussy cats, 74 Pussy-toes 3 309 | Putty-root 1 48t Pyracanth 2 245 Pyramidflower | or -plant f 2884 Pyxie 2 583 (See Piskies) Quafodil f o8r | Quaker-bonnets 3 212, f 2057 -ladies 3 212 | Quaker-lady 2 106 Quarter-vine 3 198 Queen Anne’s Lace 2 510 Queen-of-the-meadow } 2 196; 3 307 Queen-of-the-prairie 2 224 Queen-weed f 2642 | Queen’s- delight 2 369 -gillyflower 154 -needlewort £ 1883 Queen’s-root 2 369 VoL. III.] ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES, 579 Quercitron I 517| Ratsbane £1132, 2735 | Reed-grass | Rose Quick f 524, 1995 | Rat-siripper f 2369| Southern f291| Arkansas 2 230 Quick-beam 2 233 Rat-tail 207| _Wood 1158) Bramble f 1973 Qutck-in-the-hand | Ratian 23¢0 Reed-Mace, Great f 136| Brere, Brier f 1973 : £2389 Rattle 3 187 Lesser 137 Burnet 2 593 Quickset 2241, Bull f 1443. 1455 | Rheumatism-roct 2 92, Canker 2 G9, 232 Quicksilver-weed £1634 Coz f 1455 | f 1068, 2735 Christmas ? 1549 Ouill-fern f30! Penny, Yellow, 3 187 | -weed f 2895-6 Corn 2 99 QUILLWORT FAMILY Red 184-5 | Rhineberry 2 405| Cotton 3 305 f I 45 Rattle-bags 3 187, f 1443 Rhododendron 561 Climbing 2 229 Quillwort 1 46-8, f 3615 Rattle-box | Rhubarb Cinnamon 232 Dodge’s 3 495. 2 268, 479: 3 187| Bog or Poison 470) Dog 232 Eaton’s 495| -bush f 2049, 2050 oor Man's 1634| Dwarf Wild £1971 oda ib £102) -nut 1534 Rhodora 2 560/ L£arly Wild £1966 itted 3495| -root 1556 | Rhynchosia 2 336-7, Egyptian,Gipsy, 3 2 p oaea 2 245 | Ratile-lop 1556 Rib-grass, -wort 2 207 rh 2 pores Jutnine, Wild £3875 Heart-leaved f£ 1557 | Rice, Indian I 128 | Kitchen 1974, note QOuinineflower f 2862 Mountain f 1558 Canada f 286 Low 2 231 Quinine Tree f 2271 | Ratile-weed f 1 556, 2129 False, White, 257! Maple-leaf Guelder Outnsy-berry Canadian £2130) Jungle 3. 496 f 3437 f 1874, 1873 note | Ratiler-tree f 1164 Water f 286 Marsh Holy 2 568 Quitch-grass I 226 Ratilesnake-bile f 1635| Wild 1128) Meadow 229 Outtal f 3299 | Rattlesnake-herb 2 55| Rrce’s Cousin £288; Mexican f 1437 Quiver-leaf f1170| -fag f 2660) Rich-leaf £3186 Michigan 2 229 Quobsgue-weed £3720| -leaf £1132) Rich-weed I 533: Northeastern 231 Rabbit-berry 2 468) -master 2 522; 3 315, | 3 123, 205, £1556, 3629, Fale f 1966 -brush f 3662 3 317, 354, £1065] Rignum 3137, Pasture 2 231 -lower 3 171, f 3236| -plantain I 474-5 | Ripple-grass 3 207} Prairie 229 -meat 94 Creeping £1131 | River-bush f 3403) Prickly 230 -pea 2117| = -root 3 288-91, | RIVER-WEED Famity | Rock 2 439-40, f 2446 -root 2 506 f 1048, 1556, 2285, 3583 | 2 163 | Rosin 2 433 -tobacco f 3851 -weed 3 235, | River-weed 163; Sensitive f 2031 Rabbit’s-mouth 3 147 f 1132, 2660 | Roanoze Bell f 3034 | Shining f 1972 Raccoon-berry £1646 Red-bay 2 96) Robert’s Plantain 3 388| Smooth 2 229 Radical-weed f 3213) -Betty £3502) Robin, Robins f 1456, Snowdon 165 Radish, Wild 2121) -bud 2 257 | Robin-run-away un 2 439-40 Garden 121 -brush £ 2714, 2717 | f 1607, 3095 | Swamp 2 231 Horse 127| -camomile f 1639 | Robin’s Plantain Wild f 1970-72 Ragged-cup 3 406) -cedar I 60} 3 285, 388} Wind 2 100 -Jack f1458) -gum 2 193 | Rock-berry 2776| Woods’ 230 -Robin 2 14| -Indian-paint 102} -brake 1 28, £71, 72! Rose-acacia 2 295, f 2122 -satlor £1335| -/ndians £3318 | Rock-cress 2 147-150 | Rose-bay 2 561, f 2566 RAGWEED FAMILY -nk-plant £1415 Low, or Northern 116) Ground 2 480 3 292) Red-knees 1333 | Rock-lily f1559| Lapland 560 Ragweed 3 294-5,.482| -morocco £1639! -plani £1813) Mountain 561 Woolly 3.477| -pollom f 2775 | ROCK-RosE FamILy Wild or Dwarf € 2750 Ragwort — 3: 475, 480-2} 1 -puccoon 2 102} 2 439 | Rose-blush f 1065 Cat’s-paw 3478| -rattle 3 184-5 | Rock-rose 439-40, f 2446 | Rose-campion 2 16 Prairie 478| -robin 2 341, f 1456 | Rock-weed 3 227, f,2240 | Rose-mallow 2 424-5 Rainbow-weed £2549| -rod f 2714) Rocket | Rosemary Raisin, Wild f 3444 | Red-root 1 443; 2 595, Bastard f 1703} Marsh’ 2 594, f 2767 Ratsin-tree f 1875 2 407, f 1262, 1398, Crambling 2159 Maryland 3 380 Rampion, Large f 2579 1665. 1944 Dame’s 154| White 379 Ramps £992} Carolina fro61| False 123| Wild 2 557 568 Ram’s-claws £1618) Jndzan fro61| S/alian £1708 | Rose-moss ves -head f 1088 | Red-rot £1803! Prairie f 1786 | Rose-noble 3 53 -tongue 3.207} -Sally f 2549 Small-flowered | Rose-of-Plymouth 2 611 Rancheria-grass £539 | Red-shanks 2 341, f 1784 | Rose-of-Sharon 426 Rancid 3236 | _ f 1301, 1319, 1327, 1333 Purple 2 123 f 2566/ Rose-petty 3 388 Ranstead 3 146) Red-top I 159, 184| Sand 2 120) Rose-pink 2 610 Rantipole £2632} Bunch £479) Sea, American 117 | Rose-willow f 2714 Rape 2 119, 121 Wila 270} Scrambling f 1696 | Rosewort, Roseroot Summer 1704 Red-weed 2 99, Sweel f 17900 f 2 165 Rapper-dandies £ 2776 f 1299, 1327. 1415| Wall 2 120, Rosin-plant 3 406-8 Raspberry 2 199-201 | -wrllow £2714; Winter, or Wound, | -rose 2 433 Arctic 200| Redberry £1554. 2630 | f1709| -weed 3 406-8 Black, Black-cap, 201| -bamboo f1o59| Yellow 2 122,| -wood f 3657 Carolina 201 -snakeroot £1554 | £1798, 2811 | Rosy-bush f 1884 Cuthbert 200 | Redfieldia I 186 | Rocket Cress 2 122 Rotala 2 470 Dwarf 201 | Reed I 128, 166, 184, | Rocky Mountain Grape Rot-grass 3. 194, f 384 Gladstone 201 f 420, 542 | f 1642 Roubieva I 576 Gregg 201 Bog, Ditch, Pole, Sea, | Rogation-flower f 2280 | Rough-root 3 318 Ground f 1544 f 420 | Rogue’s Gilliflower -weed 97 Hansell 2 200 ' Reed-grass I 163-7 | 2 154 Round Dock 2 416 Hilborn 201| Common f 420 | Roman-plant £1370) Round-heart f 2651 Mountain | Indian f 360) -willow 2600, -rush f g19 Purple, Wild Langsdorf’s I 164 -wormwood 205| -wood, -tree f 1975 2 201, f 1896 | Long-leaved 167 | Roosters 2484 Roving Sailor Fi 144 Purple-flowering | Macoun’s 163 | Rooster-heads f 2826 Rowan-berry 1975 2199} Narrow 165 | Rope-bark f 2535 | Rowan-tree 2 233 Rose-flowering f 1890| Nuttall’s 165 | Rope-z ind f 2949! American f 1075 Running £1897} Pickering’s 164 | Rosa-solis 2 161, £969) Dog 3 229 Virginia 2199| Porter’s 164 | ROSE FAMILY 2 194 | Royal Bracken £8 White-flowering 199) Salt ae) Rose 2 229-232 | ROYAL FERN FAMILY Wild Red 200! Sea £380! African f 1659 ey 580 Royal Fern Royal Osmond Rue Anemone, False * $8 | 2 S4 RUE FAMILY 2 352 | Ruellia 3 202-3 Long-tubed f 3372 Short-tubed f 3371 | Runch 1703 | Running-pine I 43 -moss f 96 Ruppia I 79 RUSH FAMILY I 381 | Rush I 7396 Aglet-head f 586 Awl-leaved I 387! Bald I 257-8 Baltic 384 Bass f 623 Bayonet I 391 Beaked I ree Black 623 a -grass I i Tatar. Boulder f a Brownish-fruited T 390 Bulbous 390 Bulrush I 265-70 Canada I 394 Candle fgI9 Carolina I 304 Chair-maker’s 265 Chestnut 389 Club I 262-4 Common 382 Cotton I 271-3 Cotton-grass I 271-3 Creeping 388 | Sea f 627 Clustered Alpine | I 389 | Diffuse pe | Dutch 84 | False Bog £654 Forked I 387 Glomerate 383 | -Grass-leaved 388 Greene’s 387 Flare’ s-tail £638 | Hard f 919 Highland I 385 Horned I 276 Jointed 391 Knotted 392 Knotty-leaved £956) Long-styled I 388 Many-headed 393 | “Mat I 266 | Moor 389 | New Jersey 392 | Nut I 281-83 Pennsylvania 383 | Pin f 919 | Pith £920 Richardson’s 1 391 | Roemer’s 3t Round f 919 | ‘Scirpus-like I 393) Scouring 38 | ‘Sea 384 Secund 386 ‘Sharp-fruited 395 :‘Short-fruited 393 ‘Slender 386 -Small-headed 304 Soft 382 Spart fo45 Spike I 248-56 Star f 920 Stout I 395 Sweet 883 Thread I 383 Three-flowered 390 ‘Three-square 265 ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. (Vou. III. Rush | St. John’s-wort SAPODILLA FAMILY Toad I 385 False f 2463 | 2 595 Torrey’s 392, Giant 2 429 | Saracen’s Corn f 1316 Tule £ 623-4| Great 2 429 | Sarah £ 1049 Twi I 281 Kalm’s 430 | Sardian Nut f 1226 Two- flowered 389 Larger Canadian 435 Sarsaparilla Vasey’s 386 Larger Marsh 437 | 2 506-7, f 1053 Water fo19) Marsh 436! Big f 1283 Wood I 396-8 Mountain 433| Bristly 2 507, f 105 Yard 386) Northern 434| false f 268 Yellow-flowering Pale 432) Rough f 2629 893, Round-podded — 431 Texas or shoes 4 (see Bulrush) 1 265 Shrubby 2 430, f 2445 pa) (see Clubrush) 262) Slender f2458| Virginia 2 506 Rush-garlic f 993 | Spotted 2 433 Sassafras, Swamp 2 48 -nul £559 Small-flowered 434 Sassafras-tree 97 Russta-grass tf 491 Straggling 432 | Satin £1740 Russian Thistle 1586 Virgate 432 | Satin-flower Rutland Beauty 3 25) St. Peter’ s Wort 2 428) 2 133, f 1475. 1740 Rye, Wild, Salad Tree f 2033, -grass ? 321-2 I 230-2; 3 = Salfern Stone-seed Satin-pod 2 133 Rye-grass 3,03 3) -walnut f1 Sabbatia 2 Gug-ece | Sally-bloom 2566 Sauce-alone 2 115 Branching 609 | Salmon-berry 2 199 | Savin I 60, f 134 Coast 610 | Saloop £1654 Horse f 131 Elliott’s 611 | Salsify, Meadow 3 269 Red f 133 Lance-leaved 609 | Salt-grass £454 Savory, Summer 3 107 Narrow-leaved 609) Rush £403 Saw-wort f 3643 Prairie 610 | Salt-grape f 1396 SAXIFRAGE FAMILY Square- eninge 610 Salt-meadow Grass | 25% Sabino-tree f 128 | 1176 Saxifrage 2 171-77 Saddle-tree £1542 Salt-of-Lemons 2 345, Aconite 177 -leaf £1542 | Salt-rheum weed f ie | Alpine-brook 172 Safflower 3 493 | Sall/weed | Bulbous 172 Sage |Saltwort 1 586, f 1389 | Burnet 526 Indian 3 311| Black 2592, Clustered Alpine 174 Jerusalem gt | SALVINIAFAMILYI 34 Drooping 172 Lance-leaved 100 Salvinia 34 Early 2 174 Lyre-leaved 99 Samphire, Marsh 1 582.‘ Foliose 175 Meadow 100 =J/amaica £3807. Golden 181 Mountain 468 | Sanctuary £2852) Gray’s 175 Nettle-leaved Iol | Sand-bur | Kidney-leaved 176 Pitcher’s 100 3 136, f aa 3595 Lettuce 174 Tall £3126) -cherry £1985 Livelong 173 Western f4015| -g7rass £1356 Michaux’s 176 White I 581 | Sand-myrtle 2 562) Mountain 171 Wild 3 tor, 464,| -nettle 2305 Nodding 172 f 3124, 3128| -parsley 2525. Pennsylvania 173 Wood 3 76| -reed 1166) Purple 17I Wormwood 3 463-4) -spur f 284 Sengreen 171 Sage-brush 3 468 -spurry 2 37| Spring f 1833 Pasture 464 _ -vine 16; Starry 2 175 Sage-bush 468 | SANDALWOOD FAMILY| Swamp 173 | Sage-of-Bethlehem 119 | I 536 Three-toothed 172 Sage-leaf f 3105 | Sandweed 2 36 Tufted 173 Sage-willow f 1193, 2549 | Sandwort 2 31-7; Yellow Marsh 171 “wood 3 468 Arctic 32, Yellow Mountain 171 Sagittaria Igo-92, Bed f 1514-16 | Scabby-head 2 SII Sailor, Climbing 3144, Blunt-leaved 2 35) Scabious 3.249 Satlor’s-knot f 2240 Fendler’s 32 | Sweet 388-9 | _ -tobacco 3 466, Fringed 31) Scabish £2579, 2592-3 St. Andrew’s Cross Hooker’s 32 | Scabwort 3 = 2 428 Large-leaved 35 | Scaldweed f St. Anthony's Tur nip | Mountain 34 Scammony, Wild f cae f 1615 Pine-barren 33 | German f 2951 St. Bennett’s Herb Pitcher’s 34 | Scarb-tree f 1982 2532. Purple 37 | Scarlet-berry f 3218 | St. James’-weed 139 Rock 33 -lightning 2 14 -wort 3 482, Sea-beach 36|Schedonnardus 1 179 | St. John £2454) Seaside 37 | Scheuchzeria 84 St. JoHN’s Wort Showy f 1510 | Schizaea f 12 FAMILY 2 427| Texas 2 34/ Sclerolepis 3 306 St. John’swort 2429) Thyme-leaved 31 | Scolochloa I 209 Bedstraw 431 Vernal 33 Scoke 594 | Bushy 430 Sang £2630|Scorpion-grass 3 61 Canadian 35 Sanghara-nut 2 500° arly 63 Clasping-leaved 434 Sangree-root or Field 62 Common 433 | Sangrel £1281} Marsh, Mouse-ear, 61 Copper-colored 432 Sanguinary 3 455. Spring 63 Corymbed 433 | Sanicle 2 523, Yellow and Blue a Creeping 431| American 2 179, £ 1845 | Scotch- -cap 2 201 Dense-flowered 430] Black f 2664 | Scotch-mereury 3 171 Drummond’s 435| Great f1956 Scouring Rush 1 38 Dwarf 434| Indian, White, 3 312) Scrambling Rocket Elliptic-leaved 432! Yorkshire 3 194 f1 Vor. I1Il.] ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES, Scratch-grass 3 220, £ 1355 -weed f 3412 Screw-auger f 1123 Screw-stem f 2887 Scrofula-plant f 2471, 3242 -root f 1012 -weed f 1132 Scurfy-pea 2 280, f 2088, 2090 | Scurvish f 2579 | Scurvy f 1701 Scurvy-grass 2 115; 2 322 -weed f 1694 Sea-ash 2 353 -bent f 821 Sea-blite I 584-5 Annual f 1394 Western f 1305 Sea-bugloss 3 59 -burdock 298 Sea-chickweed 2 36} -gillyflower 595 Sea-grape 1396 English f 1389 Sea-grass 2 595, £176, 183 -hav f 183 -hollyhock f 2434 | -kemps 3 209 -lavender 2 594 -lungwort 3 59) -milkwort 2 592 -Ox-eye 3 421 -parsley 2 519) ~pea 330 | -pimpernel £1512 -pink 2 595, f 1443 | -purslane 1 598; 2 36) -rocket 2117 -sedge f 821, $83 -thrift 2 595, f 1396 -trifoly 2 592 | -wrack f 183 | Sealwort f 1039-40 SEDGE FAMILY I 234 Sedge I 292-360 Alpine 306, 312! Arctic Hare’s-foot 353 | Assiniboia I 319 Awl-fruited 343 Awned 302 Back’s 338 Bailey’s 299 | Barratt’s 312 | Beak f 648-60 | Bent I 328 | Bicknell’s 360 | Bigelow’s 310 | Black 306 | Black-edged 335 Blackened 297 Bladder 293 | Blunt Broom 356 | Boott’s 336 Bottle 207 | Bristle-leaved 332 | Bristle-stalked 339 | Bristly 301 Bristly-spiked 346 Broad-leaved 330 Broad-winged 359 Brome-like 354 | Broom f 216, 220 Brown I 307 Browned 357 | Brownish 35 | Bur-reed 348 | Button 208 | Capitate 339 | Carey’s 328 Carnation-grass 530 Carolina 6 a Sedge Cat-tail I 302 Chestnut 319 Clustered 1 344, 35273 Coast 340 New England 509 Collins’ I 292 Common £724 Great f 704 Lesser £705 Crawe’s I 323 Creek f 405, var. I Creeping I 341 Crested 357 Curved 341 Cuspidate 311 Cyperus-like 300 Dark Green 321 Davis’ 318 Dense Long-beak 360 Dewey’s 354 Douglas’ 342 Downy Green 316 Drooping I 311 Drooping Wood 320 Dry-spiked 355 Eastern 350 Emmons’ 334 Fescue 359 Few-flowered 292 | Few-fruited 325 | Few-seeded 295 Fibrous-rooted 1 Field 325 Fox 345 Fox-tail 344 Fragile 296 Frank’s 3ol Fraser’s 336 Fringed 314 Glaucescent 322 Glaucous 315 -heath £742 Golden-fruited 1 331 Goodenough’s 309 Graceful 317 Grass-like 330 Gray 321 Gray’s 293 | Green 324 Greenish-white 359 Hairy-fruited 302 | Hairy 306 | Hair-like 320 Hammer £713 Handsome I 318 Hare’s-foot I 353, 356 | Hart Wright’s 299 Hay 357 Hayden’s 308 | Heavy 345 | Hidden-fruited 314 | Hillside 355 | Hirsute 316 Hitchcock’s 325 Floary 847 | Hop I 294 Hop-like 204 | Hoppner’s 310 | Houghton’s 305 Hudson Bay 352 Inland 350 Involute-leaved 341 James’ 337 | Large 295 | Large-panicled 343 | Leavenworth’s 349 | Lenticular 309 Lesser Panicled 344) Lesser Prickly 348 | Little Prickly 350 Livid 331 Long 293 | Long-awned 313 | Long-beaked Sedge Long-bracted 1 323 Long-stalked 333 Loose-flowered 327 Loose-flowered Alpine 312 Low Northern 332 Louisiana 294 Magellan 313 Marsh £705 Marsh Straw I 358 | Meadow I 322, 354 Mead’s I 327 Mud 313 Muhlenberg’s 349 Muskingum 355 Myrtle 883 Nard I 340 Narrow-leaved = 321 Nebraska 308 Necklace 297 New England 334 -coast 3 509 Nodding rests Northeastern ao Northern Northern clustered” I 352 Northern Meadow 354 | Norway 351 Oval-headed 349 Pale 324 Parry’s 307 Parti-colored 331 Pennsylvania 333 | Pink-leaf £756 Plantain-leaved 1 329 Pointed Broom 356 | Porcupine 300 Prickly I 348, 350 Grealer £838 Pubescent I 336 Rae’s 295 Raven’s-foot 343 Redowsky’s 340 Reflexed 347 Retrorse 208 | Ribbed 316 | Richardson’s 332 River-bank 303 Rock 338 | Rough 304 Russet 296 | Sallow 299 | Salt-marsh 310 | Sand 342 Sartwell’s 346 Schweinitz’s 300 Scirpus-like 337 Sea f S21, 8&3 Seabeach I 358 Seaside 314 Sharp-scaled 318 Sheathed 326 Short-leaved 312 Short’s 303 Silvery 351 Slender 305 Slender-stalked 320 Slender Wood 328 Soft Fox 342 Soft-leaved 346 Southern Glaucous I 315 Sparse-flowered 352 Spreading 329 Squarrose 301 Stellate 347 Straw 358 Summer 317 Swamp 303 Sweet f 883 Texas I 347 Thicket 330 Thin-fruited 322 581 | Sedge Thin-leaved r 348 Thread-leaved 339 Three-fruited 353 Torrey’s 324 Tuckerman’s 298 Tufted £ 724 Tussock I 308 Twisted 311 Umbel-like 335 Variable 326 Variegated 307 Velvet 304 Vernal 335 Walter’s 304. Water 30 Weak Arctic 330 Weak Clustered 353: White-bear 32 White-scaled 55 Whittsh 47 Willdenow’s I 337 Wood’s 326 Woolly 305 | Yellow 323 34| YVellow-fruited 345 Yellowish 292 See-bright 3 101 Seed-box 2 479 | SELAGINELLA FAMILY I 44 Selaginella 44-5 | Selenia 2 134 | Self-heal 88-9 Seneca Snakeroot 2 360 Senecio 3 476 Arctic 476 Douglas’ 483 Sea-beach 476 | Senega-root f 2285 Sengreen 2 168 | -saxifrage 17 | Senhalanac f 2349 SENNA FAMILY 2 256 | Senna, American 258 Coffee 259 Low 258 Prairie f 2035 | Srckle f 2036 | Wild 2 258 Sensitive- brier 256 -fern I 9 -Joint-vetch 2 312 -pea 257-8 | -plant 2 257, f 2032 Bastard 2 312 -VOSE€ f 2031 Senvie f 1700, 1701 Serenia 3 263 Serpent-grass f 1318 Serpentary I 540 Serpent’s-ongue f1 Service-berry 2 237-9 Service-tree 1985 American 2 233 Sesban 2906 Setwell S 245 Seven-bark 1858 -sisters £ 2332-3 Shad-bush 2 238, f 1985 -flower £1755, 2774 Shag-bark I 485-6 Little f 1157 Southern 3 511 Shakers £455 Shame-face f 2239 -vINe f 2031 Shamrock 2 272, 275, 279. 345 Indian f 1047 Water f 2889 Shave-grass Weed £&4 Shavings 2845 Shawnee-wood f 3368 Sheath-flower 3 314 582 Sheep-berry 3 232, £3445 -bine 3 26 -bur 298 | Sheep-bur, Small f 3021 Sheep-foot 2 280 Sheep-laurel 563 -lice f 3019 Sheep-nose f 1910) Sheep-poison 2 563 Sheep-root, -rot 3 194 Sheep-sorrel I 547, f 2250-1, 2254 | Potson T2254 | Sheep’s-gowan 2 279 Sheepweed 2 18; 3 194, 2430 Shell-bark I 4&5 Big, Thick, f 1155 Western f 1155 Shell-flower 3 149 Shepherd’s Clock 2 593 -clu f 3229 -delight f 2824 -needle 2 531 -purse, -bag, -pouch 139 -staff 3 248 -Weather-glass 2 593 _Sherard, Herb Fy 226 Sheriff-pink 3988 | Shield-fern I 15-18 -root f 36. Shining-grass f 1634, 2388 ‘Shin-leaf 3 2 550, f 2727, 2732-3 Shin-wood 135 Shittim-wood 2 596, f 2833 Shoe-make f 2349 Shoes-and-Stockings, Lady's f 2084 _Shoe-strings 2 287 Devil's f 2117 Shoo Fly f 2050 Shooting Star 2 504 Shore-grass, -weed 3 211 Short-husk, Bearded f 332 Short-shucks £115 Shotbush f 2628 Shovel-weed £1752 Shrub Yellow-root 2 55 Shrubby Althaea 426, Sern f 1162 -trefoil 2 351 Shunis f 2655 Sibbaldia 2.207. Siberian Oilseed £ 1753 Sickle-grass £739, 1355 Sickle-pod 2 149 Sickle-senna f 2036 -weed f 1333 -wort 3 76, 88 Sida 2 421 Side-saddle Flower 160 Sieglingia 1 185; 3 503-4 Silk-grass f 312, 1027, 3652 Silk-plant f 3379 Silk-weed 3.5. XO) Rose or Swamp f 2905 | Silky-grass 18 Stlver-beard f ne Silver-bell Tree 2 598 Silver-berry 467 -button f 3850 -chain 2 204) -chickweed 38 feather f 1934 | -fir, American f 126 -grass 3 322 Silverhead 2 38 | SMILAX FaMILy 1 Silver-leaf 2 369, 403, | 468; 3 400, f 1538, 1854 Suver-pin, Joan € 1658 Silver-rod 3 333 -weed 2 216, f 1633, | 1884, 2388-9, 3676 Simpler’s Joy 7 td Simson, Simpson 482 Sinkfield 1935 Sisymbrium, Tall 2 116 Silfast f 1618 | Skedge, Skedgwith | 2 604 Skedlock f 1707 Skegs Water, Yellow, £ 1077 Skeleton-weed 3 270 Skevish 388 Skewer-wood f 2368 Skiver-wood 2 395 Skull-cap 3 78-83 Blue 3075 Britton’s 3 82 Downy 79 Drummond's Sr Luropean £ 3087 Hairy 80 Heart-leaved 80 Hyssop 80 Large-flowered f 3080 | Larger 3 80 Little f 3083 | Mad-dog 3 79] Marsh 83 Prairie 82 Resinous 81 Rock 82 Showy 79 Side-flowering £ 3075 Small 3 8 Veined 83 Skunk-bush 2 387 -cabbage 1 363, f r8or Skunk-currant £1872 | -weed f 881 Sleek-leaf f 2754 Sleeping Beauty f 2250 Sleepy Dick f 1019 Slink-weed £2544, 3502 Slippers f 2389 Slipper-root f 1092 | -weed f 2388 Slippery-elm I 525 Sloe 2 250; 3 233) Alleghany f 2012 Slone-bloom f 2016 Slovenwood 3 464 Slunkweed f 3615 Smallage 2 533 | Small-pox plant f 1801 | Smartweed I 560 Smelling Stick £1654} Smick Smock f 1724 | | Smiddy-leaves £ 1370 | 438 | Smilax 439 Smoke-tree, Wild 2 389 Smoking-bean — £ 3367 | Snaffles. f 3335 | Snag-bush f 2016 | Snag Tree f 2721 Snake-berry . 3 137, £1554, 3404 -bile 1048. 1665 | -flower 3 69, 95, f 1455. | 1477, 2822, 3056 | -gentian 3 28 -gTass 3 61, f 1477 -head 149 -leaf, Yellow 1012 -lily 1069 -milk f 2321 -Moss f 96 Snake-mouth I 467 | Whorled f 1117 ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. Snake-pipes £77, 80 Snake-root . I 540; 2 523-4, £1554. 4047 Black 2 56, 523, f 2666 Button 2 522, 3 315-18 | Canada 4 538 | Coltsfoot 1277 Ci sr f 2660 / De Witt’s 2 290 Lvergreen 2288 Heart f 1277 | Heart-leaved 2 57 Poison f 268, Redberry f 1554 Sampson f 2874-5, 2880 Samison’s 2 285 Seneca 60 Southern f 1277 Thermon f 1441 | Vermont f 1277 Virginia I 540, White 312 | White-berry 1555 Wild f 3095 Snake-tongue 3 Pai Snake-weed f 1281, 1316, 2694 | Black f 1278 | Poison f 2684 | Snapberry f 3454 | Snap-dragon 3 147-8, f 1561, 2388. 3236 Corn f 3241 Snap Jack f 1477 | Snappers £1443, 1477 Snap-weed 2 403-4, f 1656, 2388 | Snap-wood f 1656 Sneezeweed 3 450-51 Sneezewort 3 454 -tansy 454 -yarrow 454 | Sniddel 705 Snow-ball, Little £ 3403 | Wild 2 407 | Snowberry 3 235-6) Creeping _ 2 581 Snow-blossom 603 -drift £ 1775, 1788 Snowdon Rose 2-165 Snowdrop f 3451 Fellow f Io12 | Snowdrop-berry 3 235 Snowdrop Tree 2 568 Snowdrops f 1576 Snowflake f 147 Snowflower Tree f 2845 Snow-on-the-Mountain | f 2322 Snowy Campion f 1442 -Hydrangea £1859 Soap, Poor-man’s f 1884 SOAPBERRY FAMILY 2 402 Soap-berry 402 -plant, Indian f 2386 | -root f 1466 | Soap-weed f 1026 | Soapwort 2 18 -gentian 2 616, f 1466 | Soapwort, White £1456 Soldier Buttons £1545) Soldiers 2 473, | f 1456, 1973, 3023 | Soldier’s-cap 2 104 | -plume frri2) -woundwort Fy 455 Solentine 2388 | Solomon’s-seal I 430-1, 433-4, f 1097 Dwarf ; f ee False f 1031-2 | Great or Giant f 1040 | Smallor Zigzag f 1031 | (Vor. III. Sophora, Silky 2 263 Sorrel I 547-8, 553 Cock, English £1301 Cow f1 Gentleman's £1 Green or Meadow f 1301 f 1299) 1307 2 346, f 2254 Meadow : f 1301 Mountain f 1299 Red or Wood £ 1299 Forse Ladies’ Sheep I 547, f 2250-1, 2254 Toad’s f 1299 Sorrel-tree 2 571, f 2770 Sour- or pier 2799 Sour-bush f 3068 Sour-dock I 548, f 1299, 1309, 1315 grass f 1299, 1301 Sour-grass, Lady tf 2254 Sour sim 2 547, f 2723 -lee I -trefoil, -trifoly 2 pe -wood 571 Southernwood 3 464 Sow-bane 1 573, f 1368 -berry f 2799 -foot 469 “grass 1691 Sow-thistle 3 271-2 -tit f 1898, 1910 Spanish Bayonet 1 426 Spanish Lettuce 2 4 Spanish Needles 3 439 Sparkleberry 2 580 Sparrow-grass f 1028 -tongue f 1337 Spart 945 Spatter-dock 2) 42 Spattling Poppy 2 9 Spear-grass 1 201-8, 214 Alpine I 203 Arctic 20. Buckley’s 208 Bunch f 478 Chapman’s I 202 Flexuous 206 Glaucous 205 Large-flowered 208 Low 201-2 Meadow f 488 Mountain 1 203, f 464 Northern I 205 Prairie 208 Sea 214 Short-leaved 207 Southern f 431 Sylvan I 206 Weak I 206 Wolf's 207 Spearmint 3 119, f 3183-4 2 Spearwort 75-6 Speckled Jewels £ 2388 Speedwell Alpine 3 168 Buxbaum's 170 Byzantine 170 Common 168 Corn I Field 3 Garden 170 Germander 168 Ivy-leaved 170 Marsh 167 Procum bent 17 Purslane 169 Skull-cap 167 Tall f 299 Thyme-leaved 16 Upland 168 Wall 169 Vou. IIl.] ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT Speedwell Water 3 167 Speerhawk 282 Sperage f 1028 Spermolepis 2 537 Spice-berry 572 -bush 2 08, £1650. 2627 -wood f 1656 Spider-flower 2 155 -lily f 910 SPIDERWORT bio 374 Spiderwort 377-8; 3 510 Spignet 506 Spikenard = 429 American 2 506 False f 1031 Ploughman’s £ 3834 Small 2 506 Wild I 429 Spikenard-tree 2 506 Spike-rush I 248 Beaked 256 Black-fruited 254 Bright Green 250 Capitate 250 Creeping 251 Engelmann’s 251 Flat-stemmed 255 Knotted 248 Large-tubercled 253 Least 587 | Matted I 255 Needle 252 Ovoid 251 Pale 249 Purple 250 Quadrangular 249 Robbins’ 249 Slender 255 Small-fruited 253 Three-ribbed 254 Twisted 253 White 254 Wolf's a Spilanthes pti Spinach, penal 1369 Strawberry f 1375 Wild £ 1359, 1370 | Spindle-tree ' 2 395, f 2367 Spingel 2 525. Spink f 1470, 1724 Spiraea 2 196-7 Spires £ 290, 380, 420 Sptrit-weed f 1061 Spleen-amaranth f 1399 Spleenwort xiv 22 See Fern Spleenwort-bush f 1162 et 1212 eared Fi 879 Spoonhunt f 2757 Spoonhutch f 2750 Spoonwort f 1694 Spoon-wood 2 564 Spoonwood-ivy 2756 Sprangles f 23096 Spring das 2 3, f 1578 White-leaved f 1430 Spring-cowslip £1545 -lily f 1013 Springwort 2 377 Spruce I 54-55 Black 155, £ 12r Blue f 122 Cat f 121-2 | Double f 122, 127 Hemlock £124 Pine f 121 Red m5 Single f 121, 126 Skunk f 121 | Spruce Swamp 3 496 White I 54, 4 122 | Spruce-gum tree £122 SPURGE FAMILY | 2 361-81 | Spurge 2 371-81 Alleghany Mt. 2 384) Angled 375 Black f 2314 Blooming 2 37 Blotched 373 Blunt-leaved 378 Broad-leaved 378 Caper 377 | Cypress 381 Darlington’s 378 Fendler’s 374 Flowering 375 Garden £ 2337 Hairy 3.518 ‘Spreading 2 373) Hoary 374 Geyer’s 372 | Ipecac 377 | Knotweed 371 Large Spotted 75 Leafy 380 Myrtle 377 wacky: seeded 374| Nicaean 380 Petty 7 Prairie 370 Quack Salver’s | 381 Reticulate-seeded 379 Ridge-seeded 373 Round- leaved * Spreading 372 Rocky Mountain 381 | Seaside 371 | Shore f 2307 Spotted 2 373 | Sun 379 | Thyme-leaved 372 Tinted 380 Toothed 376) Upright Spotted 375 | Variegated f 2322) Various-leaved 2 377) Wart f 2332 | Warted f 2329 | Warty 2 376) White-flowered 37 White-margined 376} Spurgeflax f 2534 | -tpecac f 2325 | -laurel 2 465) Spurge Nettle 2 369 | Spurge Olive oe Spurry 2 30-7 | Knotted ft 1498 | Spurt-grass f 627 | Spurwort 226 | Squash-berry 3437 Squatmore f 1667 Squaw-berry f 2706 -bush 3 230, | f 2714, 3435 | -drops f 3358 | flower f 1047 -huckleberry 2 580 -mint 3 106 -plum ft 3404 | -root 3 197, f 1047, 1643 -vine 3 21 Squaw-weed 3 475 | Northern 479 Robbins’ 480 Round-leaf 478 Small’s 479 | Swamp 480 | Western 480 | } Squirrel-corn 2 104 -cup f 1578 NAMES. 583 Squirrel Stonecrop -ear fir3t| Reflexed 2 167 -pea, Ground £1645) Three-leaved £1818 -shoes f1089|} Torrey’s 2 166 STAFF-TREE FAMILY Virginia 169 | 2 393; Wild 167 Staff-tree 396 | Stone-mint 3 116 -vine 306 -root 123 | Stag-bush 3 233 -rue 53 > Stagger-bush 2 509| -seed, Salfern 3 63 “grass I 444 -weed f 1337 -weed f 1562, 167( | STORAX FAMILY 2 598 -wort 3 482 Storax 599 Staghorn f 2348 Stork’s-bill 344 | Slaghorn-moss 96 Stramonium 3 125, 139 | Stammer-root 3 295 | Strangle-tare Stanleya 2 109 2 328, f 3360-2 | Slarchwort f 876 | Strangle-weed 3427 Star-bloom f 2848 | S/raw-bell f 986 -chickweed f 1476 | Strawberry 2 206-7 -eyed grass f 1085} American Wood 207 -flower 2 592, Barren 2 218, f 1922 f 1019, 1477, 1935 | Bog f 1937 Star-grass I 380, 425, Dry 2 218 I 446; 2 381; 3 227 European Wood | Star-leaved Gum 2 193 2 207 | Star-of-Bethlehem Hedge f 1910 23-4, f 2822, 3393 Indian 2 208, f 1375 | Star-of-Jerusalem 3 269 Mock f 1912 | Star-quince 2 245 Mountain f 1909 -root f1023 Northern Wild 2 206 Stare £ 724, 821 Scarlet 206 Starlights 2344. Southern Dry 3 516 Starry Campion 8 Virginia 206 | Starveacre £1625, Wild 316 Starwort, Bog 2 21| Yellow 208 Drooping 2 402 | Strawberry Blite 1 576 Greater 22) -bush Lesser 23 | 2 394, f 1650, 2367 Mealy f1023| -spinach f 1375 Mountain 2 34) STRAWBERRY-SHRUB Pine 3 393 FAMILY 2 94 Sandpaper 393 | Strawberry-shrub Water 2 382 | 2 95:3 19 Yellow 3.404) -fassel f 2281 Starworts 354 -tomato Staverwort 482 3 126, 128, 131-2 Stedfast £2304| -tree f 2367 Steep-grass 3 194 | Straw-lilies f 988 Steeple-bush 2 196 | Stuartia 2 426-7 Stenanthium I 403-4 | Stub-wort 2 345 Stenophyllus 258 | Stud-flower f 971 | Stenosiphon 2 499 | Sty plic-weed f 2038 Stenotus 329 | Succory, Gum 3 270 | Slepmother f 2511 Dwarf Hog’s or Stevia 3629 Swine’s 265 Stick-a-back 3 220 Lamb 265 Stick-button 484| Wild 3 262 Stickle-back 220 | Succory Dock-eress 262 Stickseed 3 54-6, 438, | Suck-bottle 95 f 1957 | Suckles 2 276 Stick-tight Suckling, Yellow 275 3 438, f 3021, 3023) Lamb 279 -weed 3 295, | Sugar-berry f 1957. 3924 I 526, f 1985 Old Virginta f 3800 | Sugar Maple 2 398 Stinging-bush £2305) -pear 2 238, f 1985 -nettle I 531 | Sugar-plum Stipa I 137-8 | f 1985, 2075 Stitchwort, Bog 2 21 | Sugar-tree 2 398 Fleshy 24 Sullivantia 2177 Greater 22| SUMAC FAMILY 2 385 Lesser 23| Sumac, Amer. f 2348 Long-leaved 22 Black 2 386 Long-stalked 23 Chinese 355 Marsh 2i Climbing £ 2353 Northern 24 Common f 2347 Swamp £ 1474 Dwarf 2 386 Water 2 24 Fragrant 387 Stonecrop, Biting 2 166 Hairy f 2348 Crooked Yellow 167| Ill-scented 2 387 Ditch 169| Mountain 2 386, f 1975 Mossy 166 Pennsylvania f 17349 Narrow-petaled 166 Poison 2 388 Nevius’ 168! Scarlet 387 584 ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. Sumac Sweet | Tar-weed 2 473; 3 321 Sleek £2349 -Belty £1466 Tare 2 oa5 Smooth 2 387, f 2347 | Sweet-brier 2 232 | Tare-grass f 522 Staghorn 2 386, -broom 311 | Tarrify f 1783 Swamp f2352| -bush f 1162 | Tassel Fi 492 Sweet-scented 2 387| -cane £883, -flower, Red 2112 Trailing f 2353 | Sweet-cicely 2 530-31 | White f 2109 Upland 2 386, Hairy f 2680 Tussel-pondweed f 176 Velvet f 2348 | Sweet-clover 2 273-4, -weed f 3503 Virginia f 2348) -fern 1 489 Tawkin f S83 White 2349| -ferry £1162 TEA FamMILy 2 426) Summer Sweet Flag I 364 Tea, Appalachian -lilac £1790} False 1077 2 391, f 2359 -Savory 3 107 Sweet-gale I 487 Canada f 2775 -Snowflake fio1g) Canada f1162, Carolina 2 301 SUNDEW FaMILy 2 160 Sweet-grass 3 227,1883, Continental f 2742 Sundew 2 161-2 | Sweet-gum 2193 Labrador 2 557 Sun-dial f 2057, -hairhoof 227, Marsh 557 Sundrops 2 489-491 -hay 1954. Mountain 572 Sunflower 3 422, f 2824 Sweetheart £1812, New Jersey 407 Brook 3 436 | Sweethearts 3 220| Oswego 3 102.f 3133 Common 422| Sweet-jarvil f 2680-81. Paraguay ( False) False 3 412, 450 | Sweet-John £1471 | f 3442 Few-leaved 424 | SWEET-LEaF FAMILY Pratrie f 2292 Garden f 3900 2 597| South Sea 2 391 Giant 3 425 | Sweet-leaf 597, Swamp 2741 Hairy 426) -Mary f 3131, Pad Walpole f 2306 | Hairy Wood 423) -myrtle 883; Wild 2103 Linear-leaved 422, -pea, Wild 2 292 / Teaberry Maximilian’s 425| -pepper-bush 2 548-9 2 189, 572, f 2798 Narrow-leaved 422) -potalo, Wild f 2945 | Tea-plant f 3444 Oblong-leaved 426| -rocket £1790 Tear-thumb I 567. Pale-leaf Wood 427 -rool, -rush f Ree | TEASEL FAMILY 3 247) Prairie 423 -scabious 3 388-9 Teasel, Common ~ 248 Purple-disk 423, -scented Shrub 2 95| Card, Draper’s, 248 Red 420! -sedge £883, Fuller’s, Wild, 248 Rough 426) -shrub f 1650-1 | Terl, Tile, f 241 3, note Saw-tooth 425| -slumber f 1665 | Ten-o'clock f 1019 Small Wood 424| -Susan £1450 Tench-weed * f 142 Smooth 424| -tree £ 2375 | Tentwort £53 Showy 428) -walnut £1154 Tetragonotheca 3 414 Stiff 423 Sweet William | Tetter-wort 2 103, f 1665 Stiff-haired 428 2 20, f 1457, 2972 | Thale-cress 2 146 Swamp 422, 450, Barbadoes 3 22) Thalia I 455 | Tall 3 425| Childing f 1468 | Thaspium 2 518 | Throatwort 427| Mock £1450 Thatch f 270 Thin-leaved 427| Wild 3 33, 34,£1466| Creekxz 176, Tick-seed Sweet-willow f 1159) f 405 var. 1 | 3 439-40, f 3937 | Sweet Wilson fF 1833 | Thelesperma 3 441 Wild 3 427, Swine-cress 2 113 Thelypodium 2 110 f 3861, 3900, 3907 | Szwine’s-bane f1 368-9 | Thermopsis 264-5 | Woodland 3 426 | Swrne’s-grass f 1337 | Dhick-stamen, Woolly 428 | Swinies 3 272 American £ 2345 Sun-plant 2 6) Switch-grass f270 Thimble-berry 2 201, -rose 439 | Sword-flag f 1077 | f 1890-1, 1808 -weed 379| -grass f 290, 618 | -flower 3 88) Supple-Jack 404 | Sycamore 2 104, f 1254 _ Thimble-weed 2 63; Suterberry f 2269, False: £1881 | 3 417, f 1576, 2112) Swallow-wort Synandra 3 91 Thimbles 3 171, 253] 2 103; 35,16 Syndaw £1956 = Fairy 171 | Orange f 2900 Syrian Tobacco f 3225 Witches 3 491, f 3300 Silky f 2914 Syringa 2 185-6 THISTLE FAMILY 3 208 Swamp-apple 2 558 Tacamahac I 491 Thistle 3 485 -berry LU Talinum 2 2 + Argentine 3 490, 491 -brake 9) Tallow-bayberry £1160| Asses’ 491 -cabbage f 881 -rool f1144! Bank 3 485, 489 Sern £30, -shrub f1160| Bell, Bird, Button, 485 globeflower £1548 Tamarack I 54| Bitter f 4081 -hornbeam f 2721-2 Tangleberry 2 574 Blessed 3 493 -redberry f 2799 Tangle-foot £3434, Blue 3 69, 485 -Robin £880, -legs f 3434| Boar f 4058 -spruce 3.496 = -tail f 1813 Bull 3 485, f 4067 -wood 2 466, £3403 Tank 2514 Buck 3 48 Swan-weed 367 Tansy 3 460-1 Briery t 2662 Sweat-root 2993 Goose 2 216 Bur 3 , 485 Sweat-weed f 2414 Lake Huron 3 461 Canada, Corn, “3 489 Sweating-weed 2 425 Sneezewort or White Card 248 Sweeps 965, 4077 3 454 Commion, Bur, 485 Sweet Allison £1788, Wild 2 216; 3 295| Cotton, Down, 491 Sweet-bay 2 48, f 1652. Tansy Mustard 145| Creeping, Cursed, 489 -bean f 2041 Tansy Ragwort 3 482 Curled 490 -Benjamin f 4006 TaPE-GRASS FAMILY Field, 485 -berry f 3444 I 92) Flowering f 1663 -Betstes f 1650 Tape-grass 93 Fragrant 3 488 -birch 2 581, f 1213 Tar-fitch, Yellow 2 332 Fuller’s 248 (Vou. III. Thistle Hard 3 489 Hare’s 272 Hedgehog 2 461 Hill’s Fd 488 Se 5 490, ps orse eas. Indian “ f3a8 Jamaica Yellow Milk ae 1 272, 490 Musk — 3, 480, f 4075 Nebraska 3 Oat 491 Our Lady’s 493, f 4074 Pasture 34 Pitcher’s 486 Plume 485 Piumeless 489 Prairie 3 487, f 4063 Pricky f 4071 Queen Ann’s 3 489 . Queen Mary’s 491 Roadside 48. 5 Russian 1 586, f 1396 St. Benedict’s 3 493 Scotch, Silver, 491 Sow, Swine, 272 Spear, Tall, 485 Star 493 American 492 Swamp, Way, 489 Virgin Mary’s 3 490 Virginia 486 Water 248 Wavy-leaved 486 Welte 490 Yellow 3 488, f 1663 -spined 3 487 | Thorn 2 240, 250 (see Haw) 2 240-5 Black 2 250; 3 232, f 2002 Buck 2 250, 405-6 Christ's f 2006 Cockspur 2 240 Common f 2002 Downy f 2001 Egyptian f 2006 Evergreen 2 245 Fire 245 Dwarf 244 Glandular 243 Glastonbury £1995 Hairy 1999 Haw P 908 2 241, f 1991, 1 Hay, Hedge, Eh 241 Heart-leaved £1994 Large-fruited 2 241 Long-spined 243 Maize 3 493 May 2 241 Mouse f 4080 Narrow-leaved € 1992 Newcastle 2 240 Parsley-leaved 242 Pear 244 Pin f 1991 Red-fruited 2 243 Scarlet 242 Southern 242 Tree f 1996 Virginia f 1994 Washington 2 241 White 2 241, f 1993, 1998, 2002 Lhorn-apple 3 139, 140, f 1991, 1998, 2002 Thorn-bush f 1991 Red f 1998 Thorn-locust f 2041 -plum f 1991, f 1998. 2002 -poppy f 1663 Vou. IIl.] ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. 585 Si lds Tick-trefoil Townsendia 3 350-1 | Turkey 2 529; 3 311| Sessile-leaved 2 316| Toywort 1752| -pod f 1770 Thoroughwort © 2 529; Smooth 8 Trachelospermum 3 4) -/roop £1334 3 308-11} Smooth Small- Tragia a aes Turmeric, Indian Common, Hairy, 311 leave 320 | Traveller's Joy 1582 | 1544 Hysso -leaved 309| Stiff 316 | Treacle- mnie Turmeric-root 2 5 Large-flowered 314| Trailing 2 316, fod 151; iB StS | | Turnip 119 Late-flowering 308| Velvet-leaved 2 319) Treaciework ee Cree, Dakota, f 2096 Rough 310 Tick-weed 106 | Tread-softly Marsh f 876 Round-leaved 311 Tiger’s-mouth 147 | Treasure-of-love f 83. | Prairie 2 284 Small-flowered 309 | Timothy 1 147 | Tree-beard suey Wild £876 Tall 310 Wild f 322 | Tree-fern 8 | Turnpike a gas Torrey’s 309 | Tine-grass 2 326 | Tree-of-heaven 3 355 | I 574 White 308 | Tine-tare 328 | Tree Primrose 2579)Turnsole 2 379, 351, White-bracted 308) -weed f 2211 | Trefoil } f 3018 Vervain 310 Tinker’s-weed 3 234 (see Clover) 2 272 Turpentine-weed 3 408 Thousand-leaf 3.455 | Tipsin, Tipsinna Bean 622) Turrets £724 Thread-foot 2 163} f 209 Bird’s-foot 280 | Turtle-bloom f 3244 -and-needle £1027 | Tiresome-weed £18 183| Bitter f 2889 Turtle-head 3 149-150 Three-birds £1115| Tisswood f 1652, 2835 Black, Great, 2 272) Tussocks f 362 Three-leaved Ivy 2 388 | Tithymal 2 380! Golden f 1578 Brey ade I 473, Gea -nightshade 35 | Titi ; Red, White f 2355|. Heart 2 273 | Tret-foil f 1129 -seeded Mercury. Toad-flax 1 536, 3 144-7| Hop 275 Twin-berry 3 216 2 365-6; Blue 3 146| Marsh 622| -flower 235 Three-square I 265| Broom-leaved 146| Melilot 272| -grass f 367 Thrift 2 505| Ivy-leaved 144| Shrubby 354 -leaf 2 92 American £2827! Pale-blue 147| Sour 345 | _-ststers f 3450 European f 2828 Round-leaved 145| Spanish 272 | Two-eyed berries Lavender 2594 Sharp-pointed 145| Water £ 2889 | f 3404, 3450 Throat-root f1945| Wild 146 White f 2083 | Twisted stalk Throat-wort 3 171, 318| Yellow 146) Wild 2 275 | I 432-3, : 1127 Through-grow f 3627| Toad-grass a ge Yellow £ 2072 | Two-lips f 1089 Thrum-wort #188 -lily 1531 | Traveller’s-delight | Two-penny grass f 2815 Thunder-flower -pipe, Tadpipe f pee £2227, Ulim f 2061 f 1455, 1477, 1659| -rool 1554| Trick Madam f 1816 | Umbrella-leaf 2 Of -plant 2 168 Toad’s-mouth 3 147| Trickle £1736| -grass f 644-5 Thyme 3 87, 115 | Toadspit f 888 Bay: Sea 2 592 -leaves 3 470 Basil 3 109, f 3147! Toad’s-tail £96) Sour f ae Umbrella-tree Creeping 3 115 | Tobacco 3 140-1 | Trilisa 2 47-8, f 2720 Field £3146 Indian | Trillium, Red, Pubic Fraser's f 1537 Horse 3 108 3 260, f 3225, 3848 £1047 | Silver-leaf f 1538 Mother of, 115| Ladies’ 3 399 | Trinity fo10 Umbrella-wort 1 595-6 Mountain £3155) Mountain 472| Herb- £1578 Uncinia 285 Shepherd’s 3 115 Oregon 244 Trinity Violet £2511 | UNICORN-PLANT Virginia 112, Poison £3221 | Trip Madam f 1816 FAMILY 3 200 Wild 115| Real f 3225 | Trip-toe f 3434 Unicorn-plant Thyme-leaf 3.453| Syrian f 3225 | Trompillo f 3214 3 201, f 1023 Tickle-weed £984! Wild 3 140, 260, £3236| Trout-flower fio12, False f 972 Tickseed 2 313; 3 431-5| Woman's £3848) -lely f 1012 | Unicorn-root I 402, Cress-leaved 3 432 Tobacco-wood f 1879) True-love £ 1047 | f 972, 1023 Garden 432| -root 3 244 | Trumpet, Devil’sf 3222 | Unicorn’s-horn Greater 433| _ -weed 3 305 Trumpet-ash 3 199 | _ £972, 1023 Hairy 434 | Tofieldia I 400 | TRUMPET-CREEPER Universe-vine £ 2776 Large-flowered 435) Tom Thumb 2 332 FAMILY 3 198 | Unlucky-tree f114 Larkspur 433 | Tomatillo 3 128 | Trumpet Creeper 199 | VALERIAN FAMILY Lance-leaved 434 Tomato 137 | Trumpet-flower 3 198-9 : 3 243 Leafy-bracted 437| Cherry 137| Evening 2 605 Valerian 3 244-5, f 1089 Lobed, Running, 435| Husk 131 | Trumpet Honeyenckie American Pink, Rose, 431 Strawberry 3 239 f 1088, 1092-3 Star 434 4 3 126, 128, 131-2} Scarlet f 3461 Cat’s 3 245 Stiff 432 | Tongue f 3752 | Trumpet-leaf 2 160 Common 3474 Tall 435 | Tongue-grass | -milkweed 3 274 False 3 480 Thick-leaved 434 | f 1475, 1687, 1689 | Trumpet-vine 3.199| GardenorGreat 245 Whorled, Wood, 433, Wild £1688| -weed 274) Greek 3 4! Tickseed Sunflower Toothache-grass 1177| Trumpets 2 160; 3 274 Marsh tf 3473 3 439-40| -tree 2 353, 506| Yellow 1802, Wild 3 244-5, f 1089 Tick-trefoil 2 313-321 | Tooth-cup f 2540 | Tube rose, Wild £1123 Vandal-root 3 245 Canadian 2 320 | Toothroot 2 131 | Tuber-root f2900 Vanilla, Carolina 319 Cream-flowered 315! Toothwort 2 132, f 1752) Tule f iss -4 | Vanilla-grass Dillen’s 319| Purpleflowered | Tulip-tree 49 ' I 132; 3 502 Few-flowered 314 | £1735 | Tulip Poplar f 1542 | Vanilla-leaf, Hairy, Small-leaved | Toper’s Plant 2 228 Tumble-weed r 123, 588. | _. plant, 3 319 2 321 Topinambour 3 4290 f 1376, 1388, 2086 Varnish-iree, False Hoary 317 | Torches 143 | Tunhoof By hy : £ 2272 Illinois 319 | Tormentil, Trailing Tunica 2 17) Vegetable-haixr £904 Large-bracted 317 | 2 216 Tupelo 547 -oyster 269 Long-leaved 317 | Torrets £724| Large 547| -salyr 1103 Naked-flowered 314 Tory-weed f3019| Swamp f 2723 | Velvet-leaf 2 422 Panicled 318| Touch-and-heal £2454} Water 2 547| -plant f 3229 Point-leaved 314 Touch-me-not | Turkey-beard I 401) -weed f 2430 Prostrate 315 2 403-4,£1725| -berry f 3454 | Velwvets f 2492, note Rhomb-leaved 318 Wild f 2388 -claw f1140 Venus’ Bath 3 248 Rigid, Showy. 320 Tow-cok 2340) -corn f 1670-1 -comb 2 531 Round-leaved £2174) Tower-cress f 1781 -grass 3.220 -hair 27, Sand 2 315 Lower Mustard 2 150| -pea f 1670, 2117,2709| -cup 3 248 586 Venus’ -looking-glass 3 256 -pride 212, f 3397, 3401 Verbena 3 70-72 | VERVAIN FAMILY Vervain 3 70-72 American 3059 Base 168 False 3059 Mallow f 2419 Prostrate f 3062 Vetch, American 2 326) Blue 326 | Bush 329 | Carolina 327 Choke 3 195 Common 2 328 Cow 326 Hairy 328 Milk 2 297-307 Narrow-leaved, American 2 326 | Louisiana 327 Pale 2207 Pebble 2 328 Purple f 2205 Sensitive Joint- 2 312 Slender 328 | Smaller Common 329 Small-flowered 327 Spring f 2212 Tufted 2 326 Wild f 2085 Vetchling, Cream- colored 2 332 Marsh 330 | Pale -s 2221 Prairie 2 331 Showy 331 Yellow 332 Viburnum 3 23173 Sweet 32 Naked f 3443 | Vincetoxicum 3 17-19 Vine, Wild 2 408 Pepper 412 Vinegar Tree 2 386-7 VIOLET FAMILY 2 445 Violet 2 446-56 Adder’s £1132 Arrow-leaved 2 448 Beaked f 2510 | Bird’s-foot 2 449 Blue 446-8 iyi 3 194, Calathian f 2875 Canada 2 453 Canker f 2510 Chicken-fighters f 2484 Coast 2 446 Crowfoot f 2492 Dame's 2 154 Dog, American 454 Dog’s-tooth I 420/ White f 1013 | Yellow f 1012 Downy Yellow f 2503-4 | Early Blue 2 446, f 2490, f 2507 English 2 449) Field f 2512 Garden f 2511 | Great-spurred £ 2406 | Green 2 456 Hairy f 2488 Hairy Yellow 2 452 Halberd-leaved, ne el- low 452 Hand-leaf f 2484 | Hens f 2505 Hood-leaf f 2484 Hooded Blue 2 447 | Violet | Wandering-Jenny florse, horse-shoe, | f 2815 f 2492 Wandering Jew 144 Johnny-jump-up -milkweed 2895 2 455, f 2484, 2492, -satlor f 2815 | | Kidney- jeaved 2 451 Wankapin 2 45, f 1527 Lance-leaved 45! Warlock f 1701, 1707 Larkspur f 2486 Warmot 3 464 | Long-spurred 2 455 Wart-cress 2 111, 113 March 449 —--grass 379 Marsh 2 450;3 19}; -weed 2 sro f 2333) | Marsh Blue 3.520! -wort 3 402, | Meadow Blue 2 437) f 1691, 2332 | Nodding 456 | Watches, Dumb f 1801-2 Nuttall’s 452 Water-agrimony 3 437 Ovate-leaved 448 -archer 193, Pale 453) -arum I 363) Pansy 455. -awlwort 2 110 Prairie 2 447| -bean 45 Yellow f2501| -beech 1 506, f 1881 | Primrose-leaved | -blinks aA 2451 -blob 51 Prostrate Blue 454 -cabbage 44 | | Rattlesnakes -calamint f 3182 f1or2, 2491 | -caltrop 2 500 | Round-leaved 2 449| -can f 1529 | Sand 454, f 2490, 2492 -carpet 2 181 Selkirk’s 2450, -celery f 208, 1612 Smoothish Yellow 453 -chestnut 2 500 Southern Wood | -chickweed 2 4, f 1472 2 447 -chinkapin 2 45 Snake f 2492 Water-cress 2 126, f 1703 Spear-leaved 2502 American 2 131 | Spade-leaf f2490, Crane f 3403 | Stepmother fe511| Creeping Yellow | Striped 2 453 2 124 Star f 3395. SS Lake 127 Sweet 2449) Marsh, Yellow, 125, American Mountain € 1732, 1734 f 2497, 2505, Round-leaved 2 131 | | Sweet White 2450! True £1721 Triangle-leav bs 520 Water-crowfoot Trinity 251t| White 2 84 Velvets 2492. note, Yellow 73 Water 2 586, Loge Water-cup 2 539, f 1802 Wood £2492) -dock f 882 Whort-leaf f2514) -dragon 2 51, f 880} Woolly Blue 448 -dropwort 2 513, f 2639 Yard 3519 -elm I 526 Yellow 2 452-3| -eryvngo f 2660 Viper’s-bugloss 3 69, -feather 2 586 -herb, -grass, 69| -fennel 382 | Virginia-creeper 2 413) -fern £8) -silk f 914 | Water-flag f 1069 | Virgin’s Bower Yellow f 1077 2 67-8, f 2120 | water-gladiole 257 | Purple 2 71| -goggles 1545. Wafer Ash 354) -gowan f 1545 | Wahoo I 525' 2 304.| -g7ass f 1721, 2703 | 2 414, f1251-2) -gum f 2722 Wait-a-bit fio54| -hemlock 2 536 | Wiakeaaiwe | -hemp I 501. 8,£876| -hickory 485 | Dwarf i bai f 1045 -hoarhound 3 117-18) Green 3511 -fessamine f 3275 | Virginia £878 WaTER LEAF FAMILY | Purple f 1047 | 3 43 Showy f 1045 | Water-leaf 43-44, f 409 Walking-fern r_ar\_ -lentils 888 -leaf f 45 | WATER LILY be | Wall-cress 2 146 | ay at see Rock-cress | Water-lily f 880 Wall-flower, Western Great bee Ce 2 152, f 2895| Little f 1526 Wallink f 3288) Sweet-scented 2 44| Wall-moss £1813| Tuberous 44) Wall-pepper 2166! White 2 44-5 -rue I 25) Water-lily Tree f 1537 | -rocket 2 120| Water Marigold 3 440 WALNUT FAMILY I 483) WATER-MILFOIL Walnut 1 483-5, £1154 | FAMILY 2 500 Lemon 1150 | Water-milfoil | Satin f 1880 2 503-5, f 1626 | Sweet f1154, Hooded 3 191) Walpole-tea f 2396 | Water-melon 3 250) ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. [Vot. II. Water -navelwort f 2616, 2703 -nerve-rool f 2905 WATER-NUT FAMILY 2 500 Water-nut f 1534 Swimming 2 500 Water-nymph 2 44 -oats I 128 Water-Parsnip 2 532 Carson's 532 Creeping f 2701 Cut-leaved 2 538 Hemlock 532 Lesser 5. Narrow-leaved 538 Water-pennywort 2 pie ~pepper -pimpernel e bd WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY I 84 Water-plantain 1 85; -poplar aoe -purslane 2 470, 476 -rush f 919 seg, -skegs f 1077 -shamrock f 2889 -shield 2 41-2 -spike (any Potamoge- ton) f 142-175 -speedwell 3 167 WATER STARWORT FAMILY 2.381 Water-starwort 2 381-2 -target 42 -thyme I 93 -torch £136 -trefoil f 2889 -tupelo 2 517 -violet 586 -weed I 93 -willow 3 204 | WATERWORT FAMILY 2 437 Waterwort 2 437-8 Water-yarrow 586 Waxberry t 488, f 1160, 3451 Wax-bush f 2550 -dolls f 1680 Wax Myrtle I 488 Waz-pinks f 1437 -plant f 1450 Wax-weed 2 473 Wax-work 396 Roxbur 4 f 2370 Way-brea 3 206 Wayfaring Tree 229 Way-grass f 1337 Waythorn 2 405 Weathercock f 2388 Weather-glass 2 503 Welcome-to-our-House f 2337 Weld 2 158 Well-grass £1721 Western Dropwort f 1888 Wheat-grass I 227-8; 3 507-8 Whin 2 270 Cat 232 Dyer’s 271 Whip-grass f 663 Whippoorwill f£ 1089 -boots fi -shoe £ 1089-90, on Whip-tongue 3 219 | Whistle-wood 2 399, 414 WHITE-ALDER FAMILY 2 548 White-alder 2 548, f 2771 Vou, IIIl.] ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES, 587 1 i Villow Herb | Wistaria fe ele me ee I 505, f Peer | : Hoyiy a 2 483| Woody f 2120 tele arum mice Brittle ‘ 1496, French : eal Witch-a/der 5 ae , 7 5 2811 -gowan White ree pe Pe a ee 18s | aes 7 2 481 | che, -hopple, nile- | > ce y t Hair 82 3434-5 ae a ait fee or ie 78 var. 2 Hooded 4 3 a | WITCH-HAZEL meee ae | ’ = Hornemann’s) 2 485 9 oe rade | gh European | | Linear-leaved 483 Witch Hazel 193 ce en Sel -Osier f1194, Marsh 483 | -wood — 2 395, £1975 a rweed 3 269 Crack 5 490 | Milk f 2546, 2549 Witches’-bells so -canke f ie é 3, Night 2 486 ‘ eae ort f sn nek Longleaf x Northern 484| -milk #26 aot Wainy - 3 457 f 1189 Panicled 484 eee bags pe : o| 500, Purple 2549! -pouches rf ee f ore | ae f Peo Purple-leaved 2 484 | -thimbles 3 491, i 3300 te 7880 | Drooping £1179, Purple-veined f 2575 W 5 ae -rod 3 232, ; ae 3 v4 78| Pi rnel 2 482 Taked ee |) ee eh cote aa 483 | Wthe-zood f 3439, 3943 A esas Sockary Dwarf Gray 499 Spiked 2 473, 481 | W Ly aeheed ; seh i wert 25 7 71, 483 | Withy Twig 1] me ee) Maclin |, ate Woeda Wild, fine myhaee 7 Fg ae er 1 504, Willow-Oak f 1238 | Woad-waxen 2 271 eal ee 4 £1179 Willow-weed f 1319, | Wobsqua-grass £270 Ms i an Cine ae | f 1324, 1327, 2549 | Wode- whistle 2 532 -root f | Glaucous I 499 i io Wer eS 2 53 -rosin-lree f 112) ey all 435 | Willows -wort 2 587 A aa ae | sier j HE Meo yor Hie | ca = 502, f1 He | Wind-berry 2 580 | Wolf-foot 116 oon 2 at Hairy I 498 | Wind-flower 2 64) Wolf’s-bane f 1550, 1567 ee r 48. 2 Heart-leaved 503 | f 1580, 1583, 1752| Trailing 2 A 61 bees Ae ee Herb-like f1206, Red 63 Wolf’s-claws 96 a 2 3 al Hoary 1 501 Wind-root 3 5| Wolf’s-milk 2 379 Th ite a a Peieoeon 496 | __-rose 2 100 Wood Betony a: whi to y-grass 21 ot Livid £1184 Windles 3 207 _ .3 99, 116, 1 \ rcenin e f Long-leaf f118: Windlestraw Woodbind 3 25 ees bY. a Low-bush = 1185 I 167, f 387 | Woodbine 2 413, tranchi =e 2,| Missouri I 503 Wine-berry f 1582, 2951, 346% Gotae : Mock f 1883 2 580, f borer 1875| American 3 237- pide: a | Myrtle f 1204 -tree f1975| Carolina Wild 2 605 chen te Narrow-leaved f 1181 | Wing-seed rs 354 bles ap 3 237 -stem 3924 twat fruited ie | Pcihee ‘ il Wink-a-peep f 2824 Small f 3458 Eades oa | Osier 1 496, 501, f 138r EeRreTDEETy. Wood-broom Pine 24 Wed leaved i | Peach-leaved 1 495) 2 391-3, f 2356-63 -cress, Yellow ee Woot a ia | Persian £2566 Winter-bloom f 1879 eee 2552) i 104 : Winter-cherr “lily Whitlow-wort- 2 38-9 eee ee 194 st elite fe Sea ae P| Primrose 2 2 480 + -clover 3 216 -tip, -rowel, 3 227 se ei e Parl F I 497) -cress 2 122 | Woodruff, Sweet 3 227 eee 6 | dee I 499, £1173) -fat f 1386 | Wood-rush I 396-8 Bre, Pog Red ‘ f 1181, 2714 Winter Grass £748 | Woop SORREL FAMILY re f 288 | Red-wood 1177 | WINTERGREEN 2 344 a 2 Teo | Ring I 496 FAMILY 2 549 | Wood-sorrel 2 34577 Se f 26 | River-bank 497 | Wintergreen Purple f 2251 ot tas 198 | 2 550-3, f 2736 | Wood-sour 2 345,'f abe On We 3 3518 meee ran Bitter a 2736 | Wood-wax f 2 “Gapag ae 1995 | Robert meee I ce Bog 2 551 | Woodsia, see Fern 1 a ick d 2) Woollen : 3 143 Wika tig Saas ee a, ae Cee oe Woolly Pipe-vine I 541 Ree | Sernaen “| False 2 550| World’s-wonder £1466 Vesa F 2oh6 | ite f 1173 var. Flowering 2 361 | Worm-grass 2 605 wis oes Shining I 495 Greenish-flowered 550 | Wort eed I 575 pe he 4 550 | OTM WEEE 7 Wicohy ; ae oe Siiky ae ree 22] Wormw cod 3 se ae i i | Annua 3 46: i 4 f 118 Liver-leaf 551 el en t el Seas igs ned, One-flowered 553 Beach 465 cee is f ae Snap £1177 One-sided 552 Biennial 465 “ pe FE wyaee | (Stag’s head f1 07 Pear-leaved 550, Canada 462 vain. ee rea ‘Swamp £1173, 1187 Round-leaved 550 | Soon 48 | [See “f | Serrated 552 | unga aia £175 Peenied nee Sharp-petaled 551| Linear-leaved 403 wuss f a | Twig Withy f 1194 Shin-leaf 2 550, £2727) Northern 66, 4 2 itiein Sei Remain £1177| Spicy £2775) Roman 295, 4 1673 Tee's eer Virginia a 187 | Spotted 2 553 | Sie 3 a if z I | Spring 572 | ilk Basket : - 194 wueee 3 tee Wi pate r Spink £2774| Silvery 403 Bay d f Ef | Weeping I 496, -plum 2831 | Tall 402 eas | Whipcord 497} -rocket f1709| Wild 4 pepe A a White I 496, f1181| -sweet f 3153 | Wormwood-sage ‘463- 4 meee | Wrinkle-leaf "£1182 -weed 3 170, f 1475 | Woundwort 3 97-8, » 337 Black f S| Yellow £1178 var. 2.| Wire-grass £929, 1337| Downy 5 a Py ag aS Willow Herb 2 482-6! Wire- ling 2 383 | Soldiers 455 eae Alpine 482! -weed f 1337, 3800 Wulfenia 1 Blooming aa es oo f 2566 | Wistaria, Amer. 2 294) Wren s3 Flower pore mee I 496 Broad! leaved 2 481| Long-clustered 3 517 | Wymote 4 588 ENGLISH INDEX, INCLUDING POPULAR PLANT NAMES. [Vot. II. YAM FAMILY 1 446 | Yellow-eyed Grass Yellow-weed (any YEW FAMILY I 61 Yam-root, Wild 447 I 369-70 Golden-rod) Yew, American 61 Yarr £1513| Yellow-flower 1703 2 158; 3 344.,_ Dwarf £135 Yarrow 3.455| -gum-tree f 2721 f 1615, 1798, 3708 | Yorkshire-/fog f 384 Water 2 586 Yellow Root 2 51, f 1551 | Yellow-wood 255, -sanicle 3 194 Yaupon 2 391, f 2357; Shrub 2 55| £1259, 2270, 2354, 2832 | Youth-wort 2 161 Yaw-root f 2306 | Yellow-seed 11t,) American 2 264 | Zannichellia 1 80 Yellow-bark £1232| -skegs f1077| Kentucky 264 | Zeus’-wheat 2 506 -bells fioi2| -star 3.450) Prickly f 2270 Zinnia, Prairie 3 412 -bird’s Nest f2740| -starwort 404 West Indian _ f 2270 | Zizaniopsis I 128 -eye £1544] -top 3 341 | Vellow-wort, Parsley-| Zizia, Bebb’s 2 534 YELLOW-EYED GRASS -lops (any Golden- leaved f 1553 | Zornia 313 FAMILY 1 368 rod) 3 331-49! Yellows f 1092 | Zygadenus I 404-6 CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS TO ENGLISH INDEX. p.556. After Agrimony, Water, read Ague-bark, Under Buckeye, Sweet, insert Western 2 4or. -grass, -root, -tree. Androsace, read 2 586. Buckthorn, Alder, read 2 406, f 2394. Bur, Arrow-head, read 1 88-go. Canadian, read f 3600. Pp. 557. Ash, Ox, read 2595. Aster, Beeweed, | p. 560. Butter-flowers, Great, read f 1545. But- tead f 3752-3; after Frostweed, insert Golden ternut, carry f 3539 to Butterweed. Caltrop, 3323. For Aunt Jericho, read Aunt Jerichos. Water, read 2 500. Camomile, Yellow, read After Bachelor’s Buttons, insert f 1456, 4077. 3.456. For Cane-brake, read Cane-brake f 542. p. 558. For Bear-grass, read Bear-grass 1 427, | Cassena, read 2 391. Catalpa, Hardy, read f 284, 1027, 2474. Bear’s-moss, read Bear’s- f 3368. Cat’s-clover, read 2 280. Cat’s-/ati, grass. After Bellwort insert Belly-ache Weed read Cat’s-tail, 2 501; for Blue, read Blue £3676. Beaver tree, read 2 48. For Belino, Cat’s-tail. Under Cheeses, for Dog, read Doll. read Belene. Bennet Pimpernel, read 2 526. | p. 562. After Copalm, insert Copper-leaf f 2726. Birch, Alpine, read f 1218. Black-sanicle, After Crashes insert Crawberry f 2343, 2799. read f 2664. Black Snakeroot, read 2 523. | p. 568. Grass, Rot, read 3 194, f 384. Bladder-campion, read 2 9. p. 569. Grass, Whorl, read 1 104. Groundsel, p- 559. Blue-caps, read 3 249, f 4076. Boneset, for Cross-leaved, read Cress-leaved 3 481. Tall, read 3 307. After Brome, for Rye, read | p. 574. Morocco, Red, read f 1639. Smooth Rye. Broom-grass, read f 216, 219. WALT 8185 00124 CS i I wipe et ee re } ii ery, ih ay i, 3 th a ee ie ia Oe Pe f tite 1 9 . % ‘ ‘ a . “ ey S RY SAG vb Sa ahs eae