KNTOMOLOGY STATION

UNITED STATES

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

LIBRARY

2 r

Book number

429401

^iSSSi ILLUSTRATIONS

BRITISH ENTOMOLOGY;

OR, A

siSitt09^i$ of fintiieenotis Mmt0 1

CONTAINING

THEIR GENERIC AND SPECIFIC DISTINCTIONS;

AN ACCOUNT OF THEIR METAMORPHOSES, TIMES OF

APPEARANCE, LOCALITIES, FOOD, AND ECONOMY,

AS FAR AS PRACTICABLE.

BY JAMES FRANCIS STEPHENS, F.L.S.

MEMBER OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY, ETC.

EMBELLISHED WITH COLOURED FIGURES OF THE RARER AND
MORE INTERESTING SPECIES.

HAUSTELLATA.

VOL. n.

" In his tam parvis tamque fere nullis quas ratio ! quanta vis ! quam inextricabilis
perfectio !" — Pli/i.

" Finis Creationis Telluris est gloria Dei, ex opera Naturas, per Hominem
solum." — Limit.

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR;
AND

PUBLISHED BY BALDWIN AND CRADOCK.

1829.

LONDON :

miNTED «Y THOMAS DAVISON, WHTTEFRIAHS.

t;ifM

ILLUSTRATIONS

BRITISH ENTOMOLOGY.

LEPIDOPTERA.

The third division of this order of insects embraces the
Lepidoptera Nocturna of Latreille,
Which have the antennoe setaceous, or diminishing gradually from the base to
the apex ; frequently ciliated, serrated, or pectinated, especially in the males,
and sometimes simple : wings, during repose, horizontal, or deflexed, some-
times convoluted, or roUed round the body; the posterior retaining the anterior
by a setiform process, as in the Crepuscularia. Larva various in form, with
from ten to sixteen legs : food various : pupa smooth, the abdominal segments
occasionally serrated, or denticulated ; changes in the ground, or in a foUiculus.

This group, which corresponds with the genus Phalsena of Linne,
is evidently susceptible of subdivisions; but, from our confined
knovvledge of the structure, metamorphoses, and affinities of the
Nocturnal Lepidoptera in general, it is impossible to define the
limits of the various minor divisions with accuracy, or to place the
whole naturally in one continuous or concatenated series ; the in-
numerable anomalous forms rendering such a step perfectly imprac-
ticable at present: nevertheless, as the foundation of a building
must be traced out before the superstructure can be raised, and the
threshold must be passed ere we can advance into the temple, an
imperfect sketch may contribute towards the attainment of that
great object, which should ever guide the footsteps of the naturalist,
the advancement of science; 1 shall therefore endeavour, in the
following pages, to elucidate the affinities of this greatly neglected
though highly beautiful and interesting division of insects.

Latreille, in the Regne Animal, divides the Nocturna into eight
minor groups, and Dr. Horsfield, following the views of the learned
author of the delightful Horse Entomologicse, conceives that the
number of tire latter is limited to three; but, as I have before
observed, although I espouse the doctrine of a circular distribution

Haustellata. Vol. II. 1st October, 1828. b

2 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

of natural objects, I do not hold to the quinarian arrangement being
universal ; neither do I conceive that the three groups, here alluded
to, are, intet' se, of corresponding value either with the two which
have been already discussed in my foregoing volume, and which
complete the quinary circle of Dr. Horsfield, or with the families of
Coleopterous insects, illustrated in the first part of the Annulosa
Javanica. Upon these considerations, therefore, I shall adhere to my
former plan of merely characterizing the group, which is apparently
connected by affinity with the one previously treated upon ; pre-
mising that the number of groups, in my opinion, appears to be
more than three, but less than eight : it is, however, not without
diffidence that I venture to hazard such a conjecture *. The group
in immediate contact with the Crepuscularia doubtless consists of
that portion of the Phalsense Bombyces of Linne which possess the
subjoined characters, and may be designated from the period of their
flight

Lepidoptera Pomeridiana.

Palpi usually two, short, generally cylindric : maxiJlw, or tongue, none, or very
short, somewhat membranaceous, and not convoluted : antennoe, at least in the
males, more or less ciliated or pectinated, sometimes serrated : head small :
thorax rarely crested: body usually stout, often woolly at the apex: wings
elongate, trigonate, mostly deflexed, undivided. Larva with sixteen feet, the
anal ones sometimes spurious.

The typical insects of this subdivision are remarkable for the
great expansion of their wings, broadly pectinated antennse, com-
paratively small body, and the absence of a tongue : they are of the
highest utility to mankind ; their larvse constructing coccoons of
pure silk, the produce of which gives employment to millions of
human beings; but none of the more useful species are indigenous
to Britain : the less typical larvse mix pieces of leaves, dirt, saw-

* Although I agree with Dr. Horsfield (whose recent valuable labours have,
in some measure, guided me in the following arrangement), that the metamor-
phoses afford important characters for the division of the larger groups, I
conceive that a system constructed upon that principle alone is as liable to
objection as if founded upon the consideration of any other single character;
nevertheless, that it does point out such groups generally, I think is too evident
to admit of a question, but there are several weighty reasons which render it
necessary for practical purposes to search for other characters, of which the
most prominent is the difficulty of ascertaining the larvae of each species: I
shall, therefore, consistently with the observation in Vol. I. p. 5, conunue to
employ the metamorphoses as a secondary character.

HEPIALID^. 3

dust, &c. witli their coccoons, or construct them of slight silken
materials, while others are furnished with the means of forming a
hard semi-transparent case, in which they change to pupae. Although
several of the species are crepuscular insects, many of the Bom-
bycidse commence their aerial excursions in the afternoon, when
they may be observed flying with great velocity, and describing
large undulated tracks in their course.

In dividing this section into four families only, I am in doubt
whether the Saturnise should not be separated from the Bombycidse,
from which they differ by their broad horizontally extended wings,
short deeply pectinated antennae (serrated in the female), and by
the nudity of the larvae, which have merely a verticillated series
of hairs on each segment.

r moniliformes, aut setacea; : . .1. Hepialid^.
rnuUae: Antennoc^
Mavilla:^ C. pki^™<iue bipectinatae : . . 3. BombyciDjE.

C plus minus ve con- r brevissimi: . . . .2. Notodontid^.
spicucB, . . •?

t. breves, submembranaccEE : . . 4. Aectiid^k.

Family I.— HEPIALID^.

AnteniwB short, moniliform, simple, or furnished with a single row of den ti di-
lations, or cilia ; sometimes rather elongate, pectinated, or tomentose at the
base, with the apex simple : tongue M^anting : palpi none, or distinct : wings
deflexed, long, and narrow : thorax not crested.

Larvse reside in the interior of vegetables; fleshy, naked, with six pectoral,
eight abdominal, and two anal feet : pupa with the segments denticulated on
the sides.

That the Hepialidse are closely allied to the Sphingidae may be
shown by a reference to the genus Smerinthus, which bears con-
siderable resemblance to some of the gigantic individuals of this
family: in Smerinthus the tongue is very short, the thorax and
body stout and thick, the antennae rather short, more or less ser-
rated, and the wings strongly nerved ; characters which obtain more
or less amongst the Hepialidae : again, the habits of the larva are
not widely dissimilar to those of the ^geriidae ; the larvae of the
genera Cossus and Zeuzera perforating the solid wood of trees,
while those of Hepialus devour roots.

The British genera may be thus distinguished :

r subfiliformes ; thorace multo breviores : . . .31. Hepialus.

^setaceae; thoracis longitudine, f internt; dcnticulati : . 33. Cossus.
V, apice . . ' • \

^simplici: . . .32. Zeuzeha.

b2

IIAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA,

Genus XXXI. — Hepialus, Fahridus.

Antenna- much shorter than the thorax, subfiliform or moniUform, sometimes
pectinated or serrated : jxilpi obsolete : wings oblong-lanceolate, subequal : head
small : thorax woolly : abdomen rather stout, elongate, the apex tufted in the
males: tihice unarmed. Larva subterranean, ratUcivorous : pupa elongate,
rather stout, obtuse, with two parallel rows of spinous processes : changes in a
web amongst the food of the larva.

The genus Hepialus is remarkable for several peculiarities, of
which the sexual disparity is not the least important ; but this dis-
similarity is more apparent than real, and the sexes may be readily
united by a practised eye, as the chief distinctions generally consist
of the larger size and dissimilar colour of the female, the marking
in most instances being similar in both sexes : another peculiarity
is the absence of trophi ; and a third the want of tarsi in one sex of
He. hectus. There are other distinctions by which the genus may
be readily divided into sections.

They fly early in the evening, and with considerable rapiditj'-,
whence their name of Swifis, and two of the species. He. hectus
and Humuli are distinguished from their congeners by their vaccil-
lating fliglit, which probably depends upon the structure and ap-
pendages to their tibiae, the former species having the hinder tibiae
clavate, without tarsi, and both having them furnished with elongate
simple or scaly hairs. The females deposit their eggs with force,
and in rapid succession.

A. Antennae simple in both sexes.

Sp. 1. hectus. Alis anticis viaris luteis, strigis tribus obliquis punctato-inte?'-
ruptis aiireis; Jlcmina; brimneis fasciis duabus cinerascentibus, posticis fnscis.
(Exp. alar. 1 unc. — 1 unc. 4 lin.)

rh. No. hectus. Linne. — Dotu viil. pL 211 4>. $. — He. hectus. Stcph. Catal.
No. S944.

Male with the anterior wings rich fulvous or luteous, with three oblique moni-
liform golden fascia^, and a minute spot of the same colour at the base ; the
anterior fascia is towards the base of the wing on the interior margin, and is
abbreviated towards the costa; the second commences about the middle of the
interior margin, at first parallel with the prececUng, it then suddenly bends
towards the apex of the costa, where it terminates; the third is in the pos-
terior margin, and is composed of minute dots ; the posterior wings are dusky:
hinder tibiic clavate, with elongate scaly hairs, tarsi wanting. IVinale very
dissimilar ; anterior wings livid-ash, with three oblique, rather obsolete, pale

HEPIALID^E. — HEPIALUS. 5

fuscous-brown fascia?, the two anterior obsolete! y bifid towards the costa; the

third fascia on the posterior margin : legs perfect.
Var. /3. Male with the anterior wings deep fulvous-brown, with the golden

fasciae united into distinct strigse, and the costa maculated with paler fulvous.
Both sexes vary considerably ; the central golden fascia on tlie anterior wings

of the male arises frequently from a large patch of gold ; and the posterior

wings are sometimes speckled with gold on the hinder margin. The female

has the strigae differing considerably in form.
Dr. Leach has distinguished this species in his MSS. by the name Chelomis.

Not uncommon throughout the metropolitan district in the middle
of June, frequenting open places in woods, where it may be observed
early in the evening, at a short distance from the ground, performino-
its singular vaccillating flight, Mdiich has not inaptly been compared
to the motion of a pendulum. I presume that it occurs throuo-hout
the country, as I have received it from Devonshire, and Mr. Mar-
shall informs me that he took it not uncommonly in Cumberland.

Sp. 2. lupulinus. Alis anticis maris luteis,fceminas cinerascentibus, lineold media
fasciisque duabus albis externa punctato-interruptd ; posticis cinereis. (Exp.
alar. $ 1 unc. — 1 unc. 3 lin. ^ 1 unc. 3—7 hn.)

Ph. No. lupulina. Linne. — Ph. hecta. Harris, pi. 22. f. 1. — He. lupulinus.
Stepk. Cafal. A'o. o945.

Anterior wings more or less luteous or fulvous, with a central longitudinal streak
an oblique moniliform striga, reaching from the base nearly to the interior
margin, and united at an obtuse angle with another, which terminates at the
costal apex, pure snowy white, finely cinctured with fuscous; beyond the
outer oblique stria is sometimes a row of fuscous or white spots : posterior
wings fuscous, immaculate. Female dusky-ash, with dirty-white moniliform
strigae.

Var. /S. With the anterior wings of the male nearly immaculate dusky-fulvous,
and of the female plain dirty-ash.

Var. y. With the anterior wings slightly spotted with white.

Var. S. With the anterior wings deep fulvous-brown, spotted with deeper brown,
and having the moniliform strigae united with continuous white streaks, with
a very distinct series of white spots on the hinder margin.

Var. £. Anterior wings dirty-white, with the costa, a lunate discoidal spot, and
some irregular maculations on the hinder margin, dusky-fulvous.

Var. f. Anterior wings white, with the costa alone fulvcus-brown.

No species of Hepialus is more subject to vary than this ; but in all the varieties
the cilia are fulvous, and the posterior wings immaculate : both sexes of each
variety occur ; and every possible shade of variation may be obtained without
much difficulty.

Caterpillar dusky, spotted with black.

6 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

This variable insect appears in profusion in grassy meadows to-
wards the end of May.

Sp. 3. Humuli. AUs Jlavis, anticisfulvo-striutis, maris omnibus niveis. (Exp.
alar. $ 1 iinc. 8 lin. — 2 unc. 1 lin. : $ 1 unc. 10 lin. — 3 unc.)

Ph. No. Humuli. Linnt: — Don. \iu. pi. 274'. f. 1. $-f-2 $. — He. Humuli.
Stepk. Catal. No. 5946.

Male with all the wings above pure ^nowy immaculate white, with a slender
lutescent margin, beneath fuscous, with the margins broadly fulvous: the
head, thorax, and abdomen very pale fulvous. Female very dissimilar, the
anterior wings above yellow, with various spots or streaks, sometimes united
into two or three oblique fasciae; posterior wings fuscescent, gradually changing
to a bright fulvous on the hinder margins; beneath aU the wings dusky: eyes
in both sexes black.

The fulvous spots on the anterior wings of the female vary exceedingly in size,
form, and disposition : they are sometimes nearly obhterated.

Caterpillar rather glossy cream-colour, with the head brown, and a scaly patch
on the neck : it feeds on the roots of the hop {Humulus Lupulus), and bur-
dock (^Arctium Lappw) : it changes in May to a dark brown pupa.

Very common in grassy places in the middle of June, and not
imfrequently met with in church-yards, whence its name of Ghost
Moth.

Sp. 4. velleda. Alisfusco, livido alboque variis, strigd posticd punctorum niveorum
cosidcfiefiisco mactdatft. (Exp. alar. $ 1 unc. 8 — 10 hn. : ^ 2 unc. 2 — 6 lin.)

Bo. velleda. Esper. — He. velleda. Steph. Catal. No. 5947. — Ph. No. Mappa.
Don. x. pi. 36. f. 3.

Brown : anterior wings above fuscous, with a bifid angulated, strongly waved
irregular whitish vitta, arising at the base, and passing somewhat parallel with
the thinner margin nearly to the anal angle, where it is suddenly angulated,
and passes obhquely to the anterior apex ; the disc is variegated with patches
of a similar hue, pure white and Uvid ; behind the oblique fascia is usually a
striga of whitish subtriangular spots : costa with a few brown spots : posterior
wings immaculate fulvous-brown : cilia of all the wings flavescent, spotted
with brown. Female larger, less varied, and without the livid hue.

The markings of this species vary so greatly, that it is difficult to obtain two
specimens perfectly similar; in some the Hvid hue predominates, in others the
brown ; the sinuated fascia is sometimes interrupted, at others much branched,
and the posterior streak of white spots occasionally extends across the apex of
the wing, and is sometimes totally obliterated.

Caterpillar is said to feed on the fern {Pteris aquilina).

Before the year 1814, few specimens only of this insect were in
collections; but, in the middle of June in that year, a locality was
detected at Darcuth-wood, where the insect abounds : it also in-

■#".

ri i:

V

m

London. ^tb. by I.F. Srertli/iu. J.Julv. .■.',' ^

l". Wagstaff. sc.

HEPIALIDiE. HEPIALUS. 7

habits other parts. " Near Alderley, in Cheshire." — Rev. E.
Stanley. " In Derbyshire." — Rev. W. T. Bree. — " Near York,
scarce." — W. C. Hemtson, Esq. " Salisbury, and Scotland." —
Dr. Leach.

Sp. 5. carnus. Plate 13. f. 1. $. Alts anticis cinerascentibus, aut lividis,
nubeculosis, maculis fuscis albisque seriatim sparsis, posticis cinereis. (Exp.
alar. $ 1 unc. 8—10 lin. o 2 unc. 3 — 6 lin.)

He. carnus. Fabricius. Steph. Catal. No. 5948.

Somewhat resembling the last, but less variegated : anterior wings above cine-
rascent or livid, with an irregular pale maculiform streak on the thinner
margin, united to an oblique one, which reaches to the costa at the anterior
apex j this last streak is sometimes irregularly duplex, at others simple, and
nearly straight ; the disc is also a little clouded with fuscous and whitish, and
has a conspicuous white spot, sometimes encircled with black, a little beyond
the centre, but towards the costa; posterior wings plain fuscous or livid:
the cilia of all flavescent, more or less spotted with dusky. Female livid,
the anterior wings nearly immaculate.

Frequently taken in the north of England, sometimes in company
with the last ; I obtained a specimen from the collection of the late
Mr. Francillon. " Near Birmingham." — Mr. Weaver.

B. Antennae pectinated, or serrated.

Sp. 6. sylvinus. Alis anticis maris rufo-lutescentibus, fcominae cinnamomeis,
lineis duabus obliquis albis, posticis cinereis. (Exp. alar. $ 1 unc. — 1 unc.
4 lin, ^ 1 unc. 6 — 10 lin.

I'h. No. sylvinus. Linne. — He. sylvinus. Curtis, iv. j-j/. 185. Steph. Catal.
No. 5949.

Male above fulvous; anterior wings variegated with rufescent or castaneous
spots, with a sUghtly sinuated oblique white streak near the base, and another
from the apex, united at right angles with the former on the inner margin ;
the latter is generally accompanied by a fuscous streak internally ; and the
disc has a' fuscous spot near its centre, bounded interiorly with white, the
costa is also spotted with fuscous, each spot being encircled with white, be-
tween the obhque white streak and the hinder margin, and at the base of the
ciha, are usually two rows of lunulated brown spots : cilia immaculate fid-
vous: posterior wings fuscous, with the hinder margin fulvous. Female
nearly similar in markings, but brown, with a large patch of dirty white at
the base of the anterior wings, and a row of dusky spots on the costa.

Like its congeners, this species varies exceedingly: in some cases the males are
pale-ochraceous, with the usual markings, in others nearly fuscous ; and I
possess a large rufescent female: the moniliforra striga parallel with the
hinder margin is more frequently obsolete than present.

8 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

Found, ill August and September, by the skirts of woods, and
in lanes ; not uncommon at Birch-wood ; near Hertford, and in a
lane near Stoke Newington. " Near York, males abundant, females
scarce." — W. C. Hcmitson, Esq.

Genus XXXII. — Zeuzera, Latreille.

Antennce not so long on the thorax, setaceous, of the males pectinated at the
base, with the apex simple; of the females entirely simple, with the base
tomentose : palpi obsolete : ivings entire, elongate, lanceolate, unequal. Head
small, tomentose: thorax stout, thickly clothed with hair: abdomen not very
robust, much elongated, attenuated, clothed with short hair : legs rather long,
shanks unarmed. Larva residing in the trunks of trees, lignivorous ; fupa
enclosed in a case of wood, cemented by a glutinous substance.

Zeuzera may be known from Cossus by the structure of its an-
tennce, which in both sexes have the apical half simple, the male
having the base alone pectinated, and the female tomentose : it also
differs in the form and texture of its wings, and slenderness of its
tomentose body : by the former character it differs from Hepialus.

Sp. 1. .ffisculi. Alis nudiuscuUs niveis, punctis numerosis cceruleo-nigris, thorace
maculis duodecim atris. (Exp. alar. $ 2 unc. 2 lin. : ? 2 unc. 8 — 10 lin.)

Ph. No. ^sculi. Linne.—Don. v. pi 152. Zeu. ^sculi. Steph. Catal. No.
5950.

Anterior wings somewhat naked and hyaline : snowy white, with the costa and
nerv-ures yellowish ; thickly sprinkled throughout with numerous bluish-black
spots : posterior faintly spotted towards the base, with the inner angle imma-
culate, and the margin itself with a row of a deeper hue : thorax snowy, with
about twelve dark bluish-black spots : abdomen clothed with short dark-coloured
down, with a bluish metallic hue. Female considerably larger, with the ner-
vures more distinctly yellowish, and the spots of a brighter blue.

Caterpillar ochraceous-yellow, with black dots, the head and tail black : it feeds
on the woodof the pear and apple, walnut, elm, lime, horse-chestnut {jEscuIus
Hippocasianum), ash, beech, birch, oak, &c.: it changes to a pale-brown pupa
within a case formed of the dust of the wood cemented together : it appears in
the imago state in the beginning of July.

This is decidedly somewhat rare, but if industriously sought for
in its usual haunts, it may be obtained : it appears to inhabit a
considerable portion of Britain, and has been often taken in and
near London. " Near Jpswich."—Rev. W. Kirhi/. " Allesley,
Leamington, and Coleshill."~JxVt'. W. T. Bree. "At Long
Parish, near Andover."— iJm G. T. Rudd. "Abundantly near

HEPIALlDiE. — COSSUS. 9

London, in July last." — T. Marshall, Esq. " Epping."— jtfr.
Doiihleday. " Bottisliam, and near Cambridge, female apparently
not very rare."" — Rev. L. Jenyns. " Kennington." — ifr. Davis.

Genus XXXIII. — Cossus, Fahrlcius.

Antennae as long as the thorax, setaceous, furnished on their inner edge with a
single series of short, transverse, obtuse teeth : palpi two, distinct, cylindric,
thickly clothed with scales, three-jointed : wings entire, anterior larger than
the posterior. Head small, with a pilose crown : thorax stout, scaly : abdomen
robust, elongate : tibia; with spurs. Larva residing in the trunks of trees,
lignivorous : pupa enclosed in a case composed of rotten wood and gluten.

Cossus differs from Hepialus by the elongated antennae, robust
body, and inequality of tlie wings; and by the presence of distinct,
somewhat elongated palpi : from Zeuzera it may be known by the
antennae, which in the latter genus are not serrated.

One indigenous species only has been detected, the history of
which has been most admirably detailed by De Geer and Lyonet; the
latter author having published an entire volume, containing the de-
scription of the larvae alone, and collected sufficient materials to fill
another with those of the pupa and imago ; the former being ac-
companied by most accurately-detailed anatomical plates ; and the
publication of the latter being, I believe, shortly about to take place,
with similar embellishments.

Sp. 1. ligniperda. AUs albo-cinereis, fusco-nebulosis, strigis transversis atris,
thora^e exalbido postice fascia atrd, ahdomine annulis albis. (Exp. alar. $ 2
unc. 10 lin. — 3 unc. 3 lin. : ? 3 unc. 6 — 9 lin.)

Co. ligniperda. Fabr ictus.— Curtis, ii. pi. 60. — Steph. Catal. No. 6951.

Anterior wings clouded with whitish-cinereous and brown, with numerous
transverse irregular black streaks and reticulations, varying considerably in
different specimens; posterior fuscous, with obscure reticulated streaks to-
wards the hinder margin : head dusky-brown : anterior margin of the thorax
pale ochraceous, the following deep fuscous, then whitish, with a posterior,
transverse, black fascia ; abdomen brown, with the margins of the segments
whitish-grey.

Caterpillar dull-yeUow or rufescent, with large subquadrate chestnut-red shining
patches on the back, and two triangular black spots behind the head, the
latter entirely black : it feeds upon oaks, wiUows, aspens, and poplars, and is
very destructive; it is three years in attaining perfection, and may conse-
quently be obtained at any period : in the autumn, and occasionally in May,
the larvae may be found while searching for a convenient spot to change to
pupa, which it does in a case composed of pieces of wood, which it unites

10 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

with a glutinous substance, and Jines internally with silk : the pupa is brown,
and strongly denticulated on the margin of each segment.

Not uncommon in the south of England at the end of June and
beginning of July. " Infests the oaks in every wood and lane near
Kimpton." — Rev. G. T. Rudd. " Bottisham, not uncommon." —
Rev. L. Jenyns. " Near Deptford, abundantly, in June last." —
Mr. Nexvman,

Family II.— NOTODONTID^ *.

Palpi more or less evident, two, rarely four, in number, sometimes elongate, very
hairy: maxillw usually distinct, not spiral, resembling two slender filamentous
processes. Antennce moderate, more or less bipectinated, especially in the males,
or setaceous, frequently serrated or ciUated in the females : body not very stout,
the apex of the males tufted ; wings deflexed, entire. Males smaller than the
females. Larva sparingly covered with hairs, or naked, greatly diversified in
form, frequently with one or more elevated tubercular appendages, the two
anal legs sometimes converted into a furcate tail: pupa often folliculated,
sometimes subterranean.

Notwithstanding the abbreviated rudimentary tongue with which
the insects of this family are furnished, the general habit, structure,
and metamorphoses of the latter present more essential characters
of affinity to the Hepialidse than are offered by the Bombycidse,
which are usually placed next in succession, from being, in common
with the Hepialidse, destitute of that generally important organ.
The larvae of this family are mostly naked, or very slightly hairy,
and are generally furnished with one or more elevated tubercular
points ; they are fleshy, and have in general sixteen perfect legs ;
but in some of the genera the two anal ones are transformed into
caudal appendages : the pupa is frequently subterranean ; though it
is often enclosed in a folliculus, or in a hard case formed of various
materials, united by gluten.

The following indigenous genera appear to belong to this family,
and may be discriminated by the subjoined external characters :

* Many of the species of this family have been frequently arranged amongst
the true Le. nocturna ; but they have evidently more affinity to the other Noto-
dontidic- than to the Noctua?, both in their larva and perfect states.

NOTODONTIDjE. PYGiKRA.

11

fcristatus: T denticulatse:

4hv ?

r hand den
tato:
Thorax \

AIw

Integra; :
Antennae •

breves, arcuatae:

dentato,
apice :

^subelongatae, rectae:

i subhyalinae :
elongatae, -c
l^haud crista- \ (opacae, (nullisele-

tus : Alee < squamis < vatis :

( elevatis :
breves, lata;, subtriangulares :
Cintegro: fpilosEe: .....

I rtZar< I subdiaphafiffi :

I (_ squamosee, <

I (^opacffi:

\ f baud cris- fvix elon-

Itatus : I gatcB, apice
Alee an- \ obtuso : 39,
ve denticu- I Thorax \ ticcc 1 elongata;,
l^lato, dorso J I I apice sub-

j I (_acuto: 40,

( l^cristatus : , . 41.

l_bidentato : . . . . 42.

Pyg^ra.
Clostera.

Episema.
Cerura.

Petasia.

Stauropus.

Endromis.

Ptilophora.

Peridea.

44. Chaonia.

NOTODONTA.

Leiocampta.

lopiiopteryx.

Ptilodontis.

Genus XXXIV. — Pyg^ra, OcTisenheimer.

Palpi short, porrect, densely pilose, two-jointed, basal joint incurved, second
reversed, obtuse. Antennce rather long, pectinated in the male, each articu-
lation producing a duplex cilia on each side, the apex simple ; setaceous in the
female : head small, with a bifid crest at the base of the antenna? : thorax stout,
strongly crested, with two elevated lateral strigae : abdomen long, the apex with
an undivided tuft : wings, anterior elongate, triangular, the apex with a large
rounded discolorous patch, the hinder margin denticulated ; posterior entire :
tibiae with spurs. Larva cyhndric, pilose, without elevated appendages, the
anal legs perfect : pupa subterranean.

Pygsera appears to be far more closely allied to Cossus than to
any other genus amongst the Pomeridiana ; its thickened and some-
what denticulated antennae, stout thorax and abdomen, the latter
considerably elongated, and the texture of the elongate-subtriangular
wings, oifering far more important points of similarity to the He-
pialidse than are furnished by the broad subdiaphanous rounded
wings, comparatively slender thorax and abdomen, the latter ab-
breviated, and deeply pectinated antennae of the Saturnige, which
are usually considered as forming a direct passage from the family
last mentioned to the other Pomeridiana.

Sp. 1. bucephala. Alis argenteo-cinereis, strigis duahus geminatis ferrugineis,
viacuMque magna terminali Jlavd. (Exp. alar. $ 2 unc. 2 — 6 : $ 2 unc.
8—11 lin.)

12 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

Ph. Bo. bucephala. Linne.—Don. i. pi. S, $ .— Py. bucephala. Steph. Catal.
No. 5952.

Anterior wings of a rich clouded silvery ash, with a faint black transverse striga
at the base, then a duplex one, anteriorly ferruginous, posteriorly black, and
towards the apex a third, also duplex, somewhat flexuous and interrupted,
anteriorly black, and posteriorly ferruginous ; between wliich and the apex is
a large rounded yeUow patch, a Uttle clouded with ochraceous or luteous ;
the hinder margin with lunular ferruginous spots ; the cilia flavescent, spotted
with ferruginous : posterior wings whitish, shghtly suffused with dusky on
the disc, with a few obscm-e ferruginous spots on the ciha : head and thorax
anteriorly yellow, surrounded by a double dusky-ferruginous striga ; the sides
and posterior margin of the thorax hoary-cinereous : abdomen pale-yeUow,
with row of dusky-spots on each side.

Caterpillar pilose, tawny yeUow, each segment with elongate black spots placed
longitudinally, and interrupted at the joints, forming a series of interrupted
parallel black streaks ; head black ; legs outwardly black, inwardly luteous :
it feeds on the lime, oak, willow, alder, elm, and chestnut : is full grown in
September, when it changes beneath the ground to a brown pupa with two
spines at the apex.

Very abundant, towards the middle or end of June, throughout
the metropolitan district. " Common near Andover." — Rev. G. T.
Rudd. " Bottisham and Ely, the larva in some seasons in great
profusion on the elm, which they almost strip of its leaves." — Rev.
L. Jenyns.

Genus XXXV. — Clostera, Hqffmansegg.

Palpi short, porrect, slightly ascending, and pilose, triarticulate, the apical joint
minute. Antennw short, cvu-ved, pectinated to the apex in both sexes ; in the
males especially ; with a fascicle of scales at the base : head very minute,
concealed beneath the thorax, the latter robust, strongly crested, with a central,
coloured longitudinal patch : abdomen moderate, the apex suddenly attenuated,
with a bifid tuft : wings, anterior elongate, the hinder margin entire, the apex
with a more or less discoloured patch ; posterior entire ; tibiw with spurs.
Larva shghtly pilose, with a tubercle on the fourth, and another on the anal,
segment, posterior legs perfect : prnpa folUculated.

From Pygsera this genus differs by the brevity of the antennae,
which are pectinated in both sexes, and distinctly curved ; by the
form of the thoracic crest, and the longitudinal patch thereon ; the
deeply inserted, minute head; and by the integrity of the posterior
margin of the anterior wings : the larva differs in being very
slightly pilose, and in having the fourth and anal segment tuber-
culated above.

11. Id.

« «

^

K.)

Zmultm . Ath. by J'.S.Sufthi'fiS. !. Jtn, .'J? J.

NOTODONTID^.— CLOSTERA. 13

Sp. 2. reclusa. Alls ant ids glauco-cinerascentibus, strigis quatuor albidis
svbanastomosantibus, macula apicis ferrugined punctoque vnarginali albo,
posticis fuscis. (Exp. alar. $ 1 unc. — 1 unc. 2 lin. : ^ 1 ^"c. 1 — 3 lin.)

Bo. reclusa. Fabricius. — Ph. anastomosis. Don. iv. pi. 124. — CI. reclusa.
Steph. Catal. No. 5954.

Brown : anterior wings of a glaucous, or brownish-ash, with four subinterrupted,
anastomosing, whitish strigae, with a white spot on the costa, at the origin of
the fourth, and a reddish-brown patch adjoining, which does not reach to the
apex; hinder margin with an undulated series of dusky spots: posterior
wings dark brown : centre of the thorax anteriorly dusky-chocolate ; sides of
the thorax cinereous : abdomen plain brown, with the anal fascicles chocolate
at the apex.

Var. (8? Plate 16. f. 1. — Rather larger, the posterior wings pale glaucous-
ash, with two angulated fuscous transverse strigae : the anterior wings with
the third striga united obliquely with the fourth on the interior margin.

Caterpillar brown, with a broad dorsal line, yellowish at first, but after the last
moult whitish, the sides with a catenated series of yellow circles : head and
taU yeUow, or rufescent, legs black : it is found in September, and feeds on the
aspen {Populus tremula) : pupa brown, with the abdomen paler.

Not a common species ; taken occasionally at Darenth and Birch
woods, at the end of May. " Epping, rare." — Mr. Doubleday.
" Once taken in Cambridge, by Mr. Dale." — Rev. L. Jevyns.
" Dublin."— i?^!). J. Bidzoer.

f Sp. 3. anachoreta. Alts griseis strigis albidis, maculd apicis fusco-ferrugined

lined undatd albd. (Exp. alar. $ 1 unc. 3 lin. ^ 1 unc. 4 lin.)
Bo. anachoreta. Fabricius. — CI. anachoreta. Steph. Catal. No. 5955.

Anterior wings griseous, with four whitish striga;, the third anteriorly abbre-
viated, the fourth flexuous, nearly white, and extending to the anterior margin;
the apex with a large obconic rusty-brown spot, extending to the margin of
the discoidal areolet, and divided by the posterior white flexuous striga;

f Sp. 1. anastomosis. Alis griseis Jerrugineo fuscoque variis, strigis tribus
. albidis subanastomosantibus, thorace Jerrugineo. (Exp. alar. 1 unc 8 — 10

lii:.)
Ph. Bo. anastomosis. Linne. — Stewart, ii. 252. (!) — Ch. anastomosis. Steph.

Catal. No. 5953.
Wings griseous, varied with ferruginous and brown, with three whitish sub-
anastomosing striga; ; the apex with a rusty spot : the thorax with a ferruginous
central patch.

Stewart introduces this fine species as an indigenous insect; but I presume
that his only authority for its admission rested upon the erroneous appropriation
of the name to CI. reclusa, as I have never seen an example in any British col-
lection.

14 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

towards the anal angle are two black spots, the inner one largest : posterior

wings dusky-ash : thorax with a fuscous patch anteriorly.
Caterpillar brown, with a flesli-coloured, spotted, dorsal line, the protuberances

and spots on the sides rufescent : it feeds on willows and poplars : pupa brown.

The only specimens I have seen of this fine insect are in the
collection at the British Musenm; I am not aware of their locality :
Dr. Leach obtained them from the collection of Mr. Spratt.

Sp. 4. curtula. Alls g-Iaucis, sirigis quatuor pallidis maculdque apicis tesfaceii.

(Exp. alar. $ 1 unc. 4 — 5 lin. ^ 1 unc. 4—6 lin.)
Ph. Bo. curtula. Linne. — Ch. curtula. Steph. Catal. No. 5956.

Griseous: somewhat allied to the last: anterior wings glaucous or greyish-ash,
with four nearly straight whitish striga?, the outer, or fourth, a httle flexuous
towards the costa, where it terminates in a white spot : beyond this the apex
is of a bright testaceous-brown, with an obsolete row of dusky spots : posterior
wings greyish-ash : thorax anteriorly, and on the back rufous-brown, the
sides cinereous, or faintly tinged with reddish : abdomen with its tuft red-
dish-brown at the apex.

Caterpillar cinereous, with four rows of ferruginous spots : it is found in Sep-
tember, feeding upon poplars and willows.

Taken occasionally near London towards the end of April, or
beginning of May, but far from common. " Wanstead, on the
aspen."" — A. Cooper, Esq. " Coleshill." — Rev fV. T. Bree.

Genus XXXVL — Episema, Ochscnliehner.

Palpi elongate, very pilose, biarticulate, the basal joint large, the terminal very
slender elongate, acute, scaly: muxiUw short. Antenna; rather elongate, not
curved, bipectinated to the apex in the males, simple in the females: head
exserted; not very small: thorax slightly crested with transverse fascite : abdo-
men rather stout, with a simple tuft at the apex : wings elongate, anterior entire
on the hinder margin ; cilia long : legs very hairy ; tibicr with spurs. Larva
cyhndric, very fleshy and robust, not tuberculate ; the hinder legs perfect : pupa
folliculated.

In the texture of its wings, and in the comparative robustness
and magnitude of its larva, this genus unquestionably resembles the
following, although the structure of the latter and that of the imago
offer several points of distinction : the location of the genus has
been frequently changed ; but the short filamentous tongue appears
to point out the present family as its true situation.

Sp. 1. cceruleocephala. Alis cinerco-griseis, stigjnaiil>ns alhiJis coadunatis inter
sirigas dims fhscas, fascidqite niarginali cinereu. (Exp. alai'. S 1 unc. 3 — 5
lin. : 9 1 ""f- 1 — 1» I'"-)

NOTODONTID^.— CERURA. 15

Ph. Bo. coeruleocephala. Linne. — Don.iii.pl. 100. — Ep. cceruleocephala. Steph.
CaiaL No. 5957.

Griseous : anterior wings ashy-grey, with an oblique black line at the base, then
an undulated transvere black streak, followed behind the middle by another,
very much waved, and somewhat parallel with the hinder margin, bordered
externally towards the costa with whitish; between these are two kidney-
shaped confluent stigmata with whitish edges and a double greyish white
centre ; on the hinder margin is a cinereous fascia, bounded externally by a
narrow indented black line ; on the anal angle is an abbreviated black streak ;
the ciha griseous spotted with brown : posterior wings whitish, with a black
streak at the anal angle, and the nervures and a central spot dusky: thorax
anteriorly griseous, posteriorly cinereous : abdomen dusky-griseous, with the
apex brownish. Female rather darker.

Caterpillar stout, smooth, and bluish, with yellow longitudinal lines and black
spots : it appears early in the spring, feeds on the blackthorn, whitethorn,
pear, &c., and changes to pupa in the beginning of June, within a strong
silken web.

A very common species, appearing towards the beginning or
middle of September : the larvae are very abundant towards the
end of May, in hedges, near Coombe, Peckham, and Cohiey- hatch
woods.

Genus XXXVII — Cerura, Schranh.

Palpi four; labial small, three-jointed, compressed, with the apex obtuse;
maxillary minute, attenuated at the tip ; maxillcB short, flat, not spiral. An-
tennw curved at the apex, bipectinated in both sexes, the pectinations longest
in the males, and ciliated : head moderate : thorax rather stout, not crested :
abdomen moderate, robust in the females, with the apex obtuse, slightly tufted
in the males : wings entire, somewhat diaphanous, anterior elongate ; neura~
tion various: legs and abdomen beneath woolly: anterior tibice with an
elongate, compressed lobe; posterior simple. Larva robust, truncate ante-
riorly, with an elevation on the third segment; the anal feet produced into
two long retractile filaments, with two short spines between: pupa inclosed in
a hard case, generally formed of pieces of woody matter united by gluten.

As a genus Cerura is well marked, and may be at once known
by its pallid, subdiaphanous, strongly-veined wings, deeply bipec-
tinated, somewhat uncinnated antennae, and robust pilose body and
legs, exclusively of the distinctions in the trophi, which can only
be observed by dissection : the species have been greatly neglected
in this country ; but having, for several years past, attended parti-
cularly to them, I have detected several nondescripts, one of which
has, however, been lately published. The species may be very
readily detected by the differences in the neuration of the wings, a

16 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTEUA.

character which has been hekl to be so constant in the order Lepi-
doptera, as to distinguish the families ; consequently, when applied
as a test to discriminate species^ its importance must be vastly
superior.

A. Posterior wings with the three anterior nervures simple at the apex, the

fourth trifid.

Sp. 1. bicuspis? Plate 13. f. 3. — Alts niveis, anticis basi margineque postice
nigro punctatis, fascia transversa utrinque subsinuatd cinered, thorace antice
albo. (Exp. alar. $ 1 unc. 2 — 5 lin. : ? 1 unc. 4 — 6 lin.)

Bo. bicuspis. Borkhausen ? — Co. bicuspis. Steph. Catal. No, 5958.

Anterior wings snow-white at the base, with one basal and five transverse black
spots; then a broad cinereous fascia, thickly sprinkled with orange, mar-
gined anteriorly with black and orange, and terminating irregularly with a
waved border posteriorly ; between the fascia and the apex is a broad whitish
space, with three or four transverse undulated dusky strigae, and a central
black spot ; the terminal striga is bent inwardly towards the tip of the wing,
and is bordered externally towards the costa with an oblique abbreviated
cinereous fascia, with orange spots; the hinder margin is pure white, with a
row of black spots : posterior snow-white, with a central spot and the ner-
vures fuscescent; the margin spotted with black, and an obscure dusky-
transverse fascia: thorax anteriorly white, posteriorly bluish-black, with
transverse orange fasciae.

Caterpillar luteous-red, with three large brownish-red spots on the sides ; be-
neath greenish : feeds on wLUow.

Rare in England : it has been taken occasionally at Darenth-
wood, in July. " Near Dublin, not very uncommon."'"' — Rev, J.
Bulwcr, who kindly supplied me with a fine series.

Sp. 2. Integra. Plate 15. f. 3. — AUs albidis, anticis basi margineque postico
nigro punctatis, fascia transversa utrinque nigro marginata cinerea, thorace
cinereOjfasciis transversis nigris. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 7 lin.)

Ce. Integra. Steph. Catal. JVo. 5959.

AUied to the preceding, but larger: anterior wings white, with a black spot at
the base, then a transverse row of four black spots, followed by a broad uni-
form cinereous fascia, deeply margined on both sides with black and orange,
and thickly sprinkled with the latter colour within ; this band is followed by
a whitish space, having two minute black spots on the costa, with an abbre-
viated line between, resembhng the letter T, and continued by an irregular
waved streak; in the centre is also another minute black dot: the hinder
margin of the wing is pale cinereous, bordered anteriorly by a flexuous black
striga, and a deep abbreviated costal fascia : on the posterior margin is a row
of small black spots : posterior wings whitish, with an elongate central spot,
an obsolete fascia, the nervures and marginal dots dusky : thorax cinereous,
with thi-ee transverse black fasciee, the central one interrupted.

NOTODONTIDiE. — CERURA. IT

A comparison of the accompanying figures will readily exhibit the difference be-
tween the preceding insect and this, which in the integrity of the central fascia
closely resembles the Ce. bicuspis of Fischer, but its colouring is somewhat dis-
similar. If it be Fischer's insect, the larva, according to him, is green, with
a triangular violaceous dorsal spot, margined with yellowish, on the two first
joints, and a dorsal series of triangiilar red spots, margined with yellow, the
spots becoming wider towards the tail, on the other joints: — it feeds on the
birch.

I believe my specimen was taken at Coomhe-wood, as I obtained
it from a practical collector, who chiefly collected in that locality.

B. Posterior wings with the second nervure bifid, the fourth trifid.
a. Anterior wings with a central transverse fascia.

Sp. 3. furcula. Alis griseis, anticis basi margineque postico nigro punctatis,
fascid transversd subangustd luteo-fuscft, extus JlexuosS , thorace varicgato, an-
tice griseo. (Exp. alar. $ 1 unc. 2 — 4 lin. : ? 1 unc. 3 — 6 lin.)

Ph. Bo. furcula. Linne. — Don. viii. pi. 272? — Ce. furcula. Steph. Catal.
2Vo. 5960.

Anterior wings griseous ; the base rather whitish, with black spots, as in Ce.
bicuspis ; followed, as in that insect, by a somewhat similar, though rather
broader, cinereous fascia ; beyond which is a dusky-ash patch, containing a
black costal and central spot, a dusky luntile pointing inwards towards the
centre of the fascia, two dusky undulated strigae, and finally a more distinct
blackish striga, with an abbreviated costal band ; the hinder margin cinereous,
with a row of black dots : posterior wings griseous, with a central spot, the
nervures and an obscure band brownish ; the margin with a row of black spots :
thorax variegated with black and orange, with the front griseous.

This and the two following are distinguished by the slight bifurcation of the
second nervure of the posterior wing, and by their inferior size.

Caterpillar green, with a patch over the head, and posterior appendages rufous ;
a broad streak of the same colour on the back, margined with whitish ; and
an interrupted lateral line : — it feeds on various species of wiUow, aspen, and
poplar : pupa brown.

Apparently the most frequent of the smaller Ceriirse near Lon-
don : at Coombe and Darenth woods in July, Hertford, Ripley, &c.
" Epping-forest." — A. Cooper., Esq. " York, scarce." — W. C He'wit-
son, Esq. " Coieshill."— iJ^-t-. W. T. Bree.

Sp. 4. arcuata. Alis griseis, anticis basi margineque postico nigro punctatis,
fascia transversd angustd cinered nigro marginatd, strigdque posticd Jlexuosd
arcuorum nigrorum, thorace antice cinereo. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 5 lin.)

Ce. arcuata mihi. Steph. Catal. No. 5961.

Wings dusky-ash ; anterior with the base rather white, and spotted, as in Ce
furcula ; then a narrow transverse cinereous fascia, deeply bordered with black
Haustellata. Vol. II. Lst November, 1828. c

18 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

on both sides^ with an angular excision on the outer edge ; the rest of the
wing is of an uniform colour, with a central black dot, close behind which is
a transverse undulated dusky striga, and a little beyond another flexuous one,
composed of black lunules pointing outwards, and terminated at the apex by
an abbreviated cinereous fascia ; the hinder margin with a row of small black
spots : posterior wings cinereous, with a central dot, and minute marginal
spots dusky, the nervures fuscescent : thorax anteriorly cinereous.

Distinguished by the posterior undulated striga of arched lines, and the integrity
of the external margin of the fascia on the anterior wings.

It seems closely allied to Ce. forficula of Zetter, the larva of which is pale green,
with the back bluish, the sides with a white sulcus spotted with red : and feeds
upon willows.

My specimen of this species (wliich is the only one I have exa-
mined) was taken at Coombe-wood several years back.

Sj). 5. latifascia. Alis aJbidis, anticis basi margineque postico nigro punctatis,
fascia transversa lata cinereo-fuscu nigro marginatti , thorace cceruleo-atro
hdeo fasciato, antice cinereo. (Exp. alar. 1 imc. 7 — 8 Un.)

Ce. latifascia. Curtis, iv. pi. 193. — Steph. Catal. No. 5962.

Wings whitish ; anterior with one basal and five transverse large black spots, the
latter followed by a broad cinereous fascia, variegated with orange and mar-
gined with black, the inner margin extending nearly to the anal angle, the
outer sinuated ; beyond this is a whitish space with three undulated, indented,
black strigae, some spots of the same colour on the costa, and one near the centre
resembling the letter x, the outer striga with an abbreviated cinereous costal
band, sprinkled with orange, hinder margin whitish, with a terminal row of
black dots : posterior wings with a lunate dusky spot, and two obsolete fuscous
bands, the inner one narrowest, nervures dusky ; margin spotted with black :
head and thorax anteriorly cinereous, the latter bluish-black, with two faint
orange bands posteriorly.

I have one female of this insect, v/hicli was captured near London,
and a male that I obtained from Mr, Marsham's cabinet. " Near
Linton, north Devon." — Curtis, I. c.

Sp. 6. fuscinula. Plate 15. f. 1. — Alis alhidis, anticis basi margineque postico
nigro punctatis, fascia transversa cinered cxtus repandCi, collari griseo. (Exp.
alar. $ 1 unc. 8 lin. : $ 1 unc. 8 — 10 lin.)

Bo. fuscinula. HUhner'? — Ce. fuscinula. Stepli. Catal. No. 5963.

Hoary white ; anterior wings with one basal and five transverse black spots, fol-
lowed by a narrow transverse cinereous band, sprinkled with orange, nar-
rowly margined anteriorly with black and orange, and rather sinuated poste-
riorly, with an abbreviated straight black margin towards the costa, beyond
this, on a whitish ground, are two rather indistinct undulated fuscous strigae,
and a few obsolete spots, with an oblique abbreviated cinereous fascia near the
apex of the costa, the hinder margin with a row of black spots: posterior

/'/. /.-;

A

V

: r)

i:

s-'

,«feftv

. -N

I

2ji7,lonj7i!f. :•;■ J.f.SU/Outl,!. ;. Stfi . !S:d.

NOTODONTID^:. CERURA. 19

wings whitish, with a central lunulated spot, and some dots on the margin
fuscous : thorax griseous in front, posteriorly variegated with black and orange.
Caterpillar of a fine emerald-green, with the head brown, the back blue, and the
retractile filaments red : it feeds on birch and oak.

Taken occasionally in July at Darentli-wood, and other places
near London, but rare. " On Epping-forest." — Mr. Stone.

Sp. 7. bifida. Plate 15. f. 2. — Alis albidis, anticis bast margineque postico
nigro punctatis, fascid transversd cinered nigro mar ginatd, posticis fimbria
jkiscd, thorace griseo, nigro Jlavoque transversim striata. (Exp. alar. 1 unc.
8 lin.: $ 1 unc. 10—11 lin.)

Ph. bifida. Brahm.—Ce. bifida. Steph. Catal. No. 5964.

Larger than the last, of which it may eventually prove to be a variety : wings
whitish, the anterior spotted with black at the base, with a broad cinereous
fascia, sprinkled with orange, and margined with black, the outer undulated ;
beyond this, on a pale cinereous ground, are several undulated dusky or black
strigae, and some obscure black spots and marks, one more conspicuous resem-
bling the letter x ; the hinder margin is duU hoary, or ashy- white, with an
abbreviated costal cinereous fascia, sprinkled with yellow, and a row of black
spots on the margin itself: posterior wings whitish, with a central lunular spot
and a broad marginal fimbria of a dusky hue ; the margin with a row of
minute black dots : thorax griseous, transversely striated with black and pale
orange.

This and the last species have the bifurcation of the nervure on the posterior
wings very considerable.

Found near London; one of my specimens I obtained from Mr.
Francillon's collection. " Darentli-wood, and near Limehouse." — ■
Mr. Stone.

b. Anterior wings without a central Juscia, but marked throughout with dentafed
fuscous or dark strigae.

Sp. 8. vinula. Alis anticis alhis, punctis strigisque fuscis repandis dentatisque,
corpore albo nigro maculato. (Exp. alar. $ 2 unc. 6 — 9 lin. : ? 3 unc. 1 — 4
lin.)

Ph. Bo. vinula. LinnS. — Don. iii. pi. 85. — Ce. vinula. Steph. Catal. N'o. 5965.

Anterior wings white, cinereous in the female; the nervures flavescent; the
costa spotted with black ; the base with two or three spots, then two undulated
rows of transverse approximating black dots, followed by a narrow waved fus-
cous fascia, and another duplex corresponding series of paler dots ; towards the
middle is an arcuated black streak, pointing outwards, anterior to which on
the costa is an abbreviated dusky fascia, continued in an undulated line to the
inner margin : behind the central lunule are two very acutely waved or den-
tate transverse strigse, and on the hinder margin a series of longitudinal dusky
streaks : posterior wings white, or dusky-ash in the female, with a discoidal
lunular spot; the margin more or less spotted with dusky or black : thorax

C2

20 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

cinereous, obsoletely spotted with black ; abdomen whitish, spotted with black.
Female larger, deep cinereous, with the posterior margins much spotted with
brown.

Var. /S. Bo. Minax. Hiibner '? — Of a deeper cinereous, with the abdomen black,
narrowly annulated with whitish, the thorax scarcely spotted.

\'^ar. y. The thorax pale cinereous, with several very large black spots; the an-
terior wings with a very distinct transverse dusky fascia near the base, the un-
dulated strigsE towards the apex very strong, and each exterior areolet with
a broad longitudinal wedge-shaped brownish streak.

Caterpillar at first black, with two short, rigid, appendages on the anterior seg-
ment; these disappear on the third moult, when the colour becomes green,
with one or two red spots ; and on the final moult, the upper surface becomes
bright green, the lower dusky-green, the humeral tubercle, and three spots on
the sides, bright red : it feeds on the willow, poplar, and saUow : is found
towards the end of summer : the pupa is enclosed in a very hard foUiculus,
composed of wood-dust and gluten.

Far from uncommon in many parts of the country, especially in
marshy districts, during the latter end of May; it also appears in
some seasons a second time in August. " Near Amesbury, plen-
tifully."— Rev. G. T. Riidd. " Rarely near York, and Newcastle-
on-Tyne." — W. C. Hewitson, Esq. " Not uncommon in Cam-
bridgeshire."— Rev. L. Jenyns.

Sp. 9. erminea. Alis niveis, anticis punctis sirigisque fuscis dentatis, thorace
niveo nigra maculato, abdomine nigra punctata. (Exp. alar. $ 2 unc. 3 — 6
lin. : 9 3 unc.)

Bo. erminea. Hilhner. — Ce. erminea. Steph. Catal. No. 5966.

Wings white, or whitish, anterior with several distinct black spots at the base,
followed by an irregular duplex undulated transverse striga, then two abbre-
viated streaks, the second arising from a costal spot, afterwards a lunate dis-
coidal spot, also arising from a costal spot ; behind the lunide are three strongly
dentate undulated transverse dusky strigae, with a row of fuscous spots ; the
hinder margin has also a row of somewhat cuneated black dots : the posterior
wings white in both sexes, with a discoidal lunule, and a marginal row of
black dots: the thorax is white, spotted with black, and the abdomen is pale,
with the base and apex immaculate, the intermediate part with large black
transverse spots.

Caterpillar deep red, or reddish-brown, sprinkled on the back with white, with
a white lateral line : head large, with two black spots on the angles : when
young, nearly black : it feeds on the willow, poplar, and aspen : pupa pale
brown.

This fine species has been taken at Birch-wood, and I believe in
other places near London.

NOTODONTID^i:. STAUROPUS. 21

Genus XXXVIII. — Stauropus, Germar.

Falpi short, clothed with elongate scales, straight, cylinclric, biarticulate, the
terminal joint acute : maxilla; obsolete. AntennoE porrect, simple at the apex ;
of the male strongly bipectinated, from the base nearly to the tip ; of the female
simple throughout : head very small : eyes large : thorax not very stout, nor
crested: abdomen somewhat elongate, rather attenuated towards the apex,
which is furnished in both sexes with a tuft of fine woolly hair: wings entire,
thickly clothed with scales, with several elevated tufts of scales and down ;
anterior lanceolate-ovate ; posterior ovate-triangular : hgs rather short, thickly
clothed with down : anterior tibice in both sexes with an elongate attenuated
spine or lobe ; posterior with spines at the apex only. Larva naked, the back
with several acute protuberances, the caudal segments laterally expanded and
reflexed, with the liinder prologs converted into two styliform processes : pupa
folliculated.

Stauropus differs from the other genera of this family by having
several patches of elevated scales on the anterior wings, which are
rather densely clothed with scales, and somewhat pilose ; the body
is very downy beneath, and both sexes have a soft tuft at the apex
of the abdomen, which is slightly elongate : the male has the tip,
and the female the whole, of the antennie simple.

Sp. 1. Fagi. Alis riifescente-cinereis, anticis fasciis diiabus linearihus luteis
Jlexuosis, serieque pwictoruvi nigrormn. (Exp. alar. $ 2 unc. 4 — 6 lin. : ^
2 unc. 6 — 8 lin.)

Ph. Bo. Fagi. Linne.—JDon. xii. pi. 328.— St. Fagi. Steph. Catal. No. 59G7.

Cinereous: anterior wings deep ashy-gray, tinged with reddish, especially towards
the inner margin ; the base hoary, with a rugose black spot at the shoulder ;
followed by a narrow flexuous lutescent striga, and a second beyond the middle
very much waved and indented ; the space between deep dusky-ash ; midway
between the posterior striga and the hinder margin, near the costa, is a lunular
yellowish spot, bounded exteriorly with black, and nearly parallel with the
hinder margin is a slightly waved row of elevated blackish spots : posterior
wings deep cinereous, with the base paler, and an undulated whitish indented
and abbreviated striga on the anterior margin ; the posterior margin with a
continuous series of whitish lunular marks : the cilia of all the wings cinereous,
varied with hoary : back with a dusky streak down the middle.

Caterpillar pale rusty-brown, with the fifth, sixth, and seventh dorsal segments
bearing a conical protuberance, the anal segments laterally expanded and de-
pressed, the terminal one furnished at its apex with two styliform processes
in lieu of legs; the six anterior legs elongated: it feeds on the beech, oak,
hazel, birch, lime, alder, and sloe ; and is found in the autumn : while at rest
its anterior legs hang down, and its head and tail are elevated, the latter being
frequently reflected on the back : pupa dark glossy brown, enclosed in an irre-
gular closely woven smooth web of a very peculiar texture.

22 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

Mouffet has admirably delineated the larva of this rare insect, and
informs us that in his days it was very common in Norfolk, in Eng-
land ; but now both larva and imago are but rarely met with ; the
insect is, however, widely dispersed, and one or more specimens are
taken nearly annually at Birch-wood, and in the neighbourhood :
the male is less frequently observed than the female. From the
singular aspect of the larva, Albin termed it the Lobster caterpillar,
a name which has since been applied to the imago. " In a wood
near Cheshunt."" — Mr. Hatchett. " New Forest, Hants, near
Brockenhurst, in July, 1821." — Rev. W. Kirhy. " Near Norwich,
once." — W. C. Hewltson, Esq. " Larva near Tunbridge Wells, in
Sept. 1 82'r ."— IF. Raddon, Esq. " Bexley-wood."— Jf r. Samouelle.

Genus XXXIX. — Notodonta, Ochsenheimer.

Palpi short, very hairy, biarticulate j basal joint minute, terminal compressed,
truncate: maxillce short. Antennce filiform, bipectinatecl in the males, the
pectinations short, and nearly vanishing at the apex ; in the females, shghtly
denticulated interiorly, and ciliated : head and eyes small ; thorax not crested :
abdomen somewhat elongated, robust, subcylindric ; the apex downy : wings,
anterior obtuse at the apex, with the hinder margin rounded and denticulated;
the interior, or dorsal^ edge, with a projecting tuft of scales in the centre: legs
short, robust, densely clothed with scales and hair; the anterior tibice an-
teriorly with an elongate lobate appendage; anterior tarsi short, stout,
clothed with elongate scaly hair. Larva naked ; with two or more conical
protuberances on the back, the anal segment reflected, and bearing two im-
perfect prolegs : pupa subterranean, folliculated.

The genus Notodonta, as above restricted, may be known from
the cognate genera by having the anterior wings somewhat rounded
at the apex, and very slightly denticulated ; the thorax not crested,
the antennae bipectinated in the males alone, and the abdomen
slightly elongated. The larvse have several conical protuberances
on the back, and the hinder prolegs spurious ; the pupae are subter-
ranean and folliculated.

Sp. 1. Dromedarius. AUsanticisJ'usco-riifescenti nebulosis, liturd baseos anique
flavescentibus, strigisque duabus dentatis alhidis. (Exp. alar. $ 1 unc. 4 — 8
lin. : 2 1 unc. 8 — 1 1 lin.)

Ph. Bo. Droinedarius. Linne. — Don. x. pi. 360. f. 1. No. Dromedarius. Steph.
Catal. No. 5968.

Anterior wings reddish-brown, with an irregular yellowish patch at the base ;
an undulated or dentate pale transverse striga before the middle, edged ex-
ternally with chestnut, and another flexuous and strongly denticulated one

notodontid.t;. — noiodonta. 23

behind the middle, terminating in a yellowish streak at tlie anal angle ; be-
tween these, on the disc, is a lunate dark spot, edged with yellowish ; and on
the hinder margin is a slightly waved bright chestnut brown irregular fascia,
bounded externally with whitish or yellowish ; cilia fuscous : posterior wings
dusky-brown, with an obscure whitish fascia; the cilia dusky, rather whitish
towards the outer edge : thorax dusky, with its centre rufescent : abdomen
brownish-gray : antenna; ferruginous.

Var. /3. Sttph. Catal. 1. c. With the colour more vivid, the basal spot and the
strigae on the anterior wings more distinct, and of a brighter hue ; the poste-
rior wings whitish, with a paler fascia.

This species varies considerably both in the markings and the intensity of its
colouring, as well as in magnitude.

Caterpillar found in September ; it is green, with four dorsal eminences and a
reflexed tail : it feeds on the alder, beech, hazel, and poplar.

Taken occasionally at Coombe and Darenth woods, and at
Norwood, the beginning of June, and in August. " Alderley,
Cheshire."" — Kev. C. Stanley.

Sp. 2. perfusca. Plate 14. f. 2.— Alls anticis fusco-nehulosis, Uturd baseos
aniquejlavescentibus, strigisque duabus denticuJatis obsoletis. (Exp. alar. $
1 unc. 6—8 lin.: $ 1 unc. 8 — 10 lin.)

Bo. perfuscus } Haworth. — No. perfusca. Steph. Catal. No. 5969.

Similar to the last, but of a totally different hue, and like its congener, extremely
variable in the intensity and brilliancy of its markings ; anterior wings fus-
cous, mixed with chestnut, with darker clouds, and an irregular yellowish
patch at the base, a slightly undulated striga before, and a flexuous and
deeply indented one behind, the middle, terminating at the costa and near the
anal angle, in a yellowish streak ; between the striga; is a fuscous streak, edged
with yellowish ; and the hinder margin has a slightly- waved row of reddish
or chestnut spots : cilia fuscous : posterior wings fuscous, with a light, rather
flexuous oblique striga arising from the anal angle : abdomen fuscous : thorax
dusky, sometimes rufescent in the middle.

Whether this insect be truly a distinct species from the preceding, I will not
undertake to determine ; but, from the circumstance of all the specimens of
this (above thirty) which I have seen being of the peculiar dusky hue above
described, and all of No. Dromedarius (of which I have seen at least two
hundred specimens) being strongly rufescent, it appears probable.

" Found near Dublin.'" — Rev. J. Bulwer and N. A. Vig-ors,
Esq.; to whom I am indebted for the specimens contained in my
collection. It has not, that I am aware of, occurred in England.

Sp. 3. ziczac. Alls anticis brunneis spadiceo-undatis fasciatisque, striga lunari
ferrugined, posticis albidis, Jascid liturdque anali obsoletd. (Exp. alar. $ 1
unc. 8— 9 lin. : $ 1 unc. 10 — 11 lin.)

Ph. Bo. ziczac. Liiinc. — Don. iv. pi. 119. — No. ziczac. Steph. Catal. No. 5970

24 HAUSTELLATA. LEPIDOPTEUA.

Anterior wings of the male with the base pale chestnut-brown, with two ab-
breviated strigae on the costa, the centre of which, adjoining the second striga,
is occupied by a large subquadrate whitish patch, followed posteriorly by a
larger ocelliform one, tinged with purpUsh, intersected by black dashes on the
nervures, margined anteriorly by a deep brown lunule, and posteriorly with
griseous clouds and a whitish streak ; the hinder margin with a narrow black
line, and the interior margin streaked with black : cilia brown, faintly dotted
with white on the edge : posterior wings ash-coloured, with a central lunular
dusky spot, and a narrow marginal line ; cilia whitish, towards the anal angle
clouded with deep brownish-black. Female with the anterior wings of a
more uniform castaneous tinge, and the posterior mouse-coloured, with brown
cilia.

Caterpillar with two acute protuberances on its back, and one on the anal seg-
ment : it is greenish or ash-coloured, with a paler lateral stripe and reddish
tail : it feeds on the poplar and wiUow^ and is found in June, August, and
September : the imago appears the beginning of May, and in July.

Not very abundant near London : I have occasionally taken it
at Darenth and Coombe woods ; and, in June 1827, I captured
two specimens at Ripley. " Near Dublin." — N. A. Vigors, Esq.
" Coombe- wood."" — Mr. Ingpen. " Rather frequent near Holt,
Norfolk."—^. H. Haworth, Esq. " Coleshill."— J^ft;. W. T.
Bree. " Near York, rarely." — W. G. Hetcitson, Esq.

Genus XL. — Leiocampa* mihi.

Palpi extremely minute, enveloped in dense hair : maxillw obsolete. Antenna
fiUform, bipectinated in both sexes to the apex ; the pectinations shorter, but
not vanishing at the tip, and abbreviated in the female : head hairy in front :
eyes moderate : thorax not crested : abdomen elongate, cylindric, tufted at the
apex : anterior wings elongate, rather acute at the apex, the posterior margin
slightly rounded and obsoletely denticulated ; the interior with a single
squamous tooth towards the centre : legs short, not very stout ; femora and
tihiw densely clothed with hair ; tarsi slender : anterior tibiae with a very
short spine-like process interiorly. Larva naked, with a small conical pro-
tuberance on the anal segment only : caudal legs perfect : pupa subterranean,
foUiculated.

Leiocampa differs from Notodonta by the slenderness and com-
parative acuteness of its anterior wings, and by both sexes having
the antennae bipectinated : the thorax is not crested, the anterior
wings very slightly denticulated, with one dorsal prominence, the
abdomen elongated, the legs densely clothed with hair, and the

Xiioi f(rvis, Ka./u.'Tti critca.

NOTODONTID^.— LEIOCAMPA- 25

palpi very minute. The larvae are smooth on the back, and change
to pupse in a folliculus composed of pieces of wood united by silk.

Sp. 1. dictaea. Alis anticis exustis, inarginibus fuscis plagdque media albidd ;

posticis albis, liturd anali fused. (Exp. alar. $ 2 unc. : ? 2 unc. 3 — 4 lin.)
Ph. Bo. dictaea. Linne. — Ph. trepida. Don. vii. pi. 239. f. 1. — Lei. dictaea.

iiteph. Catal. No. 5971.

Head and thorax brown-gray, mixed with white ; abdomen rusty-gray : anterior
wings grayish- white, the costa clouded with fuscous, with two or three ab-
breviated oblique black dashes towards the apex ; the interior margin broadly
black, with an irregular broken whitish streak interiorly, and intersected to-
wards the anal angle by a few grayish dashes ; the posterior margin with a
grayish streak, followed by an interrupted blackish one : posterior wings white,
with a dusky patch at the anal angle, intersected by a grayish streak.

Caterpillar reddish-brown, green on the sides and glossed with violet above,
with a black dorsal streak: it feeds on poplar, wiUow, and birch, and is found
in July and September : the imago occurs in the beginning of August and
June.

Not common ; taken at Coombe and Darenth woods, and near
Dover. " Epping." — Mr. H. Doubleday. " Near York, on wil-
lows, rarely." — W. C. Hezvilson, Esq.

Sp. dictaeoides. Alis anticis exustis, plagd alba maculdque anguli interioris
triangulari albd, posticis fuscescentibus, liturd anali fused. (Exp. alar. $ 2
unc. : 9 2 unc. 2 — 4 hn.)

Bo. dictaeoides. Esper. — Lei. dictaeoides. Steph. Catal. No. 5972.

Head and thorax brown-gray, varied with white, the centre of the latter reddish,
with a transverse dusky-brown streak anteriorly, and two longitudinal ones on
the back; abdomen ashy-gray: anterior wings whitish-gray, with several
obKque abbreviated deep black patches towards the apex of the costa, the
inner edge broadly umbre, with a broad black streak, slightly edged with
white, at the base, towards the middle, and bearing an elongate, triangular,
broad white patch at the hinder angle ; the hinder margin also of an umbre
tinge, with a whitish streak margined with black, the latter intersected by
white; cilia umbre, whitish at the edges: posterior wings dirty- white or
dusky in the male, whitish in the female, with a broad dusky patch at the
anal angle.

Caterpillar Ught-green, with a yellow lateral stripe, and a hue on the anal pro-
tuberance : it is found on the poplar, willow, and birch.

Not SO common as the last, but found in the same woods rather
later in the season.

26 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPI DOl'TEllA.

Genus XLl. — Lophopteryx* mihi.

Palpi short, hairy, slightly ascending, biarticulate, the first joint elongate,
curved at the base, the terminal one short, ovate : maxillcs short, a little spiral.
Aiitennw short, filiform, simple and ciliated in the females, very slightly bipec-
tinated in the males, nearly vanishing towards the apex: head small; eyes
moderate : thorax crested : abdomen not elongate, rather stout ; apex of the
male with a trifid scaly tuft : wings compressed when at rest ; anterior sub-
triangular, the hinder margin rounded, and rather deeply denticulated ; the
interior with a single, elongate, squamous tooth towards the centre: legs
rather slender, downy ; the apex of the tibiw with two elongate spurs ; the
anterior internally simple. Larva slightly hairy, with one or two conical
protuberances on the anal segment alone ; hinder prolegs perfect : pupa foUi-
culated.

In this genus I have included such insects of this family as have
the thorax crested, the anterior wings considerably denticulated on
the hinder margin, with one prominence on the inner, the antennae
short, and very slightly bipectinated in the males alone ; the ab-
domen scarcely elongate, with a trifid scaly tuft at the apex : the
larvae slightly hairy, with one or two conical eminences on the
anal segment alone.

Sp. 1. camelina. Alis anticis ferrugineis fascia obscuriore denticuloque dor salt
rejlexo, posticis ochraceis, macula anali fused. (Exp. alar. $ 1 unc. 6 — 8 lin.
? 1 unc. 8—10 lin.) ,

Ph. Bo. cameUna. Linne. — Don. vi. 7. pi. 183. — Lo. camelina. Steph. Catal.
No. 5973.

Antennae ferruginous : thorax the same, with a yellowish patch behind : abdomen
ochraceous, with the sides and apex reddish : anterior wings ferruginous, with
a very delicate nearly obsolete undulated black streak at the base, another
before the middle, and a third rudimentary one towards the hinder margin on
the costa ; behind this are a few costal spots, and an obsolete pale striga : cilia
and dorsal denticolations tipped with blackish : posterior wings ochraceous,
with the nervures and margin rufescent, and a bluish-brown patch at the anal
angle.

The intensity of the colours varies considerably: in some individuals there is a
deep brown flexuous streak from the dorsal denticulation to the costa, and the
black strigse are more distinctly shown : in others the ferruginous tinge pre-
dominates.

Caterpillar delicate bluish-green, with paler longitudinal hues; the stigmata
purplish : the legs and two caudal protuberances bright crimson. It feeds on

* Aii(p^; crista, tt;^^! ala.

NOTODONTID^. LOPHOPTEllYX. 27

the oak, birch, willow, poplar, alder, beech, lime, &c. and appears towards the
middle of May and the end of September ; the imago about the end of April
and the beginning of August.

A common and beautiful species, found in most woods throughout
the metropolitan district. " Near Newcastle-on-Tyne, rarely." — ■
W. C. Hewitson, Esq. " Alderley, Cheshire."— iJ^t;. E. Stanley.

Sp. 2. cucidla. Alls anticis ochraceis ferrugineo rnaculatis striatisque, fascia
marginali cinereo-albidd, posticis cinereis liturd anali ferrugined. (Exp. alar.
$ 1 unc. 5—6 lin. : 9 1 unc. 6 — 10 lin.)

Bo. cuculla. Borkhausen. — Ph. Bo. cuculla. Don. x. pi. 333. /. 1. — Lo. cuculla.

Staph. Catal. No. 5974.

Antennse pale ferruginous : head, thorax, and abdomen ochraceous : the crest
ferruginous posteriorly : anterior wings, with the costa from the base, beyond
the middle, broadly ochraceous-yeUow, the interior margin and apex ferrugi-
nous, with irregular dark markings ; the costa with two or three abbreviated
brownish streaks in the centre, and the posterior margin with an ashy-white
patch, divided by a rusty blotch intersected by a black line, and varied by a
few dusky shades : cilia pale, with ochraceous spots : posterior wings griseous,
with a rusty blotch at the anal angle.

Caterpillar sHghtly hairy, with the dorsal segments obsoletely elevated, the anal
one with a distinct conical protuberance, pale bluish-green, with a brownish
patch on the back of the third and fourth segments ; the prolegs and caudal
elevations crimson : it feeds on maple, and is found in the autumn.

This rare insect I once caught at Darenth-wood, by mothing,
in June, 1820 : several other specimens have been captured at the
same place, and in the neighbouring woods. " Near Erith." —
Mr. Hatchett.

f Sp. 3. carmeUta. Plate I4. f. 3. AUs rubiginosis, anticis ad marginem
interiorem canescentibus, macalis duabus albis costalibiis, posticis fascid obsoletd
albidd liturdque anali ccerulescente. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 7 Un.)

Bo. carmelita. Esper. — Lo. carmelita. Steph. Catal. No. 5975.

Antennae ochraceous-red : head and thorax pale rusty-red; the latter with a
yellowish lateral spot : the abdomen ochraceous-red : anterior wings, with the
costal edge fine pale red, minutely irrorated with hoary: the inner margin,
especially towards the anal angle, hoary, with a few black specks, and minute
white irrorations; the costa with an obsolete white spot before the middle,
and a larger subconical one towards the apex, from which springs a row of
small dusky-brown spots, which reach to the dorsal denticulation : cilia
brown at the base, white at the tip: posterior wings rufescent, with an
obsolete whitish fascia, and a bluish-brown patch at the anal angle.

Caterpillar green, with a yellowish dorsal hue, and a rufescent lateral one : it
feeds on the birch.

28 HAUSTELLATA. LEPIDOPTERA.

Two indigenous specimens only have come beneath my observa-
tion, one of which is in the British Museum, the other in Mr. Vigors'
collection : they were found in the larva state, at Darenth-wood,
about sixteen years back; and, I believe, made their appearance in
the perfect state in the beginning of March.

Genus XLIL — Ptilodontis, Huhner.

Palpi considerably elongated, porrect, ascending, clothed with elongate scales :
maxillce short. Antennae filiform, bipectinated in both sexes, the pectinations
shortest in the females: head minute: eyes small: thorax slightly crested:
abdomen elongated, tufted at the apex, the tuft bifid in the male : anterior
wings denticulated at the hinder margin, the interior edge with two recurved
tufts of elongate scales, the basal one the largest; posterior entire: legs
moderate, downy; tibice with spvirs at the apex. Larva naked, smooth,
without any dorsal prominences, head very acute : pupa subterranean, folli-
culated.

The genus Ptilodontis contains only a single European species,
and is at once discriminated by the elongate projecting palpi, crested
thorax, denticulated anterior wings, which have two prominences on
the interior margin, elongated and bifid tufted abdomen, and bipec-
tinated antennae in both sexes. The larva is destitute of any dorsal
or caudal eminences, and has a very acute head.

Sp. 1. palpina. Alis anticis griseo-albidis nigro nervosis striatisque. (Exp. alar.

$ 1 unc. 6 — 10 lin. : ? 1 unc. 10 hn. — 2 unc. 2 lin.)
ph. Bo. palpina. Linne. — Pt. palpina. Steph. Catal. No. 5976.
Pale griseous or ochraceous : antennae white, with the pectinations brown :
anterior wings grayish-white, irregularly streaked with dusky-black, with the
nervures black ; before the middle is a transverse irregularly angulated streak,
and behind the middle a second flexuous one frequently geminated, or accom-
panied by a row of black spots : and on the posterior margin is also a similar,
but obsolete, row, the spots being placed separately between the nervures :
the dorsal prominence margined with ochraceous-brown : posterior wings
cinereous : ciUa of all ochraceous, sometimes speckled with dusky or brown.
This species varies considerably in colour and size. .

Caterpillar slender, green, with four pale dorsal lines, and a yellow lateral one
sprinkled with orange, the former dotted with black : it feeds on the willow,
poplar, and lime, and occurs at the end of May and September : pupa red-
dish-brown : the imago is found at the beginning of June, and at the end of
August.

Not very abundant; taken occasionally at Coombe, Birch, and
Darenth woods ; also at Hertford, and in other places in the me-
tropolitan district. " Near Popping."— ilfr. H. Doiihkdaij.

/'/ 77

Zjruion.Jhil: tnl.J'. .Iff^funj, l..ri,lv. ,',V2.V

notodontid.t;. — ptilophoua. 29

Genus XLIIl. — Ptilophoua * mihi.

Palpi minute, enveloped in dense elongated hairs : maxillae very short. Antennw
slender, of the males furnished with extremely long plumose radii, of the
females subserrated ; head densely pilose, small : eyes moderate : thorax not
crested, pilose: abdomen scarcely elongated, clothed with velvety pile, and
slightly tufted in the male : wings subdiaphanous, pilose ; anterior with the
apex entire, the inner margin obsoletely denticulated ; posterior entire : legs
short, robust, downy: tibiae with minute spurs at the apex. Larva without
dorsal protuberances : pupa subterranean, foUiculated.

This remarkable genus may be known with facility by the peculiar
delicate transparent texture of its pilose wings, which are scarcely
denticulate in the interior margin, by its pilose body and minute
concealed palpi ; the males are further distinguished by having the
antennse furnished with extremely long plumose radii.

Sp. 1. variegata. Plate 14. f. 1. — Alis ochraceo-ferrvgineis, strigd arcuatd

Jlavescente. (Exp. alar. $ 1 unc. 4—6 lin. : ^ 1 unc. 6—8 hn.)
Ph. Bo. variegata. Villars. — Pt. variegata. Steph. Catal. No. 5977.

Head, thorax, and abdomen ochraceous-red : antennae with fuscous radii : an-
terior wings ferruginous ochre, or ferruginous varied with ochraceous, with a
distinct arcuated yellowish striga behind the middle, the nervures dusky, and
the anterior margin and cilia of a deep rusty-brown ; the inner edge densely
margined with elongate hairs: posterior wings pale ferruginous or gray-
brown, sometimes with a very obsolete transverse paler fascia.

Caterpillar smooth yeUowish-green, with a bluish dorsal line, and three dehcate
whitish lateral lines : it feeds on the maple, birch, and sallow, and is found at
the end of May: the pupa is reddish-brown: the imago appears towards the
end of October.

Far from common ; but met with nearly annually in the larva state
at Darenth-wood, which is the only locality that I am acquainted
with, though it probably inhabits other parts. Old specimens are
in tlie collection at the British Museum, and in those of Messrs.
Vigors, Haworth, and Swainson.

Genus XLIV. — Chaonia mihi.

Palpi very minute, slightly porrect, recurved at the base, pilose : maxillae ex-
tremely short. Antennae bipectinated in the males to the apex, in the females
subserrated and ciUated : head small, pilose, with a distinct fascicle of hairs
at the base of each antenna : eyes moderate : thorax shghtly crested : abdomen

Ht/Xov pninu moUi.i, (fi^u fero.

30 HAUSTELLATA. LEPIDOPTERA.

not elongated, clothed with short down : wings opaque, squamous : anterior
entire at the apex, with an obsolete denticulation on the inner edge; posterior
entire: legs short, downy: iihice with spurs at the apex, anterior with a com-
pressed spine. Larva naked, without dorsal protuberances ; anal legs perfect :
pupa subterranean, folliculated.

Chaonia has the anterior wings entire, with a very obsolete pro-
minence on the interior margin ; the thorax very slightly crested,
the abdomen not elongated, the antennae bipectinated to the apex
in the males, and subserrated in the females. The larva has no
dorsal eminences.

Sp. 1. Roboris. Alis anticis cinereis, strigis duabus undaiis albis, lunuldque
medid nigrCt. (Exp. alar. $ 1 unc. 4 — 7 hn. : $ 1 unc. 8 lin.)

No. Roboris. Fabricius. — Don. ix. pi. 299. — Ch. Roboris. Steph. Catal. No.
5978.

Antennae reddish-yellow : head and collar whitish-gray : thorax ashy : abdomen
rusty-gray : anterior wings cinereous, with two undulated white strigae, and
a central broad white fascia, in which is a black lunule ; towards the hinder
margin is an obsolete flexuous whitish striga, and the nervures are dusky:
ciUa gray, interrupted by dusky : posterior wings cinerascent, with two paler
transverse fasciae, and a dusky central lunule and nervures : ciUa dusky, with
whitish spots externally. Female rather darker.

Caterpillar green or brown, with two yellowish dorsal hues, and a paler lateral
one : it feeds on the oak, and is found in the middle of September : the imago
in June.

A scarce species ; taken at Birch, Darenth, Coombe, and Colney-
hatcli woods. — " In Mr. Kirby's garden at Barham." — M?-. Spar-
shall.

Sp. 2. Dodonea. Alis anticis obscure griseis fascia albfi, strigis duabus undatis
albis, maculdgue apicis nigra tripartita. (Exp. alar. ^ 1 unc. 4 — 6 lin. :
$ 1 unc. 6—8 lin.)

Bo. Dodonea. Wien. Verz. — Ch. Dodonea. Steph. Catal. No. 5979. — Ph. trima-
cula. Don. x. pi. 362. f. 2.

Antennae pale-yellowish : head and thorax whitish-gray, the latter dusky-brown
behind ; abdomen ochraceous-yellow : anterior wings obscure grayish-ash,
varied with fuscous at the base, with an obsolete arcuated whitish striga
margined with fuscous ; in the centre is a broad whitish fascia, with a faint
dusky hne, followed by an ashy-gray patch, which reaches to the hinder
margin, and has a somewhat triangular dusky blotch on the costa ; cilia white,
spotted with fuscous : posterior wings grayish-ash, with a paler oblique streak.

Var. fi. Steph. Catal. 1. c. With the base, and a central fascia on the anterior
wings, whitish, the latter with an undated fuscous striga; the rest of the
wing dusky-brown, faintly varied with grayish.

NOTODONTID^. PETASIA. 31

The intensity of the colour, and apparent disposition of the markings, varies
considerably, scarcely two specimens occurring precisely similar; sometimes
the entire insect (except the abdomen) is suffused with dusky, at others it is
nearly white.

Caterpillar green, with a bright orange-yellow lateral line, slightly dotted with
red : it feeds on the oak in September, and the imago is produced in June.

Considerably more abundant than the foregoing, though far from
common : I have repeatedly taken the larva at Birch-wood; and the
insect likewise occurs at Coombe and Darenth woods. " Littleton
copse."— i^^u. G, T. Rudd.

Genus XLV. — Petasia * mihi.

Palpi short, compressed, straight, very hairy, biarticulate, the terminal joint
ovate, subacute : maxiUte nearly obsolete. Antennae elongated, bipectinated to
the apex in the males, subserrated and ciliated in the females : head moderate,
hairy, with two fascicles of elongate scales at the base of each antenna : thorax
not crested; abdomen slightly elongated, scarcely tufted at the apex: antirior
wings elongate, entire, Avith a patch of elongate scales in the middle of the
interior edge : posterior subovate : breast and femora very downy ; anterior
tibiae with a compressed lobe internally, and an acute, bent, glossy spine
exteriorly ; the posterior tibiae with spurs at the apex. Larva naked, fleshy,
with the anal segment gibbous : pupa subterranean.

I have designated this genus from the habits of the larvae, which
(in common with those of the two following genera) assume, while
at rest, the attitude of those of the Sphingidie, and, in addition,

f Sp. 3. Quernea. Alls griseo-cinereis, fasciis tribus undatis albis nigro niar-

ginatis, lunulaque medii albd, posticis albis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 6 — 8 lin.)
Bo. Quernea. Fabricius. — Ch. Quernea. Steph. Catal. No. 5980.

Antennae ferruginous: body griseous: anterior wings griseous-ash, with three
waved white strigae margined with black, with a central white lunule before
the posterior striga : posterior wings whitish.

Caterpillar gibbous behind, green, with four yellow lines and dusky spiracles :
it feeds on the oak.

Of the Bo. Quernea, Fabricius, I have not seen an indigenous specimen ; the
insect described by that name in Lepidoptera Britannica being evidently a
variety of Ch. Dodonea alone, as it does not possess the essential characteristics
of the white central lunule, and the two undulated white fasciae on the anterior
wings, and the white posterior wings, which are peculiar to Bo. Quernea-

nsr«ir(a, pando.

32 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

stretch out their anterior legs to the utmost, whence the name
sprawler, which has been applied to the insect. The present genus
may be known in its imago state by the integrity of its anterior
wings, which are somewhat pilose, and destitute of any real promi-
nence on the interior margin, by the elongation of its antennae,
which are bipectinated in the males alone, and by the acute, bent,
glossy spine on the exterior margin of the anterior tibiae.

Sp. 1. Cassinea. AUs griseis, anticis lineolis spar sis atris, posticis margine
fusco punctato. (Exp. alar. <? 1 unc. 6 — 9 lin. : $ 1 unc. 8 — 10 lin.)

Bo. Cassinea. Fabricius. Don. xii. pi. 397. f. 2. — Pe. Cassinea. Steph. Catal.
No. 5981.

Antennae griseous: head cinereous, with the crown black; thorax cinereous
anteriorly^ with four dusky lines, and a whitish patch on each side : anterior
wings deep cinereous, varied with gray, with a conspicuous streak at the base,
and a second on the interior margin ; the rest of the wing, especially towards
the hinder margin, with smaller, irregularly-scattered, black streaks, and
a faint pale interrupted striga, frequently obsolete at the hinder margin :
posterior wings somewhat cinereous, with a central dusky spot, and ner-
vures: abdomen griseous.

Caterpillar bright green, with a paler dorsal line, and two yellow lines on each
side, united posteriorly, the upper one forming an acute angle on the caudal
segment : it feeds on the hrae, sallow, oak, beech, privet, &c. : pupa brown :
the imago appears at the end of October.

Rare in the imago state, but sufficiently common in the larva,
though difficult to rear: I have repeatedly taken the latter in
plenty at Coombe and Darenth woods, and occasionally near
Hertford. In the New Forest, Hants, the insect is evidently more
abundant than near London. " Taken near Coventry, by Mr.
Mercer."— i?^t;. W. T. Bree.

Genus XLVI. — Peridea*^^?.

Palpi very short, hairy, triarticulate, the basal and terminal joints minute:
maxillas short. Antenna elongate, serrated, bipectinated nearly to the apex in
the males : head small, pilose : thorax slightly crested, robust, hairy : abdomen
scarcely elongated, rather stout, slightly tufted at the apex : thorax and body
beneath very downy : legs short, stout, densely clothed with hair and down to
the middle of the tarsi ; anterior tibice with a spineiform lobe on the inner
margin : wings entire, subdiaphanous ; anterior lanceolate-ovate, with a single
prominence on the inner margin. Larvanaked, without dorsal protuberances.

ris^/Ss*;;, nieticitlosiis.

N0T0D0NTID.1l. — ENDROMIS. 33

the back slightly rugose, the sides obliquely streaked: j^upa folliculated,,
the folliculus placed on the surface of the ground.

Peridea has considerable affinity in the final state to Stauropus,
and in the primary to Petasia and Endromis ; but, as shown in the
note appended to the genus Lasiocampa, it cannot be inserted in
its true situation in a linear series : it has subdiaphanous and
elongate wings, with the hinder margin entire, and one dorsal pro-
minence; by which characters, united with the serrated antennae, and
robustness of the legs, it may be known from the rest of the family.
The larva and imago, when touched, tremble as if in fear, and the
pupa is not buried beneath the surface of the ground.

Sp. 1. serrata. Alis anticis griseis, strigis maculis hinulfique media ftiscis,
posticis paUidis, margine anteriori cinereo. (Exp. alar. $ 2 unc. 2 — 3 lin. :
$ 2 unc. 3—7 hn.)

Bo. serrata. Thunberg.—Ve. serrata. Steph. Catal. No. 5982.— Ph. tritopha.
Bon. X. pi. 359.

Griseous ; the anterior wings with two obsolete abbreviated dusky strigte at the
base, the basal one darkest, and the other before the middle ; the_^spaceK!be-
tween darker than the rest of the wings, and margined on the inner edge with
the dorsal prominence, which is black : the hinder part of the wing is cineras-
cent, and has a fuscous or obsoletely-rufescent lunule, edged with griseous,
near the middle, followed by a faint undulated striga, then two' lineo!£e|to-
wards the apex, and an irregular row of dull ferruginous spots towards the
hinder margin ; the latter has a row of dusky lunules, and the cilia are
brownish, immaculate: posterior wings yellowish- white, with the anterior
margin clouded with cinereous : abdomen brownish.

Caterpillar Ught-green, with two whitish dorsal lines and red and yellow oblique
lateral stripes; legs red: it feeds on the oak, and is found in the autumn: the
imago appears at the end of June.

Having employed the term Peridea to this genus as expressive of the habits of
the larva and imago, which appear to be rather generic than specific, I have
been compelled to drop the older namesof Fabricius and the Wiener Verzeich-
nis as being synonymous, and adopt the one used by Thunberg.

Not common : I once took a fine pair on a stunted oak in Rich-
mond-park : and I have seen it captured both in Coombe and
Darenth woods : it likewise occurs at Birch-M'ood.

Genus XLVII. — Endromis, Ochsenheimer.

Palpi very short, hairy, compressed, recurved, obtuse : maxilla' obsolete. Antennae

fihform, closely bipectinated in both sexes, the bipectinations shortest in the

female, and in both sexes incurved, and terminating rather abruptly at the

apex : head, thorax, and abdomen thickly clothed with very fine, long hairs,

Haustellata. Vol. II. 1st November, 1828. d

34 HAUSTELLATA, — LEPIDOPTERA.

which also envelope the base of the wings : wings broad, subtriangular, entire,
somewhat diaphanous, pilose, without a dorsal prominence : cilia extremely
short: /eg-,s slender ; hinder tibiw with a minute pair of spurs at the apex
only. Larva naked, attenuated in front, with a pyramidal elevation at the
anal segment, and oblique lateral stripes: pupa folliculated, not subterranean.

This beautiful genus was first characterized by Ochsenheimer,
in the fourth volume of his Schmetterlinge ; and shortly afterwards
Dr. Leach discriminated it as a genus, by the name Dorvillia, in
the Edinburgh Encyclopaedia, without characters, or being aware
of Ochsenheimer's labours, his work not having reached this country
at the time. It differs from all the foregoing by having the antennae
bipectinated in both sexes, the bipectinations being convoluted
and scarcely diminishing at the apex of the antennae, by the brevity
of the cilia, which are scarcely perceptible, by the width and
transparency of its wings, and by its densely-pilose thorax and
abdomen.

Sp. 1. versicolora. AHs griseis, anticis strigis duabus lunuMque nigris albo
innatis, viaculisque tribus ad apicem thoraceque antice albis. (Exp. alar. $
2 unc. 4 — 6 hn. : $ 2 unc. 10 hn. — 3 unc. 6 hn.)

Ph. Bo. versicolora. Linne.—Entom. Trans. (NealeJ, \ 323. pi 8. ^, $ larva.
— En. versicolora. Steph. Catal. No. 5983.

AntennfE black: male with the thorax anteriorly white, posteriorly fulvous,
mixed with whitish: abdomen fulvous, with a black patch on the second
segment : anterior wings with a white fascicle of hairs at the base ; griseous,
with two dusky-black strigae, the first before the middle bent outwardly, and
edged with white inwardly, the second behind the middle, flexuous and
biangulated towards the inner margin, and bordered externally with white :
between them is a black lunule, pointing outwards ; the hinder portion of the
wing is deep griseous, with three oblique, subdiaphanous, triangular, united
white spots at the apex, and each nervure on the hinder margin with a dilated
wedge-formed whitish streak: posterior wings tawny-orange, with an un-
dulated dusky striga, and central lunule, and a dusky patch on the anterior
margin, bordered posteriorly with white : female larger griseous- white, with
the thorax and anterior wings nearly as in the male, but paler : abdomen
whitish, with the second segment dusky.

Caterpillar green, minutely speckled with black below, with obhque lateral
yellow streaks, a yellow line on the tliree anterior segments, and on the tail,
and yc How anterior legs : it feeds on the birch, alder, hazel, beech, and lime,
and appears in June : pupa brown, with a spine at the apex : imago appears
in April.
For several successive years I found the larvae of this beautiful

insect at Darenth-wood, and succeeded in tracing their progress to

perfection, but lost many from being unable to devote sufficient

fiOMBYCID^. 35

attention thereto. 1 have also seen the insect three or fonr times
in April, at Coombe-wood, flying, in the afternoon : it is, however,
uncommon, but very widely dispersed. " Taken near Plymouth."
— Dr. Leach. " Near Ipswich, in April last." — Ilcv. W. Kirhij.
" On Ashdown-forest, Sussex, rather abundantly in the larva state,
about ten years since." — Mr. Stone.

Family III.— BOMBYCIDiE.

Palpi usually very small, and nearly concealed, mostly triarticulate : 7naxiJl(v
generally wanting, or extremely short, not spiral. Antennae rather short,
bipectinated, in the males especially, or serrated in the females ; the bipec-
tinations rarely diverging, but mostly approximating towards each other an-
teriorly: thoi^ax not crested; body stout, generally tufted at the apex, par-
ticularly in some females : wings horizontal, or deflexed, frequently reversed.
Males smaller than the females. Larva naked, with a verrucose ring on each
segment, bearing several diverging whirls of hair; or pilose, with distinct
fascicles of hair on the sides : pupa with the segments simple, rarely subter-
ranean, enclosed in a folliculus, which is frequently of a firm and rigid texture.

The prevailing characteristic of the Bombycidse is their want of
maxillse, or having mere rudiments thereof, and consequently use-
less to the animal : the palpi are wanting, or generally remarkably
small in comparison to the magnitude of the insects, wdiich are
amonffst the largest of the Linnean Phalsenai. Their habits are
highly interesting, and one of the most curious is the assembling of
the males of most of the species by a virgin female. The males, in
general, fly swiftly in the day-time, fronii about noon to four or five
©""clock in the day, and again in the evening ; but the females are
usually very sluggish and inactive. The larvae are frequently gre-
garious, and are invariably furnished with sixteen legs, and in the
conterminous genera alone have one or more dorsal tubercular
points or elevations ; they are usually pilose, and in some of the
genera their hair has the property of creating much irritation and
pain when applied to the skin : the pupa is rarely subterranean, but
is enclosed in a folliculus, which is very commonly of a firm con-
sistence. From the habits of the Bombycidpe being so greatly
diversified, it becomes necessary to divide them into several genera,
although, from the paucity of characters in the order Lepidoptera,
the distinctions between them appear but trifling; nevertheless, if
distinguishing names, whether capriciously termed genera or sub-
genera, are to be given to animals having dissimilar habits and

J>2

36

HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

Structure (and such seems to be the received opinion by the best
writers), the following must necessarily be required to include all
the indigenous species, and may be known by external characters,
as below : their prevalent tints are griseous or fawn-colour.

integrae; |
omnes -j

ocellatae :
Antennaruni arti- '
cuius singulits

uniramosus vel unidentatus :

inocel
lata:
anticce ■

biramosus vel bidentatus ;
subdiaphansB, elongatae, C nulla

macula centrali <

( alba;
'rotun- ( vix hirsuta:
datas:

Cauda < valde ( rectee :
hirsuta :

opacae, sub-
abbreviatae,

postice

plus minusve
denticulatce : Pal

Antennae -

I sub-ar-
_ cuatffi :
subtruncataj, subacutae ;
, J sub-breves ,

'■elongata;: i4tea«^ira7-| , f. '. '

48, AGhlA.

49. Saturnia.

52. PtECILOCAMPA.

53. Eriogastee.

50. Lasiocampa.

51. Trichiura.

54. Cnethocampa.

55. Clisiocampa.

56. eutricha.

57. Odonestis.

58. GaSTRO PACHA.

Genus XLIX. — Saturnia, Schrank.

Palpi and maxillce obsolete, their place occupied by a dense tuft of hair. Antennoe
subcylindric, very short; of the male bipcctinated, the pectinations divergent^
and diminishing in length to the apex of the antennae, each joint of which
bears two ramifications internally and externally; female with each joint
bidentate: head small, scarcely visible from above: thorax stout, densely
pilose ; abdomen abbreviated in the males ; rather elongate and stout in the
females, pilose, slightly tufted at the apex : wings broad, horizontally expanded
during repose, entire, rounded, posterior ones simple: cilia very short. Larvce
naked, with a coloured ring on each segment, adorned with several whirls of
hair, placed upon distinct warts : pvpa enclosed in a rigid pyriform folliculus.

The broad, horizontally extended, subdiaphanous wings of Sa-
turnia, which have the cilia so short as to be scarcely perceptible,
well distinguish the genus from the rest of this family : and from
Aglia, which resembles it in the first particular, the biramose
articulations of the antennse and want of palpi separate it.

Genus XLVIII. — Aglia, Ochsenheimer .

Palpi distinct, rather short, clothed with scales, compressed, triarticulate, ter-
minal joint short, ovate: maxillce obsolete. Aiitennce short; of the male bipec-
tinated, each joint bearing a single pectination, the latter diminishing in length
towards the apex of the antennse ; female with each joint unidentate, not
pectinated: head moderate: Mo /-ffar rather short, pilose: abdomen moderate.

BOMBYCIDJE. SATURNIA. 3T

Sp. 1. Pavonia. Alls griseo cinereoque nebulosis fasciatisque, ocello nictitante
subfenestrato. (Exp. alar. ^ 2 unc. 6—10 lin. : $ 2 unc. 6. lin. — 3 unc.
6lin.)

Ph. At. Pavonia. Linne. — Harris, pi. 25. f. b. g. d. — Sa. Pavonia. Stepk. Catal.
No. 5985.

Antenna? cinereous: male with the thorax and abdomen fulvous, the former
white anteriorly : anterior wings griseous, irrorated with whitish, with three
strigae, the first oblique, abbreviated, purplish, edged with black; the second
behind the middle considerably waved and purphsh, edged with black ; the last
on the hinder margin whitish, the margin itself dusky: between the two anterior
strigjE is an elongate whitish patch, in which is a large nictitating ocellus,
having a black pupil, with a white lunule, or griseous iris, encircled with black,
and bearing a bluish lunule towards the base of the wing : the apex of the
wing is purplish, with one or two black, white, and rufous spots : posterior
wings tawny-ferruginous, slightly clouded with griseous, with a central nicti-
tating ocellus, as in the anterior, a griseous posterior fascia, and a dusky or
purplish hinder margin. Female larger and paler, thorax brown posteriorly :
abdomen fuscous, with the margins of the segments whitish.

Both sexes vary considerably, especially the females : in some specimens of the
latter all the wings are beautifully suffused with purplish; in others, the
margin and strigae of the anterior wings alone are purplish, and some are
nearly destitute of the purplish hue : the bulk also varies.

pilose, tufted at the apex : wings entire^ broad, horizontally expanded ; poste-
rior simple : cilia moderate. Larva naked, fleshy, the back subnodose : pupa
slightly hairy, folliculated.

\ Sp. 1. Tau. Alls testaceis, ocello subviolacco pupilld hastatd albd. (Exp. alar.

$ 2 unc. 10 lin. : $ 3 unc. 3 lin.)
Ph. At. Tau. Linne.— Martyn. — Ag. Tau. Steph. Catal. No. 5984.

Testaceous : wings above with a slightly arcuated dusky line near the posterior
margin, with a large discoidal subviolaceous ocellus on each, having a white
mark, resembling the letter T, for a pupil : beneath paler, or yellowish :
anterior with an ocellus as above, a faint dusky streak towards the hinder
margin, and a pale spot at the apex on the costa ; posterior pale testaceous,
with a trifid central white spot on an oblique deep broad streak, with a whitish
line on the hinder margin, and another parallel with it, between it and the
central blotch. Female similar, but of a paler colour, and larger.

Caterpillar green, with oblique lateral white streaks : when young it bears five
elongate rufous dorsal appendages : it feeds on birch, lime, hazel, oak, willow,
beech, alder, and fruit trees : the pupa is brown : the male flies by day (in
May).

" The place of this fine species in Lepidoptera Britannica rests solely on the
authority of Martyn, in his Aurelian's Vade Mec\x\n."—Haworth, L.B. 79.
It has not occurred in Britain, to my knowledge, subsequcully to the appear-
ance of the above note in 1802.

38 HAUSTELLATA. LEPIDOPTERA.

Claterpillar gregarious, and black when young, afterwards green, annulated witli
blackj witli verticillated hairy red and yellow warts on the black band : it is
found on heath (Erica vulgaris), blackthorn, alder, oak, bramble, rose, elder,
willow, birch, strawberry, fruit-trees, whortleberry (Faccinium MyrtiUus),
Ike. during the autumn, and constructs a hard pyriform cocoon, covered with
a fuscous down, in which they change to pupse, which emerge in April,
though sometimes they remain two seasons in that state : the pupa is brown,
and very obtuse.

Common in several places near London ; in the hollow of Coombe-
wood ; at Hertford, Ripley, &c. " Not unfrequent in Horningsea
and Swaffham fens."" — Rev. L. Jenyns. " On heath, near Netley,
Salop, very common." — Kev. F. W. Hope. " Common in Plaistow-
marshes in August last." — A. Cooper^ Esq. " Abundant on heaths,
near Scarborough." — Mr. Williamson. " Near Manchester, but ap-
parently rare till recently, when numbers of males were captured
by taking the opposite sex into the fields." — T. Marshall, Esq.

Genus L. — Lasiocampa*, Schrank.

Palpi minute, short, porrected, very hairy, triarticulate ; basal joints of equal
length; terminal joint minute, ovate: maxillw obsolete. Antennw straight,
deeply bipectinated in the males to the apex, serrated in the females : head
small : thorax robust : abdomen, moderate, tufted, somewhat cleft at the apex,
in the males; robust, and scarcely tufted, in the females: wings entire,
rounded, deflexed, and slightly reversed during repose : cilia distinct. Larva
cylindrical and hairy, curls up when disturbed : pupa obtuse, enclosed in an
egg-shaped cocoon of firm consistence ; or an elongate dense folliculus.

The texture, integrity, and comparative elongation of the wings

* The vastness of entomological science renders it replete with difficulties,
when the attempt is made to reduce every species to its proper genus, by reason
of the almost innumerable genera that appear requisite : and the present family
fully exemplifies the above position, if the groups termed genera are to consist
of objects having similar habits and structures, as, unless all those here proposed
be adopted, it is manifest that species of dissimilar habits, &c. must be impro-
perly associated together; though, in extensive genera, the conterminous species
frequently differ considerably from the types. Again, Lasiocampa and the
cognate genera conspicuously illustrate the absolute impossibility of placing
natural objects in a linear series of affinity, while they tend to show the circular
disposition which appears to prevail throughout nature, as I have endeavoured
to represent by a diagram in my Catalogue, which clearly exhibits the utter
im.p7-act{cability of placing every subject in its proper situation by the ordinary
linear method of communication, and the facility with which they may be
arranged circularly, as nearly every group hitherto treated of in these volumes
may be disposed.

BOMBYCID^. LASIOCAMPA. 39

of Lasiocampa, combined with the strongly bipectinated antennae of
the males, and scarcely pilose tibise, well distinguish that sex from
the rest of the Bombycidse; and the females are known by having
the abdomen very robust, scarcely tufted, the antennae straight, the
legs slender and scarcely pilose ; the wings entire, and not sub-
diaphanous.

Sp. 1. Rubi. Alls cervinis immaculatis, anticis strigis duabus albidis. (Exp.
alar. $ 2 unc. 4 — 6 lin. : $ 2 unc. 6 — 8 lin.)

Ph. Bo. Rubi. Linne.—Don. iii, pi. 87.— La. Rubi. Steph. Catal. No. 5986.

Male entirely of a lively reddish-fawn colour above ; the anterior wings, with
the posterior margin, rather darkest, with two nearly parallel oblique whitish
streaks. Female pale ashy-brown; in other respects similar to the male,
excepting the slender antenna;.

Var. li. The anterior wings with one (the hinder) posterior striga above.

Var. y. The anterior wings with the two strigae united, and forming a broad
whitish band.

The position of the strigae varies considerably.

Caterpillar velvety black, with pale yeUow rings, when young; afterwards black
below, ferruginous above, with black rings : it feeds on the bramble, appearing
in September, hving throughout the winter, and changing in the spring to
a dusky pupa, annulated with luteous, in an elongate silken foUiculus : the
imago is produced towards the end of May, or beginning of June.

The habit of this species somewhat removes it from the genus : which is also
apparent from the structure of its foUiculus, which closely resembles that
formed by the larva of Gastropacha.

Not uncommon in woody plains and extensive heaths throughout
the metropolitan district, and in other parts ; at Shooter''s-hill, Hert-
ford, Wimbledon-common, &c. I have frequently taken it. " Near
Matlock."— i^^y. F. W. Hope. " Epping.'"— i//-. H. Douhleday.
" In profusion on the heaths near Stockton, in Yorkshire." — L.
JRudd, Esq.

Sp. 2. Trifolii. Alts hi utroque sexu griseo-ferrugineis, anticis puncio albo
lineSque repandd lividi, posticis immaculatis. (Exp. alar. $ 2 — 4 lin.: 9
2 unc. 4—6 Un.)

Ph. Bo. TrifoUi. Fahricius. — Linn. Trans. (Lewin) iii. pi. 2. f. 1—4. — La.
Trifolii. Steph. Catal. No. 5987.

The radii of the antennae, head, thorax, abdomen, and wings of a rusty-griseous,
paler in the female: anterior wings darkest at the base, with a whitish or
cream-coloured discoidal spot, and a livid or ocliraceous slightly flexuous line
towards the hinder margin: posterior immaculate: shaft of the antennte
ochraceous.

Caterpillar pale fuscous or ochraceous, with the incisures spotted with blue, and

40 HAUSTELLATA. LEPIDOPl'EUA.

a red collar ; it feeds on the Purple Trefoil ( Trifolium pratense). Yellow Medick
{Medicago Julcuta), and Plantain: it appears early in the summer^ and spins
a loose web, in which it changes to a yellowish-brown pupa, in a hard reddish-
yellow foUiculus ; the imago is found in July and August.

Rare near London : it was formerly taken in tolerable plenty by
the late Mr. Levvin, in some chalky fields, near Darenth-wood,
though of late years it has not occurred in that neighbourhood: but
the modern specimens have been found in the New-forest, Hants,
where the insect appears to be not very uncommon.

Sp. 3. Medicaginis. A lis luteo-cinereis, anticis puncto albo fasciisque duabus
albidis,posticis strigdobliteratd albidd. (Exp. alar. $ 2unc.2 — 4lin. : ^2unc.
4—7 lin.)

Bo. Medicaginis. Borkhausen. — La. Medicaginis. Curtis, iv. pi. 181. — Steph.

Catal No. 5988.

Antennae pale ochraceous, with a yellowish shaft : head, thorax, abdomen, and
wings dull rusty-chestnut, paler in the female : anterior wings with a central
white spot, and two whitish or ochraceous fasciae, the first abbreviated and
sinuated near the base, the other beyond the middle, a Uttle flexuous and ob-
scurely denticulated on the interior edge, the hinder margin of the wing pale
castaneous : posterior wings rather darkest at the base, with an obscure whitish
bent striga passing through the middle.

Caterpillar ochraceous-yellow, with the incisures blackish-blue, and oblique white
streaks on the sides : it feeds on various kinds of Medick (Medicago), in
June, and in July changes to a brownish pupa, with a greenish abdomen, in
a brown folhculus : the moth appears in August.

Whether this (or rather whether the indigenous specimens which are presumed
to be synonymous with the La. Medicaginis, Ochs.) be truly distinct from
the preceding, I am not, from experience, prepared to affirm ; but my friend,
Mr. Ingpen, decidedly bred a single example from a number of larvae obtained
in July, 1827, from near Brockenhurst, which did not differ in the slightest
degree from each other. Further observations are therefore requisite before
we arrive at the truth.

I obtained a pair of this species from the collection of the late
Mr. Francillon ; and there are several specimens in the British
Museum, which were captured near Bristol: others are in the ca-
binets of Messrs. Stone and Ingpen, from the New-forest; those
in the former collection were found in the larva state near Lynd-
hurst, in company with La. Trifolii.

Sp. 4. Quercus. Alis maris suturate brunneis, foemincE luteo-brunneis, fascid
interne arcuatu Jlavfx pone medium, anticis puncto medio albo, liturSque Jlavd
ad basin. (Exp. alar. $ 2 unc. 6 — 10 lin. : $ 3 unc. 1—3 hn.)

Ph. Bo. Quercus. Linnc.~Lsi. Quercus. Sicj^h. Catal. A'^o. 5989.

BOMBYCin>E. LASIOCAMPA. 41

Male with the radii of the antennse, thorax, abdomen, and wings very deep chest-
nut-brown j the latter with a broad yeUow fascia, arcuated and margined
abruptly interiorly, rather shaded off towards the hinder margin, which has a
broad chestnut-brown fimbria : the anterior wings have a central white spot,
usually triangular, and a conspicuous yellow patch (as particularly mentioned
by Linne) at the base : the anterior wings have brown cilia, the posterior yel-
lowish mixed with brown. Female larger, similarly marked, but much paler,
being in general of a luteous colour, with the hinder margins of aU the wings
palest. Both sexes vary considerably in colour.

Caterpillar oclu-aceous, with black rings, and obhque white streaks on the sides :
it feeds on the ash, birch, sloe, willow, oak, hornbeam, whitethorn, and broom,
and is found in June and July : cocoon dusky : imago appears in August.

Rare near London ; but very abundant in the New-forest and
in Devonshire, &c. " Common near Barnstaple." — If. Raddon,
Esq. " Near Dublin, not iinfrequent." — N. A. Vigors, Esq.

Sp. 5. Roboris? AUs maris brunneis, Jceminw luteis, fascia suharcuatd pone
medium, anticis puncto-subrotundato albo. (Exp. alar. $ 2 unc. 6 — lOlin. :
o 2 unc. 10 hn. — 3 unc. 4 lin.)

La. Roboris? Schrank.—Vh.. Bo. Quercus. Don. iv. pi 104./ 1. $ f,2^}~
Steph. Catal. No. 5990.

Similar to the last, but paler : the anterior wings without the yellow patch at the
base ; the central white spot generally rounded, the yeUow fascia more dilated,
and straighter internally ; the hinder margin of the posterior wings with a
very narrow brown fimbria ; the cilia immaculate yeUow or luteous. Female
luteous, as in the last, but stouter, with comparatively broader and rounder
wings and straighter yellowish fasciae. This insect also varies much in colom*.

Caterpillar luteous, with black rings, an interrupted row of white spots on the
back, and oblique white and luteous streaks on the sides : cocoon luteous.

Are this and the preceding insect truly distinct } they certainly differ consider-
ably in their larva, and also in their intermediate and final states; and
from the circmnstance of the present insect abounding so greatly in the vicinity

•j- Sp. 6. Dumeti. AUs fuscescentibus anticis puncto, fascia marginegue postico

luteis. (Exp. alar. 2 unc. 6 — 10 Hn.)
Ph. Bo. Dumeti. Linne. — Twr^ora (!)— La.? Dumeti. Steph. Catal. No. 5991 .

Antennae yellowish : head and thorax luteous, abdomen dusky : wings fuscous,
with a luteous anteriorly repanded fascia and posterior luteous margin : the
anterior with a subtrigonal luteous spot before the fascia.

Caterpillar brown, with yellow dots and black transverse spots : it feeds on let-
tuce, dandelion, &c. : changes to a subterranean pupa. Said by Stewart to
inhabit Britain; but I suspect without sufficient authority. It probably be-
longs to another genus, as its habit appears somewhat different from the true
Lasiocampae.

42 HAUSTELLATA. LEPIDOPTERA.

of the metropolis, while the true Ph. Quercus of Linnd is but rarely found
within that district, although it abounds in the New-forest, in Devonshire,
and near Dublin, I am induced to consider them at least as distinct as La.
Medicaginis is from La. Trifolii.

Common in the neighbourhood of London ; especially at Darenth-
wood, near Hertford and Ripley ; also near Dover, Hastings, and
Brighton. " Epping." — Mr. H, Douhleday. " Not uncommon in
Cambridgeshire." — Rev, L. Jenyns.

Genus LI. — Trichiura * mihi.

Palpi very minute, concealed by elongate hairs, triarticulate ; basal joint as long
as the second, and stouter; terminal joint minute, ovate: inaxiUw obsolete.
Antenna' straight, short, bipectinated in the males, serrated in the females :
head moderate, densely pilose, distinctly visible from above: thorax stout,
pilose: abdomen slender, with an elongate sub-bifid tuft at the apex in the
males, very robust in the females, with a dense woolly mass at the tip : wings
rounded at the apex, not reversed during repose, abbreviated in both sexes :
legs short, stout, densely clothed with elongate hairs to the claws. Larva
cylindrical, hairy, solitary : pupa stout, enclosed in an ovate rigid cocoon.

If the term genus be employed, as it ought, in the sense alluded
to in p. 38, doubtless other characters, besides mere outline must
be sought for to discriminate the genera of Lepidoptera ; that Tri-
chiura offers other distinguishing marks by which it may be divided
from Clisiocampa, is very readily shown, and that its habits are
totally dissimilar has been known more than a century. The female
Trichiura lays her eggs in irregular longitudinal stripes on the bark
of trees, covering them with down from the apex of her abdomen.
Clisiocampa, on the contrary, deposits them in a solid compact ring,
round a slender twig, without any protection : the larvse of Trichiura,
when hatched, very speedily separate, and do not form a general
nest; whereas those of Clisiocampa form a general web, which they
increase in bulk until it becomes nearly as large as a man's head,
and do not separate till they have vuidergone their final moult, pre-
viously to their change to pupae ; in fact, they are so truly gregarious,
that the young larvae almost invariably die if separated from their
companions: again, when the larvae of Trichiuraf change to pupae,

* &i>4 villus, eu^a Cauda.

f This and the following genera, as well as most of the new genera of Lep.
Pomeridiana, employed in this work, were proposed by me upwards of ten years

bombycid;r. — pcecilocampa. 43

they form a hard oval egg-like cocoon, not a subfusiform double
silken web, suffused with a loose powder, as formed by those of
Clisiocampa ; the imago differs from that of the genus last named
by having the ahtennse straight, serrated in the females ; the wings
rounded, obtuse, and abbreviated in both sexes ; the legs stout, and
very pilose ; the abdomen strongly tufted in both sexes, and of the
female furnished at its extremity with a downy mass; the head
distinct and very hairy, and the proportions of the palpi different.

Sp. 1. Crataegi. Alts cinereis, strigis duahus, aut fascia obscuriore fuscis. (Exp.
alar. $ 1 unc. 1—3 lin. : ? 1 unc. 2—5 lin.)

Ph. Bo. Cratsgi. LinnL—Don. iv. pi. 1 17.— Tr. Crataegi. Steph. Catal No. 5992.

Antenna? fuscous : thorax and abdomen ashy-gray : anterior wings cinereous,
with an incurved striga before the middle, arising from the base of the wing,
and reaching to the costa, near which it makes an acute angle, and behind the
middle another, very much angulatcd, dusky-black ; between these the colour
is usually darker, with generally an obsolete dusky central spot; the hinder
margin is cinereous, with a row of minute fuscous spots on the margin, and
frequently an undulated dusky striga: posterior wings brownish, with an ob-
hque darker bar. Female darker, fuscous: the anterior wings with two un-
dulated strigse, obscurely edged with whitish; posterior immaculate.

Both sexes vary considerably in size and colour; the male has the striga; on the
anterior wings sometimes nearly obliterated : and the female has frequently
several whitish transverse waved or angulatcd striga.-.

Caterpillar black, with luteous hairs and white fascia;, and a few rusty spots ; the
sides with an interrupted streak of whitish spots : it feeds on whitethorn, sloe,
and willow : changes to a dusky-brown pupa in June, and the imago appears
in September.

Not common, though not unfrequently met with near Darenth,
Birch, and Coombe woods. " Epping." — Mr. H. Douhleduij.

GeN'US LII. PCFXILOCA.MPA* mihi.

Palpi extremely minute, subglobose, enveloped in slender elongate hairs : maxilhB
obsolete. Antennae densely bipectinated in the males, the pectinations scarcely
decreasing towards the apex, strongly serrated in the females : head very small

since, and the collection of insects at the Exeter Institution arranged in con-
formity therewith in 1821, although several of them have been recently pub-
lished from a transcript of rny original catalogue under other names. A com-
parison betAveen the genera of Ochsenheimer, Latreille, Germar, &c. with those
herein given, wiU readily show how far I have been anticipated, and my divisions
adopted.

• Tio$y.i>.'j; varixLs: y.v.fy.-rr, cruca.

44 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

and hairy : thorax stx)ut and hairy : abdomen abbreviated, tufted in the male,
and pilose laterally in both sexes, the female without a downy mass at the
apex : wings entire, elongate, acute, subdiaphanous, not reversed during repose:
legs with i\ve femora and tihice pilose. Larva slightly hairy, a little depressed,
maculated, not gregarious : pupa short, obtuse, enclosed in a silken follicvdus,
superficially subterranean.

The same principles which authorize the disunion of the insects
comprised in the genus Lasiocampa of Schrank, or the separation
of Trichiura from Clisiocampa, justify the establishment of this
genus, as it differs from Eriogaster in habit and structure, as much
as Clisiocampa does from Lasiocampa; the males have their an-
teunse more densely pectinated and stouter than in Eriogaster, and
the females are destitute of the woolly apex to their abdomen ; thus
also differing from those of Cnethocampa, which, with the following
genus, resembles them in the texture of their wings. Larva soli-
tary : pupa obtuse : eggs naked.

Sp. 1. PopuU. Fusca, thorace antice pallida, alis fuscescentibus, striga sesqiii-
altera repandd albCi, anticis basi pallide brunneis. (Exp. alar. $ 1 unc. 3 — 5
lin. : ? 1 unc. 2—8 lin.)

Ph. Bo. Populi. Linne.—Don. ix. pL 307. $.— Pee. Popuh. Steph. Catal.
No. 3993.

Thorax dusky or black, anteriorly pale griseous, or castaneous : anterior wings
fuscescent, with the base, and a slender dash on the inner margin, castaneous-
brown ; an incurved pale striga near the base, not reaching to the inner mar-
gin, and a second undulated and more distinct one behind the middle : cilia
fuscous, spotted with griseous : posterior wings with an oblique pale striga :
abdomen fuscous, or tawny brown. Female similar.

Caterpillar cinereous, darker and varied on the back, with two pair of reddish
dots on each segment ; it varies much : and feeds on oak, aspen, birch, poplar,
lime, whitethorn, rose, and fruit trees, and is found in June ; changes in a
silken foUiculus in the earth : pupa anteriorly brown, posteriorly reddish : the
imago appears in December.

Not common, found in the lanes about Darenth, Birch, and
Coombe woods, and near Hertford. " Near Leatherhead." — W,
Raddon, Esq. " Coleshill."— l^c-t;. W. T. Bree. " Rare near York."
— W. C. Hewitson, Esq. " Ongar-park." — Mr. H. Doubleday.

Genus LIIL — Eriogaster, Germar.

Palpi short, distinctly triarticulate, the basal joint longest and stoutest, the ter-
minal minute, ovate, subacute; maxilla; obsolete. Antennce bipectinated in
the males, the pectinations decreasing in length to the apex, slightly serrated
in the females: head small, pilose: thorax very stout, pilose above and below:

BOMBYCIDiE. ERIOGASTER. 45

abdomen robust and elongate in the females; moderate, and rather abbreviated
in the males ; densely clothed in both sexes with short down, and the apex in
the female with a large wooUy mass : wings elongate, entire, subdiaphanous,
slightly reversed during repose: cilia short: legs short, femora and tibiae
densely clothed with wool. Larva gregarious, cylindric, pilose, semi-annulated:
pupa short, obtuse, not dentate at the apex, enclosed in a rigid ovate cocoon.

From the preceding and following genera, which somewhat
resemble Eriogaster in the texture of their wings, this may be
known by the stoutness and woolliness of their bodies, especially
of the females, and the brevity of the cilia : the males are further
distinguished from those of Poecilocampa by the more slender and
acuminated antennse, and from Cnethocampa by their comparatively
greater length and straightness ; and the females from those of the
former genus by the downy mass at the apex of the abdomen, and
from those of the latter by the superior bulk of their body and
tenuity of their antennse. Larvae gregarious, inhabiting a general
nest, which they enlarge from time to time, leaving it during the
night in search of food, but returning before morning, and finally
quitting it when they are about to undergo their change, which
they effect on the surface of the ground, in an oval rigid cocoon :
eggs deposited in an irregular mass on slender branches, and
covered by a cinereous down.

Sp. 1. Lanestris. Alis subferrugineis, strigd alba, anticis puncto basique albis.

(Exp. alar. $ 1 unc. 2 — 4 lin. : $ 1 unc. 6 — 10 lin.)
Ph. Bo. Lanestris. Linne. — Bon. vi. pi 310. ?. — Er. Lanestris. Steph. Catal.

No. 5994.

Antennae brownish-yeUow : thorax brown or griseous : abdomen fuscous at the
base, the apex paler : the anterior wings subferruginous, with a large spot at
the base (with a dark cloud in the centre in the male), and another on the
disc, and an obsoletely denticulated incurved striga behind the middle white :
the hinder margin rather ashy : ciha griseous, interrupted by whitish : posterior
wings, cinerascent in the male, griseous in the female, with an obsolete central
striga. Female larger, with the downy mass at the apex of the abdomen
cinereous.

Both sexes vary considerably, the hinder margin of the anterior wings is some-
times without the ashy shade.

Caterpillar black, or brownish, with two red patches on each segment between
abbreviated subannular white streaks, and a yellowish lateral line : it feeds upon
sloe, birch, lime, willow, fruit trees, whitethorn, &c. in June : pupa brown :
imago flies in February and March.

Not uncommon, at times, in the neighbourhood of Darenth-wood,
and in other places near the metropolis. I have occasionally seen

46 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA. .'

twenty or thirty nests of the larvae in the hedges round Hertford
during one season, while in others not a single example has occurred.
" Larvse frequent in certain seasons, near Bottisham/'' — Rev. L.
Jenyns. " Epping." — Mr. H. Douhleday.

Genus LIV. — Cnethocampa* milii.

Palpi very short, enveloped in elongate hairs, triarticulate, the basal joint
longer and stouter than the second, terminal minute, slender, rather acute :
maxiUce obsolete. Anteiince short, sUghtly curved, bipectinated in the males,
serrated in the females, the pectinations gradually decreasing in length to the
apex: head distinctly visible from above: thorax stout, hairy: abdomenr&^er
elongate, tufted, the apex of the female with a woolly mass : wings slightly
reversed, obscurely diaphanous : cilia not abbreviated : legs slender : femora
and tibice pilose. Larva gregarious, cyhndrical, hairy : pupa also gregarious,
obtuse, bidentate posteriorly, enclosed in a rigid cocoon.

In a comment on the genus Gastropacha, it is remarked, with
reference to the great difficulty of characterizing Lepidopterous
genera, from the obscurity of the trophi, that " the characters to be
derived from the habits of the species will only be sufficient to divide
them into Jhmilies ;" but it is evident that their habits, as in other
departments of nature, sufficiently point out genera when duly in-
vestigated, and it is equally evident that a genus which contains
such discordant insects as a union of this, Trichiura, and Clisio-
campa (without pointing out the peculiar habits, &c. of the respec-
tive species), must not only be strictly artificial, and lead to error,
but clearly shows the absurdity of attempting to reduce genera,
which, it has been justly observed, cannot be done with impunity,
when the advancement of science is the j)rimarif object in view.
Cnethocampa, in common with the two preceding genera, has the
wings somewhat elongated in both sexes ; from the first, the
males differ by the tenuity and brevity of the antennae and
their pectinations, and the females by having a downy tuft at
the apex of their abdomen ; from Eriogaster, both sexes differ by
the elongation of the cilia, exclusively of differences in the tropin,
&c. : the habits of the larvae, as hereafter noticed, are remarkably
dissimilar to those of the above genera, and their hairs, when ap-
plied to any part of the body, cause very great irritation and acute
pain, especially those of Cn. Pityocampa; the exhibition thereof

* Kvjjf'a/, pruritum moveo, Kafiv/i, eruca.

BOMBYCID^. CNETHOCAMPA. 47

medicinally, no less than two enactments of the Roman senate pro-
hibited, under severe penalties, by reason of their virulence. The
pupae are gregarious, and bidentate posteriorly : the eggs are en-
veloped in down.

t Sp. 1. processionea. Alts cinereo-fuscis : fceminoe strigd obscuriore, maris
tribus. (Exp. alar. $ 1 unc. 3 — 5 lin. : j 1 unc. 4 — 8 lin.)

Ph. Bo. processionea. Linne. — Martyn{\) — Cn. processionea. Steph. Catal.
No. 5995.

Antennae dusky-brown : head and thorax ashy-gray : abdomen brownish, with the
apex dusky : anterior wings ashy-brown, with three waved, dusky, or black
strigae, two approximating near the base, the other towards the hinder margin :
posterior wings paler, with one oblique striga : female more obscure, with an
indistinct fascia near the base, and an obsolete dusky striga towards the hinder
margin of the anterior wings : posterior wings dull ochraceous, with an in-
distinct fascia.

Caterpillar blackish on the back, with cinereous-brown lines on the sides, and
yellowish dorsal spots : feed on the oak, and change into pupae, anteriorly
brown, posteriorly yellowish, in a common receptacle : each larva forming a
separate rigid cocoon of silk and hair for itself, and the whole being arranged
in the nest like the cells of the honey-comb.

The larvae, when first hatched, construct a temporary nest for themselves on the
branches of the oak, and change their situation from time to time, until they
are about two-thirds grown, when the entire brood unite in forming a general
nest on the trunk : this nest, when completed, is about eighteen inches long,
six broad, and composed of a gray silk, resembling the surface of the tree :
but the most curious fact in their history is the extraordinary regularity with
which the larvae proceed, towards sunset, in search of food : at their head is
a chief, by whose movements their procession appears regidated ; he is followed
by three or four in a single line, the head of the second touching the tail of
the first, &c. : then comes an equal series of pairs, next of threes, and so on
as far as fifteen or twenty, forming a band several feet in length : sometimes
the order is rather different, the leader being followed by two, then three,
four, and so on ; but at all times the procession moves on with an even pace,
each file treading upon the steps of those that precede it, through all the
sinuosities made by the chief. They do not invariably return to their nest
before morning, but may sometimes be found during the day assembled in
irregular masses, heaped upon each other.

Martyn introduces this as a British species, and Stewart has followed his ex-
ample; but I have not seen an indigenous specimen; the one reputed to be
in the British Museum being apparently a stunted female of Cn. Pityocampa.
It is said there is great danger in approaching the nests of this species, on ac-
count of the fragments of hairs which float about in its vicinity, wliich renders
it a fortunate circumstance that the insect does not inhabit Britain, although
the contemplative entomologist must necessarily be debarred from the in-
teresting spectacle of their procession.

48 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

f Sp- 2. Pityocampa. Alis griseis, strigis tribits obscurioribus, posticis pallidis,
liturd anali fused. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 8 lin.)

Bo. Pityocampa. Fahricius. — Cn. Pityocampa. Steph. Catal. No. 5996.

Wings more elongate and narrow than in the last : anterior griseous or cinereous,
with three dusky undulated strigse, the two basal ones nearly parallel, the third
■ united by an acute angle to the second, with a dusky lunule between on the
disc : cilia ashy spotted with white : posterior wings pale, with a dusky spot at
the anal angle : antenna? reddish-yellow : head and thorax ashy-gray : abdo-
men brown.

Caterpillar blackish or dusky-gray, with a whitish lateral line and margins to the
segments, the dorsal hairs luteous, the lateral whitish : it feeds on various kinds
of pine and fir, and changes to a pale brown pupa, beneath stones or under moss,
in a reddish-brown cocoon.

There appears to be a single tlwarf specimen or a variety of this
insect in the collection at the British Museum; it was taken by
Dr. Leach in Devonshire, in the summer of 1825. The larvae are
less regularly processional than those of the preceding species, and
the pupse are less social.

Genus LV. — Clisiocampa, Curtis.

Palpi minute, concealed by scales, triarticulate, the basal joint shorter and more
slender than the second, the tenninal joint very minute, oval : maxillw ob-
solete. Antenna short, curved, moderately bipectinated in both sexes, the
pectinations gradually decreasing in length to the apex, and shortest in the
females : head minute, scarcely visible from above : tho?-ax robust, pilose :
abdomen somewhat elongate, robust in the females, and slightly tufted in both
sexes : wings rather acute, a little reversed when at rest, short in the male,
elongate in the female : legs rather slender : femora and tibice pilose. La7-va
cylindrical, slightly pilose, gregarious : pupa elongate, posteriorly attenuated ;
enclosed in a loose silken web, sufilised with a fine powder.

Clisiocampa may be known from the preceding genus, Avhicli
resembles it in its abbreviated, incurved antennae, by the opacity
and brevity of its wings, and from all the foregoing by the shortness
of its antennae, and acuteness of its wings. The larvae are grega-
rious, irregularly processionary ; frequently change their habitation,
and previously to their metamorphosis into pupae retire solitarily,
and effect their transformation : the pupae elongate, attenuated
posteriorly, and enclosed in a double silken powdery web : the eggs
are naked, and placed in rings round the young twigs of plants.

Sp. 1. castrensis. Plate \S.f. 2. $. — Alis anticis maris pallidis, strigis duaLus
fascidque posticd briameis ; famina; ferrugineis fasciis duabus pallidis. (Exp.
alar. $ 1 unc. 2— 4 lin.: $ 1 unc. 6—9 lin.)

BOMBYCIDyi:. — CLISIOCAMPA. 4.9

I'll. Bo. castrensis. Linnv. — Ch. castrensis. Curtis, v. j)L 22Q. Jiir. xup. $ var.
,fig. inf. $. Steph. Catal. No. 5997.

Antennae griseous, with a yellow shaft : thorax yellowish : abdomen luteous :
anterior wings ochraceous or pale straw tolour^ with two luteous or castaneous
strigffi frequently united, the basal one generally incurved towards the base
of the wing, as in the accompanying figure, and sometimes the two forming
a bar across the wings ; towards the base are usually one or two castaneous
or fawn-coloured clouds, and between the outer striga and the hinder margin
is an obscure irregular- waved streak of the same colour : posterior wings fawn-
coloured, with lutescent ciHa, and an obscure pale streak. Female larger and
stouter, dull chestnut-brown, with two obUque luteous or straw-coloured
striga?.

Scarcely two specimens of this inconstant species are found precisely similar,
they vary so considerably.

Caterpillar bluish, with irregular red and black streaks above, and red lateral
lines ; the hirsuties pale castaneous : it feeds on various plants, particularly
sea wormw^ood (Ai^temisia maritimci), also on birch, plantain, carrot, and
various Euphorbia : it prepares to undergo its change in the beginning of July,
and in August the imago appears : the pupa is dark coloured.

This is apparently a maritime species, at least in Britain ; but not
strictly local, having- been captured in the Isle of Sheppey, and on
the coasts of Essex, Kent, and Devonshire : specimens are contained
in the cabinets of the British Museum, of Messrs. Haworth, Swain-
son, Vigors, in my own, &c. " Mouth of the Exe." — Dr. Leach.

Sp. 2. Neustria. Alls riifo-ochraceis, fascia saturiore yncdiii, utrinrjuc striird
pallida terminata. (Exp. alar. $ 1 unc. 3 — 6 hn. : $ \ unc. 6 — 10 lin.)

Ph. Bo. Neustria. Linne. — Don. iii. jil. 95. — CI. Neustria. Steph. Catal. No.
5998.

A most variable insect, and considerably resembling the foregoing : the male
usually has the antenna?, thorax, and abdomen of a rusty fox-colour; the
anterior wings the same, with two yellowish oblique strigae, the space between
deepest, the cilia a little spotted with yellowish ; posterior wings usually im-
maculate ochraceous-red, with the cilia darker : the female pale ochraceous,
with a broad oblique central fascia on the anterior wings, margined with pale-
yeUowish ; the posterior wings rather darker, with a transverse dusky streak ;
cilia of all the wings spotted with ochraceous and fox-colour.

Var. j3. Male of a bright ochraceous yellow, with two slender oblique fawn-
coloured strigae on the anterior wings, the cilia of all spotted with dusky and
ochraceous.

Var. y. Both sexes with the thorax and base of the anterior wings ochraceous,
the latter followed by a broad fawn-coloured band, margined externally with
yellowish, the hinder margin rusty fox-colour.

Var. ?. Both sexes of a deep uniform rusty fox-cclour, with two pale indistinct
ochraceous oblique streaks on the anterior wings.

Haustellata. Vol. II. 1st December, 1828. e

50 HAUSTELLATA. LEPIDOPTERA.

The width and form of the central fascift on tlie anterior wings varies ex-
cessively, as well as the size of the insect.

C'atcrpiUars glaucous, with three red lines on each side, and a white one down the
back : they feed gregariously on various trees, especially oak, hazel, sloe, and
fruit trees ; they reside in a common web, enlarging it from time to time,
until their separation ; they are great pests to fruit-trees, which are sometimes
quite defoliated by them : in changeable weather, I have observed that all the
individuals which happen to be resting on the outside of the nest simul-
taneously and repeatedly elevate the anterior part of their body, as the larvae of
Hylobius Pini are said to do. The pupa of this insect is of a dull lead colour,
covered with fine powder : the imago appears in July and August.

A very abundant insect in the southern parts of Britain, fre-
quenting hedges and gardens. " The pest of our hedges, which
in some seasons are entirely stripped of their leaves by the larvae,
and laid as bare as in the depth of winter." — Rev. L. Jcnyns.
" Suffolk."— ir. C. Hcwitson, Esq.

Genus LVI. — Eutuicha, Huhner.

Palpi not very long, porrccted, triarticulate, two basal joints of equal length,
terminal more slender and obtuse : maxilla short, a little spiral. Antenna;
nearly straight, not very short, deeply bipectinated in the males to the apex,
which is a little bent, slightly bipectinated in the females : head small : thorax
robust, densely pilose : abdomen the same, rather elongate ; more robust in the
females: wings; anterior entire, rounded posteriorly; posterior obsoletely
denticidated, reversed during repose : legs rather slender, not very pilose, with
minute spurs at the apex of the tibiae. Larva cylindrical, with fascicles of
hairs down the sides, and a tubercular eminence on the penultimate joint :
jiupa short, obtuse, enclosed in an elongate subfusiform loosely-constructed
cocoon.

Agreeably to the principles which ought to guide us in the forma-
tion of genera, as noticed in page 38, the present must be de-
tached from Odonestis, from which it differs in having the antennie
shorter and straighter, and less pectinated, the thorax and abdomen
n)ore densely pilose, the palpi less prominent, and, when denuded,
with the two basal joints of equal length.

Sp. 1. Pini. Alis nifo-griseis, fascia lobatd fcrrugined utrinque fused, ante
mediitm puncto iriangulari alio. (Exp. alar. $ 2 unc. 7 — 10 lin. : ^ 3 unc.
G— 8 lin.)

Ph. Bo. Pini. Linns.— Olo. Pini. Curtis, i. pi. 7.— Eu. Pini. Steph. Catal
No. 5999.

(.ii iscous : the anterior wings dark-griseous at the base, sprinkled with minute
white dots, with a large triangular white spot before the middle, then an ob-

BOMBYCID/'E. — ODONESTIS. 51

scure cinerescent fascia, followed by a somewhat ferruginous band, lobated
posteriorly, and irregularly margined on each side with fuscous and pale
griseous; the hinder margin is of an ashy-griseous: the posterior wings are
deep immaculate griseous : the female larger and paler.
Caterpillar variegated with white, gray, and brown, with the anterior segments
adorned with two blue transverse dorsal streaks, and some red spots on the
sides : it feeds on various species of pine, forms an elongate yellowish-gray
web, and changes to a brown pupa, with the abdomen reddish.

Unquestionably a rare insect in Britain; so far as my information
extends, one specimen only has been captured within the last thirty
years ; that was taken by Mr. Sparshall, in the Norwich Hospital,
in July, 1809 ; and a reputed British specimen is in the collection
of Mr, Vigors. Wilkes, who first notices it as a British insect, tells
us that he once found the larva in a white thorn, near Richmond
Park, but he did not succeed in rearing it to perfection.

Genus LVII. — Odonestis, Gtrmar.

Palpi elongate, porrected, hairy, triarticulate, the basal joint not half as long as
the second, the terminal rather larger tlian the basal, obtuse : maxilla' obsolete.
Antennce slightly curved near the base, bipectinated, especially in the males,
to the apex: head small: ihorax stout, loosely but thickly pilose; ahdomen
the same, elongated, and tufted at the apex in the males, somewhat acute and
stout in the females: w'/igs reversed when at rest; anterior rather acute at
the tip, the posterior margin rounded, entire ; posterior slightly denticulate :
legs stout, densely pilose, especially in the males, with spurs at the apex of
the tibise. Larva robust, cylinth-ic, with fascicles of hair down the sides, a
distinct tuft on the neck, and another placed on a minute tubercle on the
penultimate joint : when alarmed, it roUs itself in a ring : 2Mpa robust, obtuse,
placed in a fusiform, closely-woven, luteous cocoon.

Odonestis has the palpi more hairy and prominent than Eutricha,
and the second joint above twice the length of the first; the an-
tennai are more curved towards the base, and more deeply pec-
tinated ; the anterior wings acute at the apex ; the thorax and ab-
domen less compactly pilose, and the legs shorter, stouter, and
densely clothed (the femora and tibia? especially) with elongate
hairs.

Sp. 1. potatoria. Alis luteis, Jlavo nchulosis, strigis duahus ohiiquis hrunneis,
lunula pu7ictoque albis. (Exp. alar. $ 2 unc. 4.-6 lin. : 9 2 unc. 8 lin. —
3 unc.)

Ph. Bo. potatoria. Limit. — Don. v. pi. 148. — Od. potatoria. StejJi. Catal. No.
COCO.

E 2

1)2 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

Pale lutcous-griscous : anterior wings griseous, clouded with ochraceous-yellow,
the base brownish at the costa, with a transverse, shghtly-undulatcd, and
sometimes abbreviated, dusky-brown striga, and another, behind the middle,
reaching obliquely from the apex : between these, on the disc, is a sublunate
whitish spot, and a smaller and whiter one between this and the costa : the
hinder margin of the wing has frequently an undulated brown striga : posterior
wings immaculate griseous, with a transverse brown streak. Female similar
in markings, but of a pale ochraceous yellow, or yellowish.

\"ar. 1=. Both sexes very pale ochraceous, with the usual markings very
obsolete.

Var. y. Female of a deep fawn-colour, clouded with luteous, and marked as
in var. «,

Caterpillar dusky-brown, with a lateral yellow line and white spots on the sides
above the legs : it is found in June, on various kinds of coarse high grasses,
and changes into a brown pupa : the imago appears in July.

Very abundant in lanes, hedges, and woods, in the neighbour-
hood of London, especially in Hagbush-lane, Copenhagen-fields, the
lanes near Garrett-green, and at Ripley and Hertford. " Sundridge,
Kent, in plenty." — Mr. Ingpen. " Abundant near Andover." —
Rev. G. T. Rudd. " Throughout the fens of Cambridgeshire, in
the greatest profusion." — Rev. L. Jcnyns. " York and Newcastle-
upon-Tyne." — W. C. Hezcitson, Esq. " Abundant near Barnstaple,
Devon." — W. Raddon, Esq.

Genus LVIII. — Gastropacha, Ochsenlieimer.

Palpi elongate, porrected, hairy, triarticulate, the second joint longest, the ter-
minal obtuse : maxillas very small. Antenna short, recurved, strongly bipec-
tinated in both sexes : head small, with an acute projecting hairy tuft : thorax
and abdomen robust, densely pilose, the latter acute in the female: wings
dentated, reversed during repose : legs moderately stout : the Jewzora and tibiae
pilose. Larva broad, rounded above, with fascicles of hair on the sides, each
segment with a fleshy lateral appendage, and on the penultimate joint a distinct
truncated tubercle : jmpa obtuse, enclosed in an oblong broadly constructed
cocoon, and covered with a whitish powder.

The stout recurved antennse (which are nearly alike in both
sexes), and dentated wings, at once discriminate this genus from all
the foregoing : the caterpillars are also remarkable from the fleshy
lateral appendages, or lappets, with which each segment is furnished,
from whence has originated the name of Lojjpets, which has been
applied to the imago.

Sp. 1. QuercifoUa. Alls fc7-rugincis, strigis undatis fuscis marginegne postico
nigris. (Exp. alar. $ 2 unc. 3—10 lin. : ? 3 unc. 2—4 lin.)

BOMB YCID;E. G ASTRO P AC H A.

53

Ph. Bo. Quercifolia. Lrnnc. — Ga. Quercifolia. Curtis, i. pi. 2l.—SlejJi. Catul-
No. 6001.

Body^ anteniiEPj and palpi of a deep dusky or brown ferruginous, the two latter
darkest: wings the same, the anterior with three oblique waved dusky strigii',
and a central black spot ; the posterior immaculate. Female larger, of a lighter
hue, with the strigae darker.

Both sexes vary considerably ; the strigrs on the wings are sometimes nearly ob-
solete, at others very deep and broad: the posterior wings are occasionally
marked with one or more obhque transverse dusky striga;.

CateqjiUar very large, variable : dusky or slightly rufescent, with blue patches
on the nuchal segments, and sometimes a double series of white and red spots
down the sides : it is found in May, and feeds on the whitethorn, sloe, willow,
rose, &c. ; and changes, in a powdery web, to a brown pupa, with red fasciie :
the imago appears in July.

Althoug-li usually reputed an uncommon insect, this frequentlv
ap})ears in considerable plenty, especially in the larva state : in
May, 1814, I found many of the latter in the Robin Hood-lane,
leading to Coombe-wood ; and have since found both the larva and
imago in the lanes near Hertford ; the former feeding upon the sloe.
" Very abundant in May last, in the larva state, upon willows in
Bottisham and Swaffham fens. I have also occasionally noticed
them in former years, both in the caterpillar and winged state.*" —
Rev. L. Jenyns, — " Epping." — Mr. H. Douhleday.

f Sp. 2. Ilicifolia. Alis cinereis rtifo nehulosis, fascia maculari albidd.

Ph. Bo. Ilicifolia. Linni. — Turton (!). — Ga. Ilicifolia. Stcph. Catal. No. 6002.

One-fourth the size of the foregoing ; griseous : the wings cinereous, cloudeil
with rufous, with a posterior fascia of whitish spots.

Caterpillar feeds on the sallow ; it is glaucous, with a broad white dorsal band,
in which is a black patch, varied with luteous, on each segment, beneath yel-
lowish : chrysalis bluish, with the abdomen bluish- white.

Turton introduces this as a British insect ; but I have not yet seen an indigenous
example.

f Sp. 3. Populifolia, AUs luteo-testaceis, lunulis nu7ncrosis fuscis.
Ph. Bo. Populifolia. Fahricius. — Marty n (!). — Ga. Populifolia. Steph. Catal.
No. 6003.

As large or larger than Ga. Quercifolia ; thorax testaceous, with a black dorsal

line : wings pale yellowish-testaceous, with numerous distinct fuscous lunulcs,

disposed in strigaj ; the hinder margin palest.
Caterpillar feeds on the poplar: it is ashy-gray, spotted with rust-colour, tiud

some bluish-black marks on the neck.
Of this insect (which was introduced into the British list by Martyn), I have

also never seen an indigenous example.

51 IIAUSTELLATA. — I-El'IDOPTEIiA.

Family IV.— ARCTIID^E, Leach.

Palpi two, rather small, mostly triarticulate, pilose ; rarely wanting : maxiUae
generally short, somewhat membranaceous, sometimes obsolete. Antennw mo-
derate, bipectinate or ciliated, sometimes serrated, the pectinations simple or
ciliated, and furnished with one or more bristles at their apex : thorax rarely
crested, stout : body not very robust ; the apex of the males usually tufted,
and of the females occasionally furnished with a woolly mass: wings deflexed,
or horizontal, entire. Males usually smaller, but not unfrequently larger, than
the females. Larva; generally very hairy, frequently ornamented with several
compact tufts of hair on the back, and elongate ones on the neck or tail ;
occasionally naked, enclosed in a covered moveable case, or free : piipa various,
mostly foUiculated.

The insects which I have included in this family are considerably-
diversified in habit, and I do not feel satisfied with the location of
several of the geneva; but, without materially increasing- the number
of families, no better situation presents itself for their reception ;
their diversities will be hereafter pointed out : it may be suflScient
to notice in this place, that the typical genera form the genus
Arctia of Schrank, a name imposed by him from the hairiness of
their larvee, and which has consequently been used to designate
the family. As among the Bombycidse, the^larvse of many genera
are gregarious, and the males of the perfect insect assemble in
search of their virgin females, and fly with great celerity in the
afternoon. One group, Psyche and its congeners, approaches closely
to the Hepialidse ; and another, Limacodes and Heterogenea, to the
first group of Bombycida?, the cause of which will be rendered very
evident by an inspection of the diagram in my catalogue : these
groups differ materially from the true Arctiidse and from each other,
and offer some most interesting facts, which will be subsequently
detailed.

If the two great genera, Laria and Arctia of Schrank, require
further division (and such appears to be the universal opinion of
modern writers), it necessarily follows that, unless that subdivision
is carried on to the utmost, dissimilarly constructed species must
inevitably remain united : I have therefore been compelled to divide
the indigenous species into the following genera; which may be
known by the subjoined table, formed, as far as possible, from ex-
ternal characters.

arctiid;f:. — hypogymna.

A. Maxillcc obsoletac.
a. Aim plus minusve diaphanae, vix aut non squamosae.

{C rotundatse, pilosissimse ;
baud squamosae, <
^ elongatae, subacutae :
squamis minutis sparsis instructs :

7C. FUMEA.
75. Psyche.

74. PENTIIOniEItA.

b. Aloe opac£B, dense squamosa;,
f vix pilosaB,subgra-r minute: . . 59. Hypogymna.
fpcctinatae aut I dies: Palj)orHvi
ciliatcB : | urtiailo \-mo '

Tarsi aiitici ■{

I(_elongato, clavato: GO. Psiluha.
valde pilosa;, f elongate: . . Gl. Dasychxua.
Il^crassiores: ^4/(1' K abbreviata;, triangu-
( lares aut nulla! : . C3. Orgyia.
r triangulares, postice subtruncata; : 7f>. Heterogenea.
I^simplices: Alce^

C. elongate, postice rotundatas : . 70. Limacodes,

B. Maxilla: distincta?, vix capite longiiis.
a. Aloe opacae, dense squamosae.

fcristatus: ..... . C2. Demas.

f annulatum, aut f2-do longiore; J subacute: C9. Auctia.
maculatum : I «?7i(M/o 3-^io-c breve,
Palporum \ ( ovate : . 72. SriLOSOMA.

articiilo l-?«o-^

Thorax

baud cri-
status :
Corpus -

2-de breviore ; ( cylin-
ariiciilo 3-tio<di-ico: . C8. Eutiiemonia.
(globose: 70. Nemeophila.
^inmiaculatum, apice cristate : . . GG. Portuesia.

b. Ahr plus minusve diaphana;, squamis rarioribus adspersae.

immaculatum : Paljri

Corpus ■

ielongata;, pilosissimje :
abbreviate, acutae :

maculatum : Falpi

I vix distincta^, pilosa; :
( distincta;, squamosae :
C. Maxillcv capite multe longiores.

Ala

i dense squamosae ;

ana2, pilosae:

( diaph

G4. Lj5ELIa.

G5. Leu CO ma.

71. Piti!aomat<>i:ia.

73. Diafhora.

G7. IlYPERCOMrA.
77- NUDARIA.

Genus LTX. — Hypogymna, Huhner.

Palpi hairy, short, triarticulatc, the basal joint minute, second elongate subcla-
vate, terminal ovate, obtuse: maxilla; obsolete. Antenna; short, acute at the
tip, very strongly bipectinated in the males, slightly in the females : head
minute, with a downy tuft : thorax and abdomen stout, woolly, the latter very
robust and obtuse in the female, and terminated by a downy mass, rather
attenuated, and furnished with a liairy tuft in the male : tvings deflexed, not
very densely clothed )vith scales ; legs not very stout ; femora and tibia; slightly
fringed with long hairs. Larva elongate, cylindric, with short, rigid hairs on tlie
back, and elongate fascicles on the sides of the head, and at the tail : pupa slighll y
hairy, the apex with a truncate projection : it changes in a loose cocoon.

i)0 HAUSTELLATA. LEPIDOPTERA.

Hypogymna and tlie following genus arc unquestionably greatly
allied, and were it not from the circumstance of the structure of the
palpi rendering- such a step necessary, I should not have separated
them; but the dissimilarity in the proportions of the joints of the
j)alpi, and in the abdomens of the respective females, sufficiently
point out the propriety of dividing them, if, as before stated, the
Lariat, &c. of Schrank, are disturbed : both species are placed by
Ochsenheimer in his genus Liparis (a name which cannot be em-
ployed gencrically in entomology, having been properly used by
Cuvier for i\ gams of fishes), along with Leucoma, Porthesia, and
Penthophera.

Sp. 1. disiiar. Alis maris griseo fuscoque nebulosis, foemincE alhidis nigro-striatis.

(Exp. alar. $ 1 unc. 6 lin.— 2 imc. 1 lin. : ? unc. 8 lin.— 3 unc 1 lin.)
Ph. Bo. dispar. Linnc.—Don. v. pi 163.— Hy. dispar. Steph. Catal. No. 6004.

Male with the antenna?, thorax, and abdomen hoary-griseous : the anterior wings
clouded with cinereous and brown, sometimes nearly black, with obscure
dusky waves, the cilia brown and griseous ; posterior wings griseous immacu-
late. Female much larger, with the antennae black ; the head and thorax
whitish, the abdomen very stout, griseous-white, with the apex dusky-black
or brown : the wings white; the anterior with one or more undulated trans-
verse strigse, and costal spots, and a dusky black lunule ; cilia spotted with
dusky.

Both sexes vary considerably ; the male is sometimes very pale fuscous, at
others almost black ; the female has the abdomen sometimes entirely whitish,
and the wings more or less suffused with cinereous or dusky; the posterior
wings are occasionally immaculate, and sometimes they have an undulated
transverse fascia.

Caterpillar dusky, with whitish Unes, the anterior part spotted with bluish, the
posterior with red : it feeds on the oak, lime, fruit-trees, &c., in June, and
changes to a brown pupa : the imago appears in August : the eggs are covered
with down.

Not common in the neighbourhood of London; it has occasionally
been taken at Coombe-wood, but in the fens of Huntingdonshire it
appears to abound, and may be taken in all its states at one time,
as the imago frequently appears long before all the larvae have
changed into pupje. It is said to have been introduced into Britain
by eggs imported by Mr. Collinson; but the abundance with which
it occurs near Whittlesea, and the dissimilarity of the indigenous
specimens (which are invariably paler, with stronger markings) to
the foreign, sufficiently refute that opinion.

AUCTIID.'E. PSILURA, 5T

Genus LX. — Psilura * mihi.

Palpi very hairy, triarticulate ; the basal joint nearly half as long as the seconil,
somewhat clavate; the second elongate, clavate; the terminal ovate, acute,
maxiUa obsolete. Antennas short, acute, very strongly bipectinated in the
males, shghtly in the females : head small, very pilose : thorax rather short
and downy : abdomen slender, and tufted at the apex in the male, rather short
and attenuated in the female, with the apex acute and naked: wings deflexed,
thickly clothed with scales : legs not very slender ; femora and tibice fringed
with hairs. Larva elongate, attenuated posteriorly, with fascicles of hair on
the back and sides ; those behind the head, and on the penultimate segment
longest : pujm smooth, with tufts of hair on the segments, the terminal one
with an obtuse projection: changes in a loose folliculus.

This genus differs from the foregoing by having the basal joint
of the palpi elongate, somewhat triangular and clavate, the terminal
acute, and closely allied to the preceding; the female has the ab-
domen moderately stout, and attenuated posteriorly, with the ovi-
positor exposed.

Sp. 1. Monacha. Alis albis atro undatis, incisuris abdominis sanguineis. (Exp.

alar. $ 1 unc. 3 — 9 lin. : 5 1 unc. 9 lin. : — 2 unc. 5 lin.)
Ph. Bo. Monacha. Linne. — Don. vii. pi. 227. — Ps. Monacha. Steph. CataL

No. 6005.

Thorax white spotted with black; of the male with a black lateral line: abdomen
hoary, with the terminal segments sanguineous spotted with black : anterior
wings white, with various rarely confluent black spots at the base, a single
distinct one before the middle, three or four confused waved strigse behind,
another distinct towards the hinder margin, then a marginal row of black
dots : posterior dusky, with black and white ciUa ; or pale ash, with a darker
margin, and white dusky spotted cUia. Female larger and paler; in other
respects similar to the male.

Var. /3. With the striga on the anterior wings united so as to form a deep black

patch.
Both sexes vary considerably : in some males the posterior wings are deep fuscous,

and in others nearly white, with a white marginal striga ; the females vary

similarly.
Caterpillar ashy-brown, with red dorsal tufts, and a black heart-shaped spot on

the second segment: it feeds on various trees, particularly the oak and

bramble : it is found in June, and changes to a black hairy pupa : the moth is

produced in Jvdy: eggs naked.

Sometimes, though rarely, found at Coombe and Darenth woods ;

■*"(/o,- nudus, ouja Cauda.

58 HAUSTELLATA. LEPIDOPtERA.

but in great plenty on the oaks, near Brockenliurst, in the New
Forest. " Epping." — Mr. H. Doicbleday.

Genus LXI. — Dasychira, Hubner?

Palpi very short, hairy, triarticulate ; the basal joint about one-third the length
of the second, and more slender, the terminal ovate, acute : maxillw obsolete.
Antennw short, acute at the apex, thickly bipectinated, especially in the male ;
the pectinations deeply ciliated, and shortest in the females: head small,
hairy : thorax rather stout, not crested : abdomen somewhat robust, especially
in the females, woolly beneath : wings deflexed, elongate, thickly and densely
covered with scales : legs short, stout, pilose ; femora and tihia and anterior
tarsi fringed with long hairs. Larva very hairy, with several compact trun-
cated tufts on the back, and another on the tail : pupa hairy, enclosed in an
ovate folliculus, its posterior extremity with an acute projection.

Dasychira differs more in its preparatory states, than in the
imago, from the two foregoing genera ; but the dissimilarity in its
palpi and elongated wings, with its stout, fringed, and prominent
anterior legs, well distinguish it from them : from Demas it may be
known by its thorax not being crested, and from Orgyia by the
acuteness of the apex of the antennae and triarticulate palpi. The
species of this genus considerably resemble those of Cnethocampa.

Sp. 1. fascelina. Alis cinereis, anticis nigro-irroratis, strigis duahus fulvo-fuscis
repandis. (Exp. alar. ^ 1 unc. 8 — 10 lin. : $ 1 unc. 8 lin. — 2 unc. 2 lin.)

Ph. Bo. fascehna. Linne.—Don. xvi. pi. 576. — Da. fascelina. Stcph. Cafal.
No. 6006.

Antenna; and thorax hoary, fuscous: anterior wings grayish-brown, with a
griseous tinge, minutely irrorated tlu-oughout with black, with an obscure
striga at the base, another before the middle, and a third much undulated
behind the middle of a fuscous-brown, and between the latter and the hinder
margin some obsolete fuscous or black transverse spots; and an undulated
pale ash-coloured line : posterior wings dusky, with an obscure darker mar-
ginal fascia. Female larger and paler : the apex of the abdomen black. The
posterior wings are sometimes immaculate in both sexes; and the colours of
the markings on the anterior vary considerably, the strigae being occasionally
nearly black instead of fulvous : the hinder margin of the anterior wings has
sometimes a row of interrupted black dots.

Caterpillar dusky, spotted with yellowish, with five dorsal fascicles of white hairs
tipped with black, two fusiform brown ones on the head, and one at the tail :
it feeds on various plants, especially the trefoil, dandelion, hop, bramble, oak,
&c. in the autumn; and breeds through the winter, changing to a hairy brown
pupa, with a pale dorsal hue in May : the imago appears in July.

Rather an uncommon species, occurring most frequently in the

AUCTIIDjI: DEMAS. 59

woody districts of Kent and Bedfordshire. I have occasionally met
with tlie young larvae at Coombe-wood in the autumn.

Sp. 2. pudibunda. Alls aJbo-cinereis, anticis macula medifi lunari strigisc/ue
tribus undatis fuscis. (Exp. alar. $ 1 unc. 8—11 lin. : $ 1 unc. 10 lin. — 2
unc. 6 lin.)

Ph. Bo. pudibunda. Linne. — Don. v. pi. 160. Da. pudibunda. — Steph. Catal.
No. 6007.

Anterior wings cinereous- white anteriorly, cinereous posteriorly ; the base with
an abbreviated fuscous striga, the middle with an irregular ashy-brown fascia^
streaked with fuscous, the hinder margin with an undulated dusky striga,
margined posteriorly with whitish, the margin itself generally spotted with
dusky ; the central fascia with a lunate stigma, and sometimes with several
undulated whitish strigfe : posterior wings whitish-ash, with a dusky streak
near the hinder margin, arising at the anal angle, and a central dusky lunule :
thorax and abdomen ashy- white; antennae whitish, with ferruginous radii.
Female much paler, sometimes nearly white, with the strigae on the anterior
wings very distinct.

Caterpillar hairy, yellow, with the head luteous, the back with four whitish
tufts on the back, and a larger reddish one on the tail : it feeds on various
trees, and appears in September; the pupa is dusky anteriorly, and brown
posteriorly, enclosed in a yellowish folliculus ; the imago appears in June, and
varies considerably; but a pupa which was found near Canterbury last
autumn, and given to^me, produced the moth in January last : and Albin tells
us that he reared his specimens early in February.

Not uncommon in the neighbourhood of London, especially near
Darenth-wood. " Hop-gardens, Kent, common ; the caterpillars
called hop-dogs."^ — WIr. Ingpen. " Epping." — M?: H. Doubleday.
*' Very common at Kimptcn.'" — Rev. G. T. Rudd.

Genus LXII. — Demas* mihi.

Palpi extremely short, enveloped in hair, triarticulate, the basal joints rather
stoutest, the second nearly as long again as the preceding, the terminal minute
ovate : maxillce short, a Uttle spiral. Antennw rather elongate, acute, sUghtly
bipectinated in the males, ciUated in the females: head small, pilose: thorax
stout, crested : abdomen moderately stout, the back with hairy fasciculi ; the
apex with a tuft : wings deflexed, elongate, densely squamous : legs moderate ;
femora and tibiae pilose ; the anterior with a large naked lobate appendage
anteriorly. Larva hairy, with two dorsal tufts, whiskers at the head, and a
fascicle of hair at the tail : pwjja smooth, with an acute termination poste-
riorly : changes in an ovate cocoon.

Mf^Ms, nomcn vin.

60 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

The name Colocasia, which was proposed by Ochsenheimer,
being employed in Botany, it becomes necessary to change it ; the
crested thorax at once distinguishes this genus from the other
Arctiidse, and its subspiral maxillse from the foregoing genera;
from which it also differs by the more slightly pectinated antennae
of the males, and simply ciliated antennae of the females. There is
but one indigenous species ; but, according to the author above
alluded to, a second occurs on the continent ; and I may here take
occasion to remark, that, although many of the genera of Bomby-
cidse, &c. before described contain one British species only, many,
such as Eriogaster, Psecilocampa, &c. contain several continental
ones, as do Dasychira, &c. among the present family.

Sp. 1. Coryli. Alis anticis fusco-lnninneis anniilo liiurisque atris, postice cinereis,
strigd obsoletd undatd fused. (Exp. alar. $ 1 unc. 1 — 6 lin. 9 1 uiic 3—5
lin.)

Ph. Bo. Coryli. Linne.—Don. ix. ;jZ. 309. De CoxyM.—Steph. Catal. No.
6008.

Anterior wings with an ashy patch at the base, tinged with griseous, then an
interrupted dusky striga, followed by a broad rusty or dusky-brown fascia, in
which are several irregular black lines and a black ring : this fascia is bounded
by a dusky or black waved striga ; the posterior half of the wings is pale
cinereous, clouded with darker, with an undulated brownish striga, margined
externally with yellowish, the ciUa dusky, frequently spotted with white:
posterior wings dusky, sometimes with a pale transverse band, at others
cinereous at the base, with a broad marginal fimbria : thorax griseous, varied
with fuscous ; abdomen ashy-griseous, with dusky tufts on the back ; antennse
pale-ferruginous. Female generally rather paler. Both sexes vary exceed-
ingly in the brilliancy and distinctness of their markings, as well as in colour.

CaterpUlar red, with two deeper red tufts on the back, near the tail, and two
elongate attenuated fascicles of hair on the neck ; it feeds on hazel and birch,
and appears in the middle of May and of September ; the pupa is dusky before,
brownish behind, arxd is enclosed in a pale folliculus : the imago is produced
at the beginning of April, and a second time about the middle of July.

Of late years this insect has become very scarce near London,
but formerly I used to capture it at Coombe-wood, not uncommonly,
both in the larva and imago states : it has also occurred at Birch
and Darenth woods. " Near Dublin, not unfrequent." — Rev. J.
JSulwer.

Genus LXIII. — Orgyia, Ochsenheimer.

Palpi short, compact, hairy, biarticulate, the basal joint small, the terminal
large, broad, ovate, subacute: maxillw obsolete. Anlannw short, deeply

ARCTIID^E. ORGYIA. 61

bipectinated in the males, abruptedly terminated : serrated in the females, each
serrature producing a bristle: head small, hairy: thorax slender, not crested:
rt'ings deflexed, short, triangular, or wanting: legs rather stout, anterior
elongated, thefemoi^a and tihicB of all, and the tarsi of the anterior, fringed
with elongate hairs. Larva with distinct fascicles of hair on the sides, and
several dorsal tufts, two or more, composed of capitate hairs, on the sides of
the body and head, one on the penultimate joint, and some shorter ones at the
apex : pupa slightly pilose, with an acute spine at the tip : foUiculus ovate, of
a very loose texture.

The short triangular wings and abbreviated, subtruncate, deeply
pectinated antennae well distinguish the males of this genus, and
the females are known by being apterous, and having serrated
antennae ; both sexes have the terminal joint of the palpi very large,
and the males the anterior legs elongated, and deeply fringed with
hair : the latter sex of the common species may be frequently ob-
served, during the autumnal months, even in the streets of the
metropolis, performing its short, jerking, vacillating flight, and
resting at intervals with extended anterior legs and elevated
antennas.

Sp. i. antiqua. Alls ferrugineis, anticis strigis duabus obsoletis obscuriorihus
maciddque anguli ani nived; femina abdomine cinered. (Exp. alar. 1 unc.
2—6 lin.)

Ph. Bo, antiqua. Linne. — Don. i. pi. 16. — Or. antiqua. Steph. Catal. No. 6009.

Wings ferruginous ; the anterior clouded with brown, with two rather obsolete
undulated strigse, a pale luteous crescent-shaped spot on the disc, and a snow-
white sublunate spot at the anal angle ; posterior immaculate. Female dark
cinereous.

Var. /S. With the posterior wings pale luteous. Female pale cinereous.

Caterpillar dusky, spotted with red, with a black patch on the back, thickly
clothed with fascicles of hair, with four white tufts on the back, two dark
whisker-like tufts of capitate hairs on the head, one on the tail, and two on the
sides : it feeds on various trees, especially white and black thorn; and may be
found from April to August : it changes to a dusky and yellow pupa ; and the
imago is found from July to October.

A very abundant insect throughout the metropolitan district ; oc-
curring in profusion at Hertford and Ripley, and in the streets of
London.

Sp. 2. gonostigma. Alisfuscis, anticis macula apicis fiilvfi albo marginatd altC'
rftque anguli ani albd; femina Jtwca. (Exp. alar. $ 1 unc. 3 — 7 lin.)

Ph. Bo. gonostigma. Linne — Don. ix. pi 316. — Or. gonostigma. Steph. Catal.
No. 6010.

62 HAUSTELLATA. — LF.PIDOPTERA.

Wings fuscous ; anterior prettily varied with pale griseous, with a pale annular
mark at the base, and another on the disc, the hinder margin with a dusky or
pale streak, with a bright fulvous patch at the apex, near the costa, margined
externally with white, and a semilunar white spot at the anal angle: cilia
dusky, interrupted by pale griseous : posterior wings deep dusky-brown ; the
cilia irregularly whitish at the edges. Female deep fuscous.

Caterpillar black, spotted with red, with four pair of yellowish or luteous dorsal
tufts, two composed of capitate hairs on the neck, one on each side of the
body, and one at the tail, elongate and dusky : it feeds on various plants, and,
like its congener, ^is to be found, for a considerable period, during the sum-
mer : it changes to a dusky or black pupa, posteriorly yellow : the imago is
first observed in June, and continues till the end of August, but is scarce.

The Orgyise " assemble" vigorously, and I once had the pleasure
of capturing some dozens of this rare insect at Coombe-wood, by-
means of a female that I fortunately reared from the larva. It occurs
in several places near the metropolis, as at Lewisham, Erith, Green^
hitlie, &e. « Bagley-wood, Oxon:'—Kev. W. T, Bree.

Genus LXIV. — L^elia mihi.

Palpi elongate, projecting, very hairy beneath, the last joint exposed ; triarti-
culate, the basal and terminal joints very minute, the second considerably
elongated: maxiUce distinct. Antenna: moderate, shortest in the females,
ileeply bipectinated in the males, the pectinations terminating abruptly at the
tip, and very short in the female, each pectination ciliated, and furnished at
its apex with three or four divergent bristles : head small, pilose : thorax not
crested, pilose : wings deflexed, rather narrow, trigonate, sparingly clothed
with scales : abdomen rather elongated and stout, slightly tufted : legs mo-
derate : the femora and tibice fringed with elongate hairs. Larva hairy, with
four compact dorsal tufts, and one at the tail, and two elongate fascicles at the
neck : pupa slightly pilose, acute at the tip ; enclosed in an elongate compact
yellow folliculus.

This and the two following genera form a portion of the extensive
genus Laria of Schrank; the Arctise of that author embracing Bombyx
caja of Linne and its congeners : that the miscalled genus Arctia
requires subdivision is very evident. Lselia has the antennse of the
females shorter than those of the males, and nearly simple, those of
the latter sex abruptly terminated, and their pectinations tipped
with several divergent bristles ; the females are generally smaller
than the males, the body rather elongated, the palpi lengthened,
projecting, very hairy beneath, with the basal joint very minute,
and the second considerably elongated ; the form and texture of the

AUCTIIDiE. LEUCOMA. 63

wings are also difTcrcnt, and the larva is not only furnished with
compact dorsal tufts, but constructs an opaque fusiform dense fol-
liculus.

Sp. 1. coenosa. Alls pallide ochraceo-fuscis, strigd posticd pundorum ohsoletorum
fuscorum (aut alhis immaculatisj ; paljris pedihusqiie luteis. (Exp. alar. $
1 unc, 7—9 lin. : $ 1 unc. 6—9 lin.)

Bo. coenosa. H'dbner. — Ar. caenosa. Curtis, ii. pi. 68. — Lae. ccenosa. Steph.
Catal. No. 6011.

Head, thorax, radii of the antenna;, and anterior wings pale ochraceous-fuscous,
the basal areolet and thinner margin whitish, the hinder margin with a curved
series of more or less distinct fuscous spots, nearly parallel with the hinder
margin : posterior wings ocliraceous, or whitish, with a fuscous margin : cilia
of all the wings ochraceous or whitish: abdomen whitish: palpi and legs
luteous, with the inner side of the latter dusky. Female white, with the legs
and palpi luteous.

Caterpillar dusky, spotted with ochraceous, with pale yellowish hairs ; four light
luteous- yellow dorsal tufts, two dark elongate fascicles of hair on the head,
and one on the tail : it feeds on the burr-reed ; and is found simultaneously
with the imago at the end of July and the beginning of August : the pupa is
deep glossy black, and is enclosed in an elongate fusiform cocoon.

This insect was discovered in profusion by Mr. B. Standish on
the borders of Whittlesea Mere in July, 1820, while in search of
the beautiful Lyceena dispar, though the larva had been taken by
Mr. Dale in the same vicinity several years previously, without
his being acquainted with its metamorphosis. I believe no other
locality has yet presented itself.

Genus LXV. — Leucoma, Hubner.

Palpi short, bent upwards, hairy, cylindric, triarticulate, the intermediate joint
longest, the terminal shortest, obtuse : maxillce very short. Antennw acute, of
equal length in both sexes, deeply bipectinated in the males, the pectinations
gradually shortened towards the apex, ciliated, and furnished with one or two
fine setae at the tip, shortest in the females : head small, hairy, with a distinct
fascicle of scales at the base of each antenna : thorax short, woolly : abdomen
tufted in the males, very robust and acute in the females : wings deflexed,
rather broad, trigonate, with remote scales: legs robust; femora and tibia:
shghtly fringed with hair. Larva with fascicles of hair on each side, and
sometimes with loose dorsal tufts: pupa sUghtly hairy, enclosed in a loose
orbiculate cocoon : eggs enveloped in a friable silken matter.

Leucoma differs from Lselia, in having the palpi abbreviated,
rather divergent, less hairy, and the projections of the joints dis-
similar ; the antennae are of equal length in both sexes, and consider-

G4j HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTEUA.

ably pectinated in the females; the latter sex is usually the largest;
the head has a distinct tuft of elongate scales at the base of each
antenna : — from Porthesia this genus may be knoM^n by the semi-
transparency and breadth of its wings, the different proportions of
the joints of the palpi, the comparatively greater length and nudity
of its legs, and the want of a downy mass at the apex of the ab-
domen in the females.

f Sp. 1. Vau-nigra. Plate 16. f. 2. 9 • — -^l^s niveis, anticis V nigro parvo notutis,
(Exp. alar. <? 1 unc. 9 lin. : ? 1 unc. 10 lin.)

Bo. Vau-nigrum. Fabricius. — Leu. Vau-nigra. Steph. Catal. No. 6012.

Wings snow-white, with the nervures shghtly fuscescent, and a deep black
V-shaped spot in the centre of the anterior towards the costa, the point
looking towards the base of the wings : antennae with the shaft white, the
railii fulvescent : body and thorax white : legs white, slightly spotted with
black.

Caterpillar dusky or rufescent, with wliitish lateral fascicles of hair, and eight
loose dorsal tufts, the two anterior and three posterior of which are whitish,
the rest rufescent ; the three anterior segments are thickly clothed with elongate
fascicles directed forwards: — it feeds on the lime in June, and the imago
appears in August : the pupa is greenish-blue, with a black spot on the thorax.

Of this very rare insect I have hitherto seen but five specimens,
of which the collection at the British Museum, and those of Messrs.
Haworth and Vigors contain one each, and a pair is in that of Mr.
Swainson. Another specimen, I believe, was taken at Bromley, in
Kent, in August 1827, and is in a collection at Birmingham.

Sp. 2. Salicis. Alis albo-nitidis, radiis antennarum nigris, pedibusque ati-o an-

nulntis. (Exp. alar. $ 1 unc. 6 — 10 Un. $ 1 unc. 10 lin. — 2 unc.)
Ph. Bo. Salicis. Linne. — Don. i. pi. 30. — Leu. Salicis. Steph. Catal. No. 601S.

Wings entirely of a rich glossy satiny- white : head, thorax, and abdomen of a
clear snowy white : antennte with the shaft white, the radii black : legs white,
annulated with black. Female usually largest; the abdomen stouter, and less
densely hairy.

Caterpillar dusky, spotted with red, with an interrupted series of white dots
along the back ; hair fulvescent : it feeds on willows and poplars, and changes
in June to a hairy pupa, within a loosely constructed cocoon ; the imago
appears in about ten or twelve days : the eggs are protected by a brittle silken
substance.

Very abundant in certain seasons in the neighbourhood of
London, committing great havoc amongst the poplars and willows ;
in plenty on the poplars near Chelsea, in July 1827, and in other
parts during the past season.

AUt'TlID.TS. — PORTHESIA. 65

With reference to the assembling propensity of the Lep.-Pome-
ridiana, an interesting notice is given in the Magazine of Natural
History for November last, by Mr. Davies of Portsmouth, in which,
amongst other facts, it is stated, that the writer, having bred some
females of this species, had the windows of the room in which they
were confined literally besieged by numberless males, anxious to
obtain admittance to the objects of their desires.

Genus LXVl. — Foiithesia *mihi.

Palpi very short, descending, slightly hairy, cylindric, triarticulate, the terminal
joint exposed ; the basal minute, about half as long as the terminal, the inter--
mediate longest : maxiUa: very short : antennw short, especially in the females,
acute, bipectinated in both sexes to the apex, the pectinations shortest in the
females : head small, very pilose : thorax and abdomen somewhat robust and
woolly: wings deflexed, subtrigonate, thickly clothed with scales: legs robust,
short : femora, tihicc, and anterior tarsi, densely fringed with elongate hairs.
Larva with close fascicles of hair down the sides, rather longest on the neck,
the back without tufts : pupa slightly hairy, acute, enclosed in a slight foUi-
culus : eggs enveloped in down.

This genus, to which I have applied the name Porthesia, in
allusion to the destructive habits of its larva, may be known from
the two preceding by the opacity and texture of its wings, the
stoutness and hairiness of its legs, the great bulk of the tuft at the
apex of the abdomen in the males, and the downy mass in the
females, the brevity of the antennse, the minuta basal joint of the
palpi, and other less important characters. The larvae also differ,
and the eggs are enveloped in down.

Sp. 1. chrysoiThoea. Niveus, ano harhato ferrugineo, radiis antennaruni Inteo-
fulvis. (Exp. abr. $ 1 unc. 3 — 7 hn, $ 1 unc. 7 — 10 lin.)

Ph. Bo. chrysorrhoea. Linne. — Don. i. pi. 10. — For. chrysorrhcea. Steph. Catal.
JVo. 6104.

Antennse tawny-luteous, with the shaft white : palpi dusky-brown : head, thorax,
and wings above snow-white, the latter with a dusky spot at the anal angle of
the anterior, which spot is nearly, or quite obsolete, in the female, and some-
times nearly black in the male; the anterior wings beneath with a broad
dusky cloud: abdomen white, with its apex bright tawny-luteous in both
sexes.

The male has the base of the anterior wings frequently edged with black, and
the anal spot composed of several smaller ones ; and not unfrequently two or
three dusky spots towards the base.

Xlo^6n<rii, vastatio.

Haustellata. Vol. II. 1st December, 1828.

00 HAUSTELLATA. — l,F.PIDOPTER A.

Caterpillar dusky, with a broad reil band on the back, dividetl by a narrow black
line, and white spots on the sides, with another red line beneath ; it is grega-
rious and polyphagous, feeding on white and black thorn, elm, oak, fruit-trees,
&c. in June; the pupa is dusky, and the imago appears at tlie end of July or
beginning of August.

Very abundant in certain years, but of late it has been rather
scarce near London : it occurs in various parts of the country.
" Common at Bottisham." — Rev. L. Jcnyns. " ]Marton Lodge,
Yorkshire." — L. Kmld, Esq. " Near York, and Newcastle-on-
Tyne."— ]V. C. Hccdts.^n, Esq. " Epping/'—il/;-. H. Doiihlcdaij.

Sp. 2. auriflua*. AUs albis, radiis anicnnaritni fcrntgineis, ahJomine barhato

fulvo autfusco. (Exp. alar. $ 1 unc. 4 — C hn. $ 1 unc. 6 — 8 hn.)
Bo. auriflua. Fabricius? — Ph. plurorrhiva. Don. x. /;/. 335. — For. auriflua.
Stcph. Catal Xo. 601o.

^Vings above pure white ; beneath with a narrow fuscous cloud on the costa of the
anterior in the male, immaculate in the female : antenna? Avith the shaft white,
the radii ferruginous : the abdomen wliite, the apex fulvous in the male, with
tlie anal tuft brightest^ dusky in the female, with the downy mass at the apex
brown : head and thorax white.

Caterpillar dusky, with two red lines on the back, and an interrupted white
streak on each side, with white lateral fascicles: it feeds gregariously on
various plants, especially the white-thorn, and in some years its increase is
enormous. In 17 89, prayers t were ordered to be read in all the churches, to
avert the supposed impending calamicy, from the vast nmnber of larvne that
abounded in that year, having despoiled so many trees of their foUage, and,
it was feared, would extirpate the gi'owing corn and grass. It changes to a
dusky pupa, with paler rings : the imago appears in August

Not very common of late years near London, but more frequent
at Gravesend and Southend, where many specimens were captured
during the past season. " Common near Bottislram." — Rev. L.
Jeni/ns. " Neai" York, and Newcastle-on-Tyne."" — IF. C. Hezcit'

mu, Esq.

* The names of tliis and the preceiling insect have hitherto been confused by
English writers, like those of Thecla:- Pruni, and W. album ; tlie true Pa. Pruni
ofLinne (of which a description will be given in my catalogue), not having been
detected in Britain before July hist : the reputed Th. Pruni (^'cl. I. p. 77.)
being the Pa. W. album, Hiib. and unknown to Linne.

t In France these larvte have so frequently appeared in such prodigious
numbers, to the utter defohation of the forests, as to induce the legislature to
promulgate several ordonnances for their destruction.

AUC'i'iiD.i:. — iivPF,uc:()MPA. 6*7

Gknus LXVII. — Hyi'Eucoaipa, H'libner?

Pal/n very short, ascending, pilose, triarticulate, the terminal joint exposed; the
basal joint tumid at the apex, as long as the second, terminal short, ovate :
maxillce considerably longer than the head. Antenncc simple, ciliated in both
sexes: //<?«c7small, clothed with short, compact, hair: thorax and ahdumen not
very stout, covered with close short velvety pile: wings deflexed, densely
squamous; the anterior elongate-trigonate : legs robust, squamose. Larva
with fascicles of hairs down the sides : pvpa smooth, with a spine at the
apex, enclosed in a loose web on the ground.

Both sexes of Hypercompa are remarkable for liaving the antennae
simple and ciliated; and they may be known with facility from the
other Arctiidae by the elongation of their maxillae, which are much
longer than the head, and spirally, but irregularly twisted.

I am not certain whether this be the type of the Hypercompte of
Hiibner ; but the exquisite beauty of the insect well accords with
the name.

Sp. 1. Dominula. Alis anticis viridi-atris, viaculis albo-Jlavesceniihus, posticis
rubris nigro-maculaHs. (Exp. alar. 2 unc. — 2 unc. 2 lin.)

Ph. No. Dominula. Linm':. — Don. iv- pi. 171. — Hy, Dominula. Stcph. Catal.
No. COIG.

Antenna;, head, and thorax black, the latter tinged with green, with two ochra-
ceous-yellow streaks ; abdomen red above, with a black dorsal line, dark green
beneath ; anterior wings deep black, with a rich silken green gloss, with several
cream-coloured or ochraceous spots of various magnitudes, and more or less
confluent, three at the apex small : posterior wings cinnabar-red, spotted with
black on the anterior and posterior m^argins : cilia black : both surfaces of the
wings nearly similar. The size of the spots varies considerably.

Caterpillar hairy, black, with three yellow longitudinal linear and white spots:
it feeds on the hounds-tongue, willow, ash, nettle, archangel, &c. ; changes into
a brown pupa, in a loose web, mixed with pieces of leaves on the ground : the
imago appears in June.

This elegant species was formerly taken in considerable plenty
in the lanes near Charlton and Blackheath, but of late it has become
scarce near London : it, however, has occurred in plenty at Whit-
tlesea-mere, and in the New-forest. " Near York, once." — W. C.
Hezoitson, Esq. " Long Parish and Amesbury." — Rev. G. T. Rudd.
" Not very uncommon in the neighbourhood of Bottisham and Cam-
bridge."— Rev. L. Jenyns. " Teignmouth, Devon, and Oxford." —
Rev. W. T. Bree. "Near Barnstaple, not uncommon."" — IF. Rad-
don, Esq.

f2

t>S H AUSTF.LL ATA . — LF, P] DOPTER A.

Genus LXVIII. — Eutiiemonia * ?/z/Ai.

Palpi porrecteJj moderate, slightly hairy, triarticulate ; the basal joint shorter
than the second, the terminal rather slender : vmxilUe short. Antennae rather
shorty slender, bipectinated in the males, serrated in the females : head small,
pilose: tliorax and abdomen rather slender; the former hairy, the latter with
a small tuft at the apex, and annulated : wings deflexed, densely squamous,
trigonate: legs rather slender, the anterior with a compressed lobe on the
inner edge, the posterior with spines at the apex : females smaller than males.
Larva with short, closely set fascicles of hair: pupa rather elongate, v/ith a
spine at the apex.

Unless Eutliemonia be divided from Arctia, the latter genus f
should be restored to its artificial state, as left by Ochsenheimer, a
retrograde movement which woidd tend rather to create error than
to advance knowledge. The present genus differs very considerably
from Arctia in its habit, and the proportions of the joints of the
palpi are very dissimilar.

Sp. 1. Russula. Alis hdeis Umbo sangiiineo lunuluque fuscis, aut fuhuj! venis
lunnMque rnfis, posticis supT'a fascia marginaU fiiscii. (Exp. alar. $ 1 une.
6— 9lin.: 9 1 unc. 4— 5 lin.)

Ph, Bo. Russula. Linne. — Ey. Russula. Curtis, \. pl.91. — Ar. Russula. Stcph^
Catal No. 6017.

Male, with the thorax and anterior wings pale luteous, the costa towards the
apex, the inner margin and cilia bright sanguineous, a fuscous lunulated spot
in the middle more or less edged with sanguineous: posterior wings and
abdomen yellowish- v.'hite, the former with a dusky lunate spot on the disc and a
marginal fimbria of the same colour ; cilia sanguineous : shaft of the antennae
and legs rufescent, radii of the former dusky. Female with the antennae, head,
thorax, and anterior wings, rufo-fulvous, the margins of the latter, nervures,
and central lunule, bright sanguineous ; the posterior wings fulvous, with the
base, an ovate spot near the centre, and the margin, dull black : the abdomen
black, with the edges of the segments pale fulvous. The marginal fascia in
the posterior wings varies exceedingly; in some specimens it is nearly obli-
terated, in others interrupted by pale yellowish veins, and in some it forms
a broad border, and the base of the wing is dusky.

Caterpillar dusky, with yellow lateral spots, and dull orange hair : it feeds on
grasses, the plantain, scabious, hounds-tongue, &c. : changes in May to a red-
dish-brown pupa, in a web on the ground : the imago appears in June.

Far from uncommon on the warren and heathy places about
Coombe-wood : the female, however, is rarely met M'ith, owing to her
sluggishness, and being generally concealed at the roots of plants :

* EuC'/i/u-av , concinnus.
t Eyprepia, Och., which embraces Euthcmonia, and the five following genera,
with Eulcpia and JDeiopeia.

ARCTIID-i:.— AIICTIA. 69

also copiously in the New-forest. " In considerable pleniy on
Stockton-licath, anil near York."— IF. C. Heroitson, E.sq. "Not
uncommon in 13ottisham and Horningsea-fens." — liev L. Jeuyns.
" Sutton-park and Colesliill-lieatli.''— lx£:t>. W. T. Brce.

Genus LXIX. — Auctia * Schrank.

Paljii porrected, short, very hairy, triarticulate, the basal joint longer than the
second, tlie terminal ovate, or cylindric : rnaxiUu; short. Aniennoj rather long,
slender, bipectinated in the males, serrated in the females, the serrations and
pectinations terminated by a fine bristle : head small, pilose : thurax stout,
densely pilose : abdomen robust, tufted at the apex in both sexes, transversely
streaked or spotted: loings deflexed, densely scaly, elongate -trigonate: legs
short, femora very pilose : anterior tibice vsrith a compressed lobe. Larvcs
solitary, cylindric, thickly clothed with elongate fascicles of hair, each fascicle
arising from a tubercle ; when touched roll themselves into a ring: pujm rather
elongate, with a spine at the apex, enclosed in a loose extended web ; eggs
naked, deposited with regularity.

Tlie lively and brilliant colours of tlie Arctite offer a splendid
contrast to the sober and chaste hues of most of the foregoing g<inera
of Arctiidpe, of which family this genus appears to be the type.
From the preceding and following genera this may be known by
the robustness of its thorax and abdomen, and by the latter being
transversely stnped or longitudinally spotted: the basal joint of the
palpi longer than the second, and the antenuEe rather elongated.
The species hereunder given appear to differ considerably from each
other ; but as they will not associate with any other genus, and I
have not an opportunity of being acquainted with- their habits, &c.,
it must be understood that they are merely placed In this genus
provisionally, as being apparently their best location.

Sp. 1. Caja. Alis antieisfuseis rivnlis ulLis, posticis ruhris macuUs orlieulafix
atro-carulcis nitidis. (Exp. alar. $ 2 unc. 8 — 1 1 lin. : ^ 2 unc. 9 lin.— 3 unc.)
Ph. Bo. Caja. Linne.—Don. I pi. 15.— Ar. Caja. Steph. Catal. No. 6018.

A highly beautiful insect: antennae with the shaft white, the ratlii fuscous:
head and thorax fuscous, the latter v/ith a narrow ring anteriorly, and the
apex posteriorly red : anterior wings fuscous, with numerous white irregu-
larly waved strigte: cilia brown, except at the anal angle, where they arc
white: posterior wings red, with the cilia flavcscent, sometimes speckled with
fuscous ; with about seven small orbicular bluish-black spots, varying exceed-

* In restoring the name Arctia to this genus, I have adhered to the rule, which
is with justice generally adopted, of employing that which has the claim of
priority. Why Ochsenhcimcr should have rejected the term so aptly given by
Sclirank, I am at a loss to determine.

70 HAUSTELLATA. LEPIDOPTEUA.

ingly in size and form, and delicately margined with fulvous : abdomen red,

more or less transversely streaked with black.
Var. iS. Anterior wings deep black, with bright cream-coloured strigae : abdomen

broadly fasciated with black.
Var. y. Anterior wings with the basal half cream-coloured and immaculate, or

with a few scattered brown spots, the apex as in var. « ; posterior with three

or four bluish-black spots only.
Var. S. Anterior wings cream-colour, with a few scattered brown spots ; cilia

ochraceous ; posterior rufous, speckled with fulvous, with one small and two

minute black spots, the latter nearly united, and resembling a colon ; cilia

yellowish.
Var. £. Anterior wings as in var. a. ; posterior and abdomen bright luteous, the

latter broadly fasciated with black, the former with large bluish-black spots.
Var. ?. Anterior wings brown, with pale flesh-coloured strigte.
t Var. fi. Anterior wings brown, v/ith the hinder margin and strigge white.
Var. 9. Anterior wings brown, Avith interrupted waved white strigce ; posterior

with the spots united, and forming two transverse bands.
Var. I. Anterior wings brown, with dusky strigre, and a few irregular whitish

spots : posterior blue-black, slightly rufescent on the inner margin.
t Var. X. Anterior wings ochraceous, with interrupted whitish strigte ; posterior

with small black spots.
The above are some of the more striking varieties of this protean species, scarcely

two specimens of which agree precisely in colour and markings.
Caterpillars nearly black or brownish, with three elevated bluish tubercles on

each segment laterally ; hirsuties dusky-red ; they feed on various plants, espe-
cially lettuces and chickweed : they are hatched in the autumn, and come forth

in the spring, and change to pupa? in June, the moth appeai-ing towards the

end of July.

A very abundant species in tlie vicinity of London, and, I pre-
sume, throughout the chief part of England.

1" Sp. 2. Matronula. Alis anticis fuscus extcrius JIavo-muculutis, posticisjluvis
nigro suh-fasciuiis. (Exp. alar. 3 unc. 6 lin.)

Ph. Bo. Matronula. Liiine. — Tiirton (!) — Ar. Matronula. Steph. Cutal. Nu.
6029.

Larger than the preceding : anterior wings deep fuscous, with irregular, some-
times confluent, yellowish, or cream-coloured spots on the anterior margin,
and a smaller one towards the anal angle : lov/er wings yellow or luteous, with
two rows of interrupted black patches, disposed in bands : head and thorax
fuscous, with sanguineous streaks, the latter with a lateral cream-coloured
streak: abdomen sanguineous, with short transverse black fasciie on the back.

Caterpillar pale brown, with the tubercles on which the hairs are placed, and
the legs rufescent ; it feeds on the lime.

This remarkably elegant insect is marked as a native of Britain by Dr. Tiuton,
but, I believe, without suflicicnt authority.

ARCTl I D.i:. — ARCTI A. 71

Sp. 3. Villica. Alis aniicis afris maciiHs^flavicantihus, posiicisjluuis nigro-ma-

culutis. (Exp. alar. $ 2 unc. 1—!. lin. : $ 2 unc. 2 — 6 liii.)
Ph. Bo. Villica. Linni-. — Wilkes, pi ^1. Ar. Villica. Stcp/t. Catal. No. G020.

Anterior wings blacky with about eight yellowish spots of different magnitudes ;
a large spatulate one at the base, emarginate externally, followed by two sub-
orbicular ones placed transversely, then two much smaller also transverse,
followed by two considerably larger than the rest, and finally a suborbicular
one in the hinder margin : posterior wings yellowish, or luteous, more or less

I Sp. 4. Hebe. AUs anticis airis albo-Jiisciatis, posticis sanguineis airo-maculatis.

(Exp. alar. 2 unc. 1 lin.)
Ph. Bo. Hebe. Linnc.—Martijn?—k\: Hebe. Steph. Caial. No. 6021.

Anterior wings deep black, irregularly fasciated with white, the apical fascia
united by a transverse white bar : posterior wings sanguineous, spotted or fa&"
dated with black : head black, posteriorly sanguineous : thorax black, with a
sanguineous ring anteriorly : abdomen sanguineous, Avith the apex and a dorsal
line black.

Caterpillar black, with the hirsuties gi-iseous on the back, and red on the sides
and abdomen : it feeds on the millefoil, dandelion, and other plants.

A very conspicuous insect, which has been improperly mentioned as an indi-
genous species ; though I am not aware of the origin of the report.

\ Sp. 5. purpurea. AUs antk^s Jlavis fusco-pimdatis, posticis rtibris nigfo ma-

culatis. (Exp. alar. 2 unc. 2 hn.)
Ph. Bo. purpurea. Linn''. — Stewart (!)— Ar. purpurea. Steph. Catal. No. 6022.

Head, thorax, and abdomen yellow, the lattsr with a streak of black spots
on the back and sides : anterior wings also yelloAV, with various irregularly
dispersed fuscous spots, the hinder margin immaculate : posterior wings red,
irregularly spotted with black.

Caterpillar rough, cinereous, with whitish spots, the hirsuties fulvescent: it
feeds on the currant ; and the pupa is dark brown.

Stewart and Turton give this as a British species, but I apprehend without a
proper investigation of the subject.

X Sp. 6. aulica. AUs anticis griseis Jluvo-punctatis, jiosiicis fuU'is nigro-ma-

culatis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 8 lin.)
Ph. Bo. aulica. Llnn§. — Martyn (!)— Ar. aulica. Steph. Catal. No. C023.

Head, thorax, and anterior wings griseous, the latter with various irregular
yellow or whitish spots : posterior wings fulvous, irregularly maculated and
banded with black : abdomen luteous, transversely fasciated with black.

Caterpillar with the six middle segments yellowish-white, the anterior and pos-
terior dusky or griseous, the hirsuties flavescent : it feeds on the millefoil.

Martyn introduces this insect into his Vade-Mecum ; but I have never seen an
indigenous specimen, nor heard of one being captured : I therefore suspect that
it is not British,

72 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOI'TERA.

spotted with black, and an irregular black fascia at the apex : antennae, head,
and thorax black, the latter with a cream-coloured spot on each side : abdomen
rufous, with a dorsal and lateral series of black spots.

Var, fi. With the basal and two following spots on the anterior wings confluent.

Var. y. With the basal and four following spots on the anterior wings confluent.

Var. J. The apical spots on the anterior wings united.

The relative bulk of the respective spots on the anterior wings and their con-
fluence varies considerably ; and not unfrequently there are three or four small
spots disposed in a band at the apex; the posterior wings are sometimes
nearly immaculate, at others very thickly spotted, especially on the margin.

Caterpillar dusky, with blackish hairs, and fulvous tubercles; the head and legs
red : it is polyphagous, but prefers duckweed : it is hatched in the autumn,
and may be found in heathy places in the spring, while in quest of a situation
to effect its change : the pupa is black : the imago appears towards the middle
or end of June.

Not very common in the neiglibourlioocl of London : but taken
occasionally at Sydenham and Norwood ; also at Birch, Darentli,
and Coombe woods, Hertford, Ripley, &c. " Not uncommon near
Southend and at Bea\r—Hev. F. W. Hope. " Suffolk."— ?F. C.
HewUson, Esq. " Rare near Cambridge." — Rev. L. Jenyns.

Genus LXX. — Nemeophila * mihi.

Palpi extremely short, enveloped in the hairs of the front, triarticulate, the joints
of nearly equal length, subglobose, the basal largest, the terminal smallest,
and slightly compressed: maxiUas very short. Antennce rather slightly bipec-
tinated in the male, the pectinations shortening towards the apex, sen-ated and
ciliated in the female : head small, very pilose : thorax and abdomen rather
slender, the former with elongated hairs in the male, the latter stoutest and
acute in the female, tufted at the apex in the male : wings deflexed, opaque,
scaly : legs rather short : anterior tibive with a spine on the inside ; posterior
with spurs at the apex. Larva cylindric, slightly tuberculated, each tubercle
producing a fascicle of hair: imp^i with a truncate projection.

Nemeophila has the thorax and abdomen rather slender ; the an-
tennae but slightly bipectinated in the males; the wings opaque
and squamous ; and the palpi extremely short, enveloped in the
Lairs of the head, with all the joints of nearly equal length, sub-
globose, the apical one somewhat compressed.

Sp. 1. Plantaginis. Alls anticis atris rivulis Jlavis, post ids Ititeis ?nargi?ie ma-
culisque nigris. (Exp. alar. $ 1 unc. 6 — 8 lin. : 9 1 unc. 7 — 10 lin.)

Ni^oj nemus, if/Xov amicus.

ARCTIID.^. PHRAGMATOBIA. 73

Ph. Bo. Plantaginis. Linnc.—Don. iv. pi. 134.— Ne. Plantaginis. Steph. Catal.
No. 6024.

Anterior wings black, with two yellow spots on the costa anteriorly, and a lon-
gitudinal fascia arising at the base, and terminating on the hinder margin in a
large dentate cross of the same : the posterior wings yellowish, with irregular
elongate black spots at the base, and the hinder margin with an interrupted
black fascia : head and thorax black, the latter with two fulvous spots ante-
riorly, and two yellowish ones laterally, and longitudinally streaked with yel-
lowish : abdoiuen fulvous, with the back black. Female without the yellowish
lines on the thorax, the spots and streaks on the anterior wings of a deep ful-
vous : posterior wings with the base black, sometimes with a yellow spot in
the centre, the margin luteous, irregularly spotted with black : abdomen rufous,
with a black dorsal line.

Var. /3. The anterior wings with the spots and streaks pure white.

Var. y. All the wings white, marked with black, as in var. a.

Var. I. Male with the posterior wings luteous, slightly streaked and spotted
with black.

Var. e. Female with the posterior wings rufous or scarlet, spotted with black.

As in the Arctic this insect varies exceedingly.

Caterpillar black, with the six middle segments rufescent : it feeds on the plan-
tain, and lives throughout the winter, changing in April to a dark pupa: the
imago appears in the beginning or middle of June.
Not uncommon in certain years in Darentli-v/ood, wliich is the

only locality that I have observed; the insect, however, is found in

several other parts of the country. Var. y was given to me by Mr.

Dale, who took it in the north of England. " York and West-
moreland."—IF. C. Hczvitson, Esq. « Sutton-park."— 7?ft;. W. T.

Bree.

Genus LXXI. — Phragmatobia * mild.

Palpi short, very hairy, triarticulate, the basal joint the length of the second, and
stouter ; the terminal shortest, and ovate, obtuse : maxilla; rather spiral. An-
tenna: short, serrated, simple in the female, ciliated in both sexes : head very
small, pilose : thorax stout, woolly : abdomen rather stout in both sexes, tufted
at the apex in the males, acute and smooth in the females : wings deflexed,
subdiaphanous ; the anterior elongate, trigonate: legs stout: anterior tibice
with a spine internally ; two posterior pair with spurs at the apex. Larva
very hairy: pwjaa with a slight spine, foUiculated.

The abbreviated nearly simple antennse in both sexes, robust
thorax and abdomen, the latter spotted, and semi-transparent elongate
triangular wings, well distinguish this genus ; to these may be added

* VlQ-xy/joi sepes, (iioii vivo.

74 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

the characters of the palpi, which have the basal joint as long as the
second, and stouter, with the terminal ver}'^ short and ovate.

Sp. 1. fuliginosa. Alis unticis r-iifo-fidiginosis, pitncto geniino nigro, posticis
ruhris, juaculis marginalibus nigris. (Exp. alar. 10 lin. — 1 unc. 6 lin.)

Ph. Bo. fuliginosa. Liiiiic. — Don. iii. pi. 80. — Phr. fuliginosa. Steph. Calal.
No. 6025.

Antenna? pale rufescent, with black radii : head and thorsix dusky-red : abdomen
cinnabar-red, with a streak of spots down the back, and another along each
side : anterior wings like the thorax, with one or two minute black spots at the
apex of the basal areolet, the cilia bright red : posterior wings fine bright red,
with the margin and some scattered spots on the disc black, cilia bright red.

The posterior wings are frequently nearly immaculate, and occasionally nearly
all black, with the inner margin alone red ; at other times they have the margin
alone dusky. The form of the wings differs materially. I possess a pair which
have the anterior very much elongated and attenuated, forming a remarkable
contrast to the usual appearance. Can they belong to different species } Harris
figures the common kind in his Aurehan, and another, which he considers
distinct, in his Exposition ; and there is considerable diversity in the larva?.

Caterpillar ferruginous, with the head and anterior legs black ; or slate- colour,
with the head cupreous: it is polyphagous, but prefers plantain, dock, and
nettle ; is found in June, and the imago appears in the beginning of July.

I have once or twice found the ferruginous larvae of this insect
near Ripley, and occasionally at Darenth-wood and near Hertford.
" Near Dublin."— 72^t;. J. Buhver. " West Moors, York, and
Prestwick Carr, near Newcastle." — W. C. Hcivitson, Esq. " Coles-
hill."— Eeu. W. T. Bree.

Genus LXXII. — Spilosoma * mihi.

Palpi short, a little descending, triarticidate, the two basal joints very hairy, the
terminal scaly, the basal joint somewhat longer than the second, the apical
rather small, oval, subconic: maxillw short. Antennw slightly bipectinated in
the males, serrated in the females, tach articulation with a bristle at the apex:
head rather small, hairy : thorax and abdomen rather stout in both sexes, the
latter slightly tufted in the male, acute in the female ; wings trigonate, de-
flexed, opaque : legs moderately stout : anterior tibiae short, with a spine in-
ternally ; the four posterior with spurs at the apex. Larva slightly tuber-
culated, each tubercle producing a whisker of hairs : pupa obtuse, foUiculated.

We again arrive at a group of insects in which the predominant
colour is white ; but, unlike the former group of the same hue, the

ItiKo; macula, (ray/y corpus.

ARCTUD.E. SPILOSOMA. 75

wings are more elongate, and are deeply speckled with black, and
tlieir bodies are spotted with the same colour, the spots being dis-
posed in longitudinal lines. The species vary much, and some of
the more remarkable varieties have been recorded as distinct species :
their spotted bodies, combined with the opacity of their M'ings, ex-
clusively of the structure of the palpi, &c. well distinguish them
from the otlier Arctiidse.

Sp. 1. Menthastri. Alls alhidis, uid pallid} oclwaceis, piinctis numerosis sparsis,
UneoUsqiie apicis nfrls. (Exi^. alar. $ 1 unc. 6 — 9 lin.: ? 1 unc. 6—11 lin.)

Bo. Menthastri. Fahricins. — Don. vi. pi. 189.— Sp. Menthastri. Steph. Catul.
No. 602G.

AntenntE black : head and thorax white or ochraceous : abdomen luteous, with
the tip snow-white, the back Avith one, and the sides Avith two lines of black
dots: anterior wings whitish or ochraceous, irregularly spotted with black, with
an oblique series of abbreviated black lineolte : posterior wings white, with one
or two black spots : legs black : the femora and tibiiE fringed externally with
white hairs.

Var. B. With the spots on the anterior wings very minute and distant.

Var. y. "With the spots on the anterior wings large, and somewhat confluent.

Var. S. As in var. y ; but the spots united into waving transverse striga?.

Var. £. Plate 16. f. 3. — Anterior wings ochraceous, or white, with the base of
the costa and edges of the nerves at the base of the wing black, the space
between the nervures more or less filled in with black, the hinder margin some-
times spotted with black, at others immaculate : posterior wings more or less
spotted with black.

t Var. r. Curtis, ii. pi 92.— Pale bufF-colour : anterior wings, with the costa
and edges of the nervures towards the base, black, the spaces between the
nerves on the posterior margin, and the margin itself, also black, with a few
ochraceous spots on the fifth, sixth, and seventh areolets : posterior wings as
in var. s.

Caterpillar brown, faintly spotted with blue, with a yellowish dorsal line : it is
polyphagous, but prefers nettle and fruit trees: it appears in the autumn, and
changes in September to a reddish pupa, in a loose cocoon ; and the imago
appears in May.

Less common than Sp. lubricepeda near London, though not rare,
except the varieties ; whether the two last are truly referrible to the
present insect I am not able to decide : var. £ seems to be not uncom-
mon near Manchester ; and Godart appears to give var. i^ as a variety
of Sp. Menthastri. " Kimpton."— l?ct^. G. T. Rudd. " Cambridge-
shire, common." — Rev. L. Jcnyns. " York and Newcastle-on-
Tyne."-~Tr. C. Hcmtson, Esq. " Epping.''~.M?-. //. Duublcdai/.

v>

76 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

Sp. 2. UrtiCfE? AUs ulhidis, ant'icis fer?. immaculatis, posticis punctis iribus

nigricantibus. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 7 lin.)
Bo. Urticfe. ZT/ii/irr'j^— Sp. Urticae.? Steph. Catal. No. 6027.

Antennae white, with dusky radii : head, thorax, and apex of the abdomen the
same, middle of the latter slightly fulvescent, with a dorsal and two lateral
streaks of black dots : anterior wings whitish, with a single minute black dot
on the disc : posterior the same, with two dusky spots parallel with the hinder
margin, and one larger and paler in the centre : legs white, the anterior, with
the femora, fulvescent within, and the tibiae with a narrow black streak : tarsi
of all white.

This insect closely resembles the foregoing, if it be not a variety thereof: its chief
distinction consists in the antennae being white, the abdomen very slightly
fulvescent, and in the greater purity of the white colour of the wings : it is the
Bo. Urticte of the Ent. Trans. ; but whether the Bo. Urticae of Hiibner is re-
ferrible to this or to Sp. papyratia, which is of totally dissimilar form to the
present, although somewhat similar in the colour of its antenna;, &c. I am
unable to determine.

Of this species I have seen two specimens only a female, in the
collection of Mr. Haworth, and a male in my own : the latter was
taken on Epping-forest, many years since ; Mr. Haworth's specimen
in Yorkshire.

Sp. 3. Papyratia. Aiis albis, anticis punctis dixcoidalibus Uneoltique punctorum
nigrorum ad apicem nigris, posticis swpissiinc immaculatis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc.
6—8 hn.)

Ph. Papyratia. Marsham, Linn. Trans, i. pi i. /. 4.. — Sp. Papyratia. Steph.
Catal. No. 6028.

Antennae white, with black rathi : head, thorax, and tip of the abdomen clear
white, middle of the latter bright orange, with the usual dorsal and lateral lines
of spots: anterior wings white, with tuo or four black spots on the disc, and
an oblique streak of black dots (varying in number, and sometimes obsolete)
at the disc : posterior wings generally immaculate white, sometimes with a
dusky speck in the centre, and one or two obsolete ones near the margin.

Wings sometimes totally immaculate.

Caterpillar deep brown, with a few black spots : it feeds on various aquatic plants,
especially the water-mint, white ladies bed-straw, &c. and is found in the
autumn : the pupa is dusky, and changes about the middle of June to the
imago.

Not common ; but taken occasionally in the larva state in the
marshy places near London; especially near the banks of the Croy-
don Canal, in the Isle of Dogs, Plaistow, and Hackney-marshes, &c.

ARCTIID/E. DIAPHORA. 77

Sp. 4. lubricepeda. AHs Jlavcscentihus strig.^i ohliqwi fract2 punctorum atro-
n/m, ihorace anoque hdeis. (Exp. alar. $ 1 imc. 6 — 9lin. : $ 1 unc. 8 — 10
lin.)

Ph. Bo. lubricepeda. Linne. Don. xvi. pi. 568. — Sp. lubricepeda. Steph.
Catal. No. 6029.

Antenna; black : male with the head, thorax, and abdomen pale bufF colour, the
latter with one dorsal and two lateral lines of black dots : anterior wings yel-
lowish or buff-colour, with a slight transverse band, of black spots near the
base, an oblique interrupted striga from the apex to the inner margin, where
it becomes rather expanded, three or four black dots on the hinder margin,
and a few on the centre of the costa: posterior wings rather paler, with a few
black spots. Female pale or whitish, with the spots on the wings somewhat
obsolete.

Var. /5. Wings reddish buff, with the margins and cilia deep sanguineous, the
markings as usual.

Both the colour and markings of this species vary exceedingly : in some speci-
mens the former is of a rich orange-buff, in others paler, and some whitish ;
the striga? and dots are sometimes nearly obliterated, at others they are so
broad and deeply marked as to become fascia; : occasionally the oblique striga
ceases a little beyond the middle, and becomes incurved towards the costa :
the posterior wings are sometimes immaculate, at others they have a central
waved transverse striga of interrupted dots, and several marginal spots.

Caterpillar greenish, with pale fulvous hairs : it feeds on various herbaceous
plants, in the autumn, and in June the imago appears.

A very common insect, I believe, throughout England, fre-
quenting gardens and shrubberies, even in the centre of the metro-
polis itself. "York and Newcastle." — W. C. Hciaitson, Esq.
" Kimpton." — Rev. G. T. Rudd. " Cambridgeshire, common."
Rev. L. Jenyns.

t Sp. 5. radiata. " Alls anticis nigris macula magna lohatd variisque Jlavican^

tihiis." — Haw. Ent. Trans.
Be. radiatus. Haworth. — Sp. radiatus. Steph. Catal. No. 6030.
Anterior wings black, with a large lobate spot, and the nervures yellowish.
I regret not having it in my power to give a more detailed account of this species

at present, but I hope in my Appendix to make amends for the omission.

I have seen one specimen only of this species, which somewhat
resembles var. ^ of Sp. Menthastri : it is in Mr. Haworth's cabinet,
and was taken in Yorkshire.

Genus LXXIII. — DiArnoRA* miUi.

Pulfji moderate, descending, triarticulate, the two basal joints very hairy, the
terminal squamous, all of nearly equal length, cylindric, the basal one in-

• A(«(po{<s differentia.

78 liAUSTF.M.ATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

curved, the terminal more slender than the others, obtuse: jnaxiUw rather
longer than the head. Anfenvoe blpectinated in the males, serrated in the
females, the pectinations incurved, and meeting at the apex : head very small,
woolly : thorax stout, very woolly : abdomen slender in the male, robust and
slightly acute in the female : ivings subdiaphanous, deflexed, trigonate : legs
short, stout ; the anterior tibia; short, with a spine on the inside, the posterior
with spurs at the apex. Larva tuberculated, each tubercle producing a tuft
of hairs : pupa acute, folliculated.

The sexes of this genus differ considerably from each "other, but
in each the wings are rather abbreviated (especially in the males),
and but sparingly covered with scales : the thorax of both sexes,
and the femora and posterior tibise of the male, are very woolly, and
the palpi have the terminal joint as long as either of the others, and
cylindric.

Sp. 1. mendica. Alis maris cinereis, fcEmincE albis, utroque atro punctatis.

(Exp. alar. $ 1 unc. 2 — 4 lin. : ^ 1 unc. 4 — 6 lin.)
Ph. Bo. mendica. Linne. Linn. Trans, i. pL 1. f. 3. — Dia. mendica. Stepk.

Catal. No. 6031.

INIale with the antennte black : thorax and abdomen ashy-brown ; the latter
with obsolete black spots: wings ftiscous; the anterior with six or eight
scattered black spots, the hinder margin immaculate ; posterior with three or
four dusky ones towards the hinder margin, and a larger one on the disc.
Female very dissimilar : antenna: black : head and thorax snow-white ; ab-
domen grayish-white, with five rows of dusky spots, one dorsal, the others
lateral; wings white, more or less spotted with black; the posterior generally
with some larger spots near the hinder margin ; the hinder margin of the
anterior rarely spotted.

The maculations on the wings vary considerably : I possess one specimen with
two minute dots only on the anterior wings, and one on the posterior ; others
with about fourteen on the anterior and ten on the posterior wings ; and all
intermediate grades, some with the ciha of the anterior wings also spotted.

Caterpillar cinereous; it feeds on various aquatic plants, in the autumn, and
the imago is produced about the middle of May.

Not very uncommon in several places near London, especially
in the marshy places near Dartford, Erith, &c. I once took a fine
specimen, which had been impaled by a shrike on a whitethorn
bush, in Epping forest. " Norwich." — W. C. Hewitsofi, Esq.
" Epping.''— ilfr. H. Douhleday. " Marton Lodge, Yorks."—
Rev. G. T. Rtidd.

Genus LXXIV\ — Penthophera, Germar.

Palpi small, nearly concealed by hairs, porrect, biarticulate, the terminal joint
very large, ovate, subacute: maxilhv obsolete. Antennw deeply bipectinated

ARCTIID.T:. PSYCHE. 79

in tb.e males, the pectinations long and slender, each terminated by three or
four fine rigid hairs: simple in the female: headsmail, pilose: thorax robust
in the males, smaller in the females : ahdomen short in the males, subacute in
the females : wings subdiaphanous, rounded in the males, small and lunulate
in the females : legs slender ; the anterior tibiae with a spine internally, the
four posterior with spurs at the tip. Larva tuberculated, each tubercle pro-
chicing a fascicle of hairs.

The want of maxillae distinguishes this genus from the preceding,
Phragmatobia and Nudaria, with which it agrees in the texture and
transparency of its wings, as well as from Spilosoma, and the fore-
going genera, which have densely squamous wings. From Psyche
and Fumea, the robustness of its body, and differently constructed
wings and anteniise, well distinguish the males, and the females are
known by having wings, which, however, are abbreviated, and thus
approach towards the apterous ones of the following genera.

f Sp. 2. nigricans. Fusco-nigra tincturajlavedinis, ciUis neurisque saturatiorihus^

abdomine subtils tarsisque a7^genteo niicantihus. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 2 lin.)
Pe. nigricans. Curtis, v. pi. 213. Stcph. Catal. N'o. 6033.

" Male semitransparent, hairy, brownish-black with a yellowish tint ; cilia and
nervures darker, the former very short, superior (anterior) wings rather long
and narrow : thorax and abdomen woolly, the latter beneath at the apex, and
the tarsi silvery. Female unknown."— Cwr/w, 1. c.

This insect I have never seen : the figure above referred to appears to differ
sufficiently from that of P. Morio to constitute a distinct species.

Taken by Mr. Dale, in Jime, 1824; West Parley coppice^
Dorset.

Genus LXXV. — Psyche, Schirmk.

Palpi and maxillce wanting, a minute loose tuft of hair occupying their place.
Antcyinas of the male rather short, bipectinated, the pectinations twisted, and
very pilose ; of the females very short, simple subraoniliform, the two basal
joints very large and robust, the rest small : head and thorax scarcely pilose.

f Sp. 1. Rubea. Alis pallidd rufescentihus, puncto medio alhido, fascia strigdque

posticti nigris.
Bo. Rubea. Fabric. Samouelle (!)— Pe. Rubea. Steph. Catal. No. 6032.

All the wings pale rufescent, with a whitish dot in the middle, and a black fascia

and posterior striga.
Caterpillar yellow, with two dusky stripes and some black dots anteriorly : it

feeds on the oak : pupa brown, slightly hairy.
Introduced as British in Samouelle's Compendium, but evidently without any

authority.

80 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

shining ; ahdomen of the males somewhat robust, densely pilose ; of the fe-
males naked, rather glossy above, with a woolly mass at the apex, the ovi-
positor exserted, subtruncate: icings elongate, rounded posteriorly, very
transparent, slightly hairy ; wanting in the females: cilia moderate: legs slender,
transparent, scarcely pilose ; postei~ior tarsi with very short spurs at the apex.
Larva enclosed in a case, composed of bits of leaves, &c. in which it changes
to an elongate pupa.

This curious genus and Fumea are remarkable for the singularity
of their habits, and ought possibly to constitute a family by them-
selves, rather than be associated with the Arctiidse ; but, vmless that
family be considerably dismembered, no great advantage would
arise from their separation, and their present location is unques-
tionably not far from their natural position, as pointed out by the
genera Penthephora and Nudaria, which have evidently consider-
able affinity in their perfect states, the former genus being desti-
tute of maxilla?, with semitransparent and almost scaleless wings
(abbreviated in the females of some of the species), and Nudaria
resembling them in the texture of the latter organs, and in their
want of scales. Dr. Horsfield places them with the Hepialidse, to
which he unites them by means of the singular genus Oiketicos,
of Guilding; but, although the larvse may indicate the affinity, the
imago is more allied to the Arctiidaj ; but these affinities may be
readily comprehended by the diagram to which I have before
alluded, and which clearly shows that it is impossible to define the
absolute line of demarcation in the larger groups, and that, although
writers necessarily differ in the linear arrangements, such differences
are more apparent than real,

Sp. 1. fusca. Plate 18./. 3 ^/. 4 ?. Alis paUidefuscis, concohrihus, imma-^
cidatis, abdomine dilutti cinerascente. (Exp. alar. $ 8— 9^ lin. $ aptera,
long. corp. 2 — 2^ lin.)

Nu. fusca. Haworih.—Fs. fusca. Stej^h. Catal. No. 6034-

Male with the antennae dusky-brown : the thorax grayish-black ; the abdomen
pale cinereous, with an ochraceous tinge: wings very transparent, all pale
cinereous-brown, immaculate : legs and under side of the thorax and abdomen
pale ochraceous ash. Female apterous, with the head and thorax very glossy
dusky-brown ; the abdomen dusky, and rather shining on the back, the sides
cinerascent: legs pale transparent ashy-colour.

" I first took the larvae in Hornsey-wood, in the summer of 1820, and reared
two males ; after several unsuccessful seasons, I again met with them and the
pupa on 22d June and 4th July, 1827, in great abundance, on the leaves of
the hazel and sallow, and on the leaves and trunks of young oaks, from which
I bred only three males, nearly all the larva; being infected with ichneumons.

ARCTIID.E. FUMKA. 81

" Again in June last I procured another considerable supply of both larva? and
pupae, some only half the size of the others, from the largest of which I
obtained four males and two females, in the beginning of July ; the larvae on
the smaller cases being still alive (Nov. 24.) ; from which I conceive that
they remain at least two seasons, if not more, before they attain perfection * :
which opinion is strengthened by the fact of my taking the young larvaet on
17th July, 1827, under three-fourths of a line in lenglh, including the case,
which are now but four lines long, and which I fed at first on the leaves of
the sallow, the cuticle of which they devoured, and with the downy portion
they fonned their cases ; during the winter they remained fixed to the upper
part of the inverted glass in which they were placed (having made the sides
easy of ascent, by covering them with a fine silken web) ; and in March they
began to stir, when I supplied them with the buds of white-thorn and after-
wards with sallow ; they gradually increased the size of their cases, and added
to them fine saw-dust and pieces of leaves ; and after a few weeks they again
became immovably fixed, and from each of them the Chalcideous insects
alluded to in the note were produced ; and their extremely slow growth not
only indicates their anomalous longevity, but satisfactorily shows why they
are so obnoxious to tiie attacks of parasites. The females never leave their
cases ; and from previous ignorance of that fact, I am not confident whether
any of the larvae taken in June 1827 produced any of that sex." — Mr. Ingpen.

How the union of the sexes takes place it is difncult to imagine, as the female
does not leave her birthplace, and the extraordinary smallness of the latter
sex is very remarkable.

For the above interesting facts I am indebted to my friend Mr.
Ingpen, who has also taken the insects at Highgate : specimens
were also taken, many years previously, by Messrs. Hatchett and
Bydder, I believe in or near the same locality.

Genus LXXVI. — Fumea, Hawortlt.

Palpi and maxillce wanting, their place occupied by a tuft of elongate hairs.
Antennw of the male elongate, bipectinated, the pectinations subclavate,
ciUated, and straight; of the female very short, simple, the two basal joints
largest ; head pilose anteriorly : thorax slightly hairy, and generally glossy :
abdomen of the male pilose, with a tuft at the apex, of the female more robust,
with a woolly mass at the tip : wings incumbent, of the male diaphanous,
deeply ciliated, pilose, of the female wanting : legs rather stout, the posterior

* Thereby approaching in the duration of their lives to some of the Hepialids.
—J. F. S.

t " Which larvie, although taken so young, produced a great abundance of
Chalcideous parasites in June last ; the eggs of which must either have been
deposited in the young larvse upon leaving the egg, or in the latter, if not in-
troduced upon the leaves upon which they were nourished.' — Mr. Ingpen.
Havstfaa.ata. Vol. il. 1st Fkbriary, ]329. g

82 HAUS'IELLATA. LEPIDOPTERA.

tibide very pilose, with elongate spurs at the apex. Lar va enclosed in a case,
in which it changes to pupa.

Like the preceding genus, tlie males of this have the antenna?
pectinated; but the pectinations, instead of being incurved, are
straight, subclavate, and ciliated; the wings are very transparent,
abbreviated, pilose, and strongly ciliated ; the females are wingless ;
and both sexes appear to be destitute of trophi, a broad tuft of
hairs alone occupying their place.

Sp. 1. nitidella. Alis subelongatis,fusco-nitidis, margine cinerascente. (Exp.

alar. 5—5'q lin.)
Ti. nitidella. Hilbner.—Fn. nitidella. Steph. Catal. No. 6035.

Wings entirely of a bright shining fuscous, with the margins cinerascent ; the
anterior a little elongate, the posterior rounded: antennae and legs gray-
brown ; abdomen dusky. Female ochraceous-ash, with the head chestnut-
brown, some grayish spots on the thorax, and the apex of the abdomen woolly.

Caterpillar rufescent or yellowish, with the head castaneous, and ^a line of the
same colour on the three first segments ; the case is formed of bits of grass
and leaves : the pupa of the male is slender, and brown ; the female stouter
and brownish-yellow.

Of this species I possess a pair, taken by myself, in the lane
leading to Darenth-wood from the village, in July.

Sp. 2. puUa. Alis rotundatis atris immaculatis, undique ?nargine piloso cinctis,

nntevnis parum pectinatis. (Exp. alar. 5 lin.)
Bo. puUa. Esper.—Vn. pulla. Steph. Catal. No. 6036.
Antennae dusky, rather slightly pectinated; head, thorax, and abdomen deep

black, the latter brownish at the sides and apex, and the former very hairy :

wings rounded, very pilose, deep immaculate brown, with the anterior margin

pilose, and the cilia rather elongate.

My specimen of this very distinct species was caught by myself
in June, in the lane leading into Darenth-wood from Greenhithe:
it appears to be scarce.

Sp. 3. muscella. Alls oblongiuscuHs obscure hyalinis, corpore atro hirto, an-

tennis valdi pectinatis. (Exp. alar. 5^ — 6 lin.)
Bo. muscella. Fabricius. — Fu. muscella. Steph. Catal. No. 6037.

Antennae dusky-black, deeply pectinated: head, thorax, and abdomen black and
hairy, the sides of the latter paler: wings slightly oblong, obscurely hyaline,
of a deep immacvdate black, with the margins darker, the fringe long and
dusky-black.

Found in grassy places amongst furze : I have seen many and
captured several on Hertford-heath in June, and it has also been
taken in Epping Forest and Dartford-heath.

ARCTIIDiE. NUDARIA.

83

Sp. 4. Bombycella? Alis rotundatis obscure hyalinis lividis, fusco irroratts.

(Exp. alar. 6— 6^ lin.)
Ti. Bombycella.? Hillmer.—Fvi. Bombycella. Steph. Catal. No. 6038.

Antennse with the shaft yellowish, the radii dusky-brown : front hairy, slightly
ochraceous: thorax and abdomen dusky: wings rounded, obscurely trans-
parent, of a Hvid brown, with darker fuscous spots, the margin rather dusky,
with a deep yellowish-gray fringe.

Apparently very rare : I have two specimens, one of wliich I
obtained from Mr. Marsham's collection, the other from a dealer.
Mr. Haworth has .specimens of his own taking.

Sp. 5. pectinella. Alis rotundatis cinpreo-fuscis, hyalinis, immacidatis, margine

brunneo. (Exp. alar. 6 lin.)
Bo. pectinella. Fabricius. — Fu. pectinella. Steph. Catal. No. 6039.

Antennae dusky-brown, with the radii palest : front hairy and dusky : thorax
and abdomen fuscous : wings rounded, immaculate, transparent ashy-brown,
with a narrow darker margin, the nervures dusky, fringe yellowish-gray.
Also rare. I possess one specimen, which I obtained from Mr.

Francillon's collection. Mr. Haworth has one, which he purchased

of a dealer.

Genus LXXVII. — Nudaria, Haworth.

Palpi minute, curved upwards, squamous, triarticulate, the two basal joints of
equal length, the terminal minute, cylindric : maxillce longer than the head.
Antennce simple in both sexes, ciliated beneath in the males ; the basal joint
robust, elongate, with a dense hairy tuft : head with a dense fascicle of hairs
between the antennae : thorax not crested : abdomen pilose, slender in the
males, with a tuft at the apex, more robust in the females, the tip rather
conical : wings slightly deflexed, more or less elongate, rounded posteriorly,
diaphanous, pilose : legs rather slender, naked, the two posterior joints with
spurs at the tip. Larva exposed, hairy ; pupa obtuse.

Nudaria has the wings remarkably transparent, and may be
known from the rest of the Arctiidae (except Hypercompa) by the
length of its maxillse, which considerably exceeds that of the head :
the antennae are simple in both sexes, with the basal joint remark-
ably large and ovate, and the palpi are minute and squamous : their
flight is nocturnal.

Sp. l.mundana. Alis subhyalinis, lutescente-alhidis strigis duabtis undatis punc to-
que medio fuscis. (Exp. alar. 9—1 1 lin.)

Ph. At. mundana. Liime.—'Nu. mundana. Steph. Catal. No. 6040.

Antennae ochraceous-brown ; head, thorax, and abdomen woolly grayish-white :
the anterior wings lutescent- white, with two undulated fuscous strigs, one

g2

84 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

towards the base, the other behind the middle, with a round fuscous spot

between, towards the costa ; posterior wings immaculate.
Var. (i. With a fuscous cloud at the base of the anterior wings, on the costa;

and a dcKticulated striga on the hinder margin.
Caterpillar hairy, brown ; it feeds upon lichens : pupa brown, with the abdomen

greenish, speckled with black : the imago appears in August, and frequents

hedges.

Not uncommon in several places near London ; in great plenty
near Ripley, and also at Darenth-wood near Hertford. " Alderly,
Cheshire."— Z2er. C. Stanley. " Sundridge, Kent, in July, 1825."
— Mr. Ingpen.

Sp. 2. Hemerobia. Alls hyalinis, immaculatis, Umbo squamoso' ciliisque Ivtes-

centibus. (Exp. alar. 6 — 10 lin.)
Bo. Hemerobia. Hilbner. — Nu. Hemerobia. Stevh. Catal. No. 6041.

Distinguished by the transparency of its wings, which are beautifully iridescent :
immaculate, with the nervures slightly tinged with ochraceous, the entire
margin squamous, and with the fringe lutescent or yellowish.

Were it not that I have frequently reared this insect from the larva, I should be
induced to think, with Ochsenheimer, that it was a mere wasted example of the
foregoing species ; but on first emerging from the pupa, the wings have been
perfectly transparent and immaculate.

Taken occasionally at Darenth-wood at the end of July.

Sp .3. senex. Plate 18. f. 2. AUs rotundatis, sordide lutescentibus, anticis
macula media puuctuUsque fuscis perparce notatis, post ids puncto medio fusco.
(Exp. alar. 8—9 lin.)

Bo. senex. HUbner.—'Nu. senex. Steph. Catal. No. 6042.

Antennas, head, thorax, abdomen and legs pale ochraceous, or cinerascent : wings
rounded, anterior lutescent, with a round dusky spot a little beyond the
middle, various minute brown spots on the nervures towards the base, disposed
in a striga, and between the larger spots and the margin a series of elongate
spots or lineolse also on the nervures; the tip of the wing a little clouded with
dusky, the ciha flavescent, with dusky spots : posterior wings rather paler, with
some obsolete spots towards the margin, and a larger central lunate one : cilia
flavescent, obsoletely spotted with dusky. There is sometimes a dusky patch
at the base of the anterior wings, and the costa is clouded with the same colour.
^' ery scarce near London ; two or three specimens, of which I

possess one, have been taken in Battersea-fields ; but on the borders

of Whittlesea Mere the insect occurred in considerable plenty in

July 1825, and the following season.

Genus LXXVIII. Heterogenea, Knock.

Palpi minute, densely clothed with scales, triarticulate, the second joint longest,
the last minute : maxilleB wanting : Antenna; of the female simple, slightly

ARCTJID^. LI.MACODES. S5

pubescent at the tip, with a small tuft of hairs at the end : head shghtly b.airy ;
thorax and abdomen scaly : luings o^2i.(\VLe, scaly : anterior subtriangular, acute,
posterior suborbiculate ; legs rather slender, posterior iihice short, robust, with
rather long spurs at the apex. Larva ovate, without legs, naked, depressed :
pupa folliculated.

Heterogenea differs in the imago state from Limacodes by the
form of its anterior wings, which are trigonate and somewhat
truncated posteriorly ; the thorax and abdomen are rather slender,
and the antennae, at least in the female (the only sex I possess, or
have had an opportunity of examining), are more slender than
in that sex of Limacodes : the palpi are very minute.

Sp. 1. Asellus. Plate 17. f. 2. Alis luteo fuscescentibus, posticis saturatioribus

(Exp. alar. 6—9 lin.)
Hep. Asellus. Fabricius.—We. Asellus. Steph. Catal. No. 6043.

Antennse, head, thorax and abdomen pale luteous, tinged with ferruginous ; an-
terior wings immaculate glossy, lutescent brown ; the cilia dusky : posterior
fuscous, slightly tinted with luteous, with dusky cilia.

Caterpillar ovate, red, with a yellow dorsal line, spotted with black, the sides
green : it feeds on the poplar : the pupa brown, folliculated.

Of this insect I have seen but five examples, in different cabinets ;
all but one of which were captured in the New Forest, near Lynd-
hurst. '' Kimpton."— i2ct;. G. T. Rudd.

Genus LXXIX. — Limacodes, Latreille.

Palpi short, a little ascending, densely clothed with scales and short hairs, tri-
articulate, basal joint short, second as long as the other two, robust, sub-
cylindric, terminal, the length of the first, slender, subfusiform, slightly acute :
maxilla; obsolete. Antennce simple, of the male stout, compressed, rather
serrated, pilose at the apex, of the females slender, a little serrated towards
the apex, which is acute : head moderate, very hairy : thorax stout : ab-
domen shghtly robust, a little tufted in both sexes at the apex, rather stoutest
in the females: wings opaque, deflexed; anterior elongate, subtrigonate,
posterior margins rounded: legs very stout, short; femora and tibiw with
a broad fringe of hairs ; anterior tibias simple, four posterior, with spurs at
the apex. Larva very stout, naked, limaciform, gibbous above, flat beneath,
apodous : pupa robust, obtuse, posteriorly acute ; enclosed in a dense ovate
foUiculus.

Limacodes and the preceding genus differ in their metamor-
phoses from the other Arctiidae; but, in their final state, their re-
semblance is certainly greater to the insects of that family than to
the Bombycidse ; amongst which, or rather in the group containing

86 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA-

the genus Satiirnia, Dr. Horsfiekl is inclined to place them, from
tlie consideration of their larvse : but as my limits will not permit
me to discuss the point here, I must refer to the introduction to my
Catalogue for my ideas respecting their location. The present
genus differs from Heterogenea at first sight by the stoutness of its
thorax and abdomen, the elongation and rotundity of its anterior
wings, and the robustness of its antennae; the proportions and
comparative bulk of the palpi, and other less evident characters.

Sp. 1. Testudo. Alls fulvis, aut ferrugineis, strigis dvahus obliquis obscuriori-
bus. (Exp. alar. $ 8 — 11 lin. : ^ 10 lin. — 1 unc. 4 lin.)

Hep. Testudo. Fabricius.—Fh. Testudo. Wilkes, pi. 88.— Li. Testudo. Steph.
Catal. No. 6044.

Anterior wings deep fulvous^ clouded with dusky, with an oblique dusky stria,
reaching from near the base of the inner margin to about the middle of the
costa, and another extending from the costa, a little behind the middle,
nearly to the anal angle ; cilia dusky : posterior dusky-black, sometimes ful-
vescent on the inner margin ; cilia dusky-fulvous, deepest at the base. Fe-
male with the anterior wings deep unclouded tawny, and shghtly ferruginous,
with the cilia concolorous; posterior fulvous, thickly irrorated with dusky;
ciUa pale tawny : markings of the anterior wings as in the male.

This insect varies much; in some cases the males have the anterior wings
clouded with large patches of fulvous, and others nearly immaculate : the
females have the posterior wings occasionally nearly fuscous: — both sexes
have frequently the rudiments of a second striga parallel with the usual
basal one.

Caterpillar green, with two whitish dorsal lines: it feeds on the oak; and is to
be found at the beginning of September : the imago appears towards the end
of June.

In certain seasons this insect is taken in tolerable plenty at
Darenth-wood ; and I have captured as many as a dozen males in
one day, while flying amongst the underwood, a little after noon ;
but, on the whole, the insect may be esteemed rare. It not
only occurs in that neighbourhood, but at Birch Wood, the woods
near Chisselhurst and Sydenham ; and it has likewise been taken
within this twelvemonth near Ipswich.

Lkpidoptera Nocturna.

By which term, as being the typical group, I shall include such insects only as

possess the following characters :
Palpi two, most frequently compressed ; the second joint usually large ; the

terminal short: maxilla: in general elongate, rarely abbreviated; never

LEPIDOPTERA NOCTURNA. 87

wanting: antennas simple, occasionally pectinated, but mostly ciliated in the
males, rarely serrated: head not very small: thorax stout, very frequently
crested: bodi/ moderately stout, the apex of the males tufted: winirs subtri-
gonate, generally deflexed, rarely convoluted, sometimes horizontal or in-
cumbent, undivided. Larva generally with sixteen feet, rarely fourteen, the
anal ones never deficient : pupa generally subterranean.

The almost insurmountable difficulties that present themselves,
at nearly every step, in our endeavours to detect the characters of
Lepidopterous insects, are in no place more evident than amongst
the insects of this subdivision, owing to their great similitude,
and the obscurity of their characters; the trophi, which are such
important organs in other orders, being more or less enveloped
in scales or hair. We must therefore select our characters from
external differences of outline, colour, and texture; as also from
the structure of the antennae, the disposition of the wings, &c.
during repose, and as far as practicable from the metamorphoses
and economy : but, with all these aids, the insects approximate so
closely, that, notwithstanding the diversified materials of which the
Nocturna are manifestly composed, it is utterly impossible to frame
characters for the various genera, that shall include every species
truly belonging to each respectively, and exclude such as do not.

If the metamorphosis be taken as a primary guide in the sub-
division of the Lepidoptera into families, we must doubtless con-
sider the indigenous Nocturna as composed of several; the first of
which has a larva attenuated at each end, and more or less hairy,
with sixteen legs : the second a cylindrical larva, generally naked,
but sometimes thickly clothed with hair, and always having sixteen
legs ; the third of such insects as have a naked larva with fourteen
legs ; and a fourth of such as have a larva with sixteen legs, but the
two anterior abdominal ones evidently shortest, the body naked,
ciliated laterally, and frequently having two prominences on the
anal segment ; though, as the perfect insects resemble each other so
greatly, and their characters are manifestly not only excessively
obscure, but have not been examined with sufficient accuracy to
the requisite extent, I shall merely subdivide the present group into
the two following families, which appear to be sufficiently distinct.

r valde elongatae ; Sffipi:ssime convolute : pa/nj cylindrici : . 1. Lithosxid^e.
Ala; ■(

I vix elongatae ; haud convolutas : ^ff/^i subcompressi : . 2. NoctuidjE.

88 HAUSTELLATA. — I.EPIDOPTERA.

Family I.— LITHOSIID.?^ mihi

Aiitennw moderate, very slender, setaceous, sometimes pectinated or ciliated in
the males: palpi not longer than the head, cyhndric, terminal joint as short
as, or shorter than, the second : maxillw p;enerally longer than the head : wings
horizontal, somewhat elliptic, the posterior much folded, the anterior without
stigmata: thorax not crested: IhuIji slender. Larva fusiform, sometimes
hairy, with sixteen legs, solitary, either residing in a common web, or sub-
cutaneous : pupa generally folliculated.

The insects comprised in this family were arranged by Linne
either amongst the Tinese, Bombyces, or Noctuse; and the accu-
racy of such arrangement evidently accords with nature, as it ap-
pears to me tliat their resemblance in certain particulars with the
three groups results entirely from the station they apparently oc-
cupy in the scale of creation, and which the system of Mr. MacLeay
so beautifully illustrates. Callimorpha is doubtless allied to the
Arctiidae, through tlie medium of Hypercompa; Eulepia and Deio-
peia to the Tineida?, and the remaining genera to the Noctuidse :
but I conceive that the affinity of the three genera here named is
not sufficiently close to warrant their being placed in either of the
three families alluded to, but that all agree sufficiently with each
other, and moreover have so many characters in common with the
Noctuidse, as to justify their union as a family among the Nocturna.

As in the Nocturna generally, the Lithosiidse repose during the
day on trunks of trees or amongst their branches, and fly in the
twilight and darkness.

Their larvae are unquestionably unlike those of the Tineidse, but
strongly resemble those of the Arctiidae and of many groups of
Noctuidae ; being cylindric, with each extremity slightly attenuated,
frequently clothed with elongate hairs, placed in tufts, and having
sixteen feet, placed as in the above families; they are solitary and
exposed, and do not live gregariously in a web, or subcutaneously,
like those of the Tineidae.

Lsliall divide the indigenous species into the following genera,
thus briefly characterized :

^

MTHOSlin.t;. CALLI.ArORPHA. 89

f vix capitc longiorts : . Jil. Ettleima.
f 3-articulati : I
foblont^re, I Maxilla- ■{
subelliptico- I |

truncatse: | (^capite multo rsubdia-

Palpi\ longiores: ( phanae: &1. Deiopeia.

Aloe posticw -[

"1 .

I^opaca: . 84. Gnoi'HRIa.

^ (^2-articulati : 83. Lithosia.

subtrigona>, f 2-do multo breviori : 85. Setina.

hand subtruncata : |

_Palpi 3-articulati ; arikulo 3tio-{

L2-do subsequali : . 80. Cai.limokpha.

Genus LXXX. — Callimohpha, Latj'eille.

Falpi short, a little descending, or horizontally porrected, sUghtly hairy, triarti-
cuIatC;, the basal joint elongate-ovate, as long as the two following, which are
of equal length, and subovate or attenuated, with the terminal one acute : maxilla
longer than the head. Antcnvw setaceous, slightly ciliated in the males : head
small, rather hairy in front : thorax and abdomen clothed with silken scales ;
the latter somewhat robust in the female, slightly tufted in the males : mings
rather broad, anterior elongate- trigonate, with the hinder margin rounded, or
subelliptic : legs moderate ; tibice short, the posterior with two pair of spurs.
Larvw sparingly covered with hairs, or densely pilose, the head nearly naked:
pupa obtuse or acute.

The two insects which I have, with the utmost reluctance, asso-
(.-lated together in this genus, differ so considerably, both in their
perfect and larva state, that it becomes necessary to notice their
respective distinctions. The porportions of the joints of the palpi*
are the same in both species, but in Ce. Jacobsese the palpi are com-
paratively stout, with the two apical joints abbreviated, and the
terminal one obtuse ; in Ce. miniata, on the contrary, they are slender,
with the apical joints greatly attenuated and elongated, the terminal
one being subulated and very acute : the form of the wings is very
dissimilar ; in the first species the hinder margin of the anterior is
afraduallv rounded, whereas in the second the costa is somewhat
obliquely truncated, and the hinder margin obtusely elliptic : other
differences of the perfect insects might be pointed out, especially the
singularity of colouring in the first species, which is the only indi-

** Although these organs differ exceedingly in form and proportion in the various
groups of Lepidoptera, I think it questionable whether we ought to consider
the characters derived therefrom of a primary or secondary nature, inasmuch as
there is but slight difference in the method employed by those insects for taking
their pabulum, which consists of the nectareous juices of flowers alone.

90 HAUSTKLLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

genous Lepidopterous insect that has botli surfaces precisely similar :
the larvae of Ce. Jacobseae are but slightly pilose, and feed upon
flowers ; whereas those of Ce. miniata are densely clothed with hairs,
and subsist upon leaves : the latter are solitary, but the former are
somewhat gregarious, and in that respect agree with those of the
Arctiidje, with which family this genus has evidently so great an
affinity that Latreille and others have generally associated it with
the genus Hypercompa.

Sp. 1. Jacobasse. Alis anticis utrinque fusco-cinereis, lineis maculisgue duabus
rubris, posticis rub?-is nigro-marginatis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 6 — 11 lin.)

Ph. No. Jacobaeae. Linne.—Don. ii. pi 45. — Ca. Jacobaeae. Steph. Catal. No-
6045.

Antennae^ head, thorax, abdomen, and legs black : anterior wings on both sides
ashy-brown, with a longitudinal sanguineous streak towards the costa, and
another abbreviated one on the inner margin at the base, and two spots of
a similar coloiu- on the hinder margin : posterior wings also similar on both sur-
faces, bright sanguineous, with the costa irregularly fuscous ; fringe of all ashy-
brown, excepting on the anal angle of the posterior, where it is sanguineous.

Var. ^. The sanguineous colour converted into a pale luteous.

Caterpillar slightly hairy, black, annulated with yellow ; it feeds on the flowers
of the ragwort, and is most abundant at the end of June, when it changes, in
a slight cocoon, to an obtuse reddish pupa ; the imago appears in the following
May.

Very abundant in the larva state in Darenth-wood ; also at Hert-
ford, in Epping Forest, at Ripley, and in a sand-pit near Charlton.
" Scarce near Kimpton ; found at Amesbury and at Marton Lodge,
Yorks."— i^^u, G. T. Riidd. " Near York, and in Suffolk."— W^.
C. HewHson, Esq. " Common in Cambridgeshire." — Rev. L.
Jenyns. " Abundant near Barnstaple, Devon." — W. Raddon, Esq.

Sp. 2. miniata. Alis miniatis anticis strigis tribus nigris, secundd undatd, tertid

punctata. (Exp. alar. 10 lin.— 1 unc. 4 lin.)
Ph. miniata. Forster. — Ph. rosea. Don. ii. pi. 40. Jig. inf. — Car. miniata.

Steph. Catal. No. 6046.

Antennae luteous, with dusky ciliae : head and thorax lutescent, abdomen paler,
with the sides and under surface, in the males, fuscous : anterior wings dark
rose colour, with one or two black spots at the base, then an undiilated black
striga, followed, behind the middle, with an obhque very much undulated one
of similar hue, and on the margin a bent series of distinct black dots, varying
in number : posterior wings paler, or ochraceous, immacxilate, with the margin
rose coloured : cilia of all pale luteous.

Caterpillar brown, with long gray hairs placed in tufts ; the head reddish brown,
with orange pubescence : it feeds on the birch, ash, and oak in the spring,

LITHOSIID.t:.— EULEPIA. 91

and the imago appears towards the end of June and beginning of July: the
pupa is brown and acute ; it is enclosed in a stout web, composed of silk and
hairs.

Not very abundant, but found in several places in the metro-
politan district ; especially near Darenth-wood ; and not very un-
comnion in a woody lane near Ripley, where I obtained several
specimens during the two last seasons. I liave also taken it at
Hertford, Highgate and Colney Hatch woods, &c. " York," —
W. C. Hezoitson, Esq. " CoXe^hiW'—Rev. W. T. Bree.

Genus LXXXI. — Eulepia, Curtis.

Falpi very short, bent upwards, slightly clothed with scales, obscurely triarticulate,
basal joint as long as the other two, incurved; the other joints equal in length,
rather more slender than the basal, the terminal one ovate-conic: maxillw
scarcely longer than the head. Antenna' bipectinated in the males, simple in
the females, each joint in the latter sex bearing two short setae : head small,
squamous: ii)/«^5 oblong, convoluted: /eg-j moderate, posterior with two pair
of spurs. Larva slightly hairy. Pupa obtuse, foUiculated.

This genus was separated by me from the Eyprepise of Ochsen-
heimer, about twelve years ago ; the propriety of which is manifest
by its characters having been since published by the name which is
here retained. It differs principally from Deiopeia by having the
maxillse scarcely larger than the head, the two apical joints of the
palpi of equal length, and the antennae bipectinated in the males:
from the preceding genus by the form of its wings; and from
Lithosia by its three-jointed palpi.

Sp. 1. grammica. Plate 17. f. 3. — Alls luteis ; anticis Jlavis nigro-striatis,

posticis fascid ierminali lunuMque nigris. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 4 — 6hn.)
Ph. Bo. grammica. Linne. — Eu. grammica. Steph. Catal. No. 6047.

Antenns luteous, with black radii : head black : thorax luteous, with three black
streaks : abdomen orange yellow, with five rows of black dots : anterior wings
pale luteous, longitudinally streaked with black, with a large spot of a
darker hue, behind the middle, near the costa, and a dusky streak between it
and the hinder margin, which last is bordered with black, and bears a bright
luteous fringe : posterior wings deep luteous, with the margins black, two
radiating streaks of a paler hue at the base towards the inner margin, and a
deep black lunule in the middle; fringe luteous. Female similar, but rather
brighter in colour. Like the following insect, this varies much. Caterpillar
brown, with a luteous streak on the back, having a white longitudinal line,
and a narrow longitudinal yeUow line on each side above the legs, which are

92 HAUSTELLATA. LEPIDOPTERA.

orange-red : it feeds on the plantain, black-thorn, &c. and may be found to-
wards the end of August, Avhen it changes to a dusky pupa, and the imago
appears in October.

Of this beautiful insect I have hitherto seen but two indigenous
examples, both males, and taken in the autumn of 1815 near
Windsor: one of them is in the collection of the British Museum,
the other in my own cabinet, respectively presented by my valued
friend. Dr. Leach. The insect has been taken by Mr. Donovan in
North Wales, near Manachty, in the Isle of Anglesea ; but I be-
lieve only one specimen.

Sp. 2. cribrum. A/is anticis cwrulescenti-alhis, iraiisverse nigi'o-puiictaiis,

posticis cinereis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 4—6 lin.)
Ph. Bo. cribrum. Linne. — Eu. cribrum. Curtii, ii. pi. 5(5. Steph. Caiul.

No. 6048.

Ash-gray : head, spots on the collar and petagiae, and down the back and sides
of the abdomen, black ; apex of the abdomen yellow : anterior wings ashy-
gray, with five transverse angulated rows of black spots, two irregular longi-
tudinal stripes diverging from the base, and a few dusky streaks towards the
apex : posterior wings fuscous, with the margin darkest ; fringe of all pale
ashy ; beneath entirely fuscous. It varies considerably, some specimens having
more and others less black spots than others: the female is generally rather
less than the male.

Caterpillar deep black when yoimg.

For the discovery of this species as an inhabitant of Britain,
entomologists are unquestionably indebted to the exertions of Mr.
Bentley, who captured two males in June, 1819, near Ringwood,
and kindly supplied my cabinet with one of them, on his return
home in July : in the following year Mr. Dale also detected its
habitat in the same vicinity (Parley Heath, Hants), and has
since taken the insect in plenty, and to him I am obliged for part
of my series. Four seasons back, and subsequently, however, the
insect has been found in considerable abundance, I believe in the
same locality, and some of the females laid eggs, which hatched,
but the young larvae unfortunately died before changing their first
skin.

Genus LXXXII. Deiopeia mihi.

Palpi elongate, bent upwards, slightly clothed with scales, triarticulate, the
basal joint stoutest, the second longest, the third short, ovate: maxillw as
long as the antennjc. Antenna: simple in both sexes, rather short, sUghtly
hairy beneath in the males: head short, scaly: ivings deflexed, anterior

LITHOSIIUiE. LITHOSIA. 93

elongate, posterior broad, subdiaphanous, much folded : body subconic, stout,
a little tufted in the male : legs moderate, tibia: very short ; posterior with two
pair of spurs at the apex. Larva hairy : pupa folUculated.

Deiopeia, which was separated as a genus by me at the same
time with Eulepia, ditfers considerably from the latter genus, and
has evidently much affinity with the Tineidse, and, as in that family,
it has four palpi, though the second pair are but rudimentary. Unlike
the Lithosia;, all the species, which are very numerous, are known
by the beautiful and lively colours with which their wings are
adorned: from the genjis just alluded to they also differ by having
the palpi three-jointed, &c., and from Eulepia by the terminal joint
of those organs being minute, the antennse being simple in both
sexes, the maxillae elongated, and in less essential particulars.

Sp. 1. pulchella. Alls anticis Jlavescentibus, atro sanguineoque punctatis, pos-
ticis lacteis nigro marginatis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 5 — 9 lin.)

Ph. Ti. pulchella. Linnc. — De. pulchra. Curtis, iv. pL 169. — De. pulchella.
Steph. Catal. No. 6049.

Antennffi and legs dusky : eyes black : head and thorax pale straw-colour, the
latter spotted with yellow and black : abdomen milky- white, with the apex
luteous, and a row of minute ^lack spots on the sides : anterior wings pale
straw-colour, with five irregularly bent rows of quadrate black spots, between
which are several larger irregularly shaped sanguineous spots, the fringe pale-
yellowj spotted externally with dusky: posterior wings milky- white, with
a sinuated black margin, and a dusky spot at the apex of the basal areolet.
Both sexes resemble each other.

Caterpillar bluish-gray, spotted with black and red, with a broad white dorsal
stripe; legs dusky: it feeds on the Mousear or Forget-me-not (Myosotis
arvensis).

Of this truly beautiful species I have hitherto seen but four indi-
genous examples ; one of which, in Mr. Vigors's cabinet, was taken
many years since in Yorkshire ; the second, a fine female, in that of
Mr. Dale, found by him hi a stubble field, near Christchurch, Hants,
at the end of September, 1818; and a fine pair in my own cabinet,
captured by Mr. Brown, in a similar locality, near Brighton, one
about the middle of September, the other at the beginning of October,
in the same year.

Genus LXXXIII. — Lithosia, Fabricius.

Palpi short, irregularly covered with scales, biarticvdate, the basal joint larger,
attenuated, curved upwards, second joint minute, nearly rhomboid, or one-
third as long as the first, elongate-trigonate ; maxillw longer than the antennae.

94 IIAUSTELLATA, — LEPIOOPTERA.

Antenna simple in both sexes, with a short seta on each articulation in the
middle on both sides in the males: head short, squamose in front: wings,
anterior elongate, subelliptic, convoluted ; posterior broad, folded : body sub-
linear, stoutest in the females, the apex tufted in the males : legs moderate :
tibia short and slender. Larva more or less hairy : pupa foUiculate.

The Lithosiae are insects of \ery simple colours, being usually
of various tints of ochraceous or yellow, with lighter margins,
whence they have obtained the name of Footman Moths. From
the great uniformity of their colouring, and the almost total absence
of maculation or strigse, the species have been much confused, and
their synonymy confounded: I believe, however, that the following
species are correctly named, and their synonyms properly ar-
ranged, in my Catalogue : their singular biarticvdate palpi at once
distinguish this genus from the others of the family; but in Li.
quadra the terminal joint is ratlier elongate and bent upwards.

Sp. 1. aureola. Plate 18. f. 1. Alix anticis luteo-fulvis, subtds disco fuscu,
posticis ntrinqvejlavis. (Exp. alar. 10 lin.— 1 unc. 2 lin.)

Bo. aureola. Hiibner. — Li. aiu-eola. Steph. Catal. ]Vo. 6050.

Antennse dusky, yellowish at the base : head, thorax, and apex of the abdomen
orange : legs ashy-gray : anterior wings bright luteous orange above, im-
maculate; beneath with a broad fuscous patch occupying the entire disc,
leaving the margin above luteous : posterior wings paler, immaculate on both
sides : fringe of all deep orange.

Caterpillar black, with three pale-yeUow, interrupted stripes on the back, and
some white spots on the tail : it feeds on the spruce fir (Pinus Abies) and
Scotch fir (Pinus sylvestris), and is found in May and June : the imago
appears about the middle of July.

Decidedly a scarce species near London : I have taken it at
Birch-wood, and in a fir-plantation near Ripley ; it has also been
found at Coombe-wood.

Sp. 2. helvola. Alis anticis lividis cinereo fulvocpie viarginatis. (Exp. alar.

9 lin. — 1 unc. 2 lin.)
Bo. helvola. — Hiibner. — Li. helvola. Steph. Catal. No. 6052.

Antennae with the shaft whitish, the cilia lutescent : head and thorax luteous :
abdomen grayish-yellow, with the apex luteous : anterior wings ochraceous-
yellow, the hinder-margin ashy-gray, and the anterior towards the apex
luteous ; beneath the disc is fuscescent, with the margins luteous : posterior
wings ochraceous yellow, with the hinder margin cinerascent : fringe of all
the wings luteous.

Also very rare, especially near London : my specimens occurred
near Brockenhurst in the New Forest, where the insect has been

FU8.

'i^

•*^;/
W'-^

y

^w^

/.„nilmHiH} .^K SIrfihri'

LITHOSIID.?;. LITHOSIA. 95

taken several times. I believe it has also occurred in the neigh-
bourhood of Woodford or Epping Forest.

Sp. 3. flava. Alis 07?inihii.s r/ndiquejiavis imrnaculatis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 4. — 6

lin.)
Li. flava. Fabricius.—Steph. Catal. No. 6051.

Antennae luteous : head, thorax, and abdomen pale ochraceous : eyes black :
anterior wings above pale ochraceous-yeUow or straw-colour; beneath paler,
immaculate ; posterior wings whitish yellow : cilia of all pale luteous ; legs
pale yeUow.

Like the two preceding species, this is also very uncommon : it
has been taken near Birch-wood and at Darenth : and I have one
specimen, which was caught near Brockenhurst in the New Forest.

Sp. 4. gilveola } Alisjlavescentibu^, anticis suhtus cinerascentibus, posticis iitrin-

qve pallidis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 4 — 6 lin.)
Li. gilveola. Ochsenheimer ? — Steph. Catal. No. 6053.

Size of the last : antennae, head, thorax, and apex of the abdomen bright luteous ;
rest of the abdomen cinerascent : anterior wings pale luteous-yellow, with the
disc slightly suffused with cinereous beneath, with a large cinerascent patch
on the disc, the margins luteous : posterior wings on both sides pale yellow,
tinged with cinereous : legs deep luteous : eyes black.

I have a fine pair of this apparently very rare species, which
were captured either at Birch or Darenth-woods, and are the only
indigenous examples that have hitherto come under my notice.

Sp. 5. complana. Alis anticis plumbeis, margine anterio?-i litteo, posticis totis

Jlavis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. — 1 unc. 4 lin.)
Ph. No. complana. Linm. — Li. complana. Leach, Z. Jll. i. pi. W. Jjg.3. Steph.
Catal. N"o. 6054.

Antennae cinereous, with the base of the shaft luteous: head bright luteous:
thorax and abdomen cinereous or fuscous, the apex of the latter yellow : an-
terior wings deep fuscous or lead-colour, with the costa bright yellow nearly
to the apex, and the fringe ochraceous-yellow ; beneath with the disc deep
fuscous, the anterior margin and tip ochraceous-yellow : posterior wings on
both sides yellow ; fringe pale luteous.

CaterpUlar black, with two yellow streaks, spotted vntYi red and white, on the
back, and a narrow yellowish Une on each side ; it is shghtly hairy : it feeds
on the oak, ash, poplar, sloe, &c. : also upon the Pinus sylvestris, and is
found about May, the imago appearing at the end of July or beginning of
August. The pupa is reddish-brown.

The most abundant species of the genus ; occurring in plenty in
v.oods and shady lanes throughout the metropolitan district, and

96 HAUSTELLATA. LEPIDOPTERA.

far from uncommon in several other places. " Common at Kimp-
ton and at Marton, Yorkshire." — Rev. G. T. Rudd. " Epping."
— Mr. H. Douhleday.

Sp. 6. depressa. Alis anticis cinereo-plumbescentibus, margine anteriori luteo;

posticis utrinque Jlavis bast cinerascente. (Exp. alan 1 unc. 6 lin.)
No. depressa. Esper? — Li. depressa. Steph. Catal. No. 6055.

Larger than the foregoing : antennae pale ash, with the base yellowish : head
and anterior margin of the thorax bright luteous, the rest of the thorax and
base of the abdomen cinereous; the apex and margins of the latter yellow :
anterior wings very narrow : the entire disc pale lead-coloured ash, with the
costa luteous, the extreme edge being bright orange, and the coloured margin
of an uniform width to the fringe : the latter short, pale ashy-yellow : pos-
terior wings with the base cinerascent, the colour gradually blending with
that of the outer margin, which is clear pale yellow, pale luteous.

Caterpillar feeds on the Pinus sylvestris : it is of a grayish-brown, with the back
yellow, spotted with black : it is found in June, and the imago towards the
middle of July. The pupa is reddish.

One of my specimens of this pretty and distinct species was
taken at Darenth-wood about ten years since, and in July, 1827, I
captured a fine pair near Ripley. I have not observed the species
in other cabinets.

Sp. 7. griseola. Alis anticis c'merascentibus, margine anteriori tenue stramineo ;^

posticis lividis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 3 — 6 lin.)
Bo. griseola. Hilhner. — Li. griseola. Steph. Catal. N'o. 6056.

Antennje dusky-gray: head, front of the thorax, and apex of the abdomen pale
yellow; disc of the thorax and base of the abdomen ashy-gray: anterior
wings clear ashy-gray, with the anterior margin, at the base especially, pale
straw-colour, the fringe ashy-gray ; under side nearly similar : posterior wings
on both sides ashy-gray ; fringe rather paler.

This insect occurs in the utmost profusion in a woody lane near
Ripley, towards the end of July or beginning- of August; it is like-
wise far from uncommon near Hertford, though it has been usually
esteemed rather a scarce species.

Sp. 8. plumbeolata. Alis anticis cinereo-plumbescentibus, costd tenuissime JIa-

vescente ; posticis cinereo-Jlavis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 5 — 6 lin.)
No. plumbeolata mihi. — Steph. Catal. No. 6057.

Similar to, but rather larger than, the last : the head bright luteous : antennsc,
thorax, and abdomen cinereous : anterior wings of a pale lead-coloured ash,
with the costa narrowly edged with yellowish ; fringe flavescent : posterior
wings above cinereous-yellow, beneath paler; fringe straw-colour.

LITHOSIID^. — LITHOSIA. 97

A pair that I possess of this species I obtained from the col-
lection of Mr. Hall ; but their locality is unknown to me : I have
seen other specimens which were found near London.

t Sp. 9. muscerda. Alls cinereis, anticis punctis aliquot nigris. (Exp. alar. 1 unc.

4 lin.)
Ph. muscerda. Hufnagle. — Li. muscerda. Curtis, i. pi. 36. Steph. Catal. pt. ii.

;5. 61. No. 6058.

Antennae, head, thorax, and abdomen pale ashy-gray ; the apex of the latter
brownish : the anterior wings pale fuscous ; the costa straw-coloured at the
base ; towards the apex are three small black spots placed obliquely, and two
others towards the middle of the inner margin; the under side is ashy-
gray : posterior wings deep immaculate ashy-gray ; fringe of aU fuscescent.

Two specimens only of this insect have, I believe, hitherto
occurred ; they were found in a marsh at Horning, Norfolk, floating
upon the water, in a ditch, by Mr. Sparshall.

Sp. 10. quadra. Alis anticis maris lividis basi fulvis, costd cceruleo-nigrd ; foe-
minae luteis, punctis duobus atro-coeruleis. (Exp. alar. $ . 1 unc. 8 — 10. lin. :
$ 1 unc. 8 lin. : 2 unc.)

Ph. No. quadra. Linne. — Don. ix. pi. 306. — Li. quadra. Steph. Catal. pt. ii.
p. 61. No. 6059.

Antennae dusky-brown: eyes black; head, thorax, and abdomen ochraceous-
yeUow : legs blue : male with the anterior wings yeUowish-gray, with the
apex dusky, the base bright tawny yellow, with the costa blue-black : pos-
terior wings ochraceous-yeUow, with the base more or less dusky. Female
with the anterior wings rich citron-yellow, with two bright deep-blue spots
in the middle, one on the costa, the other placed obliquely towards the base
of the inner margin : posterior paler, immaculate.

Var. /S. Male with the anterior wings of an uniform deep fuscous, with the
usual marginal spot at the base.

Var. y. Female without the blue spots on the anterior wings.

Caterpillar dusky ; the back marked with red dots and a black spot, the sides
with black lines: it feeds on the oak, birch, fir, &c. towards the end of May;
and changes about the middle of June to a black pupa in a strong web ; and
towards the middle of July the imago appears.

Extremely abundant in certain seasons in the New Forest near
Brockenhurst, and near Chigwell-row in Epping Forest; it also
occurs, though more sparingly, at Darenth, Birch, and Coombe-
woods. " Very common at Kimpton and Amesbury last season."
^Rev. G. T. Budd. « Lowestoft, Suffolk."— fr. C. Hewitson, Esq.

Haustellata. Vol. II. Lst March, 1829. h

98 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

Genus LXXXIV. — Gnophria* mihi.

Palpi moderate, curved upwards, sparingly covered with scales and slightly
hairy beneath, triarticulate ; the two basal joints of nearly equal length, the
first stout, the second sublinear, the terminal minute, subovate : maxillw
as long as the antennae. Antenna; similar in both sexes, the male with a
single seta on both sides of each articulation : head scaly in front, small :
wings, anterior elongate, narrow ; posterior orbicular-trigonate, folded : body
short, rather stout, subconic, with a tuft at the apex in the males : legs short,
rather stout ; tibive short, robust, the posterior with two pair of spurs. Larva
pilose; pupa folliculated.

Gnophria is at once distinguished from Lithosia, which it most
resembles in form, by its triarticulated palpi, and, in the only-
indigenous species, by its deep black colour: — from Setina it
differs by the elongation of its wings, and the brevity of its body.

Sp. 1. rubricollis. Atra, abdomine postice Jlavo, collari sanguineo. (Exp. alar.

1 unc. 1—4 lin.)
Ph. No. rubricollis. Linne.—Bon. x. pi 350. /. 3.— Gn. rubricollis. Steph.

Catal. pt. ii. ^.61. No. 6060.
Entirely of a deep black, with the collar bright sanguineous, and the apex and

under side of the abdomen of a rich golden-yellow.
t Var. /3. The anterior wings with an elongate naked patch on the disc.
Caterpillar greenish-ash, with dusky or black fasciae, spotted with red and white ;

head piceous, with two white streaks: — it feeds on various kinds of Uchens;

is found in June, changing to a reddish-brown pupa, in a grayish web, and

appearing in its final state about the middle of July.

Not uncommon in the lane leading into Darenth-wood from the
village ; and occasionally found in other parts of the wood. " In
profusion in June last at Collingbourne-wood." — Rev. G. T. Rudd.
" Epping, rare."" — Mr. H. Doubleday. Var. /3. is in the British
Museum.

Genus LXXXV. — Setina.

Palpi short, ascending, slightly divaricating, hairy beneath, triarticulated ; the
two basal joints of equal length, the first stoutest, the next sublinear, the
terminal one very minute, subovate : maxillae elongate. Antennce simple in
both sexes, ciliated in the males : head small, pilose in front ; thorax slightly
pilose : body rather slender, sublinear, stoutest in the females : wings short,

* rvixp^o;, caliginosus.

/'//7

^

/.,■„,/,.„/■„/,./,> ./f. \r^,i/,f,is.iA„vj/f^ti

LITHOSIID^. SETINA. 99

anterior elongate, trigonate; posterior broad, slightly emarginate on the
hinder edge : legs not very stout : tibiae moderate, rather slender ; the pos-
terior with two pair of spurs. Females smaller than the males. Larva pilose;
pupa foUiculate.

Setina differs from the other genera of the family by the semi-orbi-
culate-triangular form of the entire insect when displayed, arising
from the comparative brevity of the anterior and length of the poste-
rior wings: fromLithosia it may be at once distinguished by its triar-
ticulate palpi, and from Gnophria by the minuteness of the terminal
joint of the same organs, as well as from the lively yellow tinge
which adorns the wings, which are usually more or less spotted with
black. It is probable that the genus may require subdivision, as
the two first species evidently differ in habit from the third ; have
the palpi minute, and the wings subdiaphanous. I am not certain
whether the name above employed be correctly applied to the
present genus, not being aware of the type of Schreber's genus
Setina; but I used it in preference to coining a new term, as all
the species are included in that genus by Schrank.

Sp. 1. irrorella. Plate 17. f. 1. Alls luteis, anticis punctis nigris trijariis,
thorace antice posticeque fulvo. (Exp. alar. $ 1 unc. — 1 unc. 3 hn.: ^ 9 Un.
1 — unc.)

Ph. Ti. u-rorella. Linne.-Se. irrorella. Steph. Catal. pt. ii. p. 62. No. 6061.

Antennae, legs, head, thorax, and abdomen black, the tip of the latter, the collar
and petagiae orange-yeUow ; the back with a large yellowish spot: anterior
wings of a clear orange-yeUow, with three transverse rows of black spots,
two of which are towards the middle ; and the third, somewhat irregularly
waved, on the hinder margin: cilia bright orange-yellow: posterior wings
pale orange-yellow, with two or three black spots towards the hinder margin
anteriorly. Female less, but similar.

t Var. /3. Steph. Catal. I. c. The anterior wings with the two central rows of
spots united by black lines, forming the letters IVl very distinctly.

Caterpillar black, with yellow dorsal and lateral stripes; it feeds on the common
Lichen, (Lichen parietinus), and changes to a red-brown pupa ; the imago
appears in June.

An insect very irregular in its appearance, and excessively local ;
several specimens have been caught on Dartford-common, and
near Birch- wood. " Taken copiously near Rochester in 1816, and
the following year." — Rev. Professor Hensloio : — in whose col-
lection, which is now incorporated with that of the Cambridge
Philosophical Society's, var. /3. was contained.

H 2

100 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

Sp. 2. roscida. AHs fnhis, anticis nigro-punctatis, posticis maculatis. (Exp.
alar. 9. 8 lin. $ 10 lixi.— 1 unc.)

Li. roscida. Fabricius.—Se. roscida. Steph. Catal pt. ii. p. 62. No. 6062.

Less than the foregoing : antennae black, with luteous radii : head, thorax, and
abdomen black ; the tip of the latter, coUar, and petagiae, luteous : the two
first pair of legs dusky-blue ; the tibiae and tarsi beneath, of the hinder pair,
yellow ; anterior wings deep luteous, with three rows of black spots, as in the
former insect, the posterior row being very irregidar, and composed of dis-
similar-sized dots; posterior wings with several black spots on the hinder
margin.

Tliis species has been taken at Riddlesdown, near Croydon, in
June ; but it is far less abundant than the foregoing.

Sp. 3. eborina. Alis anticis albidis aut Jlavis, viargine Jlavo, punctisque duobus
fuscis; posticis supra nigrescentibus, subtus Jlavis. (Exp. alar. $ 1 unc. —
1 unc. 3 lin.: $ 10 lin. — 1 unc.)
Li. eborina. Fabriciiis. — Steph. Catal. pt. ii. p. 62. No. 6063.

Antennae, head, and thorax anteriorly luteous ; eyes black ; abdomen whitish,
with the apex luteous: anterior wings whitish and glossy, with the costa
and posterior margins luteous ; each with two minute black dots, one in the
middle of the costa, the other nearly opposite, on the inner margin : posterior
wings above dusky, with the hinder margin and ciUa luteous : beneath the
anterior wings have the disc dusky, and the posterior whitish-yellow.

Vai-. /3. Steph. Catal. I. c. With the anterior wings pale-yeUow, the margins
deep luteous, the spots as in var. a.

Far from uncommon during the beginning of August at Darenth,
Birch, and Coombe woods ; I have also met with it at Hertford
and Ripley. " Epping, common." — Mr. H. Douhleday.

Family II.— NOCTUID^.

.4n/enwfl? moderate, not very slender, setaceous, sometimes pectinated or ciliated
in the males : palpi as long or longer than the head, more or less compressed,
pilose, mostly three-jointed, the terminal joint generally shortest: maxilla
very distinct, spiral, usually much elongated : wings generally deflexed, not
divided, sometimes horizontal or incumbent, never convoluted, the anterior
generally bearing stigmata: thorax very frequently crested, stout: body
stout, elongate-conic, squamous; of the males, usually tufted at the apex:
legs moderate ; anterior tibiae rather short ; generally furnished with a com-
pressed spine interiorly ; intermediate with a pair of spurs at the apex ; and
posterior mostly with a pair of spurs in the middle, and a second at the tip.
Larva; considerably diversified, with fourteen or sixteen feet, always cylindric,
the extremities not being attenuated ; sometimes perfectly smooth, at others

NOCTUID-aE, 101

furnished, on the anal segment, with tubercular elevations, or a conical pro-
minence; in one group the sides are ciliated, and in others they are clothed
with long fascicles of hair: pupa various, most frequently subterraneous,
sometimes foUiculated; the foUiculus simple, mixed with hair, or small frag-
ments of wood, earth, &c.

The insects to which I have restricted the term Noctuidse, " par
excellence," are so extremely similar in general structure, although
considerably diversified in appearance, that, as observed in a former
page, it is nearly impossible to frame distinguishing generic cha-
racters : nevertheless, it cannot be disputed, that the family com-
prises many very distinct genera ; a fact that receives confirmation
from the recent labours of the continental naturalists, Ochsen-
heimer, Treitscke, and Boisduval, who have proposed several generic
divisions in this family, and have each given an incomplete arrange-
ment of the European species, in accordance with their respective
views; those of the former writer forming the basis of the others. The
following arrangement * differs materially from either, as the loca-
tion of several of the genera, as proposed by the above writers,
appears to me unnatural ; though, as I am fully aware of the utter
impossibility of placing the whole in one continuous series, I do
not presume to assert that my views are more correct. Dr.
Horsfield, upon the consideration of their metamorphosis, thinks
that the European species should be divided into three famihes;
though, from the perfect insects being so extremely similar, I have not
ventured to separate them, but have attempted to arrange them
somewhat in accordance with their transformations; of which I shall
endeavour to point out the peculiarities, as I proceed with my
descriptions.

The typical groups of the Noctuidse, as their name imports, fly
only by night, and repose during the day, in the crevices of the
bark of trees, old walls, palings, &c. ; though others not only fly
by night, but during the afternoon and at twilight : the position of
the wings during repose varies much; in some groups, (as Triphsena,
&c.) they are placed horizontally, and closely applied to the body,
giving the insect a somewhat cylindrical form ; in others, (Catocala,
&c.) they are also placed horizontally, but somewhat expanded, and
forming a triangle ; in others, (as Plusia), they are considerably de-
flexed, and the thorax is also greatly crested: there is also considerable

• See Addenda for the tabular view.

102 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

diversity in the form of the wings, though in general the anterior
ones are elongate-triangular, and the posterior somewhat trian-
gular-orbiculate ; some few have the posterior margins denticulated •
and the anterior wings are mostly adorned with two stigmata, one
more or less circular, the other reniform ; a character rarely observed
in any other family of this order. The larvse are usually solitary,
do not reside in a web, neither are they subcutaneous ; but those
of the genus Ceropacha twist up the leaves, similarly to those of
the Tortricidffi : the pupa are usually subterraneous.

Genus LXXXVI. — TRiPHiENA, Ochsenheimer.

Palpi ascending, compressed, parallel, triarticulate, the two basal joints clothed
with very compact capitate scales, terminating acutely in front, the apical
somewhat exposed ; the basal joint shorter than the following, and ciu-ving
upwards ; the second as long as the other two, a little bent inwards towards
the apex ; the terminal short, rather slender, somewhat attenuated at the tip,
which is obtuse : maxillce very long. AntenncB simple in both sexes, ciliated
beneath in the males : head densely clothed with scales : thorax not crested,
with large anterior tippets : body rather stout, flat on the back ; downy at
the base: wings horizontal, entire, anterior elongate-lanceolate, rounded pos-
teriorly, with two stigmata ; posterior orbiculate-triangular, slightly emargi-
nated, large, folded during repose, of lively colours, usually luteous, with
black margins. Caterpillar naked, cylindric, with sixteen legs: pupa sub-
terraneous, not folUculated,

In placing this genus at the commencement of the Noctuidse,
I am guided more by the pomeridian habits of the perfect insects
and their lively colouring, (in which they resemble the Catocalse,
at the other extremity of the family) than by any real affinity to
the Pomeridianse : it may, however, be remarked, that, in common
with Agrotis and some of the intermediate genera, the larvse of the
Triphsense are evidently, though not entirely, radicivorous, and
rarely venture from their lurking-places during the day; and the
imago, when at rest, is not very dissimilar in appearance to a
Lithosia: the gay-coloured posterior wings, with dark borders,
render the species very conspicuous : they fly during the afternoon
with great velocity in a straight line, as if casually, and again in
the evening.

Sp. 1. orbona. Alis anticis hepaticis, posticis luteo-/lavis, lunuld cenirali stri-
gdque posticd nigris. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 7 — 8 lin.)

NOCTUIDiE. TRIPH^NA. 103

No. orbona. Fabricius. — Don. x. 36. pi 343. — Tr. orbona. Steph. Catal pt. ii.
p. 62. No. 6064.

Head, thorax, and abdomen dull hepatic-brown or testaceous, the apex of the
latter rufescent: anterior wings concolorous with the thorax, and more or
less obsoletely punctate-striated transversely, two obscure strigse being at
the base, beyond which the ordinary stigmata appears, with the middle
dusky and the margins pale ; these are followed by a bent geminated striga
of black dots ; then an undiilated pale streak, between which and the hinder
margin the colour of the wing is paler ; the edge of the wing at the base of
the cilia has a row of black dots : the posterior wings are luteous-yellow,
with a blackish central lunule, and an irregular marginal fascia. The
colours and intensity of the markings vary considerably ; in some specimens
the latter are completely obliterated ; in others they are very strong : and the
former is occasionally of a deep rusty-testaceous, somewhat virescent, or
tawny : the lunular streak on the posterior wings is sometimes nearly evanescent.

Caterpillar greenish, spotted with black on the sides.

Not uncommon throughout the metropolitan district, towards the
end of June and beginning of July : — in great plenty near Ripley.
" York and Suifolk."— TF. C. Hewitson, Esq. " AUesley."— jff^u.
W. T. Bree. " Epping."— i)/r. H. Douhleday. " Netley, Salop."
— Rev. F. W. Hope. " Bottisham." — Rev. L. Jenyns.

+ Sp. 2. subsequa. Alls anticis griseo-hepaticis, macula reniformi obscuriori
lineolaque apicis atris ; posticisjlavis, lunuld strigaque posticd fuscis. (Exp.
alar. 1 unc. 8 — 9 lin.)

No. subsequa. Hiibner. — Tr. subsequa. Steph. Catal. pt. ii. p. 62. No. 6065.

Rather larger than the foregoing; usually of a paler hue and the markings
less evident, but similarly placed, with the reniform stigma obscure and a
black streak at the apex of the anterior wings ; the posterior are yellow with
a fuscous central lunule and posterior marginal band ; the head and thorax
are concolorous with the anterior wings.

Mr. Curtis informed rae, shortly after he returned from Scot-
land, that he captured a specimen of this insect during his ex-
cursion; but as I have not had an opportunity of examining it, I
am compelled to give the above insufficient description of the
species from Engramelle.

Sp. 3. pronuba. Alls anticis hepaticis fusco albidoque strigatis, margine antici
thoracisque fascia albicante, posticis luteis, striga angustd nigrd. (Exp. alar.
2 unc. — 2 unc. 3 — 4 lin.)

Ph. No. pronuba. Linne. — Don. ix. pi. 311. — Tr. pronuba. Steph. Catal.pt. ii.
p. 63. No. 6066.

Head and thorax anteriorly pale griseous-ash, or whitish ; the latter posteriorly
pale-griseous or fuscous; abdomen luteous: anterior wings fuscous, varie-
gated vdth griseous and whitish or cinereous, with the costa pale at the

104- HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

base, two undulated pale strigae near the base, margined on each side with
black, two other arcuated pale strigas beyond the stigmata, followed to-
wards the hinder margin with a whitish waved streak, arising from three or
four more or less confluent black spots on the costa, near the apex ; on the
hinder margin is a series of dusky or black spots ; the anterior stigma is pale, a
little clouded with dusky ; the posterior dusky in the middle, with a pale
margin surrounded with black or dusky : the posterior wings bright luteous,
with a narrow submarginal waved band, attenuated towards the inner margin ;
fringe luteous.

No two specimens of this inconstant species are found precisely similar, it would
therefore be fruitless to attempt to describe its varieties : it may be observed,
that the ground colour of the thorax and anterior wings is sometimes very pale
griseous, with a few darker markings, and the reniform (or posterior) stigma
conspicuously dark in its centre; — the space between the stigmata, and a
triangular spot between the anterior one and the base of the wing, are some-
times deep black, at others concolorous with the wings, as are the stigmata
themselves ; the hinder margin is occasionally destitute of the row of black
spots, and is sometimes darker than the rest of the wing, at others lighter.

Caterpillar greenish or brownish, with two rows of interrupted black streaks on
each side, and a pale dorsal line: — it feeds upon the roots of various plants,
especially of the primrose, violet, auricula, cabbage, &c., hiding itself by day,
beneath stones, clods, &c., and coming out in the evening to feed : it is found
throughout the winter ; and in the spring, about April or May, it changes to
an elongate reddish pupa, which emerges in its final state in the beginning of
June, or as late as the middle of July.

One of the most abundant of the indigenous Lepidoptera, at
least throughout the south of England ; and, I believe, far from un-
common in other parts ; frequenting hedges and gardens. " York
and Newcastle." — W. C. Hewitson, Esq.

Sp. 4. innuba. Alis anticis hepaticis, margine antici ihoraceque concoloribus ,
posticis luteis, strigfi suhniarginali nigra, (Exp. alar. 2 unc. — 2 unc. 4 lin.)
Tr. innuba. Ochsenheimer. — Steph. Catal.pt. n.p. 63. No. 6067.

Differs from the preceding by having the head, thorax, and anterior wings con-
colorous, without a pale anterior streak, as in that insect : these parts are in
general of a very deep fuscous, or rusty-brown, but the markings are throughout
similar in their dispositions to those of Tr. proimba, though usually they are
more obsolete, and in some examples nearly obliterated: the stigmata are
mostly dark, with a pale ring ; and, as in the last named insect, the anterior
one varies considerably in form : the posterior wings are similar to those of
Tr. pronuba.

This is equally variable with the foregoing species, and sometimes occurs nearly
ferruginous.

Ochsenheimer gives this as a distinct species from the preceding; but I think with
Boisduval, that it is a mere variety of that insect, as the only diflference between

NOCTUIDiE.— TRIPH^NA. 105

them appears to consist in the dissimilar colour of the head, and anterior margin
of the thorax and anterior wings, and in the usually deeper colour of the insect.

Found equally common, and in similar places, with Tr. pronuba.

Sp. 5. fimbria. Alls anticis griseis vel hepaticis strigis dilutioribus, posticis
aurantiacis, fimbria latissivid nigrd. (Exp. alar. 2 unc. — 2 unc. 3 lin.)

Ph. No. fimbria. Linne. — Don. vi. pi. 208.— Tr. fimbria. Steph. Catal. pt. ii.
p. 63. No. 6068.

Head, thorax, and anterior wings concolorous, most frequently pale griseous, the
latter with two oblique dusky streaks towards the base, the anterior of which
is abbreviated, and the posterior reaches to the inner margin ; behind the
stigmata is an angulated pale streak, and between it and the hinder margin is
an undulated one, having one or two more or less conspicuous black dots at its
origin on the costa, towards the apex of which are three or four minute white
spots ; the stigmata are frequently conjoined, are dusky with a pale margin,
and are placed in a darker band on the wing: the posterior wings are light
orange at the base, with a very broad submarginal border, the fringe being
orange : abdomen also of the latter colour.

The anterior wings vary much, being sometimes nearly black, and of all inter-
mediate shades to the above, with the usual pale markings.

Caterpillar very stout, ochraceous, with the head reddish, a pale dorsal line, and
black spots on the stigmata : — it feeds also on the primrose, violet, potato, &c.
and occurs in the autumn and spring ; the imago appearing towards the end
of June, or beginning of July.

Unquestionably a scarce, but a diffused, species, occurring in
Devonshire, Norfolk, Suffolk, Derbyshire and Yorkshire, and in
the vicinity of London. I once took a specimen at Darenth-wood,
and saw two captured in Norwood : in the former wood it has been
taken repeatedly. " Epping." — Mr. H. Douhleday. " York, once."
— W. C. Heivitson, Esq. " Near Sheffield and Buxton." — Rev.
F. W. Hope.

Sp. 6. interjecta. Alls anticis sordide ferrugineis punctato-strigatis, posticis

luteis nigro-circumcinctis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 2 — 5 lin.)
No. interjecta. Hilbner. — Tr. interjecta. Steph. Catal. pt. ii. p. 63-, No. 6069.

Head, thorax, and anterior wings generally of a duU ferruginous, the latter with
various obsolete waved dusky strigae, and a double streak of black spots to-
wards the hinder margin, posterior to the stigmata, which latter are very
obsolete ; the hinder margin itself is rather paler than the rest of the wing,
and at the base of the ciHa is an indistinct dusky hue : the posterior wings are
luteous, with dusky streaks at the base, and a broad undulated black sub-
marginal band behind ; fringe luteous.

Less variable than the preceding species, though inconstant in its markings and
colour.

106 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

Not a very common insect, but occasionally found in tolerable
plenty : in June, 1826, 1 took a considerable number both of this
and the next species in a lane near Hertford ; and about sixteen
years back I also captured several of each, at the extremity of Lord-
ship-lane, near Dulwich. This species is also found at Darenth,
Birch, and Coombe woods. " Epping." — Mr. H. Douhleday.

Sp. 7. Janthina. Alis anticis fuscis griseo-irroratis stigmatibus albido-cindis,
posticis atris, maculd medid margineque aurantiacis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 5 —
8lin.)

No. Janthina. Wien. V.—Tr. Janthina. Steph. Catal. pt. ii. p. 63. No. 6070.

Head and thorax aiiteriorlyof a pale cinereous; the latter posteriorly, abdomen and
anterior wings deep griseous brown, the latter varied and banded with a deeper
hue, with a subovate rusty-brown spot near the apex of the costa, in which
are three or four minute white spots at the costa itself; the ordinary stigmata
are very indistinct, being faintly exhibited by a few interrupted whitish spots,
which are occasionally wanting : the posterior wings have the base and a broad
submarginal band deep black, with the centre and fringe bright luteous orange ;
the fringe sometimes clouded with dusky towards the costa.

Also a variable species, but less so than its congeners.

Caterpillar whitish, with undulated dusky streaks on the sides, and black spots
posteriorly ; — it feeds on chickweed, &c., and changes to a brown pupa, with
two spines at its apex : the imago appears in July or August.

Found in shady lanes, and on the borders of woods, with the fore-
going species, than which it is more abundant, though far from
common. " Epping." — Mr. H. Douhleday. " York and Suffolk."
—W. C. Hewitson, Esq. " Allesley/'— ifetJ. W. T. Brce.

Genus LXXXVII. Cerigo mihi.

Palpi rather porrect, ascending, slightly compressed, clothed with loose hair-like
scales, triarticulate, the joints of nearly equal length, the basal joint reniform,
the next cylindric, slightly attenuated at the apex, the terminal more slender,
bending outwards, and somewhat acute: maxillcB long. Antennw elongate,
setaceous, slightly pectinated to the apex in the males : head clothed with
loose scales: thorax stout, a little crested behind, loosely squamous: body
cyUndric, rather long, slightly carinated on the back, tufted at the apex : wings
horizontal, entire, anterior elongate-triangular, with three stigmata : posterior
suborbiculate-triangular, usually pale yellow, with a darker hinder border.

Ochsenheimer places Cerigo in his extensive genus Polia, dividing
it, however, from the typical species by forming it into a section ;
but it appears to me that its characters are not only clearly distinct
from those of the true Polise, but that they are of sufficient im-

NOCTUID.^E. — LYTiEA. 107

portance to constitute a generic difference, and moreover that the
habits of the species are more closely allied to the Triphsena than
to the genus before alluded to, from which it is at once known by
its proportionably shorter and broader wings, and by the lively
colour of the posterior ones : from Triphsena it differs in the pro-
portion of the joints of its palpi, subcrested thorax, and dissimilar
antennae.

Sp. 1. texta. Alls anticis fuscis albido nebulosis, strigis flexuosis albis nigro
adnatis, posticis stramineis, margine latefusco. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 6 — 9 lin.)
No. texta. Esper.—Ce. texta. Steph. Catal. pt. ii. p. 63. No. 6071.

Head and thorax fuscous : anterior wings the same, with a cinereous tinge,
varied with whitish ; at the base is an abbreviated bent dusky striga, united
longitudinally to a transverse waved one of white, bordered posteriorly with
black, anterior to the stigmata; behind these last is a more distinct arcuated
white streak edged internally with black, and between this and the hinder
margin is an irregular deeply undulated pale striga : in the margin itself is a
row of dusky spots ; the ordinary stigmata are dusky with paler margins, and
between these and the inner margin is an elongate one, indicated by a double
black streak, as in the species of the genus Agrotis : the posterior wings are light
straw-colour, with a broad dusky margin, in which are a few white dots edged
with black posteriorly ; fringe also dusky.

Var. /3. With the anterior wings beautifully varied with rich purpUsh-rosy
tints, especially the disc of the stigmata.

Caterpillar whitish-gray, with a black dorsal line : — it feeds on the goat's-beard
{Tragopogoji) : — the imago appears about June.

Far from an abundant species in most places ; it has occurred
sparingly at Darenth, Birch, and Coombe woods, on Epping Forest,
at Colney Hatch, and in Norfolk. " Epping, very common." —
Mr. H. Douhleday.

Genus LXXXVIII. — Lyt^ea miJii.

Palpi shghtly ascending, triarticulate, the two basal joints densely clothed with
elongate loose depending clavate scales, the terminal almost naked ; the two
basal joints of nearly equal length, the first slightly curved and very robust,
the second more slender, gradually attenuated from the base to the apex ; the
terminal minute, ovate obtuse: maxilluE elongate. Antennw rather long,
serrated internally in the males, and ciliated ; simple in the females : head and
thorax downy, the latter stout and not crested : hodt/ rather short, slender,
very downy at the base, slender posteriorly and tufted at the apex, and on the
sides: wings horizontal, entire; anterior rounded posteriorly; posterior
scarcely emarginate on the hinder margin; of a dingy hue, with a darker
margin. Zarm radicivorous : /jMjoa subterranean.

168 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTEKA.

Lytsea may be known by the stoutness of its thorax, and the
slenderness of its short tufted abdomen, with the rotundity and
glossiness of its wings : the length of its robust serrated antennae,
the proportions and form of the joints of the palpi, and the elongated
loose depending scales, which clothe the two basal joints of the
latter, leaving the apical one nearly and conspicuously exposed.

Sp. 1. umbrosa. Alls anticispallide griseo-roseis, strigis facidque inter stigmata

ordinariafuscescentibus. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 4 — 8 lin.)
No. umbrosa. Hiihner. — Ly. umbrosa. Steph. Catal. pt. ii. p. 64. No. 6072.

Head and thorax of an immaculate griseous-rosy ; anterior wings the same, in-
clining to cupreouSj and glossy; with an abbreviated dusky striga at the base,
a second rather undulated one, between it and the anterior stigma, a broader
irregular angulated one between the stigmata, expanding into a dusky patch
towards the costa ; behind the posterior stigma, a fourth gradually bent striga,
followed midway between it and the hinder margin with a broader waved
one, and a narrow streak on the margin of the wings itself : the posterior
wings ashy-brown at the base, with an obsolete transverse striga, and a broad
fuscescent margin ; cilia rosy : abdomen cinereous, with the lateral and anal
tufts rosy.

Caterpillar ashy-wliite, with a dusky stripe on each side of the back.

Occasionally taken near Birch-wood, and I have twice found it
in Sydenham-wood at the end of July. " Netley, Salop, abund-
antly in August, 1827."— Rev. F. W. Hope.

Genus LXXXIX.— CnARiEAS mihi.

Palpi very short, triarticulate, the two basal joints densely squamous, the ter-
minal sUghtly exposed, the basal joint shorter and stouter than the following,
which is stout at the base and gradually attenuated to the apex, the terminal
slightly elongate, acute, or ovate acuminate : maxillw long. Antennce simple
in the females, more or less pectinated in the males : head small, squamous :
thorax robust, not crested : body short, slightly carinated on the back ; the apex
of the males with a tuft : ivings generally denticulated on the hinder margin,
sometimes xoxaiAeA. ; posterior not very large, ovate-triangular, usually whitish
in the males, fuscous in the females. Larva naked, radicivorous ; pupa
subterraneous.

The typical species of this genus are distinguished by having their
wings more or less denticulated, a character not very common
amongst the Noctuidae; but in Ch. Graminis, (which ought probably
to be separated from the rest as a distinct genus) they are entire,
and the palpi are somewhat dissimilar in their proportions; the

NOCTUID^. — CHAR^AS. IQft

antennae of the male Ch. cespitis and eonfinisare obviously different
in their pectinations from those of the remaining species of the
genus ; and their wings are rather broader and less sensibly den-
ticulated.

Sp. 1. cespitis. Alis anticis nigro-fuscis, strigis tribus undatis albidis nigra
adnatis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 4 — 7 lin.)

No. cespitis. Wien. V. — Ch. cespitis. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 64. No. 6073.

Head and thorax deep fuscous, irrorated with cinereous : anterior wings of a
brownish-black, with an obscure abbreviated ashy striga at the base ; behind
which, nearly adjoining the anterior stigma, is a slightly waved whitish
transverse one, margined exteriorly with black ; and beyond the posterior
stigma is an arcuated one, black interiorly and whitish exteriorly ; between
which and the hinder margin is an undulated striga of a paler hue: on
the hinder margin itself is a series of minute fuscous spots, some of which
are accompanied by whitish dots interiorly ; and on the costa, towards the
apex, are three or four minute whitish spots : the posterior wings are grayish-
white at the base, and a httle clouded with dusky towards the margin, with
an obscure striga of fuscous spots, placed transversely a Uttle beyond the
middle. The female differs in having the posterior wings ashy-brown, with
a darker margin.

Caterpillar brownish, with three paler longitudinal Hues : — it feeds on grasses.

Not common ; taken occasionally in the lanes near Bexley, and
on Dartford-common, in September.

Sp. 2. confinis. Alis anticis obsolete denticulatis fusco-cinereis, strigis duabus
nigricantibus, undque albidd. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 5 lin.)

Ch. confinis mihi. — Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 54. No. 6074.

Head and thorax grayish-ash, slightly mixed with fuscous : anterior wings pale
ashy-brown, with a transverse dusky striga anterior to the basal stigma, and
a second greatly arcuated one immediately adjoining the posterior stigma ;
between which and the hinder margin is an undulated striga, composed of
whitish lunules; the hinder margin immaculate: the space between the
stigmata and behind the posterior one blackish : posterior wings ashy-white,
very obscurely tinted with dusky towards the costal angle of the hinder
margin.

The paler colour and narrowness of the anterior wings, nearly uniformly
coloured posterior wings, and slightly pectinated antennse, distinguish this
from the foregoing species.
The only specimen I have seen of this insect I obtained from

Mr. Marsham's cabinet. I am not aware of its locality.

Sp. 3. fusca. Alis anticis fusco-nigris, fascid subtriangulari media saturatiore,
strigdque posticd obsolete pallidiore ; posticis maris albidis, fosminw fuscis.
(Exp. alar. 1 unc. 4—7 lin.)

110 HAUSTELLATA. LEPIDOPTERA.

Bo. fuscus. Haworth. — Ch. fusca. Steph. Catal. part il p. di. No. 6075.

Head and thorax of a deep fuscous-black ; anterior wings deep brownish-bJack,
with a griseous tinge, having an obscure subtriangular fascia in the middle,
visible only in certain lights, greatly attenuated towards the inner margin,
and obscurely bordered on each side with a paler striga ; the stigmata are
very obsolete, and placed in the fascia, the anterior being ovate or rounded,
and the posterior reniform, with one or two paUsh spots on the margin;
between the latter and the hinder margin is an undulated repanded striga of
an ashy or pale griseous hue ; and on the costa, near the tip, are four or five
distinct whitish spots: the posterior wings are clear immaculate white in
the male, fuscous, with a darker margin, in the female. Antennae pale fer-
ruginous, rather dusky in the female.

Var. /3. Ch. consimilis. Sicph. Catal. I. c. No. 6076.

Female with the anterior wings nearly of an uniform pale cinereous, the stig-
mata and fascife being only visible in certain lights.

t Var. y. Ch. orthostigma. Steph. Catal. I. c. No. 6077.

Female, with the stigmata rather flavescent and distinct, the anterior one
rounded, the posterior straight anteriorly, and bounded on the hinder margin
with a few whitish spots : the posterior wings very deep fuscous.

I have no doubt that the above varieties belong to this rare species, which is
probably the Noctua lutulenta of Hiibner, so far as I can ascertain by Och-
senheimer's description.

Var. /3. is smaller than either of the others ; and var. y. appeared to be distinct
in Mr. Stone's cabinet ; but upon comparison with my own specimens, I am
of opinion that it is a mere variety, which is further corroborated by the
locality of the specimen.

All the above described specimens were taken during tlie month
of September, in different years, near Birch-wood.

Sp. 4. nigra. Plate 20. f. 1. — Alls anticis nigris fascia lata saturatiore, stig-
matibus fere obliteratis, postico margine externa Jlavescenti; posticis maris
albis nigro marginatis,fceminoefuscis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 8 — 10 lin.)

Noctua nigra. Haworth.— Ch.. nigra. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 64. No- 6078.

Head and thorax black : anterior wings deep black, obviously denticulated on
the posterior margin, with a broad subtriangular darker fascia in the middle,
in which are the usual stigmata, but very obsolete, and the posterior one has
the outer margin yellowish ; in the fascia towards the inner margin of the
wing is a longitudinal darker hne ; towards the hinder margin of the wing,
and in the margin itself, are a few obscure yellowish spots, and near the apex
of the costa are three or four whitish ones : the posterior wings in the male
are whitish, with the margin dusky ; the abdomen is whitish at the base and
dusky at the tip; the female has the abdomen uniformly dusky, and the pos-
terior wings dusky-ash, with the margin darker. Antennae of the male black,
with whitish radii.

NOCTUIDiE. RUSINA. Ill

This rare species^ which is theAg.^thiopsofOchsenheimer, (Noctua nigricans
of Hiibner) is in very few cabinets. I obtained my specimen from that of the
late Mr. Francillon.

I have known this insect to have been twice captured in the
wood upon Shooter's Hill, in June : it has also occurred in Devon-
shire. " Cumberland."— 7". Marshall, Esq.

Sp. 5. Graminis. Alis anticis fusco-griseis lined trifurcd alba, stigmatibus pal-
lidis lineolisgue ad apicem atris. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 2 — 6 hn.)

Ph. Bo. Graminis. Linne. — Don. xiii. pi. 458. — Ch. } graminis. Steph. Catal.
part ii. p. 64. No. 6079.

Head and thorax pale griseous-brown ; anterior wings the same, with a longi-
tudinal whitish line reacliing from the base to beyond the middle, and giving
off three branches in the direction of the nervures towards the anal angle :
between this and the costa the stigmata are placed; these are of a pale luteous,
with the margin paler ; the space between and on the margin is dusky ; on the
inside of the longitudinal line is an elongate lutescent stigmatiform spot,
bordered towards the inner edge of the wing with black ; beyond the ordinary
stigmata, towards the hinder margin, is a repanded striga of somewhat acute
black streaks : the posterior wings are fuscous, with the margins darker and
the cilia yellowish : the body is fuscous, and the antennae ferruginous.

In some examples, the row of black streaks toward the hinder margin is nearly
obliterated: others have the anterior wings, with the exception of the stigmata
and trifurcate line, of an uniform colour ; while others have the space between
the stigmata, and on the hinder margin, deep fuscous: others, again, have the
stigmata edged with deep black on a plain ground : in fine, it is a most variable
species.

Caterpillar fuscous with yellowish streaks on the sides and back : — it feeds on
various grasses, but, according to Linne, not upon the Alopecurus ; towards the
end of June it changes to a brown shining pupa, and the imago appears in
about a fortnight.

Rare in the south of England, but more abundant in the northern
districts ; it has been taken at Coombe-wood, and Whittlesea-mere,
and in Devonshire.

Genus XC. — Rusina mihi.

Palpi ascending, densely squamous, with the terminal joint exposed, rather
elongate, composed of three somewhat slender joints, the terminal one being
most slender: the basal joint about half the length of the second and a Uttle
curved, the terminal one one-third the length of the preceding, elongate, ob-
tuse : maxillcB moderate. Antennoe deeply bipectinated in the males, the
pectinations suddenly abbreviated towards the apex, ciliated in the females :

112 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

head small, pilose ; thorax not very stout, clothed with loose hair-Uke scales,
subcrested: wings horizontal, entire; the anterior elongate, subtrigonate,
narrowed at the base, with the shoulder a little rounded ; posterior orbiculate-
triangular, slightly excised towards the costa : body slender, tufted at the apex
in the males: legs short, robust. Caterpillar subterranean: pupa short,
spinose at the apex, subterranean.

The deeply bipectinated antennae of the males, and ciliated ones
of the females, with the slenderness of their bodies, and the rotundity
at the shoulder of their broad anterior wings, distinguish this genus
from the cognate genera, exclusively of the diflference in the posi-
tion, form, slenderness and proportions of the palpi.

Sp. 1. ferruginea. Thorace alisque grisco-ferrugineis, anticis strigis quatuor
denticulatis, maculisgue costalibus aliquot pallidis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 6 — 8
lin.)

Bo. ferruginea. Esper.—KM. ferruginea. Steph. Catal. pt. ii. p. 64. No. 6080.

Head and thorax rusty-griseous : anterior wings the same, with two obscure
dusky spots at the base ; a sUghtly denticulated transverse striga near the an-
terior stigma, and another much bent towards the costa behind the posterior one,
with a broader one between the stigmata, which are very obscure, and a similar
but considerably undulated one near the hinder margin, bordered exteriorly
with grayish ; the costa, at the origin of the first, third, and fourth striga, is
pale griseous-ash, and between the latter bears three distinct pale spots : the
posterior wings fuscescent, with an interrupted dusky streak on the hinder
margin. Female somewhat darker, with the dentic\Uated strigae more obscure,
and the abdomen stouter.

Caterpillar dusky-brown, with the head paler, with a yellowish dorsal and pale
lateral lines ; the latter with a few black spots : pupa rufous : the imago ap-
pears towards the end of June.

I am not aware of any other locality for this obscure but re-
markable insect, than the hedges in the vicinity of Darenth-wood,
where I have twice captured it.

Genus XCI. — Agrotis, Hubner.

Palpi ascending, stout, the basal joints thickly clothed with long scales, the ter-
minal distinct, slightly squamous; triarticidate, the two basal joints of equal
length, the first curved, and the second slightly attenuated; the terminal
small, subovate, obliquely truncate : waxiY/o? elongate. <> Antennw hv^eciin&ieA.
at the base and setose at the apex in the males, simple and pubescent beneath
in the females : head small, thickly clothed with scales : thorax densely squa-
mous, not crested : wings horizontal during repose ; anterior elongate, with
the hinder margin entire; posterior broad, not denticulated. Larva sub-
terranean, naked, radicivorous: pupa subterranean.

NOCTUIDiE. AGROTIS. 1 13

The species of this extensive genus diflFer exceedingly in ap-
pearance ; nevertheless, from their habits being similar, and their
structure varying but slightly, I have not attempted to disunite
them; neither have I ventured to subdivide the genus into sec-
tions, as the distinctive characters vary in the respective sexes: it
may, however, be remarked, that the males of the seven first
species have the antennae more deeply pectinated than the re-
mainder, with the terminal joints frequently simple. In common
with all the foregoing Noctuidse, and many of the following genera,
the individuals repose with their wings incumbent or horizontal,
as noticed under each genus ; a character which can only be used
as secondary, for if it be employed in a primary view*, such dis-
cordant genera as the present, and Leucania, must be unnaturally
associated together, while Semiophora would be placed in a di-
stinct subdivision from Graphiphora, to which it is so closely allied,
that Treitschke and others unite both under the latter genus.

Without some practical acquaintance, both with regard to their
localities and periods of flight, it would be hopeless to attempt the
separation of all the numerous varieties of the respective species,
or place them with their legitimate partners, as their markings are
not only extremely similar, but many of the species are so prone
to vary; and they are, moreover, in general, of dull and sombre
colours, usually with three stigmata on each of the anterior wings.
Many of the species may be occasionally remarked flying, as if by
chance, in the afternoon; but they all fly at twilight, and some
throughout the night ; their larvse are naked, more or less spotted
with black, and radicivorous, and are consequently but seldom ob-
served.

Sp. 1. lunigera. Plate 20. f. 2. Alis anticis fuscis, Jlavescente variegaiis,
stngis duabus gerninatis nigricantibus, stigmd anticd interne Jlavescente ;
posticis luteo-albis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 8 lin.)

Ag. lunigera mihi. — Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 65. No. 6081.

Head deep fuscous ; thorax the same, varied with yellowish, with a large spot
of the latter colour on each side at the base of the wing : anterior wings rich
fuscous, varied with yellowish, with an angulated black streak at the base,
united to an abbreviated pale striga ; behind this, at a distance from the an-

* As done by Fabricius, in 1775, and subsequently by Gmelin, Turton,
Stewart, &c., alluded to by me in page 87, in February last, and published as
an unnoticed character within the past month.

Haustellata. Vol. II. 1st April, 1829. i

114 HAUSTELLATA. LEPIDOPTERA.

terior stigma, is a transverse yellowish waved striga, bordered on each side
with dusky, and very much angulated towards the inner margin ; a similar
striga arises from the costa, opposite to the posterior stigma, and, bending
outwards, turns rather suddenly towards the inner edge, the space between
the arch and the stigma being yellowish, or dull ochraceous-brown ; near the
hinder margin is a pale waved streak, and the margin itself is spotted with
black, with a pale griseous hne at the base of the cilia : the anterior stigma
is dusky towards the costa, and bright flavescent towards the inner margin of
the wing, forming a lunule of the latter colour ; the posterior stigma is mar-
gined anteriorly with black and flavescent, and posteriorly with black : the
body is pale fuscous, and the posterior wings of a creamy-white, with the
nervures rather dusky.

I have seen but tliree specimens of this very distinct and prettily
variegated insect, which, so far as I can ascertain, does not appear
to have been noticed by entomological writers : they were taken
in June, 1826, near Cork, in Ireland, and I believe the species has
not yet occurred in Great Britain. I am indebted to my friend
Mr. Stone for the specimen from whence the accompanying figure
was designed.

Sp. 2. Corticea. Alis anticis cinereis fusco irroratis, stigmatibus ordinariis
atris, thorace fusco, griseo vel albo vario, alis posticis in utroque sexd cinereis.
(Exp. alar. 1 unc. 4 — 8 lin.)

No. Corticea. Huhner. — Ag. Corticea. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 65. No. 6082.

A most variable species : antennse ferruginous : head dusky, varied with grayish :
thorax also dusky, varied with griseous or whitish : anterior wings cinereous,
more or less dusted throughout with fuscous, with the ordinary stigmata deep
fuscous or black; towards the base is a geminated fuscous striga, and a
second curved one behind the posterior stigma : the posterior wings are cine-
reous in both sexes, with a central lunule, the nervures and margin darker.

Var. (3. Anterior wings deep fuscous, irrorated with black, with the stigmata
externally dark ; the thorax fuscous, streaked with white.

Var. y. The anterior wings of an uniform pale griseous-fuscous, slightly dusted
with dusky, the stigmata deep brown.

Var. 2. The anterior wings with a black fascia at the base, edged on each side
with pale fuscous, the centre of the wing pale cinereous, with the hinder
margin dusky, the stigmata with dark margins, the anterior having a black
pupil.

It is difficult to find two specimens perfectly similar ; in some the stigmata are
remarkably large and distinct, in others they are but slightly darker than the
wings ; in some the teliform one is slender and elongate, in others abbreviated
and stout.

Not common, but very widely dispersed : I have taken it near
Hertford, Ripley, Brighton, and Dover, and have obtained spe-

NOCTUID.E. — .AGROTIS. 115

cimens from Devonshire and Norfolk. " Netley, Salop." — Rev.
F. W. Hope.

Sp. 3. aequa. Alls anticis griseo-cinereis, stigmatibus suhobliteratis, macule
apicis palUdiore ; posticis subalbidis tincturd violacei, niargine postice nigri-
cante. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 10 lin. — 2 unc.)

No. aequa. Hilbner? — Ag. sequa. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 65. No. 6083.

Thorax fuscescent: anterior wings clouded griseous-ash, with a double series of
black spots, as in the following insect ; between which are placed the usual
stigmata, which are nearly obliterated ; towards the apex is a paler or yellowish
spot : the posterior wings are dusky- white, tinged with violet, with the ner-
vures and the hinder margins, especially towards the anal angle, fuscous.

Var. iS. Steph. Catal. I. c. Anterior wings pitchy-black or deep fuscous; the
posterior smoky-white, tinged with violet, with the nervures and hinder
margin as in Var. a, but nearly black.

This rare species, as we learn from Lepidoptera Britannica, was
first detected in this country by Mr. Hatchett : it has since been
taken by Messrs. Raddon and Stone near London. The late
period of its appearance (September and October) is probably the
reason why so few examples have occurred : it is evidently very
variable, like the cognate species Corticea, Segetum, and sufFusa.
I possess a specimen captured in Hertfordshire. " Several ex-
amples taken near Epping in 1827, by me." — Mr. H. Doubleday.

Sp. 4. Segetum. Alls anticis griseo-ferrugineis strigis undatis obscurioribus,
posticis albidis. (Exp, alar. 1 unc. 6—1 1 lin.)

No. Segetum. Wiener Verz. — Ag. Segetum. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 65. No.
6084,

Head and thorax pale fuscous or griseous-brown : anterior wings the same, with
an abbreviated pale striga at the base, bounded on each side with dusky;
a similar undulated one before the stigmata, a third, more or less arcuated,
and varying considerably, being sometimes moniform (1), at others resembling
a comb with the pectinations outwards (2), occasionally placed in immediate
contact with the reniform stigma (3), at others at a distance (4); and finally,
towards the hinder margin, a waved band, composed of lunular pale spots,
on a darker ground: the abdomen pale ashy-brown; the posterior wings
white, with the nervures slightly fuscescent. The female (5) is usually darker,
and the posterior wings are of a bluish- white, with the hinder margins and
nervures dusky.

Both sexes vary amazingly, and it is nearly impossible to obtain two specimens

(1) Noctua monilea, Haworth. (2) No. pectinata. Haw.

(3) No. catsenata, Haw. (4) No. spinula. Haw. Ag. affinis mihi olira.

(5) No. nigricornuta. Haw.

I 2

116 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTF.RA,

precisely similar : in some males the anterior wings are of a hoary-ash, in
others almost black (6), and all intermediate gradations; the costa is some-
times of a darker hue than the inner edge of the wing, and spotted with pale
flavescent at the origin of the strigte ; at others the wing is of an uniform
tinge. Again, the stigmata not only vary in shape, hut in number, one or
more being occasionally obliterated ; and sometimes all become obsolete ; the
anterior one is generally dark in the centre, and either round, subovate, or
ovate-acute (7), and is frequently united to the posterior one by two black
streaks (8), or to the second striga by a black line; the reniform one is
generally dusky in the centre, with a paler margin ; and the third, or teUform
stigma, varies exceedingly in length, stoutness, and intensity : the nervures
are sometimes dilated, and brown (9), and the centre of the wing between
the stigmata has occasionally a broad angulated dusky fascia : finally, the
males are found of the dark hue of the females, and vice versa.
Caterpillar fuscous, with paler dorsal and lateral lines, with four or five black
spots on each segment: it is found at the roots of corn, and changes to a
dusky-brown pupa towards the end of May, and in the following month the
imago appears.

Probably the most variable of the British Noctuidse, scarcely two
specimens occurring precisely alike, and their discrepancies being
occasionally so considerable as to induce Mr. Haworth to describe
several as distinct species, in the early pages of liis valuable Lepi-
doptera Britannica ; a mistake which he has very properly corrected
in the concluding part, as there can be no doubt of all being re-
ferrible to one inconstant species, which is a great pest in several
districts, and abounds to a most destructive extent in certain years ;
the larvae doing incalculable mischief by destroying the young corn,
insidiously devouring the roots and base of the plant, while the
blade is left untouched. In the autumn of 1826, and the succeed-
ing spring, the larvae abounded, and in June following the imago
actually swarmed, in the neighbourhood of Ripley, the hedges
for nearly three weeks being literally alive with their multitudes,
as I found to my loss, while mothing. About the same period
the lands in the neighbourhood of Barham, in Suffolk, were similarly
visited, and the Rev. W. Kirby told me that several bushels of
the larvae were destroyed by Mr. Rodwell.

Sp. 5. sufFusa. Alis anticis griseis fusco-nebulosis, autfuscis, apice pallidioribus,
lineold medid duabusque apicis puncto alho notatis atris. (Exp. alar. 1 unc.
9 lin. — 2 unc.)

(6) No. subatrata, Haworth. (7) No. Corticea, Haw.

(8) No. connexa. Haw. (9) No. venosa, Haiv.

NOCTUIDiE. — AGROTIS. lit

No. sufTusa. Wien. Verz. — Ag. sufFusa. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 66. No. 6085. —
Ph. Bo. spinula. Don. x. pi. 345. / 2, 3.

Head and thorax fuscous; anterior wings griseous, clouded with fuscous to-
wards the costa, with a very obsolete geminated dusky striga towards the
base, to which the teliform stigma is united, as in its congeners, and a second
very slightly bent behind the stigmata; on the hinder margin is an irregular
fuscous band, anterior to which are two elongate-trigonate lineolae, whitish
at the base interiorly, and black at the apex : the anterior stigma is dusky in
the centre, with a black margin ; the posterior dusky, margined anteriorly
with griseous and black, and posteriorly with black, having an elongate-
acute black spine-like streak pointing to the hinder margin : posterior wings
whitish, with a violaceous tinge, with the nervures and marginal hues dusky.

Var. |S. Steph. Catal. I. c. — Anterior wings very dark fuscous, with a cloud at
the base, and the hinder margin pale griseous-ash, the stigmata nearly ob-
literated, but the spine-like process to the posterior stigma, and the acute
lineolae towards the hinder margin, as usual : posterior wings with the ner-
vures very dark fuscous.

Caterpillar ashy-gray; found at the roots of grass in IMay, and changing towards
the end of the month to a brownish pupa : the imago appears in June and
July.

Found occasionally at Birch and Darenth woods in July: but I
am not aware of any other locality. " Very common in June and
September, near Epping, in some seasons." — Mi: H. Doubleday.

fSp. 6. annexa. Plate 22. f. 2. Alls anticis griseo-juscis, costw basi margi-
neque postici •pallidioribus, stigmatibus lineold nigrd conjunctis. (Exp. alar.
1 unc. 8 lin.)

Ag. annexa. Ochsenheimer. — Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 66. No. 6086.

Head and thorax pale griseous-brown, anterior wings with a broad marginal
band of the same hue reaching to the posterior stigma, the rest of the wing
of a deeper brown, with the hinder margins rather paler; at the base,
dividing as it were the two colours, is a longitudinal dusky streak ; and on
the hinder margin are two or three lineolae of a similar colour; the an-
terior stigma is pale, with a dusky centre, and the posterior rather slender,
also dusky in the centre, with a pale margin ; they are connected together by
a broad black fasciola ; the teliform stigma is rather obsolete, and behind the
posterior one is an arcuated striga of pale spots: the posterior wings are
pearly white, with the nervures and margins slightly fuscescent.

Of this remarkably distinct species *, three specimens only have

* The Noctua subterranea of Haworth, but not of Fabricius, which is a native
of South America, and evidently very distinct. Without entering into the
broad question of specific distinctions, which 1 have elsewhere discussed, I may

118 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

come beneath my observation ; the first was foimd nearly thirty
years since, by Mr. Hatchett, in the neighbourhood of London ;
but unfortunately his specimen was accidentally destroyed : the
second was taken in June, 1817, by the late Mr. Blunt, near West
Ham, in Essex : and the third (whence the accompanying figure
was obtained) occurred near Cork, in June, 1826, and is in Mr,
Stone's rich cabinet of Lepidoptera.

Sp. 7. valligera; Alis anticis griseo-fuscoque variis, maculd ohlongd haseos nigri-
cante, jmncto-ocellari ferrugineo. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 4 — 8 lin.)

No. valligera. Wien. V. — Ag. valligera. Steph. Catal. part \i. p. 66. No. 6087.
Ph. Bo. clavis. Don. x. pi. 340. /. 2.

Head griseous, varied with white ; thorax anteriorly griseous, with two trans-
verse dusky lines, and two whitish ones, and the back griseous mixed with
white ; the petagiae white, with griseous borders : anterior wings pale griseous,
varied with fuscous, the costa spotted with white ; in the middle of the base
is a black spot, adjoining to which, on the inner edge, is an ocellated ferru-
ginous patch, with a pale iris, from which the teliform stigma, which is very
stout and dusky, with a darker margin, arises ; between this and the costa fol-
lowing the discoidal nerve is a broad whitish streak; the anterior stigma is
small, rounded, with a dusky pupil, and edged with black ; the posterior is
dusky, margined with black and white, with a small spine-like black lineola
on the hinder edge ; on the hinder margin is a striga of arrow-shaped black
lines, and a whitish one behind, very much waved, with a mark towards the
anal angle resembling the letter ^V : the fringe is pale at the base and brown
at the tip : the posterior wings are white in the male, and dusky, with a darker
margin, in the female

Var. fi. Anterior wings darker, without the spiniform process to the posterior
Btigma.

Like its congeners, this beautiful species varies greatly. In some examples the
ground colour is of a beautiful leaden- or bluish-gray, and the usual markings
are greatly suffused :— in others the colour is lighter, with faint markings.

Caterpillar ashy-gray, with a brown head, each segment with four black spots:
it feeds on grass : the imago appears in August.

A scarce species ; it occurs, however, in very remote parts of the

here take occasion to remark upon the importance of attending to minute dif-
ferences in the examination of specimens from distant parts: if the British
specimens of Ag. annexa had been strictly examined with those of No. sub-
terranea, their distinction woiUd soon have been evident, and an error in the
geographical station of the species would not have been committed, and have
remained uncorrected till now, although the genus has been recently investi-
gated in this country.

/y //'

f.'>ndon.Pub.hy-.Kr .\'tr/tiien^\fJnn.t£'2tf.

NOCTUIDJE. — AGROTIS. 119

country, having been captured in the neighbourhood of London ;
in Norfolk, &c. « Teignmouth, Devon."— Rev. W. T. Bree.
" Dublin." — Rev. J. Buhoer. " Glamorganshire." — Mr. J. Mil-
lard. " New Forest." — A. Cooper, Esq.

Sp. 8. radia. Alis grisescentibus macula quadratd baseosjimbridquc saturatiorihis,

in qua strigd pallidd punctorum sagittatorum. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 4 lin.)
Bo. radius. Haworth.—Ag. radia. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 66. No. 6089.

Antenna? griseous: thorax slightly crested, griseous: anterior wings pale fusces-
cent, with three stigmata, of which the two anterior are small and shuttle-
shaped, the exterior large and telitbrm : the costal edge is spotted with brown
and dotted with white: the posterior wings arc wliitish.

Closely allied to the following species, of which I suspect it is a mere variety.

Taken near London; also in the New Forest, and in Derby-
shire. " Devonshire." — Rev. J. Yonge.

Sp. 9. radiola. Plate 20. f. 3. AHs aitticis cinereo-gri.seis niaculd quadratd
baseos alterdque pone jnediumfuscis, stigma anteriore elongato utrinquc acuto ;
aut nigro-fuscis macula co.ifali pallidd. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 2 — 4 lin.)

No. radiola. Haworth MSS. — Ag. radiola. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 66. No.
6089.

AntenniE griseous; head and palpi ashy: thorax ashy, with a griseous lateral
line, and a black transverse one in front : anterior wings pale ashy-griseous,
with a large quadrate dusky or brown patch at the base, and a spot of a
similar hue behind the middle, on the costa ; on the margin of the basal
patch is a geminated dusky striga, and behind the posterior stigma is a
second, composed of black dots, or lunular spots; between these the stig-
mata are placed, the anterior of which is very slender and acute at each ex-
tremity, very pale cinereous, with a darker centre ; the reniform one is dark
fuscous, and the inner or teUform one is extremely minute ; the hinder margin
of the wings is a little dusky, with a row of distinct whitish spots: the pos-
terior wihgs are white, with dusky nervures. The female has the anterior
wings deep fuscous, with a pale cloud towards the middle of the costa, and
the posterior dusky, with a darker central lunule.

A rare species ; found occasionally in St. James's and Greenwich
Parks, in June ; it also occurs in Norfolk. " Devonshire." — Rev.
J. Yonge.

Sp. 10. sagittifera. Alis anticis griseis, albido nebulosis, lincold baseos alterdque
infra maculas ordinarias atris, sagittijbrviibus ; posticis albis. (Exp. alar.
1 unc. 5 lin.)

No. sagittifera. Hilbner? — Ag. sagittifera. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 66. No.
6090.

Head and thorax griseous, mixed with white : anterior wings griseous clouded

120 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

with white, with a longitudinal black arrow-shaped line at the base ; the an-
terior stigma is rather elongate-ovate, whitish, with the centre pale ashy-
brown ; the posterior griseous in the centre, margined with dusky and white ;
the space between, as well as at the base of the anterior stigma, deep fus-
cous ; the teUform stigma is rather elongate, and has a slender black streak
extending from it ; on the hinder margin is an angulated pale striga, having
a few dusky wedge-shaped lineolae within; the margin itself has a row of
minute black dots ; on the costa, near the apex, is a fuscous spot, in which
are three white dots : the posterior wings are whitish, with the margins dusky.
The male has the posterior wings milk-white.

My specimens of this species were taken in the neighbourhood
of London.

Sp. 11. vitta.* Alts anticis rufescente-suhfuscis, margine crassiori, stigmatibusque

albidis, strigdque posticd lineolarum nigrarum. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 4^ lin.)
No. vitta. Hubner? — Ag. lineolata. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 66. No. 6091.

Allied to the foregoing, but smaller : head and thorax reddish-brown ; the latter
with one or two pale transverse streaks in front : anterior wings also reddish-
brown, with the costa from the base to beyond the middle whitish, its extreme
margin being however dark-brown, interrupted with whitish ; the central
nervure of the wings is whitish from the base to its union with the reniform
stigma, which is also whitish, with the middle ashy ; in common with the an-
terior one ; between the stigmata is a quadrate dusky spot, and a triangular
one of similar colour at the base of the anterior one ; the inner or teliform
stigma is very small and sometimes wanting : it arises from a pale transverse
waved striga ; the hinder margin is clouded with cinereous, with one or two
dusky longitudinal streaks, an undulated whitish striga, and a row of small
wedge-shaped spots on the extreme edge; the cilia ashy: male with the
posterior wings whitish, with a dusky fimbria ; of the female dusky, with the
base cinereous.

This species varies much : in some examples the anterior wings are nearly all
fuscescent, with merely a vestige of the whitish costa and longitudinal streak ;
others have them more or less strigulated with whitish at the base, and some
are destitute of the posterior undulated striga : and others have the margin
behind the transverse striga deeper in colour than the rest of the wing.

Caterpillar gray and shining ; found beneath stones in June.

Rare ; but occurring in the metropolitan district : — I have taken
it at Darentli-wood, about the middle of August. " Near Dublin,
not unfrequent." — Rev. J. Bulwer.

Sp. 12. pupillata. Alls fuscescentibus stigmatibus ordinariis subocellatis, stig-

mateque tertio teliformi sesquialtero. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 5 lin.)
No. pupillata. Haworth. — Ag. pupillata. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 66. No. 6092.

Rather larger than the last: head and thorax as in that insect: anterior wings

NOCTUID.^. AGROTIS. 121

brownish, with an abbreviated transverse striga at the base, an undulated one
before the middle, and an arcuated one behind, cinereous, margined with dusky
or black ; and on the hinder margin is an undulated one, with a conspicuous
angle at the costa, and two towards the middle of the hinder margin ; the space
between the second and third strigae is rather paler than the rest of the wing,
and bears the usual stigmata, of which the two ordinary ones are cinereous, with
the centre dusky, and the third dusky, with the margin black : near the base
of the wing is a dusky spot, and a few streaks of the same hue appear towards
the middle of the posterior undulated striga ; and the posterior of the wing
behind the latter is nearly of an uniform brown ; ciHa brown ; posterior wings
cinereous, with the hinder margin deepest ; in the male rather whitish at the
base.
The stigmata are sometimes rufescent, with the centre dusky: — I possess one
specimen, which may belong to a distinct species, with the usual stigmata very
large and rufescent, and having a large dusky-ferruginous subocellated spot
at the base of the inner margin of the anterior wings, as in Ag. valligera.

Found near London in July, but very rarely : also in Devonshire
and at Whittlesea-mere,

Sp. 13. aquilina. Alis anticis cinereis nigra strigosis, casta bast nigra, apice

alba-punctatd ; posticis maris albidis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 5 lin.)
No. aquilina. Wien, V. — Ag. aquilina. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 66. No. 6094.

Closely allied to the two last : the anterior wings cinereous, with three transverse
waved black strigae, between the two posterior of which the stigmata are
placed, the anterior of which is rather elongate-ovate, dusky-brown in the
centre, with a cinereous margin, the posterior the same, but with an outer
black edge ; on the hinder margin is an vmdulated whitish, or cinereous striga,
and the extreme edge bears a row of minute black dots ; the costa is spotted
with black at the base, and with white towards the tip ; the posterior wings of
the male are whitish, of the female ashy, with the base palest.

This varies in the colour and intensity of the wings and markings.

Caterpillar cinereous, sprinkled with dusky on the sides, the head reddish : it
feeds on the Bed-straw (Galium verum).

Not common : found occasionally in the neighbourhood of London,
and in Glamorganshire : about the middle of July.

Sp. 14. Tritici? Alis anticis cinereis stigmatibus ordinariis pallidioribus
undque nigricante, posticis maris albidis margine fuscescente. (Exp. alar. 1
unc. 4 — 5 lin.)

Ph. No. Tritici. Linne ?— Ag. Tritici } Steph. Catal part ii. p. 67. No. 6094.

Size of the last, which it greatly resembles : anterior wings cinereous, sometimes
a little tinged with reddish ; with a short dusky streak at the base, which is
slightly paler than the rest of the wing, a faint transverse ashy striga before
the anterior stigma, and a curved one behind the posterior, as in the last in-

122 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

sect; the stigmata are large and pale ash; the anterior one is round, and the
space between them is sometimes dusky ; the third stigma is dusky, with a
black edge ; on the hinder margin is a slightly varied palish striga ; the margin
itself has a row of minute black spots ; the fringe is pale-brown : posterior
wings of the male whitish, with the margin brownish ; of the female pale-
ashy, with the margin dusky : abdomen pale cinereous.

As in the rest of the genus, scarcely two specimens occur precisely similar.

Caterpillar pale gray, with paler longitudinal lines : it feeds on corn in May, and
the imago appears in June or July.

Decidedly an uncommon species, especially near London. " Whit-
tlesea-mere in July last." — ]\1?\ Weaver.

Sp. 15. Hortorum. Alts ayiticis cinereo-nigricantibus, stigmatibus ordinariis
rujescentibus nigro-marginatis, posticis fuscescentibus, margine venisque sa-
turioribus. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 4 — 5 lin.)

Ag. Hortorum mihi. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 67. No. 6098.

■Closely resembling the last : anterior wings deep dusky-ash, with four transverse
paler strigse, the three anterior of which are edged with dusky, placed nearly
as in that insect, but the posterior one is less undulated, and has a row of
elongated dusky or black streaks attached to the anterior edge as in A. cu-
neigera : on the hinder margin is a row of minute black spots : the usual
stigmata are faintly rufescent, margined with black, the third is very slender,
and the black margins alone are visible : the posterior wings are fuscous, with
the nervures and margin darker : body deep fuscous.

The darker posterior wings and brown abdomen at once distinguish this from
the preceding, unless it should prove to be a mere suflfused variety, which I
think probable.

The only specimens I have observed of this species were taken in
August last, at Whittlesea-mere : they seem very distinct from the
preceding species, which they most resemble.

Sp. 16. ocellina. Alls anticis nigricantibus, vittd longitudinali abbreviata cine-
rascenti, maculis duabus atris, strid arcuatd alterdve posticd dentatd, cine-
rascentibus. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 3 — 4 lin.)

No. ocellina. Wien. V. — Ag. ocellina. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 67. No. 6095.

Somewhat less than the foregoing : anterior wings dusky, or rufescent, with a pale
abbreviated longitudinal streak at the base; an undulated black transverse
striga before the anterior stigma, an incvirved pale one behind, and a dentated
one near the hinder margin, the latter accompanied anteriorly with some black
streaks ; the stigmata slightly rufescent in the middle, with a narrow pale-
ashy margin : fringe rufescent : posterior wings dusky, with the base cinereous
in both sexes, palest in the male.

Also a variable insect, but less so than its congeners.

Once captured at Darenth-wood, and I believe a single specimen

NOCTUID.^i. — AGROTIS. 123

has occurred in the New Forest. " Near Dublin." — Rev. J.
Bulwer.

Sp. 17. cuneigera. Alls anticis rufo-fuscis stigmatibus tribus striguque posticd

cuneorum fuscormn. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 3 — 5 lin.)
No. valligera. Hawort'i. — Ag. cuneigera. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 67. No. 6096.

Size of the last : anterior wings reddish-brown, or dusky-ash, with a pale streak
towards the base of the costa ; and four obsolete transverse strigje, the first at
the base, very stout, the second immediately anterior to the basal stigma, the
third adjoining the posterior stigma, much bent, and the last, slightly waved
towards the hinder margin, accompanied by a series of acute wedge-shaped
fuscous spots: the ordinary stigmata are pale, with a dusky spot adjoining the
base of the anterior one ; and sometimes with a quadrate black one between
them ; the teUform stigma is variable in size, and has usually a black edge :
the male has the posterior wings whitish, with the margins and nervures dusky,
the female cinereous, with a darker margin and nervures; in other respects she
resembles the male.

The form of the stigmata varies much, especially that of the anterior one, being
round, ovate, elliptic, and subtriangular : the tinge of colour also varies.

Far from abundant near London; and I believe equally scarce
in other parts of the country. I have met with it at Darenth-
wood in the beginning of July. " Chelsea."" — N. A. Vigors, Esq.

Sp. 18. venosa. AUs anticis griseo-fuscis, strigis tribus cinerascentibus undque
postice pallidiore, venis griseo-cinerascentibus ; posticis maris cinereis, venis
saturatioribus. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 5 lin.)

Ag. venosa mihi. — Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 67. No. 6097.

Allied to the last, but abundantly distinct : anterior wings griseous-brown, with
three transverse cinerascent strigce, edged with dusky, placed nearly as in the
foregoing insect, but the posterior one remote from the reniform stigma ; the
hinder margin has also a waved whitish streak, which arises from a dusky
spot on the costa, and is bounded posteriorly with ashy-brown, but is destitute
of any wedge-shaped accompanying streaks; the usual stigmata are ashy-
brown in the centre, with a slender pale margin, the teliform one is obUterated,
and the nervures of the wing are pale griseous-ash : the posterior wings of
the male are cinereous : the abdomen of the same colour, with the base whitish.

The second transverse striga is much more undulated than in the foregoing in-
sect ; and the male is easily known by its dark-coloured posterior wings.
Taken near Edinburgh in July 1824 by the late Mr. Blunt, to

whom I am indebted for my specimen.

Sp. 19. nigricans. AUs anticis nigricantibus, stigmatibus tribus pallidioribus,
striga, posticd punctorum alborum. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 3 — 6 lin.)

Ph. No. nigricans. Linne. — Ag. nigricans. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 67. No.
6099.

124 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

Anterior wings dusky, with three obscure pale, transversely waved, strigae, mar-
gined with brownish or black, and an undulated streak of whitish spots on
the hinder margin; the ordinary stigmata are pale with a darker edge, the
posterior one is sometimes obliterated, and the teliform one is nearly indi-
cated by its black margin : the posterior wings are whitish, with the margin,
or lunule, in the middle, and the nervures dusky.

Var. /3. Steph. Catal. I. c. — With the anterior wings pale immaculate reddish,
the posterior whitish, with a dusky margin.

Var. y. Steph. Catal. I. c. — Posterior wings rufous, with very obsolete strigae,
the posterior stigma entirely obliterated.

A most variable species; sometimes nearly rufescent, with all the markings
very obsolete ; at others nearly black, with the strigae more or less evident.

There is frequently a quadrate dusky spot between the stigmata, and a tri-
angular one adjoining the anterior one : the series of whitish spots on the
hinder margin is frequently obliterated, and sometimes the spots are united
into a waved striga. The ordinary stigmata are not unfrequently edged with
yellowish.

Caterpillar glossy-brown, spotted with black, with a yellowish lateral line : it is
found in June, and the imago appears towards the end of July or beginning
of August.

Not uncommon in gardens in the vicinity of London. " Whittle-
sea-mere in July last." — Mr. Weaver.

Sp. 20. fumosa. Alls nigricantibus stigmatibus duabus ordinariis Jlavo cinctis.

(Exp. alar. 1 unc. 3 — 4 lin.)
No. fumosa. Wien. V. — Ag. fumosa. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 67. No. 6100.

Anterior wings dusky or blackish : marked nearly as in the last, but the striga?

more obsolete, and the third stigma wanting ; with the two ordinary ones

distinctly margined with yellowish.
Probably a dark variety of the foregoing variable insect, from which it differs

chiefly in wanting the third or teliform stigma ; a character which varies

greatly in this genus, and can consequently be scarcely regarded as a specific

difference.

Taken with the preceding insect at Whittlesea-mere, and found
also, but rarely, near London.

Sp. 21. obeliscata. Alls rufo-fuscis macula atra trigond ante, alterdque tetra-
gond inter stigmata pallida. — Haworth. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 3 — 5 lin.)

No. obeliscata. Haworth.— h^g. obeliscata. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 67. No.
6101.

Similar to some of the numerous varieties of the last ; but the anterior wings
with scarcely a rudiment of strigae ; they are rufous, with a trigonate black
spot before the anterior stigma, and a quadrate one between it and the pos-
terior one ; the stigmata pale cinereous, with the teliform one elongated and .
margined with black ; the hinder margin of the wing is irregularly edged with

NOCTUIDiE. AGROTIS. 125

fuscous : the posterior wings are whitish-yellow, with a narrow dusky margin
and faint central lunule ; the cilia rufescent.
The anterior wings are sometimes slightly blackish or dusky; and the spots
adjoining the stigmata vary in intensity of colour.

Found in the vicinity of London, at Ripley, and at Darenth-
wood, in August.

Sp. 22. ruris. Alts anticis pallide fuscis, vittd costali stigmatibusque ordinariis

Jlavescenti-albidis ; posticis maris albidis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 4 — 8 lin.)
No. ruris. Hawortli. — Ag. ruris, Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 67. No. 6102.

Also similar to Ag. nigricans, but larger, with the strigse and stigmata stronger
and more distinct : the anterior wings are pale fuscous, or rufescent, with the
costa rather paler, and the ordinary stigmata yellowish- white ; on each wing
are four pale yellowish-ash strigae, of which the anterior is short and basal,
the next transverse and undulated, the third arcuated and placed a little
behind the reniforra stigma, and the fourth is in the margin itself, and some-
times obsolete; the teUform stigma is sometimes palish, with a black margin;
posterior wings pale cinereous- white, with a faint central lunule ; the nervures
and margin dusky.

This insect varies considerably: in some examples the strigfe are nearly ob-
literated ; and I possess one with the stigmata scarcely visible. As in its
congeners, individuals occur with a triangular dusky spot before the an-
terior stigma, and a quadrate one between them ; thus furnishing us with the
No. sordida of Haworth.

Rare near London, but found at Darenth-wood. " Whittlesea-
mere, in August last.*" — Mr. Weaver. " In Norfolk." — A. H.
Haworth, Esq.

Sp. 23. dubia. Alts fuscis vel nigris strigis stigmatibusque ordinariis satura-
tioribus, striga alia posticd conspicud, undulatd, alba. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 6 lin.)

No. dubia. Haworth. — Ag. dubia. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 67. No. 6103.

Anterior wings deep brown or black, with four darker transverse strigae, the
anterior stout, the second broad, geminated, and considerably waved, the
third greatly bent, submoniliform, and somewhat remote from the posterior
stigma, between which and the hinder margin is another undulated one, ac-
companied by a conspicuous streak of white dots ; in the margin itself is a
row of minute black spsts ; the stigmata are dusky with their edges darker,
and a quadrate deeper spot between them : the posterior wings are nearly of
an uniform dusky hue, with a deeper central lunate spot, and the nervures
slightly blackish.

Found near London, with the foregoing species, of which it may
probably be a mere variety, though its appearance is widely dif-
ferent.

126 HAUSTELLA'IA. — LEPI DOPTERA.

Sp. 24. subgothica. Plate 22. f. 3. Alis anticis griseo-fiiscis, cnstd basi,
plagd longitudinali fascifique posticd submarginali, stigmatihusque pallidis.
(Exp. alar. 1 unc. 4 — 6 lin.)

No. subgothica. Haworth. — Steph. Catal. part ii. -p. 68. No. 6104.

Somewhat resembling Ag. valligera : anterior wings griseous-brown, with a pale
longitudinal dash on the costa^ and another branching off from the central
nervure towards the anal angle, where it unites to a broad patch of the same
hue, which is carried on to the apex of the wing in the form of a band, with
two acute angles on the posterior edge near the anal angle; the margin itself
is irregularly dusky ; the anterior stigma is sub triangular, and the reniform
one ovate, rufo-ferruginous in the middle, with an ashy margin ; the teliform
stigma is very distinct, with its margin black, and rather acute at the tip ;
between the posterior stigma and the inner margin is a dusky or blackish
streak, and a patch of similar hue behind the stigma : the posterior wings are
whitish, with a faint central lunule, and a narrow dusky border.

Decidedly a scarce insect : it has been captured three or four
times near London, and in Norfolk. " Near Barnstaple, Devon."
— W. Raddon, Esq., from whose specimen the accompanying figure
was designed.

Sp. 25. exclamationis. Alis anticis fuscis aut rufescentibus, strigis tribus stig-
matibusque nigris, posticis maris albis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 4 — 8 lin.)

Ph. No. exclamationis. Linne. — Ag. exclamationis. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 68.
No. 6105.

A very distinct but excessively variable species : head, thorax, abdomen, and
anterior wings fuscous or rufescent, sometimes dusky or piceous ; the latter
with a faint abbreviated waved striga at the base: an undulated transverse
one before the anterior stigma, black within and pale without, and to which
the teliform stigma is united ; this is generally very stout, rather short and
black ; behind the posterior stigma is a bent black striga, usually denticulated
exteriorly, and margined on that side with pale-ash ; on the hinder margin is
an undulated ashy streak, and the margin itself is slightly clouded with dusky ;
the anterior stigma is somewhat darker in the centre than the wing, and has
a black margin ; the posterior one is very large and dusky, with a pale streak
on its anterior edge, which is bounded with black : the posterior wings of the
male are white ; of the female deep ashy-brown.

The strigae on the anterior wings are sometimes entirely obliterated, and the
ordinary stigmata are occasionally nearly obsolete; at others they are both
rounded and almost black : the colour of the wings varies considerably, and
the costal edge is frequently suffused with a bright purple tinge.
Caterpillar dirty reddish-brown, glossy, with black spots and a pale reddish
dorsal line : — it feeds on the groundsel (Senecio vulgaris).

Extremely abundant near London towards the end of June, fre-
quenting gardens, hedges, and woods.

J

»*'

-•1.*sW*i**^

l,tnr/v/i Piil> l,y .ffsrf/ilifii.^.lMiirt/i/ffia

NOCTUID.'E. ACtROTIS. 127

+ Sp. 26. nebulosa. Plate 22. J*. 1. — Alls anticis pallide cano-cinereis, hasi ne-
bulis fuscis, margine postice satnratiori strigd sub-undnlatd alba, posticis
maris albis,foemina; cinereis. (Exp. alar. $ 1 unc. 4 lin. : $ 1 unc. 2 lin.)

Ag. nebulosa mihi. — Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 68. No. 6106.

Head and thorax hoary gray ; antennae ciliated in the male ; pale cinereous : an-
terior wings pale hoary or whitish gray, the costa slightly clouded with fus-
cous ; with a cloud of the same hue at the base of the wings, divided from the
teUform stigma by a very obscure transverse waved striga ; anterior stigma
round, small, its centre and margin dusky ; posterior reniform, clouded with
fuscous and black ; behind this is an arcuated subraoniliform striga, beyond
which the rest of the wing is deep fuscous, with an undulated white striga,
composed of approximating wedge-shaped spots ; in the margin itself is a
series of minute black subtriangular dots : cilia pale ash : posterior wings pure
white : abdomen of a glossy silken ash colour. Female nearly of an uniform
pale cinereous, with the stigmata and costal spots nearly obsolete.

The spots on the abdomen of the male, as represented in the plate, appear to
arise from accident, seemingly from some of the hirsuties being abraded.

I have seen two specimens only (the sexes) of this very con-
spicuous and apparently novel species ; they were captured in
July, 182T, near Barnstaple, Devonshire, by Mr. Raddon, through
whose kindness I am enabled to introduce the accompanying figures
and descriptions.

Sp. 27. cinerea. AUs anticis cinereis, fuliginoso nebulosis, strigis duabus
denticulatis atris. (Exp. alar. $ 1 unc. 6—8 lin. : $ 1 unc. 4 Un.)

No. cinerea. Huhner. — Ag. cinerea. CurtisAv.pl. 165. — Steph. Catal. part ii.
p. 68. No. 6107.

Thorax cinereous, anteriorly dark : head cinereous ; antennae griseous : anterior
wings griseous-ash, with dusky shades ; with two black dots at the base, a
slender denticulated striga before the middle, and another behind ; the anterior
stigma is nearly obsolete, but the posterior is distinct; between them is a
transverse angulated fuscous or rufescent striga, arising from a dusky spot on
the costa, and passing to the inner margin ; the hinder has an obscure waved
striga, and a series of minute black dots on the margin itself: cilia griseous-
brown ; posterior wings whitish, with a dusky central spot, and a series of
blackish dots on the margin. Female considerably darker, and destitute of
the griseous hue, the strigae more evident but less denticulated ; the posterior
wings cinereous.

This species diflPers considerably in habit from the rest of the genus, in the ob-
scurity of the stigmata particularly, and in the total absence of the teUform
one.

Caterpillar sUghtly hairy, greenish-brown, with three reddish stripes on the back,
and a glossy-brown head ; the legs yellowish-white.

Not common, taken occasionally on a heathy common to the

128 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

north of Darenth-wood, flying by day, and in otlier parts of the
country. " Netley, Salop." — Rev. F. W. Hope. " Near Burgh-
field, Berks."— /?ei;. C. S. Bird. " In the Isle of Wight."— J/r.
Weaver.

Genus XCII. — Graphiphora, Huhner.

Palpi moderate^ ascending, parallel, densely clothed with scales, the base pilose,
theterminal joint distinct, squamous; triarticulate, the basal joint curved, the
second longer than the first, slightly attenuated, the terminal small, elongate-
ovate, a httle acuminated : maxillce as long as the antennfe. Antennce various,
moderate, generally simple, with the lower surface pubescent in the females ;
usually ciliated beneath in the males, or deeply bipectinated, with the pec-
tinations abbreviated towards the apex, sometimes serrated and pubescent
beneath: head large, scaly: thorax slightly crested: wings generally rather
broad, slightly rounded behind, horizontal during repose, not denticulated ;
mostly griseous or dusky, with dark spots towards the costa. Larva exposed,
usually with pale lateral stripes, naked : pupa subterranean.

Like the preceding genus, Graphiphora is chiefly composed of
dingy and similarly marked species, though amongst them may be
noticed a few of delicate and somewhat vivid colours ; from the
former circumstance, the investigation of the species appears to have
been neglected in this country, as very few cabinets contain above
six or eight of the following species. The genus is evidently
closely allied to Agrotis, and several of the species are included in
that genus by Ochsenheimer and Treitschke, while Schrank and
Boisduval agree in uniting the whole under the incorrect appellation
Noctua (a name which has been also employed by Treitschke, in
lieu of Graphiphora, although justly restored by Savigny to a genus
of owls) ; they may, however, be distinguished by the superior width
and glossiness of the anterior wings, which have usually but two
stigmata, and by the general simplicity of the antennae.

Sp. 1. rhomboidea. Plate 19. f. I. 8. — Alis anticis rubro-brunneis,tincturd rosed,
maculu rhomhoided alterdque triangulari riifo-fuscis ; antennis maris pectinatis.
—(Exp. alar. $ 1 unc. 8 Un. : ^ 1 unc. 6 lin.)

No. rhomboidea. Esper ? — Gr. rhomboidea. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 68. No.
6108.

A beautiful species : head and thorax cinereous, irrorated with rosy : anterior
wings reddish or ashy-brown tinted with bright rose-colour, with a red-brown
rhomboid spot, and a triangular one near the stigmata ; at the base is an obscure
abbreviated undulated dusky striga, a second, much waved anteriorly, before the

P/./M

i^„d^„.j^,h hv .r.r. •H'r'""'''''''"-"''"'-

NOCTUIDjE. — GRAPHIPHORA. 129

Stigma, and a third, more distinct, suddenly angulated at the costa, and con-
siderably arcuated, composed of connected lunules, the points of each directed
outwards, between which and the posterior margin is an undulated pale rosy
striga, and the hinder margin itself has a row of minute fuscous lunules ;
cilia fuscous, tinted with rosy ; stigmata cinereous : posterior wings whitish-
ash with an ochraceous tinge, with a central spot and a broad marginal band
fuscous ; cilia ochraceous : antennae pectinated in the male,— the colours more
vivid, and the markings stronger in the female, antennae simple.
The strongly pectinated antennae of the male of this species, and its general habit,
appear to indicate more than a specific difference.

Of this delicately beautiful insect I have seen four examples
only, which were captured in July last on the borders of Whittlesea
Mere, by Mr. Weaver.

Sp. 2. renigera. AHs anticis griseo-nigricantibus, atomis canis spards lineisqiie
transversis saturatio7-ibus ; posticisfusco-cinereis, ad basiri pallidioribus. (Exp.
alar. 1 unc. 4 — 6 lin.)

No. renigera. Hiibner. Steph, Catal. part ii. p. 63. No. 6109.

Head, thorax, and abdomen pale ashy-brown : anterior wings shining-griseous or
brownish-black, thickly sprinkled, especially towards the base, with minute
hoary dots : before the middle is an obscure paler striga, bounded on each
side with black, and behind the middle is another very obsolete incurved one;
the stigmata are scarcely visible, but the posterior one is indicated by a black
reniform patch ; the hinder margin of the wing is very deep fuscous black,
with an indistinct streak of fuscescent lunules on the margin itself; ciUa
dusky : posterior wings deep fuscous-ash, or blackish, with the base rather
paler, the cilia whitish ash.

This conspicuous but sombre insect is unquestionably rare, at
least in the southern part of England, and but few specimens have
occurred in the north. " Derbyshire." — Rev. W. T. Brce. " West-
moreland, in July, 1827." — Mr. Weaver. " Scotland, near Forfar.""
—G. Milne, Esq.

Sp. 3. latens? Alls anticis cinereo-nigricantibus, Incidis, strigis undatisfuscis

obsoletissimis, stigmata ordinaria fere obsoleta. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 6 lin.)
No. latens. Hiibner?— Gr. latens ?— Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 68. No. 6110.

Resembling the last in the obscurity of its markings: head, tl:oiax, and abdomen
deep cinereous: anterior wings of a glossy ashy-black, most obsoletely strigated
transversely with undulated fuscous lines, visible only in certain positions ;
the first of which is towards the base and abbreviated, the second anterior to
the basal stigma, the last beyond the reniform stigma, and considerably bent ;
beyond this the wing is darker, and has towards the hinder margin an obscure
pale denticulated striga, the margin itself immaculate ; cilia fuscous : stigmata
very obscure, with a dark quadrate spot between them : posterior wings ob-
scure cinereous, with the cilia whitish.

Haustellata. Vol. II. 1st April, 182'J. k

130 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

The only example I have seen of this insect was taken in the
south of Scotland in the summer of 1827.

Sp. 4. pyrophila. Alts anticis cinereis, strigis maculisque fuscis, posticis fuscis,
nitiduUs. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 6 — 9 lin.)

No. pyrophila. Wien. V. — Gr. pyrophila. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 68. No.
6111.

Head and thorax cinereous, the latter with a black spot on each side in front :
anterior wings cinereous or fuscescent, with various fuscous spots and strigs,
the latter dispersed at irregular tUstances ; the first being basal, geminated,
and shghtly flexuous, the second considerably before the anterior stigma,
obliquely transverse, considerably undulated exteriorly, and also duplex ; the
third is submonUiform and obscure, a little bent, and situated behind the
posterior stigma; near the hinder margin is a fourth striga composed of
conical spots, and slightly waved toward the apex and the anal angle ; the pos-
terior margin has a row of minute black dots ; cilia fuscous, with a pale line
at the base ; between the stigmata, which are distinct, and the anterior im-
maculate, runs a faint transverse dusky striga : the posterior wings are deep
glossy fuscous.

Caterpillar dirty grayish-brown.

Also a rare species : one or two specimens have, I believe,
occurred at Southgate near London, and also in the county of
Warwick. " Several examples found in July, 1826, at Netley,
Salop." — Rev. F. W. Hope, who kindly supplied me with the spe-
cimens which I possess. " Zetland." — Rev. Dr. Fleming. " La-
narkshire."— G. Lyell, Esq.

f Sp. 5. lunulina. " Alis fuscis strigis lunularum pallidarum." Haworth.

(Exp. alar. 1 unc. 8 lin.)
No. lunulina. Haworth. — Gr. lunulina. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 6S. No. 6112.

" 'Wings fuscous, with four obsolete pale strigae, edged, as it were, with minute
black lunules ; the first at the base, nearly entirely obliterated, the second
undulated and placed before the middle, the third arcuated and placed behind :
between these last is a lunule and several pale spots in the place of the margin
of the posterior stigma ; the anterior stigma wanting ; beyond the third striga
is a fourth dentated one, and on the margin itself is a row of extremely minute
black spots; cilia fuscous, or slightly cinerascent : posterior wings cinereous,
with a fuscous border, and a pale striga on the margin itself, cilia whitish."
— Haworth.

The only specimen I have seen of this species is in Mr.
Haworth's cabinet ; it was captured in Cambridgeshire by Mr. W.
Skrimshire.

Sp. 6. crassa? Alis anticis fuscis nitidis atro subnebulosis, strigd posticd pallida
undatn. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 6 — 9 lin.)

NOCtUIDiE. — GBAPHIPHORA. 131

No. crassa. Hiibner ? — Gr. crassa. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 68. No. 6113.

Thorax deep fuscous, reddish anteriorly : anterior wings with a dark streak at
the base, and several irregular black spots between and round the ordinary
stigmata, which are rather obscure, and the anterior elongate-quadrate ; and
there is sometimes the appearance of a third, as in the following species :
there are also three obscure pale transverse strigse, as in most of the foregoing
insects, more or less edged with fuscous, placed one at the base, the second
before, and the last behind, the stigmata ; and towards the hinder margin is
a distinct pale waved one ; the margin itself immaculate : cilia fuscous :
posterior wings whitish, with the nervures and margin blackish ; cilia whitish.

Whether this be truly synonymous with Noctua crassa of Hiibner I am not
certain : Mr. Haworth thinks it is, but it appears rather to resemble the No.
ruris of that author, if Ochsenheimer's reference to Engramelle be correct.

Less rare than the foregoing insects, though far from common :
it does not occur near London, but has been captured in Norfolk,
and in Scotland, in August, frequenting gardens. " Bottisham.''
— Rev. L. Jenyns. " Netley, Salop.*" — Rev. F. W. Hope.

Sp. 7. augur. Alls anticis fusco-rufescentibus strigis undatis characteribusque

nigris, posticis fuscescentibus. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 7 — 9 lin.)
No. augur. Fabricius. — Gr. augur. Sleph. Catal. part ii. p. 69. No. 6114.

Somewhat resembling the last : the anterior wings fuscous or dusky rufescent,
with a dentated and abbreviated pale striga at the base, a second undulated
one, edged exteriorly with black, before the middle, beyond which are two
irregular black rings forming two stigmata placed transversely, as in most
of the Agrotes, followed by the usual reniform stigma, cinereous in the middle,
with a broad black margin ; then a bent striga composed of minute fuscous
or black lunules, and a dusky fascia, terminating abruptly by a pale undulated
striga ; the hinder margin immaculate, or faintly spotted with pale cinereous
and fuscous dots : cilia fuscous : posterior wings fuscous, with a central lunule,
the nervures and margin darker.

The intensity and bulk of the black stigmatiform rings, as well as the colour
of the wings, vary considerably in different specimens.

Not uncommon: taken at Coombe and Darenth-woods, near
Ripley, Hertford, he. in July. " Bottisbam." — Rev. L. Jenyns.
" Epping."— il/r. H. Douhleday.

Sp. 8. brunnea. Alls anticis purpurascente-brunneis, fascifi posficd subundulatd
saturatiore, stigmate postico Jlavo, punctoque medio atro. (Exp. alar. 1 unc.
6—8 lin.)

No. brunnea. Wien. T.— Gr. brunnea. Steph. Catal. fart ii. p. 69. No. 6115.

Head, thorax anteriorly, and tuft and sides of the abdomen rufous: anterior
wings purplish-brown, with obsolete strigse, or dusky spots towards the base ;
a quadrate black spot between the stigmata, of which the anterior is rounded,

K 2

132 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

and margined with black and yellow ; the posterior^ as usual, reniform, yellow,
with the middle generally cinereous, and a black patch in it towards the
middle of the wing ; behind the stigmata is an obscure submoniliform rufo-
brunneous striga, followed by abroad slightly undulated deep purplish-brown
fascia ; the hinder margin rufescent ; the cilia rufous : posterior wings of a
rufous-brown, with a dusky central spot ; ciUa bright rufous.

In some examples the anterior wings are of a bright rosy-brown, with the
markings more or less obliterated : but in all the posterior stigma is yellow.

Caterpillar brown, spotted with white, with a bluish lateral Une and black head,
the latter with two white streaks : it feeds on the Pea (Pisum arvense) : the
imago appears toward the end of July, or beginning of August.

Also found at Coombe and Darenth-woods, and in other places
throughout the metropolitan district, not uncommonly. " Netley,
Salop."— i^^rt;. F. W. Hope.

Sp. 9. candelisequa. Alis anticis griseis glauco pruinosis, strigis atris, extimd
dentatd, aJteruque posticd pallida subundulatd. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 6 hn.)

No. candelisequa. Wien. V. — Gr. candelisequa. Stepk. Catal. part ii. p. 69.
No. 6116.

Head and thorax griseous: abdomen whitish-gray: anterior wings griseous,
with a glaucous hue, and several black transverse strigse, of which the basal
one is abbreviated, the second undulated before the middle, the third rather
broad, arising from the costa, and passing between the stigmata, where it
becomes abruptly angulated, the angle pointing outwards, and terminates
about the middle of the inner margin ; beyond the posterior stigma is a faint
striga which is externally dentated, and between this and the posterior margin
is a very slightly waved pale yellowish-brown striga : the anterior stigma is
of an irregular form, and rather obsolete, the posterior reniform ; there is a
minute black spot in the place where the teliform stigma of the Agrotes is
situated ; cilia rufo-griseous : posterior wings dusky-ash, with pale rufescent
cilia.

Caterpillar dusky-brown, with reddish and white streaks, and a reddish-yellow
head.

My specimen of this species was taken in the larva state at
Darenth-wood, in May, and appeared in July, many years since.

Sp. 10. tristigma. Alis anticis fusco-hrunneis, macula rhomboided inter stig-
mata altera triangulari tertifique baseos irregulari atris. (Exp. alar. 1 unc.
6—8 lin.)

Go. tristigma. Ochsenheimer. — Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 69. No. 6117.

Allied to the following : head, thorax, and anterior wings deep fuscous-brown,
the latter strigated as in Gra. brunnea, with a large quadrate black patch be-
tween the stigmata, a triangular one at the base of the anterior stigma, and
a third of an irregular form and variable in size and intensity, at the base of
the wings near the inner margin ; towards the hinder margin is an undu-

NOCTUJDiE. — GRAPHIPHORA. 133

lated fuscous striga; the margin itself is immaculate and the fringe is
dusky : the posterior wings are dusky, with the base rather palest.
Caterpillar dusky, with a whitish dorsal line and a slender lateral white one,
with a rufescent streak beneath : it feeds on the Dandelion (Leontodon Tara-
jcicum), and is found in May; the imago in July.

Not common ; found however at Darenth and near Ripley.

Sp. 11. triangulum. Alls anticis griseo-purpurascentibus atro maculatis, macula
nigra costali versus apicem, posticisfuscis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 7 — 8 lin.)

Ph. triangulum. Hufnagle. — Gr. triangulum. — Steph. Catal. part ii. p- 69.
No. 6118.— Ph. No sigma. Don. xvi. pi. 562.

Head and thorax anteriorly cinereous ; the latter posteriorly, and anterior wings
griseous-purple or fuscous, with four pale transverse strigae as usual, the
first abbreviated and basal, with a black spot at its origin on the costa, and
two or three at its termination towards the inner margin ; the second oblique,
scarcely undulated, also arising from a black costal spot, and edged exter-
nally with the same colour ; the third obscure, placed behind the stigmata,
and margined on each side with dusky; and towards the hinder margin,
arising from an obhque black dash, near the apex of the costa, is the fourth,
which is considerably undulated and edged interiorly with fuscous spots;
the margin itself has a series of minute dusky lunules ; between the stigmata
is a large quadrate black spot, and a second between the anterior stigma and
the oblique transverse striga ; the abdomen and posterior wings are fuscous,
the apex of the former rufous.

Caterpillar reddish-ash, with a dusky line on the back and a reddish one on
each side, with two brownish streaks on each joint; it changes in June to
a brown pupa, and the imago appears towards the end of July.

More frequently captured than the foregoing species, but
nevertheless not very abundant; it is most commonly found at
Darenth-wood, but it occurs also at Coombe and Birch- woods ;
near Dover, Brighton, Hertford, and Ripley. " York and Suifolk."
— W. C. Hewitson, Esq. " Epping." — Mr. H. Doubleday.

t Sp. 12. depuncta. Alls grisescentibus, laturis marginalibus nigricantibus,
strigdque postice punctata.

Ph. No. depuncta. Linne. — Gr. depuncta. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 69. No.
6119, note. — No. depunctina. Haworth.{\)

Anterior wings cinereous or grisescent, with two black spots at the base, then
two or three confluent ones towards the costa; anterior stigma ovate, posterior
reniform, followed by an obsolete dusky striga, and a row of minute black dots,
with the hinder margin of the wing dusky.

This species is enumerated by Mr. Haworth in his Prodromus, but it is not
included in his valuable Lepidoptera Britannica, neither have I ever seen a
British specimen ; I therefore infer that it is not indigenous.

134 HAUSTELLATA. LEPIDOI'TERA.

Sp. 13. baja. AHs anticis griseo-ferrugineis, medio obscure nebulosis, puncto
minuto hast ?naculiigue costali versus apicevi nigris. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 6 — 8
Un.)

No. baja. Wien. T.— Gra. baja. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 69. No. 6120.

Anterior wings rusty-griseous, with several obscure transverse strigae, composed
of fuscous lunular spots^ and a more distinct dusky angulated one in the
middle, passing between the stigmata, which are usually rather obsolete, the
anterior being discriminated by a pale marginal line, and tlie posterior by a
fuscous cloud and pale margin ; near the base of the wing is a minute but
conspicuous black dot, and towards the apex two or three united into an
oblique costal patch, from which an obscure pale transverse striga arises;
the hinder margin is deep rufo-griseous, with rufous cilia : posterior wings
deep fuscous, with the hinder margin sometimes irregularly paler ; the ciUa
rufous.

In some examples the strigse and stigmata are more distinctly marked ; and the
ground colour of the insect varies considerably.

Caterpillar varied with cinereous and brown, with three dorsal whitish lines and
a lateral yellowish one: it feeds on the nightshade {Atropa Belladonna),
and changes to pupa in June ; the imago appearing towards the end of July.

Found nearly in similar places with the preceding insect, not
very uncommonly.

Sp. 14. erythrocephala. AHs anticis griseo-ferrugineis, maculd sub-quadratd
inter stigmata fasciacjue posticd castaneis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 4 — 7 lin.)

No. erythrocephala. Wien. V.f — Gr. erythrocephala. Steph. Catal. part ii.
p. 69. N'o. 6121.

Somewhat resembling the preceding insect, but without the black costal spot,
and smaller: the anterior wings bright rusty-griseous, with several indistinct
undulated transverse strigte, and a broader dusky one between the stigmata
as in that species ; the posterior margin of the wing is brownish-chestnut,
with a distinct slightly waved pale castaneous striga ; the extreme margin
with a row of faint dusky spots ; the cilia rufous-brown, with a pale i-ufous
streak at the base; between the stigmata is a subquadrate castaneous spot,
and between the anterior one and the inner margin a minute black dot ; the
posterior stigma is sometimes yellowish, and the anterior has a dusky
margin, but in general they are very obscure : posterior wings fuscous, with
a darker central lunule.

Caterpillar gray-brown, with a dusky streak on the back, and two whitish lateral
lines, and a few white spots; it feeds on the Plantain (^Platago lanccolatay?
is found in May, and the imago appears in July.

Not common; found at Darenth and Birch-woods; also once
near Sydenham.

Sp. 15. festiva. AHs anticis pallide incarnatis aut subferrugineis nebulosis,
■niaculis angulatis saiuratioribus ad stigmatibus jlavis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 3
—6 lin.)

NOCTUlDiE. — GRAPHIPHORA. lo5

No. festiva. Wien. V. — Gr. festiva. Steph. Catal. part \\. p. 70. No, 6122.

A beautiful and variable species : anterior wings generally pale towards the
base, with two ordinary strigae, and a fuscous or rusty spot; then the stigmata
which are pale rufous-yeUow, but indistinctly margined ; between them is a
ferruginous quadrangular spot, and between the anteror stigma and the inner
margin is a dusky or black spot, more or less conspicuous ; the posterior half
of the wings is irregularly varied with ferruginous and griseous fascite, and
bears the two ordinary strigae, which are mostly very indistinct; and in the
margin is a row, more or less evident, of dusky or black spots ; cilia rufo-
ferruginous : posterior wings cinerascent, with a central luntde, a transverse
striga behind the middle, and the hinder margin dusky ; ciha rufous.

Scarcely two examples occur precisely similar: some are beautifully varied
with rufous and purple shades ; others have the spots between the stigmata
black ; the strigae more or less distinct, and the stigmata themselves are fre-
quently rufous, and in some specimens the spots are nearly obliterated : the
insect is sometimes nearly cinereous, with a faint rosy tinge.

CaterpUlar reddish-yellow, sprinkled with yellow spots, with a yellowish dorsal,
and two dusky lateral lines ; it feeds on the Primrose (^Primula vulgaris), and
changes to pupa in June, and towards the end of the month the imago
appears.

Frequently taken at Darenth-wood towards the end of June or
beginning of July; it also occurs, though more sparingly, at
Coombe-wood, and near Hertford. " Buxton and Netley."" — Rev.
F. W. Hope.

Sp. 16. punicea. AUsanticis griseo-roseis/usco-sirigatis, macula quadratd inter
stigrnatd obscurd, alicujue costali versus apicem fuscis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 2 — 6
lin.)

No. punicea. Hiibner. — Gr. punicea. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 70. No. 6127.

Head and thorax immaculate rosy-griseous : anterior wings the same, with ob-
scure fuscous strigae placed nearly as usual ; the stigmata rather pale, with the
margins sometimes yellowish; the space between with an obscure dusky qua-
drate spot ; and between the anterior and the inner margin a minute black dot ;
behind the stigmata is the usual arcuated striga, which has a dusky outer edge
united to a similar coloured patch on the costa ; towards the hinder margin is
a slightly waved pale or flavescent striga, the margin itself is rather dusky, and
has occasionally a row of minute black specks on its extreme edge : cilia red-
dish: posterior wings cinerascent, with a dusky central spot, and the cilia
reddish.

This insect varies considerably in the colour and intensity of the fuscous strigs.

Caterpillar reddish-brown, with a yellow dorsal stripe, the sides with a pale
streak, irrorated with brown and yellowish : head brown.

Less common than the last, but occasionally found in consider-
able plenty at Darenth-wood, and near Winchmore-hill in June.
" Epping."— if;-. H. Duuhkdaij. " Ne tley. "—i2ei;. F. W. Hope.

136 HAUSTELLATA. LEPIDOPTERA.

Sp. 17. C. nigrum. Alts anticis fusco-cinereis lineold basi, aliaque costali versus
apicem, maculuque cenirali exttls pallida atris; posticis albidis. (Exp. alar-
1 unc. 3 — 6 lin.)

Ph. No. C. nigrum. Linne.—Gr. C. nigrum. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 70.
No. 6123,

Thorax fuscous, anteriorly pale ; abdomen cinereous: anterior wings deep fuscous-
ash, with the ordinary strigoe nearly obliterated, a pale ochraceous- white patch
in the costa towards the middle, bordered towards the inner margin with a
deep arcuated black spot ; the anterior stigma obsolete ; or rather confused in
the pale costal patch ; the posterior griseous, dusky at the base, and forming
the termination of the central black spot ; at the base of the wing is an irregular
black patch or streak, and towards the apex on the costa another placed some-
what obliquely, and from which a slightly imdulated pallid striga arises, the
space between which and the fringe is darker than the rest of the wing; fringe
dusky: posterior wings pale luteous- white in the males, with the hinder
margin rather dusky ; and in the females cinerascent, with the base palest.

This species varies a little in size, colour, and intensity of markings.

Caterpillar varied with cinereous and brown, with a pale lateral line and trans-
verse lineola on the sides : it feeds on the Chickweed (Alsine media), Marsh
Willow herb (Ephilohium palustrej, and Spinach ; changes in May to a brown
pupa, and the imago appears towards the end of June and beginning of July.

Not very rare ; found in various parts of the country : I have
taken it at Daren th and Coombe woods, and in the lanes near Ripley
and Hertford; it also occurs in Devonshire, the New Forest, in
Norfolk, Suffolk, &c. " Bottisham," — Rev. L. Jenyns. " Epping."
—Mr. H. Douhleday. " Buxton."— i?6'T;. F. W. Hope.

tSp. 18. musiva. Alis anticis hrunneis, lineu haseos Jlexuosd atrd vittftque

marginis svperioris albidd, thorace fascifi atrd. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 6 lin.)
No. musiva. Hllbner. — Gr. musiva. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 70. No. 6124.

Head and thorax reddish- white, the latter with a transverse black streak anteriorly:
anterior wings reddish-brown, with a reddish- white streak at the base towards
the costa, and the ordinary striga? nearly obliterated ; at the base is a flexuous
black line, which extends nearly to the posterior stigma, terminating in a black
spot ; the anterior stigma is round and pale cinereous, the posterior reniform
and dusky in the middle : the fringe is yellowish-red : posterior wings whitish.

Caterpillar yellowish-green, with the Lead brown, a dusky-green dorsal Une, and
two whitish lateral lines.

One specimen only of this beautiful insect has, I believe, hitherto
been captured in England; the locality of which is unknown to me:
it was obtained by Dr. Leach about fifteen years ago, and deposited
by him in the collection of the British Museum.

Sp. 19. plecta. Alis anticis purpvreo-brunneis, lined nigra basali, costa a basi
ad medinm pallida ; posticis albidis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 2 — 3 lin.)

NOCTUIDjE. — GRAPHIPHORA. 137

Pi. No. plecta. Linne. — Gr. plecta. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 70. No. 6126.

A small though beautiful species : head and thorax purplish- or reddish-brown,
the latter with a black transverse streak in front : anterior wings light dusky-
purple, with the costa pale ochraceous white, from the base nearly to the
middle, with a black streak at the base, and another in the middle of the
wing, nearly united to the former, and traversing, as it were, the stigmata,
the anterior of which is well defined, circular, and white, with its centre
dusky; the posterior rather small, heart-shaped, cinereous, with a whitish
border : near the hinder margin is an obscure undulated streak, the margin
itself has a row of minute black dots ; the fringe is purplish-brown : abdomen
cinereous, with the apex rufescent ; posterior wings whitish, with the fringe
ochraceous.

Var. i3. The anterior wings without the pale costal spot.

Caterpillar green, with a brown head ; it feeds on various plants, and is found
in May and August ; the imago appearing in June and September.

A beautiful and not uncommon insect, frequenting hedges and
lanes in woody situations, throughout the metropolitan district.
" Common at Kimpton and Amesbury." — Rev. G. T. Rudd.
« Epping."— Mr. H. DouUeday.

Sp. 20. albimacula. Plate 19. f. 3. Alis anticis fusco-brunneis purpurea
variegatis, vittd costali pallida, lineold basi atrd, plagd elongatd centrali fusco'
nigrd, in qua macula rotundata alba. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 5 — 7 lin.)

Gr. ? albimacula mihi. — Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 18. No. 6125.

AntenniE griseous : head cinereous, with two black spots on the crown : thorax
griseous-ash, transversely streaked anteriorly with black and white : anterior
wings shining fuscous brown, beautifully shaded with rich purple, with a pale
reddish patch at the base, towards the costa ; a black streak at the base, with
a subocellated purplish spot, between its tip and the inner margin, having an
ovate black stigmatiform mark adjoining, placed as in most of the Agrotes ;
on the disc is an elongate fuscous black patch, acute anteriorly, and truncate
posteriorly: in this the anterior stigma, which is round and white, is placed,
and the posterior one at the hinder extremity ; the ordinary strigse are rather
obsolete ; but in the place of the usual hinder one is a series of fuscous dots,
united by an interrupted black longitudinal streak to the reniform stigma :
the posterior wings dusky-ash, and glossy, with a faint transverse striga, and
darker border.

With the location of this remarkably conspicuous species I am not satisfied :
it differs in many respects from the rest of the genus, especially in the ro-
tundity of the base of its somewhat reticulated anterior wings ,the internally
serrated and ciliated antennae of the male, and m its autumnal flight : in
many respects it resembles the species of the genus Agrotis.

The specimen whence the accompanying figure was designed
was captured in September, 1824, at Whittiesea-mere ; since which

138 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

period other examples have occurred near Ringwood, Hants, in the
autumn.

Genus XCIII. — Semiophora* mihi.

Palpi short, very hairy at the base, the terminal joint exposed and scaly ; tri-
articulate, the basal joint slightly bent, stout, not half as long as the second,
which is elongate, slightly attenuated, the terminal one minute, ovate, sub-
trimcate : maxillce as long as the antennae. Antennw bipectinated in the males,
serrated in the females, each joint producing a bristle on both sides : head
small, pilose : thorax stout, woolly, not crested : body not very stout, short :
wings entire, slightly deflexed, anterior elongate, narrowed at the base, rather
acute at the tip, posterior abbreviated, subtrigonate : legs short : femora
woolly. Larva naked, exposed : pupa subterranean.

This genus should i^nquestionably be separated either from
Episema, with which it is associated by Ochsenheimer, or from
Graphiphora, to which Treitschke removes it, and amongst which
(under the improper name of Noctua, after Schrank) Boisduval
places it in his recent Catalogue of European Lepidoptera. It is
evident from the above remark that the insect in question offers
some peculiarities. I shall therefore, in this, as in other instances,
fearlessly consider such very discordant species as belonging to un-
characterized genera, as a more correct view of species must be
obtained by separating dissimilar individuals, than by uniting them,
in order to avoid applying a new generic term. From the pre-
ceding genera the present differs by the woolliness of its smooth
thorax, the brevity of the posterior wings, by reposing with the
anterior ones deflexed, &c.

Sp. 1. gothica. Alls anticis griseo-fuscescentibus, arcu lineoldque medio atris,
stigmatibus margine pallide solo conspicuis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 3 — 7 lin.)

Ph. No. gothica. Linne. — Se. gothica. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 70. No. 6128.

Head and thorax clothed with reddish or griseous-brown wooUy hairs : anterior
wings brownish-griseous, with two black spots (frequently confluent) at the
base, in place of the ordinary basal striga, then three equidistant obsolete pale
strigse, each arising from a dusky or black costal spot ; between the two an-
terior of which is a conspicuous arcuated black spot, and an oblong black
line, the space between being brown : the anterior stigma, of which the pale
ashy margin alone is visible, forms the inner segment of the arch, and the
posterior one, of which also the pale margin alone is apparent, is placed

'Xyi/jitiov signum, (^t^u tcro.

NOCTUIDJE. ORTHOSIA. 139

at its termination ; between this stigma and the following striga is frequently
a brown spot ; and the posterior margin, beyond the third striga, is gene-
rally dusky or dark brown : posterior wings fuscescent ; cilia rufescent.

Both sexes vary greatly: in some the oblong hue is very minute, in others
it is considerably elongated ; in some specimens there is a transverse pale
band, between the third and fourth strig£E ; and the wings are not uncom-
monly varied with beautiful purple shades.

Caterpillar pale-green, yellowish on the back, with a white lateral Une and a
few dusky specks : — it feeds on the oak, honeysuckle, woodbine, &c. : the
imago appears towards the middle of April.

Not a very uncommon species, frequenting hedges and wood
sides : I have often taken the larva both at Darenth and Coorabe
woods, Highgate, Hampstead, &c. " Kimpton, not common." —
Rev. G. T. Rucld. " Epping."— il/r. H. Doubleday. " Bottisham."
— Rev. L. Jenyns. " Netley." — Rev. F. W. Hope.

Genus XCIV. — Orthosia, Ochsenheimer.

Palpi nearly horizontalj densely clothed with elongate scales, the terminal joint
scarcely projecting; triarticulate, basal joint a little bent, above half the
length of the second, and more robust, second nearly straight, terminal about
the length of the basal, obscurely pear-shaped : maxtllce shorter than the
antennae. Antenna simple in the females; bipectinated or ciliated in the
males : head small, with long scales above : thorax not crested, stout, woolly :
abdomen short, tufted in the males, acute in the females : wings shghtly de-
flexed, entire; anterior elongate, the apex slightly rounded or somewhat
acute ; posterior short, ovate-triaiigidar : legs moderate. Larva naked, longi-
tudinally streaked ; pupa subterraneous.

Orthosia evidently consists of two groups of insects (as briefly
characterized in the following pages), differing considerably from
each other in colour and habit, although their general structure is
sufficiently alike to authorize their union under one genus : — the
species of the first section are vernal, and the remainder mostly
autumnal; they are all extremely variable, and several manifest
varieties have been hitherto considered in this country as distinct
species. In the woolliuess and stoutness of the thorax the genus
resembles the preceding, but its other characters are diflFerent;
the structure of the palpi especially : by the former mark it may
be known from Agrotis, Graphiphora, and Mythimna, added to
which the last genus has tlie thorax strongly crested in front.

140 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

A. Anterior wings somewhat rounded at the tip. (Antenna; of the males more

or less pectinated.)

Sp. 1. instabilis. Alis anticis griseo-fuscis, fascid medid ferrugined, stig-
matibus ordinariis pallide cinctis, strigdque postice simplice. (Exp. alar.
1 unc. 5—8 lin.)

No. instabilis. Wien. T.— Or. instabilis. Steph. Catal.part ii. p. 70. No. 6129.

A most variable species : head and thorax generally pale griseous-ash or cine-
reous ; anterior wings griseous-brown, or cinerascent clouded with griseous,
with the ordinary strigae rather obsolete, and a broad angulated ferruginous
bar between the stigmata, which are margined with pale ash or whitish, and
the posterior one has a black spot towards the inner margin of the wings ; the
posterior striga is simple and whitish or lutescent, sUghtly undulated, and
in general has a rusty spot at its origin on the costa, another at its ter-
mination on the inner margin, and a third about its centre : posterior wings
fuscous, with a dusky central spot, and another near the anal angle : body
fuscous, with the tuft and sides reddish. Antennae griseous, slightly pecti-
nated in the male.

It is difficult to find two specimens precisely resembUng each other ; nevertheless
their differences consist mostly of shght variations of colour : in some ex-
amples the anterior wings are pale griseous ash, with two rusty-brown strigje
and spotted cilia (1): others have the anterior wings clouded with griseous,
with three griseous lunules towards the posterior striga (2) : others again
have the anterior wings dusky, with the margins of the stigmata and the pos-
terior striga alone pale (3) : while in some the anterior wings are very narrow,
varied with chestnut and brown, with the margins of the stigmata pale, and
the posterior whitish striga interrupted (4) : the stigmata vary in form, and
are sometimes confluent.

Caterpillar green, with a white dorsal and yellow lateral line : it feeds on the
oak : the imago appears towards the beginning of April.

An extremely common species, occurring throughout the metro-
politan district; in great abundance in Richmond Park and Epping
Forest ; usually obtained at the former place by digging the pupae
during the winter months. " Epping." — Mr, H. Doubleday.
" Netley."— iJet;. F. W. Hope.

Sp. 2. intermedia. Alis anticis griseo-fuscis, fasciis tribus suturatioribus, an-
nulis duobus strigisgue ordinariis pallidis, strigd posticd dupUce; antennis
maris valde pectinatis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 6 — 7 lin.)

Or. intermedia mihi. — Steph. CataLpart ii. p. 71. No. 6130.

(1) Noctua nebulosa, Haworth. (2) No. subsetacea, Haw.

(3) No. fuscata, Haw. (4) No. angusta, Haw.

NOCTUIDiE. — ORTHOSIA. 141

Allied to the foregoing, but differs in the strongly pectinated antennae of the
male, in which alone it resembles the following : head, thorax, and anterior
wings griseous-brown, the latter with three equidistant darker fascise, with
the ordinary striga paler, and the posterior one consisting of two somewhat
parallel and slightly undulated lines, and unaccompanied by darker spots; the
stigmata have the margins alone conspicuous and pale, and the posterior one
is destitute of a black spot : the hinder margin of the wing itself has a narrow
pale streak : the abdomen and posterior wings are dusky-ash ; the apex of
the former and the cilia with a rosy tinge ; antennae of the male deeply pecti-
nated, with a white rib and griseous radii.

I have seen a pair only of this species : the male I obtained of a
practical collector, the female was found by myself in the pupa
state, at the foot of an oak in Richmond Park many years since.

Sp. 3. gracilis. Alis anticis plumbescentibus griseo subnebulosis, striga obsoletd
posticd e punctis griseo-nigris extiis pallida adnatis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 6 — 7
lin.)

No. gracilis. Wien. V. — Or. gracilis. Steph. Catal part ii. p. 71. IVo. 6131.

Antennae strongly pectinated ; pale griseous, with the shaft ashy : head, thorax,
and anterior wings lead-coloured ash, more or less clouded with cinereous,
with the ordinary strigae very obsolete ; the posterior one pale, slightly waved,
and accompanied on its inner edge with several black spots : stigmata deep
fuscous-ash, with the margins pale griseous ; the anterior circular, the posterior
reniform ; abdomen and posterior wings dusky.

Like its congeners, this rare species seems to be extremely variable: in some
examples the ordinary strigae are very distinct, a pale ferruginous bar traverses
the centre of the wings between the stigmata, and the arcuated striga behind
the posterior stigma is externally pectinated : the pale hinder striga is some-
times accompanied by an almost continuous series of black dots.

Caterpillar green, the sides yellowish, with yellow rings, each articulation with
an anterior black spot and four obscure dots : it feeds on the oak, willow,
bramble, &c.; changes in July to pupa, and appears at the beginning of the
following April.
Not common : the pupa has been occasionally found at the roots

of oaks in Epping Forest, and the larva has been taken sometimes

at Darenth and Birch woods ; and I believe the insect has occurred

in Richmond Park.

Sp. 4. munda. Alis ttnticis griseo-cinereis, aut ferrugineis, striga posticd palli-
diore, punctis duabus geminatis ad apicem atris. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 7 — 8 un.)

No. munda. Wien. T.— Or. munda. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 71. No. 6132.

Head, thorax, and anterior wings pale griseous-ash, the latter with a dusky spot
at the base, a dusky ferruginous striga, before the anterior stigma, angulated
beyond the middle, arid turning rather suddenly to the base, a flexuous brighter

142 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

striga between the stigmata, and an ordinary bent one behind the posterior
stigma, between which and the hinder margin is a somewhat pale and undu-
lated one, having two very distinct black spots near its centre, and two griseous
ones at its termination on the anal angle : posterior wings fuscous, with pale
griseous cilia.

Var. /3. Steph. Catal I. c— Anterior wings pale ferruginous with two contiguous
black spots behind, the stigmata nearly obsolete : posterior pale dusky griseous.

Var. y. Anterior wings deep fuscous, with the ordinary striga very distinct, the
reniform stigma with a dusky spot at its apex, the costa with a blackish streak
near the tip, and the ordinary geminated black spots very large.

Var. S. Anterior wings pale ferruginous, with the striga? very obsolete, and the
geminated black spots obliterated.

Caterpillar varied with griseous and black, with a testaceous lateral line: it
feeds on the oak, sloe, elm, and fruit trees; changes to pupa about June, and
appears in its final state about the middle or end of April.

Rare ; but found in several places in the metropolitan district.
" Leatherhead and Dorking." — W. Raddon, Esq., who kindly sup-
plied me with fine specimens of var. /3. which have been given as
a distinct species, under the name of O. bimaculata. '• Epping." —
Mr. H. Douhleday.

Sp. 5. sparsa. Alls anticis griseo-cinereis atomis fuscis, striga arcuatd /mnc-

torum nigrorurn alidque posticd fusco-alhd. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 7 — 8 lin.)
Bo. sparsus. Haworth.— Or. sparsa. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 71. No. 6133.

Head and thorax hoary-ash, or griseous : anterior wings concolorous, sprinkled
with minute fuscous dots, with the ordinary strigse extremely obscure, ex-
cept the two outer ones, of which the first is represented by a bent series
of black spots, and the second, or posterior one, by a slightly waved fuscous
line, margined externally with white or ochraceous ; the hinder margin of
the wing has sometimes a row of minute black dots : the stigmata are dusky,
with the margins pale : the posterior wings cinereous, with a broad fuscous
margin : fringe whitish.

The tint of colour differs exceedingly ; in some instances the anterior wings
approach to bright rusty-griseous, in others they are nearly gray or hoary,
and sometimes deep brownish-ash: the striga? are frequently well defined,
and the stigmata are sometimes nearly concolorous with the wings.

Larva green, with a paler lateral and dorsal stripe ; it feeds at the tops of willows,
drawing the young twigs together, and destroying their vegetation: they
change in July, and the imago appears towards the end of April.

Not very common; I have met with it in Copenhagen-fields,
flying in the afternoon : at Hampstead, Hertford, &c. ; it also occurs
in several other places near the metropolis,, having been found at
Darenth and Coombe woods. " Epping."— J/r. H. Douhleday.

V

NOCTUIDiE. — ORTHOSIA. 143

Sp. 6. pallida. Alis uniformiter pallescentibus, strigd posticd rufcL extus albidd,
aMque punctorum, stigmatibus pallida marginatis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 5 — 6
lin.)

No. pallida. Haworth.— Or. pallida. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 71. No. 6134.

Head^ thorax, and anterior wings, of a nearly uniform pale rufous-brown,
with the ordinary stigmata having a slender pale margin alone conspicuous :
the outer one heart-shaped, and sometimes dusky : between this and the
hinder margin is an oblique, nearly straight, rufous striga, margined exter-
nally with pale ochraceous, followed by a row of very minute fuscous dots
near the hinder margin: ciUa short and cinereous: posterior wings rather
dusky, with the cilia pale rufescent.

Few specimens only of this rather doubtful species have hitherto
occurred, all, I believe, captured within the metropolitan district;
I have taken it in Richmond Park: — it closely resembles some of
the varieties of the preceding.

Sp. 7. stabilis. Alls anticis griseo-ferrugineis stigmatibus Jlavicinctis, strigd
externd pallidiore fusco adnata, margine nigra punctata. (Exp. alar. 1 unc.
3—6 lin.)

No. stabilis. Wein. V.—Ox. stabilis. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 71. No. 6135. —
Albin, plate 76. f. e — h. — plate 75. f. a — e. Var. (S.

Antennae ferruginous : head, thorax, and anterior wings rusty-griseous, reddish-
gray, or flesh-coloured ; the latter vnth one or two dusky or black spots at the
base, the second and third ordinary strigse rather obsolete, composed of minute
fuscous dots, and each arising from a dark costal spot ; the fourth slightly
repanded, pale ochraceous, margined internally with fuscous; the hinder
margin with a row of minute black dots; the stigmata shghtly dusky, with
pale-yeUowish margins ; the nervures towards the apex of the wing also
yellowish or ochraceous : abdomen pale reddish-ash : posterior wings fuscous,
with rufous cilia.

Var. jS. Steph. Catal. I. c. — Anterior wings with the stigmata united, the pale
margins forming a figure of 8.

Var. y. Steph. Catal. I. c. — Anterior wings with the margins of the stigmata,
and the posterior striga, more or less rufescent.

The varieties of this inconstant species are endless : in some examples the strigae
are very distinct, in others completely obliterated ; some have a broad angu-
lated dusky fascia between the stigmata, others want it : the stigmata are
frequently remote, occasionally united, and a third, situated in place of the
teliform one of the Agrotes, is frequently indicated by a yellowish hook : the
anterior wings are found of a dusky-ash, irrorated with pale and darker
atoms, or of a plain hoary-ash ; and the posterior margin is sometimes desti-
tute of the row of black spots.

Notwithstanding the appellation which has been given to this species, in contra-
distinction to that applied to the first, both are equally variable ; and were
the judgment of authors alone to guide us, their names ought to be reversed.

144 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

if such a proceeding were not contrary to rule, the varieties being so con-
siderable that Var. y. has been lately placed, as a distinct species, in the second
division of the genus.
Caterpillar yellowish, with three sulphureous lines ; the head blue : it feeds
on the oak, elm, beech, hme, poplar, cherry, &c. in the summer; and the
imago appears at the beginning of April.

A very common insect, found throughout the metropolitan di-
strict, and in other parts of the country. " Epping." — Mr. H.
Douhleday. " Netley."— i?f?t;. F. W. Hope.

Sp. 8. miniosa. Alis anticis rufesceniibus, strigis tribus undatis maculisque
miniaceis ; posticis roseo-albidis, puncto medio strigdque subobsoletd pone
medium fuscescentibus. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 4 — 6 lin.)

No. miniosa. Wien. V. — Or. miniosa. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 72. No. 6136.

Head, thorax,' and anterior wings pale ashy-red, with a mixture of gray; the
latter with the base and posterior margin palest, leaving a deep-coloured central
fascia (in which the stigmata are situated), broad on the costa, and gradually
narrowing towards the inner margin, and bordered anteriorly and posteriorly
by a paler striga, accompanied by a fuscous one ; between this and the hinder
margin is a slightly undulated pale striga, having a series of rufous spots on its
anterior margin ; the hinder margin itself has a row of minute reddish or
fuscous dots ; and the fringe is reddish-ash ; the stigmata are fuscous, with
pale rufous margin : posterior wings rosy- white, with a dusky central spot, and
in the females particidarly, an interrupted fuscous striga beyond the middle,
and a series of reddish lunules on the margin itself: the cilia deep rose colour.

This handsome insect varies less than its congeners; there is, however, consider-
able diversity in the colour of different species, and the strigse vary in in-
tensity, and slightly in position.

Caterpillar black, with an interrupted yellow lateral hne, the head with three
strigse : — it feeds on the oak and birch in May and June ; the imago appears
about the end of March.

This delicately pretty species is certainly rather uncommon : I
have taken the larva occasionally at Daren th-wood, and once in
Epping Forest. " Leatherhead." — W. Raddon, Esq.

Sp. 9. cruda. Alts anticis rufo-cinereis, atomis nigricantihus tindique adspersi.i,
stigmd reniforme ohscuriore griseo cincto, (Exp. alar. 11 lin. — 1 unc.
3Un.)

No. cruda. Wien. V. — Or. cruda. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 72. No. 6137.
Albin, plate 74. J", a — e.

Head, thorax, and anterior wings rufous-ash, the latter sprinkled throughout
with fuscous atoms, the spots at the base largest ; the ortUnary strigje very
obscure, but the bent one behind the posterior stigma most evident and
composed of minute fuscous dots ; between which and the posterior margin is
a somewhat undulated paler one, frequently composed of detached reddish

NOCTUID.E. — ORTHOSIA. 145

lunular spots ; the stigmata are rather dusky, with reddish or griseous mai--
gins, the anterior one being in general nearly obsolete : cilia dusky, rosy at the
tip ; abdomen and posterior wings fuscescent ; fringe rosy.

This varies slightly in the colour of its anterior wings, and in the intensity of
its markings ; in some specimens the stigmata are remote, in others united :
the size also varies considerably.

Caterpillar green or reddish-brown, sprinkled with white on the back, with a
yellowish lateral line ; head green, irrorated with white and black : it feeds
on the oak, wild rose, &c. in June ; and the imago appears towards the end
of March.

By far the most abundant species of this genus ; frequenting all
parts throughout the metropolitan district, and occurring copiously
on the oaks in Richmond Park. " Epping." — Mr. H. Doubleday.

Sp. 10. pusiUa. Alls anticis griseis stigmatihus contiguis obsoletis Uneolaque
J'uscescentibus, strigfique marg'inali punctorumfuscorum. (Exp. aJar. 1 unc.)
No. pusilla. Haworth.— Or. pusilla, Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 72. No. 6138.

Smaller than, but similar to, the preceding insect ; anterior wings more rounded
or retuse, the stigmata less remote, the reniform one larger, more oblong, and
darker, with a stout, fuscous, subinterrupted lineola, extending from the base
to the anterior stigma, which is wanting in O. cruda : abdomen very stout,
with a black spot at the apex.

Probably a mere variety of the foregoing insect.

Taken in company with the last described species in Richmond
Park.

B. Anterior wings acute at the apex, the hinder margin slightly repanded.

(Antennae of the males usually ciliated). Flight autumnal.
Sp. 11. litura. Alls anticis griseo-ficscis, fascia ohscuriore liturisque mai-ginalibiis

nigris. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 2 — 6 Un.)
PI. No. litura. Linne. — Or. litura. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 72. No. 6139.

Head and thorax pale griseous-brown ; anterior wings darker, with a black
transverse costal streak at the base, a second before the middle, from which
arises an undulated striga, then two other dusky central spots opposite the
stigmata, which are brownish, with whitish margins, and between them is
frequently an angulated dusky fascia reaching from the costa to the inner
margin ; behind the posterior stigma is the usual arcuated striga, and between
it and the posterior margin an obscure, but greatly undulated one, arising
from an oblique black lineola near the apex of the costa, the space between
the two strigae dusky, forming an arcuated fascia : abdomen, posterior wings,
and cilia, dusky.

The colour is deeper, and the markings, more distinct in some specimens than
in others ; and the stigmata are occasionally united.

Caterpillar green or yellowish, with a dusky Hne on the back, edged with
whitish, and a whitish or yellow lateral line ; head pale brown : it feeds on
Haustellata. Vol. II. 1st May, 1829. l

146 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTF.RA.

willow, sloe, birch, rose, trefoil, &c. in May and June ; the imago is produced
in September or October.

Not a common species; taken occasionally in woody situations,
and thick bushy hedges : I have found the larva at Darenth-vvood,
and captured the insect at Hertford. " Epping." — M?: H. Double-
day. " Hebden-bridge, Yorkshire." — Mr. Gibson. " Matlock."
—Rev. F. W. Hope.

Sp. 12. Pistacina. AlisanticisJlavo-fuscisautferrugineis,pallideplusminuive
lineatis, stigmatibus pallicinctis, priori saturatiori ; posticis fuscis. (Exp. alar.
1 unc. 3—6 lin.)

No. Pistacina. Fabriciiis. — Or. Pistacina. Steph. Catat. part \\. p. 72. No. 6140.

Head, thorax, and anterior wings nearly concolorous, yellowish-brown or bright
ferruginous ; the latter with the ordinary strigse in general very tlistinct, and
intersected with pale rufous or ferruginous nervures ; the stigmata generally
distinct, ashy-brown with pale edges ; the anterior one very variable in form,
in general linear, sometimes ovate, and mostly of a deeper colour than the
posterior, which is of a more elongate form than usual ; and between it and
the hinder margin is usually a striga of black dots; posterior wings deep
fuscous, with rufous cilia.

Var. /3. Steph. Catal. I. c. Ph. No. lineola. Bon. x. pJ. 360. /. 2. — Anterior
wings very deep ferruginous, with two obsolete strigse of fuscous spots before
the stigmata, a third near the posterior one, then an obscure darker fascia,
and another in the margin.

Var. y. Steph. Catal. I. c. — Anterior wings ferruginous, with the ordinary strigiE
very distinct, and several rows of dusky spots between the fifth and the pos-
terior margin.

Var. §. Steph. Catal. I. c. — Anterior wings deep ferruginous, with a series of
black spots near the posterior margin, the rest of the wing immaculate.

Var. £. Steph. Catal. I. c. — Anterior wings dull ferruginous, with two paler
strigae, the posterior margin deeply fuscescent, obsoletely intersected with
ferruginous nervures.

Var. 9. Anterior wings pale hoary-ash, tinged with rufous : the ordinary strigae
pale fuscous, and the stigmata deep ashy-brown.

To attempt the description of all the varieties of this truly protean insect, of
which those above described have hitherto been considered as distinct species
in this country, would be fruitless. I shall merely add, that I have reared
several of the varieties from similar larvae, and that all are found at the
same place and season.

Caterpillar green, with a lateral whitish or rufescent streak and pale spots : it
feeds on the Centaurea Scabiosa and Ranunculus bulbosus : the imago appears
in September.

An insect of moderate rarity, occurring chiefly at Darenth and
Birch woods.

NOCTUID.^. — ORTHOSIA. 14t

Sp. 13. lunosa. Alls anticis fuscis, vel cinereo-fuscis aut griseo-rufescentibus,
strigd posticd punciorum nigrorum ; posticis flavo-albidis aut fuscescentibus
lunula centrali fasciaque sulmiarginali fuscis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 4 — 6 lin.)

No. lunosa. Haworth. — Or. lunosa. Curtis, v. pi. 237. — Steph. Catul. part ii.
p. 73. No. 6141.

Also a variable species : in general the head, thorax, and anterior wings are
pale ashy-brown ; the latter with the ordinary striga? nearly obUterated ; the
stigmata very distinct and fuscous, with a pale margin ; behind the posterior
one is a pale, sUghtly undulated striga, followed by one composed of con-
spicuous, somewhat triangular, black spots, the space between rather fuscous;
in the margin itself is a row of minute black spots: the posterior wings are
yellowish or ochraceous- white, with a central lunule, and an irregular sub-
marginal dusky or brown fascia, and an interrupted black striga on the margin
itself: ciUa immaculate, ochraceous, sometimes with a reddish tinge.

Both sexes vary exceedingly : in some the anterior wings are brown, in others
griseous-red, or ferruginous, with the ordinary strigae distinct, and the ner-
vures rather pale; but the posterior striga of black spots is always very
distinct : the posterior wings also vary much : I possess one specimen with
them nearly fuscous, with the central lunule darker, and another nearly white.

Caterpillar unknown : the imago appears in September.

The phases of this insect are precisely those of the foregoing ; it
is therefore surprising that writers should not have profited from
that fact, and have restored the varieties of the former to their
legitimate species, instead of servilely copying from their prede-
cessors; especially after Ochsenheimer had properly reduced the
varieties from Esper. Or. lunosa is occasionally met with rather
abundantly near Birch and Coombe woods : it has also been taken
near Hertford, Limehouse, and Stepney. " Common at Kimpton."
— Rev. G. T. Rudd. " Marton Lodge, Yorkshire." — L. Rudd, Esq.

Sp. 14. Lota. Alis cinereis, anticis puncto pone medium atro, strigfajue posticd
rufd extus alhida, stigmatihus rufo-marginatis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 3 — 6 lin.)
Ph. Bo. Lota. Linne. — Or. Lota. Steph. Catal. pa7-t ii. p. 73. No. 6142.

Deep cinereous brown : anterior wings with the ordinary strigae obscure, their
origin indicated on the costa by some dusky and paler marks ; the stigmata
with a slender pale margin, bounded externally with bright rufous, the an-
terior one generally immaculate in the centre, the posterior with a deep black
spot towards the inner edge of the wings: towards the hinder margin is a
conspicuous bright rufous striga, edged externally with whitish, and abruptly
broken near its origin on the costa : posterior wings fuscous, sometimes with
a pale striga near the margin : fringe pale ashy or fuscous.

The anterior stigma has occasionally a black patch in its centre ; and at the
base of the wings there is frequently a deep black dot.

Caterpillar ash-coloured, with longitudinal white streaks, faintly edged with

l2

148 HAUSTF.LLATA. — I.EPIDOPTF.RA.

black, and a reddish line above the legs :— it feeds on willows, and constructs
rather a solid foUiculus.

Not a common species : occasionally found in Epping Forest^
near Walthamstow, and at Darenth wood. I have also taken it
at Hertford, and received it from the New Forest, and Devonshire.
" Bottisham." — Rev. L. Jenyns. " Kimpton, but rare." — Rev. G. T.
Riidd. " Hebden-bridge, Yorkshire." — J/r. Gibson.

Sp. 15. flavilinea. Plate 19./ 2.—Alis anticis rufescentihus, strigd postict?
riifa fxtusjlavicante, punctoque basi fusco. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 4 — 5 lin.)

No. flavilinea. Haworth.—Ox. flavilinea.— 5'fepA. Catal. pt. ii. p. 73. No. 6143.

Head, thorax, and anterior wings rufescent, the latter with the ordinary strigse
very indistinct; the stigmata rather pale yellowish, with the margin slightly
rufescent; towards the posterior margin is a rufescent striga, broken towards
the costa, as in the foregoing species, and delicately margined externally with
pale yellowish'; at the base of the wings is a dusky or black dot, and sometimes
a second, near the costa: posterior wings fuscous ; with the ciUa rufescent.

Notwithstanding this species has been hitherto considered as peculiar to Britain,
I suspect from Ochsenheimer's description and reference to Engramelle, that
it is the true No. macilenta of Hiibner; and that the following insect, sup-
posed to be the species just mentioned, is the No. ferruginea of that author.
If it be the No. macilenta of Hiibner, the larva feeds on plantain and chick-
weed : the imago appears at the end of September, and I have taken it so late
as the beginning of December.

Unquestionably a scarce insect near London : I have found it on
the paliui^s near Caen Wood, Hampstead ; and have received spe-
cimens from Brockenhurst in the New Forest; and from Devon-
shire.

Sp. 16. macilenta. Alis anticis testaceis aut rufescentihus strigis quatuor satura^

tioribus, punctoque fusco basi stigmatis postici. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 4 — 8 lin.)
No. macilenta. Haworth. Or. macilenta. Steph. Catal. pt. ii. p. 73. IVo. 6144.

Head, thorax, and anterior wings testaceous or rufescent; the latter with the
strigae more or less obsolete, the basal one frequently wanting ; the second,
slightly flexuous before the stigmata, the third behind composed of indistinct
lunides; the fourth near the hinder margin, considerably undulated, bright
rufous internally, slightly flavescent or ochraceous externally : the stigmata
are indicated by slightly rufescent or dusky rings, and the posterior one has a
deep brown spot (somewhat dusted with white) at its base : posterior wings
fuscous, with a darker central lunule, the costa whitish ; cilia rufescent.

There is frequently an angulated broad dusky striga between the stigmata ; and
the usual strigje are sometimes of a deep fuscous and very conspicuous.

Caterpillar reddish-brown, with darker spots, with a faint whitish dorsal and
lateral streak: it feeds on the elm and oak: the imago appears towards the
end of September.

NOCTUID.*:. MYTHIMNA. 149

Not very common ; I have found several examples near Hert-
ford and at Coombe Wood, and have received the insect from the
New Forest. " Bottisham." — Rev. L. Jenyns.

Sp. 17. Upsilon. Alis anticis cinereo-fuscis lineold bad alterdque dupUci in
?nedio nigris, stigmatibus palUdis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 3 — 6 lin.)

No. Upsilon. Wien. T.— Or. Upsilon. Steph. Catal part \i. p. 73. No. 6145.

Ashy-brown ; anterior wings a little clouded with a deeper tinge ; the costa with
some dusky points towards the base, and some whitish ones towards the apex :
the usual strigse are obsolete, except the fourth or posterior one, which is pale
and considerably undulated, with a few trigonate dusky spots in the middle of
its inner margin ; at the base of the wing is a black streak, sometimes rather
obscure ; the stigmata are rather pale with blackish margins, and in the space
between is a black mark resembling a Y or V ; towards the inner margin is a
sort of third stigma, formed by two black lineolae, which, after uniting, become
again detached towards the posterior edge of the wing ; the posterior wings are
rather paler, with a central lunule and the margin of a deeper colour.

This insect varies considerably ; in some examples all the markings are obliterated,
except the pale posterior striga : in others the stigmata are of a hoary ash.

Caterpillar dirty brown, with three pale stripes on the back, and some dusky
spots on the sides : it feeds on the willow and poplar.

The general appearance of this species, and the habits of the larva, which reside
beneath the bark of old wiUows and poplars, seem to require its separation as
a genus.

Not very uncommon in several places near the metropolis ; in
the marshes near Hertford, and in Battersea and Kentisii Town
Fields I have frequently captured specimens : it also occurs in
Cambridgeshire .

Genus XCV. — Mythimna, Ochsenheimer.

Palpi short, ascending, densely enveloped in scales, the apical joint not exposed ;
triarticulate, the basal joint scarcely one-third as long as the second, bent; the
second very long, slightly attenuated towards the apex, not so stout as the
first, a Uttle curved ; terminal small, elongate ovate, subacuminate, conic :
maxillae as long as the antennae. Antennw rather moderate, shortest in the
females ; finely ciliated in both sexes, stoutest and somewhat pubescent be-
neath in the males: head small, with a tuft of scales; eyes large, pubescent ;
thorax slightly crested anteriorly: bodn elongate, densely tufted at the apex,
and laterally in the male ; somewhat obtuse in the females : wings slightly
deflexed during repose; the anterior entire, acute at the apex, with the stigmata
nearly or quite obliterated; posterior obsoletely emarginate on the hinder
margin ; legs moderate, femora and tibia- stout and densely pilose in the males.
Larva naked, with longitudinal btreaks : pupa subterranean.

150 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTEUA.

The elongated body, acute repanded anterior wings, with ob-
literated stigmata and simple transverse fasciaform strigge, the
slightly crested thorax, pubescent eyes, and ciliated antennae, suf-
ficiently indicate the distinction of this genus from the preceding,
to which it seems most nearly allied, some species of the last section
especially : the species are sestival.

Sp. 1. turca. Alls untlcls dnereo-nifis, J'usco pulvc7'ulcntis, lineis duahus

J'uscis lunuMque albidd. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 8—9 lin.)
Ph. No. turca. Z,Mi7ip.-— My. turca. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 73. No. 6146.

The largest species of the genus, of a bright ashy-rufous or ferruginous ; the
anterior wings minutely irrorated with dusky, with a slightly incurved stout
transverse fuscous streak before the middle, and a second, rather undulated and
oblique, behind the middle, having a whitish lunule, with a dusky margin
between, nearly in the place of the posterior stigma ; at the base of the wing
is sometimes an abbreviated fuscous striga, and on the hinder margin a series
of interrupted black dots: posterior wings fuscous with the margin rufescent ;
cilia of all the wings rufous : abdomen with the lateral and anal tufts bright
rufous.

Caterpillar ocliraceous-red ; with a whitish dorsal line ; beneath yellowish- white,
with black streaks on the incisures, which are obscure on the sides ; head
brown : it feeds on the Juncus pilosus : — the imago appears in July.

A rare insect; it has been taken in Epping Forest, near Chig-
well-row, and near Bristol : I once found a specimen in the hollow
of Coombe Wood, and have seen three or four others captured at
the same place.

Sp. 2. grisea. Alls griseo-riifis, puncto medio alho, strig&que arcuatCi posticd

punctorum minutissimoruin nigrorum. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 5 — 7 lin.)
No. grisea. Fahricius? — My. grisea. Steph. Catal. part n. p. 74. No. 6147.

Bright griseous-red, the male rather brightest; the anterior wings slightly
paler on the inner margin ; with an arcuated striga of minute black dots
towards the hinder margin, and a small white patch faintly resembling a
note of inteiTogation in the place of the posterior stigma: posterior wings
deep fuscous, with the fringe rufous. Male of a shining silvery hue beneath ;
with a fascicle of deep black hairs at the base of the abdomen.

Caterpillar dirty ochraceous or dusky, with a reddish lateral line ; it feeds on
chickweed and plantain.

Not a very abundant insect ; found occasionally at Darenth-
wood and in other parts of the metropolitan district ; also in the
New Forest, and in Devonshire. " Epping." — Mr. H. DouUeday.
'" Bottisham." — Rev. L. Jenyv.s.

NOCTUlDvE. GUAMMESIA. 151

Sp. 3. lithargyria. Alis aiUicis ochraceo-J'uscis sirigis diiahus obscMrioribus,

punctoque medio albo. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 1 — 5 lin.)
No. lithargyria. Esper? — My. lithargyria. Sieph. Catal. part ii. p. 74. No.

6148.

Pale ochraceous-brown ; the anterior wings with two obscure strigfe, the an-
terior slightly undulated, the posterior towards the hinder margin and ar-
cuated ; between them is a minute white dot ; and behind the posterior one
the ground-colour of the wing is darker, with an obscure undulated paler
striga; the posterior wings are fuscous, with ochraceous or griseous ciUa.
Male said to be as in the last, beneath.

Caterpillar griseous, with white streaks and black dots, the first segment brown,
with three white lines : it feeds on the plantain.

The only example I have seen of this species is in my collection ;
it was found in July, 1821, near Brockenhurst, in the New Forest.

Sp. 4. conigera. Alls anticis rufh-ftrrugineis strigis duabus fuscis, punctogue
medio aUnssimo trigono. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 4 — 5 lin.)

No. conigera. Wien. V. — My. conigera. Steph. Catal. part ii. yj. 74. No. 6149.

Head, thorax, and anterior wings, ferruginous or yellowish-red ; the latter with
a somewhat rectangular transverse fuscous striga before the middle, and an
oblique and slightly undvdated one behind the middle, the stigmata placed
between them ; the anterior one is slightly apparent and pale ; the posterior
also pale yellowish red, with a snowy white triangular spot at its base ; a
somewhat dusky cloud surrounds the posterior stigma; and towards the
hinder margin of the wing is a faint undulated striga; posterior wings
reddish-brown, with the base palest and the nervures darkest ; cilia of all
more or less ferruginous. The sexes are similar, but the insect varies much
in the intensity of its colours : I possess one of a remarkably deep hue, cap-
tured near Ripley.

Caterpillar griseous, streaked with black and whitish ; the head brown, the first
segment deep black, with three white streaks : it feeds upon chickweed and
grasses.

Not uncommon in Darenth-wood ; also found at Coombe-wood,
near Hertford; in Eppiiig Forest, and in other parts near the
metropolis. " Kimpton." — Rev. G. T. Rudd. " Epping." —
Mr. H. Doubleday. " Matlock."— ij'fff, F. W. Hope.

Gemus XCVI. — Grammesia* mihi.

Palpi short, scarcely ascending; densely squamous, the terminal joint with its
apex only exposed ; triarticulate, not very slender, the basal joint above half
the length of the second, reniform, contracted at the base, the second sub-

* Vi^ccfAfiyi. linea.

152 HAUSTELLATA. LKPIDOPTERA.

cylindric, terminal, elongate-ovate^ somewhat acuminated at the apex, about
one-third as long as the second : maxilla: as long as the antennae. Antennw
rather long, serrated in the males, simple in the females: head and eyes small,
the latter naked : thorax stout, woolly : wings shghtly deflexed ; anterior
with transverse lines, stigmata obscure or wanting; entire, rounded behind,
the apex obtuse : legs rather short, stout : the femora with dense fascicles of
hair. Larva naked : pupa subterranean.

It is not without reluctance that I adopt the present genus, which
I have termed Grammesia, in allusion to the transverse lines on
their anterior wings, which give the insect the habit of Mythimnse,
to which genus they are evidently very closely allied ; but from the
observations under the genus Dypterygia, it would be inconsistent
to continue the genus Caradrina in the artificial state as left by
Ochsenheimer. From Mythimna the Grammesise diifer by having
the anterior wings obtuse, and by the woolliness of the thorax ; and
from Caradrina by the serrated antennse of the males, the stoutness
of their body, and plain, obscure, transversely lineated wings, by
which latter mark they may be readily known from Segetia.

Sp. 1. trilinea. Alis anticis Jlavo- avt griseo-canis, strigis tribus sesquialterd

fuscescentibus. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 3 — 5 lin.)
No. trilinea. Wien. V. — Ca. trilinea. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 74. No. 6152.

Plain flavescent- or hoary-griseous, thickly dusted with minute fuscous atoms ;
the abdomen rather paler : anterior wings with three distinct transverse dusky
strigfe, the first and third of which occupy the place of the ordinary second
and fourth strigse, and the second traverses between the space usually occupied
by the stigmata ; there is also an abbreviated one at the base: these strigae
vary considerably in their position : the first is slightly undulated, the second
a little bent towards the costa, and the third somewhat arcuated ; and in
general they are equidistant. Posterior wings fuscous, with pale griseous
cilia.

Var. )S. Steph. Catal. I. c. — Differs in having the strigae approximating towards
the inner margin of the wing, and the basal one nearly obsolete.

Var. y. Steph. Catal. I. c. — With the basal half of the wing to the central striga
pale rufo-griseous, the posterior half deep ashy- or rufous-brown ; the central
striga very stout.

Caterpillar ashy-gray, with pale lateral stripes : it feeds on the plantain.

Found, not very uncommonly, in Coombe and Darenth-woods ;
also at Hertford, and near Ripley ; Var. 7 is however less frequent.

Sp. 2. bilinea. Alis anticis fusco-griseis, strigis duabus rectis, stigmate obsole-

tissimo interjecti. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 4 — 5 lin.)
No. bilinea. Hilhner. — Ca. bihnea. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 74. No. 6153.
Of a deeper colour than the foregoing; which it remotely resembles: anterior

NOCTUIDiE. SEGETIA. 153

wings griseo-fuscous, with two nearly straight dusky strigae, accompanied by
two paler ones ; the basal one placed before the middle, the second towards
the hinder margin ; between these is placed an obsolete reniform stigma :
posterior wings fuscous, with the cilia rufous. The female is of a darker
colour, with the strigae less evident.
Caterpillar unknown.

Few examples of this rare species have yet been detected in
Britain. In July, 1815, I fortunately captured a female (the only
one I have seen) in Coombe-wood; and I have seen others which
have been taken near Birch-wood. " Epping," — Mr. H. Doubleday.

Genus XCVII. — Segetia mihi.

Palpi slightly ascending, densely clothed with squamose hair; the terminal
joint exposed ; triarticulate, the basal joint reniform, stouter than the fol-
lowing ; the second as long again as the first, a little attenuated towards the
apex ; terminal minute, ovate, obtuse : maxilloB about the length of the an-
tennae. Antennae moderate, stout and ciliated in the males, slender and simple
in the females : head small : eyes naked : thorax stout, woolly, not crested :
wings slightly deflexed, short; anterior obtuse and rounded posteriorly, with
distinct stigmata : Z)o<f?/ rather short, the male with a tuft at the apex; the
female with the apex acute : legs with the femora very pilose. Larva naked •
pupa subterranean.

Ochsenheimer includes the two species of this genus amongst
his My thimnse, forming a section for their reception ; but the ge-
neral habit of the insects, and their autumnal flight, seems to indi-
cate more than a sectional distinction ; and if we are to consider
the outline of any importance in the discrimination of Lepidopterous
genera, the dissimilar form of the wings, exclusively of other
characters, at once points out their generic pretensions : the dif-
ferent proportions of the palpi, naked eyes, abbreviated anterior
wings and body, the former with distinct stigmata, may be pointed
out as evident characters to separate the genus from Mythimna.

Sp. 1. xanthographa. Alis anticis castanets aut subfuscis strigis ohsoletis trihus
saturatioribus stigmatibus ordinariis pallidis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 3 — 5 lin.)

No. xanthographa. Wien. T.— Se. xanthographa- Steph. Cafal. part ii. p. 74.
No. 6150.

A variable species: head, thorax, and anterior wings castaneous or dusky,
sometimes deep fuscous ; the latter with an abbreviated striga at the base,
then an irregular one before the stigmata, which are usually pale-yellowish
or lutescent, followed towards the hinder margin with a third bent one,
formed of minute black spots or connected lunules ; between which and the

154 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

hinder margin is a slightly undulated pallid streak, edged internally with
dusky : ciUa fuscous : posterior wings in the male whitish, with the margin
more or less fuscous ; cilia ochraceous ; in the female dusky, with pale ciUa.

The stigmata are sometimes but little paler than the wings, and have frequently
a quadrate dusky or black spot between them : the colour of the wings varies
excessively, and the intensity of the markings ; in some examples there is a
fuscous streak between the stigmata, as in many of the Orthosis.

Caterpillar dirty yellow, with a pale lateral line, and black streaks and dots
behind; head brown, with three dusky streaks: the insect appears in
August.

An abundant species throughout the metropolitan district; I
have also found it near Hastings, Brighton, and Dover, and in the
Isle of Wight. " Netley, Salop, in plenty." — Rev, F. W. Hope.
" Epping." — Mr. H. Douhleday.

Sp. 2. neglecta. Plate 21. f. 2. Alis anticis obscure^ cinereis, strigis e punctis
tninutissimis atris, stigma postica macul/i fused. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 7 — 9 Un.)
No. neglecta. H'dhner. — Se. neglecta. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 74. No. 6151.

Head, thorax, and anterior wings, obscure cinereous, sometimes tinted with rosy,
and thickly irrorated with very minute fuscous dots ; the ordinary strigae ob-
literated, and in place of the third an arcuated series of minute black spots,
between which and the hinder margin is a slightly undulated striga, dusky
within, and pale without : cilia slightly tinted with rosy ; posterior stigma
with a dusky spot ; anterior nearly obsolete : posterior wings fuscous, with
the base rather paler, and a darker lunule in the centre.

Rare, at least near London : the only example that I remember
to have been captured in the metropolitan district was found in
September, 1816, at Birch-wood, and is in my collection. The
male, whence the accompanying figure was designed, was captured
in the New Forest by J. C. Dale, Esq. " Near llingwood, in
September." — Messrs. Bentley and Chant.

Genus XCVIII. — Caradrina, Oclisenhelmer.

Palpi rather short, somewhat porrect, a httle ascending, squaraose, the terminal
joint exposed at the apex ; triarticulate, slender, basal joint reniform, about
one-third the length of the second, which is very long, slightly bent, and a
little narrowed towards the apex ; terminal, minute, ovate-obtuse : maxillw
not longer than the antennae. Antennw slender, more or less ciliated in both
sexes: Aead small, densely squamose : eyes small, naked: thorax moderately
stout, obsoletely crested : wings slightly deflexed, entire, very glossy ; anterior
with strigfe and distinct stigmata : body rather slender, acute at the tip in the
female, tufted in the males : legs rather short, not very stout : femora with
moderate fascicles of hair. Larva naked : pupa subterranean.

NOCTUID.^:. CARADRINA. 155

Ochsenlieimer includes Grammesia in Lis genus Caradrina ; but
those insects, as before mentioned, differ too considerably to allow
of tlieir remaining- associated with the following, which, in addition
to the slenderness of their bodies, may be known by the glossiness
of their wings, the conspicuous stigmata and strigse which adorn the
anterior ones, the simplicity of the antennse in both sexes, and the
great disproportion of the articulations of the palpi. The genus
may be conveniently divided into two sections ; the first embracing
those species which have the body rather stout, and all the wings
of a deep or dusky hue ; the latter, such as have the body slender
with the posterior wings nearly white, as indicated in my Cata-
logue.

Sp. 1. ambigua? Alis anticis griseo-fuscescentibus strigis trihus obsoletis fuscis
alidque posticd pallescente, stigmatibus alio marginatis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc.
4—5 lin.)

No. ambigua? Fabricius. — Ca. ambigua ? Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 75. No. 6154.

Head, thorax, and anterior mngs griseous-brown ; the latter with three obsolete
darker strigs, the third composed of distinct dusky or black dots, the second
placed obliquely, and considerably waved : the stigmata of a deeper hue than
the wing, with a slender pale margin ; between the posterior one and the
hinder margin of the wing is an undulated pallid striga : the posterior %vings
are whitish, tinged with dusky towards the margin in the male, and brownish
in the female.

Caterpillar ferruginous, varied with brown, with a brown head : it feeds on the
dandelion and plantain : the imago appears in Jvme.

This and the following insect are too closely allied to each other to be tlistinct
species, but, at present, I am not prepared, from experience, to unite them.
They inhabit the same woods, and appear simultaneously, but their differences
appear sufBcient to constitute species ; I have, therefore, with Mr. Haworth,
considered them as distinct.

Found in the lanes near Darenth-wood, and on the skirts of the
wood itself, and in other places throughout the metropolitan district ;
but not common.

Sp. 2. redacta. Alis fusco-griseis, strigis tribus obsoletis saturatioribus alidque
posticd pallescente, stigmatibus albido marginatis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 2 — 4 lin.)
No. redacta. Haworth. — Ca. redacta. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 75. No. 6155.

Less than the foregoing, and very similar thereto, but the markings more obso«
late, and wings of a darker hue ; the pale striga towards the hinder margin
very much waved : the posterior wings fuscescent, dusky in the female.

Very closely allied to the preceding, of which I cannot but imagine it to be a
small and deep-coloured variety. Mr. Haworth says, its " chief difference is
that of dimensions ;" and truly adds, " that in this obscure section (genus)

156 IIAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOI'TERA.

constancy of appearance is of more consequence in determining a species, than
a few varieties in the markings."

Found with the precedintr species in the metropolitan district :
near Darenth-wood especially, where I have taken it abundantly.
" Netley and Matlock."— i?^^. F. IV. Hope.

Sp. 3. Alsines. Alis aiiticisfuscescetifibus, stigmatibus ordinariis faci&que media
obscurioribus, strigd externa dUutiori. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 2 — 3 lin.)

No. Alsines. Borkhausen. — Ca. Alsines. Steph. Catal. part \i. p. 75, No. 6156.

Closely allied to the last ; from which it differs in being of a darker hue, m ith
the ordinary stigmata distinct and brown, with faint pale edges, and having
an obscure angulated striga passing between them : the pale striga towards
the hinder margin of the wings is scarcely undulated, and in some examples
is nearly straight : the posterior wings are dusky, especially in the females.

Caterpillar ashy-gray, with reddish lateral line and brown head : it feeds on
plantain : the imago appears in June.

Not very common, frequenting gardens : found throughout the
metropolitan district. I have received the insect from the New
Forest and from Devonshire.

Sp. 4. implexa. Alls anticis griseo-ferrugineis sirigis quatuor saturatiorihus
undque valds undulatd pallidiori ; stigmatibus j'uscis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 1 — 2
hn.)

No. implexa. Hubner ? — Ca. implexa. Steph. Catal. part u. p. 75. No. 6157.

Paler than the preceding insect: head, thorax, and anterior wings rusty or yel-
lowish-griseous, with four distinct darker or fuscous strigae, the first abbreviated
at the base, the second rather obhque and considerably undulated, the third
placed between the stigmata, broad and subrectangular; the fourth much
arcuated, composed of lunules, and placed behind the posterior stigma; between
which and the hinder margin is a distinct and strongly waved pale one, edged
internally with fuscous ; on the margin itself is an interrupted black Une :
posterior wings pale ochraceous brown, the base paler, the hinder margin with
an interrupted black line, as in the anterior wings.

Known by its paler hue, and the distinctness and number of the transverse
strigae on the anterior wings, and especially by the greater undulation of the
pale posterior striga.

I have frequently captured this insect at Darenth-wood, par-
ticularly one evening in July, 1820, when, in company with my late
friend, Mr. Blunt and his brother, the Rev. W. Blunt, we secured
nearly 800 specimens of Noctuidse, in less than four hours, amongst
which M'cre no less than 51 species, including, amongst others equally
rare, two examples of Thyatira batis.

NOCTUID^F,. — CARADRINA. 157

Sp. 5. lievis. All's cano subrufescentibus, strigis obsoletissimis punctoque medio

fusco, posticis perfuscis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 3 — 4 lin.)
No. laevis. Haivorth. — Ce. laevis. Steph. Catal. part iii. p. 75. Ao. 6158.

Very obscure : the strigse nearly as in Se. xanthograplia, but more slender and
obsolete, scarcely visible unless with a lens : the anterior stigma wanting ; the
posterior reniform, the margin alone apparent, with a black dot at its base :
the cilia of the anterior wings duU reddish, of the posterior paler.

Of this and the following species I have given Mr. Haworth's description, as they
do not appear to me really distinct from Ca. Alsines, of which Ca. implexa
may also prove to be an extraordinary variety only, as indicated in my Cata-
logue.

Taken at Darenth wood and near London, in the beginning of
July.

t Sp. 6. sordida. Alis sordido-rufescentibus strigis duabus obsoletissimis puncto-
que pone mediumfuscis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 4 lin.)
No. sordida. Haworth. — Ca. sordida. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 75. No. 6159.

" Anterior wings rufescent, with two nearly obhterated strigs behind the middle :
the ordinary stigmata extremely obsolete, the margin alone visible ; the anterior
orbicular; the posterior reniform, fuscous on its inner side: on the posterior
margin of the wing is a series of minute spots : the posterior wings are paler."

Described nearly as above by Mr. Haworth, from a specimen in
tbe collection of the late Mr. Jones : I have never seen the insect,
neither am I aware of its locality.

Sp. 7. Morpheus. Alis anticis cinereo-ochraceis maculis ordinariis fascidque
externa obscurioribus ; posticis albidis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 3 — 4 lin.)

Ca. Morpheus. Ochsenheimerf— Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 75. No. 6160.

Pale-ochraceous or flavescent-ash, with the base and posterior margin of the
anterior wings beyond the ordinary arcuated striga of a deeper colour or fus-
cous, the stigmata of the same hue, and a few obscure fuscous clouds, being
the rudiments of strigae, on the disc : posterior wings pale yellowish-white,
with the margin and a central lunule dusky: head, thorax, and abdomen
concolorous griseous-ash.

The insect from which the above description was drawn up appears to diflFer so
considerably in colour from all my specimens of the following species, that I
am induced to consider it as distinct, especially as there are other and similar
examples, captured at the same time and place, in the collection at the British
Museum: they resemble the figure referred to by Ochsenheimer, in the
Papillons d'Europe, as his Ca. Morpheus, which he considers synonymous
with the No. Sepii of Hiibner.

Taken in Devonshire; and I once captured the female at Hert-
ford.

158 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

Sp. 8. Sepii. Alis anticis griseis nehulosis, Jascid postica undatft stigmatibusqnc
subdistinctis maculceformibus fuscis; posticis albidis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc.
2—4 lin.)

No. Sepii. Hiibner. — Ca. Sepii. Steph. Cutal. part ii. p. 75. No. 6161.

Head, thorax, abdomen, and anterior wings deep fuscous or griseous, the latter
clouded with dusky or fuscous, with spots of the latter colour on the costa ;
the ordinary slrigae are confused with the fuscous clouds, and the stigmata
are rather indistinct; behind the posterior stigma is a broad dusky fascia,
edged externally with an undulated pale clouded fimbria, which reaches to the
edge of the wing, where it is obscurely spotted with fuscous : posterior wings
rather large, ochraceous-white, with a slightly dusky central spot and a mar-
ginal fascia ; cilia pale ochraceous.

This species varies a little in size and colour.

Caterpillar reddish-brown, with a yellowish dorsal hne and reddish lateral
streaks: it feeds on the Convolvulus sepium: the imago appears in June.

A common species in gardens, on tlie borders of woods, and in
sliady lanes, throughout the metropolitan district.

Sp. 9. cubicularis. Alis anticis canescentibus nebulosis, punctis q^iatuor mar-
ginis anterioris nigris, strigdque posticd undulatd subrufd extus pallidd : pos-
ticis albidis margine fusco. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 1 — 3^ Un.)

No. cubicularis. Wien. V. — Ca. cubicularis. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 76. JVo.
6162.

Head and thorax hoary-ash ; anterior wings the same, clouded with fuscous,
the ordinary strigse rather indistinct ; the costa with four conspicuous black
spots towards the base, placed equidistantly, the fourth opposite to the pos-
terior stigma; the stigmata small dusky; the reniform one more or less
spotted on its edge with pure white, especially towards the inner margin of
the wings ; between this stigma and the hinder margin is first the ordinary
bent striga, composed of lunate dusky marks ; and, secondly, an undulated
pale striga, usually bordered on its inner margin with triangular arrow-
shaped red spots ; the hinder margin, except the anal angle and the ciHa,
fuscous : posterior wings whitish, with the hinder margin and the nervures
at the apex dusky.

This species varies exceedingly : in some examples the strigse are nearly all
obliterated, and in others they are remarkably distinct: the rufous spots
towards the hinder margin of the anterior wings are sometimes wanting,
while occasionally they are nearly united into a broadish rufous striga ; all
the varieties however are characterized by the four dark spots on the costa.

Caterpillar feeds on the Valeriana Locusta : the imago is found in the middle of
June.

Common in gardens and meadows throughout the metropolitan
district. I have captured the insect in Birch-wood.

/'/'.^/

W^d^^

c

J A<

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t^ml/K>,f;l:by.ir,.tr/>l:rnii I.M,u,h JH/n

NOCTUID/E. — GL^.A. 159

Sp. 10. superstes. AHs anticis cinereo-cancscentibus fusco pidverideniilms stri-

gisquc punctatis ; posticis albidis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 3 — 4 lin.)
Ca. superstes. Ochsenheimer? Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 75. N'o. 6163.

Rather larger than the last, -which it greatly resembles : the head, thorax, and
anterior wings are of a hoary ash, the latter clouded with dusky, and irro-
rated, especially towards the base, with fuscous ; stigmata very small, the
anterior fuscous, minute, the posterior slender, sublunate, internally pale, with
a minute white dot on its edge ; between this and the hinder margin is an
undulated striga, rufescent interiorly and pale without, the margin itself
midway from the posterior stigma is fuscous, slightly clouded with cinereous,
with a series of subtrigonate dusky or black dots on the extreme edge ; cilia
ashy-brown : posterior wings whitish, with the nervures and margin dusky :
«ilia ashy-white.

Found in similar places with the foregoing, but much less fre-
quent.

Sp. 11. glareosa. Plate 21. f. 1. — Alls anticis cinerascentibus, macula sub-
quadratd nigrd inter stigmatd ordinarid, strigisque duabus costalibus ab-
breviatis, interruptis, versus basi?i; posticis albis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 2 — 4 lin.)

No. glareosa. Esper. — Ca. glareosa. Steph. Catal. part \i. p. 75. No. 6164.

Head, thorax, and anterior wings, pale hoary-ash ; the latter with an abbre-
viated striga at the base, composed of two black streaks ; between which and
the anterior stigma is a second striga, composed of three distinct spots, the
central one being triangular and largest, and from the third an obscure
dusky line, with a pale internal edge, traverses the wing to the inner margin ;
between the posterior stigma and the hinder margin are two pale striga?, the
first edged internally with pale fuscous, and slightly bent; the second very
faint, and a Uttle undulated ; the space between sometimes dusky ; on the
hinder margin is a row of faint cinereous spots ; the stigmata are large, pale,
and indistinct, and between them is a subquadrate or triangular black spot :
posterior wings and ciUa white, with a yellowish tinge : antennse griseous.

This beautiful insect, which is admirably represented in Plate
264. f. 416 a. of the Papiilons d'Europe, has not been very fre-
quently met with in England: my specimens were captured in
the neighbourhood of Birch-wood; others have been taken, I
believe, in the New Forest, and one in Devonshire.

Genus XCIX. — Gl^a, H'ubner.

Palpi very short, porrect, horizontal, triarticulate, not very robust, clothed with
elongate scales, the terminal joint concealed ; the basal joint nearly as long
as the second, a little bent, the second more slender than the first, slightly
curved, and narrowed towards the tip; terminal joint minute, ovate, obtuse:
■nia3'ill(B shorter than the antennae. Antenna; rather long, stout, generally

160 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

simple in both sexes and ciliated ; sometimes a little serrated in the males :
head small, with a dense tuft of hair between the antennae : eyes small, naked :
wings generally entire, incumbent, anterior more or less castaneous : thorax
stout, pilose, with an abbreviated dorsal tuft towards the front : body generally
depressed, with the sides and apex considerably tufted: legs moderate;
femora not very pilose. Larva naked, or slightly hairy ; pupa subterranean.

The Glsese of Hubner may be known from the foregoing genera
by their depressed bodies and bright castaneous hue ; and, like the
Caradrinse, their wings are very glossy : they are chiefly autumnal
insects, but the first species is vernal : by their flattened bodies
they resemble the Amphipyrse and Pyrophilse, but they may be
readily known from those genera by their stout, elongate antennse,
abbreviated horizontal palpi, central thoracic tuft, &c. Ochsen-
heimer has discarded Hubner's name for this genus, and applied
that of Cerastis ; his reason for so doing I am not aM'are of; but as
it is contrary to the precepts of the best naturalists to use the
names employed in other departments of nature — upon which point
Fabricius remarks strongly, " nomina absurda insectis plurimis ab
idiotis imposita sunt," instancing Cervus volans {Lucanus), Ursus
(Bombi^x), Leopardus (Sphinx), &c. — it is obviously advisable to
revert to the original name, as Cerastis was originally employed
to designate a serpent.

A. The body scarcely depressed. (Antennae slightly serrated in the male.)
Sp. 1. rubricosa. Alis anticis rujis costd usque ad medium pallidiore maculis

quatuorfuscis, ad apicem concolore punctis tribus albidis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc.

4—6 lin.)
No. rubricosa. Wien. V. — Gl. rubricosa. Steph. Catal.part \i. p. 76. No. 6165.

— No. rufa. Entom. Trans.pl. 5. Jig. sup.

A beautiful and variable species : head, thorax, and anterior wings bright cas-
taceous red ; the two former immaculate, the latter, sometimes of a deeper
hue, and prettily marbled with bluish ; the costa generally pale from the
base to a little beyond the middle, with four distinct fuscous spots; the
apex concolorous with the wings, with three minute white dots ; the ordi-
nary strigae are rather obsolete, and of a paler hue than the wing; the an-
terior stigma is round and apparent, the posterior one rather large and
obscure: the posterior wings are reddish-brown, the cilia rufescent; the
abdomen is castaceous-red on its sides and apex.

Caterpillar griseous, with a pale dorsal hue, each segment with two white dots;
it feeds on the Rumex acutus : the imago appears towards the end of March.

Of this rare insect several specimens were captured at Beacham-
well in the spring of 1817, by J. Scales, Esq., who kindly supplied
me with a series : it was also taken about the end of March, 1820>

NocTuin.E. — gl/t:a. 161

by my late friend E. Blunt, Esq., at Darentli-wood; in which locality
it has likewise been found within these two j^ears.

B. The body depressed, a. Wings entire.

f Sp. 2. rubiginea. Alis anticis Jlavis ferrugineo undatis, punctis numerosis

irregularibus fuscis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 4 lin.)
No. rubiginea. Wien. V. — GI. rubiginea. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 76. JVo. 6166.

Head and thorax immaculate rusty-yellow; anterior wings griseous-yellow,
with several undulated ferruginous strigse^ and numerous irregular fuscous
spots, especially towards the hinder margin; the ordinary strigte are also
present, and at the base of the posterior stigma is a large and more con-
spicuous black spot : posterior wings fuscous, with the cilia fulvous.

Caterpillar slightly hairy, brownish, with a black spotted longitudinal dorsal
line, the hirsuties griseous.

The only indigenous specimen of this very distinct and con-
spicuous species that has come beneath my observation was ob-
tained by Dr. Leach from a friend in the country (but I know not
the exact locality), and by him deposited in the collection at the
British Museum.

Sp. 3. Vaccinii. Alis anticis ferrugineis venosis fusco strigatis, strigaque pos-
ticu punctorum fuscorum. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 3 — 4 lin.)

Ph. No. Vaccinii. Linne. — Gl. Vaccinii. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 76. No. 6168.
Albin. pi. xxiii. J". 34.

Head, thorax, and anterior wings dusky ferruginous, the latter with the nervures
paler, with a fuscous striga, accompanied by a paler one before, and a second
arcuated pne behind, the stigmata: there is also a bent one between the stig-
mata ; towards the hinder margin is a series of fuscous dots, placed on an
irregular broad pale-castaneous fascia : cilia fusco-ferruginous, with paler
trigonate spots at the base : stigmata, with the margin alone, conspicuous ;
posterior one with a black spot at the base: posterior wings of a glossy
reddish-brown, with rufous cilia.

The tint of colour and the intensity of the markings vary greatly : some of the
varieties approach so very closely to the two following species, that I cannot
but consider all of them as belonging to one variable insect ; but as I am not
certain, 1 have preferred following Hiibner and Haworth, to uniting them
without satisfactory proof of their identity.

Caterpillar rusty-brown, with a paler lateral line, the collar and tail black,
striated with white : it feeds on the black and red whortleberries (Vaccinium
Myrtillus and V. Vitis ida;a), bramble, &c.: the imago is produced in Sep-
tember.

Not uncommon in woody places near London : at Darenth and
Peckham woods I have frequently taken it in the larva state ; and
Haustellata. Vol. II. 1st May, 1829. m

162 HAUSTELLATA. LEPIDOPTERA,

also at Hertford and Ripley. It is found in Norfolk and in Devon-
shire.

Sp. 4. spadicea. Alis anticis fusco-spadiceis vix nebulosis, stigmate postico bast

fusco. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 3 — 4 lin.)
No. spadicea. Hilbner. Gl. spadicea. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 76. No. 6169.

Haworth says of this species : anterior wings nearly of an uniform, somewhat
castaneous, hue, a httle clouded with fuscous, the costa, towards the hinder
margin, with a few pallid spots, as in several others : in other respects similar
to the foregoing (Gl. Vaccinii).

There is something in the aspect of this insect which gives it the appearance of
being distinct ; an opinion which Dennis and SchifFermiiUer, Hiibner, Ha-
worth, and others, have entertained, though I suspect improperly. Ochsen-
heimer unites it with Gl. Vaccinii.

Found with the preceding throughout the metropolitan district,
not uncommonly.

Sp. 5. subnigra. " Ahdomine maris suhdepresso, alis f anticis J casfaneo-nigris
fascia pallida posficd stibintermptd, ex maculis confluentibus." — Haw. (Exp.
alar. 1 unc. 3 — 4 lin.)

No. subnigra. Haworth. — Gl. subnigra. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 76. No. 6170.

Abdomen less depressed than in the two last and following species : thorax and
anterior wings of one colour (castaneous black), with the costa towards the
hinder margin a little spotted with white (the wings near the hinder margin
with a pale subinterrupted fascia) : posterior wings fuscous, the cilia scarcely
rufescent.

This is also a doubtful species: the above is nearly the description of Mr.
Haworth, who first gave it as distinct; but I conceive it may be only a
suffused variety; of which I have seen at least a dozen examples.
Inhabits the same places, and taken at the same time, as the two

preceding- insects, but rarely.

Sp. 6. polita. Alis Jusco-Jerrugineis nitidulis strigis venisque reticulativi

cinereo-pitlverulentibus. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 3 — 4 lin.)
No. pohta. Wien. T.— Gl. polita. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 77. N'o. 6171.

This differs from Gl. Vaccinii in having the wings rather more glossy and
dusky ; the anterior with the nervures pale rusty-ash, with a row of ferru-
ginous spots towards the hinder margin: in other respects similar to the
insect just mentioned.

Caterpillar pale testaceous, with scattered black dots : it feeds on the Taraxicum
according to SchifFermiiUer, who, with Hiibner and others, considers the
insect distinct from Gl. Vaccinii. Ochsenheimer appears doubtful upon the
point, but Treitschke unites them.

Also taken in company with the three last described, but less
abundantly than the two first.

NOCTUID^. AMPHIPYRA. 163

b. Anterior wings dentate.

Sp. 7. Satellitia. Alis anticis dentatis hrunneis aut rufo-castaneis fusco strigatis,
macuM suhtriangulari pallidiori inter punctula duo. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 4 — 7
lin.)

Ph. No. Satellitia, Linne. Don. v. pi. 168.— Gl. Satellitia. Steph. Catal. part ii.
p. 76. No. 6167.

A most variable insect : the head, thorax, and anterior wings are usually brown,
more or less tinted with castaneous : the latter are slightly dentate on the
hinder margin, and somewhat obscurely strigated, the striga; placed as usual,
the posterior one being considerably waved ; the anterior stigma is scarcely
visible, or completely obliterated, and in place of the posterior one is a some-
what triangular spot, with two minute dots placed opposite the hinder angles ;
those spots vary exceedingly in colour, being snowy white, yellow, luteous,
castaneous, or pale fuscous, with all intermediate shades, but invariably paler
than the ground colour of the wing, which also varies in different examples :
the posterior wings dusky, with rufous cilia.

Caterpillar black or greenish, with a narrow whitish lateral line, and some yel-
lowish marks on the collar and anal segment : it feeds upon various plants,
such as the bramble, sloe, gooseberry, oak, beech, &c., and does not hesitate
to attack other larvse, sparing not even its own species, whence it has obtained
the name of the " Monster," in common with the larva of Cosmia trapetzina :
the imago (called the Satellites, in allusion to the spots on the anterior wings,)
is found toward the middle or end of September.

An insect of universal occurrence tlirougliout the metropolitan
district: it is also found in the New Forest, and in Devonshire.
" Epping." — Mr. H. Douhleday.

Genus C. — Amphipyra, Ochsenheimer.

Palpi elongate, triarticulate, recurved above the head, clothed with short
compact scales, elongated on the basal joint, the terminal joint very long,
exposed, acute, and distinct ; basal joint shorter than the terminal, reniform,
second as long again as the first, and more robust, slightly bent, obliquely
truncate at the apex ; terminal slender, acute ; maxillce scarcely so long as
the antennte. Antenna; rather short, slender, slightly ciliated in both sexes :
head small, with a short pointed crest; eyes large, rather prominent, naked:
thorax not crested, somewhat depressed: zt^/ra^^ very glossy, anterior denticulate,
incumbent ; posterior of brilliant hue : abdomen rather depressed, especially
in the females ; both sexes with pilose tufts on the sides and at the apex :
legs rather stout. Larva naked, with a pyramidal elevation in the anal seg-
ment : pupa foUiculated.

Amphipyra, the following genus, and Dypterygia, are remarkable
from having the palpi somewhat recurved ; this genus may, however,
be readily known by the superior length of their terminal joint, and

M 2

164 TIAUSTF.LLATA. — LF.PI DOPTl'.R A.

by the compactness and smoothness of the scales which clothe the
palpi throughout; also by the lively colouring, especially of the
posterior wings.

Sp. 1. pyramidea. yilis anticis fuscis, strigis tribiis vndalis repandis, macuJiiqiie
ocellari Jlavescentibus ; posticis cupreis, cost ft lafissim''; fuscn. (Exp. alar.
1 unc. 8 lin. — 2 ur.c.)

Ph. No. pyramidea. Linn'-. — Don. \\. pi. \9% — An. pyramidea. Steph. Caial.
part ii. p. 77. No. 6172.

Head, thorax, and abdomen fuscous; the lateral tufts on this last of a deeper
hue, with pale tips ; anterior wings deep fuscous, more or less varied with
griseous, with three undulated repanded yellowish strigae, edged with fuscous ;
the first before the middle of the wing, the second behind the middle, the
last towards the hinder margin ; between the two first the anterior stigma,
which alone is visible, is placed ; this is yellowish, with a black or fuscous
pupil ; posterior wings bright copper-colour, with the anterior margin fuscous.

This beautiful insect varies exceedingly ; in some specimens the general colour
is pale griseous-yellow, with the usual markings; in others of a deep fuscous,
with the posterior wings of a dingy copper-colour.

Caterpillar green, with a whitish dorsal and lateral line, and a large conical
protuberance on the anal segment:— it feeds on the oak : the imago is found
in the beginning of August.

Not very abundant near London ; found sometimes in beating
the oaks in Coombe-wood, Richmond Park, and Epping Forest :
in great profusion near Brockenhurst, in the New Forest, during
the summer of 1821. " Epping."— Jfr. H. Douhleday. " Coles-
\\\\\"—Rev. W. T. Bree. " Stoke Bliss, Herefordshire."— i?£;z'.
F. W. Hope.

Genus CI. — Pyrophila mihi.

Palpi rather elongate, recurved, triarticulate, clothed with short velvety
scales, the terminal joint short, stout, conical, obtuse, about half the length
of the basal, which is slender, considerably bent, above half the length of
the second; the latter rather stouter than the basal, slightly curved, ob-
liquely truncate at the apex : maxillw not so long as the antennae : antennce
rather long, very slender, slightly ciliated in both sexes : head moderate, with
a dense crest between the antennae : eyes rather prominent, naked : thorax
not crested : wings incumbent, entire, very glossy, stigmata obsolete, colours
uniform ; posterior somewhat metallic, obscurely indented : abdomen de-
pressed, especially in the females, with a tuft at the apex : legs moderate ;
tihice rather stout. Larva naked, without any caudal appendage : pupa folli-
cidatcd.

Pyrophila may be known by the sombre colours which tint its
glossy wings, combined with the recurvation of its palpi : from

NocTUiD.t;. — NjKnia. 165

Amphipyra it may be distinguished by the shortness of the terminal
joint of the palpi in their natural state, as well as by its colours,
and the absence of stigmata. From the two following genera
the shortness of the clothing of the palpi, exclusively of other dif-
ferences, obviously characterize it; its metamorphosis is also dis-
similar.

Sp. 1. Tragopogonis. Alls anticis muyino-fuscis punctis nigris trihus approxi-
matis in medio ; posticis lividis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 3 — 4 lin.)

Ph. No. Tragopogonis. Linne. — Py. Tragopogonis. Stcph. Cutal. part ii. p. 77.
No. 6173.

Head, thorax, and abdomen immaculate mouse-coloured brown ; anterior wings
of the same colour, with three black spots in the middle, one in the place of
the usual anterior stigma, the others placed transversely in lieu of the posterior
stigma; between these and the hinder margin is an obscure, slightly waved,
pale fascia : posterior wings of a livid brown, with the hinder margin darker.

Caterpillar green, with five longitudinal white lines, and a few whitish spots on
the sides: it feeds on the Goatsbeard (Tragopogon pratense). Spinach, Dock,
Larkspur, &c. : — the imago is produced in June.

Not very uncommon : I have repeatedly taken the larvse at
Hertford, and the imago occasionally at Darenth-wood. " Coles-
hill and A\\es\eyr—Rev. W. T. Bree.

Sp. 2. tetra. Alis anticis perfuscis punctis tribus ohsoletis Juscis, quatuorque
costalibus albis : posticis cinereo-ferrugineis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 4 — 5 lin.)

No. tetra. Fabricius.—Fy. tetra. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 77. No. 6074. — Ph.
No. Tragopogonis. Don. vii. pi. 223. f. 2?

Very closely allied to the last : head and thorax as in that insect ; abdomen
cinereous ; anterior wings of a deep brown, with three very obsolete dusky
spots in the centre, and four distinct white ones on the costa towards the apex :
posterior wings rusty-ash.

Caterpillar green, with a whitish dorsal and two reddish lateral lines ; the head
small : it feeds on various plants, and is supposed to attack apiaries : — the
imago is found in June.

Not common near London; frequenting gardens : I have received
specimens from Bristol and Devonshire. " Epping."" — Mr. H.
Doubleday.

Gknus ClI. — N^NiA viihi.

Palpi rather long, porrect, ascending, triarticulate, the two basal joints clothed
with elongate capitate scales, terminating in an acute point anteriorly, at the
apex of the second joint, apical joint slender, elongate, exposed, covered with
abbreviated scales ; basal joint of equal length with the terminal, and slightly

166 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

bent, the second nearly as long again, more slender than the first, a little
attenuated at the apex; terminal linear, very slender, shghtly acuminated:
maxillw longer than the antennse. Antennae short, slender in the females,
ciliated internally in the males : head small, with a crest between the antenna? :
eyes rather prominent, naked : thorax stout, with an anterior and posterior
crest : abdomen slightly depressed, with a carina in the male : wings incum-
bent, faintly denticulate: legs short, rather stout. Larva naked, with the
anal segment a little elevated : pupa folliculated, with a single spine at the
apex.

With this genus Ochsenheimer and Treitschke unite Phalsena
Maura of Linnaeus, than which nothing can be more unnatural,
their only resemblance consisting in the dinginess of-tlieir colours :
I have therefore divided them, as no possible advantage can be
gained by their union. Nsenia may be readily known by the pe-
culiar bifid appearance of the apex of the palpi, arising from the
elongation of the scales — thereby remotely resembling those of
Triphsena — combined with the highly crested thorax, dingy, re-
ticulated, and subcrenated wings ; exclusively of the structure of
the palpi.

Sp. 1. typica. Alts fuscis, anticis pallida reticulatis, stigmatibus albido mar-

ginatis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 6 — 10 lin.)
Ph. No. typica. Linne.—N?e. typica. Steph. Catal part \\. p. 77. No. 6176. —

Albin.pLxv.f. 21.

Head and thorax fuscous ; the latter with some ash-coloured and black atoms
on the crest : anterior wings fuscous, with the nervures pale hoary or whitish ;
an irregular striga of whitish and black patches at the base, a slightly waved
interrupted whitish transverse striga, margined on each side with black before
the anterior stigma, then a third striga, arising between two black spots on
the costa, opposite the posterior stigma, suddenly bent outwards at its origin,
terminating behind the middle of the inner margin, and bordered on each
side with black lunules ; beyond this, near the posterior margin, is a fourth
narrow undulated one, suddenly angulated near the costa, and bounded on the
inner edge with some irregular black spots ; on the margin of the wing itself
is a row of black trigonate spots ; a quadrate spot between the stigmata, and
an oval one behind the posterior black : stigmata cinereous with pale margins ;
with sometimes a third indistinct one, as in most of the Agrotes : posterior
wings plain fuscous, with paler cilia.

This species varies considerably ; in some examples the strigae are merely indi-
cated by their dusky margins, while in others they are nearly white.

Caterpillar griseous, the sides dusky, with three pale streaks : it feeds on the
Nettle, Houndstongue, Willow, &c.: the pupa is brown, enclosed in a web;
and the imago is produced towards the end of June.

NOCTUIDiE. DYPTERYGIA. 167

Common throughout the metropolitan district, frequenting banks
where nettles abound. « Bottisham."— iJeu. L. Jenyns. " Epping."
—Mr. H. Doubleday. " Common in Salop."— -Ret^. F. W. Hope.

Genus CIII. — Dypterygia mihi.

Palpi conspicuous, ascending, slender, triarticulate ; the two basal joints clothed
with elongate scales, the apical joint considerably exposed, covered with short
scales, linear, and as long as the basal one, which is sUghtly bent and more
robust than the second ; the latter is about one half as long again as the first,
slightly attenuated towards the apex : maxillw moderate. Antennw very short,
rather stout, Simple in both sexes, ciUated within and pubescent in the male :
head slightly crested ; eyes small, naked : thorax robust, thick, crested on the
back: wings incumbent; anterior short, broad, subtriangular, subdentate;
posterior ample : body rather stout, crested on the back : legs short, posterior
tibise robust, compressed, with a fascicle of hair on the outer edge. Larva
naked, with a conical protuberance on the anal segment : pupa foUiculated,
with four apical spines.

Perhaps of all the groups of Noctuidae, contained in the works
of Ochsenheimer, there is none which includes so heterogeneous
an assemblage as his genus Xylena (Xylina Treit.), or which is con-
structed upon more artificial principles, the various members of
which it is composed scarcely agreeing in any one particular, ex-
cepting in the resemblance of their colour to wood ; in fact, their
discrepancies of habit and structure are so great, that I doubt the
propriety of the juxta-position of this and the three following ge-
nera, which form a portion of the group in question. Few entomolo-
gists are ignorant of the manner in which those common insects,
Phalsense putris and polyodon, Linne, repose; the former with
incumbent wings, the superior crossing each other, and closely
applied to its subdepressed body; the latter with dcflcxed wings
meeting over its slightly elevated and crested back; — characters
which have been stated, in a comment upon the genus Gortyna, to
be of sufficient importance to divide the Noctuidse into sections, but
which are conveniently omitted, when they serve to disunite genera
that have been previously united. As the abundance of several of
the insects (especially of the two above-mentioned) belonging to
this group, will enable any one to verify what I have above ad-
vanced— and as I conceive the cause of science and of truth will be
best answered by separating, rather than by uniting, such discordant
insects, and as I am, moreover, a strenuous advocate for the appli-
cation of generic terms, in lieu of the almost useless (though occa-

168

HAUSTELLATA. LEPIDOPTERA.

sionally needful) substitution of sectional divisions*. I shall merely
add, that Dypterygia may be at once distinguished from the three
following genera, by its highly crested thorax, slender, nearly
vertical palpi, with the terminal joint considerably exposed, and
when denuded elongate-linear subacute ; abbreviated subtriangular-
ovate tristigmatiferous anterior wings, and other less obvious cha-
racters ; exclusively of its dissimilarity in the larva and pupa states.

Sp. 1. Pinastri. Alls anticis nigris, margine posteriori anguloque ani cinereo-

fuscis. (Exp. alar. I unc. 5—6 lin.)
Ph. No. Pinastri. Linn/'. Bon. x. pi. 34>7.f. 2.— Dy. Pinastri. Steph. Catal.

part ii. jD. 77. No. 6175.

Head and thorax deep black, the crest on the latter tipped with deep ashy-brown ;
anterior wings also black, with the edges of the stigmata of a deeper hue, the
costa with a few fuscous streaks, and with a few white dots near the tip, the
inner margin ashy-brown, uniting to a large undulated spot of a similar hue,
with darker longitudinal streaks at the anal angle, and resembling an expanded
bird's wing, the apex pointing towards the hinder margin ; this spot is bounded
towards the base of the wing with black, and a longitudinal streak of that
colour is placed in the centre of each arcolet of the wing at the apex, between
it and the costa, near the latter is a pale rusty-ash cloud ; cilia with ashy
streaks: posterior wings fuscous with cinereous cilia: abdomen pale fuscous.

Caterpillar dirty-brown, sprinkled with deeper spots, with two paler longitudinal
lines and some dusky oblique ones: it feeds on the Rumex acetosa and R.
acetosella: the pupa is dirty brown, placed in a soft folliculus on the surface:
— the imago is produced in June.

Not a common species : I have twice found the insect on palings
near Coombe-wood, and possess a specimen captured at Brick-wood.
" Near Norwich."— C M. Curtis, Esq. " Newington Green."—
Mr. Bentleij.

Genus CIV. — Xylina.

Palpi short, nearly horizontal, rather slender, triarticulate, densely clothed with
compressed scales; the terminal joint more or less exposed, elongate-ovate,

* That the genera in this work are not in all instances carried to the greatest
extent, may be judged from the fact, that writers who have simultaneously
passed over the same ground, have so far corroborated my vieAvs as to propose
several of the genera which I have adopted, and to subdivide others ; ex gr. Dr.
Horsfield divides the Polyommati by the addition of the genus Pithecops (to
include Po. Argiolus, v. i. p. 85): — Boisduval has Orthorinia for Ptilodontis,
Asteroscopus for Petasia, Euchelia for Deiopeia, &c. : — De Jean divides Sphodrus
into Sphodrus and Pristonychus ; and Mr. Kirby has recently divided the genus
Dyticus into two, caUing those species which have the elytra smooth in both
sexes Leionotus.

NOCTUIDiK. XYLINA. 169

subovate, the two ether joints of nearly equal length, the basal rather
stoutest: maxillcs as long as the antennae. Antenna simple, more or less
ciliated in the males, rarely subserrated: head small, with a dense frontal
crest : eyes naked, rarely pubescent : thorax quadrate, with a central anterior
crest, the shoulders sometimes prominent: legs incumbent; anterior long,
narrow, sublinear, obsoletely dentate on the hinder margin, posterior short :
body rather short, with the back more or less elevated with a carina, which is
sometimes crested ; the apex with a small tuft in the male, rather acute in the
female. Larva naked or slightly pilose : pupa foUiculated, its apex unidentate.

Ochsenheimers's, or rather Treitschke's, concise definition of this
genus is so truly general and indefinite, that it will clearly include
a host of species that he has placed elsewhere ; it is consequently
difficult to say which is the typical species : I shall, therefore,
(though perhaps improperly) employ the term Xylina, as long since
printed in my Catalogue, to designate such species of the group in
question as are distinguished by the characters above given, and
which may be readily known by the following external marks :
elongate, sublinear, obsoletely dentate anterior wings, quadrate
slightly crested thorax; somewhat abbreviated body, slightly de-
pressed in the females, with its apex subtriangular ; exposed terminal
joint to the palpi, and incumbent wings : in some respects this
genus is remotely allied to Cucullia, but the metamorphosis is
widely different, and the pupa is destitute of the singular appendage
which forms so conspicuous a character in those of the Cuculliae.

A. Eyes pubescent. (Antennae of males subserrate.)

Sp. 1. conspicillaris. Alls anticis cinereo fusco nigroque nebulosis, marginem,
interiorem versus albicantibus, posticis albidis, fusco-venosis. (Exp. alar.
1 unc. 6 — 7 lin.)

Ph. No. conspicillaris. Linne. — Xy. conspicillaris. Steph. Catal. part u. p. 78.
No. 6182.— Ph. No. leuconota. Don. xiii. pi. 453. / 3.

Head hoary, thorax the same, or whitish-ash, transversely striated anteriorly,
with a dusky longitudinal dorsal vitta: anterior wings obsoletely striated,
deep fuscous black, with the inner margin generally more or less broadly
whitish, united to an interrupted oblique striga, reaching nearly to the apex
of the costa ; siigmata obscure, a third, or teliform one, sometimes present,
their margins alone conspicuous ; posterior wings whitish or white, with a
narrow dusky marginal border ; the nervures also dusky; cilia white.

Var. /S. Steph. Catal. No. 6183. — Head and thorax pale hoary-ash, the latter
immaculate : anterior wings as in the last, with a large ovate pale ashy- white
patch on the costa, reaching from the anterior stigma to the hinder margin.

This rare insect varies considerably ; in some examples the anterior wings are
nearly of an uniform cinereous, striated with a deeper hue, as in Xy. pulla:
in others the colours are very dark.

170 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

Caterpillar dirty green, with a yellowish-white lateral line edged with brownish :
it feeds on the] Astragalus Onobrychis, &c. : — the imago is formed, towards the
end of May.

A rare species ; two or three specimens have been taken between
Birch-wood and Bexley ; and I possess a pair captured in Bulstrode
Park by the late Duchess of Portland.

B. Eyes naked. (Antennae simple in both sexes.)

Sp. 2. rhizoUtha? Alis anticis canis, nebulosis, lineold baseos supernc bifidd
serieque punctorum nigrorum ad marginem posticum. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 6 — 8
hn.)

No. rhizolitha. Hilbner? — Xy. Lambda.? Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 78. No. 6177.

Head and thorax hoary, the latter with a black arch, edged posteriorly with
white, in front : anterior wings also hoary, with darker clouds, a black ab-
breviated lineola at the base, terminating in two or three twigs, another slightly
curved forming an edge to the posterior stigma, between which and the inner
margin of the wing is a third united to a black hook in the place of the teUform
stigma of the Agrotes : on the hinder margin is a row of minute black dots ;
the ordinary strigae are more or less apparent, but suddenly bent near the
costa, and the stigmata distinct but obsolete : the posterior wings are deep
fuscous with the cilia paler.

In some specimens the markings are nearly obliterated, and the wings scarcely
clouded.

Caterpillar downy, green, spotted with white, with a bluish dorsal line: it feeds
on the oak : — the imago appears in the autumn.

Not very common: I have once or twice found the insect at
Hertford and at Coombe-wood, and in other parts of the metro-
politan district. " Netley, Salop." — Rev. F. W. Hope. " Epping."
Mr. H. Doubleday.

f Sp. 3. pulla. Alis anticis nigro-cinereis, maculd medio obsoletd albidis; pos-

ticis fusco-venosis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 8 lin.)
No. pulla. Wien. V. ?— Xy. pulla. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 78. No. 6178.

Somewhat reserabUng the last, but rather of a different colour : head and thorax
dusky-ash ; anterior wings of a deep ash-gray, with a dusky spot at the border
and several deeper ash-coloured strigse, with an obsolete whitish central spot,
and a pale striga near the hinder margin ; the cilia with fuscous stripes :
posterior wings whitish with the nervures dusky or fuscous.

Caterpillar green, with whitish spots and lateral line: — the imago appears in the
autumn.

A specimen of this insect is in the collection at the British
Museum: it was captured at Woodside near Epping in 1817.

Sp. 4. semibrunnca. Plate 21. f. 3. — Alis anticis angustiorihus suhnebulosis,
extus cinereo-brunneis, intus hrunneo-Juscis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 7 lin.)

/'U:-.

/.fndon.Pud Ifv/fSlrp/ifiis i(/,n /S'Jt^

NOCTUID^. — XYLINA. ITl

No. semibruiinea. Haworth.—Xy. semibrunnea. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 87.
No. 6179.

Head and thorax reddish or ashy-brown, with the sides of the latter and apex
of the crest of a deeper hue or nearly black ; anterior wings with the costal
half deep ashy-brown or reddish-ash, the inner half of the same hue more
or less clouded with fuscous-brown, the clouds disposed longitudinally, with
an oblique bent pale streak or hook dividing the broadest cloud towards the
apex of the wing, somewhat as in Cucullia; Schrophularia; and Verbasci : to-
wards the base are some pale angulated streaks and a deeply angled one near
the hinder margin ; the stigmata are rather indistinct, and behind the pos-
terior one is an obscure arcuated striga composed of very minute black dots :
the cilia are clouded with pale and deeper brown: the posterior wings pale
ashy-brown, with the margin darker, the nervuxes and a small central spot
rather dusky : abdomen, with its dorsal tufts, tipped with dark fuscous-brown.

A rare insect near London; I possess a specimen that was cap-
tured at Coombe-wood, and obtained a pair from the Marshamian
cabinet.

Sp. 5. petrificata. Plate 23. f. 1. — AUs anticis latioribus griseo fuscoque
striatis, lineold baseos alterfique versus viarginem interiorevi atro-hrunneis,
stigmatibus pallidioribus. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 8 — 8^ lin.)

No. petrificata. Wien. V. — Xy. petrificata. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 78. No.
6180.

Pale ochraceous or griseous-brown ; anterior wings the same, with darker clouds;
a longitudinal streak at the base, and another on the disc towards the middle
of the inner margin, of a deeper brown ; the stigmata pale ochraceous; be-
hind the posterior one is an arcuated striga composed of a double series of
minute fuscous dots ; behind which is a pale deeply angulated striga, with a
few elongate-triangular ochraceous-brown streaks on its inner edge: the
margin is dotted with fuscous ; cilia ochraceous, with darker clouds ; pos-
terior wings ochraceous-brown, with the base paler ; an obsolete transverse
striga of fuscous spots a little behind the middle, and a darker lunule on the
disc towards the base : cilia and abdomen ochraceous.
This species resembles the preceding, as CucuUia Scrophularise does C. Ver-
basci : it is variable ; some examples being of a darker hue than the one I
possess.

. A comparison of the accompanying figures of this and the preceding insect,
executed from fine and perfect specimens in my collection, wiU sufficiently
point out their obvious dissimilarity: there is a beautiful pair of each species
in the British Museum ; and Mr. Haworth and Mr. Marshall each possess
specimens of both insects : it is therefore astonishing that the species should
hitherto have remained confounded, when such opportunities were afforded
for their elucidation.
Caterpillar bright green, with white spots and a broad white dorsal stripe, and
a narrow white streak on each side ; head glossy : it feeds on various trees,
such as the elm, oak, lime, sloe, &c. : and the imago appears in June.

172 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTEBA.

The pair of this insect in the British Museum were taken near
London, I believe, by Mr. Neale : those in Mr. Haworth's cabinet
he obtained from Mr. Francillon's collection ; and mine was kindly
given to me by Captain Blomer, who captured the insect near
Teignmouth, Devon. " Near Sidmouth, Devon." — T. Marshall,
Esq.

Sp. 6. putris. AUs anticis Jlavo-alhidis, viargine anteriori stigmatihusque fuscis,
strigdque geminatd jmndorum 7ugrorum. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 3 — 5 lin.)

Ph. No. putris. Linne. — Xy. putris. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 78. No. 6183.
Albin. pi. Ixxix.^ a — d.

Head yellowish, with two dusky longitudinal streaks: thorax anteriorly yel-
lowish, posteriorly fuscous ; anterior wings pale-yellowish or ochraceous, with
the costa fuscous ; the stigmata rather obsolete, the anterior orbicular, fus-
cous, frequently with a pale margin ; the posterior also fuscous, with a pale
margin and a flexuous whitish streak in the middle ; from this to the hinder
margin extends a double oblique fuscous striga ; and at the anal angle is a
fuscous spot ; between the posterior stigma and the hinder margin is a gemi-
nated striga of black spots, placed parallel with the latter ; the hinder margin
itself, and the tips of the cUia, are also spotted with black: the posterior
wings are pale-ochraceous or fuscous, with the hinder margin spotted with
brown : cilia pale : abdomen yellowish.

Caterpillar yellowish-brown, spotted with black, and striated with pale yellow
and whitish, with a yellowish dorsal Une : the head brown-black : it feeds on
grasses: the imago appears about the middle of June.

Not uncommon in many places throughout the metropolitan
district, frequenting hedges, weedy banks, and gardens ; also the
vicinity of woods and grassy places. " Epping." — Mr. H. Double-
day.

Genus CV. — Calocampa* mihi.

Palpi short, oblique, robust ; triarticulate, densely squamous, the terminal joint
concealed, basal much shorter than the second and more robust, terminal
ovate truncate : maxillcs the length of the antennae. Antennw rather short,
stout in the males, and ciliated beneath : head small, with a dense frontal
crest: eyes naked, small: thorax quadrate, with a small anterior crest:
wings convoluted or incumbent ; anterior elongate, sublinear, denticulated on
the hinder margin : body short, depressed, the apex with a small tuft in the
male. Larva smooth: pupa foUiculated, with two elongate spines at the
apex.

Kakos pulcher, xa/x.^rn emca.

NOCTUIDiE. CALOCAMPA. 173

Generic terms, it has been justly observed, may be considered
as mere aids to the memory, by being applied to dissimilarly
constructed objects. Until therefore it can be shown that lonp^ and
short, narrow and broad, concealed and exposed, robust ?L\iAgracile,
&c. are synonymous terms, so long must I consider this genus
distinct, either from Dypterygia or Xylophasia. Calocampa has
the anterior wings long, narrow, and nearly linear ; the terminal
joint of the palpi (which are robust) completely concealed, short, the
abdomen abbreviated, thorax scarcely crested, &c. Dypterygia, on
the contrary, has the anterior wings short, broad and subtriangular-
ovate; the terminal joint of the palpi (which are slender) con-
siderably exposed, elongate, the abdomen rather elongated, the thorax
strongly crested, &c. ; while Xylophasia and Xylina have the
terminal joint of the palpi more or less exposed, and other distin-
guishing characters, as noticed under each genus respectively:
stronger proofs therefore cannot be advanced to show the absurdity
and inutility of a genus composed without the slightest comment of
the above-mentioned genera, and of the folly of drawing up what
are termed generic characters from one species only, as in such
cases, the more rigidly such characters are drawn up, the less
generic but more specific they become ; and, consequently, instead
of instructing, they only serve to mislead the student.

Sp. 1. exoleta. Alls anticis parte anteriori fusco, interiori cincreo nebulosis,
maculis duahus oblongis. (Exp. alar. 2 unc. — 2 unc. 3 lin.)

Ph. No. exoleta. Linns. — Xy. exoleta. Curtis, vi. pi. 256.— Ca. exoleta. Steph.
Catal.part ii. p. 79. A'b. 6184.

Head griseous ; thorax brown in front, with its back dusky, the apex paler,
with a few scattered black atoms ; anterior wings pale-reddish ochre or cine-
rascent, with the base faintly striated with dusky, the costa rather fuscescent
toward the base, the inner margin clouded with the same colour within, the
posterior margin fuscous, clouded with cinereous ; the cilia brown, with black
spots; stigmata large, the anterior ear-shaped, the posterior larger, with a
black dot at its base, and two oblong spots on its hinder margin, the lower
one extending towards an elongate black streak, with a faint one adjoining
near the posterior margin of the wing : posterior wing grayish-brown, with
the margin and a discal lunule darker ; cilia ochraceous : abdomen griseous,
the back fuscous towards the apex.

Caterpillar green, darkest on the back, with large white spots on the back, and
smaller ones on the sides, the latter with a yellow line above the smaller
spots, and a red one beneath : it is polyphagous, feeding upon lettuce, spinach,
broom, bramble, asparagus, &c.: — the imago appears in the autumn, but
some pupae remain till the following April or May before they change.

174 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

Not common : it occurs in gardens and in woody places : I have
taken it at Darentli-wood, and possess a specimen captured near
Plymouth : it has been found near Oxford ; and in several places
near London.

Sp. 2. vetusta. Alis anticis parte anteriori pallide, interiori obscure Juscis,
maculd ohlonga unicd. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 10 lin. — 2 unc. 2 lin.)

No. vetusta. Hiibner. — Ca. vetusta. Stej)h. Catal. part ii. p. 79. No. 6185. —
Ph. No. exoleta. Don. vi. pi. 187 ? imago.

Closely allied to the preceding, but totally different in the larva state : it differs
chiefly in having the anterior wings of a bright reddish ochre on the costa,
and of an obscure fuscous within, with the anterior stigma nearly obsolete,
the posterior distinct, with a single black spot adjoining, and the longitudinal
streak of the former species nearly absorbed in the fuscous ground of the
inner margin : the thorax and posterior wings are of a deeper hue, and the
abdomen is less clouded towards the apex.

Caterpillar dirty green, spotted with whitish, with a yellowish dorsal and whitish
lateral line, the stigmata red : it feeds on Carex : the imago, like the last,
appears in the autumn.

Donovan appears to have figured this species by mistake for Ca. exoleta. He
consequently is the first English writer who furnishes us with a knowledge of
the insect in question, notwithstanding he erroneously considered it as the
Ph. No. exoleta of Linne.

A rare species : the only locality that I am aware of is Darenth-
wood, where the insect has been taken several times.

Genus CVI. — Xylophasia* miJil.

Palpi rather elongate, slightly ascending; triarticulate ; the two basal joints
densely clothed with elongate scales, the terminal considerably exposed; the
basal joint rather shorter and more robust than the second, the terminal elon-
gate-ovate, somewhat acute : maxilla; as long as the antennae. Antennw simple,
more or less ciliated, or pilose, in the males ; thorax quadrate, with a small
crest in front : wings deflexed, anterior rather elongate, subtriangular, the
base being narrowed ; hinder margin more or less denticulated : bodi/ elon-
gated, stout, not depressed, the back carinated, each segment with a dorsal
crest; apex, in the male, with a large tuft, in the female, narrowed, subUnear,
with a small tuft. Larva naked : pupa subterranean, with a spine at the
apex.

Xylophasia may be distinguished with facility from Calocampa
by the exposed terminal joint of its palpi, elongated and distinctly
carinated body, which has the apex with a large tuft in the male,

* 'SvKov lignum, (fictin; apparitio.

NOCTUIDiE XYLOPHASIA. 175

and elongate-linear with a small tuft in the female ; broad, some-
what triangular anterior wings (which are deflexed during repose),
the slenderness of the antennae, and in other less evident cha-
racters; and from Xylina, by the broad subtriangular wings, elongate
robust body, and longer, ascending palpi, &c.

Sp. 1. lithoxylea. Alls anticis Jlavo-ochraceis , macula costali margineque pos-
tico irregularitcr ferrugineo-fuscis ; posticis pallidis lunuld medid Jimbridque
fuliginosis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 9 — 11 lin.)

No. lithoxylea. Fabricius.—Xy. lithoxylea. Steph. Catal. part ii. jo. 79. JVo. 6186.

Ochraceous : eyes black : head and thorax with a few pale rusty-brown mark-
ings ; anterior wings pale yellow ochreous^ with irregular darker fuscescent
or ustulated streaks and clouds, several of the former placed obhquely on the
costa, one towards the centre, somewhat broader ; at the base is a conspicuous
darker streak, and near the base, on the inner margin, is a second, and a
little behind the middle, on the disc, towards the anal angle, is a third
flexuous one, with an ustulated cloud adjoining on its costal edge: behind
this is an obscure arcuated striga of extremely minute fuscous dots ; and on
the hinder margin two rusty-brown spots, forming an irregular border to the
wing : posterior wings pale, with the margin and a costal lunule dusky, the
nervures, and a row of marginal dots, fuscescent.

The tint of colour, and intensity of the markings, vary considerably ; but the
insect is invariably of a paler hue than the following ; and amongst other
characters wants the transverse striga on the posterior wings.

CaterpUlar green, with whitish spots and lateral lines : it feeds on the black
thorn : the imago appears towards the beginning of July.

Frequents palings and hedges ; not uncommon in Epping Forest,
and in Copenhagen-fields; at Darenth, Coombe, &c. " Epping."
— Mr. H. Douhleday. " Alderley, Cheshire." — Rev. E. Stanley.

Sp. 2. sublustris. Alls anticis cinereo-ferrugineis maculd costali margineque
postico irregulariter saturate ferrugineo-fuscis ; posticis fuscescentibus lunuld
medid strigdque pone medium saturatioribus. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 8 — ^10 lin.)

No. sublustris. Esper. — Xy. sublustris. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 79. No. 6187.

Considerably resembling the last, but of a deep rusty-ash ; the anterior wings
are not striated, nor do they possess the lineola near the base on the inner
margin, but in the middle of the costa is a deep rusty-brown cloud, extending
transversely nearly to the inner margin of the wing, where it is absorbed in
a deeper cloud, which terminates in a flexuous darker streak ; on the costa
are also some obscure lineolse of similar hue; and behind the posterior stigma
is an arcuated striga composed of pale fuscous lunules, the points of which
are outwards, and darker ; between this and the hinder margin is a very ob-
scure pale striga, having a more distinct angulated portion, resembling the
letter W, near the angle, on the costal edge of which, in the middle of the
posterior margin, is a triangular deep rusty-brown spot, and on the anal angle

nS HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

a second, somewliat ovate, spot of similar hue: cilia ferruginous, with
brownish clouds at the tip : posterior wings fuscescent, with a central lunule,
and a curved transverse striga, darker.
This insect has been likened to the No. musicalis of Esper; but that insect is
of a pale bluish-ash, with a deep rectangular central transverse fuscous fascia,
followed by two rows of very distinct black spots, the hinder margin with
a deep fuscous cloud, dividing into five distinct lobes on its inner edge, the
apex of the wing of an immaculate hoary-ash, and the base has two rows of
black spots placed longitudinally. Esper, in his text, refers this to the No.
lithoxylea of Fabricius; while that insect and sublustris (which are both
admirably figured by him) are referred to the No. petrificata of that author.

All the specimens I have seen of this insect were taken near
Brighton by Mr. Brown.

Sp. 3. polyodon. Alls anticis fusco nebulosis, strigd posticd valde dentatd alba ;
posticis cinereo-fuscis, fimbria saturatiori, strigdgue pallida versus anguhim
ani. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 10 lin. — 2 unc. 2lin.)

Ph. No. polyodon. Linne—Xy. polyodon. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 79. No. 6188.

A most variable species : ashy- brown, thorax with transverse and longitudinal
streaks : anterior wings fuscous- or ochraceous-brown, with various black and
pale clouds and strigse; especially three strigae of the former colour, one at
the base, another near the base on the inner margin, and the third between
the stigmata and the inner margin ; the stigmata are pale, sometimes clouded,
the anterior is oblong and placed obliquely; the ordinary strigae are apparent,
and the fourth, near the hinder margin, forms a very prominent feature,
being of a very pale cast, sometimes nearly white, very much waved, and
acutely angulated, forming, towards the anal angle, a W, which is crowned
with three conical black streaks : the posterior wings are ashy-brown, with
a dark marginal border, and a pale striga towards the anal angle.

Some specimens are very much clouded with white; others are nearly plain
fuscous, with the usual markings, and I possess one of a deep dusky-brown :
in fact, scarcely two specimens agree precisely.

Caterpillar dirty- white, thickly spotted with black, with a black head : it feeds
at the roots of grass, and very much resembles the larva of an Agrotis, ex-
cepting its bulk. The imago appears in June and July.

One of our most abundant insects, occurring copiously even in
the metropolis itself, frequenting gardens, hedges, and wood sides.
" Alderley, Cheshire." — Rev. E. Stanley.

Sp. 4. rurea. Alis anticis griseo fuscoque variis, macula costali, lineold basi
versus marginem interiorem fimbridque irregulari griseo-fuscis. (Exp. alar.
1 unc. 6—8^ lin.)

No. rurea. Fabricius. — Xy. rurea. Steph. Catal. part ii. jo. 79. No. 6189.

Head fulvous : thorax ashy-brown or griseous, with its centre palest : anterior
wings pale griseous or ochraceous-red, with various spots and clouds ; with.

NOCTUID.T: XYLOPHASIA. 177

a fuscous lineola at the base of the inner margin, an irregular large subovate
spot in the middle of the costa, sometimes nearly obliterated, in which the
stigmata are placed; these are rather paler than the wing; the anterior is
oblong, subtriangular, the posterior reniform ; behind the latter is a gemi-
nated bent striga of obscure minute fuscous dots ; and in the margin itself
is an irregular interrupted fascia, branching inward at the anal angle, and
bearing some minute wedge-formed dusky spots at the base of the cilia; at
the apex of the costa are a few white spots : the posterior wings are fuscous,
with a darker fimbria.

Var. H. Anterior wings of a bright rufous-ochre, with the costa dusky, and two
spots of a similar hue on the hinder margin ; the stigmata distinct, the an-
terior nearly uniting to the posterior : behind the latter a pale bent striga.

Caterpillar said to feed on various grasses, the primrose, &c. The imago appears
in June, or the beginning of July.

Not very uncommon; taken in various places throughout the
metropolitan district. I have frequently captured it at Darentli
and Hertford. « Netley, Salop."— i?^t\ F. JV. Hope. " Epping.''
—Mr. H. Douhleday.

f Sp. 5. hirticornis. " AUs glaucescentibtis, fascia ahhreviatli terminaliqne pli~

catd: antennis hirto-pectinatis." — Haw.
No. hirticornis. Haworth. — Xy. hirticornis. Steph. Catal. pt. ii. p. 79. No. 6190.

Wings somewhat glaucous, with an abbreviated fascia, and an interrupted ter-
minal fimbria : antennae deeply ciliated.

The specimens whence the above description was made closely resembled the
foregoing species; their chief distinction consisting in the strongly ciliated or
somewhat pectinated antenna? : they were formerly in Mr. Hatchett's collec-
tion, but were unfortunately destroyed. Whether they were allied to the
Xylena borealis, Curtis, or what that species is, I am unable to say, unless it
be Var. /S. of the foregoing insect.

Taken at Daren tli-wood about twenty years back.

Sp. C. combusta. AUs anticis fusco-hrjaineis obsolete nchidosis, sligmaHhus ob-
longis marginibus paUidioribiis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 8 — 9 lin.)

No. combusta. Hiibnei-.- — Xy. combusta. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 80. No.
6192.

Head and thorax rusty-brown, the former and crest of the latter sprinkled
with cinereous; anterior wings deep fuscous-broAvn, with some obsolete
lighter and darker lineol.t on the costa, and the nervures more or less dusted
with pale ochraceous-brown ; the stigmata oblong, the anterior oblique,
somewhat acute, the margins rather pale; posterior auriform, with an in-
terrupted pale margin, somewhat resembling a figure 3 or 5 ; on the hinder
margin of the wing is an interrupted streak of dusky lunules; the cilia
brown, with ochraceous clouds: posterior wings fuscous, with the base rather
pale, the margin very dark ; cilia dusky-brown, with an ochraceous tinge.
Haustellata. Vol. II. 1st June, 1829. n

178 HAUSTELLATA. LEPIDOPTERA.

An insect of considerable rarity, few examples only having
occurred in Britain ; I possess specimens captured at Coombe-
wood, and one found at Birch-wood ; the species has also been taken
in the neighbouring district, three or four instances of its capture at
Darenth-wood having come to my knowledge : it is found in June.

Sp. 7. epomidion. Alls griseo fuscoqiie variis, strigd posticd tindulatd pallidd,
stigma antica margine nigro. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 4 — 6 lin.)

No. epomidion. Haworth. — Xy. epomidion. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 79.
No. 6191.

A beautiful insect : head and thorax deep purplish-brown, the latter with some
dark or black longitudinal streaks and dots: anterior wings varied with
griscous and fuscous, with bright purplish clouds ; a deep black lineola at the
base, and a second near the base on the inner margin as in Xy. nivea ; an-
terior to the stigmata is a more or less obscure undulated striga, and behind
an arcuated one, composed of pale indistinct lunules, the apex of each black
towards the outer margin ; on the hinder margin is a clear pale striga, com-
posed of two distinct arches in the middle, and two or three waves at the anal
angle ; this striga is accompanied by some dusky or fuscous clouds ; the hinder
margin of the wing spotted with fuscous ; the anterior stigma is oblong, and has
a deep black margin ; the posterior pale, rather obsolete, with its inner edge
black, the outer vanishing: posterior wings fuscous, with the base paler, the
margin darker, with a pale waved mark near the anal angle, cilia flavescent,
with a brown line : abdomen cinereous, the sides and anal tuft purplish.

This beautiful and rather uncommon species does not appear to
be very rare in the shady lanes near Ripley, where I have fre-
quently captured it. At the end of June, 1827, I caught in one
evening three remarkably beautiful specimens. It occurs in other
places near London, having been found at Coombe-wood and in
Richmond Park: it likewise inhabits Derbyshire, Yorkshire, and
Devonshire, from which counties I have received specimens.
" Bath."— i1/r. Chant. " Netley."— Eet). F. W. Hope.

Sp. 8. scolopacina. Alis anticis griseofuscoque variis, fascia posticaferrugineS,
strigu(/ue nigrd pone medium dentatu, stigmate posficn albo, corpore subgracili.
(Exp. alar. 1 unc. 3 — 4 lin.)

No. scolopacina. Esper. — Xy. scolopacina. Steph. Catal pt. \\.p. 80. No. 6193.

Somewhat resembling the preceding, but smaller, and with the body more
slender : the head and thorax are of a pale ochreous, or yellowish brown,
with blackish clouds ; anterior wings the same, with darker shades ; a dusky
streak at the base on the inner margin ; an abbreviated brownish, or sub-
ferruginous fascia, on the middle of the costa, behind the posterior stigma,
which is white, with a griseous lunule ; a slender arcuated, and very distinct,
regularly dentate black striga, followed^ by a clear ochraceous space, behind

NOCTUID.*;. HADENA. 179

. which the posterior margin is rusty-brown, with an undulated pale striga ;
in the margin are a few triangular darker spots ; the cilia are blackish-brown,
with paler spots : the posterior wings are dusky, with pale cilia.

This is also a rare insect, at least near London ; two examples
only having been taken in the metropolitan district : these were
found by Mr. King at Coombe-wood, in June, about fifteen years
since. The insect, however, appears to occur, though sparingly,
near Sheffield, and in other parts of Yorkshire. I am indebted to
Mr. Chant for a fine specimen taken by him near the place above
mentioned.

f Sp. 9. rectilinea. Alis anticis griseo-cinereis fascia lata centrali margineque

postico fusco-hrnmieo. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 6 lin.)
No. rectilinea. Hiibner? — Xy. rectilinea. Steph. Cafal. pf. ii. p. 80. No. 6194.

Head and thorax grayish-ash, with the sides and anterior margin of the latter
brownish : anterior wings pale griseous-ash, with a broad centra! transverse
dusky-brown fascia in the middle, being narrowed towards the inner margin,
and bordered on each side with a darker undulated striga ; at the base, oil
the inner margin, is a geminated streak of similar hue, with a paler edge,
and towards the hinder margin some marmorated spots of similar hue, with
a pale waved striga at the anal angle : cilia cinereous, with darker spots :
posterior wings fuscous, with the margin dusky, and the cilia pale.

Hiibner 's figure of this beautiful insect appears to differ a little from the one
I have referred to in my Catalogue, from the Papillons d'Europe, and which
corresponds most admirably with the only example I have hitherto seen,
which is in the possession of my friend, T. Marshall, Esq., who informed me
he had seen other specimens in the collections in the north :— it must not be
confounded with the No. rectilinea of Haworth, which belongs to the follow-
ing genus.

Hitherto found only in the north of England. " Trafford Park,
Lancashire." — T. Mars //all, Esq.

Genus CVII. — Hadena, Schraul-.

Palpi short, rather slender, slightly ascending, clothed with hair and scales, tri-
articulate; tenninal joint rather exposed, short, subovate; the basal joint
curved, in genei-al rather shorter and stouter than the second, which is a little
attenuated towards the apex ; terminal subovate, obliquely truncate : maxiliie
about the length of the antennse, AntemuB short, rati:ier stout, in general
simple, with the under side ciUated in the males, or obscurely subserrate, with
a distinct fasciculus of hair on each joint within : head small, Avith a dense
frontal crest ; eyesl&xge; globose, sometimes pubescent : ^/io;«.r slightly crested :
body stout, rather elongate, very acute in some females : wings slightly deflexed
during repose ; anterior obscuiely denticulate on the hinder margin: in general

N 2

180 HAUSTELLATA. LEPIDOPTERA.

of gay colours, sometimes with pale reticulations, and mostly with a pale undu-
lated striga, in which is usually a conspicuous angulation, resembling the
letter W, near the posterior margin ; stigmata distinct ; posterior wings with
an obscure emargination towards the costa : larva naked, generally of lively
colour : pupa subterranean.

The contents of this genus are of a more diversified nature than
could be wished, and the time cannot be far distant before several
of the species, especially amongst those which are included in the
second section, as divided in my Catalogue, are detached and other-
wise distributed ; but I confess that at present I know no better
place for their reception : the species of the first section are emi-
nently distinguished by the beautiful rich satiny tints of colour
wl>ich adorn their wings while recent, thence called " Brocade
moths,^' and all, by possessing a conspicuous pale striga on the
posterior margin of the anterior wings, which is biangulated towards
the anal angle, and resembles the letter W ; a character which also
obtains, though in a less conspicuous degree, amongst several of the
species in the neighbouring genera.

Sp. 1. amica? Plate 23. f. 2. — AUs anticis j'usco-cinereoque variis,fuscid magnfi
fingulatil ferruginefi nhscuriore, in qua stigmata ordinarid posticum magnum
auriforme albicante. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 11 lin.)

Ha. amica. Treitsckc?—Sleph. Catal. part ii. p. 80. No. 6195.

Head and thorax fuscous, with a ferruginous patch on the latter : anterior wings
varied with cinereous and fuscous ; with a broad obscure ferruginous central
fascia, somewhat as in the last-described insect, having the ordinary stigmata,
and followed posteriorly by a broad hoary ash-coloured striga, with some
purplish clouds towards its hinder edge, beyond which is the ordinary un-
dulated pale striga, and the hinder margin, except near the costa, is of a deep
chocolate with a violaceous tinge ; the anterior stigma is pale and rather in-
distinct ; the posterior large, yellowish- white, with ashy clouds, and two di-
stinct white spots on the hinder margin : the posterior wings are pale fuscous,
with a darker central spot and margin.

Whether this large and beautiful species be truly the Ha. amica of Treitscke,
his short specific character will not allow me to determine, as I am totally
unable to decipher his German description, but I have little doubt that such
is the case: it is decidedly not the No. satura of Hiibner, of which the de-
scription appears in a subsequent page.

Many years have elapsed since examples of this very handsome
species have occurred in England. A fine pair was in the collection
of Mr. Francillon, and another in those of Mr. Marsham, and I
believe tiow in that of Mr. Swainson ; and a single specimen is in
Mr. Vigors' cabinet : of their exact localities I am ignorant.

NOCTUIDiE. — HADENA, 181

Sp. 2. adusta. Alis anticis brunneo cinereoqite variis, strigis stigniatihusque
Jlavidis : posticis albidis venis margineque externa J'uscis. (Exp. alar, 1 unc.
8—10 lin.)

No. adusta. EsperP—Ha.. adusta. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 80. No. G196.

Head and thorax deep fuscous, with darker shades and spots : anterior wings
varied with cinereous and brown, with a pale flavescent undulated striga
before, and another behind the midtlle, united by an indistinct dusky lineola,
placed between the stigmata and the inner margin of the wing : the ordinary
stigmata are cinereous, the anterior with a black margin : on the posterior
margin of the wing is a greatly undulated flavescent striga, and on the margin
itself are some deep fuscous sublunate spots : posterior wings whitish, with
the nervures and outer margin dusky.

Also a rare species : my specimens were taken at Bircli-wood :
examples have occurred in other parts of Kent, and at Coombe-
wood, but much more rarely at the latter place.

Sp. 3. satura. Alis anticis rufo-fuUginosis, lineold nigra maculis stigmatihus
Jascidque pallidioribus nigro adnatis, posticis fuscescentibus. (Exp. alar.
1 unc. 8—10 lin.)
No. Satura. Wien. Verz. — Ha. satura. Steph. Catal. pt. ii. ja. 80. No. 6197.

Closely resembling the preceding species, of which it is possible it may prove
to be a variety: the wings are, however, more deeply marked with black,
and a very conspicuous straight black lineola unites the third and fourth
ordinary strigse on the anterior wings ; at the base of which is a black streak,
and a dusky one near the base of the inner margin; the stigmata are pale
brownish-ash, with slender black edges, the posterior one somewhat tinted
with yellow ; on the hinder margin of the wing is a pale striga, composed of
numerous acute denticulations, of which two are more conspicuous, and form
the usual W mark of the group ; the cilia are brownish, interrupted with
pale cinereous, and preceded by a series of conical black spots: posterior
wings dusky, with the margin, nervures, and a central lunule, of a darker
hue.

I possess a pair of this species, wdiich I obtained from the cabinet
of the late Mr. Marsham : they somewhat resemble the preceding
species, but are of a smaller size, and their colours and markings
are sufficiently distinct to prevent their union. I am not aware
of their locality, but most probably they were found near London :
where the insect has been taken, I believe at Coombe-wood,
towards the end of May.

Sp. 4. remissa. Alis anticis pallide fuscescentibus nebulosis, lineolis duabus basi,

arcuque medio crassissimo nigricantibus. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 6 — 8 lin.)
No. remissa. Hilb.-rHai. remissa. Steph. Catal pt. ii. ;;. 80. No. 6198.
Similar to the following, but considerably paler in colour, especially on the costa

182 IIAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOI'TERA.

of the anterior wings, with the posterior stigma on the latter much less den-
tatetl, and somewhat obUterated ; the third ordinary striga is barely visible,
and is united by a stout black streak to the second, towards the inner margin
of the wing, the space anterior to which, on the costa, is fuscous, and bears
the ordinary stigmata, white or pale cinereous or ochraceous, the anterior
delicately margined with black, the posterior with a black edge on its ante-
rior margin, and vanishing into the ground colour of the wing on its posterior :
towards the hinder margin of the wing are two acute dusky or brownish
streaks, as in Calocarapa exoleta, and the hinder margin of the wing is fuscous,
with black lunules : cilia fuscous, with pale streaks : posterior wings fusces-
cent.
This species varies considerably in the intensity and brilliancy of its colours
and markings, but the less denticulated posterior striga serves to distinguish
the varieties from those of the following insect.

Ha. remissa is also a somewhat rare species, though in some
places and seasons a considerable number of specimens have oc-
curred: I have taken it occasionally at Coonibe and Darenth-
woods in June, and near Ripley and Hertford. " Cottingham,
Yorkshire." — A.H. Hawortli^ Esq. " Bottisham." — Rev, L. Jenyns.
" Netley, Salop."— i?et;. F. W. Hope.

Sp. 5. oblonga. Al is ant ids cinereis nehulosis, costd macuMque oblongu fuscis,

strigd albidd posticd undulatissimd. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 6 — 8 lin.)
No. oblonga. Haworth. — Ha. oblonga. Steph. Catal. part i\.p. 80. No. 6199.

Head and thorax fuscous : anterior wings clouded with fuscous, with the costa
of a deeper hue, and having three distinct whitish spots near the apex, which,
with the usual stigmata, is of a cinereous hue : the rest of the wings is of a
similar tint, with a large wedge-shaped fuscous spot behind, and another
oblong darker one in the middle, towards the inner margin; towards the
posterior margin is a whitish striga, which is very much waved, and strongly
dentate : the posterior wings are whitish, with the nervures and outer margins
dusky.

The resemblance between this and the foregoing insect is almost
too close to warrant their separation; but as both species vary
greatly, and each variety retains its own peculiar, though obscure,
characteristics, I have, with Mr. Haworth, considered them distinct,
as I conceive that it is not the quantum but the constancy of dif-
ference that constitutes a species, as I have elsewhere endeavoured
to show. This insect has been taken at Coombe and Darenth
woods, and in Epping Forest : also in Yorkshire.

bp. (i. Thalassina. AUs auticis J'usco cinereoque variis, stigmatibus ordinariis

fascifique rcpaiuld dibdioribus, posticis cinereis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 6 — 7 lin.)

No. Thalassina. Borl. — Ha. Thalassina. Sleph. C'a/ul. pt. ii. y;. 80. No. 6200.

NOCTUIDyE. HADENA. 183

Somewhat resembling Ha. satura, but less^ of a more beautiful tint, and with
paler and more distinct strigse, &c. : the head and thorax nearly as in that
insect, but of a rich chocolate-brown hue, with some ashy points, and a deep
blackish streak on each side at the base of the anterior wings, which latter -are
of a rich chocolate-brown with a rich purplish-brown tinge, with a pale patch
at the base, bounded towards the inner edge by a deep black lineola, the
usual anterior striga obsolete, the second and third distinct, pale, and edged
with brown, the fourth, on the hinder margin, rather suddenly curved at its
origin near the costa, thence to the anal angle nearly straight, except a very
distinct biangulated portion, forming the letter W, which is crowned by three
acuminated black streaks : the stigmata are edged with black, and a striga
of similar hue connects the second and third ordinary striga;, as in other
species of this genus : posterior wings cinereous, palest at the base.

A handsome and by no means rare insect ; found througliout the
metropolitan district; in Devonshire, Yorkshire, Suffolk, Norfolk,
&c. ; and I believe pretty generally distributed. " Epping." —
Mr. H. Douhleday. " Alderley, Cheshire." — Rev. E. Stanley.
«' Netley, Salop."— Ect;. i\ W. Hope. " Bottisham."— iJc-t;, L.
Jenyns.

Sp. 7. Genistae. Alls anticis subdenticulatis argenteo-albis nebulosis, lineola basi,
liturd medio, maculisque duahus versus strigam posticam nigris. (Exp. alar.
1 unc. 7 — 8 lin.)

No. Genistae. Bork. — Ph. dives. Don. x. pi. 352. f. 2. — Ha. Genistse. Sieph.
Catal.part \i. ji. 81. No. 6201.

Of a paler hue than the foregoing species: head and thorax pale whitish or
hoary-ash, the latter with a deep-black anterior and lateral line: anterior
wings pale silvery white, or hoary, with a clear basal spot on the costa, as
in the last-mentioned insect, followed at a short distance by the ordinary
second striga, which is of a pale hue and bounded with black posteriorly; the
third striga is rather obsolete towards the costa, and is composed of a series of
arcuated lines, the points of which extend along the nervures ; the space be-
tween these strigfe is clouded with brown and bears the stigmata, which are
rather large and pale; and behind the third striga whitish, and followed by
the usual undulated striga, formed nearly as in the last species, with two
distinct black streaks crowning the W : posterior wings whitish-ash, with the
margin dusky.

The first sight of this very elegant species seems to remove it
from the rest of the genus ; its elongated body and more deeply
arcuate anterior wings giving it the habit of another group, espe-
cially of the XylophasIcC : but its predominant characters seem to
point out the present as its proper genus : it is not very common ;
but is found throughout the metropolitan district and in Devon-

184 HAUSTELLATA. — LKIM DOPTEUA.

shire : I luivo taken three or four specimens near Hertford, and a
few at Daren th-wood, in different years.

Sp. 8. contigua. Alis anticis rubro cinereoque nebulosis, strigd externd dentatd
albidd ; posticis alhidis fusco venosis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 6 — 7 lin.)

No. contigua. Wien. Verz. — Ha. contigua. Steph. Catal. part ii. p.S\. No.
G202.

A variable and beautiful species : head cinereous : thorax the same, varied with
hoary and brown, with an anterior striga and an obUque lateral line black :
anterior wings prettily varied or clouded with cinereous fulvous and brown,
with a whitish spot on the costa at the base and a larger one towards the
inner margin, then an oblique white streak arising from the anterior stigma
and terminating in a bifid apex near the third striga, and nearly adjoining a
larger patch of similar hue near the anal angle ; the posterior portion of the
wing is pale or cinereous, with a dentated white striga as in the other species
of the genus, the angulated posterior crowned with three or four deep black
arrow-shaped streaks : posterior wings whitish, with the nervures and hinder
margin fuscous.

The colour of this beautiful insect varies greatly : in some examples the an-
terior wings are adorned with a brilliant purplish tint, and in others the paler
marks are elegantly shaded with yellowish.

Catei-piUar green, with the head and two spots on the anterior segment of the
body brown ; stigmata black : it feeds on various plants, but appears to prefer
the broom or ragwort : it occurs in August or September, and the imago in
the following June.

Found in considerable abundance in certain years in the larv^a
state on broom, in the neighbourhood of Coombe-wood.

f Sp. 9. obscura. Alis anticis cinereo-fuscis, stigmatibus ordinariis, maciiUsqm;

hasi pallidioribus. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 7? lin.)
No. obscura. Haworth.—Ka,. obscura. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 81. No. 6203.

" Greatly allied to Ha. remissaand its affinities, and probably a variety: anterior
Avings more obscure, or of a fuscous ash, with a large pale spot at the base of
the costa, having deep-black lineohe adjoining internally: towards the pos-
terior margin is a very obsolete undulated slightly pallid striga: posterior
wings ashy-brown."

The above is nearly Mr. Haworth's description of this obscure insect, which,
from an inspection of his specimen, evidently appears to differ from either of
the other species, although its characters are perhaps too closely approximating
to determine the point satisfactorily, without the occurrence of other speci-
mens.

Of the locality of this species I am not aware.

NOCTUIDiE. HADENA. 185

Sp. 10. glauca. Alls anticis griseis, niaculis ordinariis fascidque dentatd glau-

cis; posticis cinereis, ciliis alhidis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 3 — ^4 lin.)
No. glauca. Hilhner. — Ha. glauca. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 81. No. 6204.

Head and thorax cinereous, with lutescent clouds and lateral stripe on the latter :
anterior wings of a glaucous-ash, rather fulvescent, with three obsolete somewhat
pale strigfe, more or less edged with fuscous: the ordinary stigmata glaucous
with black or dusky margins, and between them and the inner margin is a bifid
ochraceous-ash spot, the point directed towards the anal angle of the wing ;
on the hinder margin of which is an undulated pale striga, having the W
mark less distinct than in the preceding insect : the posterior wings cinereous,
with a fulvous tinge, the cilia whitish or ochraceous.

Caterpillar yellowish varied with brown, with a yellowish dorsal line, spotted
with black, with some white spots on the sides: — it feeds on the Tussilago
farfara ; and is found about August : the imago appears in June.

This and the two following species, and probably Ha. ochracca and Lithoriza,
differ considerably from the other species of the genus in the structure of their
pupa;, which have their hinder segments produced into prominent angles,
giving them the appearance of being dentate: the perfect insects also differ
too much from the rest, as before mentioned, to allow of their association in
the same genus : but at present I have not attempted to disunite them.

Not common : specimens liave occurred near London : others
near Cheltenham, and in Derbyshire, near Matlock.

Sp. 11. plebeia. Alls anticis cinereo fuscoque variis viaculd stigmatijbrmi bifida

striguque albidis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 3 — 4 lin.)
Ph. No. plebeia. Linne ? — Ha. plebeia. Steph. Catal. part ii.p. 81. JVo. 6205.

Head and thorax cinereous, the latter with some dusky or black streaks and
clouds and lutescent shades : anterior wings cinereous, with three dusky trans-
verse streaks at the base, adjoining a flavescent spot on the inner margin : the
ordinary striga; are not very evident, and between the second and third the
stigmata are placed; these are cinereous, and separated by a quadrate dusky or
black space, and a bifid cinereous spot is between them and the posterior margin,
as in the last described, the intermediate nervures being whitish, with dusky
or black spots, forming somewhat of an angle : near the hinder margin is
a dentated whitish or flavescent striga, more or less margined with dusky
spots; and in the margin itself is a row of black lunules: cilia cinereous:
posterior wings ashy-brown, with a fulvescent tint, and darker margin, behind
an obscure dentated pale striga.

This singular insect varies considerably in colour; in fact, two specimens scarcely
occur exactly similar ; and I suspect that the following species will eventually
prove a mere variety : — amongst the numerous varieties, the Noctua dentina
of the Wien. V. has a place ; but as the insect is probably the Ph. No. plebeia
of Linne, I have retained that name, as adopted by Mr. Haworth.

Caterpillar dirty-brown, with reddish clouds and black lateral and dorsal lines ;

186 HAUSTELLATA. LEPIDOPTEIIA.

head glossy black ; it feeds on the Dandelion (Leontodon taraxicuni) : — the
imago is found in June.

Not uncommon in the neighbourhood of London, and in several
other parts ; and at Dover, Brighton, in Devonshire, Norfolk, near
Birmingham, &c. " Kimpton." — Rev. G. T. Mudd. " Epping."
— Mr. H. Douhlcday. " Alderley, Cheshire."— -ffez;. E. Stanley.

Sp. 12. leucostigma. Alls anticis cinereo-albicantihus area obsoleto ex maculis
suhfulvis composiia, in quo stigmata tria albicantia, iiifinio Jisso. (Exp. alar.
1 unc. 3 — 4 lin.)

No. leucostigma. Hawortli. — Ha. leucostigma. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 81.
No. 6206.

The propriety of continuing this as a distinct species is extremely questionable :
it agrees with the foregoing variable insect, as Mr. Haworth says, " in almost
every thing, except being much lighter coloured; and in being fulvous or
subfulvous, or rusty-flavous, in every part where that is brown or black."

Taken in Coombe-wood, and in other places with the preceding

insect.

Sp. 13. ochracea. — Plate 23. f. 3. Alis anticis ochraceis strigis stigmatibusque
ordinariis pallidis ; posticis albido-fulvescentibus, fimbrici fuscescente. (Exp.
alar. 1 unc. 3 — 4 lin.)

No. ochracea. Haworth. — Ha. ochracea. Steph. Catal. pt. ii. p. 81. No. 6207.

Body and anterior wings ochraceous ; the latter with the ordinary stigmata
pale or whitish, frequently edged with a narrow black line; there is also a
third stigmata, as in Charaeas Graminis, which is usually pale fuscous, with a
black edge : the ordinary strigae, which are placed as in the two last-mentioned
species, are pale, but are very frequently accompanied with a series of lunular
black spots, as in the figure ; the fourth, or posterior one, being considerably
waved, with two or three elongate-trigonate dusky or black streaks towards
the centre of its anterior edge ; in the margin is a series of lunato-trigonate
spots of a dusky or black hue ; ciUa pale luteous : posterior wings fulvescent-
white, with a dusky border, and an obscure dusky transverse streak a httle
behind the middle ; cilia luteous. In some examples the wings are nearly
immaculate.

Neither this nor the two preceding and the following species properly associate
with the true Hadena;, neither do either of them seem allied to the Polise, to
which genus the present remarkable and very variable species has been lately
removed : the singular cleft pale patch on the anterior wings is however
closely analogous to that on the same wings of Ha. contigua and others.

This rare species has been occasionally taken near London, and
at Brighton ; and I am indebted to my friend J. Scales, Esq. for
a beautiful series captured by him about ten years since (in June),
near Beachamwell, Norfolk.

NOCTUIDiE. HADENA. 187

Sp. 14. Lithorhiza. Alls anticis cincrascenti-Juscis, fascia mediCi irregulari
fused, stigmat'ihus duohus ordinariis cinereis subconJluentiLus. (Exp. alar.
1 unc. 3 — 4 lin.)
No. Lithorhiza. Bork. — Ha. Lithorhiza. Steph. Catal. pt. ii. p. 81. No. 6208.

Head and thorax ashy-brown, with paler transverse shades : abdomen also of
the same hue, with its tuft and lateral margins more or less rufescent : an-
terior wings ashy-brown; with an irregular fuscous fascia in the middle,
very much attenuated towards the inner margin, but nearly touching the
costa, which is spotted with fuscous ; in this fascia the stigmata are placed :
they are large, the anterior one composed of two ovate spots, one of which is
mostly united to the posterior stigma ; a black streak arises at the base of
the wing, and unites to the central fascia, and is sometimes continued in a
very irregular curved streak to the anal angle ; on the hinder margin is a row
of irregular subtrigonate fuscous spots ; the cilia are very long, cinereous, in-
terrupted by white, with a few black spots at the tip : posterior wings fuscous,
the hinder margin with an interrupted darker streak : ciUa rosy.

In many points, especially in the early period of its flight, this singular and
variable insect differs from the rest of the genus ; but I have not ventured to
separate it ; its comparatively more exposed and hairy palpi, elongate cilia,
and obscure posterior striga on the anterior wings, may be noticed as ex-
ternal characters of distinction : — in many respects it approaches towards the
genus Calophasia.

Not uncommon on trunks of trees, and old palings and walls,
during the latter part of April, throughout the metropolitan di-
strict. « Southend, in April, 1829." —Rev. F. W. Hope. " Alder-
ley, Cheshire." — Rev. E. Stanley.

Sp. 15. Cucubali. Alls anticis purjmrascenti-fuscis, stigmatihus divergentibus
Jlavicinctis, striga piirpurascentc alteracjue ad marginem posticum dentatd
Jlavescente. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 4 — 5 lin.)

No. Cucubali. Wien. Ferz. — Ha. CucubaU. Steph. Catal part ii. p. 82. No.
6209.

Head and thorax fuscous, mixed with ashy and black atoms : anterior wings of
a purplish-brown, with brighter shades of purple, and darker dusky spots
and ashy tints; with the ordinary strigae black or fuscous, the third gemi-
nated and placed on a purplish ground, forming a streak of that hue; the
fourth is very much dentated or angulated and yellowish; on the hinder
margin of the wing itself is a row of interrupted dusky lunules ; the stigmata
are divergent, and are elongate and slender, with yellowish margins ; the
ciUa are fuscous, interrupted with pale slender and a little clouded with
black : posterior wings ochreous brown at the base, the hinder margin with
a deep-brown fimbria, with a very obscure pale striga on its inner margin
towards the centre of the wing, where is a dusky spot : abdomen ashy-brown,
with darker spots on the back.

Caterpillar greenish, varied with cinereous, with obbcure dusky spots; it feeds on

188 HAUSTELLATA, LEPIDOPTERA.

the Lychnis dioica and Cucubalus bacci ferus : the imago appears towards
the middle of June.

Far from a common insect : it has however been captured several
times at Darenth-wood, where I have twice met with it in the lane
leading from the village : it has also occurred in Bedfordshire, and
near Cheltenham. " Warwick and Allesley." — Rev. W, T. Bree.

Sp. 16. capsincola. Alis anticis cinereo fuscoque variis, strigd posited dentaWi
alhd, stigmatibus albo vmrginatis. (Exp. alar. I unc. 3 — 4 lin.)

No. capsincola. Wien. Verz. — Ha. capsincola. Steph. Catal. part \\. p. 82. No.
6210.

Not very dissimilar to the preceding species : head and thorax pale ashy-brown,
with hoary spots, and transverse and longitudinal dark streaks; anterior wings
of an ashy-brown, with a greenish shade, varied with dusky ; the usual ab-
breviated striga at the base whitish; the second and third strigje pale- fuscous,
edged with dusky, with a whitish spot at their origin on the costa ; the fourth
or posterior striga white or whitish, slightly undulated and triangulated to-
wards the costa and near the middle; stigmata obKque, slender, margined by
a white line and rarely united; cilia brown, interrupted with pale ochreous-
ash : posterior wings fuscous-ash, with the margin and a slender central lunule
dusky ; cilia ashy-brown, with a pale streak at the base.

Caterpillar greenish, with blackish spots, and lateral streaks, and a whitish line
beneath the latter; the head glossy-brown: it feeds on the Lychnis dioica:
the imago appears towards the end of June or beginning of July.

Not uncommon in gardens, and weedy banks throughout the
metropolitan district : it also occurs in Devonshire, South Wales,
Norfolk, &c. " Bottisham." — Rev. L. Jenyns.

Sp. 17. Saponarise. Alis anticis rufescente-fuscis strigisgriseisreticulaiis, posticis

ochraceo-fuscis fimbria fascci. (Exp. alar. 6 — 8 lin.)
No. Saponarist;. Borkhausen. — Ha. } SaponariiE. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 82.

iVo. 6211.

A very distinct species ; head brown : thorax ashy-brown, with darker stripes,
and yellowish or griseous tippets ; anterior wings brown with a rufescent tinge,
with the nervures and ordinary strigae griseous ochreous- white, the basal striga
deeply angulated, the second abruptly angulated close to the anterior stigma,
and then formed into an arch, the crown towards the base of the wing ; the
third striga placed as usual, and the fourth is rather abruptly angled near the
costa, and then runs nearly parallel with the hinder margin, tlie usual VV mark
being very slightly indicated ; on the margin of the wing itself is frequently
an interrupted row of dark or black lumdes: stigmata ashy-brown, with pale
margins : cilia brown, interrupted by griseous : posterior wings ochreous-
brown with a dusky margin : ciHa pale.

N0CTUID;E. — HELIOPHOBUS. 189

Caterpillar greenish, with darker shades : the head and first segment brownish :
it feeds on the Saponaria officinalis and other plants: — the imago appears to-
wards the end of June, or beginning of July.

Rare ; four or five specimens have been captured in my presence
at Darenth-wood, where I once caught a single specimen : it occurs
much more abundantly near Brighton ; and is found in Norfolk
and near Dover. " Bottisham." — Rev. L. Jenyns.

Genus CVIII. — Heliophobus, Boisduval.

Palpi rather short, stout, porrect, densely squamose, tri-articulate, the terminal
joint exposed, but squamose; the basal joint reniform, rather stouter than,
and about one-half the length of, the second, which is attenuated at the apex;
terminal joint about half as long as the first, elongate-ovate: maxillce very
short. AntenncE very strongly bipectinated in the males, the pectinations
reaching to the apex, furnished with a few distant bristles in the females :
head small, pilose in front ; eyes large, pubescent : thorax stout, crested : wings
rather deflexed during repose, the anterior obscurely denticulate on the pos-
terior margin, which is somewhat ample : the nervures generally pale; posterior
slightly notched on the hinder margin, towards the costa, pale with a darker
border ; body rather long, stout, of the male with a large tuft at the apex, of
the female rather acute, with a small apical tuft : legs short, robust, ihe femora
and tibiae very pilose ; posterior tibice with two pair of long spurs. Larva
naked : pupa subterranean.

The great dissimilarity of the antennae in the sexes of the only
two known species of this genus, at once point out their pretensions
for generic distinction from Hadena, with which genus all authors
but Boisduval have hitherto united them ; however, their very great
disparity from the typical species of that genus had long determined
me to disunite them therefrom : although the species somewhat re-
semble the three last species of Hadena, they may be distinguished
with facility by their elongate antennae, — the males having them
strongly pectinated, and the females furnished with bristles ; those
of the former sex in Hadena being not very long, and more or less
ciliated, while those of the latter are simple, — and more especially
by the brevity of their maxillae.

Sp. 1. Popularis. Alis anticis fuscis albido venosis strig/i suhinterruptd ad
inarginem posticunijlavescente, maculis sagittiformibus atris adnaiis. (Exp.
alar. 1 unc. 7 — 9 lin.)

Bo. Popularis. Fabricius. — Ph. typicoides. Don. xii. p/. 505. — He. Popularis.
Steph. Catal. pt. ii. p. 82. No. 6212.

Head deep fuscous; thorax fuscous, with darker shades; with a transverse

J90 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTERA.

pale streak, and a lateral white stripe : anterior wings fuscous, with the ner-
vures whitish, and interrupting the ordinary strigne, which are dusky : the
second and third geminated, the latter composed of lunules ; the ordinary
stigmata are placed between these, and are of a pale flavescent-ash, with
darker shades, the anterior is small and circular, the posterior rather slender,
and somewhat lunate : there is a third stigmatiiorm spot, as in Charseas Gra-
minis; this is produced from the second striga, and is slightly margined witli
cinereous with a black edge ; towards the hinder margin of the wing is a yel-
lowish sUghtly waved striga, accompanied on its inner edge with dark arrow-
shaped spots : cilia fuscous, with two pale lines : posterior wings whitish, with
a deep fuscous margin, a faint undulated transverse striga, and a minute central
spot of the same hue : cilia ochreous : abdomen fuscous, with paler margins
to the segments : the base and anterior segment clothed with long white or
cinereous hair.

Taken abundantly in certain years near London ; and in other
parts throughout the metropolitan district. Also found near.
Royston, Herts, at Dover, and not very uncommon near Plymouth,
and in Cornwall : — the female is, however, rare. " Bottisham." —
Rev. L. Jenyns. " Netley, not uncommon." — Rev. F. IV. Hope.

Sp. 2. leucophaeus. Plate 24. f. 1. Alis anticis suhdentatis griseo albo fus-
coque variegatis ; thorace antice fascid fuscS. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 8 lin.)

No. leucophaea. Wien. Verz. — He. leucophaeus. Steph. Catal. part ii. 'p. 82.
No. 6213.

Head and thorax anteriorly pale ochreous ; the latter posteriorly hoary white,
with a few dusky atoms intermixed, and separated from the ochreous portion
by an indistinct dusky line (of which the rudiments only remain in the spe-
cimen whence the accompanying figure, which is of the natural size, was
designed) : anterior wings variegated with griseous, wliite and fuscous ; the
ordinary strigae being very indistinct, excepting the second, which is somewhat
obvious and regularly waved ; the stigmata are large, but rather obscure ;
they are ashy-brown, with dull white or hoary margins ; the posterior mar-
gin of the wing is nearly white, a little clouded with dusky near the middle;
the cilia ochreous at the base, pale whitish ash or hoary at the tip, with a
dusky edge, and obsoletely dentate : posterior wings ashy- white, with a dark
fuscous central spot and transverse striga; and a faint dusky marginal border:
cilia as above.

Of this very conspicuous insect I have as yet seen but two indi-
genous females, which Avere captured in July, 1816, near Bristol,
whence Dr. Leach received them, and to whom I am indebted for
my fine example.

li.24-.

ijTuijnJ^h l-v J.f.r.rij.hm.:. llUy. !K2S.

N0CTUID;E. MAMESTRA. 191

Genus CXIX. — Mamestra, Ochsenlieimer .

Palpi short, triarticulate, densely clothed with elongate scales at the base, the
terminal joint not very distinctly exposed ; the basal joint the length of the
terminal, subconic ; the following as long again, more slender than the basal,
subcylindric, a little bent, and slightly attenuated at the tip, which is obliquely
truncate; terminal elongate-ovate: ??za.T«7te rather long. Antennw eXowgaie
rather slender, simple in both sexes, each joint producing a short bristle on
each side, ciliated beneath in the males : head rather small, the forehead with
a dense crest: eyes rather large, globose, pubescent: thorax subquadrate,
with a bifid dorsal crest : ahdovien moderate, crested on the back, the apex
with a small tuft : wings sHghtly deflexed during repose, anterior obscurely
denticulate on their hinder margin, posterior simple : legs short, stout : femora
and tibia; very pilose interiorly ; tibial spurs moderate. Larva naked, varied.
Pupa subterranean.

The species of this genus are usually of dull and sombre colours,
and like the Hadense they are mostly characterized by having a
conspicuous W-like mark, formed by the angulations of the pale
posterior striga, on their anterior wings. From the genus just men-
tioned they may be however known, by the greater simplicity of
the antennae in both sexes, the more denticulate posterior margin
of the anterior wings, the obscurity of their colours, and by the
dissimilarity in the structure of the palpi. Ma. Aliena of Ochsen-
lieimer appears rather to belong to the genus Hama, to be hereafter
described.

Sp. 1. furva. Alis anticis Jusco cinereo Jlavidoque variegatis, macula reniforviis

strigdque externa albicantibus. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 5 — 7 lin.)
No. furva. Wien. Ver%. — Ma. furva. Steph. Catal. pt. ii. p. 82. No. 6214.

A dingy species : head and thorax fuscous, the latter with some paler and darker
atoms: antei-ior wings fuscous, with cinereous and yellowish shades, the or-
dinary strigae of the last line edged with fuscous, the fourth excepted, which
is simple, considerably undulated and bidentate in the middle ; the stigmata
are rather paler than the rest of the wing, with the margins dusky or black,
sometimes with a whitish inner circle ; the hinder margin has a row of tri-
angular black spots, the margin itself having a yellowish line ; ciUa fuscous,
interrupted with ochraceous : posterior wings ashy-brown, with the nervures,
a central lunule, and the hinder margin darker.

Occasionally taken at Coombe-wood, and in other places near
London ; but much more abundant near Hull, in Yorkshire. I have
found it near Dovei-, and I believe it has been captured in the
vicinity of Brighton. (It ill associates with this genus.)

192 HAUSTELLATA. LEPIDOPTERA.

Sp. 2. Pisi. Alis anticis riij'o feri-ugincoqiie variis, striga Jlavescenie nndatii
ad margin em posticum, macuhique ad angvlam ani. (Exp. alar. 6 — 8 lin.)

Ph. No. Pisi. LinnL Wilkes, pi. vii. — Ma. Pisi. Stejih. Catal. part ii. p. 83.
JVo. 6215.

A beautiful and extremely variable species : head and thorax ferruginous-red :
anterior wings the same, but variegated, and sometimes with yellowish or
fuscous clouds; the ordinary strigiP sometimes obscure, at others yellowish
with dusky margins : the stigmata rather large, pale, sometimes clouded in
the centre with whitish or yellowish, at others plain; towards the hinder
margin is a very distinct, much waved and angulate-dentate yellowish striga,
varying a Uttle in intensity, being occasionally of a sulphurous hue or nearly
white ; towards the anal angle it is dilated into a large maculieform patch :
ciUa ferruginous-red, interrupted with yellowish : posterior wings ochreous
brown, with a lunule, the nervures and margin dusky, the latter with a paler
striga near the anal angle: behind the middle is occasionally a transverse
dusky striga, and the wings are sometimes entirely of the latter hue: the
posterior striga is sometimes interrupted.

Caterpillar slender red-brown or ferruginous, with yellow longitudinal stripes:
it feeds on the dock, vetch, pea, broom, and other papilionaceous plants, in
the autumn : the imago is produced in the following June.

Very common in certain years in the larva state at Coombe-
wood, on Hampstead Heath and in Epping Forest : also found
in other places near London, and I believe pretty generally distri-
buted over the south of England. " Dublin."— ^^r. J. Buhner,
who kindly supplied me with beautiful varieties. " Matlock." —
Bev. F. W. Hope. « Newcastle."— TF. C. Hewitson, Esq. " Ep-
ping." — 3Ir. H. Douhleday.

Sp. 3. splendens? Alis anticis rnfo-fuscis, strigis iribiis satitratioribns, externa
alho terminatd, stigmatibus pallidioribus. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 5 lin.)

No. splendens. Hilhner? — Ma. splendens.!* Steph. Catal pari ii. p. S3. N't).
6216.

Rather less than the last ; which it resembles : head and thorax rufous-brown:
anterior wings the same, with three darker transverse stiigir, the exterior one
terminated by an interrupted white hue ; the stigmata rather small pale red-
dish-ash, the anterior immaculate, the posterior with dusky cloiuls ; the cilia
interrupted with cinereous : posterior wings ochreous-ash, with the margin,
an interrupted transverse striga, central lunule and nervures dusky; ciha fla-
vescent.

A single example of a moth, which answers to Ochsenheimer's
specific description of Ma. splendens, was taken in Cumberland in
July, 1827, by Mr. Weaver, and is in my cabinet : it is the only
one I have seen.

NOCTUID.E. MAMESTRA. 193

Sp. 4. oleracea. Alis anticis castaneo-ferrugineis macula reniformi lutescente
strigdque externa alba bidentatd. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 6 — 7 lin.)

Ph. No. oleracea. Linne.—M&. oleracea. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 83. No. 6217. —
Albin. pi. XXVII. J". 4. a — d.

Head and thorax castaneous, varying in intensity : anterior wings the same,
sometimes a little clouded, but in general plain, with the ordinary strigse ob-
literated : anterior stigma pale ashy-brown, small, round, sometimes the margin
alone conspicuous ; posterior fulvous ; in some examples the rudiments of a
third stigma are visible, they are sometimes fuscous, at others fulvescent : on
the posterior margin is a whitish bidentate striga : posterior wings whitish-
ash, with a dusky border.

Caterpillar livid, spotted with black, with a fuscous dorsal and lateral whitish
line : — it is polyphagus, but prefers cabbage, lettuces, and similar plants : it is
found in the autumn ; the imago appearing in the spring, towards the end of
May.

Very common in gardens in and about London, and throughout
the south of England : " Dublin." — Rev. J. Biilwer. " Kimpton."
—Rev. G. F. Riidd. " Netley."— Ee-^-. F. W. Hope. « Bottisham."
— Rev. L. Jenyns. " Alderley, Cheshire." — Rev. E. Stanley.

Sp. 5. suasa. Alis anticis fuscis subnebulosis, lineold basi interrtiptd nigra,

strigftque posticci bidentatd alba. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 4 — 5 lin.)
No. suasa. Wien. Verz. — Ma. suasa. Step. Catal. part ii.p. 83. IVo. 6218.

Head and thorax fuscous : anterior wings glossy brown, a little clouded with
darker shades: with an acute black lineola at the base, and the margins of the
stigmata of the same colour ; the stigmata of a pale ashy-brown, and situated
between two very obscure rather pale strigae : towards the posterior margin is
a white, deeply bidentate striga, with black arrow-shaped streaks on its an-
terior margin : the cilia and posterior wings are fuscous.

Caterpillar green, with rufescent and bluish spots and three streaks of the latter
colour :— it is polyphagous, feeding upon the cabbage, dock, lettuce, plantain,
trefoil, &c. : the imago appears in June.

Of this rare insect I have seen but four examples, three of which
were captured near London, and one in Norfolk ; my specimen,
which is the only female I have seen, was taken at Birch-wood in
the beginning of July, 1818 : it is rather in a tattered condition.

Sp. 6. nigricans. Plate 24. f. 2. — Alis anticis subochraceo-nigricantibus,
stigmatibus strigisque ordinariis pallidioribus. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 8 lin.)

No. nigricans. Vieiveg? — Ma. nigricans. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 83. JVb.
6219.

Antennae rusty-luteous; head and thorax pale immaculate dusky-brown, with
an ochraceous tinge ; anterior wings the same, with obsolete paler and darker
Haustellata. Vol. IL 1st June, 1829. o

194 HAUSTELLATA. LlCPIDOl'TERA.

strigae, and a more distinct slender triangulated one tOAvards the posterior
margin: on the cosla are several whitish spots, of which the one opposite to
the posterior stigma is largest, and adjoins a dusky one: the stigmata are
rather obscure, a little paler than the wings, and faintly edged with dusky,
and the posterior one with two whitish spots on its hinder edge; on the
margin are some indistinct dusky lunate spots: the posterior wings are
ochreous white, with the hinder margin and nervures dusky: abdomen dusky-
ash.

Two examples of this rare species (the figure of which is rather
larger than nature) have hitherto come beneath my observation :
one was taken in the New Forest, Hants, or rather, I believe, off
Christchurch, by Mr. Bentley, in a bathing-machine, towards the
end of June, 1819; and at the end of the following week, a second
was picked up by a boy at Darenth-wood : since which period no
other specimens have occurred to my knowledge.

Sp. 7. Brassicae. Alts anticis fusco-cinereis nebulosis, stigviatibus duabus nigro-
cinctis, renifornii alhicinctd, strigdque posticfi bidentatd albd. (Exp. alar.
6—8 Hn.)

Ph. No. Brassies. Lzttwe.— Ma. Brassicse. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 83. No.
6220. Albin. pi. xxviu.f. 42, 43, &c.

Head and thorax deep fuscous-black, with cinereous atoms: anterior wings
ashy-brown, very much clouded with cinereous, with irregular distinct black
strigae, and another very much undulated and bidentated white one near the
posterior margin, which has a row of dusky or black trigonate spots : the
anterior stigma is margined with black; the posterior, or reniform one, more
or less margined with white ; and, as in most of the Agrotes, there is a third
indicated by a black angulated mark : towards the apex of the costa are four
white spots: posterior wings fuscous, with the centre and margin darker;
cilia pale with a fuscous line.

This species varies considerably in colour ; in some examples the cinereous hue
predominates, in others the dusky: I possess one example suffused with a
rosy tinge, with a distinct ferruginous spot on the inner margin near the
base.

Caterpillar very variable green or brown, with white stigmata and an obscure
dorsal line: it feeds chiefly upon the cabbage, and is found in the autumn:
the imago occurs in the beginning of summer, and remains for a considerable
period.

One of the most abundant of the indigenous Noctuidse, frequent-
ing every garden, and abounding in banks and weedy hedges.
" Abundant at Netley." — Rev. F. W. Hope. " Bottisham."— i2^v.
L. Jenyns. " Common at Kimpton, and in Yorkshire." — Rev. G.
T. Rndd.

NOCTUID.E. MAMESTRA. 195

t Sp. 8. albidilinea. Alls anticis nigricantibus, strigd posticd alte hidentatd

albicanfe. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 7 lin.)
No. albidilinea. Haworth.—hU. albidilinea. Steph. Catal. pt. ii. p. 83. No. 6221.

Tlie size and form of the last : the anterior wings with the ordinary stigmata,
and a strongly bidentate striga towards the hinder margin whitish.

I do not believe that this insect is truly distinct from Ma. Bras-
sicse ; but rather suspect that it will prove to be merely a suffused
variety of that species, having some of the characters, as usual in
such cases, apparently more distinct. The original specimen is in
Mr. Hatchett's collection, but I believe a second has been found.

Sp. 9. albicolon. Plate 24. f. 3. Aiis anticis fusco-grise is, macula reniformd
punctis duobus albis strigdque externa Jlavescente punctata. (Exp. alar. 1 unc.
8—9 hn.)

No. albicolon. Hllbner. — Ma. albicolon. Steph. Catal. pt. ii. p. 83. No. 6222.

Rather larger than Ma. Brassicse : head and thorax deep cinereous, mixed with
paler and darker shades, with an obscure transverse anterior line : anterior
wings of similar hue, a little clouded with fuscous, with several rather obscure
darker strigse, and an interrupted, scarcely undulated, series of distinct yel-
lowish spots in place of the posterior striga : stigmata pale cinereous, the pos-
terior slightly clouded, with two distinct white spots adjoining the posterior
angle : the third stigma wanting : posterior wings ochraceous-ash, with the
border fuscous : cilia pale.

The total absence of the third stigma on the anterior wings, with the row of
flavescent spots near their posterior margin, and the pale ochraceous-ash pos-
terior wings, exclusively of its size and dissimilar colour, sufficiently distinguish
this insect from Ma. Brassicae, with which it appears to have been confounded.

Of this plain, but remarkably distinct, insect I have seen six
specimens only, which were captured in August, 1827, by Mr.
Weaver, in Cumberland.

Sp. 10. Chenopodii. Alis anticis fusco-cinereis nigro maculatis, stigmatibus
tribus, stigmate reniformi nigricante, strigd posticd hidentatd alba. (Exp.
alar. 1 unc. 4 — 6 lin.)

No. Chenopodii. Wien. Verz. — Ma. Chenopodii. Steph. Catal. part ii. p. 84.
No. 6224. Albin. pi. xxix. / 44. e—d.

Head and thorax cinereous immaculate ; antenna; fuscous : anterior wings cine-
reous, with irregular black and pale strigse and fuscous clouds, with a
slender bidentate white striga near the posterior margin, which has a row of
minute black spots ; the costa is also spotted with dusky-black, with three
distinct minute white dots near the apex : the anterior stigma is pale with a
dark border, the posterior dusky margined with cinereous and black ; there
is also a third stigma, as in Ma. Brassicje, dusky with a black margin, but ex-
tremely variable in size : posterior wings cinereous, with the nervures, central
spot and margin fuscous.

196 HAUSTELLATA. — LEIMDOFTERA.

This insect varies much in colour, and a little in the disposition of its markings.
Caterpillar green, with an obscure dorsal and reddish lateral line : it feeds on

various pot-herbs like Ma. Brassies and others of the genus : the imago appears

in June.

A very common species, frequenting tlie gardens and squares of
tlie metropolis itself, and abounding in the former situations through-
out its vicinity.

Sp. 11. Persicaritc. Aiis anticis nigris, strigis tribus fuscescentihus, undque
posticd punctoruvi fuhorum, stigmate reniformi niveo lunula, fulvu. (Exp.
alar. 1 unc. 6 — 8 lin.)

Ph. No. Persicariae. Linne. Don. ix. pi. 317. — Ma. Persicariae. Step. Catal.
■part ii. p. 84. No. 6225.

Head and thorax black, the latter with a few darker spots ; anterior wings also
black, with three rather obscure fuscous strigse, edged with black, and a
slightly waved series of fulvous spots near the hinder margin : anterior stigma
rather indistinct, with a stigmatiform spot between it and the inner margin, as
in the last-mentioned species ; posterior stigma pure white, with a fulvous
central lunule : on the costa are three or four white spots, and a minute row
of the same at the base of the cilia, which are black and indented : posterior
wings whitish at the base, with a central lunule, and the hinder margin deep
fuscous.

Caterpillar green, with a white dorsal line, and an obscure cloud on the fourth
and fifth segment; the tail conic : it feeds on the hop, elder, and other plants;
and is found in the autumn : the imago appearing in the following June.

Rather uncommon : I have, however, found several specimens in
a garden at Hertford in certain seasons, and occasionally at Ripley ;
and on Clandon-common, Surrey : it also occurs throughout the
metropolitan district. " Allesley." — Rev. W. T. Brec. " Netley." —
Rev. F. W. Hope. " Epping." — Mr. H. Douhlcduy.

APPENDIX.

Page 5. IIkpialus hectus. It should have been remarked. Dr. Leach distin-
guishes this species in his MSS. as a genus, by the name Chelonus, which
cannot be retained, as it is preoccupied. " Longnor, Salop, not abundant."
—Rev. F. W. Hope. " RockclifFand Castletown."— T. C Hexjsham, Esq.

Page 5. Hepialus lupulinus. " Rickerby, &c., (."umbs." — T. C llci/sham^
Esq. " Abundant in Saloi)." — lier. F. W. IInjw.

HEPIALID.q^. NOTODONTID.E. B0MBYCID7E. 197

Page 6. Hepialus liumuli. " In some seasons very abundant near Carlisle."
— T. C. Hey sham, Esq.

Page 6. Hepialus velleda. " Littleton Copse, 30th vXC—Rev. G. T. Rnrld.
" Newcastle, rarely." — W. C. He wit son, Esq.

Page 7. Hepialus carnus. " Littleton Copse, with the foregoing, 29th and

30th u\t:'—I{ev. J. T. Rudd.
Page 8. Zeuzera .^sculi. " Lamberhurst, Sussex." — Rev. F. W. Hope.

" Near Southwold, Suffolk." — W. C Hewitson, Esq.

Page 9. Cossus ligniperda. " Abundant at Matlock in 1828."— i?ei'. F. W.
Hope. " Oak woods in the neighbourhood of Black Hale and Floshes." —
T. C. Heysham, Esq. " York, Newcastle, &c." — W. C. Hewitson, Esq.

Page 12. Pyg^era bucephala. " Cummersdale, Rockcliff, Orton, &c." — T.C.
Heysham, Esq. " Common in Salop ; larvae called Highlanders."- — Rev. F.
W. Hope. "■ Yorkshire, and Suffolk, very common." — W. C. Hewitson, Esq.

Page 14. Episema coeruleocephala. ''' Common at Netley in 1828." — Rev. F.
W. Hope.

Page 19. Cerura Vinula. " Harraby, Knells, Brampton, &c." — T. C. Hey-
sham, Esq.

In Mr. Children's collection is a remarkable variety of this insect; having the
head and front of the thorax, the hirsuties of the legs and breast of a deep
smoky-black; with the wings considerably suffused with a similar hue, but
with the ordinary striga- and fascia : it was found near Brighton.

Page 21. Stauropus Fagi. " The male captured several times at Burghfield,

by means of a lighted candle, in the evening." — Rev. C. S. Bird.
Page 25. Leiocampa dicta^a. " Near Rockchff."— T. C. Heysham, Esq.
Page 25. Leiocampa dictseoides. " Old Brompton." — Mr. G. Waterhoiise.

Page 27. Lophopteryx carraehta. Var. /3. With the anterior wings deep
fuscous, tinted with reddish ; the markings as in var. a. Of this variety
there is a beautiful example in the British Museum (the one referred to in
page 28); and a very perfect anterior wing of the same variety was picked
up in Ongar-park, the 22d of April, 1828, by Mr. H. Doubleday, who kindly
transmitted it to me.

Page 28. Ptilodontis palpma. " Brompton, 1828." — Mr. G. Waterhouse.

Page 33. Peridea serrata. " Dorking, in 1828." — Mr. G. Waterhouse.

Page 33. Endromis versicolor. " Bishop's Castle, and Lenley, Salop." —
Rev. F. W. Hope.

Page 36. Saturnia Pavonia. " The caterpillar very abundant on Heath on
the Bishop's Castle Hills in 1826."— i?er. F. JF. Hope. " Yorkshire, and
near Newcastle." — W. C. Hewitson, Esq.

Page 38. Lasiocamfa Rubi. " Rockchff Moss."— T. C. Heysham, Esq.
" York, &c."— rr. C. Hewitson, Esq.

198 HAUSTELI.ATA. LEPIDOPTERA.

Page 40. Lasiocami'a Quercus. " Orton Mosses."— T. C. Hei/sham, Esq.'
" Common at Netley in 1828."— Rev. F. W. Hope. " Collingbourne-wood
in profusion."— jRev. G. T. Rudd.

Page 43. Poecilocampa Populi. " Very abundant near Birmingham." — Rev.
F. W. Hope.

Page 45. Eriogaster Lanestris. " York."— ^. C. Hewitson, Esq.

Page 49. Clisiocampa Neustria. " Davidson's Bank, near Carlisle."— T. C

Hey sham, Esq.

Page 52. Odonestis potatoria. " Near Woodbank."— T. C. Heysham, Esq.
Page 52. Gastropacha quercifolia. " Near Sheffield." — Rev. F. W. Hope.
Page 59. Dasvchira pudibunda. " Black Hale Woods." — T. C. Heysham,
Esq. " Near York; larvae on beech."— fF. C. Hewitson, Esq.

Page 61. Orgyia antiqua. " Netley, in August." — Rev. F. W. Hope.

Page 61. Orgyia gonostigma. " Bagley-wood, Oxfordshire," — Rev. F. W.

Hope.

Page 64. Leucoma Salicis. " Woods near Cummersdale." — T. C Heysham,
Esq.

Page 67. Hypercompa Dominula. " Very abundant at Darenth-wood last
June (182B)." — Mr. Ingpen.

Page 68. Euthemonia russula. " Common about Birmingham, and near
Bewdley-forest."— iJeii. F. W. Hope. Hen-Moss and Tarn Wadling."— T. C.

Heysham, Esq.

Page 69. Arctia Caja. " Dum-hill, Harkes, &c." — T. C. Heysham, Esq.
" Suffolk, York, Newcastle, &c." — W. C. Hewitson, Esq.

Page 72. Nemeophila Plantaginis. "Southend, &c." — Rev. F. W.Hope.

Page 74. Phragmatobia fuliginosa. " Netley, August and September." —
Rev. F. W. Hope. " Castletown and Rock cliff." — T. C Heysham, Esq.

Page 77. Spilosoma lubricepeda. " Near Ellerby." — T. C. Heysham, Esq.

Page 78. Diaphora mendica. " Near Norwood." — M?\ Ingpen.

Page 82. Fumea nniscella. " Hornsey and Highgate-woods." — Mr. Ingpen.

Page 83. Nudaria mundana. " Common at Netley." — Rev. F. W. Hope.

Pape 90. Callimorpha Jacobseae. " Kingmoor, Orton, &c." — T. C Heysham,

Esq.
Page 93. Deiofeia pulchella. " A specimen taken near Oxford, and now in

the Botanic-garden ; — last year found at Gravesend." — Rev. F. W. Hope.

Page 97. Lithosia quadra. " Once taken in Harrison-street, Gray's Inn
Road." — Mr. Ingpen.

Page 98. Gnofhrta rubricollis. Whether there may not be two broods of this
insect I am not positive, but it is certain that the insect is about for a long
period; having taken it myself in July, and specimens having occurred so

NOCTUID/E. 199

early as the end of May. " Woods near Black Hale and Castletown." — T. C
Hey sham, Esq. " Bagley-wood, end of May, very common." — Rev. F. W.
Hope. " Taken in profusion in 1828, early in June; and this year for this
fortnight past, — 1st June, 1829." — Rev. G. T. Rudd.

Page 102. TriphyENA orhona, " Durdan and Floshes."— T. C. Heysham,Esq.

Page 103. Triph^na pronuba. " New Moss," Scc.—T. C. Heysham, Esq.

Page 105. TRiPHiENA interjecta. " Netley, very abundant."— iJey. F. W. Hope.

Page 106. Triph.'ena Janthina. " Netley."— iJev. F. W. Hope.

Page 107. Genus LYTiEA. This genus, which now contains three indigenous
species, in addition to the characters pointed out in the place cited, has the
posterior wings with a dark fimbria, and a more or less distinct transverse
dusky striga, with a central spot of similar hue ; and all the wings very glossy;
the anterior considerably rounded at the base.

Sp. 2. Lyt^a leucographa. Alls anticis fusco purpureis alio adspersis, maculis

ordinariis albidis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 6 lin. )
Noctua leucographa. Hiibner.Jig. 512. — Ly. leucographa. Stepli. Catal. Appendix.

Head and thorax fuscous, with a mixture of fulvous orrufescent; the latter with
a transverse dusky streak, followed by a reddish-brown one : anterior wings
reddish-brown, varied with white and ochraceous-yellow, with fine purplish or
coppery shades ; at the base is a slightly bifid black streak, reaching nearly to
the second striga, which is rather indistinct and very irregular; the third is
considerably bent behind the posterior stigma, and is united to the second by
a small black hook on the inner margin ; between the posterior striga and the
hinder margin is a very faint interrupted pale waved striga, bearing a row of
elongate-triangular spots on its anterior edge ; the space between this striga
and the posterior margin is plain purplish-brown, with the nervures shghtly
ochreous ; and on the margin are some indistinct black dots : ciha reddish-ochre :
stigmata whitish, placed in a dusky or black patch : posterior wings ochreous-
white, with a central lunule and two transverse strigae fuscous.

Caterpillar green, with white and brown spots.

My specimen of this insect was taken near York. Hubner seems to have
figured two very distinct insects under the above name.

Sp. 3. Lyt^a albimacula. Graphiphora albimacula, page 137, which evidently

associates better with this genus than with the one under which I have

doubtingly placed it : it closely resembles the foregoing.
Page 111. Char^as Graminis. " Netley, Salop, 1827 and 1828."— iJef. F. W.

Hope. ", Denton, Holme."— T. C. Hey sham, Esq.
Page 116. Agrotis Segetum. It appears by a letter received from Mr. Kirby,

that instead of the larvae of this insect, it was slugs that were destroyed in such

abundance by Mr. Rodwell.
Page 118. Agrotis vaUigera. " Occasionally near Netley."— iJey. F. W. Hope..
Page 120. Agrotis vitta. " Alderley, Cheshire."— iJey. E. Stanley.

200 HAUSTELLATA. — LEPIDOPTEnA.

Page 12G. Agrotis exclamationis. " In the utmost profusion in July, 1827,

near Netley." — Rev. F. W. Hope.
Page 128. Graphiphora rhomboidea. As I suspect that this handsome species

is perfectly distinct from the Noctua rhomboidea of Esper, I propose calling

it Graphiphora subrosea.

Page 130. Graphiphora pyrophila. "Flisk, not Zetland." — Rev. Dr. Fleming,
Page 131. Graphiphora augur. " Common at Netley." — Rev. F. W. Hope.

Page 133. Graphiphora triangulum. '' RockclifF-moss."— T. C. Heysham.,

Esq.
Page 136. Graphiphora plecta. " Cambridge." — C. Darwin, Esq.
Page 137. Graphiphora albimacula. See Lytaea albimacula, p. 199.
Page 144. Orthosia miniosa. " A single specimen at Netley." — Rev. F. W.

Hope.
Page 146. Orthosia Pistacina. " Epping." — Mr. H.Douhleday.
Page 149. Orthosia Upsilon. "Epping." — Mr. H. Doithleday.
Page 158. Caraurina cubicularis. " Exceedingly abundant, last August, near

Netley." — Rev. F. W. Hope.

Page 159. Caradrina glareosa. " Of this insect I have taken a fine pair at
Epping; one in July, 1827, the other on the 29th August, 1828."— Jfr. H.
DouhJeday.

Page 161. Gi..uA Vaccinii. " Kimpton."— /2ey. G. T. Rudd.

Page 163. Amphipyra pyramidea. " New-moss." — T. C. Hey sham, Esq,

Page 165. Pyrophila tetra. " Kimpton." — Rev. G. T. Rndd.

*^* The tabular view of the Noctuidje will be given at the end
of the family.

INDEX.

Aglia . . 36
Tau . . 37

AOROTIS • 112

sequa . .115
annexa. . 117
aquilina . 121
Corticea . 114
cinerea . .127
cuneigera . 123
clubia . .125
exclamationis 120",
200
fumosa . 124

Hortorum . 122
lunigera . 113
nebulosa . 127
nigricans . 123
obeliscata . 124
ocellina . 122

pupillata . 1 20
radia . .119
radiola . ib.

ruris . .125
sagittifera . 119
Segetum 115^ 199
subgothica . 120
sufFusa . IIG

Tritici . .121
valligera 118, 199
venosa . .123
vitta . 120, 199
Amphipyra . 163
pyramidea 164, 200
Arctia . 55, 69
aulica . -71
Caja . 69, 198
Hebe . . 71
niatronula . ^0
purpurea . 71
villica . . ib.

ARCTIlDi^E 3, 45

UombycidjE 3, 35

Calocajipa . 172
exoleta . 173

vetusta . 1 74

Callijiorpha 89
Jacobaeae 90, 198
miniata . ib.

Caradrina . 154
Alsines . 156

ambigua . 155
cubicularis 158,
200
glareosa 159, 200
implexa . 156
hevib . . 157

Morpheus . ib.

Page

Ca. redacta . 155
Sepii . 158

sordida . 157

superstes . 159

Cerigo . . 106
texta . .107

Cerura . 11, 15
arcuata , 17

bicuspis . 16
bifida . . 19
erminea . 20
furcula . 17

fuscinula . 18
Integra . 1 6

latifascia . 18
Vinula . 19, 197

Chaonia U, 29
Dodonea . 30
Roboris . ib.

Quernea . 31

Char/eas . 108
Cespitis . 109

confinis . ib.

fusca . . ib.
Graminis 111, 199
nigra . .110

Clisiocampa 36,48
castrensis . ib.
Neustria 49, 198

Clostera 11, 12
anachoreta . 13
anastomosis . ib.
curtula . 14

reclusa . 13

Cnethocampa 36,

46

pitiocampa . 48

processionea . 47

Cossus . 3, 9

ligniperda ib., 197

Dasychira 55, 58
fascelina . ib.
pudibunda 59, 198

Deiopeia 89, 92
pulchella . 93

Demas 55, 59

Coryli . 60

DiAPHORA 55, 77

mendica 7^, 198

Dypterygia 167

Pinastri . 168

Endromis 11, 33

versicolora 34, 197

Episema 11, 14

■ ccrrulcocephala ib.

197

ElllOU ASTER 36, 41

Page

Er. Lanestris 45, 198

EuLEPiA 89,91

cribrum . 92

grammica . 91

EUTHEMONIA 55,

68
Russula ib., 198

EUTRICHA 36, 50
Pint . . ib.

FuMEA . 55,81
Bombycella . 83
muscella 82, 198
nitidella . ib.
pectinella . 83
puUa . . 82

Gastropacha 36

52

Ilicifolia . 53

Populifolia . ib.

Quercifolia52, 198

Gl^.a . . 159
polita . .162
riibiginea . 16)
rubricosa . 160
Satellitia . 163
spadicea . 162
subnigra . ib.
Vaccinii 161, 200

Gnophria 89, 98
rubricoUis ib., 198

Grammesia . 151
bilinea . .152
trilinea . ib.

Geaphiphora 128
albimacula 137,
200
augur . 131, 200.
baja . .134
brunnea . 131
candelisequa . 132
C. nigrum . 136
crassa . .130
depuncta . 133
erythrocephala 134
festiva . . ib.
latens . .129
lunulina . 130
musiva . 136

nigrum . ib.

plecta . ib., 200
pyrophilal30,200
punicea . 135

renigera . 129
subrosea 128, 200
triangulum . 133
200
tristignia . 132

Page

Hadena . 179
adusta . .181
arnica? . 180

Capsincola . 188
contigua . 184
Cucubali . 187
Genista . 183
glauca . 185

leucostigma . 186
Lithoriza . 187
oblonga . 182

obscura . 184

ochracea . 186
plebeia • .185
remissa . 181

Saponarias . 188
satura , .181
Thalassina . 182

Heuophobus 189
leucopheeus . 190
Popularis . 189

Hepialid.*: . 3

Hepialus . 3, 4
carnus . 7? 197
hectus . 4, 196
Humuli 6, 197
lupulinus 5, 196
sylvinus . 7
Velleda 6, 197

Heterogenea 55y

84

Asellus . 85

HrPBRcoMPA 55,

69

Dominula ib., 198

Hypogymna . 55
dispar . .56

L.ELiA . 55, 62
casnosa . 63

Lasiocampa 36, 38
Dumeti . 41

IMedicaginis . 40
Quercus ib., 197
Roboris . 41

Rubi . 39, 197
Trifolii . ib.

Leiocampa 11, 24
dicta;a 25, 197
dictffioides ib., 197

Leucoma 55, 63
Salicis . 64, 198
Vau-nigra . ib.

LiMACODES 55, 85
Testudo . 86

LiTiiosiA 89, 93
aureola . 94

com plan a . 95

202

INDEX.

Li. depressa . 96

flava . . 95

gilveola . ib.

griseola . 96

helveola . 94

muscerda . 97

plumbeolata . 96

quadra 97, 198

LlTHOSIIDiE87, 88
LoPHOPTERYX 11,

26
camelina . ib.
carmelita 27, 197
cuculla . ib.

LvTiEA 107, 199
albimaculal37,199
leucographa . 199
umbrosa . 108

Mamestra . 191
albidilinea . 195
albicolon . ib.
Brassicae . 194
Chenopodii . 195
furva . 191

nigricans . 193
oleracea . ib.
Persicariae . 196
Pisi • . 192
splendens . ib.
suasa . . 193

Mythimna . 149
conigera . 151
grisea . 150

lithargyria . 151
turca . 150

NiENIA . 165

typica . 166

Nemeophila55,72
Plantaginis ib. 198

NocTuiD^-, 87, 100

NOTODONTA 11, 22

Dromedarius ib.

Page

No. perfusca . 23

ziczac . 23

NOTODONTID^ 3,

10

NuDARiA 55, 83
Hemerobia . 84
mundana S3, 198
senex . 84

Odonestis 36, 51
Potatoria ib. 198

Ohgyia 55, 60

antiqua ib. 198
gonostigma60, 198

Orthosia . 139
cruda . 144

flavilinea . 148
gracilis . 141

instabilis . 140
intermedia . ib.
lltura . 145

Lota . . 147
lunosa . ib.

macilenta . 148
miniosa 144, 200
munda . 141

pallida . 143

Pistacina 146,200
pusilla . 145

sparsa . 142

stabilis . 143

Upsilon 149, 200

Penthophera 55

78

nigricans . 79

Rubea . ib.

Peridea 11, 32

serrata 33, 197

Petasia 11,31

Cassinea . 32

PURAGMATOBIA 55

73

fuliginosa ib. 198

Page

PlEClLOCAMPA 36

43

Populi 44, 198

PORTHESIA 55, 65

auriflua . 66

chrysorrhaea . 65
PsiLURA 55, 57

Monacha . 59
Psyche 55, 79

fusca . 80

Ptilodontis 11,

28

palpina ib. 197
Ptii,ophora11,29

variegata . ib.
Pyg.ira . 11

bucephala ib. 1 97
Pyrophila . 164

tetra .. 169,200

Tragopogonis 165

RUSINA . Ill

ferruginea . 112

Saturnia . 36

Pavonia-minor 37

197

Segetia • 153

neglecta . 154
xanthographa 15,3

Setina 89,98

eborina . 100

irrorella . 99
roscida . 100

Semiophora . 138
gothica . ib.

Spilosoma 55,74
lubricepeda77, 198
Menthastri . 75
papyratia . 76
radiata . 77

Urticae . 76

Stauropus 11, 21
Fagi ib. 197

Pagd
Trichiura 36,42

Crata?gi . 43

Trtph^na . 102
fimbria . 105

inter jecta 105, 199
innuba . 104

Janthina 106, 199
orbona . 102, 199
pronuba 103, 199
subsequa . ib.

Xylina . 168

conspicillaris 1 69
petrificata . 171
pulla . .170
putris . 172

rhizolitha . I70
semibrunnea . ib.

Xylophasia 174
combusta . 177
epomidion . 178
hirticornis . 177
lithoxylea . 175
polyodon . 176
rectilinea . 179
rurea . .176
Scolopacina . 178
sublustris . 175

Zeuzera . 6
^sculi ib. 197

English Names.

Highlanders 197

Hopdogs . 59

Lobster . . 22

Moth, brocade . 190

footman . 94

'Ghost . 6

Spra-wler . . 32

S-wlfts . . 4

END OF VOL. II.

LIST OF PLATES.

PLATE

PAG

13. f. 1.

Hepialus carnus .... 7

2.

Clisiocampa castrensis .

48

3.

Cerura bicuspis ?

16

14. f. 1.

Ptilophora variegata

29

2.

Notodonta perfusca ?

23

3.

Lophopteryx camielita

27

15. f. 1.

Cerura fuscinula

18

2.

bifida

19

3.

^Y\i-nrrY'n

. 16

lllLC^let •

16. f. 1*.

Clostera reclusa /S. ?

13

2.

Leucoma Vau-nigra

64

3.

Spilosoma fllenthastri Var. £.

75

17- f. 1.

Setina irrorella

99

2.

Heterogenea Asellus

85

3,

Eulepia grammica

91

18. f. 1.

Lithosia aureola

94

2.

Nudaria senex

84

3.

Psyche fusca $ .

82

4.

9

ib.

19. f. 1.

Graphiphora subrosea .

128

2.

Orthosia flavilinea

• 148

3.

Lyteea albimacula

137

20. f. 1.

Agrotis radiola

119

2.

Charaeas nigra

110

3.

Agrotis lunigera

113

21. f. 1.

Caradrina glareosa

159

2.

Segetia neglecta

154

3.

Xylina semibrunnea

170

22. f. 1.

Agrotis nebulosa

127

2.
3.

117

126

- ctllllCAct •

subgothica

23. f. 1.

Xylina petrificosa

171

2.

Hadena arnica?

180

3.

ochracea

186

24. f. 1.

Heliophobus leucophseus

190

2.

Mamestra nigricans ? .

193

3.

albicolon

195

ERRATA.

Page 2, line 27, fir coccoons, read cocoons.

47, 21, /or nests, read nest

55, 9 and 14, /or pilosse read pilosi.

56, 39, /or stronger, read fainter.

63, 40, for projections, read proportions.

88, 7, for either and or, read neither and nor.

89, 32 'and 34, /or Ce., read Ca.

90, 3 and 4, /or Ce., read Ca.

91, 22. /or larger, read longer.

110, 29, }br Plate 20. f. 1. read Plate 20. f, 2.

1 13, 29,/or Plate 20. f. 2. read Plate 20. f. 3.

119, 15,/or Plate 20. f. 3. read Plate 20. f. 1.

128, 34, /or. rhomboidea. Phte 19. f. 1. 8. read subrosea. Plate 19. f. 1. $.

Works published hy the Author.

I.

A

SYSTEMATIC CATALOGUE

OF

BRITISH INSECTS;

Being an attempt to arrange all the hitherto discovered indigenous insects in accordance
with their natural affinities ;

Containing also,

The references to every English writer on Entomology, and to the principal foreign
Authors ; with all the published British genera to the present time.

(In one thick vol. 8vo.)

II.

THE

NOMENCLATURE

OF

BRITISH INSECTS;

Being a Compendious List of such species as are contained in the above Catalogue ; and
forming a guide to their classification, &c.

{Price 4s. Cd. In cloth hoards; or printed on one side for lahelUng cahincts, cjj-c. Piicc5%.)

III.

ILLUSTRATIONS

OP

BRITISH ENTOMOLOGY;

(In Mo7ithlif jVunihcrs, jiricc 5s. each. J
To be completed in 87 Numhers.

LONDON :

riUNTEU UY THOMAS UAVJSON, WHITE FKIAKS.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION L'BRAniES

3 9088 00721 4000

' ■■■■ -'--f^

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