wy 4 : | oe Boge \ Ty | iy rary tay i\, 4 ag i 4 i i ; . . 4 Ht | i \ ? a: | . @h ‘ . 2 ‘ ; 3 = > 7 3 ‘ we a: vf res Hyd eateied ban RA ie, . BL ead at aa ' ie ’ 4 ; ver haey MR by ve bhi ht iid Nene , eruyt ey tat . eon he A ‘ PMN VAUE S ungeies rote AMR, ain a3 tanto har nceeet see , ee ee ‘ % ‘ tet to 4 . ait es ‘" THE FIELD MUSEUM LIBRARY uit" 4 i 7 OF THE FALKLAND ISLANDS | ' wee wr ad i ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS THE FALKLAND ISLANDS BY MRS. E. F. VALLENTIN WITH DESCRIPTIONS BY MRS. E. M. COTTON ERE ENE 1é& CO,, Erp, LLOYDS BANK BUILDINGS, BANK STREET, ASHFORD, KENT. 1921 Printed in Great Britain by ei William Clowes & Sons, Limited, _ pale a Ned London and Beccles. PUBLISHERS’ NOTE Tae drawings from which the plates in this volume have been prepared were made by Mrs. Vallentin after a visit to England, during which she interested herself in the study of botany and received valuable aid in the examination and drawing of plants from Miss Matilda Smith, of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. On her return to the Falkland Islands she began to make draw- ings from the living plants growing in the Islands with a view to the preparation of an illustrated flora of her native land. The work, however, was interrupted by a serious breakdown in health ; and when it became evident that its resumption must be indefinitely postponed, her husband decided to issue the present volume from such materials as were already available. He entrusted the arrangement of the drawings to Miss Smith and the descriptions to Mrs. Cotton. Mrs. Cotton desires to acknowledge her indebtedness to the following works for much information :—‘“ Flora Antarctica,” by Sir Joseph D. Hooker; “Flora of the Falkland Islands,” by C. H. Wright (in the Journal of the Linnean Society, Vol. xxxix); and “A Botanical Survey of the Falkland Islands,” by Carl Skottsberg. The order of arrangement follows closely that adopted in British floras and herbaria, and as the series includes examples of most of the natural orders of flowering plants and ferns found in the Islands, the work may not only be of interest to those who desire to identify the plants more commonly met with, but also to some who may be tempted to enter upon a more systematic examination and arrangement of allied species. Vv Briefly, the plants are arranged under three main classes as follows :— Cuass L—Plants which begin to grow from seeds by sending up two very simple leaves called cotyledons, and which therefore are called Dicoryuepons. As full-grown plants they may usually be recognised by having mature leaves with branched or net-like veins, and flowers with their parts not in threes or multiples of three. This class is represented in plates 1-52, grouped as follows :— 1-23—in which the petals are separate, not united, called Polypetale ; 24-48—in which the petals are more or less united, some in a tube, others only near the base, called Monopetale ; 49-52—in which the flowers are incomplete, INcomPLETs. Crass Il.—Plants which begin to grow from seeds by sending up one very simple leaf ‘cotyledon,’ and which are called Monocotytepons. As full-grown plants they may usually be recognised by having mature leaves with parallel veins, and flowers with their parts in threes or multiples of three; repre- sented in plates 53-58. Crass I[L—Plants without true flowers and seeds, of which only ferns are included in this book; represented in plates 59-64. Within these classes and their subdivisions are arranged the Families of plants; and these again are divided into Genera and Species. The botanical name of a plant is that of its genus and species. In the following Table of Contents the more important analytical characters which determine their arrangement have been added. ANALYTICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS CLASS I DICOTYLEDONS Leaves net-veined; parts of the flower not in multiples of 3. (Plates 1-52.) Division 1. Petals separate. Ponypetanm. (Plates 1-23.) (a) Petals and Stamens inserted under the Ovary. (Plates 1-15.) Ranunculacesx :—Petals definite in number. Stamens indefinite. Ovary of several carpels. HAMADRYAS ARGENTEA CALTHA SAGITTATA RANUNCULUS BITERNATUS 1 — Macnovianus 2 — HYDROPHILUS 3 — TRULLIFOLIUS 4 5 6 Cruciferse :—Sepals 4. Petals 4. Stamens 6. Arasis MacnoviaNa : : ; . i : 7 DRABA FUNICULOSA Fi 4 ; ; : . 8 vii Cm) DRABA FALKLANDICA CARDAMINE HIRSUTA CocHLEARIA OFFICINALIS. Violacez :—Stamens 5, the anthers placed on the inner face of short, broad filaments. Fruit a capsule, 3-valved. VIOLA MACULATA Caryophyllacez :—Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers regular. Stamens definite. Fruit a capsule, 1-celled. Stem often swollen at the nodes. STELLARIA MEDIA . SPERGULARIA MEDIA CERASTIUM ARVENSE Geraniacee :—Petals twisted or imbricate in the bud. Stamens 10. OXALIS ENNEAPHYLLA (b) Stamens situated round or upon the Ovary. (Plates 16-23.) Rosacee :—Flowers regular. Stamensindefinite. Re- ceptacle generally hollowed. Leaves alternate, stipulate. RuBUS GEOIDES AGMHNA ASCENDENS — LUOIDA Droseracew :—Insectivorous herbs with radical leaves covered with glandular hairs. Flowers regular, 4—5 merous. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. DROSERA UNIFLORA PLATE 11 12 18 14 15 16 17 18 18 (ix) Haloragex :—Aquatic herbs, with very small, often unisexual flowers. Calyx lobes and petals 4, 2 or none. Stamens definite. Ovary inferior. Styles distinct. GUNNERA MAGELLANICA . Myrtaces :—Leaves opposite, evergreen. Flowers regular. Sepals and petals 4 or 5. Stamens indefinite. Receptacle more or less hollow. MyrtrEoLA NUMMULARIA Crassulacez :—Leaves succulent. Petals, sepals and carpels the same in number. Carpels free. TILLZA MOSCHATA Umbelliferze :—-Leaves alternate. Flower head an umbel. Fruit dry. AZORELLA FILAMENTOSA — RANUNCULUS — CHSPITOSA CRANTZIA LINEATA Division 2. Petals united. Monopzranm. (Plates 24-48.) (a) Ovary inferior. Corolla bearing the Stamens. Rubiacez :— Stipules resemble leaves and form whorls with them round the stem. Ovary 2-celled, 1 ovule in each. NERTERA DEPRESSA GALIUM ANTARCTICUM Valerianacez :—Corolla 5-lobed. Stamens 1-4. Anthers introrse. VALERIANA SEDIFOLIA _ * PLATE 19 20 21 24 25 26 (oes) Composite. Florets in heads. Anthers united in a ring round the style. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit 1-seeded. Nassauvia GAUDICHAUDII ; — SERPENS SENECIO FALKLANDICUS . : 3 : — LITTORALIS : : : : : 4 . — CANDICANS f 2 3 GNAPHALIUM AFFINE ; : : ¢ — PURPUREUM : : : : AstER VAHLII CHILIOTRICHUM DIFFUSUM ERIGERON INCERTUS ; BACCHARIS MAGELLANICA LEUCERIA GOSSYPINA PEREZIA RECURVATA Stamens epigynous. Campanulacez :—Leaves alternate. Stamens as many as corolla lobes. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Ovary multilocular. PRATIA REPENS. : é : (b) Ovary superior. Ericacee :—Shrubs. Stamens usually twice as many as corolla lobes. Anthers opening by pores. PERNETTYA PUMILA : : : ‘ 4 GAULTHERIA MICROPHYLLA : : Stamens epipetalous. Primulacex :—Flowers pentamerous. Placenta free- central. PRIMULA FARINOSA, Var. MAGELLANICA ANAGALLIS ALTERNIFOLIA, var. DENSIFOLIA PLATE 27 27 28 29 30 31 32 ol 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Plumbaginaces :—Leaves narrow, glandular. Flowers pentamerous. Calyx persistent. ArmertA Macnoviana Gentianacex :—Leaves opposite, entire. Corolla con- torted. GENTIANA MAGELLANICA Scrophulariaceze :—Flowers irregular. Stamens 2 or 4, if 4in pairs. Ovary 2-celled. EUPHRASIA ANTARCTICA . CaLCEOLARIA DarRwInir . — ForHeErRGILu . VERONICA SERPYLLIFOLIA — ELLIPTICA Division 3. Flowers incomplete, usually with only 1 whorl of perianth or none. IncompieTm. (Plates 49-52.) Polygonacez :—Characterised by a peculiar sheathing stipule clasping the stem. PoLYGONUM MARITIMUM, Var. CHILENSE Chenopodiacex :—Perianth small. Stamens opposite lobes. Ovary 1-celled, with 1 ovule or 2 or more styles. No stipules. CHENOPODIUM MACROSPERMUM Empetracex :—Flowers unisexual. Sepals, petals and stamens 3. EMpetRUM RUBRUM Santalaceze :—Flowers sometimes unisexual. Perianth valvate. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with 1-3 ovules. NANODEA MUSCOSA PLATE 43 44 45 45 46 AT 48 49 50 51 52 (yeaa) CLASS II MONOCOTYLEDONS Leaves with parallel veins. Parts of the flower in multiples of 3. (Plates 53-58.) Orchidacer :—Perianth very irregular. Anther 2- celled, combined with the style in an axial column. © Coponorcuts LEssoni . CuLoR#A GAUDICHAUDII Iridacex :—Perianth petaloid, united below into a tube. Stamens 3. GisYRINCHIUM FILIFOLIUM Liliacee :—Perianth regular. Ovary syncarpous, superior. CALLIXENE MARGINATA Juncacex :—Perianth stiff or calyx-like, capsule 3-celled. RostKOVIA GRANDIFLORA — MAGELLANICA JUNCUS SCHEUCHZERIOIDES CLASS III FILICES Ferns, no true flowers. (Plates 59-64.) CysToPTERIS FRAGILIS PoLYSTICHUM ADIANTIFORME — MOHRIODES : BiEecHNUM PENNA-MARINA — TABULARE GLEIOHENIA ORYPTOOARPA PLATE 53 54 55 56 57 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 late 1. E.EFV. del. INF. lath. Ranunculus biternatus, Sm. PLATE 1. RANUNCULUS BITERNATUS. Family, RanuNcuLAcEs :—Petals separate, definite in number. Stamens indefinite. Petals and stamens inserted under the ovary. Ovary of separate carpels. Genus, Ranuncutus (Crowfoot, Buttercup) :—Herbaceous plants with regular, hermaphrodite flowers. Leaves entire or dissected, alternate. Sepals 5. Petals usually 5, with a honey gland or scale at the base. Stamens numerous. Carpels arranged to form a globular or oblong head, each with one seed, smooth or tuber- cular, terminating in a point or beak. Fruit, a collection (Akterio) of achenes. Ranunculus biternatus, Sm. Plant about 14 in. high. Stem creeping. Leaves 3-lobed, and each lobe divided usually into 3. Sepals 5, ovate with rounded tips, brownish-green. Petals 5, spoon-shaped, yellow, with a honey gland at the base. Stamens 12-15, with green filaments. Carpels, about 20, ovate, brownish-green. Fruit, a dark red achene. On marshy ground, also near the sea. Common. Flowers November—January. Kast and West Falklands. This is rather a variable species in the size of its leaves and the number of its petals. Description of plate :—1, whole plant in flower ; 2, flower; 3, petal ; 4 and 5, stamens; 6 and 7, carpels ; 8, section of carpel; 9, plant in fruit ; 10, ripe fruit (achene) ; 11, seed. All except 1 and 9 enlarged — B Dt se h i Pieite 2. ON ith Maclovianus, Hook.f Ranunculus PLATE 2. RANUNCULUS MACLOVIANUS. Family, RanuNcULACEs :—Petals separate, definite innumber. Stamens indefinite. Petals and stamens inserted under the ovary. Ovary of separate carpels. Genus, Ranuncutus (Crowfoot, Buttercup) :—Herbaceous plants with regular, hermaphrodite flowers. Leaves entire or dissected, alternate. Sepals 5. Petals usually 5, with a honey gland or scale at the base. Stamens numerous. Carpels arranged to form a globular or oblong head, each with one seed, smooth or tuber- cular, terminating in a point or beak. Fruit, a collection (Aterio) of achenes. Ranunculus Maclovianus, @’Urv. Plant about 5 in. high. Stem none or very short. Leaves nearly all springing from the root, with long leaf stalks, 3 in. long, 1 in. wide, kidney- shaped, 3-lobed, the lobes being again divided into several pointed or rounded segments, covered with silky hairs. Sepals 5, ovate, with rounded tips. Petals 5, spoon-shaped, with a scale in middle, yellow. Carpels smooth or very slightly hairy. Swamps. Fairly common, at least in the East Falklands. Hast and West Falklands. Description of plate :—1, whole plant; 2, flower; 3, petal; 4 and 5, stamens ; 6, carpel ; 7, ripe carpel ; 8, section of ripe carpel, Errata :—On the plate, for Hook. f. read d’Urv. Plate 3. BFV. del. INF lith. Ranun culus hydr ophilus, d'Urv, PLATE 3. RANUNCULUS HYDROPHILUS. Family, RANUNCULACE :—Petals separate, definitein number. Stamens indefinite. Petals and stamens inserted under the ovary. Ovary of separate carpels. Genus, Ranunoutus (Crowfoot, Buttercup) :—Herbaceous plants with regular, hermaphrodite flowers. Leaves entire or dissected, alternate. Sepals 5. Petals usually 5, with a honey gland or scale at the base. Stamens numerous. Carpels arranged to form a globular or oblong head, each with one seed, smooth or tuber- cular, terminating in a point or beak. Fruit, a collection (Aterio) of achenes. Ranunculus hydrophilus, Gavd. Plant varies in size according to habitat, in water it reaches a height of 4in. Stem slender and creeping. Leaves entire, ovate, with long leaf stalks, sometimes submerged. Flowers small, on a_ short stalk. Sepals 5, ovate. Petals 5 or 6, shorter than the sepals, spoon-shaped, tapering to a narrow base, yellow, glan- dular pit comparatively large. Stamens 5. Carpels somewhat wrinkled, pale yellow. In streams, pools, etc. Not common. Kast Falklands. Description of plate :—1, portion of plant; 2, flower; 3, section of flower ; 4 and 5, stamens; 6, carpel; 7, plant in fruit; 8, ripe carpel (achene). All except 1 and 7 enlarged. Errata :—On the plate, for d Urv. read Gaud, wh ns igi ane JIN Lith EFYV.del,, Gs = °o Ss Pp Be a = - — °o < = = = =) a Le} fe =) G 5- = ae | oS ad PLATE 4, RANUNCULUS TRULLIFOLIUS. Family, RanuNcULACE :—Petals separate, definite in number. Stamens indefinite. Petals and stamens inserted under the ovary. Ovary of separate carpels. Genus, Ranuncutus (Crowfoot, Buttercup) :—Herbaceous plants with regular, hermaphrodite flowers. Leaves entire or dissected, alternate. Sepals 5. Petals usually 5, with a honey gland or scale at the base. Stamens numerous. Carpels arranged to form a globular or oblong head, each with one seed, smooth or tubercular, terminating in a point or beak. Fruit, a collection (Aiterio) of achenes. Ranunculus trullifolius, Hook. f. Plant about 3 or 4 im. high. Stem creeping. Leaves with long leaf stalks 1-3 in. long, wedge-shaped, sharply truncated at apex which is broader than the base, irregularly 3-5-toothed, up to 3 in. Jong, brownish-green. Flowers 4-4 in. across, singly placed on a long stalk. Sepals 5, reflexed, ovate with rounded apices. Petals 5, spoon-shaped, narrowing somewhat abruptly at base, glandular pit in middle, yellow. Stamens 9. Carpels 7. In water, or on moist clay. Rare. Flowers January. Kast Falklands. Description of plate:—1, plant; 2, flower; 3, petal; 4 and 5, stamens ; 6, carpel; 7, section of carpel. All except 1 enlarged. hih ).N EELY. del ow Lf rma 1 P= Bie of a fy Hamadryas PLATE 5. HAMADRYAS ARGENTEA. Family, RANUNCULACE :—Petals separate, definite in number. Stamens indefinite. Petals and stamens inserted under the ovary. Ovary of separate carpels. Genus, Hamapryas :—Herbaceous, perennial plants, similar to Ranun- culus in habit but differing in having male and female flowers separate. Carpels numerous, 1-seeded. Hamadryas argentea, Hook. f. (Silver-leafed ranuncu- lus.) Plant about 8 in. high, densely woolly. Leaves radical, leaf stalk sheathing at base, 14 in. long, wedge-shaped, broaden- ing towards apex, deeply divided into 3 segments, the segments bemg again divided into smaller obtuse lobes, whitish green, covered on both sides with shining white or golden hairs. Flowers $ in. across. Sepals 5 or 6, ovate, with pointed apices, hairy on outer side, greenish-brown or dull bronze. Petals 10-12, twice as long as sepals, long, narrow, gradually tapering to a pointed apex, base somewhat abruptly contracted, yellowish-brown, shining. Stamens 8. Carpels green, with yellow stigma. On dry, grassy slopes near the sea, and on the top of mountains. Rare. Flowers November and December. West Falklands. Endemic. Description of plate :—1, whole male plant ; 2, male flower ; 3, petal ; 4, stamen; 5, female plant; 6, female flower; 7, carpel; 8, section of carpel, All except 1 and 5 enlarged. EFV.del. INF lith PLATE 6. CALTHA SAGITTATA. Family, RanuNcULACE& :—Petals separate, definite in number. Stamens indefinite. Petals and stamens inserted under the ovary. Ovary of separate carpels. Genus, CantHa (Marsh Marigold) :—Herbaceous plants having annual stems springing from a perennial rootstock. Sepals about 5, large and usually coloured, petals being absent. Stamens numerous. Carpels 5-10, each containing several seeds. Caltha sagittata, Cav. (Arrow-leaved Fig Marigold.) Plant varies greatly in size according to the moisture of the situation in which it grows. It forms thick, flat tufts on sand, while in water it is stout and tall. Roots fibrous and matted. Stem a creeping or erect rootstock, covered with sheathing bases of leaf stalks. Leaves variable in size, undivided, arrow- shaped, with curled margins, shining green and paler on the under side. Flowers 1-1} in. in diameter, sometimes larger, possess a faint honey-like smell, but have no honey, fower stalk 1 in. to 1 ft. long, stout, erect, smooth, succulent. Perianth leaves 8-10, greenish-white or pale yellow. Carpels slightly hairy when young. Swamps, streams, ponds and moist sand near the sea. Locally abundant. Flowers November and December. East and West Falklands. Description of plate :—1, whole plant in flower ; 2, section of flower ; 3, stamen; 4, carpels; 5, section of carpel; 6, plant in fruit; 7, ripe carpel; 8, seed; 9, dwarf plant. All except 1, 6 and 9 enlarged. Plate 6: ith EFV.del INF Caltha Sagitvata, Cav. PuateE 6. CALTHA SAGITTATA. Family, RANUNCULACEs :—Petals separate, definite in number. Stamens indefinite. Petals and stamens inserted under the ovary. Ovary of separate carpels. Genus, CattHa (Marsh Marigold) :—Herbaceous plants having annual stems springing from a perennial rootstock. Sepals about 5, large and usually coloured, petals beg absent. Stamens numerous. Carpels 5-10, each containing several seeds. Caltha sagittata, Cav. (Arrow-leaved Fig Marigold.) Plant varies greatly in size according to the moisture of the situation in which it grows. It forms thick, flat tufts on sand, while in water it is stout and tall. Roots fibrous and matted. Stem a creeping or erect rootstock, covered with sheathing bases of leaf stalks. Leaves variable in size, undivided, arrow- shaped, with curled margins, shining green and paler on the under side. Flowers 1-14 in. in diameter, sometimes larger, possess a faint honey-like smell, but have no honey, flower stalk 1 in. to 1 ft. long, stout, erect, smooth, succulent. Perianth leaves 8-10, greenish-white or pale yellow. Carpels slightly hairy when young. Swamps, streams, ponds and moist sand near the sea. Locally abundant. Flowers November and December. East and West Falklands. Description of plate :—1, whole plant in flower ; 2, section of flower ; 3, stamen; 4, carpels; 5, section of carpel; 6, plant in fruit; 7, ripe carpel; 8, seed; 9, dwarf plant. All except 1, 6 and 9 enlarged. Oe SS SSI BF V. del. INE. lith Arabis Macloviana,Hook.f. PLATE 7. ARABIS MACLOVIANA. Family, Cructrera:—Sepals 4. Petals 4, separate, arranged in a cruciform manner. Stamens 6, of which two are shorter than the others. Ovary solitary, 2-celled. Fruit, a pod. Genus, Arapis (Rockeress) :—Annual or perennial herbs, usually erect, with a spreading tuft of radical leaves, the stem leaves undivided, with no leaf stalks or clasping the stem. Flowers usually white, occasionally purple. Fruit, a long, narrow pod. Arabis Macloviana, Hook. Plant about 1 ft. high, glab- rous. Leaves narrowly oblong, 1-2 in. long, the lower ones with long leaf stalks, upper ones sessile, edges serrated. Flowers arranged in dense heads. Sepals 4, hairy on outside, pale green with purple tips. Petals 4, white. Stamens 6, nearly same length, filaments pale mauve, anthers white with Lilac borders. Ovary lilac-brown. Style pale green with yellow stigma. | Near seashore, formerly abundant, now rare, considered _ to be the result of sheep breeding. Flowers November—December. East and West Falklands. Description of plate :—1, whole plant; 2, pod; 3, section of pod ; 4, seed. All except 1 enlarged. Pleie &. E.FV.del. INP.lith. |. Draba funiculosa,Hook,f. 9? Cardamine hirsuta, Linn. PLATE 8. Fic. 1—DRABA FUNICULOSA. : Family, Cructrer™:—Sepals 4. Petals 4, Separate, arranged in a cruciform manner. Stamens 6, of which two are shorter than the others. Ovary solitary, 2-celled. Fruit, a pod. Genus, Draspa:—Small, tufted annuals or perennials, usually hairy. Leaves springing from the root, the flower stalk having few or no leaves. Flowers white or yellow. Pod somewhat flattened and 13-3 times as long as broad. Draba funiculosa, Hook. f. Plant about 3 in. high, glabrous, branched at base. Stem short, with leafy branches. Leaves about } in. long, stiff, sometimes opposite with sheathing bases meeting round the stem, margins with hair-like teeth. Flowers 3-5 on a slender stalk, white, inconspicuous. Sepals ovate, with rounded tips. Petals twice as long as sepals, spoon-shaped. Stigma 2-lobed. Pod rounded at both ends. Dry places near sea. Not common. Flowers September and October. The earliest spring flower. Kast and West Falklands. Plate 8, Fig. 1 :—Whole plant. Fies. 2-7.—CARDAMINE HIRSUTA. Family, Crucirer@ :—As above. Genus, CarpAmine (Bittercress):—Herbs, either annual or with a perennial rootstock, usually flaccid and glabrous or with a few hairs. Flowers white, pink or mauve. Petals claw- shaped. Distinguished from Arabis by its divided leaves. Cardamine hirsuta, Linn. Plant very variable in size, often much branched at the base. Stem erect, slightly hairy. Leaves pinnate, 7-13 leaflets, leaflets of lower leaves roundish and toothed, of the upper leaves narrower, oblong and usually entire, dark green. Flowers small and white. Petals twice as long as very small sepals. Pod linear, terminated by a short style. Moist places. Common, especially near the sea. Flowers November and December. East and West Falklands. Skottsberg considers this plant a different species from the European one and calls it Cardamine glacialis. Description of plate 8 :—2, whole plant; 3, flower ; 4, petal; 5 and 6, stamens; 7, stamens and pistil. All except 2 enlarged. PATE &. E.EV dol JN EF lith Cochlearia officinalis, Linn. PLATE 9, COCHLEARIA OFFICINALIS. Family, Cructrera :—Sepals 4. Petals 4, Separate, arranged in a cruciform manner. Stamens 6, of which two are shorter than the others. Ovary solitary, 2-celled. Fruit, a pod. Genus, Cocutmaria (Scurvy Grass) :—Annual or perennial herbs, gla- brous, with simple, often fleshy leaves. Flowers small and white. Pod ovoid or nearly globose, containing several seeds in each cell. Cochlearia officinalis, Linn. Plant about 10 in. high, but varies very much in size. Stem often much branched. Leaves—those springing from the root are stalked, orbicular, kidney-shaped or heart-shaped, entire or lobed ; those springing from the stem may be similar, or are more oblong and have no leaf stalk. Flowers arranged in a short spike. Petals spreading. Probably introduced. Flowers in December. West Falklands. Description of plate :—1, portion of plant in flower; 2, portion of plant in fruit; 3, pod; 4, section of pod; 5, seed; 6, section of seed, All except 1 and 2 enlarged. Cc EFV,.del,,J.N.F.lith. Draba falklandica, Hook,f. PLaTE 10. DRABA FALKLANDIGA. Family, Cruotrerm :—Sepals 4. Petals 4, separate, arranged in a cruciform manner. Stamens 6, of which two are shorter than the others. Ovary solitary, 2-celled. Fruit, a pod. Genus, Drasa:—Small, tufted annuals or perennials, usually hairy. Leaves springing from the root, the flower stalk having few or no leaves. Flowers white or yellow. Pod somewhat flattened and 13-3 times as long as broad. Draba falklandica, Hook. f. Plant of a rosette-like habit, about 3 in. high. Stem branched, short and densely leafy. Leaves crowded, ovate or spathulate, about 3 in. long, covered with silky hairs, also stellate hairs on under side. Flower stalks 14-23 in. long, hairy, fairly stout. Flowers small, white. Pod about } in. long, hairy, rounded at both ends and containing small seeds. This plant has rarely been found in the Falkland Islands and no definite information exists as to the localities. Description of plate :—1, plant in flower; 2 and 3, flowers ; 4, section of flower; 5, stamens and pistil; 6 and 7, stamens; 8, pistil ; 9, stel- late hair. All except 1 enlarged. Plave dy / a yl a i pS “ic cal Viola maculata, Cav. PLATE 11. VIOLA MACULATA. Family, VioLacr# :—Petals separate. Stamens 5, the anthers placed on the inner face of short broad filaments. Ovary superior. Fruit, a capsule, 3-valved. Genus, ViotA (Violet) :—Usually herbaceous plants. Leaves scattered, radical or alternate, simple and possess stipules. Flowers irregular, spurred. Sepals produced beyond point of attachment. Stamens forming a ring round the ovary, anthers placed on the inner side of the short broad filaments. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit, capsule, dividing into 3 parts when ripe. Viola maculata, Cav. Plant about 8 in. high. Stem short. Leaves with long leaf stalks, ovate, about 1-2 in. long, edges waved, hairy, often with brownish dots on under side. Flower stalk long, with minute hairs and bearing a pair of stipules hairy at the edges. Flower yellow, scentless. Sepals 5, green. Petals 5, with glandular hairs on inner side. Anthers with hairy margins. Stigma beak-shaped. Sands and seashores. Fairly common. Flowers in December. East and West Falklands. Another species of Viola occurs in the Falkland Islands, namely, V. tridentata, Menz. It is a mountain species and very scarce. Deseription of plate :—1, plant; 2, section of flower; 3, stamens and pistil; 4, spurred petal; 5, section of ovary ; 6, fruit; 7, ripe and opened fruit; 8, seed. All except 1 enlarged. EFYV.del, JNF.lith Stellaria media,Cyrillo. =i ‘i AOS ’ Nil wh fs y Plate UZ: PLATE 12. STELLARIA MEDIA. Family, CaRYOPHYLLACEE :—Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers regular. Petals separate. Stamens definite. Ovary superior. Fruit, a capsule, 1-celled. Stem often swollen at the nodes. Genus, STELLARIA (Stitchwort, Starwort) :—Annual or perennial herbs, slender, usually glabrous. Leaves grass-like or short and broad. Flowers white. Sepals 5. Petals 5, 2-lobed. Stamens 10, some- times fewer. Styles 3 (rarely 5). Ovules many. Fruit a globose or oblong capsule opening into 6 (rarely 5) valves. Seeds kidney- shaped or globose, compressed at one side, often with granular markings. i Stellaria media, Cyrill. (Chickweed.) Plant annual, varies considerably in size, prostrate or ascending, and of a somewhat weak and straggling habit. Stem slightly hairy on one side, the leaf stalks also may have a few hairs. Leaves ovate, smooth. Flowers small, springing from the axils of the leaves, on rather long slender stalks. Sepals hairy. Petals shorter than sepals. Stamens 3, 5 or 10. Introduced. Abundant. This plant is extremely common in waste places, etc., in Europe and N. Asia, and has spread to all the temperate and colder regions of the globe. Description of plate :—1, plant; 2, flower; 3, stamen; 4, section of pistil; 5, seed. All except 1 enlarged. EB FV.delJNE ith, Spergularia media (L) Presi. Plate 13. PLATE 13. SPERGULARIA MEDIA. Family, CARYOPHYLLACE :—Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers regular. Petals separate. Stamens definite. Ovary superior. Fruit, a capsule, 1-celled. Stem often swollen at the nodes. Genus, SPERGULARIA (Sandspurrey) :—Low, diffuse and usually pros- trate herbs. Leaves awl-shaped or linear, often with clusters of smaller leaves in the axils. Stipules scaly. Flowers stalked. Sepals 5. Petals 5, rarely fewer, or none, entire. Stamens 10 or less. Ovary I-celled with many ovules. Styles 3. Fruit, a capsule, opening into 3 valves. Seeds kidney-shaped or globose. Distinguished from Cerastium and Stellaria by entire petals and from Arenaria by stipules. Spergularia media, (L.) Presi. Plant about 3 in. high, glabrous. Leaves about 1 in. long, awl-shaped, fleshy. Stipules scaly, ovate, and dull whitish in colour. Flowers pale mauve or nearly white. Sepals ovate. Petals as long as sepals. Stamens 10. Styles 3 (rarely 4 or 5). Capsule open- ing in as many valves as there are styles. Seeds pale brown, smooth. Seashores. Rare. Flowers December and January. Hast and West Falklands. Description of plate :—1, whole plant; 2, bud; 3 and 4, flowers ; 5, stamens and pistil; 6 and 7, stamens; 8, pistil ; 9, section of pistil ; 10, capsule; 11, seed. All except 1 enlarged. 2 y z. Mint ~ <: i > ¥ { —~ ¢ = . - wht. wd? of ‘ = x “yt es, el se, ae ES Big. tos Plate 14. EFV.del.JNF lith, Ceraslium arvense,L var. strictum,Hook f, PLATE 14, CERASTIUM ARVENSE, VAR STRICTUM. Family, CAaRYopHYLLACEE :—Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers regular. Petals separate. Stamens definite. Ovary superior. Fruit, a capsule, 1-celled. Stem often swollen at the nodes. Genus, Cerastrum (Mouse-ear Chickweed) :—Annual or perennial herbs, nearly always hairy. Leaves vary somewhat, but are rarely awl- shaped. Flowers white. Sepals and petals 5 (rarely 4), the latter sometimes minute or absent, usually 2-lobed at apex. Stamens 10 (sometimes 5 or 4). Styles 5 (rarely 4 or 3). Fruit, a cylindrical capsule which opens at top into 6 or 10 short teeth. Usually distinguishable from Stellaria by its 5 styles. Cerastium arvense, L. var. strictum, Hook. f. (Field Mouse-ear, Chickweed.) Plant perennial, about 6-10 in. high. Stem much branched at the base, often prostrate with ascending flowermg branches. Leaves narrow, about }-1 in. long. Flowers scented, $—? in. across, on a slender stalk, white. Sepals 4 in. long, with pointed apices and membraneous margins. Petals twice as long as the sepals, rather deeply 2-lobed at apex. Common among grasses, in dry fields. Flowers January. East and West Falklands. Description of plate :—1, portion of plant; 2, section of flower; 3, stamens and pistil; 4 and 5, stamens; 6, pistil; 7, fruit ; 8, seed. All except 1 enlarged. . t ae EP V. del INE lith Oxalis enneaphylla, Cav. PLATE 15. OXALIS ENNEAPHYLLA. Family, GeRANIACES, including OxALipAcEz :—Petals separate, twisted or imbricate in the bud. Stamens 10. Ovary superior. Leaves alternate, often compound. Genus, Oxatis (Wood Sorrel) :—Acid herbs (name from Greek oxts, acid), the leaves and flower stalk springing from a rhizome. Leaves compound, sensitive. Flowers yellow, pink or white, regular. Sepals and petals 5, the latter contorted at the base. Stamens 10, free, or united below. Ovary 5-celled. Styles 5. Fruit, a capsule. The outer skin of the seed is elastic. It splits and throws the inner part of the seed to a distance. Oxalis enneaphylla, Cav. (“ Vinaigrette,” Scurvy Grass.) Plant 6-11 in. high. Rhizome descending, eventually hori- zontal, 1-2 in. long, simple or branched, bulb-like, fleshy and scaly. Leaf stalks 4-9 in. long. Smooth or sometimes with a few hairs. Leaflets 7-20, 1-2 in. long, arranged in a radiating manner, often in several series entire, 2-lobed at apex, more or less hairy. Flower stalks like the leaf stalks, but bearing 2 bracts. Flowers white, pink or pale mauve, scented. Sepals pale green, oblong, with silky hairs. Petals about 1 in. long, 3 times as long as sepals, ovate, broadening towards apex. Stamens 10, filaments varying in length, the 5 longer having a large honey gland at the base. Styles white, hairy above, with yellowish-green capitate stigmas. Abundant, especially near the sea. Flowers November and December. Hast and West Falklands. This plant is one of the most beautiful found in the Falkland Islands and is characteristic, as it does not occur elsewhere. Hooker says, “it grows in such abundance on the banks over- hanging the sea at Berkeley Sound, as to cover them with a mantle of snowy white during the spring month of November,” though the plant is not so abundant at the present time. It possesses antiscorbutic properties, hence its name “Scurvy Grass,’ while a delicious and refreshing drink can be made from the stalks. Description of plate :—1, whole plants ; 2, section of flower ; 3, stamens and pistil; 4, pistil; 5, seed. All except 1 and 2 enlarged. Plate 16. EBEV.del. INE ith, n a © as) fe) ® o>) m =z = m4 F a & a f » «& ed PLATE 16. RUBUS GEOIDES. Family, Rosacea :—Flowers regular. Petals separate. Stamens in- definite, situated round or upon the ovary. Receptacle generally hollowed. Leaves alternate, stipulate. Genus, Rusus (Bramble) :—Shrubs or herbs, often straggling, usually prickly. Leaves divided into leaflets, rarely simply lobed, stipulate. Flowers in clusters, rarely solitary, white or pink. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens numerous. Carpels many, arranged on a convex receptacle. The fruit is composed of the swollen, fleshy, l-seeded carpels grouped on the dry receptacle. Rubus geoides, Sm. Plant of a low, straggling habit, up to6 in. high. Stem creeping, slender, but somewhat woody. Leaves on slender stalks, 1-3 or 4 in. long, somewhat heart- shaped, but rounded at the apex, 4-1} in. long, edges irregularly toothed. Flowers solitary, white. Fruit almost as large as a raspberry, juicy, with a delicious flavour between that of a raspberry and strawberry. On banks, moist or dry ground, near sea; not uncommon, abundant by rivers at Berkeley Sound. Flowers November—January. Fruit ripens January and February. Hast and West Falklands. Description of plate :—1, portion of plant in flower; 2, section of flower ; 3, stamen; 4, carpel; 5, portion of plant in fruit; 6, section of fruit; 7,1 drupel; 8, seed. All except 1 and 5 enlarged. a By a a) a} > = PLATE 17, ACANA ASCENDENS. Family, Rosacea :—Flowers regular. Petals separate. Stamens in- definite, situated round or upon the ovary. Receptacle generally hollowed. Leaves alternate, stipulate. Genus, AcmNna :—Herbs, often creeping and woody at the base, glabrous or hairy, flowering branches erect. Leaves alternate, divided into unequal leaflets. Stipules at base of leaves adhering to the leaf stalk. Leaflets serrated. Flowers with bracts, in heads, at the apex of an elongated stem, usually red, or reddish-green. Calyx tube persistent, constricted at base, 3-7-lobed. Petals none. Stamens 1-10. Carpels 1-2. Capitulum or head of fruits with barbed spines resembling arrow heads. Seeds 1 to each flower. Aczna ascendens, Vahl. Plant about 8-12 in. high. Stem long, prostrate, branched. Leafy branches smooth. Leaves more or less hairy. Leaflets 4-7 pairs, ovate-oblong, obtuse at the tip, rather deeply toothed. Flower stalk leafy below, leafless and smooth above. Flower head globose. Calyx lobes hairy on outer side. Stamens usually 4, longer than the calyx lobes. Stigmas long, tufted on one side. Fruit obconical, shortly hairy, with 4 long glochidia or spines. In various situations, preferably where there is plenty of moisture—rocks near sea, meadows, banks of streams, etc. Abundant. Flowers December. West Falklands. Description of plate :—1, portion of plant; 2, young flower; 3, flower with sepals removed ; 4, more mature flower ; 5, section of same ; 6 and 7, stamens; 8, pistil; 9, fruit; 10, tip of spine. All except 1 enlarged. D Plate 17 Soar LO rr ar a oo en ke ee Peay aa nee OS tire pecprpaciygpsie) og ae Ag Acaena ascendens, Vahl. PLATE 17, ACANA ASCENDENS. Family, Rosacea :—Flowers regular. Petals separate. Stamens in- definite, situated round or upon the ovary. Receptacle generally hollowed. Leaves alternate, stipulate. Genus, Acana :—Herbs, often creeping and woody at the base, glabrous or hairy, flowering branches erect. Leaves alternate, divided into unequal leaflets. Stipules at base of leaves adhering to the leaf stalk. Leaflets serrated. Flowers with bracts, in heads, at the apex of an elongated stem, usually red, or reddish-green. Calyx tube persistent, constricted at base, 3-7-lobed. Petals none. Stamens 1-10. Carpels 1-2. Capitulum or head of fruits with barbed spines resembling arrow heads. Seeds 1 to each flower. Acena ascendens, Vahl. Plant about 8-12 in. high. Stem long, prostrate, branched. Leafy branches smooth. Leaves more or less hairy. Leaflets 4-7 pairs, ovate-oblong, obtuse at the tip, rather deeply toothed. Flower stalk leafy below, leafless and smooth above. Flower head globose. Calyx lobes hairy on outer side. Stamens usually 4, longer than the calyx lobes. Stigmas long, tufted on one side. Fruit obconical, shortly hairy, with 4 long glochidia or spines. | In various situations, preferably where there is plenty of fe moisture—rocks near sea, meadows, banks of streams, etc. Nag Abundant. a Flowers December. West Falklands. Description of plate :—1, portion of plant; 2, young flower; 3, flower with sepals removed ; 4, more mature flower ; 5, section of same ; 6 and 7, stamens; 8, pistil; 9, fruit ; 10, tip of spine. All except 1 enlarged. D SS BEV.del. JE. ith. 1-3 Acaena lucida,Vahl. 4-10 Drosera uniflora, Willd. Plate 18. PLATE 18. Fies. 1-3.—ACAANA LUCIDA. Family, Rosacea :—Flowers regular. Petals separate. Stamens in- definite, situated round or upon the ovary. Receptacle generally hollowed. Leaves alternate, stipulate. Genus, Acana :—Herbs, often creeping and woody at the base, glabrous or hairy, flowering branches erect. Leaves alternate, divided into unequal leaflets. Stipules at base of leaves adhering to the leaf stalk. Leaflets serrated. Flowers with bracts, in heads, at the apex of an elongated stem, usually red or reddish-green. Calyx tube persistent, constricted at the base, 3-7 lobed. Petals none. Stamens 1-10. Carpels 1-2. Capitulum or head of fruits with barbed spines resembling arrow heads. Seeds 1 to each flower. Acena lucida, Vahl. Plant 3-6 in. high, lightly hairy. Stem prostrate, branched, with many ascending branches. Leaves about 1 in. long. Leaflets small, 8-9 pairs, linear- oblong, hairy on the under side. Flower stalks about 3 in. Flower heads usually solitary, hairy, 4 in. in diameter. Flowers greenish-bronze. Stamens usually 2. Fruit tetragonal, tuber- cular, hairy above. Common on dry ground near sea. Kast and West Falklands. Acena levigata, Ait. Very closely resembles A. ascendens, but differs in the following respects:—The leaflets are less hairy, the flower stalks are sometimes branched, the calyx is smooth, stigma shorter and broader and the fruit smooth. This plant is fairly common near the sea and grows to a good height in sheltered valleys. Flowers in December. Kast and West Falklands. Description of plate :—1, portion of plant in fruit; 2, fruit; 3, section of fruit. Figs. 2 and 3 enlarged. Fics. 4-10.—DROSERA UNIFLORA. Family, DRosERACEZ -—Insectivorous herbs with radical leaves covered with glandular hairs. Flowers regular, 4-5 merous. Petals separate. Ovary superior. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Genus, Drosera (Sundew) :—Small, insectivorous, marsh plants. Leaves radical, long-stalked and covered with glandular hairs or tentacles. Flowers arranged in a 1-sided inflorescence, on a leafless stalk. Sepals, petals and stamens, 5.. Styles 2-5, deeply 2-lobed. Fruit a l-celled capsule, opening into 2-5 (or more) valves. Drosera uniflora, Willd. Plant an inch or two high. Root fibrous, fleshy. Stem very short or practically none. Leaves rotund, about } in. in diameter. Flower stalk erect, longer than the leaf stalks, usually 1-flowered, but sometimes more. Flowers conspicuous for such a small plant. Sepals spoon-shaped. Petals longer than sepals, ovate, widening towards apex. Peat bogs, not uncommon. East and West Falklands. _ Description of plate :—4, whole plant ; 5, flower ; 6, section of flower; 7, stamen; 8, pistil; 9, seed; 10, section of seed. All except 4 enlarged. @ SN —— oar EFY del. JN lith, Gunnera magellanica. PLATE 19, GUNNERA MAGELLANICA. Family, Hatoracra :—Aquatic herbs with very small, often uni- sexual flowers. Calyx lobes and petals 4, 2 or none. Petals separate. Stamens definite. Ovary inferior. Styles distinct. Genus, GuNNERA :—Perennial herbaceous plants with a creeping rhizome. Sometimes attaining a good height. Leaves all radical, ovate or kidney-shaped: Flowers arranged in a spike-like inflorescence, hermaphrodite, or male and female flowers distinct, small, crimson or greenish-red. Calyx tube ovoid or compressed, 2-3 lobed, unequal in male flowers and. often imperfect or absent. Petals 2 or none. Stamens 1-2. Ovary l-celled. Styles 2. Fruit a drupe, either firm and dry or fleshy, 3-angled or nearly globose. Gunnera magellanica, Lam. (Locally called “ pig oure.’’) Plant varies very much in size. Leaves kidney-shaped, 1-2} in. broad with regular rounded teeth, smooth on the upper surface, hairy on the under, leaf stalk also hairy. Male and female flowers distinct and on different plants. Spike of male flowers longer than the leaves and the flowers are shortly stalled. The female spikes are shorter than the leaves and the flowers have no stalks. Calyx lobes narrow. Petals none, Styles feathery. Fruit brilliant scarlet. Found on many kinds of soil, in sheltered places near sea, but is most luxuriant in damp situations. Very abundant, eaten by cattle. Flowers in November. East and West Falklands. Description of plate :—1, plant with female spike; 2 and 3, male spike ; 4, female spike ; 5, pistil ; 6, section of pistil ; 7, fruit; 8, section of fruit. Figs. 3 and 5-8 enlarged. Plaue 2,0. BFVdel. INF lith, Myrteola nummularia,(Poir) Berg. PLATE 20. MYRTEOLA NUMMULARIA. Family, Myrracea :—Leaves opposite, evergreen. Flowers regular. Sepals 4 or 5. Petals separate, 4 or 5. Stamens indefinite. Receptacle more or less hollow. Genus, Myrrrota :—Dwarf shrubs, rarely trees. Leaves opposite, | marked with dots, which are translucent glands. Flower stalks springing from the axils of the leaves, 1-many flowered. Calyx tube joined to, and only shortly produced beyond, the ovary. Stamens numerous. Ovary below the petals, sepals and stamens. Style slender. Stigma capitate. Fruit a berry. Seeds 1, 2 or numerous. Myrteola nummularia, (Poir.) Berg. A straggling, smooth, somewhat woody plant. Leaves tough, shining, ever- green, ++ in. in length, rotund, leaf stalk short or absent. Flowers solitary, stalked, small and inconspicuous, yellowish- white. Petals twice as long as calyx lobes. Berry + in. long, red or delicate pink, white on under side, fleshy, edible, with a pleasant taste and smell. Heaths and bogs, spreading over the ground amongst other plants. Abundant. Flowers in December. East and West Falklands. The sealers who visited the Falkland Islands, and were the first settlers there, used the leaves of this plant as a substitute for tea. Description of plate :—1, portion of plant in flower; 2, flower ; 3, section of flower; 4, calyx and pistil ; 5 and 6, stamens ; 7, portion of plant in fruit; 8, fruit; 9, section of fruit; 10, seed. All except 1 and 7 enlarged. \ * \ \ 4 ' ‘ { ‘ ail { ei ‘ar h ‘ i Wirt ie Ad. hued net n iy! i ; , vid pi ia Y { ; ane ie a NOY gee 7 ’ ‘ i f j ee S, : hia hel! , ’ (pa: on, i. n ne “ed Y 4 ' ' Plate Zl. BF YV.del. JNFuuth. )-5 Tillaea moschata,De. 6-15 Azorolla filamentosa,Lamk. PLATE 21. Fies. 1-5.—TILLAA MOSCHATA. Family, CrassuLACEm :—Leaveg succulent. Petals, sepals and carpels the same in number. Petals separate. Carpels free. Genus, TILLa@A :—Small, somewhat succulent and mostly glabrous herbs. Leaves opposite, cylindrical, awl-shaped or flat, entire. Flowers minute, springing from axils of leaves, solitary or in clusters, white or red. Calyx 3-5-lobed. Petals 3-5, free. Stamens 3-5, Carpels 3-5, free. Tillza moschata, DC. Plant about 3 in. high, more or less prostrate, branched at the base. Leaves small, ovate- oblong, flat, each pair united at the base. Flowers in the axils of the upper leaves, with short stalks. Parts of flower in fours. Petals ovate. Filaments of stamens. Stigma orange. Carpels ovate or globose. Seashores, moist places among rocks, etc. “ Just above high-water mark, bathed with sea water at top of spring tides” (Vallentin). Very abundant on rocky beaches where fresh water enters the sea (Hooker). : Very common. - Kast and West Falklands, Description of plate :—1, whole plant; 2, flower; 3, stamens and pistil; 4 and 5, stamens ; 6, seed. Figs. 6-15.—AZORELLA FILAMENTOSA. Family, UmBrtuirera :—Leaves alternate. Flower head an umbel. Petals separate. Stamens situated round the ovary. Fruit dry. Genus, AZORELLA :—Perennial herbs, often much branched and forming cushions. Leaves entire, toothed or dissected often into 3 leaflets or in a palmate manner. Stipules scaly or absent. Umbels of flowers sessile or with a short stalk, between the leaves, 1-many flowered. Bracts of the involucre small and free or large and joined at the base. Disc flat, fleshy. Calyx teeth evident. Petals entire, obtuse, overlapping. Fruit sometimes laterally com- pressed, furrowed. Azorella filamentosa, Lamk. Plant somewhat tufted, about 3 or 4 in. high. Stem much branched. Leaves linear, almost boat-shaped, margins inflexed, entire. Leaf stalk about same length as leaf, sheathing with stiff hairs at the base. Umbels with short stalks, 6-8-flowered. Petals brownish- yellow with green vem in centre. Anthers yellow. Pistil green. Fruit ovate or nearly terete. A steppe plant, fairly common on dry, sandy heaths. Flowers in November. East and West Falklands. Description of plate :—7 and 8, plant; 9, leaf; 10, flower; 11, flower seen from above; 12, stamens and pistil; 13 and 14, stamens ; 15, pistil. All except 7 enlarged. Plate 22. FF Vi del. JNJ" ith, 1-8 Azorella nanunculus,dUrv. 94Azorella caespitosa, Cav. PLATE 22. Fies. 1-8.—AZORELLA RANUNCULUS. Family, UmMBrtiirer@ :—Leaves alternate. Flower head an umbel. Petals separate. Stamens situated round the ovary. Fruit dry. Genus, AZoRELLA :—Perennial herbs, often much branched and forming cushions. Leaves entire, toothed or dissected often into 3 leaflets or in a palmate manner. Stipules scaly or absent. Umbels of flowers sessile or with a short stalk, between the leaves, 1—many flowered. Bracts of the involucre small and free or large and joined atthe base. Disc flat, fleshy. Calyx teeth evident. Petals entire, obtuse, overlapping. Fruit sometimes laterally compressed, furrowed. Azorella Ranunculus, @’Urv. Plant about an inch igh, smooth. Stem creeping, throwing out fibrous roots from the nodes. Leaves with long leaf stalks, 4 in. in diameter, rotundate, 4-5 partite, the parts wedge-shaped, with rounded teeth. Flower stalks shorter than the leaf stalks. Bracts of the involucre awl-shaped, toothed. Umbel 3-5 flowered. Flowers more conspicuous than most Azorellas. Petals 5, greenish-white with red tips. Stamens with white filaments and dark crimson anthers. Fruit short, nearly round, contracted in centre. By running streams and _ fresh-water lagoons. Widely spread, but very local. Flowers in December. Kast and West Falklands. Description of plate :—1, whole plant ; 2 and 3, flowers; 4, flower with petals removed ; 5 and 6, anthers ; 7, fruit; 8, seed. All except 1 enlarged. Fires. 9-14. AZORELLA CAISPITOSA. Family, UMBELLIFER& :—As above. Genus, AZORELLA :—As above. Azorella cespitosa, Cav. Plant forming a dense cushion about 1-4 in. high. Leaves with filamentous sheaths, over- lapping, § in. long, narrow, widening at the base, with pointed apices, tough, bright green. Umbels sessile, among the upper leaves, 6-8-flowered, with hairy bracts. Calyx tube hairy, with 5 short lobes. Petals oblong, yellow. On slopes of weathered sandstone near the sea; one of the very few plants that prosper on the terrible sliding soil of the Patagonian Andes. Only found in the western extremity of the West Falklands. Description of plate :—9, portion of plant; 10 and 11, flowers ; 12, flower with petals removed; 15 and 14, stamens. All except 9 enlarged. Plate 23. NF lth. s] EFV, del, J a Crantzia, hneata, Nutt. 1 Brave 23:. CRANTZIA LINEATA. Family, UMBELLIFER# :—Leaves alternate. Flower head an umbel. Petals separate. Stamens situated round the ovary. Fruit dry. i Genus, Cranrzta :—Herbaceous, marsh plants, small, creeping, smooth. Leaves hollow, linear, transversely jointed. Umbel simple, bracts of the involucre minute. Flowers white. Calyx teeth small. Petals concave, apices acute. Crantzia lineata, Nutt. Plant varies in size, often being long and straggling, usually about 4 in. high. Stem creeping, terete. Leaves very narrow, 13-3 in. long, succulent, erect, no leaf stalks, each marked with 5, rarely 6, transverse lines. Umbels solitary, springing from axils of leaves, 8~12- flowered. Flowers stalked. Calyx teeth may be absent. Petals roundish-oval. Styles very short, curved. Fruit nearly spherical. Tn moist places, fresh-water lagoons, streams, etc. Abundant. Flowers in January. Hast and West Falklands. ] Description of plate :—1, portions of plant in flower and fruit ; 2, flower ; 3, petal; 4, flower with petals removed ; 5, 6 and 7, stamens ; 8, fruit ; 9 and 10, sections of fruit. All except 1 enlarged., eh" i a Pte Pit CRE Mey i in i hung Plate 24. E.FV. del, J.N Filith Nertera depre ssa,Banks. PLATE 24, NERTERA DEPRESSA. Family, Rupracea :—Petals united. Ovary inferior. Corolla bearing the stamens. Stipules resemble leaves and form whorls with them round the stem. Ovary 2-celled, 1 ovule in each. Genus, Nerrsra :—Graceful, creeping herbs. Leaves small, opposite, with or without stalks, ovate or narrowly ovate. Stipules present. Flowers springing from axils of leaves, with no stalks. Calyx tube ovoid, with 4-5 teeth. Corolla funnel-shaped, limb with 4 lobes. Stamens 4. Anthers large. Ovary 2-celled. Style forked into 2, hairy on under side. Fruit a fleshy, red drupe. Nertera depressa, Banks. Plant low, creeping among mosses. Leaves stalked, roundish-ovate, about z in. long and nearly as broad as long. Flowers small and inconspicuous, pale greenish-yellow. Fruit globular, bright red, and very showy ; in fact this plant is much cultivated on account of its attractive fruits. Moist ground and rocks near sea. Common. Kast and West Falklands. Description of plate :—1, portion of plant in flower; 2, flower ; 3, section of flower ; 4, flower with corolla removed; 5 and 6, stamens ; 7, portion of plant in fruit; 8, fruit; 9, section of fruit ; 10, seed ; 11, section of seed. All except 1 and 7 enlarged. EFV del JNFUth. Galium antarcticum, Hook.f. PigiGe ZS, a PLATE 25. GALIUM ANTARCTICUM. Family, Ruprace# :—Petals united. Ovary inferior. Corolla bearing the stamens. Stipules resemble leaves and form whorls with them round the stem. Ovary 2-celled, 1 ovule in each. Genus, Gatrum :—Herbs of weak growth, with quadrangular stems. Leaves in whorls of 4, 6 or 8. Flowers small, springing from axils of leaves, white or yellow (sometimes red). Calyx absent. Corolla rotate. Carpels 2,1 seedin each. Fruit small, dry. Galium antarcticum, Hook. f. Plant 3-5 in. high. Stem decumbent, slender and sparingly branched. Leaves about 2 in. long, in fours, oblong or narrowly oblong, apices rounded, margins rough. Flowers with no stalks, solitary, white, scented. Corolla 3-lobed. Stamens 3. Fruit with a thick, short stalk. Moist places, near streams and fresh-water lagoons. Common. Flowers December. Description of plate :—1, portion of plant in flower; 2, flower with foliage ; 3 and 4, flowers; 5, section of flower ; 6, pistil; 7, portion of plant in fruit; 8, fruit. All except 1 and 7 enlarged. E 3 EF Vdel,JNF ith. Valeriana sedifolia,d Urv. Plate 26. PLATE 26. VALERIANA SEDIFOLIA. Family, VALERIANE& :—Petals united. Ovary inferior. Corolla 5-lobed, bearing the stamens. Stamens 1-4. Anthers introrse. Genus, VALERIANA :—Perennial herbs, sometimes shrubby, erect, smooth. Leaves divided or entire, Springing from stem or root. Flower white, red or yellow. Corolla funnel-shaped. Stamens 3. Style entire or 2-3-lobed. Valeriana sedifolia, d’Urv. Plant forms small, dense cushions a few inches high, somewhat shrubby. Leaves overlapping, cylindrical, apices flat, narrowing towards base, thick and fleshy, with minute hairs, Flowers 3-7 at the top of branches, yellow. Male and female flowers on distinct plants. Corolla 5-lobed. Male flowers with 3 small barren stamens. Female flowers with rudimentary pistil. Only found on the highest mountains. Flowers in December. : Hast and West Falklands. Description of plate :—1 and 2, portions of plant ; 3, flower ; 4, corolla of male flower laid open; 5, stamen ; 6, pistil. All except 1 enlarged. Plate 27. a Gaudi shau dii Cassini PLATE 27, Fies. 1-7.—NASSAUVIA GAUDICHAUDII. Family, Composit :—Petal united. Corolla bearing the stamens. Florets in heads. Anthers united in a ring round the style. Ovary I-celled. Fruit 1-seeded. Genus, Nassauvia :—Under shrubs, smooth or lightly hairy, with ascend- ing leafy branches. Leaves alternate, overlapping, rigid, bearing . stiff hairs. Flower heads not stalked, few flowered (3-5, or fewer). Corolla 2-lipped. Anthers with long tails. Fruit a smooth or hairy achene. Nassauvia Gaudichaudii, Cassini. Plant a few inches high. Stem woody, branched. Leaves z in. long, narrow, apices acute, with spiny teeth. Flowers cream-coloured, scented. Pappus of broad pales. On rocks near the sea. Fairly common. Kast and West Falklands. Endemic. This plant grows in irregular masses, 2-3 ft. in diameter, in sunny situations. These masses are densely covered from November to January with myriads of small, cream-coloured flowers of a sickly scent. Description of plate :—1, portion of plant; 2, head of flowers: 3, flower ; 4, flower laid open; 5, pappus; 6, style; 7, fruit. All except 1 enlarged. Fies. 8-12—NASSAUVIA SERPENS. Family, Composirm :—As above. Genus, Nassauvia :—As above. Plate 27 s & Zz 3 ae fe re PLATE 27, Fies. 1-7.—NASSAUVIA GAUDICHAUDII. Family, Composit :—Petal united. Corolla bearing the stamens. Florets in heads. Anthers united in a ring round the style. Ovary l-celled. Fruit 1-seeded. Genus, Nassavvia :—Under shrubs, smooth or lightly hairy, with ascend- ing leafy branches. Leaves alternate, overlapping, rigid, bearing . stiff hairs. Flower heads not stalked, few flowered (3-5, or fewer). Corolla 2-lipped. Anthers with long tails. Fruit a smooth or hairy achene. Nassauvia Gaudichaudii, Cassini. Plant a few inches high. Stem woody, branched. Leaves # in. long, narrow, apices acute, with spiny teeth. Flowers cream-coloured, scented. Pappus of broad pales. On rocks near the sea. Fairly common. Kast and West Falklands. Endemic. This plant grows in irregular masses, 2-3 ft. in diameter, in sunny situations. These masses are densely covered from November to January with myriads of small, cream-coloured flowers of a sickly scent. Description of plate ‘—1, portion of plant; 2, head of flowers ; 3, flower ; 4, flower laid open; 5, pappus; 6, style; 7, fruit. All except 1 enlarged. Figs. 8-12.—NASSAUVIA SERPENS. Family, Composrrm :—As above. _ Genus, Nassauvia :—As above. Nassauvia serpens, @’Urv. Plant 12-20 in. high. Stem creeping, shrubby, branches leafy along their whole length. Leaves rather over } in. long, broadly ovate, margins toothed, erect or recurved, more or less silky. Heads 4—5-flowered, not stalked, and arranged in a dense, globular inflorescence. Corolla white. Stamens purple. This handsome plant is peculiar to the Falkland Islands, and is almost confined to the stone-runs. Hooker says, “ There the Nassauvia serpens grows, sending its brittle stems down amongst the masses of rock till they reach the soil, often at a considerable depth.” “It pushes its serpentine orowth upwards through the foliage of ‘ Fachima ’ (Chiliotrichum amel- loideum) and has a most delicious scent, not unlike English lavender. The flowers, which are produced from December to January, are usually white, but occasionally a pale mauve specimen occurs” (Vallentin). Description of plate:—8, whole plant; 9, head of flowers; 10, flower; 11, stamen; 12, pistil. All except 8 enlarged. Plate 28. BFV del. IN Fbth Senecio falklandicus, Hook f. PLATE 28. SENECIO FALKLANDICUS. Family, Composira :—Petals united. Corolla bearing the stamens. Florets in heads. Anthers united in a ring round the style. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit 1-seeded. Genus, SENEcIO :—A very large genus of herbs and undershrubs. Leaves scattered, rarely entire. Heads radiate, in clusters or solitary, usually yellow. Involucral bracts in series, often tipped with brown. Style branches spreading, usually tufted at the apex. Pappus consisting of several rows of soft, fine hairs. Senecio falklandicus, Hook. f. Plant up to 2 ft. high, shrubby, branches, flower stalks and under surface of leaves densely woolly. Leaves narrow, spoon-shaped, margin entire or toothed, very pale greenish-white. Flower head about 14 in. in diameter, yellow. Involucral bracts broad, in 3 series, woolly at base. | Rocky shores, not uncommon. Flowers December and January. Description of plate:—1, portion of plant; 2, head of flowers; 3, section of head; 4, involucre and receptacle ; 5, ray or outer flower ; 6, pappus hair; 7, disc or inner flower; 8, section of disc flower; 9, fruit; 10, stigma. All except 1 enlarged. Plate 29. els Senecio litt oralis, Gaud. BFV delJ NF ith PuatTE 29. SENECIO LITTORALIS. Family, Composrra :—Petals united. Corolla bearing the stamens. Florets in heads. Anthers united in a ring round the style. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit 1-seeded. Genus, SzenEcro :—A very large genus of herbs and undershrubs. Leaves scattered, rarely entire. Heads radiate, in clusters or solitary, usually yellow. Involucral bracts in series, often tipped with brown. Style branches spreading, usually tufted at the apex. Pappus consisting of several rows of soft, fine hairs. Senecio littoralis, Gaud. Plant about 9 in. high, erect, glabrous. Stem woody at base. Leaves not stalked, narrow, about 14 in. long, pointed, entire, bright, shining green. In- volucral bracts about 20, narrow, with purplish-brown tips. Inflorescence showy, about 14 in. in diameter, bright yellow. Marshes, quartzite ridges, stony slopes and mountain sides, associated with Blechnum magellanicum. Abundant. Flowers November—December. East and West Falklands. Endemic. _ Description of plate :—1, portion of plant; 2, involucre and re- ceptacle ; 3, ray flower; 4, disc flower; 5, section of disc flower; 6, stigma ; 7, fruit. All except 1 enlarged. Osi esiad Si eed Se roms TOK SBS al ‘ lenlarged, PLATE 30.- SENECIO CANDICANS. Family, Comprostrm:—Petals united. Corolla bearing the stamens. Florets in heads. Anthers united in a ring round the style. Ovary l-celled. Fruit 1-seeded. Genus, SENEcIo :—A very large genus of herbs and undershrubs. Leaves scattered, rarely entire. Heads radiate, in clusters or solitary, usually yellow. Involucral bracts in series, often tipped with brown. Style branches spreading, usually tufted at the apex. Pappus consisting of several rows of soft, fine hairs. Senecio candicans, DC. Plant up to 3 ft. high, herbaceous, erect, woolly. Leaves with broad, sheathing stalks, ovate, margins scalloped, silvery, upper leaves with no stalks, narrower and entire. Inflorescences or flower heads in umbels, each head on a long, woolly stalk. Involucral bracts narrow, pointed. - Pappus hairs barbed. Sandy beaches. Common. Flowers in January. Hast and West Falklands. Description of plate:—1, whole plant; 2, flower bud; 3, flower ; 4, section of flower ; 5, stamens laid open; 6, stigma ; 7, fruit. All except a SUBDIPURD OLD9UAS a r VALINE PPAL A O€ 91FId PuLatE 30.- SENECIO CANDICANS. Family, Compostrm :—Petals united. Corolla bearing the stamens. Florets in heads. Anthers united in a ring round the style. Ovary l-celled. Fruit 1-seeded. Genus, SENECIO :—A very large genus of herbs and undershrubs. Leaves scattered, rarely entire. Heads radiate, in clusters or solitary, usually yellow. Involucral bracts in series, often tipped with brown. Style branches spreading, usually tufted at the apex. Pappus consisting of several rows of soft, fine hairs. : Senecio candicans, DO. Plant up to 3 ft. high, herbaceous, erect, woolly. Leaves with broad, sheathing stalks, ovate, __ nargins scalloped, silvery, upper leaves with no stalks, narrower and entire. Inflorescences or flower heads in umbels, each head on a long, woolly stalk. Involucral bracts narrow, pointed. -Pappus hairs barbed. Sandy beaches. Common. Flowers in January. East and West Falklands. Plate 31 del. J.N P lith BEV Aster Vahii @Urv. Gn aphaliu m affine d Urv. PLATE 31. Fies. 1-7.—GNAPHALIUM AFFINE. Family, Composira :—Petals united. Corolla bearing the stamens. Florets in heads. Anthers united in a ring round the style. Ovary l-celled. Fruit 1-seeded. Genus, GNaPHALIUM (Oud-weed) :—Herbs, with woolly alternate leaves. Inflorescences, or heads of tubular pistillate and perfect flowers, clustered in terminal or axillary bunches. Involucral bracts in series, adpressed, coloured. Anthers tailed. Pappus one row of silky hairs. Gnaphalium affine, @Urv. Plant about 3. in. high, sparsely covered with woolly hairs. Stem slender, procumbent, leafy below, flowering branches 2-3 in. long, upright and sparsely leafy. Leaves almost spathulate, hairy on both sides, 4-3 In. long. Heads 3-5, terminal, narrow. Involucral bracts very pointed, shining above the middle, chestnut-brown, woolly. Near sea or streams, in grass and on heaths. Not un- common. Flowers in January. Hast and West Falklands. Description of plate :—1, whole plant ; 2, flower head ; 3, pistillate flower; 4, perfect flower; 5, stamens laid open; 6, stigma; 7, fruit. All except 1 enlarged. Fies. 8-13.—ASTER VAHLII. Family, Composira :—Petals united. Corolla bearing the stamens. Florets in heads. Anthers united in a ring round the style. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit 1-seeded. i Genus, AsTER (Starwort) :—Herbaceous, usually erect. Leaves scattered, simple, entire or toothed. Heads terminal, outer florets purple, blue or white, forming a spreading ray, disc florets yellow, tubular and 5-toothed. Involucral bracts in several series, overlapping, herbaceous. Anthers without tails. Pappus of many rows of stiff hairs. Aster Vahlii, Hook. et Arn. (Marsh Daisy.) Plant about 4 in. high, smooth. Stem simple, erect. Leaves narrowly ovate, widening below, pointed, sheathing at the base. Heads nearly 1 in. in diameter. Ray florets in several series, at first white, later becoming tipped with brilliant rose. Disc florets yellow. Involucral bracts hairy. Style branches feathery. Pappus dull white. Fruit hairy. On marshy ground. Formerly abundant, now more rare. Flowers November and December. Description of plate :—8, portion of plant; 9, ray floret; 10, disc floret; 11, section of disc floret; 12, stigma; 13, fruit. All except 8 enlarged. Errata :—Plate 31, d’Urv. should be Hook. et Arn. Plate 32. EFV del JN hth Gnaphahum, puppureum.b, PLATE 32. GNAPHALIUM PURPUREUM. Family, Composir# :—Petals united. Corolla bearing the stamens. Florets in heads. Anthers united ina ring round the style. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit 1-seeded. Genus, GNAPHALIUM (Cud-weed) :—Herbs, with woolly alternate leaves. Inflorescences, or heads of tubular pistillate and perfect flowers, clustered in terminal or axillary bunches. Involucral bracts in series, adpressed, coloured. Anthers tailed. Pappus one row of silky hairs. Gnaphalium purpureum, Z. Plant about 4-12 in. high. Stem erect, not branched, uniformly leafy throughout its length. Leaves narrowly spoon-shaped, hairy below, upper ones more oblong and not stalked, lower sometimes with a stalk. In- florescences not stalked, in axils of upper leaves. Involucral bracts bronze-coloured or purplish, woolly at base, narrowly oblong. Pappus hairs united at base. Dry ground near sea. Fairly common. East and West Falklands. Description of plate :—1, whole plant ; 2, flower head; 3, female or : outer flower ; 4, hermaphrodite or inner flower ; 5, stamens and pistil ; 6, stigma ; 7, fruit. All except | enlarged. Plate 33, EDV dol. J NE Lith Chihotrichum diffusum Forst)Reiche. PLATE 33. CHILIOTRICHUM DIFFUSUM. Family, Composrra :—Petals united. Corolla bearing the stamens. Florets in heads. Anthers united in a ring round the style. Ovary l-celled. Fruit 1-seeded. Genus, CHrtiorricHuM :—Shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire, narrow, whitish and woolly on lower surface. Heads with long stalks, the ray florets white or purple. Involucral bracts campanulate, dry, margins scarious. Style branches flat. Pappus hairs in 2 or 3 series, unequal in length. Chiliotrichum diffusum, (Forst.) Reiche. (‘ Fachima.”) Plant attains a height of 5 ft. or more. Leaves oblong, margins revolute, entire, dark green, whitish and hairy below. Heads about 1} in. in diameter, ray florets white, disc yellow. Flowers January and February. This plant is the tallest found in the Falkland Islands with the exception of Veronica elliptica. It has a curious aromatic scent. “‘ Abundant in East and West Falklands, but needing shelter to be well developed, then often forming brushwood of a man’s height. The brooks are often lined with a greyish-green border of Chiliotrichum ” (Skottsberg). Description of plate :—1, portion of plant; 2, ray flower; 3, disc flower; 4, stamens; 5, pollen; 6, stigma; 7, fruit. All except 1 enlarged. FE Plate 34. E.F.V. del. INF lith. rigeron incertus (d'Urv,) Skottsb. at _—~ es Gu PLATE 34. ERIGERON INCERTUS. Family, Composira :—Petals united. Corolla bearing the stamens. Anthers united in a ring round the style. Ovary l-celled. Fruit 1-seeded. Genus, Ertczron (Fleabane) :—Herbs. Leaves alternate, often in a cluster at base. Very like Aster, differing mainly in having more numerous and narrower involucral bracts and ray florets. Erigeron incertus, (d’Urv.) Skotisb., E. Sullivani, Hook. f. Plant about 3 or 4 in. high, hairy. Stem erect, with a few narrow leaves. Leaves mostly arranged in a rosette at the base of the stem, entire, ovate, with somewhat rounded apices. Flower heads solitary and terminal. Involucral bracts hairy. Flowers white. Dry places. Rare. Kast and West Falklands. Description of plate :—1, whole plant; 2, section of flower head ; 3, tay flower; 4, disc flower; 5, disc flower opened; 6, stamens; 7 stigma ; 8, fruit. All except 1 enlarged. P) Plate 35. a == © JN FL hth ELFV, del., -magellanica, Pers. ao ke Bacchari PLATE 35. BACCHARIS MAGELLANICA. Family, Composira :—Petals united. Corolla bearing the stamens. Anthers united in a ring round the style. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit 1-seeded. = _ Genus, Baccuaris :—Shrubs, usually glabrous. Leaves alternate, entire or toothed. Heads small or medium-sized. Fertile flowers always female, sterile flowers hermaphrodite. Involucral bracts in many series, overlapping, dry. Style in hermaphrodite flowers branched, pappillose or hairy. Pappus hairs slender, copious, in 1-many series, fewer in sterile flowers. Baccharis magellanica, Pers. (‘Christmas.”) Plant about 8 in. high, a low under-shrub growing with Empetrum rubrum. Leaves rather variable in size and may be entire or toothed, usually about 4 in. long, not stalked, wedge-shaped, crowded, evergreen. Heads not stalked, small, terminal, solitary, yellowish-white. Involucral bracts ovate, margins hairy. Fruit smooth. Abundant everywhere in both islands. Flowers December—January. Description of plate :—1, portion of male plant; 2, flower head and foliage; 3, involucre and receptacle; 4, bud of male flower; 5, male flower; 6, stamens; 7, portion of female plant; 8, flower head and foliage ; 9, female flower; 10, stigma; 11, fruit; 12, pappus hair. All except 1 and 7 enlarged. Plate 36. Leuceria gossypina,Hook.éet Arn. EF.Y. del. JIN. ith PLATE 36. LEUCERIA GOSSYPINA. Family, Composira:—Petals united. Corolla bearing the stamens. Anthers united in a ring round the style. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit 1-seeded. Genus, Leuceria :—Annual or perennial herbs, more or less covered with white, woolly hairs. Leaves springing from root or stem, often indented or dissected. Head radiate, medium-sized, or small, on a long stalk or solitary on a simple stem, homogamous, hermaphro- dite flower always fertile. Corolla 2-lipped, one lip 3-toothed. Involucral bracts broad, pointed, in a few series, overlapping, herbaceous. Anthers long-tailed. Style branches with truncated apices. Fruit hairy. Pappus hairs in 1 series, barbed. Leuceria gossypina, Hook. et Arn. Leuceria suaveolens, (7Urv.) Hook. et Arn. (“Vanilla Daisy.”) Plant 6-12 in. high, woolly. Stem simple, leafy, 1-flowered, hairy. Leaves, those springing from the root have long stalks, are 3-4 in. long and deeply indented, the segments having rounded apices. The cauline leaves are entire, narrow, and about 1 in. long. Head terminal about 2 in. in diameter, white, tinged with yellow, scent resembling that of vanilla. Involucral bracts nearly as long as the flowers, narrow. Styles pale lilac. Sheltered localities in heath. Not uncommon. Flowers December and January. East and West Falklands. Endemic. aay eee Oe Ee PRC Se _ Description of plate :—1, plant ; 2, ray floret ; 3, floret opened ; 4 and 5, stamens ; 6, stigma; 7, fruit. All except 1 enlarged. Plate 37, Lith, ERY, del. J Perezia recurvata,(Vahl)Less. PLATE 37, PEREZIA RECURVATA. Family, Compostrm :—Petals united. Corolla bearing the stamens. Anthers united in a ring round the style. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit 1-seeded. Genus, PEREzra :—Usually erect, branched herbs, not often shrubby. Leaves radical or alternate, entire or sometimes dissected, often spiny. Heads solitary and terminal, rarely clustered. Involucral bracts in 2—-many overlapping series. Flowers all alike and perfect, purple, rose, blue or white. Corolla 2-lipped, the outer lip being the longer and. 3-toothed. Anthers arrow-shaped at base with long, narrow tails. Style branched and hairy above. Fruit an oblong achene, hairy. Pappus in several rows, scabrid. Perezia recurvata, (Vahl) Less. (Called “lavender” in the Falkland Islands.) Plant perennial, usually 4-10 in. high. Stem somewhat shrubby, densely clothed with leaves. Leaves tough, about 1 in. long, rounded at apex, recurved, dilated at base and clasping the stem, very spiny, and trans- versely wrinkled. Head about an inch in diameter, the flower stalk naked except for a few bracts. Involucral bracts in 3 rows, the outer with spiny hairs. Florets deep blue, lilac or white, very fragrant. Anthers blue at apex, yellow below. Stigma white. Fruit slightly hairy. Flourishes near the sea, in peaty soil among rocks and on sandy shores. Flowers December and January. Hast and West Falklands. Description of plate :—1, portion of plant; 2, ray floret ; 3, stamen ; 4, stigma; 5, ovary. All except 1 enlarged. Plate 38. PLP. del JN. ith, Pratia repens,Gaud, PLATE 38. PRATIA REPENS. Family, CampANULACE :—Petals united. Stamens free from the corolla. Leaves alternate. Stamens as many as corolla lobes. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Ovary multilocular. Genus, Pratia:—Slender herbs, prostrate or creeping, rarely erect. Leaves alternate, broad, toothed. Flower stalk axillary, 1-flowered. Flowers small, male and female flowers often on different plants and sterile. Calyx 5-lobed, lobes sometimes unequal, absent in male flowers. Corolla dorsally divided to the base, lobes unequal. Stamen tube free from corolla or joined to it at the base. Anthers 5, 2-tufted or with awns. Stigma shortly 2-lobed. Fruit a berry, surmounted by the calyx. Pratia repens, Gaud. Plant about 2 in. high, creeping. Leaves long-stalked, kidney-shaped or orbicular, edges waved. Flower stalk about ? in. long, bearing 2 or 3 small bracts. Calyx tube globose, lobes ovate and pointed. . Corolla bright lilac, white inside. Anthers lilac, filaments dark violet. Seeds yellowish-brown. Swamps, banks of streams, etc. Forming dense mats in moist places. Flowers December. East and West Falklands. Description of plate :—1, whole plants in flower and fruit ; 2, flower ; 3, section of flower; 4, calyx laid open; 5, flower with petals removed ; 6, corolla ; 7, style and stigma; 8, section of ovary; 9, fruit; 10, seed. All except 1 enlarged. Plate 39. EF. del. J.NF lith, Pernettya pumila,(Linn.f.) Hook. PLATE 39. PERNETTYA PUMILA. Family, Ericacea :—Shrubs. Petals united. Stamens free from the corolla, usually twice as many as the corolla lobes. Anthers opening by pores. Genus, Pernetrya :—Shrubby, hairy or smooth. Leaves small, usually toothed, alternate, tough, shortly stalked. Flowers small, solitary, axillary or in axillary inflorescences with scaly bracts, white or pink. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla urn-shaped or globose. Disc 5- or 10-lobed. Stamens 10. Anthers opening by an apical pore. Fruit a berry, globose, 5-celled, many-seeded. Pernettya pumila, (Linn. fil.) Hook. A low, smooth plant, erect or prostrate, up to 2 ft. in length, much branched. Leaves not stalked, ovate, apices pointed or rounded. Flower stalk longer than leaves, axillary, 1-flowered. Flowers white. Anthers tailed. Ovary 5-lobed. Ovules many. Very common everywhere. Flowers November. East and West Falklands. Description of plate :—1, portion of plant; 2, flower ; 3, section of corolla ; 4, stamens and pistil ; 5, stamen ; 4, pistil ; 7, section of ovary ; 8, portion of plant in fruit. All except | and 8 enlarged. E.FV.del.,J.N.P lth. Gaultheria microphylla Forst) Hook. fil Plate 40. PLATE 40. GAULTHERIA MICROPHYLLA. Family, EricacE# :—Petals united. Stamens free from the corolla, usually twice as many as the corolla lobes. Anthers opening by pores. Shrubs. Genus, GAULTHERIA :—Shrubby, erect or decumbent, often with stiff hairs. Leaves alternate, evergreen, tough. Flowers small, axillary or in axillary inflorescences, with or without bracts, white or pink. Calyx 5-lobed or 5-partite, persistent. Corolla 5-lobed, urn-shaped or bell-shaped, lobes recurved. Stamens 10, joined to base of corolla. Anthers opening by an apical pore. Ovary 5-celled, ovules many. Seeds minute. Fruit a capsule, edible. Gaultheria microphylla, (Forst.) Hook. f. (Mountain Berry.) A small branched plant, 3-4 in. high, sparsely covered with hairs. Leaves broadly ovate, or oblong, margins thick, obscurely toothed. Flowers solitary on a recurved stalk, small. Corolla white. Fruit red or white. As will be seen from the drawings, this fruit is very variable. Heaths. Not common. Flowers November—January. East and West Falklands. Description of plate :—1, portions of plant in fruit ; 2, fruit; 3 and 4, sections of fruit ; 5, seed; 6, a globose fruit ; 7, section of fruit ; 8, section of ripe ovary ; 9, seed. All except 1 enlarged, E.F.V. del.,M.R.1ith. Primula farinosa,ver magellanica,Hook. f. Plate 41. Sei PLATE 41. PRIMULA FARINOSA, var. MAGELLANICA. Family, Primutacrs :—Petals united. Ovary superior. Stamens epi- petalous, equal to and opposite the corolla lobes. Flowers pentamerous. Placenta free-central. Genus, Primua:—Herbaceous plants with an underground stem. Leaves basal, simple. Flowers solitary, or in clusters on a leafless stalk. Calyx tubular, 5-lobed. Corolla salver- or funnel-shaped, with a long tube, 5-lobed, each lobe notched. Stamens 5, inserted on petals. Stigma capitate. Fruit a capsule, opening into 5 teeth. This genus is peculiar. owing to the fact that it possesses 2 forms of flowers, long-styled and short-styled. Primula farinosa, L., var. magellanica, Hook. f. Plant about 7 in. high. Leaves Spoon-shaped or ovate, narrowing gradually into a stalk, usually about 1} in. long, but often larger, margins scalloped, green above, whitish and mealy beneath. Flower stalk very much longer than, and standing up from, the leaves. Flowers in a globose head, white, with a yellow “ eye,” sometimes tinged with lavender. Calyx teeth pointed. Corolla tube longer than calyx, limb 4-3 in. in diameter. Style green. Stigma yellow. Hillsides, etc. Fairly common. Flowers October and November. Hast and West Falklands. Description of plate :—1, whole plant ; 2, section of flower ; 3, calyx; 4, section of calyx and pistil; 5, section of corolla ; 6, pistil; 7, fruit; 8, seed. All except 1 enlarged. G I. FV, del,,M.B dith 3 Anagallis alternifolia,var densifolia,Hook,f. Plate 42. PuaTE 42. ANAGALLIS ALTERNIFOLIA, var. DENSIFOLIA. Family, PrimuLace& :—Petals united. Ovary superior. Stamens epi- petalous, equal to and opposite the corolla lobes. Flowers pentamerous. Placenta free-central. Genus, ANaGALLis (Pimpernel) :—Herbaceous creeping plants. Leaves opposite and entire. Flowers opposite and axillary, on very slender stalks. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla rotate or funnel- shaped. Stamens 5, filaments hairy. Fruit a capsule, splitting transversely all round. Anagallis alternifolia, var. densifolia, Hook. /f. Plant annual, branched. Leaves ovate, wider above, tapering below, about 4+ in. long, somewhat fleshy, smooth, leaf stalk very short or absent. Flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves, shortly stalked. Calyx teeth narrow, pointed, pale green. Petals longer than the sepals, pale pink, 7-veined. Stamens 5, filaments white, joined for half their length, with glands at the base. Ovary round. Ovules numerous. Capsule large, greyish-brown. Moist places, meadows, heaths, etc. Uncommon. Flowers January. East and West Falklands. Description of plate :—1, portion of plant; 2, flower; 3, section of flower; 4, calyx and pistil; 5, petal and stamen; 6, pistil; 7, fruit; 8, seed. All except 1 enlarged. Plate 43. ELF. V. del, M.R.lith. Armeria maciloviana,Cham. PuatTE 43. ARMERIA MACLOVIANA. Family, PLumMBacInacez :—Petals united. Ovary superior. Stamens epipetalous, equal to and opposite the corolla lobes. Flower pentamerous. Calyx persistent. Leaves narrow, glandular. Genus, ArMERIA (Zhrift):—A genus of maritime plants. Leaves all springing from the root, very narrow. Flowers arranged in dense globular heads, with scaly bracts. Petals united at the very base. Styles hairy. Armeria Macloviana, Cham. Plant about 6 in. high. Leaves in tufts, grass-like, about 14-3 in. long and very narrow, entire, fleshy, smooth, dark green, with lighter vein down centre. Flowers in heads, surrounded by bracts, placed terminally at the end of a long leafless stalk. Calyx funnel-shaped, toothed, outer side pink, inner mauvish-pink. Petals 5, distinct, rose pink, entire, oblong. Stamens 5. Anthers green. Filaments pink. Style divided into 5 branches, whitish above, pink and barbed below. Ovary green. Seashores. Not common. Flowers December and January. East and West Falklands. Description of plate :—1, whole plant ; 2, section of flower ; 3, calyx ; 4, flower with calyx removed ; 5, petal and stamen ; 6 and 7, stamens ; 8, pistil. All except 1 enlarged. E.F.V. del,M.B.lith. Gentiana, magellanica,Gaud. Plate 44. PLATE 44. - GENTIANA MAGELLANICA. Family, GENTIANACEH :—Petals united. Ovary superior. Stamens epipetalous, equal to and opposite the corolla lobes. Corolla contorted. Leaves opposite, entire. Genus, GENTIANA (Gentian) :—Herbaceous plants. Leaves opposite, not stalked. Flowers solitary and terminal or in clusters. Calyx tubular, 4- or 5-lobed. Corolla funnel-shaped or salver-shaped with spreading limb, 4- or 5-lobed. Stigmas 2. Fruit.a 1-celled capsule. Gentiana magellanica, Gaud. Plant erect, about 6 in. high. Stem tetragonal. Leaves about 1 in. long, spoon- shaped or oblong, pointed, lower leaves with more rounded apices. Flowers stalked. Calyx nearly as long as corolla, deeply divided into 5 oblong lobes, pale green. Corolla 5-lobed, contorted, white or pale lilac. Stamens inserted on corolla tube. Anthers mauve. Style short. Stigma white. Fruit a many-seeded capsule, opening longitudinally. Dampish places, heath, etc. Not common. Flowers in February. Description of plate :—1, whole plants ; 2, flower ; 3, calyx; 4, corolla laid open; 5 and 6, stamens; 7, ovary; 8, fruit; 9, seed. All except 1 enlarged. E.F V. del., M.Rdith, Calceolaria Darwinti,Benth. Plate 45.