\ aes ) be af » ae SS RETURN TO LIBRARY ENGRAVING DIVISION ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE LAND AND FRESH WATER Peta: hh Oat) 1G ¥ GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, WITH FIGURES, DESCRIPTIONS, AND LOCALITIES OF ALL THE SPECIES. DRAWN AND COLOURED FROM NATURE BY CAPTAIN THOMAS BROWN, M.P.5., MEMBER OF THE WERNERIAN NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, MEMBER OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF MANCHESTER, AND FORMERLY PRESIDENT OF THE ROYAL PHYSICAL SOCIETY, ETC., ETC., ETC. BON.DON: SMITH, ELDER, AND CO, 65, CORNHILL; AND MACLACHLAN AND STEWART, 64, SOUTH BRIDGE, EDINBURGH. MDCCCXLV- MANCHESTER? PRINTED BY T. SOWLER, SAINT ANN’S SQUARE. TO RO BE RT’ MANN, EOS Q., MEMBER OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS, &e., &c., &c., THE FOLLOWING WORK IS INSCRIBED, AS A MARK OF ESTEEM FOR HIS PROFESSIONAL SKILL, AND UNWEARIED ZEAL IN THE PROMOTION OF NATURAL HISTORY, AND IN TESTIMONY OF REGARD FOR AN UNINTERRUPTED FRIENDSHIP OF MANY YEARS, BY THE AUTHOR. MusEuM, MANCHESTER, FEBRUARY, 1845, - PREFACE. | Tue following Treatise is intended as a Manual to Conchologists residing at a distance from the coast, and whose personal opportunities of collecting are conse- quently limited to our Land and Fresh Water Shells, now ascertained to be pretty numerous in species since the time of Colonel Montagu, and my distinguished friend Dr. Leach, whose decease, in the prime of life, was a heavy loss to science. Among those that have materially extended the number of species may be par- ticularised, J. G. Jeffreys, Esq., Swansea; Professor Forbes, King’s College, London; Joshua Alder, Esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne; and the Rev. Leonard Jenyns. For an extensive acquaintance with the Irish species, I am indebted to William Thompson, Esq., Belfast ; Robert Ball, Esq., Miss Mary Ball, and 'T. W. Warren, Esq., of Dublin. ‘To the Rev. J. B. Clarke, of ‘Tuam, I am under a deep obligation for the use of his beautiful and correct delineations of the Limacide figured in plates 25 and 26. I have endeavoured to render the Work as complete as possible, by illustrations of all the authenticated spe- cies, as well as of many varieties. These have been represented in different positions, so as to convey the most perfect idea of the form of the species ; amounting to upwards of three hundred and thirty figures. Having collected specimens of the beautiful genus Anodon from distant and wide-spread localities, I have been enabled v1 PREFACE. to exhibit twelve distinct and permanent varieties of Anodon Cygneus, and there can be little doubt but more may yet be ascertained, by a careful comparison of specimens from numerous waters. Almost every situation in the British Islands has its Land and Fresh Water Shells. Lakes, Rivers, Canals, Ponds, and Ditches abound with the Lymnede, Valva- tidee, Cyclade, and Unionide; some of which lurk in the mud at the bottom, or crawl upon aquatic plants ; while those of the Land localise in extremely varied situations; the Helicide and Limacide frequent the bottoms of hedge-rows, gardens, woods, and meadows, under stones, amongst nettles and other plants, while the Pupide, Clausilide, and their congeners inhabit mossy banks, old walls, the bark of decayed trees, and other dry places. I have rejected all the species not indigenous to the British Islands, with the exception of Dreissina poly- morpha, which, although an alien, has become a nume- rous and prolific inhabitant of most of our Canals. In the choice of specific names, I have for the most part adopted those of Colonel Montagu, whose work is entitled to the highest praise, from the clearness and simplicity of its descriptions of species; many of which were given prior to those of Continental writers on this branch of science; whose specific names I have given in the numerous synonyms. I have added to the illustrations, figures of an animal of nearly each genus, with short descriptions of their Generic Characters in an appendix, which I thought preferable to mixing them up in the text. SYSTEMATIC INDEX. CLASS I. MOLLUSCA GASTEROPODA. ORDER TRACHELIPODA. Family I.—Nerrracea. Genus 1. Neritrna.— Lamarck. eAuvatilisi:, copa lspple ds tf 342513 Family I].—Prrisromipa. Genus 2. Patupina.— Lamarck. vivipara p..d5 pli Ly 445 Achatina: seess-seehe- 1D st 4 bt Gee 7 UIMPULE, seater cet ceca cote cotomness OirO) ventricosa p. 6; f.410; 11 kee Genus 3. Asstmrnta.— Leach. iuGrayanay...40.,65,pled,-f..19; 18 Genus 4. Vatvata.—Miuiller. 1. piscinalis... p. 6, pl. I, f. 14, 15, WAYIG GY s07. coisa sanietsciaisotes- pls. LY acristatavesetnte: p. 7, f. 18, 19, 20 i) Family I1].—Lymn cra. Genus 5. Lymn a.— Lamarck. Section 1.—Elongate ; volutions gra- dually enlarging ; spire longer than the aperture. 1. stagnalis... p. 28, pl. I, f. 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 LYMNA. 12. palustris ...... pag, ple Lyte, 2 varieties... 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Ho MINUtAY weaeneoewes = ple Ui26;.27 4. elongata...... pe Opie Wet I 2, 3, 4 Section 2.—Subovate ; body ventri- cose ; aperture longer than the spire. 5, auricularia... D.ells.pl. Li, tf. 1; 12, 13, 14 6. peregra... 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 Te anvoluta; cess. esses: Palos ta2¢ Genus 6. AMPHIPEPLEA.—Nilsson. 1. glutinosa... p. 13, pl. III, f. 7, 8 . lacustris pa L4jsie5, 6 ) Genus 7. Puysa.—Drapernaud. 1. fontinalis... p. 15, pl. III, f. 13, 14 VArlety cosisessescac-neeeec coy lls 12 VALICLY tie ccewsasesssessessseol Os 16 waerdeee Po 165/4,°92 10 hrfat Ks} tw) + ACUEA see as See NYPNOLUM eecesns ese -cee: Genus 8. PrLanorzts.— Muller. Section 1.—Volutions devoid of a carina, rounded on both sides ; spire slightly concave. 1. corneus ... p. 17, pl. IND f 21 ’ 22, 23 vill PLANORBIS. 2. albus... p. 18, pl. III, f. 30, 31 3. levis . siiossdesseee dis Con OF 4, imbricatus... p. 19, f. 40, 41, 42 Section 2.—Volutions carinated. 5. carinatus ... p. 20, f. 34, 35, 36 6. marginatus ,..... 26, 27, 28, 29 7, vortexX.........0.. DP. 22, f. 32, 33 8. spirorbis p. 23, f. 19, 20 Section 3.—Shell shining, trans- lucent ; spire deeply umbilicate ; volutions provided with a slight carina. 9. nitidus ... p. 23, pl. IV, f. 1, 2 Section 4.—Destitute of a carina; volutions rounded both before and behind, and deeply umbilicated. 10. contortus... p.24, pl. ITI, f-24, 25 Genus 9. Srementina.—Fleming. Lo lineatare. «ews p. 25, pl. IV, f. 3, 4 Family [1V.—Conmacea. Section 1.—Animals with two ten- tacula. Genus 10. Cyciostoma.— Lamarck. 1. elegans... p. 26, pl. IV, f. 10, 11 2. marmorea......... p. 27, f..13, 13 Genus 11. Carycutum.— Miller. 1. minimum... p. 28, pl. IV, f. 8, 9 Genus 12. Acmr.— Hartmann. LaetUSCa fe ctesic'es p. 28, plu LV, 2 15 OMEN MULascans sees seseciaiv ata p. 29, f. 16 Section 2.—Animals with four ten- tacula. Genus 13. SucctneEA.—Drapernaud. amphibia... p. 30, pl. IV, f. 20, 21 S GVACIIIS Gs coaisasecrwee 2s cassconced oblonga p. 31, f. 19 oN Oe e ee ene ree ene SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Genus 14. AcHATINA.—Lamarck. 1. acicula... p. 32, pl. IV, f. 28, 29 Genus 15. Burtmus.—Lamarck. obscurus... p. 33, pl. IV, f. 24, 24* MONtANUS and adds, ‘from two localities in glens and sheltered places 3’ this country (Ireland), I have seen Helices of crystalline trans- parency, and in form intermediate between A. nitidula and H. alliaria.” 34. HeEwix Lucia, pl. IX, f. 7, 8. Helix lucida, Drapernaud, p. 103, pl. 8,2. 11,12); Pfeiffer, I, p. 35, pl. 2, f. 18; Von Alten, S. 72, pl. 8, f. 15; Thomp- son, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, p. 33; Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot., II, p. 107; Turton, Man., p. 56, pl. 5, f. 38; Brard, p- 34, pl. 2, f. 3, 4; Brown, Illust. Conch., p. 52, pl. 18,* f. 3, 4; Helix nitida, Gray, Med. Rep., 1821, p. 239. - Shell dark chocolate-colour when the inhabitant is alive, and of a dark horn-colour when extracted, subdepressed; spire slightly elevated, consisting of four volutions, finely striated longitudinally; base a little produced, with a large umbilicus, in which the second volution is visible; aperture subrotund. Dia- meter about a quarter of an inch. &4 COLIMACEA. This species may be confounded with its congeners, but will be distinguished from H. nitidula, cellaria, and alliaria, by its greater convexity, its more regular striz, darker colour, and in being devoid of the opaque whitish aspect of its base. This is a rare and local species. It has been met with near Wolverhampton; Tenby, Wales; in the neighbourhood of Shrewsbury, and near Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Mr. Thompson remarks that it appears to be rare in Ireland, as well as in England. He gives as localities, in the rejectamenta of the rivers Lagan and Blackwater, near Belfast; also near Portar- lington and Finnoe, north of ‘Tipperary. 35. HELIx RADIATULA, pl. IX, f. 9, 10. Helix vadiatula, Alder, Cat., p. 12, No. 50; Ib., Mag. Zool. and Bot., II, p. 107; Jeffreys, Linn. Tr., XIII, p-511; Thomp- son, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, p. 33; Brown, Illust. Conch., p- 53, pl. 18,* f.5, 6; Helix striatula, Gray, Med. Rep., 182}, p- 239; Helix brevipes, Turton, Man., p. 65, pl. 5, f. 50. Shell pellucid, diaphanous, horn-coloured, depressed ; spire but little elevated above the body volution, and consisting of three volutions, which are particularly flat at their junction ; body large, in proportion to the spire; upper parts covered with regular, continuous, longitudinal striz, and producing a radiated appearance; base smooth, with a moderately sized umbilicus. This is an exceedingly minute species, its diameter hardly exceeding the twentieth of an inch. Its habitat is in wet mossy ditches, and in damp wooded localities. Distinguished from the young of H. zonites, by the great flatness of the volutions at their lower side, and by the striz being more regular and decided. This shell occurs in many parts of Britain. Mr. Thompson gives as localities, Dovedale, Derbyshire; the Falls of Clyde, Lanarkshire; and Ballantrae, Ayrshire; and in Ireland, he says it is widely distributed, namely, Londonderry, near Dublin, Downshire, Antrim, Tyrone, Cork, and Queen’s County. 36. HELIx crysTALiina, pl. IX, f. 11, 12. Helix crystallina, Miller, Verm., I, p. 23, No. 223; Pfeiffer, J, p: 46, pl. 25£ 36% Drapernaud, p. 118, pl. 8, f. 13 to 28; Gray, Med. Rep., 1821, p. 239; Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot., II, p. 108; Turton, Man., p. 58, f. 42; Jeffreys, Linn. Tr., COLIMACEA. 85 XIII, p. 341 and 511; Thompson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, p. 34; Rossmassler, VIII, p. 37, pl. 39, f. 531, var; Brown, Illust. Conch. p. 53, pl. 18,* f. 7, 8; Helix vitrea, Brown, Edin. Journ. Nat. and Geo. Science, I, p. 12, pl. 1, f. 12, 13, 145; Zonites crystallinus, Leach, Moll., p. 105. Shell thin, depressed, of a very glossy, crystalline, greenish- white colour; spire with five well defined, gradually decreasing volutions, terminating in an extremely small, hardly-raised apex; base of the shell a little convex, provided with a small, but deep umbilicus; aperture semi-lunate, and enveloping the body. Diameter three-sixteenths of an inch. This species may at once be distinguished from its con- geners, by its extremely glass-like aspect, the number of its volutions, and in the body one being but little thicker than the lower volution of the spire. The H. crystallina is not uncommon in many parts of Eng- land. It was first found in Scotland by my esteemed friend James Gerard, Esq., who detected it in an old wall at Corstor- phine Hill, near Edinburgh; where I afterwards found it. Thompson says it is generally distributed in Ireland, occurring in moss, under stones, and upon decaying wood, both in wet and dry situations. He adds, “Some adult specimens which I have collected have had but three and a half volutions, instead of four and a half or five, the ordinary number.” I have great doubts of these last mentioned being really the H. crystallina, as one of its strongest characters is, the number of its volutions, in which it is only equalled by the following species. 37. Hewix excavata, pl. IX, f. 13, 14. Helix excavata, Bean; Alder, Cat., p. 13, No. 53; Ib., Mag. Zool. and Bot., I, p. 107; Thompson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, p. 34; Brown, Ilust. Conch., p. 53, pl. 18,* f. 9, 103 Helix lucida, var., Turton, Man., p. 57, pl. 4, f. 39; Helix nitida, Jeffreys, Linn. Tr., XIII, p. 339 and 511. Shell subglobose, transparent, diaphanous, shining, yellowish horn-coloured, and covered with longitudinal, irregular wrin- kles; body very large; spire subdepressed, small, consisting of four or five well rounded, close-set volutions, terminating in an obtuse apex; base considerably inflated, and provided with a large and deep umbilicus, in which may be seen the inside of 86 COLIMACEA. the volutions, nearly to the apicial one; aperture slightly lunate, or nearly round. Diameter about a quarter of an inch. Discovered near Scarborough by Mr. Bean, and has been found by Mr. Alder in Northumberland; and Thompson says he has seen but one Irish specimen, which was procured at Dunscombe Wood, near Cork, by Miss King, of Cork. Its favourite habitat is timber which has been cut down, and under decayed wood. 38. Hexix pura, pl. IX, f. 15, 16. Helix pura, Alder, Cat., No. 46; Ib., Mag. Zool. and Bot., II, p. 108; Thompson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, p. 32; Turton, Man., p. 59, the description only; Brown, Illust. Conch., p- 53, pl. 18,* f. 11, 12; Helix nitidula, var. B, Jeffreys, Linn. Dr, AU peo. Variety 1. Shell pale horn-coloured. Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot., II, p. 108. Shell nearly white, depressed, somewhat pellucid, and glossy, a little striated, or wrinkled; body large; spire small, with three volutions, placed somewhat oblique; base considerably flattened, provided with a large and deep umbilicus; base never opaque. Diameter between a fifth and sixth of an inch. This shell differs from H. crystallina in being larger, more convex, and less glossy; the volutions are not so closely set, the body somewhat larger in proportion to the spire, with a larger umbilicus, and especially in the fine, regular strie, of which the H. crystallina is destitute. Found near Newcastle-upon-Tyne by Joshua Alder, Esq,, and as far as is known, rather a local species in England; in Ireland, according to Thompson, it is rather widely spread ; its usual habitat being among moss, in sheltered situations. I found it near Cabinteely, County of Dublin. The yellowish horn-coloured variety is most commonly met with. Sub-Genus 8.— Trigonostoma.—Lerussac. Shell subdiscoidal ; apex depressed ; base umbilicated ; aper- ture trigonal; outer lip denticulated; epidermis for the most part hispid. COLIMACEA. 87 39. HELIx opvo.uta, pl. IX, f. 16, 17. Helix obvoluta, Miller, Verm., I, p. 24; Helix holosericea, Drapernaud, p. 112, pl. 7, f. 27 and 29; Brard, p. 62, pl. 2, f. 16, 17; Pfeiffer, I, p. 41, pl. 2, f. 28; Rossmassler, I, p. 70, pl. 1, f. 213; Ferussac, Prod., p. 38, No. 107; Lindsay, Linn. Trans., XVI, p. 765; Helix obvoluta, Brown, Illust. Conch., p. aos ple 18,* f.13; 14, Shell reddish-brown, planorbiform, depressed both above and below, and largely umbilicated; spire concave, and consisting of five narrow volutions; aperture triangular; the outer lip re- flexed, pale red, and provided internally with a small, blunted tooth. Diameter five-eighths of an inch. Discovered by Dr. James Lindsay in Ditcham Wood, near Brenton, Hampshire, where he collected about twenty speci- mens. Its habitat is among moss at the roots of trees. As this shell is a well known continental species, and having been found in one locality only, it is probable that it has been intro- duced among plants. 40. HELIx MARGARITACEA, pl. IX, f. 18, 19, 20. Helix margaritacea, Brown, Illust. Conch., p. 54, pl. 17, f. 54, 55, 56; Vitrina margaritacea, Brown, First Ed., pl. 40, f. 54, 55, 56. Shell depressed both above and below, very thin and hyaline; spire hardly elevated above the body, and consisting of three pretty well rounded and rapidly decreasing volutions ; sides of the body inflated, and rather thick in proportion to its size ; base rounded, and provided with a small and shallow umbilicus; aperture suborbicular, with a very thin outer lip; whole surface of a pearly white, exhibiting iridescent reflections. Diameter an eighth of an inch. Discovered by James Gerard, Esq., on an old wall at Cor- storphine Hill, near Edinburgh. ORDER GASTEROPODA. Animals with straight bodies, never spiral, nor totally en- veloped in their shell; the foot, or disc, situated under the belly, united to the body nearly its whole length, and serving as an organ of locomotion. 88 LIMACINEA. Division L—PNEUMOBRANCHIZ. Branchiz in the form of a vascular net, or the wall of a par- ticular cavity, opening by a hole which the animal contracts or dilates at pleasure. The animals respire air. Famity I.—LIMACINEA. Animals almost wholly naked, with elongated bodies, creep- ing by means of a ventral disc, with a narrow mantle bordering their sides. Genus 1.—VITRINA.—Drapernaud. Shell oblong, thin, transparent, fragile, and glassy; spire short, depressed, with seldom more than three, rapidly increas- ing volutions; body large; aperture very ample, its width being generally greater than its length, and somewhat oblong; margin of the outer lip thin; columellar side deeply emarginate by the body; columella merely a simple spiral line. 1. Virrina PELLUCIDA, pl. LX, f. 21, 22, 23. Vitrina pellucida, Drapernaud, p. 119, pl. 8, f. 34 to 37; Lamarck, An. San. Vert., VI, pt. 2nd, p. 53; Fleming, Brit. An., p. 267; Ib., Phil. Zool., I, p. 459, pl. 4, f. 1; Turton, Man., p. 31, f. 21; Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot., II, p. 105; Forbes, Mal. Mon., p. 7; Thompson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, p.19; Vitrina Dillwyni, depressa, and diaphana, Jeffreys, Linn. Tr., XVI, p. 326; Vitrina Miilleri, Jeffreys, Linn. Tr., XV, p. 326; Vitrina Drapernaudi, Leach, Moll., p- 80; Jeffreys, Linn. Tr., XVI, p. 326; Vitrina beryllina, Pfeiffer, p. 47, pl. 3, f.15; Vitrina elongata, Turton, Man., p. 31, f.22; Helix pellucida, Miiller, Verm., II, p. 16; Pennant, Brit. Zool., IV, p. 138, No. 134; Helix elliptica, Brown, Wer- nerian Mem., I, p. 525, pl. 24, f.8; HMelicolimax pellucidus, Feérussac, Hist. Moll., pl. 9, f. 63; Vitrina pellucida, Brown, Mllust. Conch., p. 54, pl. 17, f. 6, 7, and 12; Ib., First Ed., pl. 40, f. 6, 7, and 12. Shell elliptical, subdepressed, very thin, of a pale yellowish- green colour, hyaline, and extremely glossy; body very large, oblique; spire very small, and consisting of two volutions, which rise but little above the body, and terminate in an obtuse LIMACINEA. 89 apex, well defined by a striated sutural line, discoverable only by the aid of a lens; aperture oval, and very large, interrupted above by the superior portion of the body; outer lip thin, fre- quently with a pale brown margin; pillar lip slightly reflected, and a little concave above. Subject to some variety both in form and colour; but all I have seen are only entitled to rank as one species. This species is found in all localities; for I have met with it in yery moist. situations, among decayed leaves, under stones, &e., and I have procured specimens near the summit of Arthur’s Seat, at Edinburgh, eight hundred feet above the level of the sea. It prevails all over Ireland, and Thompson has found it in high mountain localities. I first observed this species in the cabinet of Mr. Dixon, of Bishopwearmouth, in 1810, and drew and described it under the name of Helix virides, as it was the green variety. I after- wards met with the pale yellowish-white variety, in 1814, at Farbane, King’s County, Ireland. Genus II]—TESTACELLA.—Cuvier. Shell very small, compressed, placed externally on the animal, auriform; apex obsoletely spiral, consisting of less than two vo- lutions; aperture very large, wide, and oblique; columella flat; outer lip reflected, and thin, with a slight sinus behind. This singular univalve is found attached to the back of the animal, near its posterior extremity. 1. TEstTacELLa HatiororipEa, pl. IX, f. 24, 25. Testacella Haliotoidea, Drapernaud, p. 121, pl. 8, f. 44, 45 ; Lamarck, An. San. Vert., VI, pt. 2nd, p. 52; Cuvier, An. du Mus., V, p. 440, pl. 29, f. 6, 7; Thompson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, p.19; Testacella scutulum, Sowerby, Gen. Rec. and Foss. Sh., f. 3, 3; Testacellus Haliotoideus, Férussac, Hist., pl. 8, f. 5 to 9; Sowerby, Gen., f. 1, 2; Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot., II, p. 105; Testacella Europea, Roissy. Buffon, V, p. 252; Testacella Haliotoidea, Brown, IMlust. Conch., p. 54, pl. Ss To 5. 1G: Variety 1. Testacella scutulum, Sowerby. Shell auriform, ovoid, or elongated; vertex rather large, acute, placed at one extremity, and pointing to one side; aper- N QO LIMACINEA. ture very large; pillar lip, near its upper extremity, broad, flat, and very slightly reflected at the edge; outer lip dilated. Inhabits gardens, at Lambeth, and other localities near Lon- don. It was found many years ago at Youghal, Ireland, by Robert Ball, Esq., of Dublin. The Irish specimens agree with the 7. scutulum of Sowerby. Mr. Thompson says it has also been found in a garden at Bandon, by Mr. G. S. Allman. I concur with Mr. Ball and Mr. Thompson, in considering the T. Haliotoidea as an indigenous British and Ivish species. Genus IIJ.—ARION.—Ferussac. Shell an oblong mass of granular, spongy, corneous substance, enveloped in the mantle of the animal, sometimes consisting only of a few granules in a rudimentary condition. Section 1.— Shell oval and concave. 1. MARION HORTENSIS. Variety 1. Animal black, with gray streaks. Arion hortensis, Férussac, Moll., 6, pl. 11, f. 4, 5, 6, VII, a, f. 2, 3,4; Gray, Med. Rep., 1821; Thompson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VU, p. 18; Limax subfuscatus, Pfeitler, pl. 4, f.20; Limax hortensis, Grateloup, Moll. Dax., p. 55, f. 45 Limacellus variegatus, Turton, Man., p. 25, pl. 3, f. 16, shell ; Limacella concava, Brard, p. 121, shell. Variety 2. Animal gray, with a black streak on both sides. Arion hortensis, var. B, Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot., U, p. 105; Arion circumscriptus, Johnston, Edin. New Phil. Journ., V,p-. 773; Limax fasciatus, Nilsson, Fau. Succ., p. 3. Shell oval, misshapen, and somewhat concave. Inhabits woods in Great Britain and Ireland; in the latter country, Thompson says it is common throughout the North. Section II.—Shell, if any, nearly circular, spongy, and yvudimentary. 2. ARION EMPIRICORUM. Arion empiricorum, Férussac, Hist. Moll., 60, p. 17, pl. 1, f. 235; Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot., II, p. 105; Arion ater, Thompson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VII, p. 18; Limaz ater, Linné, Fau. Suce. p. 507; Miiller, Verm., II, p. 2; Draper- LIMACINEA. Qi naud, p. 122, pl. 9, f. 3, 4, 5, 6; Nunneley, Trans. Phil. Soc. Leeds, p. 46, pl. 1, f. 1, pl. 2, f. 1, pl. 1, f. 1, 3, and 6; Limax Rufus, Drapernaud, p. 123, pl. 9, f. 6. Shell spongy, sub-hemispherical. This species is very common throughout Great Britain and [reland, in gardens and woods. Miss M. Ball says the yellow variety is found in the North and South. Genus I[V.—LIMAX.—Linneus. Shell oblong, subquadrate, scutiform, extremely thin, and crystalline; covered with a pale brown epidermis, which extends beyond the margin of the shell; apex rounded, not convolute, but provided with a cavity at the top. Section I.— Mantle of the animal produced behind ; shelt depressed. 1. Limax maximus, pl. IX, f. 26. Limax maximus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. p. 1081, No. 43 Thompson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, p. 18; Limax cinereus, Miller, Verm., II, p. 8, No. 204; Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, p. 3101; Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot., II, p. 105; Forbes, Mal. Mon., p.6; Zimax antiquorum, Férussac, Hist., p. 68, pl. 4, f. 8, a, f.1, pl. 4, f.4, shell; Zimaz maculatus, Leach, MSS.; Nunneley, Trans. Phil. Soc. Leeds, I, p. 46, pl. 1, f. 2; Zama- cella Parma, Brard, p. 110, pl. 4, f. 1, 2, 9, 10, shell; Zama- cellus Parma, Turton, Man., p. 24, pl. 2, f. 14, shell; Lumax maximus, Brown, Illust. Conch., p. 55, pl. 18,* f. 17. Shell thin, cream-white, subdiaphanous, depressed, slightly concave internally ; aperture nearly the whole size of the shell, with the margin of the outer lip membranaceous, and very thin; external surface slightly wrinkled transversely, and sometimes studded with minute, glistening, crystalline particles ; apophysis of adhesion, small, prominent, situate on the extremity of the top, or broader end; opposite end rounded, and very thin. Length about six lines; breadth four lines. This species is common all over Great Britain and Ireland, and the Isle of Man, frequenting the bottoms of hedges and damp situations. OP LIMACINEA. The Rev. B. J. Clarke, of Tuam, has kindly sent me a draw- ing of a very distinct variety of this animal. Section II.—Shell depressed ; mantle of the animal short, and posteriorly rounded. 2. Limax Fiavus, pl. IX, f. 27. Limaz flavus, Linneus, Syst. Nat., p. 1082; Ib., Fau. Suec., p- 363, No. 2092; Pennant, Brit. Zool., IV, p. 41; Latham, Linn. Trans., I, p. 182; Thompson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, p. 18; Lima variegatus, Drapernaud, p. 127; Ferussac, Prod., p. 213 Ib., Hist. Moll. p. 71, pl. 5, f. 1 to 6; Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot., II, p. 105; Nunneley, Trans. Phil. Soc. Leeds, I, p. 47, pl. 1, f. 33; Limax succino colore, Lister, Conch., pl. 101, f.63; Limacella concava, Brard, p. 121, pl. 4, f. 5, 6, 13, 14, shell; Limacellus variegatus, Turton, Man., p. 25, pl. 3, f. 16; Limax flavus, Brown, Illust. Conch., p. 55, pl. is 18. Shell extremely thin, shield-shaped, slightly concave; anterior edge a little rounded; posterior end mammilliform; of a pale, yellowish colour. Frequents cellars, in London and its vicinity, and has been met with at Oxford, Plymouth, Bristol, and Bath; and was dis- covered at Youghal, Ireland, by Robert Ball, Esq., and has also been found in the North by William Thompson, Esq., of Belfast. Section III.—Mantle short, truncated behind ; shell thick, convex beneath, and oval. 3. Limax carinatus, pl. IX, f. 28. Limax carinatus, Leach, Moll. p. 73, pl. 8, f. 13 Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot., II, p. 105; Thompson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, p. 63; Brown, Illust. Conch., p. 55, pl. 18,* f. 19; Limax Sowerbii, Férussac, Hist. Moll., pl. 8, f. 7, 83 Denson, Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, p. 694, f. 120, a, bs Limacella ungulata, Brard, p. 116, pl. 4, f. 3, 4, 11, 12; ZLimacellus ungulatus, Turton, Man., p. 25, pl. 3, f. 15. Shell oval, or rhombic, rather thick, and convex beneath, of a pale cream-white; margin rather broad, rufous towards the top; destitute of a membrane, and never concave. LIMACINEA. 93 Mr. Clarke remarks, that “the peculiar thickening process in the centre gives them the appearance of having a marginal zone, or as if a smaller sized shell were placed on the top and centre of the larger, leaving a rather broad margin, which is usually of a rufous colour towards the top.” Inhabits gardens, in the vicinity of London, and at Hamp- stead; also at La Bergerie; Monivea, County of Galway, under stones in fields, and in tufted plants in gardens, according to the Rey. B. J. Clarke, by whom it was first noticed in Ireland. Mr. Thompson (p. 63) mentions a species obtained by him, in 1840, near Clifden, Connemara, Ireland, while on a tour with Professor Forbes, King’s College, London, and Robert Ball, Esq., of the Castle, Dublin, which were more nearly allied to the Z. gagates of Drapernaud, than the British specimens of L. carinatus. Mr. Ball has since found it on the Circular road, Dublin. 4. Limax acrestis, pl. IX, f. 29. Limax agrestis, Linné, Syst. Nat:, p. 1082, No.6; Gmelin, Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 3101, No. 6; Miiller, Verm., I, p. 8, No. 204; Drapernaud, Hist. des Moll., p. 126, pl. 9, f.9; Sturm, Fau. Abthl., VI, p. 1, pl. 4; Pennant, Brit. Zool., IV, p. 41; Lamarck, An. San. Vert., VI, pt. 2nd, p.50; Fleming, Brit. An., p. 256; Turton, Brit. Fau., p. 133; Pfeiffer, I, p. 21; Nunneley, Trans. Phil. Soc. Leeds, pl. 1, f. 4; Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot., I, p. 105; Thompson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, p.61; Forbes, Mal. Mon., p.6; Brown, Illust. Conch., p- 56, pl. 18,* f. 20; Limacella obliqua, Brard, p. 148, pl. 4, f. 7, 8,17, 18, shell; Limacellus obliquus, Turton, Man., p. 26, ple Gy te ls ‘ Shell variable in form, very small, thick, hard, and of an oblong square, rounded at the corners; colour, pale yellowish- white, or gray; a little concave, and provided with a membra- neous edge. This species is destitute of the abrupt thickening in the centre of the shell, which is so strongly characteristic of ZL. carinatus. Common in fields throughout Britain; Mr. Clarke found it in Queen’s County, and County of Galway, Ireland. Mr. Clarke considers Z. filans, var. y of Feérussac, as belong- ing to this species. 94 LIMACINEA. 5. Limax GacaTEs? var,, pl. IX, f. 30. Limax gagates ? var., Férussac? Drapernaud? Brown, Ilust. Conch., p. 56, pl. 18,* f.21; Limaa No. 4, Clarke, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, p. 19. Shell oval, somewhat spoon-shaped, pointed above, and rounded below; membranaceous, and subopaque. Mr. Clarke says this shell differs materially in size and thick- ness from Z. variegatus, bemg smaller, more membranaceous, and less opaque. The colour and markings of the animal are also very different from other British species. Discovered by the Rev. B. J. Clarke, of Tuam, at Spire Hill, La Bergerie, Queen’s County, Ireland, who has most obligingly sent me the use of beautiful drawings of the animal and shell of this as well as of all the other Irish Limacide. He says it is always found on trees, and never in cellars and damp vaults, &e., as L. variegatus. Mr. Thompson, in his paper on the Land and Fresh Water Mollusca of Ireland, remarks, “It may be the Z. carinatus of Leach, or Z. gagates of Drapernaud;” but I do not think Mr. Clarke’s description agrees with either of the above species. I think it more than probable that it is an entirely new species. Famity Il—ANCYLIDZ. Animals fluviatile ; they breathe air, respiring on the surface of the water; breathing apparatus situate in a bag-shaped cavity on the back of the neck. Genus V.—ANCYLUS.—Mitller. Shell thin, obliquely conical, patellieform; vertex somewhat pointed, short, turned backwards, and inwards, but not spiral ; aperture oval, or oblong, with the margins simple and entire. Section I1.—Animals sinistral. 1. ANCYLUS FLUVIATILIS, pl. X, f. 1, 2, 3. Ancylus fluviatilis, Miller, Verm., II, p. 194, No. 381; Dra- pernaud, p. 48, pl. 2, f. 23, 24; Pfeiffer, p. 107, pl. 4, f. 44, 45; Brard, p. 200, pl. 7, f. 3; Turton, Man., p. 140, pl. 10, f. 125; Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot., II, p. 116; Thompson, Ann. and ANCYLIDZ. 95 Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, p. 47; Lamarck, VI, pt. 2nd, p. 27; Patella fluviatilis, Montagu, p. 484; Linné, p. 1253; Da Costa, p- 48, pl. 3, f. 8; Patella lacustris, Donovan, pl. 147, f. 2; Maton and Rackett, p. 232; Brown, Ency. Brit., VI, p. 466; Ib., Wernerian Mem., II, p.533; Crepedula lacustris, Fleming, Edin. Ency.; Ancylus fluviatilis, Brown, Illust. Conch., p. 59, pl. 12, f. 1, 4, and 63; Ib., First Ed., pl. 36, f. 1, 4, and 6. Shell subconic, with the vertex sharp, slightly recurved, and situate near one end, sometimes a little hooked; pellucid, horn- coloured, covered with a dark greenish-brown epidermis, some- times of a paler hue, beneath which the shell is of a brown horn-colour, and with a few concentric wrinkles; aperture oval; marginal lip thin; inside glossy, of a bluish-white. Length three-eighths of an inch; breadth a quarter of an inch. A variety is sometimes found, particularly in a stream near Folkstone, in Kent, finely striated longitudinally. Montagu says this variety is so strongly striated, that it was by some considered a distinct species. He adds, “these were of an inferior size, and covered with a dusky epidermis, differing in nothing but the stria being more conspicuous.” Common in most rivers and streams in Great Britain and {reland, adhering to stones at the bottom. Section I1.—Animals dextral. 2. ANcyLus LacustTRIs, pl. X, f. 4, 5, 6. Ancylus lacustris, Miiller, Verm., I, p. 199; Drapernaud, p- 47, pl. 2, f. 25, 26, 27; Pfeiffer, p. 109, pl. 4, f.46; Lamarck, VI, pt. 2nd, p. 27; Fleming, Brit. An., p. 280; Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot., II, p.116; Turton, Man., p. 141, pl. 10, f. 126; Thompson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, p. 47; Patella lacustris, Linné, Syst. Nat., p. 1260, No. 769; Pennant, Brit. Zool., IV, p. 142; Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 484; Donovan, Brit. Sh., pl. 150; Brown, Wernerian Mem., II, p. 533; Ib., Ency. Brit., VI, p. 466; Patella oblonga, Maton and Rackett, Linn. Tr., VIII, p. 233; Lightfoot, Phil. Trans., LXXVI, p. 168, pl. 3, f.1; Ancylus lacustris, Brown, Ilust. Conch., p. 60, pl. 12, f. 3, 5, and 7; Ib., First Ed., pl. 36, f. 3, 5, and 7. Shell conical, and of a much elongated, oval form, com- pressed on the sides, thin, smooth, but not glossy, or slightly wrinkled, nearly membranaceous, subpellucid, of a pale horn- 96 ANCYLIDE. colour, covered with a yellowish-green epidermis; vertex small, acute, placed somewhat posteriorly, a little reflected, obliquely inclining towards the narrower end; aperture oblong-oval ; margin membranaceous; inside smooth, glossy, and of a bluish- white. Length a little more than a quarter of an inch; breadth about half its length. Found in lakes and still ditches, in many situations in Great Britain and Ireland, adhering to aquatic plants. We may par- ticularise the Stour, Dorsetshire; the Thames, near Windsor ; Windermere; and in a pool near the Eccles station, on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway ; Duddingston Loch, near Edinburgh ; and in Ireland, I met with it in a millrace, near Naas; Thompson gives as localities, Potamogeton; in the drains of the bog meadows, near Belfast; the Lagan canal; in a pond at Moira, County of Down; and various other situations. CLASS II. CONCHIFERA; OR BIVALVES. Animals soft, without articulations, destitute of a head or organs of vision, and always fixed within a BIVALVE shell; provided with external branchie, a simple circulation, and an unilocular heart. All the species are aquatic, living either in the sea or fresh water. None of the animals have an internal shell. The body is invariably soft, and the mouth is situated near the left side of the hinge. ORDER MONOMYARIA. Animals provided with but one muscle of attachment, or ad- ductor muscle, which leaves one subcentral muscular impression inside of each valve. Famity L—MYTILACEA. Hinge with a linear, subinterior, marginal ligament, very entire, and occupies a considerable portion of the anterior mar- gin; shells generally foliaceous. Genus IJ.—DREISSENA.—Van Beneden. Shell boat-shaped, or mytilform; valves carinated ; ligament internal, except in a little fissure in both valves externally; a rude cardinal tooth is situate under the umbo in the right valve, which locks into a corresponding cavity in the left valve ; in the umbonal angle of both valves is placed a transverse par- tition, for sustaining a closing muscle; anterior marginal seam with a fissure near its centre, for the passage of the byssus. O O8 MYTILACEA. 1. Dretss—ENA POLYMORPHA, pl. X, f. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12. Dreissena polymorpha, Van Beneden, Ann. Sci. Nat., 1835, p- 210, pl. 8, f. 1 to 115 Strickland, Mag. Nat. Hist., 1838, p. 361; Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot. U, p. 117; Tichogonia Chemnitzii, Rossmassler, I, p. 113, pl. 3, f. 69; Mytilus poly- morphus, Pallus, Voy. Russ. App. p. 211; Mytilus Wolge, Chemnitz, XI, p. 205, f. 2028; Mytilus Hagenii, Baer, Fér. Bull. Sci. Nat. 1826, p. 140; ? Volgensis, Gray, Ann. Phil., 1825; Dreissena polymorpha, Brown, Hlust. Conch., p. 76, pl. 29, f. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. Shell cymbiform, extremely flat in front, and acutely carinated behind; umbones incuryed, pointing anteriorly, turned down- wards at the points, and very closely pressed together; anterior side with an elongated, cordiform groove, reaching nearly to the centre of the valves, towards the base of which is a large, wide, elongated hiatus, acute at both ends, always situate in the right valve, for the passage of the byssus; the edge of the opposite valve being always entire; external surface covered with a rather strong, olivaceous, irregularly wrinkled epidermis, with indications of nearly obsolete, longitudinal, divergent ribs, or elevations; beneath this the shell is beautifully mottled with zigzag brown, or purple, transverse clouds or markings ; inside dull white, with the pallial and muscular impressions of a purple hue, and very glossy. This species is subject to great variety in length and breadth, varying from an inch and five-eighths to an inch in length. Some are elongated and narrow; others short and broad. It inhabits the commercial docks in various parts of Great Britain, and is to be met with in most of our canals. It is common in the Bridgewater canal, and also in many places in the canal betwixt Manchester and Hull; and was found by my friend Mr. Stark in the Union canal, near Edinburgh, in 1834. The animals are gregarious, generally found adhering in clusters by a strong byssus. This shell is not an aboriginal of Britain, being a native of the Volga, the Danube, and other continental rivers, and has been introduced upon timber; but is now so generally diffused throughout Britain, that it may fairly be considered as a British shell. NAYADES. 99 ORDER DIMYAIRA. Shell provided with two separate lateral muscular impres- sions. Susp-Diviston I.—LAMELLIPEDES. Famity IL—NAYADES. Shells inhabiting fresh waters; the hinge sometimes with an irregular, simple, or complex tooth, and a longitudinal prolonged one, and sometimes none. Some have a compound muscular impression ; and the umbo is frequently decorticated. Genus I—ANODON.—Bruguiére. Shell equivalve, inequilateral, and transverse, for the most part very thin; hinge line nearly straight; hinge glabrous, with smooth lamina, destitute of cardinal teeth, truncated, or form- ing a sinus at the anterior end, terminating the apex of the shell; two lateral remote, muscular impressions, the posterior one being compound; pallial impression entire, and seldom dis- tinctly marked; ligament linear, external, sunk in a cleft at the anterior extremity; inside pearlaceous; external surface covered with a shining epidermis. 1. Anopon CyYGNEUvS. Anodonta Cygnea, Lamarck, An. San. Vert., VI, p. 84; Dra- pernaud, Hist. Nat. des Moll., p. 134, pl. 11, f. 6, and pl. 12, f. 1; Anodon Cygneus, Turton, Brit. Biv. p. 239; Mytilus Cyg- neus, Linneus, Syst. Nat., p. 1158; Gmelin, p. 3355; Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 170. Shell thin, oblong-ovate, tumid; anterior side short, rounded ; posterior slope elongated, and somewhat pointed, more or less angulated, and subcompressed ; umbones but slightly produced, and placed nearest the anterior side. This species is subject to great variety of form. These varieties have, by different authors, been considered distinct species; but we have not been able to detect any specific dif- ference in the animal inhabitant. There are, however, several well-marked and permanent varieties, the distinguishing charac- 100 NAYADES. teristics of which we shall endeavour to point out. Most of the Anodons undergo considerable change, in their progress from the young to the adult condition. Variety 1. Cyaneus, pl. XI, f. 1, 2, 3. Anodonta Cygnea, Pfeiffer, 1, p. 111, pl. 6, f.4; Rossmassler, I, p. 111, pl. 3, f. 67; Ib., V, VI, pl. 25, f. 342; Mytilus Cyg- neus, Pennant, Brit. Zool., [V, p. 113, pl. 67, f. 78; Donovan, Brit. Sh., pl. 55 and 113; Maton and Rackett, Linn. Tr., VIII, p- 109, pl. 3 a, f. 2; Sheppard, Linn. Trans., XIII, pl. 5, f. 35 Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 170; Fleming, Edin. Ency., VII, p. 96, pl. 205, f. 16; Thompson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, p. 40; Anodon Cygnea, Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot., II, p. 1173; Ano- don Cygneus, Brown, Illust. Conch., p. 79, pl. 28, f. 1, 3, 4. Shell rather thin, oblong-ovate, inflated; umbo small, placed near the anterior side, which is rounded and short; posterior side elongated, with the hinge line nearly parallel, or slightly oblique, from whence it suddenly slopes into a subrostrated form; lower margin rounded, gradually sloping upwards towards the posterior side; external surface concentrically wrinkled, and covered with an olive-green, shining epidermis; inside pearlaceous. Figs. 2 and 3, young shells. Found in the river Ouse, at York; the Thames, near Wind- sor; in the ponds at Elmingham Park, the seat of the Countess of Dysart, Suffolk; Loch Kettrine, Scotland; in the Grand Canal, and the Moyntaghs, County of Armagh, Ireland; and many other lakes and rivers in Britain and Ireland. Variety 2. CrLixEnsis, pl. XII, f. 1, 2. Anodonta cellensis, Encyclopedia Methodique, pl. 202; Pfeif- fer, I, p. 110, pl. 6, f. 1; Rossmassler, IV, p. 23, pl. 19, f. 280; Anodon cellensis, Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot., H, p. 118; Ano- don Cygneus, Drapernaud, Moll., pl. 12, f. 13; Turton, Man., pl. 1, #83; Anodon paludosus, Turton, Brit. Biv., p. 240, pl. 15, f. 6; Anodonta sulcata, Lamarck, An. San. Vert., V, p. 855 Mytilus cellensis, Schroeter, Flussconch., pl. 2, f. 13 A/ytilus anatinus, Pennant, Brit. Zool., 1V, p. 113, pl. 68, f.79; Maton and Rackett, Linn. Tr., VIIT, p. 110, pl. 3 4, f. 1; Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 1713 Sheppard, Linn. Trans., XIII, pl. 5, f. 5; Fleming, Edin. Ency., VII, p. 99, pl. 204, f. 14; Anodon cel- lensis, Brown, Ilust. Conch., p. 79, pl. 28,* f. 1, 2. NAYADES. 101 Shell considerably elongated, with numerous, concentric, and rather deep wrinkles; hinge line and base nearly parallel to each other; anterior side short; posterior side very long; the upper and under sides both suddenly contracting into a sub- rostrated form ; covered with a greenish, shining epidermis. This variety differs from the Cygneus, in its form being much more lengthened, and in the hinge and basal lines being both nearly straight, and almost parallel to each other. Fig. 2 represents the young shell. This shell varies considerably in size in different localities. It has been found in the pond of my friend Thomas Glover, Esq., at Smedley Hill, near Manchester, measuring three inches and a quarter in length, and six and a half in breadth. Found in the pond of the Infirmary, Manchester, and in many other ponds in the neighbourhood; Borrodale, West- moreland; Loch Vennachar, Perthshire; the loch and ponds at Duddingston, near Edinburgh; and in the Grand Canal, near Shannon Harbour, King’s County, Ireland. This variety is more commonly diffused throughout Britain than any of the others. Variety 3. Anatina, pl. XIII. Anodonta Anatina, Lamarck, An. San. Vert., VI, pt. Ist, p. 85; Pfeiffer, I, p. 112, pl. 6, f. 2; Rossmassler, V, VI, p. 57, pl. 30, f. 417 to 420; Thompson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, p. 55; Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot., II, p.118; Brown, Illust. Conch., p. 79, pl. 29, f. 1. Shell thin, subcompressed; anterior side very short, and rounded; hinge line abruptly ascending into an acute angle, and suddenly descends in a hollowed line to a somewhat trun- cated beak, which is a little produced at its lower angle; from the anterior side the basal line suddenly descends in a rounded form, and again makes an acute upwards angle, to meet the posterior line; outer surface covered with a shining, fresh-green epidermis. The posterior side of the shell is very long, and much broader than in any of the former varieties. This variety is easily distinguished from its congeners, by the posterior side being much broader than any of them, and from the very abrupt upwards angle of the hinge line. A modifica- tion of this variety occurs in the river Cam, near Cambridge. 102 NAYADES. It is considerably more inflated than the ordinary form of Anatinus, and is of a small size. Its length is one inch and three-quarters ; its breadth three inches and a quarter; and its thickness one inch and one-eighth. Found at Southport, Lancashire; Loch Leven, Kinrossshire ; Prestwick Carr, Northumberland, where we obtained the beau- tiful and highly characteristic specimen from which our figure was taken; and also in the rivers Shannon and Bresna, and the Grand Canal, Ireland. Variety 4. Sracnatis, pl. XIV. Mytilus stagnalis, Sowerby, Brit. Miscell., pl. 16; Mytilus Cygneus, Maton and Rackett, Linn. Tr., VII, p. 109; Mon- tagu, Test. Brit., p. 1713; nodon stagnalis, Brown, Illust. Conch., p. 79, pl. 28, f. 2. Shell thin, much inflated; umbones subcentral; anterior side rounded, with a slight angle above; hinge line arcuated; poste- rior side slightly hollowed, and terminating in a subacute beak ; basal line nearly semicircular; outer surface with an olivaceous, shining epidermis; very pearlaceous and iridescent internally. In the younger condition, the colour is of a bright yellowish- green. Found in the pond of Kew Garden; in the Canal Wharf at Bolton Bridge, Lancashire ; and in the canal at Keighley. Variety 5. InvTERMEDIA, pl. XXX, f. 5, 6. Anodonta intermedia, Lamarck, Hist. An. San. Vert., VI, p. 86; Pfeiffer, I, p. 113, pl. 6, f. 3; Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot., II, p. 118; Brown, Illust. Conch., p. 79, pl. 30, f. 5, 6. Shell very thin, with the hinge line almost straight, and, ascending, forming an angle, from whence it descends in nearly a parallel direction, assuming an obtuse point; anterior side slightly angulated; the basal line arcuated, and descending con- siderably, in consequence of which the posterior side is very deep, being a third more than the anterior one; surface covered with a very bright yellowish-green epidermis, frequently with divergent rays of a deeper hue; ligament not protruding beyond the margin of the hinge line. Found in the canal, near Keighley. Variety 6. Compuanata, pl. XII, f. 3, 4. Anodonta complanata, Ziegler Museum; Rossmassler, I, p. 112, pl. 3, f.68, a; Anodonta compressa, Menke, Syn., p. 1063 NAYADES. 103 a variety, Rossmassler, IV, p. 24, pl. 20, f. 283; Ziegler Mus.; Anodonta rhomboidea, Schliit; Anodon complanata, Brown, Illust. Conch., p. 80, pl. 28,* f. 6, 7. Shell very thin, compressed, elliptically-ovate ; the superior, or hinge margin ascending, in a somewhat curved line, to the termination of the ligament, from whence it descends and terminates in a produced beak, quite at the lower angle of the posterior side; basal line very straight, with a slight curvature; anterior margin rounded, and narrow, near to which the slightly developed umbo is situate; whole surface with concentric wrinkles, and covered with a reddish-brown epidermis. This variety is found in the river Calder, near Wakefield ; and it has been forwarded to me from the Trent, at Repton, near Burton, by the kindness of Sir Oswald Mosley, Bart., a gentleman distinguished for the deep interest which he takes in the advancement of Natural Science. Variety 7. Avonensts, pl. XVIII, f. 3. Mytilus Avonensis, Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 1723 Turton, Brit. Fau., p. 165; ALytilus Cygneus, var. B, Maton and Rack- ett, Linn. Tr., VIII, p. 110, pl. 3 a, f.3; Fleming, Edin. Ency., VIL, p. 99, pl. 206, f.5; Anodonta Anatina, var, Rossmassler, VI, p. 57, pl. 30, f. 418; Anodon Avonensis, Brown, Ilust. Conch., p. 80, pl. 29, f. 2. Shell ovoid, or subrhomboidal, ventricose, rather thick, in some specimens very thick; anterior margin rounded, short ; posterior margin long, and pointed; hinge line subarcuated ; basal line slightly curved; external surface generally rough, with sharp concentric wrinkles, covered with a very thick, variously coloured, rather dull epidermis; sometimes olivaceous, and at others reddish-brown. This variety is subject to considerable variation of form and size, and is in general well marked. It is usually of a dull white internally, with but little of the pearly lustre so prevalent in its congeners. Found in the Avon and New River; also near Tisbury, Wilt- shire; the Trent, near Burton; near Steeton; the canal, near Halifax, and of a large size in the canal, near Sowerby Bridge, Yorkshire. 104 NAYADES. Variety 8. Ponpsrosa, pl. XV, f. 1, 2, 3. Anodon ponderosa, Pfeiffer, II, p. 31, pl. 4, f. 1 to 6; Ross- massler, IV, p. 24, pl. 20, f. 282; Brown, Illust. Conch., p. 80, pl. 30, f. 1, 2, and pl. 29, f. 3; Mytilus Cygneus, var. 8, Maton and Rackett, Linn. Tr., VIII, p. 109, pl. 3 a, f. 3. Shell large, thick, ponderous, rhombic-oval, very ventricose 5 externally wrinkled; with the epidermis rough, fibrous, and semivillous at the rounded anterior extremity, and at the base ; posterior side long, subrostrated, and subtruneated at its extre- mity; base but slightly bent, or nearly parallel; hinge line considerably arcuated, with a long ligament, from whence it somewhat abruptly descends; beneath the ligament a sinuated groove, rising abruptly, and forming a ventricose disk; umbones rather tumid, and decorticated; the ligamentary sinus small, subcordate; inside bluish-white. Length two inches and three- eighths ; breadth four inches and five-eighths; thickness two inches and a half. I was favoured with this interesting variety by my friend Mr. Henry Johnson, Curator of the Museum, Royal Institution, Liverpool, who found it at Otterspool, Aigburth, on the pro- perty of John Moss, Esq., who has since most kindly supplied me with a complete series for investigation. It also occurs in Loch End, near Edinburgh. Another handsome variety of this shell inhabits the lake at Rolleston, the seat of Sir Oswald Mosley, Bart., near Burton-upon-Trent, to whom I am indebted for a fine series of specimens. The latter variety is somewhat more acuminated in the beak- ed side, and devoid of the villosity of the Otterspool variety, in which respect it agrees with that found at Loch End. This shell has been mistaken for the A. Avonensis, by some British Naturalists. It is, however, considerably more inflated, in proportion to its size, and a third larger. Variety 9. Suprnomsea, pl. XVI, f. 3, 4. Anodon subrhombea, Brown, MSS.; Ib., Hlust. Conch., p- 80, pl. 30, f. 3, 43 Anodonta piscinalis, var. 2? Rossmassler, VI, pl. 30, f. 416. : Shell thick, subrhomboidal, rather inflated; anterior side slightly produced; hinge line nearly parallel, and ascending towards the posterior side ; ligament long, subarcuated, from NAYADES. 105 whence it suddenly declines towards the somewhat truncated extremity; basal line considerably arcuated; exterior surface but slightly wrinkled transversely ; umbones small, and acute ; inside bluish-white, with faint pearlaceous reflections. This variety differs from the 4. piscinalis, in being more ponderous, and more inflated, in the hinge line being more arcuated, and in being less rostrated. Found in the Irwell, near Manchester, by my esteemed friend Mr. Samuel Gibson, of Hebden Bridge, Yorkshire, to whom I am indebted for specimens; and also in a lodge at Dinting Vale, near Glossop, by my friend Mr. Robert Darby- shire, of Manchester. Variety 10. Piscinauis, pl. XVII, f. 3, 4, 5. Anodonta piscinalis, Nilsson, p. 116, No. 3; Drapernaud, Hist. des Moll., pl. 12, f. 2; Rossmassler, IV, p. 23, pl. 19, f. 281; Anodonta ventricosa, Pfeiffer, II, p. 30, pl. 3, f.6; Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot., I, p. 118; wood cut, Kenyon, Mag. Nat. Hist., I, f. 188; Mytilus maculatus, Sheppard, Linn. Trans., XIII, pl. 5, f. 6, young shell; Anodon piscinalis, Brown, Ilust. Conch., p. 80, pl. 28,* f. 3, 4, 5. Shell subovate, ventricose, thick; hinge line ascending in a waved, subarcuated sweep towards the posterior side, and des- cending in a hollow bent line, ending in a produced, turned upwards beak; basal margin considerably arcuated, and ascend- ing rather abruptly towards the posterior side; outer surface covered with a thick, shining, olivaceous epidermis, with many obscure, radiating lines of a darker hue. Found in the canal, near Birmingham; and in Combermere, Cheshire, where I procured an extensive series, while on a visit at the Abbey, through the polite attention of Viscount and Lady Combermere. Variety 11. Rosrrata, pl. XVI, f. 1, 2. Anodonta rostrata, Kokeil Museum; Rossmassler, IV, p. 25, pl. 20, f. 284; Brown, Illust. Conch., p. 80, pl. 28,* f. 8, 9. Shell compressed, considerably elongated transversely, thin ; anterior side very short; posterior side very long, and produced into a somewhat lengthened, blunted beak; hinge line arcuated, and ascending, its greatest altitude being nearly central; ante- rior side rather narrow, and rounded; posterior side descending in a waved line; basal line nearly parallel, and undulating ; ) 106 NAYADES. uibones convex; outside rather smooth, and covered with a blackish-brown epidermis. Said to be found in ponds at Liverpool, but I have never met with one from that locality. An extremely thin and lengthened variety, which is covered with a reddish-brown epidermis, and rather rough on the sur- face. It inhabits Loch Kettrine, Perthshire. Our figure is taken from a specimen procured in that locality. Variety 12. Contorta, pl. XVIII, f. 1, 2. Anodon contorta, Brown, Ilust. Conch., p. 81, pl. 30, f. 7, 8. Shell of moderate thickness; hinge line quite parallel; the ligament hardly protruding beyond the hinge line; umbones very flat; anterior side very short, narrow, and a little point- ed; posterior side very broad, subrostrated, with a remarkable flexure, caused by a strong rib-like process, emanating in both valves from the umbones, and thickening towards the margin ; the basal line prominently arcuated; shell considerably inflated, one valve much more convex than the other. This remarkable variety was found by Thomas Glover, Esq., of Smedley Hill, inhabiting ditches, in a flat meadow, not far from the School House, at Repton, near Burton-upon-Trent. Upwards of twenty specimens were obtained by him. Sir Oswald Mosley kindly undertook to procure specimens of this desirable shell; but on visiting the spot, found the locality com- pletely destroyed, in consequence of a new bridge having lately been built across the Trent; and although the ditch in which they were found communicated with the river, yet no traces of the shell could be found. Genus I]—UN!O.—Bruguicre. Shell transverse, equivalve, inequilateral, free, sometimes sub- cordate, or suborbicular; pearlaceous within; generally covered with a dark olivaceous epidermis, which is usually decorticated on the umbones; hinge provided with a short, irregular, simple, or a double compound tooth, which is almost always striated ; with two elongated, compressed, lateral teeth, the front one produced, sometimes obsolete; two muscular impressions in each valve, the superior one compound, or composed of several divisions ; ligament external. NAYADES. 107 1. Unio pictorum, pl. XIX, f. 1, 2, 3, 4. Unio pictorum, Lamarck, An. San. Vert., VI, p. 773; Ency. Meth., pl. 248, f. 4; Pfeiffer, I, p. 115, pl. 5, f. 9, 10; Draper- naud, Moll., pl. 11, f. 4; Rossmassler, I, pl. 3, f. 71, a, b; Ib., Ill, ‘p- 23, pl. 13,.f. 197 5: Ib... TX and X, p. 10, pl. 45, £. 587 to 590; Unio rostratus, Pfeiffer, I, p. 114, pl. 5, f. 8; AZya pictorum, Sturm, Fauna, VI, p. 2, f. a; Schroeter, Flussconch., pl. 4, £6; Wood, Conch., p. 104, pl. 19, f. 3, 4; Donovan, Brit. Sh., UI, pl. 89; Aya ovalis, Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 34; Mysca pictorum, Turton, Man., p. 20, pl. 2, f. 11; Gray’s Tur- ton, p. 295, pl. 2, f. 11, badly figured; Unio pictorum, Brown, Illust. Conch., p. 81, pl. 31, f. 7, 8, 9, 10, 113 Ib., First Ed., pl. 26, f. 4. Shell thin, transversely oblong-oval, ventricose ; umbones a little produced, and placed near to the anterior side, which is short, and rounded; posterior side elongated, and somewhat pointed; hinge line slightly bent; basal line nearly parallel, and a little hollowed in the centre; hinge furnished with a strong, double, compressed, elevated, elongated, crested, crenated, car- dinal tooth in the left valve, with a perpendicularly papillose, striated cleft on the side of its posterior portion, on which the tooth of the opposite valve rests, which locks into a space above the shorter cardinal tooth in the opposite valve; lateral teeth in both valves long, narrow, and sunk at the umbones,—from whence they take their rise,—becoming more elevated and acute as they diverge, and extend the same length as the liga- ment; inside highly pearlaceous; varying in different specimens from bluish-white to a rich salmon-colour, with faint, nearly obsolete radiations, extending from the umbones to the mar- gins; pallial impressions well marked; anterior muscular im- pressions very deep; posterior ones distinctly defined; outside covered with a smooth, shining, yellowish-green epidermis, but varying in colour from different localities; with very indistinct, nearly obsolete, divergent grooves, radiating from the umbones to the margins; and with transverse, concentric, slight furrows, and very irregular, transverse stria, most conspicuous towards the sides. Fig. 7, pl. XXI, is an external view of the teeth of the hinge. Found in the river Ouse, at York; the Aire, near Gargrew; i0s NAYADES. the Severn, near Shrewsbury; in the Aire, near Skipton; the Avon, near Leamington, Warwickshire; and several other slow running rivers and lakes in Britain. Variety 1, pl. XIX, f. 1 and 4. Rossmassler, III, p. 23, pl. 13, £196; Ib. I, p. 118, pl. 3, f. 71, a, 6; Brown, Illust. Conch., p. 81, pl. 31, f. 7 and 10. The length somewhat more than two-fifths of its breadth ; thickness a third more than its length. This is the ordinary form of the species. Found in the Ouse, at York; the Severn, near Shrewsbury ; the canal, near Birmingham; and Sir Oswald Mosley, Bart., sent me some beautiful specimens, from the lake at Rolleston, with the insides of a rich nacred, pale salmon-colour. In this locality they grow to a very large size, measuring an inch and three-quarters im length, and upwards of four inches in breadth. Variety 2, pl. XIX, f. 3. Rossmassler, I, p. 117, pl. 3, £70, a, Unio tumidius ; Brown, Illust. Conch., p. 81, pl. 31, f. 8. The posterior side more pointed, that side gradually dimi- nishing both above and below, from the umbones. Length five-tenths of its breadth; thickness half its length; cardinal and lateral teeth longer and more prominent than in the first variety. Inhabits the Aire, near Gargrew; and the river Brothay, which empties itself into Windermere, near Ambleside. Variety 3, pl. XIX, f. 2. Brown, Illust. Conch., p. 81, pl. 31, f. 9. Considerably longer than the former two varieties, being nearly a third, in proportion to its breadth; the umbones more central and prominent ; and somewhat more inflated. Found in the Don, at Sheffield. 2. Unio Desuaysu, pl. XX, f. 3, 4. Ynio Deshaysit, Rossmassler, II, p- 23, pl. 13, f. 197; Gib- son, MSS.; Brown, Illust. Conch., p. 81, pl. 32, f. 1, 2, 3, 4. Shell thickish, much elongated transversely; hinge line slightly curved; basal line nearly parallel, slightly waved in the centre, ascending rather abruptly towards the posterior side, and form- ing a subrostrated termination; umbones prominent, placed very near the anterior side, which is short, and rounded; pos- NAYADES. i109 terior side slightly gaping, much ejongated, but not subrotund and subangulated; produced by the somewhat elevated ridge, which diverges from the umbones to the extreme point of the valve; cardinal teeth small, compressed, minutely serrated ; double, and lamelliform, elongated in the left valve, with a deep, perpendicularly sulcated sinus in its side, for the recep- tion of the tooth of the right valve; the portion of the tooth next the umbo somewhat acute; lateral tooth long and double in the left valve, single and sunk towards the umbo, and nearly parallel; lateral tooth of the right valve single, depressed towards the umbo, but ascending, and more acute, as it diverges from the umbo; inside bluish-white, and iridescent ; muscular impressions very deep; pallial impression well defined; outside of a dark olive-green, and with rather deep, concentric wrinkles. Figs. 3 and 4, pl. XXI, exhibit the external and internal appearance of the teeth. This species differs from U. pictorum, in its general length being more uniform, and in being broader at the posterior side, and less acute; in the teeth being much smaller, and less elevated, as well as in the crenulations on their upper side being less distinct, and less regular; in the shell being much thicker, and its posterior side being considerably shorter. Found in the Wharf, near Ottley; the Aire, near Keighley ; the Wharf, near Bolton Bridge; and the Don, near Sheffield. 3. Unio rostrata, pl. XX, f. 1, 2. Unio rostrata, Kokeil Museum; Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot., II, p. 118; Lamarck, An. San. Vert., VI, pt. Ist, p. 77, No. 31; Brown, Illust. Conch., p. 82, pl. 32, f. 9, 10, 11, 12; Unio elongatata, Pfeiffer, Il, p. 35, pl. 8, f.5,6; Unio pictorum, var., Nilsson, I, p. 118, ff; Ib., II, p. 23, ff; Rossmassler, VI, p. 55, pl. 29, f. 409. Shell greatly elongated transversely; umbones very flat, placed near the anterior side; hinge line but very little arcuated, as far as the extremity of the lateral teeth, from whence it suddenly slopes both above and below, termina- ting in a somewhat rostrated form; basal line nearly parallel ; primary teeth rather thick, and serrated at the edge; lateral teeth long, and considerably elevated; anterior muscular im- pression moderately sized, and deeply sunk; below the 110 NAYADES. umbones, there are indications of remote, nearly obsolete strie ; internal surface of a bluish-white, with iridescent reflec- tions. Length not a third of its breadth; thickness four-fifths of its length. Figs. 1 and 2, pl. XXI, external and internal representation of the teeth. This shell tapers more abruptly in thinness towards the pos- terior side, than any of its British congeners; and is consider- ably more obtuse at its anterior side, than the U. pictorwm; but its much more elongated form, will at once distinguish it from that shell. I found this species in the canal, near Hull; and William Thompson, Esq., of Belfast, procured it in the Avon, near Leamington. 4. Unio tumipus, pl. XXI, f. 8, 9. Unio tumidus, Retzius, Nova Testaceor. Genera, p. 17, No. 3; Unio tumida, Pfeiffer, II, p. 34, pl. 7, f. 2, 3, and pl. 8, f. 1, 23. Rossmassler, IT, p. 117, plo3,.f.-70 6; Ib., IL;:p. 27; pl. 3, f. 202, 203; Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot., I, p. 118; Zysca solida, Turton, Man., p. 22, pl. 2, f. 13; Ib., Conch. Dict., p. 246, pl. 16, £2; Unio tumidus, Brown, Illust. Conch., p. 82, pi32, 4.9, 6,77,)85 Shell very thick, solid, cuneiform, transversely oblong-ovate, much inflated; umbones produced, and placed very close, situate near one extremity; anterior side short, rounded; posterior side long, gradually sloping from the umbones both above and below, and terminating in a subtruncated beak; cardinal tooth large, single, thick, elevated, and finely serrated at the edge, in the right valve, and double in the opposite valve; muscular im- pressions small, and deeply sunk both before and behind; pallial impression strongly defined; external surface with rather strong, concentric wrinkles, and the whole of a reddish-brown, slightly tinged with olivaceous-green; inside white, with but little iri- descent lustre. Length half its breadth; thickness four-fifths of its length. Figs. 5 and 6, pl. XXI, external and internal representation of the teeth. Found in the New River, near London; and the Avon, near Leamington, Warwickshire. NAYADES. Yi 5. Unio ovatis, pl. XVIII, f. 4, 5. Unio ovalis, Leach, MSS., p.10; Afya ovalis, Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 563; Aya depressa, Donovan, Brit. Sh., II, pl. 101; Mya ovata, Donovan, Brit. Sh., IV, pl. 122, f. 1, 2,33 AZysca ovata, Turton, Man., p. 21, pl. 2, f. 12; Mysca solida, Turton, Biy., p. 246, pl. 16, f. 2; Unio tumidus, Rossmassler, I, pl. 14, f. 204; Unio tumidus, var., Rossmassler, VIII, p. 41, pl. 40, f. 542; Unio ovalis, Brown, Illust. Conch., p. 82, pl. 31, f. 12, 13, 143 Ib., First Ed., pl. 26, f. 2. Shell strong, thick, transversely ovate; hinge line arcuated ; umbones prominent, wrinkled, and closely approximate; right valve with a strong, double, erect, cardinal tooth, the higher portion situate immediately below the umbo, considerably elevated above the margin, and two long, oblique, lateral teeth; muscular impressions of moderate size, the anterior ones deep; pallial impression deeply defined; left valve with a single, erect, oblique, cardinal tooth, and a long, elevated, lateral tooth, which fits into the cleft between those of the opposite valve; inside iridescent, and of a pale reddish-salmon colour, and the posterior side of the valves often rough and irregularly wrinkled; outside usually with strong, concentric lines of growth, which are often foliaceous at the posterior side, and of an olivaceous-brown colour; the umbones generally redder, and frequently with longitudinal radiations of pale yellow, or buff. Length upwards of three-fifths of its breadth; thickness not two-fifths. Fig. 14, pl. X XI, external representation of the teeth. This species will be distinguished from the tumzdus, by its more oval form, and in the posterior side being less produced, as well as by its teeth being thicker, the central portion of that in the right valve not so acutely notched on its edge, and rather more elevated; and the shell is much less inflated. Found in the Aire, near Skipton; the Ouse, above York; the Severn, near Shrewsbury; at Kirkstal Bridge, near Leeds; and in the canal, near Burnley. 6. Unio Batavus, pl. XVIII, f. 6, 7, 8, and pl. XXI, f. HOM. Onio Batavus, Lamarck, An. San. Vert. VI, pt. Ist, p. 78, No. 33; Nilsson, p. 112, No. 8; Pfeiffer, I, p. 115, pl. 5, f. 145 Rossmassler, II, p. 20, pl. 8, f. 128, a, 6; Drapernaud, pl. 11, 1B NAYADES. f.3; Brown, Illust. Conch., p. 82, pl. 31, f. 3, 3,* 4, 5, 63 Ib., First Ed., pl. 26, f.33; Mya pictorum, Donovan, Brit. Sh., pl. 174; Wood, Conch., p. 403, pl. 19, f. 1, 2; Mysca Batava, Turton, Man., p. 20, pl. 2, f. 10. Shell inflated, oval; hinge line subarcuated; posterior side but very slightly produced; umbones rounded, placed near to one side, and a little apart from each other; anterior muscular impressions small, and deep; pallial impression but slightly defined ; inside of a rich pearlaceous lustre; exterior surface of a yellowish-green, frequently beautifully radiated with darker green; lines of growth not deep; basal line arcuated. Length three-fifths of its breadth; thickness upwards of two-fifths. Figs. 10 and 11, pl. XXI, external and internal view of the teeth. This shell is easily distinguished by its more regularly oval form, and smaller size, seldom exceeding an inch and a quarter in length. Found in the river Kennet, above Newbury. Genus III—ALASMODON.—Say. Shell thick, generally transversely elongate, but variable in form, equivalve, inequilateral ; a little gaping posteriorly ; with or without auricles; umbones for the most part rough, and decorticated, more so anteriorly; hinge with a lamellar, blunted, lateral tooth on the posterior side, situate under the ligament, but destitute of one on the anterior side; a short, irregularly indented, cardinal tooth in the right valve, which locks between the two irregularly crested teeth in the left valve; ligament exterior, and much elongated; muscular impressions large, irre- gular, frequently double, and placed near the extremities; pallial impression deeply defined. 1. ALASMODON MARGARATIFERUS, pl. XXII, f. 1, 2, 3, and pl. XXI, f. 13. Variety 1. Ordinary form, pl. XXII, f. 1. Alasmodon margaritiferum, Fleming, Brit. An., p.417; Unio margaritiferus, Nilsson, p. 106, No. 2; Turton, Conch. Dict., p- 202, pl. 16, f. 1; Ib., Man., p. 19, pl. 2, f.9; Ib., Brit. Biv., p- 242, pl. 16, f. 1; Rossmassler, I, p. 120, pl. 4, f. 72, 735 Thompson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, p.55; Unio mar- NAYADES. 113 garitifera, Drapernaud, p. 132, pl. 10, f. 17, 18, 19; Pfeiffer, I, p. 116, pl. 5, f. 11; Unio elongata, Lamarck, An. San. Vert., VI, pt. Ist, p. 70; Damaris margaritifera, Leach, MSS., p. 10; Mya margaritifera, Miiller, Verm., II, p. 210, No. 396 ; Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 33; Donovan, Brit. Sh., pl. 73; Pen- nant, Brit. Zool. IV, p. 80, pl. 43, f.18; Brown, Wernerian Mem., II, p. 505; Ib., Ency. Brit., 1st Ed. VI, p. 405; Ib., Ency. Edinensis, H, p. 542; Alasmodon margaritiferus, Brown, Illust. Conch., p. 83, pl. 31, f. 1, 2, pl. 32, f. 13, 14, 15, and pl. 30,* f. 1,-2, 3, 4. Shell transverse, oblong-ovate ; hinge line considerably arcu- ated; basal line concave; umbones flat, rugged, much decor- ticated, and frequently with small, round perforations; an obsolete, gradually widening hollow, extends from the umbones to the base, in both valves; anterior side very short, and rounded ; posterior side much elongated, and pointed; surface covered with a brownish-black, strong epidermis; teeth of the hinge strong, thick, subconic; right valve with a single tooth, notched on both sides, which locks into a bifurcated, notched tooth in the opposite valve; muscular impressions near both extremities, and are deep and complicated; pallial impression very distinctly defined, and deeply marked towards the anterior side; interior pearlaceous, with irregular streaks of green, and frequently bronzed; towards the centre are from twenty to thirty irregular, rather deep, nearly round punctures, of the size of the head of a small pin. Length upwards of two inches and a half; breadth five inches and a half. Fig. 13, pl. XXI, external view of the teeth. Found in the rivers Aun and Avon, Devonshire; the Con- way; the Irt, Cumberland; the Lune, Lancashire; the Tay and Forth, in Scotland; the Tyrone, Bann, and Slaney, near Ennis- corthy, some of the tributary streams of Lough Neagh, Ireland; and various other localities in Britain and Ireland. This shell is familiarly known by the name of the Pearl Muscle. In a Paper on Pearls in the Philosophical Transac- tions, it is mentioned that several pearls of considerable value have been procured from the Alasmodon margaritiferus, which had been found in the rivers Tyrone and Donegal, Ireland. One of them weighed thirty-six carats, and would have been worth £40., but owing to its being impure, it lost Q 114 NAYADES. much of its value. Other pearls, from the same places, have sold for from £4. 10s. to £10. One at the last named price was bought by Lady Glenlealy, who had it placed in a necklace, and refused £80. offered for it by the Duchess of Ormond. We are told by Camden, that Sir John Hawkins had a patent for fishing pearls in the river Irt, Cumberland. There was also a great fishery for pearls in the river Tay, Scotland, which ex- tended from Perth to Loch Tay; and, it is said, the pearls sent from thence to London, from the year 1761 to 1764, were worth £10,000. sterling. It is not uncommon at the present time to find pearls in the Teith and Tay, worth from £1. to £2. each. Variety 2. Rotssyt, pl. XXII, f. 2, 3, and pl. XXI, f. 12. Unio Roissyi, Michaud, Compl. p. 112, pl. 16, f. 28; Proceedings Brit. Assoc. for 1838; Unio margaritifer, Ross- massler, I, pl. 4, f. 74; Forbes, Mal. Mon., p. 44; Fleming, p- 417; Thompson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, p. 563 Alasmodon Roissyi, Brown, Illust. Conch., p. 83, pl. 32, f. 13, 14, 15, and pl. 30,* f. 4. This variety differs from the common form in the following particulars. The shell is much longer, in proportion to its breadth; it is more uniformly ovate, the teeth somewhat more elevated; the exterior covered with very fine, transverse strie, the epidermis blacker, and general surface more smooth; the hinge and basal lines less arcuated, interior more of a reddish- blush, or flesh-colour, and the shell considerably thinner than in the ordinary form; the muscular impressions are smaller, and less deep; the punctures are situate nearer the umbones, are elongated, and not deeply sunk, being more lacrymose in their appearance. Fig. 12, pl. XXI, external view of the teeth. This form inhabits the Teith, at Callander, Perthshire. Forbes has found this elegant variety in the Black river, near Kirk Bradden Church, and at Castleton, Isle of Man, where it is common. He says “it was formerly much sought after by the inhabitants for the sake of the pearls, which it not unfre- quently contains.” Mr. Thompson, on whose authority we give this variety, says it is common to several localities in Ireland, but does not particularize any of them. In the Teith, this form attains a much larger size than in the Isle of Man. NAYADES. BLo Variety 3. Minor, pl. XXIII, f. 2. Unio margaritifera, minor, Rossmassler, II, p. 21, pl. 9, f. 129; Nat Michaud; lasmodon minor, Brown, Illust. Conch., p: 83; pl. 30,* f. 2. Shell small, subcompressed ; valves very thick; the cardinal teeth compressed, and small; general form like variety 1. Sel- dom exceeding an inch and a half in length; and three inches and a half in breadth. Inhabits the Mint, near Kendal. Rossmassler is wrong in supposing that this variety belongs to the form Fozssyi. I am indebted to the kindness of Miss Ellen T. Thomson, of Stricklandgate, and Thomas Gough, Esq., surgeon, Kendal, for specimens and a knowledge of this variety. Variety 4. Arcuata, pl. XXIII, f. 3. Alasmodon arcuata, Brown, Illust. Conch., p. 84, pl. 30,* Tes Shell small, subdepressed, thick; hinge line considerably arcuated ; ligament prominent; basal line greatly curved; car- dinal tooth in one valve very large; lateral sinus arcuated, and broad as it retires from the cardinal tooth; muscular impressions deep. Found in the river Derwent, Bassenthwaite, Cumberland, a little way below Ouse Bridge. Variety 5. Oxtvacera, pl. XXIII, f. 1. Alasmodon olivacea, Brown, Illust. Conch., p. 84, pl. 30,* fi, Small; substance of the shell thick, rather inflated; hinge line nearly parallel; basal line with a flexure, and a very little arcu- ated; valves with a slightly hollowed, longitudinal, gradually widening furrow, from the umbones to the basal margin; outer surface olivaceous, with irregular, transverse furrows; umbones much decorticated, which extends nearly to the dorsal extre- mity of the valves; inside of a dull flesh-colour, slightly nacred towards the dorsal side; teeth small, distinctly tripartite in the left valve, and very small and single in the other. This very curious variety was discovered by Thomas Glover, Esq., of Smedley Hill, in the Leven, a little way below the lake of Windermere, Westmoreland, where it appears to be the pre- vailing form. 116 CONCHACEA. Famity II.—CONCHACEA. With at least three primary teeth in one valve, and the same number for the most part in the other; in a few instances less. Sus-Diviston.—FLU VIATILE. Shells covered with a spurious epidermis, and the hinge pro- vided with lateral teeth. Genus [V.—CY CLAS.—Lamarck. Shell thin, equivalve, subequilateral, ventricose, transverse, or semiorbicular; closed all round; beaks mostly tumid; car- dinal teeth very smatl, sometimes hardly perceptible ; with one plicated or lobed tooth in the left valve, and two divergent in the other; lateral teeth transversely elongated, acute, com- pressed, or lamelliform, double in the left valve; clothed with a thin, horny epidermis; two lateral, ovate, muscular impres- sions; pallial impression entire, destitute of a sinus; ligament external. 1.. Cycias givicona, pl. XXII, f. 1, 2, 3. Cyclas rivicola, Lamarck, V, p. 558; Cyclas cornea, Pfeiffer, Land un Was. Sc., p. 121, pl. 5, f. 3, 4, 5; Turton, Brit. Biv., p- 248, pl. 11, f. 13; Ib., Man., p. 12, f. 1; Fleming, Brit. An., p- 453; Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot., II, p. 118; Brown, Illust. Conch., p. 93, pl.-39, £. 16, 17, 18; Ib., First. Ed. pl. 17, £.:12; Cyclas cornea, Drapernaud, Hist. des Moll., p. 128, pl. 12, f. 1, 2, 3; Tellina cornea, Wood, pl. 46, £3; Cardium corneum, Montagu, p. 86. Shell thin, pellucid, convex, ovate; covered by a horny- green epidermis, frequently marked with paler transverse zones; furnished with strong, close, regular, concentric stri ; umbones obtuse, central, and slightly turned to one side; hinge with a very small cardinal tooth in the left valve, which fits into the space between two small, but rather produced teeth in the opposite valve; both valves provided with pro- minent, lateral, laminated teeth on each side, those of the right valve hardly rising above the margins, but in the left valve projecting considerably beyond them; inside smooth, bluish-white, dull in the concave disk, but glossy towards the CONCHACEA. Liz margin; an indistinct, pretty large, muscular impression near the anterior margins, and a narrower, obscure one in the pos- terior sides. This is the largest species of the genus, sometimes mea- suring five-eighths of an inch in length, and seven-eighths in breadth. Feund plentifully in the Thames at Battersea, and also near Red House, and in the neighbourhood of Oxford; of a large size in the Trent, near Burton; and in many slow rivers in England. 2. Cycias corneEa, pl. XXIII, f. 4. Cyclas cornea, Pfeiffer, p. 120, pl. 5, f. 1, 2; Turton, Brit. Biv.,*p. 248, pl. 11, f. 14; Ib., Man., p. 13, f. 2; Fleming, Brit. An., p. 452; Forbes, p. 49; Thompson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, p. 52; Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot., I, p. 118; Brown, Illust. Conch., p. 93, pl. 39, f. 19; Ib., First Ed., pl. 17, f. 155 Cyclas rivalis, Drapernaud, Hist. des Moll., II, p. 202, No. 387; Tellina cornea, Gmelin’s Linné, I, p. 1120, No. 72. Shell subglobular, ventricose, thin, semitransparent; with concentric, nearly obsolete striz ; umbones obtuse; epidermis greenish horn-colour, with darker zones, and bordered with a broad, yellowish band ; inside dull bluish-white. Length three and a half eighths of an inch; breadth half an inch. A very distinct variety, considerably less than the ordinary size, with the teeth larger in proportion, and of a lemon-yellow colour, was found by Mr. Glover, in the Leven, not far from Ambleside. Found in most water streams, and in stagnant ditches and pools, throughout Britain and Ireland; is common in Dudding- ston Loch, near Edinburgh, of the size above described, which is considerably more than its ordinary dimensions. This shell is readily distinguished from the C. rivicola, by its more ventricose shape, in being thinner, more transparent, and seldom measuring above half the size of the former. 3. CycLas Lacustris, pl. XXIII, f. 5. Cyclas lacustris, Drapernaud, Hist. des Moll., p. 130, pl. 10, f. 6,7; Lamarck, V, p. 559, No. 3; Turton, Man., p. 14, f. 4; Pfeiffer, p. 122, pl. 5, f. 6, 7; Fleming, Brit. An., p. 453; Thompson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, p. 52; Brown, Illust. Conch., p. 94, pl. 39, f. 20; Ib., First Ed., pl. 17, f. 16. 118 CONCHACEA. Shell thin, rhombic-orbicular, subequilateral, somewhat com- pressed; sides rather obtuse, rendering the general contour more circular than others of the genus; obsoletely striate ; beaks obtuse, of a grayish ash-colour. It is much more compressed than any of the other British Cyclyde. Found in Ulliswater; a small pond on the grounds at Corby, Cumberland; and at Prestwick Car, Northumberland. It is a rare British shell. Thompson says it is rare in Ireland, but has been met with at Tallagt, by Mr. Ball, and in the pond, Phoenix Park, by Mr. Warren. 4. Cycuas caLycuata, pl. XXIII, f. 6. Cyclas calyculata, Drapernaud, Hist. des Moll., p. 130, pl. 10, f. 14, 15; Lamarck, V, p. 559, No. 5; Pfeiffer, p. 122, pl. 5, f. 17,18; Turton, Man., p. 14, f. 3; Forbes, p. 50; Brown, Illust. Conch., p. 94, pl. 39, f. 21; Ib., First Ed., pl. 17, f. 133 Cyclas lacustris, Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot., II, p. 118. Shell thin, rhombic-orbicular, grayish ash-coloured, compres- sed, diaphanous, substriate, or nearly smooth; slightly angular on one side; umbones very prominent, and acute. About a quarter of an inch long; and its width nearly the same. Found in the lakes of Westmoreland, and is not uncommon in several pits and ponds near Manchester, but is a very rare and local species. Genus V.—PISIDIUM.—Pfeiffer. Shell equivalve, transverse; sides unequal, completely closing ; in the right valve one, and in the left valve two opposite, very small, primary teeth; behind and before, two thin, lamellar, side teeth; those of the latter cleft in the right valve, in order to receive the opposite ones. The shells of this genus are distinguished from those of Cyclas, by being less equilateral in their form, and in the liga- mentary side being shortest, which is the reverse in Cyclas. 1. Pistp1uM oBiiquum, pl. XXIII, f. 7. Pisidium obliquum, Pfeiffer, p. 124, pl. 5, f. 19, 20; Brown, Mllust. Conch., p. 94, pl. 39, f. 22; Ib., First Ed., pl. 17, f. 143 Cyclas obliqua, Lamarck, V, p. 559, No. 4; Cyclas palustris, Drapernaud, Hist. des Moll. p. 131, pl. 10, £17, 183; Cyclas CONCHACEA. 119 amnica, Turton, Brit. Biv., p. 250, pl. 11, f. 15; Ib., Man., p: 15, f.5; Cyclas amnicus, Fleming, Brit. An., p. 453; Tellina amnica, Gmelin’s Linné, I, p. 3242, No. 78; Miiller, p. 205, No. 389; Tellina rivalis, Linn. Trans., IV, p. 187; Donovan, Brit. Sh., U, pl. 64, f. 2; Cardium amnicum, Montagu, p. 86; Pisidium amnicum, Thompson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, p- 54. Shell thin, subpellucid, of a brownish or grayish horn-colour, obliquely oval, moderately convex, and sulcated concentrically, with the furrows finely striated; beaks tumid, a little produced, and placed considerably towards the anterior side; left valve provided with a double central tooth, and two lateral teeth on each side, standing parallel one within the other, the outer of which is very small; right valve with two cardinal, appoximating, oblique teeth, with one lateral tooth on each side, that on the posterior side strong, and elevated above the margin of the shell; inside bluish-white, dim in the disk, but glossy towards the margin; on each side are distinctly visible, large, smooth spaces, to which the muscles adhere. Length three-eighths of an inch; breadth half an inch: although it is but rarely met with of this size. Found in slow running rivers and streams, and is known to inhabit the Avon, Wiltshire; in the water-courses in the mea- dows near Wareham, Dorsetshire; the Liffey, Ireland, near Sallins, Kildare, and in rivulets which run through the bog at that place; in a stream near Clonooney, Kings County; we have also met with it in a stream, which empties itself into the Water of Leith, a little way above Colt Bridge, near Edin- burgh; and many other localities. 2. PIsIDIUM FONTINALE, pl. XXIII, f. 8. Pisidium fontinale, Pfeiffer, Land un Was. Sn., p. 126, pl. 5, f. 15, 16; Brown, Edin. Journ. Nat. and Geo. Science, I, p- 11 and 413, pl. 1, f. 5, 6, 7; Cyclas fontinalis, Drapernaud, Hist. des Moll., p. 130, pl. 10, f. 11, 12; Lamarck, An. San. Vert., V, p. 559, No. 7; Cyclas pusilla, Turton, Conch. Dict.3; Ib., Brit. Biv., p. 251, pl. 11, f. 16, 173 Ib., Man., p. 16, f. 75 Pisidium pulchellum, Jenyns, Monog., p. 18, pl. 21, f. 13 Thompson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, p. 533; Forbes, Mal. Mon., p. 50; Pisidium fontinale, Brown, Illust. Conch., p. 94, pl. 39, f. 23. 120 CONCHACEA. Shell suboval, oblique, very convex, pellucid, and covered with extremely fine, concentric, rather obscure striz ; umbones obtuse, placed nearest the anterior side; hinge with one central and two lateral teeth in the right valve, and two oblique car- dinal and one lateral tooth in the other; colour pale ash. A little more than an eighth of an inch in length; and somewhat more in breadth. First discovered in a ditch at Duddingston Loch, near Edin- burgh, by my friend James Gerard, Esq. I have since found it in the ditch at the north end of the Loch, and also in a ditch at Hunter’s Bog, King’s Park. Thompson says it inhabits the north and south of Ireland. Turton, in his Manuel, says it is found “in most streams and brooks,” but although I have examined numerous localities in England, Ireland, and Scotland, [ have not found it so common as he alleges. 3. PIsIDIUM OBTUSALE, pl. XXIII, f. 9. Pisidium obtusale, Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot., UI, p. 118; Pfeiffer, p. 125, pl. 5, f. 21, 22; Brown, Edin. Journ. Nat. and Geo. Science, I, p. 413; Ib., Illust. Conch., p. 94, pl. 39, f. 24; Thompson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, p. 533; Cyclas obtu- salis, Lamarck, V, p. 559, No.6; Pera gibba, Leach, MSS. Shell oblique, ventricose, heart-shaped; sides somewhat une- qual; beaks prominent, and obtusely rounded; pellucid, yel- lowish-white, or pale horn-coloured ; with extremely minute, concentric, thin striae; the lower edges of the valves rather sharp. Length an eighth of an inch; breadth an eighth and a quarter ; thickness not quite an eighth. I found this new British species plentiful in a ditch at the Wells of Weary, immediately under the columnar greenstone rocks, west end of Arthur’s Seat, near Edinburgh, which is now covered up by the railway. Thompson gives as localities in the north of Ireland, a drain near Bangor, and a pond at Portavo ; and at Finnoe, Tipperary, in the south. 4, PisIDIUM APPENDICULATA, pl. XXIII, f. 10. Pisidium appendiculata, Brown, Ilust. Conch., p. 95, pl. 39, f. 25; Cyclas appendiculata, Leach, MSS.; Turton, Man., p. 15, f.6; Pisidium Henslowianum, Thompson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, p.54; Tellina Henslowinana, Sheppard, Linn. Trans., XIV, p. 150. CONCHACEA. 12% Shell obliquely oval, much inflated; with regular, well defined, concentric grooves; beaks very tumid, considerably produced, and somewhat tubercled. Length an eighth and a half of an inch; breadth not quite a quarter. Found in slow running streams, but is very rare. Thompson says it is met with at Finnoe, Tipperary, Ireland. This shell seems nearly allied to P. obliquum, from which, however, it differs, in its greater convexity, and the protrusion of the beaks, at the base of which is a groove, or dark zone, giving them the appearance of tubercular appendages. 5. Pistp1um nitipum, pl. XXIII, f. 11. Pisidium nitidum, Jenyns, Monog., p. 16, pl. 20, f. 7, 85 Thompson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, p.53; Brown, Illust. Conch., p. 95, pl. 39, f. 26. Shell suborbicular, or slightly oval; umbones large, and blunt ; external surface very glossy, of a pale horn-colour, and covered with fine, concentric strie, which are wider-set and deeper on the umbones. Inhabits Battersea Fields, some ditches in Cambridgeshire, and ditches near Worcester; in a pond at Wolfhill, near Belfast, and other places in that neighbourhood; Lough Gill, County Sligo, Portarlington, and Finnoe, Ireland. 6. Pisipium pusitium, pl. XXIII, f. 12. Pisidium pusillum, Jenyns, Monag., p. 14, pl. 20, f. 4 and 6; Thompson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, p.53; Brown, Illust. Conch., p. 95, pl. 38, f. 27; Cyclas pusilla, Turton, Brit. Biv., p- 251, pl. 11, f. 16,17; Ib. Man. p. 16, pl. 1, f..7; Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot., II, p. 119. Shell nearly orbicular, slightly ovate, subcompressed ; um- bones prominent, and very obtuse at the points; sides some- what flattened, and very slightly inequilateral; surface of an olivaceous-brown, with very fine, concentric striz. Inhabits ponds near London, and many other localities. In Ireland, according to Thompson, it is the most common of the genus, frequenting ponds and drains. 7. Pisiprum cinEREvUM, pl. XXIII, f. 13. Pisidium cinereum, Alder, Cat. Sup., p. 43 Ib., Mag. Zool. and Bot. I, p. 119; Thompson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, p. 54; Brown, Ilust. Conch., p. 95, pl. 39, f. 28. R 122 CONCHACEA. Shell compressed, subovate ; umbones but slightly produced, obtuse at the points, where it is sometimes capped ; lower mar- vins of the valves meeting at an acute angle; surface of a grayish ash-colour, and finely striated concentrically; with a few deeper sulci, which form deeper transverse zones. This shell is more ovate in its form than any of its con- geners, excepting the Pistdiwn obliqguum, and will be at once recognized by being more compressed than any of them, and by its ashy hue. Variety 1. Somewhat more ventricose, with the umbones a little more produced. Inhabits ponds near Newcastle, and other localities in the North of England. Mr. Thompson says it is widely spread throughout Ireland, although no where common. He par- ticularizes Holywood House, Downshire; Youngrove, near Middleton, County of Cork, by Miss M. Ball; Killereran, County of Galway, and Portarlington, by the Rev. B. J. Clarke; and neighbourhood of Dublin, by Thomas William Warren, Esq. 8. Pisrprum JOANNISs. Pisidium Joannis, Macgillivray, Moll. Ab., p. 248; Brown, Illust. Conch., p. 132. Shell transversely-ovate, moderately convex, thin, glossy ; both sides well rounded; umbones tumid, obtuse, with smooth beaks, and placed nearest the anterior side; whole surface with uumerous, concentric striz, the intervening furrows broader, smooth, and glabrous, with several well marked lines of growth; hinge line a little arcuateds colour greyish-yellow. Length two-twelfths of an inch; breadth two and a half twelfths. Found by Mr. Leslie, in a ditch and pond of the Professor of Medicine, and afterwards by Professor Macgillivray, in a ditch near the Links of Old Aberdeen, where it is very abundant. 9. PisipIuM JENYNSII. Pisidium Jenynsii, Macgillivray, Moll. Ab., p. 249; Pistdium pulchellum, var., Jenyns ; Brown, Illust. Conch., p. 132. Shell transversely and obliquely ovate, somewhat tumid, very thin, and glossy; with regular, distinct, concentric striz, a few more conspicuous lines of growth, and very faint radiating APPENDIX. 123 striule ; umbones tumid, obtuse, considerably nearer the ante- rior side, which forms about a third of the segment of a circle, its slope being convex, and about a third shorter than the pos- terior side; colour cream-white. Breadth nearly two-twelfths of an inch; length not quite a twelfth. Found among the roots of aquatic plants, in a ditch between Aberdeen and Spital. APPENDIX. CLASS MOLLUSCA. Genus IL—NERITINA. NERITINA FLUVIATILIS, pl. XXIV, f. 16. Animal with the sides of the body simple, destitute of elon- gated filaments; tentacles subulate, with the eyes placed on short pedicles at the exterior side of their base. Genus II—PALUDINA. PALUDINA ViviIPARA, pl. XXIV, f. 19, 20, 21. Animal with elongated tentacles, and eyes situated at the exterior side of their base; branchie always placed in the gill receptacle.—Eggs of P. impura, f. 35, 40. Genus II].—ASSIMINIA. AssIMINIA Grayana, pl. XXIV, f. 17. Animal with very short tentacles, hardly longer than the tubercles on which they are seated, and united to their side. Genus IV—VALVATA. VALVATA PISCINALIS, pl. XXIV, f. 18. Animal with elongated, tapering, and somewhat obtuse ten- tacles, with the eyes situate on small tubercles at the posterior side of their base: mouth a little boscidiform; foot truncated, 124 APPENDIX. and slightly lobed in front, rounded, and with a small fissure behind; branchie formed of an elongate, tapering, conical pro- cess, provided on each side with a series of spirally twisted lamine, placed opposite each other; on the posterior portion of the right side is a produced branchial filament.—Eggs of V. cristata, f. 38; eggs of V. obtusa, f. 55. Genus V.—_LYMNAA. LYMN&A STAGNALIS, pl. XXIV, f. 44. Animal with a short, broad foot; tentacles short, broad, and compressed, eyes situate near the outer side of their base, destitute of auricles at their base; body large, central, and spiral; mantle with a simple margin.—Eges of LZ. ovata, f. 31, 32; egos of L. peregra, f. 41, 42, 43. Genus VI—AMPHIPEPLEA. Animal closely resembling that of the genus Lymnea, but having a lobed produced edge to its mantle, so as to cover the shell. Genus VIL—PHYSA. Puysa HYPNORUM, pl. XXIV, f. 27. Animal with the foot elongated, with the spiral body placed in its centre; mantle large, with a lobed margin, expanded over the shell.—Eggs of P. fontinalis, f. 33. Genus VIII—PLANORBIS. PLANORBIS CORNEUS, pl. XXIV, f. 26. Animal with a small foot; body long, slender, and subcen- tral; tentacles with an auricle at the base; neck with three orifices on its left side-—Eggs of P. corneus, f. 34; eggs of P. contortus, f. 29, 30. Genus X.—CYCLOSTOMA. CYCLOSTOMA ELEGANS, pl. XXIV, f. 24. Animal with the foot broad, formed of two longitudinal por- tions; body central and spiral, enveloped in a mantle, with a simple margin. APPENDIX. 125 The animal progresses by alternately advancing one side of the foot, while the other is adherent. Genus XI.—ACME. Animal with a spiral body, placed in the centre of the foot, which is elongated, and covered by a thin mantle with a thick- ened margin; tentacles two, long and slender, with eyes situate near the inner side of their base. Genus XIII.—SUCCINEA. SucCCINEA AMPHIBIA, pl. XXIV, f. 22. Animal with a large gelatinous foot, with four short ventri- cose tentacles; body oblong, spiral, placed diagonally on the superior portion of the foot.—Eggs of S. amphibia, f. 36, 37. Genus XIV.—ACHATINA. Animal with an elongated foot, on which is placed a long, slender, spiral, central body; tentacles four, the upper ones subulate, obtuse, and eyeless. Genus XV.—BULIMUS. Animal with an elongated foot; body central, long, and slen- der; tentacles four. Genus XVI—BALAA. Animal like Bulimus, but is heteroclitical, or reversed. Genus XVII.—CLAUSILIA. CLAUSILIA BIDENS, pl. XXIV, f. 28. Animal like Bulimus, but reversed, or heteroclitical. Genus XVIII—PUPA. Animal like Bulimus, with four claviform tentacles, the lower pair short, and small. 126 APPENDIX. Genus XIX.—VERTIGO. VERTIGO SEXDENTULA, pl. XXIV, f. 23. Animal like Bulimus, with only two elongate, claviform ten- tacles, the lower pair being either wanting or only rudimentary. Genus XX.—AZECA. Animal like Bulimus, the upper tentacles claviform. Genus XXI—HELIX. Section 1.—Mantle thin, never protruding beyond the shell ; body granular, and destitute of grooves; lips short, and rounded. HELix aspErsa, pl. XXV, f. 5, and H. nEmorAtis, f. 2. Animal with an elongated, depressed foot; body large, and central; head and eyes retractile, within the skin, which enve- lopes them as a sheath.—Eggs of H. pomatia, f.11; eggs of H. nemoralis, f. 9. Section 2.—Neck granular. HELIx Lapicipa, pl. XXV, f. 4. Section 3.—F’oot short, and hyaline. HELIx CELLARIA, pl. XXV, f. 3. ORDER GASTEROPODA. Genus L—VITRINA. VITRINA PELLUCIDA, pl. XXV, f. 1. Animal with an elongated, lanceolate body; mantle partly internal, and shield-shaped, rough in front. Genus IL—TESTACELLA. Animal with an elongated body, narrowed in front, and provided with two divergent grooves, issuing from the fore part of the mantle, and terminating at the head ; mantle small, covered with an auriform shell, situate on the hinder part of the body. APPENDIX. 127 1. TrEstTaceLtLa Haiororpga, pl. XXVI, f. 1. Testacellus Haliotoides, Férussac, Hist. Moll. pl. 8, f. 5; Testacella Haliotoidea, Drapernaud, pl. 8, f. 44, 45 ; Thomp- son, Ann. and Mag. Zool. and Bot., VI, p. 19; Ib., Mag. Nat. Hist., VIL, p. 226, f. 39; Brown, Illust. Conch., p. 131, pl. 59, oom Animal with cylindrical tentacles; grey, yellowish, or pale reddish; spotted on the sides beneath in some specimens; body elongate, tapering from the shield to the head. Found in a garden, at Lambeth, by Mr. Sowerby. Genus I[V.—LIMAX.—Feérussac. Animal with an elongated, lanceolate, granular body, cari- nated behind; mantle shield-shaped, ovate, concentrically lineated, entirely enveloping the shell; end of the tail taper- ing, and destitute of a gland; pulmonary cavity situated in front of the body, respiratory orifice towards the hinder part of its edge, or behind the middle ; infracesophageal ganglion provided with two fissures below, presenting on each side of the medial line three gangliform prominences. The following is the arrangement of the Rev. B. J. Clarke. Section I—Mantle produced behind, concentrically striate ; tail partially carinated. 1. Limax Maximus, pl. XXVI, f. 10, 11. Limax Maximus, Thompson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, p- 18; Clarke, Ib., XII, p. 333, pl. 10, f. 1, 2; Brown, Illust. Conch., p. 131, pl. 58, f.3; Limax maculatus, Miiller, p. 8; Drapernaud, p. 124, pl. 7, f. 10. Animal ash-coloured, spotted, or immaculate; tentacles venous-coloured ; keel long, white, and acute; mantle with its hinder extremity produced, shield-shaped; skin with small, linear rugosities, converging towards the caudal extremity. Variety 1. Drapernaud; pl. XXVI, f. 10. Shield spotted ; back with black, longitudinal, broad lineations. Variety 2, pl. XX VI, f.11. Ash-colowred and black. Cinereo-niger, Nilsson, p. 7. 2. Limax arporeEus, pl. XXVI, f. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. Limax arboreus 2 M. Bouchard Chantreux, Cat. des Moll. 128 APPENDIX. terres. et fluv. du Pas de Calais; Brown, Illast. Conch., p. 131, pl. 59, f. 9, 10, 11, 12, 13; Limax glaucus, Clarke, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., XII, p. 334, pl. 11, f. 4 to 10. Animal whitish-yellow, smooth, and variegated; shield with two black, dorsal bands; tentacles obscure. Found on trees covered with muss; the Ash and Elm seem a favourite resort. Section IL—Mantle rounded behind, and concentrically striate ; end of the tail carinated. 3. Limax Fiavus, pl. XXV, f. 21, 22. Limax flavus, Drapernaud; Clarke, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., XII, p. 338, pl. 11, f. 11, 12; Brown, Illust. Conch., p. 131, pl. 59, £.7, 8; Limax varieyatus, Férussac. Animal yellowish, spotted with brown; the tentacles azure- blue; mantle mottled with yellow; body more or less spotted with yellow, and the sides pale yellow. Found in cellars and damp ground floors, and rarely upon trees. Section III—Mantle truncated behind, concentrically stri- ate ; end of tail carinated. 4. Limax acrestis, pl. XXVI, f. 9. Limax agrestis, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, p. 1082; Nunneley, Local Cat., pl. 1, f.4; Thompson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, p. 19; Clarke, Ib., XII, p. 338, pl. 12, f.13; Brown, Illust. Conchs 9.131; pl. 59,4, 16; Animal grey or reddish, frequently spotted with brown; body with interrupted furrows, and provided with a short, oblique carina; mantle large, ovate, rounded behind, and con- centrically striate. Inhabits fields and open situations. Section IV.—Mantle truncated behind, granulated or sha- greened ; back carinated from the mantle to the extremity. 5. Limax Sowersu, pl. XXV, f. 12, 13. Limax Sowerbit, Férussac, Hist. Moll., pl. 8 D, f. 7; Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot., I, p. 105; Clarke, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., XII, p. 338, pl. 12, f. 14, 15; Brown, Illust. Conch., p. 131, pl. 58, f. 6, and pl. 59, f. 14. APPENDIX. 129 Animal pale yellow, tessellated with brown, head and ten- tacles black ; mantle granulated, with a furrow near its margin 5 dorsal keel amber-coloured, and very conspicuous; sides cream- white. Found in open situations. 6. Limax GacatTeEs, pl. XXV, f. 14, 15, 16, 17. Limax gagates, Drapernaud, pl. 9, f. 1, 2; Clarke, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., XII, p. 339, pl. 12, f. 16 to 22; Brown, Illust. Conch., p. 131, pl. 58, f. 4, 5, and pl. 59, f. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Animal shining black; body with subrugose strize, the back carinated; mantle truncated posteriorly, and granulated ; cir- cumscribed by an elevated ridge, which meets in a point near the pulmonary orifice, making the upper portion of the mantle appear more prominent than the rest; back abruptly carinated its whole length from the mantle; when at rest the keel pro- jects above the mantle, and forms a carinated ridge. Variety 1. Férussac; pl. XXV, f.18, 19,20. ZLead-coloured or greyish-black. Variety 2. Clarke. Brown; with the sides of the mantle yellowish. Found by the Rev. B. J. Clarke, at Tourmakady Lodge, on the borders of Lough Mash, Ireland. 7. Limax ATER? youne, pl. XXVI, f. 13. Genus V.—_ANCYLUS. ANCYLUS FLUVIATILIS, pl. XXIV, f. 25. Animal conical; body attached to the foot its whole length; tentacles triangular, compressed, with an auricle at their base. CLASS CONCHIFERA. ORDER MONOMYARIA. Genus I.—DREISSINA. DREIssINA POLYMOoRPHA, pl. XXVII, f. 5, 6. Animal with the mantle closed all round, with the exception of three apertures; the anterior one for the passage of the foot, 8 130 APPENDIX. and two behind; the superior one round, that below syphon- shaped, with a large reflexed mouth; anterior end of the body cleft, and included between the segments of the anterior trans- verse muscle, which is attached to the front of the shell; abdo- men depressed ; foot conically-elongated, with a tuft of byssus at the base, and a distinct groove for its passage ; posterior half of the gills free throughout. Fig. 5, a the byssus, b the lower syphon, c the upper syphon. Fig. 6, the lower syphon magnified. ORDER DIMYAIRA. Genus IL—ANODON. Anopon CyGNEA, var. PISCINALIS, pl. XX VII, f. 9, 10. Animal with the lobes of the mantle free all round, except at the back; the posterior margin, when in conjunction, forming two apertures for the passage of the water, food, and rejectamenta. a the upper syphon, which is small and simple, b the lower one, which is provided with a serrated margin, consisting of several series of larger and smaller teeth, c the foot. Fig. 10, the lower syphon magnified. Genus II.—UNIO. Unio Picrorum, pl. XXVII, f. 7. The animals of the genera Unio and Alasmodon are similar to that of Anodon. a the upper syphon, b the lower one, ¢ the foot. Fig. 8 is the spawn of Unio pictorum. Genus IV.—CYCLAS. Cycias cornEA, pl. XXVII, f. 3, 4. Animal with the lobes of the mantle free beneath and ante- riorly, united posteriorly, and extended into two syphons ; foot compressed, and subquadrate, on becoming strap-shaped ; pro- vided with anterior and posterior nearly equal adductor muscles, for opening and closing the valves. a@ the upper syphon, 6 the lower one, ¢ the foot. APPENDIX. 131 Fig. 4 shews the situation of the young, before their extru- sion from the parent shell. They are completely formed, and covered with a shell before their ejection. Genus V.—PISIDIUM. PIstDIUM OBLIQUUM, pl. XXVII, f. 1, 2. Animal similar to that of Cyclas, but with the mantle ex- tended posteriorly into a short, simple, contractile syphon; foot tongue-shaped, and capable of much extension. a the syphon, b the foot. Fig. 2 exhibits the situation occupied by the young before their extrusion from the parent shell; as they are viviparous as well as the young of Cyclas. Genus CYCLAS.—(Page 116.) 5. Cycias ciTrina, pl. XXIV, f. 15, 15. Cyclas flavescens ? Macgillivray, Moll. Ab., p. 246. Shell very thin, subdiaphanous, and slightly elliptical; very ventricose, a little inequilateral, nearly hemispherical; umbones large, prominent, inflated, and rounded ; covered with a rather dull citron-coloured epidermis, beneath which the surface is irregularly and strongly striated concentrically, with two or three lines of growth. Length about two and a half eighths of an inch. This shell differs from Cyclas cornea, in being more orbicu- lar, in the umbones being much larger, more prominent, and bulging, and it uever attains so large a size as that species. Discovered by Thomas Glover, Esq., of Smedley Hill, Man- chester, in the Leven, a little way below the Lake of Winder- mere, Westmorland. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL AUTHORS TO WHICH REFERENCE HAS BEEN MADE IN THE FOREGOING WORK. ; Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot. Notes on the Land and Fresh Water Mol- lusca of Great Britain, &c. Magazine of Zoology and Botany, II, by Joshua Alder, Esq. —— Catalogue of Land and Fresh Water Testaceous Mollusca, found in the Vicinity of Newcastle-upon- Tyne, &c. Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, 1830. Alten, J. W. Von. Systematiche abhandjung tiber die Erd-und Fluss- conchylier Augsbourg, &c. 1812. Berkeley, Zool. Journ. Description of several British Shells, &c. Zoological Journal, IV and V, by the Rev. M. G. Berkeley. 1828-9. Brard, Cog. de Paris. Histoire des Coquilles terrestres et fluviatiles qui vivent aux Environ de Paris, by C. Prosper Brard, 2 vols. 8vo. 1808. Brown. Illustrations of the Conchology of Great Britain and Ireland, royal 4to, 1844, by Captain Thomas Brown. 62 plates, by Lizars. The Conchologist’s Text Book. 1833. Edin. Journ. Nat. and Geo. Science. Description of several new British Shells, Edinburgh Journal of Natural History and Geographical Science, I. 1827. Article Conchology. Encyclopedia Britannica, 6th Edit. VI, p. 385. Article Conchology. Encyclopedia Edinensis, II, p. 533. ——— Article Conchology. Popular Encyclopedia, II, p. 374. ——— Account of the Irish Testacea. Memoirs of the Wernerian Society, Il. 1817. Clarke, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. On the Species of the Genus Limax occurring in Ireland, by the Rev. B. J. Clarke. Annals and Maga- zine of Natural History, XV, p. 332. Donovan, Edward. Natural History of British Shells, 5 vols. royal 8vo. 1804. Drapernaud, J. P. R. Histoire Naturelle des Mollusques Terrestres et Fluviatiles de la France, 4to. 1805, LIST OF AUTHORS. 133 Ferussac, D’ Audebard, Hist. des Moll. Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulaire, des Mollusques Terrestres et Fluviatiles, &c. 4to. Ferussac. Concordance Systematique pour les Mollusques Terrestres et Fluviatiles, de la Grande Bretagne, avac un Apercu de Travaux Modernes des Savans Anglais sur les Mollusques. Journal des Physique, p. 213, par Baron de Ferussac. 1820. Forbes, Mal. Mon. Malacologia Monensis. A Catalogue of the Mol- lusca inhabiting the Isle of Man and the Neighbouring Sea, by Edward Forbes, 8vo. Edinburgh, 1838. Land and Fresh Water Shells of the Isle of Man. Loudon’s Magazine of Natural History, VIII, p. 69, &c. Fleming, Brit. An. A History of British Animals, by John Fleming, 8vo. 1838. Article Conchology. Edinburgh Ency., VII, p. 55, &c. Gray. Zoological Journal, I, p. 61. On Balea, by John E. Gray, &c. New Species of Mollusca. Medical Repository, XV, p. 239. 1821. Jeffreys, J. G. A Synopsis of the Testaceous Pneumonobranchous Mol- lusca of Great Britain, Linnean Transactions, XIII. 1820. Jenyns, Rev. Leonard. A Monograph of the British Species of Cyclas and Pisidium, Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 1832. Johnston, George, M.D. A List of the Pulmoniferous Mollusca of Ber- wickshire and North Durham. Transactions of the Berwickshire Natural History Club, p. 154. 1838. Kenyon, Joseph. On British Land and Fresh Water Shells. Loudon’s Magazine of Natural History, I, p. 425, and II, p. 273 and 303. Laskey, Captain J. Account of North British Testacea. Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society, I, p. 370. 1811. Lamarck. Animaux Sans Vertebre, vols. V, VI, VII. 1818-1822. Leach, William Elford, M.D. Synopsis of British Mollusca, 8vo. 1820. (Unpublished. ) —— Manuscript Catalogue of British Cirripedes and Bivalves, in a Series of Letters to Captain Thomas Brown. 1820. Maton and Rackett. A descriptive Catalogue of the British Testacea, by W. G. Maton, M.D., and the Rev. Thomas Rackett. Linnean Transactions, VIII, p. 17. 1804. Macgillivray. A History of the Molluscous Animals of the Counties of Aberdeen, Kincardine, and Banff, &c., by William Macgillivray, A.M., &c., 18mo. 1843. Montagu, Colonel George. Testacea Britannica; or, Natural History of British Shells, Marine, Land, and Fresh Water, 4to. 1803. Supplement to Testacea Britannica, 4to, 1808. Montfort, Denys De. Conchyliologie Systematique, ou Classification Méthodique des Coquilles, 2 vols. 8vo. 1810. Miiller, Verm. O. F. Miiller, Vermium terrestrium et Fluviatilum, Animalum Infusoriorum, Helminthicorum et Testaceorum, non marinorum, succineta Historia, 4to. Hann et Lipsic, 1773. 134 LIST OF AUTHORS. Nilsson, S. Historia Molluscorum Suecize Terrestrium et Fluviatilum beviter deliriata, 8vo. 1822. Nunneley. A description of the Internal Structure of various Limaces, found in the Neighbourhood of Leeds, by Thomas Nunneley. Transactions of the Philosophical and Literary Society of Leeds, I, p. 41. 1837. Pennant. British Zoology, by Thomas Pennant, IV, 8vo. 1777. Pfeiffer. Systematische Anordnung und Beschreibung deutscher, Land- und Wasser-Schnecken, Von Carl Pfeiffer, 4to. Cassel, 1821. Potiez and Michaud. Galerie des Mollusques du Museum de Douai, 8vo. 1838. Contains figures of various shells sent by Mr. Thompson, Belfast. Rossmassler, E. A. Iconographie der Land-und Stsswasser Mollusken, mit vorziiglicher Beriiiksichtegung der Europuischen nocht nicht abgebildesten. 1835-1839. Sheppard, Linn. Tr. Description of seven new Species of Land and Fresh Water Shells, with Observations on many other Species, in- cluding a list of such as have been found in the County of Suffolk, by the Rev. Revett Sheppard. Linnean Transactions, XVI, p. 148. 1825. Schroeter, Flussconch. Description of the Fresh Water Shells of Thu- ringia, in Germany, by Johann Samuel Schroeter, 4to. Berlin, 1771 and 1779. Strickland, Hugh E. On the Naturalization of Dreissima Polymorpha in Britain. Loudon’s Magazine of Natural History, n.s., p. 361, 1838. A List of some Land and Fresh Water Species of Shells, found at Henley-on-Thames, Loudon’s Magazine of Natural His- tory, VIII, p. 494. Thompson. Catalogue of the Land and Fresh Water Mollusca of Ire- land, by William Thompson. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, VI, p. 16. 1840. Turton. Conchological Dictionary of the British Islands, by William Turton, M.D., assisted by his Daughter, 18mo. 1819. —— Conchylia Insularum Britannicarum, the Bivalve Shells of the British Islands, systematically arranged, 4to. 1822. —— British Fauna, 18mo. 1814. A Manual of the Land and Fresh Water Shells of the British Islands, 18mo. 1831. ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO THE GENERA AND SPECIES. ACHATINA. Achatina acicula See meee tere eee nee Acme fusca .. ANCMEMMNINUtA Meeceeseccetaccenssees ALASMODON. Alasmodon margaritiferus ...... Alasmodon margaritiferus, var. ALCUALA, 00. cecceecesecsscs roses Alasmodon margaritiferus, var. minor ... Boece seeee Alasmodon margaritiferus, OlivaCeaeesccscestcasesees Alasmodon margaritiferus, ROIS Yd cseesssssecsssnsecensces var. var. AMPHIPEPLEA. Amphipeplea glutinosa . Amphipeplea lacustris..... ANCYLUS. Ancylus fluviatiles ... Ancylus lacustris .........++++20++- ANODON. AnodonCygneus ........s.ocreee Anodon Cygneus, Vv. anatina .... AnodonCygneus, v. Avonensis .. Anodon Cygneus, v. cellensis ... Anodon Cygneus, v. complanata Anodon Cygneus, v. contorta ... AnodonCygneus, v. intermedia. Anodon Cygneus, v. piscinalis... 105 Anodon Cygneus, v. ponderosa... 104 AnodonCygneus, v. rostrata .... 105 Anodon Cygneus, v. stagnalis .... 102 Anodon Cygneus, v. subrhombea 104 ARION. Arion empiricorum ............+6+ 90 Arion hortensis ...........0.« 90 ASSIMINIA. Assiminia Grayana ............+4. 6 AZECA. AZGCS tLIGeNSis-sccscsseceaeroeest sete cDO BAaL@ma. Bal caviracrlis asses essences teesese 36 Buuius. Bulimus: acutus) .«.+:0etecvsesse es 35 Bulimus lubricus ...............02. 34. Bulimus montanus ............... 34 Bulimus obscurus......... 33 Carycrum. Carycium minimum ............. 28 CLAUSILIA. Clausiliasbidensaccssssses eeseieiee 38 Clausilia biplicata-c-2ce-.seeseees 39 Clausilias dubias.......s.cueeeccatede 4d Clausilia; Rolphit.;-2.sceo-neee oeee 41 Clausilia rugosa .........ss.0se00 40 136 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. CYctras. Helix puraiw.sssasesasescssenascsee 86 Cyclas calyculata................. 118 | Helix pygmea ......-..s0cceess eee 79 (Cy clas Clune eescseeestereeeceress 131 | Helix radiatula................0+.. 84 y.clas corned qasseecns-ceeeecee w= 117 | Helix revelata <:.:.-:.02.s-.es.0s0 09 Cyclas lacustris: .....sdseases- 54 Helixaailianiancccssss ceases 5. Ge Helix nitidula ve..cceeer ee 7, 82 Helix lucida <..c25:.2.5..5- 9, 10. Helix radiatula ......... 11, 12. Helix crystallina ....... 13, 14. Helix excavata ......... 15, 16. Helix pura .s..-2cec ences 16,* 17. Helix obvoluta......... 18, 19, 20. Helix margaritacea 21, 22, 23. Vitrina pellucida... 24, Testacella Haliotoidea. 26, 26.* Limax maximus DMA Xatlavilsses snes sass stese ts 28, Limax carinatus ............. 29. 30. Limax gagates? var. ....... 20. Limax agrestis ............... 140 DESCRIPTION FIGe Plate X. 1, 2, 3. Ancylus fluviatilis...... 4, 5, 6. Ancylus lacustris ...... 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12. Dreissena PAGE 94 95 POLYMOL PN Ase ae..| vst aene 98 Plate XI. 1. var. 1, Anodon Cygneus.... 99 2, 3. Anodon Cygneus, young. 99 Plate XII. 1. var 2, Anodon cellensis...... 100 2. Anodon cellensis, young .... 100 3. var. 6, Anodon complanata. 102 4, Anodon complanata, young. 102 Plate XII. 1, var. 3, Anodon Anatina...... 101 Plate XIV. 1. var. 4, Anodon stagnalis ... 102 Piate XV. 1. var. 8, Anodon ponderosa... 104 2, 3. Anodon ponderosa, var. . 104 Plate XVI. 1, 2. var. 11, Anodon rostrata, 105 3, 4. var. 9, Anodon subrhom- DGdiws.teteeseue . 104 Plate X VII. 1, 2. var. 5, Anodon intermedia 102 3. var. 10, Anodon piscinalis... 105 4, 5. Anodon piscinalis, young. 105 Plate XVIII. i, 2. var. 12, Anodon contorta 106 3. var. 7, Anodon Avonensis... 103 4-5.) Unio Ovalise--to: -sacitas ons 111 6, 7. Unio Batavuss.cecace-e--- 2 LT 8. Unio Batavus, young......... 111 Plate XIX. 1. Unio pictorum, ordinary form 107 OF THE PLATES. FIG, PAGE 22 WNLO PICLOLUIM ss.4e ov awns boiees 108 O. WNIOMpICtONUMs a c-seae esse eeeee 108 4. Unio pictorum, ordinary form 108 Plate XX. 152, Unio rostrata 2. 1c... s<.eeee= 109 3, 4. Unio Deshaysii ............ 108 Plate XX1. 1. Internal view of teeth of Unio rostratatscccccsteccss LOD 2. External view of teeth of Unio: rostvatarse. ives. escss. +. 109 3. Internal view of teeth of Unio Deshaysil............... 108 4, External view of teeth of Unio Deshaysil............... 108 5. Internal view of teeth of Unio tumidus® 22.2..2c.sa005 110 6. External view of teeth of Unio tumidus: 2. ase00ss =x) Ay haere. at Jak eens NIPY. Drann by Cap! Brown ‘ene aoe the XY, fang itu 4, inh Oraun by Cap” Brown OE Engraved by A TAtkman Drann by Cap" Broun XV IL OMe i a Fe ate te Engraved by AT Ahinan Eont iy gr-> Edinburgh Drannby Cap™ Brown Engraved W/L Lizars € Ail’ Aikman Edir eae
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