wf-^ ci^cccajc cccc multifaria, Walk., C. B. M. Lep. Het., Pt. 2. [1854]. Glaucopis riibroscapus, Menetries, En. Cor. Am. Mus. Pet, p. 142, Plate 14, fig. 7- [1855]- Apistosia ? jnul/ifaria, Clem. App. Syn. Lep. N. Am., p. 302. [1862.] Ctenucha rubroscapus, Grote, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. p. 33L [1868-9] . Ctenucha 7-ubroscapus, Boisd., Am. Soc. Ent. Bel., p. 71. [1868-9]. " (3 . Head, crimson on the vertex, occiput, and between the eyes; front, black. Labial palpi, entirely crimson, except the short terminal OF NORTH AMERICA. 29 article, which is black. Antennae, long, black, closely bipectinate. Prothorax, above, black, behind the head, crimson. Tegulae, largely crimson, at the sides, outwardly, these are narrowly and evenly bordered with black, and fringed with longer hair-like scales. Abdo- men, brilliant cyaneous, changing to greenish, anal hairs black. Legs, black ; anterior coxaj, whitish ; middle femora, spotted with white above the tibial joint. Anterior wings, brownish-black above, much as in C. Virginica; the costal edge is entirely and markedly white from base to apices, the latter fringed with white, as in C. Ochroscapus. Fringes, black, except before internal angle, where they are prominently white. Secondaries, blueish-black, much as in C. Virginica; the fringes are white at apices and before anal angle, elsewhere black. Under sur- face, resembling upper. Grote [loc. cit.] Expanse of ivings, 1.90 inches. Length of body, 0.60 inch. Habitat. — California. [Coll. Mus., Berol. , Stretch, etals. ] This species differs in coloration from C. Ochroscapus, in having the head and patagia crimson instead oi yelloiv, and the costa of the anterior wings prominently white. It is abundant round the Bay of San Francisco, frequenting low marshy places, and in this particular appears to differ widely from C. Ochroscapus, which is a true moun- tain insect. C. Multifaria flies in June and July; is exceedingly slug- gish in its habits, and is frequently found clinging to the stems of grasses and carices, from which it may be easily shaken into the col- lecting net. When worn and faded, the vermillion of the head and epaulettes assumes an orange tint, but never the deep yellow so characteristic of C. Ochroscapus. 4.-CTENUCHA OCHROSCAPUS, (Plate 1, fig. 13.) Ctenucha Ochroscapus, Grote, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. , Vol. i, p. 330. [1868). Ctenucha Corvina, Boisd., Ann. Soc. Ent. Bel., Vol. 12, p. 71. [1868I. 5. ?. — SizeofC. Virginica. Head, entirely orange yellow. Labial palpi, shorter than in C. Virginica, and held porrectedly against the front; the short terminal article is black, while the basal joints are entirely orange yellow. Antennae, long, black, closely bipectinate; in the ^ the pectinations are larger than in the $ , but shorter than in C. Virginica ? . Collar, dark cyaneous, bordered anteriorly and laterally with powdery orange yellow scales, which also obtain obso- 30 ZYGCENID^ AND BOMBYCID^ lately centrally. Sides of the prothorax, orange yellow. Tegulae, largely orange yellow, narrowly and evenly black on the sides out- wardly. Thoracic disc, dark cyaneous. Abdomen, above, bright cyaneous; beneath, black. Legs, black; in the 6, inwardly shaded with obscure whitish, Anterior wings, dull black, with a faint C3'an- eons shade at base, immaculate. Fringes, black, except at apices, where they are prominently white, and are again faintly whitish before anal angle. Secondaries, black, shaded with cyaneous centrally and over internal margin; fringes, black, except at the apices, where they are white. Under surface, resembles upper, but more brownish." Grote [loc. cit.] Expanse of wings, 1.80 inches. Length of hodv, 0.60 inch. Habilal. — California. [Coll. Mus. Berol.; H. Edwards; Stretch.] Grote says of this species : " C. Ochroscapus and C. Multifaria differ from C. Virginica, and C. Cressonana in that, the head is slightly narrower behind, while the labial palpi are somewhat shorter and por- rected. These differences do not seem to authorize their generic separation, since in the totality of their remaining characters they agree with the typical species of the genus, wnich they resemble in form, size, and in the style of ornamentation." [Grote. loc. cit.] I have seen but three specimens of this species, and these were taken by my friend, Henry Edwards, Esq., at an altitude of about 4,500 feet, on the Sierra Nevada Mountains, in the neighborhood of the Yosemite Valley, in July, 1S71. It was found in company with G. Hopfferi, frequenting streams and water courses, and did not appear to be rare, but exceedingly wild and rapid in its flight, and difficult to capture. It alighted frequently on the flowers, but was easily disturbed. These habits are very different to those of its nearest ally, C. Multifaria, and serve to add additional value to the specific characters as here given. These differences of flight, are often of great use in helping us to draw the line of specific differences, and should be more frequently observed than appears to have been the case heretofore. 6.-CTENUCHA BRUNNEA N. s. (3 . $ . — Front, black. Palpi, except the terminal joint which is black, occiput, hind margin of the eyes, and internal margin of the patagia, bright scarlet. Thorax and abdomen, bright metallic blue. Legs, blackish, with the tips of the tibia? whitish. Antennae, long, and deeply pectinated in the male. OF NORTH AMERICA. 31 Anterior wings, clear pale brown, with the veins and all the mar- gins of the wings blackish, and a few steel blue scales at the base. Extreme costa and fringes, white, interrupted with dusky about the middle of the outer margin. Posterior wings, velvety black, with metallic blue reflection^; fringes, white, interrupted near the anal and apical angles with blackish. Beneath, as above, except that the anterior wings have a deeper tint, and the posterior wings are browner than above. Expanse of ivings, 1.90 inches. Length of body, 0.60 inch. Habitat. — -California. [Coll. Behr, H. Edwards and Stretch.] This fine species was taken by Dr. Behr, of San Francisco, in Marin County, California, on the slopes of Mount Tamalpais, and I am indebted to him for the specimen in my collection. While more allied to C. Multifaria and C. Ochroscapus, than the other members of the genus, it is abundantly distinct from either. It was taken in swampy localities, sitting on the stems of carices, and shows but very little ten- dency to vary in its coloration, as the inspection of some ten specimens proves. This insect is also found on San Miguel Island, off the coast of California, my friend, W. Harford, having taken a number of specimens in that locality. 6.-CTENUCHA VENDS A, (Plate 1, fig. 12, ^ .) Philoros vetiosa. Walk., C. B. M. Lep. Het., 1854. Cfenucha venosa, Clem. App. Syn. Lep. N. A., p. 286. [1862.] 3. — Antennae, black. Front, metallic greenish blue. Vertex, Vermillion red. Eyes, black. Palpi, black, with a few red and orange scales on the basal joint beneath. Patagia, blackish, narrowly bor- dered in front and on the inner margin with yellow. Legs, black, with greenish reflections on the femorae. Thorax, blackish above; beneath, with greenish reflections. Abdomen, sericeous green above, blacker beneath. Anterior wings, brownish black, with a greenish bloom, with three longitudinal yellow stripes, the first, abbreviated, on the sub-costo inferior nervule; the second on the median nerve, forking* on its two middle branches; the third on the internal vein; the two latter both originate at the base of the wing, but none of the stripes reach the outer margin. Costa, narrowly edged with yellow on the basal two- thirds, with white on the apical third. Fringes, white, interrupted 32 ZYGCENID^ AND BOMBYCIDiE with black on the middle of the outer margin. Posterior wings, black, with greenish reflections at the base. Fringes, white, interrupted on the outer margin with black. Beneath, slaty black, with a greenish bloom, and green reflections at the base of the posterior wings. Expanse of wings, 1.55 inches. Length of body, 0.55 inch. Habitat, — Texas. [Coll. Capt. Pope, Smith. Inst.] Mexico. [Coll. Behr, Edwards, Stretch, etc.] OF NORTH AMERICA. 33 ZYGJENIN51. Genus PYROMORPHA, H. S. "Head moderate, free, vertex rather elongated, smooth; ocelli large. Face moderately broad, rounded, slightly protuberant. Eyes rather small, scarcely prominent. Antennae with bases almost united, rather thick, but tapering at the tips, pectinated. Palpi extremely short. Tongue about half as long as the thorax beneath. "Fore wings rather broad, ovate; the discal cell broad, behind fusiform. The subcostal vein sends two short, nearly erect, marginal nervules to the costa; and from the superior angle of the disc, arise two long nervules, on a short, common stalk, the lower one of which is the apical, but delivered rather above the tips. The discal vein is rather faint, and gives rise to two disco-central nervules, the upper one rather on the costal side of the wing. Median vein, four-branched; the posterior nervule arising a little behind the first marginal branch. The fold is thickened, and the sub-median shortly forked at the base. Hind wings ovate, as broad as the fore wings, and in length equal to that of the body, without costal vein. Sub-costal is furcate, the lower branch giving rise, at an obtuse angle, to a thickened discal vein, which is angulated above the medio-superior nervule, where it receives the discal fold, and above this is given off a single disco-central nervule. Median vein four-branched, with branches equi-distant, except the two superior ones. " Body slender, cylindrical. Patagia minute, rolled. Abdomen not tufted at the tips or on the sides, about one-half the length of the body beneath. Legs slender; fore tibiae, with a short, concealed spur on its middle; hind tibi^, with two extremely minute apical spurs. C/em. App. Syn. Lep. N. Am. 34 zyGJEmDM and bombycidjE l.-PYROMORPHA DIMIDIATA. (PI. 2, fig. 14.) Pyromorpha dimidiata, H. S. , Lep. Ex. Sp. Nov. Ser. I, fig. 222. Mallhaca perlucidula, Clem. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 54 1 . ( 1 860.) Malthaca perlucidula, Morris, Syn, Lep. N. Am., p. 134. (1862.) Malihaca perlucidula, Clem. App. Syn. Lep. N. Am., p. 28S. ( 1862. ) Lycomorpha dimidiata, Clem. App. Syn. Lep. N. Am., p. 288. ( 1 862. ) 3 . ? . — Entire insect smoky black, except the basal half of the pri- maries above the fold, and the costa of the secondaries from the base to the middle, which are luteous. Wings somewhat diaphanous. Expanse of wings, 0.95 inch. Length of body, 0.32 inch. Habitat. — Atlantic and Western States. "Illinois, Mr. Kennicott, Maryland, Dr. Morris." Morris. OF NORTH AMERICA. 35 ZYGJENIDJE. ZYG^ffiNINJl. Genus GNOPHSILA. walker. " Head moderate, rather small, as are the eyes, which are not very full; clypeus globose, swollen, projecting in front; two occelli, before and between which the epicranium is roundedly elevated, rising to a ridge behind; maxillae moderately developed, when unrolled, not so long as the thorax. Palpi slender, extending beyond the head, held nearly horizontally and on a plane with the body, third article somewhat depressed, not pointed. Antennas of the male somewhat shorter than those of the female, finely bipec- tinate, the pectinations tapering just before the tip, and are more separated and fewer, compared with the male antennas in Ctenu- cha. In the female the pectinations are shorter and stouter, bearing terminal setae. Legs unarmed and finely scaled. Abdomen some- what exceeding posterior wings. Quite similar in external conforma- tion in both sexes. "Anterior wings more than twice as long as broad; costal margin straight, slightly depressed before costal angle; external margin round- ed, not very oblique; internal margin straight. Discal space open; sub-costal nervure arcuated before the apex, crowding the nervules to- gether; first and second sub-costal nervules approximate at base ; third being short, throwing off a branchlet just before the margin; second thrown off before the fifth, on the opposite side of the vein, while in Clenucha it arises much beyond; apical interspace widening towards costa; fifth sub-costal nervule thrown off directly from the nervure, not removed as in Clenucha, towards the middle of the discal area. First and second median nervules united at base; second greatly nearer the first than the third, which latter is bent downwards; fourth much re- moved from third. Sub-median nervure perfectly straight, and parallel with internal margin. " Posterior wings nine veined; discal space partially closed, the vein becomins: towards the centre a mere thickening of the membrane. 36 ZYG^NIDiE AND BOMBYCIDiE The costal nervure is perfectly straight, sending off, immediately at base, the upper discal nervure, which is slighter, nearly straight, and throws off a nervule near external margin. Lower discal nervule (median) nearly straight; the third median nervule springing from the second, its origin further removed towards the external margin than that of the first. Sub-median nervure curvilinear, much removed from median ; internal nervure arising from the base of the wing, straight, short. "The ornamentation is black, with sub-cyaneous abdominal and alar shades ; the veins are black, regularly defining large white * patches on both wings. The insect (G. Vermiculata) mimics the but- terfly Stalachtis heliconoides, H. S. The thoracic and capital tegument, when denuded of scales, is pitch black, shining, as are the veins. Where the wing scales are black, the membrane beneath is of a pale, blackish hue; where they are white it is pale yellowish. The pro- thorax beneath, and the anterior femora above, are covered with orange-yellow hairs, as in allied genera, but these do not spread on the occiput above. "Allied to Qenucha, Kirby, than which I consider it of higher value. In that genus, the 6 antennal pectinations are more numerous and the stock longer. The palpi in Callalucia ( Gnophala, Walker, ) are shorter, not so flexuous, and third article is differently shaped, though somewhat similarly held. The nervulation differs much from Ctenu- cha, since the third subcostal nervule is furcate; discal space open. In Ctenucha, the posterior wings are seven-veined, first, second and third nervules of the lower discal vein springing from one point, and the costal and internal nervules are wanting. " Grok, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 4, p. 315. (1865.) The above diagnosis is drawn from G. vermiculata, and appeared under the name of Callalucia, Grote, which equals Gnophccla, Walker. l.-GNOPHJELA VERMICULATA. (PI. 2, fig. l.) Omoiala vermiculata, Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 2, p.334. ( 1 863.) Laynprosoma vermiculata, Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 2, pi. 6. fig. I, 6. (1863.) Callalucia vermiculata, Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 4, p. 3 1 6. (1865) Gnophccla vermiculata, Grote, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, vol. i , p. 33 2. ( 1 868) * White must be unintentional; both species are yellow. — R. H. S. OF NORTH AMERICA. 37 $ . $ . — Black and yellowish white. Palpi black. Head black, with scattered, whitish scales on the front, vertex, and behind the eyes. Prothorax and patagia black, with scattered whitish hairs. Prothorax beneath, clothed with orange hairs, which color also extends between the anterior pair of legs. Thorax and abdomen black, with deep, blueish reflections, the latter ornamented with a very narrow, white, stigmatal line. Legs black, with a few whitish scales about the tips of the joints, tibial spurs of the posterior pair white. Wings black, with large, semi-diaphanous, yellowish white spots. Anterior pair, with a large discal spot divided into three parts by the black median vein and its fourth branch. Of these, the upper lies in the discal area, terminating somewhat obliquely at the origin of the first median nervule, and reaching rather more than halfway to the base of the wing. The lower lies beneath the median vein, and is bounded by the fold in the interspace; it extends nearly to the base of the wing, and terminates on the fourth median nervule, midway be- tween its origin and the outer margin of the wing. The middle spot lies between the median vein and its fourth nervule, and is sharply an- gulated outwardly. There is in addition, a broad, oblique, cur\'ed transverse band across the nervules, neatly divided by the black nerv- ules into four unequally oblong spots. Fringes black, very slightly white at the apices. Secondaries with a large discal patch lying between the sub-costal vein and the sub-median fold, and terminating outwardly, about half way between the origin of the nervules and the outer margin of the wing. Veins and nervules black. Fringes black, whitish at the apex and anal angle. Expmtse of wings, 1.75 inches. Length of body, 0.70 inch. Habitat. — Colorado Territory. (Ridings and Mead.) Of the habits of this well marked species, I can learn but little, except that, like its cogener, G. Hopfferi, it is abundant, though local. The specimen from which the figure was drawn, was one of sixteen which my friend, T. L. Mead, had in his net at the same time. These were taken on one spot in a few minutes, and during the balance of a season's collecting, he met but one other specimen. The original type was collected by Mr. James Ridings. It has not occurred, so far as I know, outside of the locality named. 38 ZYGiENIDiE AND BOMBYCIDyE 2.-GN0PH^LA HOPFFERI. (Pi. 2, fig. 2.) ? Glaucopis lahpenm's, Boisd., Lep. Cal, p. 27. (1852.) Gnophccla Hopfferi, Grote, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, vol. i, p. 332. (1868.) " (5 . $ . — Size large. Head black. Labial palpi black, except at base, where they are powdered with orange-yellow scales. Sides of the pro-thorax orange yellow, which color extends between the anterior legs at base. Legs black, slighdy touched with white ; the minute spurs on middle and hind tibise are white. Thoracic region, above and beneath, black. Abdomen cyanous black; a white, lateral, stig- matal line, as in G. vermiculata. Wings large and full. Primaries trigonate, brownish black, with three dull, lemon-yellow spots at the middle, divided by the median nervure and its fourth nervule; between this latter at base, and the continuation of the nervure, the outer and smallest is placed. The upper spot, at the outer extremity of the discal cell, is restricted as in G. sequinoctialis. Over the nervules, terminally, is an oblique series of four interspaceal, unequal, ovate, yellow spots, of which the second and largest is placed opposite the discal cell; these spots are further apart than in G. ^quinoctialis or G. vermiculata. Secondaries resembling primaries in coloration and ornamentation, but with a very faint bluish reflection. A large central, yellow patch, analagous to the spots at the middle of primaries, is divided by the median nervure into two unequal spots, while the third, at the base of the fourth median nervule, is obsolete. Two ovate yellow spots are situated opposite the disc, and are separated by the black, first median nervule. Under surface of both wings resembling upper. The fringes on either pair are black, faintly touched with white at the apices of pri- maries and costal angles of secondaries." (Grote, loc. cit. ) Expanse of ivings, 5 , 2.10; ? 2.30 inches. Length of body, $ , 0.75; $ , 0.80 inch. Habitat. — California. (Coll. Edwards, Behrens, Behr, etc.) (Coll. Mus. Berol., and Dr. Felder, Vienna, auth. Grote. ) This fine species was named by Mr. Grote after Mr. C. Hopffer, the well-known Lepidopterist of Berlin. It was readily distinguished from G. vermiculata, by its superior size, the deeper tint, of the yellow markings and the larger proportion of black in the coloration ; the ex- ternal marsfin of the secondaries is also more angulated than in the lat- OF NORTH AMERICA. 39 ter species. Glaucopis latipennis, Boisd., (Am. See. Ent. Belg., vol. 12, p. 27, 1868-9), ^'"''^ Morris (Syn. Lep. N. Am., p. 136), is probably the present species, but the description is too vague to make the deter- mination absolute without inspection of the types. The insect is found in the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevadas, and, though apparently local, is not uncommon where it occurs. Since the above was in type I have seen a series of fine specimens of this insect in the collection of Lord Walsingham, taken by him in Oregon during his recent visit to this coast. They differ in no wise from those found in California. 40 ZYG^NID^ AND BOMBYCID^E ZYGEmDE. ZYGM^IDE. Genus LYCOMOKPHA, Harris. " The front of the head is provided with long scales extending to the base of the maxilte. When the head is denuded, the clypeus is broadly scutellate, the length being equal to the breadth, with the basal margin produced backwards, and encroaching more on the epicranium than usual. The front edge contracts suddenly into a square portion resting above the mandibles and maxillae. The epicranium is small and short, deeply impressed by a mesial line and divided thereby into two trian- gular halves ; while the occiput is transversly oblong, being twice as broad as long. " The antennae have short setiferous densely scaled pectinations ; in the female they are serrated, the teeth terminating in single seta?. Mandibles rather long and slender, projecting out beyond the scales of the front. " The body of this genus is long and narrow, slender. The thorax is narrow, and the pleurae of each thoracic segment are very oblique. Pro-thoracic scales (being the two halves of the pro-scutum) ovate elliptical. The meso-scutum is remarkably small, being shorter than broad, and no longer than the scutellum, which is of much greater length than usual. The form of this last piece is much different from what we find in Cieniicha. In form it is pentagonal, the front edge be- ing transverse, the two posterior sides forming a triangle, while the two anterior sides are, though nearly parallel, yet slightly divergent. " Wings remarkably long and narrow ; primaries nearly three times as long as broad, being remarkably long and narrow as in the Lithosiae. Costa straight as far as the apex, which is much rounder than usual as is also the internal angle, while the inner edge is but one-fourth shorter than the costal. The nervules arise remark- ably equidistant, and their origins are much shorter 'and nearer the outer edge than in the allies of the genus. The short subcostal nervules run rapidly to the costal edge. First, second and fifth of equal OF NORTH AMERICA. 41 lengths, the thin! not branched and equal in length to the fourth, while the origins of each are opposite the inner third of the fifth, which arises near the middle of the discal space. Two discal nervules of equal length meet to form an angle pointing inwards, from which a fold is thrown inwards along the middle of the discal space. Median nervules much straighter than usual, their interspaces oblong, and of very equal size. Origins of second, third and fourth equidistant. Sub- median nervure long and distinct. " Secondaries long and narrow, the apex much produced, the inner angle not reaching to the tip of the abdomen. Costa convex, a little excavated just before the apex. Outer margin two-thirds as long as the costa, angulated slightly on the second median. Inner edge very short, being one-half as long as the costal. First and second subcostal ner- vules nearly equal in length. The upper discal is very long and ob- lique, and with the lower discal is parallel with the outer edge of the wing. But three median nervules present. First, obsolete ; second and third, parallel ; third and fourth shorter than the second and directed downward. Distance between the two first median nervules one-third as great as that between the third and fourth. " The slender abdomen is a little more than twice the length of the head and thorax. "The coloration is Prussian blue, with saffron bases to the wings, somewhat as in Pyromorpha. ' ' Compared with other genera of the sub-family, this interesting ge- nus presents some notable differences, all the characters being, as it were, influenced by the close relationship to the Lithosise. This is seen in the dentated antenna, neither simple as in the Lithosi^, nor pectinated as is the rule in its own group. The Lithosian characters also appear in the head, in the form of the clypeus especially ; and in the unusually slender body, with its narrow wings, and elongated scu- tellum of the meso-thorax. Though after all the Zygcenic characters prevail so extensively that it is a little strange that observers after Dr, Harris' time should change his location of the genus to a place among the Lithosiidas. Though the larva is a lichen-feeder and thus in this early stage is like Lithosia and allies, we must consider the insect as simply analogous in its habits as well as structure to that genus, and not be misled by these strong resemblances." Packard, Proc. Essex Inst., April, 1864. 42 ZYG^NIDiE AND BOMBYCID^ The three species found in the United States may be tabulated thus: * Fore wings bicolorous. t Base yellow - - - - Z. Pholus. Base Red - - - - Z. Miniali. * Fore wings concolorous, pale brick red - Z. Palmerii. l.-LYCOMOEPHA PHOLTJS. {PL 2, fig. 3.) Sphinx pholus, Drury. ( 1770.) pholus, Fabricius, Sp.. Ins., vol. 2, 166, 49. ( 1781.) Lyconiorpha pholus, Harris, Sill. Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 36. Glaucopis pholus, Harris, Ins. Inj, Veg. , p. 341, fig. 164. (1862.) Glaucopis pholus, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am., p. 135. (1862.) Lvcomorpha pholus, Clem., Syn. Lep. N. Am. App., p. 289. (1862.) 5 . $ . Entire insect deep blue-black, almost black, with the ex- ception of the patagia and the basal half of all the wings, which are orange. Expanse of ivings, 1.20 inches. Length of body, 0.40 inch. Habitat. — Northern Atlantic States. Larva. — "Pale green, with yellowish spots running into green; head black, covered with a few short, whitish hairs ; body sparingly clothed with rather long hairs, which are white on the sides and black on the back, the hairs arising singly from minute tubercles, those on the third segment the longest, and with the others before them directed forward. It eats the lichens on stone heaps and shady places, and undergoes its transformations in a thin silky cocoon." Harris. OF NORTH AMERICA. 43 ZYG^ENIDH. ZYGJENINJ;, ^ Genus ANATOLMIS. Packard. " Head of moderate size, broad and short. Occiput and epicranium together, equal in length to the clypeus ; epicranium bilobate, much as in Lycomorpha, with much the same proportions. The clypeus is very broad, scutellate, just as broad as long, covered with broad flat scales which converge towards the median line. Eyes small, hemispherical, their diminished size adding to the breadth of the small clypeus between them. Antennae situated nearly midway between the front edge and the base of the head ; rather slender, with very short broad pectinations equalling in length the joints, and covered densely, especially on the sides, with stout hairs, and terminating in a single seta. Maxillae well developed, longer than the head is broad. Palpi long, porrect, reaching beyond the front ; third joint minute conical subacute, nearly continu- ous with the second, which is not very broad. "Body slender, thorax, not much broader than abdomen ; wings remarkably long and narrow. Primaries a little more than three times as long as broad ; costa very straight, a little convex on the outer third; apex rounded ; outer edge very convex, very short ; inner edge remark- ably long, and nearly parallel with the costa, very straight, the usual convexity near the insertion very slight. " Costal very near the margin, and infringing on the middle of the first subcostal ; third subcostal of very equal length, first curved towards the costa, the third shorter than .^ _. ^ the first: fourth branched within its middle, enclos- '- ^^-i-~-^~J jng a narrow long triangular apical interspace; fifth, not removed from its nervule at its origin. Median, nervules arise at the outer third of the wing. First and second are united at their base ; third and fourth are equidistant from the second, Submedian curve long, well marked, but no nervure. Very long in- ternal nervnre. Fringe rather long, especially just below the apex. " Secondaries very long, twice as long as broad, narrow triangular, hardly reaching to the tip of the abdomen. Apex much produced, 44 ZYG^NIDiE AND BOMBYCIDi?': though obtuse. Costa very straight, outer edge very long, remarkably straight, internal angle rectangular, not reaching much beyond the base of the anal tuft. " Subcostal divides near the outer fourth of the wing ; first and second median very short, nearly parallel ; third very remote, but of the same length. ' ' Legs long and slender, finely scaled. Hind tibial spurs very small unequal acute, inner pair very remote, and half as large as the terminal pair. Tip of abdomen provided with large anal valves of unusual size, being laterally broad lanceolate. "The squamation is fine and powdery, compared with Lycomorpha, to which it is nearest allied, besides the very different style of coloration, the primaries are narrower, costa straighter, secondaries more triangular, owing to the rectangular inner angle. But in the structure of the head, of the antennae, of the thorax and abdomen, it agrees closely with Lycomorpha, and these characters are those which place it without doubt in the Zygaenidse, though after a casual glance one would not hesitate to call it a Lithosian. The blueish scales of the body, the dark mahogany-colored tegument, the fine pov/dery squamation, and the slender, very equally jointed legs and pectinated antennae aid in determining the true position of this interesting genus. " From the resemblance to the parallel genera, Hypoprepia and Atol- mis, among the Lithosiidse I have praposed the name above given. " Packard, Proc. Essex Inst, April 1864. 1-ANATOLmS GROTEI. (Pi. 2, fig. 4.) Anatolmis Groiei, Packard, Proc. Essex Inst. (1864.) 5 . ? . — Vermillion red and smoky purple. Head and appendages blackish, thorax red. Primaries red throughout, except the fringe and the edge of the outer third of the costa, which area deep smoky purple, nearly black. Secondaries red on the basal third, beyond smoky pur- ple ; the red extends from just within the middle of the inner edge to near the apex upon the costal edge. Legs purple, concolorous with the abdomen. Beneath colored the same as above. There are no other markings on the wings. Expanse of wings, 1.30 inches. Length of body, 0.45 inch. Habitat.— Co\ov2ido Territory, (Coll. Phil. Ent. Soc, T. L. Mead, H. Edwards, R. H. Stretch.) OF NORTH AMERICA. 45 The original type of this species was from Pike's Peak, Colorado Territory, (loc. cit. ); the specimen from which the figure was drawn was kindly presented to me by Mr. T. L. Mead, who took it in the same locality. 46 ZYGJENID^ AND BOMBYCIDiE B0MB7CID£. LITHOSIINa;. Genus HYPOPREPIA. Hubner. " Body stout, rather short, elongato-subfusiform. Head rather small. Palpi stout, very much shorter than the hea^ ; third joint acuminated, not half the length of the second. Tongue short. Ab- domen oblanceolate, not extending quite so far as the ^J^^^=^ hind wings. Legs moderately stout ; hind tibiae with two minute apical spurs. Wings moderately broad, not long. Primaries slightly convex in front ; the hind angle somewhat rounded ; first and second inferior veins almost con- tiguous at the base ; third about eight times nearer to the second than to the fourth." Clemens, Syn. Lep. N. Am., p. 303. I.-HYPOPREPIA FITCOSA. (Pi. 2, fig. 12.) Hypoprepia fucosa, Hlibn., Zutr. Dritt. Hand., p. 21, figs. 471, 472. (1825.) Liihosia miniata, Kirby, Fauna, Bor. Amer., pi. 4, p. 305. (1837.) Gnophria vittata, Harr., Rt. Ins., Mass., p. 241. (1841.) Hypoprepia fucosa, Walk., B. M. Cat. Lep., p. 487. (1854.) Liihosia miniata, Walk., B. M. Cat. Lep., p. 512. (1854.) Atolmis tricolor, Fitch, Third Report. Ins. N. Y., p. 168. (1856.) Atobnis? miniata, Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 544. (i860) Gnophria vittata, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am., p. 256. (1862.) Hypoprepia fucosa, Clem., Syn. Lep. N. Am. App. , p. 303. (1862.) Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc, Phil., vol. 3, p. 98. 5 . ? . — Palpi pale reddish, tips black. Head, thorax, and patagia scarlet, sometimes inclining to yellowish. Abdomen lead color, scar- let at the base and tip, and with a broad ventral streak of the same color. Primaries lead color, narrowly margined on the costa and outer margin, and also on the basal three-fourths of the inner margin with OF NORTH AMERICA. 41 scarlet. There is besides, a broad longitudinal stripe of the same color, furcate on the outer half of the wing. Fringes lead color. In many specimens the scarlet of the wings is paler, and the costa and basal half of the central stripe are strongly yellowish. Secondaries scarlet, with a broad outer plumbeous band. In those specimens which show yellow tints on the primaries the secondaries are much paler, and the outer band is reduced to half its width, and strongly sinuated on its inner edge. Fringes slate color, concolorous with the outer band. Expanse of wings. 1.10-1.30 inches. Length of body, 0.40-0.50 inch. Habitat. — Eastern States, Maine, (Verrill) ; Mass., (Sanborn Shurt- leff); Mich., (Miles) ; Georgia, (Walker.) Larva. — Of the larva Dr. Harris says, (Ins. Inj, Veg. , p. 342, Ed. 1862) : "The caterpillar lives upon lichens, and maybe found under loose stones in the fields in early spring. It is dusky, and thinly cov- ered with stiff, sharp, and barbed black bristles, which grow singly from small warts. Early in May it makes its cocoon, which is very thin and silky ; and twenty days after is transformed to a moth." 48 ZYG^NID^ AND BOMBYCIDjE BOMBYCID^. LITHOSIINa;. Genus CISTHENE. (Walker.) Male. — Body rather short, moderately stout. Palpi much shorter than the head ; third joint conical, acuminated, less than half the length of the second. Antennae stout, setose, setaceous, rather more than half the length of the body. Abdomen not extending so far as the hind wings; tips forcipated. Legs moderately stout, hind tibiae with four rather long spurs. Wings moderately broad, not long. Fore wings very slightly convex in front, ob- lique at the tips ; rounded and not angular behind ; third inferior vein fully twice further from the second than the second from the first ; fourth nearly twice further from the third than the third from the second. The two California species of this genus feed on plants belonging to the anomalous genus Byssus, and occur in Dr. Behr's manuscripts under the name of Byssophaga. The three species found in the United States may be tabulated thus : * Hind wings pale tawny. f Band on ant. wings reaching the costa - C. faustinula. Band on ant. wings not reaching the costa - C. nexa. * Hind wings rosy. •|- Fore wings with transverse band - - - C. unifascia. Fore wings with spot on costa and inner margin - C. subjeda. l.-CISTHENE FAUSTINULA. (PI. 2, fig. 10.) Lithosia faustinula, Boisd. , Am. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 12, p. 73. (1868.) 5 . ? . — Head, palpi, antennae, thorax and its appendages tawny white ; eyes black ; abdomen tawny. Anterior wings with the costa nearly straight, somewhat rounded near the apex; smoky gray in color, with a short, narrow, marginal streak at the base of the wing, on the inner margin, and a transverse band beyond the middle, twice con- stricted, and somewhat broadest on the inner margin, of a pale tawny or dirty white, the adjacent portions of the wing being somewhat darker OF NORTH AMERICA. 49 in tint than the general color. Posterior wings pale tawny white, very narrowly margined with pale smoky gray at the apex. Fringes of all the wings concolorous with the adjacent portions of the wings. Beneath as above, except that the band on the anterior wings is somewhat less clearly defined. Var./usca. The markings are identical, but all the portions which are dirty white in the type, are pale smoky gray, nearly concolorous with the anterior wings. Expanse of wings, i.oo inch. Length of body, 0.35 inch. Habitat. — California, (Coll. Edwards, Behr, Behrens, etc.) This species is found in the wooded districts round the bay of San Francisco, but is less abundant than the following. The variety _/"«j-<:<2, from the collection of Dr. Behr, was taken abundantly in Napa valley. 2.-CISTHENE NEXA. (Pi. 2, fig. 11.) Lithosia nexa, Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 12, p. 74. (1868.) Cisthene grista, Packard, Rep. Peab. Acad, Sci. (1872.) 5.?. — Head, antennce, palpi, thorax, legs and abdomen pale tawny white. Anterior wings with the costa straighter than in C. Faustitiula, clear smoky gray, with a short streak on the inner margin at the base of the wing, and a triangular spot with serrated edges, hav- ing its base on the inner margin and extending somewhat beyond the median vein, pale tawny white. The projecting points of this spot are edged with black at their apices. Posterior wings pale tawny white, largely clouded with pale smoky gray at the apices. Fringes concolorous with the adjacent portion of the wings. Beneath as above, except that the gray shades are deeper and more uniform in tint, and the spot on the anterior wings more contracted in area. Expanse 0/ wings, 0.85 inch. Length of body, 0.30 inch. Habitat. — California, (Coll. Edwards, Behr, Behrens, etc.) This species is found in woods round the bay of San Francisco. It may be readily distinguished from B. Faustinula, by the larger apical cloud on the posterior wings, by the band on the anterior wings not reaching the costa, and by its smaller size. It is also much more abundant. 50 ZYG^NID^ AND BOMBYCIDiE EOMBYCIDi;. LITHOSIINJE. Genus CLEMENSIA* Packard. "Head large, front broad, clypeus triangular, very broad between the antennae. Antennae very slender, simple, with fine set^e be- neath ; $ still more filiform and without setas. Palpi three-jointed, free from the head, porrect, the whole of the third joint reaching be- yond the front of the head, and only one-fourth shorter than the second joint, acutely pointed. Maxilte long and slender, reaching to the second pair of coxse when extended. " Thorax just as long as broad, of equal width with the abdomen. The pro-thorax is badly separated from the meso-thorax. Patagia slight, not reaching beyond the base of the meso-scutellum. Primaries a little more than twice as long as broad. Costa continu- ously convex from base to sub-acute apex ; outer edge very oblique, a little more than half as long as the inner edge, which is especially convex at the basal half Costal region very broad, first to fourth sub- costal nervules very short, equal in length, and going rapidly to the costal edge; the fifth subdivides within its middle and the triangular interspace between the two branches is twice as long as broad. Sixth subcostal and first median nervules are parallel and of the same length. The three first madian nervules arise very near together, while the fourth is remote as usual, and arises just within the middle of the length of the wing. " Secondaries broad triangular; reaching to the base of the anal tuft, apex a little produced ; costa convex throughout, from base to apex, internal angle well rounded. Subcostal subdivides midway between the apex and discal nervules, enclosing a triangular space. The three upper median nervules are very approximate, their interspaces narrow, linear. Legs long, slender, with four sub-equal, very long acute tibial spurs which are a little shorter in the ? . Abdomen stout, broad as the thorax and four times as long. In 5 a broad obtuse anal tuft, * Named after the late Dr. Brackenridge Clemens. OF NORTH AMERICA. 51 in ? its cylindrical tip is suddenly truncate, not narrower than the base of the abdomen. * * * This genus is closely allied to, and yet very distinct from Millochrista of Europe. The head is broader between the antennae which are stouter, and the palpi are larger and longer. The costa of the wings are fuller, the outer edges more oblique, and consequently the apex more acute than in Millochrista. The neuration is very distinct from the European genus, since the subcostal nervules are shorter, the three first median nervules much nearer at their origins and throughout their length, and the fourth median arises near the middle of the wing, while in Millochrisla it arises at the basal third of the wing. In the secondaries the triangular apical interspace is shorter and broader in Clemensia. The legs are longer, slenderer, as are the tibial spurs which are nearly twice the size of those in Millochrisla. " Packard, P roc, 'Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 3, p. 102. (1864.) l.-CLEMENSIA ALBATA. (PI. 2, fig. 13, $ .) Clemensia albata. Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil, vol. 3, p. 103. (1864.) ' ' White with ashen and brown scales, dark spots and a black lun- ate discal spot. Front grayish white. Edges of the prothoracic scales pure white. Thorax and abdomen with grayish scales ; anal tuft white. " Primaries with six or seven black costal spots. Midway between the base of the wing and the discal spot, a sinuate abbreviated line proceeding from the fourth costal spot to just below the median nerv- ure. A dot below on the internal nervures. A slight black streak on each side of the fourth median below the discal spot. Between this median spot and the base of the wing, in the 3 , a slighdy tawny dis- coloration. Outer edge of the wing clear white. Marginal row of black dots fine, but very distinct. Fringe clear white. "Secondaries white but finely dusted with gray scales, gathered into a diffuse, very indistinct extra-mesial line. No discal dot. " ? is clearer white, the extra basal line is much less distinct than in the 5 , consisting of a linear spot connected with the costal one. Expanse of wings, $ 0.83, ? 0.90 in. Length of body, $ 0.35, ? 0.40 in. Habitat. — New England States. Norway, Me., (Mus. Comp. Zool. , Smith.) Brunswick, Me., Augusta." Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vok 3, p. 103. (1864.) 52 ZYG^NID^ AND BOMBYCID^ BOMBYCIDJE. LITH0SIIN5;. Genus ETJPHANESSA. Packard. " The head is much elevated behind the antennae, the epicranium divided on its surface into two bosses. Clypeus much elevated, surface convex. The front narrows rather rapidly anteriorly. Antennae sim- ple, scaled above and on the sides, setose beneath. Palpi porrect, passing nearly one-half their length beyond the front. Primaries two-thirds as broad as long ; costa rounded towards the apex. Outer margin oblique, almost as long as the inner margin. Internal angle rounded. Costal nervure bent down towards the subcostal, parallel at its termination with the three subcostal nervules. A scalene triangular area below the subcostal, one of the two shorter sides of which consists of the common i-ase cf the fourth and fifth subcostal; the other, by the anastomosis of the fourth subcostal with its main nervure. The first median becomes independent, arising from the middle of the discoidal area. ' ' Secondaries nearly as large as the primaries, very broad. Outer margin full, rounded , internal angle about midway in the wing, the internal edge being short. Scales minute, thin, wings semi-transpar- ent in spots. " This genus differs from Nudaria, with which it has been confounded by Walker and subsequent writers, in the smooth finely-scaled nar- rower front, while the antennce are not tufted at the base as in the Eu- ropean genus. Besides the palpi are much longer, and project far beyond the front ; the triangular fore wings are much broader and they have straighter costas than in Nudarta. In the last named genus also, the inner edge is nearly hvice as long as the outer, while in Eu- phanessa it is considerably shorter than the outer edge. The seconda- ries in our genus reach much farther beyond the tip of the abdomen. There are, moreover, constant dilTerences in the neuration of the two genera. " Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc, Phil., vol. 3, p. 102. (1864.) OF NORTH AMERICA. 53 l.-EUPHANESSA MENDICA. (Pi. 2. fig. 9.) Nudaria mendica, Walker, Cat. Lep. B. M. II., p. 576. (1854.) Eudule biseriata, H. S. Lep. Exot. , p. 19, fig. 441. (1855.) Nudaria ? mendica, Clem., Syn. Lep. N. Am. app. , p. 300. (1864.) Euphanessa mendica, Pac, Proc. Ent.Soc. Phil., vol.3, p. 102. (1864.) ^ . ? . — Entire insect pale, ochreous yellow, with the wings subdia- phanous, the costa and outer margins being somewhat darker. Eyes black. Anterior wings with two oblique, irregular, transverse, pale grayish bands, made up of irregular shaped spots. The basal band consists of a large subquadrate spot on the discal area, a much reduced rounded spot immediately below the median vein, and another of the same size above the internal vein and nearer the base of the wing. The outer band lies across the nervules, is very irregular, and consists of unequal spots in the interspaces; its inner side is nearly straight, except a projection thrown out to the discal vein ; the outer side is irregularly dentate. There is a small spot on the outer margin, about midway between the apex and internal angle. Posterior wings immaculate. Expanse of wings, i.io inches. Length of body, 0.45 inch. Habitat. — New England States and Canada, (Auth. Sanborn, Pack- ard and Saunders.) This insect appears to be but little liable to variation. Packard states that it is common in low swampy grounds or dry pine woods in July. After Plate 2 was engraved, I found the following notes in relation to this species, which throw considerable doubt on the classification of this insect with the Bombycidae, and seem to indicate that it ought to be referred to the Geometridae. Mr. Saunders (Can. Ent. vol. 3, p. 227,) writes: " A female of this species deposited eggs on the side of a box, in which it was confined, on the 2d and 3d of July. They were of a bright red color, and the young larvae were hatched from them on the 8th of the same month. They were extremely active, about one-tenth of an inch long, with cylindrical bodies, and true geometers in their larval characteristics and mode of progression. The following description was taken at this stage in their history. " Head large, bilobed, dark brown. Body above dull brownish green, with a slight pinkish tinge, and with many short black and brown hairs. Under surface similar to the upper ; feet and prolegs — of which latter there were only tivo pairs — greenish and semi-transparent." All efforts to find suitable food for these larvae failed, so that their 64 ZYG^NIDiE AND BOMBYCIDiE subsequent history is still unknown. It is greatly to be hoped that Mr. Saunders will yet succeed in solving this question ; as our knowl- edge now stands, it seems not unlikely that this insect must be ulti- mately removed to the Geometridas. OF NORTH AMERICA. 55 BOMBYCIDJE. LITHOSIINS;. l.-UTETHEISA. HUbner. "Head small, smooth, with ocelli. Eyes prominent. Antennce simple in each sex, rather short and slightly pilose beneath in the males. Palpi curved, ascending nearly to the middle of the face, squamose, basal joint tumid, middle joint long, terminal joint short, ovate. Tongue about equal to the thorax beneath. " Fore wings elongate-trigonate, length exceeding that of the body by at least one-third ; subcostal vein with a nar- row cell above the discal vein, with a single mar- ginal branch arising anteriorly to it and one from its hinder apex; the subcostal vein continues to- wards the tip of the wing from the apex of the sub- costal cell subdividing into post-apical and apical branches, the latter furcate. Discal vein simple, angulated. Median four-branched, the posterior very remote from the other branches. « " In the hind wings the subcostal vein is bifid from the origin of the discal. Clemens, Syn. Lep. N. Am., p. 313. The species of this genus are of wide geographical distribution, and their unusual variation renders the limitation and determination of the species a most difficult task, and one which can only be solved by a thorough knowledge (which we do not at present possess,) of their preparatory stages. U. pulchella of Europe is claimed by many writers to be identical with an Australian species which also occurs as far north as the Phillipine Islands ; and there are many reasons why the three forms found in North America, and which I have enumerated as spe- cifically distinct, should be united under one common name. It is somewhat surprising that common as this insect is in some localities, its history should not be better known. It may be that some fortunate individual has raised it from its larval stage, but has failed to make its history a matter of record. To any such I can only say that there is no more important service to be rendered to the science than the care- 56 ZYGiENIDjE AND BOMBYCIDvE ful Study and record of Embryological conditions, and no more inviting and interesting field. Tiie mere collection, preservation, and compari- son of the imaginal forms, however requisite, will never lead us to a true knowledge of what should really constitute a species, and the wonderful revolutions resulting from the study of the early history of many species, will amply reward and interest the student. l.-UTETHEISA BELLA. (PI. 2, fig. 15.) Tinea bella, Linn., Syst. Nat., p. 885. {i7(>7-) Nochia belli, Drury, Exot., vol. i, p. 51, pi. 24, fig. 3. (i770-) Bombyx bella, Fabricius, Syst. Ent., p. 585. (i775-) Phalcena bella, Cramer, Exot., vol. 2, p. 20, pi. 109, fig. c.d. (1779.) Bombyx bella, Fabr., Sp. Ins., vol. 2, p. 203. (1781.) Bombyx bella. Fabr., Mant. Ins., vol. 2, p. 131. (1787.) Bombyx bella, Fabr., Ent. Syst., vol. 3, p. 479- (i793-) Utetheisa bella, Hiibner, Verz., Schmett, p. 168. (18 16.) Deiopeia bella, Westn., Ed. Drury, vol. i, p. 46, pi. 24, fig. 3. (1837. ) Deiopeia bella. Walker, C. B. M. Lep., pi. 8, p. 568. (1854 ) Deiopeia bella, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am. , p. 25 1 , app. , p. 3 13. ( 1 862.) Deiopeia bella, Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., New Ed., p. 342, pi. 6, fig. 3. ( 1 862?) Uklheisa bella, Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., p. 105. (1863 ) Groie, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 5, p. 234. 3 . ? . — Palpi whitish, apical joint black. Head white, with a trans- verse black spot on the vertex, and a bilobed black spot on the front. Prothorax white, with two black dots and the extreme sides yellow. Patagia white, yellow at the base, with two black dots on each. Thorax whitish, with three pairs of black dots. Abdomen whitish above, banded with black beneath. Thorax beneath spotted with black. Primaries lemon yelloiv to orange, with six transverse white bands, each containing a series of black dots. The first band is immediately at the base of the wing, while the fifth scarcely reaches the costa, and unites with the sixth about the middle of the wing. The outer margin has a row of interspaceal black dots, narrowly margined interiorly with white. Fringes white with dusky markings. OF NORTH AMERICA. 51 Secondaries />/;//(•, varying in intensity, with a narrowly white bordered black outer margin, widest at the apex, where it encloses a pink costal spot, having also beyond the middle of the outer margin, an enlarge- ment towards the middle of the wing. There are also traces of two similar spots on the costa. Fringes white. Beneath all the wings are deep red, with the costa of the primaries yellowish. The white bands of the primaries do not appear, but the black bands are more prominent, as the spots are more or less confluent^ and appear as broken black bands. The markings of the secondaries are reproduced except that the two costal spots are deep black and very conspicuous. Expatise of wings, 1.55 inches. Length of body, 0.65 inch. Habitat. — Atlantic States, from Massachusetts to Texas. (Coll. gen- erally.) The above description is drawn from a full colored specimen from Massachusetts, presented to me by F. Sanborn. I have before me four specimens from the northern Atlantic States and five from Texas. The only difference of note, is the varying intensity of the yellow of the pri- maries, those specimens which are palest having the black spots reduced in size, with some few of them occasionally obsolete, but whatever the degree of obsolesence, the color of the wings is 'sXxW yellow, and if all the markings were obliterated, would be ivhite. A. S. Packard, jun. , (Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 3, p. 106,) after the examination of fifty specimens from Maryland, notes no other diff"erences, except that in one specimen the black border of the secondaries sent large broad expansions towards the middle of the wing. (See also U. ornatrix and U. speciosa.) 2.-TITETHEISA SPECIOSA. (PI. 2, fig. 16.) Deiopeia speciosa, Walker, C. B. M. Lep. pi. 8, p. 568. (1854.) Deiopeia speciosa, Clem., Syn. Lep. N. Am. app. p. 314. (1862.) 6 . ? . — The foregoing description of U. bella, will do for the present species, except that where U. bella is yellow, U. speciosa is red, on the upper surface of the primaries, and on the thoracic parts. In one spe- cimen before me, the abbreviated fifth band unites with the fourth, instead of the sixth transverse band. Expafise ofrviftgs, 1.60 inches. Length of body, 0.65 inch. Habitat. — Atlantic States and West Indies. 58 ZYG.TL,KlDJiL AND BOMnVCID^ The specimen from which the figure was drawn, was forwarded to me with other insects from Massachusetts, by F. Sanborn, but its precise locality was not stated. Walker gives the West Indies as the locality from which the type of his species was received. The red-winged form seems indeed to be the one most prevalent among these islands, but I have yet to see anything which is intermediate in color between [/. bella and speciosa. 3.-UTETHEISA ORNATRIX. (Pi. 2, fig. 18.) Noctua ornairix, Linn., Syst. Nat., p. 839. (1767.) Nociua ornatrix , Drury, Exot., vol. i, p. 51, pi. 24, fig. 2. (1770) Bomhyx ornatrix, Fabricius, Syst., Ent. , p. 586. (1775.) PhalcEna ornairix, Cramer, Exot., vol. 2, pp. 107-108, pi. 166, figs. CD. F. (1779-) Bo??ibyx ornairix, Fabr. , Sp. Ins., vol. 2, p. 203. (1781.) Bombyx ornatrix, Fabr., Mant. Ins., vol. 2, p. 131. (1787.) Bomhyx orjiatrix, Fabr., Ent. Syst. , vol. 3, p. 479. (1793.) Utelheisa ornatrix, Hiibner, Verz. Schmett, p. 168. (1868.) Ulelheisa orfialrix, Hiibner, Samm. Exot. Schm., vol. 2, Lep. 3, Phal. 2, Ver. 4. (i 806-1 824.) Deiopeia ornairix, Westw. Ed. Drurv, vol. i, p. 46, pi. 24, fig. 2. (1837.) Deiopeia ornatrix, Walker, C. B. M., Lep., pi. 8, p. 567. (1854.) Grole, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 5, p. 234. Expanse of wings , 1.70 inches. Length 0/ body, 0.65 inch. Habitat. — Texas, Mexico, West Indies. (S . $ . — Head, thorax and abdomen as in U. bella, except that the portions colored yellow in U. bella, are verrnillioJi in U. Ornatrix. Yx\xa.-^x\Q.% pale flesh color, with minute black dots disposed as follows: one at the base of the median vein, one on the inner margin near the base, four on the costa, a sinuated subterminal band, and an outer series on the outer margin. Between the two terminal bands there is a narrow broken vermillion band, and the costa is narrowly edged with the same color between the black dots. Secondaries, ivhite, subhyaline, with marginal band and markings as in U. bella. Costa faintly tinged with pinkish. Beneath, primaries deep red, costa yellowish, the black dots on the OF NORTH AMERICA. 59 costa, and the marginal bands seen above being more clearly indicated. Secondaries as above except that the costa is broadly pink, nearly con- colorous with the primaries. I have before me three specimens from Texas, and three from Maz- atlan, in Mexico. The only variations to note on the primaries, are the presence in one specimen of what would be the subcostal spot of the short fifth band of U. bella; and in two specimens, of two interior subcostal spots of what corresponds to the fourth band in the same species. In two Mexican specimens the secondaries are largely clouded with black, and one Texan example has the costal two-thirds of the same wings, concolorous with the primaries. These variations do not, however, affect the distinctive character of the insects in which they occur. Much may be said in favor of the view that the three foregoing species are merely geographical varieties of one and the same thing, and they are not here presented with perfect confidence that they are specifically distinct, but in the absence of all knowledge of their pre- paratory stages, and in view of their geographical distribution, the strik- ing dissimilarity of their " fascies," and the difficulty of deciding which should be considered the type, I have presented them in this way, with- out wishing by so doing to pass upon the question of their specific identity. The whole genus is one of very diflicult'determination. It seems to me that while U. bella may possibly be specifically distinct, there is a possibility that speciosa and ornairix may merge by degrees one into the other, yet among all the specimens I have seen I have met with but one, which I could not immediately refer to one or other of the three species, if they are so considered. This specimen is from Porto Rico, W. I., and is figured on plate 2, fig. 17. The upper wings most nearly resemble U. speciosa, (plate 2, fig. 16,) while the secondaries are like those of U. ornatrix. It is the occurrence of individuals such as this which obscure the question. Grote, in speaking of U. bella from Cuba, (Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 5, p. 235,) seems to me to have had before him specimens with reddish upper wings, which would place them under U. speciosa, Walker, and if we consider these to be identi- cal with the typical yellow winged U. bella, the entire series must be united under one specific name (U. ornatrix), for speciosa and ornairix (on accountofthe base ofcoloringofthe primaries being red in both cases) are much more likely to be specifically identical than the yellow bella and flesh colored ornatrix. The strongest argument in favor of their specific 60 ZYGyENID^ AND BOMBYCIDiE identity is to be found in the constancy of the coloring of the under sur- face of the primaries in all three varieties, and in the fact that however kw of the black markings of the upper surface may be present, those that remain, even in omatrix, occupy exactly the same position as the corresponding markings in full colored individuals. On the other hand ornatrix seems to be a Mexican type; speciosa, a West Indian type, and bella, a more northern type; and even in Texas, where both ornairix and bella occur, the two insects retain their characteristic markings. A knowledge of their larval stage can alone decide this question satisfac- torily. OK NORTH AMKKICA. 61 B0MBYCID51. ARCTIINS;. Genus CALLIMORPHA, Latreille. " Fore wings usually with two subcosto-marginal nervules from the disc, and a costal cell formed by the second branch, sometimes much contracted and narrower and placed above the discal vein or exterior to the disc; in this case there is but one marginal nervule from the disc. The post-apical nervule arises either about midway between the end of the costal cell and the apical nervulet, or from the end of the cell. The subcosto-inferior and the discal arise at a common point, the latter curved. Median vein four-branched, (the origin of the first, second, and third branches close together and equidistant,) the posterior nervule remote from the penultimate branch. Hind wings broader than the fore wings; neuration arcticeform, the subcostal becoming furcate exte- rior to the origin of the discal vein. Primaries triangulate, twice as long as broad; costa slightly curved, apex square, hind angle slightly rounded. " Head moderate, free, smooth; with ocelli. Face and vertex nar- row. Eyes rather large and prominent; antennas slender, filiform and ciliated in both sexes; labial palpi somewhat exceeding the clypeus, rather porrected but subascending, smooth, and towards the base pilose; the middle and basal joint nearly equal, the terminal joint quite short and ovate. Tongue as long, or nearly as long, as the thorax beneath. "Body slender; thorax smooth; patagia cylindrical or revolute, scarcely ascending above the vertex and pilose; breast and abdomen smooth; legs rather slender, the tibial spur of the anterior concealed; hind tibise with four moderate spurs, longer than the hind femora." Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil, p. 535, i86c. The American species of this genus are white or luteous, with brown markings, while the European forms, such as hera and dommula are ornamented with red and green. The three species found in our limits may be tabulated thus : (They all occur in the Atlantic States.) * Posterior wings ocherous. Anterior wings with white and brown markings - C. clymene. " " with brown markings - C. inter rupto-7na7tginaia. * Posterior wings white. Anterior wings white with brown markings - - C. Lecontei. 62 ZYG^NID.E AND BOMBYCID.E l.-CALLIMORPHA LECONTEI. (PI. 2, figs. 20. 21.) Callimorpha Lecontci, Boisd., Guerin, Icon. Regne An. Griffith's Cuv. An. Kingd., plate 32, fig. 4. (1831.) Callimorpha militaris, Harris, Cat. Ins. Mass., p. 592. (1833.) Callimorplia viiUtaris, Harris, Rep. Ins. Mass., p. 243. (184 i.) Hypcrcompa Lcconki, Walk., Cat. Lep. B. M. III., p. 651. (1855.) Callimorpha leucomelas, H. S., Lep. Exot., p. 17, fig. 431- (1855.) Callimorpha Lcconlei, H. S., Lep. E.xot., p. 72. (1858.) Hypercompa Lecontei, Clem., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 536. (i860.) Callimorpha milihtris, Clem., Syn. Lep. N. Am. App., p. 345- (1862.) Hypercompa Lecontei, Saundens, Syn. Can. A ret., p. 28. (1863.) Var. Hypercompa confinis, Walk., Cat. Lep. B. M. III., p. 65 1 . (1855.) Hypercompa confinis, Clem. , Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. , p. (i860.) Hypercompa confinis, Clem., Syn. Lep. N. Am. App., p. 345- (1862.) Hypercompa confinis, Saund., Syn. Can. Arct., p. 28. (,1863.) Var. Hypercompa contigua. Walk., Cat. Lep. B. M. III., p. 652. (1855-) Hypercompa contigua, Clem., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 536. (i860.) Hypercompa contigua, Clem., Syn. Lep. N. Am. App., p. 346. (1862.) Hypercompa cotitigua, Saund., Syn. Can. Arct., p. 26. (1863.) Var. Hypercompa fulvicosta, Clem., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil, p. 536. (i860.) Hypercompa fulvicosta, Saund., Syn. Can. Arct., p. 26. (1863.) Callimorpha vestalis, Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 3, p. 108. (1864.) Tatiada conscita, Walk., Cat. Lep. B. M. XXXII., p. 377. (1865.) This insect, as the above synonomy will prove, is a most variable species. The variety which is figured as fig. 165 of the third edition of Harris' Ins. Inj. Veg., is taken as the type in the following descrip- tion, it appearing to be a medium between the Hypercompa confinis. OF NORTH AMERICA. 63 Walker, in which the dark coloring most largely predominates, and the Callimorpha vestalis, Packard, where all the markings on the pri- maries are obsolete. This variety is the Callimorpha mililaris, Harris, (plate 2, fig. 20.) 3. ?. — White and brown. Head fulvous; palpi fulvous; tips brown, Prothorax pale fulvous with two brown dots near the median line. Thorax brown, with two lateral white stripes. Abdomen whitish, with a narrow dorsal brown line. Thorax beneath pale fulvous, legs the same, outside of the tibiae and femora of the two anterior pairs brown. Anterior wings while, marked with brown. A brown stripe on the inner margin below the submedian vein, which throws off an oblique transverse band across the nervules, its inner edge terminating at the apex. Outer edge brown nearly to the anal angle, thus enclosing a large ovate patch of while, supplemented near the apex by a small white spot. Costa above the subcostal vein, brown nearly to the apex, with two angular projections directed backwards, one terminating at the origin of the first median nervule, the other about midway betw^een it and the apex. There are generally corresponding, but less promin- ent projections, on the oblique band. Posterior wings white immacu- late. Beneath as above, except that the markings of the primaries are quite obscure, while the costa and apical portion of the oblique band have a yellowish tinge. Expanse of ivittgs, r.8o inches. Length of body, 0.70 inch. Habitat. — Canada and Eastern United States. Canada, (.Saunders.) New York, (Edwards.) Mass., (Sanborn.) Delaware, (Doubleday.) St. Louis, (Agassiz.) (Coll. generally.) Considering this form (pi. 2, fig. 20,) as the type, all the other modi- fications can be derived from it, either by the expansion and confluence of the brown markings, or by their obsolescence being more or less complete. In C. fidvicosta, Clemens, the markings are all obliterated on the anterior wings. Plate 2, fig. 21 shows a variety in which the oblique band only is obliterated. By the union of the toothed projec- tions of the brown costal margin with those of the oblique band, the wings become five-spotted and we have C. Lecontei, Boisduval. By continuing this expansion of the brown markings we get successively C. coniigua and C. cotifinis of Walker. Not having seen the two last mentioned varieties, I have included them as synonyms on the author- ity of Grote, who has compared the originals in the British Museum, (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, vol. 2, p. 72.) Some forms here classified as vari- 64 ZYGJEmDJE AND BOMBYCIDiE eties may prove to be valid species when their history is known, as, for instance, C. coiitigua, which is stated by the editor of the Canadian En- tomologist, (vol. I, p. 45,) to be quite a constant form. For convenience of reference, the following references to the markings of the different varieties are added : C. contigua, Walker, "Primaries brow^n, with a white discal stripe which widens from the base to a little beyond the middle, and with two large subapical white spots. Secondaries with a small brown spot near the hind border." C. confinis, Walker, "Primaries brown, with a discal, slightly angu- lar white stripe, and an elongate triangular oblique subapical white band." C. fulvicosta, Clemens, of which C. vestalis, Packard, is only a syno- nym, ' ' White, palpi orange yellow, tips blackish. Head, prothorax and anterior edge of fore wings, especially beneath, orange yellow. Sometimes the costa of the fore wings is dark brownish. Breast and legs orange yellow, the middle of fore tibiae and tarsi blackish. Abdo- men tipped with yellowish orange." Larva; C. Lecontei. — Mr. Saunders succeeded in rearing four speci- mens, which he states resembled each other very closely, but does not give the name of the variety produced. The larvae were found June 10, feeding on horse gentian, (Triosteum perfoliatiim); they entered the chrysalis state June 19-20, and produced the imago July 12-14. The following is his description of the larva : "Length i.io inches, nearly cylindrical. Head rather small, bi- lobed, black and shining, with a few short hairs, mandibles black, palpi pale brown tipped with black. "Body above black, with transverse rows of elevated shining black tubercles, from each of which arises a spreading tuft of short bristly hairs, a bright yellow dorsal stripe, and a wide band of the same color on each side, this latter intersected with streaks and centered with a broken band of black ; about half way between the dorsal and lateral stripes, is a row of pale whitish dots, forming a faint broken line. "Under surface dirty greyish white, with streaks and dots of brown, feet black, prolegs dirty white on inside, with a patch of shining black on the outside of each." Canadiafi Entomologist, vol. i, p. 20. Larva ; C. fulvicosta. — Figured by Riley in 3rd Ann. Rep. St. Ent. Missouri, p. 132, fig. 56, a. b. c, the following description being copied from the same work on p. 134 : "Color velvety black above, pale OF NORTH AMERICA. 65 bluish gray speckled with black below; a deep, orange medio-dorsal line (usually obsolete towards each end), and a more distinct, wavy, broken, yellow stigmatal line, with a less distinct coincident pale line below it. Covered with large, highly polished, roughened, deep steel- blue warts, the irregularities of which as they catch and reflect the light, look like pale blue diamonds. Closely examined these warts are found to be covered with small elevations, each of which furnishes a short stifl' yellow hair, these hairs radiating in all directions around the warts which are placed as follows : joint i, with an anterior transverse row of eight, and a posterior dorsal row of four ; joints 2 and 3 each with a transverse row of eight across the middle; joints 4-1 1 inclusive, each with four circular ones anteriorly, and two irregular ones posteriorly on dorsum (each of the last evidently formed by the blending of two), and two on each side near the middle of the joint ; joint 1 2 w^ith two that are irregular on the back, and one that is circular on each side. Anal shield formed of one large irregular wart. In addition to these there is a narrow subventral wart on each side, and two large ventral ones on each of the legless joints. Head polished black with a few black hairs. Thoracic legs polished black, but pale at the joints inside; prolegs black outside, flesh colored within and at extremities. Stig- mata not perceptible. Largest in the middle of the body. Average length 0.90, greatest diameter o. 15 inch." " Described from six peach-feeding specimens. Alcoholic specimens do not reflect the pale blue points." From the above descriptions it will be seen that the larva of C. Leconki diff'ers principally from that of C. /ulvnosia, in lacking the blue reflec- tions and in having a pale dotted subdorsal line. Pttpa. — The larva of C. fuhicosta is said by Riley to spin a slight cocoon of white silk, changing to a pupa of a purple brown color, finely and thinly punctured and terminating in a horizontally flattened plate, which is furnished with numerous yellowish brown curled bristles. The moth issues from this chrysalis during the fore part of June. Though C. fulvicosta has been found feeding on the peach tree, it does not occur in sufficient abundance to be a serious pest to the orchard. 66 ZYGi^iNIDiE AND BOMBYCID^ 2.-CALLIM0KPHA INTERRUPTO-MARGINATA. (Plate 2, fig. 19.) Boynbix inierruplo-viaj-ginata, De Beauvois, "Ins. Afriq. et Amer., p. 265, pi. 24, figs. 5, 6." (1805.) Callimorpha anchor a, Harris, (M. S. figs.) Hypercompa comma, Walker, C. B. M. Lep. III., p. 652. (1855.) Hypercompa interrupio-viarginata, Clem., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 161, 536. (i860.) Callimorpha comma. Morn, Syn. Lep. N.Am. supp. ,p. 346. (1862.) 5 . ? . — Whitish, brown, and fulvous. Head whitish, fi-ont and vertex fulvous. Palpi yellowish, apical joint dark brown. Patagia and thorax whitish, the latter with a broad longitudinal median stripe. Abdomen yellowish, with a faint dorsal dark line, most distinct at the base. Thorax beneath, and legs fulvous, the anterior pair dark brown outwardly. Anterior wings whitish, very faintly tinged with fulvous, which color is most intense on the costa at the apex. The costa above the subcos- tal vein, is brown nearly to the apex; the outer margin from the apex to the fourth median nervule is also brown, as is also the inner margin from the base to the anal angle. This last brown patch does not unite with the one on the outer margin, extends above the internal vein, and throws off a quadrate expansion towards the centre of the wing, termin- ating on the second median nervule. Posterior wings clear ochre-yellow, with a sub-cordate brown spot near the outer margin, and rather nearer to the anal than to the apical angle. Beneath all -the wings concolorous with the secondaries; the spot on which is reproduced, but divided into two by the yellow A'ein. On the primaries the spots are obsolete, except that portion of the brown internal margin which is thrown off towards the disc of the wing, and that portion which lies between this expansion and the inner angle. Expanse of wings, 1.70 inches. Length of body, 0.65 inch. Habitat. — Northern Atlantic States and Canada. Connecticut, (Coll. Harris.) Massachusetts, (Trouvelot. ) New York, (Grote.) St. Ca- therine, C. W. , (Coll. Scudder.) Wisconsin and Virginia, (Clemens.) OF NORTH AMERICA. 67 B0MBYCID5;. ARCTIINJ;. Genus KODIOSOMA, N. G. * Stretch. Head small, hairy, somewhat sunk in the thorax. Antennae moder- ately long, pectinated. Palpi stout, very hairy, pendent, but very slightly advanced beyond the front. Thorax broad and stout, very hairy as are also the patagia. Abdomen stout, hairy, extending beyond the hind wings, tufted at the tip and sides. Legs stout, smoothly scaled. Wings subdiaphanous, thinly scaled, twice as long as broad, costa straight, outer margin rounded, inner angle rounded; posterior wings two-thirds as long as the anterior wings, not reaching to the tip of the abdomen. Size small, color generally black. , This genus comes near to Phragmatobia. Having only unique speci- mens of each of the four species enumerated, I am unable to give the neuralion, as the small size of the insects precludes the possibility of making it out without destroying the specimens. This meagre descrip- tion must therefore stand until more material occurs. It is drawn up from the typical species fulva and nigra; the other two species are re- tained in the genus provisionally. l.-KODIOSOMA FULVA, N. S. (PI. 2, fig. 7.) Head black, hair}'. Palpi stout, black, tips paler, hairy, pendent, scarcely visible beyond the front. Antennae black. Prothorax hairy, pale buff. Patagia long, narrow, clothed with long fine black hairs, as is also the thorax. Legs long, slender, black inside, white outside. Abdomen stout, broad, depressed, clothed with long silky black hairs above, slightly mingled with buff. Tip prominently buff; beneath paler. Anterior wings long, narrow; costa straight, slightly rounded at tip; outer margin rounded, nearly equal in length to the inner margin; inner margin straight, nearly parallel with the costa. Color smoky black, subdiaphanous, thinly scaled, with the base and margins of the wing slightly darker than the disc. Costa margined narrowly with buff. ■ ( ■ * Kodioriy small fleece; Soma, body; in allusion to the soft fleecy-looking body parts. 68 ZYG.ENIDiE AND BOMBYCID.E A narrow, transverse, pale buff line, somewhat beyond the middle, angulated inwardly, and scarcely reaching the costa. Fringes short, pale buff Posterior wings subdiaphanous, pale buff, outer third smoky black, narrowest at the anal angle. Inner margin clothed with long pale buff hairs. Beneath as above, but much paler. Expanse of wings, 0.90 inch. Lengih of body, 0.30 inch. /^^(^z/'a/.— -California, (Coll. Henry Edwards.) Described from two specimens taken in the vicinity of San Francisco, by my friend H. Edwards, one at San Mateo and the other at Saucelito, both frying during the day time. 2.— KODIOSOMA NIGRA, N. S. (PI. 2, fig. 8.) Head, antennce, palpi thorax and legs black. Prothorax pale yellow. Abdomen black with anal tuft yellow. All of the body parts stoutly built and very hairy. All the wings smoky black, thinly scaled, subdiaphanous, color most intense at the base, and on all the margins. Costa of the anterior wings very narrowly edged with yellow, there being as well, on the same wings, a faint, straight, oblique, transverse, narrow, yellowish band be- yond the middle. Posterior wings immaculate. Fringes black. Expattse o/zvings, 0.85 inch. Length of body. 0.30 inch. Habitat. —Q2,\\{oxmz, (Coll. Dr. Behr.) Described from a single specimen raised from a larva found in May in Marin county. t)r. Behr states that the larva bore a striking resem- blance to that of Syntomis and the cocoon to that of Halesidota, but is unable to give the characters of the larva more in detail, as it changed to the pupa immediately after it was found. The anterior wings have the costa and inner margin more parallel, and the apex of the wing more quadrate, than in the other species of the genus. 3.-K0DI0S0MA TRICOLOR, N. S. (PI. 2, fig. 5.) //(ra/(/) that these differences are not sufficient to warrant the creation of a new species. As will appear in Part 5, A. achaia varies infinitely more than this, as do many other insects of this group found on the Pacific Coast, among which may be enumerated Antarctia vagans, {ptmciaia, Packard), Pseudohazis eglan- terina, Nemeophila alaskensis and Nemeophila ? Of the latter insect, one of the synonyms of which is Lithosia decia, Boisd., scarcely any two specimens are exactly alike, and it is quite common from California to Oregon. This extreme tendency to variation on the Pacific Coast is a subject of very great interest, whether due to the great variety of climate and conditions under which the insects live, or to whatever other cause, and being so constantly reminded of the fact I should gready hesitate to separate two insects on differences so slight as those quoted by Mr. Grote. Indeed were I to do so it would be neces- sary to make four or five species of what I knozv to be Arctia achaia, Grote ; and two, if not three, out of Pseudohazis eglanterina. I there- fore, while not including A. complkata in the synonymy o'i A. dahurka, have but little doubt that the two insects are identical. OF NORTH AMERICA. 81 BOMBYCID.S:. AKCTiiN^a:. Genus SEIARCTIA. Packard. " Owing to the fine powdery scales that cover the body, the head seems much freer from the thorax than in Arctia. The front is broader throughout, more convex , where in Arctia it narrows towards the front edge, and becomes flattened. Palpi porrect, large and long, tips obtuse, surpassing the front by the entire length of the third joint. In Arctia the palpi do not reach beyond the front. " Thorax moderately stout, finely scaled. Primaries long and nar- row, the breadth being contained two and one-half times in the length. Costa straight on the basal half, from thence more convex than in A. Arge. The apex is produced more than usual, obtusely pointed. Outer edge very oblique, one-half as long as the costa, and nearly equals the length of the inner edge. In the neuration this genus is more like that of Halesidota that Arctia, since the second and third subcostals are curved very near the costa. Apical interspace much larger than in Arctia, while the fifth subcostal is longer and straighter, as are the three first median nervules, the third being curved more, while the semi-ovate space enclosed between the first and third is longer and broader towards the apex than in Arctia, where it is more acute. In this respect it resembles Halesidota. Fourth median curvetl slightly, arising much nearer the middle of the wing than in Arctia ; and nearer also to the third median, to which it is parallel. " Its affinity to Halesidota is still more striking in the form of the secondaries, which are much produced towards the apex. The costa is much bent in the middle ; in Arctia it is not bent at all, and the long outer edge is somewhat angulated. Legs large and stout, finely scaled, resembling the stout finely scaled legs of Halesidota and Ecpantheria. " The species are pure white, with black stripes along the nervures, not in the interspaces as in Arctia. " In the figure of Abbot's, the larvae of S. echo have the dorsal hairs arranged in high broad tufts which show the transition from Arctia, in the larvse of which the fascicles are of uniform length, to Halesidota where the fascicles often form tufts and pencils of hairs. " Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 3, p. 119. 82 ZYG^NIDi^ AND BOMBYCID^ 1— SEIARCTIA CLIO. (PI. 3, fig. 1.) Seiardia clio, Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 3, p. 120. (1864.) " $, . — White, streaked longitudinally along the nervules with black brown. Palpi above black. Prothorax immaculate. Meso-notum with three black stripes, those of the patagia lined without with yellow- ish ; hinder part of the thorax also yellow. Abdomen yellow, with a dorsal and lateral rows of small black spots. "Primaries pure white; median and internal nervures lined with black, as is the internal margin partially. Ends of the third subcostal, fourth and fifth subcostal entirely, second median entirely, and the remaining median nervules partially black. Secondaries immaculate, except two apical minute streaks. Costse of both wings beneath cream- white. The black markings distinct beneath. Fore legs darker above than the others, and they are all more or less blackened at the joints above." Packard, (loc. cit.) Expanse of ivings, 1.95 inches. Length of body, 0.75 inch. Habilat. — California, (Coll. Edwards, Dr. Behr. ) I have seen but two specimens of this insect, both in the collection of Dr. Behr ; one from Downieville and the other from the Yosemite Valley. These localities would indicate that it is a mountain species. OF NORTH \MEIUCA. 83 BOMBYCID^, ARCTIIN^. Geuus AEACHNIS. Hiibner. Fore wings nearly one-third longer than the hind pair, much longer than the body. The subcostal vein forms a small costal cell, immedi- ately behind the origin of the discal vein, and gives rise to a marginal nervule which sends off, near its middle, a short nervule to the costa; near the tip of the wing it sends ofif the post apical nervule, and behind it becomes bifid. The subcosto-inferior arises on a short stalk common to it and the discal vein. The median vein is four-branched, the fourth median being very remote from the third. Hind wings about equal to the abdomen, broader than the anterior pair, with the neuration as usual in the family. Head quite small, somewhat depressed, smooth, with ocelli. Front moderately broad, slightly inclined. Eyes very small. Antennce simple in both sexes. Labial palpi rather short, scarcely e.xtending beyond the clypeus, but slightly curved and ascending, and slightly hairy beneath ; third joint short. Tongue exceeding the tips of the palpi by one-half its length. Cletnens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 525. (i860.) But one species is found in the United States, and that is from the Pacific Slope. 1.— ARACHNIS PICTA, Packard, (PI. 3, fig. 6.) Arachnis picta, Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 3, p. 126. (1864.) " $ . — Head bicolorous; front, below the base of antennae, pale slate, above white. Base and tip of palpi vermillion, scales beneath white. Prothorax white, each half with a large round pale slate central spot margined with black. Notum pale slate; patagia margined with black, and a double median black line. "Primaries pale slate, with five very unequal sigmoid dislocated white bands, broadest upon the costa and margined with black. Third and fourth consist, below the costa, of disconnected dots, and the fifth is 84 ZYG.'ENID.E -VXD BOMBYCID.E entirely dislocated on the ^ilth s. c. Secondaries and abdomen pale Vermillion. The former with three transverse dusky bands, of which the inner is the broadest ; the outer consists of four disconnected spots, and the outer margin is lined with dusky cinereous. " Primaries beneath with four costal yellow spots, of which the second is much the largest. There are two smaller triangular ones on the inter- nal margin, obscurely connected with the costal one by a dark obscure line, the marginal white line is the same as in the upper surface. Sec- ondaries, costal half of base yellow, with two costal yellow spots, of which the outer is much the smaller; the internal half of the base of the wing is pale vermillion, and the wing below the median nervure is slightly tinged with vermillion. Transverse incomplete lines as on the upper side. " Legs : femora beneath vermillion, femoral joint and tips of tibiae and tarsi slate and whitish, ringed with black. Abdomen above ver- million, with a dorsal median broad dusky line and a lateral row of small approximate black dots, bounding the pruinose ventral side." Packard, (loc. cit.) The above carefully drawn description of the ? leaves nothing to be desired, as the 3 differs only in being a trifle smaller, while the abdo- men shows less of the slaty and more of the rosy tints. Expanse of ivings, i. 50 to 2. 10 ins. Length of body, o. 60 to o. 80 in. Habitat. — California, (Coll. Mus. Comp. Zool. A. Agassiz; Edwards, Stretch, Behr, et als.) Larva. — Entire body warm smoky brown, each segment with a trans- verse row of rounded paler tubercles, varying on the different segments from seven to nine in number. From each of these springs a divergent bunch of stiff, rigid, moderately long black hairs of irregular length, mixed with a few scattered longer hairs of bright reddish brown. In appearance the body is cylindrical, moderately stout, and about equally attenuated at both extremities. Length about 1.75 inches. The habits of this larva are most interesting. It feeds on the various species of lupins, and appears to be well distributed round the Bay of San Francisco, as I have received the insect from a number of different localities within a radius of twenty miles. It is a nocturnal feeder, hiding in the day time under the dead bark of trees or in other shel- tered places. About the 9th of May, 1870, I found a dozen larvae OF NORTH AMERICA. 85 under the dead bark of a cottonwood tree. These were placed in a bo.K, and kept well supplied with food for a couple of weeks, but they declined to eat, and remained huddled up in the shadiest corner of the box, retaining this position, almost without change, until the middle of August, a period of over three months, in the height of summer without food. The entire lot then assumed the chrysalis state within a few days, some few without spinning any cocoons. The remainder, as though almost all the moisture in the body had been eliminated during their long fast, wove merely a very thin open white web, dotted with minute glistening white beads, like small dew drops, and entirely free from the hairs of the body, which in Halesidota are incorporated into the cocoon. Their peculiar aestivation, seems also to affect the final transformations, as the larva skin retains its shape after the exclusion of the chrysalis, with the exception of the slit on the back of the head and first and second segments, through which the chrysalis escapes. The latter is seldom more than half extruded from the larva skin. This remarkable aestivation has been observed in all the larvae we have raised, (and while these have been numerous, I have never taken an imago at large) and was first pointed out to me by Mr. H. Edwards; who also called my attention to the color of the last pellet of excrement passed by the larva. This is reddish, and appears to be the inspissated equivalent of the drop of fluid usually passed by the imago, soon after its exclusion from the chrysalis. Out often imagines evolved from this batch of larvae, not one of them passed anything before they were killed, thus proving how complete is the elimination of all extraneous matter from the intestines during the larval existence. This insect approaches A. atdcea, Hiibner, from Mexico, very closely, if it be not the same thing, in which latter case Ecpantheria incarnata, Walker, should be added as a synonym. The descriptions of these two species agree with that of A. pida, except in the color of the spots on the underside of the primaries, which are said to be red in the two former species, v/hile in a long series of A. pida 1 have never seen them anything but yellowish, or yellowish w'hite. Boisduval (Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., p. 78, 1868-9,) i^ideed refers to our Californian species as E. aulcea, Hiibn., stating that he has also received the same from Mexico. While strongly of the belief that these will all prove to be descriptions of the same species, it did not seem advisable in the absence of Geyer's figure for comparison, to run the risk of introducing confusion into the synonymy, and for that reason Packard's name is 86 ZYG.ENID.E AND BOMBYCIDyE retained ; but if these suppositions are correct, Mexico must be added to the geographical range, and the synonymy will be as follows : Arachtiis aulaa, Hiibner. — Geyer, Zlitr., 913, 914. Ecpantheria incarnaia, Walker, Cat. Lep. B. M. " " Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 524. (1S64.) Arachtiis aulcca, Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 526. (i860.) picia, Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 3, p. 126. (1864.) Ecpantheria mihca, Boisd., Lep. Cal., p. 78. (1868-9.) OF NORTH AMERICA. 81 BOMBYCID^ffi. ARCTIINiE. Genus HALESIDOTA. Hiibner. Fore wings narrow, the subcostal vein with two marginal nervules from the disc, with an apical nervulet near the tip, midway between the origin of which, and that of the subcosto-inferior nervule arises the post apical. Median vein four-branched, the posterior nervule moder- ately remote from the penultimate. Hind wings, neuration arctiaeform. Head moderate, short, rather woolly, with ocelli. Front tapering, moderately broad. Eyes rather large. Antennae 'slightly pectinated in the $, serrated in the ?. Labial palpi stout, porrected, exceeding the clypeus somewhat, and squamose ; the basal and middle joint about equal ; terminal joint conical, very min- ute. Tongue as long as thorax beneath. Body stout. Thorax smooth with decumbent hairs. Patagia erected, moderately large. Breast slightly hairy. Abdomen smooth. Legs stout and smooth; the tibial spur of the fore legs rather long, concealed; hind tibiae with four moderate spurs. Ckm., Proc. Acad. Sci. Phil, p. 533. (i860 ) The following is an attempt to tabulate the North American species: * Primaries banded. Yellow, rusty bands, abdomen yellowish - - H. Agassisu. Ochreous, smoky brown bands, abdomen verm'ln //. Edwardsii. Pale tawny, darker tawny bands, abdomen tawny H. lessellaru. * Primaries spotted. Dark brown, spots white. Patagia dark brown _ . . . " striped brown and white Tawny, spots brown ----- Reddish brown, spots yellowish Yellowish, dusted with rusty, spots white H. sobrina. H. argentata. H. maculata. H. cinnamomea H. carves. 88 ZYG.ENin.E AND BOMBYCID.E l.-HALESIDOTA EDWARDSII. (PI 3, fig. 5.) Halestdota Edimrdsii, Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. III., p. i 29. (1864.) Halesidota iransludda, Walker. PhcBgopiera Quercus, Boisd., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. XII., p. 81. (1868-9) 5 . — Ochreous and vermillion. Head ochreous. Palpi vermillion, clothed beneath with ochreous hairs, apical joint black. Antennae brown, slightly vermillion at the base. Thorax and patagia hairy, ochreous, the patagia much less distinct than in H. tessdlaris. Abdo- men hairy, vermillion above, pale ochreous beneath, as is also the thorax. Legs pale ochreous, tibiae and tarsi annulated with brown, tibial joints also marked with the same color. Tibiae vermillion inside. Primaries very thinly scaled, subdiaphanous, ochreous, with five pow- dery smoky brown bands, the first at the base very incomplete; second strongly arcuate outwardly; third straight, not oblique; fourth and fifth nearly parallel with the outer margin, which is also broadly of the same color; the third and fourth bands are fused on the inner margin, form- ing a V. In specimens at all worn these markings are only clearly visible on the costa and inner margin. Secondaries nearly colorless, diaphanous, slightly vermillion on the inner margin, narrowly dusky at apex. Beneath, the markings of the primaries are faintly reproduced. On the secondaries the costa is opaque, ochreous, with two brownish spots. ? resembles the 3 , except that the abdomen is less hairy and is or- namented on the three terminal segments v»*ith a blackish, dentate, dor- sal mark, widest on the terminal segment. Expanse of ivings, 1.80-2. 10 ins. Lejtgth of body, 0.85-0.90 in. Habitat. — California, (Coll. Edwards, Behr, et als.) Larva. — Length, 1.50 inches. Head dark brown, very large. Tho- racic legs reddish brown, abdominal legs tawny. Body stout, depressed, densely clothed with moderately long rich brown hairs of uniform length, giving the larva a brush-like appearance. The sides of the body as well as the caputal and anal segments, have scattered long silky hairs of a tawny yellow. The cocoon is composed chiefly of the hairs of the larva, and although of considerable density, is but slightly bound to- gether with silk, of w'hich a very small quantity is used in its construc- tion. The larva is full fed about the end of June, and the imago is disclosed during the latter part of July. OF NORTH AMERICA. 89 This species is abundant in the neighborhood of San Francisco, feeding on the various species of oak. The larva is nocturnal in its habits, and in the day time may be found crowded into holes and cavi- ties (generally in families) and often in places where it seems scarcely possible for them to penetrate. The imago is much rarer than the abundance of the larva would indicate, as the latter are very subject to the attacks of ichneumons, chiefly of small size. 90 ZYG^NIDiE AND BOMBYCID^ ZYGiENIDiE. ZYGiENIN^. Genus PHRYGANIDIA. Packard. Front broad, narrowing towards the mouth, sides parallel. In the $ the clypeua is shorter than in the $ . Maxillae as long as the thorax. Palpi ascending, curved, very narrow and slender, tips just passing beyond the front; third joint continuous with the second. Antennae long and broadly pectinated, in the ? subsimple; pectinations being nearly obsolete. Thorax moderately stout, the patagia are more hairy than the rest of the thorax. Wings long and broad. Primaries : length to breadth as 7.5 to 3.6. Costa slightly convex, straight in the middle. Apex sub- rectangular, obtusely rounded. Outer margin moder- ately oblique. First subcostal straight, arising just be- fore the origin of the third subcostal; second arises more than half way between the origin of the third and fifth; third divides in the middle of its length, the interspace being short triangular ; fifth subcostal is slightly removed at its origin towards the middle of the discal space. Second and third median nerv- ules are very short, dividing on the first third of the distance from the discal nervules. Fourth median very short. Internal angle of the secondaries much rounded, hardly reaching to the tip of the abdomen. Costa straight, a little full near the base, while the wing is much produced towards the much rounded obtuse apex, being still more rounded in the ? . The two subcostal nervules are thrown off very near the apex. In both wings the two discal nervules are continuous and very oblique. The second and third median are very short, arising very near the outer margin of.the wing. Legs long and slender, closely and finely scaled; hind tibiae long, provided with four moderate equal spurs; tarsi nearly as long as tibia. Abdomen cylindrical, long, rather slender, tip obtuse. In the ? it is shorter and obtuse. The genus is not only much larger than Heferogvnis, but differs from it in many respects. * * * "Wx^ neuration of the two OF NORTH AMERICA. 91 genera is very dissimilar. In our genus the median nervules are longer, and arise much nearer the middle of the wing, especially the fourth median. The second and third median nervules in both wings are in Heterogynis remote at their origin, while in Phryganidia they arise from a common branch which is thrown off from the main nerve. This is very abnormal in the moths. * * * * Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 3, p. 348-9. The transformations of P. Californica on which this genus is founded, are so dissimilar to those of the true PsychiintC, that I remove the genus to its present position, though with some hesitation, and chiefly because I feel unable to assign it a more satisfactory position. Not only does the larva construct no " sac," but it does not even construct a cocoon of any kind, and the pupa is naked and suspended by the tail. It trans- formations are given in their appropriate place. l.-PHRYGANIDIA CALIFORNICA. (PI. 3, fig. U $ , 15 5 , pi. 10, fig. 4 larva, 5 pupa. Phryga7iidia Californica, Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil, vol. 3, p. 349. (1864.) 3 . — Pale brown. x\ntennai smoky black ; palpi, front, base of the patagia, and an interspaceal row of three cloudy spots immediately outside the discal vein, yellowish ochre. All the remainder of the in- sect pale sable brown, wings somewhat transparent and nervules darker; secondaries paler than the primaries. Abdomen slender and cylin- drical. ? . — Resembles the male except that the yellowish spots on the pri- maries are absent, the wings are more transparent, and the costa of the primaries is more rounded, while the abdomen is stouter, abruptly pointed, and terminated with two short stiff spines. Expanse ofivings, $ $1.50 inches. Length of body, 0.55 inch. Habiiai. — California, (Coll. Edwards, Behrens, etc.) Larva. — Slender ; head very prominent, globose ; last segment but one-humped ; length 0.90 to i.oo inch. Head pale brown. Body black above, dirty green below, with a broad dorsal line of dirty greenish, divided by three narrow black lines, and the sutures faintly marked with the same color. There is also a narrow, broken stigmatal line of dirty greenish, and a similar line above each of the abdominal legs. Tip of the last segment horny, the segment 92 ZYGJENW/E AND BOMBYCID^E not being used to assist in progression, but usually slightly elevated. Body smooth, transversely winkled. Younger specimens differ chiefly in the disproportionate size of the head. Pupa, suspended by the tail, naked, greenish white with black mark- ings. Head and eyes prominent, front broad, maxillce legs and antennae well marked, antennas equal in length to the wing cases and separating them. Prothorax broad and short; mesothorax prominent, oval; meta- thorax well developed ; abdomen conical, sharply truncated, with ter- minal spine. Wing cases ample, extending to beyond fourth abdom- inal segment. All sutures of head and thorax, legs and antennae lined with black; the eyes are also of the same color, as well as the nervules, which show clearly oh the wing cases. The mesothorax has a central black line; the abdomen has a dorsal row of black points on the anterior margin of each segment, and a lateral row of black spots blending into each other towards the anal segment, which is black. Stigmata black. Abdomen below with two sublateral series of black transverse spots nearly blending into two longitudinal bands. Length 1.20 inch. This insect is exceedingly abundant round the Bay of San Francisco and probably in many other portions of California, occurring in some seasons and localities in such numbers as almost to strip the live oaks on which they feed, of their foliage. The first brood is evolved about the 15th of June, and is followed by an autumnal brood. When first hatched the young larvae appear to be nearly all head, so disproportion- ate is the latter to the rest of the body; as maturity is approached the disproportion decreases, but the head is always greater in diameter than the body. The larvae feed singly, and appear to make little if any use of the anal feet, as means of progression, generally carrying the last segment elevated in the air, and in this respect show a certain affinity to some notodontians as well as to Cerura and Platypteryx. The insect cannot, however, be classed with these genera. Packard quotes Hete" rogynis as the nearest ally, and points out the differences between the two genera. Now Heterogynis is removed by many European writers to the Zygaenida;, and it seems to me that Phryganidia should be also removed to that group, instead of being classed among the Psychidae, as originally described by Packard. One of the distinctive features of the Psychids is the case-bearing habit of the larvae, and the generally apterous condition of the females. Phryganidia possesses neither of these characteristics, the larva being naked with the normal lepidopter- ous form, and the pupa without surrounding envelope and suspended by the tail, as in many Rhopalocera and some Geometrae. This latter OV NORTH AMERICA. 93 habit is very abnormal among the Heterocera, especially Zygaenidae and Hombycidae. In form the larva has some resemblance to that of Psychomorpha and Eudryas, and my impression is that its allies must be looked for among such genera as Procris and Ctenucha, and that its true place is intermediate between these two forms. The males fly readily through the hot sunshine round the tops of the oaks, but the females are only occasionally taken on the wing. 94 ZYG^NIDiE AND BOMBYCID^ BOMBYCID^. AECTIIN^. Genus EUPEEPIA. Germar. Head small, not prominent. Front long and narrow, sides parallel; finely scaled. Palpi stout, finely scaled, terminal joint pendent, slender, projecting beyond the fi-ont. Eyes large. Antennae rather longer than the thorax, approximate at the base, finely pectinated in the $ , sub- simple in the ? . Prothorax hairy, vertical, nearly concealing the head fi-om above ; thorax and patagia clothed with long hairs. Abdomen stout, smooth, extending slightly beyond the hind wings. Legs stout, smooth; femora hairy ; the middle pair with two, the hind pair with four short unequal spurs. Wings ample. Anterior pair with the costa straight on the basal half, thence gently rounded to the subquadrate apex ; outer margin full, rounded ; anal angle distinct ; inner margin straight, convex at the base. Median nervules arise a little beyond the middle, first and second close together at their origin and curved downward ; fourth four times as far from the third, as third from second. Costal ner\ure long, reaching nearly to the apex. First and second subcostals thrown off before the discal vein, long, parallel with the costal nervure ; third subcostal arises at the discal vein, unites with the second to form a long narrow cell, and is thence continued independently, throwing off the fourth nervule to the outer margin, midway to the apex, and afterwards bifurcating, both branches going to the costa. Fifth subcostal arises on a short stalk at the discal vein, the latter being very slender and strongly angulated inwardly. Secondaries have the costa slightly angulated, outer margin full and rounded, anal angle rounded. Costal vein long, arising from the same stock as the subcostal. Coloration bright and conspicuous ; primaries brown, with light irregular bands similar to Arctia, secondaries spotted. The larva is clothed with very long silky hair, thus differing strikingly from Arctia, and showing a closer relationship with EpicalUa, although approaching the former genus in the style of ornamentation. But one species is found in North America. OF NORTH AMERICA. 95 l.-EUPREPIA AMERICANA. (PI. 4, fig. 4, ? .) Ardia Aviericana, Harris, Rt. Ins. Mass., p. 246. (1841.) Ardia Americana, Harris, Agass. Lake Sup., pi. 7, fig. 5. (1850.) Chelonia caja, Boisd., Lep. Cal., p. 27. (1852.) Ardia caja, Walk., Cat. Lep., B. M. (1855.) Ardia caja, Fitch. Ardia caja, Moeschler, W. E. M. 4, p. 360. (i860.) Ardia Americajia, Clem., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 529. (i860.) Ardia A?)iericana, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am., Supp., p. 336. (1862.) Ardia Aviericana, Saun., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 2, p. 28. (1863.) larva. Euprepia Americana, Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil, p. 114. (1864.) Not Ardia Americana, Walker, Cat. Lep. B. M., p. 607. (1855.) 6 . ? . — Head brown, a few scattered reddish hairs on the vertex. Palpi brown, slightly red at base and beneath. Antennae whitish. Prothorax brown, edged behind with red, and in front margiiied with white. Patagia brown, white iti front and on the outer edge. Thorax brown, reddish orange behind. Abdomen orange-vermillion with four or five transverse black dorsal spots. Femora reddish, remainder of the legs brown. Primaries coffee brown, marked with creamy white as follows : A large basal patch, enclosing a brown patch on the costa, and a smaller dot below the median vein. The basal patch is produced into a longi- tudinal streak below the median vein, which is sometimes connected with the transverse band. This band originates on the inner margin, two-thirds from the base of the wing, runs somewhat parallel with the outer margin to the second median nervule, and is thence sharply angulated backward to the costa. Outside this band is the usual Arctian marking, arising at the inner angle and running direct to the angle in the transverse band, thence, nearly parallel with the costa, to near the outer margin, thence backward at an acute angle, thence at right angles, terminating on the costa midway between the apex and the transverse band. There are, in addition, two spots on the costa, between the basal patch and transverse band, sometimes produced into more or less com- plete transverse bands, but not passing the longitudinal streak. Fringes brown. 96 zygtENid.e and bombycid.^ Secondaries bright orange, with seven rounded deep blue spots margined with black, arranged in two rows ; the median row con- sisting of three, and the submarginal row of four spots. In the median row the first spot is on the discal vein, the second is greatly larger and lies across the base of the fourth median nervule, the third is the size of the first and lies on the internal vein. The outer row consists of a small spot on the costa, a large one on the first median nervule, a similar spot on the fourth median and a smaller one on the internal vein. Fringes orange. Beneath, the markings of the primaries are reproduced, but the basal third is largely reddish, and the white bands are all reddish on the margins of the wings. Secondaries as above, except that the markings are dull black. Expanse of ivings, ? 2.90 inches. Length of body, i.oo inch. Habitat. — New York, (Doubleday, Harr. Coll.) Canada, (Saund.) Vancouver's Island, (H. Edwards.) California, ( Boisduval.) Alaska, (Dall.) Larva. — Saunders (Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 2, p. 28) has the fol- lowing notes on the larva as it hybernates for the winter : ' ' Length, three-eighths of an inch. Head black, body dark brown with transverse rows of tubercles, from which spring dense tufts of intermingled white and black hairs. It completes its growth in the Spring and enters the chrysalis state late in May or early in June. Like the Caja of Europe, it feeds readily on the common garden lettuce. " While closely allied to the European E. caja with which it has been confounded by European writers, it can be readily distinguished, as pointed out by Dr. Harris (Ins. Mass., p. 246, 1841,) by the white edging of the prothorax and patagia, which appears to be a constant colorational difference. Harris gives the color of the posterior wings as yellow ochre, suggesting the possibility of the occurrence of specimens with orange or red hind wings. In two specimens from Vancouver's Island, from which the foregoing description was drawn, the posterior wings are all bright orange. Harris also calls attention to the absence of black spots on the sides of the abdomen in E. Americana, which I am unable to verify, owing to the defective condition of the body parts of the specimen before me. Both these specimens (?) are much larger than any specimens of ^. caja in my collection, and the posterior wings are more ample and less acute at the apex. Morris (Lep. N. Am., p. 336) gives the color of the spots on the hind wings as black, which must be a mistake, as they are distinctly blue in both species. OF NORTH AMERICA. 9T I do not find any description of the mature larva of ^. Aviericana, but the description of the young quoted above differs materially from that of E. caja, in which the long hairs are rusty and black, instead of white and black. The larva of Euprepia is very similar to that of Epicallia virginalis, (q. v.) E. Americana appears to be confined chiefly to the northern portion of the continent, but in that region to be widely distributed. In California, its most southern range, it is a mountain insect, altitude taking the place of latitude. 98 ZYG^NIDiE AND BOMBYCID^ BOMBYCIDJE. ARCTIINJE. Genus LEUCARCTIA. Packard. " Front thickly covered with short hairs. Antennae well pectinated, the pectinations in the $ being as long as the joints of the antennas themselves, which are annulated above with white and black. Clypeus short, somewhat sunken between the eyes ; the sides nearly straight ; front edge square, slightly notched at the foramina. Labrum short, obtusely rounded. Mandibles minute, discoverable by a few setae. Maxillae stout and well developed. Palpi depressed, hardly surpassing the front, two-jointed, the joints of nearly equal length, the scales on the tip of the basal joint surpassing the tip of the second. "Thorax and abdomen stouter than usual. The fore wings are convex towards the unusually produced apex ; outer margin very ob- lique, slightly convex. Secondaries: costa hardly bent in the middle; apex produced ; outer margin nearly as long as the costa, and regularly convex, reaching a third of the way to the tip of the abdomen. Legs stout, short, femora pilose beneath. Two pairs of tibial spurs very approximate and unequal in size. The tip of the abdomen is conical in the S , very obtuse in the $ . " While this genus is of much larger size, and possesses quite a dif- fei'ent style of coloration from Spilosoma, there are many important characters that warrant its separation from that genus. There are marked differences in the relative size and Ibrm of the clypeus, and also of the palpi. Though confounded with Spilosoma by its narrower primaries, with their very oblique outer edge, it is much nearer to Hypluvitria, and it should, perhaps, fall between the two genera. Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil, vol. 3, p. 124. OF NORTH AMERICA. 99 l.-LEUCARCTIA ACRllA. (Pi. 4, figs, l, 3, ,5 ; 2, ? . PI. lo, fig. 6, larva.) ?. Bomdyx acn'a, Drury, i, pi. 3. $ . Bombyx capfotiJia, Drur}'. Bombyx caproiina, Cram. Pap. Exot. Ill, p. 287. Phalcena acria, Smith, Lep. Ins. Ga., p. 133, Tab. 67. (1797.) Esligmeneacria, Hiibn., Samm. Exot. Schmet. Bd. 2, pi. 191. (1806.) Verz., p. 184. (1816.) Arciia pseuderniinea, Harris, Mass. Ag. Rep., p. 332, pi. i. (1823.) Arctia acria, Harris, Cat. Ins. Mass. (Hitch. Rt., p. 591.) (1833.) Rt. Ins. Mass., p. 251. (184 1.) Spilosoma acrea, West. Ed. Drury I., pi. 3, figs. 2, 3. Spilosoma acrea, Walk., Cat. Lep. B. M. III., p. 667. (1855.) Spilosoma acrea., Duncan, Nat. Lib., vol. 32, p. 171, pi. 20, figs. 1,2,3. (1858.) Spilosoma acrea, Clem., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 531, (i860.) Spilosoma acrea, Harris, 3d. Ed., pi. 6, fig. 9, 5 , 10, ? , fig. 169, larva. (1862.) Spilosoma acrea, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am., Supp. p. 342. (1862.) Leucarctiaacrcea, Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 3, p. 124. (1864.) ? .- — Head, patagia, thorax above and below, white. Palpi, eyes and antenna black. Abdomen yellow ochre above, beneath white, as are also the basal segment and tip ; a dorsal row of six black spots, a lateral row of geminate black spots, a ventral, and two subventral rows of the same color. Femora of all the legs more or less ochreous, fringed beneath with white hairs, and tipped at the joints with black ; tibiae and tarsi black, annulated with white. Wings : primaries white, marked with black dots, as follows : six costal spots, and an outer marginal row of interspaceal black dots. Two dots near the base, an oblique median row, parallel with the outer margin, and two approximate submarginal rows, rnore or less complete. The median band is sometimes connected by two spots with the third costal spot from the base giving it an angulated appear- ance. Fringes white. Secondaries white, marked with black, as follows : A discal spot, and a submarginal band of 3-6 spots, generally largest near the anal angle. 100 ZYGiENID^ AND BOMBYCIDiE There is sometimes a faint trace of a very narrow marginal band near the apex. Fringes white. Beneath white ; on the primaries, the costal spots, the marginal dots, and the outer row of the geminate submarginal band, are more con- spicuous. All the other spots are obsolete, but there is, in addition, a large spot on the discal vein scarcely visible above. Secondaries as above, except that the markings are somewhat larger, and there are, in addition, two or three black spots on the costa. All the markings beneath are brownish black. The above description is drawn from two specimens, one from the Atlantic States, the other from California, which differ in no wise, except in the larger size of the western insect. These insects have, I believe, a// the markings peculiar to this species (pi. 4, fig. 3, contains nearly all of them), but very generally a large portion of the transverse rows are obsolete, while the costal spots are always present (pi. 4, fig. 2.) $ . — Diff'ers from the ? in the following details : The abdomen is yellowish below and has seven dorsal black spots. The secondaries are yellow ochre above, and all the wings are yellowish beneath, with the costa of the primaries whitish. Two Californian $ have the mark- ings described above in the ? ; in two S from the Atlantic States the markings are reduced in size and more or less obsolete. S . var. — A variety of the $ occurring in California has the outer half of the primaries and all the secondaries suff"used with smoky, as well as the entire under surface where it is yellow in the type (pi. 4, fig. i .) Expajtse of wings, $ 2.30, ? 2.50 inches. Length of body, $, i.oo, ? 1.00 inch. Habitat. — Atlantic States, Southern States, California, Mexico (.'') (Coll. generally.) Larva. — Dr. Harris (Ins. Inj. Veg., p. 250) gives the following des- cription : "The full grown caterpillar measures one inch and three quarters or more in length. It is clothed with long hairs, which are sometimes black and sometimes brown on the back and fore part of the body, and of a lighter brown color on the sides. The hairs, like those of the other Arctias, grow in spreading clusters from warts, which are of a yellowish color in this species. The body when stripped of the hairs is yellow, shaded at the sides with black, and there is a blackish line extending along the top of the back. The breathing holes are white, and very distinct through the hairs." The following description OF NORTH AMERICA. 101 is drawn up from a mature Californian larva, and differs materially from that just quoted : Length 2.00 inches. Head black, clypeus and palpi clear yellow. Body black above, mottled with smoky ; smoky below ; with a double broken yellow lateral band, extending from segments four to eleven, inclusive, the space between the two bands mottled and yellowish. Body covered with tubercles, arranged as follows : segment i has six, segments 2-3 have eight, segments 4-10 have twelve, segment 11 has ten, segment 12 has six. Of these tubercles the four dorsal rows are black, giving rise to fascicles of long, irregular, blackish brown hairs, the two central rows being obsolete on segments i, 2, 3 and 12. All the other tubercles are rusty red, and carry long silky rust-red hairs, except those near the head, which are mingled with blackish, as are also those on the anal segments. The hairs on segments 10 to 12 in- clusive, are longer than those on the rest of the body. Stigmata yel- lowish. Prolegs black, banded with yellowish. Abdominal legs flesh colored. Larvae as above produce imagines in no wise distinguishable from eastern specimens. It is given as the extreme of divergence in color, as many Californian larvae approach more closely the diagnosis of Dr. Harris. It would be interesting to determine whether these differences in color are sexual, or due to the effect of different food. In the allied genus Antarctia, Hiibner, the larvae of the two sexes are so dissimilar, that they can be readily separated, although perhaps this is scarcely a parallel case as the 5 ? imago are so different that they might be re- ferred to two separate genera by persons ignorant of their transforma- tions. A similar case of discrepancy in the color of the larva between the eastern and western portions of the continent, is to be found in the case of Pyrrharctia isabella. Pack. Eastern larvae are black, with a chestnut red band in the middle of the body, yet I have raised imagines distinguishable, so far as I can see, by no valid specific difference, from larvae found in California of a uniform greyish brown. Dr. A. S. Packard, jun., to whom I forwarded Californian specimens, informs me that L. Californica, Pack., is synonymous with L. acraea. ? specimens received from Mazatlan, Mexico, appear to extend the range of L. acraea to that region, as I am unable to seize upon any distinctive difference, although there is a general appearance about the Mexican specimens, which at first sight would seem to indicate a se- parate form. I have also in my collection, specimens of another spe- cies received from the high Sierras of southern California, with imma- 102 ZYGMNIDM AND BOMBYCID.^ culate wings, which I beHeve to be undescribed, and which is identical with specimens from Costa Rica. A few insects just received from Arizona corroborate this fact, and show that probably many Mexican insects will have to be included in our fauna. 2.— HALESIDOTA AGASSIZII.* (Pi. i, figs. 8, 9. Pi. lO, fig. 7, larva.) Haksidota Agassizii, Pac, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 3, p. 1 28. ( i S64.) Halesidota Californica, Walker. Haksidota Angulifera, Walker, Lord's Nat., Brit. Columb. (1866.) PhcEgop/era salicis, Boisduval, Lep. Cal., p. 81. (1868-9.) 5 . $ . — Head, palpi, antennae and thorax lemon yellow, with the tips of the palpi, two small dots on the prothorax and the inner side of the base of the patagia reddish brown, which color sometimes tinges the thorax. Legs rather darker than the head. Abdomen paler. Anterior wings lemon yellow, crossed by four clear reddish brown bands; the first at the base very incomplete; the second narrow and curved outward; the third broad, forking on the fourth median, the outer branch containing a darker cloud on the discal vein; fourth par- rallel with third and outer margin, widest and darkest on the costa. There is sometimes, in addition, a submarginal concolorous series of interspaceal dots. Fringes lemon yellow. Secondaries pale, whitish tinged with yellow, immaculate. Beneath paler than above, the markings on the primaries nearly obliterated, leaving only the dark spot on the discal vein, and the costal portion of band four. Expanse 0/ wings, 1.65 inches. Length of body, 0.68 inch. Habitat. — California, (Coll. Edwards, Stretch, etc., Mus. Comp. Zool. Agassiz.) Nevada, (Coll. Eaves.) British Columbia, (Walker, H. Edwards.) The markings on the primaries are very liable to more or less com- plete fusion, so that the identity of the bands is somewhat destroyed ; the second band being fused with the third, the interval usually exist- ing between them being represented by a few pale spots, and the third band, instead of being forked, containing only a pale spot near the costa, (pi. 4, fig. 9.) Specimens from Nevada are large and highly * See page 87, ante. OF NORTH AMERICA. 103 colored. These variations may have been the cause of Walker des- cribing H. angulifera as distinct from his H. Californica. Boisduval's name of H. salicis, was Dr. Behr's MS. name, and was attached to this species many years ago. It is abundant round San Francisco, Cal., and extends as far eastward as the western portion of the State of Nev- ada, and as far north as Vancouver's Island. Larva. — Head, body and prolegs entirely black. Abdominal legs pale dirty yellow. Body slightly depressed, densely clothed with evenly cut velvety black hairs, except on the seventh and eighth segments which are bright lemon yellow, with a small black dorsal lozenge- shaped patch of black on each. The caputal and anal segments have numerous slender pencils of pale yellow hairs, much longer than the general clothing of the body, in this respect resembling the larva of H. kssellarts but differing from that of H. Edwardsii, where these pen- cils do not occur. Variety. — In some instances the black hairs are confined to the two anal and two caputal segments, all the remainder of the body being yellow, with black dorsal patches as in the type. The cocoon is obtusely oval, tolerably compact and composed chiefly of the hairs from the body of the caterpillar, with but a small amount of silk in its composition. The larva is double brooded, and feeds on the willow ; the first brood appears on the wing, in June ; the second being full fed about the middle of October, and disclosed from the pupa early in the Spring. H. Agassizii dci^Qx's, from the other species of the genus found in the United States, in the absence of all tendency to semi-transparency in the anterior wings, such as appears in the thinly scaled tessellaris and Edwardsii ; or to silvery markings as in the case of caryce and argetiiaia ; the costa is also less rounded at the apex than in any of the species mentioned, but the larval characters clearly retain it in the genus. 104 ZYGjENID^ and BOMBYCIDiE B0MBYCID5;. HEPIALIN5;. Genus STHENOPIS. Packard. " Head small, prominent, front longer than broad, narrowing a little anteriorly ; scales of the front long pilose, thin. Palpi slender, reaching nearly to the front, thinly spreading scales ; third joint hardly distinguishable from the second. Antennae short filiform. Thorax short, subglobose, scales much raised behind. " Primaries nearly half as broad as long ; costa convex at base, and especially so towards the falcate apex, which is subacute ; outer margin concave below ; internal angle much rounded ; inner edge full, convex. Second subcostal nervule subdivides within its middle, while in He- pialus it subdivides beyond its middle. First subcostal much curved beyond its middle, following the contour of the costa. " Secondaries reach a little beyond the middle of the abdomen ; costa somewhat concave before the middle, beyond convex, apex produced acutely ; outer margin not very full ; wings broadest from the internal angle to the costa. In both wings the distance between the origins of the fourth median nervule and the submedian nervure, where it throws off the connecting branch, is less than the distance between the same nervule and the origin of the third. The reverse of this occurs in Hepialus. " Legs broadly pilose, spreading on each side the ungues. Hind tarsi closely scaled ; $ tibiae with a long broad oblong tuft, once wrinkled. Abdomen long, compressed, with a slight anal tuft. " This genus is readily distinguished from Hepialus not only by its greater size, but by important structural characters. The head is smal- ler and more free from the thorax ; the wings are more falcate, with a fuller inner edge. The apex of the hind wings is more produced. Hepialus does not possess the large square tuft on the hind tibiae, nor the elongated abdomen." Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 3, p. 391. The species of this genus are generally of large size, and have the wings covered with broad irregular banes of silvery scales. The two OF NORTH AMERICA. 105 following species from the Pacific Coast, while appearing to belong to the present genus, differ considerably both in size and coloring from those found in more northern latitudes, being destitute of all trace of silvery bands and of rather smaller size even than S. argentata, Packard, which expands two and one-half inches. l.-STHENOPIS BEHKNSII. N. S. (PI. 4, fig. 6.) ? . — Entire insect pale salmon color. Anterior wings rather thinly covered with coarse scales of rather dirty salmon color. Fringes some- what paler. Posterior wings very pale, the nervules clothed with coarse scales, concolorous with the anterior wings. Beneath all the wings arc uniform pale salmon color, rather darker on the costa of all the wings. Expanse of wmgs, 2.20 inches. Length of body, 0.95 inch. Habitat. — California, (Coll. Behrens.) This fine and very distinct species is from the collection of Mr. James Behrens of San Francisco, who received the single female specimen above described from Timber Cove, in Mendocino County, California. I have much pleasure in dedicating this species to this gentleman, from whom I have received many favors, he having placed his entire collec- tion at my service for the purpose of describing the numerous unique specimens contained therein. l.-STHENOPIS MONTANA.* N. S. (PL 4, fig. 7.) 5 . — Entire insect pale brown. Anterior wings with a narrow, sub- basal, oblique paler band, edged with darker, terminating on the sub- costal vein where it is suddenly enlarged; an extra median double row of interspaceal light curved lines, edged outwardly with darker, some- what bent outward as they approach the costa; a pale obscure submar- ginal band edged with paler, and exteriorly with darker between the nervules, but not reaching the apex ; and finally an indistinct series of marginal interspaceal dark angular streaks. The basal and costal regions are somewhat darker than the rest of the wing, and the apical half of the costa shows three or four pale whitish yellow spots. Fringes concolorous. * Through an oversight, the lithographing of the figure is defective on the left side. The markings on the right wings are correct. 106 ZYG.ENID.E AND BOMBYCID.E Secondaries pale brown somewhat darker on the apical half of the costa, where are faint indications of two or three paler spots. Beneath uniform pale brown, except four or five pale whitish spots on the apical half of the costa of the anterior wings. Expanse of wings, 5 2.10 inches. Length of body, 0.90 inch. Habitat. — California, (Coll. H. Edwards.) Described from a single specimen taken by H. Edwards, Esq., in the neighbourhood of Lake Tahoe, on the Sierra Nevada mountains, at an elevation of about 6,000 feet. The costa of the anterior wings is straight, suddenly convex at the base, and slightly falcate. Outer edge quite oblique ; anal angle rounded, inner margin straight, very convex at the insertion of the wing. The secondaries have the costa slightly concave, very strongly rounded to the acute apex ; outer margin straight, two-thirds as long as the inner margin ; anal angle rounded. The entire coloration of the insect is very obscure. OF NORTH AMERICA. 101 BOMBYCID^ffi. CERATOCAMPIN^. Geuus HEMILEUCA. Walker. "Front of the head broadly subtriangular, spreading pilo.sc. Joints of the antennae short, a little serrated beneath, with broad pectinations, each joint being provided with two pairs of pectinations, of which the second is nearly obsolete. Eyes small, sunken. Foramina large and conspicuous when the head is denuded. Mandibles obsolete, repre- sented by a slight elevated line curving inwards towards the narrow linear mouth. The ma.xillai form the membranous ridges diverging from the under side of the mouth. The palpi consist of two small elongated cylindrical tubercles, witli a few long scattered scales. Thorax short and round. Fore wings scarcely longer than the body, one half as long as broad ; costal margin straight, rounding at the apex ; outer margin very oblique. Third and fourth subcostal nervules arise farther out than the first median, and the discal area is produced outward at their origin, and made narrower by the angulatcd base of the first median. "Secondaries reach nearly to the tip of the outer margin. Discal nervules situated beyond the middle of the wing the subcostal and median nervules being short. Wings sparsely covered with narrow subtriangular scales, laid on more thickly at the base and along the costa of the wings, while the middle area is partially translucent. An irregular dark patch surrounds the narrow linear transparent discal region. An irregular light translucent broad mesial band crosses both wings alike. The fore tibiae are densely pilose. Tarsi thickly spined beneath ; ungues long and slender." Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 3, p. 382. The above diagnosis was drawn up from H. maia. and appeared as Euchronia of Packard. The four species found in North America may be tabulated thus : * All the wings with pale markings. \ Light band continuous. Patagia black ------- H. maia. Patagia whitish - - - - - - H. nevadensis. ff Light band broken - H. Grotei. ** Primaries only with pale markings - - . . H.jimo. *** Primaries without pale markings - - - H. Californica. 108 ZYG^NIDiE AND BOMBYCIDJl 1 -HEMILEUCA NEVADENSIS. N. S. (Plate 4, fig. 10, 5 . ) S . — Head and appendages black. Prothorax pale rusty ; patagia whitish and very hairy. Thorax and abdomen black, anal tuft bright rust red. Beneath black. Legs black with some rusty hairs on the femora. Wings black and pale yellowish, subdiaphanous. Anterior wings very pale yellowish, with the costa edged with deep black ; the basal third of the wing is also 'black, and the outer margin has a broad dusky band, the nervules traversing it being deep black. The discal lunule is transverse, long and narrow, surrounded by a blackish halo, connected only with the black costal margin, being remote from the black base of the wings. Secondaries also very pale yellowish, black at the base, with a dusky margin on the outer limb, terminating at the anal angle, and not con- nected with the black basal region. Discal spot dusky, small, with whitish transverse centre. Fringes of all the wings deep black. When the wings are expanded, the black basal portion forms a very even equilateral triangle. Beneath as above. Expanse of wings, 2.50 inches. Length 0/ body. 0.95 inch. ZTa^^zM— Nevada, (Coll. Dr. Behr.) Described from two S taken on the wing at Dayton, Nevada, flying in the day time round willows, in August. The insect was not uncom- mon, but a number of other specimens taken at the same time were unfortunately destroyed by accident. Both the specimens agree very closely with the above description, and may be distinguished from H. maia, its nearest ally, by the following characters : There is much more pale coloring on all the wings. On the primaries the halo round the discal spot is separated from the basal patch, and the outer marginal black band is not more than half the width. This last character is true also of the secondaries, while at the same time the black discal spot is larger than in H. maia. Finally, the patagia are whitish instead of black. Though apparently not rare in Nevada, this insect has not been detected in California. OF NORTH AMERICA. 109 BOMBYCID^i;. PLATYPTERYGIN^. J^, Genus DREPANA. Schrank. ^^: Wings ample, body slender. Head broad, flat. Front wide, some- what longer than broad, sides nearly parallel, smooth and finely scaled. Palpi short, closely appressed to the head, not exceeding the front. Tongue short. Antennas short, simple in ? , with long pectinations in i . Thorax slender. Patagia small, hairy. Abdomen slender, cylin- drical, smooth, not reaching the anal angle of secondaries. Legs long, slender ; two posterior pairs each with two spurs on the apex of the tibiae. Anterior wings broad ; costa full at the base, straight in the middle, very convex on the outer third. Apex very acute and much produced, distinctly falcate. Outer margin smooth, somewhat convex near the anal angle, which is distinct. Inner margin rather longer than outer margin, straight. Median vein four-branched; second median nervule as far from third as third from fourth. Internal vein straight. Costal vein long, terminating near the apex. Subcostal very close to costal vein. First subcostal nervule arises midway between the base of the wing and discal nerve, and forks near the apex, both branches going to the costa. Second and third subcostal nervules long, bent down- ward to the outer margin. Discal vein strongly angulated outwardly, the median branch much the longest. Secondaries ample ; costa straight, full at the base ; apex and outer margin rounded ; anal angle distinct ,' inner margin long and straight ; costal vein long, straight, much arched at its basal origin. Subcostal vein slender, very near the costal, forking at its middle, where it nearly merges into the costal vein. Median vein four-branched, nervules very long; second median nervule twice as far from third as first from second; second nearly as far from third as third from fourth. Internal vein long. Larva closely allied to that of Centra. This genus is distinguished from Flatypteryx Laspeyres (Edapteryx, Packard) by the distinctly falcate anterior wings, and the entire, instead of sinuated outer margin. Laspeyres' genus originally included the 110 ZYG^ENIDiE AND BOMBYCID^. three modern genera Drepana, Platypteryx and Cilex, which correspond to his sections A, B and C. Schrank had previously created the genus Drepana, with D.fakataria, which belongs to Laspeyres' section A, as the type. This name has therefore priority, while Laspeyres' name has been retained for section B, to which P . laceriinaria and P. bilineata belong. Three species of this genus are found in the United States ; D. arcu- ata and D. genicula in the Atlantic States, and D. siculifer in Califor- nia. They are so closely allied that it is difficult to present their dis- tinctive points in a tabular form. l.-DREPANA SICULIFER. (PI. 4, fig. 11, ? .) 3 . ? . — Head pale rusty brown, darker on the vertex. Palpi concolorous. Thorax and patagia very pale, nearly white, the latter hairy. Abdomen smooth, rather darker. Legs pale rusty brown. Anterior wings very pale brownish white, with a faint purplish tinge centrally. An oblique cloudy rusty brown band, originating at the outer third of the inner margin, and going direct to the apex, followed externally by the following markings in the order named ; first, a narrow pale line; secondly, a dusty clouded band sinuated on the outer edge ; thirdly, a sinuated pale band, and fourthly, a sinuated dark powdery band nearly parallel with the outer margin, between which and the outer margin the wing is pale. The apex of the w-ing outside the principal oblique band is purplish black. Inside this band there are three dusky sinuated transverse lines, equidistant from each other on the inner margin. The first is near the base, somew^hat curved out- wardly ; the second is nearly parallel to the first and produced outwardly into acute angles on the median and subcostal veins ; the third is parallel to the main band and before reaching the cosla is bent back at a very acute angle reaching the costa two-fifths from the apex. Outside this line on the costa are two indistinct oblique lines directed towards the apex. Costa tinged with rusty brown, more distincdy so near the apex. At each end of the discal vein is a small blackish dot and a third in the discal area. The spot at the junction of the discal and median nervules is sometimes enlarged and more diffuse as in the figure, and as was also the case in the type of the species as described by Mr. Packard. Fringes rusty brown, pale outwardly, darkest near the apex. Secondaries very pale, nearly white, with dark submarginal sinuated OF NORTH AMERICA. 1 1 1 transverse purplish lines originating on the inner margin diminishing in length towards the base. There are also traces of a fifth just inside the submarginal line, partaking more of the character of a shade than a distinct line. An indistinct dark spot on the discal vein at its junction with the subcostal. Fringes rusty brown. Expaftse o/wiiigs, 1.60 inches. Length 0/ body, 0.50 inch. Habitat. — California, (Coll. Edwards, Stretch.) Closely allied to D. arcuata, from the Atlantic States and D. falcataria from Europe ; even more strongly to the latter than is the former. Compared with D. falcataria our species is larger, specimens of the former before me measuring only 1.35 inches across the wings ; the costa is more convex towards the apex of the primaries ; while the apical angle of the secondaries, instead of being nearly square, is very obtusely rounded, giving the insect a mere robust appearance. The markings while essentially the same are more intense in color, especially the oblique brown band, though the transverse lines are also wider, the second and third being closer together than in D. falcataria. This species is one of the many cases where the insects of the Pacific Coast of North America are almost indistinguishable by definite char- acters which can be expressed in words, from those of Europe, while at the same time they can be readily separated by their general appear- ance, from their European allies, when placed side by side. I should indeed have hesitated to separate D. siculifer under Dr. Packard's specific name, had it not been for the diff'erences in color of the larva;, which added to the modifications in form of the wings and the larger size, seem to warrant such a course, which would not have been admissible on the slight variations in color alone. The larva of D. siculifer is stated by Dr. Behr to be blackish, while that of D. falcataria is described by Stainton (Brit. Moths, vol. i, p. 163) as "pale green, a broad dark red-brown stripe on the back," This species is also very closely allied to D. arcuata. Walker, from the Atlantic States, which is somewhat a less robust looking insect than D. falcataria so that the three species should follow each other in the following order, D. arcuata, D. falcataria, D. siculifer. Described from three specimens, all taken by H. Edwards, Esq., in Napa County, California. The type of the species was sent by that gentleman to its describer, but having been unfortunately destroyed on its return, two specimens only are now extant, for one of which I am indebted to the discoverer. 112 ZYGJEyiDJE AND BOMBYCID^ BOMBYCIDJE. BOMBYCINS. Genus GASTROPACHA. Ochsenheimer. Head prominent, smooth. Front long, twice as long as broad, ob- lique. Palpi stout, long, porrected, greatly exceeding the front, giving to the head the appearance of a beak. Antennae short, stout, finely pectinated to the tip in the $ , somewhat pectinated in the $ . Abdo- men hairy, stout, tufted in the $ , somewhat exceeding hind wings. Anterior wings with the costa straight, convex at the apex; outer margin rounded, dentate; anal margin rounded, somewhat emarginate, frequently very strongly so ; inner margin straight, about equal in length to the outer margin. Costal vein long, reaching nearly to the tip. Subcostal vein five-branched ; first originates very near the base, going rapidly to the costal vein; second originates at the middle of the wing, forking near the apex, one branch going to the costa, the other to the outer margin ; third originates near the second ; fourth and fifth spring from a common stalk as long as the distance between second and third. Median vein with four very long nervules; first and second arise at the middle of the wing ; fourth very near the base ; third mid- way between second and fourth, Secondaries with the angles and outer margin strongly rounded, dentate, generally with a deep emargination on the costa near the apex, the base of the costa which is much rounded, projecting in advance of the costa of the primaries when at rest. Costal vein very distant from the costa throwing off at right angles five small veins towards the costa which are suddenly bent outward as they approach the costa, the main vein being furcate at the outer third. Subcostal vein short, forking inside the middle, and previously throwing off a short transverse branch, which enters the costal vein just before its bifurcation. Median vein four-branched, nervules very long, third nearly as far from second as from fourth ; first and second with a common origin. The species of this genus are difficult to tabulate. It has a wide o-eographical range, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific Coast, and from Alaska to southern California, the species from the Pacific Coast being of small size. The larvse are not gregarious. OK NORTH AMERICA. 113 l.-GASTKOPACHA MILDEI, (Plate 4, fig. 12). 6 . — Thorax and patagia densely clothed with pale short rusty hairs, slightly mingled with pale grey. Abdomen above and below reddish brown, faintly banded with greyish, largely and squarely tufted. Anterior wings deeply emarginate at the anal angle, rusty brown with three indistinct bands of blackish tint, consisting of spots divided by the reddish veins. The basal line is short and scarcely reaches liic inner margin ; the outer one extends from the emargination to the a{)ex in nearly a straight line ; the central line is nearly equidistant between the other two, slightly sinuated, and strongly angulated near the costa, which is reached about the outer third. The terminal space is thickly powdered with greyish scales, giving it somewhat a dusky shade. The costal and inner margins are rather darker than the disc of the wing, the nervules being of a paler tint and clearly marked. Between the basal and middle row of spots, there are also two others placed tran; - versely in the discal space. Posterior wings strongly emarginate on the costa, rounded, blackish grey, powdered with rusty scales, and crossed by a narrow transverse sinuated darker band, followed outwardly by an indistinct pale reddish shade. The basal half is slightly redder than the apical half of the wing. Veins narrowly clothed with rusty scales. Fringes on all the wings white interrupted by dark rusty brown points at the termination of the nervules. Beneath, the anterior wings are rosy grey, pale at the base, which is clothed with long whitish hairs, greyer and darker along the costa, apex and outer margin. Veins not so conspicuous as above. The central angulated line is blackish, unbroken and well defined. The pos- terior wings are grey ; slightly rosy towards the inner margin, showing .the black transverse line and a blackish cloud round the costal mar- gination. Expanse of wings, 1.40 inches. Length of body, 0.70 inch. Habitat. — California. [Coll. J. Behrens. ] Described from one 5 in good preservation taken south of San Francisco. This insect is closely allied to G. tretiiulfolia of Europe, from which however it differs structurally in the rounded instead of acute apex of the primaries, which makes the wings proportionally broader. The wings both above and below have many grey scales, which only appear very faintly on the outer margin of the primaries 114 ZYGiENIDvE AND BOMBYCID.E above in G. Iremuli/olia, in which also the veins are clothed with almost concolorous scales, whereas in G. Mildei they are clearly separated by their reddish color from the dusky outer marginal band. It differs from G. Americana, Harris, in wanting the pale band and crescent shaped pale spot on the primaries, and by its smaller size ; from G. ferrugiiiea, Packard, it may be distinguished by the presence of greyish shades on the wings ; from G. Cait/ornka, Packard, it may be separated by its smaller size, the forewings having a length respect- ively in the 5 of 0.60 and 0.75 inch, and by the strong ferruginous tint of the primaries ; and lastly from G. Alascensis, Packard, the only remaining American species, by the color of the wings beneath, which are not " uniformly dark chesnut brown, much as above ; with the outer band distinct, and with large triangular dusky spots between the venules," but are quite pale at the base, with the 7niddh band distinct, while the outer half of the wing is slightly hoary on a reddish ground, with the veins scarcely distinguishable by difference of color. At the suggestion of my friend Mr. James Behrens who took the type of this insect, in Alameda County, I have retained his manuscript name of G. Mildei, so called after the well-known Professor Milde of Lubeck in Germany, to whom the Entomologists of the Pacific Coast are indebted for many courtesies. OF NORTH AMERICA. 115 B0MBYCID5;. PTILODONTINJl. Geuus NOTODONTA. OchsLmheimer. Head small, hairy, sunk in prothorax. Eyes large. Front narrow, hairy. Palpi very minute. Antennae moderate, bipectinate in 3 , sometimes only slightly so, simple in ? . Prothorax, patagia and thorax hairy, scales appressed, raised behind. Abdomen stout, slightly tapering. Legs slender, anterior pair broadly fringed outwardly down to the tarsi. Anterior wings long ; costa straight, moderately rounded on outer third ; apex well produced. Outer margin very oblique, slightly con- vex, very slightly scolloped between veins. Inner margin as long as or only slightly longer than outer margin, with a hairy tooth about its centre. The subcostal vein is 4-branched ; the ist branch rises mid- way between the base and discal vein, and is very long ; the 2d rises one-third of the distance from the discal vein to the apex, and throws off two short branches to the costa ; 3rd, rises at origin of second, and 4th at the discal vein, both going to the outer margin. The me- dian vein is 3-branched ; 3rd median nervule distant from the origin of 1st and 2d. An intermediate vein springs from the centre of the oblique discal vein. Posterior wings much shorter than the primaries ; costa more or less convex ; apex rounded ; outer margin more or less rounded ; anal angle distinct ; inner margin rounded, nearly as long as the outer margin. Colors of the primaries varying shades of grey or brown ; second- aries usually very pale. The home of this genus appears to be Europe. In America it is represented by three species, which may be distinguished as follows : * Anterior wings with no transverse lines. Upper wings pale, with costal patch ) and dark longitudinal streak ) - - - N. Cali/ornica. ** Anterior wings with transverse lines. With distinct discal spot - N. siragula. Without discal spot - - N. basisiriens. 116 ZYG.ENID/E AND BOMBYCID.T: The first of these species is from California, the other two are from the Atlantic States ; none of them are abundant in collections. The larvK are naked, smooth, variously humped on the back, and tree feeders. It is only by breeding this group that the insects can usually be obtained in numbers. Should the collector be fortunate enough to obtain a virgin ? , he can usually obtain $ S by exposing the ? in a muslin covered box, at night time, in the proper locality, as the males are attracted thereby, in a manner similar to P, cecropia and other moths of that group. l.-NOTODONTA CALIFORNICA. (Plate 4, fig. 5) N. S. (5 — ? . Head and prothorax pale creamy brown, the latter mar- gined behind with blackish. Palpi dark brown. Patagia greyish brown, mingled with dark and whitish scales, somewhat darkest on the inner edge. Thorax same as prothorax rather darkest behind. Ab- domen pale yellowish brown. Legs pale as is all the thorax beneath, except the fringes of the anterior pair above, which are brownish grey. Anterior wings very pale whitish grey, clouded with clear warm brown at the base, along the inner margin, and on the outer margin ; the cloud along the latter diminishing in width towards the apex; there is also a much darker cloud on the costa, near the apex, occupying the basal half of the subcostal interspaces, and only faintly visible below the last subcostal nervule, but reappearing as a cloudy spot at the base of the ist and 2d median nervules. This costal cloud is divided by the light subcostal nervules, and its very oblique outer edge, leaves between it and the outer marginal shade, a pale oblique band. The outer margin is very narrowly dark brown, followed inwardly with an equally narrow whitish line. The submedian vein is dark brown, whitish on the basal third, and interrupted with two small whitish dots. There is a dark brown longitudinal streak in the interspace below the median vein, below which on the outer third is a pale wedge-shaped dash widest at the outer margin. Fringes dark brown outwardly, paler at the base, somewhat emarginate and whitish in the emargina- tions, and extending along the margin to the dark long tooth. On the inner margin they are dark, interrupted with a light dot opposite the outer dot on the inner vein. ' Secondaries pale, very narrowly margined outwardly with dark brown ; and with a dark brown cloud at the anal angle, enclosing a whitish spot on its inner margin, and a pale line parallel with the outer OK NORTH AMERICA. 117 margin and close to it. Fringes concolorous with adjacent portions of the wing, rather darker outwardly. Beneath, the primaries are brown, with a costal spot at the outer third, and an apical patch whitish. Fringes dark. Secondaries as above except that tlie cloud at the anal angle does not appear. Expanse of ivings, $, 1.90; ?, 2.10 inches. Lenglh of body, 0.80 inch. /^;/,/A;/_California. (Coll. Dr. Behr.) Described from i ^ ? raised from the larva by Dr. Behr of San Francisco, California. These two specimens are very closely allied to A' dictiva of Europe, and it is not without hesitation that I have de- scribed them under a new specific name. The chief points of differ- ence are a paler tint of brown on the primaries, and a more uniform color, the extension of the costal cloud to the median interspaces, the much narrower and less conspicuous wedge-shaped dash at the anal angle ; and in the posterior wings a rounded instead of produced anal angle. The anal cloud partakes of the characters of both the allied European species, having the white line above the fringe of N. dictcca, and the small white spot on the inner margin of N. dictccoides. Finally the anterior wings are not so wide in proportion to their length as in the European species. Larva. — Dr. Behr informs me that the larva is pale green on the dorsal line, darker green and somewhat mottled on the sides, with faint traces of a supra-pedal light stripe, somewhat darker than the dorsal line, with a straight red horn on the a^ial segment. Body small for the size of the imago, head large, rounded, the larva in appear- ance strongly resembling that of L. camelina of Europe. This larva is clearly different from its European allies ; and it is this decided structural peculiarity which has induced me to give the insect a new specific name. 118 ZYG.ENID.E AND BOMBYCID^ B0MBYCID5;. ARCTIINjE. Genus LEPTARCTIA. (N. G.) Head prominent ; vertex fiat, clothed with long hairs directed for- ward between the antennae, which are moderately long, closely bipec- tinate in 5 , subsimple in ? . Front broad hairy. Palpi long, slen- der, projecting beyond the front nearly half their length, basal joint clothed with long fringy hairs. Body parts smooth. Patagia small. Abdomen slender in $ , terminating in a small anal tuft. Anterior wings twice as long as broad. Costa straight; apex slightly rounded; outer margin oblique, slightly convex; inner angle distinct; inner margin straight, very convex at the base. Costal vein reaching the costa beyond the middle ; subcostal 5-branched. 1st subcostal short, going rapidly to the costa ; 2d rises a little beyond the discal vein, very short ; 3d rises just beyond 2d and forks midway of its length, both branches going to the costa ; 4th contiguous at its base to the 3d and goes to the outer margin ; 5th rises on a short stalk at the discal vein, which is nearly obsolete. Median vein 4-branched. ist and 2d nervules with common origin, 3d slightly removed from 2d, 4th distant. Secondaries triangular. Costa slightly convex; outer angle rounded; outer margin nearly straight ; anal angle rounded ; inner margin straight and very long. Costal vein long, united at base to the sub- costal. Subcostal vein bifurcate at the discal vein. 3d median ner- vule as far from the 2d as 2d from ist. Submedian vein distant long. Internal vein long. In the shape of the wings as well as in their coloration, this genus shows great variation in what are undoubtedly the same species, and appears to be extremely susceptible to local influences. Although I suspect that Platardia modesia, Packard, belongs to this genus, and is not properly located, the following insects cannot be referred to Pla- larciia, which Mr. Packard describes as having the anterior wings pro- portionally broad, and the outer margin of the secondaries parallel with the costa. The present genus differs from Nemeophila in having longer palpi ; the head and prothorax are more prominent ; the head of Nemeophila is smooth and not crested in front, while the thorax and patagia are more hairy in the latter genus. In Nemeophila two OK NORTH AMERICA. 119 subcostal veins have their origin 'inside the discal vein, which is much stronger, while the 2d median nervule is as far from the ist as from the 3d. Finally, the style of ornamentation is quite different, the anterior wings being obscure, and the posteriors destitute of discal spots. The present genus includes insects of most difficult specific deter- mination. After an examination of over sixty specimens I have de- cided to describe what appear to be three distinct forms, although I am by no means certain that subsequent investigation will not prove them all variations of the same insect. At present we merely know that these insects are all found in the same localities, on both sides of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, and very widely distributed over the Pacific Coast from Northern Oregon to Central California, and perhaps even further southward; the home of the genus, judging from the size and color of the specimens, being Oregon. The three species into which I have divided the specimens before me are clearly marked, though differing considerably even among themselves; but the circum- stances under which they are found, and their extreme variability, strongly incline me to the belief that they are one and the same species, .although the fact is not yet proved. Should they prove to be identical Z. Lena must be retained as the specific name and the other forms noted as varieties. Boisduval describes three varieties of this genus, two of them from individual specimens, as belonging to Lithosia (!) and includes with them in the same' genus two species of Cisthene, though he subse- quently says the three former "should perhaps be placed in a new genus near Nemeophila !" Such careless work is greatly to be regret- ted from the pen of the great entomologist, for if they were near Nemeophila, as they undoubtedly are, it would have been far better to include them in that genus, than in one with which they have no rela- tion whatever. And here it may not be out of place to say, that so far as Boisduval's writings relate to Californian Bombycidaj, they are totally unreliable and liable to produce confusion, rather than to re- move it. Many insects are included the occurrence of which there is much reason to doubt, and many species well known to American entomologists are described under new names. The three species may be tabulated as follows : Lower wings red - - - Z. decia. Lower wings yellow - - - - Z. Una. Lower wings black - - - - Z. dimidiata. 120 ZYG^NIDiE AND BOMBVCID^ 1 — LEPTARCTIA LENA. (PI. 5, figs. 3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16.) Lithosia kna, Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. vol. 12, p. 73 (1868-9). Lithosia adnata, Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. vol. 12, p 73 (1868-9). 5 $ . — Head and its appendages brownish black. Patagia, thorax and abdomen brownish black, the latter pale beneath and with a red- dish lateral stripe. There is a narrow whitish line on the outside of the prothorax, a narrow whitish line on the patagia, and a few whitish scales on the vertex, sometimes more or less obsolete. Legs dusky, inside of femora pinkish, inside of tibiae and tarsi yellowish. Anterior wings dusky brown, crossed by three very obscure, irregu- lar darker lines, basal, median and submarginal, frequently scarcely discernible. There is also a distinct whitish spot on the costa opposite the discal vein, an outer smaller costal spot of the same color, one at the anal angle, one on the inner margin, and a slender whitish streak at the base of the wing beneath the median vein. Fringes concolorous (see fig. 16). Sometimes a portion of the spots are obsolete (figs. 3 and 5) sometimes they are supplemented by a few smaller dots (fig. 11), without however greatly altering the appearance of the insect. Posterior wings yellow, with a broad marginal band of black spots, sometimes distinctly isolated, sometimes partially fused (fig. 11), sometimes completely fused into an unbroken band (figs. 3 and 5). In some specimens there are traces of a blackish median band more or less complete (fig. 11), the inner margin and base being also fre- quently blackish, and from these specimens a regular gradation may be found until there remains of the yellow color, only a narrow me- dian band (fig. 13). This obliteration of the yellow by the encroach- ment of the black, is confined chiefly to the 6 , the secondaries of the $ being unusually largely yellow. Beneath, the primaries are yellowish, rather paler outwardly, dusky along the inner margin and at the apex, the apical cloud enclosing a small light costal spot. The secondaries usually are marked as above, but somewhat paler in color. Sometimes all the wings are crossed by a dark median band (fig. 14), sometimes the band is obsolete on the secondaries (fig. 4), sometimes it appears only as spots on the prima- ries (fig. 12), and frequently nothing remains except a dark spot on the costa of each wing (fig. 6). The gradations between these forms are innumerable, as scarcely any two specimens are exactly alike, and I have examined upwards of sixiy. OF NORTH AMERICA. 121 A variety of the 5 occurs in which all the parts which are yellow in the type, have a pale whitish tinge. It appears to be confined to specimens in which the dark colors preponderate as in fig. 13. Expanse 0/ ivings, $, i.i5toi.30, ? 1.30 to 1.45 inches. Letigth of body, 0.45 to 0.55 inch. Habitat. — California, (Edwards, Stretch, Behr, Behrens.) Nevada (Edwards), Oregon (Lord Walsingham). A widely distributed insect, not uncommon where it is found, but somewhat local. It flies during the hot sunshine, in wooded districts in May. Boisduval's Lithosia Una and L. adnata are founded on va- rieties of this species. The former name is retained as having a wider range. I strongly suspect that Pltaarctia inodesta, Packard, is one of the many varieties of this species, although a specimen forwarded to Dr. Packard was returned with the query, "what is it.-*" That it is congeneric is, I think, beyond doubt, as the peculiar thoracic markings are minutely given in the diagnosis of P. modesta. The wonderful variations of this species, show how necessary it is to have a long series of many insects before it is possible to determine the limits of the species. It is possible to select three or four types of the insect under consideration, so unlike each other, that in the ab- sence of the intermediate gradations they might readily be considered specifically distinct ; it was indeed a long time before I could satisfy myself of their identity, especially as the shape of the primaries is b)' no means constant, but the past summer has supplied so many inter- mediate links that there can no longer be any reasonable doubt. 2.-LEPTARCT1A DECIA. (PI. 5, figs. 1, 2, 15.) Lithoiia decia, Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. vol. 12, p. 72 (1868-9). 6 . — Head and its appendages brownish black. Patagia, thorax and abdomen brownish black, the latter with a reddish lateral stripe. There is a narrow whitish line on the outside of the prothorax, a nar- row whitish line on the patagia, and a few whitish scales on the vertex, sometimes more or less obsolete. Legs dusky, inside of femora pink- ish, inside of tibiae and tarsi yellowish. Anterior wings reddish brown, sprinkled with grey scales, and crossed by three obscure, irregular darker lines, one subbasal, one median and the third submaririnal. There is also a distinct whitish 122 ZYG.ENID.E AND BOMBYCID.K spot on the costa opposite the discal vein, an outer smaller costal spot of the same color, one at the anal angle (often obsolete), one on the inner margin, and a slender whitish streak at the base of the wing be- neath the median vein. Fringes concolorous. Posterior wings bright orange red, dusky on the inner margin, with a broad blackish outer margin, which shows a tendency to break up into spots in many specimens. Fringes yellowish. Beneath, all the wings are yellow, suffused with scarlet towards the base. On the posteriors the markings are reproduced only more dimly ; on the primaries the costa is whitish, and the apex and outer margin show a dusky cloud, enclosing a light costal spot near the apex. $ . — Similar to the 3 above, except that the secondaries are redder, while the base of the wings is largely blackish, and the black outer marginal band is produced along the costa to the base. Fringes of secondaries dusky. Beneath, the wings are entirely red, with faint orange tinges, the costa, apex, inner and outer margins being dusky brown, on the primaries. On the secondaries the black at the base disappears, otherwise the markings are as above, but of a brownish hue. In some Oregon specimens, all the shades are more intense (fig. 15), the whitish spots are fused into a whitish transverse band, while the secondaries are more largely and intensely black. Beneath, the primaries are as previously described, except that the margins of the wing are black instead of brown ; and the secondaries are so largely black, that the red color is reduced to a few broken 'median spots. Expanse of wings, $ 1.15, ? 1.50 inches. Length of body, 0.45 to 0.50 inch. Habitat. — Oregon (Lord Walsingham). California, (Edwards, Stretch.) Boisduval's description of Lithosia decia corresponds very well with the insect described above, and I have no hesitation in retaining his specific name. This species appears to be common in Oregon, as evidenced by the long suite taken by Lord Walsingham, to whom I am indebted for the specimen figured on Plate 5, fig. 15. In Califor- nia it is less abundant than either of its two allies, though like them widely distributed. Of its transformations nothing is known. The perfect insect appears in May, is single brooded, and not difficult to OF NORTH AMERICA. 123 take on the wing. It flies in tlie hot sunshine from ten to three o'clock. 3.— LEPTARCTIA. DIMIDIATA. N. S. (PI. 5, fig. 7, 8, 9, 10.) $, . — Head and its appendages black. Patagia, thorax and abdomen black, the latter with faint traces of a red lateral line. There is a nar- rovv whitish line in the outside of the prothorax, a narrow whitish line on the patagia and a few whitish scales on the vertex, sometimes more or less obsolete. Legs black, inside of femora rose colored. Anterior wings smoky black, with four small whitish spots, the largest on the costa opposite the discal vein, the second midway be- tween it and the apex, the third near the anal angle, the fourth being a narrow longitudinal streak under the median vein at the base of the wing. The smallest of these spots are often obsolete ; there are often several additional minute dots on the apical half, and not unfre- quently the spots are increased to a diffuse, irregular, transverse me- dian band as in fig. 9. Fringes varying from dirty white to black. Posterior wings black, darker than the primaries, immaculate, or with a small reddish discal dot. Fringes as on primaries. Beneath the anterior wings are largely black at the base, with a black apical cloud narrowly produced along the outer margin, enclosing a small yellowish costal dot. The central portion of the wing is yellow- ish (fig. S) or tinged with scarlet towards the base (fig. 9), but the yellow type is the more frequent. Secondaries entirely black. The coloration is more constant beneath than above. ? unknown. Expanse of ivings, 1.15 to 1.25 inches. Length of body, 0.45 inch. Habitat. — California, (Coll. Edwards, Stretch.) This species is not infrequent in the mountains both north and south of San Francisco; it is more abundant than L. Decia, but not so com- mon as L. Lena, though found on the wing in company with, and generally in the same localities as the latter. Out of about forty speci- mens belonging to this genus taken in the same spot, and at the same time, about twenty per cent, were referable to the present species, all the remainder to L. lena. Like its congeners it is found in open wooded localities where the underbrush is thick, and probably feeds on low herbaceous plants. 124 ZYG.ENIDiE AND BOMBYCID^ 6— ARCTIA ACHAIA. (Pi. 5, figs. 17-21.) * Arctia achaia, Grote, Tran. Am. Ent. Soc. vol. i, p. 334. PI. 6, fig. 45 5,46 ?. (1868.) Chelonia Achaia, Boisduval, Lep. Cal. p. 76. (1868-9.) 3 . — Type. PI. 5, fig. 19. Plead between the eyes, pale yellowish buft'. Labial palpi brownish black ; eyes encircled with brownish black. Antennae rather short, bipectinate, brownish black. "Collar" pale yellowish buff, with lateral black stripes behind the antennae. Patagia black, fringed with pale yellowish buff ; a central thoracic black stripe ; the upper surface of the thorax (including the patagia) may thus be described as pale yellowish buff with three longitudinal black stripes. Beneath, the under thoracic surface and legs are black- ish brown ; the longer lateral hairs below the insertion of the wing are yellowish. Abdomen yellowish, blackish at the base. A broad black dorsal line, and a lateral row of small black spots. Beneath paler with two rows of small black transverse spots. Anal tuft black with a few yellowish hairs. Anterior wings velvety black, the veins narrowly clothed with pale yellowish scales, as is also the costa. A broad, pale yellowish buff, longitudinal stripe, runs from the base of the wing below the median vein, to the internal angle where it forks, the branches reaching the outer margin and resting on the tips of the fourth median and sub- median veins. A broad, similarly colored, sub-basal transverse band, spreading on the costal and internal margins, sometimes partially (fig. 10) and sometimes entirely obsolete (tig. 20). A narrow transverse, median, similarly colored band, usually constricted below the longi- tudinal stripe. A third transverse stripe, parallel with the outer mar- gin, not seen below the longitudinal streak, and enclosing between it and the median band a wedge-shaped spot. Finally the usual arctian stripe making with the upper fork of the longitudinal stripe the letter W. Internal margin and fringes pale yellowish buff. Beneath as above, but less clearly marked. All the markings above are liable to great variation in color, being sometimes as described, sometimes creamy white, or ochreous or even rosy pink. Posterior wings clear orange red marked as follows with black. A large basal patch, divided by a broad stripe medially and edged out- * See p. 73, Ante. OF NORTH AMERICA. 125 wardly by the long yellowish fringes. A squarish spot on the discal vein, and three large submarginal spots, one near the apex, one near the anal angle, and the third intermediate. In addition to these, the apical half of the costa, and the outer margin are continuously black, the marginal band being toothed between the submarginal spots, and separated from them b}- ver)' narrow spaces. Fringes yellowish. This pattern of ornamentation seems to be the most frequent, but no two specimens are exactly alike, and the black markings coalesce in every conceivable way, until all that remains of the ground color of the wings, is a median band with narrow rivulations running into the general black tint. In these dark colored specimens (fig. 20) the orange tint generally disappears and the color is deep red. Grote's figure and description of the $ appear to be drawn from an individual with a very small proportion of black on the posterior wings, the basal patch being obliterated, or rather represented by two median spots. Out of numerous specimens, I have seen but one which corresponds with this form, and it certainly cannot be considered typical. Except in very dark specimens, the black markings are usually edged very narrowly with ochreous. ? . — In marking the $ resembles the $ , though it is notably larger and the costa of the anterior wings is more convex. The markings on the primaries are frequently more intense in color, and the second- aries vary from ochreous red to scarlet, while at the same time the black markings show less tendency to coalesce. Fig. 17 shows a variety in which the markings of the primaries are largely obsolete, and the black spots on the secondaries have undergone partial coali- tion. Grote's figure of the ? conveys a very good idea of the insect, though rather too small. Var. (PI. 5, fig. 21.) ochracea. A very strongly marked variety of the 3 occurs in which the posterior wings are clear ochre-yellow. Expanse of wings, $, 1.65 ? 1.80 inches. Length 0/ bod}\ $, 0.80 ? 0.80 inch. ZTai^zi'a/.— California. (Coll. Edwards, Behr, Behrens, Stretch.) Larva. — Body black, with a double dorsal line, somewhat waved, dull reddish. Spines light brown, approaching to chestnut, paler at the tips, soft and silky in appearance. Feet and underside flesh color. Feeds on Trifolium, Erodium, Viola and Plantago. Pupa. — Pale brown, covered with bluish effloresence, similar to Catocula. Enclosed in very thin web, drab or stone color, through 126 ZYGiENIDiE AND BOMBYCIDiE which the chrysalis is distinctly seen. Larva found March lo ; pupa, March 26; imago, May 16. (Henry Edwards.) The insect appears to be widely distributed over California, though not common in the immediate neighborhood of San Francisco. The imago appears in May and comes freely to light. T.-ARTICA VIRGO. (PI. 6, figs. 1, 2, 3 .) Bombyx virgo, Linn., Syst. Nat. loth Ed. vol. i, p. 501. (1758.) Phaloena virgo, Smith, N. H. Lep. Ins. Ga. p. 123, Tab. 62. (1797.) Euplagia virgo, Hiibn., Samml. Exot. Schm. 2 pi. 189.. (1806.) Verz. p. 180. (1816.) Ardia virgo, Harris, Cat. Ins. Mass. p. ']i. (1835.) Ardia virgo, Duncan, Nat. Lib. vol. 36, pi. 19. (1836.) Callimorpha parthenico, Kirby, Faun. Bor. Am. vol. 4, P- 204. (1837.) Ardia virgo, Harris, Rt. Ins. Mass. p. 244. (184 1.) Ardia virgo, Walker, Cat. Lep. B. M. vol. 3, p. 608. (1855.) Artica virgo, Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. p. 528. (i860.) Ardia virgo, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am. App. p. ^■^%. (1862.) Ardia par thenice, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am. App. p. 339. (1862.) Ardia parthenice, Saunders, Proc. Eht. Soc. Phil. vol. 2, p. 28. (1863.) Ardia parthenice, Saunders, Syn. Can. Arct. p. 5. (1863.) Ardia virgo, Saunders, Syn. Can. Arct. p. 6. (1863.) Ardia virgo, Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. vol. 3, p. 115. (1864.) Ardia parthenice, Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. vol. 3, p. 116. (1864.) Arctia virgo, Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. vol. 3, p. 325, pi. 4, fig. 4. (1864.) 5 . ? . — Head, prothorax, patagia and thorax pale flesh color. The prothorax has two black spots ; the thorax a central black streak, and the patagia are also black centrally. The palpi, thorax beneath and under side of the abdomen are black. The abdomen above is clear red with a dorsal series of black spots, most conspicuous in 5 . Legs generally black except the tibae of the posterior pair, which are frequently whitish. OK NORTH AMERICA. 121 Anterior wings deep velvety black, all the veins diffusely striped with flesh color, which also prevails round the entire margin of the wings, most conspicuously so in the $ . From the base of the wing, below the median vein, a broad flesh-colored stripe runs to the external margin, becoming distinctly furcate above the internal angle, and upon which, in the terminal half of the wing, rests a series of identically colored bands resembling the letter K with the straight stroke turned towards the base of the wing and bent, and the upper limb attaining the outer margin below the apex, and thence reflected to the costa between the transverse band and the apex ; a broad straight band crosses the disc from the costa to the median vein, sometimes apparent in the interspace below the latter. The color of the foregoing markings varies from flesh color to dirty yellowish white, and they are broadest and most conspicuous in $ . The posterior wings are red, of a more or less pinkish shade, some- times inclining to orange. They are marked with black spots, which vary considerably in size and number. When all present they are eight in number (fig. i), viz. : one on the costa; a median row of three, consisting of a discal spot, one at the base of the 4th median, and one on the sub-median vein ; and an outer row of four, consisting of one irregular fused spot at the apex, one on the 2d median, one on the 4th median, and one at the anal angle on the sub-median vein. The latter varies greatly in size in both sexes though always present ; the costal spot and the inner spot of the median row are often absent, reducing the number to six ; and the spots are generally larger and more intense in color in the ? . The black spots are sometimes very narrowly edged with yellow ochre, more clearly so in $ than ? . Expanse of wings, i. 90-2. 50 inches. Length of body, 0.80-0. 90 inch. Habitat. — Canada (Saunders). Eastern, Western and Southern States (Coll. generally). Larva. — The following description is drawn up from a living larva kindly sent me by Wm. Saunders, Esq., of Ontario, Canada, as the larva of Arctia parthenice. Length, i| inches. Head moderately large, bilobed, dark brown. Prolegs brown, abdominal legs dirty flesh color. Body deep rich blackish brown, almost black, rather paler beneath, with a narrow dorsal dirty flesh colored stripe, and the stigmata deep clear yellow. Body with six rows of prominent flesh-colored or yellowish tubercles on each side of the dorsal line, each tubercle carrying a bunch of radiate unequal stiff hairs. Row one is small, 128 ZYG^NID^E AND BOMBYCIDyE round, placed on the front edge of each segment close to the dorsal line and carries black hairs; row two is larger ovate, placed transversely somewhat behind row one, and carries black hairs. These two rows are obsolete on segments i, 2, 3 and 12. Row three is prominent, placed longitudinally, and carries mixed black and brown hairs, being obsolete on segment one. Rows four and five are prominent, carry reddish brown hairs and are obsolete on segment 12. Row six imme- diately above the feet, carries reddish brown hairs, and is present on all the segments. Segments 4, 5, 10 and 1 1 have each four small ventral tubercles carrying short hairs, and segment 12 has two. A few of the hairs of the anal segment are much longer than the others. Saunders states that the " larva hybernates when partly grown, and completes its growth the following spring. It feeds readily on lamb's quarter {Chenopodiutu album) or even grass." The imago appears from May to August (Packard), and is not a rare insect. In relation to the mooted question of what insect was described by Kirby under the name of Callmorpha parihenice, I quote as follows from the pen of Mr. Grote, (Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. vol. 3, p. 324,) believing the position there taken to be tenable : " Until Kirby in 1837 described, without figuring his Callimorpha parlhetiice, no second species nearly allied in coloration and ornamentation to Arciia virgo Linn, had been suspected by authors. Since Kirby wrote, this species has been sought for by Entomologists in a form of A. virgo, in which the series of spots on the posterior wings show a dilTerence of size or position. I have elsewhere stated that I consider A. parthenice of authors as identical with A. virgo Linn., and since rearing imagos of both sexes from larvoe kindly sent me by Mr. William Saunders as the larvse oS. A. parthenice, I see no reason for altering my opinion. While I have little hesitation in referring A. parthenice of Messrs. Saunders and Packard to A. virgo Linn., I am not so certain that C. parthenice of Kirby should be similarly referred. This author's description of the anterior wings equally applies to A. virgo Linn, with A. Saundersii Grote, and it is on the anterior wings more especially that I have seized upon a character which I believe is specific and will readily distinguish the latter species, viz.: the linearity of the stripes on the veins Kirby's description of the posterior wings, as well perhaps as the given expanse, would indicate A. Sau7idersii as the species intended, for in all my specimens the discal spots are absent and there are but five terminal spots, the expanse being \\ to i| inches, Kirby giving die latter OF NORTH AMERICA. 129 measurement, while the discal spots are ahvas present in my sj)ecimens of A. virgo Linn., and but few expand less than 2 inches.'' "While, therefore, there is a probabilit}' that A. Saundersii \\a.ii the species intended by Kirby, the unsatisfactory diagnosis, which contains no comparative allusion to Linnaeus' species, renders it a matter of uncertainty, and I prefer to refer Kirby 's description to A. virgo L. , and to retain the name under which I have described it, for the second smaller species" i^A. Saundersii). 130 ZYG.ENID.'E AND BOMBYCIDjr, BOSIBYCIDS. AUCTIIN^. Genus SPILOSOMA. Stephens. Body parts stout ; wings ample. Head and thoracic parts clothed with long hairs, obliterating the component parts. Head sunk in pro- thorax, scarcely visible from above. Eyes large ; front long, rather narrow, tapering. Antennre of moderate length, closely and evenly bipectinate in 5 , serrated or simple in $ , each of the pectinations terminating in a strong seta. Palpi exceeding the front, porrect, sub- ascendant, hairy at the base; terminal joint short. Abdomen stout, rather smooth, extending slightly beyond the hind wings. Legs stout, femora hairy ; anterior tibiae with long curved spur, closely appressed ; middle tibiie with two, hind tibiae with four spurs at or near the apex of the joint. Anterior wings twice as long as broad ; co.sta nearly straight, apex rounded ; outer margin hardly oblique, slightly rounded ; anal angle rounded, ist subcostal nervule rises interior to the discal vein ; 2d and 3d go to the costa, the latter furcate at the tip ; 4th continues from the origin of 3d to the outer margin ; 5th arises on a short stalk at the origin of the discal vein, which is strongly angulated. Origin of the ist and 2d median nervules slightly removed from the 3d. Posterior wings full, with both the angles and the outer margin rounded. Costa slightly convex. The colors of the genus are usually white or yellowish, with occa- sionally a few small black or brown markings. It. has a wide geo- graphical range. In America it is represented by four species, which may be tabulated as follows : Anterior coxcc red. Wings immaculate, costa convex - - 6". Jatipennis. Wings spotted with black, costa straight - - S. vesialis. Anterior coxa; yellow. Wings white, a few black dots - - ^. virginica. Wings white, brown markings - - - S. cojigrtia. OF NORTH AMERICA. 131 1 -SPILOSOMA VIEGINICA, (PI. 6, fig. 6 $ .) Bombvx virginica, Fabr. Arclia virginica, Harris, Cat. Ins. Mass. Hitch, Rt. )). 591. (1833.) Arctiavirginica, Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg. p. 248. (1841). Spliosoma virginica. Walk. Cat. Lep. B. M. vol. 3, p. 668. (1855.) Spilosoma virginica^ Fitch, 3rd Rep. Ins. N. Y. (1856.) Spilosoma virginica, Clem., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. p. 531. (i860.) Spilosoma virginica, Morris, Sym. Lep. N.Am. App. p. 342. (1862). Arctia virginica, Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg. 3rd ed. fig. 168, larva 167. (1862.) Spilosoma virginica, Saund., Syn. Can. Arct. p. 14. (1863.) Spliosoma virginica. Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. vol. 3, p. 125. (I864.) Spi/osoma virginica, Riley, 3rd Rep. Ins. Mo. p. 68, fig. 28, a. larva, b Pupa, c. imago. (1871.) S. ?. — Head, prothorax, patagia and thorax, white, hairy, less so than in S. vestalis. Palpi white tinged with yellow beneath. Ab- domen and thorax white beneath, the former orange yellow above, (except the last segment which is white) with a dorsal and lateral row of black spots. Legs white, tarsi sub-annulate with black, coxo^ and femora of the anterior pair inwardly orange yelknv, with a black dot at the base of the coxse, another on the inside of the femora, the hips of the latter and the anterior edge of the tibiae being also touched with black. Wings pure white above and beneath. On the primaries there are two minute black dots, one at the base of the 3rd median nervule, and one between it and the margin. The secondaries have three larger black dots, one discal, one near the anal angle and one near the apex. These spots are seldom all present, those which are most frequently present being the discal dot on the primaries, and the anal spot on the secondaries. lieneath, the discal spot on the anterior wings is usually visible, while on the posterior wings the discal spot is more conspicuous and that at the anal angle is nearly always clearly defined. Expanse of Wings, i. 70-1 .90 inches : length (t/* ^;^v 0.70 inch. Habitat — Eastern States generally. California.^ (Coll. Stretch.) Larva. — The following description is taken from Harris Ent. Corr. 132 ZYG.ENID.E AND BOMBYCID.E p. 287. " Body cylindical, tuberculated, above straw colored with a lateral black line connected with transverse dorsal ones dividing the segments. Tubercles straw colored with black points and bundles of divaricating, pale straw colored hairs intermingled with a few black ones. Tubercles twelve on each segment, four dorsal and four lateral on each side, the lowest three approximated and situated beneath the stigma, which last is also beneath the lateral black lines, and just above the lateral fold. This fold is of a pale sulphureous color. Body beneath, and intermediate prolegs black. Head, feet, and prolegs and tips of the others pale ochreous. The tubercles are not situated in one transverse line, but of the dorsal ones the two upper are in front of the others ; the upper lateral tubercle is above and in front of the spiracle, and the three under ones beneath and behind it. The hairs are of moderate length, and all barbed. Some larvae of a dark rust color, with chestnut colored hairs also produced the same insect. ? .?" Cocoon of silk interwoven with hairs. All the hairs are not used, so that the larva appears to be clothed with a few short ones. Riley says that but little silk is used in its construction, and that the hairs are held in place chiefly by their numerous barbs. Pupa. — " Chestnut brown, darker behind. Three dilated furrows surround the middle of the posterior half Tail blunt conic, termin- ated by a number of straight adminicula, abruptly ending in a hook at their apices.' These larvae, popularly known as " Yellow bears,"' feed on a great variety of plants. Harris mentions the plantain, and Riley enumer- ates the grape-vine, butternut, lilac, beans, peas, convolvulus, corn, currant, gooseberry, cotton, sunflower, verbenas, geranium, etc., and that they are even carnivorous. The last author also states that there are two broods each year, the broods intermixing, and the last passing the winter in the chrysalis state. The imago appears on the wing from May to August, and is one of the commonest species. (Riley and Harris.) While this insect is undoubtedly most at home east of the Rocky Mountains, I have one imperfect specimen taken in California by Mr. Lorquin, which I am unable to separate by any good specific charac- ters from the insect under consideration. Its imperfect condition does not admit of a sadsfactory comparison, but it differs principally in the number of spots on the posterior wings, where the anal and apical dots have each a supplementary dot, faintly visible above but clearly OF NORTH AMERICA. 133 marked beneath, making a submarginal row of four spots, with a fifth less strongly marked near the costa. I have yet to see an eastern specimen exhibiting this coloration, but in the absence of knowledge of the preparatory stages I have deemed it best for the present, to refer the specimen to S. virginica. S. virginica is abundantly separ- ated from S. vestalis and latipennis by the color of the anterior legs, as well as by the want of the silvery gloss on the wings of the two latter species. Its nearest ally is S. uriiac of Europe, which wants the black spots on the secondaries and is much less purely white, while the body is shorter and stouter with the black dorsal spots less strongly marked. 2-SPILOSOMA LATIPENNIS, N. s (PI. 6, fig. 5., $ ) ?, White. Head, thorax and patagia white. Eyes black. Palpi brownish, white beneath. Legs white, with the coxa and femora of the anterior pair bright pink inwardly ; tibiaa and tarsi of the same pair black inwardly, white outwardly. All the wings are pure silky white, immaculate. The costa of the primaries is decidedly convex from the base to the apex. Expanse of Wings, ? 1.75 inches ; length of body, 0.70 inch. Habitat. — -Atlantic States (Angus.) (Coll. Stretch.) Described from one imperfect broken ? (wanting the body) re- ceived from Mr. James Angus, of West Farm, N Y. , without any definite locality attached to the specimen. The specimen, though broken, is clearly not to be referred to any North American species hitherto described. While the red coxas show its relationship to S. vestalis the convex costa, which makes the wings proportionately broad, and the slenderer, less hair thorax, abundantly separate it from that species. From S. virginica it may be distinguished not only by the color of the anterior coxce, but by the peculiar glossy, silky shade of the wings, which in this respect more resemble S. vestalis. From ^S". congrua it is separated by the immaculate wings. 3-SPLIOSOMA VESTALIS, (PI. 6, fig. 7 5.8 ? .) Spilosoma vestalis, Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. vol. 3, p. (1864.) <5 . White. Heail, prothorax. thorax and patagia white densely clothed with long hairs, so that the individual parts are not 134 ZYG.EXID.E AND BOMBYCID.E clearly distinguishable. Eyes black. Palpi brownish black. An- tennas white, pectinations black, Abdomen white, with a lateral row of black spots, clothed with long hairs above, which almost obscure a series of dusky transverse markings. Legs white, tarsi dusky ; the anterior pair have the coxce and femora clothed with bright red hairs inwardly, while the tibiae and tarsi are black on the front edge. Anterior wings pure silky white, with the cosia very straight, and four indistinct transverse rows of very minute black dots, many of which are frequently wanting. The ist is basal and generally con- sists of three dots, one on the costa, one on the median, and one on the submedian vein ; the 2nd consists of four dots, one of which lies at the base of the 4th median nervule ; the 3rd row lies across the nervules and consists of geminate spots on each nervule ; the 4th is submarginal and very indistinct. The posterior wings are also pure silky white, with a discal dot, and traces of a submarginal row all black, the latter being indicated by a dot near the anal angle, and another on the outer margin near the apex, both of the latter being sometimes supplemented with minor dots. The three principal dots are larger than any on the anterior wings. Beneath pure white ; the principal black dots present, being two on the costa and one on the discal vein on the primaries ; one on the costa, one on the discal vein and one near the anal angle on the secondaries. ? . The female resembles the male except that it is larger, with fewer black dots on the wings, and wants the long white hair on the abdomen, which consequently shows the four black transverse bands, and the black central spot on the terminal segment very distinctly. Expanse of Wings, $ 1.75 ? 1.90 inches; letjgth of body, i 0.70 ? C.80 inch. Habitat. — California. (Coll. Edwards, Behr, Stretch, Strecker, Mus. Comp. Z06I. Cambridge. ) This beautiful species does not appear to be rare in the neighbor- hood of San Francisco where it is found in May. The larva feeds on a species of Echinocistus, and though common, is exceedingly diffi- cult to raise, as they almost always die about the third moulting. In its early stages the larva has a general olive greenish tint, as I am informed by Mr. H. Edwards. The imago is frequently attracted by the house and street lights. OF NORTH AMERICA. 135 3-HALESIDOTA SOBRINA, N. S. (PI. 6, fig, 10 i .)* S . Head, palpi, prothorax, thorax and legs clear brown. Abdo- men paler. Antennce strongly pectinated, rather paler than thorax. Anterior wings uniform clear brown, the veins paler, with five more or less complete oblique rows of white silvery spots. The ist row consists of I spot on the costa near the base. The 2nd of 2 spots below the median vein. The 3rd of 4 spots, one near the costa, very small ; one on the discal area, large ; one at the origin of the fourth median nervule, small ; and one in the interspace below the median vein, rather smaller than the second. The 4th row consists of 5 sub- equal, ovate, transverse, interspaceal spots, reaching the costa. The 5th row consists of 6 smaller, interspaceal, submarginal spots, dimin- ishing in size from the anal angle to the apex. Posterior wings subdiaphanous, nearly white, with a pale brown spot on the discal vein, and a small brown apical cloud. Costa slightly yellowish. Beneath much as above, except that the markings of the primaries are less distinct, and the costa of the secondaries is brown, enclosing a pale costal spot. Expanse of Wings, 1.95 inches; knglh of body, 0.80 inch. Habitat. — California. (Coll. Stretch.) Described from one 3 , collected by Mr. Lorquin, some years since, but in what particular locality he does not remember. It may be readily distinguished from H. argenta/a by the uniform dark brown of the body parts, and by the pale veins and absence of yellowish powdery scales on the primaries. 4-HALESIDOTA AEGENTATA, (PI. 6, fig. 12. ? ,) Halesidota argentata, Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Ill, p. 129. (1864^) (5 . $ . — -Head and prothorax very pale yellowish ochre, the latter with two small brown spots. Patagia same edged inwardly with brown. Thorax the same with brown median stripe. Palpi brown, pale at the tips and beneath. Abdomen concolorous with thorax, quite pale, * See page 87, ante. 13G zyg^nid.t: and bombycid.i-: stigmata dark brown, a ventral and two sub-ventral rows of pale brown spots. Legs pale yellow ochre mottled with brown. Anterior wings clear brown finely dusted in the interspaces with pale yellow ochre, which color also prevails in the brown fringes, at the tips of the nervules. Five yellowish costal spots, each belonging to a transverse oblique band of large silvery white spots. Band i is submarginal, consisting of seven interspaceal sub-equal spots, and is very regular ; band 2, crossing the origin of the median nervules, consists of seven spots, the last being on the inner margin, the 3rd spot is very small, the 4th somewhat larger, the ist, 2nd, 5th and 6th large and conspicuous ; band 3 consists of three spots, ist on discal area, 2nd and 3rd fused to spots 5 and 6 of band 2 ; band 4 is sub- basal, consisting of four or five minor spots ; band 5 is not well defined, the base of the wing being mottled with many small spots. Posterior wings nearly white, thin, with faint brown spot on the discal vein and a small apical cloud of the same color. Beneath much as above, though paler, especially at the base of the primaries. There is also a dark costal spot on the secondaries not seen above. Expanse of Wings, 5 2.00 ? 2. 30 inches; length of body, 0.80 o. 90 inch. Habitat. — California. (Coll. Behr. Behrens, Mus. Comp. Zool. Camb. ) Described from one 5 $ in the collection of Dr. Behr, of San Francisco, raised from larva found feeding on pine leaves in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, near Grass Valley. Of these I unfortunately have no description, but they were dark brown, somewhat resembling the larva of H. Edwardsii. Mr. H. Edwards also found a larva in Yosemite Valley, which died before reaching maturity, apparently belonging to the same species, while the original type was collected by Mr. Agassiz in the Gulf of Georgia, so that the species will be seen to have a wide range, and is apparently a mountain insect, differing in this respect from H. Agassizii and H. Edivardsii, which are common in the valleys. The specie is well marked and not likely to be mis- taken for any other, without it might be H. Sobrina (q. v.) From this it may be easily separated by the light colored body parts marked on the thorax with dark brown. These in the latter species are uniformly dark brown. OF NORTH AMERICA. 1 37 5-HALESIDOTA TESSELLARIS, (Pi. 6, fig. 9, ? .) Phahr?ia iesselhiris, Smith, N. H. Lep. Ins. Georgia, p. 149. (I797-) Halesidola iessellaris, Hiibn, Verz. p. 170. (1816.) Arclia iessellaris, Harris, Cat. Ins. Mass. Hitchcocks' Rt. p. 592. (1833) Halesidola Iessellaris, Hiibn. Geyer's Forts. Hiibn. Zutr. Dritt. Hund. p. 34, fig. 939. 940. (1837.) Lophocampa Iessellaris, Harris, Rt. Ins. Mass. p. 260. (1841.) Halesidola Iessellaris, Walk. ,' Cat. Lep. B. M. V. p. 732. (1855.) Halesidola Iessellaris, Clem., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. p. 534. (i860.) Halesidola Iessellaris, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am. App. p. 348. (1863.) Halesidola Iessellaris, Sounders, Syn. Can. Arct. p. 19. (1863.) Halesidola antiphola, Walsh, Proc. Post. Soc. N. H. IX, p. 288. (1864.) Halesidola Iessellaris, Va-ck., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. vol. 3, p. 128 (1864.) Halesidola antipJwla, Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. vol. 3, p. 128 (1864.) Halesidola Harrisii, Walsh, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. vol. 3, p. 430. (1864.) S . ? . — Head prothorax and patagia pale yellow ochre, the latter narrowly edged inwardly with blueish green. Thorax and abdomen above darker, beneath paler. Legs concolorous with thorax. Anterior wings subdiaphanous, very thinly scaled, very pale ochre- ous, with five irregular, slightly darker, somewhat dusky bands, very narrowly and neatly edged with black. The ist band is sub basal, reaching only to the sub-median vein ; the 2nd lies across the base of the fourth median nervulc, reaches from the costato the inner margin, and is somewhat sinuate in the discal area ; the 3rd is on the discal vein and reaches only from the costa to the median vein ; the 4th is submarginal, sinuate, somewhat widest on the inner margin which is reached at the anal angle ; the 5th is marginal with an irregular inner edge, and diminishes in width from the apex to anal angle. Secondaries immaculate, nearly white, suffused with pale ochre on the inner maro:in. 138 ZYG.liXID.'E AND BOMBYCID.E Beneath as above, except that the markings on the primaries are very indistinct. Expanse of Wings, 1.90 inches; leiigih of body, 0.70 inch. ^Z(^?'/^/.— Atlantic and Western States. (Coll. generally.) Canada. (Saunders.) Larva. — Head black, polished, the mouth varied with white. Body opaque, black above, pale on the venter, covered above with dense hairs proceeding from little warts in evenly shorn brushes or tufts, which are dorsally a little darker, and vary in color in different specimens from dirty whitish or occasionally almost pure white to fuscous cinereous, and from pale gamboge-yellowish to ochre-yellow- ish and pale yellowish-brown, the brushes on the back converging so as to form a dense dorsal ridge. On the 2nd segment behind the head one lateral black pencil and two milk-white ones under it, all transversely arranged, the black pencils generally in repose directed horizontally forwards. On the 3rd segment one lateral black pencil and one milk-white one under it, directed obliquely forward. On the I nil segment one lateral black pencil directed obliquely back- wards, and on the 12th segment one less obvious pencil, which is either whitish or the color of the tufts of the body, placed immediately behind the black pencil on the iith segment, and often with a few long black hairs above it. Besides the pencils, there are also some long whitish hairs projecting forwards over the head, and backwards over the anus. Legs and prolegs very pale ferruginous, slightly ob- fuscated at tips. When much less than half grown, the head is generally not black but rufous, the black pencil on the 2nd segment is often only sliglitly tinged n-ith black, and the pencils on theiith and I2tli segments are occasionally subobsolete, or all whitish and untinged with black. Food-plants, oak, basswood, elm, etc. (Dr. Walsh, Troc. Ent. Soc. Phil. vol. 3, p. 413.) This is the larva of H. an/iphoLi, Walsh. Lai'va var. — The larva sometimes has the head rufous ; the body yellowish-white, with the warts and a ring round each spiracle brown black ; the hair-tufts milk-white, the two middle pencils on segments 2 and 3 orange color, and the two pencils on segment 11 milk-white. This variety is found feeding on the sycamore and is Dr. Walsh's phytophagic variety //. Hanisii. (Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil vol 5, p. 199) In the various papers from which the above quotations have been made Dr. Walsh has labored earnestly to make two species out of OF NORTH AMKRICA. 139 H. tessellaris, Sm. Abbott, which he calls phvtophagic species, and which are founded on a varying color of the hair, pencils and a different food plant. If these larval differences were accompanied by differences in the imago, the position would be tenable, but this author admits the absolute identity of the imagines raised from larvas of both classes of coloration. It seems then, that however pertinent these observations may be to the question of the origin of species, the contingencies of the early life of the larva have as yet produced no result upon the imago, and until such proves to be the case we are scarcely warranted in creating new species on differences in larval coloration. Indeed, the position taken by Dr. Walsh is not yet proven. He does not show that larva; raised on the Sycamore, pro- duce imagines, the eggs from which evolve identical larvne, and similarly of larvre raised on the oak. While not absolutelv establish- ing his proposition, this would have materially strengthened his argument, but it does not appear that this phase of the experiment was ever undertaken. I cannot better sum up this question than in the words of Mr. Grote, who says, (Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. vol. 3, p. 536), in relation to H. aniiphola, Walsh, "The validity of the sup- posed species rests upon a stated difference of larval structure affect- ing the location of the 'hair pencils,' a different coloration of the latter and a varying food plant. Subsequent investigation, I am informed, has contradicted the hrst of these asserted differences, which indeed, on the supposition that it existed, would rather indicate a generic than a specific character, and I consequently omit any further remarks upon it. There remains then a differing coloration of the larval 'hair pencils" and a differing food plant as the totality of specific characters which are to constitute the new species. Analagous instances of larval variation in the coloring of the ' hair ' among members of the present family have been discovered without having been made the basis for the description of a new species, and may be correctly regarded as simple variations within the 'well defined limits of the species,' while the habits of the differing larvae as to the food plant, especially in such an essentially polyphagous family as the Arctiidae, can with difficulty be drawn in as a specific character, even upon much more perfect and detailed evidence than Mr. Walsh has offered in the present instance. * * * It is not the most inconsistent part of Mr. Walsh's paper, that while H. antipliola is published as ' N. Sp.,' it is regarded on page 298, (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. February, 1864,) as merely in process of 'formation." No 140 zygjEnid.e and bombycid.e such forms have been hitherto announced in Entomological Science, and a specific name in its present acceptation is only improperly to be applied to them," This species is widely distributed, and feeds on a large variety of forest trees as previously quoted. It appears on the wing in June, July and August ; the larvae hatched in autum pass the winter as pupaj and are evolved in the following summer. 6-HALESIDOTA CARYJl, (Pi. G, fig. 11, $ ■) Lophocampa carycr, Harris, Rt. Ins. Mass. p. 258. (1841.) Lophocampa carytc, Fitch, First Rt. Ins. N. Y. p. 159, fig. larva. (1855.) HalesiJola ammh/ascia, Walk., Cat. Lep. B. M. V. p. 734. (1855.) Phegopier a porphyria, H. S., Lep. Exot. Sp. Nov. fig. 283. (1855.) Hakstdota porphyria, H. S. Lep. Exot. Sp. Nov. fig. 283. (1858.) HalcsiJola carya; Clem., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. p. 633. (i860.) Halesidota anntili/ascia, Clem., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. p. 533. (i860.) Halesidota caryce, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am. App. p. 349. (1862.) Halesidota annulifascia, Morris. Syn. Lep. N. Am. App. p. 349. (1862.) Plalesidota car yce, SdiwndQX^, Syn. Can. Arct. p. 20. (1863.) Halesidota carycv, Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. vol. 8, p. 128. (1864.) (5. ?. — Ochre yellow with silvery white spots. Head, thoracic parts, and abdomen above pale ochre yellow, somewhat paler beneath. Head with transverse band in front, prothorax with small dots, and inner edges of the patagia all brown. Anterior wings clear ochre yellow, dusted with dark brown, most densely so round the spots. Five oblique transverse rows of silvery white spots, those on the costa and at the base slightly tinged with yellow. The ist row consists of a basal patch, connected on the inner margin with the irregular sub-basal 2nd band. The 3rd row lies across the base of the fourth median nervule and is widest on the costa ; the 4th lies across the base of the median nervules, is slightly irregular, with the costal spot largest ; the 5th is submarginal, spots sub-equal, ovate, the second spot from the costa somewhat nearer the OF NORTH AMERICA. 141 outer margin than those adjacent. There is in addition a square spot on the discal area, one on the costa opposite to it, besides a very small one at the junction of the discal vein with the median nervules. Tlie extreme apex of the wing is clear ochre yellow ; the veins, especially the fourth median and the last sub-costal, being dark brown, while the latter color prevails extensively around the discal vein and on the outer margin below the apex. Fringes brown, interrupted with yellowish at the termination of the nervules. Secondaries very pale yellowish white, sub-diaphanous, immaculate, clothed with yellowish hairs on the inner margin. Beneath much as above, but less strongly marked, there being in addition two small brown spots on the costa of the secondaries. Expanse of Wings, 1.90 inches; lenglh of body, 0.75 inch. Habitat. — Atlantic States. (Coll. generally. ) Canada. (Saunders.) Larva. — (Harris' Corr. p. 289.) Body satin white above, dusky beneath, head and true feet black, prolegs dusky ; sides of the body spotted with black, and with black tubercles emitting stellated or divaricating white hairs, the two dorsal series short, truncated and converging, and of a black color from the fourth to the eleventh segments inclusive ; two black pencils on the fourth and tenth seg- ments and a dorsal series of black spots from the fourth to the eleventh segments ; on all these segments the dorsal tubercles are in a double series, viz : two before, nearer together than the others — one-half of the hairs from which are black, and converge in a tuft on the back, and the other hairs are white ; two others more distant, and furnishing only divaricating white hairs. These four dorsal tubercles are trans- verse, or very elongated (almost linear) oval ; the tubercles on the sides are hemispherical. The white hairs on the first three segments, and on the two last, are longer than the rest, and those on the sides of the body are longer than those on the back. The black pencils on the fourth and tenth segments, are longest of all. Rolls up when touched. Aug. 28th. "Sept. 18, 1840. Larva white, covered with white hairs in short spreading tufts, a row of eight black tufts on the back, beginning on the fourth segment ; two long, black, pencil-like tufts on the fourth and tenth segment ; four white pencils on the second and third, and two on the eleventh and twelfth segments. Head and prolegs black ; the surface of the body with minute black tubercles, and a transverse black line between each segment. It varies in having the tufts of hair each side of the dorsal black scries dusky." 142 ZYGMmDM AND BOMBYCID^ "July 15th, 1842. On the last leaf of a branch of Ti'/ia Af/iertcana found a swarm of these caterpillars just hatched. The eggs were laid on the under side of the leaf, forming a broad patch an inch in diameter. On the 23rd examined the swarm again ; the caterpillars were a quarter of an inch long. The little black dorsal tufts were visible, though small ; the other hairs thin and permitting the skin and tubercles to be easily seen. The insects were all together, as thick as possible, side by side on the lower surface of a leaf. They had eaten all the parenchyma of the terminal leaves of the twig, leaving only the veins and intervening reticulations. They had spun a few threads, forming a very slight and hardly conspicuous web on the leaves and twig, probably in moving about, and not for a shelter. When first found these caterpillars were mistaken for Hyphaniria /extor, a circumstance which tends to show that these species should stand near each other in a natural arrangement. " This species is widely distributed through the Northern States, ap- pearing on the wing in June and July. Its characteristic food plant, and the one from which it takes its specific name is the Carya porcina, though it it not exclusively confined to that tree. It is very closely allied to a species from Costa Rica (undetermined) which is so similar that at first sight it might be easily taken to be identical. The latter is somewhat larger and paler ; the markings similar in position, but the shape and disposition of the spots in the sub-marginal band is different, the spots being distinctly cordate and less regular in their distance from the outer margin. OF NORTH AMERICA. l4f> EOMBYCIDJB. CERATOCAMPIN^. Genus. EULEUCOPHHUS. Packard. "This is a singular genus close!}' allied to Heimkuca, especially the section represented by H. Juno, with which the present genus may be compared. The body, including the antennas, is large, while the wings are much smaller than usual. The antennae are large, broadly pectinated to the tip, just as in Hanileuca, and the body is of the same size and structure as in H. Jtmo. The forewings are much as in Z^ /««(?, but proportionately smaller, the costa being slightly sinuate, incurved in the middle, the apex being much rounded just as in H. Juno, and the outer and inner edges having also the same propor- tions. The hind wings are much shorter and rounder than in Hemil- euca, the tip of the abdomen projecting (slightly) beyond them ; the apex is much more rounded. The venation differs in the second median venule arising from within the middle of the wing, especially in the hind wings ; in H. Juno it arises outside the middle of the wing. The style of coloration is quite different, there being no discal spot on the hind wings, which are pale whitish yellow (testaceous. ) The generic name is given in allusion to the pale gray color so unusual in this sub-family." Packard, Ann. Rep. Peab. Acad. Sci. April, 1872. This genus includes but one species, E. tricolor from New Mexico. Mr. Packard was not acquainted with the ? of the species described by him, and was consequently not aware of the great disparity in size between the sexes, which in addition to the difference in coloralion might almost lead to the sup[)Osition that they were two distinct species. l-EULEUCOPHaiUS TRICOLOR, (Pi. 6 fig., 3 3 ? 4. ) EuleucophcBus tricolor, Packard, Rep. Peab. Acad. Sci. April, 1872. $, . — Head, thorax beneath and abdomen above dark Indian red ; prothorax patagia and thorax very hairy, grayish brown, with scattered yellowish hairs. Abdomen beneath, brown, banded with pale ochre. 144 ZYG^NID^. AND BOMBYCID/E Antennae pale rust red. Legs yellowish, clothed with long grayish brown hairs. Anterior wings blackish brown sprinkled with dirty white scales. A basal, dirty white, oblique band angulated near the costa ; a transverse, oblique, band beyond the middle, parallel with the outer margin, and of the same color ; and finally a narrow marginal band of the same color. Fringes concolorous. The gray coloring thus becomes a basal cloud ; a mesial band somewhat broadest on the costa, palest in the centre, and carrying a whitish transverse lunate black bordered discal spot ; and a more diffuse, sub-marginal cloud, which does not reach either the costal, inner or outer margins. Posterior wings pale yellowish white, immaculate, somewhat tinged with yellowish on the inner margin. Beneath, the markings of the primaries reappear but more faindy, the base of the costa being clothed with carneous hairs ; secondaries as above, a few carneous hairs at the base. ?. — Much larger than $, costa of the primaries slightly convex. The whitish markings are reduced to a narrow angulated sub-basal band, somewhat spread on the costa, and a narrow oblique band of the same color from the inner margin to the costa near the apex. Fringes whitish. Discal spot distinct. Secondaries pale carneous, with a lighter extra mesial band. Otherwise similar to $ . Expanse of Wings, ^2.00 $2. 70 inches; length of body, 50.85 inch ? i.io inches. Habitat.— ^t^ Mexico. (Coll. Dr. Behr, H. Edwards, R. H. Stretch. ) For my type of this species I am indebted to the kindness of Dr. Behr, of San Francisco, in whose collection the only $ at present known, is to be found. Six c? specimens show no tendency to variation. All the known specimens were collected by Dr. Howard who states that they were found round IMesquite trees, from which it may be inferred that the larva feeds on that plant. Of the nature of the country in which the insect was taken we know nothing. On this point Mr. A. S. Packard says : " Whether the unusually pale color of this species is to adapt it for concealment in dry and desert locali- ties or not, we can only learn when we know something ot the habits of the moth. " OF NORTH AMERICA. 145 ZYG^NID^. CASTNIIN^, Genus. EUDRYAS. Boisduval. " Head rather large, eyes and ocelli large and full. Antennae not thickened in the middle, with short lateral setae in the male and pubes- cent beneath. Front prominent, densely pilose, though the hairs hardly conceal the conical clypeal tubercle, which last is very large and truncated at the apex. The clypeus in front is square. Palpi large, porrect ; two basal joints evenly pilose to the tip of the second. Third joint small, cylindrical, short, porrect reaching nearly one-half its length be}ond the front. "Thorax pilose, with a broad median crest of metallic-colored scales, succeded by a dorsal row of similar tufts upon the basal half of the abdomen which diminish in size from the thorax. "Wings shaped as in afypia, but the primaries are more rounded at the apex, internal angle rounder. The nervules are nearly continuous with the direction of the main branches. Subcostal nervules long, first subcostal arising one-third of the distance out to the apex of the wing. The hind wings hardly reach to the outer fourth of the abdo- men, being much as in alypia. Outer margin a little scolloped below the apex, below straight and parallel with the costa of the primaries. Discoidal nervules situated within the middle of the wing. The femora and tibiae of the fore-legs are very pilose, forming a dense tuft project- ing in a mass over the first tarsal joint. Hind pair of legs stout, with longer tibial spines than in alypia. ''Larva. The head is of good size, being three-fourths as wide as the body. It is nearly as broad across the vertex, as in front, above it is. rather deeply impressed by the median line. The V-shaped epicra- nium is large, not sunken below the level of the front ; its apex is rather blunt, its sides bulge out from the apex to the anterior third of its length, where it is slightly contracted ; and where it joins the cly- peus its edge is linear. The short transverse clypeus is as broad as the epicranium is long, its front edge being straight and very slightly raised. " The labrum is divided half of its length by a sinus, into two lobes 146 ZYG.^NID.E AND BOIIBYCID.E which are farther subdivided into two portions, the outer corneous and hard, and shaped somewhat Hke the mandible of the mature moths of this family, while the inner portions meet on the median line and are more fleshy. "The two jointed antennae are placed directly opposite the thick subtriangular truncated mandibles. "The labium and basal portion of the maxillae are broad and thick. " The body is elongated and gradually increases in width to the eighth ring, which is much enlarged and raised into a hump, from which the body rapidly narrows, and the tergum falls down at an angle of 45° to the broad lunate supra-anal plate. " The rings are slightly convex ; across their middle is a row of tu- bercles ending in hairs equal in length to that of the ring itself Upon the tergum of each ring are four large tubercles arranged in a broad trapezoid, two in front and two more distant, on the middle of the ring ; on the thoracic rings these tubercles are arranged in a single transverse line and on the supra-anal plate in a square. Below is a lateral row of similar warts, one for each ring, immediately below which is a row of stigmata, behind which on each ring is a minute wart. On the pleural line of the body, formed by the triangular raised por- tion of the side of each ring is a tubercle ; and at the base of all the legs is a single similar wart. On the sternal side of the body, on the segments between the legs, is a transverse row of smaller warts than those above, which are inclined to be germinate between the true and false legs. There is a distinct thickening of the skin on the sides of the anal legs as in the Bombyces. "The coloration of the body generally is a light hue, with linear transverse tergal stripes, about six for each ring, and nearly black in color, which are interrupted near or between the tubercles." Pupa. " The whole body is elongate and rather slender ; both the head and prothorax taper continuously towards the clypeal tubercle, which is quite prominent. The antennae do not reach to the end of the wings. The prothorax is twice as broad as long ; slightly carinated. The sides of the body are continuous and straight from the base of the wings to the fourth abdominal ring, while the body itself is hardly depressed or constricted at the juncture of the thorax and abdomen. The wings meet upon the sternum, reaching to the middle of the body. Fifth to seventh rings of the abdomen separated by deep sutures, while the surface of each ring is flat, not convex, with two rows of small OF NORTH AMERICA. 141 teeth ; while lower down on the sides of the body are four tubercles, being the remnants of the two middle pairs of prop legs. The remain- ing rings are less angulated. The tip of the abdomen is obtusely conical, ending in four tubercles, the pair above long and truncate, those below broad and short. On the under side are two minute ap- proximate tubercles. The whole chrysalis is of a dark mahogany brown, with the surface finely granulated." Packard, Proc. Essex Inst, vol. 4, April 1S64. The proper location of this somewhat anomalous genus has been the subject of extensive discussion. Dr. Harris located it near Noto- donta, while Walker refers it to the NoduidcE. Mr. Doubleday in his letters to Dr. Harris, states that Westwood saw in its structure certain affinities with Callimorpha, while Boisduval transferred it to the Zygce- nidce. The notes on the Family Zygoenidos by Dr. Packard, from which the above generic characters are extracted, were written with the object of showing the "systematic position of the genus, and are well worthy the careful stud}- of Entomologists. The two Eastern species are well known ; a third from California must be added to the list. They may be tabulated thus : Discal spot on secondaries - - - - E. brevipennis. No discal spot on secondaries Outer margin of primaries dark 1 _ _ r* cryaia with single pale line ) • A • Outer margins of primaries pale) j^ ^,„. ? 1 • 1 1 1 f - " J^- UHIO. mottled with darker 1— EUDRYAS GRATA, (Pi. 7, fig. 1,) Bombvx grata, Fabr. , Ent. Syst. HI. 457. Cyphocampa grata, Harris. M. S. S. Eiidryas grata, Boisd. , Spec. Gen. Lep. vol. i.,pl. I4- (1836.) Eudryas grata, Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg. p. 310. (1841.) Eudryas grata, Walker, Cat. Lep. B. I\I., vol. 9. (1856.) Eudryas grata, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am. p. 245. (1S60. ) Eudryas grata, Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg. p. 427. PI. 6, fig. 8. (1862.) Eudryas grata, H^Lxn?, Corx. p. 306. {iS6g) larva. Eudryas grata, Riley, 2nd Rep. St. Eat. Missouri, p. 83, fig. 56. (1870.) 148 ZYG.ENID.E AND BOMBYCID^ S. ?. — Head and prothorax dark purplish brown, with many metallic blueish scales. Palpi paler, Patagia white. Thorax white, with a broad median stripe concolorous with prothorax. Abdomen yellow ochre, with a dorsal series of tufts concolorous with prothorax, the basal tuft large, the others rapidly diminishing in size towards the tip. Abdomen beneath, yellowish with a lateral series of black spots. Fore legs white, tibial tuft dusky; other legs dusky. Anterior wings white with a broad marginal outer band of a rich purplish chocolate color, margined internally with a narrow olive green band, which is pale centrally. In this band on the outer margin, there is a very narrow sinuate blueish white line, supplemented in- wardly with a few powdery blue scales. A dusky reniform discal spot, pale olive green centrally. The costa from the base to this reniform spot is broadly margined with rich chocolate brown, dusted with pale blue scales, and dnged inwardly with olive green. On the inner mar- gin is a yellowish olive green cloud, dusky centrally, and slightly pow- dered with pale blue scales on the inner margin. Fringes dusky, palest at the base. Secondaries clear pale ochre yellow, with a broad outer marginal band, rather narrower than that on the primaries, of rich chocolate- brown. This band dies out before reaching the apex, and incloses a narrow sub-marginal pale blue sinuate line. Inside this outer band and close to it, is an indistinct concolorous narrow line, most strongly marked on the inner margin. Fringes whitish tipped with chocolate. Beneath, all the wings are clear pale yellow ochre. Fringes white, tipped very faintly with brown. There is a brownish black discal spot on the secondaries ; and on the primaries the reniform spot is distinct and blackish, and there is a smaller, rounded, similarly colored spot on the discal area slightly nearer the base. The costa is also blackish at the base. Expanse of Wings, 1.75 inches ; lenglh of body, 0.70 inch. Habiiai. — Massachusetts (Harris). Vermont (Putnam). New York (Fitch). Missouri (Riley). Larva. — The following description is from Harris' correspondence, p. 306. " Entirely naked, pale sky blue ; the head, a transverse band on each segment, except the last, which has two, anal valve and all the feet orange colored ; head, bands and feet spotted with black, and on each segment six narrow, transverse lines, two of which are contiguous to the band on each side. When at rest this caterpillar elevates the third and fourth segments very much, and depresses the head. There OF NORTH AMERICA. 149 is an obtuse prominence or elevation of the anterior part of the eleventh segment, which is visible at all times." This larva feeds on the vine, devouring the entire leaf, and is found from May to September (Riley). It undergoes its transformations on the surface of the ground without making a cocoon, according to the last authority. For more detailed description of the larva of this species, as far as its structural peculiari- ties are concerned, the reader is referred to the quotations from Dr. Packard's writings under the genus Etidrvas p. 145. It should be noted, however, that this writer describes the larva as hairy, while Dr. Harris says it is " entirely naked.'' Mr. Riley (loc. cit. ) remarks that the hairs arising from the black spots are less conspicuous than in the larva of Alypia ociomaculata. From this it would appear that the hairs must have escaped the notice of Dr. Harris, though it is difficult to understand how so close an observer was led into this error, for such I am inclined to believe it, though personally unacquainted with the larva. For the pupa, see p. 146. Some of the larvae which pupate early disclose the moth in the au- tumn, but others pass the winter as pupae and do not appear on the wing until the following spring. (Riley.) 2.-ETJDIIYAS UNIO. (Pi. 7, fig 2,) Eiiihisanotia unio, Hiibner. Eudryas iinio, Boisd. , Spec. Gen. Lep. vol. i. (1836.) Eudryas unio, Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg. p. 310. (1841.) Eudryas unio, Walker, Cat. Lcp. B. M. vol. 9. (1856.) Eudryas unio, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am. p. 246. (1862.) Eudryas unio, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. p. 43. Pupa. (1864.) Eudryas unio, Riley. 2nd Rep. St. Ent. Missouri, p. 'i^. (1870.) 5 . ? . — Head and prothorax dark purplish brown, with many me- tallic scales. Palpi paler. Patagia white. Thorax white, with a broad median stripe concolorous with prothorax. Abdomen whitish above> yellowish beneath, with an indistinct row of lateral black spots. Anterior wings white, with an outer broad marginal band, sinuated internally, and colored as follows in lines parallel with the outer mar- gin. An outer sinuated whitish line, the outer indentations of which are filled with reddish brown. The inner margin of the band consists of a very narrow pale olive green line margined on both sides very narrowly with blackish brown ; the centre of the band is whitish dusted 150 ZYGMNIDJE AND BOMBYCID^E with reddish brown scales, which are thickest inwardly and at the anal angle. There is a reniform spot on the discal vein, dark chocolate near the costa, yellowish inside, and deeply excavate outwardly. A dark spot on the discal area, partly merged into the dark chocolate streak on the costa, which terminates at the reniform spot, and near which it is dusted with blue scales. There is also a dark brownish black spot on the inner margin, united to the outer band, projecting towards the disc of the wing, sharply truncated inwardly and continued along the inner margin but. narrowing rapidly to the base. This spot is also thickly dusted with bluish scales. Secondaries pale ochre yellow, with an outer reddish brown mar- ginal band extending to the costa, and inclosing on the outer margin, a paler sinuate line. Inside this band on the inner margin is a dark parallel streak. Beneath pale ochre yellow, with the discal spot on the secondaries, and the reniform and circular spots of the primaries distinct and blackish. The marginal band on all the wings is reproduced of a uniform pale reddish brown. Expanse 0/ Wings, 1.40 inches; lenglh 0/ body, 0.60 inch. Habitat. — Atlantic States. Maine (Packard). New York (Fitch). Middle States. Missouri (Riley). Larva. — The larva is said to be similar to that of E, grata, though I have been unable to find any detailed description of it. Dr. Fitch says in relation to it, having raised both the Eastern species from the grape, (3rd Report. Ins. N. Y., p. 399. 1856,) that it "is equally common with the preceding, and the worms are so much alike that we as yet know not whether there are any marks whereby they can be distinguished from each other.'' Another writer states (Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., p. 43, 1864) that the pup^e of this species were found in winter in the stems of a species of reed (Hibiscus), as though the larvse had been feeding in that location. These two modes of life are so dif- ferent that one might almost be tempted to question the accuracy of one or the other of the observations ; but presuming the latter fact to be correct, it furnishes additional evidence that Eudryas is correctly located among the Castiinas, as against the position assigned to the genus by Dr. Harris among the Notodontidse, which are exclusively external feeders. The imago differs from E. grata in its smaller size ; in the band of the primaries being pale and mottled instead of uniform dark brown ; in the absence of the yellowish green tints of the upper wings, and OF NORTH AMERICA. 151 the dark color of the patch on the inner margin of the primaries. On the secondaries, the marginal band is continued to the costa, instead of dying out before the apex ; and on the under surface the marginal bands reappear, which is not the case in E. grata. 3— EUDRYAS BREVIPENNIS. N. S. (PI 7, figs. 3, 4.) The figures of this species are only approximate. The type and only specimen known to me is badly rubbed, and somewhat muti- lated, having lost its head, so that the exact nature of the latter and the details of the coloration ot the marginal bands cannot be acciiraklv figured or described, but it presents strong structural differences which clearly separate it from its Eastern congeners, and it was deemed best to insert it to call attention to the wide geographical range of the genus. It presents a combination of the characters of both E. grata and E. unio, though more similar to the latter, in having the same alar ex- panse, and in the presence of the marginal band on the wings beneath. The insect is much broader in proportion to the expanse of the wings, the secondaries being much more rounded, than either of the species mentioned. When the wings are " set" so that the discal dot of the secondaries just touches the inner margin of the primaries, the pro- portions are as follows : Alar expanse, - - grata 1.75. wiio 1.40 hrevipennis 1.40 Length of body, - - "0.70. " 0.60 " 0.70 Breadth of wings, - " 0.60. " 0.52 " 0.58 It will thus be seen that with an alar expanse only equal to that of E. unio, the breadth of the wings from the costa of the primaries to the outer margin of the secondaries is nearly as great as that of E. grata, while the length of the body equals that of the latter species. This results from the following differences in the shape of the wings. The outer margin of the primaries is more strongly angulated, making the apex more rectangular, while the outer margin of the secondaries instead of being parallel with the costa is strongly rounded. In color- ation the insect more nearly approaches E. unio than E. grata, though the abdomen is more like that of the latter species, being yellow with the dark, almost black tufts, extending to the tip, while there is a dis- tinct lateral row of black spots. There is the same blackish spot connected with the marginal band on the primaries, and the marginal band reproduced on all the wings beneath, as in E. unio, but there is 152 ZYG^NIDiE AND BOMBYCID^ a distinct, transverse, black discal spot on the secondaries above, and the black spots on the primaries beneath are much more conspicuous, almost blending into one, and the costa at the base is much more largely blackish. Expanse of Wmgs, 1.40 inches ; kfig/k of body 0.70 inch. Habitat. — California. (Coll. Stretch. ) The specimen above referred to was taken in the California Theatre at San Francisco, having been attracted by the light, and was presented to the writer by H. Edwards, Esq., of that city. OF NORTH AMERICA. 153 ZYGJININ^. Genus COSMOSOMA. Hubner. "Wings mostly hyaline. The subcostal vein of the forcwings is adjacent to the external margin, with two subcosto-marginal nervules, one from the disc arising at a point midway between the origin of the medio-posterior branch and its penultimate, the other exterior to the disc, midway between it and the origin of the post apical nervule. The apical branch beyond its middle sends off the post-apical nervule, and near its tip an apical nervulet to thecosta. Median vein four-branched. Hind wings about half as long as the fore wings ; without costal vein; subcostal bifid from the origin of the discal vein, which is very ob- liquely inclined towards the base of the wing and abruptly curved above the median, where it receives, the discal fold. Median vein bifid exterior to the disc, with the lower branch furcate at the tip. "Head moderate, smooth, neck not distinct; with ocelli. Face smooth and vertical. Eyes moderately prominent. Antennae rather more than half as long as the body, pectinated to the tips in the $ , less so in the ? . Palpi rather stout, curved, exceeding the face, smooth, but hairy at the base ; basal and middle joints nearly equal ; terminal small and conical. Tongue equal to the thorax beneath. " Body scarcely equal in length to the fore wings, rather slender, nearly linear. Patagia small. Legs moderately stout, smooth ; fore tibiae with a moderate, concealed spur from the base ; hind tibias with four rather small spurs." Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. p. 544. (1S60.) But one species of this genus is found in the United States, it being also reported to occur in Mexico. (Clemens. ) l.-COSMOSOMA OMPHALE. (PI. 7, fig. 5.; Cos7nosof)ia omphale, Hiibner. /Egcria omphale, Say, Am. Ent. vol. 2, pi. 19. (1817-28.) Glaucopis (C.) omphale, Harris, Sill. Journal, vol. 36, p. 317. (1839.) 154 ZYG^NID-E AND BOMBYCID^ Glaucopis ( C. ) otnphale, Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. p. 544. (i860.) Glaucopis (C. ) omphale, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am. p. 135. (i860). Glaucopis (C.) omphale, Clemens, Syn. Lep. N. Am. App. p. 266. (1862.) Head bright metallic blue. Palpi black, basal joint scarlet. An- tennae black. Thoracic parts bright scarlet ; prothoracic scales with a blue central dash. Patagia, at the base and outwardly dusky. Ab- domen scarlet, with a central dorsal stripe and the three terminal segments black, but showing obsolete blue spots. Thorax beneath and legs scarlet ; abdomen beneath black. Wings hyaline, with the nervules black. On the primaries, the internal margin is narrowly black; the outer margin rather more widely of the same color ; there is a black spot on the discal vein, and the apical third of the wing is of the same color. On the secon- daries the apex and inner margin are black, and the costa less intensely so. Beneath, as above. Expanse 0/ wings, i. 50 inches. Length of body, 0.50 inch. Habitat. — Florida (Clemens). Mexico (Clemens). For my specimen of this beautiful insect I am indebted to the kind- ness of my friend, T. L. Mead, Esq., of New York, who however omitted to state the locality where the specimen was taken. If my memory serves me correctly, I believe he mentioned, in a previous con- .versation, that the specimens in his possession were taken in Florida. OF NORTH AMERICA. 155 3.-CISTHENE SUBJECTA. (PI. 7, fig. 12.)* Chthaie siibjecta, Walk. Cat. Lep. B. M. vol. 2,, p. 534. (1854.) Cisthene suhjecta, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am. p. 254. (1862.) Hypoprepia Packardii, Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. vol. 2, p. 31. PI. 2, fig. 5, ?. (1863.) Hvpoprepid Packardii, Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. vol. 3, p. 98, (1864.) Cislhene suhjecta, Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. vol. 3, p. 103. (1864.) 5. $. — Head black, rosy about the eyes. Palpi and antennoe black. Prothorax and patagia yellowish, thorax above blackish. Ab- domen rose colored. Legs mostly whitish, partly brown. Anterior wings steel gray, with a well defined yellowish spot on the costa near the apex. A longitudinal streak of the same color, on the internal margin, well defined, and commencing near the internal angle and continuing to the base of the wing, showing a spot of the same shade as the ground color. Posterior wings rose color, with a wide greyish border not extending quite to the anal angle. Var. — Costal spot of primaries obsolete, as is also the internal stripe except at its extreme tip. Var. — Longitudinal stripe reduced to a narrow streak slightly dilated at its outer end. Expanse qfiumgs, 0.70 inch. Length of body, 0.25 inch. Habitat. — Pennsylvania (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.) United States (Walker). The above description is compiled from the writings of Messrs. Walker and Grote ; the figure is copied from that given by Mr. Grote on PI. 2 of the Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil, for 1863. Neither of these writers speak of the habits of the insect, though it is quite likely that from its minute size, it has escaped general observation. This species appears to bear the same relation to the following (C. uni/ascia) which the Californian, C. nexa, does to C. faustinula. * See page ^, ante. 156 ZYC^NIDiE AND BOMBYCID.B 4.-CISTHENS UNIFASCIA. UPi. 7. fig. n.) Cislhene wiifascia, tj. & R. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. vol. 2, p. 187. PL 2, fig. 63 5. (1868-9.) 5 . ? . — Head, prothorax and tegulce, above, pale ochre yellow. Beneath, the legs are pale yellow ; anterior and middle tibiae mascu- late with lead color. Primaries rather narrow-er than in C. subjecta, apices appearing more rounded, hind margin more oblique ; lead gray, with a median pale ochre yellow band running from the costa to the internal margin, and continued along the latter to the base of the wing. This band varies in width, appears to be narrower in the 3 , and is constricted on the disc. It seems to be the result of the fusion of the spots on the costal and internal margins at this place in C. subjecta. Beneath, as above, the band showing a warmer tinge. Hind wings and abdomen rose color, former touched at apices with a leaden hue. (Grote, (loc. cit. ) Expanse 0/ wings, 0.70 inch. Length of body, 0.25 inch. Habitat. — Florida (Grote and Robinson). Texas (Belfrage). Grote and Robinson say in relation to this species : "Notwithstand- ing the variability of our Northern C. subjecta, the present may be a distinct species. It merits a name in any event from the constancy of its ornamentation." The specimens from which the present figure was drawn were received from Mr. George Belfrage, of Texas, and vary from the above description only in the absence of any leaden hue on the tips of the secondaries. G. and R. in their Cat. Lep. N. Am. 1868, place the present species as a variety of C. subjecta, but from my knowledge of the two allied Californian species, I prefer for the present to consider C. U7ti/ascia as specifically distinct, more especially as the differences between C. nexa and C. faustinula, which we know to be distinct species, are much the same as those which separate subjecta and imifascia. Since the above was written I have received a number of insects from Mr. Belfrage, and among them is a specimen of this species in which the transverse band is almost obliterated, though this and all the other specimens received show no leaden hue at the tip of the secondaries. Out of six specimens received irom Mr. Belfrage this is the only one which shows any tendency to variation in the markings of the prima- ries, yet having noted this variation, it is quite possible that Messrs. Grote and Robinson are right in placing C. unifascia as a variety of OF NORTH AMERICA. 151 C. subjecta. It is far from safe to presume, that because we find in a locality far distant from that which we know to be the original home of a species, specimens differing slightly from the original type, that these specimens are specifically distinct ; for among the insects referred to as received from Mr. Belfrage, are specimens of E. niendica and Arctia arge which cannot be separated from those found in New Eng- land. This question of geographical distribution has been a stum- bling block with many Entomologists, and it may not be out of place to remark that many species have a much wider geographical range than has hitherto been awarded to them. 168 ZYG^NID^ AND BOMBYCIDtE Genus CETA. Grote. "The wings are longer than the body. The anterior rather narrow, enveloping the body when folded ; apex obtusely rounded and hind margin slightly oblique. The subcostal nervule gives rise to a mar- ginal nervule, about its middle, and within the disc forms a large secondary cell, from the hind end of which arise three distinct marginal nervules, the lower one reaching the costa rather above the tips. The disc extends rather beyond the apical third of the wing, and the discal vein gives rise to three nervules. The median is three-branched, the posterior branch being remote from the others, and arising opposite the origin of the subcostal branch, which forms the secondary cell. The fold is thickened and the submedian furcate at its base. " The hind wings are rather broader than the fore wings ; obliquely rounded along the hind margin from the tip to the base ; costa nearly straight. The costal nervure distinct and simple ; the subcostal simple and rather attenuated from the discal vein towards the base. The dis- cal vein gives rise to two nervules, and sends a false nervule through the disc towards the base of the wing The median subdivides into three equidistant nervules. "Head rather small, smooth, free; without ocell. Face rather narrow, tapering, vertical. Eyes small, salient. Antennae slender, with joints closely set, serrated beneath with scales. Palpi slender, cylindrical, curved, ascending rather above the middle of the front ; basal joint squamose ; middle and terminal joints smooth and equal in length. Tongue about one half as long as the body. ' ' Body slender, scarcely equal in length to the fore wings. Patagia scale-like. Abdomen slender, more than one half as long as the body beneath. Legs smooth and slender ; fore tibi^ with a long con- cealed internal spur ; hind tibia; with a pair of apical spurs. "The wing structure of the insect included in this genus resembles most strikingly that of the Tineina, and must form a group connecting the Glaucopidas directly with it." Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil, (i860.) OF NORTH AMERICA. 159 This genus was described by Clemens under the name of Pcecilop- iera, for which Grote substituted (E/a, the former being preoccupied. It contains but one American species in which the prevailing colors are black and yellow. The genus though referred above to the Zygce- ntncE, has many points of resemblance to the Lithosiidcc, and lies in the debateable ground between the two groups. l.-CETA AUKEA. (Pi. 7, fig. 10.) Deiopeia aurea, Fitch, 3rd Rep. Ins. N. Y., p. 168. (1856.) Pcecilopiera compta, Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil, (i860.) Deiopeia aiired, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am. p. 251. (1862.) PcBcilopler a compf a, Clemens, Syn. Lep. N. Am. App. 312. (1862.) Deiopeia aurea, Vzc^-TirdL, Vxoc. Ent. Soc. Phil. p. 106. (1864.) CEta compta. Grote and Rob., List. Lep. N. A. Pt. i. (1868.) Cydosia aurea. Grote and Rob., List. Lep. N. Am. Pt. 1. (1868.) 3 . $ . — Head yellow, with a black spot between the antennas and a black band across the face. Palpi pale yellow, with the ends of the second and third joints black. Patagia and thorax reddish orange, the latter with two small black dots in front. Prothorax pale yellow blackish in front. Thorax beneath marked with pale yellow. Abdo- men dusky brown, largely pale yellow beneath. Legs dusky with steel blue reflections. Coxaj of anterior pair orange, of the remainder pale yellow. Tibice of middle pair spotted with yellow ; tibios of posterior pair with a long terminal brush in 3 . Anterior wings reddish orange with four steel-blue-black transverse bands, containing clear yellow spots. The first at the base ; the second inside the middle of the wing ; the third exterior to the middle, wider than the others, constricted on the costa, and connected at the upper outward corner with the sub-terminal band, which runs from the costa to the anal angle and is constricted in the middle, thus leaving at the apex of the wing a square patch of its basal color. Fringes dusky. Posterior wings slightly hyaline, smoky brown, darkest at the tip and along the outer margin. Veins blackish. Fringes dusky. Beneath all the wings are smoky brown, the yellow spots of the pri- maries being very faintly visible as somewhat paler maculations. Expanse of Wings, i.oo inches ; lenglh of body, 0.45 inch. Habitat. — Georgia (Fitch). Texas (Belfrage, Coll. Smith. Inst., Stretch). St. Louis (Grote). 160 ZYGJEmDJE AND BOMBYCID^ Of the habits of this species Mr. Grote says Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. , vol. 4, p. 319), "P. compta clings to the stems of plants in dull weather, not willingly flying, and may be readily shaken off into the collecting bottle. The sexes do not differ. The wings are folded round the body when at rest. " For my examples of this species I am indebted to Mr. Belfrage, of Waco, Texas. Mr. Grote notes its oc- currence at St. Louis, Missouri, early in October, which appears to be later than the usual time of its evolution in Texas. I have unfortunately not been able to examine the original descrip- tion of Dr. Fitch's Deiopeia aurea, but as quoted by Morris (loc. cit. ) I have no doubt that it refers to the same insect as Pcecilopiera compta, of Clemens. Under these circumstances Dr. Fitch's name takes pri- ority. It is somewhat surprising that the wonderful similarity of these descriptions has not been previously noticed, though the reason may probably be the reference of the insect to a genus with which it has no affinity except in color. Mr. Grote indeed suggests that Fitch's D. aurea may possibly be a species of Cydosia, and places it under that genus in the List of Lep. N, Am., Pt. i, 1868, but makes no mention of its probable identity with any other described species. It is evi- dently a species of wide geographical range, and while Texas and the valley of the Mississippi may be looked upon as its home, its occur- rence in Georgia is not surprising. Five specimens before me show no tendency to variation, though Mr. Grote states that the specimens collected in Missouri differ somewhat from Dr. Clemens' description* without specifying, however, in what particular. OF NORTH AMERICA. 161 ZYGiENID^. ZYGaiNiN^;. Genus CYDOSIA. Westwood. Head moderately large, free from the thorax ; vertex flat ; front very- prominent, conical, projecting between the eyes which are prominent. Palpi short, stout, scaled, porrected, not reaching the front ; tongue moderate. Antennae of moderate length, simple, wide apart at the base, inserted immediately above the eyes. Thorax globose, smooth, finely scaled. Abdomen smooth, short, slightly projecting beyond the hind wings, moderately slender, truncated, tufted. Legs stout, middle pair with one pair, posterior pair with two pairs of spurs. Anterior wings long and narrow. Costa straight, apex rounded, outer margin oblique, inner margin parallel with the costa. Median vein four-branched ; 3rd remote from ist and 2nd ; 4th very remote from 3rd, rising near the base of the wing. Subcostal four-branched ; 1st and 2nd thrown off near the end of discal area, rather short ; 3rd furcate midway of its length, one branch reaching the costa, tlie other going to the outer margin ; 4th rises on a short stalk, is long and nearly parallel with the costa. Secondaries rather broader than the primaries ; costa straight ; apex produced, rounded; apical half of outer margin oblique; balance parallel with the costa ; anal angle distinct. This genus is subtropical, the species being of small size. Its colors are metallic, which circumstance assists in determining its true system- atic position. It is loaded down with Lilhosian affinities, and might even at first sight be mistaken for a Tinea. Two species are found in the southern portion of the United States, and others occur in Central America and the West Indies. I have in my collection an undeter- mined insect from Costa Rica, having the characteristic form and metallic green color of this genus, but with short pectinate antennas, which connects Cydosia with the Zygajnid forms having antennae of that structure. The two American species may be distinguished thus : Anterior wings wtth many white spots, - - C. nobilitella. Anterior wings without white spots, - - - C. aurivitta. 162 ZYG^ENID^ AND BOMBYCID.5 l.-CYDOSIA NOBILITELLA. (Pi. 7, fig. 8.) Tinea iiobilitella, Cramer, Pap. Exot. Plate 264. Cydosia nobilitella, Westwood. Cvdosia nobilitella, Duncan, Nat. Lib. Ins., vol. 5, p. 193. PI 24, fig. 2. (1S58.) . 5 . $ . — Flead, prothorax, thorax and abdomen dark metallic green, with the following white markings. A spot on the vertex, two smaller dots at the base of the antennae, and a few white scales on the front and palpi. Two spots on the prothorax, two on each of the patagia, and five on the disc of the thorax. Thorax beneath, and legs dark metallic green, the latter largely spotted with Vv^hite. Primaries dark green, with metallic gloss ; basal fourth of the costa, a transverse sub-basal band extending from the median vein to the in- ternal margin and partially connected with the costal streak, a quadrate discal spot, and a subterminal somewhat sinuate transverse band, all dark metallic red-orange. Between these orange bands are a series of white spots arranged as follows. A small dot at the base of the wing ; two others inside the basal band ; one near the costa between this band and the orange spot, and two between this spot and the subterminal band ; two near the inner margin between the bands ; and a terminal series outside the submarginal band, consisting of three principal quadrate spots, and several minor ones. The outer margin is very narrowly edged with white. Fringes blackish-green. Secondaries dark metallic green immaculate, somewhat blacker than the primaries. Fringes dusky tipped at the apex with whitish. Beneath, all the wings are blackish, the narrow white margin of the primaries, and traces of the white outer spots alone being visible. Expanse of wings, 0.90 inches. Length of body, 0.35 inch. Habitat. — Texas (Belfrage). For my specimens of this beautiful little insect, I am indebted to Mr. George Belfrage, who took them in Western Texas, in May and June. From certain remarks made by Messrs. Grote and Robinson, in their description of C. atirivitia, it is evident that they have received this insect from the same locality, and determined it as C. nobilitella. It is not without hesitation that I retain the specific name here given for the insect described and figured in the present number, and should not do so were it not for the reference of Grote and Robinson to it as OF NORTH AMERICA. 163 C. 7iobililella, Cramer (loc. cit.) Not having Cramer's figure for com- parison, I am compelled to accept the determination of Messrs. G. and R. , while strongly believing that two or more species are mi.xed up under the same specific name. Dnncan (loc. cit.) slates that Cra- mer's figure was drawn from an insect taken on the island of Cura9oa, and figures one taken on the island of St. Domingo. Both his figure and description show the posterior wings to be white ivith a dark mar- gin ; there is no mention of the terminal white line either in text or plate; and setting aside the number of the white spots which are much fewer in the insect described than in Duncan's figure, there still re- mains in addition the much larger size (1.25 inches) of the West Indian specimens to indicate the presence of two species. I have also beiore me a specimen from Costa Rica, which approaches the insect under consideration very closely. It expands 1.30 inches, and while the coloration is identical the white spots are fewer in number, more quadrate in form and the terminal white line is absent. It resembles the insect here described much more closely than do Duncan's descrip- tion and figure, yet it is clearly a distinct form. I greatly regret the want of access to Cramer's work, a careful comparison with which can alone solve these discrepancies, but should this determination prove erroneous, I would suggest the name of C. imiiella for the Texan species. 2.-CYD0SIA AURIVITTA. (Pl. 7, fig. 9.) Cydosia aurivi/ia, G. and R., Trans. Am. Ent. S., vol. 2, p. 186. PI. 3, fig. 68. (186S. ) " 5. ?. — Entirely cyaneous black, lustrous, beneath less shining and more of a dead black. The male abdomen has the anal segment ringed with bright fulvous scales. Anterior wings with a golden yel- low stripe on costa at base ; a sub-basal stripe running transversely downward from median nervule to internal margin, sometimes resolved into two spots by its obsolescence on internal nervure. On the disc a subquadrate spot and a gently sinuate even transverse band before the margin. All these markings are very broad, evident and concolor- ous, being of a deep gold color. Elsewhere the insect is entirely immaculate, generally cyaneous, sometimes greenish black." (G. and R. loc. cit.) Expanse of Wings, 0.90 inch ; length of body, 0.35 inch. Habitat. — Texas (Belfrage). Imago flies in I\Iay and June. 164 ZYG.ENIDyE AND BOMBYCID^ For my specimens of this insect I am indebted to Mr. George Bel- frage, of Texas. In relation to it, Messrs. G. and R. say : " Though at first sight differing very greatly from its ally taken in the same locality, C. nobilitella, Weshvood, it is in reality near it, wanting merely all the numerous dererminate white maculations on the body and wings which characterize its congeners." Mr. Belfrage states that it is generally distributed through Texas, though nowhere common, and that while usually taken on the wing in the daytime it is also frequently attracted by the lights at night. OF NORTH AMERICA. 165 BOMBYCIDffl. LITHOSIIDJG. Genus CRAMBIDIA. Packard. " Head much as in Lithosia, but the front converges more anteri- orly, and the scales are coarser and longer. Antennae setose, other- wise simple, but a little stouter than in Lithosia and the porrect palpi are larger, extending a little farther out beyond the front. " Body as in Lithosia. Primaries narrow oblong, one third as broad as long. Costa convex, apex subrectangular, outer edge very straight, one fourth as long as inner edge. Nervures remarkably equidistant. Costal midway between the marginal and subcostal nervure, ist sub- costal very short, arising remote from the second, and terminating on the costal, which last is very long. 2nd terminating on costa, oppo- site the fork of the 3d, which last encloses a long narrow apical in- terspace ; 5th independent. But hvo median tiervules, the nervure subdividing much within the middle of the wing. "Secondaries broad triangular, reaching beyond the tip of the ab- domen, of much the same form as in Lithosia, but two median ner- vules arising in the middle of the wing. Legs stouter than in Lithosia with much larger spurs. Abomen with a prominent tuft. "Not only of smaller size than Lithosia, but differing in the straight outer edge of the primaries, and in the neuration, throughout ; since Crambidia has one half shorter subcostal nervules, and the 5th is situ- ated nearly in the middle of the wing ; and I can discover but two median nervules, while Lithosia has three. Also in Lithosia, the median nervure subdivides on the inner third of the secondaries ; in our genus at the middle of the wing. When at rest the wings are folded flat upon the abdomen, much as in Lithosia." Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 3, p. 99. l.-CRAMBIDIA PALLIDA. (PI. 7, fig. 16.) Crambidia Pallida, Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 3, p. 99. (1864.) 166 ZYGMNIDJE AND BOMBYCIDiE Of a very uniform drab color, without any markings. Head and thorax tinged a little darker, while the nervules are very slightly paler. Secondaries very little paler than the front wings. Expanse of Wings, 0.85-0. 90 inch ; lenglh of bodv, 0.35 inch. Habitat. — ?. Mass. (Sanborn). ?. Brunswick, Maine, August 6th. Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 3, p. 99. The type of this species, from which the above figure was drawn, was furnished by Mr. A. S. Packard, jun., to my friend H. Edwards, of San Francisco. OF NORTH AMERICA. 16T 2.-CLEMENSIA UMBRATA- (PI. 7, fig, 18.)* Clemensia Umhrata, Packard, Ann. Rep. Peab. Acad. Sci., p. 85, (1872.) ^. — "White, with a grayish tinge. Head white with a few scat, tared grey scales. Palpi whitish, lined with blackish inside, and tipped slightly with black. An irregular, interrupted, wavy, slightly curved line crosses the inner third of the wing, being most distinct on the subcostal and median vein. A broad dark band crosses the outer third of the wing, being broadest in the middle of the wing, where it is as wide as the wing itself on the basal third ; its edges are very irregular; it encloses an inner and a much larger outer discal black dot. Edge of the wing with a marginal row of indistinct spots. Hind wings pale gray. Beneath pale gray, forewings a little darker than hind wings, the bands and spots obsolete. Expanse of ivings, 0.90 inch. Length of body. 0.25 inch. Habitat. — California (H. Edwards). Differs from the Eastern C. albata (see p. 51) in the broad shade crossing the forewings, while the general hue is duller, almost gray white ; and the hind wings are grayish, while those oi albata are white. Packard (loc. cit. ) The type of this species, taken near San Francisco, remains unfor- tunately as a mutilated specimen, having been broken in its travels. It is probably not rare, bat has been overlooked on account of its small size. * See p. 50 Ante. 168 ZYG^NID^ AND BOMBYCIDjE BOMBYCIDffi. LITHOSIINS. Genus EUSTIXIS. HUbner. " Body slender, rather short. Palpi straight, slender, a little shorter than the head ; third joint linear, conical at the tip, a little shorter than the second. Antennae slender, setaceous very minutely pubes- cent. Abdomen extending as far as or a little beyond the hind wings. Legs slender ; hind tibiae with four long spurs. Wings long, narrow. Fore wings very slightly convex in front, conical at the tip, with a somewhat rounded angle behind ; the three inferior veins approximate at the base. Hind wings with four inferior veins ; third approximate at the base, fourth remote." Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am., p. 253. This genus bears a strong resemblance to the Ttneina, and might readily be mistaken at first sight for a member of that group. Two species are noted by Walker as found in the United States, though Grote and Robinson in their catalogue of the Bombycida^ suggest that they are probably identical. Having only one species before me, I am not prepared to say which theory is correct. Both insects have reddish secondaries and white primaries, the latter with numerous small dots of black or brown. They may be distinguished thus : Spots on primaries black, - - - - E. ptipula. Spots on primaries reddish brown, - - - E. sub/erveiis- l.-EUSTIXIS SUBFEPtVENS. (V\. 7, fig. 17.) Miesd sub/ervens, Walker, Cat. Lep. B. M., 528. Mioza suhfcrvms, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am., p. 252. (1862.) Mieza sub/erve7is, Clem., Syn. Lep. N. Am. App., p. 306. (1862.) Eusiixis sub/ervens, G. & R. , Cat. Lep. N. Am. (1868.) Head, thorax and patagia white, the latter red at the base. Palpi salmon color. Thorax with a small central and two lateral red dots. Abdomen, legs and body beneath, salmon color. OF NORTH AMERICA. 1 RO Primaries white, with two obHque bands of dark brownish-red spots. The first band at the basal fourth of the wing consists of three spots; the second band beyond the middle is somewhat curved and consists of four spots. The outer third and costal region of the wings are thickly dotted with reddish-brown scales. Secondaries pale salmon color. Beneath, all the wings are concolorous with the secondaries above. Exptmse of wings, 0.90 inch. Length of body, 0.25 inch. Habitat. — United States (Walker). Western Texas (Belfrage). For my type of this species I am indebted to Mr. George Belfrage, of Texas. Mr. Walker does not state in what part of the United States the original type was taken, though it is not unlikely that it came from Florida. 110 ZYGiENIDiE AND BOMBYCID.E Genus LITHOSIA. Fabricius. Head free, broad, finely scaled, smooth ; front nearly square ; vertex broad. Eyes prominent. Palpi short, porrect. Thorax globose, smooth. Abdomen slender, not reaching the end of hind wings. Legs slender, smooth ; hind pair with two pair of spurs. Anterior wings very long and narrow ; three times as long as broad. Costa nearly straight ; apex rounded ; outer margin slightly oblique ; inner margin straight, nearly parallel with costa. Costal vein long- Subcostal five-branched, ist thrown off near the base uniting with the costal ; remaining branches thrown off in the following order, 5th, 2d, 3d, the latter being furcate ; 4th springs at the origin of 3d, and with 5th goes to the outer margin. Median vein three-branched ; ist and 2d united at the base ; 3d very long, distant from 2d, springing near the base of the wing. Posterior wings long, nearly twice as broad as the primaries ; outer margin oblique, rounded ; costa straight. The wings folded round the body when at rest. The three American species may be tabulated thus : Wings slate colored, ------ Z. argillacea. Wings white. Head white, ------ Z. Casta. Head yellow, ------ C Cephalica. l.-LITHOSIA AEGILLACEA. (Pl. 7, fig. 13.) Lithosia argillacea, Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 3, p. 98. (1864.) Lithosia bicolor, Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil, vol. 3, p. 74. (1864.) 5. — ?. " Slate color and yellow. Lustrous slate color. Palpi yellow, with a few slate colored scales near the tips. Prothorax yellow, continued on to the costa of the primaries on the upper and under side of the wing, nearly to the apex. Costa of secondaries also tinged OF NORTH AMERICA. Ill with yellow. Coxse of the three pairs of legs yellow, as is also the tip of the abdomen.'' Packard, (loc. cit.) Expanse of Wings, i. lo inches ; leng/h of body, 0.32 inch. Hadi/a/.—New England States; Cutler, Me.; July. (A. S. Pack- ard, jun.) Andover, Mass., (Garland). Athabasca River, July (R. Kennicott. 2.-LITH0SIA CEPHALICA. (Pi. 7, fig. 1.4) Lithosia cephalica, Grote, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, vol. 3, p. 176. (1870.) 6. — ?. White. Primaries above, and secondaries above and beneath white, without markings. Primaries beneath, smoky. Head fulvous yellow. Body white above, smoky beneath. Legs smoky. Expanse of Wings, 0.90 inch; length of body, 0.30 inch. Habitat. — Te.xas. This insect was forwarded to me, along with many other interesting forms, by j\Ir. Belfrage, of Waco, Te.xas. Grote (loc. cit.) states that it has the form of L. casta, Sanborn, (with which I am unacquainted, ) " but is a smaller insect differing by the discolorous head." 3.-LITH0SIA CASTA. (^1- 7, fig. 15.) Lithosia casta, Sanborn. Lithosia casta, Packard, Guide St. Ins., p. 385, fig. 24. (1869.) " Pure milk white, with a slight slate colored tings on the hind wings, and is slate colored beneath especially on the hind wings. Just behind the middle of the abdomen are tufts of tawny hairs and the tip is white. (Packard loc. cit. ) Expanse ofivifigs, 1.25 inches. Length of body, 0.40 inch. Habitat. — Berlin Falls, New Hampshire, Aug. 19 ; Ausable Chasm, New York. (Sanborn.) The figure is copied from that given by Dr. Packard. This species is much larger than L. cephalica, is much more slate colored beneath, and the head is white instead of yellow. It is still rare in collections. 1*12 ZYG.ENID.E AND BOilBYCID.E 3.-CALLIM0RPHA CLYMENE. (Pl. 7, fig. 19.)* Hyper <. ompa dy7ncne. Esper sp. " Schm. IV., 22, 10, pi. 182 ; Noct. 103, fig. I. (1786.) Haploa clj'/twie, Hiibner, Verz. p. 182, (181 6.) PC. Colona, "Hiibner, Eur., fig. 135." H-Sch. CaUimorpha Carolina, Harris Rep. Ins. Mass., p. 243. (1841.) Hypercompa chmene, Walker, Cat. Lep. B. M. III., p. 650. (1855.) Hyporcovipa clymene, Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 536. (i860) Hypercompa clymene, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am. App. , p. 345- (i860.) Hypercompa clymene, Saund. , Syn. Can. Arct., p. 28. (1863.) 5 . — ? . Head and prothorax ochre yellow, the latter with two black dots. Palpi ochre yellow, black at the tips. Patagia white, edged with brown in fi'ont. Thorax white, slightly yellowish behind, with a central broad brown stripe. Thorax beneath, and abdomen above and below clear ochre yellow. Legs the same ; coxae of anterior pair with a round black dot ; outer edge of anterior and middle pairs dusky. Anterior wings white ; inner edge, costa and outer margin edged with dark brown, interrupted at the apex. A brown band crosses the wing from the anal angle to the costa, about two-fifths from the base ; from the centre of this band, a second brown band runs to the outer margin just below the apex, dividing the wing into three principal v.'hite patches. The basal patch is triangular ; that on the outer edge is frequently divided near the apex into three unequal spots by the brown nervules ; and the one on the costa is more or less clearly di- vided into three sub-equal spots, by an expansion on the discal vein of the brown costal margin, and by toothed enlargements of the brown markings, between the discal vein and the apex. Secondaries clear ochre yellow, with a brown spot near the outer margin and anal angle. Walker states that this spot is sometimes sup plemented with one or two others. * See p. 61 aute. OF NORTH AMERICA. 173 Beneath, all the wings are ochre yellow, the markings of the pri- maries being reproduced except those on the margins of the wing. Expanse of ivings, 2.00 inches ; Length of bodv, 0.70 inch. Habilal. — New York (Jldwards, Grote). Canada (Bethune, Saun- ders). Florida (Strecker, Chapman). For my specimens of this species, I am indebted to my friend H. Strecker, Esq., of Reading, Pa., who received them from Dr. A. W. Chapman, who collected them near Apalachicola, Florida. Mr. Strecker informs me that the six specimens received showed but slight tendency to variation. The only variation in the three specimens before me, is in the costo-apical spot, which in one instance, by the extension of the notches on the brown costal margin is divided into three unequal spots. 1T4 ZYG^NIDTE AND BOMBYCID.E BOMBYCIDH. AKCTIIDai. Genus ECPANTHERIA. Hubner. " Fore wings about one-third longer than the hind wings, with the subcostal vein having a single marginal branch from the cell, and an- other midway between the post-apical and inferior nervules ; the latter arises a little exterior to the discal vein, and the former midway between the apical nervulet and the second marginal. The median vein is four-branched with the posterior moderately remote from the penulti- mate. Hind wings as long as the abdomen, with the interior some- times dilated and rather caudate, neuration arctiiasform. •' Head small, depressed, smooth ; without ocelli. Face moderate, retreating. Eyes rather small. Antennas serrated in the $ , simple in the ? . Labial palpi short, not extending beyond the clypeus, rather stout and porrected ; middle joint short, terminal joint very small. Tongue rather thick, slightly longer than the anterior coxae. " Body stout. Thorax globose, smooth with scales. Patagia erected, overlapping the front of the mesothorax, nearly square. Breast and abdomen smooth. Legs thick and smooth, the tibial spur of the fore legs moderate, hind tibiae with two minute apical spurs." Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci: Phil., p. 523. (i860.) This genus has but one representative in the United States, though it is numerously represented in the more tropical portions of America. It is unknown in Europe. l.-ECPANTHERIA SCRIBONIA. (Pi. 7, fig. 20 5 , 21 ? ) P/ialcena scriSoma, Stoll, Supp., Cramer, Pap. Exot. , p. 177, p. 41, fig- 3- (1787-) Phalmna oadalissima, Smith, N. H. Lep. Ins. Georgia, p. 137. tab. 69. (1797-) Bombix cunegunda, De Beauvois, Ins. Afriq. et Amer. (1805.) Ecpantheria scribonia, Hubner, Verz., p. 183. (181 6.) Ardia scribonia, Ins. Inj. Veg., p. 241. (184 1.) OF NORTH AMERICA. 115 Ecpanthcria scn'bom'a, Walker, Cat. Lep. B. M. III., p. 689. (1855.) Arctia oadatissima, Duncan, Nat. Lib. Ins., vol. V., p. 169; pi. 20, fig. 4 ?. (1858.) Ecpantheria scribonia, Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p, 523. (i860.) Ecpanthcria scribotna, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am. App., p. 346. (1862.) Arclia scribonia, Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg.. p. 349. (1862.) Ecpantheria scribonia, Saund., Syn. Can. Arct., p. 22. (1863.) Ecpanthcria scribonia, Saund., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., tarva, p. 28. (1863.) Ecpantheria scribonia, Riley, 4th Rep. St. Ent. Missouri, p. 141, fig, 63, larva, fig. 64 « ? b (5 . (1872.) ^. — Head white, front blackish blue. Prothorax, thorax and pa- tagia white. The prothorax has two large steel blue patches edged with black. The thorax has six similar smaller patches arranged in two rows. The patagia have a patch on the inner edge, constricted in the middle, the hindermost portion having a white centre. Abdomen blue black above with a narrow yellowish lateral line ; whitish beneath with a ventral and lateral row of minute black spots. Thorax beneath white. Legs white ; coxae and inside of anterior pair steel blue. Tip of tibia:? and tarsi of remainder of the legs steel blue, except the tarsi of the hind pair which are partially white. Wings white, thinly scaled, with many black spots showing metallic blue reflections, especially on the costa. The spots on the primaries are arranged as ibllows. A terminal, interspaceal series of lunate spots. Five large spots on the costa enclosing a narrow white line. The second of these from the base forms one of a transverse curved band of four spots, of which the two near the inner margin have white centres. Inside this band the wing is irregularly mottled with black. The third costal spot forms one of a similar band of seven spots, of which two lie at the end of the discal cell, and are black, while the rest have white centres ; the one on the inner margin being partially fused with the similar spot of the first band. There is a single spot just outside the discal vein, and a series of four spots beginning at the base of the 3rd median and going to the fourth costal spot. I'here is also at the anal angle a large dark spot above and below the subme- dian vein, from which a double row of spots parallel with the outer margin goes towards the costa, the inner row extending only to the 1st 176 ZYG^NID.E AND BOMBYCID^ median vein, the outer one to the fifth costal spot. There is, besides, a pupilled spot on the inner margin near the anal angle, and one im- mediately above it inside the submedian vein. These spots form six more or less perfect transverse bands. Secondaries white, slightly caudate, with a terminal series of small black spots on the outer margin, and a stripe of dusky hairs near the inner margin, with faint traces of a discal dot. ? . — Much larger than $ , and paler colored. Nearly all the spots on the primaries become black rings, with white centres; and the thoracic markings also have white centres, being reduced to black lines indicating the shape of the spots in $ . The abdomen is dark ochre yellow above, with black spots at the sides, and a series of broad transverse dorsal blackish-steel-blue bands, each with a central notch in front. The abdomen is much stouter and the anal angle of the secondaries less caudate, while the discal dot is distinct. The costa of the primaries is also slightly more convex than in $ . Expanse of ivings, 5 2.25 $ 3.25 inches; letigth 0/ body, 5 0.85, $ 1.25 inches. Habitat. — Atlantic States generally. Missouri (Riley). New York (Grote). Virginia (Lyman). North Carolina (Shute.) Canada West (Saunders). California.? (Boisduval). Southern States (Riley.) Larva. — The following description is from the pen of C. V. Riley, of St. Louis (loc. cit.) "Average length 2| inches. Head black, polished, brownish at sides and below ; epistoma, antennce and palpi more or less distinctly; glassy white, the joints of antennce marked with light brown, cervical shield brown-black. Body above black, inclin- ing to brown laterally ; bright reddish-brown at sutures, showing in strong contrast, especially between joints 3 — 10 when the larva is curled up, but scarcely visible when straightened and contracted. Ver- rucose warts arranged as follows : On joint one, two each side of cervical shield ; on jts. 2 and 3, a transverse row of 8 ; on jts. 4 — n inclusive 12, the 4 on dorsum trapezoidal, the two anterior ones ap- proaching nearest ; on jt. 12 a transverse row of six. Venter dull purplish-brown, the legs of the same color, the legless joints with four small verrucose warts. Hairs barbed, stiff, spine-like and jet black.'' " This worm feeds, mostly during the night, upon the wild sun-flower ( Heliatithus decapetalus), the different species of plantain {Plantagd), and and willows. My friend J. A. Lintner, of Albany, N. Y., thinks it likewise feeds on Black Locust, as he has often found it beneath that OF NORTH AMERICA. \11 tree and has fed it on the leaves. It comes to its growth in the fall, and curls up and passes the winter in any shelter that it can find, being especially fond of getting under the bark of old trees. In the spring it feeds for a few days upon almost any green thing that presents itself, and then forms a cocoon, casts its prickly skin, and becomes a chrysa- lis. The chrysalis is black, and covered with a beautiful pruinescence. It has a flattened blunt projection at the extremity, armed with a few barbs and brisdes. In a few exceptional cases I have known this species to go through all the transformations and produce the moth in the fall. The chrysalis state lasts but a fortnight. " Boisduval states that this species is found in California, as I suppose on the authority of Mr. Lorquin, It has never been the good fortune of myself or fellow Entomologists to verify this observation, though the Wild Sun-Flower is abundant in many localities in the interior of the State, but seldom visited by Entomologists ; and it is possible that the insect may have been taken during some of the rambles of Mr. Lorquin in these localities. 178 zyg^nidtE and bombycid^ ZYGa:NiN5;. Genus HAKRISINA. Packard. Wings extremely narrow. Hind wings ovate-lanceolate, narrower than the fore wings ; length much less than that of the body ; length of the fore wings somewhat more than that of the body. The disc of the forewings closed by a very faint, irregular vein, with hvo disco-cejitral nervuks ; subcostal vein with a single marginal nervule from the pos- terior end of the disc and with the apical branch In'fid near the tip of the wing or bifid with a long fork. Median vein four-branched, with the pos- terior scarcely remote from the penultimate. Fold of the wing thickened from the base to the tip. Submedian with a short fork at the base of the wing. Hind wings without costal nervure ; sub- costal bifid, with an oblique discal vein arising near the base of the lower branch, and angulated above the medio- superior nervule, where it receives the discal fold. Median vein four-branched, with nervules nearly equidistant. Head rather small, free, smooth ; with large ocelli. Face smooth, rounded, rather narrow. Eyes rather small, scarcely prominent. An- tennae with bases approached, much shorter than the body, rather deeply pectinated in the 3 , less pectinated in the ? . Palpi very min- ute, filiform, drooping, with only two distinct joints ; terminal joint acute. Tongue about as long as the thorax beneath. Body extremely slender, cylintlrical, not metallic. Patagia cylindri- cal, minute. Abdomen without lateral tubercle, tufted at the tip and along the sides. Legs extremely slender ; fore tibiae without tibial spur : hind tibice with two very minute apical spurs.'' Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. i860. The characteristic colors of this genus are black, with bright colored prothorax. The three species found in the United States may be tabu- lated thus : Apical vein bifid with long fork. Prothorax orange. - - - - - - H. amerkana. Apical vein trifid near the tip. OF NORTH AMERICA. 119 Prothorax black, ------ H. coracina. Prothorax red-orange. - - - - - H. lexana. "Under this name," says Dr. A. S. Packard, jun. ,* "may be placed the Procris Americana of Dr. Harris, Aglaope Coracina, Clemens, and another undescribed form from the Middle States, communicated by Mr. F. G. Sanborn. Without attempting to improve upon Dr. Clemens' excellent description of this genus, we would merely point out some marked differences from Procris, Fabr. , and Aglaope, Latr. From the latter genus Harris states that the Americana differs entirely. With Fuessly's figure of Latreille's itifausla from Southern Europe before us, which has broad wings and bright colors, and differs throughout, we are convinced of BoisduvaFs mistake in referring our species to it."' " However it differs nearly as much from Procris Viiis and allies of Europe. The wings are a third longer and much narrower, the apex is much more rounded and the outer margin much more oblique. One of the best distinctions lies in the very ovate secondaries oi Amer- icana, owing to the convex outer edge, which in Procris and Ino as well as ZygcEna, is angulated in the middle, thus giving the wing in those genera a squarish appearance. The nervules are longer and more parallel with the costa. When expanded the secondaries only reach to the basal third of the abdomen, while in Procris they reach to the basal two-thirds. The abdomen is remarkably square, a little flattened and slightly spreading in the female of Harrisina, in Procris it tapers gradually to an obtuse point.'' In thus separating these insects under a new generic name Dr. Packard is undoubtedly right, but the new species {H. Sanborni) de- scribed in the same paper belongs to Dr. Clemens' genus Acoloithtis, and according to Mess. Grote and Robinson^.4. falsarius, Clemens. In their Catalogue of the Lep. N. Am. Messrs. Grote and Robinson place Americana and Coracina under the genus Acoloilhus, Clemens, whicTi can scarcely be right, as the two genera, as described by Dr. Clemens, differ very widely, not merely in the relative proportions of the wings and abdomen, but also in the neuration and structure of the antennae. From a careful comparison of insects referable both to Acoloithus, Clemens, and Harrisina, Packard, I am led to the conclusion that * Proc. Essex Institute, April, 1864. 180 zyg.enid;e and bombycid/e their separation generically is perfectly desirable, and that Dr. Clemens erred only in supposing that the insects he described were referable to Aglaope Latr. , when in reality they were generically distinct and should have been separated under a new name. Thus Harrisina Packard= Aglaope Clemens, but not Aglaope Latreille. l-HARRISINA AMERICANA. (Pl. 7, fig. 6. Pi. 10, fig. 8, larva.) Aglaope americana, Boisd. , Griff. Cuv. Reg. An. Lep. PI. 84 bis. fig. II. (1832.) Procris dispar, Harris, Cat. Ins. Mass. (1833.) Procris americaiia, Boisd., Sp. Gen. Lep. I. PI. 16, fig. 7. (1836.) Procris america7ta, Harris, Sill. Journal, vol. -^6. (1839.) Procris americana, Harris, Ins. Inj, Veg., p. 236. (1841.) Ctemichd {Aglaope) americana, Walker, Cat. Lep. B. M. II., 286. (1854.) Procris americana, Fitch, 3rd Rep. Ins. New York, p. 398. (1856.) Aglaope americana, Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil, (i860.) Procris americana, Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg. 2nd Ed., p. ■^'^d, fig. 163. (1862.) Procris americana, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am., p. 134. (1862.) Aglaope americana, Clemens, Syn. Lep. N. Am. App., p. 284. (1862.) Harrisitta americana, Packard, Proc. Essex Inst. (1864.) Acoloithus americana, G, &. R. Cat. Lep. N. Am. (1868.) Procris (Acol.) americana, Riley, 2d Rep. St. Ent. Missouri, p. 855 %s. 58, 59. (1870.) 3 . — $ . Entire insect greenish black except the prothorax which is orange yellow. Expanse of wings, 0.95 inch ; length of body, 0.40 inch. Habitat. — Massachusetts (Harris). Nev/ York (Fitch). Missouri (Riley). Pennsylvania and Georgia (Clemens). Larva (Riley, loc. cit. ) " The full grown larva measures rather more than half an inch, and tapers a little towards each end. It is of a sulphur yellow color, with a transverse row of six velvety-black prickly tufts on each of the principal segments, the lower tufts being OF NORTH AMERICA. 181 less distinct than those on the back. The first segment is entirely black with a yellow edge, while the spots on segments 1 1 and 1 2 usually run into each other. Head small, brown, and retractile, being usually hidden in the first segment. Fine scattering hairs anteriorly, laterally and posteriorly. The young worm is of a very pale yellow, covered with numerous fine white hairs, with a slight grayish brown tint on the head, and with the fifth and seventh segments paler than the rest, and having the black spots scarcely visible." The larva is shown in Riley's figure 58 a, from which drawing I have reproduced it on Plate 10, fig. 8 of this work. This insect may be distinguished from A. faharius by its larger size, different shaped wings, and by its distinct neuration. From H. iexana which also has a colored prothorax, and from H. coracina which is entirely black, it may readily be separated by the bifid instead of trifid apical vein. The following account of its habits is condensed from the interest- ing paper of Mr. C. V. Riley (loc. cit. ) : The larvae may be found in July and August feeding on the leaves of the Grape-vine. They are gregarious, and when young leave the minor veins of the leaf un- touched, but devour everything except the main ribs in their later stages of growth. When full grown they disperse over the vines or forsake them entirely, and spin a small, tough, whitish, flattened co- coon, changing in about three days thereafter to chrysalis o 30 inch long, broad flattened and of a light shiny yellowish-brown color. Some of these chrysalides produce the moth in a few weeks, but the majority are not evolved until the following spring, and thus the in- sect is apparently double brooded. 2-HARRISINA TEXANA. N. s. (PI. 8, fig. 1.) 5 . — $ . Entire insect bluish black, except the prothorax which is reddish orange, almost scarlet. The insect greatly resembles H. amer- icana, and might readily be mistaken for the latter, but while the shape of the wings is the same, the color is blue-black, instead of greenish- black, the prothorax is much redder, and the apical vein is trifid instead of bifid. Expanse of wings, o. So inch ; length of body, 0.38 inch. Jlabi/at.—Texn^ [Belfrage.] [Coll. Stretch.] Collected on the wing May 5th and September 4th. From these dates it is presumable that its habits are similar to those of //. ameri- 182 ZYGJESIBM AND BOMBYCID^E cana. It is just possible that these insects may be identical with II. coracind Clemens, which that author states was taken in Texas, and the types of which are much rubbed ; yet it is scarcely probable that all trace of the bright colored prothoraic scales would be obliterated, and Dr. Clemens describes coracina as entirely black. The neuration of the fore wings in texand corresponds with that of coracina, as given by Clemens, and though I have been unable to compare the insect above described with the types of coracina, I am strongly inclined to the belief that they must be specifically distinct. OF NORTH AMERICA. 183 ZYGEmBM. ZYGEmiNE. ' Genus ACOLOITHUS. Clemens. " The following insect greatly resembles americaria in appearance and almost exactly in ornamentation. It must however be very dis- tinct from it. The wings are extremely narrow. Hind wings broader than the fore wings, less ovate than in ameruana, and rounded at the interior basal angle ; length rather more than that of the body. The disc of the wing is closed by a faint, irregularly oblique vein, with one disco-central nervule, and angulated at the medio-superior nerv'ule, where it receives a rather faint discal fold. The subcostal vein with three equidistant, moderately erect marginal nervules frojji the disc, with the apical vein simple. Median vein four-branched, with the pos- terior nervule and the marginal opposite at their origins. The fold is thickened and the submedian vein simple. In the hind wings the sub- costal vein shows a tendency to separate into two veins from its point of bifurcation towards the base of the wing and resembling two veins crossing each other, exterior to the point of bifurcation and a little behind the middle of the lower branch arises a decided, curved discal vein, which receives, just above the medio-superior nervule, a decided or thickened discal fold. The median vein is four-branched, with the two posterior branches equidistant from the second one. " Head moderate, free, smooth ; with large ocelli. Face broad, rounded. Eyes rather small, round and scarcely prominent. Antennae nearly as long as the body, moderately pectinated in the 6 , minutely pectinated in the ? . Palpi equal to the front, filiform, porrected, dis- tinctly three-Jointed, and with the joints nearly equal ; terminal joint obtuse. Tongue about half as long as the thorax beneath. " Body short, rather slender, not metallic. Patagia very minute. Abdomen as long as the thorax beneath, not tufted at the tip and scarcely tufted along the sides, with a minute lateral tubercle on the basal segment. Legs extremely slender and rather short ; fore tibiae 184 ZYG^NIDiE AND BOMBYCIDjE with a slender tibial spur from the middle ; hind tibiae with two min- ute apical spurs." Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. i860. This genus differs from Harrisina [q. v.] in the different form of the primaries, which are proportionally shorter, having a more con- vex costa and a different neuration ; also in the form of the secondaries which nearly equal the primaries in length and are quite equal to them in breadth ; in the length of the abdomen, which reaches about to the end of the hind wings ; and also in the antennae which have much shorter and coarser pectinations. The style of coloration is similar, being black with a bright colored prothorax, and is much nearer Pro- cf'ts of Europe than is Harrisina. The only known spectes is much smaller than any of its allies. Dr. A. S. Packard, jun., included it in his genus Harrisitia, as we think erroneously. l.-ACOLOITHUS FALSARIUS. (Pi. 7, fig. .) Acoloithus falsarius, Clems., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 540. [i860.] Procris /aharius, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am., p. 134. [1862.] Acoloithtis falsarius, Clems., Syn. Lep. N. Am. App., p. 283. [1862.] Harrisina Sanborni, Packard, Proc. Essex Inst. [1864.] 5 .— ? . Entire insect deep blue black, with the prothorax orange, hind wings rather thin. Expanse of ivings, 0.60 inch ; length of body, o 20 inch. Habitat. — Texas [Belfrage]. Pennsylvania [Clemens]. Illinois [Kennicott]. Missouri [Riley]. The insect figured was received from Mr. Belfrage, of Texas. Though so closely allied in color to the various species of Harrisina, it may readily be separated by the generic characters. OF NORTH AMERICA. 185 BOMBYCIDai. ARCTIIN^E. Genus EUCHSITES. Harris. " Fore wings rather broad, trigonate. The subcostal vein gives rise to fwo marginal nervules from the posterior part of the disc, and be- tween the second marginal nervule and the apical is formed a short costal cell. The post apical nervule arises midway between the costal cell and apical nervulet. The discal vein is angulated and the sub- costo inferior are given off from a common point. The median vein is four-branched, the posterior nervule moderately remote from the penultimate. Hind wings as broad as the fore wings, with the neura- tion common to the family." " Head moderate, depressed ; with ocelli. Face inclined. Eyes small. Antennae slightly pectinated in 3 , serrated in ? . Labial palpi rather stout and ascending on the face nearly to base of the antennae ; basal and middle joints nearly equal ; terminal short, three or four times less long than the middle joint. Tongue rather longer than the anterior coxae." ' ' Body short or moderate. Thorax rather woolly; abdomen smooth. Legs with hairy femora ; anterior tibiae nearly as long as the anterior tarsi ; internal spur concealed and half as long as the tibiae ; hind tibiae with two pairs of spurs." Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. p. 532 (i860). The five species found in the United States may be tabulated thus : Abdomen yellow. Wings stone color. ----- jE*. egle. Wings dirty white. - - - - - E. oregonensis. Wings milk white. - - - - - E. collaris. Abdomen rose color. Wings pure white. E. elegans. Wings blueish cinereous, costa yellow. - E. egleftensis. 1.— EUCH.ffi;TES EGLE. (Pi. 8, fig. 4 $ .) Bombyx egle, Drury, 111. Nat. Hist. H., p. 36. pi. 20, fig. 3- (1773.) Spilosoma egle, Westwood, Ed. Drury (1837.) 186 ZYG^NID^ AND BOMBYCIDiE. EuchcEles egle, Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., p. 257. (1841.) Spilosoma egle, Walker, Cat. Lep. B. M. III. p. 669. (1855.) Euchceiesegk, Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 532. (i860.) Spilosoina egle, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am. p. 343. (1862.) Euchcctes egle, Harris, 3d Ed. Ins. Inj. Veg. fig. 172 larva, 173 cocoon, 1 74 pupa. (1862.) EuchcEtes egle, Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., p. 130. (1864.) Euchcetes egle Harris' Corn, p. 288, pi. 2, fig. 5, (larva.) (1869.) <5 . ? . — Entire insect both above and below soft blueish-gray or stone color. Fringes paler. Abdomen dirty yellow ochre above, paler beneath ; with a dorsal and double lateral row of small black spots. Expatise 0/ wings 1.75 inches ; length of body, 0.60 inch. Habitat. — Atlantic States generally. Canada [Saunders]. Larva. — "Feeds on milkweed [asclepias syriaca); is gregarious, feeding in parallel lines or files on the under side of the leaves, eating the leaves. from the edges. August 20th." ' ' Head and body black, with a narrow, white, lateral line and six- teen legs. Head incurved, and first four segments arched upward, in repose. Each segment with a transverse series of short, stellated tufts of whitish hairs ; second and third segments each with four black pen- cils curving over the head, and nearly horizontal in repose ; fourth seg- ment with a short, dorsal tuft of black hairs, covered on each side by an erect, conniving pencil of black hairs before, and a shorter, in- curved, white tuft behind ; a horizontal white pencil on each side above the white lateral line ; fifth to ninth segments, inclusive, each with a dorsal black tuft, covered at the sides before by a dark orange, and be- hind by a lighter orange, or pale yellow, incurved, longer tuft ; on each side above the white lateral line a horizontal black pencil ; tenth segment with a central black tuft, covered before by a deep orange, incurved tuft, and behind by a snow white one, also incurved or con- nivent, and on each side, instead of the black horizontal pencil, a ]onger white pencil. Eleventh segment with a dorsal black tuft cov- ered, as on the fourth, with two erect, connivent (but not incurved). black pencils before, and shorter white, incurved ones behind ; lateral pencil black. Twelfth or anal segment with a dorsal jet black tuft, covered on each side by a longer, incurved, black pencil ; no lateral pencil. " The short lateral tufts are jet black. The pencils are of a black color, not nearly so intense. " (Harris Corr. p. 288. 1869.) OF NORTH AMERICA. 181 The typical form of this species is readily distinguished from all its congeners by its dark color ; while the albino form spoken of by east- ern Entomologists, but which I have never seen, may be distinguished from E. colldris, with which, as I have stated under that species, it has probably been confounded, by the different structure of the two insects, as well as by the coloration of the body parts. This albino approaches much more nearly to E. oregone?tsis, though the latter is probably dis- tinct. The knowledge of its preparatory states can, however, alone definitely decide the question. Dr. Packard states that Mr. Shurtleif raised an insect which corresponded well with Dr. Fitch's H. collaris from a brood of E. egle, but if the insect subsequently described in these pages as E. collaris, and of this I have little doubt, as Dr. Fitch's description is exactly filled, the limit of the term "species" will have to be greatly extended, as the two insects are structurally different, and present a greater variation than do alypia octomaculata and Langtonii, Arctia virgo and Satmdersn, and other insects whose specific difference has been accepted. 2.-EUCH.ffi;TES OREGONENSIS. N. s. (PI. 8, tig. 7 $ .) $. — Head bright yellow ochre, clypeus white. Eyes black. Palpi dusky at tips, yellowish at the base. Antenuce white, pectinations black. Prothorax dusky white, yellowish at the sides. Thorax and patagia dusky white, paler than prothorax. Abdomen slender, bright yelloiv ochre above, terminal segment and beneath whitish. A dorsal series of small velvety black spots, and a lateral row of similar spots of much reduced size. Legs whitish, dusky above ; tibiaj and tarsi of anterior pair blackish ; coxa; of the same pair dusky, margined with yellow. Wings above dirty white ; anterior pair somewhat the darkest, with paler veins. Fringes silky white. Beneath as above, except that the interspaces of the primaries are inclined to smoky, especially near the costa. ? . unknown. Expaiise of wings, 1.60 inch ; length of body, 0.60 inch. Habitat. — Oregon. (Coll. Stretch.) For the type of this species, I am indebted to the kindness of Lord Walsingham, who captured the single specimen above referred to, in Oregon, during his recent trip to the Pacific Coast. In form it ap- proaches nearest to E. egle, from which it differs not merely in the color of the wings, but also by the slenderer abdomen, and the bright 188 ZYG^NIDiE AND BOMBYCIDiE yellow head. Were it not for these latter differences, it might be con- sidered an albino of E. egle, though the typical form of that species is yet unknown from the Pacific Coast. 3.-EUCH5;TES COLLARIS. (PI- 8. fig- 5. 5 •) Hyphantria collaris , Fitch, 3d Rept. Ins. N. York, p. 265. (1856.) Tanada antica, Walker, Cat. Lep. B. M. Spilosoma collaris, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Am., p. 314. (i860.) Ardia sciurus, Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. , vol. 12, p. 79. (1868.) 6 . — White. Head pale yellow ochre. Eyes black. Palpi pale ochre beneath ; above and at the tips, black. Antennae white, pectin" ations black. Prothorax and patagia yellow ochre, the latter whitish behind. Thorax white. Abdomen slender, whitish, with the ouier half oi each segment above yellowish. A dorsal series of black, seg- mentary spots, and a double lateral series of similar spots, the lower row being the smallest. Legs white above, dusky beneath ; coxse of the anterior pair, yellow ochre. Wings pure milk white. Basal half of the costa of the primaries yellow ochre, most intense near the base of the wing. Beneath, as above ; except that the discal area of the primaries is smoky ; while all the primaries, and the costa of the secondaries, have a yellowish tinge. $ . — Similar to 5 , but somewhat smaller, and wanting the yellow color at the base of the primaries. Expanse of wings. — 3 . 1.60- 1.80 $ 1.4 0-1.70 inches ; length of body, 0.60, 0.65 inch. Habitat. — Mississippi (Fitch). Pennsylvania, (Strecker). Canada (Saunders). California (H. Edwards). The specimen from which the accompanying figure was drawn, was taken by my friend H. Edwards, Esq., near Yosemite Valley, California. The insect was not uncommon in that locality, but apparently local. Specimens differing in nothing but somewhat inferior size, were for- warded from Pennsylvania by H. Strecker, Esq., (in response to a re- quest for the white variety of E. egle, ) with the remark that it was not uncommon in certain places, but that he had never seen typical speci- mens of E. egle in that neighborhood. E. egle (type) is yet unknown in California. From these circumstances and a comparison of the insects, I am satisfied that the I/, collaris o( Fitch has been confounded ' OF NORTH AMERICA. 189 with an albino from E. egle, and that the insect now under consider- ation is specifically distinct, exhibiting not merely colorational but also structural differences, although Dr. Packard states, (Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., p. 130, 1864), that "from the same brood of larvae, Mr. Shurt- leff has raised both the typical forms, (of E. egle), and a white variety which agrees well with Dr. Fitch's description of Hyphantria collaris.'" Six specimens of E. collaris, three from California and three from Pennsylvania, show the following points of difference as compared with three specimens of E. egle : The costa is more convex, and the width of the primaries, as compared with their length, is greater ; the posterior wings are more ample ; the body is much slenderer, especially in the ? , which also wants the woolly tuft so conspicuous in E. egle. These differences, which fully warrant Boisduval's "statura gracilior," would indicate its specific difference independently of the marked dis- similarity in color. I am therefore forced to the conclusion that writers who were unacquainted with this form, have sought, and suspected that they had found the Hyphantria collaris of Dr. Fitch, in albino forms of E. egle. Its early stages are, unfortunately, unknown, though Mr. Strecker writes me that the milkweed {asclepias) is common where the speci- mens which he sent were taken. The history of this species now be- comes an interesting question, and one which will, I trust, engage the attention of persons living where collaris and its congener egle are abundant. With our present knowledge of the imago only, it requires a very broad interpretation of the term "species'" to include them un- der the same specific name. 4 -EUCH.ffi:TES EIEGANS. N. S. (Plate 8, fig. 6, ^ ., 3 . — White. Head and palpi white, the latter rosy at the base, and the former very narrowly rosy behind, particularly near the eyes. An- tennae white, pectinations black. Prothorax patagia, and thorax white. Abdomen rosy above, dusky white beneath, with a faint dorsal row of whitish spots, centered with dusky, and a lateral row of black spots. Legs whitish, with the coxae of the anterior pair pale rosy. Wings pure glossy white, immaculate. ? . — Similar to 5 , except that the colors of the abdomen are less distinct, and the last segment of the abdomen is tufted with dense whitish hairs, somewhat as in E. egle ? . 190 ZYGJE.'NlbM AND BOMBYCIDiE Expanse of wings, $ . ? 1.45 inches ; /eng/k of body 0.55 inch. Habitat. — Owen's Valley, California, (Coll. Stretch.) Described from i 5 ? in good preservation. In the form of the wings and general structure of the body, this species closely resembles E. egle and oregonensis, but the wings are narrower than in E. collaris. The color of the abdomen separates it readily from its allies found in the United States, though" there is a very similar Mexican species with a rosy head. Habits unknown. OF NORTH AMERICA, 191 BOMBYCID^. ARCTIIN^. Genus ANTARCTIA. Hlibner. " <5 . — Head very prominent, owing to the long frontal hairs, which form a conical horizontal tuft. Antennae with long even pectinations. Palpi porrect, long and slender ; the tips acute, projecting beyond the front. Thorax very pilose, remarkably stout, while the abdomen is short conical, rapidly tapering to the subacute tip. The scales of the prothorax are hardly distinguishable from those of the rest of the thorax." ' ' Primaries a little more than one-half as broad as long, being short, broad and oblong. Costa straight, apex obtusely rectangular. Outer margin straight, suddenly bending around near the inner angle. Cos- tal nervure long, terminating near the ist and 2nd subcostals. Origin of 4th very remote from 5th, arising near the outer margin. First three median nervules ari.se much beyond the middle of the wing ; the 3rd being close to the ist and 2nd.'" ^ "Secondaries reach farther towards the tip of the abdomen than usual. Costa long, and straight ; apex rounded, a little produced ; outer edge long, convex, not bent in the middle. The three median nervules arise very near together, slightly angulated at their origins." " Legs somewhat slender, long, pilose. Body beneath very pilose.', " Coloration uniform tawny, with no markings except discal dots and transverse bands of black dots.'' Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 3, p. 122. ? . — Very different structurally from the 6 ; antennae very minutely pectinated, almost simple. Thorax above and below nearly smooth, abdomen finely scaled. Anterior wings, with costa more convex than in 5 , and the outer margin more oblique, making the tip more acute. Of this genus Dr. Packard says : "In form this genus closely re- sembles Lederer's genus Ocnogyna in the much produced prominent head, owing to the length of the frontal hairs ; in the deeply pectinated large stout antennae ; the short broad wings and very short wooly body and short abdomen. The costa of the primaries is remarkably straight; the outer edce straight, making the apex rectangular, but they differ 192 zyg^nidjE and bombyciC.*: from the above mentioned genus. The peculiar coloration is abnor- mal in this family. It was this, besides the short woolly body and short broadly pectinated antennae, that most probably led Hiibner to place it near Clisiocampa in his ' Verzeichniss.' " Dr. Packard was apparently unacquainted with the ? , which difilers so strikingly from the $> that it might readily be mistaken for another genus. In appearance it resembles Phragmatohia, the body being nearly smooth, and the wings inclined to transparency. The 5 diifers widely from Phragmatohia. The only American representavies of the genus are found in Cali" fornia, and are remarkable for the extreme variability of their coloring, scarcely two specimens, especially of the males, being exactly alike. In this respect the genus resembles its close ally Leptardia, and the determination of the species becomes a task of great difficulty and uncertainty. l.-ANTARCTIA VAGANS. (Pi. 8, fig. 8, 9, 10, 5 11, 12, ? .) Ardiavagaiis, Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (1852.) Nemeophtla rufula, Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, p. 32. (1855-) Antardia punctata, Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vol. 3, p. 123. (i860.) Ardiavagans, Boisd., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. 12, p. 28. (1868-9.) Ardiavagans, Boisd., " " " " " p. 79- (1868-9.) Ardiarii/ula,'S,o\s±, " " " " " p. 79. (1868-9.) Nemeophtla rufula, G. & R. Cat. Lep. N. Am. Pt. i. (1868.) Phragmatohia vagans; G. & R. Cat. Lep. N. Am. Pt. i. (1868.) 5 . — Head, thorax and abdomen above and below very hairy, con- colorous with anterior wings, the abdomen rather palest. Palpi and breast round the head blackish. Antennas, stalk concolorous with primaries, pectinations black. Legs concolorous with thorax. Fem- ora of anterior pair pinkish inwardly. Tibiae blackish inside. Anterior wings pale drab, stone color, fawn color, mouse color or blackish, and all intermediate shades, with concolorous fringes, and marked as follows with dark blackish brown. A small dot on the dis- cal vein and one at the base of 2nd median nervule. A narrow outer band, interrupted below 4th median, consisting of spots partially coalescing, commencing a little outside the middle of the inner margin, running obliquely towards the apex ; at the 2nd median it curves OF NORTH AMERICA. 193 rapidly toward the costa, on approaching which it is deflected sharply towards the base of the wing. Inside the discal dot is a second band, less prominent than the first, consisting of cloudy spots, originating near the outer band on the inner margin, going direct to the median vein between the 3rd and 4th nervules, where it bends inward towards the costa. There is likewise an indistinct basal band consisting of four or five cloudy spots, most conspicuous near the costa. It is only in ex- ceptional cases that all these markings are present. The basal band is most subject to obliteration, then the median band, and least frequently the outer band, while the discal dot is almost always distinct, but the wings are sometimes immaculate. Secondaries smoky black, with the fringes and a very narrow outer margin concolorous with primaries. Discal dot deep black. From this type the wings vary to a tint uniform with the primaries, the discal dot being, however, almost always present. The least persistent black shades are the interspaces of the median nervules. The last to disap- pear are the interspaces between the principal veins at the base of the wing and an irregular submarginal band. The loss of color on the secondaries appears to have no connection with the obsolescence of the spots on the primaries, as insects with all the markings present on the primaries sometimes have pale secondaries, and vice versa. Beneath, the primaries are concolorous with upper surface, the two discal dots blending into one larger and more conspicuous spot, with traces on the costa of the two principal bands. Secondaries either black as described in the type or concolorous with primaries above, and the discal spot conspicuous. There does not appear to be the same gradual obsolescence of the black beneath as above, the second- aries being either all black or all pale, though no rule seems to gov- ern the color, as specimens black above are sometimes pale and some- times black beneath, but specimens pale above are never black beneath. $ . — Smaller than $ , more finely scaled, thorax smooth, abdomen very finely scaled. Head, thorax, abdomen, palpi and legs concolorous with primaries, the thorax beneath being usually a shade paler than above. Primaries varying from a clear brick red to reddish brown, never pale stone color, usually darkest along the costa. The discal dot is usually present, or indicated by a darker shade, and there are some- times, but not often, traces of the outer band. Secondaries smoky black, with fringes and narrow outer margin con- colorous with primaries ; never pale. 194 ZYG^NID^ AND BOMBYCID^ Beneath, concolorous with primaries, secondaries never black ; the discal dot is present on all the wings, and there are occasionally traces on the secondaries of a black marginal band. The ? varies chiefly in the tint of the ground color, and not in the ornamentation, which is more constant than in S . Expanse of tvings, $ 3 1.30 to 1.50 inches; lettgih 0/ body, o. do to 0.65 inch. Habitat. — California generally. ■ Larva. — $, . Length about 1.25 inches. Head reddish brov^^n ; front black ; suture between the lobes pale ; oral appendages reddish brown. Legs reddish brown, abdominal legs flesh colored, dusky at the base and hairy outwardly. Body deep velvety black above, paler beneath, with very faint traces of a yellow lateral stripe. Stigmata white, very small. Body covered with tubercles, those on the dorsum black, those on the sides whitish centrally. The black dorsal tubercles carry tufts of uneven, stiff, radiating, deep glossy black hairs, mixed with rusty hairs on segments i, 2 and 3. The lateral tubercles carry similar hairs of a pale dirty color somewhat inclined to rusty, but not showing the decided red tinge of those on the back. The termijial segments have the hairs somewhat longer, and on segments i and 3 there are a few very long pale scattered silky hairs. ? . — Differs from the 5 in having the sides of the body more de- cidedly speckled with yellow, the lateral tubercles more distinctly pale, and all the black tufts of hairs on the back are mixed with hairs con- colorous with those on the sides, giving the larva a paler and dirtier appearance. This larva bears a strong resemblance to the young larva of L. acraa. It feeds on the various species of Lupin (so abundant in California) and thisdes indiscriminately ; is full fed about the middle of August, when it spins a thin cocoon among the dead leaves on the ground, working up into the cocoon the grains of sand or fragments of leaves adjacent to it. The insect is single brooded, appearing on the wing in April and May, and comes freely to light. I do not remember to have seen any notice of a discrepancy in the larval coloration of the two sexes, but it is quite marked in the species under consideration. From whatever cause, the variation in the colors of many Californian insects is very remarkable, and fully as great in Antarctia as in Leptardia. While discussing this question my friend H. Edwards suggested the propriety of separating these two varieties of the larva, to see if the result would throw any light on Boisduval's two OF NORTH AMERICA. 195 species, vagans and rufula, which we had been unable to satisfactorily identify. The experiment was tried, with the unexpected result that one box produced all males conforming to Packard's genus Antardia, and the other box all females much more strikingly like Phrdgmalobia, but which former experience told us were only the two sexes of the same species. After raising a long suite of these insects from the larva, I am forced to the conclusion that Boisduval's vagans and rufula and Packard's punctata are all the same insect in some of its different varieties, though Boisduval says o{ vagans, "size of very small specimens o{ fuliginosa '' Boisduval relies upon a blackish line outside the central dot, to separate rufula from vagans and says of vagans ' ' always pale beneath, " but I have raised from the same lot of larvae, collected on the same bush, specimens in which the blackish line is present and others in which it is wanting, and have before me, while writing, upwards of sixty speci- mens with every conceivable intergradation. I am, however, strongly of the opinion that there is yet an unseparated species, in which the hind wings are «^z;er /. EXPLANAllUN OF PLA IE 2. 7 8 y lO 1 1 12 13 14 15 16 '7 18, 19 20 21 — Gnophiela veimiciilata, Giotc - - Colorado. — '• Hopffeii, Grote - - - California. — Lvcomorpha pholus, Harris - - Allamic Stales. — Anatolmis Cjrolei, Packard - - - Colorado. — Kodio.soma tricolor, Stretch, N. S. - Nevada. — " Eavesii, Stretch, N. S. — " fulva, Stretch, N. S. - - California. — " nigra, Stretch, N. S. - - " — Euphanessa mendica, Packard - - Atlantic States. — Cisthene faustinula, Stretch - - - Calilbrnia. — " nexa, Stretch _ - - " — Hypo[)repia fucosa, Hiibner - - - Atlantic Slates. — Clemensia albata, Packard - " — Pyromorpha dimidiata, H. S. - - " — Uletheisa bella, Linn - - - •' — " speciosa, Walker - - - " — " ? - - - - W. Indies. — " ornatrix, Linn . _ _ Texas. — Callimorpha interrupto-marginala. De Beauv Atlantic Stales. — " Lecontei, Boisduval - - " — " '•. Boisduval - - " ■y^oe.Bcmb.l-lAm. Plate N"£ fi.H-STPETCh/^" irn.sx.rid'iif-iis.r EXPLANATION OF PLATE 3. I.— Seiarctia Clio., Packard - - - Calilornia. 2. — Epicallia virginalis, Boisd., var. ochracea o " " " " guttata - " 4.^ " " " type - 5. — Halesidota P'dwardsii, Packard 6. — Arachnis picta, Packard - 7. — -Arctia autholea, Boisd., ? - 8.- .. - " 6 - - 9. — " Edwardsii, Stretcli 10. — " daliurica, Boisd. II. — " Behrii, Stretch, $ - - - 13. — '• Bolanderi, Stretcli 14 — Phrvganidia Calilbrnica, Packard, $ 15- ■•' •' •• i- ly^^cj? BoTauK.Ai l ' Plate N°:^. U'H.P,RnlQHl,Ha ■ EXPLANATION OF PLATE 4. — Leucarctia acra^a, Packard, 5 var. $ $ . -Euprepia Americana, Harris -Notodonta Californica, N. S. ■ -Sthenopis Behrensii, N. S. Montana, N. S. -Halesidota Agassizii, Packard -Hemileuca Nevadensis, N. S. -Drepana Siculifer, Packard, -Gastropacha roseata, N. S. United States. California. Zy^.oe.BoKi'b "W.Aia P'\a-U-¥.:i f >' ♦' '\:J '^>^' ^ -^ ^ <■ •^,'' • ^ *. 'r '' * <«s^!>" '^^v Vz^:=^,_ ' Sff'TTjK i, «if r EXPLANATION OF PLAIE 5. I.— T .eptarcia k-cia, Boisduval ?. 2. " ? underside. 3 — '■ lena, ?. 4.— " " ? underside. 5- — " " $. 6.— " " $ underside. 7- 9- — dimidiata N. S. s. 8. lO. — " ( ( (1 S underside. 1 1. — " lena, Boistluval ?. 12. '• •' ? underside. I3- — ii ti 5. u.— " -' $ underside. I5- — '■ decia, Boisduval ? var. - i6.— lena, s. I7- — \rclia Ac haia, (irote ? var. i8.— •• ?. - 19 — " (? 1} pe. 20.' — " " 6. - 21. " ? var. ochracea. California. ZA,rpce.Bomb. •'', ^'.it/ Dlg_fc.TvT'5 ?:XPLANATION OF PLATE 6. I. — Arctia virg o, Linn. 6 . 2. — ' • " $. - - 3- — Ku eucopl aeiis tricolor, Packard astern Slates. East and South States. Texas. Southern States. Texas. Atlantic States. Northern States. Texas. Atlantic States. Texa.s- California- Florida. P^astern States. 5oe.Bomb.N.Am Plate N°7. R.H.STRErCH.pinKt. UIH BKirrotli neY.S.F. EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIIL I. — Harrisina texana, N. S , - - - Texas. 2. — Alypia Maccullochii, Kirb}', 5 , - Oregon 3. — " Langtonii, Couper, 5 , - - (Canada. 4. — Eucha.Hes egle. Harris, ? , - Atlantic States. 5. — " collaris, Fitch. 5 , - - United States. 6. — " elegans, N. S. , 5, - California. 7. — " oregoniensis, N. S., - - Oregon. 8. — Antarctia vagans, Boisduval, ^. - CalifcMmia. 9.— " " " 5, - - 10.— " " " 5, - !,,__.< .< .. 5 . 12.— " " " ?, 13 — Lithacodes reclilinca, G. it R., - - East. & South. States 14 — '■ fasciola, Packard, - " 15. — -Limacodes scaplia, Harris, [.j\m. Plate K''^ I,, ''^i'; r-^ \. ^.. --.^ \e2^i w:*^^^ // ; .r.v ei^irTcf. kf<^fr^ EXPLANATION OF PLATE X. I. — Epicallia Virginalis, Boisd. larva. 2. — Halesidota Edwardsii, Packard, larva. 3. — Arachnis Picta, Parkard, larva. 4. — Phryganidia Californica, Packard, larva. 5.— " " " pupa- 6. — Leucarctia Acrsea, Packard, larva. 7. — Halesidota Agassizii, Packard, larva. 8. — Harrisina Americana, larva. 9. — Notodonta Californica, larva. 10. — Alypia Octomaculata, larva. II. — -Agarista Casuerinas, larva. 12. — Psychomorpha Epimenis, larva. Z N^i^oe. Comb N^Am Plate rf° 10 ,m [♦4^=*-*^ hi CStC f^ IC • rm..:^ccrx > ^C3C ^&^^- . [' ^g^(C'\^SZ^ dT tf^C 7?: