oS ant Perea as a jou ah ea CMR ee Rel LC MND shia ie Hace WANA h) ‘ i 4 ] vig 4 , Sans Rte ; ean Bhs eae aig he cage ahs BHR oat A, Liat fsenen bre ie) ey ae ae en ai ; . ml x Smith, Andrew. //lustrations of the Zoology of South Africa, London, 1838 These illustrations consist chiefly of figures and descriptions of the objects of natural history collected during an expedition into the interior of South Africa in the years 1834, 1835, and 1836, fitted out by “The Cape of Good Hope Association for Exploring Central Africa” together with a summary of African zoology and an inquiry into the geographical ranges of species in that quarter of the globe. errr No. I.] [Price 10s. ILLUSTRATIONS : 2 OF THE ZOOLOGY OF SOUTH AFRICA; CONSISTING CHIEFLY OF FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE OBJECTS OF NATURAL HISTORY COLLECTED DURING AN EXPEDITION INTO THE INTERIOR OF SOUTH AFRICA, IN THE YEARS 1834, 1835, AND 1836; FITTED OUT BY “THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE ASSOCIATION FOR EXPLORING CENTRAL AFRICA :” TOGETHER WITH A SUMMARY OF AFRICAN ZOOLOGY, AND AN INQUIRY INTO THE GEOGRAPHICAL RANGES OF SPECIES IN THAT QUARTER OF THE GLOBE. BY ANDREW SMITH, M.D., SURGEON TO THE FORCES, AND DIRECTOR OF THE EXPEDITION. Published unver the Authority of the Lorvs Commissioners of Her Majesty’s Creasurp. e LONDON: SMITH, ELDER AND CO. CORNHILL. + MDCCCXXXVIII. Tig gir Te ies AG e mS STEWART AND MURRAY, OLD BAILEY. et Re ANG di mult My Rv Bis vat y uw Uh ¥ ui a) a hte Ly :' = ey my chy shu Re Wer hi Re ne es [ Temporary Title. ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE ZOOLOGY OF SOUTH AFRICA; CONSISTING CHIEFLY OF FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE OBJECTS OF NATURAL HISTORY COLLECTED DURING AN EXPEDITION INTO THE INTERIOR OF SOUTH AFRICA, IN THE YEARS 1834, 1835, AND 1836; FITTED OUT BY “THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE ASSOCIATION FOR EXPLORING CENTRAL AFRICA :” TOGETHER WITH A SUMMARY OF AFRICAN ZOOLOGY, AND AN INQUIRY INTO THE GEOGRAPHICAL RANGES OF SPECIES IN THAT QUARTER OF THE GLOBE. BY ANDREW SMITH, M.D., SURGEON TO THE FORCES, AND DIRECTOR OF THE EXPEDITION. Published under the Authority of the Lords Commisstoners of Wer {Hajesty’s Creagsury. LONDON: SMITH, ELDER AND CO. CORNHILL. MDCCCXXXVIII. 7 oD Y So 8 a LO} ed J 9 Fr \ id ’ k : f ' \ & ; i ) y be F rt ‘ Fi ; ia iw . . m ti af hi Ke ay sus / + Yan im i 1 Le : : ; ) re Teal! é ‘ : ¢ as ips ee old ; Padi ah .“ .." « : oR ot le La Ne RAD on) Pie eae Ap - Ont MES Waris } Prospectus of ““THE ZOOLOGY OF SOUTH AFRICA.” Tae Cape of Good Hope is now acknowledged to be one of the greatest avenues as yet opened for the researches of the Naturalist. Our Colony in that part of Southern Africa is the key to a large portion of an extensive continent which is still but very partially explored; and the field to which it admits the scientific traveller is rich to exuberance in the variety and novelty, both of animal and vegetable life. Stimulated by the prospect of Discovery in a quarter so fertile in interest, “ The Cape of Good Hope Association for Exploring Central Africa” was established in 1833; and in 1836, an Expedition fitted out by that body, consisting of thirty-four persons, and directed by Dr. Smith, after an absence of nineteen months, and penetrating as far as 23° 28’ South latitude, returned to Cape Town laden with a variety of curious and important specimens in Natural History, &c. Previously to this period little information has been furnished, in a shape calculated to enable the public to form accurate ideas of the various animated beings by which these regions are inhabited. The splendid publication of Le Vaillant, no doubt, should be mentioned as forming an exception, pro tanto ; but this includes only a portion of the Birds of the most southern extremity of the country, and a work therefore extensive enough to comprehend the various departments of Zoology is still a desideratum. The Members of The Cape of Good Hope Association for Exploring Central A ifrica found themselves, on the return of the recent Expedition, in a situation to supply at least some portion of the existing deficiencies ; but their funds, even if it had been possible to divert them to such an object, were altogether inadequate to defray the expense of laying the result of their labours before the world. Under such circumstances, it was decided that Dr. Smith, the director of the Expedition, should be authorised, on his arrival in England, to wait upon Lord Glenelg, for the purpose of making him acquainted with the position and views of the Society, in the hope that Government might be induced to assist in the publication of their materials. This hope has not been disappointed. At the recommendation of the Secretary of State for the Colonial Department, the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty’s Treasury haye been pleased, by a pecuniary grant, to enable the Society to publish the result of its labours, without infringing upon the funds raised solely for the purposes of discovery; and in a form which, while it places the work within reach of most of the friends and promoters of science, will not, it is hoped, be found inconsistent with the interest and importance of the subject. The materials for the work now offered, under such patronage, to the public, will consist of pictorial illustrations of between three and four hundred subjects of the animal kingdom, all of which have been collected to the south of 23° 28’ South latitude; and will comprise, First, and principally, unknown animals ; Secondly, animals known, but not yet figured ; and Lastly, such as have been imperfectly figured ; but of which the Society is in possession of accurate drawings. The Entomological portion of the work will be from the pen of W. S. Macleay, Esq., who has kindly undertaken that department. The rest of the descriptions will be furnished by Dr. Smith, who will add a summary of African Zoology, and an inquiry into the Geographical ranges of species in that quarter of the Globe. Conditions of Publication. The Work will appear in periodical parts, price ten shillings each ; and it is estimated that it will be completed in about thirty-four parts. As it will be necessary that the plates be published promiscuously, they will be arranged in five divisions, viz. Mammatia, Aves, Pisces, Reprira, and InverTEBRAT®, The plates of each of these divisions will be numbered independently, and the letter-press descriptions left unpaged, so that on the work being completed, they may be arranged either agreeably to the general classified order which will accompany the last number, or according to the particular views of the purchasers. 239184 he ij PP ts ot ho & z ! 1 y it f ' ' | , : PP RULS { } ri hb ' + ' i! ( | ) , \ Pal , +F i i j fut cf iy my j iv 4 Di f i>) \ { OME i i. F | ‘! arly ji ri f wv pA i Ah 8 RLS) CF ap aeneees i i Pn ih Slipiaiiil 1 jen F. i y i ‘ hoa ; i ) MY Pah | fl f wry ¥ 4 PoAy, « | pil rer tied it f rev a : sid A 1 T hy SH, Re iD 1 +4 AIG uit pha Ph yyy : ; RA o ? ; ’ at HM ee Pave, ei rah i oe i no rin! ih ‘ U om 1 ¢i aay tn AL th ; u 1G Waser tr a Se ae ii Py sf ‘ A Pi a ute’ an whe vr rl nis a Ie oun? ; : - om ae ; eh ig ae ~~ : al is or BaP al i Hoe Ds et r rae . ‘ ral ' j ‘ , ee eS es Md 7 . Ra ia APU 8 TC at ci } . a ‘eM ne a 1 t iy rie. tig i (iar) "WF i ¥ 7 Re P rain 7% " ay & ? Ue ue | i ji ‘ ‘ m Ailes i i Hye ay i ch i : d mh ; ; in it ” Ty is DE) een i 7 4 ’ og . ' " - ‘ oa. y is Si eae a ' Aion me Y i wud) ie , A i 1 ab) > 1 wk ae ox r A ie ( ‘ 1: vat o ff ih f ye yh aie howd : ; ' i ( a r , Ge, ( Oat OIE aT Ce a eT No a ' 4 , t ' i i i ~ ; ne A ue vila Woe lt ; is, it o> Fo ery 7) a ee Do Wa yt i te es PME a a a mf Fruit VE aia’ | ‘ wo) ' E ie i i fe Ca taev: 7 = an hall f Le dit a Soa, sie sigs ew) Sis Hoe Tei oer ae pie Me ti ule Vibes vy Vf ; oF iit, hu AEP Ou ak: es We Ai} Dig ‘ uh pet HOt! ie it i Ah Ce Le FN ana eiae Woy 's.ik dod hy 2eaRTT obec a ar | Pk Ai alee cocaine yf Lek Lai i me s Bi di if ELLE Y t ell | ewer eae LD apt ale iin, Os ed 10s ; i fe aU) bel ait tall i e / ee Bet © Ma f pth t i) ie it ru in li , vt ise J ‘ - is : U 7 r 1 VAN pia Als of ; es : nieas } A. inet cit FN eS Ae tae ae ‘ant Al ff plist al a Ay ire ’ Ba ee Lata HL: i) sari (hua ti ae ‘ } Woh a aie Ww, eh Miia ona a ar panel tp th tp WHY, aii Ie ye ay ae oa iy Chal Pd in! Mn bir ii ny! J i Ablewene ALP hat Brrr vuer w ve bist a4 BY hh in f nt fay ! ie via ps fy . it AaB, me, een Teal OVAL AL EOS eT vULUre|y ) SOUMDONINY Then « > 4 ie vated OO : ae ee 2. \F g T = A ‘on * the COLE (ej ag) » = « : oil i Sac). 64ece ss We oe —_" on ent a ee rr ee) ™ 3 | pee eee peste Sake) oe BR MOE Oey B+ SSE , 1 tes © ee a ee er oo | . eat Ae ee ee : ie rae ewss - (Rare ee 7 a) RHINOCEROS KEITLOA.—Smiru. Mammaria.— Prats I. (MAte.) Rh. pallidé brunneo-flavus ; cornubus duobus longitudine subzqualibus ; anteriore cylindrico, posteriore compresso ; labii superioris parte anteriore product acuminata. Lonairupo corporis cum capite 11 ped. 13 unc., caude 26 unc., cornuorum 21 unc. — ALTITUDO 5 pedes. Ruwoceros Krrrtoa—Rep. of Exped. page 44. June 1836. Cotour.—Pale brownish yellow, the brown most distinct upon the head ; the inner sides of the extremities towards the body and the groins somewhat flesh-coloured ; the inner sides of the knee joints and the hinder part of the thighs immediately above the joints pale livid black. Eyes dark brown. Horns dark greenish brown. Form, &c.—Figure nearly that of Rhinoceros Bicornis, Auct. Skin desti- tute of hair, rough and slightly irregular, the surface exhibiting a reticulated appearance, arising from the number of waved or angular fissures by which it is every where impressed, but more particularly upon the shoulders and outer surfaces of the hinder extremities. The lower portion of the neck is marked by several wide vertical furrows, which admit of the head being turned to either side with greater facility ; several of a much smaller size also occur towards the extremity of the muzzle and around the eyes, evidently for the purpose of admitting the upper lip and the eyelids to be moved with greater freedom. Head moderately slender; the eyes very small, and sunk in the orbits; the nostrils are situated near to the extremity of the muzzle, of a somewhat oval form, and rather oblique in relation to the axis of the head. The anterior horn nearly cylindrical, the basal half directed forwards, the distal half slightly curved backwards ; the posterior horn towards its base nearly cylin- drical, with the distal two-thirds laterally compressed, and having the hinder- most edge thinnest. Ears somewhat acuminated, edged with short hair towards their tips; legs rather short ; knee joints very large; scarcely any hunch on the shoulders; the neck rather long. Tail cylindrical till RHINOCEROS KEITLOA. within a few inches of its extremity, then laterally compressed and margined above and below by strong, short and wiry hair. DIMENSIONS. Feet. Inches. Feet. Inches. Length from the tip of the nose to the Length of the anterior horn, following base of the tail ............... ig aks the CULV wee hose secre tact 1 9 Of the tat erneeaeccecee cerca sine 2 2 of the posterior horn............ 29 from the tip of the nose to the Height at the shoulder .................. {0 hinder edge of the occiput.. 2 73 At she Vorupyen) i). seerss-eteoces 4 10 from the hinder edge of the Circumference at the middle of the nostril to the eye ............ 0 113 belly. ch dsneccacccvaseceescheuencne 9 8 from the eye to the ear......... 0 114 The only species yet known with which the present could be confounded, is the Rhinoceros Bicornis of authors. Between them, however, many well marked differences are to be discovered ; but as it is our intention to enter more at length on that subject in the Appendix, we shall only here particu- larise a few of the external and more palpable ones. In the Rh. Keitloa, the two horns are of equal, or nearly equal length; in RA. Africanus, the pos- terior, in neither sex, is ever much beyond a third of the length of the anterior horn; the length of the head, in proportion to the depth, is very different in the two. The neck of the new species is much longer than that of the other, and the position and character of the cuticular furrows, destined to facilitate the lateral motions of the head, are very different. Besides these, many other diagnostic characters might be instanced ; such as the black mark on the inside of the thigh of Keitloa,—the distinctly produced tip of the upper lip; and the comparatively few wrinkles on the snout and parts around the eyes, when compared with those on the same places in Rh. Bicornis, as will be seen by comparing the representation of the present spe- cies with the next plate. Considering the acumen which savages display in detecting differences between animals nearly related, we may, with propriety, infer that the Keitloa has not, at least for many years, been in the habit of generally extending his range higher than about 25° south latitude.* The natives at and around Latakoo are only acquainted with two species, viz. Borili (Rhinoceros Bicornis, Auct.) and Mohoohoo (Rhinoceros Simus, Burch.) ; and those who were in our employ declared, when they first saw the Keitloa, that it was not an animal of their country ; and at once enlarged upon the points in which it differed from Borili. During the discussion, an intelligent Moharotsi, who was well acquainted with the animal, approached,—called him by his name, and referred us to districts where we should find specimens in abundance. As he stated, it happened ; * That individuals of this species have approached Latakoo, or rather the country some sixty milés to the north of it, we have sufficient evidence in the fact that Mr. Burchell, whose merits as a traveller can be best appreciated by those who follow him in the same field, is at present in possession of the horns of an individual which was killed by his hunters. RHINOCEROS KEITLOA. though every where the species appeared rare when compared with the others ; and, after several months’ wanderings, it was found that only sixty-eight individuals had been seen, eight of which in one herd, (two of them, not more than half grown,) were disturbed by myself when feeding near to the banks of a river we were descending. According to the evidence of the natives, the Keitloa is of a very savage disposition, on which account it is more feared than Borili, which has also a character for ferocity. Its food consists of small shrubs, or the more delicate branches of brushwood, in collecting which, the prolongation of the anterior ex- tremity of the upper lip proves a useful assistant. Fora more detailed account of the manners and habits of this species, we may refer to the Appendix hereafter to be published. While in the neighbourhood of the Tropic, we heard of two other species of the genus, which exist still farther to the northward ; but, unfortunately, could not obtain any very circumstantial evidence concerning them, as the persons who had seen them were only on a visit in the country they inhabit. One of them was stated to approximate the Keitloa; the other was de- scribed as very different to any species previously seen by them, and to have only one long horn towards the forehead. Now, though descriptions of objects furnished by such persons are often inaccurate, from the circumstance of their not having been favourably situated for making correct observations, as well as from a deficiency of language calculated to convey the informa- tion they actually possess, I have always remarked that even a hasty examination seemed to supply the savage with more accurate notions of the general characters of animals than it did the civilized man, and therefore I do not despair of species such as they mentioned being yet discovered. It is in regard to the species with the single horn, that we experience the greatest hesitation in receiving their evidence as credible, and, therefore, it is agreeable to have it corroborated by the testimony of a man from a very different part of the country, as obtained and published by a missionary of great research who resided a long time in Madagascar. The individual who furnished Mr. Freeman with the account of the Ndzoo-dzoo, was a native of the country northward of Mozambique, and if we admit certain portions of the descriptions to be tainted with errors, we can recognise in the remainder the genuine habits of a Rhinoceros, and probably one of the species, with which our informants were slightly acquainted. “Tt appears,” observes Mr. Freeman, “ that the Ndzoo-dzoo is by no means rare in Makooa. It is about the size of a horse, extremely fleet and strong. It has one single horn projecting from its forehead, from twenty-four to thirty inches in length. This is flexible when the animal is asleep; it can be curled like the trunk of the Elephant, but becomes perfectly firm and hard when the animal is excited, and especially when pursuing an enemy. Its disposition is ex- tremely fierce, and it universally attacks man if it sees him. The usual method of escape adopted by the natives is, to climb up a dense and high tree, so as to avoid, if possible, being seen. If the animal misses his sight of the fugitive, he immediately gallops off to his haunt ; from whence it may be inferred that he is not endowed with the power of a keen scent. Should he, however, espy his object in the tree, woe to the unfortunate native,—he begins to butt with his horns,—strikes and penetrates the tree, and continues piercing it till it falls, when his victim seldom escapes being gored to death. Unless the tree is of a large girth, he never fails in breaking it down. Having killed his victim, he leaves him without devouring the carcase. The male only is provided with the horn. The female has not anything of the kind.”’* * South African Christian Recorder, Vol. i. p. 33. RHINOCEROS KEITLOA. With respect to the other Rhinoceros which was said to exhibit a resemblance to the Keitloa, it may probably be found to belong to a species which has its principal Aabitat in northern Africa, a conclusion to which we have been led from an examination of a pair of horns con- tained in the museum of the College of Surgeons of London, and which were obtained in Abyssinia, by Mr. Salt. These horns differ considerably from the horns of Rh. Bicornis, while as regards form, they approximate those of Rh. Kettloa. Another pair of horns, probably of the same species, is preserved according to Spaarman,* in the cabinet of the Royal Academy of Sciences, the foremost of which is twenty-two inches in length, and the hindermost sixteen. The distance between these horns is scarcely two inches. They differ likewise, he adds, “from the horns I saw in Africa, and from those I brought with me, in being of a lighter colour, and straight, and at the same time flat on the sides; so that the hindmost horn in particular, has pretty sharp edges on the upper part, both before and behind. These horns most probably came from the northern parts of Africa, as they were purchased at Naples,” &c. Different again from the above, and from all Rhinoceros horns I have yet seen are two, contained in the British Museum, which were obtained by Major Denham during his journey in Northern Africa; and if they do not prove to have belonged to young individuals of Rh. Simus, they will require to be referred to a species not yet characterised ; they are of a lighter colour than any horns which I have had an opportunity of examining, and along with a peculiarly corneous aspect, they have a considerable degree of semi-transparency. The horns of Rh. Simus possess more of the above characters than any others yet known, which circumstance, together with the fact of which I have been informed by R. Owen, Esq. F.R.S. that clubs of Rhinoceros horn, about three feet in length have been obtained from Western Africa, (Kingdom of Dahomy) would lead to a supposition, that either the species discovered by Burchell, or one with certain of its characters, inhabits Northern Africa. Now, though I am not prepared to maintain that the horns of each individual of the same species of Rhinoceros are found to be uniform, as regards size and form, or even that the rela- tive lengths of the first and second horns are constant in different animals, yet from what I have observed in the South African species, I do not think we are justified in believing the horns of the same species to be subject to any great variations in respect to relative length. When the Rhinoceros of Abyssinia shall have been minutely examined, it will probably be found to be distinct from Rhinoceros Bicornis, Lin., and be identical with the animal stated by the natives who communicated with us near the tropic of Capricorn, to be like the Keitloa. The other species of which they spoke will possibly be identical with the Ndzoo-dzoo and a nondescript : while the one, from which were obtained the horns referred to as in the British Museum, may prove either the Rhinoceros Simus, ora third undescribed species. * Voyage to the Cape of Good Hope, by A. Spaarman, M.D. 4to. vol. ii. p. 100. Sree) ) kaa COES: untae jee eae tf abc ge hii aaa big AH asd: tsider Byron bogey fy! ck areal i hy Ruad aati yr 36. grok rel Los &TPR by alates At i iret be Piney ns oh odd F353 ;, \ eer oes. ca: eid Soot ; To it wert pees a waod sit eed | Hips vat tino sagt ; é AL le A telginsal vom be Fw orth tay po Mete dl Sey weslad are at uicne ¢ yi Felt EE Se TaRs) A were ~~ atl fot. Aa gr A wep) ays oe Bi perp aid anh Cialis} ioynnito nage Ae Fe eee. ALK: 2h ‘Hebi wey, , bette Sh New aa. Ole es Page win Liaw sah ean iets) Pee 16 a hb be tigihei trai & eote funy. ty ko Faerh nd mig a ttete, ears a6 + a TL a CL ee Aaa ae ran soa: of sacabuinbr de, a Sere Oe oly et fh vp ahaa pes ‘on erh blurs. $a) mien Sofas t\ at wl WeAaT e : ir ss pee a MA Pink a mide ahr Te PO aus: ot Aisirel gl seas vl ial ed | Baicin e! a PNA SWlis 12) Bom » HOD ‘ead a Bret a aR ale Di vo AEGAN. cane pe betas Ate ins a> arr ot Lat: he yeep cu athe ee a s ria satan stechagalsh rd Be ala, Ory Ms yt) oe he tay we ei ret Sere i = ‘ Witty Seka: Fay PEN y we Mit n eaod Nagyroe Lae Mia i 39 4 — : u 28s bea, td Me “e Saitt Sen Sh vie af ruth oor wel Pe . oh da ls BPs a pS pene Aa Nad Seek bie Pal) D tee , A Nake Line fahignas* ence a ved oyial Vola. Nfocgl h tet ™ } hae URN eal nsida dla Sebcctiua $8 10 jh ge cog Wess cane shel - Eee R- mb ier ay ay 194 melee. bo whee et eer bl ; Gules tel mania fe ily. shee kev dlinest qd tit ering, bration “dash mn ; he epee tein: meray ie Sipe (ZewIZ eee) “SINYODIa SOUAODONIEY er ° H Mare. an” WA 7 7 r . >> RHINOCEROS BICORNIS.—Liy. Mammatia.—P tate II.—(Fema.e anp Youne.) R. pallidé flavo-brunneus, cornubus longitudine inzequalibus ; collo ad caput sulco circumdato; oculis brunneis. Lonertupo 10 ped. 11. une. Rurnoceros Arricanus, Cuv. Reg. Animal. CoLour.—Pale yellowish brown, with tints of purple upon the sides of the head and the muzzle ; the groins flesh-coloured ; eyes dark brown; the horns livid brown, clouded with green; the hair on the tip of the tail and the margins of the ears deep black. Form, &c.—Head rather deep in proportion to its length, which gives it an appearance of clumsiness beyond either of the other South African species ; the anterior horn directly over the extremity of the nose, the first half nearly perpendicular, the last half slightly curved backwards ; the pos- terior horn conical, and often exhibiting an appearance as if the point of a smaller sized cone had been fixed upon the section of a larger one, which observation to a certain extent might also be applied to the front horn; towards their bases both are rough, and more or less distinctly fibrous ; towards the points hard, smooth, and finely polished. Eyes small; the skin surrounding them as well as that in front of the ears and on the muzzle and the upper and lower lips, deeply cut by narrow wrinkles; the extremity of the upper lip scarcely produced. The neck is thick, short, and at its junction with the head encircled by a deep furrow formed in the skin; the shoulder with a rudimentary hunch ; the body round and heavy ; limbs rather shorter in proportion than in R. Kettloa. Tail flattened towards the extremity, elsewhere somewhat cylindrical ; the upper and lower edges near the tip fringed with thick wiry hair. The surface of the skin rather rougher than in the species last described, owing toits being intersected by a greater number of wrinkles. DIMENSIONS. Feet. Inches. Feet. Inches. Length from nose to root of tail ...... LOA Length of anterior horn.................- Tal 77 Height at the shoulder .................. 4 10 of posterior horn ........-...++ 0 63 The relative lengths of the horns vary a little in different individuals, but the hindermost one in both sexes is invariably much the shortest, and in RHINOCEROS BICORNIS. young specimens it is scarcely visible when the other is several inches in length. In the Rhinoceros Keitloa, again, the young have both horns of equal length. The present species, under the name of Rhinoster, has been familiarly known to the colonists of the Cape of Good Hope ever since 1652. In that year, when the Dutch first formed their settlement on the shores of Table Bay, this animal was a regular inhabitant of the thickets which clothed the lower slopes of Table Mountain. The abandonment of those spots by this animal as a measure of safety, probably constituted the commencement of a forced migration, which has continued to extend ever since, and which has led not only to the disappearance of the species from the districts within the present colonial limits, but also in a great measure to its removal from countries beyond those limits, as far as hunters efficiently armed are accus- tomed to resort. If a system, such as has hitherto prevailed, continues to exist, and the larger animals persevere in flying to avoid the effects of fire-arms, the time may arrive when the various species which formerly may have been scattered, each, in a peculiar locality of a large continent, will be huddled together ; and indeed an advance towards that period is in progress, as may be inferred from the concentration which is at present taking place in the interior of South Africa. Though many of the individuals which inhabited the countries where now not a single Rhinoceros is to be seen, were doubtless destroyed, yet it is equally certain that many others escaped, and thereby assisted in adding to the accumulation which is in progress in other localities. Until lately the present was the only species of the genus which was known to be receding from its native country, but of late another has been led to a like course; and the Rhinoceros Simus which but a few years ago was common in the neighbourhood of Latakoo, has, since the more general introduction of fire-arms into that country, almost entirely ceased to approach within a hundred miles of it. From a consideration of the various facts which we have collected in relation to the species now under consideration, and which we shall detail more at length elsewhere, we feel disposed to regard it to a certain extent as a prisoner in the country it now inhabits, and are inclined to believe the southern extremity of the continent, and the country along the western coast towards Benguela to have once formed its favourite residence. Like the Keitloa, this species feeds upon brushwood and the smaller branches of dwarf-trees, from which circumstance it is invariably found frequenting wooded districts, and in those situations its course may often be traced by remarking the mutilations of the bushes. As it feeds but slowly, and besides passes much of its time in idleness, it must be regarded as a very moderate eater, and considering it appears to be fastidious in the choice of its food, it is fortunate for its comfort that it does not require more nourishment. Of the many shrubs which exist in the localities in which it resides, few comparatively appear formed for its choice, as it is to be seen approaching many and leaving them again without either injuring a branch or plucking a leaf. This evident nicety in the selection of its aliment makes it difficult to ima- gine how so many large animals as are sometimes congregated together within a very limited space can find sufficient for their consumption. Even admitting that the reproduction of the parts which the Rhinoceros may devour takes place with uncommon rapidity in the climates they inhabit, and consequently the shrubs are comparatively soon in a condition to supply ano- ther meal, yet nevertheless, if these animals consumed in proportion to their bulk, they would of necessity be forced to be less particular in the choice of their food. - alusonia x MII oe lene ab re 4 aie —_— - Oras A pees w39a nga al <1) rid 9 Yd wll a aes sare duit “eet wogn. s eon bawnc Baal? .¥ ab) Se tesmanih tunuda Bet. shld 0! a so dieran: cian add £ fresd er? biden vf fotd — ¢ y fa] ial Peele, dt Penis wh? poe dee ite S o vm. a. fe. te mn? filo " hewn *j ‘teal Hetre Deere cyl: ae a i's Tr rv Ae ihe y os any al seri iar Ie aft “of 7 4 hs 7s | ody es sod wos Pelic so myereg” ex é de ite ache phos BL ser bat ae 7 ' * Reivga. rit v Seite fue. sett tt “ peatht ude Me p26 Gee Se me? 2 1s- othe *S mel a ars a Le at beifitoes ‘ “pe: ~ fee ck - ¥ e tah setae? wail me a ile ew Kind paekierarctette Wl siaalienis dns sooltnliinge pet 3 trate rt — eas mh insta) a, Fae a Ala wi sins afr - > = oe C i tod ‘Gi aero Pie. . . Dinas ‘ yas hit ; qou i * Pate Pee wae yee bis wnyen C Barely eae chat i 4 as a io Bigerss pos i Ped | 2 iti ‘Tak: ht 20% ool oe nit wbor — fe: fF Ya") ey , = hg Ae od} wo See er _ , T sat Leteltods j : aonaeal Re oe YG mires a Fem ee aeartth That As! y fp ae a. eal fs, tues : atsiey eae witty “nd TS : er a Pa ad “ye 0 Pie, Sea ee hs ald ree ts p the Duce FALCO SEMITORQUATUS ( Avis) == Pilateris)) FALCO SEMITORQUATUS.—Smirz. Aves.—Puare I. (MAtzE.) F. parte superiori capitis, dorso, humerisque cineraceis; capitis lateribus, fascia cervicali, tectricibus superioribus caud, partibusque inferioribus albis ; remigibus rectricibusque brunneo-nigris maculis albis in seriebus transversis variegatis ; rostro ad basin, cera, pedibusque flavis ; rostri apice, ungui- busque nigris ; oculis flayis. Loneirupo 7 une. Faxco Semitorquatus, Rep. of Exped. page 44. June 1836. Cotour.—The upper part of the head, the back, the secondary quill coverts and a few of the innermost tertiary quill feathers cinereous or ashy blue; the sides of the head a broad transverse band on the back of the neck, the upper tail coverts, and all the under parts pure white. Primary quill coverts, quill feathers and tail dull brown or brownish black, freely variegated with white spots. On the quill feathers, the spots on the outer vanes consist of some- what circular or semicircular blotches, on the inner vanes of more or less lengthened transverse bars, the latter more numerous than the former, which are generally four on each web, except in the case of the first primary, which is often spotless. On the tail the forms of the white spots are somewhat similar to what they are upon the wing feathers, and the number upon each vane is generally equal, commonly five, so that when the feathers are spread, it appears crossed by that number of interrupted white bars; both the quill and tail feathers tipt with white. Cere, basal half of bill, legs and toes yellow, distal half of bill livid blue, with the extreme tip nearly black ; claws black ; eyes yellow. Form, &c.—Bill rather compressed, and the point of the upper mandible much hooked. ‘Tarsi and toes moderately strong for the size of the bird, the former covered in front by entire or divided plates, behind and on the sides by scales. Claws much curved; wings when closed reach nearly over the first two- FALCO SEMITORQUATUS. thirds of the tail ; second quill feather longest; first and third nearly equal, and rather shorter than the second ; the extremity of the tail slightly rounded. DIMENSIONS. Inches. Lines. Inches. Lines. Length from the tip of the bill to the Length of the tarsus...... Son50a00, ff Fl aclororeillagoooscooone if W Length of middle toe........+0.--- 0 9 of the bill from the angle of the Length of hinder toe........ aooane =O) ae MOUNT Ooo Dog cooOCnEHBOS (a of the wings when folded. .... 4 38 Onethemballmctatereieleletele|eleialel > 38 0 In the female, the scapulars and the back are deep chesnut brown; in other respects the colours are similar to those of the male. In point of size there is a little difference, the female being nearly eight inches and a half in length. Only three specimens of this elegant little Falcon were procured by the expedition party, and those nearly in the same spot, among some large mimosa trees a little to the eastward of Old Latakoo. None of them were ever observed soaring like other falcons, and the few individuals that were seen were either perched upon the lowermost branches of the trees, or in the act of flying from one tree to another. Considering that this bird was never afterwards procured or even seen more to the eastward, it is probable that the proper habitat of the species will be found in the opposite direction, which I am the more inclined to believe, as one of our party declared he had seen it upon the borders of the Kalahari desert during an excursion we made to the westward of New Latakoo. In the stomachs of two were found the remains of small birds, and in the third, portions of a lizard, and different parts of coleopterous insects. If we are to admit Le Faucon a calotte noir of Levaillant, Ois. d’Afrique, pl. 29, (Falco tibialis, Daud.) to be a native of South Africa, we have now eight species of true Falcons inhabiting that part of the globe ; viz. Falco rupicolus, Daud. Falco tibialis, Daud. rupicoloides, Smith. Chicquera, Le Valliant. biarmicus, Temm. Subbuteo, Lin. peregrinus, Lin. semitorquatus, Smith. The four species in the first column occur in almost every district of the country which has yet been explored; the fifth species, if it has a place in South Africa,must be very confined in its range, as I have never either met it myself, nor seen it in collections made by others. The sixth species was for the first time discovered during the movements of the expedition between the principal branches of the Orange river, and it was not until that discovery I could persuade myself that Levaillant had correctly ranked it as an African bird. The seventh is rarely procured, and I have never seen specimens at any great distance from Cape Town. The eighth probably never reaches the latitude of the colony. s “sg fas =? ) tA a rs. ‘e a ’ = es [he ‘i OTT ee Ty a taal Sbenpeg? ya tliast {inj drensan > lia aks acon iad By ee et arte wei 3 i MAN iSvoRsN! 9 Hy a n , toa CY ; “7 a 7 ve, im r Pe aacats rdarus! vii og? &. dives sai agli , a sp pneses (654.4 ont Gaaarr Ye uh ® a +, @ ~ (AI ae, - t — hoe Coe eee Sp dire wal Dy ie) Pe + 1 ~oy Ae ipa 4A ~ Pi a d . 4 ok oa arene I _ -o ue § i prt og ieey the ey be dan midbe bh! wee a. a , : Se ther’) od ie Soe maichos malay, > uo) ath: : ase set” Alene? Ay eetlion) gels ain anode. stir ed eens aude Shiai ARAN De) glean etd dss yet) operat isi ott Se) Conwell vate ‘a Shiw en emer Pe od fyyetew lig a? i % : “ Sta ry - ; : eee Anarene. epee oA sath hep Pemieiete A oe - peta, 20 age i) 6 ees wor ge” Stam grayish goatR 8 tel nie i] fe ere eee eee» ack, 7d Pa he emt eaten: ele. Neale Mess dove dre? abel shir er titeeAD . ay “ch pyr idee ool? fiabdd) Sees dee nwabiat Day te Haghe Lvth’™ to the 2: CIV ihr COM Oii@iee (Ave Saletan.) CHIZEHERHIS CONCOLOR.—Smiru. Aves.—Puate I]. (MAtz.) C. cinereo-griseus brunneo-tinctus; humeris scapularibusque cupreo-viridi umbratis ; remigibus viridi- brunneis ; canda viridi-grisea ; rostro pedibusque nigris; capite cristato, crista2 plumis decompositis e fronte porrectis. Loneitupo 20 une. Coripuimus Concotor, Rep. of Exped. page 54, June 1836. Cotour.—Dull ashy, or smoke-grey, tinted with brown ; the scapulars and shoulders variegated by greenish shades, exhibiting a metallic lustre. Bastard wings, primary quill coverts, and quill feathers, greenish brown; the green most distinct upon the inner vanes; the outer vanes of secondary quill feathers greenish grey, the inner deep green, with a metallic gloss. Tail above glossy greenish grey, except towards the extremity, where it is deep greenish brown, beneath greenish brown with a brassy tint. Bill and claws black ; tarsi and toes livid brown. Eyes dark brown. Form, &c.—Bill compressed, higher than broad at the base, and its height nearly equal to its length; culmen slightly rounded and arched from the base; the tip of the upper mandible pointed and somewhat hooked, with a slight emargination immediately behind it; commissure slightly sinuated; nostrils small, pierced in the bill, close to the culmen and a little in front of the feathers of the forehead, with a distinct narrow groove extending from each, obliquely downwards and forwards towards the commissure. Wings, when folded, reach over the first third of the tail; fourth and fifth quill feathers longest, and slightly exceeding the third and sixth; the second considerably shorter than the third, and the first not half the length of the fourth. Tarsi and toes moderately robust, the former covered in front by transverse plates, behind and on the sides by minute granular scales. Claws moderately curved. Head surmounted by a long crest, which extends obliquely upwards and CHIZERHIS CONCOLOR. backwards from the forehead, and is formed of the elongated feathers of that part with their vanes much decomposed. DIMENSIONS. Inches, Lines. Inches, Lines. Length from the tip of the bill to the Length of the tarsus ...........s0c000000. 1g extremity of the tail......... 20 3 of the middle toe ............... 8 Ofthewbuly ay Nese nee ee Oat of the hinder toe! ---.-...- ese i 058 53s of the wings when folded...... 8 6 of the tailyee tree tess TOMO The female scarcely differs either in colour or size from the male. It was upon reaching 25° 24’ south latitude, a point where the rivers began to flow to the eastward, and the country to acquire a partial clothing of dwarf trees aud brushwood, that this species was first discovered. As soon as it was observed, the Hottentots declared it to be a muis vogel, or Colius, Lin., and they persisted ever afterwards in regarding it as such, which was not surprising, since it evinces considerable similarity to birds of that genus, not only in its carriage when perched, but also in its mode of flight and in various other points which will be noticed more at length hereafter. Its favourite resort seemed to be the immediate banks of rivers, and it was seen either perched upon the highest branches of the trees which occurred in these situations, or flitting to and fro among them in search of the fruits, which constitute its principal food. It is a bird of short flight, and when disturbed and driven from any particular haunt, it seldom passes the nearest tree without alighting, unless it may think itself not suffi- ciently removed from the source of danger. When flying, it sometimes flaps its wings with considerable quickness and vigour, but more generally it soars along with them completely ex- tended, and even scarcely moves them until it has actually perched. When at rest, and with- out any suspicion of danger, it has a clumsy dull appearance, with its head sunk to its shoulders, and at such times utters occasionally a harsh cry resembling “mea.” When excited, however, by the appearance of an object of suspicion, or its attention is arrested by any unusual noise, it exhibits a very opposite and elegant appearance: its crest, which in a state of rest is generally recumbent, then becomes erected, while its head, if not its whole body, is moved in various directions, as if endeavouring to discover the cause of its alarm ; and at such times its cries are harsher and more frequent. The individuals first discovered were extremely shy and watchful, but as we advanced in the country, where specimens were more abundant, less caution was observed, and there were days when we might have shot at least forty or fifty individuals had it been desirable. Besides the remains of fruits, the wings and other parts of grylli were found in the stomachs of several which were examined. When first 1 became acquainted with this bird I was inclined to consider it as forming a type for a new genus, which I proposed to call Coliphimus. Since my return to Europe, how- ever, I have had opportunities of comparing it with Chizerhis of Wagler, and not having found sufficient peculiarities to warrant its being regarded apart from that genus, the name by which it was originally designated is consequently discontinued. * ifs Fon = ; o ° >> . btw : ; was Y pox i : a ~ ? weer ee ce, ‘7h, 7 : Be Friel len Ace ak a ae a se ar : : i, wh hal ehh - (gowg—seay) - GINVNMNLINS saToowrid Chae | oie) 7 5] ev? a7 > a & 4 - ad v » ayer? 4 _ _ 4 * a 7 ¥ ~f. ~ o i oe ’ y a; Li Py ‘2 : 7 ia 7 » : ae 6 Vis Oe (Lh i 4 feed } Y=. yd teehee be hae Pt wht ‘16 = su" eeaG@ i iw ro nt on) 4 oh a a ad: bs hae Sete @ i: eh ed . ae a ob Oy > “a Tea i big t © Berea) “@ be e . @ Ae , thee Rye ine Tr) is ee eh Gets Wis 47 a), Sak bh Pee “ie eee ni vere 1 Se? teu Sa os “oe oe P ra A lhe -<7* ot apt 5 on ee Se 4 Pa 7 ‘ oe t $ : eee ) - a Coit My heen ms (ey ngiies gap ) a@ iis» “Soe; ) ote Ar = age, Pernt a toe a oe > 2) > a ~ sth tera Be Ww Ati, Ged) nau , aan a a oy ion ‘ee, » =. Fe ‘> és Ga af Fa. en Qe I i 7 eS vax . a) i ; : = ae on ae aes 6) iw ‘ J ; : re: wtih » Ta a rad 1 Bet a 4 5 ei = f a PTEROCLES GUTTURALIS.—Sm1ru. Aves.—P uate III. (MaAte.) Mas. P. capite, collo, pectoreque pallidé sulphureo-viridibus; scapularibus interscapularibusque griseo rubri- brunneo nigro-brunneoque umbratis ; gula straminea postice fascia brunneo-nigra marginata ; alarum tectricibus secundariis subrutilis ; abdomine castaneo dio ; remigibus fuscis, secundariis versus apicem albo-marginatis. Fem. capite, cervice, dorso, humeris pectoreque brunneo-nigris, subochreo variegatis; gula, gutture, collique lateribus pallidé brunneo-flavis; abdomine nigro badio-fasciato ; caudz tectricibus inferi- oribus badiis, versus basin nigro-fasciatis. Cotour.—The upper surface of the head dull green, faintly freckled with black ; the sides of the head and the chin straw yellow; eye-brows yellowish white; space between eye and bill black; the neck, the breast, and a portion of each shoulder, intermediate between oil green and sulphur yellow ; the bases of all the feathers pearl-grey ; immediately behind the yellow of chin, the throat and sides of the neck are crossed by a deep brownish black crescent. The interscapulars and scapulars clouded with pale reddish brown, pearl-grey, and bluish black, or brownish black, the latter generally prevailing towards the quills. Back and upper tail coverts pearly grey, strongly tinged with brown, and when the feathers are separated, each is found of a yellowish brown tint at the base, and with a strong satin lustre. The secondary wing coverts intermediate between Dutch and reddish orange, with the base, and a considerable portion of the inner vane of each pearly-grey ; primary wing coverts, and all the quill feathers, umber-brown ; the secondaries narrowly tipt with rusty white; the tail feathers blackish brown, the outer vanes edged with pearl-grey, and all, except the two middle ones, broadly tipt with the same colour as the secondary quill coverts. Belly and under tail coverts, be- tween chesnut and reddish brown. Bill and claws a dark horn-colour; eyes dark brown; toes greenish brown. Form, &c.—Typical ; wings, when folded, nearly reach the tip of the tail ; the first quill feather rather longer than the second; the longest of the tertiaries intermediate between the sixth and seventh quill feathers ; tail, wedge-shaped, the two middle feathers rather the longest, and acuminated at their extremities; the outer and inner toes of equal length. PTEROCLES GUTTURALIS. DIMENSIONS. Inches. Lines. Inches. Lines. Length from the tip of bill to the end Length of the tarsus ..................+.- 1 1 Of: the tail sseceuesres-ceasoeees 12Ge6: iid dlettioou-ras-e- eee 0 OL the tail. sc occesneeeecatoves eee 0 10 , Outer G06. .acch ten cance 0 9 of the wings when folded...... Saet9 nn Geritoen ass tec ene Ona, Of the wtaillis.2 easdgcesececeoveree 4 8 In the female, the top of the head is brownish black, spotted with rusty white ; back of the neck, dull cream yellow, freely dashed with brown ; the sides of the neck and the throat pale honey yellow; the back, the shoulders, and the breast, brownish black, with large cream-coloured spots ; belly, deep black, barred with pale chesnut. Under tail-coverts bright chesnut, towards their bases barred with black. ‘Tail, blackish brown, with partial bars of light cream-yellow, and all except the two middle feathers, tipt with pale reddish orange. Length 114 inches. This bird was first discovered in latitude 25° 40’, about eighty miles to the eastward of Latakoo, and it was when we remarked its cry to differ from that uttered by Pterocles Tachyptes,Temm. that we were led to a suspicion of its being a distinct species. In common with the other South African species of this genus, it repairs in large flocks at regular and fixed periods, to localities where water exists, and it is at such times that specimens are most readily to be secured. The sportsman, however, to be successful, must be quick in his movements, as they scarcely reach the water before they are again on the wing. Both in approaching to, and receding from such spots, they utter almost incessantly sharp cries, somewhat resembling twet weet, twet weet. From observing these birds when in quest of means for quenching their thirst, one would be disposed to consider them gregarious ; but such notions are soon suspended when their feeding grounds are discovered. Over the latter they are generally dispersed singly or in pairs, and the occa- sional congregation only takes place by solitary individuals successively joining others who are on the way from a greater distance. This species seeks the water about ten in the morning and three in the afternoon, and in that respect resembles the Pterocles Tachyptes, which inhabits a different part of the country. The Pterocles Variegatus, which we shall hereafter figure, prefers to drink during the early part of the morning, and the Pterocles Bicinctus again, during the dusk of the evening, and the early part of the night. In such an arrange- ment we must admit design ; as, were all of the various species to experience thirst at or about the same time, both delay and difficulty would be experienced in quenching it, since owing to the general scarcity of water in the districts they inhabit, even as it is at present, hundreds of the same species are often to be seen fringing the brink of a pool for hours together, and occa- sionally disputing for the first sip. Grass-seeds, ants, and abundance of gravel were found in the stomachs of most of the individuals we secured. ALU ITS SS. 00 3Tt AM yeaa i< a . — ie par oo Mii od en AV GY CW oid ld qancn, Afagenn} aS) oT... Sel epbotbhla: 21 Gara en, s¢ ~ oe Ae madre 1 et @ ; ita Nl RE Sy PS 2» : 4 ’ : mer - ‘ « 3 in} <3 tow tw apaby a a 5 _ “a aT s é ove Te) ott w=! a. 7 - tun “itr letioge ,2ould ainesad ff Bead 4d: to qn edi web been oun poh Hiie fratleah ont wolloy qiness fb toon sdt-to Aned pattie © 7 ‘silt sel oft = wolivs youed olag tarialt ott han Avon ad? lo ah” | odlisd,. otreye boontos-aaens opel ity soll danworg, secon ot be ay adele Idgind srry shes Seba ivteeds sloy Atiw tercund dead te oi pet raat vith jeword ieidseht fat. sioald: diiw kero ned sod ae ; ‘ «Sagi erode wl ishiist owi 90 wt fe han .wollsy-quiees sigil 7 “Ta os ' TH wiser?) Sigel | tk como; Watt ae : 7" yt th upton steak anlies @byhesv0s. at's int ecg eh selibeew Grid aft wy ple bunveeT re ee a> ao fracoat ce eat eo hy lee Tina: WMIW vesaction 3" Pe Sa wit |. ee ltips pel) bale ye 4 yea wetbewt eb 2 f) fae phage: ee ae soyet sryanunpy alte pocaege : F eon hemes mi Gif oon de® pre-op de whee Pen alee OF ao oe ve ws pow) fal a) @ Fi 1h (eta aa ol od yen” ite Grae kings Klan: or Est anys le Ga eaae vo Ne caartnlily yess (eeeeey, dome wing a neve Wont es Wee neg thee Saery 43 | rami sl eee '* ne ee a > Seen ore GeO es Di! hee ed ow seit ahs: igen ahh bran oy colt bal ee ian sidl sae ie ea 2 von oredr gh i w ints {idea aap faders ards edteee estroge nal a —=4 ieDiagylee Tesi! wilt lilacs Fesqer Seite otk eam a tee “Ree Salo ‘inet a Lana Ue i ae bilan act No {oe oct! pastel hahaa Iara RY Popes int Mynet 9ty om oe pve: rp ae Bae witio@ trae ty . ot—e@ ai ~< ns oe Day t Haghe Lith! tothe Queen COMPARE, ASU VAG, Teil SyaDIAN (Aves. Plate 4.) OTIS RUFICRISTA.—Smiru. Aves.—Puate IV. (Matz.) Mas. O. capite supra ceeruleo-griseo ; fascid suborbitali colloque griseis, pallidé brunneo sparsis ; stria superciliari sordidé alba, nigro variegat& usque ad nucham porrecta ; crist4 castaned ; mento, regione parotica, maculaéque ante alas albis, illo fascia longitudinali nigra; dorso isabellino lineis nigris undatis, variegatis; scapularibus, interscapularibus, humerisque preterea maculis lanceolatis nigris notatis flavo-albo marginatis; alarum tectricibus secundariis apicibus albis, tectricibus primaribus, remiigbusque nigro-brunneis, albo maculatis ; pectore ventreque nigris; oculis rubro-brunneis E pedibus albo-flavis; mandibula superiore unguibusque viridi-nigris, mandibulA inferiore ad basin subflava ad apicem livida, Ors Ruricrista, Rep. of Exped. App. page 56, June 1836. Cotour.—The upper surface of the head intermediate between bluish and blackish grey ; a stripe below each eye, and the neck pearl-grey, the latter closely freckled with wood-brown, except at the lower part of the throat, where the colour is pure pearl-grey, with a lilac blush ; eyebrows rusty white, finely mottled with black, and continued on each side of the head until they unite on the nape, immediately over the crest; the latter pale chesnut, darkest towards the point; ear coverts wood-brown; chin and a blotch on each side of the breast in front of wings white, the former divided along its centre by a narrow black stripe broadest behind. Back, shoulders, Scapulars, and tertiary quill feathers, between ochre and cream-yellow ; all the feathers finely variegated by numerous waved, somewhat transverse black lines, and all except those of the back marked besides, by lanceolate black stripes edged and tipt with cream-yellow. The secondary wing coverts black towards their quills, white towards their tips ; the last colour so disposed as to form an oblique white band along the wing. Primary quill coverts and quill feathers, brownish black with transverse white blotches ; tail coverts and tail feathers, white, closely barred by fine black lines, the lateral feathers broadly tipt with pure black, the two middle ones crossed near their extremities by a pure black band, which behind is edged with white, the inner vanes of these two feathers black at the points, the outer vanes black, with transverse white lines. The breast, belly and under tail coverts, black. Upper mandible and claws of a dark horn-colour ; the lower mandible greenish yellow towards OTIS RUFICRISTA. the base, dark horn coloured towards the point; legs intermediate between pale straw and wine-yellow ; eyes reddish brown. Form.—Neck long; body slender; nuchal crest about two inches long, depressed and formed of fine silky feathers ; wings, when closed, extend over the first half of the tail; the innermost tertiaries longer than the primary quill feathers ;—the second, third, and forth primaries nearly of equal length ; the first rather shorter. The tail rounded at its extremity ; outer and inner toes nearly of equal length. DIMENSIONS. Inches. Inches. Lines. Length from the point of the bill to the Length of the tarsus .......,.........+.-- 3. 9 bipyotsbheltalllensceeseecsssceacas 22 ofthe outer t0essse.scedeeece =e: Om § Olmthe tall Menenereeseceerecace sc owenn: 53 of the middle toe ............... 0 of the wings when folded ......... 102 of the inner toe.................. OD ObMtbe DU Geach canicoe. face soaniane os 2 The female differs so much from the male, that we shall give a figure and description of her in a future number. This species was first discovered in the vicinity of Latakoo, where it arrested our attention by the peculiarity of its ery, which was intermediate between the harsh hir hir hac, of the Otis Afra, Lin. and the croak of the Otis Vigorsi Smith. Besides the difference in the tone of its cry, it also uttered its calls less frequently than the former, and, as far as we observed, only while flying ; thus in the first peculiarity approaching the latter mentioned species, and in the other differmg from both. When disturbed, it flies but a short distance before it alights, and when that has once happened, it is no easy task to start it a second time, owing to its habit of squatting among the grass, and remaining tranquil even when almost touched by the feet of the sportsman. It appeared almost exclusively restricted to grassy plains, and rarely occurred in districts supplied with brushwood, from which circumstance only one or two speci- mens were observed to the north of 25°. Insects, small lizards, scolopendra, &c, seemed to constitute its favourite food, and besides the remains of these, abundance of small gravel was also found in the stomachs of the individuals we procured, which were but few, owing to the specimens being rare, at least in the directions in which we travelled. LP : TSM Sat, He ¢ ‘ ip its ae | ia ri wi ble cree rete we oar os | ager a Weshilees xo'es oly omer Hoatwatte alae, ioe cadets peta fever, :xeboils vied eae bat aanits ribet iba trie eeeesiest: v2hie 2ak. & woot hau bigaorish ' mubaey Sate pdt 9 Tage cpp iy lear HE?» : to tlad sat atsope PAs feiagye %4 wns entantis; din; h 7 sateag cult > eraduest Ringe “pais fine. rekvo + ny? Wt thao jini o¢T ° aotolle veeeee Seeie as _. ay siorap 408 Noigo) /- . i Grieg we | idl ee. re "j ALA gall We of ‘ 7 eget a af Ogi Sie, =< ; : Sai ltt — ) 2 7 an “J > ’ ; ; : ear + Xt ; ; ot em ag 3 sas Z > dds eG - 1 a : m + Se a ye orks ¢ - * , ® a on % +* ; = lk ¢ ce fl wae liga nae Aa shy at piel: f-whem"t.d Salen AT ; eer 4. #4% a thee (EG) oc ate Sieh ee Uo reesh “+ ‘ — Sie ied eee Le Ce de TET, Ber Pape ant T Spo tAt atl « wth Dhed bah: a ee ae © hes Os a lit ra, od ‘ah eikonal Pee eens | Qed) oh heer Ee nal pate SG, caput Poms ak ati pide. a Corsi aly gh jyva. BAY ch dpe pps REE obs, rem tahoe: oyna sted rae Wynd ped i ih Bae a ogg pele 8 a Eth u mf) Eas T° pe? =» eam wed aod mf r eden ty ONO BIR er re ee FOUL. | receape a steal s ; a dpe “aati ir Hath on Sahel (OY Foal Ieoak whet Yl > tree eepy cas + 30 Protein ie hae ais coe 75 ond edt MeN GORA Be homie « TG SAME era ery Spr Sayer | a as 5 2 bercs! arn ld Heehasy ad penis 0 ‘ LA =. he fuceere Day £ Haghe Lan? to SINUATUS . STERNOTHE RUS Inveyonentbiet— —_etaviee Ih STERNOTHERUS SINUATUS.—Smiru. Repritia.—P are I. (Mate.) 8. capite pallidé stramineo-brunneo marmorato; capitis lateribus viridi-flavis; collo livido-brunneo pedibus stramineis maculis brunneis variegatis ; testa supra viridi-brunnea, subtus aurantia, rubri- brunneo marginata ; unguibus rubri-brunneis; mandibula superiori apice emarginato; inferiori apice acuminato, sursum producta. Co.tour.—Head above pale straw-yellow, finely marbled with brown lines ; sides of head and lower jaw, greenish-yellow ; neck livid brown; legs inter- mediate between wine and straw-yellow; nails reddish brown, occasionally inclined to yellow. Shell above dark greenish brown, the colour deepest towards the margin ; the vertebral and the upper extremities of the costal plates tinted with livid grey; sternum, pale orange, variegated towards its edges with deep reddish brown, the latter colour most abundant upon the gular, the intergular, the anal, and the lateral parts of the abdominal plates; outer sides of upper and under jaws dark brown, with fine reddish brown vertical lines. Eyes straw-yellow. Form, &c.—Shell oblong, convex, and rather high; margin ovate, and broadest behind, where it is more or less sinuated. The second and third vertebral plates nearly horizontal and six-sided, the anterior edge of each narrower than the posterior ; the fourth somewhat six-sided, the anterior edge broader than the posterior ; the first somewhat four-sided, the anterior edge much broader than the posterior, and each of its angles sometimes produced so as to form on each side a triangular projection between the first costal and the anterior marginal plates ; near the centre of the anterior edge of this plate is another triangular projection which enters between the two foremost marginal plates ; the posterior dorsal plate somewhat of the same form as the anterior one, only narrower; the third and fourth plates with a central elevation towards their hinder margins. Costal plates higher than broad, four-sided, the first of these where it is in contact with the marginal plates very wide, which gives it a somewhat triangular appearance. Marginal plates twenty-four: the first, se- cond, third, fourth, ninth, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth, four-sided, the fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth, more or less five-sided, and on the anterior side of each at the very margin of the shellis a small triangular process, which is received into a corresponding cavity in the hinder edge of the scale immediately in front of it; margin between the fore and hinder legs obtuse, elsewhere thin and sharp. Sternum semicircular in front, deeply emarginate behind; a transverse joint between pectoral and abdominal plates ; gular plates small and triangular ; STERNOTHERUS SINUATUS. intergular plate five-sided; brachial plates rhomboidal; pectoral plates at their commissure with each other narrow, the posterior edges straight, the anterior oblique, owing to which circumstance the outer sides are much wider than the inner; anal plates triangular. Head broad and depressed ; nose short and rounded ; the fronto-nasal plates forming a portion of the hinder edges of the orbits ; the frontal plate very large and inclined to six-sided ; the parietal plates oblong, and broadest in front ; the post-orbital plate small and oval. The apex of upper mandible emarginate with an obtuse tooth-like process on each side of the emargination ; the tip of the lower mandible produced and directed upwards; under the chin two minute barbels. Neck and legs sparingly covered by small scales ; the hinder edge of each fore leg towards the toes with a broad fringe of thin delicate plates ; the toes short and armed with strong claws nearly straight and slightly concave below. The posterior edges of the hinder feet also with a continuous fringe of thin scales, the outermost toe rudimentary, the second and innermost nearly of equal length, and shorter than the third and fourth. Tail rather long, pointed and somewhat cylindrical. DIMENSIONS. Inches. Lines. Inches. Lines. Length from nose to hinder margin of Breadth of shell across femoral plates... 9 3 shell g At saremee veemer eos ceeeee 19 0 Wenpthyotitarleensaeeeasaeeehenraeceee eee 2a of head and neck ............... 5 6B of sternum from anterior to Ofishicllenes Satadsentesck ace core eek 14° 5 INE EOIEY cognsnoboenonnbor Wg @ Mero ironshelltee er sstseaceesce acecees 83 The colours in the female are nearly similar to those of the male. In both sexes the head, neck, and anterior extremities, when retracted, are completely protected by the anterior portion of the sternum, which by means of the joint in front of the abdominal plates is closely applied to the anterior margin of the upper shell. The principal differences between this species and Sternotherus ater and 8. castaneus will be found in the general form of the shell, the shape of the plates, and the structure of the tip of the upper mandible. The first specimens of this tortoise were discovered in rivers to the north of 25° south lati- tude, and in situations only where the water was very deep. They were usually observed dur- ing the heat of the day lying upon rocks which projected above the surface of the water, and were so vigilant that it was almost impossible to approach them within a moderate distance, before they vanished. Many of them were struck by musket balls, yet no wounds which were thus inflicted ever appeared to impede their movements. At last, by means of hooks baited with flesh we succeeded in obtaining a few specimens, though against such means they were also guarded ; for even where individuals existed in abundance, perhaps not one could be se- cured by four or five fishermen, after spending many hours in the pursuit. Between 24° and 25° they occurred in greatest abundance, probably from the circumstance that between those parallels the pools were deepest ; to the north of the former parallel they appeared to be scarce, owing no doubt to the channels of the streams being there loaded with gravel and sand. pow Cdk oy ae ; = le yan iain 5 atkins st = eee ee fit are SANE Tard f. BF if ‘ ER a LI At ee bse: bas eS ens 7d uc 4 fed ma ond iwey 8 (7A ee 9 2 Koh . ain shaty ay Cw fi pe inet a Pi = ade %, Varn, vei peak yg, | ek. Abate enn | ae ea ae ee eee Fhe | -_ C= - = si ere err tse + ' ° « Hs 7 @ : os hae D ~V~ = : a . de oe ¥ te , . 4A : & s ' aa ie asoie e © ak a ee ee A ‘cae St. ay puss 2 Ke ors” ce be Diaii6d or mctoey. WERE SRE Fw e4 eh + Sup gt wh Pade _ Rig) Omectondea ED Nilifer Vp ds rine Be a ed abe i Pema Ne Nees ub (ery panties in (ue eeee mp t Sem: Re : , Pek: - . . 1h COWS 2s AV eS ee ars ae i meSrERS | abe by mar? (i — Pagikn iy ot Ste NAbom ght tia BN, a Hes aS nae a Cay had ras Ul ey ad SER PURE 4a rer ere) [-iw aha oe ee ee a | Pe kt) a od ee | yer ed es by? Cnahe da ime eth Vixga wer tetad Fe > ra te we @ a 122 2303 yy aybiy y he (zeretg— etmndey) STUVTOSORGTVY SANVAVA VARANUS ALBOGULARIS.—Davp. Reptivia.—Puate Il. (Mate.) V. capite quadrangulari, versus apicem attenuato; naribus obliquis angustis propé oculos positis ; collo corporeque obesis; pedibus validis; cauda versus basin subcylindricd dein compressa, supra carinata ; capite colloque, subochreis brunneo-maculatis ; fascid brunnea ab oculo ad dorsum ; corpore supra brunneo, fasciis, maculis lineisque subochreis variegatis, subtus subochreo, guttis brunneis sparso ; cauda fasciis brunneis subochreisque alternantibus fasciata. Varanus Gitiu-- Smith, South African Quarterly Journal, 1831. Cotour.—Head and neck intermediate between gamboge and ochre-yellow, the former and the sides and back of the neck finely freckled by small black spots; from the outer corner of each eye, a brown stripe extends along the neck, and terminates on the back immediately behind the base of the fore leg, where it is much broader than at its commencement ; this stripe is generally darkest at its edge and lightest along its centre: between the ter- minations of these stripes there are in most specimens two large brown blotches separated from each other by a yellowish line. Back brown, crossed by three or four ochry yellow bands, which are, either in the form of continuous stripes or interrupted blotches, and is besides variegated by smaller spots, or waved narrow Stripes of the same colour; the larger bands and blotches sprinkled with small brown spots. The sides ochry yellow with small brown spots and vertical stripes, the latter continued from the brown of the back; belly the same colour as the sides, with a sprinkling of small brown spots. Tail beneath ochry yellow ; above and on the sides marked by alternate brown and yellow bands, the former spotted with yellow, the latter with brown. The outer surface of anterior extremities ochry yellow, spotted with brown; the posterior extremities dark brown, spotted with ochry yellow; toes, the latter colour, with some indistinct brownish bars; nails dark horn-coloured. Form, &c.—Head rather small ; neck and body robust and rather flatten- ed; limbs thick and strong. The head is quadrangular, rather short, broad behind, and tapered towards the nose; nostrils oblique, linear, and situated near to the eyes; teeth somewhat cylindrical and strong, obtuse in some specimens, pointed in others; external ear, transverse and narrow ; tail some- what cylindrical towards the base, the remainder compressed above and sur- mounted by a distinct serrated carina with a slight channel along its upper surface ; towards the tip of the tail this carina almost disappears. Upper surface of the head covered by flat somewhat circular scales, rather small, particularly over the eyes; lips and temples covered with small scales, on the VARANUS ALBOGULARIS. former oval, on the latter circular. On the nape and upper part of the neck the scales of a larger size than on any other part of the animal, and are besides more raised, with the granulations surrounding the discs very distinct. On the back and sides, the scales are disposed in waved transverse bands, and only differ from those of the neck in being of smaller size and less convex; on the tail they are arranged in regular rings; towards its base oval, and more or less completely margined by granulations ; towards the tip oblong, subcarinated and almost without any edging. On the chin, throat, and sides of the neck, the scales are small and oval; on the breast somewhat circular, on the belly oval, in transverse rows, and only margined behind by granulations; on the outer and anterior sides of the limbs towards the body, they are oblong; towards the toes somewhat circular; all surrounded by granulations ; on the inner sides again they are smaller and nearly circular. The inner toe of hinder foot very short and robust; the outer one much removed from the rest ; on the fore foot the inner toe is shorter than any of the others, but longer than the corresponding one of the hinder foot. DIMENSIONS. Feet. Inches. Inches. Lines. Length from the nose to the tip of Distance between the fore and the UINGE UGH AadipanaeRanneseecoaaees Bye Lambo ler @ileeF3) — Sabansoonuneooqoe Ot Ofpuhe mtailec ee. ssencse sen sect 1G: Length of the fore legs to the apex of from nose to base of fore the nail of the longest toe... 4 9 ela esp oposes Jog bdonance oan 0 53 of the hinder leg to ditto...... 5 6 The female, as regards external appearances, differs but little from the male. Though no specimens of this species were obtained south of Latakoo, yet there is reason to believe it occasionally occurs within the limits of the Cape Colony; it is, in all proba- bility, the animal which is called the Das adder by the colonists, and which is so much dreaded under an idea of its being extremely venomous. It is usually discovered in rocky pre- cipices, or on low stony hills, and when surprised seeks concealment in the chinks of the former, or in the irregular cavities of the latter; and when any inequalities exist upon the surface of the rocks or stones, it clasps them so firmly with its toes, that it becomes a task of no small difficulty to dislodge it, even though it can be easily reached. Under such circumstances, the strength of no one man is able to withdraw a full-grown individual; and I have seen two per- sons required to pull a specimen out of a position it had attamed, even with the assistance of a rope fixed in front of its hinder legs. The moment it was dislodged it flew with fury at its enemies, who by flight only saved themselves from being bitten. After it was killed, it was discovered that the points of all the nails had been broken previously, or at the moment it lost its hold. It feeds upon frogs, crabs, and small quadrupeds ; and from its partiality to the two former, it is often found among rocks near to springs or running streams, which fact having been observed by the natives, has led them to regard it as sacred, and not to be injured with- out a danger of drought. * Specimens are occasionally obtained, which measure between four and five feet. ¥ ‘ s ‘ ; ‘ i 5 ¥ ~ . 4 “ ; . ; 5, F A , a ‘ :. ‘ é 1 f j ‘ A ’ a ; 4 ‘ j a a “ 4 mf : ‘ % ‘ 5 , i o f ‘ } . r . . ; ; ; F i 1 : é Y al ‘ ; ” ei) » i ; - ult d , 1 abet * \ SC ei = Bll dent: SSarGniesin A Sialoresseerer oars BUCEPHALUS VIRIDIS.—Smirz. RepritrA.—Ptare I1.—(Mate.) B, pallidé viridis; oculis brunneis; scutis abdominalibus 181; scutis subcaudalibus serie duplici collocatis circiter 101. Cotour.—Light grass-green, the abdominal plates with a slightly livid tint; eyes dark brown. Form, &c.—Head moderately elongated, distinctly quadrangular and broader than the neck ; nose slightly rounded; nostrils small, nearly circu- lar, and directed outwards and backwards; eyes large, and situated rather nearer to the tip of the nose than the angle of the mouth; gape wide; upper lip with seven plates on each side, lower with ten. Nasal plate triangular, apex directed backwards; anterior frontal plates two, somewhat triangular ; posterior frontal plates large quadrangular, the outer posterior angle rounded ; vertical plate triangular, the apex behind, rounded ; occipital plates large, irregular and narrow behind; palpebral plates somewhat six-sided, the two middle sides longest. Gular plates large, two in each row. The posterior or mobile and grooved teeth of maxilla, eight on each side, from two to three lines in length, and slightly curved ; four of each group placed for immediate use, the rest recumbent between those and the inner portion of the spongy sheath which envelopes the whole; the fixed or anterior teeth of maxilla small and slightly curved, their points directed backwards; those of the pa- latal arches and lower jaw somewhat similar. Body gradually increasing in size till near the middle, from thence it tapers to the point of the tail, which is armed with a horny aculeus; the figure of body and tail subcylindrical, slightly flattened below. Skin as far as the tail loose, and only slightly connected with the subjacent parts by a delicate cellular membrane ; towards the head superabundant, and forming on each side of the neck a longitudi- nal fold, which disappears when the gullet is distended. On the tail the skin is firmly connected to the parts beneath. Scales immediately behind occipital plates short, broad, and imbricate ; from those to the base of the tail they are disposed in slightly waved transverse bands, each of which bands includes scales of several different forms ; the one immediately on the centre of the back is narrow towards the base, broad and semilunar at the BUCEPHALUS VIRIDIS. extremity, with a faint carina along its centre, the lateral ones oblong, each with an obtuse angular or semilunar point, and a carina extending from the base, and terminating on the upper edge of the scale before reaching its apex ; the two scales of each row nearest to the abdominal plates broad and subtriangular, the points rounded, and the longitudinal carina with which each is marked terminates on its lower edge behind its point. The scales on the tail are short, broad, distinctly imbricate, and somewhat five-sided, characters which they retain to its extremity; abdominal plates, 181; sub- caudal scales, 101 in each row. Unless when the skin is distended, the scales of the transverse rows overlap each other so much, that only the inner edge of each is left uncovered ; at such times the scales appear linear. DIMENSIONS. Feet. Inches. Length from the tip of the nose to the extremity of the tail... 4 9 Length of the tail...............s0c-ceccneenceeeenene snteeeeeeseeeenes 1 2 Circumference of the thickest part of the body .................. 0 3 The only specimen of this species which we obtained was found near to Old Latakoo, and at the time of its discovery was in a half torpid state, and coiled up among some dry grass which was interweaved with the slender branches of a small shrub. According to the natives, it ascends trees to rob the nests of birds, and its occurrence is by no means rare in that country during thesummer season. Although a celebrated Herpetologist has expressed his belief* that snakes with the general characters of the species just described, ought to be retained in his genus Dendrophis, yet it appears to me that their position in it would be equally inappropriate, as it would be in the restricted genus Coluber. Besides the species now described, there are at least four others inhabiting South Africa; and though they have been regarded by the author just alluded to as only varieties of one species, nevertheless, I am more convinced at present than when I submitted descriptions of them to the public,+ that each ought to be regarded as distinct from the others. Supposing Bucephalus typicus, Bellii, gutturalis and Jardinii, to be only varieties of one species, how are we to explain the circumstances of their being all found in a similar climate and in similar descriptions of country, yet, nevertheless, in very different localities, and each propagating individuals like itself, which as far as we know never vary. In proportion as our knowledge of the more intricate details in the scheme of nature becomes extended, it will probably be discovered that each genus is regulated to a certain extent upon a plan peculiar to itself, and that in some genera the distribution of colours, not less than the peculiar tints, will furnish excellent specific distinctions. As regards Bucephalus, I feel disposed to consider it one of such genera. * Physionomie des Serpens par H. Schlegel, page 238. Hague, 1837. + Zoological Journal, Vol. iv. page 441, May 1829. wamny Fe y Cn PSuole eT ee Das sey sanistinns 10 eae ionic awed Here ad ‘to ophe . road eotely Jeuiinokd fn ail) of sasicso bide iw muited Isuitiatigo eet Tate oa ad T stniog ei baid af a Shobleoet ‘dbdws site Liesi beri eke D eoinly fy Hen Gda o4 er 5 mo See bye ; is eres ornre iba Ate tet ‘od sie then et ma Fe var > * Pa a Pid wit bs Neti al » a ibaa ¥ ky am Senge i as 3. | pasdicn es Rr ead ae red inl? ae 7 Satrocs Gutmuc ate. exch issues tne re weaue ad ot bls ioe 7h u * . a : u2InS 72 0 r oun # hie Giese SOLS! 2LS©) "$90STd) SMNITHUMONTHD & i ECHINORHINUS OBESUS.—Smiru. Pisces.—Puate I. (MAte.) E. obesus; capite supra, dorsoque ad pinnam primam plumbeis; dorsi partibus posterioribus, corporis lateribus, abdomineque cupreo-flavis, purpureo brunneoque umbratis ; mento, nasi lateribus, maculaque pone oculos albis; oculis cupreo-viridibus. CoLour.—The head and back, as far as the first dorsal fin, dark leaden grey; the rest of the back, the sides and the belly, pale coppery yellow clouded with purple and brownish tints; and the belly besides is marked with blotches of light vermillion red; the fins towards their bases reddish brown tinged with dull grey, towards their extremities a lighter shade of the same colour ; chin, sides of muzzle, and sometimes a spot behind the eye, dull white ; eyes, coppery green. Form, &c.—Body very thick in proportion to its length, with only a slight diminution in size towards the tail ; the back in front of the first dorsal fin nearly straight; the head flat above, and slightly sloping to the muzzle, which is rounded ; nostrils transverse, and each partially divided by a narrow membranous lobule, which projects backwards from its anterior margin ; their position is nearly over the most projecting or central portion of the upper jaw, considerably nearer to the eyes than the tip of the snout, and about half way between the latter and the angle of the mouth. Eyes, rather nearer to a line raised from the angle of the mouth than to the nostrils ; pupil, circular and small; postocular spiracle, scarcely visible. Gape, wide and arched, having at each corner a triangular fold of skin formed by the union of the upper and lower lips. Teeth regularly placed upon each jaw, only one row in use at a time, the rest reclined ; they are large, compressed, and some- what quadrangular, the cutting edges nearly horizontal, and both of their sides are generally bicuspidate, (as will be seen by referring to the figures a and 6, where the former represent the teeth of the upper jaw, and the latter represent those of the lower). Branchial openings allin front of pectoral fins ; the first not much more than half the length of the fifth. Pectoral fins rather small, the hinder edges nearly square ; the dorsal fins are small, the first narrower at its base than at its extremity, which is slightly rounded ; the second nearly throughout of equal breadth, the hinder edge almost ECHINORHINUS OBESUS. square ; the ventral fins short, broader behind than at their bases, and their posterior edges slightly undulated ; the caudal fin entire, somewhat trian- gular and slightly falciform, the upper portion high above the line of the back, the lower scarcely below the line of the body immediately in front of it. Lateral line very distinct, commencing above branchial openings, and extending nearly without curve or undulation to the commencement of the caudal fin, from thence it ascends the latter, and extends along it, nearer to its anterior than posterior edge, until it reaches its upper extremity ; at its origin this line is nearer to the middle of the back than the base of the pectoral fin ; to the touch it feels slightly rough, which arises from its being beset with a number of minute prickles, which are most distinctly seen in preserved specimens. The surface of the skin both on the body and fins is more or less sprinkled with strong bony-looking spines, with large cir- cular and flattened bases, which are striated from the centre tawards the circumference. These spines vary in size as well as form, some being hooked, others quite straight ; in some places they are disposed in clusters, in others they are solitary, and on the extremity of the muzzle are nearly wanting. The appendages to the ventral fins in the male seldom extend much beyond their posterior margins. DIMENSIONS. Feet. Inches. Feet. Inches. Length from the tip of the nose Distance between the dorsal fins ...... 0 44 to the end of the caudalfin 6 63 Length from the hinder edge of the to stheiey.e) epee delete aeaete sei 0 63 second dorsal fin to the base to the first dorsal fin............ 8 93 of the caudal fin............ 0 4 to the pectoral fins ............ 1 63 of the tail from the base to the to the anterior edge of the highest point.................. 1 53 MUP Pel Jac. seeodeeecsetiees ® © 71 to the base of the ventral fins 3 4 This shark is comparatively rare at the Cape of Good Hope. It is described by the fisher- men as sluggish and unwieldy in its movements, and but seldom to be observed towards the surface of the water. When they obtain specimens, it is generally at a time when they are fishing in deep water, and when the bait with which the hooks are armed is near to the bottom. In this respect it resembles the Scyllia, or ground-sharks ; and, if we were to regard only its internal organization, we should be disposed to consider it as closely allied to that genus. WORKS OF GENERAL INTEREST RECENTLY PUBLISHED BY SMITH, ELDER AND CO. CORNHILL. Now Publishing in Parts, Royal Quarto, Cinder the Authority of the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty's Creasury, THE ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H. M. S. BEAGLE, UNDER THE COMMAND OF CAPTAIN FITZROY, R.N. DURING THE YEARS 1832 To 1836. LVited anY Duperintended by CHARLES DARWIN, ESQ. M.A., F.G.S. NATURALIST TO THE EXPEDITION. 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Exhibiting a Picture of Irish Manners ; supposed to be the most striking, as well as the most beautiful of the works of this well-known master. II. SCHINDERHANNES, THE ROBBER OF THE RHINE. A Romantic Sketch, drawn up from Historical and Legal Docu- ments of the celebrated Banditti System of Germany. By the Editor, Lerrcn RivcHi1e. Ill. WALTHAM. A Domestic Narrative. By the late ANDREW PICKEN. Anato- mizing some of the most strange and mystic Sympathies of our Nature, in illus- tration of the Doctrine of Fatalism. IV. THE STOLEN CHILD; A TALE OF THE TOWN. Detailing, in the minute and original manner of its Author, Gaur, one of the most remarkable histories of evidence ever penned—in reference, it is understood, to a very important event in an illustrious family. Vv. THE BONDMAN. An Historical Narra- tive of the Times of Wat Tyler. The pro- duction of Mrs. O’Ner1LL, The Work is filled with historical and legal knowledge, and presents a romantic picture, not less accurate than extraordinary, of one of the most singular epochs of our history. VI. THE SLAVE KING. A skilful and ele- gant adaptation of the BuG JARGAL of Victor Huao. Containing a romantic and historical description of the Rebellion of the Blacks of Saint Domingo. By ELIZABETH MARGARET RITCHIE. Tllus- trated with Notes, contributed by a recent Traveller. VII. THE KHAN’S TALE. A TALE OF THE CARAVANSERAI. By JAMES BAILLie FRASER. Exhibiting a picture of Persian manners of vhe same kind as that which at once startled and delighted the public in his “ Kuzzilbash.” VIII. WALDEMAR ; orn, THE SAcK OF MaGpesurG. A TALE OF THE THIRTY YEARS’ WAR, In which the skilful Author of “Tales of a Physician,” has chosen for the exercise of his vivid pencil the most romantic period in Modern History. IX. THE DARK LADY OF DOONA. the Author of “ Wild Sports of the West.” An Irish Romance of the time of Elizabeth, so singular and so powerful, that the Atheneum fairly confesses that “‘ criticism would be as idle as reading the riot-act at Donybrook fair—not a soul would pay it the least attention.” X. THE BARONET; or, L’AMANT MAL- GRELIN. A picture of living Manners in the present Fashionable World. By Miss J. CORNER. XI. THE SEA-WOLF. A Romance of “The Free Traders.” A Naval Narrative, of wild and exciting interest, founded on facts, and presenting many points of relation with the celebrated fictions of Cooper. __ XII. THE JESUIT. A powerful and striking illustration of the principles and practices of that celebrated Society, from which it takes its name—ineluding transactions springing out of the disastrous attempt of the Pretender on the Throne of Great Britain. : XIII. THE SIEGE OF VIENNA, An His- torical Narrative. By MADAME PICHLER; containing an account of one of the most splendid and picturesque events of the seventeenth century, in which the Poles under Sobieski, took so prominent a part. XIV. THE ENTHUSIAST; or, TRATTS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GERMAN CouR?. An adaptation of one of the Ro- mances of SPINDLER. An admirably wrought and striking Narrative, full of faith, grace, and affection, and in every way worthy of its high reputation, reminding us, in its denowement,of the Vicar of Wakefield. XV. ERNESTO; or, THE HisToRY OF A Mryp. A Philosophical Romance. By WrL- LIAM Smiru, Esq. Author of “ Guidone.” “The Library of Romance is, unquestionably, one of the cheapest, the best, and most tastefully got up works of the kind to which modern bibliopolic spirit and enterprise have given birth. It will indeed be a standard work, and will be sought after and read with avidity when its contemporary works of fiction are utterly forgotten.”— Observer. SMITH, ELDER AND CO. CORNHILL. orks on Cmiqration. Second Edition in 2 vols. Svo. price 28s. illustrated with a large Map of Australia, by Arrowsmith; Charts, Fossils, Landscapes, and beautifully. coloured Plates of Birds, &c. RECENT DISCOVERIES IN AUSTRALIA. A NARRATIVE OF TWO Srpevitions into the Interior of Attstratia, UNDERTAKEN By Caprarn CuArtes Srurt, or mne 397TH REGIMENT, By order of the Colonial Government, To ascertain the nature of the Country to the west and north-west of the Colony of New South Wales. They are full of interest ; well and modestly “ We heartily recommend these volumes to public notice. written, carefully illustrated, and, on the whole, make us better acquainted with the interior of Australia and its native tribes than any other work we have hitherto met with,”— Atheneum, ———.]—_—_—_. In one vol. demy 8vo. price 14s. boards. THE PRESENT STATE OF AUSTRALIA, A DESCRIPTION OF THE COUNTRY, ITS ADVANTAGES AND PROSPECTS WITH REFERENCE TO EMIGRATION ; And a particular Account of the Mahners, Customs, and Condition of its Aboriginal Inhabitants. By Rosert Dawson, ESQ. Late Chief Agent of the Australian Agricultural Company. -«* The work before us is an important work ona very important question. The Author's advice to emi- grants ought to be read by every one contemplating a trip to a remote colony, from whence they may not have the power easily to retreat. The most valuable portion of Mr, Dawson's volume is unquestionably the mass of practical information it affords to all persons contemplating emigration,"—New Monthly Magazine. ———————__ Second Edition in one vol. demy 8vo. illustrated with a Map of Australia, and Five coloured Plates, price 16s. boards. THE FRIEND OF AUSTRALIA, CONTAINING Mbserhations on the immense Benefits of Emigration, OF FORMING NEW SETTLEMENTS, And the importance of elucidating the Geography of Australia ; Treating at length of its mysterious Interior, With Plans for Exploring and Surveying the same with safety ; Plans and Methods of forming Tanks and Reservoirs as practised in India, Recommended, and Illustrated with Wood-Cuts, &c. By an Orricer 1n THE E. J. Company’s SERVICE. ** This work contains much valuable information respecting the social, moral, and physical condition of Australia. The Author's suggestions for Colonization, &c. are for the most part worthy the attention of the —_—_@__ In two vols. small 8v0. with Map, price 21s. boards. AN HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF NEW SOUTH WALES; BOTH AS A PENAL SETTLEMENT, AND AS A BRITISH COLONY. By Joun Dunmorr Lane, v.pD. Senior Minister of the Scots Church, and Principal of the Australian College, Sydney. Second Edition, bringing down the History of the Colony to the end of 1836. Legislature.” — Observer. ae 4 WORKS RECENTLY PUBLISHED BY Just published, price Sixpence, OBSERVATIONS ON THE ADVANTAGES OF ‘ EMIGRATION TO NEW SOUTH WALES, FOR THE INFORMATION OF THE LABOURING CLASSES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM; Comprising valuable Extracts from the Minutes of Evidence taken before a Committee of the Council at Sydney ; Also the Report of the Chief Justice to his Excellency ; With other authentic and useful information just received from the Colony. —_hS THE EMIGRANT AND TRAVELLER'S GUIDE, TO AND THROUGH CANADA, BY WAY OF THE RIVER ST. LAWRENCE, AS WELL AS BY WAY OF THE UNITED STATES : With some friendly advice on Embarkation : The detailed Cost of Travelling on each Route, and other useful information to Settlers. By Joun Murray. Price 1s. 6d. ‘« This will be found a useful unpretending little volume. Mr, Murray has himself seen the country he describes, and speaks of expenses, routes, wages, distances, &c., from actual experience. To the emigrant to Canada the book is invaluable ; for, from bis embarkation to the time of settling, it never leaves him, It shows the difference of money in England and America ; the best and most economical modes of travelling ; the productions of the country ; and describes with clearness the remarkable places through which the tra- veller passes,”"— True Sun, —_—_»—____ In two vols. 8vo. price £1 8s. bds. THE HIstorny OF THE Tiurlbe Great Liberp Companies of London, PRINCIPALLY COLLECTED FROM QRALIR GRANGS AND BEGORDS) WITH NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS, AN HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION, AND COPIOUS ACCOUNTS OF EACH COMPANY AND OF THEIR ESTATES AND CHARITIES, WITH ATTESTED COPIES AND TRANSLATIONS OF ALL THE COMPANIES’ CHARTERS FROM THEIR FOUNDATION TO THE PRESENT TIME, By Witi1am HErRsert, Librarian to the Corporation of London. The Histories of the various Companies may be had separately at the following prices in cloth boards. CrotHworkers, 4s. GRocERS, 78. MeErRcHANT TaILors, 83. DRaAPERS, 8s. HABERDASHERS, 43. SALTERS, 4s. FISHMONGERS, 88. TRONMONGERS, 6s. SKINNERS, 78. GotpsmirTHs, 10s. MERCERS, 7s. VINTNERS, 4s. SMITH, ELDER AND CO. CORNHILL. 5 In demy 8vo0. with a Map and Plates, price 14s. SIX WEARS IN BISCAYW: COMPRISING A Personal Parratibde of the Sieges of Gilbao, IN JUNE 1835, AND OCTOBER TO DECEMBER 1836; AND OF THE PRINCIPAL EVENTS WHICH OCCURRED IN THAT CITY AND THE BASQUE PROVINCES, DURING THE YEARS 1830 To 1837. By Joun Francis Bacon. ** This is an able work, and it appears opportunely, for it makes the public well acquainted with what is called the Spanish Question.”"—Sunday Review. “« This work is written by a gentleman who resided for six years in the heart of the insurgent districts, the account given is frank and clear, and drawn entirely from personal observation, It gives much information of an available kind to the general reader, that is not to be found in any of the numerous publications that have been generated by the unnatural war in Spain.”— Atlas. “« This volume will well repay the perusal of any person interested in the present contest in Spain, and wishing to arrive at the truth respecting it. The work is altogether one of the best we have met with on the subject of the present Spanish war of succession.”—Naval and Military Gazette. “* To all who desire to receive further information as to the cause, the present state, and the probable result of the civil war in Spain, we can recommend this work, The writer resided long in the country— in Bilbao —the very centre of operations ; he was both observing and inquiring, and has collected together a vast many facts, throwing light on the state of the Basque Provinces before the war, on the causes of the protracted struggle, the endless failures of the Queen's Generals, &c.”—Athen@um. pace In demy 8vo. price 14s. boards, with a Portrait and other Plates. THE LIFE OF ADMIRAL VISCOUNT EXMOUTH, DRAWN UP FROM OFFICIAL AND OTHER AUTHENTIC DOCUMENTS SUPPLIED BY HIS FAMILY AND FRIENDS. By Epwarp Oster, Esa. This Memoir has been undertaken with the sanction of Lord Exmouth’s elder and only surviving Brother, whose recollections, and a correspondence which extends over more than fifty years, in which Lord Exmouth communicates his views and motives without reserve, have supplied the chief materials for a personal history. ** Here is a valuable addition to our Naval Biography: a book not to be read by Englishmen without pride of heart. The name of Exmouth occupies an honourable place beside those of Nelson and Colling- wood : his services were hardly less numerous or brilliant than theirs,”"—Athen@um, “* This is a valuable memoir of an officer, whom this country will ever acknowledge as one of its most brilliant heroes. We have had to notice many yaluable historical memoirs, but on no occasion have we had more pleasure than in the examination of the one before us : the life of a man whose gallantry and talents won for him the respect and esteem of every officer in the British Navy,”— Naval and Military Gazette. “* This is the most admirably written and interesting naval memoir which has appeared since Tuk Lire or Netson. It is a book which no blue-jacket ought to be without. It is rarely, indeed, that we have met with a naval memoir from the pen of a landsman, which realizes so completely our notions of the qualifications requisite in this class of writing, as the volume before us. Its style is simple, energetic, and often eloquent and impressive.”— United Service Gazette. ** A book full of interesting anecdotes of a noble specimen of English character."— Times. ** This volume ought to rank among the first biographical works we possess of our great naval com- manders.”— Gentleman's Magazine, —_>—— In foolscap 8v0. beautifully illustrated, price 7s. in fancy cloth. THE PROGRESS OF CREATION CONSIDERED G@ith Weference to the Present Condition of the Earth. An interesting and useful Work for Young People. By Mary Roserrs, Author of ‘‘ Annals of My Village,’’ &c. &c. ** This yolume forms a profitable addition to that important class of Works which now abound in. our language, whose aim is to improve the heart through the understanding, by making the discoveries of science subservient to the great interest of religion. We particularly recommend this work as eminently calculated to exalt the mind and purify the heart.”—Scots Times, 6 WORKS RECENTLY PUBLISHED BY Splendid Mlustrations to Bpron’s Works. Just completed in Twelve Monthly Parts, price 2s. 6d. each. COMPRISING, FOR THE FIRST TIME, HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE LETTER- PRESS, A NEW AND EXTENDED SERIES OF THE BYROW GALLERY. : A series of Historical Embellishments to illustrate the Poetical Works of Lord Byron; beautifully engraved from Drawings and Paintings by the most cele- brated Artists, and adapted by their size and excellence, to bind up with, and embellish every edition published in England of Lorp Byron’s Works, and also the various sizes and editions published in France, Germany, and Ame- rica; ample directions being given for placing them in the respective editions. A LIMITED NUMBER OF PROOFS HAVE BEEN TAKEN ON ROYAL QUARTO. Price, on plain paper 4s. India 5s. India before the Letters, 7s. 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There is no instance in which excellence in poetry and the arts are so admirably combined.”—Imperial Magazine. “* The most enthusiastic admirer of Byron must now be completely gratified: this Series of Historical Em- bellishments, will supply a splendid memorial of the noble and immortal Bard, ‘ The Byron Gallery’ was really wanted to make the charm complete ; and is executed in a manner worthy of the ‘ glorious imaginings’ which it is the professed object of the work to set before us. The execution of the Engravings is quite masterly.”—Scotsman, ——_—_—_— Just completed, in Ten Monthly Numbers, price 2s. 6d. each. STANFIELD’S COAST SCENERY. COMPRISING A Sevies of the most Picturesque Vielvs in the British Channel. FROM ORIGINAL DRAWINGS TAKEN EXPRESSLY FOR THIS PUBLICATION, By CuarKkson STANFIELD, Esa. R.A. The work is published in super-royal, Svo., each Part containing Four beautifully finished Line Engravings, by the most eminent Artists, accompanied by highly interesting typographical descriptions, forming altogether one of the most splendid works of the kind which has ever appeared. A very limited number of proofs have been taken from these splendid Engravings, on Colombier—Imperial and Royal 4to. *.* Copies of “ this. truly British and National Work,’ may now be had done up in appropriate and elegant morocco binding, price 32s. 6d. forming an attractive and unique ornament for the Library or Drawing Room Table. “« It seems almost a sin against patriotism, as well as good taste, not to possess oneself of a work so pecu- liarly National, and so exceedingly beautiful.”— Metropolitan. “ Amidst the unnumbered embellishments for the Drawing-room Table, or the Portfolio, which are now brought within the reach of every one, the difficulty is to know what is the most worthy of our choice. As directors, though in humble sphere, of the public taste, we would wish as opportunity offers, to point out those works of art whicb deserve peculiarly the public patronage. With this feeling we introduce the work now before us, assured that the admirers of coast scenery,— and who in the south of Hampshire is not one ? will be gratified with these exquisite engravings of subjects taken from both sides of the British Channel.” Hampshire Independent, SMITH, ELDER AND CO. CORNHILL. 7 AN INTERESTING AND INSTRUCTIVE PRESENT FOR YOUTH. Just completed in Sia neatly bound volumes, price 3s. 6d. each, THE PARENT'S CABINET or AMUSEMENT AND INSTRUCTION. The ohject of the Conductors of this work has been to provide a supply of instructive, reading for young people, in so attractive a form as to be at the same time a source of amusement, and at so moderate a charge as to come within the reach of all classes of the community. The various Tales and instructive subjects are illustrated with plates. The work was originally published in Monthly Numbers, (price sixpence each,) six of which form a volume. Six volumes are now completed, and may be purchased separately price 3s. 6d. each, neatly half-bound. Hist of Contents. Vou. I.—Brave Bobby. A Walk after a Shower. The disobedient Hedge-hog. Peter and his Poney. The Broken-Pump. Harry the Shrimper. Geography, Nos. I. and II. Chat in the Play-Room. Ruth the American Girl. The Martins. George Hart. Peter the Great. Casimer and Julia. Uncle John in Canada, Carrier and Wild Pigeons. Vou. II.—The Italian Boy. A Walk to the Ponds. Geography, No. III. The Goat in the Well. The Discovery of America. Robert Wilmot. Dragon-flies and Water-boatmen. More Chat with Aunt Lucy. Josephine. The Seconds-Clock. Charles and Jane. Uncle John at ' the Cape of Good Hope.. The Wax-palm Tree. The Eight-Day Clock. John Rayner, Sir Humphry Davy. The Cow-Tree. Vou. IIJ.—An Excursion to the Nore. The Garden-Snail and Wolf-Spider. The Crow and the Pitcher. The Two Rabbits. William Hutton. Geography, No. IV. ‘Uncle John’s Shipwreck. The Thermometer. Romulus. Saturday Night. The Lion and the Mouse. Mother’s Love. The Turk and the Indian. Loss and Gain. Letters from Charles Long to his Brother. Electrical Eels. The Discovery of the Pacific Ocean. The Dolphin. Vou. IV.—Truth and Falsehood. Ramble in the Fields. A Rainy Morning. Sweden and Lapland. The Obedient Kid. Numa Pompilius. Nothing Wasted. The Long Sum. Aunt Lucy’s Return from Woodville. The Nautilus. Tullus Hostilius. Charles Long’s Museum. Peacock, and other Birds. Toast and Tea. Clara Travers. Telegraph. James Ferguson. Peasants of the Alps. First Voyage Round the Earth. Ancus Marcius. The Four Bulls. Vou. V.—Caroline. Great Water Beetle. The Windmill. The Lost Ball. Egg Harvest of Oronoco. Approach of Winter. Character. The Robin, our Winter Friend. Tarquinius Priscus. The Conceited Jackdaw. Pompeii. Mosquitoes and Gnats of South America. Servius Tullius. Bears of the Zoological Gardens. The Stars. The Blackberry Treat. Cyrus. ( The Dissected Map. Vou. VI.—Visit to Manchester. The Swallow’s Return. Thomas and the Dog. Bread- Fruit of Otaheite. arrict’s Trials. Croesus. The House-Fly. Alexander Selkirk. A Canary’s Lamentation. Tarquinius Superbus. Caterpillar and Butterfly. Captain Cook. The Lock. The Castle and the School-house. Kensington Gardens. Apparent Course of the Sun. Uncle John in Iceland. Dog Tray. The Barometer. ** Every Parent at ali interested in his children, must have felt the difficulty of providing suitable reading for them, in their hours of amusement. This little work presents these advantages in a considerable degree, as it contains just that description of reading which will be beneficial to young children.” Quarterly Journal of Education, In foolscap 8v0. with highly-finished Plates, price 7s. in embossed cloth. INVESTIGATIONS oR, Travels in the Boudoir. By Caronine A. Hatstep, Author of “ The Little Botanist,” &c. This is an elegantly written and highly instructive Work for Young People, in which a general knowledge of various interesting topics, connected with every-day life, is presented to the youthful mind in an attractive and amusing form. 3 aa & & 8 WORKS PUBLISHED BY SMITH, ELDER & CO. CORNHILL. In foolscap 8vo. price 78. handsomely bound in cloth. THE TRAVELS OF MINNA AND GODFREY GM MANY BANDS - FROM THE JOURNALS OF THE AUTHOR, HOLLAND, BEAUTIFULLY ILLUSTRATED FROM THE OLD DUTCH MASTERS. “* Much agreeable and useful information is conyeyed in this excellent little work, A high moral is incul- cated throughout. Though directed to the young, it is worthy the perusal of adults."—Sunday Times. ** A charming little volume ; in which the company of two observant children and their remarks, lead to many statements in the course of travels in Holland, which cannot fail to be read with pleasure and instruc- tion, not only by the young, but the more mature. The work has very numerous and clever illustrations, and is well deserving of adoption into all family circles.”—Literary Gazette. **« This is truly a delightful and useful little book, abounding in information on a country that is, less fre- quently visited and talked of than it deserves. — It is written for young people, but many who have arrived at the age of manhood may read it with advantage.”— Metropolitan, “« This clever little book belongs, we rather think, to quite anew class. It is neither an original essay prepared from reading or reflection, nor a compilation of facts, adapted to the childish capacity; but the bona fide narrative of a tour, comprehending that species of information which a child is capable of acquiring and enjoying.”— Commentator. ———$<$<>____ QEB CBLBBBAQAD BAIND DQRBAVBLLBR In four vols. demy 8vo. illustrated by several highly finished Lithographic Views, and a Portrait of the Author, price 14s. each, (sold separately). A VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD; INCLUDING Travels in Africa, Asia, Australasia, Amevica, &e. &e. By Lieut. James Hotman, R.N. F.R.S. “« This episode in the record of Travels is almost incredible.”—Atlas, ** This publication is one of the literary wonders of the age.”— Spectator, “* For this work we cannot but anticipate a circulation as wide, we were going to say, us the Author's Travels,”—Literary Gazelle. “* We have seldom met with any work so replete with interesting information.”— Observer. “* Lieutenant Holman’s work is one of the most extraordinary that has ever appeared in any age or country.”"—True Sun, ———»—_—_ In two vols. demy 8vo. price 28s. A HISTORY OF CHINA, Ancient an¥ {MoVern: COMPRISING A RETROSPECT OF THE FOREIGN INTERCOURSE AND TRADE WITH CHINA, ILLUSTRATED BY A NEW AND CORRECTED MAP OF THE EMPIRE. BY THE REV. CHARLES GUTZLAFF, NOW AND FOR MANY YEARS PAST, RESIDENT IN THAT COUNTRY. “* Mr. Charles Gutzlaff, a native of Prussia, was employed as a Missionary in the East, we believe, by the Netherlands Society, and to his astonishing skill in acquiring the Dialects of the Chinese Countries, his bold and adventurous character, commerce and statistical science, as well as Christianity, are already in- debted, ...... After residing in Siam for some months, preaching, teaching, and acquiring languages, he proceeded to China in a native Junk, and by this mode of travelling, he of course acquired an insight into the character of the lower elasses of Chinese, ...... In two subsequent voyages he coasted a large part of Western China, during which he was repeatedly charged by the Chinese Mandarins with being a native, so accurate was his knowledge of their language and manners, China, therefore, seems to be a theatre peculiarly fitted for a person of Mr. Gutzlaff’s qualifications and tempcrament.”— Times, ‘ STEWART AND MURRAY, PRINTERS, OLD BAILEY. rar an dive OPER - Ce te ee cee tics schist vo) dgul babe ae anges Seige pe t onde « me ? , Tal banks aie 7S POD) “dine ‘ eee ee kee TA ter tonal he) See ¢ aytew s mp ita get. toy ral . Ni Suan au? ; MIAME An. Mahe yer eh we #2 apt Runa | oer iif 4 airs ni we Rirare et: 2 Dale a ah “a i Kiker 2s Wat » 9 § ae tha co ts rr 8. “ew ‘ < ! ph aS ‘ . Pp “ ee eM ee Re en rey HySI =) Raut a. igri ae om! wf Bie’ the: oat ‘ 7 £ ( 1e " : ar af F i ' es 7 ; Se a se a a ay . oe i , ; ‘ ’ ' 5 f te bet d i