Smith, Andrew. ///ustrations of the Zoology of South Africa,
London, 1838

These illustrations consist chiefly of figures and descriptions of the
objects of natural history collected during an expedition into the
interior of South Africa in the years 1834, 1835, and 1836, fitted out

by “The Cape of Good Hope Association for Exploring Central
Africa” together with a summary of African zoology and an inquiry
into the geographical ranges of species in that quarter of the globe.

PROSPECTUS.

Tue Cape of Good Hope is now acknowledged to be one of the greatest avenues as yet opened for the
researches of the Naturalist. Our Colony in that part of Southern Africa is the key to a large portion of
an extensive continent which is still but very partially explored; and the field to whiclr it admits the
scientific traveller is rich to exuberance in the variety and novelty, both of animal and vegetable life.

Stimulated by the prospect of Discovery in a quarter so fertile in interest, “ The Cape of Good Hope
Association for Exploring Central Africa” was established in 1833; and in 1836, an Expedition fitted
out by that body, consisting of thirty-four persons, and directed by Dr. Smith, after an absence of
nineteen months, and pénetrating as far as 23° 28’ South latitude, returned to Cape Town laden with
a variety of curious and important specimens in Natural History, &c.

Previously to this period little information has been furnished, in a shape calculated to enable the
public to form accurate ideas of the various animated beings by which these regions are inhabited. The
splendid publication of Le Vaillant, no doubt, should be mentioned as forming an exception, pro tanto ;
but this includes only a portion of the Birds of the most southern extremity of the country, and a work
therefore extensive enough to comprehend the various departments of Zoology is still a desideratum.

The Members of The Cape of Good Hope Association for Exploring Central Africa found themselves,
on the return of the recent Expedition, in a situation to supply at least some portion of the existing
deficiencies ; but their funds, even if it had been possible to divert them to such an object, were altogether
inadequate to defray the expense of laying the result of their labours before the world. Under such
circumstances, it was decided that Dr. Smith, the director of the Expedition, should be authorised, on
his arrival in England, to wait upon Lord Glenelg, for the purpose of making him acquainted with
the position and views of the Society, in the hope that Government might be induced to assist in the
publication of their materials.

This hope has not been disappointed. At the recommendation of the Secretary of State for the
Colonial Department, the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty’s Treasury have been pleased, by a
pecuniary grant, to enable the Society to publish the result of its labours, without infringing upon the
funds raised solely for the purposes of discovery ; and in a form which, whilé it places the work
within reach of most of the friends and promoters of science, will not, it is hoped, be found inconsistent
_ with the interest and importance of the subject.

The materials for the work now offered, under such patronage, to the public, will consist of pictorial
illustrations of between three and four hundred subjects of the animal kingdom, all of which have been
collected to the south of 23° 28’ South latitude ; and will comprise,

First, and principally, unknown animals ;

Secondly, animals known, but not yet figured ; and

Lastly, such as have been imperfectly figured ; but of which the Society i is in possession of accurate
drawings.

The Entomological portion of the work will be from the pen of W.S. Macleay, Esq., who has
kindly undertaken that department. The rest of the descriptions will be furnished by Dr, Smith, who
will add a summary of African Zoology, and an inquiry into the Geographical ranges of species in that
quarter of the Globe.

- Conditions of Publication.

The Work will appear in periodical parts, price ten shillings each ; and it is estimated that it will be
completed in about thirty-four parts. As it will be necessary that the plates be published promiscuously,
they will be arranged in five divisions, viz. Mammarra, Aves, Pisces, Reprivia, and INVERTEBRATA.
Fhe plates of each of these divisions will be numbered independently, and the letter-press descriptions left

unpaged, so that on the work being completed, they may be arranged either agreeably to the general classified _

order which will accompany the Jast number, or according to the particular views of the purchasers,
y e »*

ernrene sen

; : ‘ *
The whole of the Plates will be engraved in the highest style of Art, from Drawings taken expressly
for this Work, and beautifully coloured after Nature.

THE FIRST PART, CONTAINING TEN ENGRAVINGS, WAS PUBLISHED ON THE Isr JULY, 1838,
Price Ten Shillings.

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[Price 16s.

ILLUSTRATIONS

OF THE Na tay ul

ZOOLOGY OF SOUTH AFRICA;

CONSISTING CHIEFLY OF

FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE OBJECTS OF NATURAL HISTORY

COLLECTED DURING

AN EXPEDITION INTO THE INTERIOR OF SOUTH AFRICA,
IN THE YEARS 1834, 1835, ann 1836;

FITTED OUT BY

“ THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE ASSOCIATION FOR EXPLORING CENTRAL AFRICA :”

ss
TOGETHER WITH

A SUMMARY OF AFRICAN ZOOLOGY,

AND AN INQUIRY INTO THE GEOGRAPHICAL RANGES OF SPECIES
IN THAT QUARTER OF THE GLOBE,

BY ANDREW SMITH, M.D.,

SURGEON TO THE FORCES, AND DIRECTOR OF THE EXPEDITION.

\

reenrnrere.

Published unver the Authority of the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty’s Treasury.

ANNULOSA.
BY W. S. MACLEAY, ESQ. M.A, F.LS.,

HIS LATE MAJESTY’S COMMISSIONER AND JUDGE IN THE MIXED COURT OF JUSTICE
ESTABLISHED AT THE HAVANA. ‘

LONDON: =
tm
SMITH, ELDER AND CO. CORNHILL. ce

MDCCCXXXVIII. ; ne

1938

LONDON: PRINTED BY STEWART AND MURRAY, OLD BAILEY.
nde Ae
9

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Ad eo
MI ae,

re ree if

Be EA LE Pe

ILLUSTRATIONS

OF THE

ANNULOSA OF SOUTH AFRICA;

BEING A PORTION OF THE OBJECTS OF NATURAL HISTORY
CHIEFLY COLLECTED DURING

AN EXPEDITION INTO THE INTERIOR OF SOUTH AFRICA,

UNDER THE DIRECTION OF DR. ANDREW SMITH,
IN THE YEARS 1834, 1835, anv 1836;

“ THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE ASSOCIATION FOR EXPLORING CENTRAL AFRICA.”

BY W. 8S. MACLEAY, ESQ. M.A. F.L.S.

HIS LATE MAJESTY’S COMMISSIONER AND JUDGE IN THE MIXED COURT OF JUSTICE

ESTABLISHED AT THE HAVANA.

Published under the Authority of the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty's Creagurp.

POE OLLI OEE COOLIO LE LOD OLE

LONDON:

SMITH, ELDER AND CO. CORNHILL.
MDCCCXXXVIII.

LONDON:
PRINTED BY STEWART AND MURRAY,
OLD BAILEY.

TO ZOOLOGISTS.

Ar the request of my friend Dr. Smith, I have undertaken to lay before the
public such Annulose forms collected by him in South Africa, as appear to be
most worthy of notice. It may be well that I should mention here my having
lately acquired, by purchase, the very extensive collection of Annulosa made
by M. Verreaux during his long residence at the Cape, and also his manu-
script notes on the species collected. Perhaps therefore no naturalist is
better provided than I am with those materials which are necessary to enable
us to form accurate notions of South African entomology. Upon this subject
also, my personal acquaintance with the habits of many exotic genera, may
to a certain degree be brought to bear.

In his descriptions of the vertebrated animals of the Cape, Dr. Smith has
adopted a plan of publication, which is at once convenient for himself and
for his readers. The subjects which he brings under the notice of natu-
ralists, are by reason of their size and importance in the economy of
nature, sufficiently interesting to entitle each species to a distinct plate and
a long description. He can, therefore, publish each animal in the order
that best suits his convenience, reserving for the conclusion his general
arrangement, when his readers can either adopt it or bind up the work
according to that system which may most please their fancy. I need
scarcely say that the expense which would inevitably result from the
adoption of any such mode of publication in the description of insects,
renders it impossible for me to follow Dr. Smith’s example. A whole
plate devoted to a single species of annulose animal, would be obviously
inconvenient for all parties, and to none more than to the purchasers of
this work. It becomes therefore necessary to place several figures in
one plate; the only valid objection to which plan is the difficulty of
finally arranging the plates according to system, since each of them must
necessarily contain figures of species that belong to very different groupes.
This evil, however, I shall endeavour to avoid, by describing as far as

B

2 TO ZOOLOGISTS.

convenient, my species in small natural groupes, and by confining each plate
as much as possible to the representation of species that are nearly allied
to each other. Such a mode of proceeding, like that of Dr. Smith, will
allow of the work, when concluded, being bound up according to that system
of arrangement which may appear to the reader most advisable to follow.

I could wish that it had been in my power to describe these insects
according to the general plan commenced in the Annulosa Javanica. Several
circumstances, however, prevent such a scheme being followed, among
which is the necessity in a work of this kind of each number possessing
considerable variety. But although I am about to describe the Annulosa of
South Africa in a miscellaneous order, I trust no one will detect symptoms
of my being tormented by that morbid thirst for naming new species
which makes so many modern works in entomology, rather magazines of
undigested and insulated facts than harmonious histories of nature. It is
really distressing to see the philosophy of our science lost sight of in a
puling passion for that miserable immortality which is made to depend on
the invention of some barbarous technical names. We cannot even say
that the best entomologists are free from it, when we find the laborious
author of the ‘“‘ Genera Curculionidum,’ whose fame has arisen from his
study of nomenclature, shewing utter contempt of its laws. The pre-
servation of the earliest name is a duty not so much to the name as to
the science; yet M. Schonherr has in 1833, attempted to alter the names
of many genera published in 1825 in the appendix to Captain King’s voyage.
I shall not follow so mischievous an example; but as far as my humble
means will allow, I shall endeavour to be rigorously observant of that
leading principle of nomenclature which is the right of priority. This right,
in my opinion, is so necessary to be sustained, if we have any regard for the
interests of natural history, that I shall never for one moment wait to
consider whether the first namer of a species be an author of reputation
or not.

W. S. M‘L.

ON THE BRACHYUROUS DECAPOD CRUSTACEA.

BROUGHT FROM THE CAPE BY DR. SMITH.

THE most interesting observations on Crustaceous animals which have of late years been
given to the public are those of Dr. Vaughan Thompson, relating to their metamorphosis.
It had been long recorded that many Entomostraca undergo metamorphosis ; but no naturalist
before Thompson ever ventured to affirm that crabs, lobsters, and the higher Crustacea
generally, pass through certain changes of form after leaving the egg. It is true, that in conse-
quence of the publications of Professor Rathke, some persons disputed the truth of Dr.
Thompson’s assertions; but so far as my own observations allowed me to form an opinion on
the subject, I was ever inclined to think that this gentleman merited well of science, which is far
more than could be said of any of those persons who by crude inferences, but never by direct obser-
vation, ventured to attack him.* I have never myself lived sufficiently near the sea-side
to enable me conveniently to repeat Dr. Thompson’s experiments ; but looking merely to what
I have seen with my own eyes, I think it will eventually be found that the Ptilota of Aristotle
may be characterized by their change of form taking place during their last two or three stages
of ecdysis; while the metamorphosis of all other Annulosa only occurs during the first or
second moult after leaving the egg. When I come to treat of the Wacrowrous Decapods, I
shall return to this subject. At present my attention must be more particularly confined to
the classification of the Brachyura, as being the best known groupe of all Crustacea.

M. Latreille and Dr. Leach left systems behind them for the arrangement of Crustacea,
which were professedly artificial, although the former naturalist made several praiseworthy
attempts to arrange these animals naturally. Since the death of these eminent naturalists, two

authors have appeared with higher pretensions to acquaintance with the class. The first of

these, M. Milne Edwards, having previously made some ingenious observations on the
economy and internal anatomy of Crustacea, has lately, in the “ Suites de Buffon,” produced
a classification, of which I can only say, that it makes an approach to be a rare exception to
the well-known fact, that professed comparative anatomists are the persons, of all others, who
in general are the most incapable of using their own observations for purposes of natural
arrangement. And indeed this very arrangement of Edwards is not natural, since he unfortu-
nately conceives that every groupe he can invent, provided he can furnish it with a character,
must be therefore a good one. As, on the contrary, the true definition of a complete natural
groupe is, that it must be a series returning into itself, many of the groupés efMilne Edwards,
when weighed by this scale, will be found wanting. For instance, of his four grand groupes,
Oxyrhynques, Cyclometopes, Catométopes, and Oxystomes, perhaps only his Cyclometopes form a

* The credit of confirming Thompson’s observations belongs to my friend Captain Ducane, R.N., who has made at
Southampton most interesting observations on the Metamorphosis of Crustacea, which I trust he will soon give to the Public.

54 ON THE BRACHYUROUS DECAPODS OF THE CAPE.

complete natural groupe. Still the “ Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés” is a book full of facts,
which ought to be in the hands of every carcinologist. The second naturalist, above alluded to, is
Professor Dehaan of Leyden. He has treated the subject in another manner, and deserves to be
considered of a more philosophic stamp. What he has published on Crustacea in the Fauna
Japonica is a magnificent tribute to science. Milne Edwards rarely takes notice of any of the
maxilla, except the external or fifth pair; and if any objection can be made to Dehaan’s
arrangement, it is that he likewise is not sufficiently eclectic, and appears to make too much
use of the organs of manducation. Nevertheless, as he rigorously follows the mode in which
these organs vary, and not that by which they might arbitrarily be combined, it is satisfactory
to find that the result, generally arrived at, very nearly approaches to the plan of nature.
Nothing further has been published on Crustacea of late years, unless we except some interest-
ing descriptions of new species by MM. Say, Guerin, Bell and others. As for M. Dehaan’s
system, it is not completely worked out; so that Iam obliged to offer the following arrange-
ment, provisionally, as being that by which I have been able to express the affinities which
exist among the Decapods of my own collection. It will at least serve to unite all those rela-
tions, whether of affinity or analogy, which have been recorded by Latreille, Milne Edwards,
and Dehaan, and will prove that, by means of a moderate exercise of patience, order may some-
times be made to arise out of an apparent chaos.

1. The modern art of describing is too often insufferably long, while human life remains short
as ever. I shall endeavour, therefore, as in the former paper, to condense my descriptions as
much as possible.

Order DECAPODA, Lat.

Tribes.
Normal Groupe. (F Oral orifice broad in front. The afferent canals of the
1 TETRAGONOSTOMA. branchial cavity opening behind the mouth. Epistome
Bracuyoura, Lat. tL distiiok:
Abdomen having no appen-<
dages attached to the pen- | (Oral orifice triangular and narrow in front. The afferent
ultimate segment. Internal | 2 TrrconosToma. 2 canals of the branchial cavity opening in front of the
antenne lodged in fossule. | L mouth. Epistome in general rudimentary.

Abdomen not furnished with false natatory feet. Abdo-

minal appendages not forming a natatorial tail. Bran-
Aberrant Groupe.

(5 Anomura, M.E. L chiz lamellate. Peduncle of external antenne not

M Lat covered by any moveable scale.
ACROURA, Lat.
Aba ne beasiacs (Abdomen furnished with false natatory feet. Abdominal
omen having appenda,

athe 2 2 appendages forming a natatorial tail. Branchize peni-

cilliform. Peduncle of external antenne with its scale
(null or rudimentary.

J :
attached to the penultimate } = SEES GTS

segment. No fossule for
the reception of the in-

ternal antenns: P CaripeEa, Lat. fears furnished with false natatory feet. Abdominal

appendages forming a natatory tail. Branchie lamel-
| late. Peduncle of external antenne covered by a large
L moveable scale.

2. It is only with the normal groupe that we for the present have to concern ourselves. I shall
therefore proceed provisionally to arrange the Brachyura into Stirpes, merely observing, that in

ON THE BRACHYUROUS DECAPODS OF THE CAPE. 55

the following descriptions I shall rarely allude to colour, since experience has taught me that in
this respect dried specimens of Crustacea are not to be trusted. I would also observe, that as the
groupes of degree next inferior to families—namely, genera—have never been worked out in this
class, I have for the present considered almost all the various groupes under families to be sub-
genera, although some of them, such as Plagusia, may possibly be a true genus, and others again
may prove to be only sections of some sub-genus. I do not think that our collections, as yet,
possess a sufficient quantity of species to allow us to decide what are the genera and what are
the sub-genera of Decapod Crustacea. Professor Dehaan, however, has offered some valuable
hints on the subject, and to those I refer the reader. We appear to enter among the
Brachyura by the genus Mycteris, and to leave it by means of the genus Ranina. There are
ten Brachyurous stirpes, which may be placed in two columns, so as to shew those analogies
which by Milne Edwards and others have too often been taken for affinities.

TETRAGONOSTOMA. Analogies. ° TRIGONOSTOMA.
Mycteris .. PINNOTHERINA. Shell orbicular. Dromuna—Ranina.
GRAPSINA. Shell quadrilateral. DoripPina.
CancRINA. Shell arcuated with feet often natatory. CorysTINA.
PARTHENOPINA. Shell uneven with crested feet. CALAPPINA.
INACHINA. Shell sub-triangular and generally spined. LEUCOSINA-

3. The analogy between certain Znachina, such as Acanthonyx, and certain Leucosina, such
as Vursia, is so great as to have induced M. Latreille to imagine that a direct affinity existed
between the two groupes. In general, the above analogies appear reversed; but the Tetra-
gonostomous stirpes may be characterized as follows :—

Trine TETRAGONOSTOMA.
Stirpes.

Normal Groupe. 1 INAcHINA. First joint of external antenne very large, forming the

Triangular Crabs. greater part of the lower side of the orbit, and always

BE SSI Ii rh soldered to the clypeus.
Epistome very large. Cly-

peus generally advanced in
front. L

i First joint of external antenne small, not soldered to the

2 PARTHENUPINA. clypeus and not aiding to form the lower side of the

Rocky Crabs. U orbit of the eye.
3 CANCRINA. Tigellus of external pedipalps always inserted at the inner
Arched Crabs. angle of their third joint. The scapes of the palpi

Aberrant Groupe. unidentated on the inside. Shell arched in front.

(Tigellus of external pedipalps inserted at the outer angle,
J or at the middle of the third joint. The scapes of

4 GRAPSINA.
BRACHYRHYNCHA.

Square Crabs. >
Epistome short. Clypeus L palpi not dentated. Shell quadrilateral.
rarely advanced in front. Tigellus of external pedipalps always inserted at the sum-
iP aaa J mit, or at the outer angle of their third joint. The
NS) \__ scapes of the palpi not dentated. Shell orbicular.

4. By Eurynome we pass from the Inachina to the Parthenopina ; by means of Athra we pass
from the Parthenopina to the Cancrina ; from these to the Girapsina by Thelphusa ; from the
Grapsina to the Pinnotherina by means of Doto; and from the Pinnotherina we return
to the Inachina by means of Elamene. The following appear to be the families of Ina-

56 ON THE BRACHYUROUS DECAPODS OF THE CAPE.

china, which, as well as the Parthenopina, have the genital organs of the male hollowed out in
the first joint of the hind feet.

Stirps INACHINA, or TriancuLar Crass.
Families.

Tigellus of external pedipalps inserted at the outer angle of
L their third joint.

Normal Groupe. (1 Inacuip&, M‘L.
|

Macropopra, M. E.

lL: Eukyeontne MT ‘ake of external pedipalps inserted at the inner angle of

Feet long and slender. their third joint.

(3 Errautipa, M‘L. Eyes not concealable ; no orbitary groove.
Aberrant Groupe.

Eyes concealable in an orbitary groove. Clypeus bifur-
4 Miryracip#, M‘L.

Mare, M. E. {cate in the middle.
Feet of the ordinary size. ; Eyes concealable in an orbitary groove. Clypeus pointed
e Hues AVL. { an Gly cate,

5. Of the two first families I have no species from the Cape to describe. I proceed therefore
to the third

Fam. EPIALTID/, Mihi.

Sub-genus. Antiuipinia, M‘L.

Cephalothorax short, convex, pear-shaped, as broad almost as long, with the sides dentated in

front, and the clypeus short, triangular, with a bidentated apex, having a smaller tooth
on each side.

Orbit without any distinct fossula.

Eyes minute, somewhat prominent, but scarcely moveable, and having a very short peduncle.

Exterior antenne longer than the clypeus, with their first joint reaching its middle, and being
three-sided at the apex, while the second and third joints are cylindrical, and the rest are
short and setaceous.

Internal antenne inserted at the base of the rostrum, and having their basilar joint obconical
and rather three-sided, while their second joint is shorter and cylindrical.

External pedipalpi, or fifth pair of maxille, with their outer palpus semifusiform, and the inner
palpus having the second joint elongated with parallel sides, the third joint subquadrate,
and the tigellus very small, inserted at its inner angle.

Feet, first pair twice as long as body, with the chele thick, having subacute digits, which are
serrulated on the inside. The hinder pairs of feet are more slender.

Abdomen wanting in my specimen, which is a male.

This groupe I have called Antilibinia, because it is in the family Epialtide exactly what
Libinia is in the family Mithracide. It is only analogous to Libinia, for it has no grooves or
orbit for the concealment of the eyes, which besides are neither moveable nor retractile. Zibinia

is a groupe peculiar to the New World; but whether it and Antilibinia are sub-genera, or only
sections of sub-genera, remains to be proved.

ON THE BRACHYUROUS DECAPODS OF THE CAPE. 57

Sp. 1. ( ) Antilibinia Smithii, 7. s.
Descr. Andtilibinia teste margine laterali anticé tridentato, clypeo bifurcato cornubus intus
pilosis.

Nors. The shell of this species is without hairs, almost circular, and has the regions in general
distinct. The clypeus is bifurcated with a tooth on each side of the base. The anterior lateral
margin of the shell has three teeth, of which the foremost is situated behind the eyes ; the
second or middle tooth is the greatest, and directed forwards, while the last is little more
than a tubercle. The digestive region has an eminence marked on each side. The branchial
region has five or more tubercles on each side. The cardial region has a tubercle in the middle
behind, and on each side of it there is an oblique portion of the shell scabrose. The horns of
the clypeus are pilose on the inside. The digits of the chelz have seven or more teeth on the
inside. The four pair of hind feet have their third joints thick, and are armed with long curved
claws. This crab resembles the Libinia spinosa of Milne Edwards so closely, that at first sight
it might be taken for it.

Sub-genus. AcANTHONYX, Lat.

Sp. 2. ( ) Acanthonyx dentatus, W. 2.
Acanthonyx dentatus, Hist. Nat. des Crust. vol. i. p. 343.
Sp. 3. ( ) Acanthonyx scutellatus, n. s.

Descr. Acanthonyx fere duplo longior quam latus, orbite angulo externo unidentato, clypeo
ad basin tuberculis duobus setiferis supra instructo, testee margine laterali bidentato dente
posteriori minimo apice subsetifero.

Nore. The shell of this fine species, which is more than an inch long, is shaped like an heraldic
shield. It is depressed. The two horns of the clypeus are pilose at their apex, and have two
setiferous tubercles at their base. On each side of these horns, and at the external angle of
the orbits, there is a triangular tooth also pilose at the apex. The anterior lateral margins of
the shell are bidentated. The fore teeth on each side are large, triangular, and blunt. From
their points the sides of the carapace proceed towards the posterior margin, nearly parallel
to each other, until they arrive at the second tooth, which is rudimentary, and reduced to a
setiferous tubercle. The posterior margin of the thorax is rounded.

Fam. MITHRACIDZ&, Mihi.

Sub-genus. Denaantius, M‘L.

Cephalothorax subtriangular, with the lateral margins in front dentated, and behind rounded ;
the clypeus being quadridentate.

Orbit simple, with globose moveable eyes, thicker than their peduncles.

Exterior antenne with the basilar joint broad at the base, then narrower and reaching the
middle of the clypeus ; while the second joint is shorter and obconical.

Internal antenne with the basilar joint subcylindrical, and the second subtriangular.

External pedipalpi with the outer palpus falciform, and the inner palpus having its second joint
with subparallel sides, the third jot sub-quadrate, emarginate at the apex, with the
tigellus conspicuous, inserted at its inner angle.

I

58 ON THE BRACHYUROUS DECAPODS OF THE CAPE.

Feet, first pair thicker than the rest, and having the digits serrulated on the inside; the second
pair longer than the first, and, as well as the three posterior pair, it is furnished with a
subcheliform penultimate joint, which is truncated at the apex, and unidentated.

Abdomen of male has seven segments.

This groupe is in the family Mithracide exactly what Acanthonyz is in the family Epial-
tide. Both are analogous groupes in contiguous families ; but whether they ought to be con-
sidered as sub-genera, or only sections of sub-genera, remains yet to be discovered.

Sp. 4. (
Descr. Dehaanius testa glabra’, margine laterali anticé tridentato, dente medio majore, clypeo

) Dehaanius acanthopus, x. s.

fossula inter dentes duos medios majores longitudinali.

Nore. Carapace pyriform and without hair, having the digestive, cardiac, and branchial
regions distinct. Anterior lateral margin tridentate, the middle tooth being much the largest.
Clypeus short, with four triangular divergent teeth, the two in the middle being the largest
and farthest advanced. From the middle bifurcation of the clypeus there is a deep groove
continued about half its length backwards. The feet are without hairs. The chele of fore-
feet are thick, and serrulated on the inside. The other four pair of feet have thick knees, and
subcheliform claws. The only specimen brought home by Dr. Smith has lost of the external
antennee all but the two first joints.

Sub-genus. Miturax, Leach.

Sp. 5. (

Descr. Mithrax cornubus rostri divergentibus ad apicem arcuatis, extus bidentatis dente apicali

) Mithrax quadridentatus, x. s.

multo majore; testa triangulari supra granulosa, haud spinosa, marginibus lateralibus anticis
quinquidentatis.

Nore. Carapace and feet exactly like those of Mithrax dichotomus, Lat., to which this species
comes exceedingly close. The anterior lateral edges of the shell are armed on each side,
asin MW. dichotomus, with seven spiniform teeth ; but the hinder two of these teeth are evanescent,
and are placed more on the back. There are, moreover, no points on the hinder edge of
the carapace, as in M. dichotomus. The eyes are globular, and larger than the base of the
pedicles. The antennary fossa has no tubercle at the posterior edge. The anterior feet are
long, having the third and fourth joints covered with short spines: the fifth joint or hand is
slender and smooth, as is also the moveable finger without teeth. The other feet have no
tooth at the extremity of the third jomt. The size is 13 inch.

6. By means of Ewrynome we proceed to the PartuEnopina ; but of this groupe no species
has been brought from the Cape ; so we avail ourselves of Cryptopoda to pass on to Atthra,
and so among the Cancrina, of which the families appear to be as follow. All these families are
distinguished by having the scapes of the palpi of the fifth maxillz unidentated on the outside ;
and their males have the genital orifices hollowed out in the first joints of the hind feet.

ON THE BRACHYUROUS DECAPODS OF THE CAPE. 59

Stirps. CANCRINA, or ArcuEep Crass.
Families,

a lacinia of third maxille dilated at the apex. Shell

(eee, SL, arched in front.

Aberrant Groupe.

Outer lacinia of third maxille narrow at the apex. Shell
Canceri#, M. E. < 2 Cancrip, M‘L, 3
, ‘ arched in front.
Hind feet with claws. Body |
thick. SE ML Outer lacinia of third maxille narrow at the apex. Shell
L apa as quadrilateral, or at least but little arched in front.
Normal Groupe. AP. ML Outer lacinia of third maxille with the inner apex emar-
Portusta MoE ears at ; ginate. Last joint of hind feet more or less round.
,M. E.
Hind feet dilated, and formed Outer lacinia of third maxille with the inner apex entire.
for swimming. Body de- | 5 Carcrinip&, Leach. Last joint of the hind feet more or less acuminate at the
pressed, apex.

I proceed to enumerate the following Cape species, which belong to this Stirps :—

Fam. XANTHIDA, Mihi.

Sub-genus. AvERGAtIS, Dehaan.
) Atergatis compressipes, 7. s.

Se. 6. (

Descr. Atergatis testa rubra levi fulvo-maculatd clypeo vix quadrilobo; chelis intus com-

pressis, digitis supra carinatis extus lineis elevatis duabus instructis, pedibus brevibus latis
compressis fulvé-maculatis.

Norr. The shell of this crab is about two inches long, and about twice as wide as long, of an
oval form, very convex, and having only the branchial regions distinctly marked. The surface is
quite smooth, of a dirty orange hue, marked with brick-red spots. Of these, one large spot, of
an irregular form, reaches over the genital region almost the whole width of the shell. Another
smaller spot marks the cardiac region, and the remainder of the shell is covered with small
round spots of the same hue, which are also found on the feet. The seven-joited abdomen of
the female is also marked with small fulvous spots.

The margin of the clypeus is sinuated so as almost to show four rudimentary lobes. The
chele at their points are blackish ; on the fixed joint there are two elevated lines on the out-
side. The other feet are very much compressed and dilated. In other respects the characters

are those common to all the species of the groupe named Atergatis by Professor Dehaan.
This species is two inches long.

Sub-genus. Cutoropivs, Leach.
Se. 7. ( ) Chlorodius perlatus, 7. s.
Descr. Chlorodius testa rugis divisd, supra granulosa granulis albis, marginibus lateralibus

anticis quadrilobis ; clypeo quadrilobo manibus pedibusque crassis rugosis verrucosis, chelis
apice translucentibus, pedibus brevissimis.

Nors. This species comes very near the Chlorodius areolatus of Milne Edwards, but may be
12

60 ON THE BRACHYUROUS DECAPODS OF THE CAPE.

distinguished from it by the anterior lateral margin being in this crab scolloped, instead of
having four triangular teeth. The whole of the feet also are granulose, which is not the case
in C. areolatus. The length is about eight lines. This is not the Chlorodius of Dehaan.

Sub-genus. Hauimep#, Dehaan.
Sp. 8. ( ) Halimede pisifer, n. s.
Descr. Halimede testa villosa antice tuberculata postice scabrosa, clypeo subacuminato, manibus
pedibusque infra glaberrimis levissimis, hirsutie tuberculisque pisiformibus extus opertis,

chelis nigris.

Nore. This species is only seven lines long. The thorax is convex in the middle, having the
anterior lateral margins scolloped by four blunt tubercles. The front is sub-acuminate, with
the apex crenated. The chelz are unequal in size, but both large. The abdomen is covered
with hairs, except the last joint.

This species has affinity to the Polydectus cupulifer of Milne Edwards, agreeing with it, in
having three great tubercles surrounding each orbit, one occupying its external angle, and the
two others the lower edge of the orbit.

7. Of the family Cancrip# we have no species ; we pass on therefore to the following—

Fam. ERIPHID/, Mihi.

Sub-genus. Errputa, Lat.

Sp. 9. ( ) Exiphia Smithii, 7. s.
Descr. Hriphia testa postice albopunctata regionibus distinctis, lateribus antice tuberculatis,

clypeo haud spinoso, lobis duobus mediis quinque-tuberculatis, manibus tuberculosis chelis

concoloribus, pedibus hispidis.

Nors. This species of Eriphia has its carapace well marked by the regions. The whole of it
towards the margin, except behind, is covered with tubercles ; the rest of the surface is granu-
lose. The lateral margin is strongly tuberculated, and the two last tubercles behind the orbits
are almost spines. The margin of the orbit is tuberculated. The margin of the two middle
lobes of the four-lobed clypeus has five tubercles for each. The fore-feet are one larger than
the other. The larger being marked above by tubercles sparingly scattered, and the smaller
being strongly verrucose above and below. The chele of the former has strong teeth ; those
of the latter have scarcely any, and cross each other. The feet are spotted with white above,
are hispid, but have no tubercles. The length is more than two inches. The abdomen of the

male is seven-jointed.

Sp. 10. ( ) Eriphia Fordii, 7. s.
Descr. Hriphia testa postice fulvomaculata regionibus distinctis, lateribus anticé sub-sexspinosis,
clypeo haud spinoso, lobis duobus mediis 6-tuberculatis, manibus levibus chelis nigris,

pedibus hispidis.

Nore. This species also, like the Eriphie in general, has the regions well marked out. The fore
margin of the carapace is tubercled, but not so much so as in the Eriphia Smithii. The rest
of the surface is very finely granulose. The lateral margin has six distinct teeth or spines

ON THE BRACHYUROUS DECAPODS OF THE CAPE. 61

before, and some minute tubercles behind. The margin of the orbit is also tuberculated, four
of the tubercles becoming almost teeth. The margin of the two middle lobes of the four-lobed
clypeus has six tubercles for each. The fore-feet are one larger than the other. Both are
almost smooth, although the smaller presents some vestiges of tubercles. The digits of the
chele are black; those of the larger hand have three teeth above and below; those of the lesser
hand being almost without teeth. The feet are without spots or tubercles, but are very hispid.
The length is two inches. The abdomen of the female has seven joints.

The two foregoing species of Eriphia both come close to their congeners, the Gegarcinus
hirtipes of Lamarck, and the Eriphia levimana of Milne Edwards. But these last species are
natives of the Isle of France.

Sub-genus. Curtonotus, Dehaan.

Se. 11. ( ) Curtonotus vestitus, Dehaan.

Curtonotus vestitus, Faun. Jap. tab. 5. fig. 3.

This last groupe appears to be the same as that which is named Pseudorhombida by Milne
Edwards.

Fam. PORTUNID&, Mihi.

Sub-genus. AcuELous, Dehaan.
Sp. 12. (

Descr. Achelous testa glabra regionibus distinctis lateribus antice dentatis, clypeo sexdentato,

) Achelous crassimanus, 7. s.

orbitis subtus unidentatis, manibus articulo tertio intus tridentato extus bidentato, quarto
supra ad apicem bidentato adque basin unidentato.

Note. This large crab has a shell which is about five inches long by seven wide. The teeth of
the cephalothorax are triangular, sharp, and nearly equal. The fore feet are nearly equal in size.
The abdomen of male has seven joints. It has been only known, as yet, to occur in deep
holes, which it makes in the mud islands near the mouth of the Zwartkops River,—islands that
are only visible at low water.

Sub-genus. Cuaryspis, Dehaan.
) Charybdis Smithii, 2. s.

Sp. 13. (

Descr. Charybdis testa glabra, regionibus indistinctis, lateribus anticé sexdentatis, clypeo

8-dentato, orbitis haud dentatis, manibus articulo secundo intus tridentato, quarto supra
bidentato intus et extus lineis tribus granulatis longitudinaliter carinato, digitis sulcatis.

Nore. Although I have here placed Charybdis as a sub-genus, I suspect that when the family
Portunide is worked out, it will be found that the Charybdis of Dehaan is only a section of
some sub-genus of the genus Portuninus. M. Dehaan is here splitting very fine ; for between
the groupes named by him Oceanus, Charybdis, and Thalamita, the differences are very
minute. Our crab comes between Oceanus crucifer of Dehaan and his Charybdis 6-dentatus.
The cephalothorax has no transverse granulated lines like the latter, nor are the teeth of the
clypeus blunt like those of Oceanus crucifer. The six teeth of the anterior lateral margin are

62 ON THE BRACHYUROUS DECAPODS OF THE CAPE,

equal, the tooth nearest the eye being sharp. So are the teeth of the clypeus, and the four
middle of these teeth are scarcely separated from the lateral ones by a deeper incision. The
fore-feet are equal in size, having two apical teeth on the upper margin of the fourth joint. The
length is about two inches. The abdomen of the female has six joints.

Fam. CARCINID, Leach.

Sub-genus. Antsopus, Dehaan.
Sp. 14. ( ———) Anisopus trimaculatus, Dehaan.
Anisopus 3-maculatus, Faun. Jap. p. 13.
Platyonychus bipustulatus, M. B. Hist. Nat. des Crust. vol. i. p. 437. tab. 17.
; fig. 7. 10.
Nore. This crab has a strong relation to the Corystide, which Professor Dehaan has pointed
out with his usual acumen. By Anisopus, in fact, we pass off to the Corystina among the
Trigonostomous Brachyura.

Sub-genus. Xaiva, M‘L.

Cephalothorax rather depressed, as broad as long, but narrower behind, being broadest in the
middle, and having the sides in front arched with a five-toothed margin; the tooth behind
the eyes being broad and truncated. The sides behind are entire, rather concave, and
with a margin. The shell behind is also entire and margined. The clypeus is triangular,
advanced with an acute point, and having the sides undated, while it is furnished above
on each side at its base with an orbital tooth.

Orbit with two teeth below, the outer one of which is triangular, and larger than the other.

External antenne inserted within the orbit, and having their basilar joint short and sub-
triangular.

External pedipalpi, with the second joint, almost twice as long as the third, which is sub-
quadrate, carinated at the base, with the point obliquely truncated, acuminated on the
outside ; the inner margin having a piece cut out, as it were, above its middle.

Feet, first pair with the chele bicarinated above ; second, third, and fourth pair with slender
nails, while the hind pair has the nails or ungues dilated and pointed as in the genus
Carcinus.

Abdomen of male has seven segments; but the third, fourth, and fifth appear soldered together.

Xaiva is the Spanish name for all crabs which have the posterior feet natatory. This will
be seen on referring to the curious work of Parra on the natural history of the Gulf of Mexico.
The present sub-genus comes close to Carcinus of Leach; but is easily distinguished by
the third joint of the external pedipalpi. :

Sp. 15. ( ) Xaiva pulchella, 2. s.
Descr. Xaiva testd margine anteriore subreflexo, tuberculis quatuor in regione stomachali, linea
utrinque elevata in tuberculum lateralem desinente, chelis supra bicarinatis et extus
tricarinatis.

Nore. The stomachal region in this pretty little crab is marked by four tubercles, which are
situated on an elevated ridge, stretching on each side towards a lateral tubercle, which is almost
on the middle tooth of the anterior lateral margin of the shell. The genital region is marked by

ON THE BRACHYUROUS DECAPODS OF THE CAPE. 63

two minute tubercles at the base of a longitudinal carina. An irregular transverse carina
stretches out on each side from the last lateral marginal tooth towards the middle of the shell,
marking out the upper limit of the branchial region. The chele are marked above with five
keels on the fixed digit, and three or four longitudinal furrows on the middle finger. The
second, third, and fourth pair of feet, are compressed, having their third and fourth joints
bicarinated, and their ungues furrowed. The fifth pair of feet are less bicarinated, and the
last jomt or claw is like the posterior claw of Carcinus menas, Leach, only more broad.
The length is less than an inch.

8. We now return to the aberrant family Eriphide, by means of which we pass to Thelphusa
among the Grapsina. It becomes therefore necessary to point out the families of a stirps
which is very common in warm climates, and the study of whose manners afforded me much
amusement whilst I resided in the West Indies. Dr. Milne Edwards calls them Catamétopes,
and says that some of them are “ complétement terrestres.” This is an error, however; for all
these crabs must lay their eggs in water, must pass their infant state in water, and must,
during their future life, return periodically to the vicinity of water. The land-crab par eacel-
lence, Gegarcinus ruricola, Lat., in this respect, does not differ in economy from other
Brachyurous Decapods, nor does it retire many leagues from the sea. In our small West
India islands it may be found all over them ; but in Cuba it has its limits, which are confined
to a certain distance from the shore.

Stirps. GRAPSINA, or Seuare Crass.
SFamilies.

1T M.E Ocular peduncles short. Tigellus of external pedipalps
pa ane aa never inserted at the outer angle of third joint. Scape

Aberrant Groupe. resh Wat rabs. .
— Hed ce of the palpi unidentated on the inside.
Tigellus of external pedipalps Ocular peduncles long. Tigellus of external pedipalps in-

: a 2 GonopLacips, M. E.
never inserted at the mid- i 2

dle of the apex of third

serted at the inner angle of third joint. Scape of the

ec pe sesene De, \ palpi unidentated on the inside.

joint. { Ocular peduncles long. Tigellus of external pedipalps al-
3 Ocyropip&, Leach. 3 Hale Fe
L Tae sions Chaba ways inserted at the outer angle of third joint. Scape
: 7 of the palpi not dentated.

Normal Groupe. 4 Grarsip, M. E, ae? depressed, and the whole structure such as to render

Salt Water Crabs. these crabs unable to retire far from the sea.
Grapst, Dehaan.

Tigellus of external pedipalps

inserted at the middle of
the apex of third joint. | 5 Gecarcrnipm, M. E. Shell convex in order to contain a certain quantity of water,
Palpi meyer dentated True Land Crabs: enabling these crabs to travel great distances on land.

L

9. Dr. Smith has brought specimens of all the above families of Grapsina except of the
Gegarcinide. The first family Thelphuside has the genital organs of the male placed nearly
as in the last stirps Cancrina, with which it is osculant. But the other families of Grapsina
have the genital orifices of the male placed in a transverse groove hollowed out on the
sternum. Both the Thelphuside and Gonoplacide being aberrant families, agree with the
Cancrina in having the scape of their palpi unidentated on the inside.

64 ON THE BRACHYUROUS DECAPODS OF THE CAPE.

Fam. THELPHUSID, M. E.

Sub-genus. TueLpuusa, Lat.

Sp. 16. (

) Thelphusa perlata, M. #.
Thelphusa perlata, M. KH. Hist. Nat. des Crust. vol. i. p. 13.

Nore. This crab is common in all the rivers of southern Africa, and grows to the size of nearly
three inches long. The male has a much more convex shell than the female, and in aspect
resembles much a Gegarcinus. The pearly tubercles of the anterior margin of shell are also
still more small and evanescent than in the female. I may take this occasion to observe, that
in my cabinet I separate those species of Thelphusa, which, like the present, have a transversal
crest in front of the shell, and call them Potamonautes. They are easily distinguished from
true Thelphuse, of which the type is the European species Thelphusa fluviatilis.

Fam. GONOPLACID, M. E.

Sub-genus? Crxistoroma, Dehaan.

Spe. 17. ( ) Cleistotoma Edwardsii, 7. s.
Descr. Cleistotoma oculis magnis, testa levi haud pilosa lateribus integris nec granulosis nec
postice divergentibus, manibus brevibus; pedum pari tertio longiori, femoribus infra
leevibus.

Nore. This species comes very near to the Cleistotoma Leachii of Milne Edwards ; but
differs from it in the surface being altogether smooth. The length is four lines.

Fam. OCYPODID, Leach.

Sub-genus. Ocypope, Fab.

Sp. 18. (

) Ocypode cordimana, Lat.
Ocypode cordimana, M. B. Hist. Nat. des Crust. vol. ii. p. 48.

Nore. The Ocypode cordimana of Dehaan appears to be a very different species.

Sub-genus. CeratopuTHaLMA, Dehaan.

Sp. 19. ( ) Ceratophthalma cursor, Herbst.
; Cancer cursor, Herbst. vol. i. tab. 1. fig. 8 and 9.
Sub-genus. GeLasimus, Lat.
Sp. 20. ( ) Gelasimus chlorophthalmus, M. E.

Gelasimus chlorophthalmus, M. E. His. Nat. des ‘Crust. vol. ii. p. 54.

ON THE BRACHYUROUS DECAPODS OF THE CAPE. 65

Fam. GRAPSID&, M. E.

Sub-genus ? Gratuocuasmus, M‘L.

Cephalothorax sub-quadrate, with the back convex, and entire sides which are arched towards
the eyes; the clypeus between the eyes is plane, entire, truncated and deflexed.

Exterior Antenne produced as far as the middle between the eyes, and having the first joint
transverse.

External Pedipalpi very distant from each other; with the second joint very oblique at the
base, at the point sinuated, and of the same length as the third joint, which is concave in
the middle, and has a bearded crest continuous along its inner edge as far as the outer
part of the base of the second joint.

Feet; first pair with thick and equal chele.

Abdomen in both sexes has seven segments.

10. Dehaan has noticed the affinity between the two groupes, which he names Chasmagnathus
and Pachysoma. By them he passes from the family Ocypodide to the family Grapside.
The sub-genus or sub-section which I have just characterized under the name of Gnathochasmus
comes exactly between Chasmagnathus and Pachysoma. It agrees with both in the remark-
able elevated crest, which stretches down obliquely from the inner angle of the third jomt of
the external pedipalp to the outer angle of the base of its second joint. It has the thorax with
arched sides, like those of Chasmagnathus ; but then these sides are entire, like those of
Pachysoma. I may here observe, that Dehaan’s name Pachysoma ought to be changed, as it
was assigned, long ago, by Mr. Kirby, to a division of the genus Scarabeus. See Hore
Entomologice, part 2, p. 507.

Sp. 21. (
Descr. Gnathochasmus testa levi, utrinque ad oculos deflexa regionibus sub-distinctis, lateribus

) Gnathochasmus barbatus, m. s.

clypeoque marginatis integris; manibus leevibus glaberrimis crassis chelis sub-concoloribus
latis convexis, pedibus leevibus sub-compressis nigro-punctatis tarsis suleatis.

Nore. This crab is about an inch and a quarter long.

Sub-genus. SESARMA, Say.
Sp. 22. ( ) Sesarma reticulata, Say.
Grapsus cinereus, Bosc. Hist. Nat. des Crust. vol. i. p. 204. tab. 6. fig. 1.

Sesarma reticulata, Say, Trans. Acad. Phil. vol. i. p. 73. tab. 4. fig. 5.

Nore. It is singular that I can find no good character whereby to separate this Cape crab from
the American species described by Bose and Say. The latter, however, I only know from descrip-
tion. It is six lines long, whereas the Cape crab is more than an inch. Both are distinguished
from the Sesarma quadrata by their epistome being covered with granulations, so as to appear
finely reticulated. I dare say if we could compare the two crabs together we should be able
to discover a specific difference. The Cape crab has not the slightest vestige of granulation on
the shell of the cephalothorax. { have found in Cuba the species of Sesarma to live generally
under stones on the banks of the muddy mouths of rivers. Say’s name, Sesarma, is adopted

K

66 ON THE BRACHYUROUS DECAPODS OF THE CAPE.

by me instead of Pachysoma. It distinguishes a groupe which is the most quadrilateral form
of the family Grapside, and easily known from the true Grapsus by its sides deflexed verti-
cally, being parallel to each other from the eyes. In the Cape species the clypeus has four
lobes, the two middle ones being separated by a deep furrow.

Sub-genus. Puacusta, Lat.

Sp. 23. ( ) Plagusia tomentosa, WM. H.

Plagusia tomentosa, M. KE. Hist. Nat. des Crust. vol. ii. p. 92.

Nore. In the younger specimens of this species the feet are wholly tomentose ; but in the more
adult specimens we find the two ridges of the upper side of the second joints of the feet appear-
ing white, from the tomentum being worn off.

Sp. 24. (
Descr. Plagusia testa subtomentosa valde depress, longiore quam lata, lateribus arcuatis antice

) Plagusia spinosa, 7. s.

quadridentatis, clypeo medio angusto quadridentato dentibus mediis porrectioribus, clypei
lateribus bidentatis, manibus brevissimis gracilibus, pedibus articulis secundis extus spinosis,
pari secundo longiore.

The length of this Plagusia is about three quarters of an inch. It comes very near to the
Plagusia clavimana of Desmarest.

Sub-genus. Goytopsis, Dehaan.

Sp. 25. ( ) Goniopsis strigosa, Herbst.
Cancer strigosus, Herbst. tab. 47. fig. 7.
Sp. 26. ( ) Goniopsis flavipes, n. s.

Descr. Goniopsis testa glaberrima nitida nigrolivida lateribus antice bidentatis, epistomate
brevissimo crista utrinque transversd tuberculata, manibus sanguineis bicarinatis, pedibus
flavis nitidissimis.

Nore. This species is nearly three inches long, and very handsome. The manners of the vari-
ous species of Goniopsis are very interesting. There are no crabs more active, more vigilant, or
more beautiful. The type of this genus is the Grapsus ruricola of Degeer, a crab whose
manners are detailed by me in the first volume of the Transactions of the Zoological Society.
The name, Grapsus ruricola, Deg., was wrongly altered from my manuscript by some person
who superintended the press during my absence at the Havana, and changed the name to
Gegarcinus ruricola, Desm. The Grapsus ruricola, Deg., is the Grapsus cruentatus of Latreille,
and the true Crabe des Paletuviers of French travellers, although Milne Edwards erroneously
makes this to be the Goniopsis picta, a species which on the contrary is always found on reefs,
and which is therefore by Parra called “ Cangrejo de Arrecife.”

Sub-genus. Nautiwocrarsvus, M. E.

Sp. 27. (
Descr. Nautilograpsus testa depressiuscula longiore quam lata, antice levi, lateribus postice

) Nautilograpsus major, . s.

rugis transyersis, margine antico pone oculos subemarginato, clypeo lato ultra lateruam angulos
porrecto.

Nore. This species is ten lines long by seven wide ; whereas the true Vautilograpsus minutus,

ON THE BRACHYUROUS DECAPODS OF THE CAPE. 67

the Cancer minutus of Fabricius, of which I have taken abundance in the Atlantic ocean,
adhering to the gulf-weed, is only three lines long.

Sp. 28. (
Descr. Nautilograpsus testa convexa levi, tam lata quam longa, margine laterali antico pone

Nautilograpsus Smithii, 7. s.
grap >

oculos vix emarginato, clypeo lato vix ultra laterum angulos porrecto.

Nore. This species is seven lines long, and as broad as long. I believe that many species
of this sub-genus are confounded with the Cancer minutus of Fabricius. Nautilograpsus is
an excellent groupe, which appears to have escaped the notice of M. Dehaan. It is in general
found in the wide ocean, adhering to chelonian reptiles or masses of floating sea-weed. The
feet therefore are almost natatorial. Grapsus pusillus of Dehaan appears to be a species of
the sub-genus near to Nautilograpsus major above described.

Sub-genus. Grapsititus, M‘L,

Cephalothorax heart-shaped, depressed, with the back plane and the sides arched, almost form-
ing the quadrant of a circle; the clypeus is broad, truncated, and sinuated in front.

Orbits placed at the fore angles of the shell, with great depressed eyes.

Exterior Antenne placed without the orbit towards the middle of the clypeus.

Internal Antenne rather thick.

External Pedipalpi with the second and third joints quadrate, almost equal, the third being a
little shorter; the third joint also has its inner apex rounded off, the tigellus is thick, and
the outer palpus has its sides almost parallel.

Feet; first pair almost twice as long as body with very large jomts; the chele being without
teeth and the other feet being short with hairy tarsi.

Abdomen in males has five segments, in females it has six.

11. This groupe is very distinct from any described one with which I am acquainted. It
approaches in many respects to Wautilograpsus, and appears to connect that groupe with
Plagusia. It is remarkable for the large size of the fore feet.

Sp. 29. ( ) Grapsillus subinteger, 7. s.
Descr. Grapsillus testaceus ; thoracis lateribus versus medium vix emarginatis ; clypeo medio
emarginato denteque utrinque ad oculos obtuso; manibus articulo secundo intus tridentato,

chelis apice purpureis ad marginem unistriatis.

Nore. This species is about four lines long, and rather broader than long.

Sp. 30. ( ) Grapsillus dentatus, 7. s.
Duscr. Grapsillus rufo-testaceus ; thoracis lateribus medio unidentatis, dente acuto ; clypeo medio
sub-bilobo denteque distincto utrinque ad oculos obtuso; manibus articulo secundo intus
septem-dentato, chelis apice sub-purpureis ad marginem unistriatis.

Nore. This species is about half an inch long, and about th same width.

Sp. 31. ( ) Grapsillus maculatus, 7. s.
Descr. Grapsillus testaceus supra et infra rufo-maculatus maculis rotundis; thoracis lateribus medio
unispinosis, spina brevi acuta; clypeo medio sub-bilobo utrinque ad oculos emarginato ;

Kee

68 ON THE BRACHYUROUS DECAPODS OF THE CAPE.

manibus articulo secundo intus quinque-dentato, chelis apice concoloribus ad marginem
haud striatis.

Nore. This beautiful little species is four lines long, by more than five broad.

12. The above great number of Grapsid@ at the Cape shews that the carcinology of South
Africa agrees with that of intratropical climates more than it does with that of the temperate
zones in general. But we now proceed to the stirps Pinnotherina, and for that purpose we
must return to the family Ocypodide. Milne Edwards has shewn that a small crab of the
Red Sea, called by him Doto sulcatus, makes the passage from the Ocypodide to the
Pinnotherina.

Stirps. PINNOTHERINA, Dehaan, or ParasrricaL Crass.

13. This stirps contains so few known species, that I shall not attempt its arrangement at
present, more particularly as Dr. Smith has only brought home one species, which has long
been known as a native of the Cape of Good Hope. M. Dehaan makes the distinguishing
characteristic of this stirps, which he calls Pinnotheridea, to consist in the sixth joint of the
fourth pair of maxilla being inserted at the base of the fifth jomt. The groupe consists of
singular crabs, among which we find the last pair of feet to be sometimes evanescent, as in the
genus Hexapus of Dehaan.

Fam. HYMENOSOMID£.
Genus. HY MENOSOMA, Leach.

Sub-genus. Luacuium, M. E.
Sp. 32. (Hymenosoma) Leachium orbiculare, Leach, MSS.
Hymenosoma orbiculare, Desm. Cons. p. 163. tab. 26. fig. 1.
Nors. Milne Edwards has shewn that the Hymenosoma Leachii of Guerin belongs to
another sub-genus.

14. Perhaps when the attention of collectors shall have been more directed to these small,
though curious crabs, we may discover their natural arrangement. The difficulties pointed out
by Milne Edwards, who complains that his genera are so distinct from each other, evidently pro-
ceeds from almost every one of his genera belonging to a distinct family. Perhaps indeed, if we
consider his arrangement in this light—in other words, that most of his genera represent fami-
lies—the table he gives (vol. 2, p. 29) may not be found so far wrong. But however this may
be, I shall now return to the stirps Cancrina and family Carcinide. From these we pass
directly to the osculant stirps Corystina, belonging to the interesting tribe of Trigonostomous
Brachyura, which may be displayed to view in the following manner :—

ON THE BRACHYUROUS DECAPODS OF THE CAPE. 69

Tribe. TRIGONOSTOMA.
Stirpes.

Jf External antenne long. Hind feet of the more usual struc-

1 Corystina. ¢ : ae :
Aberrant Groupe - wae L ture, and serving for locomotion. Oral orifice triangular.

ARES (External antenne long. Hind feet raised up over the

< 2 Doriprina. 4 back and serving for organs of prehension. Oral orifice
External antenne long, or at :
es triangular.
least conspicuous.

ee antenne moderate. Hind feet raised up over

(3 Dromirna. the back and serving for organs of prehension. Oral
orifice not always triangular.

Normal Groupe. (

Anterior feet not elevated into a crest. No branchial
| 4 Leucosina.

BRACHYCERA.
External antennz more or

|. afferent apertures in front of the fore feet.

f Anterior feet compressed and elevated into a crest. Bran-

: : a chial afferent apertures in front of fore feet.
ways inconspicuous.

less rudimentary and al-/| 5 CaLappina.

15. From the Corystina we pass to the Calappina, by means of Matuta. By Oreophorus we
leave the Calappina for the Leucosina. The passage from the Leucosina to the Dromiina is
not so clear; but these last are close to the Dorippina, which last again are approximated
naturally to the Corystina, Still the tribe has never been worked out, and I think it more,
than possible that the Dromiina which I have here considered to be an aberrant groupe of
Trigonostomous Brachyura, will, in the end, be found to be an aberrant groupe of Anomurous
Macroura. Nay, this last is the position assigned to it by Milne Edwards, and the arguments
for such a location of Dromiina are their rudimentary abdominal appendages, and the oral orifice
being rarely triangular. On the other hand, however, they differ from all Macroura in having
fossulz for the reception of their internal antenne. The question therefore of their true place can
only be determined when the groupe shall have been worked out, which I fear cannot be done at
present, on account of the paucity of species which are known to belong to this essentially tropical
tribe. One thing, nevertheless, is established, namely, that the Dromiina are osculant, or, in other
words, they stand on the limits of the Trigonostomous Grachyura and Anomurous Macroura.
Into which of these circles the stirps truly enters, must be left for future investigation ; but
I shall provisionally consider it as belonging to the Brachyura. As for the families of
Trigonostomous Brachyura, I shall not at present attempt to indicate them, but proceed at
once to characterize the sub-genera brought from the Cape, which are only three.

Stirps. CORYSTINA.

Of the stirps Corystina we have no species from the Cape; but the following is very close
to it, being aberrant in the next stirps.

70 ON THE BRACHYUROUS DECAPODS OF THE CAPE.

Stirps. CALAPPINA.
Fam. MATUTID/.
Genus. MATUTINUS.

Sub-genus. Maruta, Fab.
Sp. 33. (Matutinus) Matuta Victor, Fab.
Matuta victor, M. E. Hist. Nat. des Crust. vol. ii. p. 115. tab. 20. fig. 3 and 6.
Nore. I agree entirely with my lamented friend Dr. Leach in thinking, that there are many
species confounded together under the name of Matuta victor. Ido not consider the above
names of the family and genus to possess any authority, and merely publish them in order that
the reader may understand the relation which the sub-genus bears to the stirps Calappina.

Stirps. LEUCOSINA.

Here likewise I shall not pretend to characterize the families, or to describe the genera of a
stirps in which so few species are as yet known; but shall merely content myself with the
following description of the only sub-genus of the groupe which is known to be found at
the Cape of Good Hope :—

Sub-genus. Leuctsca, M‘L.

Body in front slender and compressed, but behind thick.

, Cephalothorax smooth, plane, depressed, sub-elliptical, broader than long, and having a thin
reflexed margin; while the clypeus is advanced with a round sub-reflexed apex, which is
scarcely emarginate.

Orbits small, sub-circular, and hidden under the clypeus; while the eyes are deeply set, very
minute and globose.

Exterior Antenne very small and rather tri-articulate.

Interior Antenne hidden under the clypeus in transverse reniform fossule.

External Pedipalpi very large, and closing a triangular buccal cavity; their second joint is
oblong, quadrate, and broader in front than the third, which is triangular, with a sharp
point, while the external palpus is lunate.

Feet; first, second, and third pairs have been lost in the only specimen before me; but the
two remaining pair are short, and all are inserted under the margin of the cephalothorax.

Abdomen of the female with four segments.

The nearest crab to this is one from the Red Sea, which is described by Riippell under the
name of Oreophorus horridus. Both come near to Calappina.
Sp. 34. (

Descr. Leucisca alba, dorso medio conyexiusculo, oculis glaucis, pedipalpis externis palpisque
margine externo granulatis, pedibus articulo quarto extus sulcato, unguibus longis acutis.

) Leucisca squalina, 7. s.

Nore. The length of this curious little crab is only about three lines; and my specimen is
much injured, having lost the chele, and several other of the feet. The abdomen also is
in a damaged state.

ON THE BRACHYUROUS DECAPODS OF THE CAPE. 71

Stirps. DROMIINA.

Sub-genus. Dromia, Fab.

Milne Edwards has described the form of this sub-genus in one of its early stages of meta-
morphosis, and has also very distinctly pointed out the various points in which the adult state
of Dromia differs from that of the Brachyura in general.

Sp. 35. ( ) Dromia hirtissima, Zam.
Dromia hirtissima, Lam. Hist. Nat. des An. sans Vert. vol. v. p. 264.
Sp. 36. ( — ) Dromia rotunda, x. s.

Descr. Dromia villosa, minime tuberculata, tam longa quam lata, globosa regione hepatica fos-
suld obliqua utrinque munita, lateribus anticis haud dentatis, clypeo antice bidentato.

Nore. This species comes very near one from the Red Sea, described by Riippell under the
name of Dromia unidentata; but the anterior sides of the shell have not an unidentated margin.
The crab is all, except the tips of the fore feet, covered with a close, short, brown tomen-
tum. The shell is round, with a convex globular back. Besides the two middle triangular
teeth of the clypeus, there is a short blunt one above the inner side of the orbit, and
vestiges of another blunt tooth above the outer side. The length is about sixteen lines.

Dr. Smith has brought no species of the stirps Dorippina from the Cape.

ON A NEW SPECIES OF CERAPTERUS.

Tue addition of a new species to so rare a genus as Cerapterus will confer entomological
fame on Dr. Smith’s expedition, The genus Cerapterus is so little understood by entomolo-
gists, that ere I describe this new species I conceive myself called upon to make a few remarks
on the groupe, particularly as those hitherto made have either been extremely inaccurate, or
have been accompanied by bad figures.

The genus Cerapterus was founded by Swederus fifty years ago, and the insects having
immediate reference to it remain to this day of the utmost rarity; so much so, indeed, that
I believe there is no specimen in any Continental Museum. There are only five specimens
in England, and each of these belongs to a distinct species. Of these five specimens, three
are in my collection, one in that of the East India Company, and one in that of Mr. John
Curtis. Having the first four species now on the table before me, I consider myself enabled
to distinguish the species accurately; and I shall take the opportunity of stating some
interesting particulars observed by my brother, Mr. George MacLeay, in New South Wales,
which agree with the observations made by M. Verreaux on the economy of the Pausside in
general,—a family of which he has brought home a very extensive collection.

Being in possession of a fine series of undescribed Pausside, and finding some very
curious forms among them, I shall probably hereafter treat of the family at large in some other
work. My object for the present must be confined to a satisfactory description of Dr. Smith’s
new species. I shall therefore in this place merely remark, that if we watch that chain of
affinity which is most visible in the family of Pausside, some genera that are usually included
in it will seem, so far as we are acquainted with the groupe, to be more properly excluded.
For instance, beginning with the true genus Paussus, we pass, by an easy transition, to the
groupe called Platyrhopalus by Mr. Westwood, and to that interesting insect Platyrhopalus
Mellyi, which appears to be the type of a new sub-genus leading us on directly to Cerap-
terus latipes of Swederus; and by the New Holland form of Cerapterus which I call Arthrop-
terus, we pass to Pentaplatarthrus, from which we return to Paussus. Now, as this returning
into itself is the essential characteristic of a natural groupe, it follows that the genus Hylo-
torus of Dalman, as well as the Trochoideus of Westwood, are osculant groupes, leading off
from the Pausside, since if inserted in the above circular series, they appear to interrupt it.
If indeed Dalman’s name Hylotorus be correctly applied, this insect cannot enter into the
groupe of true Pausside, which, according to the observations of M. Verreaux, never attack
wood. As to the genus Trochoideus, which, by the way, is strangely named ; for the insects
are as like to Hercules as to a wheel; it certainly leads off to the parasitical Myrmecoxenus of

ON A NEW SPECIES OF CERAPTERUS. 73

Chevrolat, and other genera, such as Cryptophagus, of the groupe which I have called WVecro-
phaga. Mr. Westwood seems to have been the first to suspect the affinity of Cryptophagqus to the
Paussid@, but he has not expressed himself very clearly on the subject. With respect to the
true affinities of Hylotorus, having never seen the insect except as figured by Schonnherr in
his appendix, I am unwilling to offer an opinion ; although, if Dalman’s name has been given to
the genus on account of its habits, I suspect that good reasons may hereafter be found for
this last entomologist’s assertion, that it bears some kind of relation to Platypus. One thing,
however, is sure, namely, that the Paussid@ have a strong relation of analogy to the Pselaphide ;
so strong indeed, that I at one time suspected immediate affinity. But I shall return to this
subject anon.

I have taken care that figures of the greatest accuracy, and made under my own superin-
tendence, should be executed by Mr. C. Curtis, an artist whose skill in such subjects is only
rivalled by that of his brother. I wished also to render the following observations still
more complete, by presenting entomologists with the anatomy of the mouth; but as I hope
soon to have several specimens at my disposal for dissection, I am unwilling to sacrifice
valuable insects, which are, so far as I know, at present unique in my cabinet.

Those persons who may wish to possess some notion of the actual state of our knowledge
with respect to Cerapterus, will do well to cast their eye over a paper on Pausside, published
in the 16th volume of the Linnean Transactions. It would be unjust to a clever entomologist,
Mr, Westwood, did I not praise the industry with which he has there brought together
almost every word that has been written on these rare insects. I trust he will now confer a
further favour on the entomological world, by condensing the materials he has so laboriously
compiled, and by arranging his own valuable observations in a lucid order. His reasoning,
however, ought all to be unsparingly expunged ; for Mr. Westwood, when he draws an infer-
ence, is even more awful than when he names his Paussi.*

In the Cerapterus of authors I can clearly discern two very distinct sub-genera. But I shall
first state the external characters common to both. They are as follow :—

Antenne pubescentes capitis fronti insert, 10-articulate articulo primo augustiore com-
presso apice emarginato reliquis sub-perpendiculari, articulo ultimo apice semicircu-
lari antenne totius partem fere quartam plerumque constituente articulorumque inter-
mediorum latitudine gaudente, his equalibus brevibus compressis latissimis sub-
parallelis. Caput subtriangulare collo cylindrico instructum. Oculi globosi valde
prominuli. Zhorax planiusculus immarginatus. Scutellum triangulare. Elytra
oblongo-quadrata. Pedes valde compressi, lati. Tarsi tetramer, filiformes articulo
ultimo longiore simplice. Ungues simplices.

Such insects are peculiar to the tropics of the Old World and to New Holland, and J
distribute them as follows :—

Sub-genus. CERAPTERUS, Swederus.

Caput thorace angustius, collo brevi, oculis mediocribus. Thorax latior quam longus
lateribus dilatatis rotundatis. Scutellum mediocre. Elytra abdomine vix breviora

* For instance, he has attempted to prove, although I know not how, that the Paussi presented to Latreille by my father,
were given to the latter out of the Linnean Collection by its purchaser, Sir J. E. Smith. Mr. Westwood accord-
ingly vents a great deal of virtuous indignation, which however is all wasted, as my father never received an insect in his
life from Sir James Smith ; and I must say it is rather hard that the late President of the Linnean Society should be so
unjustly attacked in the Transactions of an Institution which he founded.

L

74 ON A NEW SPECIES OF CERAPTERUS.

lata, apice subrotundata. Zibie lateribus parallelis apice truncatis haud bispinosis.
Tarsi intra tibiarum apices excavatos retractiles.

This groupe is found in Asia and Africa, within the tropics.

Sp. 1. ( ) Cerapterus latipes, Seed.
Descr. Cerapterus piceus, elytris macula apicali flavescente subrotunda antice quadridentata
postice lobata, antennis rufis articulo ultimo in tuberculum ad basin elevato.

Caput piceum. Thorax capite duplo latior, medio posticéque utrinque foveolatus.
Antenne lateribus convergentibus serratis, articulo ultimo quatuor precedentibus simul
sumptis longiore. Hlytra thorace vix latiora. Tibiw rufe, latissimee, apice haud spinose.

C. latipes, Swed. IK. V. Acad. vol. ix. p. 203. tab. 6. fig. 1.

Nore. The original specimen which General Davies sent to Swederus for description is now
in my collection, my father having purchased it at the sale of the General’s museum. It is
supposed to be a native of the East Indies, which is more than probable, as it comes very close
to the Javanese species hereafter described.

Se. 2. (— ) Cerapterus Horsfieldii.
Descr. Cerapterus piceus, thorace antice emarginato, elytris macula apicali flavescente haud
rotundata literam Y quodammodo simulante.
Caput nigropiceum antennis rufo-ferrugineis lateribus parallelis vix serratis, articulo basilari
lobato, ultimo quinque precedentibus simul sumptis longiore. Thorax capite triplo
latior, postice utrinque subfoveolatus. Hlytra thorace latiora. Tibiw rufee apice haud

spinosee.
C. latipes, West. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 682. tab. 33. fig. 52—56.
C. Horsfieldii? West. Trans. Linn, Soc. vol. xvi. p. 672.

Norte. The only specimen known of this insect was brought by Dr. Horsfield from Java, and
deposited by him in the museum of the East India Company. It was first described by Mr.
Westwood, who imagined it to be a variety of Cerapterus latipes. He proposed, however, if it
should eventually be proved different, that it should be called C. Horsfieldii; and this
proposal I have had great pleasure in adopting, out of respect for the profound entomological
science of Dr. Horsfield. The figure given in the Linnean Transactions of this interesting
insect is so incorrect, that I have, with Dr. Hovrsfield’s kind permission, employed Mr. C. Curtis
to make an accurate one for the satisfaction of entomologists. The size is that of the former
species, that is, rather more than five lines.

Sp. 3. (
Descr. Cerapterus nigropiceus subnitidus, elytris macula fulva lunari, tibiis intus spina apicali
instructis.

Caput piceum subpunctatum. Antenne nigropicee lateribus convergentibus vix serratis,
articulo ultimo plano tribus precedentibus simul sumptis haud longiore. Thoraa capite
haud duplo latior. Hlytra oblongo-quadrata thorace latiora et fere quintuplo longiora
apice rotundata abdomine haud breviora. Pedes nigropicel.

) Cerapterus Smithii, x. s.

Nore. For an unique specimen of this African species I am indebted to the kindness of Dr.
Smith, who found it within the tropic of Capricorn. It is by far the largest of the Pausside
known, and differs from the two former species of Cerapterus in having a spine at the extremity
of the tibia. It seems to form a distinct section of Cerapterus.

ON A NEW SPECIES OF CERAPTERUS. 75

Sub-genus. ArtuRoptTEeRus, M‘L.

Caput thorace haud augustius, collo conspicuo, oculis magnis. Thorax longior quam
latus, sub-quadratus. Scutellum minimum. Elytra angusta parallela, apice truncata
abdomine breviora. Tibie lateribus haud parallelis apice bispinosis. Tarsi intra
tibiarum apices excavatos haud retractiles.

This groupe inhabits New Holland.

Sp. 1. Arthropterus MacLeaii, Don.
Descr. Arthropterus rufo-brunneus ; thorace subconvexo posticé augustiore, augulis anticis rotun-
datis, disco medio vix canaliculato.

Caput subpunctatum thorace latius. Antenne lateribus parallelis haud serratis, articulo
ultimo plano tribus precedentibus simul sumptis vix longiore. Thorax angustus, antice latior
angulis anticis rotundatis, posticis acutis. H/ytra thorace latiora, et non triplo longiora,
oblongo-quadrata lateribus parallelis. Pedes rufo-brunnei.

Cerapterus MacLeaii, Don. Ins. of New Holland, pl. 3.

Nors. The only specimen known of this species was purchased by my father at the sale of Mr.
Francillon’s museum. None of the authors who have written on the species ever saw it,
except Donovan, who was its first describer in his work on the “Insects of New Holland.”
There is another species of Arthropterus, which I have seen in the valuable collection of my
friend Mr, John Curtis,and which differs from A. MacZeaii in the form of the.thorax, and in
the body being more depressed. Iam ignorant which of these two my brother, Mr. George
MacLeay, has lately found, or whether his discovery may not prove, on comparison, to be still
a third species. But I learn, by a letter from my father, that my brother, “in one of his late
excursions into the interior of New South Wales, discovered several specimens of ‘ Cerap-
terus MacLeaii’ in the nests of ants, and, moreover, remarked, that when alive they had the
power of exploding, after the manner of Brachini.” The first of these observations with
respect to the economy of Arthropterus agrees perfectly with what M. Verreaux noticed of the
Paussi of the Cape ; and my brother’s second observation accords with that of M. Dupont’s
correspondent on the Senegal species, Paussus excavatus. I hope, however, as I am about to
visit Australia, soon to be able to make myself master of the economy of these interesting
insects, and also to publish a correct representation of the parts of their mouth.

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PROSPECT SS. | “
I BY. 0 n
Tur Cape of Good Hope is now acknowledged to be one of the greatest avenues as yet opened for the

researches of the Naturalist. Our Colony in that part of Southern Africa is the key to a large portion of
an extensive continent which is still but very partially explored; and the field to which it admits the

scientific traveller is rich to exuberance in the variety and novelty, both of animal and vegetable life. i
Stimulated by the prospect of Discovery i in a quarter so fertile in interest, “ he Cape of Good Hope ARs
Association for Exploring Central Africa” was established in 1883; and in 1836, an Expedition fitted pare ie
out by that body, consisting of thirty-four persons, and directed by Dr. Smith, after an absence of a
nineteen months, and penetrating as far as 23° 28' South latitude, returned to Cape Town laden with pe: 9

a variety of curious and important specimens in Natural History, &c. :

Previously to this period little information has been furnished, in a shape calculated to enable the
public to form accurate ideas of the various animated beings by which these regions are inhabited. The
splendid publication of Le Vaillant, no doubt, should be mentioned as forming an exception, pro tanto;
but this includes only a portion of the Birds of the most southern extremity of the country, and a work —
therefore extensive enough to comprehend the various departments of Zoology is still a desideratum.

The Members of The Cape of Good Hope Association for Exploring Central Africa found themselves,
on the rcturn of the recent Expedition, in a situation to supply at least some portion of the existing
deficiencies ; but their funds, even if it had been possible to divert them to such an object, were altogether
inadequate to defray the expense of laying the result of their labours before the world. Under such
circumstances, it was decided that Dr. Smith, the director of the Expedition, should be authorised, on
his arrival in England, to wait upon Lord Glenelg, for the purpose of making chim acquainted with
the position and views of the Society, in the hope that Government might be induced to assist in the
publication of their materials. “ TA Radia

This hope has not been disappointed. At the recommendation of the Secretary of State for the |
Colonial Department, the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty's Treasury have been pleased, by a
pecuniary grant, to enable the Society to publish the result of its labours, without infringing upon the
funds raised solely for the purposes of discovery; and in a form which, while it places the work
within reach of most of the friends and promoters of science, will not, it is hoped, be found inconsistent
with the interest and importance of the subject.

The materials for the work now offered, under such patronage, to the public, will consist of pictorial
illustrations of between three and four hundred subjects of the animal kingdom, all of which have been
collected to the south of 23° 28’ South latitude ; and will comprise,

First, and principally, unknown animals ;

_ Secondly, animals known, but not yet figured ; and

Lastly, such.as have been imperfectly*figured ; but of which the Society is in possession of accurate
drawings.

The Entomological portion of the work will be from the pen of W. 8. Macleay, Esq., who has
kindly undertaken that department. The rest of the descriptions will be furnished by Dr. Smith, who
will add a summary of African Zoology, and an inquiry into the Geographical ranges of ‘species in that
quarter of the Globe. Pips

Conditions of Publication.
The Work will appear periodically ; and it is estimated that the whole will be completed in —
about thirty-four parts. As it will be necessary that the plates be published promiscuously,-they ~
will be arranged in five divisions, viz. Mammaria, Aves, Pisces, Ruprizia, and InverTEBRATA,
The plates of cach of these divisions will be numbered independently, and the letterpress descriptions left =»
unpaged, so that_on the work being completed, they may be arranged either agreeably to the general classified ee heh
order which will accompany the last number, or according to the particular views of the aia) he bis «3

seal ances ar oe

The whole of the Plates will be engraved in the highest style of Art, from Drawings taken expressly
for this Work, and beautifully coloured after Nature.
NUMBERS ONE AND TWO CONTAIN TEN COLOURED ENGRAVINGS. —

Price Ten Shillings Hach Number.

i