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ILLUSTRATIONS

OF

ORCHIDACEOUS PLANTS

BY

FRANCIS BAUER, ESQ. F.R.S.; L.S. &H.S.

X

WITH NOTES AND PREFATORY REMARKS

BY

X

JOHN LINDLEY, Ph. D. F.R.S.;

PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON, AND IN THE
ROYAL INSTITUTION OF GREAT BRITAIN;

&c. &c. &c.

{«•• ' ft

• v> -

LONDON:

JAMES RIDGWAY AND SONS.

1830 — 1838 .

PRINTED BY WILLIAM NICOL, 51, PALL MALL.

P R E F A C E.

The Plates, which form the principal part of this Work, have been
entirely prepared from drawings made by Mr. Francis Bauer. They
form but a small part of the invaluable materials illustrating Vegetable
Anatomy and Physiology, to the execution of which Mr. Bauer’s long
and active life has been devoted.

To make the whole of such splendid specimens of art public by
means of engravings capable of expressing the beauty of the originals,
would be an object worthy of a liberal Monarch and an enlightened
Government; to a private individual the large expense must necessarily
prove an insuperable impediment. To publish a selection of such as
throw the greatest light upon structure is all that so humble an indivi¬
dual as myself could venture to undertake, and even this the little
encouragement given to such undertakings has obliged me to extend
through a period of some years.

It has been found indispensable to represent Mr. Bauer’s drawings
by means of lithography instead of engraving on copper ; and unfortu¬
nately the former art, even in the most skilful hands, is seldom adapted
to high finish or delicate touch ; when executed by a mere amateur (as
part of the plates has been) it is still less calculated for such an object.
It is however hoped that the principal facts explained by the drawings
have been faithfully represented, and that the defects of some of the
plates as works of art will not be prejudicial to them as illustrations of
science.

The sketches were commenced by Mr. Bauer in 1791 , and have
been continued at intervals up to the present time ; a great part, parti¬
cularly those of the European plants, was executed between 1791 and

1798, and all the more important illustrations of physiological facts
before the latter period. They were made with a view to determine both
the distinctive characters of genera, and the anatomy and physiology of
the organs of fructification of the singular plants they represent. Ex¬
plaining in the clearest manner the real structure of the anther and
pollen, with all the extraordinary apparatus that is peculiar to those
organs—shewing the exact anatomy of the stigma, the stigmatic canal,
the ovarium, the fruit and the seed—and hence illustrating the mode in
which fructification is effected, and the relation the several parts bear
to each other—they demonstrate the existence, in the whole tribe, of a
unity of design and a simplicity of structure which may seem incompre¬
hensible to the observer who has only examined an Orchis or a Malaxis,
but which daily experience assures us is never departed from by Nature
in any of her works.

In this, as in all other parts of the Sciences of Observation, disco¬
very has been slowly progressive. In some cases one observation has
led directly to another ; in others, discoveries appear to have been acci¬
dental and their importance not understood by their authors, who pro¬
bably were not even aware that they had made them. Jt was once my
intention to trace such matters chronologically; but as this would have
occupied a great deal of time, and led to differences of opinion of no
public importance, I have abandoned the design. Should the reader take
an interest in such investigations 1 refer him to the dates of Mr. Bauer’s
drawings, and by comparing them with the dates of other publications
he can judge for himself to what amount of credit this most admirable
and original observer is entitled.

In drawing up the following view of the organization of Orchidaceae,
I have of course availed myself of whatever 1 could find in the writings
of those who have treated upon the same subject; but I have not
thought it necessary to quote authorities except when other observers
entertain views different from my own or those of Mr. Bauer.

University College, London , December, 1 S;>7.

PREFATORY REMARKS.

The natural order called Orchidacea3 consists of plants extremely
dissimilar in habits, appearance, and structure, but agreeing in being
organized upon the type of Endogens, in having gynandrous flowers,
and an inferior polyspermous ovary. Of these three characters there is
an infinite number of modifications, the nature of which it is the purpose
of the following general description in part to explain.

In habit they are terrestrial or growers in the earth, epiphytal or
growers upon the surface of trees, rocks, stems, and other bodies, or
apparently true parasites. While however it seems probable that such
plants as Neottia, Corallorhiza, and Gastrodia are of the latter kind, there
is no direct evidence of the fact.

Reticulated cellular tissue is common in all the foliaceous organs;
and raphides, collected in cubical bundles, occur in every part, except in
those immediately connected with the act of impregnation. They have
been found by Dr. Brown in the stigma, but 1 have not seen them in the
conducting tissue of that organ, although they undoubtedly occur in the
styles

The roots are of the following kinds. Firstly, annual slender fibres,
simple or branched, of a succulent nature, incapable of extension, and
burrowing under ground, as in the genus Orchis ; secondly, annual fleshy
tubercles, round or oblong, simple or divided, as in the various species
of the same genus : they are always combined with the first, and appear,
from their containing amylaceous granules in large quantity, to be in¬
tended as receptacles of matter fit for the nutrition of the plant: tuber¬
cles of this kind always have a bud at their extremity, and may be con-

11

sidered the principal inferior prolongation of the axis; thirdly, fleshy
simple or branched perennial bodies, much entangled, tortuous and
irregular in form, as in Corallorhiza, Neottia, &c. or nearly simple and
resembling tubers as in Gastrodia; and fourthly of perennial round
shoots, simple or a little branched, capable of extension, protruded
Irom the stem into the air, adapted to adhering to other bodies, and
formed ot a woody and vascular axis covered with cellular tissue, of
which the subcutaneous layer is often green and composed of large
reticulated cells. The points of these roots are usually green, but
sometimes red or yellow. In a very few instances of leafless species,
as Chiloschista usneoides, they become entirely green, and then appear
to perform the functions of leaves.

The stem is found in its most simple state in the terrestrial Ophry-
dese, where it is only a growing point, surrounded by scales and con¬
stituting a leaf-bud when at rest, which eventually grows into a secon¬
dary stem or branch, on which the leaves and flowers are developed
This kind of stem usually forms every year a lateral bud with a tuber¬
cular root at its lower end, and, having unfolded its flowers and ripened
its fruit, perishes, to be succeeded by the stem belonging to the lateral
bud previously prepared ; hence those species to which tins kind of stem
belongs Jiave always a pair of tubercles, one shrivelling and in progress of
exhaustion, the other swelling and in progress of completion. It is some¬
times found that the successive formation and destruction of annual tuber¬
cles takes place beneath an equal number of skins, the new bud and tuber¬
cular root being always formed within the axil of a scale-like coating
belonging to the parent; this takes place in the genus Thelymitra and
elsewhere. Sometimes such a stem, instead of forming a new bud upon
its side, pushes out a slender subterranean root-like runner, which, after
growing to some length, is arrested in its growth, and then forms at its
extremity a new bud, which lengthens at its base into a tubercle. In such
instances as this a kind of locomotion may be correctly said to take place,
the plant shifting its place yearly, and to such a distance as may be
determined by the length of the runner, which separates the parent
plant that perishes from the young offspring which is generated. In¬
stances of this are common in terrestrial genera. A modification of it
is when the tubercles are buried deep under ground, and always emit

Ill

a root-like stem upwards, which produces true roots until it reaches the
light and then only developes leaves. This occurs in Corysanthes and
elsewhere.

In other cases the growing point becomes perennial, thickens, is
scarred with the remains of leaves which once grew upon it, and
assumes the state of a short, round, or ovate, perennial stem or pseudo¬
bulb. In such a case it commonly emits from its base a short shoot,
which creeps along the ground , or over the surface of a branch if the
species is an epiphyte, and becomes a woody rhizoma, covered with
scales which represent undeveloped leaves; after having advanced to a
length which varies in different species, the rhizoma ceases to grow,
and forms a new pseudo-bulb at its end. The latter subsequently pro¬
trudes a new horizontal rhizoma, which again terminates in a pseudo¬
bulb, and thus by degrees large masses of pseudo-bulbs are formed by
a single individual, and literally pave the place upon which they grow.
Such pseudo-bulbs are entirely analogous to the scaly bud found upon
the end of the tubercular root of an Ophrydea, and the rhizoma in like
manner is of the same nature as the runner that connects the old
tubercle with the new one in such a plant; but pseudo-bulbs, in conse¬
quence of their perennial nature, are more completely formed, often have
a woody texture, generally a hard cuticle, assume various angular or
other figures, and develope a definite number of leaves from their points.
This is the common mode of growth of the genera Maxillaria, Stanhopea,
and many others. Pseudo-bulbs of this kind are always composed of
cellular tissue, containing a great quantity of mucilage (and, sometimes,
amylaceous granules,) traversed by simple fibro-vascular cords, and
hollowed into an infinite number of minute chambers. In Pholidota
imbricata the pseudo-bulb is pierced by a plexus of large brown latici-
ferous vessels, in which I have not remarked a cyclosis, but whose particles
ha\e an active motion on their own axis. In other cases the rhizoma,
instead of having pseudo-bulbs, forms short stems which are terminated
by one or more leaves, as in Pleurothallis and its allies, and in the genus
Cattleya and others; these differ from the pseudo-bulbous species only
in the thickness and form of their axis. The formation of tubercles and
terminal buds, or of creeping rhizomata and pseudo-bulbs, is the most
common tendency of the order, but not the only one; in Eulophia,

IV

Bletia, and others, the rhizoma assumes simply the form of an ordinary
tuber, and in Vanilla, Dendrobium, Vanda, and others of a similar
nature there is no rhizoma, but the stem lengthens as in common
plants, from which there is nothing to distinguish it; some of the
species of Dendrobium are remarkable for having the pseudo-bulbous
form at one end of their stem, and the common state at the other,
as in D. crumenatum, &e. When such plants as Dendrobium Pie-
rardi grow very fast, in an atmosphere which suits them, their stems
will frequently branch, when the new branches throw out roots in
abundance from their base; in such cases the original branches are
equivalent to the rhizoma of the pseudo-bulbous species, and the secon¬
dary branches to the pseudo-bulbs themselves.

The leaves are variable in many points of structure. Among
the terrestrial species it is most common for them to be thin, Hat,
and distinctly traversed with strong parallel veins proceeding at equal
distances from the base to the apex, and sometimes giving them a
ribbed appearance; they sheath the stem by their base, which is some¬
times dilated into a cup capable of holding water. But from this the
variations are extremely great; the leaves are exceedingly succulent and
cellular in many species, especially those inhabiting the Cape of Good
Hope ; in Oberonia their faces grow together and render them equitant;
in Brasavola, Luisia and others they roll up and grow together in
such a manner as to become terete; in most epiphytal kinds they
are coriaceous without any external appearance of veins ; in the supposed
parasites they are reduced to mere scales. In all the ephiphytal species
they are distinctly articulated with the stem, from which they are thrown
off when dead; in most terrestrial kinds this articulation is very imper¬
fect. It is common for the leaves of epiphytes to have their ends
oblique and notched; this structure is not found in the terrestrial species.
Most commonly they sheath the stem more or less perfectly by their
base; but in Vanilla and many others there is no sheath whatever. In
all the terrestrial species the leaves form sheaths in the first instance,
and bracts afterwards, by the nondevelopement of the lamina, so that
gradations may be traced between the most highly developed leaves,
and mere scale-like bracts; this is particularly evident in numerous
Ophrydeae.

V

The inflorescence is in all cases either terminal or axillary ; but
it often seems not to be so. Thus in some of the genus Dendrobium
the flowers appear in racemes springing from the back of the leaves at
the base; in this case the inflorescence pierces through the sheath ot
the leaf, which is pressed so close to the stem that there is no room lor
the flowers to develope in the ordinary way. In other instances the flowers
are described as radical; they are, however, in all such cases formed
in the axil of a scale or leaf stationed near the root. When, as in
Cycnoches, Catasetum sometimes, and others of like nature, the flowers
spring from the naked sides of the stem, they are not the less axillary on
that account, but merely appear after the fall of the leaves to which
they belong. It is frequently the nature of these plants to direct their
flower-stems downwards, so that if planted in the ground they bury their
flowers in the earth; this arises from their being naturally inhabitants
of the branches of trees, from which their flowers hang down freely in
the air.

Their floral envelopes are constructed irregularly upon a ter¬
nary type, and consist of three exterior and three interior pieces.

The exterior pieces are usually nearly equal, and less brightly
coloured than the interior ; but the two lateral ones are often of a some¬
what different form from the other, which is anterior as the flower is
placed upon the inflorescence when young, but which often becomes
posterior when the flower is expanded, in consequence of the flower-
stalk being twisted, or curved; these parts are occasionally united by their
edges into a long tube, as in Masdevallia, or the lateral ones adhere to
the unguis of the lip in various degrees, or two of them are consolidated
into one, as in Corycium and many others. Occasionally the interme¬
diate piece is prolonged at the back or base into one or two hollow spurs,
as in the genera Satyrium and Disa; still more rarely the lateral pieces
are also spurred, as in Disperis. Various other less important modifi¬
cations of the exterior pieces occur, but in all cases the whole number
three is present.

The interior pieces are usually three, never more; but in the in¬
stances of Monomeria and Aviceps the intermediate one only is present.

VI

They are generally unequal, the two lateral pieces corresponding in
form and size, while that between them, called the lip, is of some other
form and size; in the genus Thelymitra, however, and inPaxtonia, they
are all alike. Nothing can he more variable than the proportions they
bear to each other and to the exterior pieces. It is only a few of their
modifications which it seems important to notice. The lateral pieces
are occasionally bifid, as in certain species of Habenaria ; in Megacli-
niura falcatum they arc glandular at the apex ; in most cases they are
distinct from the column, but in Lepanthes, Gongora, Disa, and some
others, they are adnate to that organ ; in no instance are they spurred
or saccate. The Up is either distinct from the column or united to it,
stalked at its base or dilated there, and often extended into a bag or
spur, which is sometimes, as in certain species of the genus Epidendrum,
consolidated with the ovary; very rarely it has two spurs, as in Diplo-
centrum. In the instances of Camarotis and Acropera it is saccate at the
point. Its form is infinitely varied, the extremes of variation being
Paxtonia for simplicity, and Coryanthes or Stanhopea for complexity;
these and all other complicated forms may without difficulty be reduced
to a three-lobed type, the simple form of which is found in Maxillaria,
Bletia, and many Cattleyas. The lip is often so slightly articulated with
the column as to swing to and fro upon the least disturbance, on which
account it sometimes seems as if it were endowed with a power of spon¬
taneous motion ; this is particularly apparent in certain species of Pte-
rostylis. There is a frequent tendency in the lip to produce tubercles or
lamellae upon its surface, the latter are always confined to the veins, the
former are principally found near the base of the lip, and do not appear
to have any relation to the veins ; it is in the genus Oncidium, Eria, and
Zy go petal um that these bodies, the use of which is unknown, are most
conspicuous. Not unfrequently the lip is hairy, convex, and so marked
and coloured as to bear no little resemblance to an insect.

It is usual to call the exterior series of the floral envelopes, calyx, and
the interior, corolla, and it is convenient so to consider them for purposes
of description. It is however probable, both from the analogy of Ma-
rantaceae and Zingiberaceae, and for other reasons, that the so called sepals
arc really the petals, and that the so called petals are an outer row of
sterile stamens. It is clear that the supposed calyx is not the most

Vll

exterior of the floral envelopes, not only because in Epistephium there is
an obscurely three-lobed cup still more external, but especially because
in Bolbophyllum braeteolatuin there are two scales or rudimentary sepals
alternate with the so called sepals on the outside. That the supposed
petals are sterile stamens is rendered probable, 1°. by the general ten¬
dency of one of them to become three-lobed, in which case the middle
lobe may be regarded as equivalent to the connective, and the lateral
lobes to the cells of the anther; 2°. by the glandular termination of
these parts in Megaclinium falcatum and elsewhere, a common sign
among other plants of the suppression of an anther, and thirdly because
they have all been seen transformed into stamens by His and Brown. It
is however remarkable, that the last-mentioned botanist does not con¬
sider such monstrous cases as good evidence of the so called petals being
modified stamens, and that he regards the additional part in Epistephium
to be analogous to what is termed a calyculus in some Santalacese, a few
Proteacese, and perhaps Loranthace<e. It might however be argued
that the so called calyx of those orders is really corolla.

The centre of the flower is occupied by a body called the column,
which is formed by the consolidation of the style and true stamens. In
the greater part of the order there is but one stamen present, and it is
in that case placed opposite the intermediate sepal, and consequently
alternate with the lateral petals; when, as in Cypripedium there are two
stamens present, then the usual stamen remains in its customary posi¬
tion, in a sterile state, and the two perfect stamens are additional and
placed right and left of it. It is supposed that in those species which
have but one anther there are two other stamens present in an incom¬
plete condition, and consolidated with the other ; and from the evidence
offered by monstrous formations, it is thought that such sterile stamens
are represented in Orchis and its allies by two tubercles, one on each
side of the column, in Burlingtonia by two auricles near the apex of the
column, and by other signs in other cases. This theory is in some
degree confirmed by the genus Zygostates, in which what appear to be
the sterile stamens are present in a perfectly distinct state, while there
are no lateral appendages of any kind upon the column. But on the
other hand it is invalidated by a monster of Platanthera bifolia,
described by l)r. Brown, in which three stamens were developed, each

Vlll

with its lateral auriculae. Upon the supposition that the so called petals
are really the external series of the andrcreeum, it becomes almost
necessary to consider all the stamens ever present in Orchidaceae, as
belonging to one and the same series, of which the central stamen is
complete in the majority of the order, and the two lateral ones in Cypri-
pediuni, and this seems to be confirmed by the triandrous monster of
l’lalanthera already referred to, in which Dr. Brown describes the addi¬
tional stamens as opposite the lateral sepals. Nevertheless this acute ob¬
server is of opinion that the one perfect stamen in the monandrous genera,
and the two of Cypripedium, belong to different series. This theory is
founded partly upon the position of the stamina in Apostasia, a genus
which cannot be considered actually to belong to the order, and in
which of three stamens, two are described as being perfect and opposite
the lateral petals, while one is sterile and opposite the intermediate sepal,
and partly upon an appendage of the labellum found in Glossodia, Epi-
blema, &c., to which Zygostates may now be added. But in the first place
an argument relating to a question of this kind must lie regarded with
much suspicion, if founded upon the condition of the parts in a genus not
belonging to the order, and secondly, I do not see how it is possible to
affirm with confidence to which division of the perianthium the perfect
anthers are really opposite in Apostasia; had not so very careful a
botanist as Dr. Brown asserted that they are opposite the sepals I should
have described them as being opposite the lateral petals, in which case
they would correspond with the supposed position of the absent stamina
in Orchidaceae. With regard to the supposition that the appendage of
the labellum, so common in many genera, and so remarkable in those
already mentioned, is a sterile stamen, it may be observed that there is
no proof of its being of such a nature; and it is quite conceivable
that it may be a mere superficial dilatation of the labellum, the lamellae
and varicose veins of which afford frequent evidence of a great tendency
to the formation of superficial appendages, which I should rather
regard as analogous to the corona of Silenaceae, or more correctly to
the bearded crest of Iris. It may be added that the relation born by
the carpels to the stamens is unfavourable to the supposition of there
being more than one series of the latter within the so called petals, as
will be explained hereafter.

IX

In the greater part of the order a single anther terminates the
column. This is usually two-celled, but often has its cells divided into
two or four other cavities, by the extension of the endothecium between
the lobes of the pollen masses, or is occasionally more or less completely
one-celled by the .absorption of the connective. In Ophrydeae it is erect,
with a distinct connective and with the bases of the cells either parallel
or diverging, and then its cells dehisce along their face. In Neottieae it
is also erect, but appears to be dorsal instead of terminal, in consequence
of the stigma being placed before it for its whole length. In the re¬
mainder of the order it falls prone upon the head of the column or
the clinandrium, like a lid, and often is easily detached; sometimes
this kind of anther originates from the margin of the clinandrium, some¬
times trom within the margin, in which case it is occasionally covered
as by a hood, as in Cryptarrhena and other genera.

The Pollen consists of lenticular or spheroidal grains, either single
or cohering in pairs, threes, or fours, or in larger masses in indefinite
number. The grains are usually held together by an elastic filamentous
substance, which in all Ophrydeae, anti many others, forms an axis
round which the grains or masses of grains are arranged, and which
in a very large part ot the order assumes the appearance of a strap or
caudicula. This body either contracts an adhesion with a gland origi¬
nating on the margin of the stigma, as in Ophrydeae, Neottieae and
Validate, or it is folded upon the pollen masses as in Epidendreae, or it
terminates in an amorphous dilatation as in many Malaxideae. In all
cases it consists of cellular tissue, sometimes very lax and large and
thin-sided as in Polystachya ramulosa, more generally very compact,
tough, and thick-sided; towards the end which adheres to the stimnatic
gland the tissue becomes elongated, but otherwise it is more or less
lenticular. In Ophrydeae the caudicula is extended towards the base
of the anther-cells; but in all the other divisions of the order, the
caudicula, when present, is lengthened in the direction of the apex of
the cells.

Ihe pollen grains are filled with spherical molecules, having a
motion on their own axis when suspended in water, and of unusually
large size. Mr. Bauer generally represents them as escaping from the

I

X

grains by means of an opening in the sides of the latter; an observation
which 1 have not succeeded in repeating. I find that the pollen-grains
have been correctly described as extending into a pollen-tube, after
being applied to the surface of the stigma, and it appears to me that
the active granules pass out of the pollen-grains into those tubes.

The Ovary adheres firmly to the tube of the calyx, and is often
so twisted, when the flower is about to expand, that its back and the
floral envelopes belonging to it is turned to the front. It consists of
three perfect carpels, stationed alternately with the stamens, opposite
the petals, and bearing the placentae in their axis, and of three other
pieces alternate with the first, destitute of placentae, and eventually
separating from them when the fruit is ripe. These pieces may be
either regarded as the united margins of the carpels, or as imperfect
carpels ; the principal objection to the latter hypothesis consisting in the
intermediate pieces being external with regard to the undoubted carpels.
Dr. Brown takes a different view of the position of the carpels (On
the sexual organs , Sfc. in Orehidece and xisclepiadece , p. 12). He con¬
siders them to be stationed opposite the sepals; consequently the in¬
termediate pieces above described must be in his mind representations
of the dorsal sutures of the carpels, and he must regard each placenta
as of a double nature, half belonging to one carpel and half to another.
To this opinion he appears to have been led both by his own theoretical
views of the general structure of an Orchidaceous flower, and also by
supposing in common with all other Botanists at that time, that placentae
must necessarily alternate with stigmata. But the evidence of Oroban-
ehaeea? shews, as 1 have elsewhere explained, that in this respect the
theories of Botanists were unsound; and that placentae are beyond all
doubt produced by the axis of carpels as well as by their margins.

The stigma is a viscid excavation in front of the anther, and just
below it. In most cases it is quite simple, merely terminating in a glan¬
dular dilatation of the upper margin, called the rostellum. It is lined
with a lax tissue composed of minute ascending jointed hairs, and has
a direct communication with the cavity of the ovary, either open or but
imperfectly closed up. The glandular dilatation, in all Vandeae and
Ophrydcae, and in many genera, separates from the stigma and adheres

XI

to the pollen masses, but it is also, in numerous other genera, at all times
inseparable from it. In Bonatea, in Habenaria, and in some other
genera of Ophrydeae, there are two arms to the upper edge ot the
stigma, each arm being channelled for the reception of the caudicula
of a pollen-rnass, and terminating in a separable gland; between these
lies a membrane, very variable in size, sometimes merely a connecting
web, sometimes a distinct plicature or lobe, and occasionally fornicate
and extended in the middle into a tnuero. In these genera, on the lower
edge of the stigmatic excavation are two processes, long, narrow, chan¬
nelled, lined with stigmatic hairs, tree at the points, united to the
labellum at the base. Dr. Brown regards the two upper arms and
intervening web of the superior edge of the stigmatic excavation as
belonging to one carpel, and the two imperfect processes adhering to
the base of the labellum, as the styles of the two other carpels; this
view of their nature is the necessary consequence of assuming that the
carpels of which the ovary is composed, are placed opposite the sepals.

But it appears more probable that in such plants the double placenta?
are connected with a two lobed style to each carpel; a structure which
would be analogous to what occurs in this and in other Iridaceous
plants, to which Orchidaceae are very nearly allied. Upon this sup¬
position one arm of each of the fertile styles must be regarded as sup¬
pressed, or united with the contiguous imperfect arm into a plicature or
mucro, and the two sterile processes will belong to the carpel which
is opposite the labellum. That the stigmatic arms are opposite the
petals is manifest in most of the genera where they are found, and
especially in such plants as Disa, Penthea, &c. in which the third and < .*> j >
sterile stigma forms a tubercle at the base of the labellum. That the
connecting web of the fertile arms is of a double nature is also shewn by r
its lobed condition in Diplomeris hirsuta, Bonatea flexuosa, and others.

It results from the preceding statements, that the theoretical structure
of an Orchidaceous flower is as follows :—Sepals 3, usually suppressed.

Petals 3, commonly called sepals. Stamens 6, in two series, of which
the outer is sterile, and commonly called petals, and the inner is conso¬
lidated into a column : the two stamens of this series, which are opposite
the so called sepals, being usually abortive. Ovary inferior, composed
of 3 carpels, having double polyspermous placentae in their axis, and

XII

placed opposite the so called petals. Styles 3, opposite the so called
petals, often 2-lobed, and unequally united, those only which are oppo¬
site the lateral so called petals being fertile : all, in most cases, consoli¬
dated so as to be undistinguishable.

Opinions are divided as to the manner in which impregnaticn
occurs in this order. Mr. Bauer adduces a great many facts to show
that it does not take place, as in other plants, by actual contact between
the pollen and the stigmatic secreting surface, but that it is effected by
absorption of fecundating matter by the stigmatic gland from the pollen
through the caudicula. In Tab. III. Fig. 4, Fructification, a supposed
contrivance to effect this purpose by means of foramina in the pouches
of the stigma is represented in Orchis mascula. Plates Y, XII, XIII,
XIV,'of Fructification, and XVII, XVIII, XIX and XX of Genera,
are particularly intended to illustrate the progressive developement
of the organs of fructification, and Mr. Bauer’s opinions regarding
fecundation. The result of which appears to amount to this; that
in an early period of growth there is no communication between the
pollen and stigma; that by degrees this communication is effected
by the extension of the caudicula till it reaches the stigmatic gland,
to which it firmly adheres ; up to this time the grains of pollen
are closed up, and the stigmatic surface firm, smooth, dry, and of a
waxy texture ; that after a union is effected between the caudicula of
the pollen masses and the stigmatic glands (which precedes the expansion
of the flower), the pollen grains lose their granular contents, while
the stigmatic glands and surface simultaneously become covered with a
thick mucus; that by the time the flower is expanded, the pollen
is dry and empty of granular matter, and the stigma less mucous
than it was; finally, that, with these changes, alterations take place
in the surface of the stigmatic excavation, which is at first composed
of a loose plexus of cellular tissue, and is eventually broken up into
a stratum of slender utrieuli, each containing from 1 to 3 nuclei ; these
utriculi are represented as being at first empty, but as presenting, after
the supposed act of impregnation has taken place, the appearance of
grumous matter in their interior. To all this it may be added, that care
seems to have been taken by nature to prevent the usual contact

XIII

between the pollen and stigma, by enclosing the former in an anther,
from which it can only be released by the action of some external
stimulus, such as might be received from a bird or an insect.

On the other hand Dr. Brown, M. Adolphe Brongniart, and others,
suppose that impregnation is effected here as elsewhere by contact
between the pollen and stigma. It is alleged that pollen-tubes are
emitted bv the pollen after it has adhered to the stigma, that these tubes
descend the stigmatic canal, and mix themselves among the ovules over
the surface of the placentae, and that in some cases the pollen-tubes
have been traced into the foramina of the ovules. The latter is a remark
of Dr. Brown’s, whose skill and faithfulness as an observer are above all
question.

For a long time I adopted the views of Mr. Bauer, but additional
experience, a careful observation of Orchidaceae in a state of cultivation,
and a verification of some of the facts last described, have caused me to
alter my opinion, to acquiesce in the conclusions of Dr. Brown, and to
regard the phenomena represented by Mr. Bauer as connected with cir¬
cumstances not belonging to impregnation. It is now well known that
cultivated Orchidaceae, which rarely fruit if unassisted, may be made to
bear fruit with certainty, if they are artificially impregnated. The effect
of such impregnation is firstly to hasten by many days the decay of the
flower, and secondly, to fill the stigmatic canal with pollen tubes, which
may be traced without difficulty even up to the very maturation of the
fruit.

The determination of this point does not however diminish the value
of Mr. Bauer’s observations; it only leaves the facts he describes still to
be accounted for ; and it is a most curious subject of enquiry to inves¬
tigate the exact uses of so singular and peculiar a sexual apparatus as
that with which Orchidaceae are furnished.

The seeds are generally enveloped by a loose cellular testa, which
is frequently open at the lower end, at the period of maturity. They con¬
tain a nucleus, whose apex is directed towards the base of the seed, and
which is either covered by two extremely thin membranes, frequently

XIV

prolonged at the point into a tube*, or is coated by a brittle crustaceous
integument. At that end of the nucleus which is next the apex of the
seed, is uniformly found a very distinct chalaza of a deep brown, or a
bright brown colour. The interior of the nucleus is a cellular fleshy
homogeneous body, and must be regarded as an embryo destitute of
albumen.

Nothing certain is known of the germination of Orchidaceae.

University College, London, Oct. 24-th, 1838.

This is represented at Plate XI, Fructification, figs. 4, 6, 7, 8, and 9, and elsewhere, as
if it were the funiculus of the nucleus.

»/ 2. td tr"tr'rr j*' -nxrr-tf Bnv*r

FRUCTIFICATION.

Tab. I.

The anther and pollen-masses of Bletia Tankervillee ;
from sketches by Mr. Bauer in August 1801. This plate
illustrates the structure of the Tribe called Epibendre^e.

1. A young anther seen in front; magnified 8 times.

2. A side view of the same.

3. A vertical section of one of the lobes of the same, shewing the early

formation of pollen in the solid substance of the anther, and the
origin of the filaments or straps by which the masses are finally
connected.

4. A view of the face of the lobes of the anther; magnified 8 times.

5. A back view of fig. 1. shewing that there are three vascular cords that

pass out of the column into the anther.

6. 7- Transverse and vertical-tangental sections of the young anther,
shewing that the pollen-masses are all originally secreted in different
parts of the Substance of the anther, which at first is a solid mass.

8. 9. Grains of pollen magnified; fig. 8, 100 times, fig. 9, 200 times;
to shew that they cohere in threes or fours, and are themselves
composed of more minute particles, as is apparent from fig. 9.

10. A full-grown anther dropping out its pollen - masses; magnified

8 times.

12. A view of the underside of the same.

14. A side view of the same.

13. A view ol the interior of the anther, shewing the eight cells for the

reception of the same number of pollen-masses ; magnified 8 times.

11. 16. 17. Various views of the pollen-masses, shewing that the eight

lobes are all connected by filaments or straps, which unite at the
apex of the anther.

15. A section ot the anther, shewing the thickness of the connectivum

and the space occupied by the masses of pollen. All these figures
are magnified 8 times in diameter.

.

. M <'MU3

fnzncuscios Bruwr tld *

FRUCTIFICATION.

Tab. II.

The column and sexual apparatus of Brassia maculata ;
from a drawing by Mr. Bauer made in May 1807. This
plate illustrates the structure of the Tribe called Vande,e.

1. 2. Front and side views of the column of an unexpanded flower;
magnified 6 times; these shew the early formation of the gland,
the vertical position of the anther, and the nature of the stigmatic
cavity.

3. 4. Side and front views of the same, the anther being turned back ;
and the clinandrium laid bare, to shew that at this period the
gland and the caudicula are separable from the pollen-masses,
which are still enclosed within the cells of the anther.

5. A transverse section of a young anther, shewing the early formation

of the pollen ; magnified 6 times.

6. A front view of an anther after the pollen has dropped, shewing the

membranous valves ; magnified 6 times.

7- A vertical section of the same.

8. 9. Two hall profile views of the upper end of the column, having
the gland and the caudicula in a very young state, no adhesion
with the pollen-masses being perceptible; magnified 12 times.

10. A front view ol the column of an expanded flower, the anther being

removed, and the pollen-masses, gland and caudicula in their
natural position; magnified 6 times.

11. 12. Front and side views of the same, with the anther not removed.

13. A side view ol the two pollen-masses, their caudicula, and gland;

magnified 12 times.

14. A back view of the same, with one of the pollen-masses removed,

and the other drawn a little oft the caudicula and cut across, so as

to shew the hollow centre which communicates with the external
fissure.

15. A side view of No. 10.

16. A front view of No. 13.

17. A back view of the same, shewing the fissures in the pollen-masses.

18. The grains of pollen, cohering in threes or fours; magnified 200 times.

19. The ultimate particles of pollen ; magnified 200 times.

.

FRUCTIFICATION.

Tab. III.

The sexual apparatus of Orchis mascula, &c. from a
drawing by Mr. Bauer in May 171)2. This plate illustrates
the structure of the Tribe called OpHRYDEiE.

1. A front view of the column of Orchis mascula with the base of the

labellum, shewing the position of the anther, with its pouch, the
cells of the former being partially open, so as to shew the pollen
within; on each side of the anther are seen two granular tumours,
which are the rudiments of stamens; magnified 15 times.

2. A back view of the same; the orifice of a section of the ovarium

being shewn above the mouth of the spur, a section of which occu¬
pies the centre of the figure; the spur is seen to be hairy inside.

3. A front view of the anther with the cells opened, so as to exhibit the

pollen-masses inside in their natural position ; magnified 15 times.
The pouch in which the glands of the pollen-masses are confined
is forced a little down.

4. The same viewed from beneath and behind. The back of the pouch

is visible, with two foramina which communicate with the glands
ot the pollen-masses, and establish a communication between them
and the stigma. In an unexpanded state the back of the pouch is
pressed down close upon the stigma, and at that time the influence
ot the pollen is conducted to it through these foramina; after ex¬
pansion the pouch and foramina are separated from the stigma by
so considerable a space, that no communication can be established
between them. See fie. lfi.

5. A transverse section of fig. 3; magnified 15 times. In this the inner

structure ol the cells of the anther is exhibited, and the pouch is
in its natural position.

6. A pollen-mass with its caudicula and gland, taken out of the anther;

magnified 15 times. V w

?. The same ; magnified 15 times ; its pollen forcibly stretched asunder,
and many of the granulations torn away.

8. A pollen-mass of Ophrys apifera with its caudicula and gland

magnified 15 times; the gland is in the act of parting with the
fecundating matter of the pollen.

9. A view of the upper surface of the gland, with the mode of insertion

of the caudicula.

10. A view ot the under surface of the same, shewing a cavity which

communicates with the foot of the caudicula.

11. A section of the pouch, shewing the positions of the gland, the

caudicula and the foramen.

12. A portion of the granules of the pollen-mass of Orchis mascula;

magnified 50 times. This shews that all the granulations cohere
by the means oi a common elastic web, which is shewn forcibly
distended, and that each granulation is composed of a number of
series of particles of pollen.

13. One of the granulations in its natural state ; magnified 100 times.

14. The same partially dissolved in water, its component particles sepa¬

rating in threes, fours, pairs, and very minute simple molecules.

15. A back view of the double pouch of the column of Ophrys apifera

shewing the wide foramina at the back of each pouch for maintain¬
ing the communication between the pollen-masses and the stigma;
magnified 15 times.

16. A section of fig. 1, shewing the relative position of the anther, pouch,

gland, stigma, and ovarium of Orchis mascula when the flower is
expanded.

NOTE.

At Mr. Bauer’s request the following corrections are made in the letter

press of the first part of this work.

Fructification. Tab. II.

For 19. The ultimate particles of pollen,

Read 19. A small portion of the fluid substance of the stigmatic gland,
which generally consists of very minute particles, intermixed with
rather large blotches of oil; magnified 200 diameters.

Fructification. Tab. III.

For 6. A pollen-mass with its caudicula and gland, taken out of the
anther,

Read 6. A pollen-mass with its caudicula and the internal socket of the
stigmatic gland.

Ohs. This alteration has become necessary in consequence of its having
been found that the sentence, as originally constructed, might be
understood to imply that Mr. Bauer considers the gland of Or-
chideae as belonging to the stamen and not to the stigma; a sup¬
position which is removed by the remainder of the plates illustrative
of the structure of Ophrydeae, and which is directly at variance
with Mr. Bauer’s real opinion, as must be evident to those who
have studied the admirable drawings from which these plates have
been taken.

Add to 8. as follows :

This is in some measure an ideal figure to represent in what way
the fecundating matter is supposed to leave the caudicula and stig¬
matic gland. For this reason there has been no attention paid to
preserving a proportion between the pollen-mass and the fecundat¬
ing matter; but the latter, which would really be invisible if the
former were not more highly magnified, is shewn as if the pollen-
mass were magnified many hundred times.

.

FRUCTIFICATION.

Tab. IV.

The parts of the flower of Spiranthes speciosa, illustrating

the Tribe Neottie.e; from a sketch by Mr. Bauer in

1794.

1. A side view of the ovary, column, and lip, the other parts being re-

moved ; magnified 8 times.

2. The same, with the lip and a part ol the ovary cut away; magnified

8 times.

3. A back view of the column of a bud, shewing the anther and the

back ol the stigmatic gland; magnified 8 times.

4. The stigmatic gland, seen from the front; magnified 16 times.

The same, from the back, with two perforations, corresponding witli
the adhesion of the pollen-masses; magnified 16 times.

6. A back of the column of an expanded flower, with the anther
attached; magnified 8 times.

7- The same, with the anther removed, shewing the pollen-masses and
stigmatic gland in their places.

8. The same, with the pollen-masses and the stigmatic gland removed.

9. The two pairs of pollen-masses, attached to the back of the stigmatic

gland ; magnified 8 times.

10. The same seen in front.

"■ ^

12. A transverse section of the same.

13. Four of the pollen grains ; magnified 400 times.

H ' A 100 S timeI he P °" en adhering t0 thC ' ,IUci,a « in o"s tissue ; magnified

#

TAIi <5

F RFCTIIFICA T10 M

0

G

rAv-

.

.Vjt* WAo*

FRUCTIFICATION.

Tab. V.

The column and sexual apparatus of a species of Denpro-
bium from Ceylon ; from a drawing by Mr. Bauer made
in 1821. This plate illustrates the structure of the Tribe
called Malaxide^e, and the phenomena that are atten¬
dant upon fecundation.

1. A young flower-bud, which under the most favourable circumstances

would probably have expanded within ten or twelve days ; natural
size.

2. A front view of the column of the same, the floral envelopes having

been removed. At this stage the anther is very succulent and
larger than at any other period; but there is no indication of its
bursting; the extended marginal stigmatic gland is also very suc¬
culent, of a milk white colour, quite dry and waxy to the touch, as
also is the whole surface of the stigmatic cavity. Magnified 10
diameters.

3. A transverse section of the lower part of the anther; magnified 10

diameters.

4. Pollen of the same anther, each grain 3-4-celled; at this stage the

grains are almost colourless with very slight indications of any
interior granular matter; magnified 400 diameters.

5. Another flower-bud, within 7 or 8 days of its expansion ; natural size.

6. A part of the column of the same, without the floral envelopes, but

with its fecundating organs in full action ; magnified 10 diameters.
The two cells of the anther are bursting at their apex; the pollen-
masses are nearly twice as large as in the expanded flower; the
grains of pollen are almost floating in aqueous matter, and are
closely pressed upon the stigmatic gland ; from the latter, and from
the whole surface of the stigmatic cavity, so abundant an exudation
of mucous fluid is produced, that the latter bulges out and seems
as if it would overflow the cavity, which however never happens.
The fluid is very pellucid, but glutinous.

7- The anther taken out of the clinandrium to shew that at this time its
dehiscence is not complete; magnified 10 diameters. The grains of
pollen cohere so slightly that they may be separated by the point
of the finest hair-pencil.

8. A group of grains of pollen, from the same anther, in the most perfect

state of maturity; they are all either 3 or 4-celled, and emit many
thread-like processes, which however Mr. Bauer does not find in
all Orchideous plants ; magnified 400 diameters.

9. A side view of the same column and organs of fecundation ; magnified

10 diameters. This figure shews the bulging of the glutinous ex¬
udation from the surface of the stigmatic cavity.

10. A fully expanded flower; natural size.

11. A front view of the column of the same, the floral envelopes having

been removed ; magnified 10 diameters. The pollen-masses have
fallen out of the cells and are hard and dry, like wax.

12. A back view of the anther of the same flower; magnified 10 diame¬

ters. At this time the anther is becoming brown, and shrivelling.

13. The same seen in profile.

14. The clinandrium, with the anther removed; shewing the elongated

filament to which the anther was attached, and the pollen-masses
resting in the cavity; magnified 10 diameters.

15. The labellum expanded; natural size.

16. A longitudinal section of the column, &c. of the expanded flower;

magnified 10 diameters. At this age the viscid fluid in the stig¬
matic cavity is nearly absorbed; and has only left some remains
of a very clear glutinous substance.

17- A pair of pollen-masses, belonging to one cell of the anther, in their
natural position; magnified 10 times.

18. The same separated.

19. Some grains of pollen of the expanded flower, after having been

soaked in water; magnified 400 diameters.

20. The same unsoaked.

21. Transverse section of part of the ovarium; magnified 10 diameters.

FRUCTIFICATION.

Tab. VI.

Anatomical views of the stigma and stigmatic surface of
Bletia Tankervillle; from a sketch by Mr. Bauer in
1802.

1. A section of the anterior lip of the clinandrium, the stigma, and a

portion of the stigmatic canal before impregnation, if viewed under
water; magnified 24 times. The stigma, which occupies the upper
extremity of the figure, is a close sac of cellular tissue : the stigmatic
canal is composed of an extremely loose plexus of cellular tissue
fringed by minute hairs.

2. The same after impregnation. The stigma is discharging the matter

it contains; and the plexus lining the stigmatic canal («) is con¬
verted into a mass of loose separable oblong bodies, having their
free extremities pointing upwards.

3. Some of the same bodies magnified 200 times. They are perfectly

transparent, and appear to be cellules of an oblong or fusiform
figure, with one, two, or three granular, more opaque, greenish
yellow specks, looking like young seeds of an Orchis in the midst
of loose reticulated testa.

4. Longitudinal section of a portion of the surface of the upper part of

the stigmatic canal represented at fig. 2; magnified 100 times
This is seen under water.

5. Transverse section of a portion of the dense mucous substance lining

the stigmatic canal, when viewed after having been kept a few
minutes under water; magnified 200 times.

J‘\VUK! ffaMdr citri

Gauci

*

FRUCTIFICATION.

Tab. VII.

The parts of the flower of Arethusa bulbosa ; illustrating
the Tribe called Arethuseye; from a sketch by Mr. Bauer
in 1794.

1. A front view of the top of the column, with the anther in its place;

magnified 10 times.

2. A vertical section of the same.

3. The tip of the column with its membranous border turned up, the

anther and stigma being in their true position with respect to each
other; magnified 10 times.

4. The same, with the anther turned back to shew the stigma and

pollen-masses.

5. The face of an anther, with two of the pollen-masses dropping out;

magnified 20 times.

6. The same, with the pollen-masses in their places.

7- An end profile of the last.

8. A side profile of a vertical section of the same.

9. A transverse section of the column ; magnified 20 times.

FRUCTIFICATION.

Tab. VIII.

A view of the pollen-masses of Bletia verecunda dissolved
in water; from a sketch by Mr. Bauer in 1801.

This figure is to shew the real nature of the waxy pollen-masses of
Orchideous plants. When examined as represented in this figure they
are found to consist of innumerable particles of pollen cohering in pairs,
threes, or fours, by means of a delicate, transparent, elastic web. The
central part which connects the four lobes is what appears under the
form of connecting filaments or straps, which are found from this figure
to be a mere plexus of this elastic web, with a small quantity of loosely
cohering grains of pollen scattered among it. Magnified 100 times.

The separate figure, of a grain and some granules of pollen, is mag¬
nified 400 times.

TAD. »

Y U V r T .1 T 1 V ATI© N

, am

»** * .

~]

J L nj- t'Mfiem A’"*R <fismtr

j*:

FRUCTIFICATION.

Tab. IX.

A transverse section of the ovarium of Bletia verecunda ;
from a sketch by Mr. Bauer in 1801.

This explains the plan upon which the ovarium of all Orchidese is
formed. It consists of six unequal pieces; of which three are smaller
than the rest, and opposite the sepals; the three others opposite the
petals; the latter only bear the placentae, which are two-lobed, and
covered with an infinite multitude of ovula. The axis of each piece or
the ovarium is occupied by a bundle of vessels. Magnified 60 times.

TAB 10

F MU C T I F ICATION

• •*'< 'of t~£c( < c%^toii 8 a 4 g^.

fcc-yt

■

\£ r .C ■'(

\C

/ -5 4M<r .*£•: '

..if £*/«*• *****

FRUCTIFICATION.

Tab. X.

Views of the anatomical structure of a column and ovarium;
from sketches by Mr. Bauer in 1793.

The upper figure represents a transverse and vertical section of the
column of Epidendrum ciliare. The larger cavity is that formed by the
union of the labellum and column; the smaller represents the stigmatic
canal, with its mucous lining. The mass of the column consists of
hexagonal cellular tissue, among which are distributed various bundles of
spiral vessels encased in very dense woody fibre ; magnified 60 times.

The under figure is a vertical section of the portion of the ovarium
of Bletia verecunda represented in Tab. IX. Magnified 60 times.

FRUCTIFICATION.

Tab. XI.

The ripe fruit and seeds of various species ; from sketches

by Mr. Bauer in 1803.

1. The capsule of Ophrys apifera; magnified 4 times.

2. The same, cut vertically, shewing one placenta and a half.

3. A transverse section of the same, shewing the three placentiferous and

the three sterile valves.

4. A nucleus of the seed of Ophrys apifera; magnified 100 times.

5. A complete seed of the same, with its tunic.

6. 7- 8. Seeds of Epidendrum elongatum in different states, with their

tunic; magnified 100 times.

9. The same, with the tunic opened so as to shew the nature of its

attachment to the nucleus; magnified 100 times.

10. 11. Seeds of Pterygodium atratum ; magnified 100 times.

TAB 12.

FRIT C T1FJLCAT 101,

&i»Vy

Mwx ■*<%:wr Jm

FRUCTIFICATION.

Tab. XII.

The column and sexual apparatus of Satyrium pustulatum ;
from a drawing by Mr. Bauer in 1800. This plate shews
the state of all the parts of fructification before impreg¬
nation and about 10 or 12 days before the expansion of
the flower; and illustrates the Tribe called Ophryde/E.

1. Back view of the young bud; natural size.

2. Front view of the same; magnified 4 diameters.

3. Back view of the same; magnified 4 diameters.

4. Side view of the same; magnified 4 diameters.

5. Longitudinal section of the lip of the same bud, the sepals and lateral

petals being removed; magnified 4 diameters.

6. Front view of the column and ovarium ; magnified 8 diameters.

7- A portion of the same column with the stigma in an unimpregnated
state, and the anther; magnified 16 diameters.

8. The same, with the stigma cut off and turned aside so as to shew the

clinandrium or back of the stigma, with its glands, and the position
of the caudiculse at that stage, when they are still enclosed in the
sheaths of the anther; magnified 16 diameters.

9. A side view of the same parts in their natural position.

10. Front view of a vertical section of the same through the middle of

the cells of the anther and the stigma, in the direction of e f, in
fig. 9; magnified 16 diameters.

11. A view of a vertical section of the same through the middle of the

connectivum, in the direction of a b, in fig. 7; magnified 16 dia¬
meters.

12. A vertical section through one cell of the anther and its caudicular

sheath, in the direction of c d of fig. 8; magnified 16 diameters.

13. A transverse section of a caudicular sheath, and of the two tubular

caudiculse enclosed in it; magnified 32 diameters.

14. Some grains of pollen, which in this plant are mostly 4-celled;

magnified 200 diameters.

15. Transverse section of the column; magnified 16 diameters.

16. Transverse section of the ovarium; magnified 16 diameters. Mr.

Bauer found that in many instances only one of the six pieces of
the ovarium was placentiferous.

TAB 10 .

F Fvll TC T1 IF JLCA TIIO

•r* At jyr '<•

ji'.ju utAca

FRUCTIFICATION.

Tab. XIII.

The column and sexual apparatus of Satyrium pustula-
tum ; from a drawing by Mr. Bauer in 1800. This plate
shews the state of all the parts of fructification a few days
before the expansion of the flower; and illustrates the
Tribe called Ophryde^e.

1. Back view of a young bud 6 or 7 days before expansion; natural

size.

2. The same ; magnified 4 diameters.

3. Front view of the same; magnified 4 diameters.

4. View of a longitudinal section of the labellum of the same bud, the

sepals and petals being removed; magnified 4 diameters.

5. Front view of the column and ovarium; magnified 4 diameters.

6. A back view of the organs of fructification, of a somewhat younger

bud, at the time when the caudiculse are just protruding through
their sheath but have not yet reached the stigmatic glands ; mag¬
nified 16 diameters.

7- Front view of the parts of fructification of the bud represented at
figs. 1, 2, 3, in the act of fecundation, the stigmatic glands and the
stigmatic cavity being full of fluid; magnified 16 diameters.

8. Back view of the same; the caudiculae are firmly fixed to the stig¬

matic glands; magnified 16 diameters.

9. Side view of the same.

10. Vertical section of the same; magnified 16 diameters.

11. Front view of the parts represented at fig. 7, one of the stigmatic

glands having been extracted from its socket, as is easily effected
at this age; magnified 16 diameters.

12. A back view of the extracted gland, shewing the point of insertion

of the caudicula.

13. A front view of the same gland, shewing the point from which the

secretion proceeds, some mucus still adhering to it; both magni¬
fied 16 diameters.

14. A small portion of the caudicular sheath of one cell of the anther

just burst, shewing the two tubular caudiculae; magnified 32 dia¬
meters.

15. Transverse section of an anther in the direction of a h in fig. 9;

magnified 16 diameters.

16. Side view of a pollen-mass adhering to the stigmatic gland, and

emitting the fecundating fluid; magnified 16 diameters.

1 7 Grains of pollen in the mature state; magnified 200 diameters.

FRUCTIFICATION.

Tab. XIV.

The column and sexual apparatus of Satyrium pustu-
latum ; from a drawing by Mr. Bauer in 1800. This
plate shews the state of all the parts at the time of the
expansion of the flower; and illustrates the Tribe called
OPHRYDEiE.

1. Front view of an expanded flower; natural size.

2. The same; magnified 4 diameters.

3. Back view of the same.

4. Longitudinal section of the lip, the column, and the ovarium ; mag¬

nified 4 diameters.

5. Front view of the anther and stigma; magnified 16 diameters.

6. The same seen in profile.

7- A longitudinal section of the parts represented at fig. 5 ; magnified
16 diameters.

8. Back view of one of the stigmatic glands, shewing the point of in¬
sertion of the caudicula; magnified 32 diameters.

9. Front view of the same, shewing the point of emission now dry.

10. Back view of the pollen-masses, still adhering to the stigmatic glands.

11. Front view of the same.

12. Side view of a pollen-mass adhering to a stigmatic gland; magnified

16 diameters.

13. A pollen-mass, one half of which is forcibly stretched out to shew

the elasticity of its axis, which may be drawn to double its length
without breaking.

14. One of the segments of the last; magnified 50 diameters.

15. A group of grains of pollen; magnified 200 diameters.

16. Transverse section of a part of the column; magnified 16 diameters.
17- Transverse section of the ovarium; magnified 16 diameters.

FRUCTIFICATION.

Tab. XV.

The parts of Fructification of the genus Apostasia ; from a
drawing made by Mr. Bauer, from dried specimens, in
February, 1832.

1. A portion of a spike of Apostasia nuda in the bud state; natural

size.

2. A side view of a bud; magnified 10 diameters.

3. The same opened forcibly; magnified 10 diameters.

4. The same with the three sepals removed to shew the three petals;

magnified 10 diameters.

5. The intermediate petal which represents the labellum of other Or-

chideae; this is narrower than the lateral petals, and tapers into
a short unguis at its base; magnified 10 diameters.

6. The two anthers in their natural position, all the floral envelopes

having been removed; magnified 10 diameters.

7- One of the anthers a little removed to shew the style which is held
fast in the groove of the opposite anther; magnified 20 diameters.

8. The same with the other anther further removed to shew the style

wholly disengaged; magnified 20 diameters.

9. Front view of an anther ; magnified 20 diameters.

10. Transverse section of the same; magnified in the same degree.

11. A group of pollen-grains ; magnified 5/0 diameters.

12. A portion of the style, with the stigma; magnified 100 diameters.

13. Transverse section of a portion of the ovarium ; magnified 20

diameters.

14. A small portion of the placenta, with ovula on it; magnified 100

diameters.

15. A group of ovula separated; magnified 200 diameters.

16. A transverse section of a nearly ripe seed-vessel of Apostasia Wal-

lichii; magnified 20 diameters.

1 7- A longitudinal section of the apex of the same, cut in the direction
from A to B of fig. 16; magnified 20 diameters.

18. A group of nearly ripe seeds ; magnified 200 diameters.

19. A longitudinal section of a seed, apparently abortive, and almost

filled with small globules, which consist of very minute fine yellow
grains ; magnified 200 diameters.

20. Two unimpregnated ovula; magnified 200 diameters.

TAB 1. 5

GENE RA

r .xcl rrundsct. ,3an.tr

GENERA.

Tab. I.

The parts of Fructification of Malaxis paludosa (Gen.
and Sp. of Orchid. PL p. 24) ; from a sketch made by
Mr. Bauer in July 1801.

1. A front view of the expanded flower, shewing the relative position of

the petals, sepals and column; magnified 15 times.

2. A side view of the same; the bractea seen at the foot of the ovarium ;

magnified 15 times.

3. A back view of the same, shewing the form of the ovarium and the

twisted state of the peduncle; magnified 15 times.

4. A side view of the ovarium, column, and labellum of the unexpanded

flower, the sepals and lateral petals having been removed; the
anther is seen laterally, reposing upon the thin anterior lip of the
column; the pollen masses not yet visible; magnified 15 times.

5. A back view of the column of an unexpanded flower, shewing the

position of the anther with regard to the anterior lip of the column ;
magnified 30 times.

fi. A side view of the same, shewing the relative proportion and position
, fi ie anther, the anterior lip of the column, and the prominence
which occupies the face of the same part; magnified 30 times.

6* A transverse section of the anther of the same, shewing the existence
at this period of a separation in each cell in the middle of the
pollen, which finally causes it to appear in the form of four incum¬
bent masses, as seen at fig. 13 and 14; magnified 30 times.

7- A front view of the column in the same state ; this shews that the true
form of the anterior lip of the column is two-lobed, with a marginal
tumour between the lobes; this tumour is the true stigma. In front
is the same prominence as is seen laterally at fig. 6; from which it
appears that its superior extremity forms the anterior margin of
the stigmatic cavity, and that at its lower extremity it is continuous
with the labellum, the scar caused by the separation of which is
distinctly shewn; magnified 30 times.

8. A back view of the column and anther after the expansion of the

flower. This represents the advanced state of fig. 5; the parts
have all acquired a greater firmness ; the form of several is altered,
and the case of the anther has contracted, leaving the pollen-masses
exposed in their true position : that is, incumbent upon each other,
not lying side by side; magnified 30 times.

9. A view of the parts represented at fig. 7? in the state in which they

appear when the flower is expanded; the stigmatic cavity is
enlarged, and the true stigma is smaller and more acute; magni¬
fied 30 times.

10. A side view of the same ; answering to fig. 6; magnified 30 times.

11. Aback view of the column; the pollen-masses having fallen out;

this explains the figure of the clinandrium or cavity in which the
anther lies, and shews the form of the anterior lip of the column
after fecundation; magnified 30 times.

12. A view of the face of the anther after the pollen-masses have fallen

out; the lobes are seen to be incompletely two-celled, and to be
distinctly separated by the connectivum; magnified 30 times.

13. 14. Different views of the pollen-masses at the time they separate

from the anther; magnified 30 times. From this it is apparent that
they are, at that time, destitute of all trace of caudicula, gland, or
other process, and lie loose in the cells of the anther; thus consti¬
tuting the principal distinctive character of Malaxideae among
Orchideous plants with waxy pollen.

,/ / xA icjrum, Fnt

GENERA.

Tab. II. IJ

The parts of Fructification of Liparis Loselii ( Gen . and
Sp. of Orch . PI. p. 28) ; from a sketch made by Mr. Bauer
in 1801.

1. A front view of the expanded flower, shewing the relative position ol

the petals, sepals, and column ; magnified 10 times.

2. A side view of the same.

3. A front view of the column of an expanded flower; magnified 20 times.

In this figure is shewn the true position of the anther, with regard
to the stigmatic cavity; the clinandrium is seen to have two obtuse
teeth at the back, and the column to have two fleshy ears or lobes
towards its summit, and a longitudinal furrow in its face. At an
earlier period there are two distinct tubercles at the foot of the
column, and the longitudinal furrow is shallower. Before impreg¬
nation the anther is not incumbent upon the clinandrium, but so
much erect that the cells are distinctly visible nearly their whole
length, when the column is viewed from the front without disturb¬
ing the anther. At this period the true stigma is found to consist
of two transparent, contiguous, but distinct, round glands, which
afterwards disappear.

4. Represents the same column with the anther turned back, so as to lay

naked the clinandrium and to expose the stigmatic cavity and pollen-
masses. From this it appears that the two fleshy ears or lobes at
the upper end of the column form the two sides of the quadrangular
stigmatic surface, that the clinandrium is at right angles with the
axis of the column, and that the position of the pollen-masses in
the cavities of the anther is side by side, and not incumbent.

5. Is a view of the face of the anther without its pollen; magnified

20 times. The position of its lobes will be found upon comparison
with tab. 1. fig. 12. to be the reverse of that of Malaxis.

6. A transverse section of the last.

7 • A section of the ovarium; magnified 20 times. This shews that the
six valves into which the fruit finally separates exist distinctly in
the ovarium, and have each their own vascular axis; the larger
valves, from the face of which the two-lobed placenta proceeds, are
opposite the petals, and the smaller ones without ovula are opposite
the sepals.

TAH 3

‘ L ,>.f

GENE IR A.

■ ■ > - . -.;<v BaJstt-r

( oelia Baueriana

GENERA.

Tab. III. if

The parts of Fructification of Cgelia Bauerana (Gen. and
Sp. of Orchid. PI. p. 36); from a sketch by Mr. Bauer in
February 1810.

1. A side view of the unexpanded flower; magnified 4 times.

2. A front view of an expanded flower; magnified 4 times.

3. A side view of the same, shewing the relative position of the column

and labellum, the sepals and lateral petals having been removed.

4. A front view of the ovarium and column of an expanded flower;

magnified 8 times. This represents the appearance of the ribs of
the ovarium and their relative position.

5. The same seen from behind.

6. A front view of the column and anther; magnified 16 times. This

shews the exact form and position of the clinandrium and anther
before impregnation. The two elevated spaces below the anther
are the stigma, which by reclining upon the anterior edge of the
clinandrium almost closes up the stigmatic cavity.

7- A back view of the same.

8. A view of the clinandrium and anther after impregnation, with the

pollen-masses falling out of the anthers ; magnified 16 times. (In
this figure the two sides of the column are represented of unequal
size; this was inadvertently drawn upon the stone, but is not to be
found in Mr. Bauer’s sketch.)

9. A side view ot the column before impregnation ; the stigma is seen in

front in the form of an ovate lobe, upon which the closed anther
reclines.

10. A front view of the expanded anther; magnified 16 times.

11. A back view of the same.

12. 13. Two views of the pollen-masses fallen out of the anther, shewing

their dilated extremities and the manner in which they curve out¬
wards, so that each pair forms a sort of hollow case; magnified
16 times.

14. Grains of pollen separated by force; magnified 200 times. This

shews that the pollen coheres in fours or threes.

15. 16. 17- Different views of the anther before expansion, shewing the

narrow neck or connectivum by which the lobes are united, and
the true figure of the latter; magnified 16 times.

18. A transverse section of the ovarium; magnified 16 times. From

this it appears, that of the nine wings of that body three only
belong to the placentiferous valves; of the remaining six two
belong to each of the sterile valves.

19. A capsule bursting; shewing the manner in which all the segments

of the perianthium cohere, so as to prevent the valves from opening
entirely; magnified 4 times.

20. A transverse section of the same.

21. 22. 23. 24. Different views of seeds; magnified 25 times.

TAB .*

GENERA

d*Z

yi/tCsd hi'

GENERA.

Tab. IV. i<j

The parts of Fructification of Octomeria gram ini foli a
and Baueri (Gen. and Sp. of Orchid. PL p. 10) ; from a
sketch made by Mr. Bauer in 1820 and 1821.

a. Octomeria graminifoeia, (1821.)

1. Front view of an expanded flower; magnified 6 diameters.

2. Side view of the same; magnified 6 diameters.

3. Side view of the column, labellum, and ovarium, the floral envelopes

having been removed; magnified 12 diameters.

4. Front view of the same ; magnified 12 diameters.

5. The upper portion of the column with the anther lifted up to shew

the pollen-masses lying beneath it upon the back of the stigma;
magnified 24 diameters.

6. The pollen-masses separated by force; magnified 24 diameters.

b. Octomeria Baueri, (1820.)

1. Front view of an expanded flower; magnified 6 diameters.

2. Side view of the same; magnified 6 diameters.

3. Front view of the column and labellum; magnified 12 diameters.

4. Front view of the column, the anther having been removed ; mag¬

nified 24 diameters.

5. Side view of the same with the anther in its natural position.

6. Vertex of an anther; magnified 24 diameters.

7- Back of the same, shewing the part where it is hinged to the column.

8. Pollen-masses in their natural position ; magnified 24 diameters.

9. The same spread open; magnified 24 diameters.

TAP. 5

:o

I'A e i>: K K A

. --a- ■ "

■nu^ ?«'»//>• if

GENERA.

Tab. V. *0

The parts of fructification of Dicrypta Baueri ; from a
sketch by Mr. Bauer in 180(>.

1. A profile of a flower; magnified 3 times.

2. A front view of the same.

3. A profile of a flower, with the column and lip alone remaining.

4. A front view of a column, with the top of the ovarium, and the

anther in its place ; magnified 6 times

5. * The clinandrium and stigmatic aperture, with the anther lifted up,

and the pollen-masses exposed; magnified 10 times.

6. * A side view of the same.

7- A view of the inside of the lip ; magnified 3 times.

8. A transverse section of the ovary; magnified 8 times.

9. A vertical section of a column ; magnified 6 times.

10. A transverse view of the capsule when nearly ripe; magnified
6 times.

12.* The two pairs of pollen-masses separated ; magnified 10 times.

* Subsequent to the engraving of the Plate having been made, Mr. Bauer has ascertained that the
specimen from which this drawing was taken was imperfect, and that the pollen-masses in fact adhere
to a thin elastic transparent gland ; the figures are otherwise correct.

TAB 0 XI

G E N E EA

it'Sr U.

i'lUta u Mx if

GENERA.

Tab. VI. LI

The parts of Fructification of Dendrobium speciosum
[Gen. and Sp. of Orchid. PL p. 87) ; from a sketch by
Mr. Bauer in 1793.

1. A front view of an expanded flower; magnified 4 diameters.

2. A side view of the same.

3. A back view’ of the same.

4. A side view of the column and labellum, the floral envelopes being

removed ; magnified 4 diameters.

5. A front view of the column; magnified 10 diameters.

6. The lip and the column in the expanded flower seen from above;

magnified 6 diameters.

7- The lip forcibly expanded ; magnified 6 diameters.

8. The face of the anther with the pollen-masses visible ; magnified 10

diameters

9. The same, with the pollen-masses fallen out.

10. 11. The pollen-masses; magnified 10 diameters.

tar 7. ^

GENEEA

j

Fra *, ■ ausr Ml

i’VU'OC SrfJtog

Pr rit* tp

GENERA.

Tab. VII. il

The parts of Fructification of Oncidium Baueri ; from a
sketch by Mr. Bauer in 1804, from a dried specimen.

1. An expanded flower; magnified 4 times.

2. The column, with its lateral wings; magnified 16 times. In this

figure the pollen-masses are seen naked, in consequence of the
anther having fallen off*.

3. A side view of the same, with the anther in its natural position ;

magnified 16 diameters.

4. A vertical section of a portion of the column; magnified 16 dia¬

meters. This shews the stigmatic cavity and its position with
respect to the pollen-masses and the gland.

5. A view of the face of the anther, the pollen having fallen out; mag¬

nified 16 diameters.

6. A side view; and 7> a view from below, of the pollen-masses, the

caudicula, and the gland; magnified 16 diameters.

GENERA.

Tab. VIII. IS

Parts of Fructification of Galeandra Baueri from a sketch
by Mr. Bauer in 1804, from a dried specimen.

1. Front view of an expanded flower; magnified 2 diameters.

2. Side view of the same.

3. Side view of the column ; magnified 8 diameters.

4. Front view of the same.

5. Front view of the apex of the column, with the anther raised up and

shewing the pollen-masses with their caudicula and the gland ;
magnified 8 diameters.

6. Side view of the same; magnified 8 diameters.

7- Pollen-masses with the caudicula and gland seen from above; mag¬
nified 16 diameters.

8. Profile view of the same.

9. The same seen from below.

10. The last with the pollen-masses and their caudicula separated from
the gland which is discharging its impregnating matter ; magnified
16 diameters. The impregnating matter is magnified 200 dia¬

meters.

Sarcantlius paniculatus .

frame£ omot, -Mi

(*u,<a ulkoq

GENERA.

Tab. IX. -24-

Parts of Fructification of Sarcanthus faniculatus from a
sketch by Mr. Bauer in 1813.

1. Front view of the expanded flower; magnified 5 diameters.

2. Side view of the same.

3. Front view of the column and lip, with the sepals and lateral petals

cut away; magnified 10 diameters.

4. A vertical section of the last shewing the internal structure of the

labellum, of the stigma and stigmatic canal.

5. Transverse section of the spur of the labellum ; magnified 10 dia¬

meters.

6. Back, front, and side views of the anther; magnified 10 diameters.

7- 8. 9. Profile, front, and back views of the pollen-masses, caudicula,
and gland; magnified 20 diameters.

10. Transverse section of a portion of the ovarium; magnified 10 dia¬
meters.

\

■

Vanilla plauifolia. V

Uiof

// C- . r 'HviM A

GENERA.

Tab. X. jw

The parts of the flower of Vanilla planifolia ; from a
sketch by Mr. Bauer in 1807. This and the next plate
illustrate the structure of Vanille^e.

1. A side view of an expanded flower of Vanilla planifolia; natural size.

2. Front view of the parts of fructification of the same flower; mag¬

nified 4 diameters.

3. A profile view of the same; magnified 4 diameters.

4. A profile view of a longitudinal section of the same; magnified

4 diameters.

5. Front view of an anther; magnified 6 diameters.

6. A profile view of the same ; magnified 6 diameters.

7- Longitudinal section of the above; magnified 6 diameters.

8. The pollen-mass of one cell of the anther; magnified 20 diameters.

9. Several pollen grains; magnified 200 diameters.

10. Side view of a longitudinal section of the parts of fructification and

the labellum ; magnified 2 diameters.

11. The end of the labellum expanded by itself; magnified 2 diameters.

12. Transverse section of a portion of the column, and the tube formed

by its adhesion to the labellum ; magnified 6 diameters.

13. Transverse section of a portion of the ovarium ; magnified 8 diameters.

14. Longitudinal section of a portion of the ovarium ; magnified 8 dia¬

meters.

15. Longitudinal section of the two-lobed placenta; magnified 25 dia¬

meters.

Vanilla phmii'oha. l’>.

i

•rxTU- J /iietr d+. f&tff

falls'

GENERA.

Tab. XI. d

The parts of the fruit of Vanilla planifolia ; from a sketch

by Mr. Bauer in 1807.

1 A ripe seed-pod of Vanilla planifolia; natural size.

2. Transverse section of the same pod ; magnified 6* diameters.

3. Longitudinal section of a portion of the same; magnified 6 diameters.

4. Longitudinal section of one lobe of the placenta; magnified 25 dia¬

meters.

5. Several seeds : at oaa perfect ripe seeds ; at b an unripe seed; at c

an abortive seed; and at d the outer shell is bruised, to bring the
nucleus in sight, the seed being too small for dissection ; magnified
200 diameters.

TAB 12; <■'.

G EHEEA,

GENERA.

Tab. XII. Hi

Parts of the unexpanded flower of Bon ate a steciosa ;
from a sketch by Mr. Bauer in 1824.

1. A bud of Bonatea speciosa, about one month before the expansion of

the flower; natural size.

2. A front view of the parts of fructification ; magnified 4 diameters.

3. Side view of the same; magnified 4 diameters.

4. A longitudinal section of the same; magnified 4 diameters.

5. The labellum forcibly expanded, to shew that the four additional

lobes are connected with the base of the labellum; magnified
4 diameters.

6. A transverse section of the anther; magnified 8 diameters.

7- Some pollen grains; magnified 200 diameters.

8. A front and a side view of the stigmatic glands, in their virgin state ;

magnified 8 diameters.

9. Some gelatinous irregularly formed corpuscles found in the fluid of

the stigmatic glands; magnified 200 diameters.

10. A longitudinal section of one of the protruding lobes of the stigma;

magnified 8 diameters.

11. Some of the utricular tubes or vessels, the lining of the same lobe,

in the virgin state; magnified 200 diameters.

12. A bud of the same plant, about two weeks before expansion, when

the act of fecundation is going on ; natural size.

13. A side view of that bud; the left sepal, and hall ol the helmet

removed to show the natural position of every internal part of the
flower; magnified 4 diameters.

14. The same figure, but both sepals, the helmet and both petals

removed, and one of the additional lobes, and one lobe of the
labellum cut away, to expose the parts ol fructification, and to
show the stigmatic glands immersed in the spoon-like terminations
of the stigmatic lobes ; magnified 4 diameters.

]5. All the envelopes removed and the parts of fructification longitudi¬
nally cut through ; magnified 4 diameters.

16. The pollen-mass of one cell of the anther, with its whole caudicula,

and the stigmatic gland adhering to it; magnified 4 diameters.

17. A transverse section of the anther; magnified 8 diameters.

18. One scale of the pollen-mass; magnified 25 diameters.

19. Some pollen-grains; magnified 200 diameters.

20. A front view of one of the stigmatic glands, in the state of fecunda¬

tion ; magnified 8 diameters.

21. Some of the gelatinous corpuscles found in the fluid of that gland;

magnified 200 diameters.

22. A front view of the spoon-like termination of one of the stigmatic

protruding lobes ; magnified 8 diameters.

23. A side view of the same, with the stigmatic gland immersed in it, in

the act of fecundation ; magnified 8 diameters.

24. A longitudinal section of one of these stigmatic lobes; magnified 8

diameters.

25. Some of the utricular vessels, the linings of the above lobe, in the

state they appear during fecundation ; magnified 200 diameters.

26. A small portion of the inner surface of the arched part of the stigma;

magnified 100 diameters.

2 7- Transverse section of one of the additional lobes or parts, which
Mr. Bauer thinks may perhaps be considered as sterile filaments;
the section is made below the middle, up to which runs a cord of
vessels like filaments; magnified 16 diameters.

28. An inside view of one of the lateral sepals ; magnified 2 diameters.

29. A small portion of the epidermis of the outer surface of the sepals,

with the cuticular glands, which are the same as on the outside
of the leaves ; magnified 100 diameters.

30. Transverse section of the ovarium ; magnified 4 diameters.

Bonatea speciosa. ______——

S*#M Mu>$

GENERA.

Tab. XIII. .7

Parts of the expanded flower of Bon ate a speciosa ; from a
sketch by Mr. Bauer in 1824.

1. Front view of a fully expanded flower of Bonatea speciosa ; magnified

2 diameters.

2. Side view of the same ; magnified 2 diameters.

3. A front view of the same, with the three sepals removed, and the

labellum cut off; magnified 2 diameters.

4. Side view of the same; the side lobe of the labellum only cut oft;

magnified 2 diameters.

5. A side view of the parts of fructification; magnified 4 diameters.

6. Longitudinal section of the same ; magnified 4 diameters.

7- The pollen-masses of one cell of the anther, with its caudicula and
stigmatic gland ; magnified 4 diameters.

8. Some pollen-grains ; magnified 200 diameters.

9. One of the stigmatic glands, adhering to a portion of the caudicula of

the anther; magnified 16 diameters.

10. Longitudinal section of one of those protruding lobes, which are a

continuation of the edge of the lower lip of the stigma; magnified
8 diameters.

11. A portion of the utricular lining of the above lobe, which is the same

as that of the stigmatic canal; magnified 200 diameters.

12. Transverse section of a portion of the ovarium; magnified 5 dia¬

meters.

T\A B 14 2Q

G- HI IT E K A

Disa spathulata.

ho. :■ Baueo' del.

\C ;{*r.'<r

5w,V«' tv ddIlmt**dUJ-

GENERA.

Tab. XIV. ^

The parts of the flower of Disa spatulata ; from a sketch

by Mr. Bauer in 1804.

1. Front view of the flower of Disa spatulata; magnified 3 diameters.

2. Side view of the same; magnified 3 diameters.

3. Front view of the same flower expanded; magnified 3 diameters.

4. Front view of the parts of fructification of the same flower, encom¬

passed in the two petals ; magnified 10 diameters.

5. Side view of the same ; magnified 10 diameters.

6. Back view of the same; magnified 10 diameters.

7- Side view of the parts of fructification, the column and part of the
ovarium, with the petals removed; magnified 10 diameters.

8. Longitudinal section of the same; magnified 10 diameters.

9. Longitudinal section of the upper sepal, with the spur; magnified

10 diameters.

10. The pollen-mass of one cell of the anther, with its caudicula anti

gland; magnified 10 diameters.

11. Two scales separated from the above pollen-mass; magnified 100

diameters.

12. Some individual pollen-grains; magnified 200 diameters.

GENERA.

Tab. XV. -30

The parts of the flower of Corycium bicolor ; from a
sketch by Mr. Bauer in 1804.

1. Side view of a perfect flower of Corycium bicolor in its natural posi¬

tion ; magnified 10 diameters.

2. Front view of the same flower forcibly expanded; magnified 10 dia¬

meters.

3. Back view of the same; magnified 10 diameters.

4. Front view of all the parts of fructification in their natural position ;

magnified 20 diameters.

5. Back view of the same; magnified 20 diameters.

6. Front view of the same, with the appendage of the labellum lifted

up ; magnified 20 diameters.

7. Lateral view of the same; magnified 20 diameters

8. Front view of a transverse section ot the anther and part of the

column ; magnified 20 diameters.

9. a, the pollen-mass of 011 c cell of the anther, with its caudicula and

gland ; magnified 20 diameters.

9.* h and c, two scales separated from the pollen-mass; magnified 100
diameters.

10. Some individual pollen-grains of the same; magnified 200 diameters.

11. Transverse section of a portion of the ovarium; magnified 20 dia¬

meters.

12. Side view of a ripe seed-vessel, with the shrivelled flower at its apex;

magnified 10 diameters.

13. A single ripe seed within its tunic; magnified 100 diameters.

14. The seed without its tunic; magnified 100 diameters.

TAB 10.

UJEI E HA

fraji-z Bau'Sr cUb 1803

Jtt. Ctcu/.-oi Ut' ^g.

fritzUd' 6y P GiUijOi.

Jom*<s Slufy^ay & Sorr-x, Ficcadt/lt, P*: r lf 1H3/

GENERA.

Tab. XVI. 31

Parts of the expanded flower of Ceratandra chloro-
leuca ; from a drawing by Mr. Bauer in 1803.

1. Front view of a half expanded flower; magnified 3 times in diameter.

2. A side view of the same ; magnified 3 diameters.

3. A front view of a forcibly expanded flower; magnified 3 diameters.

4. A front view of the parts of fructification, and the labellum bent

downwards; magnified 10 diameters.

5. A back view of the same; magnified 10 diameters

6. A side view of a longitudinal section ; magnified 10 diameters.

7* Transverse section of the parts of fructification; magnified 10
diameters.

8. The pollen masses of one cell of the anther, with the stigmatic

gland adhering to it; magnified 10 diameters.

9. Some separated scales or segments of the above pollen masses ;

magnified 100 diameters.

10. A group of pollen grains; magnified 200 diameters.

11. A seed in its arillus ; magnified 100 diameters.

12. A nucleus extracted from its arillus; magnified 100 diameters.

, :

(&E1^E 1A

Franz Biutzr del, 1626 .

Cryptosty 1 is Jo iLgift>iia.

Gaud. hdicy.

Frinud by P trcuie-t~

Somas Ruiffway & ■ ' • Pt&vizuRy, Pec. /?' 123/

GENERA.

Tab. XVII. X

Parts of the unexpandecl flower of Cryptostylis longi-
folia ; from a drawing by Mr. Bauer in 1825.

1. A young bud about three weeks before the expansion of the flower;

natural size.

2. A side view of the parts of fructification of the same bud ; magnified

8 diameters.

3. A front view of the same ; magnified 8 diameters.

4. A back view of the same; magnified 8 diameters.

5. Front view of the anther of the same flower ; magnified 8 diameters.

6. Transverse section of the same ; magnified 8 diameters.

7. A group of pollen grains of the same; magnified 200 diameters.

8. Some of the utriculi of the lining of the stigmatic canal, in a

virgin state, of the same bud ; magnified 200 diameters.

9. A bud of the same plant, about 10 days before expansion ; natural

size.

/

10. A side view of the parts of fructification of the above bud ; magni¬

fied 8 diameters.

11. A front view (from above) of the same ; magnified 8 diameters.

12. A back view (from below) of the same; magnified 8 diameters.

13. A front view of a bursting anther ; magnified 8 diameters.

14. A group of pollen grains of the same anther; magnified 200

diameters.

15. Some utriculi of the stigmatic channel, at the time ol fecundation ;

magnified 100 diameters.

16. A back view of the expanded flower, and after fecundation ; magni¬

fied 2 diameters.

17- A side view of the same ; magnified 2 diameters.

18. A front view of the same ; magnified 2 diameters.

CryptostyJis !on£,ifoiia

Franz Bau.f.r OU, Id2fi. Gaud lUfog,

&4H*\ • l w * y St So .7- S, - '&< ' f l

GENERA.

Tab. XVIII. .W

Parts of the expanded flower of Cryptostvlis longifolia;
from a drawing by Mr Bauer in 1825.

1 A side view of a longitudinal section of all the parts of fructification,
and the labellum, of an expanded Mower; magnified 4 diameters.

2. The parts of fructification of the same Mower, seen from above ;

magnified 8 diameters.

3. The same parts with the anther lifted up, to show the natural

position ot the pollen-masses after fecundation ; magnified 8
diameters.

4. Side view of the parts of fructification ; magnified 8 diameters.

5. Longitudinal section of the same; magnified 8 diameters.

6. The pollen masses with the stigmatie gland, seen from below;

magnified 8 diameters.

7 - A group of pollen grains from the same Mower; magnified 200
diameters.

8. A portion ot the ovarium with the column and stigma, seen from

below ; magnified 8 diameters.

9. Some utriculi from the lining of the stigmatie canal; magnified

200 diameters.

10. Transverse section of the ovarium of the same Mower ; magnified

8 diameters.

11. A ripe and burst capsule of the same plant; natural size.

12. A nucleus in its arillus; magnified 100 diameters.

13. The nucleus extracted from its arillus; magnified 100 diameters.

TAB. 19 Ait-

€ EHE1A

16

17

18

v\

Epi[metis £ran 1 1 if]ora.

b. 2 <■ ■■■ mi.

M. franco lithoa.

PrLfMil by P- Gtuvou

GENERA.

Tab. XIX. ' 34 -

Parts of the unexpanded flower of Epipactis grandiflora ;
from a drawing by Mr. Bauer in 1801.

1. A side view of a young bud with its bractea, about a month before

fecundation ; magnified 4 diameters.

2. The same bud, with its sepals and petals removed, the labellum

only enclosing the parts of fructification ; magnified 4 diameters.

3. Front view of the parts of fructification of the same bud; magnified

8 diameters.

4. Side view of the same; magnified 8 diameters.

5. Front view of the separated anther; magnified 8 diameters.

6. Side view of the same ; magnified 8 diameters.

7- Transverse section of the same ; magnified 8 diameters.

8. Some pollen grains of the same anther, which in this species are

perfectly spherical; magnified 200 diameters.

9. Some utriculi of the lining of the stigmatic channel in the virgin

state ; magnified 200 diameters.

10. Side view of the bud of Epipactis pallens, with its bractea, about

10 days before expansion of the flower ; magnified 4 diameters.

11. The same bud with the labellum only; magnified 4 diameters.

12. Front view of the parts of fructification of the same bud ; magnified

8 diameters.

13. Side view of the same ; magnified 8 diameters.

14. Longitudinal section of the same ; magnified 8 diameters.

15. Front view of a ripe and bursted anther of the same bud, at the

time of fecundation, the pollen masses of one cell of the anther
extracted ; magnified 8 diameters.

16. Transverse section of the same anther ; magnified 8 diameters.

17. The pollen masses of one cell of the anther drawn asunder; magnified

8 diameters.

18. A group of pollen grains, bursting at the time of fecundation ; mag¬

nified 200 diameters.

19. Some particles of the mucous substance of the stigma; magnified

200 diameters.

20. Some utriculi from the lining of the stigmatic channel, as they

appear at the time of fecundation ; magnified 200 diameters.

E pip sic ti s grandiflora..

/'vw/v Pautr Jti 1S0J. ..if Gtutcj. ! </Jib a , * f'rmtut by P- Gauo

. r a*itcs ff-uifiway Jr Sfftb. Pt&xJj&ty /?-, r S?*I£Z'

GENERA.

Tab. XX,

Parts of the expanded flower of Epipactis grandiflora;
from a drawing by Mr. Bauer in 1801.

1. Front view of a fully expanded flower ; magnified 3 diameters.

2. Side view of the same ; magnified 3 diameters.

3. Front view of the same flower forcibly expanded ; magnified 3

diameters.

4. Front view of the parts of fructification of the above flower ; magni¬

fied 6 diameters.

5. Side view of the same ; magnified 6 diameters.

6. Back view of the same ; magnified 6 diameters.

7- An anther separated, and the pollen mass removed from one cell;
magnified 6 diameters.

8. Transverse section of the anther; magnified 6 diameters.

9. The pollen mass of one cell of the anther ; magnified 6 diameters.

10. A group of pollen grains ; magnified 200 diameters.

11. Some particles of the mucous substance of the stigma; magnified

200 diameters.

12. Transverse section of the column ; magnified 8 diameters.

13. Some utriculi from the lining of the stigmatic channel ; magnified

200 diameters.

14. Transverse section of the ovarium ; magnified 8 diameters.

15. Side view of a longitudinal section of the parts of fructification and

the labellum ; magnified 6 diameters.

16. A ripe capsule with its bractea ; natural size.

!/• A ripe nucleus within its arillus ; magnified 100 diameters.

18. Front view ot the monstrous parts of fructification of a flower of

Epipactis grandiflora, having three perfect anthers on one column ;
a very rare case ; magnified 6 diameters.

19. A back view of the same; magnified 6 diameters.

20. Transverse section of the column of the same monstrosity; magni¬

fied 6 diameters.

21. Transverse section of the ovarium of the same; magnified 6

diameters.

DIRECTIONS TO THE BINDER.

1. Cancel the Prospectus in Part I. dated Nov. 1830.

2. Place the Note at the beginning of Part II. immediately after the

letterpress of Fructification, Tab. III.

3. In arranging the plates, let those headed Fructification, precede

those headed Genera ; there are 15 of the former and 20 of the
latter : each with a leaf of letter press.

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