op os DEPARTMENT OF -AGRICULTURE:. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY—-BULLETIN NO. 78. B, T. GALLOWAY, Clef of Bureau. IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF WHEAT. BY ee YON: AGRICULTURIST AND ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR OF THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION OF NEBRASKA, AND COLLABORATOR OF THE BuREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. VEGETABLE PATHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS, IN ‘COOPERATION WITH THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION OF NEBRASKA, IssuED OcToBEeR 24; 1906. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 1905, S Pa i K ae sce Se 3 ate BIO “7 dip iat U. Soe oe MENT OF AGRICULTURE. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY—BULLETIN NO. 78. B. T. GALLOWAY, Chief of Bureau. IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF WHEAT. BY “A ots T. Li\ LYON, AGRICULTURIST AND ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR OF THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION OF NEBRASKA, AND COLLABORATOR OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. VEGETABLE PATHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS, IN COOPERATION WITH THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION OF NEBRASKA. IssuEp Ocrosper 24, 1905. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. aSG5: (34 oh K \ J BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. B. T. GALLOWAY, Pathologist and Physiologist, and Chiej of Bureau. VEGETABLE PATHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS. ALBERT F. Woops, Pathologist and Physiologist in Charge, Acting Chief of Bureau in Absence of Chief. BOTANICAL INVESTIGATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS. FREDERICK V. COVILLE, Botanist in Charge. GRASS AND FORAGE PLANT INVESTIGATIONS. W. J. SPILLMAN, Agriculturist in Charge. POMOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS. G. B. BRACKETT, Pomologist in Charge. SEED AND PLANT INTRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION. A. J. Pieters, Botanist in Charge. ARLINGTON EXPERIMENTAL FARM. L. C. CoRBETT, Horticulturist in Charge. EXPERIMENTAL GARDENS AND GROUNDS. E. M. BYRNES, Superintendent. Nate \A \ es ee \ J. E. ROCKWELL, Editor. JAMES E. JONES, Chief Clerk. \ VEGETABLE PATHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS. SCIENTIFIC STAFF. ALBERT F. Woops, Pathologist and Physiologist in Charge. ~ ERWIN F. SmitH, Pathologist in Charge of Laboratory oj Plant Pathology. HERBERT J. WEBBER, Physiologist in Charge of Laboratory of Plant Breeding. WALTER T. SWINGLE, Physiologist in Charge of Laboratory of Plant Lije History. NEWTON B. PIERCE, Pathologist in Charge of Pacific Coast Laboratory. M. B. WalItTE, Pathologist in Charge oj Investigations of Diseases of Orchard Frutts. MARK ALFRED CARLETON, Cerealist in Charge of Cereal Investigations. HERMANN VON SCHRENK, in Charge of Mississippi Valley Laboratory. P. H. Rotrs, Pathologist in Charge of Subtropical Laboratory. C. O. TOWNSEND, Pathologist in Charge of Sugar Beet Investigations. P. H. Dorsett, Pathologist. : T. H. Kearney, Physiologist, Plant Breeding. CORNELIUS L. SHEAR, Pathologist. WiLuiAM A. ORTON, Pathologist. W. M. Scort, Pathologist. JOSEPH S. CHAMBERLAIN,) Physiological Chemist, Cereal Investigations. Ernst A. BessEy, Pathologist. FLoRA W. PATTERSON, M ycologist. CHARLES P. HARTLEY, Assistant in Physiology, Plant Breeding. KARL F. KELLERMAN, Assistant in Physiology. DEANE B. SWINGLE, Assistant in Pathology. JESSE B. Norton, Assistant in Physiology, Plant Breeding. James B. Rorer, Assistant in Pathology. Lioyp §S. TENNY, Assistant in Pathology. GEORGE G. HEDGCOCK, Assistant in Pathology. PERLEY SPAULDING, Scientific Assistant. P. J. O’GaARA, Scientific Assistant, Plant Pathology. A. D. SHAMEL, Scientific Assistant, Plant Breeding. T. RALPH ROBINSON, Assistant in Physiology. FLORENCE HEDGES, Scientific Assistant, Bacteriology. CHARLES J. BRAND, Assistant in Physiology, Plant Lije History. HENRY A. MILLER, Scientific Assistant, Cereal Investigations. ERNEST B. Brown, Scientijic Assistant, Plant Brecding. LESLIE A. FiTz, Scientific Assistant, Cereal Investigations. LEONARP L.-HARtER, Sciertijic Assistant, Plant Breeding. JOHN. DO.“ MERWIN, Scienttjic ‘A ssistant. W. W..CoBEY, Tobaceo Ewpert. ‘JOHN VAN LEENHOFF, Jr‘, Expert. J. ARTHUR LE CLERC,¢ Physiological Chemist, Cereal Investigations. T. D..BEckwitu, Expert, Plant Physiology. toe et ~ l *<* ".* aDetatled to Seed and Plant Introduction and Distribution. b Detailed to Bureau of Chemistry. ¢ Detailed from Bureau of Chemistry. JAN 8 19 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY, OFFICE OF THE CHIEF, Washington, D. C., Avril 15, 1905. Str: I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript of a ‘echnical paper entitled ‘“‘Improving the Quality of Wheat,” pre- pared by Dr. T. L. Lyon, Agriculturist of the Agricultural Experi- ment Station of Nebraska, who, asa collaborator of this Bureau, is in charge of the cooperative breeding experiments conducted by the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station and the Department of Agriculture, and I recommend its publication as Bulletin No. 78 of the series of this Bureau. Respectfully, Bet Garmoway, Chief of Bureau. Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture. a eee es oS 2 £-¥ ; : + a 7’ 2) tars aA <4 — y 7 fs 4 4 bf ¥ GM Gz {wa » > re ee | F UY a = * > ; * sg i pee Pages: 4 We ea) Ae ee A 8 ae ee | +, &, ’ 4 Tt Ore) Pre i ‘aT pee” a ; AS bales, alt be” Ting 7 ; - fra vist Geol Seis a Tome oe. ; Ol hae: ash! Sere ee “tinh § aie ge ‘ ; Lan bial tee ry 1 ie oe al eDe eh yes ea hs : ; eS ‘ ® . > . ¥ > : tn tlg ee nian meee Salyere OFT oer bok ats an 4 = 7 ‘ ; haps { Bs ee it cy tah Joven ey if hes? Ay, / ai ee) Ae | blue 290 tis at ie eae Beets Als) VET cn oe a ee Ae GHrddeSAde Cecrda eel ete ata ce Cueto ty lets Pach waepyiks: Wee eh: Pee! ae rek SO felon * P- - 2) OE ON ee ee ‘ yes p- — Uist (Ae Ty et ts > * ‘6 ist i are ~ tase ie f As a Za! a Al enc ue Py fae ae, es i ihe * ' _ % a ae ¢ ' » ia, y YS ae 14% a « eee us a nl ; oe iy 7 4 Sr) : ‘ te ‘ : A a - @ - " INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT. While the art of plant breeding has been practiced for nearly a century, the last decade has witnessed a marvelous awakening of interest in the subject, both from a scientific and practical stand- point. The keen competition in crop production and the resulting cheaper prices, the great and varying demands of modern trade con- ditions, etc., render it necessary that the modern plant breeder have the most thorough knowledge possible of the plant which he is striv- ing to improve. Not only must we secure varieties and races differ- ing in external characters and yielding more heavily under a certain set of conditions, but we must also examine the chemical constit- uents of the product and strive to change and improve them in order that they may better fit our purpose. The great achievements of plant breeding in the past have been mainly in physical characters, requiring only superficial knowledge and gross examination for recognition. Many of the improvements now demanded, however, require the most careful chemical exami- nation of the product and the devising of careful means and methods of selection based on the knowledge thus obtained. The first and still the most noteworthy achievement of this nature is the increase of the sugar content in the sugar beet. When the work on this subject was first started by Louis Vilmorin, the mother beets, which were supposed to contain the most sugar, were separated by their greater density, this being determined by throwing the beets into a solution of brine of such density that the greater number of them would float. The few heavier ones which were found to sink were retained as mothers and planted to raise seed. Later the methods were improved, and finally the percentage of sugar content in the different individual beets was determined by actual chemical analy- sis. This careful method of selection has been in operation for more than forty years, and has resulted in greatly increasing the sugar content in the beets, and has rendered their cultivation profitable where otherwise the industry would have failed. The second most noteworthy case of increasing certain chemical constituents in a plant by careful breeding is that furnished by the investigations of the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station in increasing the nitrogen, oil, and starch content in corn. These note- worthy experiments carried out by Doctor Hopkins and his assist- ants have greatly stimulated breeding work of this nature, and have paved the way for further research of a similar kind. In wheat it is particularly necessary that a thorough knowledge be obtained of the variations in the chemical constituents and their relation to the other characters of the plant, such as yield, size of - ‘ 8 INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT. kernel, size of head, season of maturity, etc. Doctor Lyon’s exten- sive researches will thus be found very valuable in enabling us to understand more clearly these complex relations and in pointing out the main factors to be considered in breeding wheats to increase the ghadin and glutenin content, and still obtain increased yield and better bread-making qualities. The gross selection of wheat seed heretofore has largely been based on the separation of large and heavy kernels. Doctor Lyon’s re- searches have demonstrated that the smaller and lighter kernels contain the largest percentage of nitrogen, and that while the, yield from kernels of this kind at first gives a smaller yield of grain, the total yield per acre of nitrogen is nevertheless greater. By con- tinuous selection of the smaller and lighter kernels for several gen- erations he shows that the grain yield gradually increases and finally approaches or equals the yield derived from the select large and heavy kernels. This gives us a new view of the process of wheat selection necessary to increase the nitrogen yield per acre. The very numerous chemical analyses made by Doctor Lyon give an indication of the great variation of the percentage of proteid nitrogen present in different plants. In the analyses of samples in 1902 the plants varied from 2.02 per cent to 4 per cent, while in the analyses of the next year a variation from 1.20 per cent to 5.85 per cent was found. The existence of this wide variation affords abund- ant opportunity for improvement by selection. Evidence is also given which shows conclusively that the average composition of a spike of wheat may be judged from the analyses of a row of its spikelets. A satisfactory method of conducting selec- tions has thus been devised. The results also show that early-maturing plants give much the largest average yield, which is a most important point in guiding selection to increase the yield. The percentage of proteid nitrogen is rather less in the early plants, but the total nitrogen per plant is probably greater. The quality of the gluten largely determines the bread-ma viking value of a variety of wheat, and it is thus important to keep the ratio of the two elements constituting the gluten—the gliadin and glutenin—the same. Doctor Lyon has shown that as the gluten content is increased by selection the ratio of gliadin to slufenin remains about the same, so that the value of the wheat for bread- making purposes is not impaired. The extensive data presented in this bulletin bearing on important matters relating to the improvement of wheat by breeding will enable wheat breeders to plan and conduct their operations with a degree of certainty which would otherwise not be possible. Hersert J. WEBBER, Physiologist in Charge of Laboratory of Plant Breeding. Wasuineton, D. C., March 30, 1905. COMAESNT S: MpIgciormuncrinmest oNiOne a os ee ee i- LAER Sey Doe eee el tote ec sees Part I.—Historical: Some conditions affecting the composition and yield of wheat ..........-.--- Composition as affected by time of cutting...........-.....-.-.-.----- Infinence’ of immature seed upon: yield 2.52.2 225 25-225 -22-52---2---- - Influence of climate upon composition and yield......-.-.-.----------- Influence of soil upon composition and yield..........-.---------------- Influence of soil moisture upon composition and yield. - F Influence of size or weight of the seed-wheat kernel upon aire crop > rela 2 Relation) of size of kernel to nitrogen content.- -{2-2-.2--2:------.---4- Influence of the specific gravity of the seed kernel upon yield .......---- Relation of specific gravity of kernel to nitrogen content.....-.--.------ Conditions affecting the production of nitrogen in the grain ......-.-.--- Part IJ.—Experimental: Home properties: of ther wheat. kernels 2. 2 e222 US Ss Fc e Bese ee oa Nae lano MILRO SOD el ARlG ssa 6 oan ae ae <2 ee ie ee RRS Ete ee ee Method for selection to increase the quantity of proteids in the kernel... ...-- A basis for selection to increase the quantity of proteids in the endosperm of tile Legere Spa ehck See a Gee oe eee a ae og a ey ee a ee iniprovementan the quality of the gluten: --. 2... 22+.2--2-s4--+--s2--- Some results of breeding to increase the content of proteid nitrogen. ......--- Yield of g-ain as affected by susceptibility to cold......--......-.-.------- Yield and nitrogen content of grain as affected by length of growing period. . Relation of size of head to yield, height, and tillering of plant............--- SumIGAnyetnO LC OUCIUSIONS Wu si5.. cob alae stoma oe be aela ed ao= nots ce st 9 L ROY ONr. OP Sa re . ‘ 7 } ” iM a iv ; ls me at £ ‘ ’ — a Py fo = : ag =f Le = i] ri J ere - : AS a as ae a “5 r ry » | 3 - al 0 Wes Pail arty fe iv 2 aay hey a! Sacwe + a > y ta hia me ee ed € od eo aly @ Zi ee A a ee ee an, : ra Se ee ay, mtr“t5 Ceegiele a ap an, prem Pa | ins ~ i # a ‘ wt ¥ z i igs ud y ' ‘ : af sd r i in y a hs) reer s ; ; 0” JR dae hill lalate ny Kons uj >4 j Y wirdy “ oa ee eae gy ta “ 1 Se 2 a has Gea ; | ' YR AST OF Aa - - “ 4% > ms 7 d ' 2 * ne Miles AY a ts vous y Th 4 ; - i, ’ ; a Sh ae ; - a ads Oh 77) on 7 Rate Pe: ; Mate a | 7 4 ; a — 4 a eae : me ha piu = Vs » F = ‘a cae . ee i a = Pee Sie CR He! ah. . | tip ore #8 1 3: Sguie wy ob oS Ae ie, a = : 7 A opalee ew $s) g bt Mee” ned Tia Mh ry Pe we-y Ge Nee ; ny one tas . — wha ee hod 4 - J ‘ i. . . ; 8 A “ : Nyy ae ey. ¥ Pie we i te \ -— 6 . ; . | | be = & < a 4 : rs 7 7 ; a f ; is : io , < mee Ah - - ‘ ws a or! a 7 " 2 . Z Se ” = : ef Gyk pe ae ogee ds it. ; : wal ha S abs} pO wan ees ‘ LG Se 9 Se eer eB bi Onde amt eee fa bh Sele “Ka “fear. i phates De = sto Mag toe, S05 a ber may" 2 wre ay Ai es _* A pike np cater Wad : ieniiie a baie ‘PR ee e ee st oh 1 eos = (came | = ss » 2¢ TABLE 1. ~J 10. ie 205. . Crops grown from light and from heavy seed for four years TABLI KAZ S OF EXPERIMENTS. Analyses of kernels of high and of low specific gravity ..--.-.-.------- Proportion of light and of heavy seed ....-..------------------------ Analyses of large, heavy kernels and of small, light kernels.....-.-.--- . Analyses of spikes of wheat, arranged according to nitrogen content of leernelse Oran Oe Ge ws feats Sanaa ee 22 Ae Oe oe ees Ge ee =e 2 - . Summary of analyses of spikes of wheat, arranged according to nitrogen contentiol kernels, ‘Crop.obdQ02. 2. 22 i ctok eet re iof eh eta Summary of analyses of spikes of wheat, arranged according to specific eravitieston kermela:! Crop of 1902). 22-222 eee. en asaee- eens n= - . Summary of analyses of spikes of wheat, arranged according to weight of awmBraee kennel a Orop Ol O02 sae om esha eee eet Analyses of plants, arranged according to percentage of proteid nitrogen. Creo} oy OLE GUS rai ee ae een ee ne EE Or eee eee . Summary of analyses of plants, arranged according to percentage of pro- (iin! av) rage egormigee Oia) OKO) E SOS Akt eee Ss ce eri eee Analyses of plants, arranged according to weight of average kernel. Crop OL GOS Bee see ee etait ene a ek bs ce nh es Sse ila eis = Summary of analyses of plants, arranged according to weight of average iienaveilsr pCi oy oY Gye] OB eee eek ed eee Weare: SSNS ee ie eaten Summary of analyses of plants, arranged according to grams of proteid mitrogen!in average kernel. Crop of 19032... °--_ 22. 122-26 <2-- 22 - . Analyses of twenty-five spikes of wheat, showing their total organic nitro- . Analyses of twenty-three spikes of wheat, showing their percentage of jouale aCe sui @eye Wes om OE lk Sal ee cee ee eee ras eee eee . Analyses of twenty-one plants, showing total nitrogen and proteid nitro- Relation of gliadin-plus-glutenin nitrogen to proteid nitrogen. ---._- ~~ - Summary of analyses, showing relation of gliadin-plus-glutenin nitrogen POMOUOUSKO: MUBROME MA ae - tas) te 8 ee ot Se ae ree ee eee Le Relation of proteid nitrogen to gliadin-plus-glutenin nitrogen... ~~~. --- Summary of analyses, showing relation of proteid nitrogen to gliadin-plus- glutenin nitrogen Ratio of gliadin to glutenin as the content of their sum increases. ---- - - . Summary of analyses, showing the ratio of gliadin to glutenin as the con- HEN tO MbNeites UMS CROASCS Mee setee = Meese ocean te yawn e lates Se oe 3 Analyses showing transmission of nitrogen from one generation to INO UIC spear yea ee eet pom eating he Shh Maanasse ae sess S Page. 49 50 50 we) (=>) 12 TABLE 26. Die 28. 29. 30. 3l. . Summary of yield, etc., tabulated according to nitrogen content 5. Relation of size of head to yield, height, and tillering of plant... .- - 36. . Relation of yield of plant to height and tillering, and to the yield per head - . Relation of yield per head to yield, height, and tillering of plant, and to TABLES OF EXPERIMENTS. Summary of analyses, showing transmission of nitrogen from one genera- tion toanothereerre. on. ae C ome ie 2 oe eee eee eee Analyses showing transmission of proteid nitrogen in average kernel. -- - Analyses showing transmission of kernel weight Yields of plants, arranged according to percentage killed in each family. -- Summary of yields of plants, arranged according to percentage killed in each familys: seen teeet eR eee eee Ss ee Yield and nitrogen content of grain, tabulated according to length of growing period 2. Summary of yield and nitrogen content of grain, tabulated according to length of growing period -..........--.-- . Summary of nitrogen content, etc., tabulated according to yield per plant 223250 Summary of relation of size of head to yield, height, and tillering of plant - weightiof average kermelt eee 26 eee ee eae ee eee Page. 98 99 100 101 104 105 111 111 111 112 118 - 118 118 B. P. I.—158. V. P. P. I.—133. IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF WHEAT. OBJECT OF THE INVESTIGATION. Efforts to improve the wheat plant have been numerous and have accomplished important results. The work of Fultz, Clawson, Rudy, Wellman, Powers, Hayne, Bolton, Cobb, Green, and Hays in improving by selection, and of Pringle, Blount, Schindel, Saunders, Farrar, Jones, Carleton, and Hays in improving by hybridization, has resulted in giving this country many prolific strains and varieties of wheat, while Garton Brothers, of England, Farrar, of New South Wales, Vilmorin, of France, Rimpau, of Germany, and others have ‘accomplished the same for other portions of the world. Attempts at improvement have, however, been directed primarily toward effect- ing an increase in the yield rather than in the quality of the crop. While the latter property has not been entirely lost sight of, selection based on quality has never been applied to the individual plant, but only to the progeny of otherwise desirable plants. Why selection for quality of grain in the individual plant has not gone hand in hand with selection for other desirable properties is perhaps to be explained by the fact that no method for such selection has ever been devised. Mr. W. Farrar, of Queanbeyen, New South Wales, in an address made a short time ago, said: Before we can make any considerable progress in improving the quality of the grain of the wheat plant we shall have to devise a method for making a fairly correct quantitative estimate of the constituents * * * of the grain of a single plant and yet have seeds left to propagate from that plant. In devising a method for increasing the percentage of nitrogen in wheat it becomes desirable to know the causes that produce variation in this constituent of the kernel. Numerous experiments and obser- vations have been made on this subject, the results of which agree in the main in attributing such variation to the following conditions: (1) Stage of development of the kernel. (2) Variation in temperature of different regions. (3) Variation in temperature of different years in the same region. (4) Variation in the supply and form of soil nitrogen. (5) Variation in the supply of soil moisture. 13 14 IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF WHEAT. All of these factors have been studied, and are recognized as opera- tive. Nothing, however, appears to have been done to show their influence upon the actual amount of nitrogen taken up by the wheat plant and deposited in the kernel. This is really the point of greatest interest; for although it is desirable to secure a wheat of greater nutri- tive value, it should not be done at the sacrifice of yield of nitrogenous substance. Admitting that variation in the nitrogen content of wheat is induced by the conditions mentioned, it is essential to the plant breeder to know whether a high or low nitrogen content may be, under similar conditions, a characteristic of an individual plant; whether this quality is transmitted to the offspring; with what con- stant characteristics it is correlated, and whether a high percentage of nitrogen in a normal, perfectly matured wheat plant is an indica- tion of a large accumulation of nitrogen by that plant. The data contained in this paper cover the points mentioned, and it is hoped that some definite information has been gained that will lead to a practical solution of the problem of improving by breeding the quality of wheat for bread making. A Sy Se Se Dyas Be EGRESS Od hCG ky SOME CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE COMPOSI- TION AND YIELD OF WHEAT. Experiments to ascertain the effect of different conditions upon the composition and yield of wheat have been conducted mainly along the following lines: (1) Stage of growth at which the grain is harvested. (2) Influence of immature seed upon the resulting crop. (3) Effect of climate. (4) Effect of soil. (5) Effect of soil moisture. (6) Influence of size or weight of seed upon the resulting crop. (7) Influence of specific gravity of seed upon the resulting crop. A brief summary of a number of these experiments is herewith given. COMPOSITION AS AFFECTED BY TIME OF CUTTING. In 1879,¢ and again in 1892,’ Dr. R. C. Kedzie conducted very careful experiments to note the chemical changes that occur in the wheat kernel during its formation and ripening. These agree in the main in showing a gradual decrease in the percentage of total nitrogen, albuminoid nitrogen, and non-albuminoid nitrogen from the time the grain set to the time the kernel was ripe. The decrease in all of these constituents was much more rapid during the first than during the last stages of this development. The percentage of ash decreased at the same time. In 1897 Prof, G. L. Teller * carried on some experiments in which he covered the ground already gone over by Doctor Kedzie and also contributed to the knowledge of the subject some very important data concerning the proportion of the various proteids contained in the wheat kernel during the process of development. Teller found that the proportion of total nitrogen in the dry matter steadily decreased from the time the kernel was formed up to about a week before ripening, but that, unlike Doctor Kedzie’s results, it gradually increased from that time on. He intimates that this increase before ripening may have been due to defective sampling and hoped to @ Report of Michigan Board of Agriculture, 1881-82, pp. 233-239. > Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 101. ¢ Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 53. - 27889—No. 78—05——2 17 18 IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF WHBEAT. repeat the experiment to remedy this, but he has published nothing further. The amid nitrogen continued to decrease up to the time of ripening, as did also the ash, fats, fiber, dextrins, and pentosans. There was a gradual and marked increase in the proportion of ghadin up to the time of ripening, and a somewhat less and rather irregular decrease in the proportion of glutenin during the same period. Failyer and Willard “ report analyses of wheat in the soft-dough stage and when ripe. The ash, crude fiber, fat, and the total and albuminoid nitrogen were higher in the soft-dough wheat, and the nitrogen-free extract and non-albuminoid nitrogen were higher in the ripe wheat. Dietrich and Konig? quote results from five experimenters— Reiset, Stockhardt, Heinrich, Nowacki, and Handtke. Only in one case (Heinrich) is there a constant decrease in total nitrogen as the grain approaches ripeness. There is much inconstancy in the results, there being in some cases a decrease in nitrogen between the milk stage and full ripeness and sometimes an increase. There is little informa- tion to be gained from the results quoted by Dietrich and Konig. K6érnicke and Werner in their “Handbuch des Getreidebaues’”’ refer to the work of Stockhardt, and also that of Heinrich, to show that during the process of ripening the percentage of nitrogen in the wheat kernel gradually diminishes, as does also the percentage of ash, and that, on the other hand, the percentage of carbohydrates increases during the same period. Heinrich also shows by a state- ment of the number of grams of these constituents in 2,600 kernels at different stages of development that the absolute amount of “nitrogen and ash increases up to the time of ripening, and that consequently the decrease in the percentage of these constituents is due to the rapid increase in the carbohydrates. The results obtained by Heinrich appear as follows when tabulated: Starch. Protein. Ash. Percentage Percentage Percentage Stage of growth. | in 100 Gramsin | in 100 Gramsin | in 100 Grams in parts of 2,600 | parts of 2,600 | parts of 2,600 dry matter) kernels. dry matter) kernels. | dry matter kernels. | of kernel. | of kernel. of kernel. | 14 days after bloom.......... | 61.44 22.0 | 14.05 5.0 | 2.48 Q, 84 Beginning to ripen........... 74.17 58.5 | 12.21 10.0 | 24s 1.70 Ripe soa tae en snes meas | 75. 66 67.0 | 11.82 10.5 | 1.97 | 1.75 OWvernipes ce eee eee 76.38 70.0 11.67 10.7 | 1.88 1.79 Nedokutschajew“ analyzed wheat kernels at different stages of development and found an almost uniform decrease in the percentage 4 Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 32. > Zusammensetzung u. Verdaulichkeit der Futtermittel, 1, p. 419. ¢ Handbuch des Getreidebaues, Berlin, 1884, 2, pp. 474-476. dLandw. Vers. Stat., 56 (1902), pp. 303-310. COMPOSITION AS AFFECTED BY TIME OF CUTTING. 185) of total nitrogen, a slight but irregular decrease in. the percentage of proteid nitrogen in the dry matter, and a constant decrease in the percentage of amid nitrogen. He holds that the amid substances are converted into albumen as the kernels ripen. His figures are as follows: Percentage of— Weight Ne de & ot ae DENS kernel | Dry | Total Proteid | “SP8T® | amid (mg. ). matter. nitrogen. nitrogen. nitrogen. nitrogen. Jb Tat, Sao asncdtoce Seo se beac oEneeee 9.17 30.14 2.87 1.90 0.29 0.68 RUUILY ONS iret a certo aeeaeien an ence eee asa ste 15. 80 37.23 2.55 1.94 . 20 41 SILL PF bn ee SEES SES BOS Set IPS ee Re 30.79 45.18 | 2.65 2.33 -19 a 18: MERGE O teen coeia eee gee eine eeae acice 37.99 | 38. 37 2.46 2.08 -16 ~22 PANT OURS GO eee ae mise aperaniains oie Sat alo arenas 3 46.39 | 51.52 2.32 1.98 pile} 22 INERT SHO) aces. Se RE cee oe eae MBee See | 45.46 49.83 2.37 2.13 5 iti ais Judging from these results there can be no doubt that the per- centage of nitrogen, both total and proteid, decreases as the kernel develops, owing to the more rapid deposition of starch that goes on during the later stages of growth. The larger part of the nitrogen used by the wheat plant appears to be absorbed during the early life of the plant. This is transferred in large amounts to the kernel in the early stages of its development, after which nitrogen accretion by the kernel is comparatively slight. The deposition of starch, on the other hand, continues actively during the entire development of the kernel. It would further appear that the amid nitrogen is converted into proteid compounds as development proceeds. As showing the stages of growth of the wheat plant at which the greatest absorption of nitrogen occurs, some experiments may be quoted. Lawes and Gilbert “ say: In 1884 we took samples of a growing wheat crop at different stages of its progress, commencing on June 21, and determind the dry matter, ash, and nitrogen in them. Calcu- lation of the results showed that, while during little more than five weeks from June 21 there was comparatively little increase in the amount of nitrogen accumulated over a given area, more than half the total carbon of the crop was accumulated during that period. Snyder’s analyses’ show that of the total amount of nitrogen taken up by the wheat plant, 85.97 per cent is removed from the soil within fifty days after coming up, 88.6 per cent by time of heading out, and 95.4 per cent by the time the kernels are in the milk. Adorjan° finds that assimilation of plant food from the soil is not proportional to the formation of dry matter in the plant, but that it proceeds more rapidly in the early stages of growth. During early > Minnesota Experiment Station Bulletin 29, pp. 152-160. ¢ Abstract, Experiment Station Record, 14, p. 486, from Jour. Landw., 50 (1902), pp. 193-230. 20 IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF WHEAT. up at that time is, he says, used later for the development of the grain. It is too well known to require substantiation by experimental evidence that the yield of grain per acre and the weight of the indi- vidual kernel increase as the grain approaches ripeness. It is there- fore quite evident that immaturity, although resulting in a higher percentage of nitrogen in the wheat kernel, would curtail the pro- duction of nitrogen by the crop, and, furthermore, that the produc- tion of proteids would be still further lessened by reason of the greater proportion of amid substances present in the grain at that time. INFLUENCE OF IMMATURE SEED UPON YIELD. Georgeson “ selected kernels from wheat plants that were fully ripe, and from plants cut while the grain was in the milk. He seeded these at the same rate on 2 one-tenth acre plots of land. Theimmature seed yielded at the rate of 19.75 bushels per acre of grain and 0.8 ton of straw, while the mature seed produced 22 bushels of grain and 1.04 tons of straw per acre. Georgeson says that in a similar experi- ment the previous year the difference in favor of the mature seed was still more pronounced. Although the evidence is limited, it may safely be considered that the use of immature seed will result in a smaller yield of wheat than if fully ripe seed be used. INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE UPON COMPOSITION AND YIELD. Lawes and Gilbert’ state that “high maturation in the wheat crop as indicated by the proportion of dressed corn in total corn, propor- tion of corn in total product (grain and straw), and heavy weight of erain per bushel, is, other things being equal, generally associated with a high percentage of dry substance and a low percentage of both mineral and nitrogenous constituents.’’ This is based upon the wheat crops at Rothamsted for the years 1845 to 1854, inclusive. More recent publications’ by these investigators reaffirm their belief that the composition of the wheat kernel depends more largely upon the conditions that affect its degree of development than upon any other factor. They found almost invariably that a season that favored a long and continuous growth of the plant after heading, resulting in a large yield of grain, a high weight per bushel, and a plump kernel, produced a kernel of low nitrogen content. a Abstract, Experiment Station Record, 4, p. 407, from Kansas Experiment Station Bulletin 33, p. 50. >On Some Points in the Composition of Wheat Grain, London, 1857. ¢ Our Climate and Our Wheat Crops, London, 1880, and On the Composition of the Ash of Wheat Grain and Wheat Straw, London, 1884. INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE UPON COMPOSITION AND YIELD. 21 Kornicke and Werner“ cite an experiment in which winter wheat erown in Poppelsdorf for several years was sent to and grown in the moist climate of Great Britain, in Germany, and in the continental climate of Russia (steppes). The results were as follows: WeieiGn grams) | Percentage of— | Number Leroi: te = Locality. | of exper- a y iments 100) » || eC e le ee tlie lants. | from 100} Grain. Straw. eas | plants. | Cregte Britains eae te ors a)iose st ete eee cee ees a See 37 600 | 227 37.8 62.3 (Comins 5222 5Sne)s eee a soar nee Ae Bate a eee I eeeaae 18 500 204 40.8 59.2 SOUT ETMERUUSSIGejocte iene see oma teste ere seine cies 19 | 365 160 44.0) 56. 0 These investigators conclude from the results that in a moist cli- mate relatively more straw and less grain are produced than in a dry, warm climate. The thickness of the straw and the weight of the kernels from 100 heads are greater, while the percentage by weight of kernels to straw is much less in a moist climate. They also quote Haberlandt as saying that a continental climate produces a small, hard wheat kernel, rich in gluten and of especially heavy weight. _Dehérain and Dupont’ report some interesting observations as to the effect of climate on the composition of wheat. They state that the harvest of 1888 at Grignon was late and the process of ripening slow. There was a heavy yield of grain having a gluten content of 12.60 per cent and a starch content of 77.2 per cent. The following season was dry and hot, with a rapid ripening of the grain, resulting in a smaller crop. The gluten content of the grain was 15.3 per cent and the starch content 61.9 per cent. They removed the heads from a num- ber of plants. The next day the stems were harvested, as were also an equal number of entire plants. The stems without heads showed that carbohydrates equal to 5.94 per cent of the dry matter had been formed. The stems on which the heads remained one day longer contained 1.63 per cent carbohydrates. They argue from this that the upper portion of the stem, provided it is still green, performs the functions of the leaves in other plants and thus elaborates the starch that fills out the kernel in its later development. A report from the Ploti Experiment Station’ states that the con- ditions that favored an increase in yield caused a reduction in the relative proportion of nitrogen in the grain. Excessive humidity favored the process of assimilation of carbohydrates, while drought hastened maturation and produced a grain relatively rich in proteids. 6 Ann. Agron., 1902, p. 522. - © Abstract, Experiment Station Record, 14, p. 340, from Sept. Rap An. Sta. Expt. Agron. Ploty, 1901, pp. xiv—180. 29 IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF WHEAT. Wiley“ sent wheat of the same origin to California, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri. The original grain and the product from each State were analyzed. The results of one year’s test were reported. Regarding the effect of climate, he says: There appears to be a marked relation between the content of protein matter and starch and the length of the growing season. The shorter the period of growth and the cooler the climate the larger the content of protein and the smaller the content of starch, and vice versa. Shindler,’ in his book upon this subject, says (p. 75): With the length of the growing period, especially with the length of the interval between bloom and ripeness, varies not only the size of the kernel, but also the relative amount of carbohydrates and protein it contains. Again, on page 76, Shindler says: All this shows that the protein constituent of the kernel depends in the first place upon the length of the growing period and next upon the richness of the soil. Melikovy “ made analyses of different varieties of wheat of the crops of the years 1885-1899 grown in southern Russia. The protein varied in different years from 14 to 21.2 per cent. Melikov concludes that the nitrogen content is highest in dry years and lowest in years of larger rainfall, in which years the yield of wheat per acre is also greater. Gurney and Morris,” in one of their reports, say: This increased gluten [over previous years] is probably largely due to differences in the seasons, the weather being hot and dry while the grain was ripening, since it is character- istic not of these wheats alone but of most of the grain grown in the colony. The conclusion to be inevitably derived from these observations is that climate is a potent factor in determining the yield and compo- sition of the wheat crop, and, further, that its effect is produced by lengthening or shortening the growing season, particularly that por- tion of it during which the kernel is developing. A moderately cool season, with a liberal supply of moisture, has the effect of prolonging the period during which the kernel is developing, thus favoring its filling out with starch, the deposition of which is much greater at that time than is that of nitrogenous material. With this goes an increase in volume weight and an increased yield of grain per acre. On the other hand, a hot, dry season shortens the period of kernel development, curtails the deposition of starch, leaving the per- @ Yearbook U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1901, pp. 299-308. > Der Weizen in seinem Beziehungen zum Klima und das Gesetz der Korrelation, Berlin, 1893. ¢ Abstract, Experiment Station Record, 13. p. 451, from Zhur. Opuitn. Agron., 1 (1900), pp. 256-267. @ Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales, 12, pt. 2, pp. 1403-1424. INFLUENCE OF SOIL UPON YIELD. 23 centage of nitrogen relatively higher, and gives a grain of lighter weight per bushel and smaller yield per acre. The fact that one variety of wheat is adapted to a hot, dry climate and another to a cool, moist one does not mean that the former under- goes as complete maturation as the latter, even though the grain is not shriveled. This is shown by the fact that a variety of wheat well adapted to a hot, dry climate will, when planted in a cool, moist one, immediately grow plumper and the kernel weight will increase, as was the case in the experiment of taking Minnesota wheats to Maine. INFLUENCE OF SOIL UPON COMPOSITION AND YIELD. In considering the effect of the soil upon the wheat crop there will naturally be included experiments designed to show the effect of fertilizers upon the crops. It is, in fact, upon experiments with fer- tilizers that we must depend for most of our information on this subject. Experiments to ascertain the effect of fertilizers upon the composi- tion of the wheat kernel were conducted by Lawes and Gilbert for a period of years extending from 1845 to 1854.“ Plots of land in which wheat was grown continually were treated annually as follows: Unmanured, manured with ammoniacal fertilizer alone, and manured with ammoniacal fertilizer and proportionate amounts of mineral salts. In composition calculated to dry matter, the wheat on the plots receiving ammoniacal fertilizer alone contained quite uniformly a slightly larger amount of nitrogen than either of the other two. The averages for the ten years were as follows: Percentage of— Weight | porno aS aE : = __| of grain Bere Yield per Kind of fertilizer, if any. Nitrogen} Ash in per : ar acre in dry dry bushel acer (pounds). matter. | matter. |(pounds). oF | | ~~ ~ = = | | | | RIT ANNE GS See ee Bc ees oe c= Sine ers cee min ate ee 2.13 2.07 58. 51 90.6 1,045 PAOTUNMO MATT SSS GS = senate ta) aya = ate rsa aac pa eor 2. 26 1.85 58. 9 90.3 1, 668 Minerals and ammonium salts.-.....---..-----.---- 2. 22 | 1.96 | 60. 2 92.8 1,969 “There was practically no difference in the nitrogen content of the straw. From these experiments the authors quoted conclude that there is no evidence that the nitrogen content of the wheat kernel can be increased at pleasure by the use of nitrogenous manures. Ritthausen and Pott” report an experiment in which plots of land were manured (1) with superphosphate alone, (2) with nitrate alone, (3) with a mixture of superphosphate and nitrate, and (4) were left @On Some Points in the Composition of Wheat Grain, London, 1857. b Landw. Vers. Stat., 16 (1873), pp. 384-399. 24 IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF WHEAT. unmanured. There were three plots of each. The following is a tabulated statement of their results: Weight of | Yield of | Percentage 5 She eri pate 52c.c.of | grain on | of nitrogen Kind of fertilizer, if any. norris plot | in dry (grams). | (kilos). | matter. Uniertilized sss soncccee ace as soe pedo se nec aoe e eee ee ene 1,306 le are ene | 2. 60 SUPELPHOSP MAC See aon em ee ee ee ree ee ee eer mea 1,339 | 2.72 4 3.49 Nitrates: 22h Indiana Experiment Station Bulletins 41 and 45. ¢Compt. Rend., 132 (1901), p. 791. d Abstract, Experiment Station Record, 14, p. 340, from Sept. Rap. An. Sta. Expt. Agron. Ploty, 1901, pp. xiv-180. : ET a Se ee ee INFLUENCE OF SOIL UPON YIELD. 27 although it thus increased the total production of nitrogen, it decreased the relative proportion of nitrogenous substance. Bogdau” conducted investigations the results of which indicated that with an increase in the soluble salt content of 22 alkali soils the nitrogen and ash contents of the wheat kernels increased, but the absolute weight of the kernels diminished. These soluble salts are rich in nitrates. Experiments were conducted by Whitson, Wells, and Vivian? in which plants were grown in pots the soils of which were in some cases fertilized with nitrates and in others with leachings of single and of- double strengths from fertile soils. Field experiments were con- ducted on manured and unmanured plots. All of the analyses, except in the case of oats, were of the whole plant. Of the ripe oat kernels those from the unfertilized soil contained 2.57 per cent of nitrogen, while the average of those from the fertilized soil was 2.78 per cent. Guthrie’ conducted experiments with fertilizers for wheat. during two years, in which he kept a record of the yield and gluten content of the grain. The following is a statement of the results: Experiments in 1901— At Wagga. At Bathurst. = | Experiments in 1902, at Wagga. Kind of fertilizer, if any. Yield : Vields Wee | Yield | per acre EeIeenes per acre Per eet per acre | Boeent (bush- mee oe | (bush- | Bae @ | (bush--| 2 fan els). ree | els). | SURIISM, els). g ‘ | INIT Re ete See eS SCE SEE aa test | 11.99 | 13= 5] 11.80 17.6 9.8 Ammonium sulphate Za 8.7 10.43 | 16 11.21 | 17.6 8.7 SIPS nMOS Wha bess sam eeeh oto aac 13.3 12.06 13.5 12.01 | 22.6 11.4 Potassiumswiphdate.- 225 .5-2s22280 has 13.0 12.02 | 13.0 11.29 | 19.2 10.0 Ammonium sulphate, superphosphate, | Bpotassiumi sulphate. 222 2)25- 2222.2 10.0 11.70 13.7 | 12.05 20.3 12.0 1 | In this experiment there was in each case a higher percentage of gluten in the wheat raised on the fertilized soil than in that from the soil fertilized. with ammonium sulphate, and in the latter less than in the grain fertilized with other material. The most striking feature of these results is their apparent lack of uniformity. In some cases the use of nitrogenous fertilizers was accompanied by an increase in the nitrogen content of the grain and in other cases no increase appeared; in some cases phosphoric acid fertilizers apparently increased the nitrogen content and in others they did not have this effect. Climatic influences have doubtless operated largely in these results, but they are not considered by any of the experimenters except Wolff. « Abstract, Experiment Station Record, 13, p. 329, from Report of Department of Agri- culture, St. Petersburg, 1900. » Wisconsin Experiment Station Report, 19 (1902), pp. 192-209. ¢ Acricultural Gazette of New South Wales, 13 (1902), No. 6, p. 664; and No. 7, p. 728. 28 IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF WHEAT. It is evident that in all experiments with depleted soils the plants on the plots receiving complete fertilizers would take up larger amounts of plant food, including nitrogen, than would plants on unmanured soils. Any conditions that would prevent the normal ripening of the crop on both soils would therefore leave a higher percentage of nitro- gen in the plants upon the unmanured soil. On the other hand, under conditions which would permit of a complete maturation of the crop there might be no difference in the composition of the grain from the manured and unmanured soils. It is evident, however, that the production of both nitrogen and starch in pounds per acre would be greater on the manured soils. Another condition that may affect the results is the arrested devel- opment of kernels on unmanured soils that are seriously depleted of plant food. Such depletion may interfere with complete maturation of the crop while the crop on the manured soil will mature fully. In consequence the grain on the unmanured soil will contain a higher percentage of nitrogen but a smaller yield per acre. The use of a nitrogenous manure alone on exhausted soils may likewise result in a grain of higher nitrogen content. Txpressed in a more general way, this means that wheat of the same variety grown under the same climatic conditions will have approximately the same percentage of nitrogen if allowed to mature fuliy, but any permanent interruption in the process of maturation will result in a higher percentage of nitrogen, and in the latter case the percentage of nitrogen will depend upon the stage at which develop- ment was interrupted, and also upon the amount of nitrogen accumu- lated by the plant, that. being greater on soils manured with nitroge- nous fertilizers alone than on exhausted soils, and greater on soils recelving complete manures than on exhausted soils receiving only nitrogenous fertilizers, provided the stage at which development ceased be the same in both cases. It thus happens that wheat grow- ing on the soil allowing it to absorb the largest amount of nitrogen will, other things being equal, have a higher nitrogen content if the development of the kernel be permanently checked, although if it were allowed to mature fully if would not have a greater percentage of nitrogen than that grown on the soil affording less nitrogen. Reviewing the experiments, we find that in Lawes and Gilbert’s first experiment the percentage of nitrogen in the unmanured soil was less than on the soil receiving only nitrogenous fertilizer, and that the weight of grain per bushel and the percentage of good kernels on the two plots were practically the same. It would not appear, therefore, that the wheat on the plot receiving the nitrogenous fertilizer was less well matured than that on the unmanured plot. In this case there appears to be a slight increase in the percentage of nitrogen, due entirely to the use of nitrogenous fertilizers. Comparing the grain on INFLUENCE OF SOIL MOISTURE UPON YIELD. 29 the plot receiving only nitrogenous fertilizer with that receiving the complete fertilizer it will be seen that the former has a higher percent- age of nitrogen, but this is evidently due to the poorly developed ker- nels which weigh less per bushel than the grain on the completely fertilized plot. Von Gohren’s results show plainly that the kernels on the manured land developed better than on the unmanured, and with this better development there was an increase in the percentage of starch and a decrease in the nitrogen. In Lawes and Gilbert’s second experiment the percentage of nitro- gen in the wheat on the soil manured with ammonium salts was less than that in the wheat on the unmanured soil, but the weight of grain per bushel shows that the higher nitrogen content was due, in part at least, to incomplete maturation. The higher percentage of nitrogen in the wheat on the soil receiving only nitrogenous manures as com- pared with that receiving complete manures can be traced to the same condition of the grain. INFLUENCE OF SOIL MOISTURE UPON COMPOSITION Montana Experiment Station Report (1902), pp. 59-60. 30 IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF WHEAT. lrigation experiments were conducted by Widtsoe “ in which wheat of the same variety was raised on plots of land each one of which received a different quantity of water. A record was kept of the yield and composition of the grain on each plot. Yield (in pounds) f Percentage of— per acre of— Ww | Yield ater 3 ; Plot. | applied | U piiale | | (Ginches). | els) foes a Nitrogen.) Ash. | 317 4.63 4.50 | 24.8 | 2.50 10.7 | 6.75 319 5.14 3.83 23.2 | 3.07 8.5 7.05 320 8.73 10.33 | 19.9 2.54 | 19.7 15.74 318 8.89 11.33 19.4 | 2.93 PAL eater 321 10.30 14.66 | 18.4 | 2.34 25.9 20.24 325 12509 |e eee 21.3 | 3. oe 22.8 21.44 322 UAT RSy Ys Ala Gals), a) 23.1 | 2.88 25.8 20. 30 326 12.80 13.00 yGil 2.52 21.3 21.50 327 17.50 | 15.33 | Tiere || 2007 25.3 23. 64 328 21.11 17 33%00 |) gl EON tl BORO omen Ee 24.33 329 30.00 26.66 | 14.0 | 4.14 30.8 66. 20 330 40.00 14.50 imi 2.52 | 23.8 21.92 | The results show that with an increase in the water used for irriga- tion up to 30 inches there were in general an increase in the yield of grain and a decrease in the nitrogen content. No volume weights or other means of judging of the development of the kernels on the different plots are given, but there is no reason to suppose that the grain on the plots receiving small quantities of water was not poorly developed. The column added showing the yield of nitrogen in pounds per acre indicates a lack of nutriment in the grain on these plots.” High nitrogen content arising from a small supply of soil moisture is sometimes due to a restricted development of the kernel. There is nothing in these results to indicate a greater absorption of nitrogen by the crop on soil having less moisture, but results of this nature are cited elsewhere in this bulletin. INFLUENCE OF SIZE OR WEIGHT OF THE SEED-WHEAT KERNEL UPON THE CROP YIELD. Sanborn’ reports experiments to ascertain the effect of separating seed wheat into kernels of different grades to ascertain the effect upon the yield. He divided the kernels into large, medium, small, ordinary (grain as it came from the thrasher), and shriveled, and continued the experiments for four years. Apparently the large kernels were separated from the crop grown from large seed the previous year, and « Utah Experiment Station Bulletin 80. » Nitrogen has been calculated from proteids by dividing by 6.25. ¢Utah Experiment Station Report, 1893, p. 168. - ee INFLUENCE OF SIZE OR WEIGHT OF SEED KERNEL. dL so with the other classes of kernels. He tabulates his results as follows: Yield of grain on plots (in | ANgrace pounds). ae years. Kind of seed. 1890. | 1891. | 1892. 1893, | Bushels per acre. Sn O ee Ss ae os Oe eee ee ec a claens Nace Sues some sad nase §8.5 72.5 111 63.0 18: 72 ECE E) TY YO eee eee ee fe ef 2 eh oie ay oe Sine wie letter aS raltc ate cre kis & 70.0 | 87 67.0 | 16. 60 Sra Soe os Sad ce eal ee ee a eee 94.0 | 105.0 | 64 74.0 | 18. 72 Orin anyreer eee Rene ae nae nce sae nce oes Cees Seon sede scenes $4.0 95.0 | 87 29.5 16.42 0 11. 25 TER COU ae een ett ey Se ea ee see is ON cial o Ss SS a Meine Sarcoma arate 43.0 78 al: The relation between yields of the crops representing different sized kernels is so irregular from year to year that suspicion is aroused regarding the accuracy of the results, due to lack of uni- formity in soil. Sanborn’s conclusion is that very little, if any, advantage is to be gained by separating seed wheat and planting the large kernels. At the Indiana Experiment Station, Latta” conducted experi- ments in which wheat was separated by means of a fanning mill into heavy and light kernels, but impurities and chaffy seed were fanned out of each lot of wheat. The experiments were continued three years, but the separations were made each year from seed that had not been so separated the year before. The average gain from the large seed for three years was 2.5 bushels per acre. Georgeson,’ at the Kansas station, seeded plots of land with (1) light seed weighing 56 pounds per bushel, (2) common seed weighing 62.5 pounds, (8) heavy seed weighing 63 pounds, and (4) selected seed, obtained by picking the largest and finest heads in the field just before the crop was cut, weighing 61.5 pounds per bushel. Seed was separated each year from wheat not grown from previously selected seed. The average results for three years were as follows: Yield of Yield of © grain grain Grade of seed. per acre Grade of seed. per acre (bush- (bush- els). els). LEVEN GN os 2 ree eg eee ce ee er 2 DOI ON MELCAN Vaan Sos ceeetecn Ree se see ear eee | 27.07 COmMmoOne soc ee st ee naade clea bees ale 26.57 || Select (average for 2 years) ...........- 25. 82 Desprez’ reports experiments extending through three years in which large kernels were selected from a crop grown from large seed « Indiana Experiment Station Bulletin 36, pp. 110-128. > Kansas Experiment Station Bulletin 40, pp. 51-62. ¢ Abstract, Experiment Station Record, 7, p. 679, from Jour. Agr. Prat., 59 (1895), 2, pp. 694-698. 32 IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF WHEAT. for several years and small seed from a crop grown from small seed for several years. Five varieties of wheat were used, The average results for three years were a difference of 1,067 to 1,828 kilograms of grain per hectare in favor of the large seed, but the difference was in general greater the first year than later. The use of large seed gave a crop with kernels larger than those grown from small seed. Middleton” reports the yields obtained from large wheat kernels to be almost double those obtained from small seed kernels. Bolley,’ as the results of experiments continuing for four years in which plump kernels of large size and plump kernels of small size were selected for seed, concludes that ‘perfect grains of large size and greatest weight produce better plants than perfect grains of small size and light weight, even when the grains come from the same head.” At the Ontario Agricultural College, Zavitz‘ selected large plump seed, small plump seed, and shrunken seed of both spring and winter wheat. Experiments were continued for eight years with spring wheat and five years with winter wheat, the selections each year being from a crop grown from previously unselected seed. His results are as follows: Yield per acre (in bushels). Kind of seed. ae Taare Spring | Winter wheat. | wheat. Larges plum pls voces fe oo hs cints ee Sedoeteeace ose sae See eee Oe Serre eee yee a ere et peer 21.7 42.4 Shoat Mego) hound) ope ee ee eee Behe tie ee oe 6 aaa adbuetmacto dade boaussck 18.0 34.8 ShrumkenartG25. se oot cee oe ee eee ee Me See eee ae ea 16.7 33.7 Dehérain and Dupont” report that the yields from small and large kernels of a number of varieties of wheat were in all cases in favor of the large kernels, but a large difference in yield was obtained only when there was a marked difference in the weight of the kernels. Soule and Vanatter’ conducted experiments for three years in which large and small kernels were separated by means of sieves. In addition a plot of unselected seed was planted. The large seed was, each year after the first, selected from the crop grown from large seed the previous year. The same was true of the small seed. These investigators say: a Abstract, Experiment Station Record, 12, p. 441, from Univ. Coll. of Wales Rept., 1899, pp. 68-70. » North Dakota Experiment Station Report, 1901, p. 30. ¢ Ontario Agricultural College and Experiment Farm Report, 1901, p. $4. @ Abstract, Experiment Station Record, 15, p. 672, from Compt. Rend., 135 (1902), p. 654. ¢ Tennessee Experiment Station Bulletin, vol. 16, No. 4, p. 77. a ¢ INFLUENCE OF SIZE OR WEIGHT OF SEED KERNEL. oo The average difference in yield at the end of three years between iarge grains (607 per ounce ), commercial sample (689 per ounce ), and small grains (882 per ounce ), with Med- iterranean wheat, was 2.06 bushels in favor of large grains as compared with the commercial sample, and 5.18 bushels in favor of large grains over small grains. The difference in yield between the large grains and the commercial sample chiefly occurred the first year; but it is possible, though hardly probable, that the difference was partly due to variation in the soil. The experiment has been carried on in different parts of the field for the last two years, and the difference in yield is now only 0.32 bushel per acre in favor of the large grains. Cobb“ reports tests of various grades of wheat kernels with respect to size, and concludes that large kernels give better yields of grain. The seed of one year was not the product of the corresponding grade of the previous one. Grenfell? selected plump and shriveled kernels from the same bulk of grain. Of these 150 kernels were sown in each row, with rows of plump and shriveled kernels alternating. The germination in both rows appeared much alike, but the plants in the rows sown from plump grain soon began to gain on the others and kept ahead for the remainder of the season. The tillermg was better in the plump- grain plants. Grenfell tabulates his results thus: | | Average |Percentage | », Sle ee yield per Variety. Kind. of plants pene! ilering acre | that grew. | ; =|) LRONWe Aco | (bush- | els). | | | DuemMmedolsss.2c casacs cence aioe. e | d2atb Gos) ye Se oeeyeeecenee 96.0 179 1.24 | 10.9 DOE Adee cone eS 5. eee Whriveledeas scene 89.3 | 174 1.29 | 9.9 RtEE MOIS Una Was ere. soe ie oe te ee lee cee (6 Ko coy ene tae ey Se 89.3 153 1.14 6.1 DORs sce eeessee ec ses soca [eA bbha0) Oto Bee AACE 90.0 | 200 1.49 | 10 1D) pa cettan Gass en nee eee IpShriveled=aeaeer sess 76.0 140 1.16 6.9 WD Otter spe wet sora t Se qeeraene tae IMMIpS seaae eee 92.0 | 161 1.23 | 8.4 1D) Sen Cao Gee REE eon eee Shiniveled/s. 226222 cose 98.0 155 | 1.34 1.2 Plimp=kernellavendeess- serccl|cse ec cceena-scce ees eece 92.7 | 180 1.32 | 9.8 Shriveled-kernel/gverages™ << lies. sac caceincosce seen < 88.5 | 155 1 7.5 | As bearing upon this subject some experiments conducted by Rinker’ are of interest. He weighed each of the kernels of a large number of heads of wheat of the Spalding Prolific and Martin Amber varieties, and found that the heaviest kernels occur in the lower half of the spike. With spikes of different lengths and weights, the weight of the average kernel increases with the size of the spike. Weights of individual kernels from the same spikes show that there is a great range in this respect. One spike, of which Rinker gives the weights of all the kernels, and which is given as representa- tive of the average, shows kernels varying in weight from 36 to 71 milligrams. @ Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales, 14 (1903), No. 2, pp. 145-169. » Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales, 12 (1901), No. 9, pp. 1053-1062. ¢ Jour. f. Landw., 38 (1890), p. 309. 27889—No. 78 —05——3 34 IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF WHEAT. It is therefore quite evident that a sample of wheat taken from spikes of different sizes when separated into lots of light and heavy kernels would have both the larger spikes and smaller spikes repre- sented in each lot of kernels, but doubtless the proportion of kernels from large heads would be greater in the lot of heavy kernels. It would appear from these results that the evidence was over- whelmingly in favor of large or heavy wheat kernels for seed. Most of the experimenters selected seed of different kinds each year without reference to previous selection. If large seed or small seed represent plants of different characteristics and if these properties are hered- itary, the results of selection of large or small seeds for several years may be quite different from what they would be the first year. It is only those experiments in which selection of the same kind of seed has been continued for several generations that may be relied upon to indicate the value of continuous selection of large kernels for seed. Such experiments have been conducted by Sanborn, by Desprez, and by Soule and Vanatter. The work of Desprez indicates that the size of the kernel is a hereditary quality. That being the case, it is evident that the small seed of the first separation may be composed partly of seed that is small on account of immaturity and partly of seed that is small by inheritance, but which is perfectly normal. When such seed is planted the immature seed will be largely elimi- nated in the crop, but the naturally small seed will have reproduced itself and will compose most of the crop. When the seed is again separated a much smaller percentage of small seed will be immature, and in consequence a larger number of kernels will produce plants. It would appear from Desprez’s experiments, however, that those plants producing small kernels are not so prolific as those producing large kernels. Sanborn’s results make a very good showing for the small kernels, but, as before stated, the extreme irregularity would lead to the belief that the soil on the plots lacked uniformity, or that some other errors had influenced the results. To offset this the tests cover a period of four years, which should help to rectify mistakes, and in consequence the good showing made by the small kernels is entitled to some consideration. Soule and Vanatter’s results fulfill exactly the conditions of the hypothesis that the small seed would the first year contain a much larger proportion of immature kernels than it would in subsequent years, and hence yield more poorly the first year. Their results with heavy kernels as compared with ordinary seed offer little encourage- ment to the continuous selection of large kernels. ie RELATION OF SIZE OF KERNEL TO NITROGEN CONTENT. 385 The fact before referred to that both large and small kernels are found on the same head of wheat is perhaps an argument against the superior value of large seed. If the plant and not the seed is the unit of reproduction, small seed from a plant whose kernels averaged large size may be better than large seed from a plant whose kernels averaged small size. On the other hand, there can be no doubt that the majority of the kernels in the lot of heavy kernels would be from plants having large spikes, and vice versa. This would give the kernels in the heavy lot some advantage. Again, the advantage that the large kernel is sup- posed to possess for seed may not be in producing a large kernel in the resulting crop, but in giving the plant a better start in life, or producing a more vigorous plant. RELATION OF SIZE OF KERNEL TO NITROGEN CONTENT. Richardson“ has made a large number of analyses of wheats from different parts of the United States. The weight of 100 kernels was also determined in each sample. There can not be said to be any constant relation between the nitrogen content and the kernel weight, but in the main the large kernels have a lower percentage of nitrogen than the small kernels, and inversely. Pagnoul? reports that in a test of eleven varieties of wheat there was in the main a decrease in the percentage of nitrogen in the crop as compared with the seed when there was an increase in the weight of 1,000 kernels in the crop as compared with the seed. The same investigator’ again states that In an examination of seventy varieties of wheat there was no constant relation between the size of the kernels and their nitrogen content, but that in general the varieties with small kernels were the varieties richest in nitrogen. Marek” separated wheat of the same variety into lots of large and of small kernels. He found on analysis that the large kernels con- tained 12.52 per cent protein and the small kernels 13.55 per cent protein. Woods and Merrill’ made analyses of a number of wheats grown in Minnesota and of the same varieties grown in Maine. The wheats uniformly developed a larger kernel when grown in Maine. Grouping five varieties raised in Minnesota and five raised in Maine, it will be seen that with this increase in the size of the kernel there was a «U.S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Chemistry, Bulletins 1 and 3. » Abstract in Centrlb. f. Agr. Chem., 1893, p. 616, from Ann. Agron., 1892, p. 486. ¢ Abstract in Centrlb. f. Agr. Chem., 1888, p. 767, from Ann. Agron., 14, pp. 262-272. @ Abstract in Centrlb. f. Agr. Chem., 1876, from Landw. Zeitung f. Westfalen u. Lippe, 1875, p. 362. € Maine Experiment Station Bulletin 97. 36 IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF WHEAT. decrease in the nitrogen content. The analyses, reduced to a water- free basis, are as follows: Weight of Where grown. | 100 kernels asa | (grams). Pp as MiInNeSOtaereeeeseee Sefouie wise eatin snctorechice seek ose ee ee eoenee se Jeet ree 2.239 16. 22 Maine =< fe Pete ae. SSE cece Semi ee aes ao Se = Se ee NS eee cee a eee 3.109 | - 15. 48 In a review of the experiments concerning the relation of weight to composition of cereals, Gwallig’ says that the results obtained by Marek, Wollny, Mircker, Hoffmeister, and Nothwang divide barley and rye into one group, and wheat and oats into another, as regards this relation. With barley and rye, the largest, heaviest kernels are the richest in protein. With wheat and oats, the smallest, lightest kernels have the highest protein content. Gwallig says further that with an increased protein content there is a decrease in nitrogen-free extract. The fat and ash do not stand in a definite relation to the kernel weight, but the small, ight kernels have a higher percentage of crude fiber, which circumstance is accounted for by the larger surface possessed by the smaller kernels. Snyder?’ has divided small kernels into two classes—those which are small because shrunken and those which are small although well filled. He finds that as between small kernels of the first class and large, well-filled kernels, the former contain a higher percentage of nitrogen, but as between the small, well-filled and the large, well-filled kernels, the latter contain the higher percentage of nitrogen. In testing this he used large and small kernels of the same variety in each case, and the wheats represented a large portion of the wheat- growing area of the United States. As regards the relation of large, perfect, and small, perfect kernels there were twenty-four out of twenty-seven cases in which the large kernels contained a greater percentage of nitrogen. Johannsen and Weis,’ in experiments with five varieties of wheat, find that as a general rule the percentage of nitrogen is increased with increasing grain weight, but that there are many exceptions to the rule. Cobb” states that small wheat kernels contain a larger proportion of gluten than do large ones, but he does not submit any analyses to substantiate his statement. a Abstract in Centrlb. f. Agr. Chem., 24 (1895), p. 388, from Landw. Jahrbiicher, 23 (1894), p. 835. > Minnesota Experiment Station Bulletin 85. P ¢ Abstract, Experiment Station Record, 12, p. 327, from Tidsskr. Landbr. Planteavl., 5 (1899), pp. 91-100. @ Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales, 5 (1894), No. 4, pp. 239-250. INFLUENCE OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SEED KERNEL. oF Kornicke and Werner’ quote the experiments of Reiset to show that shriveled kernels have a higher nitrogen content than plump ones. With different varieties of wheat he found the following: | Percent- | age of Variety. Kind. | nitrogen | in dry matter. SECIS S33 oe cee can 25 oe Soe eee SO ener Ghee Deer oo oe Sasa ese eee jwoumiveledas ss) ssaas5- 2.48 eee ree a eels =o remis we eee tines eee See Pihm passe aoe. eee 2. 33 NATESEOTUS) ee ee ee le ie la fara aaa nian om ale alsiciap tae A Sto azn See Regs s ee Shinveledia=-e--see.s- = 2.44 Glos oo ot be dase Seba ee ce sneeoee Sees reser Set Ee peeo -SeSEsprEErsaas PWM ae ae sea 2.08 JMU RRR eS 2 OS ee ON SSS oe Sha ge el er es ee Shitivieledess=- 2s e— 2.59 Dia ood wet RS Ee eg ne ge Sy BN eo ere ee JEAl phot YORE eerecreete oes 2.35. Carleton’ records the weight of 100 kernels and the. percentage of ‘“albuminoids”’ in sixty-one samples of wheat from various parts of the world. Dividing these into classes according to the weight of 100 kernels we have the following: Weight of Eee Percent- | Number 100 kernels ieee |age of albu-| of sam- (grams). (grams). minoids. ples. | 2to3 2.66 14.58 6 3 to 4 3.67 12.31 25 | over 4 4.57 11. 62 30 | Reviewing these experiments there would seem to be no doubt that shrunken kernels contain a higher percentage of nitrogen than do well-filled ones, but as between large and small kernels, both of which are well filled, there is not a great deal of information. Snyder’s experiments are the only ones that cover this ground, but they are extensive and very uniform, and may be considered as deciding the question in favor of a higher nitregen content for the large kernels, so far as small, plump kerne!s and large, plump kernels are concerned. But, as small and light kernels are usually not plump, taking the crop as a whole and dividing it equally into large and small or heavy and light kernels, the evidence would be in favor of the small or light kernels for high nitrogen content. As between wheats from different regions and of different varieties, those having small kernels are generally of higher nitrogen content. INFLUENCE OF THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF THE SEED KERNEL UPON YIELD. Sanborn? separated seed wheat with a sieve into large, medium, small, and shriveled kernels. The large seed was separated by means “Handbuch des Getreidebaues, 1, pp. 520-521, Berlin, 1884. bU. S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology, Bulletin 24. ¢ Abstract, Experiment Station Record, 5, p. 58, from Utah Experiment Station Report, 1892, pp. 133-135. 38 IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF WHEAT. of a brine solution into two nearly equal parts. The seed thus sepa- rated was planted on separate plots. The experiment was con- tinued three years. The heavy seed yielded 10.8 bushels and the hight 16.3 bushels per acre. Unselected seed yielded 16.4 bushels per acre. Seed wheat of four varieties was separated by Church” by means of solutions of calcium chlorid having specific gravities of 1.247, 1.293, and 1.31. The seed was first treated with a solution of mer- curic chlorid to remove adherent air. Each lot of seed was planted separately. From the results the following conclusions are drawn: (1) The seed wheat of the greatest density produced the densest seed. (2) The seed wheat of the greatest density yielded the largest amount of dressed grain. (3) The seed of medium density generally gave the largest number of ears, but the ears were poorer than those from the densest seed. (4) Seed of medium density generally produced the largest number of fruiting plants. (5) The seed wheat that sank in water, but floated in a solution having the density 1.247, was of very low value, yielding on an average only 34.4 pounds of dressed grain for every 100 yielded by the densest seed. Haberlandt,’ as the result of experiments with several cereals, has shown that the comparative weight of kernels is transmitted to the grain resulting from this seed. This was the case with wheat, rye, barley, and oats. The results with wheat were as follows: Weight of kernels. Number of pounds. Light. | Medium.| Heavy. | Grams. | Grams. | Grams. i O00kseedikernels ee) Se 5-52 Hc pee c oad cote Re eee eee ene eee 29.45 Sih 33.0 MOND ero pikernelsseeees eae eeeeeasee coe aeaeeee Rag Teper ee ey Sa cM a | 34.3 | 35.5 | 36.3 Wollny’ objects to the results of the experiments by F. Haberlandt, Church, Trommer, Hellriegel, and Ph. Dietrich with various cereals, in which almost without exception the kernels of high specific gravity produced the best yields, because no distinction was made between absolute weight and specific gravity in the kernels. He claims that the value of the seed lies in the kernels of absolutely heavy weight rather than in the kernels of high specific gravity. He concludes that the specific gravity of the seed exerts no influence on the yield of the crop. ip D. aScience with Practice. > Jahresb. Agr. Chem., 1866-67, p. 298. ¢ Abstract in Centrlb. f. Agr. Chem., 1887, p. 169, from Forschungen a.d. Gebiete Agri- kulturphysik, 9 (1886), pp. 207-216. 3 4 SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND NITROGEN CONTENT. 39 In the light of the experiments that have been conducted with seed wheat of high and low specific gravities, it would appear that, in general, seed of very low specific gravity does not yield well, and it is evident that such seed must be deficient in mineral matter and is probably not normal in other respects. There would not appear, however, to be any marked difference in the productive capacity of kernels of medium specific gravity and kernels of great specific eravity. RELATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF KERNEL TO NITROGEN CONTENT. Marek” found that with an increase in the specific gravity of the kernel there was a decrease in nitrogen content. Pagnoul,’? in testing seventy varieties of wheat, found that the nitrogen content rose with the specific gravity, but not regularly, and that a definite relation could not be traced. Wollny*’ took kernels of horny structure and kernels of mealy structure. He says it is generally recognized that the hard, horny kernels have a higher specific gravity, and that it is commonly attributed to their higher content of proteids. -He contends that as starch has a higher specific gravity than protein the mealy kernels must really have a higher specific gravity than the horny ones. Kornicke and Werner” state the specific gravities of the various chemical constituents of the wheat kernel as follows: Starch, 1.53; sugar, 1.60; cellulose, 1.53; fats, 0.91 to 0.96; gluten, 1.297; ash, 2.50; water, 1.00; air, 0.001293. They state also (p. 121) that the specific gravity of the kernel does not stand in any relation to the volume weight, for the factor which results from weighing a certain volume mass is influenced. by the air spaces between the kernels, and these depend upon the form and size as well as the surface and acci- dental structure of the kernel. They also contend that there is no relation between the volume weight and the content of proteid material. Schindler’ shows that by tabulating a large number of varieties of wheat from different parts of the world, and representing different varieties, there is no relation between the weight of 1,000 kernels and the volume weight of 100 c.c. Byseparating these into varieties, even when grown in different localities, kernels of the same variety did show a definite and constant relation. The volume weight increased with an increase in the weight of 1,000 kernels. « Abstract in Centrlb. f. Agr. Chem., 1876, p. 46, from Landw. Zeitung f. Westfalen u. Lippe, 1875, p. 362. b Abstract in Centrlb. f. Agr. Chem., 1888, p. 767, from Ann. Agron., 14, pp. 262-272. ¢ Abstract in Centrlb. f. Agr. Chem., 1887, p. 169, from Forschungen a. d. Gebiete Agri- kulturphysik, 9 (1886), pp. 207-216. @ Handbuch des Getreidebaues, 2, p. 120, Berlin, 1884. é Jour. Landw., 45 (1897), p. 61. 40 IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF WHEAT. There has long been a desire manifested by workers in this field to establish some definite relation between the specific gravity of the wheat kernel and its composition, or at least its nitrogen content. Very contradictory results have been obtained by several experi- menters, and little progress has been made. It is true that the various chemical constituents that go to com- pose the wheat kernel have different specific gravities, and as those of the carbohydrates are all less than those of the proteids it might be argued that a wheat having a large proportion of proteid material would have a low specific gravity. However, the specific gravity of the ash is so much greater than that of any other constit- uent and the ash in wheats’from different soils and climates varies so much that these factors completely prevent the establishment of a definite relation. The size and number of the vacuoles also influence the specific gravity. In general, it may be said that as between kernels of the same variety grown in the same season and upon the same soil, the specific gravity is inversely proportional to the nitrogen content. CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE PRODUCTION OF NITROGEN IN THE GRAIN. So far as the writer has been able to ascertain there is no literature bearing directly upon the conditions affecting the production of nitrogen in the grain of wheat. Regarding high nitrogen in the wheat crop as arising merely from failure on the part of the kernel to develop fully, it would seem that a high percentage of nitrogen would inevitably be accompanied by a small production of nitrogen per acre. This, however, does not always appear to be the case. Taking, for instance, the yields of wheat obtained by Lawes and Gilbert” for a period of twenty years, which they divide into two periods of good and of poor crops, each covering ten years, we have the following figures: Average | 7 yield of | Weight Mae of Seasons. grain per | per bushel | an Rose acre | (pounds). ei nds) (pounds). | see eseas se Good crop seasons... --.- 1,833 | 60.2 | 28.0 Poor cropiscasOuseees es] - se -eee eee eee 2 1,740 57.1 | 29.8 It will be noticed that the largest production of nitrogen per acre was in those years in which the weight per bushel and the yield per acre were least. Of course this is not always the case, but that it should occur at all is an indication that the conditions that make for high nitrogen « On the Composition of the Ash of Wheat Grain and Wheat Straw, London, 1884. CONDITIONS AFFECTING PRODUCTION OF NITROGEN. 4] content in the grain also conduce to a large accumulation of nitrogen by the crop, or perhaps it would be more accurate to say that the conditions which favor a large accumulation of nitrogen by the crop often result in giving it a high nitrogen content. Reference has already been made to the observations of Dehérain and Dupont” on the wheat crops of 1888 and 1889 at Grignon. The figures for the yields of grain, the percentages of starch and gluten, and the production per acre of these constituents for the two years are as follows: Gi ; Percentage of— | = pace ae a a = va Gluten per | Starch per Year. Hechace | | hectare hectare (kilos) { Gluten. Starch. | (kilos). (kilos). 2 | | 28 Nal eee 3,445 12.6 77.2 | 434 2, 659 Lig cnt Ge Ree te eget Mae Ben ae eg ee ae Rei 2,922 15.3 61.9 447 1,808 From this it will be seen that for the year in which the yield of grain was less per acre the production of gluten per acre was greater. Apparently the conditions were favorable for a large accumulation of nitrogen by the plant in 1889, but were unfavorable to the pro- duction of starch. If the latter had not been the case, the crop of 1889 would have been larger than the crop of 1888. A number of instances of this kind have occurred among the wheat crops at the Nebraska Experiment Station. In fact, it may be said that, in general, large yields of grain have there been accompanied by a low percentage of nitrogen per acre as compared with the same properties in small yields of grain. The following table will show this: Production of nitrogen per acre in wheat raised at the Nebraska Experiment Station. Yield of Econ Proteid | DEO Gi F Faw grain age oO nitrogen ¢ Variety Pea per acre | proteid | per acre | pee | (pounds). | nitrogen.) (pounds). g- } GN UOE SIS) OI RYG0 (Se ware iar gle aR ot PO ROR Re eee = 1900 1,980 3.02 52.73 | June 27 1D Och eS SO eae eee SoC een Ree ae eee 1901 2,370 2.00 43.04 | June 24 IDXO) 5 aes 5 Se eee RR ct ae ear ei a ae 1902 1,800 2.86 51.48 | June 23 1D) OR eee snes ene eee esse Oicn Se ee ae eee 1903 1,864 2.40 44.74 | July 9 VODICO NS PIN SASH a ets SSP Ee egy eaten tee A ee 1900 1,320 3.01 34.58 | July 2 IL) GS eee ew oe ee ee a I ee Sn Mn ee 2 rie 1901 1,794 2.18 36.08 | July 1 Dereon soca h see eee aoe tee Wace Sess OSE Ss 1903 a 962 2.54 24.43 | July 14 \GiiE Chall Oboes eine, eee IR aetna saa eee ee 1902 1,605 3.16 46.32 | June 24 Deis ete CEA SEE ROU RE ates Bot CE RE eae eae 1903 1,891 2.10 39.71 | July 10 IRESGYR BYCGOGIIS =e Sees ae ees co pee See er nae 1902 1,475 2.92 43.10 | June 24 OR esse a SSN Sasa te mn oh eee ae sees eke 1903 | 1,830 2.16 | 39.53 | July 10 LASTER ECS Same ky Rtas WR een er ea | AYA |e 5 ene Ae 41.43 | | | a Yield decreased by lodging of grain. A word in regard to the character of the seasons that produced these crops may help to an understanding of their differences. @ Ann. Agron., 28 (1902), p. 522. 42 IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF WHEAT. The season of 1900 was rather dry and hot from the time growth started in the spring until harvest. There was no time when there was an abundant supply of moisture, but occasional rains wet the soil for a few days at a time. The temperatures during the day were high and the air was dry. In 1901 the spring was quite moist and cool until June, when it became extremely hot and dry. Nature (London), 69 (1903), No. 1778, pp. 92, 93. ¢ Abstract in Centrlb. f. Agr. Chem., 1897, p. 785, from Compt. Rend., 124 (1897), p. 158. CONDITIONS AFFECTING PRODUCTION OF NITROGEN. 45 desirable to know whether there has been any increase in nitrogen per acre. Returning to the figures given by Balland it will be seen that the wheat of 1848 produced on an average 163 kilos per hec- tare, while that of fifty years later produced 171 kilos, an increase of about 5 per cent in gluten per hectare, with an increase of 25 per cent in yield. These figures can not, of course, be taken as strictly accurate, as they are based merely on what M. Balland refers to as the range of nitrogen content. Some data on this subject are available in the published records of wheat improvement at the Minnesota Experiment Station. ¢ Yields and gluten content of improved varieties and of the original variety from which the improved strains have been developed by selection are given. The figures cover the same seasons for all varieties, and the averages of six trials are reported for each, as follows: Hs | Yield per ae ae Gluten Nitrogen Variety. ; acre dry glu- | Per acre | per acre (bushels). fen (pounds). (pounds). Minnesota No. 149»produced from Power’s Fife........-.-- | 25.6 13.5 207.4 36.4 Power's Fife, unmodified by selection. .................... 23.6 14.0 198. 2 34.8 Minnesota No. 169, produced from Hayne’s Blue Stem... . 28.5 1225 213.7 37.5 Hayne’s Blue Stem, unmodified by selection .............- 24.6 13.4 198.8 34.7 In each case the new variety yielded more grain per acre, possessed a lower gluten content, and produced more nitrogen per acre in the grain. It should be explained that determinations of gluten and baking tests were made of strains of wheat produced by the selection of individual plants, and that the quantity and quality of the gluten in these strains were considered in deciding which strain was to be perpetuated. For that reason the gluten content of the improved wheat is doubtless greater than it would have been if no attention had been paid to those qualities. Incidentally it may be stated that the quality of the gluten in these new varieties of wheat origi- nated by Professor Hays is much better than that in the original varieties. The difference between selection for gluten carried on in this way and selection for gluten applied to the individual plant is that the latter must increase many times the opportunity for devel- oping a strain of desirable gluten content. Returning to the nitrogen production per acre, it is apparent that it is slightly greater in the improved wheats, or at least is not less than in the original varieties. This is encouraging, as it indicates the possibility of increasing the production of gluten per acre. @ Minnesota Experiment Station Bulletin 63. 46 IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF WHEAT. Gluten is the valuable constituent of wheat. The wheat growing of the future may be looked upon as a gluten-producing industry. The problem is to secure the highest possible quantity and quality of gluten per acre. If this can be done by sacrificing starch produc- tion, it will be economical. Starch can be more cheaply produced in other crops and, if necessary, added to the flour of wheat. It may be argued that this is not to the interest of the farmer. But it is clearly to the interest of mankind and any step toward its accomplishment must in the end redound to the advantage of the farmer. se eASe le eee Texel En NWoR Ne AL. - , a = . A pst 2 wy, v4 : Rae an i oat - 4 7 5 7 | 47 SOE PROPERTIES OTHE WHEAT KERNEL. If a number of wheat kernels of the same variety and raised under similar conditions are separated into approximately equal parts with regard to their specific gravity, the kernels of low specific gravity will be found to contain a higher percentage of both total and proteid nitrogen than the kernels having a high specific gravity. A number of samples of wheat grown in different years and repre- senting different varieties were separated into approximately equal parts by throwing the kernels into a solution of calcium chlorid hav- ing such a density that about half the kernels would float and the other half smk. The specific gravity of the solution in which each sample was separated is given in Table 1 and the signs < and > are used to represent “less than’’ and “greater than,’ respectively. Thus ‘<1.29” means that the kernels have a specific gravity of less than 1.29, while ““>1.29” indicates that the kernels have a specific eravity greater than 1.29. TaBLE 1.—Analyses of kernels of high and of low specific gravity. | Percentage of— | a : Specific | eeay ae ae Nonnro. | Name of variety and year of Serial number. gravity. Total Proteid NoupE oa | growth. nitrogen. | nitrogen.« Sse | ; nosed. es = ane aleD ; : : : fees scan ao < an gee cies 402 \Hickman, grown in 1895. 286 2.8 .88 BOS Meneses ae ee ean ee ae ee 194 (57 Turkish Red, grown in 1897. iced OOS ene Eee ee <1. 250 2.80 2.26 .54 \\Spring wheat, Marvel, grown Sh ee Ne ee Se >1. 250 2.78 2.15 .63 |f in 1897. AU Bere eet ere ien Boss <1. 265 2.95 2.13 .82 |\Spring wheat, Velvet Chaff ie bo eRe OD Sa Se ee Ooo 1. 265 2.66 2.01 -65 |f grown in 1897. -1. 26 Bus ) 2S ae eee ati goal cee i }Purkish Red, grown in 1898. e | a Proteid nitrogenin this paper = nitrogen by Stutzer’s method. Proteids = proteid nitrogen x 5.7. With the exception of serial Nos. 30 and 31 the kernels of low specific gravity have in each case a higher percentage of both total and proteid nitrogen than have the kernels of high specific gravity. It will also be noticed that the percentage of nonproteid nitrogen is greater in the kernels of low specific gravity. Samples of wheat were also divided into light and heavy portions by means of a machine which operates by directing upward a current of air, the velocity of which can be regulated. Into this current the grain is directed. The result is that the heavy kernels and the large 27889—No. 78—05——4 49 50 . IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF WHEAT. kernels fall, and the light kernels and small kernels are driven out. The separation thus accomplished is somewhat different from that effected by a solution, the difference being that the latter separates the kernels entirely according to their specific gravities while with the air blast a large kernel of a certain specific gravity might descend with the heavy kernels, when if it, were smaller, although of the same specific gravity, it would be blown out. The number of light kernels that descend on account of their large size is relatively small, owing to the fact that large kernels are, as a rule, of higher specific gravity than small ones. The following test was made to determine the relation between the size of wheat ker- nels and their specific gravity. An average lot of wheat was nearly equally divided by means of two sieves into three portions represent- ing medium, small, and large kernels. Each of these portions was then thrown upon solutions of the same specific gravity, and the pro- portion by weight that floated, or light seed, and the proportion that sank, or heavy seed, were determined. TaBLE 2.—Proportion of light and of heavy seed. | | | HE vs ‘Heavy seed Light seed Kind of seed. (grams). (grams). os 7 ‘Lipht, Spent Wee aweetes Gas aeeken 4 ae oa eae ets ELEN 2 fe 8.72 | 11.28 1 1.29 IMEC TUIMIER ree ee eeeisele ee Faia Pa ee ere = 9.62 10.78 1 Taby Df fs) a ae ee Ace Tho ee eh ae et ha ar eee ea Soe Ss 11.96 8.04 1 . 67 The weight of light kernels among the small was nearly twice that of light kernels among the large seeds. Analyses of samples of wheat separated by this machine into light and heavy kernels gave about the same results as the samples sepa- rated by solutions of certain specific gravities. TaBLe 3.—Analyses of large, heavy kernels and of small, light kernels. Percentage of— | cmt. an vies) ea S| eee Relative Name of variety and year of Serial number. weight. | Total Proteid Nees growth. | nitrogen.) nitrogen. nitrogen. a ay Gia fi Qos apine ce seiwaeae eee eee mighteseeseas- 2.99 2.2) 0.78 |\Spring wheat, Marvel, grown ees reso ISIN A~ocsecser 2.76 2.04 -72 f in 1896. Be Se ene nee NO AN socaecs 2.77 2.11 66 |) SRG Gets ys: ang ae Heavy........ 2.70 204 (66 foo grown in 1898. 65S see saeco ighitiese sees = 2.91 2.29 62 1 66 os watnesee Seeesee cease Heaviyeess2 cae 2.65 2.04 ,61 | Spring wheat, grown in 1898. ROE Cae San eeetitece cee ae ighbesesenae 2.45 2.00 45 | Blisssek seas secceneteanee Heavviese eee 2.19 1.96 .23 \ pie Frame, grown in 1899. BSS Se ayaieahen Sem owes aee Cee TaphiGats eo se Buk, 3.10 sO2n iil bs = Beas a hen A ie ne Heavy........ 3.02 2.93 309. (fo arish Red, eco mesa ee ET Tice ann SER Meena d 2 Micht see. 3.13 2.82 -31 Lp s cs Read eae pot eR 8 Hoavyctecen I = soko 2. 65 "30 |p Big Frame, grown in 1900. C02 ei icmnieatene tance ses Mighteesessce 3.30 3.06 24 ane ci mee mereniig ot F | Heavy........ 2.46 2.24 22 | {B ig Prame,erown.an 100r- GUS hisses sioseec ea eee iehieescesse 2.30 VAS} 22 bee ges eae ak Be aae Heavy........ 2.11 1.94 17 eee Red, grown in 1901. SOME PROPERTIES OF THE WHEAT KERNEL. 51 It thus becomes very apparent that the percentage of nitrogen is relatively greater in the light wheat selected in the manner described. It is well known that immature wheat is of lighter weight than mature wheat and that it contains a greater percentage of nonproteid nitrogen. In a field of wheat there are always certain plants that mature early, others that mature late, and some that never reach a normal state of maturity. The last condition is very likely to occur in a region of limited rainfall and intense summer heat. The con- ditions most favorable for the filling out of the grain are shown to be an abundance of soil moisture and a fair degree of warmth. The more nearly the conditions are the reverse of this the more shriveled the kernel and the lighter the weight. In the same variety and in the same field there are kernels that are small and shriveled because of immaturity, disease, or lack of nutriment. All of these classes would appear among the ‘“‘light”’ kernels separated in this way. In order to approach the question from another standpoint, a num- ber of spikes of wheat of the Turkish Red variety were selected in the field, care being taken that all were fully ripe, and that they were composed of healthy, well-formed kernels. These spikes were sam- pled by removing one row of spikelets from each spike and the kernels so removed were tested for moisture, proteid nitrogen, specific gravity, and weight of kernel, and from the last two the relative volume was calculated. It will be shown later that a sample taken in this way permits of an accurate estimation of the average com- position of the kernels on the spike. The number of grams of proteid nitrogen in the row of spikelets on each spike was calculated from the data mentioned, and the average weight of the kernels on the row of spikelets was determined from their total weight and number, thus permitting of the estima- tion of the number of grams of proteid nitrogen in the average kernel on each spike. In Table 4 the spikes having a proteid nitrogen content of from 2 to 2.5 per cent are arranged in one group, and on the same line with each spike are placed the number of kernels on one row of spikelets, weight of these kernels, weight of average kernel, relative volume of average kernel, specific gravity of kernel, grams of proteid nitrogen in one row of spikelets, and grams of proteid nitrogen in average kernel. Spikes having a proteid nitrogen content of from 2.5 to 3 per cent are similarly arranged, and so with all spikes up to 4 percent. The aver- age for each group is shown in the table. There are, in all, 257 spikes, of which 18 have from 2 to 2.5 per cent proteid nitrogen, 82 from 2.5 to 3 per cent, 107 from 3 to 3.5 per cent, and 49 from 3.5 to 4 per cent. yD IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF WHEAT. TaBLE 4.—Analyses of spikes of wheat, arranged according to nitrogen content of kernels. Crop of 1902. 2 TO 2.5 PER CENT PROTEID NITROGEN. a Weight (in grams) | Percent- Proteid nitrogen Nunes E C= Volume | Specific | age of (gram) in— Hereut aie a of aver | Bravily pecued number. 4 age ker- | of ker- | nitrogen ~ row of | y | Average eis i Average spikelets. Kernels. _ kernel. nel. | nels. ae Kernels. ieee } ‘ 183 Senses 17 OS4T72"| 080280" a heeeeeoeer RE ek tee | 2.06 0.00983 0.000577 WSS esreteas st 16 - 4425 SOZTOI Ati netscaee tee as | 2.37 - 01049 - 000654 1932 ea cece 14 - 3724 \OZ66iai| 222.2 Bs| eee 2.41 -OO897 | .000642 205 nos eke | 15 -4824 | - 0321 0.0241 1. 3323 2.41 -01548 | .000774 20 Soe Sees | 18 . 5221 - 0290 - 0209 1. 3850 2.23 - 01616 - 000647 3042 5552556 21 - 5336 - 0254 -0189 1.3424 2.24 -01195 | = 000569 BISee sess 22 . 6708 - 0304 - 0220 1. 3853 2.02 - 01354 - 000614 Aero doe 15 -4549 | = .0308 -0216 | 1.4031 2:44 | — SO1L0 - 000739 COligasae ee | 15 - 4063 - 0270 -0192 | 1.4074 2.36 - 00959 - 000637 BDS2e eee 21 - 6689 - 0318 .0235 | 1.3544 2.33 - 01559 - 000742 Bo eee ee 14 - 4336 - 0309 - 0225 | 1.3735 2.39 - 01019 - 000726 BOOT: aes ' 19 4787 | .0251 -0183 | 1.3680 2.23.4. 01091 - 000572 BOD Sse eae! 17 .4594 | .0258 - 0188 | 1.3718 2.33 | .01070 | .000601 AQGR ars soe | 21 -5878 | .0279 - 0200 1.3915 2.44 | .01434. | .000681 ALD 22220 13 Sila We PAOZLS elena cra ppseasosec 2.44 | .00676 | .000520 AA (ee AA 17 "456610 en O268in | eeee eens ayerat eee os 2.36 | .01078 | .000632 ABA. Oe hele 16 SALON ee sU20008 |e eee eee eee ees 2.38 - 00978 - 000609 LU eee 16 - 4318 O269), "teense: yao see Zot -01023 | =. 000638 Average... 17 4759 -0266 | .0209 | 1.374 2.323 - 01141 - 000643 2.5 TO 3 PER CENT PROTEID NITROGEN. ike) Ee eee 19 0.4482 OSO2357) 5.2 Seek E ere aes 2.66 0.01192 0. 000625 1S2- seat | 17 | .4299 BO2Z029 abe seta Wee tesrettae = 2206) | OST - 000696 1B5e5 5-28 19 | .5041 O265 642 ceBhe i sal eeieocaes 2.01.) (301366 - 000718 tsi e Ameer 1G || 8}g\t5) AOZGS eee ya a lta omens 2.99 | .01180 - 000786 TSO) eds 22 key PIPL ge fer/llk MOAUO ossecssceaisassha asec 2.64 | .01286 - 000713 OD eeeree tess 17 | .4995 HODOSN Ae crakear cena (eee eee 2.01 - 01354 - 000794 LOVES So See' PAN) | setalatess NOQSANS ibn tay Bre ho de 2.85 - 01620 - 000809 kt ee eer 17 | + .4589 sO269\0 [Pip tacos ene eee 2.99 - 01372 - 000804 Qe ee 15 ease: - 0305 0.0230 1.3248 2.73 - 01709 - 000833 ALOE oe 14 | - 3955 - 0282 - 0288 1. 2363 2.95 - 01167 - 000832 ZANE ees eee Ue) eaealil - 0306 -0228 | + 1.3416 2.90 - 01511 - QOO887 DDD Eaters 15 . 4298 - 0286 -0211 1.3537 2.97 - 01277 - 000849 DROS ae fe 18 | .6299 - 0349 - 0259 1.3461. 2.86 ° - 01802 - 000998 DIRa ese cen: 18 - 5130 - 0285 - 0214 1.3303 2.58 - 01324 - 000735 PANS ieee eee 19 - 3862 ¢ - 0203 - 0157 1. 2950 2.01 - 01047 - 000550 2 eee 19 -4611 - 0242 - 0182 1.3331 2.93 - 01351 - 000709 PA | iy Sega 19 -o08l | -0293 .0214 | 1.3704 Pe i - 01624 - 000794 220.2. 222% | 17 -4849 | .0285 - 0206 1.3856 2.96 - 01387 - 000844 vA Vile oeee 15 -4867 | .0324 - 0234 1.3815 2.54 - 01236 - 000823 02 eee 17 -9166 | = .0303 - 0220 1.3794 2.70 - 01395 - 00U818 20 eee | 17 - 3910 - 0230 - 01649 1.3941 2.60 - 01017 - 000598 VAT Seas ae | 18 | .4230 - 0235 0178 | 1.3196 2.76 - 01168 - 000049 2AD PE ke | i8 -4562 | .0253 ». 0184 1.3753 2.96 - 01350 - 000749 DO2e as once | 19 | .4898 - 02578 0186 | 1.3875 2.55 - 01249 - 000055 PA ke eee | 14 | .3792 - 0270 - 0203 1.3286 2.86 - 01085 - 000772 2oSiclers aisle | 17 | .4956 - 0291 -0217 1.3428 2.82 - 01398 - 000821 200 Mise Ss 5- | 19 | .5042 - 0265 - 0187 1.4155 P5333 - 01276 . 000670 2038 5 ose | 17 - 4858 - 0285 - 0206 1.3835 2.64 - 01283 - 000752 Pa esriet§ SAE | 19 | .4173 - 0219 - 0159 1.3813 2.56 . 01068 - 000561 0222s 2- 22 | .5969 -0253 | .0190 1.3312 2.68 - 01437 - 000678 Be ee ee | 19 4922 - 0258 - 0185 1.3996 2-01 - 01235 - 000650 OOS ya aceee | 15 -4951 - 0330 - 0237 1.392 2.85 -O1411 - 000941 Bloat ase | 16 | .4994 - 0312 - 0224 1.3916 22K - 01373 - 000858 3192 acces 17 | .4644 - 0273 - 0203 1. 3447 2.86 |* .01328 | .000781 OP US6 © eee | 18 - 5668 - 0314 -0229 1.3710 2.98 . 01689 - 000938 Ole teen | 16 - 5107 -0219 -0236 | 1.352 2.50 - 01302 - 000813 BLOF ake ee 12 - 3903 0325 - 0234 1.3911 2.88 - 01241 - 000936 63 Se eas 17 - 3431 - 0201 - 0161 1.2498 2.62 . 00899 - 000527 Bee Soe) 16 -4847 - 0302 - 0218 1. 3875 2.58 - 01251 - 000779 5) ee oecone 18 - 5399 - 0299 - 0215 1. 3922 2.62 -01415 | .000783 SSO eee ee 18 - 6474 - 0359 - 0258 1.3928 2.82 .01826 | 001012 Blea 15 - 4497 - 0299 -0215 | 1.3877 2.89 -01345 | =. 000864 S400 22528 > 20 -4155 - 0207 GS |) Ik Sea O) 2.74 - 01138 - 000567 Bt Neos | 15 - 5058 - 0337 - 0243 1. 3890 2.97 - 01502 - 001001. SAL Sse scics 14 - 4486 - 0320 -0228 | 1.4037 2.60 - 01166 - 000832 Bre ee ees oe 13 | .4112 - 0316 . 0224 1.4107 2.50 - 01028 - 000791 BALA soc ees 16 - 4004 - 0250 - 0184 1.3611 2.93 - 01173 - 000733 SLRS amoe 18 9422 - 0301 - 0216 1.3919 2.56 . 01388 - 000771 OAD 2 aeons | 19 - 6393 - 0336 - 0242 1.3913 2.99 - 01630 - 000857 DAS essa | 18 - 6328 - 0351 - 0262 1.3415 2.88 - 01822 - 001010 | | (2) SOME PROPERTIES oO OF THE WHEAT KERNEL. 5 TaB_e 4.—Analyses of spikes of wheat, arranged according to nitrogen content of kernels. Crop of 1902—Continued. 2.5 TO 3 PER CENT PROTEID NITROGEN—Continued. Weight (in grams) | Percent- | Proteid nitrogen Sper of— | Volume | Specific | age of | (gram) in— Record Mae — of OOS gravity proteid —— number. te eee age ker- | of ker- | nitrogen rowof xy | Average aren | Toenale | Average spikelets. Kernels. | \ornel, nel. nels. pie | Kernels. | ae. 49 I: 2 17 0.4573 | 0.0269 0.0195 1. 3822 2.66 0.01216 0. 000716 SU asamp 16 - 4437 -0277 - 0199 1.3891 2.64 -O1171 . 000731 Boy eee 21 . 6386 | - 0304 0217 1.4002 2.73 . 01743 - 000830 seed ate siete 16 - 5008 - 0313 . 0223 1.4022 2.84 - 01422 . 000889 B00 Nese 6 aie 19 -9304 | .0279 - 0200 1.390 2.91 - 01543 - 000812 BEE ease 15) |) ) essere 20259 0186 1.3915 2.97 - 01153 - 000769 BOOP cin. - 24 - 6375 0265 -O19L 1. 3840 2.89 - 01842 - 000766 a hee ae 14 - 3297 - 0235 -0170 1.3819 2.94 - 00969 - 000691 BOAR re 18 -4724 - 0262 -O191 1,3729 2.92 - 01379 - 000765 Olllera 3 sche 18 | .5695 - 0316 - 0227 1.3906 2.99 - 01703 . 000945 Biel sates eee 18 | .5861 0325 0235 1. 3838 2.87 - 01682 - 000933 BY janeeeaee 12 - 2677 - 0223 -O162 1.3747 2.60 - 00696, - 000580 Sy (sae eeee 14 - 4099 0292 .0212 1.3761 2.75 .01127 - 000803 aba SRS eeee 12 3416 .0284 | .0206 1.3771 2.96 -OLO11 - 000841 Gal emerceeoe 16 -4921 +0307 | ~—-..0223 1.3741 2.92 - 01240 - 000774 S/S em ee eee 19 5177 .0272 | .0198 1.3758 Zale 01413 000743 BBO ee =-22bs ae 21 - 5830 0277 0204 1. 3569 2.96 - 01726 - 000820 BOL. Secs 16 3547 - 0221 -O171 1.2947 2.94 - 01043 - 000650 3Y eS ese 15 3494 - 0232 0165 1.4070 2.70 - 00943 - 000626 B04 soc 222 16 . 3897 0243 0180 1.3508 Pastel - 01079 - 000673 8 aero 17 - 4805 . 0282 0206 1.3693 2.98 - 01432 - 000840, AO e® Sie 3 14.3448 NOQAGie eerie oer atas Boke | © 2.86 - 00986 . 000704 VN eee 15) |) 3097 AO2Z06) IM Ae easels Se soos = } 2.53 . 00784 - 000521 eae THES ale PsN LT aah fe il [i es al eer oy Ye 2.62 | .01308 - 000726 1A a eee ee Tefal MGS oll Cee) | See eee ee See a | 2.60 - 01205 - 000707 Aes oi - 3 18 | 5714 OST Pes ot hoes ees ese 2. 82 -O1611 . 000894 ABRAM se shines 1G SINR s4624 WM s0289) We eee eea|cwat eae 2.86 01322 . 000827 IRQ Seo ee 22 | 6138 - | KO2TS) pee Slee see | 2. 88 01768 - 000834 ABS Ae seione 23 | 6997 1) By O04 Rene roe oe c ete 2.67 01868 - 000812 218 Ue ee 18 AO esl Sie BI Ui eel See Geis el cee ene 2.98 - 01669 000927 ee ce 19 SS 2en Ie SOZ80: ml Sora ae ee ee 2.93 - 01561 - 000820 ea eee 13 ALS tas tok S75 = Ween mye oh eee ye 2-51 - 01037 - 000796 Average...| 17.07 4791 . 0279 .0207 | 1.3680 2.76 01332 - 000776 3 TO 3.5 PER CENT PROTEID NITROGEN. | | ea i WS wrcvere 20 | 0.5913 O80295 03 Ress acs eee seat as | 3.08 0.01821 0. 000909 i eens PN | bye OZA RBar Se. eee ere 8 3.46 01997 - 000948 WG ones 20 - 5804 O25 0 et ee ee 3.10 01799 - 000899 GORE se 2=¢ 18 . 4673 O25 Ue lessees oo ela ese ems o 3 B74) -01519 . 000842 LONE eae 17 4279 Ua soe seeeoae boseosesee See - 01091 - 000816 NODE oe cae en 17 4126 NODA Daa iy ce oats sere eed ome, . 01287 000755 1O4e ee ae o 13 3218 (Dita eee a mel eae OR 3.43 01104 - 000847 it esoeagee 19 | .4924 (250) G3 See een Ee eee 3.33 - 01640 - 000862 1 eee oe 18 - 4683 O2GQ mages Se a eee ee 2 3.18 01489 - 000827 21), Uae 18 5764 0320 ip ieee eee SO ae 3.24 | .01868 001040 P2023: 14 - 3824 0273 0.0200 1.3615 3.13 -01197 . 000854 2.18 36 See 16 - 5251 0328 | 0241 1.3614 3.07 .01612 . 001007 DOG Raa nace 17 - 3392 0199 | .0157 1.2709 3.44 01166 - 000685 220 ae ee 19 - 4939 0259 0192 1.3494 peel 01585 - 000831 Meigs 15 - 4116 0274 0204 1.3415 3.31 01362 . 000907 De Pate 16 4871 -0273 0208 1. 3082 3.09 -01351 - 000844 DIGS eee sae 15 3122 0208 0165 1. 2588 Saod -01040 | —.000693 De) at Se 17 - 5040 0296 0222 1.3350 3.20 -01613 - 000947 2D ae 17 -4795 0282 0204 1.3970 3.31 - 01587 000933 021s eee 21 5380 - 0256 -0170 1.4951 3.11 | .01673 - 000796 772), eee 14 4143 - 0295 0211 1.3945 3.40 01409 - 001003 orillere ae ee 18 - 5888 -0327 . 0242 1.3514 Sell -01831 | .001017 PRY eee 13 - 3825 0294 -0221 1.3280 Salil -O1190 | —.000914 7b ae eee 17 5331 0313 0231 1.3558 3.32 01663 - 001039 et eee 16 5201 - 0325 0243 1. 3363 3.23 - 01680 001050 DB a acs cer 25 7451 - 0298 0220 1. 3504 3.19 | .02377 - 000951 De cee cass 24 6349 0264 0196 1. 3487 3.47 | —.02203 - 000916 ba Ape 19 - 5839 - 0307 0214 1. 4305 BO! ae AOLO27, - 001013 AQ) gm ds = at 16 -4415 0275 .0199 1. 3850 3.21 01417 - 000883 it Se eae ee 15 4514 0300 0213 1.4100 3.12 - 01408 . 000936 Zales oso. 22 6190 0281 - 0203 1.3823 3.46 - 02142 - 000972 DOD eace eens 18 5948 0330 - 0233 1.4146 3.03 . 01802 - 001000 256s soe mal 5277 0251 0184 1. 3629 3.31 01747 - 000832 Pi: eee 17 4703 0276 .0211 1.3065 3.38 - 01590 - 000933 54 IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF WHEAT. Tas_e 4.—Analyses of spikes of wheat, arranged according to nitrogen content of kernels. Crop of 1902—Continued. 3 TO 3.5 PER CENT PROTEID NITROGEN—Continued. Ranh | Weight (in grams) Percent-| Proteid nitrogen Arcee aa iS Volume | Specific | age of (gram) in— Record maicton | of ONer, ee ean | + number. Syd age ker- | of ker- rogen | row of > Average = > Average. spikelets. Kernels. | leeway nel. nels, es | Kernels. Eeerelt | | DOD Be oyna taee 18 | 0.4604 | 0.0255 0.0193 1.3216 3.20 | 0.01473 0. 000816 DOO sate coe 18 - 5040 . 0280 - 0197 1. 4206 nee | -01633 | —. 000907 2649 2a nook 18 - 4138 . 0229 - 0169 1.3544 Sser | -013895 | .000772 DODee siskn si 18 - 4429 . 0246 . 0189 1.3005 3.30 . 01462 - 000812 Oh ie ee 19 . 5010 - 0263 - 0187 1.4090 Sell) 01558 . 000818 DOO RAS eee 17 -4531 . 0266 . 0209 1.2748 3.21 | .01454 . 000854 20S: too ee 20 .5183 . 0259 -O191 1.3541 Seta | - 01747 . 000873 Piles sa 14 SS . 0233 .0177 1.3143 3.39 .01110 . 000790 OY PA aa 15 - 3858 - 0257 - 0190 1.3564 3.14 - 01212 . 000807 Pispecee ore 18 - 4559 - 0253 -0178 1. 4228 3.39 - 01546 - 000858 OA eras Gere 18 - 4862 . 0270 . 0197 1.3711 3.33 - 01619 - 000899 PANO eS eae 15 - 3973 - 0264 -O191 1.3815 3:15 01251 . 000832 See aoe 15 -4715 . 0314 . 0226 1.3903 3.12 01471 - 000980, Pit) Sees oe 21 . 6938 . 0330 0241 1.3693 3.26 . 02262 . 001076 ORD me Fee 18 4973 . 0276 . 0200 1.3795 3.02 01502 - 000834 DOS EP Ere Se 19 5205 - 0273 0201 1.3608 3.06 01593 - 000885 S00 Kees Sem 19 - 4994 . 0262 - 0188 1.3945 3.07 - 01533 - 000894 SOU Lees 16 - 5492 - 0343 . 0249 1.3787 3.09 - 01697 - 001060 BUDE ee 13 . 3452 0265 .0197 1.3432 3.07 - 01060 - 000814 eee oe one 20 -4122 | - 0205 . 0140 1.4727 3.19 - 01315 - 000657 SLOPES see 18 | . 4867 . 0270 . 0198 1.3681 3.16 - 01538 . 000853 Bz es ee 15 lleeeaoes: . 0288 .0210 1.3718 3.49 01509 - 001005 BH is ee 15 | - 4122 . 0274 - 0201 1.3657 3.16 - 01303 - OOO866 BLOKE chee a 17 4157 . 0244 .0178 1.3733 3.36 - 01397 - 000820 ail Wee 17 - 4412 - 0259 - 0193 1.3424 3.43 .01513 . 000888 Boe eh) ee 18 - 5484 - 03804 . 0207 1. 4660 3.43 -O1881 . 001043 Shs See ie 17 -4075 . 0239 -0177 1.3487 3.48 - 01398 - 000820 Sod meant 17 - 4230 0248 - 0180 1.3740 3.19 - 01349 . 000791 O2peee tee 17 -5110 . 0300 . 0220 1.3658 3.46 . 01768 - 001038 Saleh setae 16 - 4039 . 0252 O19 1.3225 3.45 01393 - 000869 Sesh oes 16 . 4610 . 0288 . 0206 1.3956 3.26 - 01503 - 000939 BOOM eee 13 - 3637 . 0279 - 0198 1.4192 3.36 . 01222 - 000937 Cod eee 16 8803 . 0237 -O171 1.3828 3.33 . 01266 - 000789 Siilsauaeees 15 - 3843 . 0256 . 0186 1.3812 3.32 . 01276 . 000851 BOs cisk ster 15 4497 - 0299 . 0217 1.3899 3.05 - 01372 . 000914 BOS see ee 16 4726 . 0295 0211 1. 3988 Salad . 01470 - 000917 Slip aaa aee 19 - 5258 . 0276 . 0201 1.3701 3.03 . 01593 . 000836 BOOn cee eee 17 .4214 . 0247 . 0185 1.3350 3.17 01336 . 000783 CliviS terse eee 20 - dao . 0267 - 0197 1.3555 3-00 . 01803 . 000900 Bl eee 19 3877 . 0204 .O151 1.3497 3.06 - 01186 . 000624 SOG Eee Ce 19 . 5560 . 0292 0214 1.3621 3.34 | .OU857 - 000975 BlORe een 17 - 4200 . 0247 0180 1.3735 3.09 | .01298 . 000763 Ch 23 Ree 17 -4811 0283 . 0206 1.3714 3.31 . 01593 - 000937 Sif: ae eres 17 - 5249 . 0308 . 0218 1.4142 B35 - 01653 . 000970 Sites, 18 .5147 . 0285 . 0203 1.4018 Sead) yes Olivap - 000975 Vis Ree 14 -3173 - 0226 .0174 1.3013 347 | sOLL0L . 000784 SYM see ae 18 5271 . 0292 . 0213 1.3703 3.09 - 01629 - 000902 Sole woos 13 3506 - 0269 . 0199 1.3544 3.45 . 01210 . 600928 OOo eter ee 19 . 5057 . 0266 - 0194 1.3728 3.23 - 01633 - 000859 BOS eee ae 19 - 5799 0305 . 0221 1.3773 3.05 . 01769 - 000930 SOO He ako 19 4764 . 0250 0181 1. 3806 3.22 - 01534 . 000805 Se Se eesas 18 - 4474 . 0248 . 0182 1.3628 3. 26 01459 . GOOSO8 SOO e Seees 12 3058 - 0254 - 0188 1.3510 3.10 . 00948 . 000787 ANOS estes 20 - 5720 - 0286 . 0206 1.3837 3.35 - 01916 . 000958 AQ a 16 3996 . 0249 . 0183 1.3575 3.37 . 01347 . 000839 403 222-522 V7 - 5000 . 0294 0211 1.3927 3.04 - 01520 - 000894 LUV eae 18 - 4286 . 0238 . 0180 1.3221 3.30 .01414 . 000785 AIOE Soe See 20 - 5368 AO2ZG8s* | Kee a eae ASE soe 3.27 01755 . 000780 ae A ee 14 - 3479 OPTS ra | ME RS es cealecde cere cee Bold - 01096 . 000781 Aira ats Fee 19 5044 MOZG5Es | Peres eae) eee ee 3.14 01584 - 000832 ANG ete 15 - 4269 (Saba | eferne sae ell ae = eee 3.24 . 01383 . 000920 2 Se Poe eer 21 - 4995 SUPE Y | torres ae Seep oe 3.05 - 01523 . 000723 OS ee eee 18 «4845 ROZEO Sa | aks ade Sele cee eee 3.14 - 01521 - 000845 BD shee 16 - 4801 POSO0 Bal Roeey ee ee leo 3.30 . 01584 . 000990 B26. ooo Bee 18 - 5166 BODES (ie || (eee ee ree! ean cow ee 3.09 . 01596 . 000887 ADT St bee 19 - 5433 ROBES). || eteea etc oc be cmeceece 3.06 - 01662 . 000872 DOVE Fae 20 - 4704 S(0 Siem (Sek RF et 3.04 - 01430 - 000714 ciate Beet 18 -4119 ODDS | Pale ee tee ee oe eee 3.20 - 01318 . 000732 ABD i eee 21 . 6306 FO300 01 Sees se ean |e eee 3.00 . 01892 - 000900 ASS ia fae ees 20 - 5206 FO200 | Pee ee ee ous Paes eactae 3.12 . 01624 - 000811 AS Tae Lites 16 4336 ACPA al ae ee eel: 5 qaeee 3.13 - 01357 - 000848 AAON oe koe 7 S e38e9 POZ28 rssh ehe 5. Seen tee 3.23 - 01256 - 000736 Average . . 17.4 4724 - 0270 0199 1. 3666 3520 . 01520 . 000874 —4" "oe SOME PROPERTIES OF THE WHEAT KERNEL. 55 TaBLE 4.—Analyses of spikes of wheat, arranged according to nitrogen content of kernels. Crop of 1902—Continued. 3.5 TO 4 PER CENT PROTEID NITROGEN. Weight (in grams) Percent-| Proteid nitrogen Semee or— Volume | Specific | age of (gram) In— scien | nels on ; of ayer Eraaney proteid | ———_—_ number. ; > age ker- | of ker- | nitrogen | CM row of | 7 Average | “© & sary =, ts Average spikelets. Kernels. | parnel, nel. nels. oe Kernels. al | , | | | 18 | 0.4025 ONG2 23 haere eee 3.76 0.01513 0. 000838 19 4073 AOU Se ny eee) (Ee ee ene 3.57 01454 000764 19 .4972 ODE ipa eee hie soe feet ee Ee | 3.85 | .01914 | 001005 17 | .5262 10202 ho ae ee Ses | 3.58 | 01884 | .001110 20 5512 BOZO Ea leer eee eee 3.78 | .02084 | .001040 21 5414 BOOS Tp Ni Mae oe yee etree I 3297 == 02149 001020 15 | .4015 . 0267 0.0198 1.3460 3.90 | .01566 001043 1, e|eessoes 0211 0164 1. 2828 SeS2. eee Olea . 000806 TA eB 0276 0205 1.3493 3579) 1) 01258 001046 17 | .4891 . 0287 .0220 1. 3039 3.65 -01785 | .001048 19 | .4976 0261 0193 1.3507 3.55 | .01766 . 000927 18 4555 .0253 0192 1.3164 3.65 | .01663 000923 16 | .3984 0249 0177 1.4025 3.53 01406 000879 15 3971 . 0264 ..0200 1.3230 3.64 01445 000961 18 4562 - 0253 .0194 | 1.3058 3.75 01711 000949 18 | .4937 . 0274 .0202 | 1.3561 3.50 01728 000959 ed sacha |p > sozeal 0193 1.4095 3.65 01685 000991 DU .59H0) | 0283 .0203 1.3917 3.63 02163 001327 19 . 4932 . 0259 0193 1.3400 3. 84 01894 000995 17 5195 .0305 . 0229 1.3333 3.50 | .01818 . 001068 15 3347 0223 . 0168 1.3300 3.57 01195 . 000796 16 .4304 | .0269 0200 | 1.3441 3.79 01631 . 001020 16 4305 . 0269 .0198 | 1.3600 3.70 01593 . 000995 17 | .4974 . 0292 -0210 1.3911 3.86 01920 001127 14 | .3723 0265 0189 1. 4050 Bui 01385 . 000986 18 5769 0320 . 0233 1.3715 3.87 . 02233 001238 17 | .4140 0243 0178 1.3660 3.56 01474 . 000865 16 4740 . 0296 . 0223 1.3270 3.87 01835 001146 16 3955 0247 0177 1.3921 4.00 01582 . 000988 17 5037 . 9296 0214 1.3832 3.94 01985 001166 17 4553 0267 0195 1.3715 3.68 . 01676 . 000983 18 4753 . 0239 . 0239 1.1051 3.75 01782 . 000990 17 4798 . 0282 . 0202 1.3971 3.52 01689 . 000993 20 5795 0289 .0215 | 1.3466 3.61 . 02092 001043 17 3795 .0223 | .01€5 | 1.3499 3.50 . 01328 000781 16 3469 0216 .0169 | 1.2787 3.50 01214 . 000756 14 4012 .0286 | .0212 | 1.3499 3.56 01428 . 001020 15 4162 A027, ee 0203 1.3670 3.79 01578 001050 18 -4940 0274 . 0203 1.3508 3.76 . 01857 .001030 20 4707 B02851 |) cOlat 1.3700 3.79 01784 000891 19 4462 BOSE ees npsees jaca Sarees 3.64 . 01624 . 000852 17 4329 RD | aes ome 8 2. 3.59 01554 000912 16 . 3390 MOOI eet eee se aeet ene 3.63 | .01231 . 000766 17 4393 SOP || Lael |e Seid 01656 . 000973 19 . 4530 i | aR Se a 3.80 01721 . 000904 17 4156 RQDAd ee semen er a Src 3h . 01550 . 000910 23 - 5395 ODA | ava ee. hie ai | E3853 01904 . 000826 20 .4310 “(Opitat All sees 2 eel ae reine Bae 3.53 | .01521 000759 17 4425 0 UE eee eee eee | Si || = ole) 000975 Average . . ilies} MASI Me 0257 | -O1987 | 1.3494 370) |) 2 Ol672 . 000982 Table 5 shows at a glance the averages for each of the classes of spikes just tabulated, and permits of a comparison of the average figures for each class.” «The determinations of specific gravity were made by the following method, devised by Prof. S. Avery: A light basket of wire gauze was suspended by a hair from the hook that supported one of the pan hangers of the balance. The basket was allowed to hang in a beaker of benzol supported by a shelf above the pan. By using a counterpoise the balance was now brought to the zero point. The balance was kept at zero by the occasional adjust- ment of a rider on the left arm of the beam. The wheat was weighed on the pan of the balance, then transferred to the basket and weighed in benzol, and the temperature of the latter carefully noted. The specific gravity was calculated from the well-known formula: Wt. in air X sp. gr. in benzol at T?__ Sp. er. ~ Wt. in air — wt. in benzol | 56 IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF WHEAT. TaBLe 5.—Summary of analyses of spikes of wheat, arranged according to nitrogen content of kernels. Crop of 1902. Pere Number of— | Weight (in grams) | Proteid nitrogen Range of | Centage| ob | Volume (ora aaa Suncor TaerGt| OL 20>! anna ESN aria an ee i Ue = ont a of teid | Kernels | | a Oe re | 5 =e nitro- | Analy-| on row | 7- . Average | 92> a9 | © a = Average nitrogen. gen in| ses. (of spike- Kernels. eran: nel. Kernels. | learee kernels. lets. | | a | kaos y r = | 2) COwes Ones oa 2.32 18 17 0.4759 0.0266 | 0.0209 | 1.374 | 0.01141 | 0. 000643 2 OT Oeeeeeee 2.76 $2 U7 i - 4791 - 0279 . 0207 | 1.368 | .013832 - 000776 JOS HaS Sea ane 3.23 107 17.4 - 4724 - 0270 - 0199 | 1.367 - 01520 - OOOS874 Broilo we aeeee oe | es 740) 49 | 17.3 | -4715 - 0257 - 0199 1.349 - 01672 - 000982 | | | | From this table it will be seen that with an increase in the percent- age of proteid nitrogen the number of kernels on a row of spikelets remains about constant; that in general there were a decrease in the weight of the kernels on a row of spikelets and a slight decrease in the weight of the average kernel; and that the volume of the average kernel decreased, as did the specific gravity. It may safely be stated that a high percentage of proteid nitrogen was in these spikes associated with a kernel of low specific gravity, hight weight, and small relative volume, and, as the spikes were selected for their ripeness and healthy appearance, this relation can not be attributed to immaturity or disease. The table last referred to shows a decrease in the weight of the kernels on the spike as the percentage of proteid nitrogen increases; but it also shows that in spite of the decrease in the weight of the kernels there is an increase in the actual amount of proteid nitrogen they contain, and that the same is true of the average kernel. Table 6 gives a summary of the same analyses, arranged according to the specific gravities of the kernels. All spikes whose kernels had a specific gravity below 1.30 are grouped in one class, those having a specific gravity of 1.30 to 1.33 in another class, and so on until finally all spikes having a specific gravity of more than 1.42 form the last class. TaB_e 6.—Summary of analyses of spikes of wheat, arranged according to specific gravities of kernels. Crop of 1902. - -ent- bore Proteid nitrogen Speciie |e eee ee ange of | Weight (gram) in— Range of specific Preity | == wee proteid of aver- | gravity. Ose Analy_| > i 25a) : mnCege becrel | Average nels. Rese Kernels. | ‘© in ker- (gram). Kernels. ortiele | nels. Below i s0ussce oe 1255 8 | 16.7 0. 3887 3.29 | 0.02331 | 0.01280 0. 0007662 TE BUILOP eee eee 1.315 17 | 16.5 - 4315 3.35 - 02617 . 01446 . 0008762 1.33 to 1.36. . oo 1.347 50 | 17.3 4008 2.91 . 02366 - 01508 . 0008756 1.36 to 1.39.. 133757 71 | fed 4794 3.06 . 02786 - 01462 . 0008559 ie) (royal eee ee Soe ae 1.399 40 | 16.7 - 4848 3.03 . 02899 01459 | . 0008729 1.42 and over....-.-. 1. 463 8 19.1 5287 3.07 - 0277. - 01605 . 0008371 SOME PROPERTIES OF THE WHEAT KERNEL. 54 This table shows no constant relation between the specific gravity and the number of kernels on the spike. With an increase in the specific gravity there is an increase in the weight of the kernels on the spike, and with some exceptions an increase in the weight of the average kernel. As the specific gravity increases, the percentage of proteid nitrogen decreases, which agrees with the previous table. The grams of proteid nitrogen in the kernels on the spikes and in the average kernel increase with the specific gravity. Table 7 shows the summary of the same analyses, arranged accord- ing to the weight of the average kernel. Spikes whose kernels have an average weight of less than 0.024 gram form the first class, and each succeeding class increases by 0.002 gram. Taste 7.—Summary of analyses of spikes of wheat, arranged according to weight of average kernel. Crop of 1902. | = © Proteid nitrogen Weight Number of— |... or ye Percent | Ni v Oe Range of weight of | of aver- Aa | Wee Bpeciie ee PA (Se Karan average kernel | age ker- aes is sted oy ee ae gram). ; nel Analy-| xornels. | Cea se meee Average | rernels | (gram). | ses = See re oe kernel. eee Below OlO2b=25- sc. = 0.02214 | 27 16.9 0.3812 | 1. 341 3.197 | 0. 0007184 0.01215 O24 toiO026 25 2.2.5: . 02528 38 exe . 4425 1.361 | 3.28 | - 0008294 | . 01488 026, 00!01028 2... 2-2. . 02705 | 48 17.0 - 4609 1.360 | Gy 7 | -OOO8711 | 01475 01028) t010!03022 ==: 02896 | 40 17:0 4916 1.372 | 3.11 | .0009090 01546 0:030't010:032.- =. 22... . 03089 26 17.0 . 5274 1.388 | 286; vl . 0008787 | . 01506 0.032 and over....... . 03324 19 16.8 . 5588 1.373 2.88 . 6009594 | .01617 There seems to be no relation between the weight of the average kernel and the number of kernels on the spike. The weight of all the kernels on the spike naturally increases with the weight of the average kernel. The specific gravity of the kernels increases with the weight of the average kernel. The percentage of proteid nitrogen decreases with an increase in the weight of the average kernel, in which respect it agrees with the two previous tables. The grams of proteid nitrogen in the average kernel and the total proteid nitrogen in the spike increase with the weight of the average kernel. Samples from each of the spikes of wheat from which these data were derived were planted, together with samples from other spikes, all of which have been analyzed, aggregating 800 in all. Each kernel was planted separately at a distance of 6 inches each way from every other kernel. The kernels from each spike were marked by a stake bearing the record number of the spike. During the winter a considerable number of plants were killed, so that the stand was irregular in the spring. In some cases all of the plants resulting from a spike of the previous year were killed, and in other cases only a portion of such plants. The result was a some- what uneven stand, which doubtless gave certain plants an advantage over others in growth and yield. 58 IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF WHEAT. When the crop was ripe in 1903 each plant was harvested sepa- rately, and all of those resulting from spikes which the previous year had shown a proteid nitrogen content of more than 4 per cent or less than 2 per cent were analyzed, as were also a certain number resulting from spikes of intermediate values. | The good kernels on each plant were counted and weighed, thus giving a record of the yield of each plant. From these data the average weight of the kernels per plant was calculated. The specific gravity was not determined and consequently the average volume of the kernels on each plant was not calculated, as was done the previous year. In Table 8 the plants harvested in 1903 are arranged in classes of 1 to 2 per cent proteid nitrogen, 2 to 2.5 per cent, 2.5 to 3 per cent, 3 to 3.5 per cent, 3.5 to 4 per cent, 4 to 4.5 per cent, and over 4.5 per cent. The number and weight of the kernels on each plant are stated, as is also the average weight of each kernel. The number of grams of proteid nitrogen in all the kernels of the plant is shown, and also the number of grams of proteid nitrogen in the average kernel on each plant. Table 9 shows the average for each class. These results, so far as they cover the same ground as those of the previous year, have the same significance. They show a quite uniform although slight decrease in the weight of the average kernel accom- panying an increase in the percentage of proteid nitrogen, and a very marked increase in the number of grams of proteid nitrogen in the average kernel. Especially marked is the increase in the amount of proteid nitrogen in the average kernel, amounting to 28 per cent of the weight of the kernel for every 1 per cent increase in the content of proteid nitrogen. One column of this table, not contained in that compiled from results of the previous year, shows the number of grams of proteid nitrogen contained in all of the kernels on the plant; or, in other words, the proteid nitrogen production of the plant. This appears, on the whole, to increase with the percentage of proteid nitrogen, although the results are not sufficiently consistent to permit of an unqualified statement to that effect. The uneven stand of the plants, before referred to, doubtless accounts for these inconsistent results. Two other columns contain data not obtained in 1902. The first of these shows the number of kernels per plant, which apparently decreases slightly as the percentage of proteid nitrogen increases, but this can not be stated unqualifiedly. The next column shows the weight of kernels per plant, or the yield per plant, which lkewise seems to decrease slightly with an increase in the percentage of pro- teid nitrogen. * > -. bij . ~ » $ a : a ‘ aie « SOME PROPERTIES OF THE WHEAT KERNEL. 1903. 1 TO 2 PER CENT PROTEID NITROGEN. TaBLE 8.—Analyses of plants, arranged according to percentage of proteid nitrogen. 59 Crop of i. | zal Weight (in grams) of — ; Fae ; Record num- wage of | on em = = : oa wt ean itro- Be ber. | Proteid | nelsper| Kernels | Average | 80 in all average ker- nitrogen lent means mercial kernels nel in kernels. PAREN ISIE [OANA . (gram). (gram). BPA Oba Seer 1.81 507 10.4036 | 0.02052 | 0.18831 0. 0003714 OL00OS. Aaa 1.20 22) 5. 2268 702323' | . 06272 . 0002788 Bos festa so: | 1.62 305 | 7.0889 | . 02271 . 11223 . 0003679 BSL aa aaen 1.39 ee | LHS 2S | - 01446 - 01547 . 0002009 Bove ssioas 1.61 508 | 11.1476 | . 02194 - 17948 . 0003533 49906... - 2. 1.46 2 | .3161 | .01264 | .00462 0001846 456062 5.2 2] 1.91 220) | 4.0358 > - 01834 - 07708 . 0003504 ADSUSE Ae ae -35 1.84 124 1.5298 | . 01234 . 02815 . 0002700 4840755. 22-2 - 1.50 718 11. 2890 - 01572 . 16933 . 0002358 JLOQODEREt ee se 1.34 862 15. 5935 . 01804 . 20881 . 0002422 DoBU Teen] = se 1.89 342 5. 6864 . 01663 . 10747 - 0003142 bY 6\l se aeceeeS 1.69 SYN | 9.8378 - 01705 . 16626 . 0002881 By lb e eae ae 1.98 41 . 8328 . 02031 -01649 | - 0004022 S100 Tana meee VE 78 736 16. 4433 - 02234 | - 24847 | - 0003865 ites O85 ao ese 1.88 95 1.9469 -02049 | - 03660 . 0003853 60605- =. =-- 1.87 oo” + - 5952 -O1701 | -O1113 . 0003180 63005252 5 a22- 1.90 208 4.0230 -01934 | . 07644 - 0003674 69806. ......- 1.66 558 | 12.0136 -02153 | - 19943 - 0003574 ¢26062=.< = 25 1.89 543 9. 3629 -01724 | . 18538 . 0003414 (eS See 1.98 216 4.4222 -02047 | . O8756 - 0004054 SO30a82 2 eas: 1.81 729 15. 7835 .02165 | . 28569 - 0003919 S105 Res Se 1.98 | 465 9.7922 -02106 | - 19388 - 0004170 SLO. 5 - 1.92 396 9.1411 .02308 | - 17550 . 0004432 GPA Te. 2 2255 | 1.66 Sa) - 8983 - 01695 - 01491 - 0002814 94205... -..~- 1.65 64. | 1.2117 - 01893 01999 - 0003124 946058 52252: 1.95 56 - 7319 - 01307 01427 | - 0002549 94908: - =. 2 = 1.96 125 2.3678 - 01894 04641 | - 0003713 O5510 E22 222.2 1.81 159 2.8356 . 01783 05132 | - 0003228 Average - .| 1.749 | 320.3 6. 23823 - 01871 10655 - 00032914 } 2 TO 2.5 PER CENT PROTEID NITROGEN. AOD RR ene 2.13 738 15. 6996 0.02127 0.33441 0. 0004531 P7AQSS e223 5: 2.18 497 9. 2038 . 01852 - 20065 - 0004037 TSS0beLe es 2.02 137 2.1462 - 01.567 . 04335 - 0003164 73 74 A eer 2.16 84 1.7216 - 02050 . 03718 - 0004427 ANODE eae 2.45 58 1.5420 . 02659 - 03778 . 0006514 AO fears so 2.19 582 12. 3685 - 02125 . 27086 . 0004654 2NTOS2 S228) 2:03 390 9. 2850 . 02381 . 21634 - 0005547 POOF Hoa 2.47 361 7.7296 - 02141 . 19092 - 0005289 PAK) eee 2.31 510 9.7236 - 01907 . 22461 - 0004404 ZIDOD eases 2.41 891 16. 4061 -O1841 . 39539 - 0004437 PAPAL Vee ee 2.36 777 19. 1854 . 02469 - 45276 - 0005827 DUO ee cee 2.47 684 13. 3011 - 01945 - 32853 . 0004803 pais Utes ees 2.12 539 12.0399 . 02183 . 24942 - 0004627 SoLOVeecco- ee 2.35 318 6. 1026 - 01919 . 14341 . 0004510 Ses0b ast scree 2.03 421 8. 1268 . 01930 . 16498 - 0003919 33605225052 2.39 301 7.0596 - 02345 . 16872 - 0005605 SOOUGS = 22. 2-21 382 8. 1890 . 02144 . 18098 - 0004738 6: 0). 2.13 156 2. 9886 . 01916 - 06366 . 0004081 SUT0GS. = 0252 2.34 56 1. 2069 . 02155 . 02824 - 0005053 BTO0G Ne 2.44 19 .. 2063 . 01086 . 00503 - 0002649 BO20DE sae nee 2.11 1,031 21.5399 . 02089 - 45435 - 0004407 39606. <5 22sc6 230 346 4.6383 . 01341 . 10967 . 0003177 446 ease se 2.44 101 1.8246 . 01806 . 04452 - 0004408 481062555. 2.38 608 11.6655 - 01919 . 27765 - 0004567 ARADO es. 2 o 2.02 314 6. 4302 - 02048 - 12989 . 0004137 ONoUD eee: 2.48 167 2.5160 - 01507 . 06240 . 0003736 BosUOre sss J 2.18 214 4.1323 - 01931 . 09008 - 0004210 55608) =... = 2<. 2.31 837 22. 5848 . 02699 - 52194 . 0006236 559082* . - 2.2. 2.42 562 12. 2210 . 02175 . 29575 . 0005262 559092. . 22. 2.30 302 9.2120 - 03050 . 21187 . 0007016 BOZ0G= 22.) 2 2.42 509 9. 3093 . 01829 . 22529 . 0004426 HOBO Tee S22 2 2.34 462 10. 9073 . 02361 . 25522 . 0005524 bY Ry (pee eee 2.43 261 4.7117 - 01801 . 11445 - 0004387 DIO08) 25 2.21 380 12.0728 - 03177 . 26680 . 0007021 DSO ES sa. 2.43 170 2.3031 - 01355 . 05596 - 0002292 S9G0S ES. as22 2.12 382 7.1828 - 01880 . 15228 . 0003986 5960625... 5. 2.16 567 9. 7084 - 01712 . 20970 . 0003698 6310s s55.. 2.43 417 9.3120 . 02233 . 22628 - 0005426 60 IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF WHEAT. TaB_e 8.—Analyses of plants, arranged according to percentage of proteid nitrogen. Crop of 1903—Continued. 2 TO 2.5 PER CENT PROTEID NITROGEN—Continued. | | Percent- | Weight (in grams) of— Total pro- | Proteid Number | Sq od (et F | Record num- | age of | of ker- * ] yen Ditrogen m | ber. | praheie | nels per | Kernels. | Average | gen in all | average ker- Ee lant er plant kernel. | Kernels nel in kernels., P oj) Welsee Ie : , (gram). (gram). | . | G3506=eeeeere 2.44 | 153 2.3986 - 01568 0. 05853 0. 0003825 G5306F222=--E | 2.41 544 9. 8298 . 01807 . 23690 - 0004355 || Gb38072 sa ce 2. 28 373 7.0051 . 01878 - 15971 - 0004282 | 65808.2...-.. 2.09 583 11. 7066 . 02008 24468 - 0004197 695008 e225 25 2.29 225 4.7116 - 01847 - 10790 - 0004231 fe OS oes | 2.47 1,260 | 28.2136 - 02239 . 69688 - 0005531 Netz ODee eee 2.13 372 | 9. 1522 02191 - 19936 . 0004668 ALOR eae ee 2.27 398 | 9. 0386 . 02270 - 20518 - 0005154 2900 Bene eee | 2.48 167 | 2. 6462 - 01585 - 06563 - 0003930 (0B Rn55205- | 2.45 414 8. 5373 - 02062 - 20918 - 0005052 (BRE Raa ee 2.39 25 ~0002 * .02229 - 01332 . 0005327 TACO Geese 2.30 } 464 9.6451 . 02079 22184 - 0004781 TOZ0D SES oe 23d 498 8. 4407 - 01695 - 19836! - 0003983 SIMO (eaae seer 2.34 786 18. 3614 - 02336 - 42965 - 0005466 SIO Sse eee 2.41 287 7.3993 02578 - 17833 0006213 S09 See eo 2.28 757 16. 4692 - 02175 - 37548 - 0004960 B4405 5-2 22250 2.48 428 | 8. 7448 . 02043 . 21687 - 0005067 84905 225-5.) 2.32 37 7130 01927 01654 - 0004471 88608.....-.. | 2.47 74 1.5355 - 02075 - 03793 - 0005125 88609)... ..- 2.42 470 9. 8719 02100 . 23890 - 0005082 92409. eo. ee 2.30 315 §. 7131 - 01814 - 13140 - 0004171 94209 See aie 2.49 190 3. 6006 - 01895 . 08965 - 0004719 9440692. - Af 2.47 549 10. 5556 - 01923 - 26073 . 0004749 O44 Tiassa 2.07 419 6. 7664 01615 - 14007 - 0003343 94905 2.35 286 4. 4423 01553 . 10439 - 0003650 95509... .-22)..-| 2.48 138 | 2.9475 | 02136 -07310 . 0005297 CY ea aeeae 2.47 52 | Ont - 01457 - 01872 - 0003599 Average....| 2.319 396.8 8. 2502 - 020113 - 190316 - 0004660 | — | — —<——— ——— = 2.5 TO 3 PER CENT PROTEID NITROGEN. é FAQS asia ois 2.75 802 | 14.8957 | 0.01857 0. 40964 0. 0005108 ATO Beers 2.88 744 16.9987 | . 02285 - 48957 - 0006580 207062 e 252-1 2.78 163 3.3138 | - 02033 - 09212 . 0005652 Q07OTSs-eee-e Pg Ui 444 9.9070 | . 02282 - 27443 - 0006181 ZOT08 2-2 2.58 122 2.4690 | . 02024 - 06399 0005221 ZOTLO RS oss oc 2.83 867 Liable | - 01974 - 48428 - 0005586 PAWN ener gee 2.96 118 2.3066 01955 . 06804 - 0005766 21305 2. 67 312 6.2514 | - 02004 . 16691 - 0005350 PALO Ge eraeese 2.90 226 4.1516 - 01837 . 12039 - 0005327 QUO eee 2.59 59 . 8478 - 01487 - 02196 - 0003722 pAbya lie eee A 2.71 873 | 17.1820 - 01968 - 46563 - 0005334 ALSOO Sess ae 2.69 1232 20. 9290 - 01699 - 56299 - 0004569 AISNG e252 204-e Zell 599 14. 2450 02378 . 38604 . 0006444 USOT ae 2 fe 2d 377 | 9.4172 - 02498 . 25709 - 0006664 ZNS08 =F a5 2-6 2.57 1,156 | 19.7446 - 01708 - 50744 . 0004389 21809... -.-... 218 418 | 8. 0214 - 01919 - 21898 - 0005238 ZISIOLS Sas 2.69 52 1.0304 - 01982 02772 - 0005330 Pale Uae Sess 2.64 791 14.3111 - 01809 37781 - 0004777 22205. %2.--u- 2.81 283 2.6965 - 00953 07577 - 0002677 D220 femeccer PEW El 169 3. 2787 - 01940 - 09082 - 0005374 2520522 2=--- Paral 522 10. 7836 . 02066 - 28560 - 0005599 25206: =. 2. 2.76 205 4. 6754 - 02281 - 12904 - 0006295 ZOLOGee eee 2.63 90 2. 0737 - 02304 - 05454 - 0006060 2ES0DNe one 2. 81 220 4.9456 - 02248 - 13897 - 0006317 268062=— == 13 2. 60 152 2. 7255 01793 - 07086 - 0004662 2680 eee ce 2. 80 721 17. 2324 02390 - 48250 - 0006692 26905) 2-2 a5. 2.76 326 6. 4102 - 01966 17692 - 0005427 269065222. --- 207 228 4.2376 - 01859 . 11484 - 0005037 2690 Tens tee 2.61 102 1. 8276 .01792 | 04995 - 0004677 20908.25----- 2. 96 192 3.9797 - 02073 . 11780 - 0006135 26909 ns 2 fs 2.80 180 2.9999 - 01667 - 08400 - 0004667 Pt is sates 2.63 866 16. 4120 - 01895 43164 - 0004984 PAP eae ae 2.92 166 3. 3266 - 02004 - 09712 - 0005850 273052... a 2.58 267 5. 5666 - 02085 - 14362 - 0005379 PUR Reese 2.53 167 3.0850 - 01847 -07805 . 0004674 DODO = et 2.70 444 10. 0005 . 02252 . 27003 | - 0006082 TOS ie she 2. 64 251 §. 5324 . 02287 . 14608 . 0006037 Pye lt nga 2.90 243 5.3615 . 02206 - 15549 . 0006399 28805 sete eee 2.91 87 2.1851 - 02512 - 06359 - 0007309 326062 coe. 2. 88 94 2.0162 | - 02145 - 05807 - 0006177 | 1 a ee SOME PROPERTIES OF THE WHEAT KERNEL. 61 TaBLE 8.—Analyses of plants, arranged according to percentage of proteid nitrogen. Crop of 1903—Continued. 25 TO 3 PER CENT PROTEID NITROGEN—Continued., Percent- | Re ie eight (ingrams) of—| Total pro-| Proteid Pecordornne lose CMs tic as oo le. ——| teid nitro-| nitrogen in ber. proteid | nels per | Kernels | Average | 5) > all | average ker- nitrogen | “piant. | per plant. kernel. kernels nel in kernels.) | (gram). | (gram). | Sa ba SOLOS eae = 2.91) | 132 | 2. 5601 0.01939 0.07450 0. 0005644 So LOGEe eee 2.94 | 18 | - 3089 - 01716 . 00908 - 0005045 BBIOOR soe see | 2.87 283 4.6045 - 01627 - 13215 - 0004670 pawl ceaomeee 2.81 119 2.2862 - 01921 .06424 | . 0005399 S4205 roses ee 2.73 464 9.1498 . 01972 .24979 | . 0005383 C420 ieee eee 2.84 | 611 13.5556 . 02219 - 38905 . 0006273 ay Gig Seceae | 2.96 309 6. 1394 - 01987 -18173 | . 0005881 Bdower nee et 2.64 461 8.0905 - 01972 . 23998 | - 0005327 Seo oe cece 2.94 193 | 3.3004 -01710 -09670 | . 0005010 BUGS s saeco 2290; | aie || . 9452 - 02555 - 02391 | . 0006463 ais.) ose sess 2.84 139 | 2.5134 - 01808 -07138 | - 0005135 Bis Oo e eee 2.89 | 85 | 1.6799 01975 - 04855 . 0005712 aisle Ulead 2.63 | 401 | 8. 4605 - 02110 . 22251 . 0005549 aii eee toes | 2.82 158 | 3.0228 - 01913 - 08522 | . 0005394 SOOUO Ee ees 2.14 | 293 6.7665 - 02309 - 18540 | . 0006475 ato leeansess Zoe || 365 7.2045 - 01988 . 18789 . 0005148 B940D seni. - 2.88 447 9. 3541 - 02093 - 21399 . 0006027 oi} UP peeeerte | 2.93 67 1.9218 . 02869 . 05631 - 0008404 A005 222-2 5+ 2.82 170 4.1546 . 02444 - 11716 . 0006892 ABIODS ote a a1ar- 2.92 124 2. 8000 - 02258 . 08176 - 0006594 445056 ca. 5. | 2.94 340 | 5.9990, . 01764 . 17637 . 0005187 AAG0DSE ee nS 2.86 55 1.1271 - 02049 - 03223 . 0005861 AGG se eons 2.90 | 124 2.5235 - 02035 . 07318 . 0005902 45005 ee- eee == 2.82 61 . 7081 -O1161 - 01997 - 0003273 AGLOGE= 5 === 2.54 82 1.6103 - 01964 - 04090 - 0004988 AGIOZ=e eee = 2.54 478 8.3935 . 01756 - 21319 - 0004460 AS30D Fae eee 2.91 | 473 | 12.0278 - 02543 - 4524 . 0007299 AB408 > - scsise.s 2eSliai 27 . 3485 - 01291 - 00979 - 0003627 A850 fee note 2.64 | 70 1. 6036 - 02296 - 04233 - 0006062 AS85085 ce-e-4 | 2.76 603 11. 2008 - 01858 - 30986 - 0005127 48805 . 2.10) | 547 | 9. 8346 - 01798 . 26553, - 0004877 DUC eeeeeee 2.80 | See -4701 - 01343 . 01316 - 0003761 HoUOS Teck ae 2.60 | 944 | 17.4226 - 01846 - 45299 - 0004799 SPU ee aace 2.56 578 11. 3592 - 01965 . 29079 - 0005031 HSU SE eee 2.54 397 | 9.5078 - 02395 . 24150 - 0006225 O5506 sek. 2.80 866 17. 8506 . 02062 - 49995 . 0005773 Hie see ce 2.63 504 | 9. 8228 - 01949 . 25834 - 0005126 Bib) seo aee | 2.64 500 | 10.9180 . 02184 . 28823 . 0005765 DOOUGS eee =e 2.58 503 11.0930 - 02205 . 28580 . 0005690 SU ieee Sesee 2.69 138 | 2.3931 - 01734 . 06437 - 0004665 55905% 2225-1. - 2.67 331 5.7948 -01751 . 15470 - 0004674 BOW UN ease ae 2.81 499 7.9968 | - 01603 - 22471 - 0004503 DOGUTE Pe ae 2 2.59 749 | 19.3966 - 02590 - 50238 . 0006707 DOlOGe 2s yon cee PAS 713} 336 5.7431 . 01709 . 15479 - 0004667 HOLOG Reece eas 2.57 644 | 12.0161 - 01866 . 30881 - 0004795 SolO ieee se a= | 2.96 872 | 14.4556 - 01658 - 42790 - 0004907 Doe bese Se 225i 333 6. 5232 - 01959 . 16373 - 0004917 7 10p40 sneer 2.61 563 | 13.5720 - 02356 - 34616 . 0006149 DOLOGEE =e ee 2.59 950 15. 8086 *,01664 - 40945 - 0004310 Bf005e 5. - 2222 Ey Alin 88 1.5364 - 01746 - 04164 - 0004731 BAQ0G So === == 2.76 701 | 10.1886 - 01453 . 28107 - 0004010 bY 0 Viejo eee 2.65 168 | 3.3176 01975 - 08792 - 0005233 DOD ee cece Tks) 1 407 | 3.7263 - 00916 - 10285 . 0002527 GieAL 0s aoeeens | 2.86 434 7.9772 - 01838 - 22815 - 0005257 HANG FCee as Zale 135 | 2.4923 . 01846 - 06854 - 0005077 DAU lemeae ek = 2.62 762 | 14.9992 - 01968 - 39297 . 0005157 OTA0S Pe eae ae 2.61 596 12. 2004 . 02047 - 31842 - 0005343 bY iW Seeead 2.80. 180 2.7616 . 01534 . 07733 . 0004296 HOOT een. e 2.85 359 6.9861 - 01946 - 19905 . 0005545 OIE . 2.54 611 10. 6261 - 01739 - 26990 - 0004417 OOOO. == == -2 2.74 132 3.0790 - 02333 - 08436 . 0006391 HAOUSe ass 2.64 438 8.6189 - 01968 - 22756 . 0005195 bY fc U oases 2.87 270 4.8988 . 01814 - 14060 . 0005207 bieyAl dae 2.67 148 1.3961 - 00943 - 03728 . 0002519 Gio bs a= ae 2.95 273 7.4516 - 02730 . 21982 - 0008052 SSS05E ae sees ~- 2.74 1,158 23.1471 | - 01999 - 63422 . 0005464 Gs10682,.6=-5¢ 2.79 165 3. 3006 - 02001 . 09208 - 0005581 660052). 22552 2.63 370 7.6690 . 02073 - 20170 . 0005451 6950622 52255- | 2.50 663 13.5696 | . 02047 «39923 . 0005117 697052 <== | 2.50 244 3.7810 - 01550 . 09453 - 0003874 PPADS Reyes = = 2.95 430 8. 2929 . 01929 - 24464 . 0005689 (Be eeeeees 2.92 624 14. 2986 . 02291 .41752 - 0006539 (A500 Se ce OTB | 23 4096 01781 01118 . 0004862 TADUS zis 2-5-5: 2.60 57 . 8172 . 01434 . 02125 . 0003728 MAGUS 2222-2 | 2.60 | 399 7.1181 . 01784 - 18507 . 0004638 9 62 IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF WHEAT. TaBLe 8.—-Analyses of plants, arranged according to percentage of proteid nitrogen. Crop of : 1903—Continued. 2.5 TO 3 PER CENT PROTEID NITROGEN—Continued. Lene {rier Weight (in grams) of — pal pro-| Proteid 3 2) saigeiors)) = ). | teid nitro-| nitrogen in T 4 . ae pa proteid ve oa Kernels | Average | gen in all | average ker- nitrogen | anit emmlbut, || IRGraaLil kernels nel in kernels. ? Jeter 1g) | : (gram). (gram). TACO TERRE Se =2 2.56 | 491 8.3406 | 0.01699 0, 21352 0. 0004349 81405 ee. =< 2.62 240 4.5737 | . 01862 - 11710 - 0004879 Sl505aeeee eee 2.94 146 2.8327 - 01940 - 08328 - 0005704 SL0G2=e-- =. 2.71 722 15. 3928 . 02132 -41715 - 0005778 folate Uys Se 2.60 214 3.4766 - 01625 - 09039 - 0004224 852068222 = 2.66 376 4.9315 - 01312 - 13118 - 0003332 86105 2.56 203 3.0282 - 01495 . 07964 - 0003923 SHLOGESU: s- 2.63 436 7.6241 - 01749 - 20052 - 0004599 Sco0bssaet an 2.80 69 1. 6362 - 02731 . 04581 . 0007640 8860642. 2 2 2200) | 481 9.9456 - 02068 -20162 | .0005231 886075222 = = 2.61 234 5. 1584 - 02205 - 13463 . 0005754 S8I0a FS Sos 2.83 293 5. 3069 -O1811 . 15019 - 0005126 S89063s2-.45 252 2.65 546 9.9034 | .01814 . 26245 - 0004807 SI90BS 222225 2.81 200 3.5486 | .01774 . 09972 - 0004986 OP20b Reno 2.74 345 9.26016 | 201525 . 14417 - 0004179 G2200R es o..-- 55 2.67 46 1. 1074 lhe 02407 - 02957 - 0006428 OOU THe Se os 2555, 209 3.6926 | .01767 - 09416 - 0004505 OOPNSaess eae Deiie, 353 6.6206 | .01876 - 18008 - 0005102 OOS 05a 2.93 160 2.3859 | .01491 - 06991 - 0004369 O2408o7e.. 3. = 2.97 207 3.7820 ~O01827 |) 11238 . 0005426 4 Ween eoge 2.58 505 9.6779 -01916 | .24969 - 0004944 942062 0522): 2.78 402 7.5006 .01866 | .20851 . 0005187 94207 eee 2.86 718 13. 7057 - 01909 39199 - 0005460 9490 (ea asc 2.94 626 12.1918 01948 | .35844 - 0005726 955052522 2 2.81 37 - 3146 -00850 = — . 00884 - 0002389 O550GERE seeee Qe || 597 11.0548 -01852. | .30291 - 0005074 9550 seas sees 2.59 | 571 12. 1592 -02030 | .31492 . 0005515 G50 Rae ae 2.56 740 14.4617 01954 - 37023 - 0005003 95(05 855-26 yy al 636 10. 3426 - 01626 -26270 | .0004131 G5 70682 ceae | 2.73 267 5. 1629 - 01934 -14095 | — .0005279 Average .... 2.131 370. 36 7.1755 - 019354 - 194423 - 00052706 3 TO 3.5 PER CENT PROTEID NITROGEN. ING Ue ee seeks 3.03 183 3. 6302 0.01984 0. 10999 0. 0006010 Wess 3 be aee 3.09 | 243 3.9968 - 01645 - 12350 - 0005082 RU GSseseme 3.46 138 3.1454 . 02280 10883 | - 0007886 TOUS ee ees 3.25 61 1.2275 . 02012 -03994 - 0006540 17406 ee ee 3:29) || 124 2.0907 - 01685 -O6878 - 0005547 189062-- 22-22 3.48 65 . 9229 - 01420 . 03212 - 0004941 PANO) BSB e ome 3.09 109 1.8517 - 01698 - 05722 - 0005249 2070082 ee eee 3.05 258 §. 3229 - 02063 - 16235 - 0006292 Q80a-e eee Bypy4 697 14. 6942 - 02157 - 48784 - 0006999 DUZ0 SE eee oe 3.16 123 2.3642 01922 07471 - 0006074 PA ee Be 3. 24 287 5. 1594 - 01798 . 16712 . 0005824 DIDI Se 28 3.15 19 . 2806 - 02806 - 00884 - 0008839 PA Uae Sea 3.04 143 2.5691 - 01796 . 07810 - 0005461 ALSOS eres 3.45 354 5. 8080 - 01641 . 20038 - 0005660 PLOOGE Ae aces 3.18 408 10. 4800 - 02563 -33403 | - 0008168 PAS Ushers 3.30 158 2.9248 - 01851 - 09798 - 0006201 PAKS) Se eee 3.01 492 10. 1925 . 02072 - 30680 - 0006235 PP es aoe 3. 22 146 2.5712 - 01720 - 08086 - 0005538 22208 een cee 3.18 118 1.9090 - 01619 - 06071 . 0005144 Da eee ee Bole 298 6.0173 - 02019 . 19075 - 0006401 277) a eae eee Sots 561 11.5675 - 02062 - 36671 - 0006537 2601052 2s2eee 5 3.02 131 1. 8242 - 01393 - 05508 - 0003662 26808 52 See be 3.09 222 3. 8811 - 01748 - 11992 - 0005402 PGT ets ee 3.08 718) 1.3746 - 01833 - 04234 - 0005646 CPA Dame eese 3.07 219 4.3698 - 01996 13415 - 0006126 28806 meson ee 3.02 685 14. 4630 - 02111 . 4367 . 0006376 Pe aeaees 3.48 69 ays} - 01822 - 04375 - 0006341 33805. <-5-,02: 3.41 150 3. 1346 - 02090 - 10689 . 0007126 DoOU Teese 3. 22 136 2. 8903 - 02125 - 09307 - 0006843 SACOG EA Sees 3.12 280 6. 1962 . 02213 - 19332 - 0006904 S950 7-5 cee 3.02 lil 1. 8862 - 01699 - 05696 - 0005132 403055 apenas 3.11 179 3. 6003 - 02011 - 11197 . 0006255 404052. <2 ee Bulla 46 . 6316 -01373 | - 02002 0004352 47A05 Nt Ose 3.07 66 1.4892 - 02251 - 04572 - 0006927 49005: 2 coe oe Shy We 67 1. 2499 - 01866 - 03650 . 0005447 46105. =e 3.00 260 4.6146 -01775 - 13843 - 0005324 AS30G ee E Geer 3.29 157 2.6571 - 01692 - 08742 - 0005568 SOME PROPERTIES OF THE WHEAT KERNEL. 63 : TaBLE 8.—Analyses of plants, arranged according to percentage of proterd nitrogen. Cropof : 1903—Continued. y 3 TO 3.5 PER CENT PROTEID NITROGEN—Continued. x z | eres mer Weight (in grams) of— Totalpro-| Proteid Recordencinie age 0 f ker- | = ] | teid nitro-| nitrogen in ee ans proteid eae per | Kernels Average | Sen in all | average ker- ; : nitrogen lant. | perplant Tearanaliee| kernels nel ; in kernels, Pp | penD W “| (gram). (gram). | | 48405.....-.- 3.31 76 0.9701 | 0.01276 0.03211 | 0.0004225 ASO0G Ease erte/= 3.20 556 9. 4585 ~OL70L | .380267 . 0005444 48700 Sse. 3.13 264 4.3615 - 01652 . 13652 - 0005171 : 487002222255 3.00 379 6. 1986 - 01635 . 18596 . 0004906 ; 495052 oe acs 3.24 67 | 1.2716 | .01898 - 04120 . 0006149 ; DOGO Sees 3.30 221 2. 3982 . 01085 . 07914 - 0003581 HOOOD2 secre 3.05 393 7.9684 . 02028 . 24304 - 0006185 55006:). 252: < - 3.16 451 7.1852 - 01593 . 22705 . 0005034 SOs. See: 3.10 40 - 6893 . 01723 - 02137 - 0005342 y GSO os og ere 3.11 216 3. 7407 . 01732 . 11636 - 0005386 O(S00- ees = 3.19 501 8.5777 - 01666 . 29188 - 0005326 QOS asa 3.18 221 2.4731 -01118 - 07859 . 0003556 H8Wiisos- 2226 3.09 307 4.2207 - 01375 .13042 | .0004248 DSR eases 3.01 235 2.5436 . 01082 - 07656 - 0003256 628057 eee es 3.29 111 1.3451 - 01212 . 04272 . 0003938 Gal0osSsese os 3.24 90 1.5452 -O1717 - 05007 - 0005563 (CATER heres 3.36 213 8.4415 - 03963 . 28363 . 0013316 GAOT a2) 3.49 | 225 4.5806 _ - 02036 . 15986 . 0007105 2806s — So tc~ 3.01 110 2.0970 - 01906 - 06312 - 0005738 (EEN Beeeesaee 3.02 493 | 9.2130 - 01869 - 27823 . 0005644 S14068 22 S222 3.31 (oe | lsat Ss OLeZ - 04101 - 0005697 C4906 SS SeF 3.43 382 7.5438, |) 201975 . 25873 . 0006773 O1300 na: S255. 3.21 138 3.0940 | .02242 . 09932 - 0007197 S19052 se 22 == 3.36 198 3.44386 | .01739 . 11570 - 0005844 QM05 scae ae = = 3.10 214 3.4356 | .01605 . 10650 . 0004977 92406 x Se Fea Salil 380 8. 2366 . 02168 - 25616 - 0006741 92505. 22 aes 3.00 156 2.6615 . 01706 - 07985 - 0005118 S4208 esses Belt | 322 3.7828 -01175 -11727 =| .0003642 9490623. 25. c% 3.41 685 12. 3862 - 01808 - 42236 - 0006166 Average:.<<- 3.184 235.5 4.38558 | - .018366 - 139656 - 00058156 3.5 TO 4 PER CENT PROTEID NITROGEN. | | MGOG Bete eek 3.52 93 2.2881 0.02460 0. 08044 0. 0008660 iG Witeesesas 3.80 43 . 7220 - 01795 . 02933 . 0006822 1890S Soe s- = 3.81 103 1.4864 - 01443 - 05663 - 0005498 - 21209. eo eee 3.61 89 1.4484 - 01627 . 05228 . 0005875 ZIG Liaeee Dae 3.75 567 11.9114 - 02101 - 44666 - 0007877 21908= ance 3. 82 173 3.5574 - 02056 . 13589 - 0007855 DLN ose 3. 84 31 - 4336 - 01399 - 01665 . 0005371 26107 Se a: 3.92 144 2.0390 - 01416 . 07993 - 0005551 By seers 3.78 55 1.0183 . 01851 . 03849 - 0006998 DADC Sree 3.73 81 1.5940 . 01968 . 05946 - 0007340 SO905S 52 wee 3.88 267 5.0200 . 01880 . 19478 . 0007295 BODOD sles a et 3.61 563 12. 1088 . 02252 - 43713 . 0007764 yO Gs ee 3.63 ~ 94 1.8494 - 01967 - 06713 . 0007142 AHNOS SE. 2 aoa 3.58 235 3. 2340 . 01376 - 11575 - 0004927 ASHOD: 2. So si2% 3.66 137 1.9154 - 01398 . 07010 - 0005117 49905...----- 3. 62 23 . 6760 - 02939 - 02436 . 0010640 HOOD Fes 2)-2 3.54 30 - 5958 . 01986 - 02109 - 0007032 50906! 2 3-2 3-07 114 1.7280 - 01516 . 06169 . 0005411 66006: 5225255 3.54 366 6. 0090 . 01642 . 21272 . 0005812 Gb008 25 522 3.59 174 3.1555 . 01814 . 11328 - 0006510 (PAU pee sere 3.86 591 14. 6802 . 02484 . 56666 . 0009588 94909 Fo sae ore 3.60 218 3.6977 - 01696 - 13312 - 0006106 Average .... 3.69 190.5 3.68947 . 018666 . 13698 . 00068723 64 IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF WHEAT. TaBLeE 8.—Analyses of plants, arranged according to percentage of proteid nitrogen. Crop of 1903—Continued. 4 TO 45 PER CENT PROTEID NITROGEN. Percent- | wumber Weight (in grams) of— Totalpro- Proteid Recordin eee of | aiken es = == teid nitro- | nitrogen in ber. | Proteid | neis per | Kernels | Average | 8¢0 in all | average ker- nitrogen ieraie weiolbunii ieee kernels nel imlceragelkey)| WEARS |) (ete yenelale ° (gram). (gram). PARP Nee ete | 4.26 | 983 14.8139 0.01507 0.63107 0. 0006420 DISS etree oe 4.04 | 216 4.0258 . 01877 . 16377 . 0007582 PAL Oe eae 4.43 525 12.1819 . 02317 - 538889 - 0010265 216 Vela caasaeH 4.15 254 4.5123 -01777 . 18726 . 0007373 34405) 35-1 4.33 | 207 4.1281 . 01994 . 17875 . 0008635 ASOD See 2 4.13 93 1. 4464 - 01555 . 05974 . 0006423 AOD aos so 4.18 | 44 nilose . 01712 . 03148 . 0007155 SO00TE ease we | 4.21 118 PANG YAAl . 01828 . 09082 - 0007696 69305 sane sea 4.42 103 2.0430 - 01984 .09030 | .0008767 M6206552523"- 4.45 447 5.4411 - 01217 . 24213 . 0005417 O2506Haaseaae | 4.39 229 3.8709 . 01690 -16993 | .0007421 Average ....| 4.27 | 292.6 5.03397 . 017689 -21674 | . 00075594 MORE THAN 4.5 PER CENT PROTEID NITROGEN 1505S Reese ae 4.70 29 0. 3885 0.01340 0.01826 0. 0006296 AL20G LAS e ce 5. 23 149 2.8564 | -01917 | - 14939 . 0010026 APY. BAS See 5.03 237 3.9143 -O1578 | . 19689 . 0007934 ZO Seeena ee 4.71 807 19.3318 | .02390 | -91052 | - 0011283 PAR N e eee e 5.48 383 8.4593 | .02209 | - 46356 - 0012103 BOOUDE ate ner 5.85 | 61 1.2124 | -01988 | . 07093 - 0011627 SS OU eee ere | 4.55 | 19 . 3037 -01598 | - 01382 . 0007273 402053 eee | 4.69 194 3.6302 .01871 | - 17026 . 0008776 434062225 552; 4.87 249 3. 2964 -01324 | - 16053 | . 0006447 65300520=5 -=2 4.92 78 1.8018 | .02310 | - 08865 - 0011365 698052 0-5 eee | 5. 82 110 2.4420 . 02220 - 14213 - 0012921 T2005 2 2ee cee 4.65 65 | 1.1166 .01718 | - 05192 - 0007988 (200 7a see | 5.59 188 3.4442 | . 01832 - 19253 - 0010241 ‘92306=.-< 22 3 | 4.93 347 6.0091 | - 01732 | . 29625 . 0008539 Average .... 5.07 208. 28 4.15727 | . 01859 | - 208974 | - 0009487 TaBLe 9.—Summary of analyses of plants, arranged according to percentage of proteid nitrogen. Crop of 1903. | = Weight (in grams) Proteid nitrogen Percent- | Number of— ce i in— Range of per- | 28° of | of (in Les) in centage of proteid nacre | 4 nitrogen. ile ae | Analy-| Ker- | ienele | Average All ker- Average | ora, || SEB nels. | kernel. nels. kernel. Is. | eer te esl UitO2eese os asec 1.749 28 | 320.3 6.2382 | 0.01871 0. 10655 0. 0003291 DibOVLrOiea ae eee ere | 2.32 65 396 | 8.2502 | . 02011 - 19032 - 0004660 2208 bO) Oe eer cites = 2.73 TWA || BW) |) geal - 01935 . 19442 - 0005271 SOB RS eSoosrAs| 3.18 66 | 235 4. 3856 - 01837 . 13966 - 0005816 Shi) HOMonRSoneses | 3.69 22} 190 | 3.6895 | - 01867 . 13698 - 000872 4 Tomb. eee. 4.27 11 292 | 5.0340 © - 01769 - 21674 . 0007559 4.5 and over 5.07 14 | 208 | 4.1573 | - 01859 - 20897 - 0009487 | Table 10 shows the analyses of the crop of 1903 arranged on the basis of weight of average kernel. Determinations of gliadin and glutenin were made in these analyses and the sums of these are inserted in this table.“ All plants having an average kernel weight « Determinations of gliadin and glutenin were made by methods practically the same as those described by Prof. Harry Snyder in Bulletin No. 63 of the Minnesota Experiment Station, except that smaller quantities were used. ss = SOME PROPERTIES OF THE WHEAT KERNEL. 65 of less than 0.010 gram form the first class and each succeeding clags increases by 0.002 gram. Table 11 is a summary of these analyses. TaBiE 10.—Analyses of plants, arranged according to weight of average kernel. Crop of 1903. WEIGHT OF AVERAGE KERNEL, 0.000 TO 0.010 GRAM. Per- Proteid nitrogen | Percent-| Gliadin-plus-glu- Weight Num- | wojont |centage (gram) in— | age of tenin nitrogen - | of aver- | ber of | -)°l8 of pro- gliadin- (gram) in— Record ee OM KeTNC]S| eat u/s = BRE \e ; 2 age | kernels : teid ni- plus-glu- ; ow kernel Nearuraey trogen! 4 verage | Kernels tenin ni- Average | Kernels c Ol a ray va ALARES | 715 | ey * L / y s (gram). | plant. es | kernel. | on plant.| Sea kernel. | on plant. | | Keene all oan | mee 22205.....| 0.00953 283 | 2.6965 2.81 | 0.0002677 | 0.07577 | 1.97 | 0.0001877 | 0.05312 VAI Se ae | .00916 407 | 3.7263 2.76 - 0002527 AQ DI patasert oe Salas cae eae eee HS206s20 ..- | .00943 | 148 | 1.3961 2. 67 - 0002519 BOSMAS a Saar soe eS Weer etoreeytisre alee ee Oh Uneeeee 00850 | 37 -3146 | -2.81 | .0002389 BOORS4a ose ie 8 ee Qe sae SEs) See on Average -| 00915 | 219 2.0334 2.76 .0002528 |. 05618 197 | .0001877 | .05312 WEIGHT OF AVERAGE KERNEL, 0.010 TO 0.012 GRAM. 37906... -- | 0.01086 19 | : | | | | 0.2063 2. 44 0.002649 | OXOO5036 [ee eae cl Saree se Se eee tac | 45605... - | .01161 61 | 7081 2.82 | .0003273 TOLGS 7a eee pee eee e2 4 SeaeneS | 50905... .- | .01085 221 | 2.3982 3.30 | .0003581 ROTOIAS Goer fat. age apt [eeespe er, 57905.....| 01118 291 | 2.4731 3.18 | .0003556 07859 | 2.92 | -0.0003264 | 0.07221 58705. ...- | .01082 235 | 2.5436 3.01 | .0003258 | 07656 | 2.47 | .0002673 | .06283 94208... ... I> s00075 322 | 3.7828 3.10 | .0003642 Pili Dyce met ee oe Pe nee (CR Serene | Average... 01118 179 |. 2.0187 2.98 | .0003326 06276 | 2.69 .0002968 | . 06752 WEIGHT OF AVERAGE KERNEL, 0.012 TO 0.014 GRAM. 17505-.--- 0.01340 29 | 0.3885 ALTON MOMOOOG ZO buen US OLS 2G) seme nec eee se se we DORI ne 01399 31 | 4336 3.84 | .0005371 SLUICE I seq sla ata gee me a ie ae 26105. ._.- 01393 131 1.8242 3.02 | .0003662 ROSS OS n| Meee ea Peete Cone INL oes 39606... 01341 346 4. 6383 2.37 | .0003177 MT OG is eet | teres Sella eo sp: | 40405... .- .01373 * 46 . 6316 3.17 | .0004352 ADT NE so SEN | Oe We ees | 42206... . 01264 25) ee. slol 1.46 | .0001846 HAG eee ee See Ses oe ee Sa 45005... .- 01376 235 | 3.2340 3.58 | .0004927 . 11575 1.36 | 0.0001871 | 0.04398 45805... -- 01234 124 1.5298 1.84 | .0002700 NODS Tul Meee Neen Tey | ORNL EL | 48405... -- 01276 76| .9701 3.31 | .0004225 MOSDIME | ee ae ent: alates Raa | Eps Pa 48406... - 01324 249 | 3.2964 4.87 | .0006447 . 16053 2.25 | .0002979 | .08168 48408... 01291 27 | 8485 2.81 | .0003627 AGG yiS eee aie | Shs Seka eC a 48505... .- 01398 137°} 1.9154 3.66 | .0005117 07010 1.76 | .0002460 | .03371 50706... .- 01343 35/1) 4701 2.80 | .6003761 MOUS TGS | eee os aoe eee eee |: eee BS207iews 01375 307 4.2207 3.09 | .0004248 . 13042 2.49 | .0003424 | .10510 58905... .- 01355 170 | 2.3031 2.43 | .0003292 aS 5OGK| wimepreel Oe Uh akencey oo wee oan 62805..... 01212 ill 1.3451 3.25 | .0003938 A724 | ee 2 |e ee he a 620020020 01217 447 | 5.4411 4.45 | .0005417 . 24213 2.03 | .0002471 | .11046 85206..... 01312 376 | 4.9315 2.66 | .0003332 PSU B| eee tale eee so eae 2 eee 94605... .- 01307 56 | .7319 1.95 | .0002549 (OY eel ss nae Se aie aa es 2 gee ae | Average .| .01323 | 155.7 | 2.0510 3.12 | .0004120 . 06687 1.98 | .0002641 | .07499 | WEIGHT OF AVERAGE KERNEL, 0.014 TO 0.016 GRAM. 18805....- | 0.01567 1B 7a mete 462) been ODH MOI OOUSIG4.| ONO4SSb Meee eel ale sa 18905... | .01443 103 1.4864 3.81 | .0005498 - 05663 1.54 | 0.0003218 | 0.03315 | 18906. ...- | 01420 65 9229 3.48 | .0004941 AS Laurence Naeger, om | ee HOV. 2 £01577 237 3.9143 5.03 | .0007934 . 19689 1.34 | .0002113 | .05245 DiOls = | 01437 59 . 8478 2.59 | .0003722 HOBIO6 Meee wce esl eta aces CAA PISI2 =F =| 01507 983 | 14.8139 4.26 | .0006420 . 63107 2.02 | .0003044 | .29934 P6107 25.22! 01416 144 2.0390 3.92 | .0005551 07993 1.35 0001912 02753 33408... / 01446 77 1.1132 1.39 | 0002009 SOVEY Gl ive Zola Weeaee (ty i [eames Soe 38607... .. 01598 19 3037 eas lee OTD Toul eee OL SSO |e eee te slate eel Dee SUI cok: | 201555 93 1.4464 4.13 | 0006423 AOE Ueclacl le ote aise | kee nee [eee ce eect 48407... .. | "01572 718 | 11.2890 1.50 | .0002358 HIGO335 | een Roce Moss sae ace, 2 50906... | .01516 114 1.7280 3.57 | .0005411 A OGUCON teen oee errr Lo neat. ae 50065 . 202 01593 451 7.1852 3.16 | .0005034 22705 1.75 | .0002788 | .12574 55305.....| .01507 167 2.5160 2.48 | .0003736 06240 1.97 | .0002969 .04957 57006... ...- | .01453 701 | 10.1836 2.76 | .0004010 SFG ae Ge cee oel Senet bee cece eee ese 27889—No. 78—05——5 66 IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF WHEAT. TABLE 10.—Analyses of plants, arranged according to weight of average kernel. Crop of 1903—Continued. WEIGHT OF AVERAGE KERNEL, 0.014 TO 0.016 GRAM—Continued. | Per- DyaaTeNal ae Percent-| Gliadin-plus-glu- Weight | Num- | weignt centage : hea age of tenin nitrogen Rare of aver- | ber of | ¢ eines a OL | | siadin- (gram) in— arianSane piece | kernels (1, plant. teid ni-|— a Se = ee MUS= 2 — | = ra = cer - o | Z | i ie ( ea || plant (grams) moeen | Hwetege Kernels Erogenin | Average Kernels | male ernel. | on plant.| inasials, | kernel. on plant. aya, eee 0.01534 180 2.7616 2.80 | 0.0004296 | 0.07733 2.34 0.9003590 | 0. 064€2 63506... - . 01568 153 2.3986 2.44 - 0003825 OSSD Se | Stes ee eo ee le eee 69705....-. . 01550 244 | 3.7810 2.50 | .0003874 094535 | 4-62 Ss.. be eee eee (2905-252 . 01585 167 2.6462 2.48 - 0003930 0680S. |\-2: 2.50/22 eee T4508=—e - 01484 57 - 8172 2.60 - 0003728 NOZI2bt Eee Ba |e eon el eee SElOb eee - 01495 203 3. 0282 2.56 - 0003923 SO7964.oseec2 0. Se ose er 922051622 - 01525 345 5. 2616 2.74 | .0004179 eee Sy el ee pene eens cee re one oh O9305 areas - 01491 160 | 2.3859 2.93 - 0004369 06990 33ers ce een ees | See 92905... -. - 01534 176 | 2.7000 3.50 - 0005369 309450) 2.23. 2 ee le ee AA Ee ee 92906... - - - 01592 181 | 2.8816 2.99 - 0004760 {08616 |: S.. >.< ol Soe eee 94905 - 01553 286 | 4.4423 2.35 | .0003650 V0439.4|<. 2 2 et ee Se G5TOMee sae . 01457 52 atoll, 2.47 . 0003599 JOUS72. |: sa Se se) eee eee Average . 01516 | 232 | 3.5480 | 3.00 | .0004555 . 10619 1.76 | .0002805 . 09320 WEIGHT OF AVERAGE KERNEL, 0.016 TO 0.018 GRAM. | | | | TS0GE Soe 0.01645 243 3.9968 3.09 | 0..0005082 O:12350))| 25. soci eee se ee eee W406 250 01686 | 124 2.0907 3.29 Kea 0005547 1068182 )0o sss. est Soo eee Ivy fee - 01795 43 - 7720 3.80 | .0006822 AUP at el [ene ee ee eee es SAM sis PANU = . 01698 109 1.8517 3.09 | .0005249 S ODT226)) =k VS a ye PAZOS wot - 01798 287 | 5.1594 3.24 . 0005824 . 16712 | 2.15 | 0.009386 0.11093 21209. - 01627 | 89 1.4484 3.61 | .0005875 052280 | 22 oS ee ee ee PAB ea . 01796 143 2.5691 3.04 . 0005461 OR S10 2a 5 20) 42 Se ek DIZOSee ss! - 01641 354 5. 8080 3.45 . 0005660 S2OOBS Re aa ee ee eee ZALSOsee see .01699 | 1,232 20. 9290 2.69 | .0004569 SOO299M oc eo) |e eee eee 21808. .... | - 01708 1,156 19.7446 Cyl . 0004389 . 50744 1.96 . 0003348 . 88700 22205 eOL7200) 146 | Payal aye - 0005538 . 08086 21h 0003629 | .05425 D2 203s aoe - 01619 118 1.9090 3.18 . 0005144 .O6071 2.14 - 0003465 . 04084 26806... .- - 01793 152 2.7255 2.60 | .0004662 SOPO8B.4)'-0- S24 Ae cob all aaners Rr eras 26808... .- 01748 222 3.8811 3.09 - 0005402 . 11992 2.28 - 0093935 OS849 26907... . . 01792 102 | 1.8276 2.61 . 0004677 O4995 Ni |b-n 5 eS Seo ce ces ee ee 26909... . . 01667 180 | _ 2.9999 2.80 . 0004667 . 08400 1.88 . 0003134 05640 DiB0Sseeee O1Z 254 4.5123 4.15 | .0007373 UB T2G) || oe). Pare SNS es ol Sa ee SoLOGEe eee - 01716 18 | - 8089 2.94 . 0005045 AOOGOS iy esate | | ae 33406... .- - 01627 | 283 | 4.6045 2.87 . 0004670 SIB2U5) ls ee eo eee ee See BY MAYA ee - 01710 193-| 3.3004 2.93 . .0005010 .09570 | 2.10 0003591 | .00931 SON Le oes . 01699 111 1. 8862 3.02 | .0005132 SO5696U Een ee oe locee een ee [Soopers tees 44505 - 01764 340 | 5.9990 2.94 | .0005187 SUZ637 “| Acs ss ek See eee eee ADO pease .01712 44 - 7532 4.18 | .0007155 SOST48 2) Soe aoa cen en eee ee AG105=4e—— 01775 260 | 4.6146 3.00 .0005324 (8 225 al eae | Dome e ES es Co ALOE == - 01756 478 | 8.3935 2.54 .0004460 . 21319 - 2.08 . 0003652 | .17458 48306... .. - 01692 157 2.6571 3.29 | .0005568 . 08742 en i} 0003604 | .056€0 48506... -- - 01701 556 9.4585 3.20 - 0005444 . 30267 2G 0003691 | . 20625 48705. ...- - 01652 | 264 4.3615 Bei) . 0005171 . 13652 | 1.56 . 0002577 - 06804 48706... .- - 01635 379 6.1986 3.00 . 0004906 218596) || see Saleen sae e chee eee eee 48806... - | .01798 | 547 9.8346 2.70 . 0004877 326553") See ee SSIES See oe ses ee 200s ee O23! 40 - 6893 3.10 . 0005342 NOZLST eose Le SMa: ee eee eee BDoU eee 01663 | 342 5. 6864 1.89 | .0003142 . 10747 1.56 . 0002594 O8871 SDSUSa eee - 01732 216 3.7407 Sell: - 0005386 . 11636 1.96 . 0003395 073382 ao Vic a } .01734 138 2.3931 2.69 - 0004665 OG43B7 55 eS ee eel eee eee SX0BE 8 -O1751 331 5. 7948 2.67 - 0004674 - 15470 7) . 0003064 10141 55906. 22 = | .01603 499 7.9968 2.81 . 0004503 . 22471 1.47 . 0002356 11755 56105.....| -01709 336, 5. 74381 Deute . 0004667 . 1567¢ 22; . 0003622 12175 DOLOTS | . 01658 872 14. 4556 2.96 - 0004907 - 42790 2.23 . 0003697 32236 562092222 . 01664 950 15. 8086 2.59 . 0004310 - 40945 2.21 - 0003677 34937 97005... :. . 01746 88 1.5364 Paes (il . 0004731 - 04164 2.09 . 0003649 03211 DioUpe eee . 01666 501 8.5777 3.19 . 0005826 S2G188 "| a5 ek ee a eo nae S7S08N eae . 01705 577 9.8378 1.69 . 0002881 #166265 (2 Ae See |S Boe cee ne eee 57509 -01739 611 10. 6261 2.54 . 0004417 226990! | sec)o00 Sel See eee 59606... . - .01712 567 "9. 7084 2.16 - 0003F98 {2OSTO! ||. Paes Paleseen oe Sees 60605... . . - 01701 35 . 5952 ites - 0003180 SOULS" ts Secs 0 ees - 2s Ae eee GolGb: see .O1717 90 1.5452 3.24 - 0005563 C5007 \Hese Sept es ees Von acne 66006... .. . 01642 366 6.0090 3.54 . 0005812 . 21272 1.38 . 0002266 . 08292 | bi y TaB_e 10.—Analyses of plans, arranged according to weight of average kernel. SOME PROPERTIES OF 1903 Continued. THE WHEAT KERNEL. 67 WEIGHT OF AVERAGE KERNEL, 0.016 TO 0.018 GRAM—Continued. Gliadin-plus-giu- Crop of | | | Pee eu,s Seer z Proteid nitrogen | Percent- : : | Weight | Num- | Weieht centage (gram) in— age of tenin nitrogen Wages of aver- | ber of | *\@8: of pro- | 2 gliadin- (gram) in— Record = of kernels ;.4 _. : 2 age | kernels : teid ni- plus-glu- See kernel | on RON | een Average Kernels tenin ni- Average | Kernels ; | ~/*!}in ker-| : = rogen i Sean | ; (gram). plant. ee kernel. | on plant. Pade kernel. | on plant. (2605---~ -| 0.01718 65] 1.1166 AMGos|WOSOOO79S8Salt | OxO5192" 22 ee es | ee ee es ee Pies | 01724 543} 9.3629 MESON OOOS4I4. |) Set R380) 2 Gee eee! a oa ee TADOGK | . 01781 23 - 4096 2315 - 0004862 HONS a2 ss eh. rages I AN RL RR ae PAGO | .01784 399.; 7.1181 2.60 - 0004638 LSD O Vis [eye ae a | ne eae kd a TAGS <2 - OLE99 491 8.3406 2.56 | .0004349 SDL Pa Bee NES a I RE SS es Bl ge eee MOZUDEY ose - O1E95 498 8.4407 | 2.35 - 0003983 MLO Sob beet en Al tate yn] Ce eae 81406... .. - 01721 72 1.2391 3.31 - 0005697 OAT OMS i St: AES ees eee A Se oop Oe eee -O1E25 214 3.4766 2 60 - 0004224 SOQOB IN| oe tea Sehr Bas Soihce lien. = 86106... -- - 01749 436 7.6241 2.63 - 0004599 SOOO Re ee ota oe oa etree eo erate S1905=2~ = 2 - 01739 198 3.4436 3.36 - 0005844 NSA 0) | ace ot S| Se one, Se Sa es See ee 91906. .... . 01774 200 3.5486 2.81 - 0004986 ODOT Ze sa eee ocliea. Soe - 92207--.. - . 01767 209 3. 6926 2.55 - 0004505 ROGET Gy ie eee een | ee eee lisse = Sere ee 92306... - - - 01732 347 6.0091 4.93 - 0008539 . 29625 4.06 0.0007032 | 0.24897 SPADE a = - 01605 214 3.4356 3.10 - 0004977 - 10650 NR oie et | ae GHA T=... - 01695 53 . 8983 1.66 - 0002814 MOA OM a eee soe = creel Sri he 2 ae aire a Nee = a2 - 01706 156 2.6615 3.00 | .0005118 MOROSHN ee aoe Sal ee oo Se oe 92506... _. - 01690 229 3.8709 4.39 | .0007421 SSGGOS™ {ee RAE eR eR ate an ne ee 92908... _. - 01732 187 3.2388 2.32 | .0004018 Oy Cae bet dS Tee a se eee Cee yee ae 94407... .. - 01615 419 6. 7664 2.07 | .0003343 SALA OO fia eae serra | Oe Ben ee eet eS 94909__... 01696 | 218 3.6977 3.60 - 0005105 op sa AIPA aR eR he i WN REN [ara en Sno LOE os - 01783 159 2.8356 | 1.81 | .0003228 SOEs ia 29 Bar ee shy dP ae a O57/05s =~ . 01626 | 636 10.3426 | 2.54 Ge OFS 1 Pe rs 3247 (0 Ll ae SR | beeen Sch ie OS (ae eae Average . -01709 | 305.9 5. 2055 2.93 - 0005020 . 14618 2.07 0003519 13548 WEIGHT OF AVERAGE KERNEL, 0.018 TO 0.020 GRAM. | | ASDOP ee | 0.01984 183 | SOU) Ss Oo ms MOLOOOGONON SOlLOQ9O) |e eae celseeme sae. WE: Seared 17408... .. | .01852 497 | 9. 2038 2.18 | .0004037 EOE | ae eas ah eS [ey tee tee Bel ho ee 17409... - | 01857 802 | 14.8957 2.19 - 0005108 KO 0 ee ee ee ae es Ome rel eee eee PANTAO. - <2 - 01974 867 | 17.1115 2.83 - 0005586 - 48428 | 2.00 | 0.0003948 | 0.34222 AOS Se . 01922 123 | 2.3642 3.16 . 0006074 BD e: AL) PSS ee ees eee re eS | eo ee 21206. >= -O1917 149 | 2.8564 5. 23 - 0010026 BIER | BRR eee a Nese ac asee Seer ooo B20 Tern 01955 118 | 2.3066 2.96 | .0005766 | ESOS |e te ie Fe dere RSE sane VATS 10 chee - 91837 226 | 4.1516 2.90 F000 1553 52-7 Neer 9023 De a ape | ee ec Pace na Pili eee - 01968 873 | 17.1820 2.71 | .0005334 Sea Ys (te ee | ee oe Sete oe leer a DUSOO~ _ 5. - 91919 418 | 8.0214 2.73 - 0005238 - 21898 | 2.18 0004183 | . 17487 21810 - 01982 52 1.0304 2.69 - 0005330 OTR 2 yarn | S/o once © | cee area PASI =n: - 01877 216 | 4.0258 4.04 - 0007582 | 16377 2.14 | .0004017 | .08615 21905-.: =... - 01809 791 | 14.3111 2.64 - 0004777 | 37781 2.18 | .0003944 | .31198 PAOO ee - 01851 158 2.9248 3.35 | .0006201 | 09798 | 2p) - 0003980 | . 06288 ZAQUID = - 01907 510 | 9.7236 2.31 SOODAAOA ae ee AAG ee rcp oes 2 | er pre So | Aetetrracte e POT ye - 01940 169 | 3.2787 2.77 - 0005374 - 09082 1.82 . 0003531 | .05967 26905. . =: - 01956 326 6. 4102 2.76 | .0005427 | .17692 | 2.09 | .0004109 | 13398 26906... - - 01859 228 4. 2376 2.71 | .0005037 | 11484 | 1.82 | .0003383 07712 27005. - =. - |. .01895 866 16. 4120 2.63 -0004984 |. 43164 | 1.90 - 0003600 | 31182 27205. -| - 01841 891 | 16.4061 2.41 - 00044387 | .39539 1.70 - 0003130 27890 27306... . - | .01945 684 13.3611 2.47 JODOASOZ AN Werd280n9 Aware = oleae. 2 © 2 45] Secs ee Dipiiceas | .01847 167 3.0850 Poe COOL 0 (Aa 30 C8000 Serer ae en at eta) et 27507... - - | 01833 75 1.3746 3.08 | .0005646 BOR ER ee ot oe ace Meee ee eee 28206... : - 01996 219 4.3698 3.07 - 0006126 - 13415 | 2.42 00048380 | . 10575 32207..... - 01822 69 1. 2573 3.48 BOOORSEL IS MOSS 75: jaoseee a aca kee == oes) one aateee 32608... . - -O1851 55 1.0183 Sark SOOOGOOSE ep OS S40 bi ke hy pest fos | ae ees [deep ee 33105... -. - 01939 132 2.5601 2.91 | .0005644 | .07450 | 3.50 | .0008787 | .07450 Sota =. = - 01919 318 6. 1026 2.35 - 0004510 - 14341 | 1.92 | .0004163 12643 33405... .. - 01930 421 8.1268 2.03 - 0003919 GAO See soils So etn| ne Aa ee ayaa kee | 33906..... - 01921 119 2. 2862 2.81 - 0005399.) 06424 |. 2222... en Ceased Pere nes es 34205... .- - 01972 464 9.1498 PTE SOOOSS Set mcs) he 42k eRe eer ee (ee 34205... .. - 01968 81 1.5940 3:7 ,0007340-) 05946, |... ..... 22 I eee sme 2 eed hm 34208 -.... - 01916 156 2. 9886 DESAI) Me COUSOSIS. ee PsOBS00 nee cree el ee atte tee ea or 34405... 2. - 01994 207 4.1281 4.33 - 0008635 - 17875 2. 44 0004865 10073 36905... .. - 01880 267 5.0200 3.88 |. .0007295 BA Since ee teae hetero ne le ape es 31305. . =. - | - 01987 309 6. 1394 2.96 | .0005881 - 18173 2.29 ee | .14060 Vii 01972 461 8.0905 2.64 | .0005327 . 23998 1.26 | .0002485 | . 10194 38005... .. - 01808 139 2.5134 2.84 | .0005135 07138 | 1.23 | .0002224 | .03091 38506... .- - 01975 85 | 1.6799 2.89 | .0005712 OTB GD isrc te eee mentee es Ae bs etseechoe « Se00oe c.- - - 01987 61s) 2a 5.85 | .0011627 SOMODOMIEs crate eerie | Meare oP es/esageascss 38608... .. - 01913 158 | 3.0228 2.82 | .0005394 .. 08522 1.73 0003309 | 05229 38706... .- 01988 365 7.2545 | 2.59) .0005148 EUS RON ne teense eeern |e ee Sk ue 40205... - - 01871 194 3. 6302 4.69 | .0008776 | .17026 | 3.07 | .0005744 | 11145 u oes { 68 TaBLe 10.—Analyses of plants, arranged according to weight of average kernel. IMPROVING THE QUALITY 1903—Continued. OF WHEAT. Crop of WEIGHT OF AVERAGE KERNEL, 0.018 TO 0.020 GRAM—Continued. Pareerit | Gliadin-plus-glu- | Per- Proteid nitrogen F P | Weight | Num- rag centage renee ) tae js age of | tenin — nitrogen Record of aver- | ber of We of pro- gliadin- | (gram) in— Be ee age | kernels ee lan + | teid ni-| — plus-glu- : kernel on ss pee trogen! 4 ver lekarncl tenim Mi-| 4 vers K 1 | (gram). | plant. (grams).| in ker- ~ Ee aie pase Jaa * | trogen in | ae Se noe ee 2 | aL ernel. on p ant. kernels. | ernel. on plant. | Seni | 3 5, | 42205. .... 0.01967 | 94 1.8494 | 3.63 | 0.0007142 | 0.06713 2.73 | 0.0005370 0.05049 42905. - 01866 67 1.2499 3.17 - 0005447 {036505 |-~ Sec eee Se ee | 44607... -- | .01806 | 10) 1.8246 2.44 - 0004408 ee yal ees eter ees ews ps | Se Nn 45606... - - - 01834 220 4.0358 1.911 0003504) = 507708 || 2222522 3) 22h ee 46106. .._- - 01964 82 1.6103 2.54 - 0004988 O4Q90:\). -sS2. 2 oS ee Seale ee 48106.....| .01919 608 | 11.6655 2.38 | .0004567 27765 1.80 0003454 20997 48508... - - - 01858 603 11. 2008 2.76 - 0005127 230986) |. 2 Vas =<] seh ees |e 49505... .- | .01898 67 1.2716 3. 24 - 0005149 OATZ0\ [oe se Sos | ee See 50705... . - | .01986 30 - 5958 3.54 - 0007032 HO2NO9)|* SSSR) RRS Se oe eee tates 51005... . . - 01804 862 15.5835 1.34 - 0002422 PASSE eee oe eSrSteireseislen Nee eles 55007... - - - 01828 118 2.1571 4.21 - 0007696 | — . 09082 2.21 | .0004040 | .04767 55008... - - - 01846 944 17. 4226 2.60 - 0004799 - 45299 1.58 | .0002917 | .27528 55206... .- | .01965 578 11.3592 2.56 - 0005031 | — . 29079 1.87 | - 0003675 | .21241 55306. - - - - | .01931 214 4.1323 2.18 - OO042 1051 09008" |. =-6 =e a5 |teenee eee | cence eee Doou7.y...) 01949 504 9. 8228 2.63 -00051265 | . 25834 2.07 | .0004034 20383 SoLOGE Ses” 01866 644 | 12.0161 2.57,| .0004795 | .30881 2.09 .0003900 25114 56205....-| -01959 333 6. 5232 2.51 - 0004917 - 16373 1.85 | .0003624 12068 56206... - - - 01829 509 9.3093 2.42 - 0004426 Vana 22529 1.95 |: 0003566 18153 BY UF Pear - 01975 168 3.3176 2.65 2 00052335)||= =e OS8792" | eee S| pone eee a ee 57306... .- - 01838 434 | 7.9772 2.86 OO05257 rl pews 2anloj| (se een ao beer | 22a lee 57307... -- - 01801 261 4.7117 2.43 . 19905 1.55 | .00038016 10828 OnG08=7 4 - 01968 438 | 8.6189 2.64 - 0005195 DATO: ak wrecker eos Seat Oe eee 57805... .- | .01814 270 4.8988 2.87 - 0005207 - 14060 | 2.68 - 0004861 - 18126 58805... - -| . 01999 1,158 | 23.1471 2.74 - 0005464 - 63422 | 2.11 - 0004218 - 48839 59605... - - - 01880 382 | 7.1828 2.12 - 0003986 mL B2280 0 et ceea| ose a ce eens 63505... - - - 01934 208 | 4.0230 1.90 0003674 ) 07644022222 =. 2- Raper cine eons Ser ec 65306. - - - - - 01807 544 9.8298 2.41 - 0004282 . 23€90 1.68 | .0003036 16514 65307... - - - 01878 373 7.0051 2.28 - 0004355 -15971 | 1.81 0003399 12680 66008... 01814 174) 3.1555 3.59 | .0006510 MTS28) | eee ee | ae ate ora | Oe 69305... .- - 01984 103 | 2.0430 4.42 - 0008767 ROQ030f| Sse eeaeee ES Rrae gaa [y ses sic 69505... - - - 01847 205 4.7116 | 2.29 - 0004231 PALO TOOR | aac setae ere 72406... -- - 01929 430 8. 2929 2.95 - 0005689 Bhi ae ee ee aS Ae aim 2 Pose S5a3ae T2607. 23 - 01832 188 3.4442 5.59 | .0010241 19253 2.51 ; .0004598 08645 72806. - - - - - 01906 110 2.0970 3.01 - 0005738 306812) || 5.082.522 ee CS Ye oe - 01869 493 9. 2130 3.02 | .0005644 21820) eases aac aol meee oes ee 81405--.. - - 01862 240 5737 2.62 - 0004879 ALTOS |2 S555. a eee once ee eee 81505... . - - 01940 146 2.8327 2.94 - 0005704 - 08328 2.65 0005141 07507 84905... -.2) 01997 37 7130 2.32 | .0004471 ORCS4 re oS Sel keene. ce ree eee $4905 - 01975 382 7.5438 3.43 - 0006773 H2087S) [soso ce os athe Seeger as | Sees 88905... -- 01811 293 5. 8069 2.83 | .0005126 SI501O a Soe oe ose] eaten | eee 88906... .- 01814 | 546 9.9034 2.65 - 0004807 =e OLAO, leech ae erent eee 92208525). - 01876 353 6. 6206 2.72 - 0005102 218008 ||. Si Gas cehiemsens = =| he eee 92408... - 01827 | 207 | 3.7820 2.97 - 0005426 #IT233% 2528 ea Se es occ, | ee eee 92409... .- - 01814 315 || 9: 7131 2.30°| 0004171 VIBT40" aes feces] ees eee ee O25 0(ee see -O1916 505 9.6779 2.58 - 0004944 AGG | oa oS <0 so Se 5 a nee | ho 92909) >: -O1916 | 529 10. 1363 2.70 - 0005173 BEY i eee nee Bere meen ook 94205... .. - 01893 64 1.2117 1.65 - 0003124 - 01999 ee ee eee 94206... .. 01866 402 | 7.5006 2.78 | .0005187 By Octo) epee Meliss le tS aco 5 2 94207... -- 01909 718 | 13.7057 2.86 - 0005460 PO9199) |= 5 EEE el Soe 2 ees 94209 - 01895 190 | 3. 6006 2.49 | .0004719 (O8965" i222 225. | seem ss. Sad aoe ee 94406... .. 01923 549 10.5556 2.47 | .0004749 26078) |2. ce ~eSac| De encke ae ae 94906... .- - 01808 685 12. 3862 3.41 O006166") 2:2:42236' | 5) ae 5 -1aek teenie te eee O40 TAZ ee - 01948 626 | 12.1918 294 ¢..0005726 |) 2 235844 ||L 5 e Eeee ea oe ee 94908. --22 - 01894 125 2.3678 1.96 30003713: |) . 04641). 32-5. 224.) ese so oes 95506. - -. - - 01852 597 11.0548 2.74 0005074) |) <8 201 | SOE Sek a ier ote esel | eer 95008. . - - - - 01954 740 14. 4617 2.56 70005008: |)“: 4537023 |. eeepc eee MAY 5 - 01934 267 5. 1629 2.73 - 0005279 ENB ee Sooc sc |osoecemesae|Ssecsses=- Average -01901 | 349.6 6. 6327 2.88 | .0005476 . 18039 | 2.08 | - 0003979 15541 = li | WEIGHT OF AVERAGE KERNEL, 0.020 TO 0.022 GRAM | 2 17308... .. 0. 02012 61 1.2275 3.25 | 0.0006540 | 0.03994 |.......... | Saar Ses saeneosSA5 17405.....| .02127 | 738 15. 6996 2.13 . 0004531 nee h Hono eooso essa aallarcseSs5c5 20706..-2:- 302033 163 3.3138 2.78 | .0005652 09212 2.05 0.0004168 | 0.06793 20708... . . - 02024 122 2.4690 2.58 - 0005221 SOQG399) S22 eee | Sferetera see la el enero teteletetete 20709. .... | - 02088 258 5. 3229 3.05 | .0006292 - 16235 | 2.31 .0004766 12296 20805... ... | 02157 €97 | 14.6942 3.32 | .0003999 - 48784 | 2.26 | .0004875 33208 | | Ta ee ee SOME PROPERTIES OF THE WHEAT KERNEL. 69 Taste 10.—Analyses of plants, arranged according to weight of average kernel. Crop of 1903—Continued. WEIGHT OF AVERAGE KERNEL, 0.020 TO 0.022 GRAM—Continued, | ) | seat { Per- Proteid nitrogen Pereent- Gliadin-plus-glu- Weight | Num- | qwojont centage (gram) in— age of tenin nitrogen of aver- | ber of |¢ eight | of pro- gliadin- (gram) in— Reeord : leanne of kernels, Herel ae eal he z eu Pel an on plant feagen! Aan ne Ac (grams).|. © | Average | Kernels, |; - | Average | Kerncls | { (gram). | plant | Tener | kernel. | on plant.) Pence iy | kernel. | on pion) | | OD 0.02049 84 WAV2LG |) 12516 | 0. 0004427 OBS oe eee los saniseesallecesece sec 213052... < - 02004 312 6.2514 | 2.67 | .0005350 . 16691 1.97 | 0.00038948 | 0.12515 ALC UY eee See - 02125 582 12.3685 2.19 | .0004654 BOY sO ase opens nono seca lectin ees ae Pa (\! See | 02141 361 |omTev296.| 2547" |" .0005299 |). 219092 |o2.--- 2-2-2222 ae. [he eres Sire = | .02101 567 11.9114 3.75 . 0007877 - 44666 2.16 | .0004538 . 25728 ZI908 5 3-"..2 . 02056 173 3.5574 3.82 | .0007855 . 13589 1.88 .0003955 | .06688 DIVIS see . 02072 492 | 10.1925 3.01 | .0006235 F80G80) | essas=ee lope cea eae a ke ome BOAO 2a = | 02019 298 6.0173 3,17 - 0006401 . 19075 1.55 | .0003129 | .09327 ONL waters | .02062 561 11.5675 3.17 . 0006537 . 36671 1.69 | 0003485 - 19548 D5 Ape as 02066 522 | 10.7836 2.71 | .0005599 AP SEGW Sane deeeee|beBsanoce=e ea re 26908... - - | 02073 192 | 3.9797 2.96 | .0006135 - 11780 2.16 .0004478 | .08596 EA) fae a= | .02004 166 3.3266 2.92 - 0005850 - 09712 1.95 . 0005908 | .06487 27305... -- - 02085 267 5. 5666 2.58 . 0005379 . 14862 1.73 - 0003607 | . 09630 27505. --.- 02183 539 12.0399 2.12 | .0004627 . 24942 1.65 | .0003602 . 19866 28806. - -- - -O2111 685 14. 4630 3.02 | . 0006376 - 43679 1.86 . 0003926 . 26901 322062 7 --- = | 02052 507 |. 10.4036 | 1.81 | .0003714 lS SSMU Se a eS el SS eel ee om rece 326060. - | .02145 94 | 2.0162 | 2.88 | .0006177 ROSS07 Gee eee 2 on See eee 33305... . - | .02090 150 | 3.1346 | 3.41 . 0007126 . 10689 2.41 | .0005037 . 07554 SoGUOn 9-6 } .02144 382 8. 1890 2.21 . 0004738 BL SOO Bi Pesala Sotto lererstele sera 33607... - | .02125 136 2.8903 3.22 | .0006843 09307 2.45 0005206. 07081 | 33905.----| - 02194 508 11. 1476 1.61 .0003533 ETQA! |e assets = beesgoasear||-cohhacncs 31106-..\-- - | .02155 56 | 1.2069 2.34 .0005053 BO 28045 || Parser ate eats areal eee ea 38606... - - . 02110 401 8. 4605 2.63 | .0005549 . 22201 1.39 | .0002933 . 11760 39205... --| - 02089 1,031 21.5399 2.11 | .0004407 - 45435 1.84 - 0003844 . 89635 He 39400.2 --~ 02093 447 9.3541 2.88 . 0006027 . 21399 1.44 .0003014 | . 13470 40305..... 02011 179 3.6003 3.11 . 0006255 SINICA ee eee leer ae Ne arels Veer operate = 44605....- } .02049 55 1.1271 2.86 | .0005861 NOS 2251s | eee oe aco 44606-...- | .02035 124 | 2.5235 |- 2.90 | .0005902 - 07318 1.29 | ~0002625 : | 48409... .- | .02048 314 6.4302 | 2.02) .0004137 . 12989 1.50 .0003072 | iA 5005. -..- | . 02028 393 7.9684 3.05 . 0006185 . 24803 1.99 . 0004036 15857 | 99906... - -'- . 02062 866 ; 17.8506 2.80 | .0005773 - 4995 2.20 . 0004536 | . 39272 99605... . - - 02184 500 10.9180 2.64 0005765 . 28823 1.96 | .0004281 | .21400 55908... - - .02175 562 | 12.2240 2.42 | .0005262 - 29575 1.96 | .0004263 | .23953 57405. .:- - | - 02031 41 | . 8328 1.98 | .0004022 ACO: OS eee eee ae oe oncom amec 57408... .- | .02047 596 | 12.2004 2.61 . 0005343 - 31842 | 1.64 0003357 . 20008 58806... - - . 02049 95 | 1.9469) 1.88 - 0003853 {ORAS Ie Se coded odecbeosee cl écogeepaee GalO6==-.- 02001 ‘165 | 3.3006 2.79 . 0005581 - 09208 2.20 - 0004402 07261 65308-- -- - - 02008 583 11. 7066 2.09 . 0004197 . 24468 | 1.95 | .00038916 22828 66005... . - - 02073 370 7.6690 2.63 | .0005451 - 20170 2.18 . 0004519 16714 | 69506... - - . 02047 663 13. 5696 2.50 | .0005117 SER WV R) as eee oo aee or Barreca sect | 69806... . - |} 02153 558 | 12.0136 1.66 .0003574 PL GORS NE at ed ee et A open tei es | (2105 22 22 -02191 372 | 9.1522 2.13 . 0004668 POO36) | peice ol eee ain = eae | CBee ~ .02036 225 | 4.5806 3.49 | .0007105 SIRI go Seee hohe adaeewee ree daace | 73306--..- | .02062 414 8.5373 2.45 | .0005052 ADIN WEEN Stee ay ae oa mebrekal ee ac So Sebe | 74305... .- - 02047 216 4.4222 1.98 | .0004054 AOS ATNS See oe Stem Seen) rane Sosa 74606... .- - 02079 464 9.6451 2.30 | .0004781 . 22184 | 2.05 . 0004262 19772 80305... .- - 02165 729 15. 7835 1.81 | .0003919 - 28569 Meee . 0003832 27937 ‘SiIl7(0 eee - 02106 465 9.7922 1.98 - 0004170 - 19388 | 1.96 . 0004128 19193 | SU7106 52+: - 02132 722 15. 3928 2.71 - 0005778 -41715 | 2.03 - 0004328 31248 | 81709... -- -02175 757 16. 4692 2.28 | .0004960 . 37548 | Se Oise aasa'lne ee ear =i 84405... -. . 02043 428 8. 7448 2.48 .0005067 SOI Maat can eae AcHeeeccre peouoca ars 88606 -... . 02068 481 9.9456 2.53 | .0005231 SOS | See 2 See Ee ree cerca 88608... .- | 02075 74 1.5355 2.47 | .0005125 AUS YASS il I eee ie eee) mere Sr erct| 88609... .. - 02100 470 9.8719 2.42 - 0005082 BOSROD emer ea keer ota ater ee 92406... -- | .02168 380 8. 2366 3.11 . 0000741 ONS GN ie Bi eke mr agra ot ne cece P90 Tene | .02040 219 4.4673 2.56 | - 0005220 BALA SG) |e pees reas Se ciae llee= erate tear l= = 95507... - - | .02029 571 12. 1592 2.59 | .0005515 eRe ORS an GHce Ree Rer ese aoc coeears 95509. _..- | .02136 138 2.9475 2.48 | .0005297 ABV a Aas eee sp ee eepeeeec| ponhe ome e| | Average | - 02085 386.6 8.1267 | 2.60} .0005422 - 20510 1.92 | .0003999 17351 | | | . WEIGHT OF AVERAGE KERNEL, 0.022 TO 0.024 GRAM. | | WRI Rees 0.02279 138 3.1454 | 3.46 | 0.0007886 | 0.10883 |...------- A ieee TG ewe es Se ALO S ee 02285 744 16. 9987 2.88 | .0006580 TA8997%) |= 2- SSS eo auee ee Sohaseaoas 20 (OTe es - 02282 444 9.9070 | 2.77 | .0006181 . 27443 1.85 | 0.0004222 | 0.18328 Paly(Vclemeee . 02390 807 | 19.3318 4.71 | 0011283 SOMOS 2 Niece ee = Selle ie ciia e eas S eecreEs BIO... 2-:. 02381 390 9. 2850 | 2.33 | .0005547 DOGS4: etree so Ree Sos Sear ctaecreeic 21806. ...- 02378 599 14. 2450 2.71 | . 0006444 BS 8604s | Preece eae ral ciate en a PANS 08 ees - 02317 525 | 12.1819 | 4.43 . 0010265 - 53889 1.98 | .0005677 29846 | BUOUe o., 02209 383 8. 4593 | 5.48 | .0012103 SAGSOO Nee <2 emia eS eM ee | | | | od TABLE 10.—Analyses of plants, arranged according to weight of average kernel. ay) IMPROVING THE QUALITY 1903—Continued. OF WHEAT. Crop of WEIGHT OF AVERAGE KERNEL, J.022 TO 0.024 GRAM—Continued. Gliadin-pius-glu- | Per- Proteid nitrogen _ Percent- F i | Weight | Num- Weieht centage (gram) tae age of tenin nevrogen | Tecondeal| of aver- oo of of iaaacile eo cunin | (gram) in— ees age - 02252 | 444 10.0005 2.70 | . 0006082 - 27003 1.98 0.0004459 0.19800 | [per Se = tae | .02287 251 5.5324 | 2.64 | .0006037 - 14608 2.32 .0005306 12835 | 27509... .. . 02206 243 5.3615 2.90 | .0006399 15549 | 1.69 0002405 05844 | SPANOS ySae - 02323 225 5.2268 | 1.20} .0002788 AO6272)) le ee saree esemssee Br races oo 33407... -- - 02271 305 7.0889 | 1.62 | .0003679 T2238) ile ee oe Bee ot Mee tee: 33605... -- - 02345 301 7.0596 | 2.39 | 0005605 - 16872 | 1.92 0004502 13554 34207. ...- | . .02219 611 138.5556 | 2.84 |. 0006273 AS85004 tae =a eee a ee aa 34606-..-- | .02213 280 6.1962 | 3.12 - 0006904 A9332): |e Seat ee-|e eee as eRe BSb0D. 2a. |) > -02252 563 | 12.1088 3.61 | .0007764 43713 | 1.77 — . 0003986 21432 38609... - ; 02309 293 | © 6.7665 2.74 .0006475 . 18540 1.34 0003094 09067 42405... - 02251 66 1.4892 | 3.07 | .0006927 104572) |. 2282 525 5 -\eea2e a2 3c Ree 43405... -- . 02258 124; 2.8000] . 2.92 .0006594 | .08176 1.18 0002664 | .03304 48507... .- . 02296, 70 16036; | 2364" | 00060621" 0423315 222s So El a Oba085 -=- - - 02395 397 9215078) | e2eo4e 00062259" Sea N50) Veet ee eee ae ee 55606... -- - 02205 503 11.0930 2.58 | .0005690 | . 28580 1.49 | .0002€09 | .16529 5O20%— == 22 - 02361 462 | 10.9073 | 2.34] .0005524 | .25522 1.83 .0004321 19960 | 56208. --.- - 02356 563 | 13.5720 2.61 ' .0006149 - 34616 1.95 | .0004594 | .26465 BYU eee - 02333 132 3.0790 | 2.74 | .0008391 108430) | eos owe ee Se ee | eee ENACT Se = 02234 736 | 16.4433 73% |), 20003865)|", ce 2484Tgl ss ees eee ee hee ere Gil Ve ee - 02233 417 9.3120 2:439)|; 30005426; |) (522628 1.582 2 ala eso hee See eee 653054222 02310 78 1.8018 4.92 | .0011365 OBBE5): bee ke ~ UR AUn Ss ED eae ee 69805... .- - 02220 110 2.4420 5.82} .0012921 | .14913 | 1.94 6004307 04755 (2005 ee aee -02239 | 1,280 | 28.2136 | 2.47 | . .0005531 GORSSiy Sage" = ile Seis ee eee aoe (2108 28 - 02270 398 | 9.0386 2.27 | .0005154 Y2OPIB 0. Sickie eselgades 2 ee eee 1d30%e == -02229 25 5072 2.39 | .0005827 SOUB3 25) 5 Roos 2S eee oe | ee eee 73308... .- . 02291 624 | 14.2986 2.92 | .0006539 ALT 52 eee ee ofa Geena Wier tere SI707= 2-2. - 02336 786 | 18.3614 2no40 hy OO05E66I0) 1 a4 298) Ese eee tee ea SIO see -2308 396 | 9.1411 TOD Nt AOOOESS 26 | mire Z0.00 1) Seana se creas Penner oer |) a et 88607-...- 02205 234 5. 1584 2500 fe S005 7545 | a S463 Sasa 2 e= (eene eeiee eerie « | 91305.- 22" . 02242 138 3.0940 3.21 | .0007197 109932 |eeneo- etl aeanneees es lec ceeeenet Average . 02285 | 388.1 | 8.8879 2.90 | . 0006624 25166 | 1.74 . 0004011 15515 | | | | | | WEIGHT OF AVERAGE KERNEL, 0.024 TO 0.026 GRAM. | | W7S06=2 2 = 0. 02460 93 2.2881 3.52 | 0.0008660 0.08044 2.23 | 0.0005486 | 0.05102 Pals Oe = a | .02498 377 9.4172 | 2.73 | .0006664 - 25709 2.11 | .0005271 | .19870 PACIN oes | 02563 | 408 10.4800 3.18 | .0008168 - 33403. | 2.10 | .0005382 | .22008 27206: - - =. | .02469 777 | 19.1854 2.36 | .0005827 - 45276 | 1.46 — .0003605 | - 28010 28805... - - | 02512 | 87 2.1851 2.91 -0007309 . 06359 1.55 | .0003894 - 03387 37905 -. ..- - 02555 37 - 9452 2.53 | . 0006463 SOE IN em See eae cae naa See 40505.....| 02444 170 | 4.1546 2.82 | .0006892 - 11716 2.19 | .0005352 | ..09099 48305... . | .02543 473 | 12.0278 2.87 | .0007299 | .34524 1.77 .0004501 21289 |) Poag0iee | - 02590 749 19. 3966 2.59 -0006707 | =. 50938 1.61 - 0004170 | 31229 lar 2nO0Gsee ee - 02484 591 | 14.6802 3386.) 50009588") » 56566) |'-.So2 See aie ee eee |) eHle (OS e | .02578 287 | 7.3993 2.41 | .0006213 | .17833 | 1. 64 0004228 12135 O220Gsa == - 02407 46 1. 1074 2:60 | s s00064284) ~02957o| see oa. Sale 2 nee alee eee 9410525 225 | .02543 22 5595 2.67 - 0005790 | aOL4G4 NOR So. 2 NES eA ee | ic ee Tapa tant | Average .| .02511) 316.7 7. 9866 2.86 | .0007154 . 22816 | 1.85 .0004654 | . 16903 | WEIGHT OF AVERAGE KERNEL, 0.026 GRAM AND OVER. | | | M2U2 Tee 0.02806 10 0. 2806 3.15 0.0008839 | 0.00884 | Le Pas | .02659 58 1.5420 2.45 . 0006514 03778 | be SHB e ie = 5 . 02869 67 1.9218 2.93 . 0008404 | 05631 | 49905.....| .02939 23 . 6760 3.62 | .0010640 | .02436 | 55608.....| .02699 837 | 22.5848 27 30|).¥50006236,41'« 521945 | ay eek ee ee 55909)... - - 03050 302 9.2120 2.30 .00U7016 21187 | 1.66 | .0005063 | .15292 5ip0Si | .03177 380 | 12.0728 Payal . 0007021 | . 26680 | 2.05 | .0006513 | .24750 58505.....| .02730 273 7.4516 21959). 0080524). 219827) ee eee | eee es eee | (24002252 - 03963 213 8.4415 3130] .COLS3IG | 52836385). 2 S22 eS see aaa eee | Average - -02988 | 240.3 7. 2425 2.81 .0008449 18126 | 1.92 0005829 14667 ! a SOME PROPERTIES OF THE WHEAT KERNEL. ral TaBLeE 11.—Summary of analyses of plants, arranged according to weight of average kernel. Crop of 1903. | Denese gia Den Gliadin-plus- | | | | E gy ey Bm cent- glutenin nitro- | | Per- | . ageof| gen(gram)in— raceeaer| ae | << ate ———— Range of Num- Ne eight | yer Weight | age of | din- | weights of ber of 2 eee ieee ht of ker- | pro- | plus- average kernel | analy- ° 255 Ikernels.|,_2cls _ | teid ni-| glu- (gram). ses. (gram). | ™ (grams).) trogen | Average | Ker- | tenin| Average| Ker- : : in ker-| kernel nels. nitro-| kernel. | nels. nels. | gen in | ker- | } nels. 0.000 to 0.010... -| 4 0.00915 219 2. 0334 2.76 -0.0002528 0.05618 1.97 |0.0001877 | 0.05312 0.010 to 0.012....). 6 -OL118 | 179 2.0187 2.98 | .0003326 .06276 2.69 | .0002968 - 06752 0.012 to 0.014... 19 201323) | 55:7 2.0510 | 3.12 | .0004120 | .06687 1.98 | .0002641 - 07499 0.014 to 0.016... . 27 | .01516 | 232 3. 548 3.00 | .0094555 =. 10619 1.76 | .0002805 . 09320 0.016 to 0.018.... 69 . 01709 | 305.9 5. 2055 2.93 | .0005020 | .14618 2.07 | .0003519 - 13548 0.018 to 0.020... - 103 - 01901 349.6 | 6. 2.88 | .0005476 | .18039 | 2.08 | .0003979 . 15541 0.020 to 0.022... . 64 . 02085 | 386. 6 8. 2.60 | .0005422 .20510 1.92 | .0003999 . 17351 0.022 to 0.024... . 42 - 02285 388.1} 8. 2.90 | .0006624 .25166 1.74 | .0004011 = 15515 0.024 to 0.026 ... 13 . 02511 | LGR ote 2.86 | .0007154 | .22816 1.85 | .0004654 . 16903 0.026 and over.. 9 . 02988 240.3 Tine 2.81 | .0008449 .18126 1.92 | .0005829 . 14667 | | | | With an increase in the weight of the kernel, as shown by this table, there is an irregular increase in the number of kernels on the plant up to a point somewhat beyond the kernel of average weight, after which there is a decrease. The weight of the kernels on the pliant seems to follow the same rule. The percentage of proteid nitrogen in the kernels decreases, in general, with the weight of the average kernel, while the number of grams of proteid nitrogen in the average kernel increases steadily. The grams of proteid nitro- gen in all the kernels on the plant increase up to the same point as do the number of kernels on the plant, and then decrease. Table 12 shows the summary of the analyses of the crop of 1903, arranged according to the grams of proteid nitrogen in the average kernel. All plants having less than 0.0003 gram of proteid nitro- gen form the first class, and the following classes increase with each 0.0001 gram of proteid nitrogen. It is difficult to trace any relation between the grams of proteid nitrogen in the average kernel and the number of kernels on the plant, or the weight of the kernels on the plant. The weight of the average kernel increases directly with the grams of proteid nitrogen in the kernel. The percentage of proteid nitrogen increases regularly with an increase in the grams of proteid nitrogen in the average kernel. The grams of proteid nitrogen in all the kernels on the plant show no definite relation to the grams of proteid nitrogen in the average kernel. It becomes evident from these results that selection of large, heavy kernels for seed would result in discarding the immature and unsound kernels, but that there would also be discarded many sound kernels, which, although small and of low specific gravity, would contain a high percentage of proteids. 72 IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF WHEAT. Another effect of such selection, as indicated by the foregoing results, would be to increase the yield of grain from each plant when grown under the conditions that obtained in these experi- ments. What the effect would be upon the yield under ordinary field conditions these experiments do not indicate. On the other hand, selection based upon percentage of proteid nitrogen alone would not result in securing plants of greatest yield when raised under these conditions. It would, moreover, not result in obtaining plants producing the greatest amount of proteid nitro- gen, nor even of kernels containing the largest quantity of proteid nitrogen. Taste 12—Summar y of analyses of plants, arranged according to grams of proteid nitrogen in average kernel. Crop of 1903. Proteid lw Veight (in grams) | | Percent-| Proteid - Num- Number ae | age of | nitrogen Range of proteid nitrogen in ees ber of | of ker- | =a ot = | proteid | in ker- average kernel (gram). Pare aealy | nels on | Kernels | Average pages Bele oe (gram). tril ete * | on plant.) kernel. | eee Gramm iB elaw,0! 00030" =S52esse--- =e 0. 0002509 14 | 257.9 | 3.9190 | 0.01364 1.96 0. 06531 0.00030 to 0.00040.......- a2 eee | 0003602 | 42 266.7 | 4.6742 - 01628 2.31 . 09644 0.00040 to 0.00050............... - 0004537 | 80 409. 2 7.5309 - 01811 2.54 | . 18644 0'00050 to! 00006022 ses= =e eee + 0005406 116 341.5 6.7159 . 01908 2.86 | - 18440 Of00060 ito OS000%0s2 3252-5 2. Sas - 0006409 59 310.3 | 6.7257 - 02137 3.07 | - 19805 0'00070\F010: 00080222225. == 22225 - 0007430 | 24 204.9 4.5158 | .02110 3.66 | - 15318 0.00080 to 0.00090.........--..... | .0008538 9 189.1 | 4.2480 | - 02334 3.79 | - 15944 0,00090)0'0/0010025-25 2 5.2 =~ | 0009588 | 1 591.0 |; 14.6802 | .02484 3.86 | - 56666 0.00100 and over...-.-..--.-.2:. | .0011578 iil | 244.9 6. 6082 - 02875 4.62 | - 27980 | | | Tt will be shown later that the determination of gliadin-plus-glutenin nitrogen is a safer guide to the bread-making value of wheat than is a determination of proteid nitrogen, but whether selection should be based upon the percentage of nitrogen or the total production of nitrogen by the plant, or upon the amount contained in the average kernel, is a question that can not be solved except by trial under field conditions. Some results of experiments with light and with heavy seed con- ducted on large field plots for several years may throw some light on this subject, and are given herewith. YIELD OF NITROGEN PER ACRE. It is important to know whether the absolute amount of nitro- gen per acre of grain raised is greater in light or in heavy wheat. If the absolute amount of nitrogen per acre is less in light than in heavy wheat the supposition would be justifiable that the kernels were immature or had been prematurely checked in their develop- ment. On the other hand, if the amount of nitrogen per acre is greater in the light wheat it would be reasonable to suppose that, as both had been raised under the same conditions, the light wheat had, in part at least, come from plants that possessed greater ability to acquire and elaborate nitrogenous material. YIELD OF NITROGEN PER AORE. (B To afford information on this point analyses were made of crops grown from light and from heavy seed. Records of the yields of the plots were kept in each case so that the actual amount of proteid nitrogen contained in an acre of each kind of wheat can be calculated. The number of grams of proteid nitrogen in 1,000 kernels of each seed and crop sample is also stated. The first samples separated, Nos. 78 and 79 of the Turkish Red variety and 80 and 81 of the Big Frame variety, were taken from seed that had never before been treated in this way. When planted they produced the crops indicated in Table 13 by 78b, 79b, 80b, and 81b, respectively. Each of these crops was then separated into two portions, of which the light portion of the light wheat was retained for analyzing and nina! and the heavy portion of the heavy wheat likewise retained. Thus No. 383 is the light portion of No. 78b, and No. 384 is the heavy portion of No. 79b. The accuracy of the records of relative yields of light and heavy seed harvested in 1902 being open to suspicion, samples of the same seed were sown again in the autumn of 1902 and harvested in 1903 The results from this test are stated at the bottom of the table under the heading ‘‘Check experiment.” These experiments are to be understood as duplicating those of 1902, which, as regards the relative yield of light and heavy wheat, should be accurate, although tried in 1903. The difference between this check experiment and the regular one of 1903 is that in the check experiment the seed of the crop of 1901 was used, while in the regular experiment in 1903 the seed of the crop of 1902 was used. TaBLe 13.—Crops grown from light and from heavy seed for four years. ps J ¢ 5 Y ] SEED. | Percentage of— g a | Suave sae | Weight of | Proteid | Non | 1,000 ker- aaron | Total | Proteid | ni, : j nels. kernels | n.| nitr 4 grams). ) | nitrogen. nitrogen (grams) (gram). Relative Variety. weight. proteid | | nitrogen. Light. Heavy. Light. Heavy. Light. Heavy. ; : ¢ Light. 2.65 | .30 | 28.09 . 7446 | Heavy. Light. Heavy. Light. Heavy. Light. Heavy. Light. Heavy. DNwow hh < 100 ND b to bo ht Oo bh co Co Light. | Heavy. Light. Heavy. re! IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF WHEAT. TaBLE 13.—Crops grown from light and from heavy seed for four years—Continued. CROP. = ~ © Percentage of— am ewe | | 3 E Ag eau oles abate Sean de |Seise | |% iB eee Ys es Fj } a og ie 1 eOrens 4] 5 aa: HS ree & = ° s ea = 3 | bh =i | ¢ § a =o Variety. Si eee) he 5 Sisk dl eee eras lie a5 a : ra sor sl eee a OL a>) ree Srenel |) = ag 2 | aa] 2 =o QP | ae | sO | a8 oh > E eS | eo} g@ | Sas | 82 | me Soe | lee [ce 5 So hualles £ of | S60) Se | eaS | eae cs a |e a Ay Z aa ay \yarse| yar aa a av : ai 78 | Turkish Red......- OR Rh Moen ae I 53.20 155/309 bs Rg a pet eee Te ea _ 1900 78b 7Oy\eeee Ouest ee [e2Os Saleen | 3.08 | 2.94 .14 | 52.04 | 25.10 | 0.7379 | 1900 79b 80) | Big, Hramie) #992. 222 0s 5a ae |: B43) 4) 33106 (Oy EIAGEY ew sees eT | 1900 80b Bie ae dost sane eo Ey hs eee te: Dyeil {I | 2350) 22 | 39.01 | 24.84 | .6423 | 1900 8Ib 383 | Turkish Red... ...- B67 WG0l5E|| <2435)) = 2138 22 | 34.12 | 26.19 | .5581 | 1901 612 BN ee = foe eee 20 NS Olen eeoni |= Loe 17 | 34.11 | 27.04 |. .5238 | 1901 613 385 | Big Frame........- PLeD | IE) |) SER) © BEC 24 | 38.92 | 23.89 | .7409 | 1901 602 BBbx le ee done arse 27.7.) 60.5 | 2.46 | 2.24 22 | 37.22 | 28.82 | .6451 | 1901 603 Turkish Red... ..-- i S7P | EO || Sa iby | ear (Oily eral eas eee ae 1902 621 Be xh do... --222------} 18.0 | 58.0 | OS) \) Seyi fin) 2082 07) eee See ee G 0 614 Bigsiinam eee secre LOSU. oes 3.54 3.32 Joos | 19. 56 6494 1902 604 ante (GG) ao ae sae eee |LOG) Hea sha|| PEA il 23 |.......| 2641 | 55837 | 1902 611 O57, i humicishy Riedie) es 2506) | pees ees aes Sables ee eek toe 53.91 | 22.12 | .7764| 1903} 1240 Stan [Ravers Cla ee Le es #8 Oi Bin] pve lhe Seca ee Pity ee Aun 2) 27.86 | 23.13 | .5042 | 1903 | ~ 1239 | | 952 | Big Frame....-...- DSF SUI MAL eae Ge tee DRANy ley i 33.13 | 19.82 | .4241 | 1903 | 1248 } | he pee GG Se PEL IP O0NG: tee ol Ree MOSS |e eee 24.71 | 23.26 | .4605 1903 1249 CHECK EXPERIMENT. | umicishoRed!-21- S080 ata eee te 1 [eee S67 94. \actege leo eee 1903 | 1245 eure LOS eae Rae a 1B: |< Pee ate Poe Sore (eal ene celle 1.00} | ites oem era ees Oa (meen | | | \SBig? Hinamme: = se seer D349) |eeeae oe hehy = 1 7Oil|se eee | 25x6 ve Cees ES yea 1903 | 1252 | | | ae doa. seeeee sealers red lee Sere VE GD | 54 ese 039529 |e mee 8 | eae eet O02 1254 | Comparing the analyses of the light and heavy seed in this table with those in the preceding tables, it will be noticed that the total and proteid nitrogen are both uniformly higher in the light seed. The nonproteid nitrogen is not so uniform as in the previous analyses, but the general tendency is the same. In the crop the high total and proteid nitrogen of the light seed is uniformly transmitted. There is no uniformity in the nonproteid nitrogen. As was to be expected, the heavy seed produced in the first two years the largest yields per acre. The quality of light or heavy weight as indicated in the resulting crop by weight of grain per bushel gave some indication of being transmitted. In 1900 there was an absence of data on the subject, but in 1901 the heavy seed in each case produced grain having a greater weight per bushel than did the light seed. Turning to the column showing the absolute amount of proteid nitrogen preduced per acre, it is very apparent that the heavy seed produced in 1900 considerably larger amounts of proteid nitrogen per acre than did the hight seed, but in 1901 the difference was very slightly in favor of the light wheat, which advantage continued with the light wheat during the remaining years. YIELD OF NITROGEN PER ACRE. 5 It would seem from these results that the quality of lightness, with its correlated qualities of high total and proteid nitrogen, is hereditary. The question then arises, Why should the light wheat accumulate more nitrogen per acre than the heavy wheat after the first generation ? A possible explanation for this is that the light seed from the first generation contained kernels whose lightness was due in some cases to immaturity, and in other cases to the individual peculiarity of the plant on which they grew. The latter class transmitted this pecul- iarity in the crop, while the former became less conspicuous with each generation, on account of the lesser vitality and productiveness of the immature seed. A peculiar feature of these results is found in the fact that the yield of grain from the light seed approaches each succeeding year more nearly in quantity to that obtained from the heavy seed until, in 1903, it becomes greater. These two qualities of seed were raised on plots side by side, and every precaution was taken to obtain an accurate estimate of the yield of each. While it is probable that the results for 1903 are misleading, it is certainly significant that so little difference in yield exists after three years’ selection in this way. Instead of the difference between the light and heavy seed becoming greater each year it is without doubt becoming less. In considering the relative yields of the light and heavy wheat, it must be borne in mind that the seeding was done with a drill set to deliver 14 bushels per acre of ordinary seed wheat. The result would be to deposit a larger number of kernels of light seed per acre than of heavy seed. In a season like that of 1903, when the rainiall was large and the weather moderately cool until harvest, there might be an advantage resulting from the thicker seeding, which may account for the greater yield from the light seed in that year. It is possible that the same cause may have operated in other years to increase the yields from the light seed, but it is not likely that it produced a very marked effect, because the seeding was a large one for Nebraska, and, the wheat being sown in the early fall, there was abundant opportunity for it to stool, and thus equalize the stand. It has never been observed that there was any diilerence between the plots in this respect. Taking, together, the results of 1902, which show a decrease in the weight of the kernels on a single head as the content of proteid nitrogen increases, the results of 1903, which show a slight decrease in the weight of the kernels from the plant, accompanying an increase in the percentage of proteid nitrogen, and the yields of the light and heavy seed for the four years beginning with 1900, there would appear to be aclight decrease in yield of grain, accompanying an increase in the percentage of proteid nitrogen. This loss in yield is 16 IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF WHEAT. not sufficient to counteract the increase in nitrogen, and the result is to increase the production of proteids per acre. Viewed in the light of these various experiments, the selection of large, heavy wheat kernels for seed does not appear to be altogether unobjectionable, as in this case it resulted in a decreased production of proteids per acre, without a compensating increase in the yield of grain, when continued for a number of years. On the other hand, the selec- tion of the small, light seed is hardly to be recommended. In fact, selection based upon kernel size or weight is not a satisfactory method for permanently improving wheat. The individual plant should be taken as the basis for selection, and very large numbers should be handled. The figures in Table 8 show what great opportunity there is for securing not only kernels of high nitrogen content, but also plants giving at the same time an increased yield of grain and abun- dant production of proteids. If the average nitrogen content and yield of grain by plants be observed in this table, it will be seen that numerous plants may be selected that have not only a nitrogen content above the average, but also a greater yield of grain. While, therefore, it is probable that improvement in yield of grain can not be effected so rapidly where it is combined with improvement in nitrogen content as if the latter were neglected, yet present yields of wheat in Nebraska can be increased at the same time that the production of proteids is augmented. METHOD FOR SELECTION TO INCREASE THE QUANTITY OF PROTEIDS IN THE KERNEL. The following tables show the results of analyses of a total of forty-eight spikes of wheat. In the case of each spike one row of spikelets, for instance, row No. 1, was analyzed, and the other row of spikelets, which would then be row No. 2, was analyzed sepa- rately. In the case of the set of spikes forming Table 14 the total organic nitrogen was determined in both lots, and in the set com- prised by Table 15 the proteid nitrogen was deterinined. The last column shows the difference between the nitrogen content of the two rows of kernels. Van ~~ SELECTION TO INCREASE PROTEIDS IN KERNEL. tO TaBLe 14.—Analyses of twenty-five spikes of wheat, showing their total organic nitrogen. Percentage of total organic | Percentage of total organic nitrogen. nitrogen. Number of spike. reer ia 5 z SaieNimbenor spikes. |=——— - = 5 iffer- : | Le Differ- Row 1. | Row 2. Sian. Row 1. Row 2. ence. eee, Stew onee SORES Soe 3.14 | 3.32 OSes el Geese cmrecencice ees = 2.83 2.79 0. 04 ee a ee 2.97 | 3.15 SRS se agen Cabee S Senee 2.78 | 2.76 | 02 S10) SS eee eer eet 2.89 2.99 AIO ee eh ae eee ae ae 2.94 3.03 | .09 Wetreaeisa atest eae 2.99 3.21 Be | eae. sae eae 2.98 2.89 09 Seer eek wet Seamer 2.89 2.82 OM NW) Aa Seer oe en cas 3.00 3.08 | .08 1S Pe at Snes ae eee 2.82 2.81 OU | aoe, hace tes nce oe 2.84 2.6% | esl I) te Sere ete aw 2.50 2.76 B20) Nl eA Olas a Srarets}s Nadeem ererolere 3.038 2.90 a3 (il ees ena Soca 3.13 | 3.11 NO2r | atinee. ser ee = tea 2.65 2.79 .14 [LA Sais, aie eis Oe eee | ge a BS 3.18 ra 9) all begs reget ea A a cee ee 2.62 2.84 | .22 11 ap eS ae RE Ser 2.76 | 2.80 Oda [ea O ates cpu ses ers ene | 3.02 3.18 16 11S oe a 2.85 | 2.79 SOS | | RSD nae ese See e oem 3.02 2. 80 22 iets ct e§. Sash eo | 3.26 | 3.07 Ge TI Gce shes Seabee Oe ae 2.94 | 3.07 18 ACveracome as lms oceans wee oped 12 TiS 5 Saami Aa meets St 3.45 | 3.67 22 | | TaBLe 15.—Analyses of twenty-three spikes of wheat, showing their percentage of proteid nitrogen. Percentage of proteid | | Percentage of proteid nitrogen. : me nitrogen. Number of spike. | eee rs | Number of spike. | Bde Se a 1G * | 79 iffer- 2 es) Differ- | Row 1. | Row 2. | aD, ! Row 1. | Row 2. ance Ai rate aie Shes ore 2.90 3. 12 O22 ode see ere ee te 2.86 3.02 0.16 OMe se Noes cee keene 2.97 | 2.86 | diel | taaei see nics SSS eres a 2.33 2.52 19 PA Ene etre ae ee 2.68 2.79 UN tego Tbe iirc = pate sen 2.88 2.85 -03 [ee ee en aan 2.54 Pehoy| ADM We Coe ae meme aay ne 2.43 2.45 -02 Ap ee eens 2.42 | > -2.53.| Sillg e28ecn eee eeile a emerge tes 3.14 01 20 Jia weesce~ = eee 2.42 | 2.50 | Ast || Cele ccee sce oun cares | 3.46 3.34 12 Deora met aN 2 ne 3.01 | 2.91 SON AO ae Se ect ares a 2.45 2.59 .14 go ohecease Rexeee se eee a 2.35. | 2.71 Ot] | REM ES ES Brey a eee | 2.73 2.68 05 OEE SRE PA oa Dare 2.75 08 ¥ CADE satay oko puke 3.42 3.61 .19 SUB t sneer es Sone 2.49 2.44 S00 e493 = ton pete ee eee 2.47 2.57 -O7 5) LS See aces eee 2.92 3.09 17 || 5) eae J ae ne 2.60 2.48 12 || Average... .. 2.77 2. 82 11 Fae hcl Grey pee te | 3.41 3.37 04 | It will readily be seen that the analyses of the rows agree very closely, the extreme difference being 0.22 per cent, and the average difference being 0.12 per cent, in the total nitrogen. If, therefore, one row of spikelets were to be used for seed and the other were analyzed, it is quite evident that a very accurate estimate of the nitrogen content of the kernels used for seed would be obtained. In the determination of proteid nitrogen there is an extreme difference of 0.36 per cent in one case, but in the main the differences are small. As will be shown later, the variation in the proteid nitrogen content of individual plants is so great that even this maximum difference would cause no confusion when selecting plants for reproduction. It is very desirable to have for analysis a larger sample than can be obtained from one spike. It has therefore been attempted to ascertain whether a sample consisting of one-half the whole number of spikes on a plant would afford a fair estimate of the composition of the other kernels on the remainder of the spikes. The plants whose spikes were analyzed were grown in hills 5 inches apart 78 IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF WHEAT. each way, with one seed in each hill. Each plant was harvested separately and the spikes from each placed in a separate envelope. The following table gives the results, lot 1 in each case being com- posed of the kernels from one-half the number of spikes on a plant, and lot 2 of kernels from the remaining spikes. TaB_e 16.—Analyses of twenty-one plants, showing total nitrogen and proteid nitrogen. Percentage of proteid “ Pie? ) § itr * + Percentage of total nitrogen nitrogen. Number of plant. ;———— — = : 5 Differ- : Differ- Lot 1. Lot 2. ence: Lot 1. Lot 2. ance Leta e cs Se eee 2.65 Zoos 0. 26 2.51 2.69 0.18 | Gene chacedassos dss 3.01 3.02 -O1 2.77 2.76 -O1 | «Ose wceg Sa koeres ae 3.01 2.83 24 2.69 2.57 12 | Geeomcscscpossaces 2. 82 3.10 | 28 2.63 2.83 -20 Oxaas assem st 3.06 7 SIE -09 2.92 PTO || 22 Ie tO Sere oe eee ae 2.94 2.56 -38 2.51 2.42 | -09 ieee ence ea tee 2.84 3.03 -19 2. 66 2.86 | - 20 Oe ee casdcetes neers 3.21 3.05 -16 2.83 2.84 | -O1 LO sx raat te Re Stee 2.98 2.87 Silat 2.59 2.70 | Sulit 1b Ce eres seca 2.59 2.66 -07 2.34 2.57 23 MDa ees Se EA 2.81 2.62 -19 2.59 2.52 Ove 13 )-.achoseeeceee= 2 = 3.47 3.62 15 3.04 3.35 ol Lee Sota re Scere teens 2.61 2.54 -07 2.44 2.42 -02 eC eel ee War) 2.54 2.46 -08 2520 2.29 - 04 On ee eee 2.01 2.87 | -16 2.25 Pas TAl 46 | Mi Hse oat eee 2.85 3.01 -16 2.73 2.75 -02- | Leb Sberoccocrscs che 2.99 > 3.13 -14 2.85 2.91 - 06 LOS. Sonr-foe eee eee 2.78 2.77 -O1 2.61 2.33 -28 + ee ety ger ee 2.78 2.80. | 02 2.60 2.57 -03 73] COE Se een 2.79 2.71 -08 2.51 2.48 -03 ESV CEA DON a Mae ae tae eee | Seep nee VAs ip eee SE Be a2 13 The above table shows a maximum difference of 0.38 per cent in the content of total nitrogen of the two lots of spikes from one plant, and of 0.46 per cent in the content of proteid nitrogen. The aver- age difference is only 0.14 per cent and 0.13 per cent, respectively. These tables give unmistakable evidences that the average com- position of a spike of wheat may be judged from the analysis of a row of its spikelets, and that the average composition of all of the spikes of a wheat plant is shown by an analysis of one-half the num- ber. In practice it is better to take as the sample for analysis one row of spikelets from each spike, and the remaining row of spikelets from each spike for planting. In order to ascertain what variation occurs between the several spikes on a single wheat plant, analyses were made of each spike from a number of plants. On some plants there were more spikes than on others, but every spike on each plant was analyzed. In the following tabulation of these analyses the percentage of proteid nitrogen is stated. SELECTION TO INCREASE PROTEIDS IN KERNEL. 79 TasLe 17.—Analyses of spikes of wheat, showing difference in proteid nitrogen. Percentage oi proteid nitrogen. Spike. = ; = = ; Plant 23. | Plant 24. | Plant 25. | Plant 26. | Plant 27.) Plant 29. PAS Seu S : 2 ere ae e eee 2.33 | 2.46 2.31 2.73 3.22 2.38 age 1 ne 2.69 2.73 2.36 3.02 3.24 2.60 Odea lestae nies See 2.37 2530 2.47 2.80 3.02 3.03 (ee PERSE, 5 Se 2.36 Deal 2.59 2.60 SrsoL 3.00 ERA Soe tee 2°15 2.19 Pate “| Pe Sel Peete ric 2.34 Gives SS ze ee tees Zao 2.21 2-391) Qhalt wp eusea sae eer a [inure etal Beate ee 2.09 2.53 2.39 Deane Waid. cms ee 2.94 Bice ees Cea DrcAMAe ah| Soh te ania 2.60 Died Hei ot eee neo eee ce Lo ete te RARE: BA oh Vpn ya es eh a 2.54 Da GL ae a a 2.60 LOS eee ORB Fics terest a 2.83 DAG Meine aes oes 2.30 Maximum. ... 2.69 te 2.83 3.02 BeoL 3.03 Average. ....- 2.37 2.37 2.48 2.62 3.20 2.57 Minimum... . 2.09 Peal PRG! PSY | 3.02 Died Greatest dif- | ference... _- | 60 | .62 aH .65 29 82 These results show that there may be large differences between the proteid nitrogen content of spikes on the same plant. They do not, however, indicate that the determination of the average com- position of the kernels on a plant is not a safe guide for selecting breeding stock. If the plant is the unit in reproduction, whether the plant reproduces itself from one seed or another does not affect its hereditary qualities in very marked degree. It is evident, from a comparison of the variations that occur in the composition of the spikes from a single plant, and of the kernels on a single spike, that it is impossible to do more than obtain a reasonably close estimate of the composition of the kernels either on a part or on the whole of a plant. It therefore becomes desirable to obtain as closely as possible the average composition of the unit of reproduction. If the plant as a whole, and not any particular part, is this unit, the average composition of all of the kernels on the plant is a much safer guide as a basis for selection than is the average composition of the kernels of any part of it. One row of spikelets from each spike should therefore give the best sample for analysis. In Table 18 is given a statement of the percentage of proteid nitrogen in the dry matter of the kernels on a row of spikelets of 800 spikes of wheat of the Turkish Red variety. These spikes were taken from a field of wheat, and were selected with reference to length of head, plumpness of kernel, uprightness of straw, freedom from rust, etc. They are therefore not spikes in which high nitrogen content is likely to be due to immaturity or arrested development.” Variations in the nitrogen content of different plants may in some degree be due to a larger or smaller supply of available nitrogen, although all were taken from the same field. Variations due to climate are, of course, precluded, as all grew during the same season. . @In practice undeveloped kernels ave discarded. 80 IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF WHEAT. TaBLE 18.—Variations in content of proteids. Percentage of— Percentage of— Percentage of — : Proteid s Proteid Proteids eee nitrogen | Proteids Jtecond nitrogen | Proteids (proteid oe “ |in water- (proteid * |in water-) (proteid N. xX 5.7). || free | N.x 5.7). | free |N. Xx 5.7). || material. material. | uPAR oy IW 7ST Ses | 3.40 ORO S ri MDD iee see sere 1.99 11.37 NRE Ie aes ee 3.33 | TSHOR M562 ye cee 3.03 17.20 135964) 280 seca 3.79 2S GON Ose sessece 2.07 11. 87 Vie S088 aes 3.63 20569) W5Sien soe 2.75 15. 64 LOSSON Seems \ 2.48 | 15280 5O ee 2.82 16.07 16.13 Son fae ae Wrndee = Sata eee (hs GO Se see 3.06 17. 44 20.92 (oy ee en 2.46 A OZ TGS eo 2. 54 14.48 LOS O a RS aaeee eee 2NG2e) AOS a 62 heat oe 3.33 18.98 TSE4 bye SG. cee coe aes 2.87 GAO SIGS ae: see. Qh 15.56 13.00 Siten eter. 2.89 TE 865 | | Gano eee 2.47 14.08 HOB990 | MSS oe see 2.44 W391 || 165222 St 3.22 18. 35 PAVE OR IAN entss2)8 5 Se cere ee 3.56 PANASONIC {cher Se oe 2. 80 15.96 TL QWs sends 3.76 D1 AB) AGT ees Soe hae eee oe ee ee WAS TAS) OT he eee be sete eee lsc Ce es ae 16S ae eee 3.59 20.46 13.11 ! 9 OR ea 3. 41 ee ae eee ce 2252: 13.72 US SEN UR ie. coete oe } 2.30 LST | Oe ee ee 2.0m 15.50 20s 2ocl (OAS ieee Se reese ale pee leaner real nul dAlererceeee sys 3. 28 18.70 SiS RO s Ray es. ORIEN 5 aS ae |e pee Ce eee ZB e Beta: 2. 74 15.62 13.11 | OG 8K aes 2.75 LOG 7A blige nee ee 3.07 17. 54 14536) |) > OTs cee 4.07 23:20) | WAS ss so 3.75 21. 43 NO TAON NN ROSE eee 3.28 TRS AUN) alias Sees oe 3. 46 19. 74 18. 52 O90 se eae 3.24 18. 47 | UiGsat ese oe 3.09 17. 67 Sane eee HOO 22s 2.15 25205) ities ae see 3.56 20. 34 ANSE) | Hy ONT Se 3.12 U7 8o| NSA Jas |Go coer see eee TosDOn | O2S sees 3.00 RAK (hile ee eee 3.85 21.95 20. 23 i} LOB aseceeee 2.87 LOLSOm|PLSO Lea ear OO 20. 38 TREO || We ee | 3.58 Mie NaS Se oo 2.66 15.18 ISSA || AWS ee 2.1 14.88 || 182......... Pail 15. 74 1GZO7 | e106 eee eee 2.01 ib laz: tall Pelt See 2.05 11.738 15 ESO el O Teena 2.68 15 S28 "|| Resear et Sule 21.53 1OS49 TP LOSsaee coe 3.10 Ulf Oy (eM s Se e 2.70 15. 43 LAO TE PaO Re See 2.58 TAS 7b Gee teeny ae 3.97 22.63 TORSO Nt MOR eae as 2.76 V5 is13 WW elSteeece «ae 2.98 17.03 Ue il AE Ce eo 5 | 4.30 2A DIL SS ee cee ce 2.36 13. 48 Saal alli InP Sees oe | 2.89 LOSA Till) TROee eee 2.63 15. 03 ie oay ls Wises SSS 8 So | 2.59 EVE Nite Ke 0) Sein ae 3.24 18. 52 LOSS "|| Mild soe cee 2.68 SNS 2851) | ALO ee ee 3. 24 18. 52 L573) ub Seseeeeee ile (A Qe TS OR ews 3.12 17.80 GES 7 stil Gea 2. 59 LAseonl| OS a5 esse ae 2.40 13.72 16230) || MUN SSA Ses deal TONS .||| SOL ee eome 3.43 19.58 LOS O5 sal USS See Se ee rece ea AS See Ae 3.33 18.99 L738 3) 1Oeee ees 217 1-37 sh 196: Semecsee 227 15. 46 16.425)" 120).2e- 2 - 2.88 NO 423] MOT Sa ee es 2.85 16. 27 LOOT See | eee a a ee eye Se LOS See Seece 3.18 18.13 145883120 eee ccc | 1.33 (feo atate io ees eee 2.98 17.03 LAS | OSes eee 2.54 AAS N00 Smee 3.23 18. 46 Za in OO a 3.20 18.24 ||| 20s. ceo2 Saclicec ss Sole eee USO Wei Beas Se ae 2.04 ADS 63a S202 Eee eee 3.12 17.83 LESSOR PAG eee ee 2.34 Gyo. | AUS ROR See 3.07 17.51 M596 MADE. Sfoe 2 2.89 L6GA 7 | 2048 esa See 3.90 22. 24 20. 80 | 1174S Ree 2.98 16599) 20a oe 2.41 13.74 1G c42M Teo sseh se abe 2.85 16. 24 || DOGe. 2 es 3.44 19. 62 13230) eS Qeee ase | 2.99 Wie OFs Nemes PT) 15. 58 AGES Til Sie. See SS | 3.18 LSETSR 20S eee et 3. 20 18. 30 2s 89) MODES Se Seal ce ee eee ee i Web Se eee ees 3. 81 21.76 LO GAT PISS GN Ae Tee Ga See ee ees FOL SS ee 2.94 16.79 I AVAy eee eee noe | sae nop tas Woe la Ne nee 12 Ih Te ere oe 2.89 16. 52 1SES0F sh = eee NS ae aN BS By ale eee <8 e 2.96 16.91 Ge PCS SY Se oe NS dle eS 8 as ee ee | 3.30 18. 86 17.21 | IBY (sae see 2.13 LZ SA. ||| ae oa 3.09 17. 62 TO 03 5)|) 188s esas e 3.08 L776) Weal beeen oes 3.79 21.63 155294 ||MIBO"2 =e 1.37 FABIO sQiG sessews es 3.33 18.99 IRS, G2) || UM). sae sa se ses Ssaa|Sene rasa: Baily cre aie ae 2. 86 16. 30 EO | ee Pot 14:65: 4) QS cesses 2.58 14. 72 470 S| |) AD es See aH 22D 15264 || Blo seer secs 2.71 15.45 12.08 | Tae te sews 3.03 V7 s27 220) Soke 3.19 18. 22 5 10501 | MALS ee 3.17 TSHO7 | 22 eee 3.98 22.70 TA O2 YAR oe ee ee 2.09 L191} || B22e=ces ese 2.93 16.71 13.39 146s es sorts 2.75 HOS OF || "2a =e oe 3.30 18. 86 LENZ) Ae eee 2.42 135 79)\| (Qoateee eae 3.65 20. 82 13:22 (| T48s2e< eos 2.68 15::28° |}, 22055-25225 = 3.54 20. 23 1254 e|| 149 85 Sse 2.25 12.182 ))\| DOG ete ees 3.11 17.73 VAS TiN | UO Ree ee 2.61 14588: || 22hsoase- ee 2: 01 15. 46 47a) Se eee eee 1.51 S5GIis 2285228 eee 3.39 19. 36 te sain | Pal a ee Asoo 1.64 GUS dN 229 5c ae 2.96 16. 88 ERE SSB as | 2.93 16:70 0}| 2302 =eeesce 2.54 14. 46 | aba Bee ee 2.85 1Gr 24s 2b tes eee | 3. 11 17.73 Record ree number. aa eal free material. 26sec De De Dole Apa 3.04 eee eee 4 2.45 cee 3.14 Patra Asie ote 2.86 Ga aoe 2.83 | (eee 3.67, || ee ee ae 3.42 [RS aso Ar 2.36 LOS See 2.28 ih eee ee a 2.98 IE eee en ee Shiai! 15senee ee 3.63 44s) © ee 2.48 iia serene 2.30 GOS eet es 3. 48 eR ae 3.90 TSS Pte te Me Bee 19 es oe ee 2.30 20 Eee 2.52 21 2.93 APE Pe tile es 3.25 Ne its Gee rane te eee DAN ed ne eee 2.84 AAS aE CB 2203 DGnee nh eens “Bysta}n) 7H eee ne 235) DREe Sao 2.65 Oe ee a 2.82 SORE Os oe 2.70 Se => eet ae 1.84 ye tg nee & 3.10 Sots he ae a 2.86 af ae ee ane 2.16 DOME seers 2.58 BOL ee eee Saas By(Soa eaeee 3.49 Coe sine ae ee SU )ERanes ome 2.96 A) a tee 2.86 ep eee al A 3.50 yD Ane ane ee 3.05 7 OTe erante See 2.88 AA, ERE bet) AD Ere a ie 2.61 AGs oer Tere 2.50 AT Se ae SS 8) 88: od Bia eee i, 1% AO Eee aioe 2.86 3) Eee Re 2.80 Lace ae 3. 65 1 Pan aie De 2.88 Sbissaeeseoe. eel yas ee Re 2.96 Gee Se aie 3.84 SOL: SSE 3.38 CV toe ons 3.11 Dear se serene 3.21 10 ee ee 3.06 60s. oe 3.02 Ge Sa eden 1.78 62ae) 2 Lae 2.67 G3 s2 ese es 3.39 64226 eee 2.49 | \MSAaoesanes 2.58 Ob ao oe 2:2 GUEeRE Ss sess 2.64 GSA hse 2.46 GOR eee 25845) AOE Aste 2.93 Zila e t B33) fess aa eS 2.20 Oe 2.58 TS ee 2.58 Ueto se 3. 22 rd Sammepen eens Weep et ERS eS BE ao 77 SELECTION TO INCREASE PROTEIDS IN KERNEL. 81 TaBLE 18.—Variations in content of proteids—Continued. Percentage of— Percentage of— Percentage of— Proteid Proteid | Proteid mecord nitrogen | Proteids eed nitrogen | Proteids | Bisopad nitrogen | Proteids a - |in water-) (proteid * /in water- (proteid * |in water-| (proteid free N. x 5.7 free INBSS O80) free oe eRrO's material. material. material. — SS | ens sitiee 3. 3.74 21.36 2.52 15.07 Emi. d Recs & 3. 3.15 18. 01 2.73 15. 59 ORCS 3. 2 2.99 17.07 3.05 17.41 eee wiaibvere 3. 6E 3. 48 19. 88 | 2. 95 16. 87 ewe sisstics 3. 3.52 20.11 | 3. 22 18. 36 ee eae 4. & 16 18. ne os # 18. 60 2 ae ae 5: 2 ee . 7 ee ieee 335 | 19.13 270; Isl Leese Sere 3. 3 42 19.54 Dette 15.81 pe ieic hele 2. 2.01 11.50 2.98 16.99 Riate = aise ats 2. 2.86 16.33 2.28 13. 02 BORE Ee 3. 2.98 17.00 Seal een ae sae oriee orice Be ee Sh 3.42 19.54 eee tee Eee bees iceoee oot Bceowe sia’s 3. 2.54 14. 53 3.09 17. 65 eee see 3. 3.42 19. 54 3.3 19.12 Seeels cea 3.¢ 3.18 18.16 3.3) 19. 20 Soc ee aoe 3. 3.45 19.70 2.32 13. 26 Aas S| 3. Sere raavan ey ME a sae eeee 3.03 7-31 Eons 3. 3.44, 19. 64 3.30 18. 83 SOROS 3. 3.60 20. 55 3.7 21. 43 Bilors sraie ots 260 2.87 16.39 2. 43 13. 90 Ricerche 3. 2.61 14. 93 3.79 21.63 Leia pelea ales aed eae 3. 63 20.74 2.57 14. 68 3.59 20. 47 3.25 18.56 3.26 18. 63 2.61 14.92 | 3.15 17.95 a Se 15.70 3. 63 20.70 53 19.11 3.70 21.51 2.88 16.45 || 3.13 17. 89 4.95 28. 23 2.44 13.93 3.33 19.01 3.23 18. 44 2.73 15.61 3.79 21.65 2.97 16.94 3.05 17.39 2.60 14. 82 2.85 16. 28 2.50 14. 27 3.73 2127 2.93 16.71 2.53 14. 45 2.59 14.57 3.53 20.12 2.55 14.55 3:14 17.90 2.44 13.92 2.61 14.93 2.87 16.39 3. 29 18. 81 2.65 15.18 3.08 17. 60 2.63 15.03 3.06 17. 46 3.31 18. 90 2.59 14.80 3.04 17.38 3.03 17.31 3.10 Diente 2.81 16. 06 2.02 15. 53 3.20 18. 25 2.83 16.18 3.00 17.11 2.91 16.61 3.12 | 17.80 2.36 13.47 2.85 16. 28 2.33 13.60 3853) | 20.14 2.97 16.95 2. 88 16. 44 2.88 16.45 3.12 17. 82 2.94 16.77 2. 66 15. 20 3.03 17.28 2.98 16.99 3.49 19. 89 | 2.35 13. 44 2.91 16. 62 2.93 16.72 3.49 19.94 3.22 17.98 3.16 18.04 2.50 14.30 3.37 1953233) | 2.37 13. 56 3.06 17.47 PREV 13. 51 3.33 19.02 3.75 21.37 3.09 17. 64 2. 86 16. 33 2.98 17.04 3.18 16. 67 3.30 18. 84 2.76 15.76 2. 86 16.33 3.61 20. 62 3.15 SLOT 2.92 16.68 3.40 19. 89 3.17 18. 07 2.59 14.76 | | 3.15 17.96 3.46 19.76 | 3.14 17.92 2.74 15 65s) 465-5 -.234-5 } 2.62 14.95 3.09 17.64 | | 2.71 15. 47 2.395 13.42 | 3.14 17. 92 3.45 LONGI |We4iSs eet crr | 3.18 18. 20 3.22 1840) WM59. 22. 2 ee | 2.60 14.84 2.96 6" SS),)|AGOL oe ee} 3.91 22. 29 3.55 AOL GN haGlis snes e ses. SS re ahs 2 Sete 3.79 Zi G2 WAG Qs. 2 Soe) 2.39 13.64 27889—No. 78—05——6 82 IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF WHEAT. TasBLe 18.—Variations in content of proteids—Continued. | Percentage of— Percentage of— | Percentage of— ~~ | | | Proteid Proteid i} Proteid Hie ore nitrogen Proteids | seeened nitrogen | Proteids record nitrogen | Proteids number. |in water-| (proteid || * |in water-| (proteid in water-| (proteid free INESDx0)) ail free N. x 5.7). | free N. x 5:7). ' material. material. material. | 2.49 AN245) G040 Peecee ace 3.17 SoZ a CG sees 3.12 17. 83 1.98 20) OAM aes 3.09 US Chay |W bS eooos 2. 67 15. 27 Bho v4 Sal | MOAD Joo cee 3.33 LOR OLS GTO sae eee 3.59 20. 49 2.98 ATO | R048) cece 3. 50 TOROG KG QO. eee ae 2.68 15. 30 2.89 16545))|\toddeeeen eee 1.29 Tedd \WG2le cea 2.24 |= . 12879: 2.95 L6N82a\\ 04D onc ae 2.10 AOS G2Aee ee ereaee 3.19 18. 23 2.74 15x62) |(eo4Gecers- 2-8 2.54 ATA G23 e— oe ae 3. 52 20. 09 2. 80 UGG air Y(Semeeeees 2.73 15.59 || 624_..-..... 2.67 15.27 2.24 PE OR Ge ee aa eeeae 3.01 I BOA GPE ee see 2.68 15. 30 2.49 4 22)|| (549 e eno 2.50 145300 (6265en—ee see 2.69 15. 38 2.76 WE iteh Ih 9510). Seeee oe 2.84 TSH ALO) CPE «oo seo5- 2. 88 16. 44 2. 80 SSO pop lee ee ee 2.99 OSA 28 eoeer eee 3.68 21.01 2.95 IGHSSOl\RoDe aoe eee eee 2.30 URSIN GR oe ean 3.47 19. &2 2. 52 Taso Oba se-eer -e ByeAl 1eEBH) (Ih Gal eeooeoae S 2.48 14. 16 2.95 16285))| top4e ose ee ace 2.91 16300 Golesneeeeee 3.39 19. 35 3.15 188008) (555252 e-5 05 3.16 IU GRE Soscoos 3. 22 18. 41 2.27 12:96 pO5625 2 225-5 3.02 UG740) |) GREE eancouo- 1.64 9. 38 2.12 1pNoo)| |NOOUeseseee ee 3.30 US3860||634e.ensseee 2.10 11.99 3.04 174380} (OSS nee ae 3.25 USE GES ||] GBB ease 5o6 = 3. 42 19. 52 3.15 EO Wakes assess 2.94 UG 7s} |WiGBO 6 ses ooe- 3.08 17.61 2.60 T4ARSGN || ROGORSS see e oe 3. 32 BERS | GBY Ge ecsoos = QR 15.79 3.45 TO rill P56 lepers 3.00 eS EN GS8ee eee eeee 3.54 20. 21 2.59 LARS PoOAce enone 1.12 6540) "639s sae eee 3.15 18. 00 2.68 TH SST | Rob8 see eases 2.36 18. 49 || 640.......-. 2. 82 16.10 3.01 jel Sy||RoO4es see eee 3.83 215845)|(64leeoseneee 3.37 19. 26 2: Stell WOOD seme ease ete ceeerene icine W642 oemece 2.570 14. 68 oh 6482822 ce 3.35 19.14 2 G44s sce coee 3.41 19. 47 2.8 WG 4525 Seen sae 2.44 13.91 2. 646:- 2252s 3.77 21.54 3 G47 sce 2. 82 16. 08 2. WMO48e coc ! Percentage of — Weight (in grams) of— Seo) | Num- | Ame | | = no = P Gliadin- Haas | | | Gliadin- 2 gas Gliadin- | Proteid Hecate plus- | Proteid Boned : | caries ‘plus-ghu- nitrogen Plus-glute- nitrogen glute- | nitro- | jas, | Kernels. | yerner | teninni-| sy xer | nin nitro- | in aver- }nin ni-|} gen baz * \trogen in | nels. (S¢0 in aver-| age ker- | trogen.) | kernels. | * |age kernel. nel. DQG = ese 2.10 3.18 | 408 10.4800 0.02563 | 0.22008 | 0.33403 | 0. 0005382 | 0.0008168 DAG Fei tosses 2.15 3.35 | 158 2.9248 01851 .06288 | .09798 | .0003980 | . 0006201 222068 a 2a een te 2 3:22", ) 146 2. 5712 01720 -05425 | .08086 | =. 0003629 | .0005538 22208522 eae 2.14 3.10 | 118 1.9090 .01619 | .04084—.06071 | =. 0003465 - 0005144 20808 een e 2.28} 3.09 222| 3.8811) .01748 | .08849 . 11992 - 0003985 . 0005402 ZEQ0 See eee eee Pe 22099 2276 326 | 6.4102 .01966 | =. 13398 .17692 | —. 0004109 . 0005427 DOGO SE eae oneee |} 2.16 | 2.96 192 3.9797 | .02073 | .08596 | .11780 | .0004478 | .0006135 ZiDOS src pc mee | 2.32] 2.64 Ohi || 5858249 )) 5022871 1510835 . 14608 0005306 | . 0006037 2920 6u-en emcees P= REO 219 | 4.3698 . 01996 - 10575 . 13415 . 0004830 | . 0006126 SSO MS Cae 2D ee R20 318 6. 1026 . 01919 .12643 | .14341 | .0004163 | . 0004510 B8d0D: aes cnees 2.41 | 3.41 150 3. 1346 . 02090 - 07554 . LOBS9 - 0005037 - 0007126 BB) Wiseesee snes 2,45} 3.22 136 2.8902 | .02125. . 07081 .09307 | 0005206 . 0006843 =i eee See 2.44 4.33 207 4.1281 .01994 | =. 10073 . 17875 - 0004865 . 0008635 SB0DE Sere eee 2:29) | «2296 309 6. 1894 .01987 | . 14060 . 18173 . 0004550 | . 0005881 SMU See eis Se 210 2.93 193 3. 3004 .01710 | = .06931 . 09670 - 0003591 . 0005010 S9506 Soci eee 2. 06 2.93 67) 1.9218 02869 | —. 03959 05631 | 0005910 | .0008404 21015) 0 eee a 3 QUO Tee 82 170 4.1546 02444 09099 -11716 | 0005352 - 0006892 AGO =. cen 2.08 2.54 478 8. 3935 - 01756 . 17458 .21319 | = .0003652 | .0004460 ASS0G eens soe | 2.13.| 3.29 157 2.6571 .01692 . 05660 . 08742 . 0003604 | .0005568 AS40G6E~ Asana see |= 2.255] 4087 249 | 3.2964/| .01324) .08168 . 16053 0002979 | . 0006447 ASSO rae e eee emeeaatly 3. 20 556 | 9.4585 | 01701 - 20525 . 80267 - 0003691 | .0005444 H500T > Sed eee = paeasal 4.21 118 2.1571 | .01828 | .04767 . 09082 . 0004040 | . 0007696. Dp pU Gene eee | 2.20 2. 80 866 | 17. 8506 .02062 | .39272 - 49995 - 0004536 | .0005773 Sis Wie sae Gas | Pay 2.63 504 9. 8228 | .01949 | .20333 | .25834 . 0004034 .0005126 DOLOSS see = ae ee | °2:.12 2.73 336 5.7431 | .01709 ; .03503 . 15679 . 0001042 , .0004667 SOLOGSe2=.-p ee 2. 09 2.57 644, 12.0161) .01866 05768 . 30881 . 0000896 | .0004795 SOLO ea 223 2. 96 872 | 14.4556 | .01658 - 10553 . 42792 -0001210 | .0004907 §62092 22 eseree 2. 24 2.59 950 | 15.8086 | .01664) .34937 .40945 | 0003677 | . 0004310 YUU ee cease 2.09 2.65 168 | 1.5364 .01746 | .03211 =. 04164 - 0003649 | .0004731 DRANG Ne 3 ee eee 2.13 2.75 135 2.4923 | .01846 | .05309 | .06854 . 0003932 | .0005077 HVO06 ayse ee ae 2. 34 2. 80 180 | 2.7616 | .01534| .06462) .07733 . 0003590 | .0004296 SUS sarees bese 2.05 2. 21 380 | 12.0728 .03177 | .24750 | .26680 . 0006513 | . 0007021 OS reer eee ee 2. 49 3.09 307 | 4.2207 | .01375 | .10510} .13042 . 0003424 | . 0004248 OSU Desa noe eee 2,47 | 3.01 235 2.5436} .01082 .06283 | . 07656 . 0002673 | .0003258 DBS ORs! prc Del | 2s 74 SS 2347 at 01999) . 48839 | . 63422 - 0004218 | .0005464 GR) S Ser seeee 2220) | 2279 165 3. 3006 . 02001 07261 | 09208 . 0004402 | . 0005581 G6005 ss ee eee 2.18 2. 63 370 7.6690 | .02073 | .16714 | 20170 . 0004519 | .0005451 TABOOS 2 oo -P 2.05} 2.30 464 9. 6451 .02079 | .19772 22184 | =. 0004262 | . 0004781 MB 206 Rceeer eee ne 2.03 | 4.45 4475. 4411 .01217 | =. 11046 | 24213 | -.0002471 | .0005417 SUT0G 2.26 Bosse 32 2.03 271 722 15. 3928 .02132 | .31248 41715 0004328 |. 000577. Average--.| 2.18 3.08 380.1 7. 2520 .01935 |. 14641 21535 . 0004063 | . 0005872 | | GLIADIN-PLUS-GLUTENIN NITROGEN, 2.5 TO 3 PER CENT. nash i ADDO SE sels snierseieia 2.73 3.63 | 94 1.8494 | 0.01967 | 0.050049 | 0.06713 | 0.0005370 | 0. 0007142 SISOS ese eee 2.68 2.87 | 270 4.8988 . 01814 | -13126 | .14060 . 0004861 | .0005207 H 7005s saat ees 2:92 3.18 | 221 2. 4731 .01118 | .07221 | .07859 -000°264 |. 0002556 F260 (eo os asec 2.51 5.59 188 3. 4442 - 01822 - 03645 .19253 | .0004598 . 0010241 SLO0S SS Sasa 2.65 | 2.94 | 146 2. 8327 -01940 7507 -08328 .0005141 |. 0005704 Average...| 2.698 | 3.64 | 183.8, 3.0696 | .01734 | .08310 . 112438 - 0004647 | . 0006370 | | GLIADIN-PLUS-GLUTENIN NITROGEN, 3 PER CENT AND OVER. Average... 4.69 | 194 3. 07 | 3. 6302 4.06 | 4.93 | 347 6. 0091 . 01782 . 24397 | 4.8196 - 01801 17771 3. 56 | 4.81 | 270.5 | | - 29625 | 0007032 0. 01871 | 0.11145 | 0. 17026 | 0. 0005744 | 0. 0008776 - 0008539 - 23325 | . 0006388 | - 0008657 Pye Orie, a er “emia IMPROVEMENT IN QUALITY OF GLUTEN. 9] TaBLE 22.—Summary of analyses, showing relation cf proteid nitrogen to gliadin-pl:s- glutenin nitrogen. | Percentage) Number | Weight (in grams) of— of— ol Rangeof | qyja- | : | percentage of dine Gliadin- Gliadin- Proteid gliadin-plus- | 514.) Pro- | an- plus-glu- Proteid | plus-glute- ite se glutenin ni- ad teid | siy-| Ker- | xerneis. | Average | tenin ni- | nitrogen | nin nitro- | 7708 trogen. lenin nitro- nae | nels. | “| Kernel trogen in ker- gen in mated nitroso os in ker- nels. average | “hel. gen. nels kernel. E ae =a —— eee oe | Mee ebOplG eee 1.34 | 3.08 |° 15) 333 6.6228 | 0.01939 ; 0.09198 0.18748 | 0.0002545 | 0.0005843 TRO NGO 2 5 se8 1.80 | 2.76 | 55 | 442.5 9. 0243 - 02016 . 16392 . 23801 . 0003653 0005528 2 to 2.5 2-18 | 3.08 | 52 | 380.1 7. 2520 . 01935 . 14641 5 . 0004063 | . 0005872 PEDELOUSe setecl= 2.70 | 3.64 bah Se. 8. 3. 0696 - 017384 - 08310 0004647 | . 0006870 3 and over. 3.56 | 4.81 2827025 4.8196 - 01801 ml PirAl - 0006388 | . 0008657 IMPROVEMENT IN THE QUALITY OF THE GLUTEN. It is well known that large differences exist in the bread-making values of different varieties of wheats even when they have approxi- mately the same gluten content and are raised in the same locality. This fact is generally attributed to differences in the quality of the gluten. W. Farrar“ points out the difference in the bread-making qualities of two wheats due to the quality of the gluten. He compares Saxon Fife wheat, which had a gluten content of 9.92 per cent, and which produced 309 pounds of bread from 200 pounds of flour, with Purple Straw Tuscan wheat, which had a gluten content of 9.94 per cent, and which produced only 278 pounds of bread from the same quantity of flour. In this case it was not the amount but the quality of the gluten that determined the greater excellence of the Saxon Fife wheat. It has further been stated by Girard,’ Snyder,’ and Guthrie” that the ratio in which gliadin and glutenin exist in the gluten determines its value for bread making. It was considered desirable to ascertain whether the proportions of these two constituents remain about the same in wheats of high and of low content. If the quality of the gluten remains constant as the quantity increases, the value of the wheat for bread making will improve in about the same ratio. If, on the other hand, there is a tendency for the quality to deteriorate as the quantity increases, there would be greater difficulty in effecting improvement. In Table 23, analyses of the crop of 1903 are arranged in groups according to their content of gliadin plus glutenin. The first group comprises all plants having less than 1 per cent, and each succeeding group increases by 0.25 per cent. It is followed by Table 24, which is asummary of Table 23. @ Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales, 9 (1898), pp. 241-250. bCompt. Rend., 1897, p. 876. ¢Minnesota Experiment Station Bulletins 54 and 63. d Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales, 9 (1898), pp. 363-374. 92 IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF WHEAT. TaBLe 23.—Ratio of gliadin to glutenin as the content of their sum increases. GLIADIN-PLUS-GLUTENIN NITROGEN, BELOW 1 PER CENT. | Percentage of— Proportion of— | Percentage of— ey PT | ae . | Gliadin- | | | | Record number. “yius- — Gliadin | Gratenin Giinain: \@tareniac| Eroeeids eee glutenin nitrogen. nitrogen.| * : * nitrogen. ae a | nitrogen. | | pO Sheli DAI ae eae eae 0.216 0.114 | 0.102 0.528 0.472 *3-6 2.944 ZLQ0G ee ares . 218 . 142 076 . 651 349 5.23 5.012 PANDY (eae eee area 170 - 099 O71 . 082 418 2.96 2.790 AID ae ee 192 - LOO 083 - 567 433 | 2.16 1.968 Z1SOG =n feeerae ae 975 - 505 470 518 482 | 2.90 1.925 PAB hae see oaes 461 | . 255 206 447 553 3.04 2.579 ZIS0b bee Aa ee 230 | . 126 104 - 548 452 | 2.69 2.460 VR fe Sea cee a ae SPARS Taishy 015 . 982 018 25.08 1.709 ASS0G tne So oeet oe 748 | -018 730 -024 | 976 | 2.70 1.952 Dog S ao ee eee 655. | - 629 026 .960 | 040 | 2.54 1.885 SIVOs = oe eases 636 | . 237 399 -3f2 | 628 | 2.34 1.704 Average... .484 | .276 208 562 | .438 |. 2:93 | 9.448 GLIADIN-PLUS-GLUTENIN NITROGEN, 1 TO 1.25 PER CENT. | = F = ~~ as | | 200 eS Se ee 1. 087 1.072 0.015 0.986 0.014 | 2/905} e813) SOOO ee een 1.227 - 593 - 634 - 483 | ROLig 2: 84-0 | SL6s ASN Saks aces 1.184 | 1.078 . 106 -910 | - 090 | 26923) eieb Average ..| 1.166 914 282 | 98a = 20 |= Sor gona! Saver | | GLIADIN-PLUS-GLUTENIN NITROGEN, 1.25 TO 1.50 PER CENT. M6107. senses 1.352 | 0.108 1.244 | 0.080 | 0.920 | 3.92 |. 2.568 27006 232s 2 5 Sank 1.465 815 650 556 444 | 2.36 895 BIR05 22-2. 525,. 1.265 715 .550 565 | 435 2.64 | 1.375 BRG0G 3: Seek 1.387 725 - 662 522 .478 2.63 |= 1.243 SBOOIS Sooke oe 1.336 586 .750 439 561 2.74 | 1.404 B05 Eo 2 22s 1.439 .818 621 . 568 432 2.88 | 1.441 BABOGS Sven tance 1. 287 1.057 -230 | © 82 179.15) 2290 1.613 BOOK: es eS 1.361 1.240 12d font 089 | 3.58 | 2.219 65606. <2. Lies 1.493 .899 594 602 -398 | 2.58 | 1.087 (At, ce Nea 1.470 443 1.027, 6] 204-301 (h -7699| | 2 Bilcs| ey an sdO Average ..| 1.385 741 645 | .536 | .463 2.90 | 1.518 GLIADIN-PLUS-GLUTENIN NITROGEN, 1.50 TO 1.75 PER CENT. i eae ae 1.537 0.143 1.394 0.093 | 0.907 3.81 2.273 Fe ee ee 1.555 801 754 515 | .485 3.17 1.615 OODMI) paar we 1.692 1.002 690 592 .408 3.17 1.478 OM ee RD 1a 1.073 .627 .631 369 2.41 .710 Dip. eee eaten 1.735 1.075 660 619 381 2.58 845 DOSE eee eee | 1.651 1.032 619 .625 | 875 AD 469 SENS teen eae | 1.555 958 .597 616 384 2.91 1.355 AUG shec oy re le 1.731 962 .769 556 444 882 1.089 WRAOG ie. Sens | 1.504 690 814 459 BAL 2.02 516 ABI paige ae 1.563 .057 1.506 036 964 3.13 1.567 Zi 1s pees Rayne 1.581 687 . 894 435 | .565 2.60 1.019 SHSW7. sead sd aoe 1.561 -908 .653 582 .418 1.89 .329 | REGU aide beans 1.608 632 976 393 607 2.59 . 982 Fo S5OGDEt wee meta 1.658 810 848 .488 512 2.30 642 STAG see eee 1.639 1.177 462 717 . 283 2.61 .971 ys i Sean 5 | 1.546 1.141 405 .738 262 2. 85 1.304 Gib os Seems 68S 965 .718 .573 497 2.41 727 StZ0S tee eeee al 1.641 | 1.221 420 744 256 2.41 769 Average..| 1.619 . 852 767 523 477 2.65 | 1.087 IMPROVEMENT IN QUALITY OF GLUTEN. 93 ‘TasiE 23.—Ratio of gliadin to glutenin as the content of their sum .increases—Continued. GLIADIN-PLUS-GLUTENIN NITROGEN, 1.75 TO 2 PER CENT. | | Percentage of— Proportion of— | Percentage of— : Gliadin- | | | | Heeord nunsber- ||| olus- || Gliadin’| Glutenin| qi.4i,, \cy Ae | Proteid | eer | | glutenin | nitrogen. nitrogen.) 77#@1- |“vutenm.| nitrogen. Fe aceal| | nitrogen. | | | nitrogen. | POA UF 0= See ot etn 1.855 ~ 1.046 0. 809 0.564 | 0.436 TTY 0.915 POS ee 1.996 1.125 871 . 564 .436 2.83 . 834 IS UU Sk SES ae 1.969 1.049 - 920 6538} 467 PY (| .701 SISOS see oo" 1.963 1.046 917 .533 467 Dane . 607 PAQUSES set eo ee 1.876 1.015 . 861 . 541 . 459 3202 | 1.944 DAGOO ES Saar: 1.976 1. 367 . 609 . 697 303 | 4.43 2. 454 PPD Ua ee ee 1.969 1.185 . 784 .602 | 398 | 2a .841 ZE90G Re aber een 1.819 . 988 831 -543 -457 | 2. | . 891 ZOQUO Fas eters 1.879 - 996 . 883 BOO - 469 2.80 | .921 PhO Mee aie ce. 1.904 1.066 . 838 - 909 -441 2.63 . 726 Pie SHeCHeoanee 1.946 | 1.278 . 668 ~ 652 - 348 2.92 974 DOO soee See et os 1.977 | 1.147 . 830 . 580 - 420 2.70 sth sre jo Se Ooo 1.864 | - 902 - 962 - 484 -516 3.02 1.156 Ss0UOrseese se ase 1.919 | 1.124 .795 . 585 -415 2.39 471 aI Sae ee ae aae } 1.766 | . 862 - 904 -488 sake 3.61 1. 844 Syl eee oe eee Us toy toye iy alealalyd . 728 . 605 .395 2.11 . 265 ASIOGBase sane oo 1.805 | 1.035 steed 573 427 2.38 rato aC IDL. Seas 1.766 | - 996 ates . 564 - 436 2.87 1.104 ASH Dees emcee ae 1.757 - 965 . 792 .549 .451 3.66 1.903 DAO sn esse tee 1. 987 1. 102 .885 |. - 000 -445 3.05 1.063 id |) ea eee SAEs Lede) adsO99% «| . 655 - 626 .3t4 3.16 1.406 SOLUGSE tee Sasa. 5 ; _1. 866 . 840 1.026 . 450 . 550 2.56 . 694 ival)ae areas soos 1.974 | 1.042 . 932 .528 -472 2.48 . 506 HDS Sate eee | 1.959 | 1.037 | - 922 . 529 -471 Ben til ilar HOOD ae coe te! ls 959 1.044 | .915 “B83 467 2. 64 - 681 DOU Dem ee neler nea ie leita) Seayda ye gle) tied iz és) - 328 .672 2.67 - 920 DOGS se cee err er onlet a7 te ORoN.| . 882 .549 .451 2.42 - 463 BOLUS er eee cess 1.850 . 883 . 967 ATT Rays) 25h . 660 HOO a Pema ee |} 1.949 1.089 . 860 .559 441 2.42 -471 DODO Flan were oe keto 1.827 . 987 . 840 . 540 - 460 2.34 Sols DEQ Bee ose so | 1.946 1.127 . 819 .579 421 2.61 . 664 (AO ieee eee | 1.858 .935 . 923 . 503 497 2.62 . 762 G5S0 is oeren eeane 1.815 1.052 . 763 .579 .421 2.28 .465 Gas08ee seus a o ae 1.946 1.090 . 856 . 560 . 440 2.09 . 144 G980 52 Lets 1.937 1.142 795 . 589 411 5. 82 3.883 SOs00 ee ee eee 1.770 1.159 SOL . 661 .339 1.81 . 040 SHUsh ak eee See | 1.956 1.048 908 535 .465 | 1.98 024 Average ..| 1.889 1.044 845 552 448 | 2. 82 929 | GLIADIN-PLUS-GLUTENIN NITROGEN, 2 TO 2.25 PER CENT. | LIS0GE Sar ae Gos ae | 2.226 1.458 0.768 0.655 0.345 3.52 1. 294. DOT0GE Bees 2k 2.053 1.089 964 530 470 2.78 727 HOG aee aaa Sest | 2.146 1.154 992 537 463 3.24 1.094 DAISY (ee eee ea een KO) 1.174 936 556 444 oR . 620 PT RIOR ee Vie 2.178 1.183 995 543 2457 OB} 552 PAST ie Se ree 2.156 1.144 1.012 531 469 3.75 1.594 Piles eae eee ee 2. 023 1.139 884 563 437 4.26 2.237 DISISN eae 2.141 1.045 1.096 488 Sail) Le 1.899 DIOO5 Me es ae = 2, 181 1.344 837 616 . 384 2. 64 459 DIGG eee Gee | 2.096 1. 208 888 576 ADE eee. 18) 1.084 DIVO tease so Sers: 2.146 1.187 959 25D3 | 447 3.35 1. 204 DOD0besoee na 2.113 Ley 1842 601 399 3.22 1. 107 2920 Sasa eee 2.142 1.309 833 611 . 389 3.18 1.038 P60 ne ee 2. 087 1.197 890 .573 427 2.76 673 PIS 0 on Senet eee 2.158 1. 250 908 579 421 2.96 . 802 BRIO AS Gas ee 2.123 1. 283 . 840 . 604 .396 | 2.35 227 SiO ise see nee ee 2.097 1.044 1.053 498 -502 | 2.93 . 833 SOnUG ree ea | 2.065 1.281 784 620 . 380 2.93 865 AQSUBaeaes erie oso | 2.189 1.143 1.046 522 478 2.82 631 AG EO peeee ees |” 2.076 1.164 | 912 561 439 2.54 - 464 ASSNG 2 eae finn. ee 8s 1.130 1.005 529 471 | 3.29 TE ASAD Gees ee 2.249 1. 290 959 574 peta EU y 2.621 ASH Gees sh Geees ueeey algal 1. 104 1.067 508 492 3.20 1.029 Gey hae ae eet Ve OE outil 1.248 963 . 564 436 4.21 1.999 SERN ee Lae | 2.197 1.136 1.061 517 483 2.80 - 603 Nis i Seema ceeeoee | 2.070 1.079 991 521 479 2.63 . 560 DOLOS tee ee ee ee 2.118 1.277 841 . 603 397 OR: .612 Soil OG hess ae hee 2.091 1.091 1.000 522 478 2.57 479 SOLO Tere eee on 2. 234 1.033 1.201 462 538 2.96 SIE GIN) 4 aim Sica ee 2.208 1.161 1.047 526 BA THe ety | e59 382 94 IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF WHBAT. Tas_e 23.—Ratio of gliadin to glitenin as the content of their sum increases—Continued. GLIADIN-PLUS-GLUTENIN NITROGEN, 2 TO 2.25 PER CENT—Continued. | Percentage of— Proportion of— Percentage of — : an | Gliadin- | tecord number. plus- Gliadin Glutenin) qyjaqin. |Giutenin.| EToteid Otter glutenin | nitrogen. nitrogen. “~“~"™ ~~" | nitrogen. Ane a nitrogen. | i ROBGU. | AQT S o-oo eres 2.093 | 1.159 0.934 0. 553 0. 447 2.65 0.557 OTA QO: ay= eee 2.134 1.080 1.054 - 506 - 494 2.75 - 616 S(O08: 2 seve oe 2.053 1.124 | 929 - 547 453 2.21 ol57 Deeper 5 -ceneme 2.112 1.060 | 1.052 - 501 . 499 2. 74 - 628 6sL060- = 5° 24-2 =e 2.199 1.186 1.013 - 939 - 461 2.79 - 591 6G005 22 = 2 Fae ee 2.181 1.142 1.039 - 528 472 2.63 - 449 CELLU ae SR Tae ie ae 2.046 1.016 1.030 - 496 - 504 2.30 . 254 MO2Q06 2 3. - hcl Sa | 2.029 1. 223 - 806 - 602 398 4.45 2.421 SELOG Saas eee ee 2.034 1.701 333 - 816 - 184 2.71 - 676 Average - . 2.130 1.187 3943) - 557 - 443 3.05 - 921 GLIADIN-PLUS-GLUTENIN NITROGEN, 2.25 TO 2.50 PER CENT. 20709) ssc enns= 2.313 1.307 1.006 | 0.565 0. 435 3.05 | 0.737 DOSOH ME ae = asa 2.259 1.215 1.044 | - 538 - 462 3.32 1.061 ZUSUS A ee Soe sea 2.281 1.377 -904 | - 604 396 3.09 - 809 25086 sorcese 2.324 1. 247 1.077 537 463 2.64 | -316 74210 Sea BE Oe 2.424 1.356 1.058 - 563 437 3.07 | . 646 333052 a5 onan 2.407 1. 182 1.225 -491 509 3.41 1.003 SoG eee aes | 2.446 1.391 1.055 - 569 -431 3.22 - 774 SA4 OD Ser nee ace | 2.443 1. 230 1.213 503 -497 | 4.33 | 1.887 BY GD eee eR ane | 2.293 1.208 1.085 527 473 | 2.96 - 667 DOG ste sess set 2.344 1.203 1.141 -51l 489 2.80 456 D820 aso 4-8 oe acl 2. 492 sealer alsal7) 526 474 3.09 - 998 (eee Ban omee 2. 467 TSS pal ae ore 484 516 3.01 | .548 Average..| 2.374 | 1.268 | 1.105 535 465 | 3.16 791 GLIADIN-PLUS-GLUTENIN NITROGEN, 2.50 PER CENT AND OVER. AOQ0DE Foss sees a: 3.0909 1. 850 1.219 0. 603 0.397 4.69 1.621 AD Dre s= ave ee 2.728 1.480 1.248 - 042 - 458 3.63 - 902 DSU rac See Ses 2. 684 1.303 1.381 485 -515 2.87 . 186 BY UO ose eee ae 2.918 1.573 1.345 539 - 461 3.18 . 262 (743 ViseeBeeeansee| 2.515 1.459 1.056 -579 421 | 5.59 3.075 S15 Ob wren cesses ak 2.652 1.066 1.586 401 - 599 2.94 - 288 92306 k wekeme ae 4.063 2.388 1.675 587 413 4.93 - 867 Average..| 2.947 1 1.588 1.358 584 - 466 3.98 1.029 Tasie 24.—Summary of analyses, showing the ratio of gliadin to glutenin as the content of their sum increases. Percentage of— Percent- Percentage of— Proportion of— | age of | - = : = Range of percentage BBG _ | Number | ener stil ae 1 “plus ‘ani : es Gliadin Giutenin Gliadin. | Glutenin.. Proteid oetae § ITO Ber. glutenin anatySes- nitrogen. nitrogen.) ~ 5 ‘|nitrogen. Taiaeee nitrogen. : | Below teen see eee 0. 484 11 | 0. 276 0.208 | 0. 562 0. 438 2.93 2. 448 GO) 25" ee ner 1. 166 3 | .914 . 252 . 793 . 207 2.89 1.721 1p tay Kove ts, Oe Se oer 1.385 10 | 741 - 645 | . 536 - 463 2.90 1.518 1 SOtON) 75 sera eee 1.619 18 | . 852 . 767 | . 523 S477 2.65 1.037 LGORUO Mae ee ae eee 1. 889 37 1.044 ~ 845 | . 552 448 2. 82 . 929 2sCOL2. 2M. eee eee 2.130 39 1.187 . 843 | . 007 - 443 3.05 . 921 2 eAOELORZLOO Se seer 2.374 12 1. 268 1.105 | . 030 - 465 3.16 - (9 2.50 and Over: -2---.2 2.947 7 1.588 1.358 | . 534 - 466 3.98 1.029 It will be seen from Table 24 that the ratio of gliadin to glutenin remains practically the same as the percentage of their sum increases. It would therefore be safe to assume that an i-crease in the gluten BREEDING TO INCREASE PROTEID NITROGEN. Q5 content of a given variety of wheat raised in the same region would carry with it a corresponding improvement in its value for bread making, although there might be fluctuations from year to year in quality of gluten, as there is in the quantity. If the quality of gluten is determined by the ratio of ghadin and glutenin of which it is composed, it is likely that there is some certain proportion that is most desirable. Unfortunately, the investigators who have taken up this subject do not by any means agree upon the proper ratio. Should this be ascertained there would be ample oppor- tunity for the selection of individual plants in which the proportion of gliadin and glutenin would approximate the ideal. There would thus be possible a much more rapid improvement in the quality of wheat than can be accomplished by confining selection to an increase in the gluten. An obstacle to the usefulness of these determinations in the whole wheat appears in the announcement by Nasmith, already cited, that while gliadin occurs in all portions of the endosperm, glutenin does not appear in the aleurone cells. That being the case, it is difficult to believe that any given ratio between these constituents in the whole wheat could be taken as the one most desirable. The ratio in the gluten alone may, however, have an important influence on its quality, and a certain definite proportion of each may produce an ideal gluten. In the light of the present knowledge on the subject, a mechanical determination of gluten would seem to be most useful, if it can be made with such small quantities of wheat as are obtained from single plants, while determinations of gliadin and glutenin in the gluten would afford a means of judging of its quality. SOME RESULTS OF BREEDING TO INCREASE THE CONTENT OF PROTEID NITROGEN. Selected plants have been grown on a large scale for two years. From these results it is very apparent that a high percentage of nitrogen and the qualities that go with it are transmissible from one generation to another. In Table 25 are analyses of the plants of the crop of 1902, grouped according to their proteid nitrogen content into classes of from 1 to 2 per cent, 2 to 2.5 per cent, and increasing by 0.5 per cent up to 4.5 per cent and above. Opposite the plant number of each plant of the crop of 1902 are stated its percentage of proteid nitrogen and weight of proteid nitrogen in kernels. On the same line are the plant numbers for the entire progeny in 1903, and following these are the percentage of proteid nitrogen, weight of proteid nitrogen per average kernel, and average weight of kernel for all of these progeny. The averages for each group are given in Table 26. 96 IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF WHEAT. TaBLE 25.—Analyses showing transmission of nitrogen from one generation to another .@ 1 TO 2 PER CENT PROTEID NITROGEN. 1902 1903 Percent- : Percent- | : age of ee Weight of age of | Freee Record num- | proteid a meee e| average Record num- | protetd ee UOB EL ber. nitrogen ee kernel ber. nitrogen | pnb Sy in ker- (gram) in ker- oe ; nels. (gram). nels. (gram). | | S220 ee sere ac | RG tl Bee coe sos edeooacodaon 2. 64 0.0010055 B2601. -b eae eee 199 in 32 Ss Goce case ee ears oe 2.62 . 0015963 6s00NR 2 ae ees 98) ose asses Ae sea. BE Doli, . 0007499 DODO ete t UE Ul aA e Sane o aoe ee rod 2.39 . 0009348 69701 eee sees MeN eee eter (See Sorte 2.50 . 0003874 (Co ES es asetoe MU sND'a* | HoR PEE Ret SEI ORNS apne arate 2. 586 . 0016918 LOOT Saas eens REY ee Pee as eee oes ese 3.09 . 0010830 OPAQI Ease ee see Ladd \steccesen =e Aloe se 2. 628 . 0024129 9290. 2 scents ese i BS GY ie 1 See ears crete bec reason 2.814 . 0024540 ‘O41 OE Sea LOS ill os stone S even (eae ce 2.67 . 0006790 94901 yo sc ccees 1150 a ee oerce meets eri eeiecs tie 2.576 . 0022132 O440U ss so aesee ee AUS (|| seers te Ses all em wits mete ole 2.27 . 0008092 946014 Becher MSOF ccs cela ets decree 1.87 . 0016125 94900 zc e2c522203 PQQ) 2a 2 Son Soyo bas eee mia ane 2.85 . 0025361 O550L ea Sete 1 Pa Poe eee emcee sere 2.498 - 0026506 Avveraees.|)/ glG58, | -te sha Panola Bee Average.) 2.587 |. 0004960 Weight of average kernel (gram). 0. 03874 . 07560 . 03502 . 03894 - 01550 - 06582 - 03513 - 09109 - 08814 . 02543 - 08738 - 03538 - 08851 - 08899 - 10605 . 019907 aIn this table the average percentage of proteid nitrogen for all plants raised in 1903, resulting from plants of 1 to 2 percent, 2 to 2.5 all plants in that group and dividing by the total number, irrespective of families. 2 TO 2.5 PER CENT PROTEID NITROGEN. per cent, etc., in 1902 is determined by adding together analyses of IROL See eee ee DEAD. tenes nee clan aere eee eel ely 40lo—Ol lie) 2.646 | 0.0025803 0. 09807 FY. 12. 0) Ree ae eae Ye ea | Bere ene een eee econ SA200— 88 aerate 2.857 | .0023077 . 08075 a ToO eee es ewes 2.33 | 0. 000601 0.02585 || 573805-8......... 2. 54 . 0018351 . 07010 Average. . 2. 353 | . 000601 | . 02585 Average - 2. 68 . 00051716 . 019146 2.5 TO 3 PER CENT PROTEID NITROGEN. PALE eee ee DDO ilaajertarse cries Seaererera siete | 21705-11-= 22-5. 2.78 0. 0042343 0. 15101 33401 eee Pay Bi | et eas Os Sel fe eee ene 33405-8....-.--- | 1.977 . 0014277 - 07274 Average. - PO ee eee noc seseaseesacs Average -| 2.487 . 0005147 . 02032 3 TO 3.5 PER CENT PROTEID NITROGEN. U/SOL eee ee see BF 0): Ba See eae eee ees SS aie 17305-8....-..-- 3.207 | 0.0025519 0.07920 WHOLE e eee Oa Sse ee ee aeclase seeeaes W505 7 nde.< . ud Rees See Oh ee ae (NO eee Sep 2. 48 . 0003930 01585 PSOI ee ace TRIG | tasers eaten, SEE | TASS oxo ne 1.98 . 0004054 . 02047 (5 eee Me Sy hia oi eat gm ee Sete esas WARUG ER. Sess 2.78 0014234 . 05084 AGO eee oe Uc ets SN Wille pas ue e TAGUS= Teen ne 2.486 | .0013768 05562 CG DE es eee SMOG Re ete eer s See eee 7205-65. se eeeee 3. 40 . 0009400 . 02912 SUS OMe ae weeece = 9) al Te Mace ty Ee aie See, SO805e Reese e 1.81 . 0003919 02165 RIGO teece 2 3 Be 36nd Ge VE os wee eh Meee. S1405-6ee eee ee 2.965 | .0010576 . 03583 SS DISS Sear BRAD er eas eae ee S105 keg ee Se 2.94 . 0005704 01940 SAO Ae oe NEE BUBO I «| Gatien Sane Sen Pe ect Gere EU ys oe ene 2. 48 . 0005067 . 02043 BAO eg see as IAs B PaO Maes ney eC ne S4905°Gen- en eee 2.875 | .0011244 . 03902 ca eee seer S8S Gar Sree se aap Nee ee ee SSR Goon 2. 63 0007556 . 02937 SHO Sae a oe BRO Rind eae nae cue PLONE, a SG105-Gumee ee eee 2.595 | .0008522 . 03244 SOU Le seis fae Oe: 5 Pa eee eae | ae Vere Aiea B8605-9e cere 2. 566 . 0026832 . 11179 ROO a se wy Ta eS TSP eh hee SES gare a BRON bese e ne een 2.74 . 0009933 . 03625 TEEN alee ek ea paris Sid ber (bsuesarge ol Bus eee GPA. oo ek ee 2. 67 . 0020214 07575 oP) re IPS EAGT site, Weert | Debi yeas a O9305-Gs00 ses aee 3.93 . 0012908 . 03223 Gores: fo 22) 5. R20 kal | Ee eee eh aL eae nL G5705—teme eee 2.58 . 0013009 05017 Average . 3. 239 | 000875 | . 02700 Average - 2.932 | 00056037 | 019189 3.5 TO 4 PER CENT PROTEID NITROGEN. WSSOU a eas CUT At (e See ey BLE 2 es Ss a [SRB ES Re oe 2.02 0. 0003164 0. 01567 AUD ee eat es SS S950) || ea See ae ech boeee 2F DIST oe ee 3. 567 . 0054768 . 15672 2272 eee tee 3565: |e oe en ee [eavesk: meee | Lope rine uae | 3.165 . 0037042 11711 Tae, 1) ae aa SGP Wy ae 8 Seen] Dvn aa tae oad D5OI5= Os ee ee 2.735 0011894 04347 Boiler Ui eee Ear eee ee meee rer mg a OBI05 7st cases 3.19 0015273 05113 SRS Se ee SAH Giclees ihe ee | Seca E> CR GAC) eee | 2.688 . 0028791 10761 | | 27889—No. 78—05 7 98 IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF WHEAT. TABLE 25.—Analyses showing transmission of nitrogen from one generation to another— Continued. 3.5 TO 4 PER CENT PROTEID NITROGEN—Continued. 1902 . 1903 Percent- Bel Percent- | aa age of Erol Weight of | | age of | Bet ns Weight of Record num- | proteid a eae e| average | Record num- | proteid | = nos | average ber. nitrogen inavan ie kernel | ber- nitrogen | saa ae | kernel in ker- (gram) (gram). | in ker- | g ie (gram). nels. & % nels (gram). SRN eS sees Sa eee Ste seme ye 33905-6.....-..- 2: 21 0. 0008932 | 0.04115 SR00NE Nae ee en se 3.82 | 0.000806 0.02110 | 38 2.8 0005135 | . 01808 S860 22 essecee 3. 79 | 001046 02765 3. - 0036318 | - 09917 S920 SS. Seeee 3.98 001039 02616 2: . 0004407 . 02089 SOS0T Se eeseee oe 3.65 001048 02877 || Oy. . 0013536 . 04568 SOCOM sien esc Se 3.55 000927 . 02619 2. . 0003177 - 01341 03s: |] Poa 3.63 - 001327 . 02838 | 3h -0006927 | . 02251 C5) Se 3.57 . 000796 . 02531 || 2. - 0005187 . 01764 ee 3.79 | — .001020 - 02690 | 3. -0004927 01376 ASG0 Ie See 3. 87 . 001238 - 03205 2 . 0006777 . 02995 ADT Ole eee 3.55 . 000865 02435 4.1 . 0007155 01712 A5S0 1s se eee See 3. 87 - 001146 - 02963 | 1.8 . 0002700 . 01234 Cir 0) ee eee 3.53 - 000993 . 02822 | 2.9 | .0020794 .07511 490) est ecees 3. 61 - 001043 . 02898 3. 6 . 0010640 - 02939 St Os Sa Seeceere 3. 55 . 001020 . 02866 2.8 - 0016285 . 05743 Sits ile eeewaeose 3.79 . 001050 . 02775 || Des . 0022356 . 08822 BGO recone 3.76 . 001030 . 02750 | Dae . 0015451 06535 (SOUR ea seaee ee 3. 80 . 000891 . 02353. | 2. 87 . 0005207 . 01814 SAIS eae eeaee 3. 64 - 000852 - 02348 || 57905-...-- apes 3.18 . 0003556 . 01118 EON asecoboes | 3. 80 . 000904 02384 |, 58805-6......... 2.31 . 0009317 . 04048 60G0TREE 22k -- 3.53 . 000759 = 02155) |) 60605-5..-.-2--- | 1. 87 . 0003180 . 01701 3100s res ss Ge QM il ee wareerateissayete miele een GslO5—veee ae] 2. 82 . 0016570 05951 SUOISSs 2 ee ON, (9! se emeeaicceeelscesicee sees 81705-10.....--. | 2.27 - 0031019 . 13635 O10 TARE ae dO lig ea eee aca ia[p neem em eee S805 sence ee 3. 21 . 0007197 . 02242 O250T an aece BOO) [Sew mere sates \esacaseecone 92505-7..------- 3.32 - 0017483 - 05312 Average - 3. 68 . 000990 . 02650 Average . 2.906 | . 0005508 . 019204 4 TO 4.5 PER CENT PROTEID NITROGEN. ils Dike aaaeemees AN Q(-cil|seectss canoes errre tees tits | 26805-8..-..---- 2. 825 0. 0023073 0.08179 DRS eee sok ABO) Sacteeciaaee I Reeeceae we ZSA06 enone sae 3.07 | .0006126 | . 01996 AGIOS cceaacee 4.00 0. 000988 0. 02472 | AGIOS ST emcee 2.69 |-.0014772 | - 05495 Average - 4,123 . 000988 . 02472 || Average - 2. 806 | . 0005496 | . 019588 | | MORE THAN 4.5 PER CENT PROTEID NITROGEN. | | | SOQ senses 4.95 | 0.001074 | 0.02171 || 50905-6......... | 3.435 | 0.0008992 | 0. 02001 AVCTASC Ree eenceee | sdlsdtecceceete | Paes ate Average 3. 435 - 0004496 | - 010005 TaBLeE 26.—-Summary of analyses, showing transmission of nitrogen from one generation to another. 1902 19038 Percent- - pt Percent- A « Range of percentage of | age of |Num-| Proteid | Weight || “oo. of | Num-| Proteid | Weight roteid nitrogen roteid | ber of nitrogen | of aver- roteid | ber of | trogen of aver-. Pp Ben. PLO T 0! |in average| age ker- || P in average| age ker- nitrogen | analy- kernel nel ere analy- kernel nel - ee ses. | (gram). | (gram). a Ses. | (gram). | (gram). | | ASCO Fe aoe oe oe 1. 66 15 |--2----00--/---20----- 2.59 46 | 0.0004960 0.01991 2) COh2 iO arava ere eee woe 2.35 3) 0.000601 0.02585 | 2.68 13 . 0005172 . 01915 DOGO. cries earn elie oe 2.61 Di ero eee eee le ee ee 2.49 11 . 0005147 . 02032 SO GOLOn Ons ers ree ees sees 3.24 84 000875 | 02700 2.93 199 . 0005604 - 01919 SO. DGONE era reece one 3. 68 31 000990 02650 2.91 7 - 0005508 . 01920 AMtota ne se ee eee ence 4.12 3 000988 02472 2.81 8 . 0005496 . 01959 AV ADGIOVED a eeer eee 4.95 1 001074 02171 3. 43 2 . 0004496 . 01000 BREEDING TO INCREASE PROTEID NITROGEN. 99 In Table 26 the averages for each group are stated. This table is designed to show whether there has been a tendency for plants of a certain class to reproduce the qualities pertaining to that class, or whether these are lost in the offspring. It is unfortunate that there are not a greater number of analyses of plants of medium and of low nitrogen content. The plants selected for reproduction in 1903 were largely those of high nitrogen content, and, consequently, comparatively few analyses of the low nitrogen and medium nitrogen plants of 1903 are at hand. Table 25 shows that in the main there is a tendency for each class of plants to reproduce in the same relation to the other classes, but that there is less difference between the extreme classes in the off- spring than in the parent plants. In other words, while all plants tend to reproduce their own qualities, those plants varying widely from the average produce, in general, offspring varying from the average less widely than did the parents. Although this is a rule, its application to the individual is not universal. Certain plants may be found whose tendency to variation extends through both generations. There is also wide variation between certain plants of the same parent. For instance, the plants numbered from 21205 to 21212, all of which come from the same parent, vary from 2.16 to 5.23 per cent in proteid nitrogen content, while plants 69805 and 69806 vary from 5.82 to 1.66 per cent in this constituent.4 It would seem, therefore, entirely reasonable to believe that a very considerable increase in the proteid nitrogen content of wheat may be effected by careful and continuous reproduction from plants of high proteid nitrogen content. Table 27 contains the analyses of plants raised in 1902 and their. progeny raised in 1903, arranged according to the number of grams of proteid nitrogen contained in the average kernel of the former. TABLE 27.—Analyses showing transmission of proteid nitrogen in average kernel. 1902 i} 1903 Peer Proteid | Percent- Tot Proteid | Percent-| 4-1 Eee ot proteld mae nitrogen | Num-| age of w aight nitrogen |Num-| age of | 4 Bent (gram) age xerne? | in aver- | ber of| proteid | neater in aver- | ber of | proteid | 75 z ere g ‘ age ker- | anal- | nitrogen | eel age ker- | anal- | nitrogen oa nel yses. | in ker- | (gram) nel yses. | in ker- | (gram) (gram). | nels. Bo) (gram). | CHI |p j | | 0.000600 to 0.000700.......- 0. 000659 | 3 | 3.03 0.02220 0.000496 8 | 2.59 0.01895 0.000700 to 0.000800 ....-.- 000776 | 9 3. 29 .02405 | .000444 | 15 2. 68 . 01673 0.000800 to 0.000900 ....... - 000850 | 18 3.33 | .02576 . 000544 38 | 2.91 . 01875 0.000900 to 0.001000.....--- 000938 | 18 3.37 . 02796 . 000514 35 | 2.89 . 01784 0.001000 and over ......... . 001077 15 | 3.71 . 02880 . 000593 28 3.06 . 01905 « Table 25 represents the properties of each plant grown in 1903 arranged according to immediate families. For instance, plants numbered 17305-17308 are all the offspring of the same plant grown in 1902. The parent bears the number 17301. This is the system of records devised by Prof. W. M. Hays, formerly of the University of Minnesota. 100 IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF WHEAT. TaBLe 28.—Analyses showing transmission of kernel weight. 1902 | 1903 |; seas Percent- | Proteid rol Percent- Proteid Range of weight of aver- ae cient Num-)| age of | nitrogen w sieht, Num-| ageof | nitrogen age kernel (gram). ie ae ere ber of proteid | in aver- - A ker ber of proteid | in aver- | ae | anal- | nitrogen | age ker- | © gee anal- | nitrogen age ker- | (zram). | Yses- | in ker- nel (gram) yses. | in ker- nel ened : nels. (gram). i ; | nels. (gram). | | | | | Belowi0l024e reek eae | 0.02253 | 12 3.61 | 0.000811 0. 01684 19 | 2.69 0. 000450 002456000260 -eeesse- Hea . 02515 | 12 3. 28 -000813 || — . 01740 28 2.88 . 000503 C1026: Goi0: 028% 32 se ees . 02709 18 3. 43 . 000927 . 01947 38 2.91 | . 000562 OO 2Z8nto OBO hae ene ase ee | .02878 | 16 3. 41 .000993 || .01875 | 31 2.98 | .000573 01030 and! overs: 32.222 22-- | .03152 6 | 3.31 . 001044 i\ . 01869 12 2.96 | . 000548 | | | Hl | Table 28 shows the analyses of plants raised in 1902 and their prog- eny raised in 1903, arranged according to weight of average kernel. There is more variation in this table than in the preceding one, but the tendency toward transmission of proteid nitrogen in the average kernel may be noted. The averages for 1902 are much higher than for 1903, owing partly to the higher percentage and partly to greater kernel weight. The weight of the average kernel shows some tendency toward transmission, although there are some variations. It will be noticed that the kernels average much heavier in 1902 than in 1903, and that in spite of this the percentage of proteid nitrogen is higher in 1902. The relation of light kernel and high percentage of nitrogen does not therefore appear to hold as between crops of different years. All of the qualities of which determinations have been made in both years appear to be transmitted. It may be safely assumed that certain plants will have greater power to transmit these qualities than will the average plant. Such plants will assert themselves in the course of three or four generations. From these plants individuals may be selected that have a combination of the desired qualities. YIELD OF GRAIN AS AFFECTED BY SUSCEPTIBILITY TO COLD. As has already been stated, a large number of plants on the breed- ing plots were killed during the winter of 1902-3. This afforded an opportunity to ascertain the effect of the severe weather upon the surviving plants. The question arose whether the surviving plants of a family of which a large percentage of members were killed yielded less per plant than the plants of a family of which but a small per- centage had succumbed. As each spike of the crop of 1902 was represented by a number of plants, and as records of each plant were available, there were very extensive data at hand from which to secure information on the subject. In Table 29 the surviving plants of each immediate family, or, in other words, the surviving plants descended from the same plant of the previous year, are classified according to the percentage of plants that survived the winter. Thus all plants of which only from 10 to 20 ae YIELD AS AFFECTED BY SUSCEPTIBILITY TO COLD. 101 per cent survived are grouped together. In the next class are all plants of which from 20 to 30 per cent survived. The other classes increase by 10 per cent surviving plants until 70 per cent is reached. All plants of which more than 70 per cent survived form the last class. Table 30 gives a summary of Table 29, the averages for each class being shown. From this table it will be seen that with an increase in the proportion of surviving plants there is an increase in the weight of grain per plant and inthe number of kernels per plant. It is therefore to be concluded that decrease in yield from winter- killing is due not only to the loss of plants that are destroyed, but also to a decreased yield from most of the surviving plants. Table 30 also shows that the weight of the average kernel is not affected by the freezing of a large proportion of the family, the decreased yield being due, it may be assumed, to the decreased number of kernels, owing to a decreased ability to tiller. With an increase in the proportion of surviving plants there is, perhaps, a slight decrease in the percentage of proteid nitrogen in the kernels and in the number of grams of proteid nitrogen in the average kernel, although this is so slight and so irregular that it would not be safe to draw any conclusions from it. The total pro- duction of proteid nitrogen per plant naturally increases. Tas_e 29.—Y ields of plants, arranged according to percentage killed in each family. 10 TO 20 PER CENT. | ll | | | Percent- F ageof | Weight = Weight Heat Proteid Proteid plants | of ker- | Num-/ of aver- | _ ©. .. | nitrogen| nitrogen Recee sneer in 1903 nels on | ber of age | Drie | in ker- | in average 3 | surviv- plant kernels.| kernel | 5, oe nels kernel ing se (gram). | | (gram). "els (gram). (gram). 1902:. | | Nuss a | | alae: FSS tesa (| eae aaa 11.1] 2.1462 | 137 0.01567 | 2.62 | 0.04335 | 0.0003164 740}310) Fee eee 10.0 14. 6942 697 -02157 3. 32 - 48754 - 0006999 20 20 IONE eter 18.2 | 7.7295 363 | .02173 2.73 . 20732 - 0005947 a BHM Sogn aamoS 16.7 | 2.9905 156 - 01858 2.73 | .07566 | .0005066 S610) eee eee || 16.7 | 6.1394 309 - 01987 2.95 18173 | .000a881 BSQULe ss a sscioses 14.3 | 2.5134 139 - 01808 2.84 - 07138 | - 0005135 eee eee 1 16.7 | 21.5399 1,031 | .02089 2.11 -45435 | .0004407 WexSOd Ge Ieee Se 16.7 9.3541 447 - 02093 2.88 - 21399 - 0006027 (AVADIS See aesnes 14.3 3. 6302 194 -O1871 4.69 - 17025 . 0008776 40801 esos ca- =: = 16.7 - 6316 46 - 01373 3.17 - 02002 - 0004352 B20 aia te == 16.7 1. 2499 67 - 01866 | 3. 17 - 03650 - 0005447 ADAMS ery a anetoe -| 16.7 2. 8000 124 02258 | 2.92 .08176 | .0006594 AAO. oo Seis sea ss 16.7 5. 9990 340 01764 2.94 - 17637 - 0005187 AO eye a2 cents 2 16.7 3. 2340 235 - 01376 3.58 - 11575 - 0004927 LY (0 ie eaters eke 14.3 . 7532 44 .01712 4.18 | .03148 - 0007155 ASUS ek aor 16.7 1.5298 124 - 01234 1.84 | .02815 . 0002700 OD0I ee = si se 14.3 1.2716 67 - 01898 3. 24 - 0006149 AOD Meee see ess 14.3 - 6760 23 - 02939 3.62 - 0010640 LOOMS et Se ses 16.7 15. 5835 862 - 01804 1.34 . 0002422 OnuUlsers= Sei eae 16.7 3.7263 407 - 00916 2.76 . 0002527 Gti IES aS aernoe se 16.7 7.4516 273 02730 2.95 | : . 0008052 Cy Oe oe eee 16.7 2.5436 235 - 01082 3.01 | .07656 - 0003258 0) ee 16.7 2.3031 170 - 01355 2.43 - 05596 - 0003292 60601 soe S52 16.7 - 9952 35 -01701 Si | eels . 0003180 C2801 Basse: eee 16.7 1.3451 111 -01212 3.25 | .04272 | .0003938 (Na Wegener 16.7 2.0430 103 - 01984 4.42, .09030 | .0008767 (ES Sse eee 16.7 4.4222 216 - 02047 1.98 | .08756 . 0004054 CHAU ee cere ci 16.7 8.7448 428 - 02043 2.48 | .21687 - 0005067 OOOIREE nace e | 14.3 3.0940 158 . 02242 3.21 -09932 | .0007197 SEU KO ee ee | 14.3 . 5595 22 - 02543 2.67 -01494 | .0006790 Average. . 15.78 4.7098 | 251.4 | .01856 2.91 | -12294 | 00051366 102 IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF WHEAT. TaBLe 29.— Yields of plants, arranged according to percentage killed in each family—Cont’d. 20 TO 30 PER CENT. | Percent- | | age of | Weight i Weight | Ses Proteid | Proteid . . | plants of ker- Num- | of aver- -, | nitrogen| nitrogen Beco ergs | n 1903 | nelson | berof| age _ | prowele in ker- | in Speen oe ‘surviv- | plant jkernels.| kernel | anise | nels kernel to (gram). (gram). | =a | (gram). (gram). 13901 AS einen: 20.0) 1.2046 84 | 0.01431 3.64 | 0.04437 | 0.0005219 POO eee ace 20.0 | 16.4120 866 | .01895 2.63 . 43164 | .0004984 BEOOILS sacra pao | 28.6 | 6.1962 280 | .02213 3.12 - 19332 | .0006904 Shit Dita oe Sees 20.0 | 5.0200 267 | .01880 3.88 -19478 | .0007295 SOGOU 4S ee 2S. oer 28.6 | 4.6383 346 . 01341 2.37 . LO967 - 0003177 4030s eeeeeer 25.0 | 3.6003 179 | .02011 3.11 -11197 | .0006255 40501. oe sesaed 20.0 | 4.1546 170. 02444 2.82 -11716 | .0006892 4220 le eee ee eel 25.0 | 1.0827 59 | .01615 2.54 -03587 | .0004494 AAO E faeces 20-0 | 1.4892 | 66 | .02251 3.07 | .04572 | .0006927 ASSO «= aes 25.0 | 1.4464 93 | .01555 4.13 | .05974 - 0006423 ASTOlec share. Se 28.6 | 5.2800 321 | .01643 3.06) .16124 | .0005038 ASRO Tee em eeeeeee 25.0 | 9.8346 547 | .01798 2.70 | .26553 | .0004877 51801 ae ee nee 20.0 | 4.8988 270 | .01814 2.87 | .14060 | .0005207 DY 0 Rae pees 25.0} 2.4731 221 -O11IS | 3.18 | .07859 - 0003556 DSS ess 28.6 | 12.5470 626 | .02024 2.31} .33541 | .0004658 (MAQOIR Ses 2oe=ecee 20.0 | 28.2136 ~1, 260 - 02239 2.47 | =. 69688 - 0005531 CUBE Ee ot sacigde 20.0 | 15.7835 729 | .02165 1.81 | .28569 | .0003919 SISOS SS ae ee 20.0 | 2.8327 146 .01940 2.94 -08328 | . 0005704 OLOOUse25 2 eee 22.2 | 3.4961 199 | .01756 SOD sreLO Tidal - 0005415 S460 1S YR ees 28.6 | 6.2877 106 | .04425 | 1.87 - 11373 | . 0008062 | Average .. 23-5 6.84457 341.75 | .019779 | 2.88 - 18065 | .0005527 30 TO 40 PER CENT. ZOLOUS Bes ese e 33.3 | 1.9790 122 | 0.01704 3.19 | 0.06318 | 0.0005091 2820 eee eo eae 33.3 | 4.3698 219 | .01996 3.07 - 13415 | .0006126 DSO - sees Sees ce 33.3 | 8.3240 386 | .02311 2.96 . 25019 | . 0006842 BOO Ue materi ce 33.3 | 6.7169 313 | .02057 2.21 }~- .12186 | .0004466 BIQOM A owes 33-3 5757 2 01820 2.48 -01447 | .0004556 SSoUlee mer rerene 37.5 | 5.03306 252 | .01814 3.25 . 24284 | .(006738 SYD eee 33.3 | 7.2545 365 | .01988 2.59 18789 | .0005148 ASBOLS a2 cee Sete: 33.3 | 7.3424 315 | .02117 3.08 . 21633 | . 0006433 DOGO ee teres 33.3 | 2.0631 167 | .01000 3.43 .07041 | .0004496 O9OOIE Fence cseeae 33.3 | 8.4456 474 | .01796 2.14 . 18099 | .0003842 COTOLE ae tee 2 33.3 | 3.7810 244 | .01550 2.50 -09453 | . 0003874 S890N Ss. = cases 33-0 7.6051 419 - 01812 2.74 - 20632 - 0004966 Q230S 22 s.25-552 33.3 | 4.1975 253 -O1614 3.93 . 18308 - 0006454 Average 33.6 | 5.2065 273.6 | .01813 | 2.89 - 15125 | .0005310 40 TO 50 PER CENT. T750N es paseo eee 42.9 | 1.1495 55 (0.01865 4.01 | 0.04268 | 0.0007259 PISO se eooeeae. 44.4 | 4.6950 259 | .01819 3.01 - 14144 | .0000449 BalOleeee sees ee 42.9 | 2.9905 156. 01858 2.73 -07566 | .0005066 AABN ee eee sei 42.9 | 1.8251 93 | .01963 2.73 -04998 | .0005390 ONE Se eee 40.0 . 5329 32 | .01664 . Se ly/ -01712 | .0005396 MAO e. Sece aes 40.0 | 8.3672 321 | .02946 3.15 . 26913 | .0009502 M2O0M tas eects s 40.0 | 2.0970 110 | .01906 3.01 .06312 | .0005738 M290. Soe Ser sce 40.0 | 2.6462 167 | .01585 2.48 | .06563 | .0003930 MG20 Se Se be ane 40.0 | 6.9409 472 | .01456 3.40 - 22024 | .0004700 S140 c=: soe oe 40.0 | 2.9064 156 | .01791 2.96 - 07905 - 0005285 BOLOIEE See ae ace 40.0 | 5.3261 314 | .01622 2.59 | .14008 | .0004261 2201S Sere Se 44.4 | 4.1705 238 | .01894 2.67 -11199 | ..0005053 O250\ee eee ceees 42.9 | 5.4034 297 | .01771 3.32. 16649 | . 0005828 M40 So 5se sade s 42.9 | 8.6610 484 .01769 2.27 | .20040 | .0004046 Average... 41.7 | 4.1223 225.3 | .01843 2.96 | .117386 | .0005493 ee ee YIELD AS AFFECTED BY SUSCEPTIBILITY TO COLD. 103 TaBLeE 29.—Y ields of plants, arranged according to percentage killed in each family—Cont’d. 50 TO 60 PER CENT. Percent- | age of Weight ss Weight | een Proteid | Proteid plants of ker- | Num- | of aver- teiq | litrogen! nitrogen Beene per in 1903 | nels on | ber of age OTe | in ker- | in average ae ES plant |kernels.| kernel 7 eo | nels kernel ing from ram). ram). am). ram). ae (g ) (gram) melee (gram) (gram) WieOleseeeree ects 50.0 3. 0000 156 | 0.01980 3.21 | 0.09556 | 0. 0006380 W740 UE tee a2 64.5 | 11.7777 581 -01961 | 2.65 -30061 | .0005161 PAU (0) Deere ee eae 50.0 6. 6626 327 - 02012 2.85 - 18906 - 0005€97 iO See sca 50.0 12.9727 611 - 02105 2.56 - 31509 - 0005371 SSdOMe eee ee os oe 50.0 5. 2333 271 - 01818 1.98 - 10621 0003569 SOGOU ee ee 50.0 6. 0463 273 - 02205 2.61 14759 | .000572¢ BAZ ees: ees 57.1 6. 8220 328 -02019 2.86 . 18949 | .0005769 STO sa eerste a 50.0 4.1993 237 01946 2.64 - 12164 | .0005130 SOOO ere craiste 50.0 1.9040 89 - 02284 2.97 -05663 | . 0006768 A5G0NCE Rane See 50.0 2.3719 140 «01497 2.36 -04852 | .0003388 AGIOME se eescn ccs 50. 0 4.8728 273 «01832 2.69 - 18084 - 0004924 7374) ee ae 50. 0 6.0242 309 - 01844 2.83 - 15608 - 0005186 SRGOU Ee eee 57.1 9. 3804 435 02178 2.3% - 18680 | .0005150 GSLOM eer esne ace 50.0 4.7193 224 - 01984 2.82 . 12281 - 0005523 CORSO Ee re cue sees 50.0 7. 2278 334 02186 3.74 -17078 | .0008247 Bb20I es eases 50.0 4. 2040 295 - 01468 2.63 - 11078 - 0003778 5751010) Ee seoe eee of. 1 5.6295 266 - 02236 2.57 - 14178 - 0005366 Average... .- 51.5 6.0616 | 302.9 - 01974 7G} - 15237 | .0005361 | 60 TO 70 PER CENT. B20 eee ee ces 66.7 2. 5064 | 137 | 0.01956 3.57 | 0.09431 | 0. 0006846 220M eee a 60. 0 5. 8304 288 | .01937 2.64 - 11603 - 0005027 O260 ME Bee an a 66.7 2. 9653 166 - 01890 2.62 -05309 | . 0006177 ASI ie swercs =is.2 25 66.7 11. 6655 608 | .01919 2.38 -27765 | 0004567 ARSOMRE see wc act: 66.7 6.0446 341 - 01813 3.06 -18124 | .0005437 HOE A seas 66.7 8. 6833 476 - 01824 3.25 - 25347 | .0005928 Ges eaeee seems 66.7 5. 4606 280 01874 2.27 12536 | . 0004328 BSSOIR a eeee: sae 66.7 | 10.4714 529 01914 2.85 -29155 | .0005428 YAN UE ee ay epee 60.0 5.0125 319 | — .01725 2.71 . 13688 - 0004658 BUSOU ses aero 66.7 7.7761 443 | .01752 2.54 - 20018 - 0004588 STO S ee ees 66.7 7.6312 383 -01973 2.49 .19910 | .0004900 ato Mees sess ee 66.7 8.1116 382 | .02099 2.60 - 20327 | .0005320 G3p0les. 22. -eees 60.0 4.1723 229 -01791 2.17 -06748 | .0003749 GEOOL ess Sa 66.7 5. 9586 309 | .01919 3.25 -17590 | .0005924 M200 Veoos ote = 60.0 4.6412 265 01758 4.04 . 14328 | .0007214 G2 OIE RES =e ep 66.7 9.3629 396 02245 2.94 . 28276 | .0006629 OGU Lee ae ea Se 66.7 7.7977 354 | 02194 2.59 . 21334 | .0005639 WAG0U Pe asene ee ons 60.0 8. 3679 451 | .01854 2.49 -20681 | .0004589 CASO ree eee 66.7 4.1284 209 -01951 2.87 - 13763 - 0005622 O290LS lett e 28 62.5 4. 6848 258 01763 2.81 -12877 0004908 Cav Oe eee Jesene 60.0 5.4211 | 318 01672 2.58 - 14079 | .0004336 AVETA EC === 64.6 6.5092 | 340 01896 2.80 -17280 | .0005324 70 PER CENT AND OVER. QUO Meese ee os 87.5 | 9.75524 | 447 | 0.02157 2.78 | 0.30200 | 0. 0006049 2ISOI eS sa eh5 2 80.0 | 11.5721 | 622 | .01963 3.13 .35575 | . 0006057 D1 OU ERE oe aes 88.9 | 8.3406 398 | .02114 3.53 | .30995 | .0007501 D220M fas ale ot a 87.5 | 4.0677 229 - 01674 3.16 | .12604 - 0005292 D680 en seca 80.0 | 7.1981 329 - 02045 2.82 | ~.20306 - 0005768 2690 Sse See oses 71.4 | 3.8910 206} .01871 2.77 | .10870 | .0005189 DMO caters Saye ies 80.0 | 6.6162 343 - 01913 2.93 | .18438 - 0005447 OU Mey ree were ates 71.4 | 6.8618 310 - 02152 2.69 - 17267 - 0005758 Sto Dee neeeooe 71.4 | 3.9532 186 01983 3.72 | .11558 | .0007264 ASAQIE SS teenie 83.3 | 4.4668 277 01502 2.90 | .10033 | .0004159 HOHE SS. eee s oa 83.3 | 10.2785 435 | .02211 2.55 | .29008 - 0005589 DOOD Mee maaan 83.3 | 10.9242 489 - 02234 2.56 | 27788 | .0005632 ONO eS Sees 75.0 | 10.7383 617 | .01744 2.73 | 29783 - 0004790 OpZOLe we: Bes. 83.3 | 11.2241 563 - 02034 2.49 | .27997 | .0005065 SSZON eee on Sane 75.0 | 2.8084 227 - 01159 2.88 | .08385 0003383 6530 Re en Meae ss 83.3 | 7.5858 394 - 02001 2.92 | .18248 | .0006050 (4o0lee. 22422255 100.0 | 3.4799 191 | .01695 2.78 | .10355 - 0004745 SIO eee ae 100.0 | 12.7593 569 . 02272 2.27 | .29500 | .0005170 OPA ena. as ce 71.4 | 4.4131 234 01822 2.63 | 12426 | .0004826 PO eee 83.3 | 5.9603 339 | 01748 2.58 | .16548 | .0004426 DAG (Nee eee sen 75.0 | 7.0172 388 - 01780 2.85 | .21294 | .0005072 ObaO lees Ms he. 100.0 | 7.2956 374 -01767 | 2.50 - 18689 | .0004418 Average. ... 82.4 | 7.3275 371.2 - 01902 | 2.83 lag 20357 | .0005348 104 IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF WHEAT. TABLE 30.—Summary of yields of plants, arranged according to percentage killed in each family. Percent-| ,-.; < = Percent-| Proteid nitrogen Percentage of plants | Num- | age of | Ween Nees Me cn age of (gram) in— grouped according | ber of | plants in alive |[aemicila| a en | proteid to survivors of 1903 | analy- | 1903 sur- anit | ee ce ats | nitrogen ener, from 1902. ses. | viving ( gee ip F in ker- | Kernels. MEE from 1902. grams).| plant. | (gram) “ASS. | kernel. LO}G OPO RR ee eee 30 | 15.8 4.7098 251 0. 01856 2.91 0.12294 | 0. 0005437 20 COBO Fas se ste= sao | 20 23.5 6. 8446 342 - 01978 2.88 - 18065 - 0005527 3060420 Saar aee eee 13 33.6 5. 2065 274 - 01813 2.89 - 15125 | - 0005310 40KCO) SU) faa eye woke ace 14 | 41.7 4.1223 225 - 01843 2.96 - 11736 | - 0005493, HOO; GOS == ae = S552 7 51.5 6.0616 303 . 01974 Dende: . 15237 - 0005361 GOO MO SSee< aoe 5 21 | 64.6 6. 5092 340 - 01896 2.80 - 17280 | - 0005324 (OMnediGvers so a. 2-= 4 22 | 82.4 | J.3275 371 - 01902 2.83 . 20357 | - 0005348 YIELD AND NITROGEN CONTENT OF GRAIN AS AFFECTED BY LENGTH OF GROWING PERIOD. Early-maturing varieties of wheat are, in general, better yielding sorts in Nebraska than are later maturing ones. There are some exceptions to this rule, however, Turkish Red yielding better than any earlier maturing variety. The advantages from early maturity have usually been ascribed to the cooler weather and greater supply of moisture that obtain in the early summer. The hot, dry weather common in July is thought to prevent the filling out of the kernel and to cause light yield and light volume weight. Each wheat plant on the breeding plots was harvested separately in 1903, and a record was kept of the date of harvesting of each of these plants. These data have been tabulated for the purpose of showing the relation between the length of the. growing season and the yield of grain from individual plants of the same variety. Table 31 contains these data, tabulated according to the date of ripening. Plants ripening between the 7th and 11th of July, 1903, form the first class, those ripening between July 11 and 15 the second class, and the succeeding classes increase by four days until July 27, all ripening after that date constituting the last class. The dates of ripening thus extend over a period of three weeks. The season of 1903 was a very wet and cool one. The effect of this upon the wheat crop is shown by the fact that the crop in the field was not ready to harvest until July 10, while usually it is har- vested between the 20th and 30th of June. Even at the close of the ripening period the weather did not become dry or hot as compared with the normal season. It will therefore be seen that the ordinary advantages from early maturity did not obtain, or at least not in the customary way. It may also be said that some of the later maturing wheats yielded as well in 1904 as did the Turkish Red. Table 32 is a summary of Table 31, with a statement of the average for each class. Table 33 is a summary of the same plants, tabulated according to the yield of grain per plant. YIELD, ETC., AS AFFECTED BY GROWING PERIOD. 105 Table 34 is a summary of the same plants, tabulated according to the percentage of proteid nitrogen. It is very evident from these tables that the early-maturing plants are the most prolific. The weight of the average kernel remains very uniform, so that the later maturing plants do not appear to have pro- duced shrunken kernels. Evidently the plants ripening during the first four days produced the largest amounts of grain, and their ker- nels were as heavy as those produced later. The smaller productive- ness of the later maturing plants in the season of 1903 does not appear to have been due to a shrunken or light kernel. The percentage of proteid nitrogen appears to be somewhat less in the grain of the early-maturing plants. The number of grams of proteid nitrogen in the average kernel is likewise less in these early- maturing plants. The relation of length of growing season to both yield and compo- sition of grain is contrary to what might have been supposed. 14-:2450 2/01 . 02378 . 38604 . 0006444 else 2 GO sell OF 472. 2.73 | .02498 - 25709 | . 0006664 Sein See ssllonee do...| 19.7446 2.57 | .01708 - 50744 - 0004289 STOO eer ened Osee i a SeO 2d 2.73 - 01919 . 21898 | .0005238 eae aioe weet fer ete do...| 1.0304 2.69 - 019816 -02772 | . 0005330 Sepa teoal oes do...| 11.9114 3-10 . 021007 -44666 | .0007877 Seo orig see do...| 14.8139 4.26 . 01507 -68107 | . 0006420 Ta eee i ese doe se. 1420258) 4.04 | .01877 -16377 | .0007582 | July 8) 17.8506 2. 80 - 02062 - 49995 - 0005773 BGS EBD Bee ea do...| 9.8228 2.63 | .01949 . 25834 . 0005126 Bee ered lie vec do...| 10.9180 2.64 . 02184 . 28823 . 0005765 SE ORMOR GRA eS do...| 11.0930 2.58 . 02205 - 28580 | . 0005690 Bo aye een Sa et ae doz... 2.3931 2.69 - 01734 - 06437 - 0004665 Bees oe sessile dow | 22. 5848 2.31 | .02699 - 92194 - 0006236 HESS eee Cen do...| 5.7948 2.67 | .01751 - 15470 - 0004674 July 7) 7.9968 2.81 | .01603 . 22471 - 0004503 July 8 19. 3966 2.59 - 02590 - 50238 - 0006707 Bee Koel lleieeal 2.42 - 02175 -29575 . 0005262 July 9 9.2120 2.30 . 03050 - 21187 . 0007016 July 8 12.0161 2.57% . 01866 . 30881 - 0004795 July 7| 14.4556 2.96 . 01658 - 42790 - 0004907 July 8) 9.3093 2.42 | .01829 . 22529 | 0004426 doe -| 10. 9073 2.34 - 02361 . 25522 - 0005524 2-do2. =|. 1355720 2.61 . 02356 «34616 - 0006149 pS d02—-|" Los8086 2.59 | .01664 - 40945 . 0004310 | July 10} 2.8327 2.94 | .01940 - 08328 . 0005704 July 8 15. 3928 Det. | . 02132 -41715 . 0005778 do 18. 3614 2.34 | .02336 - 42965 - 0005466 Pe 2dOsee 7.3993 2.41 . 02578 . 17833 | .0006213 ..do...| 16.4692 2.28 .02175 . 37548 . 0004960 ! ! 106 IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF WHEAT. TaBLe 31.—Yield and nitrogen content of grain, tabulated according to length of growing period—Continued. DATES RIPE: JULY 7 TO 11, 1903—Continued. Tei Proteid nitr Pereent-| Welent | Proteld nitrogen , Date Yield age of EN Record number. = aes See age ker- ripe. (grams).| proteid all Amar nitrogen. (er aa ) Kernels. we eee SUMO eee ee July 8 9.1411 1.92 | 0.02308 0.17550 | 0.0004432 S8600R Se eoeee re July 10 1. 6362 2.80 . 02731 .04581 | .0007640 88606 cece scenes eeeedOnen|) 959456 2.53 . 02068 . 25162 | . 0005231 S860 72 seh eeee = eae Osee 5. 1584 2.61 - 02205 . 13463 - 0005754 88608). 252-22 -% wee -doOe a) falljbso5 2.47 02075 -03793 | .0005125 SSO00 aes ean eee doen 9.8719 2.42 . 02100 - 23890 - 0005082 94907... 22 cia: = seeeslOee || albus) 2.94 01948 . 35844 | .0005726 4908 eee ee eee MacGlOsoc) “Zp skeifis) 1.96 - 01894 .04641 | .0003713 949095 osc eee July 9 3.6977 3.60 . 01696 . 13312 - 0006106 QbD05 oss a ce ee Ores 3146 2.81 . 00850 - 00884 | . 0002389 955068 s.cele asm 2. Go= 2) 10548 2.74 . 01852 - 30291 . 0005074 9550 e aaeemee oe = s2--G022 4) 1221592 2.59 . 02029 - 31492 - 0005515 95508 - - - - - wsicssar Oma iy e467 2.56 - 01954 - 37023 . 0005003 95509 eee eas to-eQOrs.2|| 2.9475) 2. 48 . 02136 .07310 | .0005297 CEGwl Nee enmaneaen .5--G0)...| 2:'8356 1.81 - 01783 .05132 | . 0003228 O570Dee ae sci see July 10) 10.3426 2.54 . 01626 . 26270 | .0004131 Ob1OGE = aaa sce Ee Ol-ets | eos lOo 2a 01934 - 14095 | .0005279 Pir Oiseaaooosets Coe ldOmee| 7577 2. 47 . 01457 . 01872 | .0003599 Average ..-| July 8.9 | 9. 9067 2. 69 . 02024 - 26475 | .0005356 DATES RIPE: JULY 11 TO 15, 1903. | DIK NSS eee Sead | July 131 14.3111 | 2.64 | 0.01809 0.37781 | 0.0004777 5 |....do-..| 10: 4800 3.18 | .02563 . 33403 | . 0008168 E 2.9248 3.35 | .01851 .09798 | .0006201 ..| 3.5574 3.82 | .02056 13589 |. 0007855 NS) 1251819 4.43 | .02317 53889 | .0010265 ; 8. 4593 5.48 | .02209 . 46356 | .0012103 : 9.7236 2.31 01907 22461 | . 0004404 --| 10.1925 3.01 02072 20680 | .0006235 ..| 2.6965 Dest 00953 07577 | .0002677 Sal) > ROE 3.17 | .02019 .19075 | .0006401 -.| 11.5675 By ly . 02062 .36671 | .0006537 ..| 16. 4120 2.63 01895 . 43164 | .0004984 .-| 16. 4061 2.41| .01841 . 39539 | . 0004437 ..| 19.1854 2.36 02469 . 45276 | . 0005827 E 3. 3266 2.92 . 02004 09712 | ..0005850 Z 5. 5666 2.58 02085 . 14362 | . 0005379 Sa) iL Sto 3.47 | 01945 32853 | . 0004803 2 3. 0850 2.53 01847 07805 | . 0004674 : 4 5123 4.15 01777 18726 | . 0007373 ..| 12.0399 2.12 . 02183 . 24942 | .0004627 _.| 10.0005 2.70 | 02252 . 27003 | . 0006082 A 5. 5524 2.64 . 02287 14608 | . 0006037 : 3.2964 4. 87 01324 . 16053 | .0006447 .-| 11.2890 1.50 01572 16933 | . 0002258 : . 3485 | 2.81 01291 .00979 | .0002627 i 6. 4202 | 2.02 . 02048 12989 | .0004137 : 9. 4585 3.20 01701 20267 | .0005444 : 1. 6026 2. 64 . 02296 04233 | .0006062 bal ste 20080) 2.76 01858 -20986 | . 0005127 ..| 9.8846 2.70 01798 26553 | . 0004877 a 7. 9684 3.05 . 02028 24303 | .0006185 --| 7.1852 | 3.16 01593 22705 | .0005034 5 2.5160 2. 48 01507 06240 | ..0003736 i 4. 1323 2.18 01931 09008 | ..0004210 ‘ 5. 6864 1.89 . 01663 . 10747 | .0003142 : 9. 5078 2.54 02395 24150 | . 0006225 2 5.7431 2.73 01709 15679 | .0004667 f 6, 5232 2.51 01959 .16373 | .0004917 : 1. 5364 2.71 01746 .04164 | .0004731 ..| 10.1836 2.76 01453 28107 | .0004010 é 3.3176 2.65 01975 08792 | .0005233 : 3. 7263 2.76 00916 .10285 | .0002527 8.5777 3.19 . 01666 29188 | .0005826 7.9772 | 2.86 01838 22815 | .0005257 4.7117. | 2. 43 OLS01 .11445 | ..0004387 9. 8878 1.69 01705 . 16626 | . 0002881 . 8328 1.98 02031 01649 | .0004022 2. 4923 2.75 01846 06854 | .0005077 14.9992 2.62 01968 .39297 | . 0005157 i —_e —— YIELD, ETC., AS AFFECTED BY GROWING PERIOD. 107 TaBLe 31.—Yield and nitrogen content of grain, tabulated according to length of growing period—Continued. DATES RIPE: JULY 11 TO 15, 1903—Continued. Weight Proteid nitrogen Tate excell See of aver- cera) Record number. ripe. (grams).| proteid: agexeh - ieee nitrogen. (gram). Kernels. Tearriall STARE acces cess July 1: 12. 2004 2.61 | 0.02047 0.31842 | 0..0005343 DMO ee al sciercte See COE e2acOlo 2. 80 01534 .07733 | .0004296 GIO Mie ye ees ete .-do. 6. 9861 2. 85 . 01946 .19905 | .0005545 SVOOS secon ene a2do04 12. 0728 2021 03177 . 26680 | .0007021 B(O09 Eset basa alee do. 10. 6261 2.54 01739 . 26990 | .0004417 HVAC eee eases eeeador 3. 0790 2.74 . 02333 . 08436 | . 0006391 bY (i VV eens Same WsoanOkoe 16. 4433 1.7: . 02234 . 24847 | . 0003865 bY (3 Uae aeeeeers |e22-002 8. 6189 2.64 . 01968 . 22756 | .0005195 DS20GRSacess seed enn kos 1. 3961 2.67 . 00943 . 03728 | .0002519 Phare emereectal keer do. 4, 2207 3.09 01375 . 13042 | .0004248 Gos0 ome eee eel Os 1. 8018 4.92 . 02310 . 08865 | . 0011365 G53067 S222 face. en eeOr 9. 8298 2.41 . 01807 . 23690 | . 0004355 @a8 Vee eaeens Sellaoce do. 7.0051 2.28 . 01878 . 15971 | .0004282 G5s08k te sae- eee do...) 11.7006 2.09 . 02008 . 24468 | .0004197 A005 eee ee eee July 11 4. 4423 2.35 . 01553 . 10439 | .0003650 94006 emote oes | PeocOME oa) IPRRtay4 3. 41 . 01808 . 42236 . 0006166 Average..| July 13 7.6611 2.81 . 01887 - 20820 - 0005290 DATES RIPE: JULY 15 TO 19, 1903. S906 Vesa see July 15 0.9229 3.48 | 0.01420 | 0.03212 | 0.0004941 AUG0G eects seis|| eee Om 19.3318 4.71 - 02390 -91052 | .0011283 DU Olena ee ee adoe 12. 3685 2.19 02125 - 27086 | .0004654 ZOO perce nee see do. 1.8242 3.02 01393 -05508 | . 0003662 CSL) eee July 18 4.6045 2.87 01627 -13215 | . 0004670 GAG ert eo tare Sat geeedOeee|| 5940) 3.73 - 01968 | -05946 | .0007340 SA20B eee Sec cene Pe GOre |) 249880: 2.13 01916 06366 , .0004081 SOB eae eee July 15 . 2062 2.44 - 01086 | 00503 | .0002649 A500 Ds nee: soos ~aoe 3. 2340 3.58 - 01376 11575 | .0004927 ZOU Soe eae = dor . 7081 2.82 01161 | 01997 | .0003273 ASA bee aes .-do. - 9701 3.31 - 01276 | 03211 | .0004225 CLUS amseeseaee Seedores ai) | lagi 3. 66 . 01398 07010 | .0005117 DLOOG Ee mae eae Pee donee a losses 1.34 - 01804 | 20881 | . 0002422 631055 Sa sse ee July 18 1.5452 3.24 -O1717 | 05007 - 0005563 GS10Gr eset eedore5|) .5.d006 2.79 -02001 | 09208 | .0005581 GO006 Pecos dor 6. 0090 3. 54 - 01642 21272 | .0005812 (2005 eceiees noe dor 1. 1166 4.65 .01718 | 05192 | . 0007988 (280C Ss 52 ee sce don 2.0970 3.01 . 01906 06312 | .0005738 (AG0D zeae e seen soncdl@ssa V7ealikenl 2.60 701784 18507 | .0004638 BIOS Ree see ecaae Be Ore! 957922 1.98 - 02106 19388 | .0004170 S890b ees asccssoe July 16 5. 3069 2.83 01811 15019 | .0005126 BODO hen te sta 222d 0e.-4) 959034 2.65 01814 26245 | .0004807 O1905 Baa 3 . 19.0 8172 2724 | -01434 | 50 4 SU7OSteE