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Carve’ -. - ed maf eee” a bs 5 aaah gheas”” $ ~~ - ae ¢. ‘2 oF ye Ne a. % ry : 1 ae =< a~ 4 a -. Sia ee Dene e > ro oper ae y +. on ff. a oy Tt = Py te ee | ‘ A ry nl 4} wa g. - 1\2we. y tis a “i ip We v _ : ~L tof : ew GQ) “Ae Aon ys ty ¥ Po AAAARES B ¥ / nes ay ‘Ww Lae | ef Se a- Y INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS BY Lieutenant-Colonel K. R. KIRTIKAR, F.L.S., I.M.S., (Retired), Major B. D. BASU, LM.S., (Retired), AND [.C.8. (Retired). gp “sori ian Ing¢; Po atl ZATAYT. sp tly ‘On j Ris a aie \\y iS vu par OR, ~ a a» | * * * Published by SUDHINDRA NATH Basu, M.B. PANINI OFFICE, BHUWANESWARI ASRAMA, BAHADURGANJ, Allababad PRINTED BY APURVA KRISHNA BOSE, AT THE INDIAN PRESS 1918 i \ ly c i \ _@ “ ty, Xe :* a 4s Ss s , “ ~y DEDICATED TO THE MEDICAL PROFESSION OF INDIA PREFACE. Berore the completion of Sir Joseph Hooker’s great book ‘Flora of British India,’ the only comprehensive work on Indian Botany was that of Dr. W. Roxburgh. But it was long out of print and the Revd. Dr. Carey’s edition of that im- portant work sold in London for something like £5. The late Mr. C. B. Clarke of the Educational Department of Bengal, after- wards Inspector of Schools in Assam, conferred a great boon on students of Indian Botany by bringing out a reprint of that work in 1874 and pricing it so low as 5 rupees only. Unfortunately, it is now out of print. When more than 25 years ago, I com- menced the study of Indian Medicinal Plants, I had to work with this well known book. So the reference to Roxburgh throughout the present work is to the pages of that reprint. I also experienced great difficulty in identifying the plants for not possessing illustrations of most of them. It is almost impossible for a person of moderate resources to provide himself with all the illustrated works on Indian Botany, especially as a good many of them, having become out of print, are procurable only at fabulous prices. I found that for a proper study of the subject there was a great want of a work containing illustrations, botanical descriptions, vernacular names and uses of the medi- cinal plants of this country. It was to supply this want to some extent that the present work was undertaken. In this under- taking I was very fortunate to have secured the co-operation of the late lamented Lieutenant-Colonel Kanhoba Ranchoddas Kirtikar, F. L.S., I. M. 8., a botanist of great repute, who pos- sessed a very rich library of Botany and other sciences allied to it. Himselfa good draughtsman, he had also employed an able artist of Bombay to draw and paint from nature, plants of eco- nomic importance. The faithfulness of these drawings is admired by those who have seen them. Colonel Kirtikar very readily allowed me to publish them with this work. He also kindly undertook to prepare the botanical descriptions of the vi PREFACE. plants, and was helped in this portion of his task by an able member of the Indian Civil Service, who to his other accom- plishments adds a great taste for Botany. His notes have been incorporated by Colonel Kirtikar in the botanical descriptions. Before his lamented death, which took place on the 9th May, 1917, Colonel Kirtikar had left in manuscript the botanical de- scriptions of almost all the plants mentioned in this work. Itis to be greatly regretted that he did not live to give a finishing touch to his writings. He was, however, able to revise the proofs of about the first 500 pages of this book. When we undertook the preparation of this work, it was decided that it would not be a treatise on Materia Medica. A work of that nature should include— (1) Characters and means of recognition of the crude drug including— (a) External appearance, feel, [taste], smell, weight, &c. (b) Microscopical characters and tests. (c) General adulterants and mode of detection. (2) To know whence and how the drug is obtained. (3) The general properties of the crude drug, and the source of its special properties, 1.e., its active principle, treated generally. (4) To know the method of development of the drug itself, so far as practicable; and the nature, anatomical and develop- mental, of the structures whence it is obtained. (5) The preparations in which the drug forms a part, the processes of preparation and their rationale; methods of mani- pulation, ete. (6) The doses of the drug and of its preparations. (7) The physiological action of the drug and its preparations.” Pharmacographia Indica by Messrs. Dymock, Warden and Hooper still remains an authoritative work on Indian Materia Medica. The present work is a Botany of Indian Medicinal Plants and go no account of drugs procurable in Indian bazars is given in it. It is true that most of the illustrations in this publication are reproductions from those in various works on Indian Botany ard PREFACE. Vil other standard works on the subject. This, we submit, should not be considered in any way to lessen the importance of the work. It has been truly observed by an eminent writer :— “ Hxaggerated individual energy and independence have become conceit... “ The chief business with him (a young man) is not to work well, but to work in a different mode to others; originality is more to him than beauty. This idea which now-a-days has such a strong hold on all heads, even the most empty, re- minds us of that graceful epigram of Goethe’s on originals. A certain person says, ‘I do not belong to any School, there exists no living master from whom I would take lessons, andas tothe dead, I have never learnt any thing from them,’ which, if Iam not mistaken, means, ‘I am a foolon my own account.’ What else is this extravagant desire for originality, but, as we have said, an exaggeration of individual energy, a want of equilibrium, the sin, in fact, of pride? ” * Dr, Garnett writes :— “The truly artistic production, * ** may well outlast the inferior work * * ag the diamond survives the glass which it engraves,” T The illustrated works on Indian Botany of such well-known masters of the subject, as Itheede, Roxburgh, Royle, Burman, Brandis, Beddome, Griffith, Wallich, Wight and several others, are not easily accessible to those who are interested in the study of thesubject. It is, therefore, that their illustrations have been copied and supplemented, where necessary, by further details. I was in charge of the Indigenous Drugs Court of the United Provinces Exhibition held at Allahabad in December 1910 and January and February 1911. One of the special features of the Indigenous Drugs Court was the exhibition of herbarium specimens and of drawings of almost all the known plants used in medicine in this country. I collected drawings from the illustrated works on Indian Botany and other standard works on that subject available in the United Provinces. The late Dr. E. G. Hill lent to the exhibition the illustrated works on Botany from the Allahabad Public Library of which he was the Secretary. The President and the Imperial Forest Botanist of the Forest Research Institute of Dehra Dun were kind enough to lend illustrated books on Botany which were not to be had at Allahabad. The late Lieutenant-Colonel Kirtikar, * <« The Decadence of Modern Literature by Armando Palacio Valdes of Madrid in the International Library of Famous Literature, Vol, xx T “The use and value of Anthologies,” in the International Library of Famous Literature, Vol. I. Vill PREFACE. F.LS., LM.S., (Retd.) very kindly lent the paintings already referred to above to the exhibition. But still I was unable to secure illustrations of about 300 Indian Medicinal Plants for the Exhibition. I. wrote to the Superintendent, Royal Botanical Garden, Shibpur, Calcutta, if he would kindly lend the drawings of those plants from the Herbarium in his charge. In his letter dated 24th May, 1910, he wrote :— “T regret that I cannot see my way to let you have a loan of the original drawings of any plants, as it is a strict rule in all botanical institutions that original drawings are not allowed to go out of the building for any purpose, as in the event of loss or damage they could not possibly be replaced. I should however be quite prepared to have exact copies made of such drawings as may be of interest to you atthe expense of the Exhibition. For large full size drawings coloured, the rate for copying including paper would be Rs, 5-8-0 each,” About this time, I made the acquaintance of Professor Bhim Chandra Chatterji, B.A., BSc., then of the Bengal Technical Institute, Calcutta. I was told that he had collected materials and illustrations of plants of Hindu Materia Medica, as he was preparing a work on that subject. So I wrote to him to exhibit his collection at the Exhibition. He came to Allahabad to see me. On showing him the letter of the Superintendent, Shibpur Garden, he said he would take photos of those plants and their drawings which would cost less than one-fifth of the estimate given in the letter referred to above. 1 went to Calcutta and taking Professor Bhim Chandra Chatterji introduced him to the Superintendent, who very kindly afforded him every facility to take photos of plants and of their drawings. But, unfortunately, Professor Bhim Chandra Chatterj1 was not successful with his photographs. He then arranged _ with the Shibpur artists to copy the drawings of plants pre- served in the Herbarium there at very favourable terms. The late lamented Mr. G. R. Murray, I.C.S:, who was Secret- ary of the United Provinces Exhibition, took great interest in the Indigenous Drugs Court and did all that lay in his power to make it a success. He got his committee to sanction the sum necessary to procure copies of drawings of the plants. After PREFAOE. 1X closure of the Exhibition, while he was acting as Registrar of the High Court, Allahabad, he enquired several times about the progress in printing of the present work, more especially of the plates, thus showing his interest in this publication. Over 300 drawings were copied in about five months. Professor Bhim Chandra Chatterji had little time to compare the copies with the originals and was, therefore, unable to vouch for their accuracy. Details of several drawings, especially those made from type specimens, had to be completed. Soin December 1911 I went down to Calcutta and compared the copies of the drawings with the originals. Owing 1o pressure of work at Allahabad, I could not prolong my stay in Calcutta. So several plates were left at Shibpur for details to be filled in. Cclonel Gage, I.M.S., obliged me by getting this done. In his letter dated 29th March 1912, in returning the drawings he wrote :--- “T return herewith the drawings you sent for filling in the details of the dissections, They have been gone over by Mr, Ramaswamy and checked in every case. It has not always been possible to get precise dissections from the Herbarium specimens, as in the case where there is one specimen we cannot afford to dissect it. I trust however what has been done will prove to your satisfaction.” He has placed us under deep obligation by permitting us to copy and publish some of the original drawings by Roxburgh preserved in the Herbarium in the Royal Botanical Garden Shibpur, and to reproduce some of the illustrations given in the Annals of it, and also to have drawings made from the type specimens in that Herbarium, of some of the plants not to be found in publications kept in the library of that institution. Our thanks are due to Mr. R.S. Hole, F.C.H., F.L.S., LES., Forest Botanist of Dehra Dun, for his kind permission to copy and publish some of the original drawings of plants prepared by Mr. J. F. Duthie, B.A.; F.L.S., late Director of Botanic Survey, Northern India. We are thankful to the publishers of Curtis’s Botanical Maga- zine and of Bentley and Trimen’s Medicinal Plants for permis- sion to copy some of the illustrations from their publications; as also to the Government of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh for allowing us to copy a few illustrations from the Field B xX PREFACE. and Garden Crops of the North Western Provinces prepared by Mr. Duthie and Mr., now Sir Bampfylde, Fuller. The Government of India, the Missouri Botanical Garden, the Agricultural Bureau and the Smithsonian Institution of America, as well as the Board of Agriculture of England, have greatly helped us in the preparation of this work by their sup- plying us with some of their publications bearing on the subject. Some of those works on Botany which were not in the library of the late Colonel Kirtikar were very kindly lent to us by Colonel Gage from the Library of the Royal Botanic Garden, Shibpur; by the late Mr, Harinath De, M.A., LE.S8., from the Imperial Library, Calcutta, of which he was the librarian ; and by Mr. Hole from the Library of the Imperial Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun. To all these gentlemen, our best thanks are due. Colonel Gage also very kindly gave instructions to the mem- bers of the staff serving under him to assist us in every way in their power in the preparation of this work. The Jate Mr. M.S. Ramaswami M.A., and Babu Sashi Bhushan Banerji were of great help to us. Professor Bhim Chandra Chatterji, was advertised as one of the joint authors of this work. But his portion of the work not being ready, it is regretted it has not been published with this. My best thanks are due to Babu Chintamani Ghosh, the en- terprising proprietor of the well-known Indian Press, who has iaken great interest in and trouble for this work. He deputed his talented artist, Mr. Sommer, to Europe to fetch large-sized litho- graphic stones and art-paper for its printing. Without his help and supervision, it would have been impossible to bring out the work in its present get-up, which has exceeded my expect- ations. The enlightened Maharaja Bahadur of Cossimbazar, the Hon’ble Sir Manindra Chandra Nandy, K. C. I. E., with his accus- tomed munificence, has contributed ten thousand rupees to meet a portion of the expenses incurred in the production of this work. Our heartiest thanks are due to him for this handsome donation. ALLAHABAD : [by JOR leysysuh Ist January, 1918. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE. PLATE PREFACE 30 INTRODUCTION ... BIBLIOGRAPHY ... I. 2. N, O, RANUNCULACE? Clematis Nepalensis, D.C. triloba, Heyne 3. Gouriana, Roxb, 4, Anemone obtusiloba, Don... 5, Thalictrum foliolosum, 6. Ranunculus - scleratus, Linn. 7, Caltha palustris, Linn. 8. Coptis teeta, Wall. Delphinum 9, denudatum, Wall. 10. caeruleum, Jacq. : 11. Brunoinanun, Royle, ACONITE Aconitum - 12, lycotonum,Linn, 13. palmatum, Don. 14, ferox, Wall. 15. Napellus, Linn. 16. heterophyllum, Wall. 17, Soongaricum, Stapf... 18. Chasmanthum, Stapf. 19. rotundifolium, Ver. and Kir, 20. deinorrhizum, Stapf... 21. Balfouri, Stapf. 22. Faleoneri, Stapf. 23. spicatum,Stapf 24, laciniatum, Stapf. 25. lethale, Griff. bs 26. Actzea Spicata, Linn. . Cimicifuga foetida, Linn. 28, Peeonia “Emodi, W Bil: N. O. DILLENIACE 29. Dillenia indica, Linn. N. O, MAGNOLIACE ... Michelia 380. Champaea, Linn. 31. Nilagirica, Zenk. ... 82. Illicium Griffithii, H. fee. 1. i N. O. ANONACEA 33. Uvaria narum, Wall.... No. Vv Ogu Ixxi 1 1 1 2 2 2 By BY: 3 4 4 5 5A 6 5B 7/ 6 a TA 8 8 8 7B 9 10 10 - 14 12 20 15 9 16 13 18 10 19 il De Tale 24 15 Zoe 6 2h, SUT 29 #18 3 319 Boh aL 34 226 Sa) oA a6) Zo 38 oO 24 40 40 26 42) 27 Ad) ao 44 44 28 34, Oo. 36, 37. 38, 39. 40). 41. 42. 43, 44. 45. 46. 47. 48, 49. 50. 50. dl, 52, 53. 54. 59. 56, o7. 58, 59. 60. 61. 62. 63, PAGE. PLATE Anona squamosa, Linn. reticulata, Linn. Bocagea Dalzelii, Hatace. Ls are Polyanthia longifolia, Benth. and H.f. ... N. O. MENISPERMACE Tinospora ’ tomentosa, Miers. crispa, Miers. cordifolia, Miers, Anamirta cocculus. W.&A Ree Coscinium fenestra- tum, Colebr. Coceculus villosus, D.C. Lezeba, D.C. ae Pericampylus incanus, Miers, Stephania hernandipholia, Walp. rotundifolia, Lour. ... Cissampelos Pareira, Linn. : N, O. BERBERIDEZX ... Berberis vulgaris, Linn, aristata, D.C. lycium, Royle asiatica, Roxb. Podophylum Wiallss ie. N. O. NYMPH2CED emodi, Nymphzea alba, Linn. lotus, Linn. stellatta, Willd. Kuryale ferox, Salisk. Nelumbium speciosum, Willd. ae N. O. PAPAVERACE ... Papaver Rheeas, Linn. dubium, Linn. somniferum, Linn, orientale, Linn. Argemone mexicana, Linn. Meconopsis aculeata, Royle No. 44 30,30A 45 31 46 47 29 48 AS 35 48 34 49 35 D2 30 55 86387 56 388B 58 388A Re a) 09 «#8640 60 41 Gili) 42, 62 62 43 Gan 44 Goeee4d 67 45 68 46 70 70,” 47 Gin £48 72 49 Tis 54H) for DL 76 Thay aay 76 ae Da 78 79 54 838 55 Xll PAGE. PLATE 64. nepalensis, D.C. 65, Wallichi, Hook. N. O. FUMARIACE 66, Hypecoum procum- bens, Linn. Corydalis 67. Govaniana, Wall. 68. ramosa, Wall. ; 69. Fumaria parvifiora, Lamk. we N. O. CRUCIFERA 70. Matthiola incana, R. Br. ave eae 71. Cheiranthus Chieri, Linn, ) a 72. Nasturtium officinale, fi Bros ee. a 73, Cardamine pratensis, Linn. bef Farsetia 74, Jacquemontii, H.f. & T. 75, Hamiltonii, Royle, 76. Aegyptiaca, Turr. Sisysmbrium 77. Sophia, Linn, 78. Irio, Linn. Brassica 79, nigra, Koch, 80. camprestris, Linn. 81. juncea, H.f.& T. 82. Eruca Sativa, Lam. 83, Capsella Bursa pasto- ris, Moench 84, Lepidium sativu m, Linn. 85. Raphanus sativu S, Linn, ba N. O. CAPPARIDE Cleome viscosa, Linn. Gynadropsis penta- phyla, D.C, Maerua arenaria, i. f. & T. Crate v a religiosa, Forsk. bie Cadaba indica, Lamk, farinosa, Forsk. Capparis spinosa, Linn. zeylanica, Linn. Heyneana, Wall. aphylla, Roth. sepiaria, Linn. horrida, Linn. N. O VIOLACE, Reseda odorata, Linn. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95, 96. 97. 98. 83 84 84 84 85 &5 86 87 87 87 89 90 90 90 91 91 91 H1A 62E 62C 62A ( 70B | 128. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE. PLATE Viola 99. serpens, Wall. 100. odorata, Linn. 101, cinerea, Boiss. 102. Ionidium — suffrutico- sum, Ging. N, O. BIXINEA, Cochlospermum Gos- sypium, D.C. eh 104. Bixa Orellana, Linn.... Flacourtia 105. cataphracta, Roxb.... 106. Ramontchi,L’Herit 107. sepiaria, Roxb. 108, Gynocardia odorata, i. Wes se 109. Hydnocarpus Wightia- 110. 108. na, Blume Tar aktogenos Kurzii, King. N. O. PITTOSPOREA. ... 111. Pittosporum floribun- dum, W. & A. a N.O. POLYGALACEA. Polygala 112. crotalarioides, Ham. 118. chinensis, Linn. ‘ 114. telephoides, Willd, ... N, O, FRANKENIACE. 115. Frankenia pulverulen- ta, Linn, nee N. O. CARYOPHYLLE. 116. Saponaria Vaccaria, Linn, (4. 117. Polycarpcea corymbosa, am. hie sto N. O. PORTULACEA. Portulaca 118. oleracea, Linn. | 119. quadrifida, Linn.... 120. tuberosa, Roxb, N, O. TAMARISCINEG Tamarix 121. gallica, Linn. 122, dioica, Roxh. 123. articulata, Vahl. 124, Myricaria ccd Royle, = NAO: Aeron Hypericum 125, Patulum, Thunb. ... 126. perfortum, Linn. ... N, O. GUTTIFER4... Garcinia 127. Mangostana, Linn.... indica, Chois 111 112 114 115 116 116 117 118 119 121 121 124 125 129 129 131 131 131 132 1382 132 133 133 154 135 135 137 138 138 138 139 140 141 142 142 142 143 143 146 No. 79 80B 80A 81 82 83 84A 84B 85 86 87 88 89 90 91B 91A 129. Morella, Desrouss.... 130. xanthochymus, Hf. 131. Ochrocarpus _ longi- folius, Benth. and Hook. f. Callophyllum 132. inophyllum, Linn. ... 133. Wightianum, Wall... 134. Mesua ferrea, Linn. 510 N. O. TERNSTR@MIACEA Schima Wall ae Choisy a N, O. ec ee aera Nipterocarpus 136, turbinatus, Goertn.... 137. tuberculatus, Roxb. 138. alatus, Roxb. 189. incanus, Roxb, Shorea 140. robusta, Goertn. f, ... (41. Tumbuggaia, Roxb. 142. Vateria indica, inn. s.. ale N. O, MALVACE ... Althcea 143. officinalis, Linn. 144. rosea, Linn. Malva 145. sylvestris, Linn. ... 146. rotundifolia, Linn. 147, parviflora, Linn. Sida 148. humilis, Willd, , 149. spinosa, Linn 150. carpinifolia, Linn. 151. rhombifolia, Linn, ... 152. rhombifolia, var. re- tusa, Linn sae var, rhomboidea, ‘Roxb. apis 154, cordifolia, Linn. Abutilon 155. indicum, G. Don. 156. graveolens, W. & A. 157. Avicennee, Geertn.... Urena 158. lobata, Linn 159. sinuata, Linn. 160. repanda, Roxb, 161. Pavonia odorata, Willd.... Hibiscus 162. furcatus, Roxb. 163. micranthus, Linn. ... 1164, ecannabinus, Linn. ... 65. sabdariffa, Linn, 139, 153. TABLE OF PAGE, PLATE No. 147 148 104 149 105 151-106 linaee “lore 154. +8108 156 156) 8) 109 156 156 §=110 s8 - 111 1591") TO 159 112 ‘60. 118 162 114: 163 115 164 164 116A 165 11c0B 167 SL? LGW poly 168 118 168 119B 169 120 WON 12 ides eho 172 473 173 119A 14 2s WA ed! 176 {ir AAs Lb a OAS Ivica, alyayl Leo 128 179 1384B 180 129 oil sole 181 129 CONTENTS, X1ll PAGE. PLATE 166. Abelmoschus, Linn. 167. esculentus, Linn. ... 168. tiliaceus, Linn. 169. rosa-sinensis, Linn. Thespesia 170. populnea, Corr. ... 171. Lampas, Dalz, & Gib. Gossypium 172, herbaceum, Linn. 173. arboreum, Linn 174. Kydia calycina, ROX Ds) ea: Ae 175, Adansonia digitata, inner aa 176. Bombax malabari- cum, 1). C. 177. Hriodendron pie. tuosum, D. C. N, O. STERCULACE... Stereulia 178. foetida, Linn. 179. urens, Roxb. 180. scaphigera, Wall. 181. Helicteres isora, imme eee one Pterospermum 182. suberifolium, Linn.,... 183. acerifolium, Willd... 184. Pentapetes pheceni- cea, Linn, 185. Hrioleena quinquelo- cularis, Wight 186. Abroma augusta, Linn. 187. Guazuma tomentosa, Kunth. N. O, TILIACEA Grewia 188. tilizefolia, Vahl. 189, asiatica, Linn. ie 190. scabrophylla, Roxb. 191, villosa, Willd, 192. polygama, Roxb. ... 193. Triumfetta rhombhoi- dea, Jacq, Corchorus 194. capsularis, Linn, 195. olitorius, Linn. 196, trilocularis, Linn, ... 197. fascicularis, Lam. ... 198. antichorus, Reensch. No. 188)" i831 178 1382 oA elas 185 134A 186 186 188 1385 ilfsts} IBY 838 pe Ne) 198 140, 141 A&B 194 197. 142 200 148 2038 203 144, 145 203 146 205 147 205 148 206 149 207 +3150 208 152 209 151B 210 153 211l . 154 212 212 155 214 156 DO LHe 216 151A, 158B 217 158A 218 159 219 160 219 161A 221. 162 222 161B 222 163 X1V TABLR OF PAGE, PLATE No. N. O, LINEA. se. 220 199. Linum usitatissimum, Linn, 223 164A 200. Reinwardtia trigyna, Planeh’ ... . 225 164B 201. Hugonia Mysta x, Linn. 226 165 202. Erythroxylon mono- gynum, Roxb. 226 166 N. O. MALPIGHIACEH. 228 203. Hiptage madablota, Geertn. ... aes 167 N. O. ZYGOPHYLLEX, 229 Tribulus 204. terrestris, Linn. 229 168 205. alatus, Delile 230 169 206. Zygophyllum sim- plex, Linn. 231 170A Fagonia 207. arabica, Linn, 234° AGA 208. Bruguieri, D. C. 232 170B N. O. GERANIACES,... 233 Geranium 209. Wallichianum, Sweet 233 172 210. nepalense, Sweet 234 175 211. Robertianum, Linn. 234 174 212. Ocellatum, Camb. 235 175 Oxalis 213. corniculata, Linn. ... 235 176B 214, acetosella, Linn. 2386 176A 215. Biophytum sensi- tivum, D. C. 237 «177 Averrhoa 216, Carambola, Linn, 238 178 217. Bilimbi, Linn. .. 240 179 218, Impatiens Balsamina, Linn. 241 180 N. O. RUTACEZ. 242 219. Ruta graveolens, Linn. var angusti- folia 242 181 220. Peganum harma la, sb Paes 243 182 221. Dictamus albus, Linn, 248 1838 Zanthoxylon 222. alatum, Roxb. 249 184 223, acanthopodium, D. C, 250 185B 224. oxyphyllum, Edgew. 250 186 225. Hamiltonianum, Wall. 251 187 226. Rhetsa, D.C. 251 185A 227. budrunga, Wall. 252 188 228. Toddalia ac uleata, Pers. 253 189 229. Skimmia laureo la, Hook. f. 257 191 230. Acronychia laur ie folia, Blume 258 190 | 238. CONTENTS. PAGE. PLATE 231. Murraya Kenigii, Spreng, 232, Limonia iin, 5: 233. Luvunga Ham, Paramignya 234, monophylla, Wight... 235. longispina, Hook. f. 236. Atlantia eee Correa. Citrus 237. medica, Linn. a Var I. medica proper Var II. Limonum Var III. acida me Var LY. Limmeta ... Aurantium, Linn. Var I. Aurantium pro- per Var aciddisima, scandens, We Brandis 53 Var III. Bergamia ... decumana, Linn, F Feronia elepn ate Correa... Aigle Marmelo. 5 Correa... N, O. nies Ailanthus 243. glandulosa, Desf, 244. excelsa, Roxb. 245. malabarica, D.C. Samadera Bigardia, 239. 240. 241. 246. indica, Geertn 247. lucida, Wall. ae 248, Picrasma quassioides, Benn 249, Brucea sumatrana, Roxb. 250. Balanites Roxburghii, Planch... NEO; oonniaee 251. Gomphia angustifo- lia, Vahl. ve N. O. BURSERACEZ ... 252. Boswellia serrata, Roxby... Soe 2538. Garuga pinnata, Roxy: =: a Balsamodendron 254. Mukul, Hook. 255. Roxburghii, Arn. 256, pubscens, Stocks. Canarium 257. commune, Linn, 258. strictum, Roxb. Sa 259. bengalense, Roxh, ... 259 260 261 No. 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 198A 198B 199 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 218 214 215 TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE, PLATE N. O, MELIACE® 260. Turrea villosa, Benn. 261. Naregamia alata, W.& A. Melia 262. Azadirachta, Linn. ... 263, Azederach, Linn. 264, dubia, Cav. . 265. Sandoricum indicum, Cav. 266, Aglaia Roxburghiana, Miq. et Amoora 267. rohituka, W. and A. 268. cucullata, Roxb. 269, Walsura piscidia, Roxb. 270, 271. 972. 273. Carapa moluccensis, catia eee Soymida febri fuga, Adr. Juss, Chikrassia tabularis, Adr, Juss. . Cedrela Toona, Roxb. . Chloroxylon Swiete- nia, D.C, N, O, OLACINEA Olax scandens, Roxb. 277. nana, Wall, ae 278. Sarcostigma Kleinii, W. and A, 506 N. O, CELASTRINE4..... 279. EKuonymus tingens, Wall. 280. Kokoona Thwaites 281, Celastrus paniculata, Willd. 282. Gymnosporia tana, Roxb. 283. Hlzeeodendron gla u- cum, Pers. “ N. O, RHAMNEE Ventilago zeylanica, mon- 284, madraspatana, Geertn. 285. calyculata, Tulagne, Zizyphus 286, jujuba, Lamk. 287. glabrata, Heyne 288. nummularia, W. & A. 289, vulgaris, Lamk, 290. rugosa, Lamk, 291. dahuricus, Pall. Rhamnus 292. Wightii W & E 293, purpureus, Edgew. ... 294. Triqueter, Wall, Heynea trij uga, Roxb. 298 298 299 300 309 312 313 313 314 316 316 317 318 319 320 321 323 324 324 325 325 326 326 326 327 330 330 332 332 304 335 337 337 338 339 309 340 341 341 No. 216 XV PAGE. PLATE 295, Govania ya, D.C N. O, AMPELIDE Vitis quadrangularis, Wall. adnata, Wall. ; latifolia, Roxb. wanitena Linn, indica, Linn. setosa, Wall. trifolia, Linn. araneosus, Dalz. and Gibs, pedata, Vahl. Leea 305, macrophylla, Roxb. 306, crispa, Willd. 307. sambucina, Willd. 308. robusta, Roxb. 309, hirta, Roxb. N. O. SAPINDACEA leptostach- - 310. Cardiospermum Hali- cacabum, Linn. Aesculus 311. Hippocastanum, Linn. 312. indica, Cobbr. 313. Schleichera Willd. ... Sapindus 314. trifoliatus, Linn. 315. mukorossi, Goertn, ... Nephelium 316. Litchi, Camb. 317. Longana, Camb. ... 318 Acer pictum, Thunb, 319. Dodoncesa viscosa, Linn. N. O. ANACAKDIACEA Rhus 220. parviflora, Roxb, 321. semialata Murray ... 322, Wallichii, Hook f. 323. insignis, Hook f. 324, succedanea, Linn 325. Pistachia integer. rima, Stewart Mangifera indica, Linn. Anacardium occiden- tale, Linn. Buchanania ORD... M elanorrhoea usitata, Willies. 330, Odina wodier, Roxb. 331. Semecarpus anacar- dium, Linn, trijuga, 326. 327, 328. 329. latifolia, 341 342 342 343 344 344 346 347 347 348 349 350 351 351 352 352 353 353 355 356 357 360 364 365 366 367 367 369 369 369 370 381 383 384 No. 245 246 247 248 249A 250 251 252 249B 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 XV1 PAGE, PLATE wf Holigarna 332. Arnottiana, Hook. f, 333. longifolia, Roxb. 304. Spondias wmangifera, Willd... cae N, O. CoRIARIEZ 880. Coriaria nepalensis, Wall. Sea N. O. MORINGEE Moringa 336. pterygosperma, Geertn, 337. Concanensis, Nimmo N. O. CONNARACEA 308, Rourea santaloides, W.& A ae N, O, LEGUMINOS Crotalaria 339. Burhia, Hamilt. 340, prostrata, Roxb. 341, albida, Heyne. 342. verrucosa, Linn. 343. juncea, Linn. 344, medicaginea, Lamk... Trigonella 845, occulta, Delile, 346, Foenumgreecum, Linn. Melilotus 347, parviflora, Desf. 348. officinalis, Willd. 349, Cyamopsis psora- lioides, D C, aa Indigofera 350. linifolia, Retz. 391, glandulosa, Willd. 352, enneaphylla, Linn. ... 3538. aspalathoides, Vahl. 354. trifoliata, Linn. 3855. paucifiora, Delile 356, tinctoria, Linn. 357. pulchella Roxb. ; 358. Psoralea corylifolia, Linn, 859. Colutea ar borescens, Linn. var. nepalensis 360. Mundulea = suberosa, Benth. .. 2 Tephrosia 361, purpurea, Pers, 362. villosa, Pers. Sesbania 363. eegyptiaca Pers, 364. aculeata, Pers. 365. grandiflora, Pers, Astragalus 363, tribuloides, Delile. .. 364. hamosus, Linn. 365, multiceps, Wall, 392 393 393 395 395 396 596 399 400 400 401 401 401 402 402 403 404 404 404 406 406 407 408 408 409 409 410 410 410 411 413 414 No. 280 281 282: A EE A TI j 378. TABLE OF CONTENTS, PAGE. PLATR., 266. Taverniera nummu- laria, D.C. 367, Alhagi maurorun, Deso. .., mee Uraria 368. picta, Deso, 369. lagopoides,D,C. ... 370. Alysicarpus 1 On gi- folius, Wea Ae 3871. Arachis hypog = Laan. 372, Ougeinia dalber- gioides, Benth, Desmodium 373. tilisefolium, G. Don. 374. gangeticum, D.C. .. 375. polycarpum, D.C. 376. trifiorum, D.C. 377, Abrus preene Linn. 379. Lathyrus sativus, finn] (2s 380. Glycine Soja, and Zuee. 381, Teramnus la biali is Spreng. - Mucuna 382, monosperma, D.C. 383. gigantea, D.C. 384, pruriens, D.C. 385, Erythrina Linn. Butea 386. frondosa, Roxb. 387. superba, Roxb. 388, Pueraria tuberosa, DAC. Phaseolus 389, trilobus,Ait. 390. mungo, Linn, 4 Var, radiatus, Linn. Sieb. tee indiea, | 391. Vigna Catiang, Endl. #92, Clitoria ternea ae Linn: ... 398. Dolichos biflorus, Tinn, . 394. Cajanus indicus, Spreng. 395, Cylista scariosa, Ait. Fleminga 396. strobilifera, R. Br.. 397. Chappar, Ham. ‘ 398. Grahamiana, W. & A. 399. congesta, Roxb. Dalbergia 400. Sissoo, Roxb. ‘ 401, sympathetica, Nimmo, Cicer arientinum, f Linn. 421 421 423 423 424 424 427 428 428 429 429 430 452 433 434 435 436 437 437 NO. 307A 307B 308A 308B 387 309 310A 3LL 312 310B 318A 313B 314A 314B 315 316 317A 317B 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328, 329 330 d3dlA 331B 302 333 334 305 PAGE, PLATE 402. lanceolaria, Linn. 403. volubilis, Roxb. 404. spinosa, Roxb. Pterocarpus 405. santalinus, Linn, f. 406. marsupium, Roxb. ... 407. Pongamia glabra, Vent. = 408. Sophora tomentosa, Linn, Caesalpinia 409. Bonducella, Fleming, 410. Bondue, Roxb. 411. Nuga, Ait. 412. Sappan, Linn. ue 413. pulcherrima, Swartz. 414, sepiaria, Roxb. 415. digyna, Rottl. 416. Wagatea spicata, Dalz. oe Cassia 417. fitula, Linn, me 418. occidentalis, Linn. ... 419, sophera, Linn. 420. obtusifolia, Linn, 421. auriculata, Linn. 422. obovata, Linn. 423, alata, Linn. 424, glauca, Lam. 425. absus, Linn. 426. mimosoides, Linn. 427. Cynometra ramiflora, Eann,..,.: noe 428. Hardwickia pea Roxb. s: 429. Saraca indica, Linn... 430. Tamarindus indica, Linn, Bauhinia 431i. tomentosa, Linn. 432 racemosa, Lam. 433. retusa, Ham. a 434. “Vahilli, W. and A. ... 435. purpurea, Linn. 436. variegata, Linn. 437. Neptunea oleracea, Lour, 438. Entada scandens, Benth. . 439, Adenanthera pavoni- na, Linn. 440. Prosopis spicigera, Linn, 441. Dichrostachys cin e- rea, W. and A, Be Mimosa 442. pudica, Linn. 443. rubicaulis, Lam. Acacia 444, Farnesiana, Willd .. 8) 455 456 456 457 458 No, 337 336 338 339 340 341 374 | TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE, 445. arabica, Willd. . 498 446, leucophlea, Willd.... 499 447. Catechu, Willd. 500 448. ferruginea, J).C. 502 449. Senegal, Willd. 506 450. modesta, Wall. 507 451, concinna, D.C. 507 452. Intsia, Willd. 508 453, pennata, Willd. 509 Albizzia 454. Lebbeck, Benth. 509 455 odoratissima, Benth. 511 456. Julibrissin, Durazz. 511 457. amara, Boiv. 512 458. Pithecolobium bi o e- -minum, Benth. 513 N. O, ROSACE 514 Prunus 459, amygdalus, Baill. 514 460. persica, Benth. and Fook: 3... 519 461. armeniaca, Linn. 516 462, Cerasus, Linn. 517 463, Puddum, Roxb. 518 464. communis, Huds. 518 465. (1) Var. domestica... 519 (2) Var. institia 519 465. Padus, Linn. 520 466. Prinsepia utili s, Royle ... 521 467, Rubus moluceanus, Linn. a21 Geum 468. urbanum, Linn. 522 469. elatum, Wall. 523 Potentilla 470. nepalensis, Hook. 524 471. supina, Linn. we. O24 472, Agrimonia Eupatori- um, Linn, 525 Rosa 473. damascena, Mill, 525 | 474, centifolia, Linn. 526 47s. Gallica, Linn. 526 476. alba, Linn. 527 477. Cydonia vulga ris, Pers, 527 478. eae japonica, Lindl, 528 N.O. Sean <1 530 479. Saxifraga ligulata, Wirt eo ys. 530 480. Dichroa febri fuga, hour. :... 530 481. Ribes Orientale, Poir. 531 N.O; GRASSULACEA .. 531 482. Bryophyllum cal y- cinum, Salisb, 581 XV1l PLATE No. 379 376 377 378 379 380 381A 381B 382 383 384 385B 385A 386 XVil PAGE. Kalonchce i 488. spathulata, D.C. 532 484. acinata, D.C. 533 N.O. DROSERACEZ ... 534 485, Drosera peltata, Sm. 554 N.O. HAMAMELIDEE... 535 486. Altinga excelsa, Noronha wae (580 N.O. RHIZOPHOREA ... 536 487. Rhizophora mucro- nata, Lamk, 536 488. Ceriops Candolleans, Arn, 537 489, Kandelia “R heedi i W. and A, say Oo N.O. COMBRETACEE... 9528 Terminalia 490. Catappa, Linn. 538 491. belerica, Roxk. 539 492, Chebuia, Retz. 541 493. citrina Roxb. 544 494, Arjuna, Bedd. 544 495. tomentosa, Bedd. 547 496. paniculata, Roth 548 497. Calycopteris flori- bunda, Lam. 548 498, Anogeissus latifolia, Walls: ; 549 499. Quisqualis indi e a, Linn, sos 000 N.O. MyYRTACEZ ... 551 500. Myrtus Communnis, Linn;* a ODL 501, Melaleuca leuca- dendron, Linn. 551 502. Psidium Guyav mn Linn, 552 Kugenia ie 503. Jambos, Linn. . 5o4 504. operculata, Roxb. ... 554 505. Jambolana, Lam. 555 Barringtonia 506. racemosa, Blume 557 507. acutangula, Geertn... 558 508. Careya arbo ee Roxb. Persist) N.O, MELASTOMACEZ 560 509. Memecyelon edule, Roxb. ... .-- 960 N.O. LYTHRACEZ 561 Ammania 510, baccifera, Linn. ... 561 511, senegalensis, Lamk. 562 512. Woodfordia flori- bunda, Salish. 562 PLATE ! No. 405 406 407B 407A 429 430 431 432B TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE, PLATE 513. Lawsonia alba, Lamk 514, Lagerstremia Flos— Regine, Retz 515. Sonneratia acid ™ Linn. 516, Punica granat um, Linn, 455 N.O. ONAGRACEAZ ... 517. Jussizea suffruticosa, Linn. ue 518. Trapa bispinosa, FLOKIOS eee Ss N.O. SAMYDACEZ Casearia 519. graveolens, Dalz. 520. esculenta, Roxb. 521. tomentosa, Roxb, N.O. PASSIFLOR 48 522. Carica papaya, Linn. 523. Modeca ey ; Lam. oe N.O. Cyareereacn Trichosanthes 524, palmata, Roxb. 525, cordata, Roxb. 526. dioica, Roxb, 527, nervifolia, Linn, 528. cucumerina, Linn, ... 529, anguina, Linn. : 530, Lagenaria vulgaris, Seringe ae Luffa 581. segyptiaca, Mill. 532. acutangula, Roxh, ... 533. acutangula Var. Ama- cap : : 534. echinata, Roxb. 585. Benicassa cerifera, Savi. ios Momordica 536. Charantia, Linn. 5387. Balsamina, Linn. 588. dioica, Roxb. 5389. cochinchinensis Spreng. 540, Cymbalaria, Fenzl... Cucumis 541, trigonus, Roxb. var. pubescens var. pseudo colocyn- this, Royle : 542, melo, Linn, : Var. momordica, Roxb. Var. utilissimas Roxb. 543. sativus, Linn. Citrullus 544, colocynthis, Schrad 564 566 No. 432A 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442B 442A 443 444 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455A 455B 456 457B 457A 458 459 460 TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE PLATE No. 545, vulgaris, Schrad. 600 461 546. Cephalandra indica, Nand. ... 601 462A Cucurbita 547. maxima, Duchesne... 602 462B 548. Pepo,D. C. . 603 463 549, Bryonia laciniosa, iin; 2. 604 464 550, Mukia scabrella, Arn. 605 465 Zehneria 551, Hookeriana, Arn. 606 466A 552. umbellata, Thwaites 606 466B 553. Rhynohocarpa fe- tida, Schrad. 607 467A 5d4. Corallocarpus epigzea, Hook. . 607 461A 555. Zanonia indica, Linn. 609 468 N,O. DATISCACEA 610 556. Datisca Cannabina, Linn. .. 610 469A N.O. CACTE . 611 469 557, Opuntia Dillenii, ; Haw. - 611 469B N.O, ¥ICOIDEA 613 Trianthema 558. monogyna, Linn. 613 470 559. pentandra, Linn. 6138 471 560. decandra, Linn. 614 472 Mollugo 561, hirta, Thumb. 614 473A 562. Spergula, Linn, 615 474 563. stricta, Linn, . 616 473B 564. Cerviana, Seringe ... 616 473C 565. Gisekia pharnaceoi- des, Linn. 22617 475 N. O. UMBELLIFERAE... 618 566. Hydrocotyle asiatica, Linn. 618 476 567. Kryngitm ezeruleum, Bieb. 619 477A 568. Bupleurum falcatum, Linn, 620 478B 569. Apium eraveolens, Linn. 620 478A Carum 570. Carui, Linn. : 621 479A 571. Bulbocastanum, Koch. 622 479B 572, Roxbur ehianum, Benth. moos: | 480 573. copticum, Benth. ... 624 477B 574, Pimpinella Heyneana, Wall, --- 625 477C 575. Seseli indicum, W, and A. 626 481 576. Foeniculum vulgare, Gartn, .. 627 477) X1X PAGE, PLATE 577, Prangos pabularia, ind)... be 578. Angelica glauca, Hdgew. one Ferula 579. narthex, Boiss. 580. Jaeschkeana, Petuedcanum 581. graveolens, Benth. ... 582. grande, C,B. Clarke 583. Coriandrum sativum, Linn, 584, Cuminum 585, Vatke Cyminum, inns +. Daucus Carota, Linn, N.O ARALIACEA Aralia pseudo-gin- seng, Benth. . Hedera helix, Linn, N.O. CORNACE Alangium eer Thwaites ‘ N. O. Gunmionmene 586. 587. 588, 589. Sambucus ebulus, Lim: 4.2 nn 590. Viburnum _feetidum, Wall, sian 591, Lonicera glauca. H. f. and T. N. O. RUBIACEH 592, Anthocephalus cadamba, Miq. : 5938. Adina _— cordifolia, Hook. f. and Benth, 594, Nauclea Cents, Roxb. 595. Hymenodictyon excelsum, Wall. Oldenlandia 596. corymbosa, Linn, 597. umbellata, Linn. 598. Ophiorrhiza Mungos, inne= ... 599. Mussaenda frondosa, Linn, Sex Randia 600. uliginosa, D.C. se 601, dumetorum, Lamk, ... Gardenia 602. lucida, Roxb. 603. gummifera, Linn. 604. turgida, Roxb. 605. campanulata, Roxb. 606. Diplospora carpa, Dalz, Canthium 607, didymum, Roxb. sphezero- 627 628 No. 482A 482B 483 483 484 484A 485C 485A 485B 486A 486B 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501B SOLA xx PAGE. PLATE No. 608. parviflorum, Lamk.... 656 502 609, Vangueria spinosa, Roxb,” /.. se Noy Oz Ixora 610. parviflora, Vahl. 657 503 611. coccinea, Linn, 658 504 612. Pavettaindica, ,, ... 659 505 618, Morinda citrifolia, Linn. var. bracteata 660 506 Morinda 614, tinectoria, Roxb. 661 507 615. umbellata, Linn. 661 507 616. Pederia foetida, finns) >... ... 662 508 617, Spermacoce hispida, Linn, <. ..- 663 509A 618. Rubia cordifolia, Linn. son, GOS Oa N.O. VALERIAN ... 665 619. Nardostachys Jata - mansi, D.C. .» 665 509B Valeriana 620, officinalis, Linn, 666 511B 621. Wallichii, D.C. 666 511A 622, Hardwickii, Wall. - 667 512 623. Leschenaultii, D. C. var. Brunoniana 667 513 N.O. DIPSACEZ 668 ‘624, Morina persica, Linn. 66 2008) 514 N.O. COMPOSITE 669 625. Lam prachzenium micro- oe eae Benth. een 009) ole Vernonia 626. cinrea, Less, 669 516 627. anthelmintica, Willd. 670 515A 628. Elephantopsus sca- ber, Linn. 52 (OT2ab1y §29. Ageratum conyZzoi- des, Linn, 672 518C Eupatorium 630. cannabinum, Linn. 673 518B 631, ayapana, Vent, 673 518A 632. Solidago ad este Linn, ; 674 519B 633. Grangea mader as- patana, Poir. . 675 520 634, Erigeron asteroides, Roxb,” ... =. 676: 5194 Blumea 635. lacera, D.C. 676 521A 636. eriantha, D.C. 677 522A 637. densiflora, D.C. 678 521B 638. balsamifera, D.C, 678 522B 639. indica, Less. 679 523A 640. lanceolata, Oliv, 679 «§23B TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE. PLATE. No. 641. Spheeranthus indicgs: TATA ees 680 524 642. Anaphalis neelg er- riana D.C. =, OGL ieee 643. Gnaphalium lute 0 = album, Linn. 682 526B 644. Inula racemosa, Hook, f. .» 682 527 645. Pulicaria crispa, Benth, ... ... 683 526A 646. Xanthium stru- marium, Linn. 6838 528A 647. Siegesbeckia Orien- talis, Linn. »»>. 684, b2g 648. Enhydra fluctuans, Pour. sa. 685 528B 649. Eclipta alba, Hassk. 686 5380 650. Wedelia calendu- lacea, Lees. 688 531 Spilanthes 651. Aecmella, Linn, 689 532 652. oleracea, Jacq. . 689 533A 653. Guizotia abyssinica, Cass. ... 690 533B 654. Glossocardia lineari- folia, Cass. .. 691 534 655. Glossogyne prinnati- fida, D.C. 691 535A 656. Achillea millefolium, Linn. w. 692 536A Chrysanthemum 657. indicum Linn. 693 5385B 658. coronarium, Linn. 694 536B 659. Matricaria chamo- milla, Linn. -» 695 537A 660, Cotula epi Linn. 696 537B 661, Centipeda orbie u- laris, Lour. -- 696 588 Artemesia 662. scoparia, Waldst and Kit. ... 698 539B 6638. maratima, Linn. 699 539A 664, vulgaris, Linn. 700 540 665, sacrorum, Ledeb.... 702 541B 666. persica, Boiss. 702 541A 667. absinthium, Linn. ... 703 542B 668. Sieversiana, Willd.... 704 542A 669. Tussilago farfara, Linn. 704 543A 670. Doronicum Hookeri, Clarke Mss, . 705 543B 671. Emilia sonchifolia, D.C. var Sonchi- folia proper .. 706 544A 672. Notonia erandiflora, D.C. .» 706 545 Senecio 673. tenuifolius, Burm. ... 707 546 674. Jacquemontianus, Benth, ... .» 707 544B TABLE OF CONTENTS, XX1 PAGE. PLATE | P . PLATE No. No. 675. gui auelonie, Hee te Boe uae 707. companulatum, Don. 733 571 ater cs 708. lepidotum, Wall, ... 738 572A 667. densiflorus, Wall. 709 S47A] 799, setosum, Don, " 794 5739R ee ee ron eae | ld. anthoposons D.Don! 784 573A iN Epa 711. cinnabarinum, H.f,.... 7385 573B 678. Carduus nutans, Linn, ... .. 710 549B N, O, PLUMBAGINE#... 736 679. Silybum marianum, Plumbago Goertn. ... .. 710 549A) 712, Zeylanica, Linn. ... 786 574A Saussurea 713. rosea, Linn. 737 574B 680. obvallata, Wall. ... 711 550B} 714. Primula reticulata, 681. candicans, Clarke ... 711 551A Wall. ... .. 740 575A 682. hypoleuca, Spreng.... 712 550A | 715, Anagallis arvensis, : 688. Lappa, Clarke hoe 2), “5 5LB Linn, ... -. 740 575B 684, Jurinea macroce- N. O. MYRSINEH .... 741 mele, Benth. doo PIGS Hae Tie. Meine a enieame: Tricholepis Tanne. .. 741 576B 685. glaberrima, D.C. ... 714 553 aaKHOL ee eee le OG aes 717. ribes, Burm, ee! iG 687, V ie 718. robusta, Roxb. ‘oo (ela rite: olutarella ai vari- 719. Ardisia colorata cata, Benth. sone Det a ; Bast ) 744 BIGA 688. Carthamus tinctorius, ; Sa ae a ts Lia S Soe 715 558d N, O. SAPOTACEH ... 745 689. Dicoma, t o men tosa 720. Achras sapota, Linn., 745 579 Cass... 718 556 Suaae y Cichorium 721. latifolia, Roxb. ... 747 580 690. Intybus, Linn. . 18 557 | 799. longifolia, Linn. ... 749 581 691. Endivia, Linn. -» 720 723. butyracea, Roxb. ... 751 582 692. Taraxacum officinale, Mi Wigg. ... i 720 558A UESORS Lactueca 724. Henet ie yaaer i 583A 693. Heyneana, D.C. ... 721 559 ee soa cog eTiscse te Se Got) remotifiors,.D:C)y 2.43722) 508B)| (40; are bUon: ts 695, Scariola, Linn, dee toe OOO N. O, HBENACEX ae 600 Sonchus \ Diospyros 696. oleraceus, Linn, ... 724 561 727. montana, Roxb. . 756 585 697. arvensis, Linn. - §=725 562 | 79g embryopteris, Pers, 757 586 Launea 729. melanoxylon, Roxb. 798 587A 698. asplenifolia, DCs vet 7 26Le 563 N. O. STYRACEE se UT) 699. nudicaulis, Less. ... 726 564 g lo 700. pinnatifida, Cass. .... 727 565 = EEOC) 730. cratzgoides, Ham.... 759 5870 om a ey ee Os ak He 731. racemosa, Roxb. ... 760 587B . Seevola Koni gi i, yale . 127 566 a aOR N, O. Gare nonion 728 Jasminum 702. Lobelia nicotinzefolia, | Hi Peeeeariiia oa us ae Heyne. ... mY 56 sve 762 5 703 Woden ovata Lea aie 734. arborescens, Roxb.... 762 590 - aeysige 799 567B| 7385. angustifolium, Vahl. 763 591 fi 736. humile, Linn, aa TOd OO N.O.ERICACEM ... 729 737. officinale, Linn. ... 765 588A 704. Gaultheria fragran- 738, grandiflorum, Linn.... 765 593 tissima, Wall. .. 729 568 | 739. Nyctanthes Arbor- 705. Pieris ovalifolia, tristis, Linn. .. 766 594 D. Don. erred. 60 eaenia Rhododendron 740. floribunda, Wall. ... 768 595A 706. arboreum, Sm, Fy Ol" 570 741, excelsior, Linn. .. 769 595B XX1l PAGE, PLATE Olea 742. cuspidata, Wall. 3 743. glandulifera, Wall.... N. O. SALVODORACE. Salvadora 744. persica, Linn. 745. Oleoides, Dene. Se 746. Azima tetracantha, Lamk. N. G, APOCYNACEZ ... 747. Carissa Carandus, finn? 748. Rauwolfia serpentina, Benth. 749. Cerbera O a ollam, Geertn., . 750. Rhazya stricta, Decaisne. Vinca 751. rosea, Linn. 752. pusilla, Murr. af 753, Plumeria acutifolia, Poiret. . 754. Alstonia S c 7h fe) Larig, Brown. 755. Holarrhena antidy- senterica, Wall. Tabernzemontana 756. dichotoma, Roxh, 757. Heyneana, Wall. 758, coronaria, Br. 759. Vallaris Heynei, Spreng... Wrightia 760. tinctoria, Br. 761. tomentosa, Roem, and Schult. 762. Nerium odorum, Soland.... Aganosma 765. caryophyllata, G. Won. = 2): fa 764, calycina, A.DC. 765. Trachelospermum fragrans, Hook. 766. Anodendron panicu- latum, A. DC. he 767. Ichnocarpus ___ frutes- cens, Br. N, O. ASCELPIDE 768. Hemidesmus indicus, Br. Se “sk 769. Periploca ap hylla, Desne. 770. Secamone e meti ca, Br. fre Oxystelma esculen- tum, Br. 769 770 771 No. 596 597 598 599 600 TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE. PLATE Calotropis 772. gigantea, R. Br. 773. procera, Br. we 774. Asclepias -C UrAS Sa- viea, Linn. 5 775. Pentatropis spiralis, Dene. ... 776. Daemia extensa, Br. 777. Holostemma Rheedii, Wall. 778. Sarcostemma brevis- tigma, W, and A. 779. Gymnema sylvestre, Br, wat 780. Marsdenia Royleii, Wight. . sa Tylophora 781. fasciculata, Ham. ... 782. asthmatica, W. and A. 783. Cosmostigma mosum, Wight. : 784, Dregea ea a Benth. Ceropegia 785. bulbosa, Roxb. 786. tuberosa, Roxb. vat 787, Boucerosia Auche- riana, Dene. N,O. LOGANIACE. ... Strychnos 788, colubrina, Linn. 789. Nuxvomiea, Linn. ... 790. potatorum, Linn. f.... N.O. GENTIANACEZ. ... Exacum race- 791. tetragonum, Roxb.... 792. bicolor, Roxb. ie 793. pedunculatum, Linn. 794, Enicostema littorale, Blume, ... __ 795. Erythreea Roxbur- ghii, G. Don. Canscora 796. diffusa, Br. 797. decussata, Roem. and Sch. ae Gentiana 798 tenella, Fries. 799. Kurroo, Royle 800. decumbens, Linn. Swertia 801. purpurascens, Wall. 802. paniculata, Wall. 803. chiata, Ham. cae 804. angustifolia, Ham. ... 805. affinis, Clarke. * 806. decussata, Nimmo. ... | 807. Menyanthes trifolia- ta, Linn, id 810 812 818 819 820 821 822 823 825 825 827 830 831 832 834 834 835 835 836 841 843 843 844 844 845 846 846 847 848 848 849 850 850 851 853 853 854 855 No. 621A 621B 622B 622A 623 624 PAGE. PLATE N.O. HYDROPHYLLACE® 808. Hydrolea Zeylanica, Vahl. Cordia N. O. BORAGINE ... S09, Myxa, Linn. 810. obliqua, Willd. 811. Var. Wallichii. 812, Rothii, Roem. and Sch. ae rae 813. vestita, H. f. and T.... 814. Macleodii, H.f,and T. Ehbretia 815. obtusifolia, Hochst. .. 816. buxifolia, Roxb. 817. Coldenia procum- bens, Linn. Heliotropium 818, Hichwaldi, Steud. 819. undulatum, Vahl, 820. strigosum, Willd. 821, brevifolium, Wall. 822. indicum, Linn. Trichodesma 823. indicum, Br. 824, africanum, Br. 820. Zeylanicum, Br. Macrotomia 826. Benthami, D.C. 827. perennis, Boiss, Onosma 828. echiodes, Linn. z 829. bracteatum, Wall, ... N. O, CONVOLVULACEE 830. Hrycibe ROX Da: %.- Whe 831. Rivea ornata, Chois, 832. Argyreia Ss p e © 10sa, sweet. :.- paniculata, Ipomea 833. 834, 835. 836, 837, bona-nox, Linn. muricata, Jacq. Quamoclit, Linn, hederacea, Jacq. uniflora, Roem. and Seis) Sac digitata, Linn. batatas, Lamk. pes-tigridis, Linn. ... reniformis, Chois, obscura, Ker. separia, Koen, aqutica, orsk. a campanulata, Linn.... Turpethum, Br. biloba, Forsk. vitifolia, Sweet 838. 839. 840. 841. 842. 843, 844. 845. 846, 847. 848. 855 No. 644 645 | 646 | 647B | 648 647A 649 650A 650B 651C 652A 652C 651B 652B 651A 693A 653B 655B 655B 655A 656A 656B 654A 657 658 659B 660 661B 661A 662 663 664 665B 659A 665A 666 667A 667B } 863. TABLE OF CONTENTS. XX] PAGE. PLATE 849. Convolvulus arvensis, timns .-.. os 850. Evolvulus alsinoides, Linn. aw 851. Cressa ecretica, Linn. 852. Cuscuta reflexa, Roxb. N, O. SOLANACE Solanum 853. nigrum, Linn. 854. dulecamara, Linn. 855, spira le, Roxb. 856. verbascifolium, Linn, 857. ferox, Linn. 3 858. indeum, Linn, 859. Melongena, Linn. 860. xanthocarpum,Schrad and Wendl. : 861, trilobatum, Lizn, 862, gracilipes Dene. Physalis minima, Linn. Var. Indica Capsicum 864, frutescens, Linn. 865. minimum, Roxb. Withania 866. somnifera, Dunal. 867. coagulans, Dunal, ... 868. Lycium europzeum, Bann= © 5 .: nae 869. Atropa_ Belladona, Linn, ae Datura 870. Stramonium, Linn. ... 871. fastuosa, Linn, 872. alba, Nees. bist 873. Metel, Linn. ‘ 874, Scopolia lurida, Dunal 875. Physochlaina preelta, la Pig ee a Hyoseyamus 876, niger, Linn. 877. muticus, Linn. 878, reticulatus, Linn. Nicotiana 879. Tabacum, Linn. 880. rustica, Linn, N. O. SCROPUBULARI- NEAL... Si Verbascum Thapsus, Pps} 25% a Celsia coromandeli- ana, Vahl. Linaria ramosissima, Wall. Ss Schweinfurthia sph- eerocarpa, A Braun, . Lindenbergia urticze- folia, Lehm. eee 881. 882. 883. 884. 927 No. 668C 668B 669 668A 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677A 678 6776 XXIV PAGE. PLATE | 886. Stemodia viscosa, Eat) ¢) es af Limnophila 887, gratissima, Blume. ... 888. gratioloides, Br. 889. Herpestis Monniera, H. B, and K. iv 890. Curanga amara, Juss. 891. Vandellia 892. erecta, Benth. ; 893. pedunculata, Benth. 894, Picrorhiza Kurrooa, Benth. ... eS Veronica 895, Anagallis, Linn. 896. Beccabunga, Linn. ... £97. Sopubia de lp hini- folia, G, Don, Pedicuiaris 898. pectinata, Wall. 899. siphonantha, Don. ... N. O. BIGNONIACE4... 900. Oroxylum indicum, Vent. 901, Tecoma undulata, G. Don. ae Dolichandrone 802. Rheedii, Seem. 903. falcata, Seem. 904, Heterophragma Roxburghii, D, C.. Stereospermum 905. chelonoides, D.C. 906. suaveolens, DeC. 907. xylocarpum, Wight. 908. Amphicome emodi, imi : N. O. PEDALINE ... 909. Martynia diandra, Glox. Sot 910. Pedalium Murex, Linn. 911, Sesamum indie um, NeC. - N. O. ACANTHACEZ... 912, Cardanthera uli gi- nosa, Ham. see 913, Hygrophila spinosa, T. Anders. ae Ruellia 914. prostrata, Lamk. 915. suffruticosa, Roxb.... 916. Dedalacanthus roseus, T. Anders Strobilanthes 917. calosus, Nees. Torenia asiatica, Linn. 928 929 929 930 931 952 932 953 933 936 937 937 938 938 939 939 943 944 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 No. | 943, TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE. PLATE 918. auriculatus, Nees. ... 919. Blepharis edulis, Pers: 22: ae 920. Acanthus ilicifolius, Linn. Barleria 921. Prionitis, Linn. %22. noctiflora, Linn. 923. cristata, Linn. 924. strigosa, Willd. “5 925. Neuracanthus sphe- rostachyus Dalz. ... Andrographis 926. paniculata, Nees. 927. echioides, Nees. Haplanthus 928. verticillaris, Nees.... 929. tentaculatus, Nees.... 930. Gymnostachyum febrifugum, Benth, 931. Phlogacanthus thyr- siflorus, Nees. x 932. Lepidagathis cris- tata, Willd. Justicia 933. gendarussa, Linn. ... 934. procumbens, Linn. ... 935, Adhatoda Vasie z Nees. ... 936. Rhinacanthus com- munis, Nees. 937. Ecbolium linneanum, Kurz... 938, Graptophyllum hor- tense, Nees, Rungia 939. repens, Nees. ¥40. parviflora, Nees. 941. Dicliptera Roxbur- ghiana, Nees. = 942. Peristrophe b ica ly- culata, Nees. Lantana indica, Roxb. “6 944. Camara, Linn, N. O. VERBENACEZ... 945, Lippia nodiflora, Rich. ae 946. Verbena officinalis, Linn, ‘ Callicarpa 947. arborea, Roxb. 948. lanata, Linn, 949. macrophylla, Vahl. | 950. Tectona grandis, Linn. $4 Premna 951. integrifolia, Linn. ... 959 960 960 961 963 963 964 964 965 968 No. 718 719B 719A 720B 721 721 722B TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE. PLATE 952. 953. tomentosa, Willd. latifolia, Roxb. 954. esculenta, Roxb. 955. herbacea, Roxb. Gmelina 956. aborea, Linn. 957. asiatica, Linn. Vitex 958. trifolia, Linn. 959. negundo, ,, 960. peduncularis, Wall, Var. yeas 961. glabrata, Br, Clerodendron 62. inerme, Geertn. 963. phlomoides, Linn. 964. Serratum, bpreng 965. infortunatum, Gzertn, 966, siphonanthus, Br. 967. Avicennia officinalis, Linn. N. O. LABIATA Ocimum 968. canum,Sims, 969. Basilicum, Linn, 970 gratissimum, Linn.... 971. sanctum, Linn. 972. Geniosporum prostra- tum, Benth. 973, Orthosiphon neus, Benth. 974, Coleus aromaticus, Benth. . 975. Anisochilus carnosus, Wales ee. 976. Lavandula Burmanii, Benth. Bs Pogostemon 977. plectranthoides, Deef, 978, purpurascens, Dalz. 979. parviflorus, Benth, ... 980. patchouli, Pellet. 981. Mycrotcena Prain. 982, Colebrookia oppositi- folia, Smith, Mentha 983. viridis, Linn. 984. piperita, Linn, 985. sylvestris, Linn. 986. arvensis, Linn. 987, Lycopus stami- cymosa, Linn. Origanum 988. Marjorana, Linn, 989. vulgare, Linn, 990. Thymus serpyllum, Linn. on D europzeus, 993 993 994 994 996 997 $98 999 1001 - 1002 . 1002 - 1004 . 1005 1007 . 1008 .- 1009 . 1010 .» 1010 . 1011 1012 . 1014 . 1015 . 1016 = LOLF 1018 . 1018 1020 1020 1021 - 1022 1022 . 10238 roa OZ: -- 1024 . 1024 - 1025 No. 737B 737A 738A 739 738B 740B 740A 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 XXV PAGE, PLATE 991. 992, Hyssopus inn. ><.: Micromaria lata, Benth. ae Calamintha Clinopo- dium, Benth. sas Melissa parviflora, Benth, ... : Perowskia oides, Kiril Meriandra 996. strobilifera, Benth.... 997, bengalensis, Benth.... Salvia officinalis, capitel- 993. 994, 995, abrotan- 998, moorcroftiana, Wall... 999. lanata, Roxb. ; 1000. plebeia, Br. 1001. Aigyptiaca, Benth. var. pumila, Benth. Nepeta 1002. elliptica, Royle 1008. ciliaris, Benth. 1004. ruderalis, Hamilt, ... 1005. Dracepha lum moldavicum, Linn. 1006. Lallemantia Roy- leana, Benth. 1007. Brunella vulgaris, Rimni.. 1008, Marrubium vulgare, Binns: sc. ae Anisomeles 1009. ovata, Br. 1010. malabarica, Br. 1011. Stachys _ parviflora, Benth. 1012, Galeopsis Tetrahit, Bins, 5. 1018, Leonurus sibricus, Panis: 5. 1014. Roylea elegans, NT AE Ue ES ce 1015. Otostegia _limbata, Benth, Mss. Leucas 1016. cephalotes, Beene: 1017. Zeylanica, Br. 1018. aspera, Spreng. 1019. linifolia, Spreng. ... 1020. Leonotis nepetce- folia, Br. ay 1021, Hremostachys Vicaryi, Benth. 1022. Ajuga pe Wall. é NSO: hn aha Plantago 1023. major, Linn. 1024. lanceolata, Linn. 1031 1032 1032 . 1033 . 1033 1034 1034 . 1035 . 1035 1036 1037 1037 1038 ..- 1049 ». 1050 No, XXV1 PAGE. PLATE brachyphylla, Kdgew. 1050 amplexicaulis, Cav. 1051 ovata, Forsk. partes E55 Psyllium, Linn. ... 1052 N. O. NYCTAGINEA... 1052 1029. Boerhaavia diffusa, Lina. ... ... 1052 Pisonia 1030. aculeata, Linn, ... 1055 1031. alba,Spanoghe ... 1055 N. O. AMARANTACEZ 1056 Celosia 1032. argentea, Linn, ... 1056 1033. cristata, Linn, a LODE Amarantus 1034, spinosus, Linn. ... 1057 1035. paniculatus, Linn.... 1059 1036. gangeticus, Linn, ... 1060 Aerua 1037. javanica, Juss, ... 1060 1038. lanata, Juss ..- 1060 1039, Achyranthes aspera, inne... . L061 1040, Alternanthera sessilis, Br, .-- 1068 N.O. CHENOPODIACE 1064 Chenopodium 1041. album, Mog, os 1064 1042. botrys, Linn. »- 1065 1043. ambrosioides, Linn. 1065 1044, Beta vulgaris, (ih nee .-» L066 1045. Spinacia oleracea, inn, 3. spate 1) oF 1046. Kochia cave 2 wight.. 1068 1047. Salicornia brachiata, Roxh, . 1068 1048. Sued a " fruticosa, Forsk.... ‘3, LOG9 Salsola 1049, monoica, Forsk. ... 1069 1050. Kali, Linn. vou LOTO Baselia 1051. rubra, Linn. oes, LOTO 1052. alba, Linn. et OTE 1053, N. O. PHYTOLACCACEA 1071 pea acinosa, Roxb, . . 1071 NZ A; par eeu ean 1072 1054. Calligonum _ poligo- noides, Linn, sce LOTR Polygonum 1055. aviculare, Linn. ... 10738 1056. plebejum, Br.var. indica « 1074 No. 781B 781C 782A 782B 804 805A 806 TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE, PLATE 1057, viviparum, Linn, ... 1074 1058. glabrum, Willd. ... 1075 1059. persicaria, Linn, ... 1075 1060. barbatum, Linn, ... 1076 1061. Hydropiper, Linn.... 1077 1062. alatum, Ham. . 1078 1063. molle, Don. . 1078 Rheum 1064, spiciforme,Royle ... 1079 1065, Mooreroftianum, Royle ... 31079 1066, emodi, Wall. see 3) 1067. acuminatum, H, f, and T. .. 1080 1068. Webbianum ,Royle .. 1080 1069. Oxyria digyna, Hill 1082 Rumex 1070. maritimus, Linn. ... 1082 1071. dentatus, Linn. . 1083 1072. nepalensis, Spreng, 1083 1073, vesicarius, Linn. ... 1084 N. O. ARISTOLOCHIA- CHA... wee L085 Bragantia 1074. Wallichii, Br. . 1085 1075. tomentosa, Blume ... 1086 Aristolochia 1076. bracteata, Retz. ... 1086 1077. indica, Linn. . 1088 N, 0. PIPERACEZ ... 1090 Piper 1078. longum, Linn. . 1090 1079. Chaba, Hunter Ye OGL 1080. sylvaticum, Roxh. 1092 1081. Betle, Linn. wee 1093 1082. nigrum, Linn. . 1096 N. O. MYRISTICEZ ... 1096 1083. Myristica malabari- ca, Lamk. .»» 1096 N. O. LAURINEZ . 1098 Cinnamomum 1084. Tamala, Fr. Nees. ... 1085. obtusifolium, Nees, 1086. iners, Reinw. 1087. zeylanicum, Breyn., 1088. macrocarpum, H, f, 1089, glanduliferum, Meissn 1090. parthenoxylon, Meissn. 1091, Actinodaphne Hook- eri, Meissn, Litsea 1092. sebifera, Pers. Var. Sebifera pro- per os 1093. polyantha, Juss, 1098 1099 . 1100 1100 1101 1102 1102 . 1103 » 1103 we 1105 No. 805C 807 808 805B 809 810 811A 812 813B 813A 811B 814 815B 816 817 815A PAGE, PLATE | TABLE OF CONTENTS. 1094. Stocksii, Hook. f, ... 1106 1095. Lindera Neesiana, Benth. .. =e EEO? 1096, Cassytha RS Linn, se PLOT NZ O: freee ene 1108 1097. Daphne _ oleoides, Schreb.... soe LOS 1098. Wikstroemia indica, C. A. Mey. -- 1109 1099. Lasiosiphon erioce- phalus, Dene. cen UTLO 1100. Aquilaria Cee Ox Dsar.<- ore Hb N. O. ELHGNACEA ... 1112 Hleagnus 1101. hortensis, M, Bieb. 1112 1102. umbellata, Thumb... 1113 1108, latifolia, Linn. meelelkcy Hippophee 1104. rhamnoides, Linn.... 1114 1105, salicifolia, Don. Papal Lats) N, O, LORANTHACEH 1115 Viscum 1106. album, Linn. Se POHEES 1107. monoicum, Roxb. ... 1116 1108. orientale, Willd. ... 1117 1109. articulatum, Burm. 1118 N, O. SANTALACE ,.. 1110. Santalum album, Linn. Pree dis) 1111. Osyris arborea, Wall. edt 20) N.O. EUPHORBIACE 1121 Kuphorbia 1112, hypericifolia, Linn. 1121 1113. pilulifera, Linn. . 1122 1114. thymifolia, Burm. ... 1124 1115, ‘microphylla, Heyne 1125 1116. Tiruealli, Linn. . 1126 1117. neriifolia, Linn. mee i ly-75 1118. nivulia, Ham. Sash 2S 1119. antiquorum, Linn.... 1129 1120. Royleana, Boiss. ... 1131 1121, a alae a, Boiss. . . 1132 1122, helioscopia, Linn.... 1132 11238. dracunculoides, Lamk. ive ph PES 1124, Buxus Semper- virens, Linn. . 11384 Bridelia 1125. retusa, Spreng, ... 1134 1126. montana, Willd, ... 1135 1127. Cleistanthus col- linus, Benth. . 1136 No. 833A 835A 835B 8364 1128, Andrachne cordi- folia, Muell. Phyllanthus 1129. reticulatus, Poir. ... 1130. emblica, Linn. 1131. Madraspatensis, Linn, - 1182. urinaria, Linn, 1133. simplex, Retz simplex var, oblongi- foliacy -e: 1134. Niruri, Linn. Be 1135, distichus, Muell. ... 11386, Flueggia micro- earpa, Blume. 1137. Breynia rhamnoides, XXVll PAGE. PLATE VEUCTET... | 1138. Putranjiva Roxbur- ghii, Wall, - Antidesma | 1139. Bunias, Spreng. 1140, alexiteria, Linn, Jatropha 1141. glandulifera, Roxb. 1142, nana Dalz. bor 1143. multifida, Linn. 1144, cureas, Linn. 1145. Aleurites molucca- na, Willd. Croton 1146, reticulatus, Heyne. 1147. oblongifolius, Roxb, . S \ 1148. caudatus, Geisel. 1149, Tiglium, Linn. Chrozophora 1150. tinctoria, A. Juss.... 1151. plicata, Muell, Acalypha 1152. fruticosa, Forsk. ... 1153. indica, Linn. 1154. hispida, Burm. 1155. Trewia nudifilora, Linn. 1156. Mallotus philippin- ensis, Muell. ‘ 1157. Macaranga Roxbur- ehii, Wight. 1158. Ricinus communis, Linn. BAS 1159, Baliospermum axil- lare, Blume. vs 1160. Tragia involucrata, Linn. Sapium 1161. indicum, Willd. 1162. insigne, Benth. Execeearia 1163. Agallocha, Linn, No. 855B XXVlll TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE, PLATE | PAGE PLATE sh N. O. CUPULIFERZ 1213 ay 1164. acerifolia, F. Did- Pee ee Fades a Tehs: ie . 1177. 884B 1198. Betula utilis, Don. ... 1213 911B 1165. Sebastiania Cham- Quercus eelea, Muell. ... 1177 884A ea incon Rove “ins ae oe B amellosa, Sml coe N. O. Unticacham ©... 117% 1201. pachyphylla, Kurz. 1215 913 1166. Holoptela integri— 1202. Corrylus colurna, folia, Planch. ... LI78 885 Linn. ... ... 1216 914 1167, Celtis australis : : 12.16 Linn. vw x 1179 886 ye O. SALICINEA ... 1216 et ites oa cael Paella SSCs 1208. tetrasperma, Roxb. 1216 915 lata, Thwaites ... 1180 887B 1204. acmophylla, Boiss.... 1217 916 1169. Humulus lu pulus, 1205, Caprea, Linn... 1218 917 Linn, ... _ tr 1188. 8874) 7906. alba, Linn. |, 1220 918A aNTO. Cannabis 82 0LY Ora < cee’ | 120i.- balylonied jini imme mmo a0 nue : rete sek Populus 1171. Strebulus asper, (208% wee ee 1221 919A Bout ye. = LISS 889- 4209) -ciliata, Wally) |) Ieee) ae Morus 1210, euphratica, olid. ... 1222 921 1172. indica, Linn. ... 1188 890 | 1211. alba, Linn. -» 1223 919B 1173. alba, Linn. ... 1184 891A : ae O, GNETACEA... 1224 1174. ni inn, ... 1185 891B phedra ee 1212. vulgaris,Rich, ... 1224 Sues 1213. pachyclada, Boiss... 1225 1175, gibbossa, Blume. ... 1185 892 N.O Conmwena «. 1225 1176. bengalensis, Linn.... 1186 893 : 1177, Benjamina,Linn. ... 1188 894 | 1214. Cupressus sempervi- 1178. retusa, Linn, ... 1189 895 rens, Linn. ve 1225 922A ier) Rumphii,Blume pede) 896B Juniperus 1180. religiosa, Linn. ... 1191 896A} 1215. communis, Linn. ... 1226 922B 1181. infectoria, Roxb, ... 1193 897 | 1216. recurva, Ham. 7 ee) 925 1182. heterophylla, Linn, 1194 898 | 1217, macropoda, Boiss.... 1228 924 1183 asperrima, Roxb. ... 1195 899 | 1218. Taxus baccata, Linn. 1228 925A 1184. hispida, Linn. son ALG Aer Pie 1219, longifolia, Roxb. ... 1231 926A 1185, Cunia Ham, -- 1198 901 996B 1186. Ribes, Reinwdt. ... 1199 902 ‘ > | 1220. khasya, Royle v5 1234 90% 1137, palmatta Norsk, ©... 1200 903 | jo91, Gerardiana; Wally 1234 05H Free, peer ee ater De we (h208 : 8048 oop Coaraa” | implant! 1189. Antiaris toxicaria, B isang qe Leschen. ... 1208 905 BEEPS 2355 ra, Hook. ... 1285 928A Artocarpus and B 1190. hirsuta, Lamk. ... 1208 1223. Abies Webbiana, 1191. integrifolia, Linn.... 1204 906 Lindley... -« 1238 928C 1192. lakoocha, Roxb. ... 1206 907 N. O. ORCHIDEZ ... 1240 1193, Laportea crenulata, Dennen Gand. ... ... 1207 908 ars bent ) 1224, Maeraci, Lindl, ... 1240 933 N, O. PLATANACE,.. 1207 1225, chlorops, Lindl. ... 1241 1194, Platanus orientalis, Eulophia Pn... --- 1207 911A} 1226. campestris, Wall ... 1241 929 N. O, JUGLANDEZ ... 1208 1227." nud a, Lindl: ... 1242 930 1195. Juglans regia, Linn, 1208 909A pes ne ye . spathulata, Spreng. N. O. MYRICACE® ... 1210 1229. Roxburghii, Br. ... 1244 931 1196 Myrica nazi, 1230. Saccolabium __ papil- Thunb. ... 1210 909B losum, Lind, wn. 1245 932 N, O. CASUARINEA... 1212 N. O. SCITAMIN’@ .,. 1245 1197, Casuarina equiseti- Curcuma folia, Forst. ... 1212 910 | 1231. angustifolia, Roxb. 1245 934A TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE, 1232, aromatica, Salisb. ... 1246 1233. Zedoaria, Rose. ... 1247 1234. czesia, Roxb. .. 1248 1235. Amada, Roxb, .. 1249 1236. longa, Linn, . 1250 Keempferia 1237. Galanga, Linn. ... 1251 1238. angustifolia, Rose. 1252 1239. rotunda, Linn. 53 1240. Hedychium spica- tum, Hamilt. . 1254 Amomum 1241. xanthioides, Wall.... 1255 1242. subulatum, Roxb. ... 1256 1243, aromaticum, Roxb. 1257 Zingiber 1244. officinale, Roxb. 5 1DART/ 1245. Zerumbet,Smith ... 1258 1246. Casumunar, Roxb.... 1259 1247, Costus speciosus, Smith ... wee 1260 1248, Elettaria cardamo- mum, Maton . 1261 Alpinia 1249. Galanga, Sw. bop 1 Aay. 1250. Allughas, Roxb. . 1263 1251. calearata, Roxb. ... 1264 1252. Canna indica, Linn. 1264 1253. Musa popu Linn, . 1265 N. O. EeMmonenaone 1270 1254. Sansevieria Rox- burghiana, Schult .. 1270 N, O. IRIDEA boa Tris 1255. ensata, Thumb. . 1271 1256. nepalensis, Don ... 1272 1257. Kumaonensis, Wall, 1272 1258, Crocus sativus, Linn, ¢.. 221273 1259, Belamcanda chinen- sis, Leman, . 1274 N. O. ascersmnnee 1275 1260. Agave Americana, Eins”. wee aD 1261, Curculigo orchi- oides, Geertn. . L277 Crinum 1262. asiaticum, Linn, ... 1279 1263. latifolium, Linn. ... 1280 1264. Sp. ? a 28 N. O. TACCACEA ... 1281 1265. Tacca Paar ee Forst. . 1281 N, O. Deneanencas 1282 Dioscorea 1266. pentaphylla, Linn, 1282 PLATE No. 935 934B 936 937A 937B 938 939 940 941A 941B 949 943 944 945 946 947 948 960 XX1X PAGE PLATE No. 1267. oppositifolia, Linn. 1282 961 1268. sativa, Linn. ael283. 962 1269. bulbifera, Linn. . 1284 9638 N. O. LILIACEA . 1285 Smilax 1270. glabra,Roxb, ... 1285 964 1271. lancesefolia, Roxb.... 1285 965 1272. macrophylla, Roxb. 1286 966 _ Asparagus 1273. filicinus, Ham. ela ok 19608 1274. racemosus, Willd.... 1287 968 1275. adscendens, Roxb, 1288 969 1176. gonoclados, Baker. 1289 967A 1277. Polygonatum multi- florum, All. . 1289 970B 1278. Asphodelus _ tenui- folius, Cavan, .- 1290 971 1279. Chlorophytum arundinaceun, Baker. ... eee 1290 Allium 1280. ascalonicum,Linn.... 129{ 972 1281. cepa, Linn. ... 1292 970A 1282. sativum, Jinn, 2 12945 973 1283. Urginea indica, Kunth. 1296 974 1284. Scilla indica, Baker. 1299 975 Lilium 1285. giganteum, 1299 976 1286, Wallichianum, Schultes f. ..- 1300 977 1287. Colchicum luteum, Baker. ... 1300 978A 1288. Gloriosa superba, Linn. 1801 978B N, O. PONTEDERTACE A 1304 1289. Monochoria vagi- nalis, Presl. . 13804 979 N, O. XYRIDEA . 1805 1290, Xyris indica, Linn. 1305 980 N. O. COMMELINACE® 1306 Commelina 1291. obliqua, Ham. -.- 1806 981 1292. suffruticosa, Blume 1307 982 1293. Aneilema scapi- florum, Wight. . 1307 983 Cyanotis 1294, tuberosa, Schultes... 18308 984 1295. axillaris, Roem and Schultes .» 13809 985 Ne: FLAGELLARIER 1309 1296. Flagellaria _ indica, Linn. .- 1309 N. O. PALME . 1310 1297, Areca Catechu, Linn, -- 1310 986 Xe PAGE. PLATE 1298. Caryota urens, Linn, 1313 Phenix 1299, dactylifera, Linn. ... 1314 1300. sylvestris, Roxb. ... 1815 1301. Nannorhops' Ritchi- eana, H. Wendl. ... 1316 1302. Borassus flabellifer, Linn, aus 1308. Cocos nucifera, Linn, .«: Pe N. O, PANDANEZ . 1328 1304. Pandanus fascicu- laris, Lam. . 13828 N.O. TYPHACEA ... 1329 1305, Typha elephantana, Roxb, ... Hee a4) N. O, AROIDEA . 1329 1306. Cry ptocoryne spiralis, Fisch. . 1329 1307. Pistia stratiotes, Linn... . 1330 Ariseema 1308. speciosum, Mats . 1332 1309. tortuosum, Schott... 1332 1310, Leschenaultii, Blume 1333 1311, Sauromatum gutta- tum, Schott. . 1334 Typhonium triloba- tum, Schoot, ... 1335 Amorphophallus campanulatus, Blume. vee 1336 Synantherias sylvatica, Schott. 13840 Plesmomum marga- ~ ritiferum, Schott. 1341 1312. 1313. 1314. 1315. 1316. Remusatia vivipara, Schott, saan a2 1317. Colocasia Antiquo- rum, Schott. pS lisa2 1318. Alocasia indica, Schott. .. 1344 1319. Homalomena aroma- tica, Schott. . 1846 1320, Scindapsus o ffici- nalis, Schott. . 1347 1321. Rhaphidophora per- tusa, Schott, wae £548 1322, Lasia heterophylla, Schott, wee 1349 1323. Acorus Calamus, Lyons perry, wee 1349 N. O. CYPERACEH ... 1853 Kyllinga 1324. triceps, Rottb. ... 1353 1325, monocephala, Rotth. 1353 1326. Juncellus inundatus, Clarke 1354 No. 986A 987B 987A 988 989 $90 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009B 10094 | TABLE OF \CONTENTS. PAGE. PLATE Cyperus 1327, secariosus, Br, 1328. rotundus, Linn. 1329. esculentus, Linn. ... 1380. Scirpus grossus, Linn. S N. O. GRAMINEZ Oryza sativa, Linn. Coix Lachryma- Jobi, Linn. . Zea Mays, Linn, Saccharum 1334, 1335. 1336. Manisuris granu- laris, Linn. Andropogon 1337, squarrosus, Linn. f. 13888. Iwarancusa, Jones... 1339. schoenanthus, Linn. 1340. Nardus, Linn, 1341. citratus, D.C. es 1342. Avena fatua, Linn ... 1343. Cynodon dactylon, Pers. ... a Eleusine 1344. coracana, Geertn. ... 1345. eegyptiaca, Desf. 1346, Hordeum We age inna Bambusa arun di i- nacea, Retz, Dendrocalamus strictus, Nees HILICES ... Adiantum : 1349. lunalutum, Burm, ... 1350. caudatum, Linn. 1351. Capillus—Vene ris, Linn. venustum, Jon. .. flabellulatum, Linn. 1831. 1332. 1333 1347, 1348, 1352. 1353. Cheilanthes 1854. tennuifolia, Lw. Actinopteris 1355. dicholoma, Forsk. . Dryuaria 1356, quercifolia, Linn. . 1357. Pleopeltis lanceola- ta, Linn, Adiantum Ethiopi- cum, Linn. ‘3 pedatum, Linn. Asplenium adiantum nigrum, Linn. », Ruta-muraria, Linn. » Lrichomanes, Linn. Bis exe 1358. 1359, 1360. 1361, 1362. 1363, Athyrium femina, Beruh, officinarum, Linn. ... arundinaceum, Retz. . 1881 . 1384 . 1385 — . 1385 . 1386 .. 1887 No. ... 1355 1010 .. 1356 1011 1357 1012 . 1358 1018 . 1359 1359 . 1863 . 1364 1836 1014B 1337 1014A . 1368 1369 1015B 1371 1016 1372 1015A . 1374 1017 . 1874 1018 1019 1020 1375 1376 1878 1021 1379 1022 . 1880 1023 1024: 1025 1385 1051 1029 1386 1028 1388 1030 ... 1388 . 1388 .. 1389 1026 . 1889 1027. . 1390 1390 10382 1391 .. 1892 . 1392 . 1392 1392 1392 » 1392 TABLE OF CONTENTS. XXxX1 PAGE, PLATE PAGE, PLATE No. No. 1364, Botrychium Lunaria, S 1392 Ww. as 1365. Gibotium: Baronetz, Sw. ior a 1366. ,, eee Hook et Arn, 1393 1367. Davallia " tenuifolia, Sw. 1368. Helminthos tachys Dulcis, Kaulf .. 1398 1369. Ophioglossum _— vul- gatum, Linn. poe) 1st} 1370, Osmunda regalis, Pinnee-. 1893 1371. Pteris aquilina, hinneee.. soo UBS: FUNGI ... ... 1394 1372. Agaricus tris, Linn. campes- . 1394 1033 1373, Boletus Nitus Arto- carpalis, K. R. Kir- Gikateee. 1394 1874, Mylitta lapidescens, Horan ... . 1395 ALGH ... 1396 1275. Ulva latissima, Linn. 1396 1376. Porphyra vulgaris, Ag. See ... 1896 Fucus 1377. vesiculosus, Linn. 1397 1878. distichus, Linn, ... 1397 1379, Laminaria Sacchari- na, Lam. »»» 1397 LICHENES ... 1398 Parmelia 1880. Kamtschadalis, Esch. 1398 1881. Perlata, Esch. ... 1398 Index ae ... 1401 INTRODUCTION. I. Since disease, decay and death have always co-existed with life, the study of diseases and their treatment must also have been contemporaneous with the dawn of the human intellect. The primitive man must have used as therapeutical agents and remedial measures those things which he was able to procure most easily. ‘There is no authentic record of medicines used by the primitive man. But the Rig Veda whichis the oldest book in the library of man supplies curious information on the subject. From it, we learn that the Indo-Aryaus used the Soma as a medi- cinal agent. It is not quite certain what the Soma * plant was. * Dr. Aitchison has lately stated that Soma must be the Ephedra pachyclade, which in the Harirud valley is said to bear the name of hum, huma, and Yahma. This supposition is confirmed by Dr. Joseph Barumiiller, a botanist long re- sident in Kerman, who identifies the Soma plant with some kind of Ephedra, probably Hphedra distuchya, but who remarks that different varieties of Ephepra are to be found from Siberia to the Iberian peninsula, so that one must give up the hope of determining the original home of the Aryas by means of the habitat of the Soma plant, (Quarterly Review, No. 3884, Octr, 1894, p. 455), The Soma plant possessed intoxicating properties and the Vedie Aryans recognised it as a quickener of the intellect. ‘Soma, like the sea, has poured forth songs, and hymns, and thoughts.’ * * ‘ The beverage (i.e., Soma juice) is divine ; it purifies, it inspires joy, it is a water of life ;...... it gives health and immortality,’ “We've quafied the Soma bright, And are immortal grown ; We’ve entered into light, And all the gods have known. What mortal now can harm, Or foeman vex us more ? Through thee, beyond alarm, Immortal god, we soar.” Address to Soma. “Thou Soma, fond of praise, the lord of plants, art life to us,” ‘‘Be unto us, Soma the bestower of wealth, the remover of disease, Exulting Soma! increase with all twining plants.” “TI invoke the divine waters, in which our cattle drink : Ambrosia is in the waters ; in the waters are medicinal herbs.” Soma is supposed to preside over medicinal herbs, and therefore the Rishi Medhatithi continues his hymn, as :— ““Soma has declared to me, ‘all medicaments as well as Agni, the benefac- tor of the Universe, are in the waters ;’ the waters contain all healing herbs. E XXXIV INTRODUCTION. This plant has not yet been satisfactorily identified. The Indo- Aryans used the plant for sacrificial purposes and its juice is described in the ancient Aryan literature as_a stimulating beverage. The word araf% (oshadhi) literally means heat-pro- ducer. When the Indo-Aryans came to use the Soma plant for therapeutical purposes, they came to possess a knowledge of the medicinal properties and uses of herbs and plants. Hence, Oshadhi (staf) applied to all herbs and medicinal piants. ; The knowledge of medicinal plants must have been accumu- lated in the course of many centuries. Jn his work on Plants and Animals under Domestication, Darwin says :—‘S From innumer- able experiments made through dire necessity by the savages of every land, with the result handed down by tradition, the nutritious, stimulating and medicinal properties of the most unpromising plants were probably first discovered.’’* i) The “doctrine of signatures’ would also account for the use of several plants as medicinal agents. This doctrine is based on the resemblance in shape or color of some product of the vegetable kingdom with some organ in the animal economy. In the ignorance of anatomical or physiological data to work upon the primitive man thinks that these articles possess some action on those organs which they resemble in shape, size or color. Again, another reason for the extensive use of vegetable drugs may be the fact that plants are everywhere at hand, their number is very great and their forms are distinct and peculiar and thus are procured without trouble. It is greatly to the credit of the people of India that they were acquainted with a far larger number of medicinal plants “ Waters bring to perfection all disease,—dispelling medicaments for (the good of) my body, that I may long behold the sun, “ Waters take away whatever sin has been (found) in me, whether I have (knowingly) done wrong or have pronounced imprecations (against holy men) or (have spoken) untruth. “J have this day entered into the waters: we have mingled with their essence.” (Wilson’s translation of the Rig. Veda. Vol. I. p. 57). “Thou, Soma, fond of praise, the lord of plants, art life to us,”’ “Be unto us, Somu, the bestower of wealth, the remover of disease, Exulting Soma! increase with all twining plants.” (Ibid p: 234), * Vol. J, p. 325, INTRODUCTION. XXXV than the natives of any other country on the face of the earth. The vegetable Materia Medica of the Greeks, Romans, Egyptians, Jews, Babylonians, Persians, Chinese and Arabs does not display such an extensive knowledge of medicinal plants and drugs as does any of the authoritative medical works of the Hindus. The knowledge of herbs possessed by the aborigines of America, Australia or Africa, is also not very great. Regard- ing the medicinal agents of the American Indians, Mr. B.-F. Stacey says :— “From a thorough investigation I am convinced that the list is not lengthy, and that there is but little to be learned from their school of practice or repertoire of medicinal agents.’’* Mr. J. N. Rose, in his “ Notes on Useful Plants of Mexico.” says :— ; : “The country people and Indians seem to have but little knowledge of medicine, generally using teas made of bitier and strong-smelling herbs.” Mr. J. H. Maiden writes in his “ Useful native plants of Australia.’ (Pp. 146-147) :— “In fairness to ourselves we must confess ourselves very little indebted to the Australian aboriginal for information as to the medical (or in fact any other) properties of our plants. The poor aboriginal chiefly takes interest in the vegetation as supplying him with his scanty food, or as affording him fibre useful in securing fish and other avimal substance. As far as we know, the Materia Medica of the blacks is of a very meagre description, yet the acquisition of even such little knowledge as they are supposed to possess has been slow and difficult, in- asmuch as persons who have lived ina state of nature with them have not been distinguished for either their medical or botanical knowledge.”’ He has very truly observed :— ‘With the native Materia Medica of India, for instance, the case is very different. While some remedies are evidently used fancifully, and others for every disease to which the human * The Ph, J. of May, 80, 1874, p. 958, XXXV1 INTRODUCTION. frame is liable, much of the knowledge in regard to it is exact, se 3% 99 the outcome of intelligent observation and enquiry, * * It may be that much of the knowledge of plants, once possessed by the ancestors of the present aborigines, has become lost to the world owing to their ignorance of the art of writing.* But we should not treat with contempt the knowledge of herbs possessed by aborigines. There can be little doubt that their “medicine men” possess a remarkably accurate knowledge of the medical uses of the plants around them. We should remember that they have taught us the uses of some of our most important drugs. It is to them that we are indebted for our knowledge of Cinchona in malaria, Digitalis, Strophan- thus and Physiostigma in heart diseases, and of Quassia as a bitter tonic. We cannot, therefore, sufficiently admire the practical wisdom of the ancient Hindus when they enjoined on the votaries of the healing art the penetration forests and the climbing of mountains to examine the qualities and properties of the medicines in their natural situations, and gather information regarding them from hunters and shepherds who may have had opportunities of witnessing their effects.T * Writing of America one botanist says that “when our forefathers came to this country they found the natives in possession of much medical knowledge of plants. Having no remedies prepared by scientific skill, the Indians were led, by necessity, to the use of those which nature afforded them; and, by experience and observation, they had arrived at many valuable conclusions as to the qualities of plants. Their mode of life, leading them to penetrate the shades of the forest, and to climb the mountain precipices, naturally associated them much with the vegetable world. The Indian woman, the patient sharer in these excursions, was led to look for such plants as she might use for the diseases of her family. Each new and curious plant, though not viewed by her with the eye of a botanist, was regarded with scrutinizing attention : the colour, taste, and smell were carefully remarked, as indications of its properties. But the discoveries and observations of the Indians have perished with themselves; having had no system for the classification or description of plants, nor any written language by which such a system might have been conveyed to others, no other vestige remains than uncertain tradition of their knowledge of the medicinal qualities of plants,” {1 That much of the knowledge of medicinal plants by the primitive man was obtained from hunters and shepherds is evident from what Dr, Raymond Crawford, M.A., M D,, (Oxon), Physician to King’s College Hospital, London said in his presidential address delivered before the section of the History of Medicine, reported in the Lancet from which it has been reproduced in in the Scientific American Supplement of April 14 and 21, 1917. ‘‘Man, doubtless, will have acquired much of his knowledge of the nutritive and medicinal vaiue of plants by the same methed as the lower animals, by experience. Like them, too, he will have profited by imitation, and imitation embracing his observation of the habits of the lower animals. It must have been of immense importance to man, when he depended largely INTRODUCTION. XXXV11 About a generation ago, the use of plants and herbs as remedial agents was greatly discredited. The late Sir Thomas Lauder Brunton drew an analogy between the weapons and tools employed in art or warfare, and the implements used by man in the treatment of disease in different ages. It is customary to divide the progress of civilization into four stages, charact- erized by the nature of the weapons employed. “In the first or Paleolithic age, man employed weapons or tools of flint roughly chipped into shape and unpolished. In the next or Neolithic age, the implements consisted of stone, but they were polished. The next age is characterized by the employment of bronze as a material, and the fourth and highest stage by the employment of iron. * * * * In the same way, we may recognise four stages in the development of the implements in the treatment of disease. In the first stage crude drugs were employed, prepared in the roughest manner, such as powdered Cinchona or metallic antimony. In the next stage, these were converted into more active and more manageable forms, such as extracts or solutions, watery or alcoholic. In the third stage, the pure active principles, separated from the crude drugs, were employed, e.g., morphine and quinine. In the fourth stage, instead of attempting to — for food on wild animals captured in the chase, to watch them closely so as to know their habits. ‘« That a good deal of man’s sedation knowledge arose accidentally in his efforts to extend the range of his food supply is suggested by the prominent place occupied by food—stuffs in primitive pharmacy”. The ancient Hindus should be given the credit for cultivating what is now called ‘‘ Hthno-botany”. In Bulletin 55 of the Bureau of American Ethnology, it is said :-— “ Ethnobotany is virtually a new field of research, a field which, if investi- gated thoroughly and systematically will yield results of great value to the ethnologist and incidentally also to the botanist. Kthnobotanical research is concerned with severa) paren: hanes = (a) What are primitive ideas and conceptions of plant life 2? (b) What are the effects of a given plant environment on the lives, customs, religion, thoughts and everyday practical affairs of the people studied ? (c} What use do they make of the plants about them for food, for medicine, for material culture, for ceremonial purposes ? (d) What is the extent of their knowledge of the parts, functions, and activities of plants ? (e) Into what categories are plant names and words that deal with plants grouped in the language of the people studied, and what can be learned concerning the working of the folkmind by the study of these names ? Ethnobotany will become amore important subject when its study has progressed to a point where results can be studied comparatively. A prime necessity is a good native informant ; indeed it is better to have several informants, preferably older men or women. ; ee a pity that hardly any attention is paid to this Subject in modern ndia, XXXVIli INTRODUCTION. extract our medicines from the natural products in which they are contained, we seek to make for ourselves such substances as shall possess the particular action we desire.’’* This method had been pursued since the time when Professors Crum Brown and Fraser were able to demonstrate the connection between chemical constitution and physiological action. With the help of the advanced chemistry of modern times, an attempt to establish rational therapeutics was being made by the leading pharmacologists of the world. Thus the employment of inorganic salts and chemical pfinciples obtained from the vegetable kingdom, which had been much in vogue about half a century ago, was being gradually abandoned in favor of derivatives obtained from coal-tar and various alcohols. As was once pointed out by the authors of the Extra Pharmacopoeia, “the place in medical treatment, of quinine and morphine, the two mainstays of the medical practitioners of twenty years ago, is in a great measure filled by antipyrin, antifebrin, phenacetin, exalgine, and salicylate of sodium on the one hand, and by sulphonal, tetronal, chloral, &e., on the other.’ t The day was eagerly looked forward to when the articles of our organic materia medica were to be supplanted by the creations of the chemist. Analogy however is no safe guide in science. So Brunton’s comparison of the different articles of Materia Medica to the weapons of the different geologic periods, is, to say the least, very fallacious. There is something like what may be called “Fashion in medicine.” Jt is due to this “fashion,” that some of the good old remedies are labelled “out of fashion.” For long it was not considered fashionable to use crude herbs. Synthetic remedies were the fashion of the day. It is not only the great war which is now raging in Europe that has made the pendulum of fashion swing from one extreme to the other, but tke oscillation was visible even a considerable time before the outbreak of the War. * The British Medical Journal for August 14th, 1886, p. 326. ] Extra Pharmacopxia by Martindale and Westcott, Preface to the sixth edition, p, III. INTRODUCTION. KXX1X Thus a reaction seemed to have set in, in favor of plants being used as medicines. Referring to the use of the Bilberry (Vaccinium Myrtillus) as a remedy in Typhoid fever and other infectious diseases of the intestine—a paper read by Dr. Max M. Bernstem, M.B., before the Hunterian Society of London and published in the British Medical Journal for 7th February, 1903, —Sir James Sawyer, M. D., London, F.R.C.P., Senior Consult- ing Physician to the Queen’s Hospital; and Ex-Professor of Medicine in the Queen’s College, Birmingham, wrote in the British Medical Journal for February, 4 28th, 1903 :—“ Long have some of us dwelt with affection, and with hope of finding modern uses for some old drugs which were being lost to sight and to memory in the limbus of the past, and perhaps not without some practical success, upon the archeology of our Medicinal ‘“‘ Simples,” upon the histories and lore, upon the forms, virtues, and renown of many old-time Medicinal plants, upon plants called simples because each of them has been held to enshrine its particular curative virtue, and so to furnish a simple remedy for some symptom of disease, or for some individual morbid manifestation. Perhaps we have loved to walk, as Evelyn did, “into a large garden, esteemed for its furniture one of the fairest, especially for simples;” or perhaps we have followed our own Garth, “ when simpling on the flowery hills he strayed.” * Ey * “True is it to-day as when Sir Thomas Watson so declared a third of a century ago that ‘the greatest gap in the science of Medicine is to be found in its final and supreme stage—the stage of therapeutics.’ Therapeutics advances by our increas- ing knowledge of the nature of morbid processes and of the physiological effects of remedies, and also by studying again many a good old drug by the light of later scientific methods and also by judicious selection from the traditions of popular medicine. Such selection gave us Digitalis.” Dr. Ischirch, Professor of Practical Chemistry in the Univer- sity of Berne, is reported in the Lancet of 2nd October, 1909, to have said ; — ‘We may assuredly hope that medicine, when it has thoroughly ruined its digestion with synthetical remedies and xl INTRODUCTION. tested all the organs of the animal body, will return to the most ancient remedies of mankind, to the medicinal plants and drugs, for the utility of which the experience of the thousands of years vouches.”’ There were other medical men also who were coming to look upon drugs of synthetical origin acting upon the system as foreign bodies, depressing and paralysing its func- tions. But according to them such was not the case with the drugs of vegetable origin which in their natural combina- tion meet nutritional conditions of the system. The possibilities and potentialities of medicinal plants and vegetable drugs have not been as yet properly and fully studied. In an article on “the teaching of chemical medicine,” in the British Medical Jurnal of 3rd January, 1914, Dr. Mackenzie wrote that :— “Not one single drug has been carefully studied so as to understand its full effects on the human system, effects that could be easily recognised had a systematic examination been carried out when it was administered in the hospital wards.” The above observation of Dr. Mackenzie is fully borne out by what Dr. Charles J. Macalister, M.D., F.R.C.P. has discovered, as reported in the British Medical Journal of January 6, 1912, in Symphytum officenale, a plant known as “comfrey” in England. He considers it as a “potent cell proliferant.” It was a long forgotten remedy which was used in olden times to heal ulcers. On analysis, the root of the plant was found to contain allantione to which Dr. Macalister attributed its action as a potent cell proliferant. Dr. William Bramwell, M.A., M.D., B. Ch., of Liverpool, concluded a note on the above-named plant published in the same issue of the British Medical Jurnal in the following significant words. “Tt is indeed refreshing and gratifying, in these days of serums and vaccines and highly complicated preparations, the administration of which, im some cases, is fraught with the gravest possible danger and soul-harrowing anxiety on the part of the administrator, to find a physician of Dr. Macalister’s stan- ding setting on foot the investigation of so simple and natural a remedy as common comfrey.” INTRODUCTION. xli The present war has shown the necessity of using herbs and plants in preference to Synthetics. The President of the Bo- tanical section of the British Association held at New Castle in 1916, very truly observed, regarding the medicinal plant industry, ‘ Experience would indicate that here is opportunity for investigation, and, unless due care is taken, also danger of waste of time, money and effort. A careful systematic study of species, varieties and races is in some cases desirable in order to ensure the growth of the most productive or valuable plant ; and such a study might also reveal useful substitutes or addi- tions. Here the co-operation between the scientific worker and the commercial man is imperative.” The study of medicinal plants is neglected by medical men all over the world, but more so in India. These are con- temptuously referred to as “ old women’s” remedies.* It is our misfortune that the chemistry and pharmacology of most of these plants have not been properly investigated. The late Right Hon’ble Mr. Gladstone was a man of extra- ordinary genius. As a scholar, politician, and statesman he will ever shine in the pages of English history as long as England is not effaced from the map of the World. In the course of a speech, delivered on the 26th March, 1890, on the occasion of the opening of Guy’s Hospital Residential College, referring to the importance of the study of Botany with a view to learn the “ qualities of plants which are so remarkable and power ful in their healing capacities,” he said :— “I am not aware whether Botany now forms a recognised branch of the medical education, but I cannot help wishing that it did, and hoping that it may in the future, first of all, not only because it is in itself a most beautiful * Dr, John Foote, Associate Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, Georgetown University, Washington, writes of the importance of Trees in Medicine as folloms :— “And yet,in spite of the pharmaceutical image breakers and the thera- peutic nihilists, some of the most valuable remedies used in medicine come from trees. of * * “And if, as has been asserted, the decadence of Rome was really due to malaria, and if her glory was obscured by a cloud of mosquitoes rather than by the dust of battles, then it may be that the possession of some cinchona and the planting of the eucalyptus in the Roman marshes might have pre- vented a great civilization from withering and fluttering away and changed ce of history.” [Scientific American Supplement, January 13, p. 26]. F xlil INTRODUCTION. and interesting study exercising the mind without fatiguing it, and stimulat- ing the imagination without leading it astray, but also, because I cannot help wishing, although I know it is too much to expect of our actual medical men, that they should be careful observers of nature, yet in their younger years, before they have entered on their great career, I cannot help wishing that they had the habit of noticing all the qualities of plants which are so re- markable and powerful in their healing capacities.’ Then Mr. Gladstone narrated an anecdote, how the leaves of a plant healed the cut on his finger caused by an axe in wood-cutting. “You wili think it ludicrous, if I were to tell you a little anecdote of my own, which is of the very simplest character, and it is so small and so slight as almost to be contemptible, but still it illustrates what I mean. I have been given, as is pretty well-known, or at least, I have been given to the pursuit of wood-cutting, From a pure accident, | drew my fingers the other day along the edge of the axe which was lying close by, and which was tolerably sharp, and cut my finger. Upon searching about me I found I had no handkerchief available. I wanted to staunch my little wound. Not having a handkerchief, I got a leaf and put it on the wound. I am bound to say that this was not the result of botanical knowledge, but it was a purely empirical proceeding on the chance of the quality of the leaf. But there was a curious result. I knew the time nature occupied in healing a little breach of continuity, and when I put on the leaf, I assure you it is the fact, that it healed in exactly half the time. It is hardly worth mentioning such a thing as I say but I cannot help having the belief that there are good treasures in nature more than have heretofore been explored in every branch, To make medical students, before they have come to their great responsibilities, observers of the great qualities and capabilities of plants, I cannot help thinking that some good will be done,’’* The importance of studying the subject of Indian medicinal plants has been again and again insisted on by several writers. It is too late in the day to discuss the necessity of such a study. The ease and cheapness with which these are procurable, the marvellous powers that are attributed to them in the cure of different maladies by natives of India, should induce us to investigate their properties and settle once for all their claims on our attention. Dr. John Lindley was a renowned botanist. His views on the subject of vegetable drugs deserve careful consideration. In the preface to his work on Flora Medica, he wrote :— “ No one will be bold enough to assert that the physicians already possess the most powerful agents produced by the vegetable kingdom ; for every year is bringing some new plants into notice for its energy, while others are * Guy’s Hospital Gazette for 29th March 1890, p. 72, INTRODUOTION. xlili excluded because of their inertness. In tropical countries, where a fervid sun, a humid air, and a teeming soil give extraordinary energy to vegetable life, the natives of those regions often recognise the existence of potent herbs unknown to the European practitioner. No doubt such virtues are often as fabulous and imaginary as those of indigenous plants long since rejected by the sagacity of European practice. But we are not altogether to despise the experience of nations less advanced in knowledge than our- selves, or to suppose, because they may ascribe imaginary virtues to some of their officinal substances, as has been abundantly done by ourselves in former days, that therefore the remedial properties of the plants are not worthy of serious investigation or that their medical knowledge is beneath our notice because they are unacquainted with the terms of modern science. It is not much above 20 years since an English officer in India was cured of gonorrheea by his native servant, after the skill of regular European practi- tioners had been exhausted. The remedy employed was Cubebs, the import- ance of which was previously unknown, and the rationale of whose action is to this day beyond the discovery of physiologists. It is of undoubted value in urethral catarrh : and who shall say that there are not hundreds of equally powerful remedies still remaining to be discovered. * * 1 and it must be sufficiently apparent to all unprejudiced minds, that the resources of the vegetabie kingdom, far from being exhausted, have hardly yet been called into existence. It is presumptuous for the theorist to assert that he already possesses a remedy for all the maladies that flesh is heir to; it is mere idleness in the routine practitioner, carried away by the attraction of spacious generalities, to fancy that one tonic is as good as another tonic, or one purgative as another purgative. Jn reality the true cause of the differ- ent actions of medicines upon the human body is admitted by the highest authorities to be wholly unknown; and surely this is in itself the best of all reasons why we should not assume that we already possess against disease ali the remedies which nature affords ; on the contrary it should stimulate us to reiterated enquiries into the peculiar action of new remedial agents, * * * “And they (i.e., European practitioners) find the medicines which are powerful in Europe, comparatively inactive in other climates. The heat ofa country, its humidity, particular localities, food, and the social habits of a people will predispose them to varieties of disease for which the drugs of Europe offer no safficient remedy, and will render that which is relied upon in one country unworthy of dependence in another. Thus the Cinchona bark of Peru, important as it is in Europe, is, we are told, rejected by the people among whom it grows, because it is found too stimulating and heating for their excitable constitutions. And speaking of Ipecacuanha, Dr. Von Maritus, who so carefully examined practically the Materia Medica of Brazil, asserts “nullumest dubium quin Emetica in terris zonne fervidae subjects effectus producent multo magis salutares quam in regionibus frigidioribus.” “This last observation seems to indicate, that if emetic plants are so much more common in hot than cold countries, it is because there is so much greater a necessity for them, The late Mr. Burnett, and many other persons, have asserted that every country spontaneously furnishes remedies for those maladies which the people of the soil are naturally subject to, and that the xliv INTRODUCTION. foreign drugs imported into the markets of Europe would soon be superseded to a great extent, if the properties of European plants were carefully examined. It is contended, in illustration of this opinion, that Salicine, obtained from our native Willows is equal in energy to Quinine, and that it is formed by Providence in low marshy places exactly where remittent and intermittent fevers are experienced most frequently, and with the greatest severity * 5 * * * * * x “Such a subject of investigation is by no means unimportant when it is considered * 3 * that exotic drugs are not only costly, but often so much adulterated as to be unfit for use * ® * *« “Tt by no means follows that plants are inert because medical men have reported unfavourably of their action. The most powerful species have had their energy destroyed by unskilful preparation, or by not knowing at what season to collect them. he i * * * * the very nature of the climate of tropical countries generally causes the properties of plants to be more concentrated and completely elaborated than in Northern latitude.” If. So far the indigenous drugs have not been carefully and sys- tematically studied. The Executive Committee of the Calcutta International Exhibition for 1883-84, reported that ‘it must be admitted that our ignorance of the properties and uses of indigenous drugs is scarcely pardonable. It seems highly desirable that the whole subject should be gone into with greater care than has yet been done, both with the view of weeding out the worthless from the good, and of preparing the way for a number of the better class native drugs taking the place of some of the more expensive and imported medicines of Europe. It seems remarkable that so large an amount of aconite should be collected in Nepal and exported to Europe, in order to be re-imported into India before it can find its way to the poor people who crowd around our dispensaries. Illustrations of a similar nature can be multiplied indefinitely. Atropa Belladonna, the deadly nightshade, for example, is a common weed on the Himalayas from Simla to Kashmir, yet every ounce of the drug used in India is imported from Europe, the Indian plant having apparently been entirely overlooked.’* * Official Report of the Calcutta International Exhibition, 1883-84, Vol. I, pp. 316-317, INTRODUCTION. xlv But for the proper study of the subject, a work exclusively devoted to Indian medicinal plants has been a great desideratum in the medical literature of India. Messrs. Hooker and Thomp- son writing as far back as 1855, said :— ‘We have had a considerable experience both in medical and economic botany, and we announce boldly our conviction that so far as India is concerned these departments are at a standstill for want of an accurate scientific guide to the flora of that country.’* The flora of British India commenced by Sir Joseph Hooker in 1872 is now completed. The great value of this work as a scientific guide to the plants of this country can hardly be doubted. The foundation of a medical botany of India should be grounded on this work. In this medical botany should be included all the plants that are used medicinally by the natives of this country. A very large number, perhaps the vast majority of these plants, will be found perfectly useless, but in the present state of our knowledge we are not justified in excluding any from the list. The great aim of this work being to collect and identify the medicinal plants of the country, it should, after giving the plants its modern scientific name, insert the synonyms under which it was known in former times. The value of Sanskrit and vernacular names of plants has been much questioned by botanists for purposes of identification. But, I think, these synonyms help a great deal towards identi- fication. T * Introductory Essay to the Flora Indica, p. 8, London, 1855. { The importance of Sanskrit names of plants was fully understood by Sir William Jones, the President Founder of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. More than a century ago he suggested that “ the first step in compiling a trea- tise on the plants of India should be to write their true names in Roman letters, according to the most accurate orthography, and in Sanskrit preferably to any vulgar dialect; because a learned language is fixed in books, while popular idioms are in constant fluctuation, and will not perhaps be understood a century hence by the inhabitants of these Indian territories, whom future botanists may consult on the common appellations of trees and flowers.” (Sir Wm, Jones’ Works, Vol. II, London, 1799, p. 2.) On another occasion Sir Wm, Jones said :— “T am very solicitous to give Indian plants their true Indian appellation ; because I am fully persuaded, that Linnzeus himself would have adopted them, had he known the learned and ancient language of this country. * * * Far am I from doubting the great importance of perfect botanical descriptions ; for languages expire as nations decay, and the true sense of many appellatives in every dead language must be lost in the course of ages; but as long as those xlvi INTRODUCTION. Much trouble will be saved to the experimenting physician by the help of the country names of plants. Modern India appellatives remain understood, a travelling physician who should wish to procure an Arabian or Indian plant, and without asking forit by its learned or vulgar name, should hunt for it in the woods by its botanical character, would resemble a geographer, who, desiring to inquire by name for a street or a town, but waits with his tables and instruments for a proper occasion to determine its longitude and latitude.” (‘ Botanical Observations on select Indian Plants.” Sir Wm. Jones’ Works, Vol. II P. 47, London, 1799.) In Sanskrit every plant bears several synonyms which may facilitate in tracing the history and identification of the plant. “Every single word in Sanskrit,’ writes Professor Sir Monier Williams, “is referred to dhatu or root which is also a name for any constituent element- ary substance, whether of rocks or living organisms, In short, when we follow out their grammatical system in all the details of its curious subtleties and technicalities, we seem to be engaged, like a geologist, in splitting solid substances, or like a chemist, in some elaborate process of analysis.” (Preface to Sanskrit Dictionary p. vi.) These Sanskrit synonyms to be of any use, should be accompanied with a literal translation into English. Mr. C. B. Clarke does not think that the vernacular names of plants help much in identifying them. For he says: “Thave observed that the eagerness to get native or vulgar names for plants is directly proportioned to the ignorance of the enquirer, those who know nothing about the plants and who are unable to discriminate them under any names being always loud in their call for native or local names.” Again, “as to the grand Sanskrit names, they are of still less value than the vulgar ones, being founded on less actual observation, with the object of enriching the language,’ (Preface by Mr. Clarke to his Edition of Roxburgh’s Flora Indica, p. ii, Calcutta, 1874.) I think these remarks of Mr. Clarke are not quite justifiable, and they are not shared in by other eminent botanists. For instance, Sir David Brandis, who has been called the “ Father of Indian Forestry,” says regarding the vernacular names of plants, :— “ The critical examination of the vernacular names of the different Indian languages, and their derivation from the Sanskrit or other roots, will be found a most interesting and important study. * * * * The forester should not despise vernacular names, for in many instances they have a fixity which systematic names do not yet possess, We all know the ever green Khirni, and there can be no mistake about it; but botanists are not yet agreed whe- ther the tree shall be called Mimusops indica, hexandra or Kauki. Kamela or Kamila is a well-known small tree, its systematic name among Indian botanists, however, which for more than half a century was Rottleria tinctoria has now and properly been changed into Mallotus philippinensis, Again, there can be no doubt as to the tree designated by kao, kan. Although some botanists call it olea europea, others olea cuspidata, and others olea ferruginea. x * * These changes of systematic names are not arbitrary—-as a rule, they are dictated by the progress of scientific research; but they are apt to discourage the student, and on that account, also, vernacular names merit attention.” (Forest Flora of N. W. India, Preface: pp. xi and xii, London, 1874.) When the Pharmacopoeia of India was issued, it was considered a great defect in the work that it had not given the vernacular names of the plants. In reviewing the work, a writer said :— “ Many of the non-officinal remedies, the introduction of which to regular practice is avowedly one of the objects of the publication of this Pharmaco- peia, are dismissed without a single vernacular name for them being given. The recommendation, for example, of the committee, that Hymenodictyon INTRODUCTION. xlvll abounds with professional herbalists. ‘There are the Musheras in Central and Upper India, whose principal livelihood consists in the collection and sale of medicinal roots and herbs.* In Bengal there are the Malis, Bagdis, Kaibartas, Pods, Chandals, Kaoras and Karangas, who principally carry on the trade in jungle products.| In Bombay, the Chadras, Bhils, and Gamtas are the herbalists. Now, these communities can prove of immense service to our medical practitioners 1n supplying medicinal plants. But as they are not trained in any university so as to be able to understand the Latin or scien- tific names of plants, the only way to secure their services lies with the medical practitioners in mastering the native names of plants. A great deal of time and trouble will be saved by thus giving the vernacular names of plants the impor- tance they deserve. It is, however, proper to add that too much confidence can not be placed in the vernacular nomenclature. In [ndia, in the same district, one and the same name is applied to two or more different plants. And in some instances, names without any excelsum should be looked to as likely to prove a valuable specific for malari- ous fevers, is pretty certain to be quite thrown away ona medical officer, who is not an expert in botany, for not a single native name for this tree is given either in the book itseli or in the index ; and though it might happen to grow in forests round his station, the committee put him in possession of no means of recognising it, * * * This very grave defect in the Pharmacopoeia, cannot be removed by the publication of a separate catalogue of native names, as proposed. In a second edition we hope to see not onlya full vernacular index, but to find, following the botanical name of each substance, as complete alist as possible of the vernacular synonyms for it which are current in the three presidencies.” (Calcutta Review for 1869, p. 201.) All the above extracts will show that the importance of vernacular names of plants is fully recognised by those whose opinion is entitled to respect on this subject, * An excellent account of this tribe is given by Mr. J. C. Nesfield, M. A., Inspector of Oudh Division, Lucknow, in the Caleutta Review for January, 1888. Mr, Nesfield writes :—“ Indian physicans (Vaidya) and Indian druggists (Pansari) are almost dependent as far as medicines are concerned, on what Musheras supply to them. * * It is much to the eredit of Musheras that they have given a marked preference to the study of nature, and opened the door to the discovering of natural remedies. In fact, their knowledge of medicine is one of the chief characteristics of this tribe. * * They collect medicinal herbs for sale and receive grain or money for what they supply. * * * I know of no parallel to such knowledge as that pcssessed by Musheras within India itself.” (Calcutta Review, pp. 40-41, for January, 1888.) { Hunter’s Statistical Account of Bengal, Vol. I, p. 27, xlvili INTRODUCTICN. significance are invented by villagers to satisfy the curiosity of enquiring botanists. These names are ofno use. Such being the case, a knowledge of botany to critically examine a plant is absolutely necessary. Besides botanical description and vernacular nomenclature, illustrations of plants prove a great help in identifying them. Though illustrations of several thousands of Indian plants are scattered in the works of Rheede, Roxburgh, Royle, Wight, Wallich, Beddome, Brandis, and Griffith and inthe journals of the Linnan and other learned societies, yet a very large number of medicinal plants of this country remains to be illustrated.* The sooner illustrations of these plants are made the better for the cause of the study of indigenous drugs. After proper means have been taken to identify the medicin- al plants, so that we are quite sure that we all mean the same thing by the same name, we should turn our attention to the study of their properties and uses. We may commence such study with advantage, and it will be, moreover, of historical importance, if we first of all take into consideration the uses to which these plants were put in ancient’times by the Hindus. With this view, we should consult the medical works of the Hindus, e. g., Charaka, Sushruta, Nighantu, &e. Nor should we despise the experience and observation of the Greco-Arabic School of practitioners regarding the uses of the indigenous drugs. Thus the Taleef Sheriff (which has been translated into English), is an excellent work on therapeutics, and gives within a narrow compass the uses of some of the most important medicinal plants of this country. We should also take into consideration those drugs which are in much use amongst rustics and villagers, and of which no account is to be met with in the works of either the Hindu or Greco-Arabic school of practitioners. It is a pity that no attempt has yet been made to collect information from the villa- gers regarding the medicinal virtues of plants that grow around * Most of the above mentioned works, however, are out of print, and being rare, are hardly within the reach of the most of the members of medical pro- fession. INTRODUCTION. xlix them and the uses to which they are put. * If we turn to the past history of our art, we find that our knowledge regarding the properties of some of the most useful medicines has been obtained in this empirical way. Lastly, we should not neglect to bestow our attention on those indigenous plants which have not been used medicinally by the natives of this country, but are in much use in other countries. After recording the medicinal uses, we have to commence the more important subject, viz., that of “weeding out the worthless from the good’ amongst these medicinal plants. For this purpose, we have to seek the aid of chemistry. It is well- known that plants generally owe their virtues as medicinal agents © to certain characteristic alkaloids and principles present in them. Because a complete and full chemical analysis of the medicinal plants of this country has not yet been performed, it is therefore that there exists so much uncertainty regarding their actions. This isolation of principles will constitute a great improvement in pharmacy. For, then, instead of using preparations made from plants which differ in constitution from time to time, and vary in the strength of their active principles and physiological characteristics, depending on the climate, season, and amount of sunshine under which, and the soil in which, they have grown, we should use the active principles in which the same variability is unlikely to occur. Moreover, they would possess the advantages of being always alike, easily assimilable and capable of ready solubility, ease in administration and rapidity as well as certainty of action. Then a practitioner also could carry his whole dispensary in a portable form.t This chemical analysis would also help us in determining the actions of medicines in health and disease. It should, however, be borne in mind, that chemical analysis but imperfectly reveals the real nature of many drugs. The presence of dissociated * Vanausadi Prakds, by Mr. Vasudev Chintaman Bapat, in Mahrathi, is as far as I-know, the only work which gives the uses to which some of the ' medicinal plants are put by the natives of Concan. | The alkaloids have all been discovered within the last 100 years. For want of chemical investigation indigenous drugs are used in their crude forms, instead of their alkaloids or active principles. Brunton’s “ Iron Age of Therapeutics,” is one of remote and uncertain future, but I believe a great deal of iron, if not steel, can be extracted, very useful for all practical purposes from the stones in the shape of our indigenous drugs. G i | INTRODUCTION. ions, of colloidal metals, with an action analogous to that of ferments, and of known and unknown physical properties, such as radio-activity, probably enter into the action of many drugs. All the phenomena of plant life are not explicable in terms of chemistry and physics; there are certain residual phenomena which point to the existence of what may be called in the present state of our knowledge, “‘ vital force.”* It is hence, that many medical practitioners have been disappointed with tinctures and other preparations of medicinal plants, because such preparations did not give any satisfactory results when prescribed to patients. Speaking of Oolut-Kumbal, (Abroma augusta) Dr. Bhoobun Mohun Sirkar wrote in the Indian Medical Gazette for May, 1900 :— “Attempts have been made to administer the drug in the more acceptable forms of tincture, pill or powder, but none prove so efficacious as the fresh viscid sap in substance in which form [ have used it with wonderful results.” A It is well-known that the people of India use the juice of fresh vegetables for medicinal purposes. But on chemical analysis, these vegetables do not yield any peculiar chemical substances to which their curative virtues could be justly attributed. It has been the tendency of late, therefore, to disapprove the use of such vegetable remedies. A well-known medical man writes in Allbutt’s System of Medicine :— “The chemical composition of a drug is not unfrequently the key to its pharmacological action.............. If a drug have no active properties, it is surely devoid of medicinal effect unless it be a food ; for medicinal action is the outcome of the effects of active principles on tissues. It is always possible that in any particular drug the active medicinal agent may have escaped notice; but in the present state of chemical science it is not likely that undiscovered principles reside in such substances as sarsaparilla and hemidesmus: yet these drugs are given on * Biochemistry of plants and animals has not yet been fully investigated. We do not know even much about the function of enzymes, regarding which two views are held one that they area property and the other that they are a substance, Chemistry cannot produce them. They are found only as the products of protoplasm of living cells. It may be that many processes taking place in living cells are the results of Enzyme activity. INTRODUCTION. li the testimony of experience,—a testimony no stronger than that which has supported scores of other agents eventually discarded. If the indications, given by the pharmacological examination of a drug, are opposed to experience in its favour, the latter must almost certainly be at fault.” * But clinical experiences and observations of eminent physi- cians on the actions of a drug are as much entitled to respect and consideration as its pharmacological examination. So the view of the writer quoted above does not seem to us to be sound. The modern method of therapeutical investigation is, first, to observe the action of a drug on a healthy animal, and then to make the results applicable to pathological states. The ancients recognised only one mode of studying the effects of a remedy, and that was by the simple observation of effects produced by drugs when administered in disease. This clinical observation of the action of remedies has been productive of some good, but it is questionable if much progress was effected so long as this method alone was employed. Towards the beginning of the nineteenth century, the necessity for ascertaining the actions of remedies by experiments on animals, was recognised by Bichat, Majendie, and others. This modern method of therapeutical research promises a great success. Working on this line, Lauder Brunton was able to use with success nitrite of amyl in angina pectoris. Here a correct application of a known action in a drug was made serviceable in the very first trial. The pharmacological experiments and clinical observations will thus settle the claims of Indian drugs on our attention. | IIT. The Vedic Aryans were acquainted with about a hundred medicinal plants. When aking appoints a Purohita, he repeats a prayer in which he entreats that all the herbs of a hundred kinds over which King Somarules will grant him uninterrupted happiness. From the works of Charaka and Sushruta we learn that the Indo-Aryans were acquainted with a large number of medicinal * Dr. D. J, Leech in Vol. I of Allbutt’s System of Medicine, London, 1896, lh INTRODUCTION. plants. In Sushruta are recorded the properties and uses of some 700 of them; but all of these were not indigenous to India. Some foreign drugs were imported into this country. In ancient times there was a trade in drugs between the Hindoos and other nations. Liquorice, which does not grow in this country, was ex- tensively used in Hindoo Medicine. It grows in Asia Minor and Central Asia, and was brought to this country by the no- madic tribes of Central Asia. We find mention of it in Charaka and Sashruta. The majority, however, of the medicinal plants in these works were indigenous to this country. Their pro- perties were known by empirical means. Information regarding them was gathered from hunters and shepherds. For this purpose, physicians were enjoined to penetrate forests and climb moun- tains. The works of Charaka and Sushruta appear to have been composed in the pre-Buddhist period. The rise of Buddhism gave an impetus to the study of medicine in ancient India. The edicts of Asoka provided the establishment of hospitals at all principal towns and cities of India for the sick and the wounded. ‘The Buddhist missionaries penetrating the dreary wilderness of Siberia and Central Asia preaching the tenets of benevolence and humanity to the savage tribes, also attended to treating the sick and the wounded. They were in one sense medical missionaries. The teachings of the Hindoo system of medicine were also spread to the countries which adopted Buddhism. The Buddhist missionaries brought with thera drugs of other nations to India, and thus enriched the materia medica of Hindoo physicians. The Greek invasion was not without influence on the medical practice of ancient India. The savants who accompanied the army of Alexander learnt much uf the metaphysical, philosophi- cal, and medical systems from the Hindoos. The successors of Alexander brought Greece and India into closer contact. Commerce was established between the two countries. It was thus that a large number of drugs of Central Asia and Asia Minor found their way to India. Greek physicians also came to know several medicinal plants of thiscountry. As the Greeks INTRODUCTION. liu learnt much of the healing art from the Hindoos, so the latter -were indebted for their knowledge concerning several foreign drugs to the Greeks. The rise of Muhammadanism brought about a new era in the history of civilization. The Arabs paid great attention to the cultivation of science and art. Although they did not discover or invent anything new, yet they preserved most of the known sciences of the ancient world. Without them, it is doubtful if the modern world would have been in possession of the philoso- phicaland scientific lore of the Greeks or the Hindoos. Hindoo physicians adorned the court of the rulers of Bagdad. Medical works of the Hindoos such as Charaka, Sushruta, Nidana, &c., were translated into Arabic. The teachings of Hippocrates, Democritus, and other Greek physicians were made known to the world by the countrymen of Muhammad. When India came to be under the Islamic power, Muhammmadan physicians known as Yunani Hakims were patronized by the court. They were versed in the medical lore of the Greeks. They brought with them the teachings and doctrines of the Greek masters of the healing art, and also made known the properties and uses of several drugs of Central Asia. The Hindoo system of medicine, on the rise of the Muhammadan power, came to a stand-still ; but the Hindoos were not slow in making use of those drugs which their Muhammadan conquerors had made known to them. Of all the drugs perhaps the most important one imported into India by the Muhammadans was opium. Before the Muham- madan supremacy in India, there is hardly any mention of opium to be met with in Hindoo works of Materia Medica. The principal works of Hindoo Materia Medica composed during the Muhammadan period of Indian history are :— (lL) kaja Nighantu, by Narahari Pandita. Regarding this work, Professor H. H. Wilson writes that “‘ from the frequent occurrence of the Dakhini terms in explanation of his Sanskrit text 1t is inferred that he was an inhabitant of the south of India.” The date of composition of this work has been fixed by the same authority at some time between the 12th and 13th cen- turies. (Vide H. H. Wilson’s Works, Vol. V., p. 237.) liv INTRODUCTION. (2) Madana Pédla Nighantu, by Madana Pala, a king of Kanauj. The late Raja Rajendra Lala Mitra placed the date of » composition of this work somewhere in the twelfth century (vide R. L. Mitra’s Notices of Sanskrit MSS. II, p. 264). | (3) Bhéva Prakdga, by Bhava Migra. It treats of Anatomy, Physiology, Medicine, Surgery, Materia Medica, and Therapeu- tics. Its date has been fixed at about the sixteenth century.* This work gives a very concise and clear account of all the medicinal plants and anima! and mineral substances used medi- cinally by Hindoo physicians. . | Yunini Hakims, that is the Muhammadan physicians of India, also have written a great deal concerning the indigenous drugs of this country. The encouragement accorded to Muhammadan physicians by their rulers led them to produce many meritorious works on medicine. Under the patronage of the court of Dehli, the Yunani Hakims vied with one another in paying attention to the study of indigenous drugs. Their works are however not of any antiquity. The Taleef Shernff is a monograph, clearly setting forth the views of Yundni Hakims on indigenous drugs. The Makhzan-ul-Adwiy4, which has been made much use of by Dr. Dymock in his Vegetable Materia Medica of Western India, is also another important work on the subject. There are several other works by Muhammadan physicians, some in Persian, and others in Urdu, treating of indigenous drugs. It is during the Christian period of Indian history, that our knowledge regarding indigenous drugs has been much increased by the investigations and labors of botanists and physicians. The three myrobalans of the East were eagerly sought after by the early Portuguese discoverers of the sea-route to India. Indian spices were also made known to Europe by them. Informations concerning the drugs of this country are scattered in the works of European travellers and navigators to this country during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.t At the same time several * The late Dr.U. C. Dutt has given strong reasons for the work heing a production of the sixteenth century, see introduction to his Materia Medica of the Hindoos. 1 A very important work was that of Garcia D’orta, named Colloquios does simples e droges da India. This has been lately translated into English, INTRODUCTION. lv foreign medicinal plants, especially of America, were brought to and naturalized in India by the Portuguese, Dutch, and other maritime nations. Agave Americana, Ananasa sativa, Anona squamosa, and several other native plants of America are now to be met with throughout the peninsula of Hindustan. Von Rheede tried to gather all the informations about the medicinal uses of the plants of this country in his Hortus Malabariea, which should be looked upon as the first systematic work by a Kuropean, giv- ing the medicinal uses of the plants of India. But little attention was paid to the medicinal plants of this country till the founda- tion of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. The Society was estab- lished mainly through the exertions of Sir Willam Jones, who was its first president. He was as great a botanist as a classical scholar. He looked upon the Society as corresponding in its aims and objects to the Royal Society of England. The Asiatic Society has fulfilled the expectations of its gifted founder. Sir William Jones himself pointed owt the importance and necessity of studying the Indian medicinal plants. In a paper on the design of a treatise on the plants of India, read by him before the Bengal Asiatic Society, he said that “Some hundreds of plants which are yet imperfectly known to Kuropean botanists and with the virtues of which they are wholly unacquainted, grow wild on the plains andin the forests of India. The Amarakosha, an excellent vocabulary of the Sanskrit language, contains in one chapter the names of about 300 medicinal vegetables; the Medint may comprise many more; and the Dravydbhidhéna or Dictionary of natural productions includes, I believe, a far greater number, the properties of which are distinctly related in medical tracts of approved authority.” The example set by Sir William Jones was not lost upon his successors. Roxburgh, the Linnaeus of Indian Botany, collected all the informations about the medicinal plants of this country in his Flora Indica. Professor Lindley in his work on Flora Medica is indebted for his information regarding the medicinal plants of India to Roxburgh’s magnum opus. Roxburgh’s Flora Indica was an authority on the medicinal plants of this * Sir Wm, Jones’ Works, London, 1799, vol. II, p. 2. lvi INTRODUCTION. country till the publication of the Pharmacopeia of India. Mr. Clarke in his edition of Roxburgh’s Flora Indica writing in 1874, truly observed that “Roxburgh contains all the Economie Indian Botany known to him, and we have added very few economic facts since. * * * We have had plenty of Government and other reports, some very large and expensive ones it is true, but we have very little economic work by persons competent as botanists. * * * Roxburgh is most trust- worthy in his Economic botany, and contains virtually all that is known on the subject.’’* In the beginning of the nineteenth century, John Flemming contributed a valuable paper on the medicinal plants of this country. It was a monograph of no inconsiderable value and was published in the Asiatic Researches, Vol. XJ, for 1810 under the title “‘ A Catalogue of Indian Medicinal Plants and Drugs with their names in Hindustani and Sanskrit.” For the first time, the scattered information on the subject was collected and placed before the medical profession. The most important work, a work which is referred to by all writers on indigenous drugs composed during the early part of the last century, was the Materia Indica of Ainslie. He spent the period of his Indian exile in Madras, and has given a very satisfactory account of the drugs in common use in that Presi- dency. The formation of the Medico-physical Society of Calcutta, contributed not a little to the study of indigenous drugs. In the Transactions of that Society were described for the first time some of the vegetable drugs of this country. Wallich, Horace Hayman Wilson, Dewan Ram Comal Sen, and several others brought to the notice of the profession many native remedies. The labors of Dr. J. F. Royle deserve special mention ; for he paid especial attention to the economical plants of this coun- try. The Botanical Gardens of Saharanpore owe a great deal to his labors. In his works on the Antiquity of Hindoo Med1- cine, Materia Medica, and Botany of the Himalayan mountains, * Clarke’s edition of Roxburgh’s Flora Indica, Calcutta, 1874, Preface, p. iii, INTRODUOTION. lvil he brought tc the notice of the medical profession several medi- cinal plants in common use amongst the inhabitants of India. The advantages which Saharanpore possesses for the naturali- zation of plants of the colder regions induced him to try and cultivate the medicinal plants of other countries. He also contri- buted an excelleat paper on the Bazar medicines to the Journal of the Bengal Asiatic Society. * Mention should also be made to the labors of the Agri- Horticultural Society. The Society with its branches in different parts of India has rendered some help to the cause of indigenous drugs, as is evident by the Transactions of the Society. Sir William O’Shaughnessy, who was the first Director of Telegraphs in India and occupied the chair of Chemistry at the Medical College, Calcutta, spent many years in investigating the subject of indigenous drugs. Several drugs were for the first time chemically analysed by him. Dr. Wallich, who was at that time in charge of the Calcutta Botanical Garden, rendered him much help in identifying the medicinal plants of India. The combined labors of O'Shaughnessy and Wallich have produced the valuable pharmacopeeia of Bengal, published under the authority of the Government of Bengal in 1844. No pains were spared by O’Shaughnessy to make use of the labors of his predecessors. The publication of this work gave a fresh stimulus to the study of inligenous drugs. ‘The subject even engaged the attention of chemists and pharmaceutists of Europe, and several drugs were admitted as officinal in the pharmaco- poeias of other countries. The holding of exhibitions has been the most important means in increasing our knowledge of indigenous drugs. I doubt if the amount of information which we possess at present about indigenous drugs could have been derived from any other source. ‘l’he idea of exhibitions originated with the late Prince Albert, under whose auspices the first one was held in London in 1851. Dr. Royle was placed in charge of indigenous drugs, but I do not think the first exhibition, which was rather a trial, made * This paper was published under the title “ Articles of Materia Medica obtained in the Bazars of India,” in the first volume of the Bengal Asiatic Society’s Journal, H lyiii INTRODUCTION. any material addition to our knowledge of the subject. In the second International Exhibition in London of 1862, Dr. J. F. Watson was placed in charge of the indigenous drugs. For the first time, several indigenous drugs were brought to light. In the interval between the first exhibition of 1851 and the second one of 1862, several exhibitions were held in different parts of this country. But I do not think they added anything to our knowledge of indigenous drugs. The publication of the Pharmacopceia of India in 1867 under the authority of Her Majesty’s Secretary of State for India marked an epoch in the history of the subject. To this day, that stands out as the authoritative work on the native remedies of thiscountry. “ With the view, firstly, of bringing to the notice of the profession in India those indigenous drugs which European experience has proved to possess value as medicinal agents, and which may be employed as efficient sub- stitutes for imported articles; and, secondly, of remodelling the Bengal Pharmacopceia of 1844, Her Majesty’s Secretary of State for India in Council was pleased to sanction the publica- tion of a Pharmacopceia for India based upon the British Pharmacopoeia, which, while affording all the information contained in that work of practical use in India, would embody and combine with it such supplementary matter of special value in that country as should adapt it to meet the require- ments of the Indian Medical Department.” * The information that lay scattered among a large number of periodicals was brought together in this work and made accessible for reference to the medical officers serving in this country. Between the publication in Calcutta of the Bengal Pharmacopoeia in 1844, and the issue of the Indian Pharma copceia in 1868, that is during the period of twenty-four years, great advances were made in our knowledge regarding the me- dicinal properties and therapeutic uses of the indigenous drugs. The establishment of Medical Colleges and schools in this country also advanced our knowledge of indigenous drugs. The graduates whom the colleges turned out directed their attention * Preface to the Indian Pharmacopeeia, p. vi. INTRODUCTION. lix to the subject. They were not slow in recognising the import- ance of the study of indigenous drugs. There were other laborers also in the field. Dr. Waring, who edited the Indian Pharmacopeeia so creditably, was one of the most painstaking and careful observers of the properties and uses of indigenous drugs. His attention was drawn to the subject when serving out in Burma. The stock of his European medicines having been exhausted, he was in great perplexity and hardly knew what to do. In such a crisis, he turned to the medicinal plants of the country. His extensive knowledge of Botany stood him in good stead greatly. He found indigenous drugs to answer his purposes as satisfactorily as the costly imported medicines of Kurope. The series of papers under the title, “ Notes on some of the principal Indigenous Tonics, Anthelmintics, &c., of India,” published in the early volumes of the “Indian Annals of Medical Science,” now defunct, shows the careful and pains- taking manner in which he had studied the subject. The use of the Pharmacopceiaasa text book in the colleges and schools of this country, has also been productive of some good. The Pharmacopcia Committee was not wrong in impart- ing an educational character to their publication. The native remedies having been rendered familiar during the period of studentship, have been often made use of by Indian Medical Graduates. Mention should also be made of the establishment of the Forest Department and the School of Forestry in this country as helping in increasing our knowledge of indigenous drugs. The forest officers have brought to light several plants used medicinally by the natives of this country. The late Dr. Stewart in his Pun- jab Plants, mentioned a large number of medicinal plants used by the rustics and villagers of the Panjab. Mr. Gamble and other forest officers have also noticed the medicinal plants of other parts of India. The increase inour knowledge of the proper- ties and uses of the indigenous drugs by these means has not been inconsiderable. The Calcutta International Exhibition of 1883-84 has done much towards the study of indigenous drugs, Credit is due to lx INTRODUCTION. Mr. T. N. Mukerjee and Sir George Watt, who spared no pains to make the Exhibition of indigenous drugs as complete as possible. The Dictionary of the Economie Products of India, originally projected by Mr. Mukherji, but subsequently complet- ed by Dr. G. Watt, contains informations from all possible sour- ces, as to the uses and properties of indigenous drugs. IV. “The only way to illumine the whole field of native thera- peutics,’ wrote an intelligent foreigner, “is to survey it in small tracts and sift the value of those drugs peculiar to each PLOVINCG: "22.47 There is a wide feeling that there is a bene- ficence in the scheme of nature which provides in every country suitable remedies on the spot for the ill to which hurnanity is locally most prone. Very little has been done so far to in- corporate in the practice of physicians in the country the medicines which in India nature scatters broadcast from her lap | It is necessary to pass in review the principal works which have advanced our knowledge of the subject. In order to do this, we should take into consideration those works which treat of the drugs of the different provinces of this country. In fact, excluding the ‘“‘ Pharmacopceia of India,” the “ Pharmacogra- phica Indica” and Watt’s “ Dictionary of the Economic Products of India,” all the works which have made their appearance deal with drugs and medicinal plants of certain provinces only. For obvious reasons this arrangement is a good one.* I have already stated the great stimulus that was given to the study of the subject by the establishment of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Calcutta as till recently the Capital of India possessing one of the finest Botanical gardens in the world afforded great facilities for the study of the subject. Roxburgh, Fleming and Royle were the first to write about the medicinal plants and their uses in the Asiatic Researches and the Journal of the Bengal Asiatic Society. But there was no systematic treatise on the * Of the drugs used by the ancient Hindus, the best account in English is the work on Hindu Materia Medica by the late Dr. Udoy Chand Dutt. This work requires re-editing. INTRODUCTION. lxi indigenous drugs of Bengal till the publication of O’Shaugh- nessy’s Bengal Dispensatory in 1842. Before the publication of this work, information concerning indigenons drugs was scat- tered in the journals and transactions of several learned societies, which were not easily accessible to all members of the medical profession. Mr. Louis DaCosta wrote in the Journal of the Ben- gal Asiatic Society for May, 1837, “ it is a desideratum to know how the natives have treated the subject of medicaments—what of good their books contain—what of error. Our medical prac- tice pays, perhaps, too little attention to vegetable remedies, of which the orientals possess an infinite variety, many inert but many active, and many also quite unknown to Europeans.” The Bengal Dispensatory supplied a long-felt want on the subject. This was followed in 1844 by the Bengal Pharmacopeeia. These two works form important landmarks in the literature of indi- genous drugs. They were not free from errors. Even the author acknowledged that his multifarious duties prevented him from bestowing that amount of attention on the subject which its importance demanded. But considering the difficulties he had to contend with, the scanty materials which existed on the literature at his time, I think great credit is due to him for his works. He was one of the pioneers in this field of research. And it should not be forgotten that his Pharmacopoeia of Bengal subsequently formed the groundwork of the Pharmacopceia of India. The next work on the “ Indigenous drugs of Bengal” is that of Kanay Lal Dey. That gentleman is a well-known authority on the subject. In 1862, for the International Exhibition held in London, he forwarded indigenous drugs chiefly of Bengal. The catalogue of drugs exhibited by him was subsequently pub- lished in book-form at the request of the Inspector-General of Civil Hospitals of Bengal. This work was a decided improve- ment on O’Shaughnessy’s Pharmacopeia and Dispensatory. No other work on the indigenous drugs of Bengal deserves any notice. Mr. T. N. Mukerji’s “ Catalogue of Amsterdam Kxhibition” is a useful one, but it is principally compiled from the above sources, Ixii INTRODUCTION. There is no work treating of the indigenous drugs of Assam, Orissa, or of Behar (excepting Irvine’s short account of the Materia Medica of Patna, published in 1848)., Notices of some of the medicinal plants and indigenous drugs of Assam and Orissa are to be found in the Gazetteer volumes of those provinces. There have been a host of medical men to work out the medicinal plants and indigenous drugs of Madras. In the early days of the East India Company, Madras, the so-called benighted Presidency of to-day, attracted more scientific and medical men than any other part of India. It was on the Madras side that most of the illustrated works on Indian Botany were prepared. Rheede’s ‘“‘ Hortus Malabarica,’ Roxburgh’s “ Coromandel Plants,” Wight’s “ Icones,’’ Beddome’s “ Flora Sylvatica”’ were all prepared by men who labored in that Presidency. Ainslie’s ‘Materia Medica of Hindustan ” published in 1813, and “ Materia Indica” published in 1826, are still works of reference on the indigenous drugs of Madras. Waring was another authority on the Madras indigenous drugs. His labors have been embodied in the Pharmacopeceia of India. Bidie’s “ Paris Exhibition Catalogue of Raw Products of Southern India” is a useful publication on the indigenous drugs of Madras. In the Madras Quarterly and Monthly Journal of Medical Science, there are several papers from his pen on the subject of indigenous drugs. Moodeen Sheriff will always occupy a prominent place amongst the workers on the subject of indigenous drugs. His Supplement to the Pharmacopceia of India established his repu- tation as a pharmaceutist of no mean order. His posthumous work on the “ Materia Medica of Madras,” has brought our in- formation on some of the indigenous drugs of that Presidency up to date. It is unfortunate, however, that this work did not receive the last finishing touch of the author. he indigenous drugs of Bombay, though neglected for a long time, have recently received proper attention. Dalzell and Gibson’s “ Bombay Flora,” published in 1861, paved the way to the better study of the subject. Birdwood’s “ Vegetable INTRODUCTION. lxiil Products of Bombay,’ published in 1862, was the first work that gave a systematic account of the Bombay drugs. In the Pharmacopeeia of India published in 1867, the Bombay drugs were not adequately represented. But since then, due princi- pally to the labors of Sakharam Arjun and Dymock, the Bombay drugs have been far better worked out than those of any other part of India. Sakharam Arjun’s ‘‘ Bombay Drugs” was published in 1879. He wasa skilled botanist, being the occupant of the Chair of Botany in the Grant Medical College. This publication was intended to serve asa catalogue of the Indian drugs in the Museum of the Royal Victoria Hospital at Netley. Dr. Sakharam Arjun succeeded in correctly identifying some of the bazar drugs and brought to the notice of the profession a good many medicinal plants used by the natives of Bombay. | Dymock’s “ Vegetable Materia Medica of Western India” is by far the best work on the indigenous drugs, not only of Bombay, but of India generally. It bears strong testimony to his having patiently worked at the subject for a large number of years. The Pharmacographica Indica will remain, for many years to come, the standard work of reference on indigenous drugs. The medicinal plants and drugs of Sind have not yet been properly studied. The only work on the subject is that of Murray on “ Plants and Drugs of Sind.” Murray, neither being a medical man nor a skilled botanist, compiled his) work from other sources and, as such, the work is of doubtful value as a guide to the plants and drugs of that province. Our knowledge of the medicinal plants and drugs of the Punjab is also scant and meagre. Honnigberger’s work named “Thirty-five years in the Kast” was the first one mentioning the Punjab medicinal plants and drugs. Honnigberger was a homceopathic practitioner and was physician to Ranjit Singh. The work is hardly of any value, and is very seldom referred to now-a-days. The Punjab Exhibition of 1864 brought for the first time to light the drugs of that province. Mr. Baden Powell described Ixiv | INTRODUCTION. the raw products in his well-known work on the Punjab products. Dr. Burton Brown, the late Principal of the Lahore Medical College, was the reporter on the drugs of the Punjab. Asachemist anda botanist Dr. Brown was well qualified to properly discharge his duties asa reporter. And up to this date, his report is the sole authentic guide to the drugs of that province. Dr. Stewart, as Forest Officer, in his work on ‘“ Punjab Plants,” noticed some of the medicinal plants of that province. He freely acknowledged the great help he derived from Dr. Brown in identifying many medicinal plants. Dr. Stewart’s work is very valuable and, together with Dr. Brown’s Report above referred to,is the only work mentioning some of the medicinal plants of the Punjab. Of the medicinal plants and drugs of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh we know very little. Mr. Atkinson’s work on the “Economic Products of the North-West Provinces” is the only work treating of the drugs of those provinces. The medicinal plants and drugs of the Central Provinces and Rajputana have not been properly worked out. It is highly desirable that these provinces should receive, at the hands of botanists and medical men, that amount of attention which they deserve. Thus it will be seen that, although there are many works on the medicinal plants and drugs of different provinces of India, yet a great deal remains to be done for the drugs and medicinal plants of Cashmere, Beluchistan, Sind, Punjab, United Provinces of Agra andOudh, Behar, Orissa, Assam, Central Provinces and Rajputana. Owing to the publication of the Pharmacographica Indica and Watts ‘ Dictionary of the Economic Products of India,” there is not the same diffi- culty now to work out the subject which the early laborers in this field of research experienced For, not only the Flora of British India projected by Hooker has heen com- pleted, but Floras of most of the provinces of India have heen in recent years prepared by some of the noted Indian botanists. Thus the Bengal Plants by Sir David Prain, the INTRODUCTION. Ixv Gangetic Flora describing plants of the United Provinces of Agra & Oudh by Mr. J. F. Duthie, Flora of Bombay by Dr. Theodore Cooke, Flora of the Central Provinces by Mr. Haines, Flora of Madras by Mr. Gamble, Panjab Plants by Colonel Bamber, Flora Simlensis by the late General Collett, Plants of Baluchistan by Mr. Burkill, and Flora of Assam under preparation by Rai Bahadur Upendra Nath Kanjilal, will be of great help to those who are interested in the study of the medi- cinal plants of this country. Ofthe Indian States of India, the plants of Kashmir were worked out principally by Jacquemont and Royle; of Nepal by Wallich and recently byMr. J. H. Burkill ; of Bhotan and Sikkim recently by Messrs. Burkill and Smith ; of Cutch by Revd. Father Blatter ; of Mysore in the Gazetteer Volume of that principality; and of Baroda and Kathiawad States by Mr. Jayakrishna Indrajit in Guzerati. V. The outlook is not so gloomy now as it was more than twenty-five years ago, whenI commenced the study of the sub- ject. The Petit Laboratory established in Bombay was almost the first institution intended to work out the pharmacology of Indian drugs. For this purpose, the late Dr. K. N. Bahadurji was appointed to its charge. The Indian Medical Congress held in Calcutta in 1894 record- ed the following resolution :— “ That it be recommended to the consideration of the Government of India that an extended use of indigenous drugs is most desirable.” | It was on this resolution that the Government of India appointed the Indigenous Drugs Committee which held their first meeting in Calcutta on January 3rd, 1896. In appointing this Committee, it was stated, The points to which the Government of India desire more particularly to invite the attention of the Committee, with a view to their careful consi- deration, are the practicability, as well as the utility, of— (4) encouraging the systematic cultivation of medicinal plants indige nous to India ; (b) encouraging the increased use in Medical Depots of drugs of known therapeutic value ; and (c) sanctioning the manufacture of stable preparations of certain drugs at the Depots. Regarding the above the Government of India desire that the Committee I lxvi INTRODUCTION. should further consider, and report their opinion as to the action which would be best calculated to give the suggested encouragement, The Com- mittee should further consider, from a practical point of view, the question of initiating, as a Government measure, experiments to test the reputed therapeutic value of indigenous drugs. The Government of India, as at present advised, are inclined to the opinion that such investigations can more profitably be left to the enterprise of private individuals. This Committee has so far published two useful reports. The Ayurvedic practitioners are holding conferences every year in different cities of this country, in which medi- cinal plants and drugs are exhibited. ‘This will greatly advance the cause of the more extensive use of indigenous drugs. The chemistry of Indian medicinal plants is being investigated by several chemists in different laboratories of India, as is evident from their reports published from time to time in journals of Chemical Societies and of other learned institutions. The quarterly journal, named ‘“‘ Food and Drugs,” of Calcutta, now defunct, published several interesting papers on indigenous drugs. There are also a few workers in Tata’s Research Institute, Bangalore, investigating this subject. Fifty thousand rupees have been donated to the Tropical School of Medicine recently established in Calcutta, by His Highness the Maharaja of Durbhanga, and ear-marked for the investigation of the properties and uses of indigenous drugs. But at present there is no Pharmaceutical Society or School of Pharmacy in this country to carefully study and investigate the subject of indigenous drugs. The establishment of such an institution is highly desirable ; so also of farms of medicinal plants. Regarding the growing of medicinal plants, Mr. F. A. Miller writes in the Journal ‘“‘ American Pharmaceutical Association III, pp. 34-38” that the time has arrived to reduce the work of drug cultivation to an exact science and to determine the commercial possibilities of the most promising forms, in the same manner as has been done in agricultural and other economic farms.’’* The present war, as mentioned before, emphasises the * [Chemical Abstracts for February 20th, 1914, p. 786.] Mr. R. P. Craford writing in Scientific American Supplement, September 8, 1917 on “ Reducing drug plant cultivation to a science,” says, “that drug plant cultivation is far from easy and the institution that works out these INTRODUCTION. Ixvil necessity of extensively growing medicinal plants especially in India where, with little difficulty, economic plants of all lands can be cultivated.* The establishment of medicinal farms in well selected locali- ties* will exercise scientific control over the cultivation of medici- nal herbs and plants. Regarding the advantages of conducting a farm of this nature Messrs. Burroughs Wellcome and Co., who have established such a one, write :— “1. Imli ... | Refrigerant, Terminalia chebula Halela ... | Astringent. Rhus coriaria Samak .. | Astringent. Hot MEDICINES. Semecarpus anacardium | Bhilawa : . | Acrid. Corylus aveliana .. | Kindak : ... | Demulcent. Dracocephalum Roylea- | Balangu “< ... | Aromatic, num, Zingiber officinale Sonth ... | Aromatic. Moschus ahs Mushk ... | Aromatic. Aquillaria agallocha 'U’'d ic) [LOnie, Caryophyllus aromatica | Karanful ... | Aromatic, Amber ; Kahruba eto) VROnIC. Narcissus tazetta Nargas saa) | Arid, DRY MEDICINES, Prunella sp—, Ustuk hudus ... | Aromatic. Raw Silk Abresham ... | Inert. Centaurea Behmen Bahman ... | Tonic. Polypodium .. Bisfaij of eLOnie. Dracocephalum Roylea- Balangu ... | Aromatic. num, Psoralea corallifolia Babchi soa) tL LOnIe: Laurus cinnamomum Darchini ... | Aromatic. Laurus cassia Taj ... | Aromatic, Pastinaca Shakakul ... | Demulcent. Crocus sativus Zafran ... | Inert, Mentha sativa Pudina ... | Aromatic, Myristica moschata Jaiphal ... | Aromatic. LLL SSNS Ixx A NOTE. Scientific name. Native name. Use, MoIst REMEDIES. Phyllanthus emblica ... | Amla pe .. | Astringent, Tamarindus indica owe | clinalla S46 ... | Purgative. Silica ie .- | Tabashir ... Jas, | Merb: Vitis vinifera ... | Zirishk son ... | Demulcent. Camphora ... .. | Kafur ie ... | Aromatic. Onosma sp——, .. | Gauzaban ... Se Lone: Coriandrum sativum ... | Dhanyan ... ... | Aromatic. Rosa as ... | Gul sirkh ... ... | Astringent. Nymphea ... ... | Nilofar pi ... | Inert. Citrus aurantium .- | Narangi ... ... | Aromatic. From the above list it will be seen that many of the cold remedies, are what are used in European therapeutics astringent medicines, while the hot remedies are principally aromatics; but that very various remedies are classed under the terms moist and dry.” BIBLIOGRAPHY. In the preparation of this work, names of some of the most important publications consulted, are given below :— Ainslie’s Materia Indica, Baden Powell's Punjab Products, Balfour’s Cyclopedia of British India. Bapat’s Vanausadi Prakasa (in Marathi). Beddome’s Ferns of British India, Bentley and Trimen’s Medicinal Plants, Birdwood’s Bombay Products. Bonavia’s Oranges and Lemons of India, Brandis’ Indian Trees. Collett’s Flora Simlensis. Cooke’s Bombay Flora. Dalzell and Gibson’s Bombay Flora. Dey’s (Kanailal) Indigenous Drugs of India. D'’orta's (Garcia) Colloquiosdos simplese drogas, da India, Drury’s Useful Plants of India. Duthie’s Flora of the Upper Gaugetic plain. 3 Fodder Grasses of Northern India. Dutt’s Materia Medica of the Hindus, Dymock’s Vegetable Materia Medica of Bombay. s Pharmacographia Indica, Fluckiger and Hanbury’s Pharmacographia, Gamble’s Indian Timbers. Honnigberger’s Thirty-five years in the Hast. Hooker’s Flora of British India, Jaya Krishna Indraji’s Vanaspati SAstra (in Guzerati), Kanjilal’s Forest Flora. Kirtikar’s Poisonous Plants of Bombay. Kurz’s Forest Flora of Burma, Khory’s Materia Medica of Bombay. Lindley’s Flora Medica. Maiden’s useful native plants of Australia. Moodeen Sheriff's Materia Medica of Madras. 5 Supplement to the Pharmacopeceia of India, Mukerji’s Amsterdam Catalogue, Murray’s Plants and Drugs of Sind. Nairne’s Flowering Plants of Bombay. O’Shanghuessy’s Bengal Dispensatory, $j - Pharmacopoeia, Pfleider’s Five hundred Native plants. Prain’s Bengal Plants. Ixxii BIBLIOGRAPHY. Roxburgh’s Flora Indica. Sakharam Arjun’s Bomkay Drugs, Stewart’s Punjab Plants. Talbot’s Forest Flora of Bombay Presidency. Trimen’s Hand-book of the Flora of Ceylon, Waring’s Bazar Medicines, = Pharmacopeeia of India. Watt's Commercial Products of India. Dictionary of Economic Products of India. 9? Journals etc. Agricultural Journal of India. ” Ledger. 5 Bulletins and Memoirs. Annals of Indian Medicine, Asiatic Researches. British Medical Journal. Chemical Abstracts. Indian Forester. x Forest Records and Bulletins. Bs Medical Gazette. 3 Lancet. Gazeteer Volumes of the different provinces of India. Journal of the Bengal Asiatic Society. Board of Agriculture of England. Bombay Natural History Society. Chemical Society. Society of Chemical Industry. Linnean Society. Pharmaceutical Journal. Records of the Botanical Survey of India. Reports of the Indigenous Drugs Committee. Year-book of Pharmacy. Ete., EHte., Ete. INDIAN ME DrCUNATL PLANTS. N. O. RANUNCULACEA, 1. Clematis Nepaulensis, D.C. H.F.BR.1., 1. 2. Syn. :—C. montana, Don. Vern. :— Pawanne, birri, wandak. (Pb.) Ghantiali (Kumaon). Habitat :—Temperate Himalaya, from Garhwal to Bhotan. A slender, nearly glabrous climber. Leaves ternately divided, common petiole 1-14in. Leaflets 1-2 in. elliptic —lanceo- late, sometimes very narrow, eitire, toothed or 3-lobed, 3-nerved ; lateral oblique, half as long as, or shorter than, the terminal leaflet or lobe which is 2-3 by 4-3 in. Flowers many, pedicels 1-2 in. long with 2 hyaline bracts joined into a cup, pubescent above the cup. Bud sessile in the cup. Sepals 4, erect, cream-coloured, oblong, silky outside. Filaments gla- brous, tapering from a broad flat base ; anthers short. Achenes flat, margined, hairy; style 14 in. Jong, long in fruit. Parts used :—The leaves. Medicinal Properties and Uses:—-In Kanawar, the leaves are said to act deleteriously on the skin. (STEwart). The leaves and stems, since they contain an acrid prin- ciple which acts deleteriously on the skin, may be used for purposes of vesication. 2 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. N.B.—It is not improbable that C. Napaulensis, D.O, and C. barbellata, Edgew, and some other species of clematis are used for the same purpose as C. Nepaulensis, D.C. There is very little difference in the appearance of these species, and so they are very easily mistaken one for the other. ne: triloud, i eyne A eeBR 1, 1: Sansk. :—Laghu karni. Vern:—Moravela, Morvel, Moriel, ranjai (Bomb.). Habitat:—Mawal district mountains of the Deccan, and W. Concan. An extensive climber. Leaves 1-2 in., silky small simple or one-ternate, entire or 1-3-toothed or lobed, elliptic-ovate or cordate, d-nerved. Panicle many-flowered. Lower bracts leafy. Flowers 14-2 in. diam., white. Sepals spreading from the base, 4-6, membranous, oblong, silky outside. Filaments glabrous, narrow-linear, connective of anthers not produced. Petals O. Stamens any. Carpels many, with a pendulous ovule. Pruit— a head of achenes, with a long feathery style. Parts used :—The leaves. Medicinal Properties and Uses:—The juice of the leaves, combined with that of the leaves of Holarrhena antidysenterica, is dropped into the eye for the relief of painin staplhyloma; about 2 drops being used. Vaidya Rugnathji of Junagad says the whole plant is a purgative. It is said to be used as a remedy in leprosy, blood di- seases and fever by Sanskrit authors. (S. Argun). 3. ©: Gouriana, Oro. BeBe. 14. Roxb, 457, Vern.:—Morvel, ranjai (Bomb.), Marathi; Belkun, Bel- kangau (N. W.). Habitat:—In the hilly districts, from the Western Himalaya to the Eastern Peninsula, Ceylon, and the Western Peninsula. An extensive woody climber. Stem thick, striate. Branches widespread, purple, pubescent when young. Leaves pinnate or bipinnate or biternate. Petiole and rachis elongated. Leaflets stalked, unequal, 2-33 in. long, ovate, or oblong-lan- ceolate, acuminate, shining above, entirely or distantly toothed, cordate or rounded at base, rather coriaceous shining, wholly N. 0. RANUNCULACER. 3 ‘glabrous above, slightly pubescent beneath. Flowers yellowish or greenish white, 2!n. diam., small in dense axillary panicles. Sepals ovate or oblong, revolute, puberulous, 3-%. in., margins tomentose. Filaments narrow-linear. Achenes hairy, lanceo- late, Style 14-2 in. long, narrow oblong, in fruit very slender, aliny. Medicinal Properties and Uses :—The leaves of the fresh stems, if bruised and applied to the skin, cause vesication. They abound in an acrid poisonous principle. Wart. 11. 369. 4. Anemone obtusiloba, Don. H.F.BR.1., 1. 8. Syn. Anemone discolor, Royle. Vern. :—Rattanjog, Padar (Pb.). Kakriya (Kumaon). Habitat :—Temperate and Alpine Himalaya, from Kashmir to Sikkim ; altitude 9-15,000 ft. A perennial herb, densely tufted, glabrate, or softly hairy. Rootstock woody, fibrous, clothed with old root-sheaths. Radical leaves, many stalked, suborbicular, deeply cordate ; Segments broad, cuneate, variously cut and lobed, rarely shortly petiolate. Scapes 6-12 in., 1-3--flowered ; invol. leaves 3-fid. Flowers white purplish or golden; pedicels long, slender. Sepals silky outside, generally lead-coloured near the claw. Achenes strigose, rarely glabrous. Very variable in size, hairi- ness and colour of flower. Parts used :-—The root and seeds. Medicinal Properties and Uses :—In Hazara the pounded root, which is acrid, is mixed with milk and given internally for contusions. In Bessahir it is said to be used as a blister, but to be apt to produce sores and sears (Srewart). ‘The seeds, if given internally, produce vomiting and purging. ‘The oil ex- tracted from them is used in rheumatism. (WatT). Anemonin is found in this plant,—It oceurs in many of the Ranunculacee ; it is a toxic substance, and produces paralysis of the central nervous system, The compound has the formula C,, H,, O;, and is deposited in rhombic erystals melting at 152°, I is volatile with steam, and, on exposure to air at ordinary temperatures, is slowly,converted into anemonie acid ; the oxidation 4 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. proceeds more quickly if platinum black, hydrogen peroxide, or barium peroxide is employed, J. Ch. 8. 1898 AT. 727. (2) Butin J. Ch, S. 1896 AT. 623, the formula given for Anemonin is C,, H; O,. It is also stated there that it yields methyl and ethyl derivatives, which are apparently ethereal salts, showing that it is the anhydride of a dicarboxylic acid. Dimethylanemonin, C; Hz; (COOMe),, melts at 109-110°, me- thylanemonin at 174-176°, diethy] anemonin at 47°, and ethylanemonin at 168-170°. (3) The said dicarboxylic acid is a ketonie acid. (4) By oxidation, anemonin yields succinic and oxalic acids. (5) By hydrolysis of the dialkylie salts before mentioned with alkali and amorphous acid, C,, H3 O,+2H,0O is formed, but hydrolysis of them with HCl yields a crystalline acid, C,, Hg, O,+H.O. The amorphous acid gives coloured, the crystalline acid colourless, salts. (6) Anemonin is a saturated compound, for by reduction it yields a saturated hydvoxy-acid, and absorbs neither chlorine (Hiibl’s solution) nor bromine, Dd. Thalictrum foliolosum, D.C. u.F.BR.1., 1. 14. Vern. :—Pinjari ; Shuprak (root-pili-jari) (H.); Pila-jari, pengla jari, barmat (root-mamira) (Kumaon); Gurbiani, pash- maran, phalijori, Chitra-mul, Keraita, Mamira (Pb.); Chaitra (Kashmir); Mamiran (Bombay). Habitat :—'Temperate Himalaya ; Khasia hills. A tall perennial rigid herb. Stem 4-8 ft. glabrous. Leaves exstipulate, pinnately-decompound ; petiole sheaths auricled. Leaflets $-% in. rarely 1 in., orbicular. Panicles much branched, bracts small. Flowers polygamous, white, pale green, dingy purple. Sepals 4-5. PetalsO. Stamens many, filaments filiform ; anthers beaked. Ovule 1, pendulous. Achenes usually 2-5, small, oblong, acute at both ends, sharply ribbed. Parts used :—The root. Uses :—It has been found useful as a tonic. ‘I adminis- tered it in the form of a tincture to some extent when at the European General Hospital, Bombay, and found it a good bitter tonic, comparable with gentian.” (DyYMook.). The root is largely used as an anjan, or application for ophthalmia in Afghanistan and throughout India. In the Punjab, the root is used as a purgative and diuretic, (BaDEN POWELL). N. 0. RANUNCULACEA. 5 The bruised root having been given to large dogs in the quantity of 10 grs. to 2 ounces, no particular effects were observed, “Tt has been used in the Hospital of the Medical College in several cases of ague, and as a tonic in the convalescence from acute diseases. “5 grs. of the powder, or 2 grs. of the watery extract, given thrice daily, have in some cases prevented, and in several moderated, the accession of fever, and at the same time acted gently on the bowels. The only sensation experienced was warmth at the epigastrium, and a general comfortable feeling. “Another species of Thalictrum (flavum) is common in France, where it is termed ‘the poor man’s rhubarb,’ as a sub- stitute for which medicine it is generally employed. The Indian species is easily procurable from the hills, though not known in the bazars of the lower provinces. “Tt deserves extensive trial, and promises to succeed well as afebrifuge of some power, and a tonic aperient of peculiar value. ‘Dose of the powder.—5 to 10 grs. as a tonic and ape- rient, in the interval of intermittent fevers, and in convalescence from acute diseases.” (O'SHAUGHNESSY). “Tt lessens the intensity of fever, and acts gently on the bowels ; thus it isa good substitute for rhubarb. As collyrium, itclears the sight. The snuff prepared from it clears the brain. It relieves toothache.” (R. N. Kuory). 6. Ranunculus scleratus, Linn. H.F.BR.1., 1. 19. Syn. :—R. Indicus, Roxb. 458. Vern.: —Kaf-es-saba(Arab.) ; Kabikaj (Pers.). Polica (Tirhut) ; Shim (Kumaon). Habitat :—River banks in Bengal and Northern India; marshes of Peshawar; warm valleys of the Himalaya ; unknown south of the Nerbudda. An annual glabrous, erect yellow-green herb. 6 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. Stem usnally 6-12 in., sometimes 1-3. ft., succulent, hollow. tadical leaves 4-12 in. across, Jong-stalked, deeply 3-lobed, segments lobed, obtusely toothed, near the top. Stem leaves shortly stalked, 3-parted, segments narrow, lobed and _ toothed. Flowers 4-4 in. diam., numerous, petals pale-yellow. Sepals re- flexed. Receptacle oblong, hairy. Achenes glabrous, in oblong heads, ultimately becoming cylindrical and longer. Parts used :—The whole plant. Uses:—It was formerly used in Europe by professional beggars to produce or maintain blisters or open sores intended to excite sympathy. RoxsurcH remarks that it has no native name, and that its properties are apparently unknown. It cer- tainly possesses a very powerful principle, and one would expect to find it taking a place in the practice of herbalism. Water distilled from a decoction retains its acrid character, and, if this be allowed to slowly evaporate, it leaves behind a quantity of highly insoluble crystals of a very inflammable character. The fresh plant is poisonous, and produces violent effect if taken internally. The bruised leaves form an application to raise blisters, and may also be used to keep open sores caused by vesication, or by other means (Murray). iso Caltha palustris, Linn. WE. BRaAs Ii. Vern. :—Mamiri, baringt (Pb.). Eng. :—The marsh marigold. Habitat :—Marshes of the Western temperate Himalaya, from Kashmir to Nepal, altitude 8-1U,000 feet Simla, common on marshy grounds of Chor. A glabrous perennial herb. Rootstock thick, creeping. Stems 6-18 in. often tufted, erect, robust. Leaves shining, chiefly radical, 2-5 in, across, long-stalked, orbicular or kidney-shaped, deeply serrate; teeth small, close, regular. Stem-leaves alter- nate, smaller, the upper. sessile, embracing the stem like an involucre. flowers regular, few, 1-2 in. diam., terminal. Sepals 5-6, petal-like, bright yellow, oval or oblong-obtuse, N. O. RANUNCULACE, js imbricate. Petals none. Stamens many. Carpels many, sessile, many ovuled, Style short, curved. Fruit a head of narrow, flattened, many-seeded follicles, beaked with the persistent styles. OUse:—In Hazara, the root is considered poisonous. (STEWART). 8. Coptis teeta, Wall. H.F.BR.I., 1. 23. Vern. :—Tita (Ass.); Mahmira (Sind,; Mamira (H.). Habitat:—Met with in Mishmi mountains, east of Assam, in temperate regions. Small stemless herbs. Rootstock horizontal, perennial, golden’ yellow, woody, densely fibrous, very bitter. Leaves ternatisect, glabrous, petioles 6-12 in.; leaflets 2-3 in., ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid, lobes incised, terminal largest. Scape equalling the leaves. Flowers 1-3—pedicelled, regular, small, white on slender leafless scapes. Bracts leafy. Sepals 5-6, 4 in. oblong—lanceolate, acute. Petals 5-6, narrow, ligulate, obtuse, $ shorter than the sepals. Carpels pedicelled, spreading. Ovules many. Follicles many- seeded. Seeds with a black crustaceous testa. Mishmi nuts, Bengal. Part used:—The root. Use:—It is a bitter tonic, useful in fevers and atonic dys- pepsia. 9. Delphinium denudatum, Wall. H.F. BR. 1., 1. 25. Vern.:—Nirbisi, judwar (H.); Nilobikh (Nepal) (Simla). >; Manila Habitat :—West temperate Himalaya, from Kashmir to Kumaon, in grassy places. Glabrous or slightly downy herbs. Stems 2-3 ft. branched. Radical—leaves 2-6 in. across, orbicular, long-stalked, divided 8 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. nearly to the base, segments 5-9, narrow, pinnately lobed, often toothed ; stem-leaves few, shortly stalked, upper sessile, more or less deeply 3-lobed, lobes narrow, mostly entire. Flowers few, scattered, 1-1$ in. long, spur cylindric, nearly straight. Sepals spreading, varying from deep-blue to faded grey. Petals blue, the lateral ones 2-lobed, hairy (Collett). Anterior petals deeply 2-fid, hairy on both surfaces. F'ollicles 3, inflated, glab- rous or sparsely hairy. (Hx. ¥F. and Thoms.). Use:—The root is used in Bashahr for toothache and also as an adulterant for aconite (STEWART). An alkaloid, introduced into commerce under the name of delphocurarine (Merck) has been extracted from the roots of a number of Delphiniums by means of an 8&0 per cent, solution of alcohol containing tartaric acid. Delpho- curarine consists, in reality, of a mixture of bases, and behaves plysiologi- cally like curare (compare Lohmann, Pfitiger’s Archiv 1902, XCII, 398). It forms a white, amorphous powder which has a very hitter taste and an alkaline reaction, and is readilysolublein dilute acids. A small quantity of crystal- line compound, C,3H3, O;N, has been isolated from delphocurarine by means of ether anda mixtureof light petroleum ; it crystallises in needles, melts at 184°-185°, is rather readily soluble in alcoho], ether, chloroform, or benzene, butonly sparingly so in light petroleum, and contains 18 per cent, of methoxyl. The platinum and gold sajts form pale reddish yellow powders, the former containing Pt. 13°69 per cent. and the latter Au 23°29. J. Ch. 8. 1903, AT. 650. 10. D. ceruleum, Jacq. H.F.BR.1., I. 25. Vern. :—Dakhanga (Pb.). Habitat :— Alpine Himalaya, from Kumaon to Sikkim. An erect herb. Stem 3-12 in., much-branched from the base, leafy, spreading. Leavessuborbicular, 14-14 in. diam., 5-7 lobed, lobes cuncate—oblong, incised or pinnatifid, segments linear. Radical Jeaves divided to the base. Flowers solitary in long branches or few in a loose raceme, pale blue, hairy. Sepals shorter than the nearly straight spur. Spur subulate. Anterior petals obovate or obcoridate, a little hairy. Follicles 5, hairy. Use :—The root is applied to kill the maggots in the wounds of goats. (STEWART.) 11. D. Brunoinanum, Royle. 4.F.BR.1., 1. 27. Vern. :—Nepari (Kumaon); Kasturi (Garhwal); Sapfulu N. 0. RANUNCULACEA., 8) (Ravi); laskar, spet, panni supald, ruskar, liokpa (Sutlej) ; La- dara (Ladakh); Mandwal (Pangi). ITabitat :—Alpine, West Tibet. An erect herb. Stem glabrous or downy below, glandular pubescent above, 6-12 in., simple below, leafy. Leaves 5-fid to the middle, lobes sharply cut or toothed, 3-4 in, diam. lobes cuneate-ovate, petioles very long. Inflorescence corymbose ; corymbs sometimes compound. flowers large, pale blue, hairy; tracts 3-5 —partite, upper simple, oblong or linear, Sepals conni- vent, 1 in., membranous, orbicular, veined ; longer than the conic and inflated spur. F'ollicles 5-6, 2 1n., viseidly pubescent. Uses:—The juice of the leaves of this plant is used in Kurram to destroy ticks in animals, but chiefly when they affect sheep. In Leh it is considered so poisonous that the dew from the leaves falling on grass is said to poison cattle and horses. (AITCHISON). “It is remarkable for the very powerful odour of musk, which js not peculiar to this species of the genus, but exists in other high alpine species, which form a peculiar group, with large half-closed membranaceous flowers, whence the mountaineers erroneously suppose that the musk-deer feed upon them, and thereby communicate the peculiar odour to their glandular secreticns. The D. Moschatum, Munro is now, by Hooker and Thomson, rightly referred to the present plant.” Some other species of Delphinium are also used me- dicinally, or their roots are employed to adulterate Aconites. Thus Delphinium Cashmirianum, Royle, (H. F.BR.I., J. 26), Hig:—Royle Ill: t. 12, found in West Tibet and Tibetan Himalaya, from Kumaon:to Kashmir, and called in Punjabi Amlin, 1s used to adulterate Aconites; since, according to Atkinson, the cylindrical tuberous roots of this plant are abso- lutely identical with the ordinary nirbisi roots. ACONITE. There are about 24 Indian species of Aconite which may be classified as (a) non-poisonous and (b) poisonous. The poisonous 2 10 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. properties are due to the roots containing bikhaconitine, pseudo- aconitine, or indaconitine. The non-poisonous Aconites, the active principles of which are either Atisine or Palmatisine, are (1) A. heterophyllum, Wall; (iz) A. palmatum ; (iz) A. rotundifolium ; (iv) A. violaceum. The poisonous aconites are (2) A. falconeri, (22) A. laciniatum ; (142) A. lethale ; (2v) A. spicatum ; iv) A. deinorrhizum; (vz) A. Balfourii ; (viz) A. Chasmanthum ; (viz) A. soongaricum. 12. Aconitum lycotonum, Linn. H. F. BR. 1., 1. 28. Vern. :—Bika (Hj; Khanik-El-Zeb (Arab.). Habitat :—Himalaya, from Chitral to Kumaon, mostly in forests, locally abundant, from 5,000—12,000 ft. Kashmir. Root perennial, elongate, more or less cylindric, ultimately breaking up into separate or anastomosing strands. Stem erect, simple, 3-6ft., glabrous or pubescent, much branched. Leaves palmately deeply 5-9-lobed, 6-10 in. diam., lobes cuneate-ovate ; lower leaves long-petioled, upper sessile. Racemes branched, long, tomentose, bracts minute. Flowers pale yellow or dull purple, variable in size; helmet with a short beak and long cylindrical dorsal prominence. Follicles 3, spreading; testa plaited. Uses :—This species also vields much of the aconite of Euro- pean commerce. Dr. Stapf writes:—The root does not appear to be used medicinally, and its chemistry is unknown. Dr. Jowett’s notes quoted by Dr. Watt, in Agric. Ledger 1902, No. 3, p. 89, reter to the chemistry of the European A. Lycotonum. 15. A. palmatum, Don)? Prodr. nam. Bes Pep. Seeley Vern. :—Bikhma, Vakhama (Bomb.); Vakhamo (Guzr). Bis- hawa (H.’ Habitat:—Alpine Himalaya of Nepal, Sikkim and the adjoining part of South Tibet, from 10,000-16,000 feet. N. 0. RANUNCULACER. 11 Roots biennial, paired, tuberous; daughter-tuber shortly conic to long-cylindrie, often irregularly shaped, 4 to more than 10 em. long, 0°75-3 em. thick, simple or branched, sometimes flexuous or twisted, bearing root-fibres, some of which are thread-like from the base and break off easily, while others are much thickened at the base or thick-cylindric, light-brown, smooth, fracture more or less horny and brownish in the thick- est part of full-grown samples, almost farinaceous and white towards the tips and in the root-branches, cambium discon- tinuous, forming isolated strands of very varying shape and size, cylindric or tangentially flattened or crescent-shaped in cross- section, taste purely and persistently bitter; mother-tubers similar, but smaller, shrunk more or less hollow, and brown internally. Innovation-bud, short, conic from broad base Stem erect, sometimes shortly flexuous in the upper part, simple or nearly so, inclusive of the inflorescence, 2-4ft. high, stout, hollow, shining, glabrous. Leaves scattered, rather distant, up to 10, rarely more, the lowest usually withered at the time of flowering, quite glabrous, or the uppermost finely pubescent on the nerves below; petioles slender, 4-10 cm. long; blade orbicular-cordate to reniform with a very wide sinus (1-2 em. deep), 6-10 em. high from the sinus to the tip, 7-15 cm. across d-or the uppermost 3-palmati-partite to $ or #, rarely more (to & in the inner incisions), divisions obovate cuneate to broadly lanceolate-cuneate or the outermost trapezoid, 3-lobed to about the middle or the outermost 2-lobed, intermediate lobe often elongated like others, acutely inciso-dentate or apiculately cre- nate. Inflorescence :—A very loose leafy panicle or raceme, 10-20 em. long, glabrous, or pubescent in the upper part; rhachis rather slender ; floral leaves, like the preceding cauline leaves, passing into the ovate or deltoid, dentate, shortly petioled bracts ; bracteoles similar to bracts, but smaller, and sparingly dentate or entire, above the middle of the pedicels or even close to the flower ; pedicels slender, curved, ascending, ultimately more erect, the lower up to 10 cm. long. Sepals bluish, or variegated white and blue, glabrous at least outside ; upper- most helmet-shaped, helmet obliquely semi-orbicular (from the | side) or more depressed and gaping very shortly or obscurely 12 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. beaked, 20-24 iim. high, 18-24 mm. long from tip to the base, 10-12 mm. wide (seen from the side), lateral margin very slightly concave or almost straight, lateral sepals contiguous with the helmet, obliquely orbicular-quadrate, not clawed, 18-20 mm. long; lower sepals obliquely oblong or elliptic—obtuse to acute, 12-15 mm. long. Nectaries glabrous, extinguisher-— shaped; claw erect, or the upper-end more or less leaning forward, 16-18 mm. long; hood sub-cylindric, 4-8 mm. long, oblique to almost horizontal, top gibbous posteriorly, honey- gland occupying the gibbosity or the whole top, lip extremely short, crenulate, very broad. Filaments glabrous, 8 mm. long, narrowly winged to or beyond the middle, wings gradually alternated. Carpels 5, subcontiguous in the flower, but soon diverging, narrowly oblong, gradually passing into the short style, quite glabrous. Follicles subcontiguous or somewhat ‘diverging in the upper part, oblong, obliquely truncate, 2°5-3 em. long, 5-6 mm. broad, loosely reticulate. Seeds blackish, obovoid, about 3 mm. long, round in cross-section, obscurely winged along the rhaphe, transversely lamellate, lamelle dark, undulate. Uses :--Nothing definite is as yet known of the medicinal properties of this reot. I[¢ is helieved to be non-poisonous as well as tonic and antiperiodic. It has also earned some repute in the treatment of cholera (SAKHARAM ARJUN). From the roots of this, an alkaloid, named Palmatisine has been isolated at the Imperial Institute, which crystallises well, and in some respects resembles atisine. J. Ch. S. 1905T, 1655. 14. A. ferox, Wall. H. F. BR. 1., I. 28. Habitat :—Temperate, sub-Alpine Himalaya, from Sikkim to Garhwal. Sanskrit :—Visha (Poison) ; Vatsanabha (resembling the navel of children). Vern.:—Bish, bachnak, mitha zahar; Singyabish ; telya- bish (H.); Kat bish, Mitha bish, Sringibish, (Beng.); Bachnag (Mar.); Vashanavi (T’'am.); Vasanabhi, nabhi (Tel.) ; Vatsanabhi (Mal.); Vasanabhi (Kan.\, Shingadio-Vachnég (Guz.). N. 0. RANUNCULACES. 13 Roots:—biennial,. paired, tuberous; daughter-tuber ovoid- oblong to ellipsoid, 25-4 em. long, about 1-15 em. thick, with a few filiform root-fibres, dark-brown externally, fracture scarcely farinaceous, yellowish, taste rather indifferent, followed by a strong tingling sensation, cambium continuous, forming in cross-section a slightly sinuous ring ; mother-tuber much shrunk and wrinkled, with numerous root-fibres, outer sieve-strands, sur- rounded by a mantle of sclerenchymatie cells. Innovation bud conic, 4-5 mm. long; scales ovate, prominently finely nerved, persistent. Stem erect, with or without a slender hypogeeous base (up to 3 em. Jong) which emits numerous fine roots near the upper end, simple erect, 40-90 em. high, rather slender, eovered with short spreading yellow hairs in the upper part, glabrous below, hollow. Leaves scattered, distant, excepting the lowest 2 or 3 which are usually delayed at the time of the flowering, up to 7, glabrous, or the uppermost very sparingly hairy ; petioles slender, the lower up to 25 em. long and much dilated’ at the base, uppermost very short; blade orbicular- cordate to reniform in outline with a rather wide sinus (up to 8 em. deep) up to ll em. high from the sinus to the tip, up to 20 em. across, 5-pedati-partite to the very base or almost so in the inner, and to 2-;8, in the outer incisions, divisions deltoid from a cuneate base on the outermost trapezoid, intermediate division 3-lobed to the middle, middle lobe elongate, pinnate-laciniate to inciso-dentate, ultimate segments or teeth acute or very acute, inner lateral divisions similar, but less symmetric, outermost. 2-lobed or 2-partite, all lacinie, more or less linear-lanceolate and divaricate, the outermost overlapping and thus closing the sinus : uppermost blades, sessile or subsessile, inuch smaller or dis- sected. Inflorescence a loose raceme 10-25 em. long, often with slender, erect, few-flowered additional branches frorn the leafy base; rhachis slender, densely yellow-pubescent to sub- tomentose ; floral leaves like the preceding leaves, but much reduced, passing upwards into trifid or entire and Jinear-lanceo- late bracts ; bracteoles at or below the middle, resembling reduced biacts, very often suppressed ; pedicels slender, erect, the lowest at length up to 7 em. long. Sepals blue, hairy ; uppermost helmet-shaped, helinet semi-orbicular in profile, shortly beaked 14 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. ?0-—24 mm. high, 17—20 mm. from tip tc base, 7 —9 mm. wide ; Jateral sepals slightly contiguous with the helmet, oblique, orbicular-obovate, broadly clawed, 16 mm. long, 14 mm. broad ; lower sepals deflexed, oblong’ subacute, 10 mm. long. Nectaries glabrous ; claw erect; hood oblique to subhorizontal, dblong, gibbous on the back; lip deflexed, lancevlate, acute, entire. Filaments glabrous, about 7 mm. long, narrowly winged, wings gradually alternate. Carpels 5, conniving and contiguous, tomen- tose, gradually passing into the style. Follicles oblong, obli- quely subtruncate, 15—20 min. long, 4-5 mm. broad, dorsally sub-convex, loosely tomentose or at length almost glabrous, conspicuously reticulate. Seeds obovoid or obpyramidal, 2°6—3 mm. long, winged along the raphe, transversely lamellate on the faces, lamelle undulate. Habitat :—Alpine Himalaya of Nepal. Part used :—The root. Uses :—This drug is officinal in both the British and Indian Pharmacopeeias. Extremely poisonous as the name indicates, It is very probably, says Stapf, the source or one of the sources of the “ Bish Bikh” or “ Hodoya Bish” of Hamilton. “A few years ago I took the white variety, Bachnég, myself in small quantities, and found that its internal use is not attended with more danger than that of the European aconite root “Aconitum Napellus). Since that period, | have employed it very extensively in my practice, and do not hesitate in saying that it 1s one of the most useful medicines in India. Its bene- ficial influence over diabetes is very remarkable, the immoderate flow of urine beginning to diminish from the very day of its use, with a proportionate decrease in the saccharine matter. Its control over spermatorrhcea and incontinence of urine is equally great, It has lately been found useful in some cases of paralysis and leprosy. The advantages of this drug over all other varieties of the Indian aconite root are that it is not only much milder, but also more certain and uniform in its actions.’’ (MoHIDEEN SHERIFF). N. O. RANUNCULACER, 1 Nr i AasNapellus Lins HereBR L128. Vern. :—Dudhiabish ; Katbish ; Mitha-Zahar; Tila cachang ; Mohri (Kashmir and Panjab Himalayan names). The root in Kashmir is called Ban-bal-ndg, Vasa nabhi (Tel.); Dudhio Vachanag (Guz.). Habitat: —Temperate, Alpine Himalaya, from 10,000 feet to the highest limit of vegetation in the N.-W. Provinces. An annual erect herb, starting from an elongated tuberous conical rootstock. Roof 2—4 in. long, and sometimes as much as an inch in thickness. ‘This root tapers off in a long tail, while numerous branching rootlets spring from its side. If dug up in the summer, it will be found that a second and a younger root (occasionally a third) is attached to it, near its summit, by a very short branch and is growing out of it on one side. This second root has a bud at the top which is destined to produce the stem of the next season. It attains its maximum development at the latter part of the year, the parent root, meanwhile, becoming shrivelled and decayed. The dried root is more or less conical or tapering, enlarged, knotty at the summit, which is crowned with the base of the stem. It is from 2—3 or 4 inches long, and at the top from $—1 in. thick. A transverse section of a sound root shows a pure white central portion (pith) which is many-sided and has at each of its projecting angles a thin fibro-vascular bundle. (Fliickiger and Hanbury). Stem :—-Stiff upright herbaceous, simple, 3-4ft. high, clothed at its upper half with spreading dark-green leaves, which are paler on their underside; glabrous or slightly pubescent, often decumbent. Leaves 3-—5 or more inches long, nearly half consisting of the channelled petiole, palmati-partite ; very variable in size. ‘The blade which has a_ roundish outline, is divided down to the petiole into three principal segments, of which the lateral are sub-divided into two or even three, the lowest being smaller and less regular than the others. The segments, which are trifid, are finally cut into 2 or 5 strap-shaped pointed lobes. The leaves are usually glabrous and are deeply impressed on their upper side by veins which run with but few branchings to the tip of every lobe. 16 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. The uppermost leaves are more simple than the lower, and gradually pass into the bracts of the beautiful raceme of dull blue helmet-shaped flowers which crown the stem. ‘The taste of the leaves is at first mawkish, but afterwards persistently burning. The taste of the fresh root has a sharp odour of radish which disappears in drying. Its taste which is at first sweetish soon becomes alarmingly acrid, accompanied with a sensation of tingling and numbness. (Fltick. and Hanb.). Flowers $-lin., long. “Bright or dull greenish blue” (Hk. F., and Thoms.). Sepals 5, petaloid, posterior (helmet) vaulted, the rest flat. Petals 2-5, two posterior clawed ; limb hooded and enclosed in the helmet. Helmet shallow, tapering to a slender beak, 3 times as long as ligh.Racemes:—Simple, few—or many-flowered, or sparingly compound. Bracts entire or trifid. Stamens many. Folitcles 3-5 in. in indian forms; hairy, sessile. Seeds many. Testa smooth. This is a very variable plant. “Recent investigations into the Chemistry of the Indian Aconites, and my own examination of a great mass of herbarium material, many times richer than that which was at the disposal of the authorsof the Flora Indica, as wellas histological studies concerning the root-tubers of the Indian Aconites, have con- vinced me that the European Aconitum Napellus does not occur in India, either in its typical form or what we might be justified in. calling varieties of it.” (Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta, Vol X, p. 121. ‘The Aconites of India’ by Dr Otto Stapf). Part used :—'lhe root. Use :—lIts febrifuge and tonic properties are mentioned in all works on Materia Medica. 16. A. heterophyllam. Wall,” aa GRaets Zo. Syn. :—-A. cordatum, Royle. Sanskrit :—Sanskrit writers describe two varieties of this root :--(1) white and (2) black. The synonyms of the white variety are :—Ativisha (very poisonous) ; Sukla Kanda (white root); Visha (poisonous); Prativisha (Counter-poison or anti- dote). The Synonyms of the second variety are :--Shydma N. 0. RANUNCULACER. | Sf Kanda (black root) ; Sitashringi (white-horned,; Bhangura (frail) ; Upavishanika (the horns or rootlets turned upwards. Vern :—Atis (H.) ; Ati-vadayam (Tam.) ; Ati-vasa (Tel.) ; , Mohand-i-gujsafed ; hong-i-Safed (Kashmir) A’is (Bhotie) Sukhi- hari, Chitijari ; Patris or Patis; bonga (Pb.) ; Atavishni-Kali ; Ativish or Ativakh (Guz.); Ativish (Mar.). Habitat :---Common in the Subalpine and Alpine Zone of the Himalaya, from the Indus to Kumaon, from 6,000 to 15,000 ft. Stem :—Erect, leafy, 1-3ft., simple or brancbed from the base, glabrous below, puberulous above. Leaves 2-4 in. broad ovate or orbicular. Cordate, acute or obtuse; cauline sharply toothed, the lowest long-petioled and not amplexicaul. Racemes often panicled, many-flowered. Bracts sharply toothed, upper 3-fid or entire. Flowers more than 1 in. long, bright blue, greenish blue, with purple veins. Helmet half as high as long, shortly beaked. F'ollecles 5, downy. Testa smootb. The roots contain an alkaloid, atisine, Coo Hai N On, (Alder Wright) or C,, H;, N. Os (Broughton). (See Sohn., p. 4,) and Aconue acid, C, A, O,. In T)ymock’s Mat. Medica. of W. 1., (2nd edition, p. 7), it is said:—‘‘ The English notices of this are to be found in Hindu works on Materia Medica, Sharangdhar and Chakradatt, where it is recommended as a remedy in fevers, diarrhoea, dys- pepsia and cough, also as an alexipharmic.” “The author of the Makhzan-ul-Adwiya says it is aphrodisiacal and tonic, checks diarrhoea and removes corrupt bile.” Up to very recently, English physicians in India administered it as an antiperiodic in doses of about 30 grains, every 6 or 4 hours. Dr. M. Sheriff considers that the ordinary doses are only useful asa tonic, and that 2 drams or more should be given as an antiperiodic. Probably, says Dr. Dymock, the native estimate of the drug, as given above from the Makhzan, is not far from truth, v2z., that it is tonic and digestive and often useful in dyspepsia with diarrhcea (Pharmacographia Indica, Vol. I., p. 16, 1890, Bombay). Dr. Tribhuvandas. M. Shah of Junagadh says it is anthelmintic and antifebrile, in doses of 10-30 grains. It can be given to children in fevers. 3 18 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. The alkaloid Atisine of Broughton, from experiments made on rabbits, appears to be non-poisonous. (Dymock). Dr. Dymock says that Atis is an ingredient in Bal-Golz, a pill given to infants to keep them quiet, which contains thirty-one drugs, of which three are narcotics, viz., Bhang, opium and Datura, and the remainder bitters, aromatics. (Ph. Indica, p. 15, Vol. I.) Part used :—The root. Use :—The root is cfficinal in the Indian Pharmacopceia. Tonic and antiperiodic properties are attributed to it. 17. A. Soongaricum, Stapf. Stapf writes :—‘‘Of all the Indian species of Aconitum which I have seen, this comes nearest to the A. Napellus of Kurope; and if that species is taken in a broad sense, A. Soongaricum might perhaps be included in it as a variety, the principal differences being in the small size and shape of the tubers and the peculiar long-beaked helmet. The long, linear, usually entire lacinize of the leaves also are unusual in A. Napellus; still they occur occasionally. The fruits and seeds may possibly. when known, add other distinctive characters.” (1. ¢. p., 142.) Vernacular name—unknown. Habitat :—- Alpine region of the mountain ranges of Gilgit and Turkestan. Roots :—Biennial, paired ; tuberous: daughter-tuber conic, slender, 2-2°5 em. long 0’°7 em. thick, with very few root-fibres, brown externally, fracture horny, brown, taste faintly sweetish bitter, followed by a very slight tingling sensation, cambium continuous, forming a scarcely sinuous ring in cross-section ; mother-tuber similar, more or less shrunk. Innovation-bud conic, about 5 mm. long; scales scarious, soon decaying or sprouting. Stem erect, simple, moderately robust, quite glabrous, rarely slightly pubescent in the upper part, up to 7 dm. high. Leaves scattered, lowest usually decayed at the time of flowering, intermediate remote, upper more approximate, glabrous ; petioles more or less widened at the base; lower up to 12 cm. long, upper 1-2 cm. long; blades more or less cordate-orbicular or reni- form in outline, with a wide or narrow sinus, 2—5 cm. deep ; 5—9 cm. from the sinus to the tip, 8—12 cm, across, 5-partite to the very base or in the outer incisions almost to the base; inner 3 divisions similar, rhomboid in outline from a narrow cuneate N. O. RANUNCULACER. 19 base, 2°5—3'5 cm. wide, 3-lobed to or beyond the middle or pinnate-laciniate, lobes or laciniz broad-linear, obtuse to shortly acute 1°5-5 cm. long, 3-5 mm. broad, entire or the larger with 1-2 coarse teeth or linear lobules, outer divisions 2-fid beyond the middle, inner segment 2-3-lobed, outer often entire, linear. Inflorescence an erect dense or somewhat loose, terminal raceme 6-18 cm. long, or with additional branches from the upper leaves, glabrous or sparingly softly pubescent ; lower bracts foliaceous, 3-partite, with mostly entire long linear segments, considerably exceeding the pedicels, intermediate linear, entire, up to 2-5 cm. long, upper filiform, short; pedicels slender, erect or often adpressed to the rhachis, lower 1'5—2°5 em. long; bracteoles linear, above the middle of the pedicel, sometimes close to the flower. Sepals blue, pubescent, ciliate; uppermost helmet- shaped ; helmet clawed, equally curved on the back and in front (seen in profile), descending into along slender beak, lateral margin deeply concave, 16-18 mm. high, 12-15 mm. from the tip to the base, 5-6 mm. wide at the top; lateral sepals oblique, obovate-orbicular, shortly clawed 13-17 mm. long, not conti- guous with the helmet; lower deflexed, sub-horizontal, elliptic to oblong, obtuse or sub-obtuse, 10-15 mm. long. Nectartes glabrous ; claw slender up to 12 mm. long; hood erect, 5 mm. long, top gibbous at the back; lip oblong-ovate, crenulate, as long as the hood. Filaments glabrous or sparingly hairy in the upper part, 7-8 mm. long, winged below, wings gradually or abruptly contracted. Carpels 3 lanceolate-oblong, gradually passing into the style, somewhat diverging, glabrous or almost so. Mature Follieles and seeds unknown. Young follicle distinetly diverging, inserted on the enlarging torus. Use.—“' The root does not appear to find its way to the bazars of India. This species has not as yet been chemically investigated, and it is just possible that it may be found to contain aconitine.’—(Watt). 18. A. Chasmanthum, Stapf. Annals Royal Bot. ard. Calcutta, Vol. X, pt. I., p. 142. Vern.—Mohri (Jhelum Basin); Piun (Jhelum Basin); Ban- bal-nag (Kashmir.) 20 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. Habitat :—Subalpine and Alpine zone of the Western Hima- laya from Chitral and Hazara to Kashmir, between 7,000 and 12,000 ft. Roots :—Biennial, paired, tuberous; daughter-tuber conic to conic-cylindric from a broad base, 2°5-3°7 (rarely 5) em., 12-18 mm. thick, bearing more or less numerous root-fibres, leaving behind the indurated bases when breaking off, bark brown to blackish brown, smooth or wrinkled when dry, fracture cartila- ginous, hard, white within the cambium ring, brownish without ; taste slightly bitter, followed by a very persistent strong tingling sensation, cambium continuous, forming a wide central strand, sinuous in cross-section ; mother-tuber shrunk, deeply grooved and wrinkled, black outside, brown right through. Innovation- bud conic, short from a very broad base. Stem erect, simple, inclusive of the inflorescence, 60-120 cm. high, rather stout, crispo-pubescent above, glabrous below, or almost glabrous all along. Leaves numerous, usually more distant in the lower part and crowded in the upper, or more equally distributed, the lowest on petioles up to 7°5 cm. long, the upper shortly petioled or subsessile, passing into the floral leaves, quite glabrous, somewhat fleshy, lower and intermediate blades orbicular, reniform in outline, 4-6 em. high, 5-9 em. across, 3-palmati-partite almost to the very base, intermediate segment obovate-cuneate, long attenuated at the base, 3-lobed to the middle or beyond, lobes liciniate, or the middle lobe pinnati- partite, ultimate liciniz linear, acute to very acute, lateral segments deeply 2-partite and liciniate with the inner division, similar to the intermediate segment and the outer 2-lobed and smaller, uppermost lobes similar to the preceding, but sinaller, relatively longer and more sparingly divided. In- florescence a long, narrow, stiff, dense or loose raceme, often over 30 cm. long, often leafy below, and sometimes with slender, erect additional branches from the base, crispo-pubescent ; rhachis stout ; floral leaves like the preceding leaves, but. still less divided or entire, passing into the linear to filiform bracts ; bracteoles, if any, small; pedicels slender, the lowest at length 2°5-3'5 em. long and adpressed to the rhachis when mature. Sepals blue or whitish and variegated with blue, crispo-pubescent N. 0. RANUNCULACES. Pal or almost glabrous ; uppermost helmet-shaped, helmet more or less depressed into a distinct and often long and slender beak. 15-10 mm. high, 12-18 mm. long, from the tip to the base, 5-7 mm. wide (seen from the side), lateral margin conspicuously coneaye, lateral sepals not contiguous with the helmet, except near the base, obliquely suborbicular or almost square, shortly or obscurely clawed, 12-15 mm.long and broad, lower sepals oblong, obtuse, 9-12 mm.long. Nectaries extinguisher-shaped glabrous, claw 5-6 mm. long, leaning forward in the upper part ; hood short, wide, very obtuse, top slightly gibbous on the back, honey-gland occupying the whole top or the gibbosity. Fila- ments glabrous or very sparingly hairy, winged ; wings gradually or abruptly attenuated. Carpels 5, glabrous, rarely or sparingly hairy on the back, conniving abruptly, contracted into the short style, back convex. follicles oblong, truncate, 10-16 mm. long, contiguous or with slightly divergent tips, glabrous. Seeds brown obovoid to obpyramidal, 3°5 mm. long, equally 3-winged, wings thin, faces smooth. Properties and uses.—The root contains, according to Profes- sor Dunstan, aconitine, but in very small proportions. It seems that it is sometimes used in Northern India as a substitute for the imported tuber of Aconitum Napellus (Wall). Aconitum Chasmanthum, Stapf.—This was for sometime supposed to be the European Aconitum Napellus, but is now known to be a distinct species. The plant is known as ‘ Mohri.’ The alkaloid which has been obtained from the plant proves to be excep- tionally interesting, since it represents a compound intermediate between the aconitine of the European Aconitum Napellus and the pseudo-aconitine of the Indian Aconitum ferox, This alkaloid is named indaconitine. Properties.—Indaconitine is soluble in acetone, chloroform, alcohol, or ether, but practically insoluble in light petroleum or water. By the addition of light petroleum to a solution of the base in alcohol, chloroform, or ether, well defined crystals may be readily obtained. A peculiar property of indaconitine which sharply distinguishes it from aconitine is its capability of crystallising in ‘severa] forms from the same solvent. The cerystalline form appears to depend on the purity of the substance and on the strength of the solution. By rapid crystallisation, the base is deposited from ether in rosettes of needles, but if allowed to erystallise slowly, or if the substance is not quite pure, it is obtained as transparent, hexagonal prisms or large, irregular masses. If a somewhat concentrated D2 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. solution is decanted from a flask, the indaconitine crystallises on the sides, either in a characteristic fern-like form or in thin, circular layers of silky needles. Indaconitine crystallises uncombined with its solvent. The melting point of indaconitine, if immersed in the bath at 150° and the temperature slowly raised, is 202-203°. Crystallographically, indaconitine very closely resembles aconitine, and on further investigation may prove to be isomorphous, Composition.—C., H,, O,, N, requires C=64:86; H=747, and N=2°22 per cent, Physiological action.—This differs in degree only, and not in kind, from that of aconitine and pseudo-aconitine. As in the case of other “ aconitines,” the toxic action of indaconitine is virtually abolished by the removal of the acetyl group, which occurs in the formation of indbenzaconine, an alkaloid which is scarcely poisonous. 19. A retundrfoloum, Ver, and ior Syn :—A. napellus, var. multifidum, Duthie. A. napellus, var. rotundifolium. Hk. f. and Th. Halitat:—Alpine zone of Turkistan to the North-Western Himalaya, and the Safed Koh of Indo-Afghan frontier. Roots :—Biennial, paired, tuberous ; daughter-tuber short, or long, conic or subeylindric, 1—2.5 cm. long, 6-8 mm. thick, bear- ing long fine root—fibres breaking off easily ; bark very thin, whitish to brown, smooth, fracture pure white, farinaceous ; taste slightly bitter, almost indifferent ; cambium discontinuous, form- ing 4-5 isolated, very slender cylindric strands arranged in a ring ; mother-tuber more or less shrunk, wrinkled, dark brown to almost black, brownish internally. Stem erect or ascending from a short (1°5 cm.) hypogzous base, simple, 15-40 cm. high, terete, slender, crispo-pubescent in upper part, glabrous below. Leaves mostly basal, 4-5 rarely 8, gathered in a loose rosette above the hypogzous part of the stem, coétanous with the flowers, somewhat fleshy, glabrous or scantily pubescent on long (4-13 cm.) petioles which are dilated and more or less sheathing at the base ; 1-2 or rarely more, higher up on the stem or very short petioles; lower blade, orbicular-cordate or almost reniform in outline, with a narrow sinus (0'7-2 cm. deep), 1-3°5 cm. high N. 0. RANUNCULACER, oe) from the sinus to the tip. 2-6 cm. across, 5-7-palmati-partite to 4-2 in the inner, to } or less in the outer incisions, divisions broadly ovate-cuneate, 3- or (the outermost) 2-lobed to or beyond the middle, lobes narrow, sparingly crenate or inciso- crenate, crepae subobtuse, calloso-apiculate; cauline blades similar to the lower, but smaller, less divided, with narrower and longer lobes and more pubescent. Inflorescence a shor’ (up to 8-9 cm.), few-flowered, usually loose raceme, or with a few slender, few-flowered, additional branches from the uppermost of the much reduced leaves, crispo-pubescent to tomentose ; lowest bracts 5-3-partite, very narrow divisions, or like the upper entire, linear, as long as or longer than the pedicels, uppermost much reduced or suppressed ; bracteoles, if present, ‘minute; pedicels slender, lowest up to 2 cm. long, upper much shorter, erect in the mature state, more or less adpressed to the rhachis. Sepals pale or purplish blue or white or variegated, with saturated veins, more or less pubescent, overlapping at the base only in the fully open flowers ; uppermost navicular, more or less beaked, obliquely erect, 12-20 mm. high, 15-25 mm. long (from the beak to the base), 4-7 mm. broad, obliquely clawed; lateral sepals oblique, broadly obovate or suborbicular, about 15 mm. long, 10-13 mm. broad; not or obscurely clawed, lower sepals deflexed, elliptic-oblong, or elliptic-obtuse, about 8 mm. long. Nectaries glabrous, extinguisher-shaped; claw very slender, 12-15 mm. long, leaning forward in the upper part, hood horizontal, or more or less deflexed, saceate, very obscure, top often widened and gibbous in front, lip 2-lobed, lobes often narrow aod rather long. Milaments glabrous, very rarely with a few minute hairs, winged to the middle, wings gradually alternated or running into minute teeth. Carpels usually 5 (4 or 6), contiguous, oblong, abruptly contracted into the style, softly villous. /ollicles contiguous or almost so, oblong, truncate at the top, 9-13 mm. long, softly hairy. Seeds brown, obpy- ramidal, 3-angled, obliquely truncate at the top, 2°5-3 mm. long, angles unequally winged, wings hollow, faces smooth. General Properties :—On the authority of Col. Monro, the roots of the Alpine form, it appears, are eaten by the hillmen of Kanawar as a pleasant tunic, uuder the name of Atees (Stapf). 24. INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. 20. A. deinorrhizum, Stapf. sp. nov. Fig. :—Stapf. Annals Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta, Vol. X, pt. 11, t 103. Habitat :-——Alpine Himalaya of Bashahr. Vernacular name—mohra, maura bikh. Roots : —Biennial, tuberous, paired ; daughter-tuber conical, rather elongated, up to 6°5 cm. long, and at the upper end up to18 mm. thick, with very few filiform root-fibres, brown externally, fracture scarcely farinaceous, whitish, taste indifferent, followed by a strong tingling sensation, cambium discontinuous, broken into strands, arranged in a ring, the smaller circular in cross-section, the larger tangentially flattened ; mother-tuber similar, more or less shrunk, wrinkled, with long filiform root- fibres. Innovation-bud a very low, broad, obtuse cone; scales very broad witha clasping base, decaying after sprouting. Stem several feet high, erect, straight, simple, terete, sparingly and finely crispo-pubescent in the upper part, otherwise glabrous, shining, or in young plants sparingly pubescent all along. Leaves up to 10 or 12, scattered, lower usually decayed at the time of flowering, the upper 6-8 rather distant, sparingly hairy when young, especially towards the margins and on the nerves below, soon glabrescent ; petioles slender, mostly 5-7 em. long, dilated at the base; blade reniform or ovate-reniform in outline, with a very wide sinus or an almost truncate base, 5-pedati-partite almost to the base (to 72-33 in the inner, to 3-4 in the outer, incisions), inner divisions subequal or intermediate, distinctly longer, rkombic from a cuneate base, up to 8 em. (or the intermediate to 10 cm. long), 5-6°5 em. broad, 3-lobed to the middle, intermediate lobe much longer than the lateral, lobes deeply laciniate, laciniz linear or broad-lanceolate, entire or sparingly inciso-dentate, shortly acute or subobtuse, outer divisions asymmetric, usually to or beyond the middle, otherwise similar to the inner, but smaller. Inflorescence straight, racemose, simple or sometimes with an additional branchlet from near its base, 30-40 cm. long, narrow, not very dense, greyish, crispo- pubescent ; lowest bracts similar to the preceding leaves, or like N. 0. RANUNCULACES. 25 the rest much reduced, coarsely and sparingly dentate, the upper- most very small; pedicels erect, slender, lower up to 6°5 cm. long, upper much shorter ; bracteoles linear, up to 4 mm. long, or on the lower pedicels broader and sparingly dentate. Sepals blue, crispo-puberulous ; uppermost helmet-shaped, helmet more or less oblique, depressed, 15-20 mm. high, 17-22 mm. from the tip to the base, about 7 mm. wide (in profile), slightiy concave towards the base in front and produced into a short beak and broadly clawed ; lateral oblique, sub-orbicular, scarcely ungui- culate, ciliate, 14-18 mm. long; lower oblong, 10 mm. long, obtuse, deflexed. Nectaries hispidulous all over; claw almost straight, 12-13 mm. long; hood leaning forward, gibbous near the top on the back, 5 mm. long, lip short, broad, emarginate, reflexed. Filaments hairy in the upper part, 8-L0 mm. long, winged beyond the middle, wings abruptly contracted. Carpels 3, oblong, conniving in the flower, then sub-divaricate, ad- pressedly greyish-pubescent, contracted into the rather long style. Follicles unknown. Seeds obconic, 3 mm. long, terete with numerous small, short transverse lamelle. Properties and uses.—Watt quotes in Agric. Ledg., G. G. Minniken as saying that in Bashahr the poisonous aconites are collectively called Mohra. The poisonous principle of this aconite is pseudo-aconite. 21. . Watlichi, Hook: nrei, 1. 119: Habitat :—Temperate Himalaya, Nepal and Sikkim. Welsh Poppy. A prickly perennial herb; slender, stellately pubescent and softly hairy in tender parts. Stem 4-6 ft., leafy, branched. Leaves 8-12 in., pinnatifid, oblong or obovate. Lanceolate, glaucous beneath, long-petioled. Flowers much panicled, purple 1-14 in. diam., many, pedicels short. Sepals densely pubescent, not setose. Petals 4. Stamens numerous; filaments slender ; anthers erect. Style distinct, persistent, stigmatic lobes clubbed. Capsule 1 in., elliptic-oblong, 5-valved, densely bristly, seeds many, small, rugose. Part used :—The root. Use :—The root is used as a narcotic in Kashmir. N. O. FUMARIACE:. 66. Hypecoum procumbens, Linn, H.¥.B.1., 1. 120. Habitat :— Drier parts of the Punjab, Peshawar, Multan and the Salt Range. A low, annual glaucous herb. Stems procumbent, many, 3-12 in., slender. Leaves 2-3-pinnatisect, 2-4 in.. Segments linear or oblong, upper sessile, whorled. Flowers few, 1 in. diam., yellow, pedicelled. Outer petals 3-lobed. Inner petals with the lateral segments linear-oblong, obtuse, midlobe entire, retuse or 2-fid, toothed or fimbriate (H. f. and Th.). Fruit 14-24 in., € in. broad, curved, sub-compressed, at length break- ing up into l-seeded joints. Parts used :—The leaves. (7ses:—The juice has the same effect as opium. ‘The leaves act as diaphoretic. (Murray). WN. O. FUMARIACEA. 85 67. Corydalis Govamana, Wall. H.¥F.B.1,, 1. 124. Sans. :—Bhutakesi. Vern. :—Bhutkis, bhutkesi (H. and B.) Habitat :—Western Himalayas, 8-120,00 feet, from Kumaon to Kashmir. Herbs with a presistent woody reotstock, which latter is often branched, crowded with red leaf-sheaths. Stem stout, 1-2 ft., as thick as the thumb, almost naked, or with 1-2 leaves near the top. Radical leaves nearly equalling the stem, many oblong, 2-pinnatisect, long-petioled, cuneate, lanceolate, cut into linear segments, 2 near the base. Cauline leaves 1-2 or 0. Racemes 2-4 in.long, terminal, dense, many-flowered. Bracts broadly cuneate, exceeding the pedicels cut about the middle. Flowers 1 in. long, bright yellow, posticous petal convex, back wing very broad, limb shorter than the curved slender spur. Capsule 4-4 in. Style persistent, half its length. Part used :—The root. Uses :—The root is supposed to be tonic, diuretic and altera- tive, and is prescribed in syphilitic, scrofulous and cutaneous affections, in the dose of from 10 to 30 grains. The drug is also often used in the form of a decoction or tincture. (Watt). 638°C: ramosa) Wall? HF.B.1., 1. 125. Habitat :— Alpine Himalaya, from Sikkim to Kashmir. A glaucous herb. Stem procumbent, ‘veak-branched, 1-2 ft. (dwarf at high elevations), often leafy, flexuous. Radical leaves few or many, long-petioled, 2-3-times divided ; alternate segments small, narrow-oblong or linear. Leaves finally decom- pound. Racemes terminal, many, lax, many-flowered. Bracts cut into linear lobes, 1-5 in., Howers 4 in. long, yellow ; posticous petal dorsally winged, hooded or shorter than the obtuse spur. Style persistent, pedicels deflexed. Capsules ovate-oblong, obtuse. Seeds shining, numerous. Hooker mentions 3 varieties, Use :—Dr. Aitchison, in his Flora of the Kurram Valley, says that in Kurram this is employed by the natives in the treatment of eye diseases, like all other plants, with yellow sap. It is there called Mamtran. 86 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. 69. Fumaria parviflora, Lamk. u.e.B.1., 1. 128. Syn. :—-F. officinalis, Bedd. (Sanskrit) Parpat. Vern.:—Pitpapada, (Hind. Dec.); Ban-sulpha (Beng.) ; Pittapapado (Guj.); Khasudlio (Dr. Shah); Kshetra Parputi (Hindi); Shahatara, Shatra (Pers., Sind.); Tura (Tam.); Cha- tarashi (Tel.) Khairuwa (Kumaon.) Habitat :—Indo-Gangetic plain, lower Himalaya and Nilghiri Mts. : a weed of cultivation. Gujrat and the Konkan. An annual glabrous herb, pale green, much-branched. Stem diffuse, 4-24 in. Rootstock usually perennial. Leaves pinnately divided ; leaflets deeply-lobed ; segments very narrow, flat, lobed or entire. Flower pale pink or white, tips purple, 4-4 in. long, in numerous, short racemes, 1-2 in.; bracts lanceolate, outer petals dissimilar, upper one broad, concave, produced at the base, in a short rounded spur, less than 4 the length of the petal ; lower one flat, narrow. Inner petals narrow, clawed, keeled (Collett). Sepals lanceolate, much smaller than the coronal-tube. Pedicels exceeding the bracts. Lower set of stamens spurred at the base, the spur projecting inside the petal-spur. Fruit, a very small globose, l-seeded nutlet, rugose, when dry, rounded at the top, with two pits. Pittapapada is foundas a weed, usually cultivated in fields in the Dekkan, the Konkan and Sindh. Described by Dalzell and by Woodrow. It has been found by Jaya Krishna Indraji at Porebunder. Part used :-—The entire plant, except the root. Uses:—The dried plant is regarded as efficacious in low fever, and is also used as an anthelmintic, diuretic, diaphoretic and aperient, and to purify the blood in skin diseases. (Baden- Powell). Along with black pepper, it is used in the treatment of ague. (Royle). Mahomedan writers describe the plant as diuretic and alterative, aperient and expectorant. (Dymock.) It has been prescribed by Dr. T. M. Shah of Junagadh usefully as a tonic in Dyspepsia and in mild fever. N. 0. GRUCIFERZ. 87 Dr. Thornton is of opinion that the drug is useful in leprous affections. The authors of the Pharmacographia Indica describe the drug as beneficial in dyspepsia due to torpidity of the intestines and as a valuable remedy in scrofulous skin diseases. N. O. CRUCIFERAH. 70. ‘‘ Matthiola incana R. Br. u.F.B.1., 1. 131. Habitat :—Cultivated in the gardens of N. India. Vern. :—Todri safed (Pb. Sind). A shrubby, erect, hoary herb. Stem 1-2 ft. ; branched. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire; rarely obscurely toothed Raceme 1-2in. Flowersin May-June. 1-2 in. diam., purple to violet. Siliqua glandular, 2-4 in., 4 in. broad. Seed orbicular, winged. Hooker says that it is the “ Queen-Stock”’ of English gardens where it is treated as an annual or biennial. Parts used :—The seeds. Uses:—The seeds are said to be aphrodisiac ‘Stewart). The seeds are of three kinds, yellow, red and white; used in infusion in cancer, are expectorant, mixed with wine given as an antidote to poisonous bites (Dr. Emerson). 71. Cherranthus Chiert, Linn. 8.¥.B.1., 1. 132. The English wild “ Wall-flower”’. Habitat :—Not indigenous, but cultivated in gardens in North India. Vern. :-—Todri Surkh, Lahoori shuboo (H); Khueri (B). Stem shrubby, erect, bushy, branched in a determinate manner; branches angular, leafy, hoary, with close bristly silvery hairs, chiefly directed downwards, like those on _ both sides of the leaves; though some point the contrary way, on the leaves as well as the siliqua, being perfectly distinct from others. Leaves crowded, stalked, lanceolate, acute, almost 8& INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. invariably entire ; the lower-most, if any, more or less of a minute silvery hoariness especially at the back. Flowers corymbose, sweet-scented. Petals always of a uniform bright golden yellow, not stained with brown or blood-red as in the Garden Ch. Cheiri of England, though the calyx is purplish. Siliqua racemose, erect 14-2 in. long, covered with close hairs chiefly, if not altogether, pointing upwards. Style prominent, crowned with a cloven stigma. Seeds flat, with a narrow membranous, deciduous border at one side as well as the summit of each. Farts used :—The flowers and seeds. Uses:—The flowers, said to be cardiac and emmenago- gue, are used in paralysis and impotence. The seed is also used as an aphrodisiac (Irvine'. The dried petals are much used in Upper India as an aromatic stimulant (O’Shaughnessy). The flowers are employed to make a medicated oil; for this purpose they are boiled in olive oil; this prepared oil is much used for enemata (Year-Book of Pharmacy, 1874, p. 622). By extracting the flowers with low-boiling solvents, a dark-coloured pasty extract is obtained which (after evaporation of the solvent and separa- tion from fatty and waxy matters by strong alcohol) yields, on distillation with steam, a yellowish oil of unpleasant odour having a specific gravity of 1°001, and distilling under 3 mm. pressure between 40° and 150°C. the yield is about 0°06 per cent. The alcoholic solution shows a feeble bluish fluorescence. A highly diluted alcoholic solution possesses the characteristic odour of the flowers. The oil is found to contain :—Compounds resembling mustard oil, ketones and aldehydes (having the odors of Violets and Haw- thorn), nerol, geraniol, benzyl, linalool, indole, methyl antheranilate, acetic acid (probably in combination with benzyl alcohol and linalool), salicylic acid (probably as methyl salicylate) and traces of phenols and lactones. (J, Ch. I. July 15,1911, p. 829). Cheiranthin is obtained by evaporating the alcoholic or aqueous ex- tract of the leaves or seeds of the wall-flower, removing the inactive oils by light petroleum, treating with lead acetate, and finally salting out the gluco- side with magnesium, Sodium or ammonium sulphate, when it separates in small yellow flakes, from which the salts may be removed by means of alcohol and ether. It may also be precipitated by tannin, and in either ease still contains an active alkaloid which may be removed by shaking with ether or ethylic acetate. Cheiranthin brings about the characteristic rest is frogs. J. Ch. S, UXXVI., pt. I (1899), p. 378. N. 0. CRUCIFERZ. . 89 The physiological action of Cheiranthin resembles that of the digitalis compounds. _ Cheirinine, C,,H3,,0,7;N,, obtained from the alcoholic senna of the seeds of the wall-flower, crystallises in small, colourless needles, melts at 73--74°, and is soluble in warm water, alcohol, ether, chloroform, or ethy- lacetate. The aqueous solution is neutral and gives precipitates with the ordinary alkaloidal reagents. The physiological action of cheirinine resembles that of quinine. © Bee | re The seeds also contain choline. J. Ch. S. LXXVIII. pt. I. (1900) p. 186. (Za Nasturtium omenale, Bh. br. uF-.B.L., 1. 133. Eng. :—The Water-cress. Ver, :—Piriya halim (Kumaon). Habitat :—Rohilkhand, Punjab (N, India). Found near all hill-stations, but probably introduced. Simla in ‘iaeliies: Ceylon, found naturalized at Kandy (Trimen). An aquatic. Stem creeping and floating, much branched. Leaves pinnate, the upper with 3-7 pinules and a terminal one, the lower cut into 3 repand segments. Flowers white, in short racemes. Petals longer than the sepals. Pods 3—1 in,, stalked, spreading or bent upward ; seeds small, 2-seriate. = Ose:—Used as a salad, on account of its appetizing and anti-scorbutic properties. The essential oil consists chiefly of phenylethylenethiocarbimide, C;H;. CH,.CH,.N: CS, which was identified by converting it into the thiocarbamide. The glucoside from which these are derived, is named ‘ gluconasturtiin,’ se is regarded as having the constitution— CH, Ph.CH,.N.C(S.C;H,,0,).0.SO,K+«H,O, but could only be obtained as a syrup ; by decomposition with silver nitrate, it gives ‘ silver nasturtiate,’ CH, Ph.CH,.N:C(SA,).0,S0,A,+2H,O, which also forms a crystalline compound with 2NH,, but loses this at ordinary temperatures. When acted on by sodium thiosulphate, silver nasturtiate gives a clear solution which probably contains the sodium salt, but soon decomposes into sodium sulphate and the thiocarbamide, which can then be extracted with ether. J. Ch. S. 1899 A I, 930. From this plant phenylethylthiocarbimide, CH,Ph,CH.NCS is obtained. Silver nasturtiate is soluble in ammonia in the presence of ammonium nitrate, but is precipitated by nitric acid, and is decomposed by sodium 12 90 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. thiosulphate into phenylethylthiocarbamide and sodium sulphate. When an attempt was made to prepare an additive compound of the silver salt with ammonia, it was found that some of the silver was replaced at the same time by ammonium, It is noteworthy that the seeds do not contain an appreciable quantity of any enzyme capable of hydrolysing the glucoside. J. Ch. S, 1900. AT, 49. 73. Cardamine pratensis, Linn. H.F.B.1., 1. 138. Habitat:—Hassora in western Tibet. A perennial glabrous herb. Stem 1 ft. Rootstock some- times bearing small fleshy tubers. Leaves pinnate; leaflets of the radical leaves orbicular or ovate, terminal longer; those of the cauline leaves linear-oblong entire, in equi-distant pairs, angled, shortly petioled. Flowers large white or lilac, corym- bose when young. Petals spreading three times as long as sepals. Pods L-in., linear, erect. Style short. Use :—Used as a salad for the same purpose as Nasturtium officinale. 14. Parsetia Jacguemontu, Hf. and.’ H.F.B.1., I. 140. Vern :—Mulei, farid buti, Jathia, farid muli (Pb.) Habitat :--Sandy places in the Punjab and Sindh. An erect, rather rigid, hoary perennial herb, covered with closely adpressed hairs attached at their middle. Stems 12-18 in., branches virgate. Leaves 4-1 in., linear-oblong or linear. Flowers large; buds elliptic ; Sepals acute, strigose ; Petals half as long as the sepals. Stigma short, suberect. Pods narrow linear or linear-oblong, 14-2 by 4-34 in., com- pressed; valves flat, nerveless or faintly one-nerved; seeds 2-serlate. 75. F. Hamiltoni, Royle. a.F.B.1., 1. 140. Habitat :—Upper Gangetic plain and the Punjab, from Agra westwards. A rigid, hoary undershrub, with forked virgate branches in the Salt Range of the Punjab, Leaves linear, Flowers” N. O. CRUCIFERZ. 91 spicate, distant, large; buds cylindric, sepals obtuse 3-% in., hoary. Petals linear, obtuse, twice as long as the sepals. Pod elliptic-oblong 3-3 by 4-4 in., erect, broad ; valves flat, mid-rib indistinct, or sometimes prominent; style very short. Seeds usually 2-serlate. 76. EF. Aegyptiaca Turr. H.F.B.1., 1. 140. Vern.:—Mulei, farid buti, lathia, farid muli (Pb.). Habitat :—Punjab, in the Salt Range. An erect rigid perennial, covered with dense and _ fine, closely-adpressed pubescence; branches long, erect, virgate. Leaves linear, very narrow. Flowers small, in long spicate racemes. Buds small, subglobose; sepals, obtuse, strigose, margins scarious. Petals obovate, a little longer than the sepals, pink. Pods 4-1 by 35 in., linear ; valves almost nerveless ; septum transparent; style slender. Seeds 1-seriate. Medteinal Properties and Uses:-—All the above three species are considered specific for rheumatism in the Punjab. They are pounded and taken as a cooling medicine (Stewart). 77. Sisysmbrium Sophia, Linn, u.F.B.1., 1. 150. Habitat :—Punjab, in the Salt Range and near Peshawar ; Temperate Himalaya, from Kumaon to Kashmir, Simla, Western Tibet. An annual, erect, glabrous or finely pubescent herb. Stems 1-2 ft. Leaves numerous 14-2 in., sessile, twice or thrice pinnatisect; segments short, thread-like. Flowers pale yellow; pedicels slender, ebracteate. Pods glabrous, slender, 1in., slightly flattened, curved, erect, or spreading, cylindric ; mid-rib prominent ; stigma subsessile. _ Use:—The Seeds are used medicinally as a substitute or adulterant for those of S. Irio. (Stewart). (OBO wT tO) Dinnyd.E-B.1., 1-150) _ Vern.:—(Seeds) Khub kalan (Hind).; Naktrasa, Jangli sarson, Khub Kalan, Khaksi, (Pb.) Parjan ; (Merwara) ; Jangli- 92 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. Surson, (Sindh) ; Khakshi (Bomb.); Rantikhi (Mar.); Khakshir (Pers.) | Habitat :—Northern India, from Rajputana to the Punjab. An annual or biennial, tall, glabrous herb. Stem 1-3 ft., quite glabrous or slightly pubescent at base. Leaves petioled, runcinate, pinnatifid, segments remote, spreading, toothed not auricled; terminal large, sometimes hastate. Pedicels slender. Flowers yellow, minute. Fruiting pedicels slender, young pods overtopping the raceme. Old 3-nerved. Pods 14-2 in., slen- der, erect, glabrous, subtorulose. Parts used :—The seeds. Use :—The seed is expectorant and restorative, and used externally as a stimulating poultice (Dymock.) It is also said to be a febrifuge (Stewart.) 79.- Brassica nigra, Koch. H4.¥F.B.1., 1.156. Syn. :—Sinapis erysimoides, Roxb. 499. Sans. :—Sarshap. Vern. :—Rai, Kali rai, tira, taramira, lahi, banarsirai, jag-rai, asl-rai, ghor-rai, makra-rai (H); Réai-Saron, (Bom). ; Kadagho (Tam); Avalo (Tel.); Bile Sasive, Karisasive, sasive, (Kan).; Ahor, Suraj, Kali-surson (Sindh) ; Kali Sarson (Kumaon). i Habitat :—Cultivated in various parts of India. An annual, 2-3 ft. high, rigid, branched, more or less hispid. Leaves 4-8 in., -petioled; lower lyrate, upper entire. Racemes naked. - Flowers 4-3 in. diam., bright. yellow. Sepals spreading. Pods %-% in., subulate; valves keeled, torulose ; cells 3-5-seeded. Seeds oblong. aie Parts used :—The seeds. Uses:—The seeds of this plant are used in medicine‘as poultice, being a useful and simple rubefacient and vesicant. Mustard poultices prove highly serviceable in cases of febrile and inflammatory diseases, internal congestions, spasmodic, neuralgic, and rheumatic affections. “Mustard flour in water is highly recommended as a‘speedy and safe emetic. a N. 0. CRUCIFERAE. 93 -~. -The seeds act as a digestive condiment, if taken moderately: Tf swallowed whole they operate as a laxative, and for this purpose are sometimes prescribed in dyspepsia and other com- plaints-attended with torpid bowels ‘ Watt). . The pure fresh oil is a stimulant and mild counter-irritant when applied externally. Assuch, itis very useful in mild attacks of sore-throat, internal congestion, and chronic muscular rheumatism (Surg. D. Basu, Faridpur). The oil rubbed on the feet and the bridge of the nose cut short a head cold in one night. Ihave never seen it fail. In slight bronchitic affections of children, it makes a very useful mild counter-irritant application to the chest. It is also a very useful application in ordinary sore-throat (Surg. K. D. Ghose). 805-8. campresiiis, Lian. H:¥.B.1., 1. 156. Syn. :—Sinapis dichotoma and 8. Glauca. Roxb. 497, 498. - Vern. :—Sarson, Sarson-zard, bara-lai, Sheta-Shirsa, banga- arson, pila-sarson, rara-sarson, pili rai (H.); shwet-rai (B.} ; Sarashire, raira (Guj.); Hile-rayan (Deck.). Habitat :—Cultivated throughout India. (Variety Sarson, Prain F. B. Ind. I 156 under B. campestris, sub-species Napus). Stem 4-5 ft... unbranched or branching only near the top. Leaves glaucous, all (except the lowest 2 or 3), with stem clasping basal lobes; lower leaves pinnati-partite, 6-8 by 2-3 in., terminal lobe much the largest ; upper leaves oblong or lanceolate, 23-3 in., more or less pinnati- fid. Flowers nearly } in. diam. Pods various, erect or pendent, sometimes 3 or 4-valved ; erect pods2 in., pendent pods 3-34 in. long, including the beak ; beak conical, up to 1 in. Seeds 30-80 ina pod. A cold weather crop inthe plains and hills, up to 6,000 ft. Indian Colza. Native name Sarson. Parts used :—The seeds. Uses:—The oil, combined with camphor, forms an effica- cious embrocation in muscular rheumatism, stiff neck, &c. The seeds mixed with hot water form an efficient counter-irritant 94 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. poultice. The oil used in dengue fever with great benefit. Used for rubbing on the chest in bronchitis. Action similar to mustard, but less effective. Si DP Juncea,. 1. Ff and I) aw Bie 157. Syn.:—Sinapis ramosa, Roxb; 8. cuneifolia, Roxb, S. rugosa, Roxb. 498 and 499. Sans. :—R&ajika (Kumaon.) Vern. :--Rai, Sarson, Sarson-lahi, gohna-sarson, bari-rai, barlai, badshai-rai, Khas-r4i (H); Rai sarisha, (B); Asur (Kashmir); Rai (Guz.); Mohari; rayi (Mar.). Habitat :-——Cultivated in India. A tall, erect, branching annual, rarely glaucous, or hispid at the base only. Stem 3-6 ft., much-branched. Lower leaves petioled, sometimes pinnatifid, upper large, lanceolate, toothed, subsessile. Terminal lobe much the largest. Blade of the basal leaves 6-8 by 2-4 in., toothed; upper leaves 2-24 in., entire. Flowers bright yellow; sepals spreading 4 in: diam. Pods 24-24 in. including the beak, linear-lanceolate; beak narrowly-conical, $ in.; valves with a prominent mid-rib. Seeds small, dark rugose, globose, about 40 in a pod. Parts used :—The seeds. Uses :——“‘ The seeds commonly met with in the bazaars of India, which, from their colour, may be denominated Brown Mustard Seed, possess properties similar to those of the black and white mustard seed, for which they may be employed as an efficient substitute, especially in the preparation of mustard poultices.” (Pharm. of Ind.) “Externally used in internal congestions, in spasmodic, neuralgic, and rheumatic affections, and in morbid states of the cerebro-spinal system, as an emetic. Taken internally, it acts as a digestive.’ (Bombay Pharmacopceia Committee). 82. . Hruca sativa, Lam. 4.F.B.1., 1. 158. Eng. :—The rocket. Vern. :—Safed-sarsu (Bombay). N. O. CRUCIFER. 95 _ Anannual or biennial herb, glabrous or slightly hairy, glaucous. Stem 6-18 in., erect, branching. Leaves sessile, 1-4 in., pinnatifid ; segments coarsely toothed, terminal, one broad ; upper leaves smaller, sometimes very entire. Flowers pale yellow or white, $ in. across in racemes; veins dark. Sepals erect, lateral, slightly saccate. Petals clawed. Stigma capitate. Pods erect, pressed against stem, oblong-ovoid, 3-1 in., nearly terete, pro'!onged in a flat-pointed, seedless beak half the length of the valves. Seedsin two rows. Cotyledons folded longi- tudinally over the radicle (Collett.) Cultivated as a field-crop in N. W. Provinces, for the oil expressed from the seed. Simla. An escape; cultivated in Central India, Western Himalaya, Upper Gangetic valley. Use :—It has properties similar to those of the water-cress and the cuckoo flower. It is acrid and used for purposes similar to those of Mustard. The seeds are dark brown or dark grey and yield 30°8 per cent. of clear yellow oil with a slight mustardlike odor and taste. Sp. gr. at 15° C., 0°915 Saponification value, 175°7; iodine value, 101°6. The oil could probably be used as a substitute for rape or colza oil. 100 seeds weigh only 0°25 grm. Bulletin Imperial Institute 1913. 83. Capsella Bursa-Pastoris, Moench, H.F.B.L, jo 1USSL | Habitat :-—A cosmopolitan weed in the vicinity of cultiva- tion throughout temperate India. ‘An annual herb, more or less covered with forked hairs ; root long, tapering. Stems erect, 6-18 in., branched. Radical leaves variable, usually pinnatifid, sometimes lanceolate, ter- minal lobe broadly triangular ; segments nearly entire ; upper leaves pinnatifid, lobed at the base, stem-clasping ; uppermost lanceolate. Flowers small, 4, in. diam. ; white, racemed. Sepals spreading, equal at the base. Pods nearly flat, triangular or obcordate, about + in. broad. Seeds many, in two rows, oblong, punctate; radicle incumbent. Use:—‘ This very common weed is bitter and pungent, yields a volatile oil on distillation identical with the oil of mus- tard, and has been used as an antiscorbutic, also in hematuria Y6 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. and other hemorrhages, as well as in dropsy.” (U. S. Dispen- satory.) | 84. Lepidium sativum, Linn. 4.F.B.1., 1.159. ~ Sans. :—Chandrasura. ee Vern. :—Halim (Kumaon) chausaur (H.); Assalia, Abliva, (Bomb.); Ali verai(Tam); Adit-yalu (Tel.) ; Halim, aleverie (B.) ; tezak (Pb.); Ahero(Sind.); Asalio halim(Guz.); Allibija. (Kan.). Habitat :—Cultivated throughout India. An annual, erect, glabrous herb. Stems erect, 6-18 in., branched. Radical leaves twice-pinnatisect, long-petioled. Cauline sessile and usually entire, say Hooker. f. and T. Anderson ; pinnatifid or lanceolate, says Sir Henry Collett. Flowers small, white, in long racemes. Sepals erect, equal at the base. Pods ovate, 2? in., notched at the tip; margins winged, wings narrow. Pods orbicular-ovate (H. f. and T). Pedicels adpressed. Seeds one in each cell. MRadicle in- eumbent, cotyledons divided. | In Simla fields; flowers in April and May. It is the garden cress of Europe and Asia. Parts used :—The seed and leaves. Use:— According to the Sanskrit writers, the seeds are described as tonic and alterative, efficacious in hiccup, diarrhoea and skin diseases (U. C. Dutt). The Mahomedan writers consider the seeds to have aph- rodisiac and diuretic properties; they recommend them for the dispersion of certain chronic enlargements of the spleen, &c., and as an alterative in various diseased conditions supposed to be produced by cold humors (Dymock). According to Honigberger, the plant in the Punjab was administered in cases of asthma, cough with expectoration and bleeding piles. The root is used in secondary syphilis and tenesmus. According to Bellew, the seeds are also considered to be galactagogue in the Punjab, and are administered after being boiled with milk, to cause abortion. O’Shaughnessy found the drug answer asa gentle and warm aperient. N. O. CRUCIFER. O7 Moodeen Sheriff writes of the seeds thus:—*“ Externally, it is of great service in all the diseases in which the mustard is resorted to. The thick and very gummy mucilage of the seeds acts as a mechanical antidote in cases of poisoning by irritant substances, enveloping the poisonous particles and sheathing the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestine.” He regards the seed as a more satisfactory rubefacient than that of mustard prepared in India. According to him, the mucilage obtainable from the seeds may be used as a substitute for imported tragacanth and gum Arabic. “ The best medicinal property of this drug, is its usefulness in dysentery and dysen- teric diarrhoea. The coarse powder and the thick and very gummy mucilage of the seeds appear well-suited to allay the irritation of the mucous coat of the intestines in those diseases, and they thus relieve or check their symptoms to a considerable extent. The leaves are gently stimulant and diuretic, as a salad, serviceable in scorbutic diseases (Balfour). The oil extracted from the seeds is also used medicinally. When prepared by steam distillation from the finely cut plants, the essential oils of L. sativum consist principally of benzylthiocarbimide ; this is always mixed with benzylic cyanide, especially if the plants are only coarsely cut before the distillation. Both compounds are produced by the decomposition of a glucoside, the former by the action of the ferment myrosin, and the latter by the action of boiling water and acids. The glucoside could not be obtained in crystals, but when decomposed by silver nitrate gave an insoluble silver derivative, which dissolved at once in ammonia, separating again in a crystalline form with two molecules of ammonia; to this compound the formula CH, Ph° N: C (SAg). O. SO, Ag-+2NH, is assigned, and the acid from which it is derived is named ‘ tropaeolic acid ;’ the glucoside, to which the name of ‘ glucotropeolin’ is given, is regarded as having the constitution— CH,Ph.N : C (8,C;H,,0,). O.SO,K2H,0. When acted on by sodium thiosulphate, silver tropzeolate gives a clear solution which probably contains the sodium salt, but soon decomposes into sodium sulphate and the thiocarbimide, which can then be extracted with ether. J. Ch. S, 1899A T, 930. 85. FRaphanus sativus, Linn. H.F.B.1., 1. 166. Vern. :—Muli (H.); Mula (B.); Mulli (Dec.); Mullangi, (Tam., Tel. and Kan.) ; Moore (Sind.), Tara mira, muri mungra, (Ph.). 13 98 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. | A coarse rough annual, edible, cultivated throughont India in gardens. Root fleshy, pungent, variable in size and form. Leaves roughly pilose; lower ones lyrate. Flowers variable, usually white or lilac, with purple veins. Pods in- dehiscent, terete, lin. to 2ft. (R. caudatus), more or less constricted between the seeds, prolonged beyond the valves in a pointed beak, about half the length of the pod. Seeds separated by pith. Parts used :—The seeds, and root. OUses:-~The seeds are diuretic, laxative, and lithontriptic, and the roots used for urinary and syphilitic diseases. Stewart says the seeds are considered to be emmenagogue in the Punjab. The seeds, in doses of one drachm, are useful in gonorrhcea. The root is a reputed medicine for piles and gastrodynic pain (Watt). The juice of the fresh leaves is also used as a diuretic and laxative. In full and repeated doses, the seeds sometimes produce vomiting, but this is so rare that they cannot be regarded as an emetic (Moodeen Sheriff). N. O. CAPPARIDEAL. 86. Cleome viscosa, Lann. H.F.B.1., 1. 170. Roxb. 501. Syn. :—Polanisia icosandra, W. & A. Sans.:—Barbara, Karnasphota, Tilparni, Adityabhakta. Vern. :—KaAanphuti, Hulhul, Purhur (H.); Boogra (Pb.); Hoor-hooria (B.); Kathoree (Sind.), Kanphuti, Pivala tilavana, (Bomb.); Nayavayhe, Nahikuddaghoo (Tamil); Kukawominta, (Teling.); Kat-kuddagho (Mal.); Jangli-hulvul, Choorai-ajwani, (Dec.) ; Tinmani, Tilwan (Guz.). Wal-aba, Ran-manissa (Sin- halese). Habitat :—Throughout tropical and warm India; Bombay, Thana, Gujerat, Ceylon, N. 0. GAPPARIDE®. O99 An annual herb, 1-3ft., erect, sparingly branched, softly sessile, ovate, entire, terminal the largest, lateral often unequal at base ; petioles 4-1 in., becoming shorter above and uppermost (bracts) often sessile; flowers lemon-yellow, $ in. diam., on axillary pedicels } in. long; sepals ovate, acute; petals twice the length of sepals, obtuse long-clawed, 2 approximate, 2 divaricate; Stamens 12-24, anthers curled, blue-black; pod 2.4 in. without a gynophore, erect, linear, cylindrical tipped by glabrous blunt style, very viscous; seeds black, finely ridged on back. A common weed incultivated ground. Throughout the tropical regions of the world. Parts used :—The seeds, leaves and roots. Uses :—The seeds used as anthelmintic and carminative by the Vytians (Ainslie) ; the juice of the leaves poured into the ear to relieve ear-ache, and the bruised leaves are applied to the skin as a counter-irritant. In Cochin China, the whole plant, bruised, is used for counter-irritation and blistering. (O'Shaughnessy). According to Moodeen Sheriff, the seeds are anthelmin- tic, rubefacient and vesicant. The seeds are valuable in expelling round worms, and also as a rubefacient and vesicant in all the complaints in which mustard is used. The leaves are also useful in the same way as a local stimulant, and the juice possesses a curative influence over some cases of otalgia and otorrhcea. The seeds are used internally in powder with sugar, aud externally in the form of a poultice or paste by bruising with vinegar, lime-juice or hot-water, and their juice for the use of the ear is pressed out by bruising them without water. As arubefacient and vesicant, the seeds under examina- tion are much superior to the mustard seeds in this country, and quite equal to the mustard imported from Europe.” Used by the aboriginals of Australia to relieve headache. In the United States, the roots are said to be used as a vermifuge. Phe weep. ty E888, ps 179. The seeds are given occasionally in fevers and diarrhoea (Lindley). 100 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. At the 2nd Australasian Medical Congress, held at Melbourne, in January 1889, Surgeon-Major K. R. Kirtikar exhibited a specimen of oil obtained from the seeds of Cleome viscosa, Linn. (prepared by the late Mr. Periera of the Bombay Medical Stores), and made the following observations on the occasion. ‘‘ The plant bas a great reputation as a remedy for chronic Otorrheea. ‘The action is chiefly antiseptic, as it contains a powerful volatile principle, not unlike in smell to that of mustard. This. active principle has, besides, stimulating properties.” 87. Gynandropsis pentaphylla, DC. 4.F.B.1., ie Be Syn.:—Cleome pentaphyla, Linn.; Roxb. 500, 501. Sans. :—Surjavarta ; Arkapushpika. Vern. :—Hirhfr, hulhul, karaila, churota (H.); Harhuriya Kandla, bansarisha, arkahuli, Sadahurhidia (B.); Setakata arak, Guma (Santal.); kathal parhar (U. P.); Halhal (Dec.); kinro, (Sind.), 'Tilavana, mabli (Mar.): velai, neivaylla, kadughu (Tam.) ; VaAminta, vela-kura, (‘Tel.); tai-véla, kara-vela, véla (Malay.) Habitat :—A common weed throughout the warm parts of India. Very common in Ceylon in waste and cultivated ground. An erect, branched annual 2-4 ft. Stem shaggy with long, white, spreading hair. Leaves 5-foliate, leaflets sessile, broadly ovate, acute, entire, pubescent on both sides and ciliate, pale beneath, terminal largest, 13-2 in.; petiole 2 in., stout, hairy and rough with prickles; flowers at first distinctly corymbose, afterwards in long erect racemes, bracts of 3 sessile leaflets, many empty. Pedicels over $ in., viscoid, pubescent ; sepals narrowly lanceolate, acute gladular-pubescent; petals rotundate, with a long narrow claw thrice the length of sepals, all curved upward ; stamens inserted about half-way up; ovary on summit of a gynophore, linear-oblong, very glandular; style 0, stigma capitate, flat; ovules numerous ; pods 2-3 in., linear, slightly curved, somewhat compressed, viscid, pubescent. Seeds helicoid-reniform, rough, dark brown (Trimen). N. 0. CAPPARIDER. 101 Petals white or very pale pink, with pink claws, gynophore and stamens purplish. The internodes of the floral axis (gynophore) between the whorl of petals, stamens and ovary are remarkably developed in this plant (Trimen). Parts used :—The seeds, leaves and root. Uses: —Sir W. Jones observes that its sensible qualities seem to promise great antispasmodic virtues, it having a smell much resembling assafcetida, but comparatively delicate. According to Dr. Wight (Zllust. 1., p. 34), the bruised leaves are rubefacient and vesicant, producing a very copious exuda- tion, affording in many cases the relief obtained from a blister without its inconveniences. ‘The expressed juice is a popular remedy, in high repute as a local application in otalgia, both amongst the natives of India and the settlers in the West Indies, where the plant is also indigenous. Dr. J. Shortt states that the seeds are used as a substitute for mustard, and yield a good (fixed ?) oil. (Ph. Ind.). The seeds are anthelmintic and rubefacient,and are employ- ed internally for the expulsion of round worms, and, externally as a counter-irritant. The juice of the leaves is used in otalgia. The leaves are applied externa!)y to boils to prevent the form- ation of pus. A decoction of the root is said to be a mild febrifuge. The seeds yield to ether about 25 per cent, of a thick greenish, drying oil, having an acid value of 6°43; saponification value, 1946, and iodine value, 119. 5. [D. Hooper, Ann, Rept. Indian Museum, Industrial section 1908-9]. 88. Mcerua arenaria, H. f. and 'T. 4.F.B.1. 1. 171. Vern. :—Pumichakarei (Tam.)}; Puta-tiga (Tel.); Vika (Guzerati). Habitat :—Western Himalaya. Dryer parts of the N. W. Provinces. Southern and Central India ; Ceylon. A large woody climber, or straggling shrub, with divari- cate branches ; bark smooth, pale. Leaves 1-2 in. oval or 102 iNDIAN MEDICINAL PiAN‘S. oblong-oval, very obtuse or retuse, entire, glabrous, glaucous, somewhat fleshy ; petiole + in. Flowers few, rather large, in terminal corymbose racemes, without bracts ; pedicels. 2 in., smooth ; Calyx-lobes + in, lanceolate, acute cr obtuse, reflexed. Petals distant, + in., ovate, acute, erect, veined, green. Stamens much exceeding petals, spreading; filaments white, anthers green; gynophore + in., ovary short, truncate. Fruit yellow, 1-3 in. (Brandis) ; a berry 1-2 in. long, fleshy, irregularly, and interrupted by moniliform, smooth, many-seeded; each seed portion forming almost a separate berry. Cotyledons fleshy, involute. Flowers green, sweet-scented. Part used :—The root. Use :—The root slightly resembles liquorice root in ap- pearance and taste. It is said to be used as an alterative, tonic and stimulant. - This plant has two varieties:—Var. 1. glabra. Hooker’s Ie. |e Ge eee B27 Var. 2. scabra. Camb in Jacq. Voy. Bot. 22, t-23, 24. Niebuhria oblongifolia, Royle Ill. 73. 89. Crateva relagiosa, Forsk. H.F.B.1., 1. 172. Syn.:— Capparis trifoliata, Roxb. 426. Sans. :—Varuna ; asmarighna. Vern. :—Barua, barun, bilasi, bila, biliana(Hind.) ; Barun, tikto-shak (Beng.); Tailadu, bun boronda (Mechi); Purbong, (Lepcha) ; Barua, barnahi, (Pb.); Raj Bela, bel (C.P.); Vaya- varna, Chatavarna, hadavarna, kunla, warnna, karvan (Bomb.) ; kumla,; karwan (Mar.) ; maralingam, marvilinga, narvala, (Tam.) ; (Nirvala vituse) (Xan., Mal.) ; uskia, usiki, asiki maun, ulimidi, urimidi, urimitti, tella ulimidi, tella vule (Tel.). Habitat :—Near streams in Malabar and Canara; culti- vated elsewhere in India. A moderate-sized, spreading, unarmed, deciduous, tree. Bark grey, + in. thick, with long horizontal wrinkles. Wood yellowish-white, when old turning lght brown, moderately N. 0. CAPPARIDEA. 103 hard, even-grained. Pores moderate-sized, numerous and uni- formly distributed, often sub-divided, each pore surrounded by a whitish ring. Medullary rays very wavy, fine and moder- ately broad, the distance between the rays slightly greater than the transverse diameter of the pores (Gamble). Branches with large white lenticels. Leaves clustered at the ends of branch- lets, common petiole 2-4 in. long; leaflets 3-6 by 14-24 in., abruptly or gradually acuminate, pale beneath, ovate-lanceolate or ovate, the lateral fom an oblique basis ; petiolules articulate. Flowers 2 in. diam.; “cream coloured” (Brandis); “large greenish yellow at length purplish ’ (Hooker, f. and Thoms.) ; appearing with the leaves, in terminal corymbs. Petals ovate or oblong, obtuse or acute; claw 4 as long as the limb. Berry ovid or globose, 2-3 in. diam ; rind hard, rough, with numer- ous white specks; very variable. Seeds +in. long; numerous, reinform, in a yellow pulp. | Parts used :—The bark, leaves, and root- eal Uses:— The bark is demulcent, antipyretic, sedative, alter- ative, and tonic; and the fresh leaves and root-bark are rubefacient. The bark is useful in some cases of urinary complaints and fever, and in some mild forms of skin diseases in which sarsaparilla is generally resorted to. It also relieves vomiting and other symptoms of gastric irritation. The fresh leaves and root-bark, particularly the former, are very efficacious in all the affections in which mustard poultice is indicated. “Bruised well with a little vinegar, lime-juice or hot water and applied to the skin in the form of a poultice or paste, the fresh leaves of C. religiosa act as a rubefacient and _ vesicant so efficiently that I donot hesitate in saying that they are not only much superior to the mustard seeds in this country, but also quite equal, if not superior, to the flour of that drug imported from Europe. From 5 to 10 or 15 minutes is the time required for them to produce their full effect as a rubefacient, and if kept longer than this in contact with the skin, they begin to act asa vesicant. The existence of one or two plants of C, relsgiosa in each Hospital and Dispensary will 104 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. certainly save them from the cost of the supply of Europe mustard for external use. The plant grows well with ordinary care.” “The fresh root-bark of this plant is also a very good rubefacient and vesicant, but it is rather too dear and not procurable in large quantities. The bark of the stem is very thick (from 1 to 2 inches when fresh, and from 4 to 1 inch when dry), greenish brown on the outer side, and grey or pale-white internally and on the inner side, and almost tasteless and odourless. It is one of those barks which can be easily reduced to a coarse powder, immediately after its renioval from the stem.” ‘Moodeen Sheriff). The bark of the stem and root of this plant constitute the principal medicine of the Hindoo Pharmacopeceia for calcu- lus affections. It is said to promote the appetite, decrease the secretion of the bile, act as laxative and remove disorders of the urinary organs. (U. C. Dutt). In Bombay, the leaves are used as a remedy for swelling of the feet, and a burning sensation in the soles of the feet * The leaf-juice is given in rheumatism in the Concan, in doses of = to 3 tolas, mixed with cocoanut juice and Ghz. In caries of the bones of the nose, the leaf is smoked and the smoke exhaled through the nose. The bark and the leaf pounded and tied in acloth are used as a fomentation in rheumatism (Dymock). 90. Cadaba imdica, Lams Hee ie Syn. :—Stroemeria tetrandra Vahl. Roxb. 267. Vern. :—-Kodhab (Sindh, and Hindi) ; Habab (Bomb.) Che- moodda (Tel.). ; Habitat :—Western Peninsula, Sind, Concan, Deccan and Coromandal Coast, on old walls and in waste dry places. A shrub often straggling or half-climbing, much-branch- ed, glabrous or pubescent. “Bark brown, sometimes rough, N. O. CAPPARIDER. 105 with horizontal lenticels. Wood white, moderately hard, close- grained. Pores small, numerous, in long radical strings bet- ween the fine, wavy medullary-rays, usually one or two rays without pores between the string. Faint, rather distant, con- centric lines which may be annual rings’ (Gamble). Leaves simple, 1-l4in., ovate or oblong, acute, obtuse or miucronate. Flowers yellowish white or greenish white, 1 in. diam. ; corymbs few-flowered, terminal; bracts smal], subulate. Sepals ovate; claw of petals narrow. Petals 4, limb oblong. ovate; Stamens 4. Disk process 3 in. curved pink, smooth, fimbriate. Fruit cylindric, dehiscent, 1-13 in. long, irregularly torulose ; pulp orange. Flowers October-March. | Uses :—The leaves and root are considered deobstruent and anthelmiutic, and are prescribed in decoction in uterine obstructions (Murray. 55.) Ol C. farinosa. Forsk) /H.¥.B.1., i. 173. Habitat: -Dry places in the Punjab, at Multan and in Sindh. A straggling, much-branched shrub. Wood white, soft, even-grained ; Pores small, single or few or many in radial strings between the rays, there being usually a few rays without pores between each pair that contains them. Medullary rays very fine, regular, numerous. Leaves }-$ in. rarely 1 in., hoary, ovate or oblong, obtuse. Jlowers as in C. indica, but petals very narrow, 4, spathulate. Stamens 5. Fruit 3-14 in. cylind- ric (Hooker, f. and Thoms. :—‘‘Delessert’s Icones represent 6 stamens, we find 5 only. Fl. B.I. Vol. I, p. 173. Uses :—It is used medicinally in Sindh. 92. Capparis spinosa, Linn, H.F.B.1., 1. 173. Syn. :—C. Murrayana, Graham. Vern. :—Kabra, ber (H.); ulra Kanta (Kumaon); Kaur, Kiari, bauri, ber, bandar, bassar, Kakri, Kander, taker, borar, Keri, Kaba, barari (Pb.). ; Kalvari (Sind.) ; Kabar (Bom). 14 106 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. Habitat :—Hot Western Himalayan Valleys eastward to Nepal, Sindh, the Punjab, and Western Peninsula in the Maha- baleswar hills. A diffuse, prostrate or trailing shrub. Buds long; green branches and young shoots pubescent or covered with soft caducous white, green or yellowish tomentum. Stipulary thorns yellow, hooked or nearly straight. Leaves orbicular or broadly ovate, entire, mucronate, 1-2 in. diam; petioles ~ in. long. Flowers 1-3 in. across, white, large showy, axillary solitary; pedicels 1-2 in. long, thickened in fruit; filaments long, slender, purple. Ovary on a slender, filiform gynophore. Fruit 1-3 in. long, many-seeded, oblong, ribbed on a stout gynophore, bent downwards when ripe, fey dehiscent, crimson inside ; seeds numerous, uniform. Parts dea :—The root and root- bark. Uses :—The author of the Makkzan-ul-Advia considers the root-bark to be bot and dry and to act as a detergent and as- tringent, expelling cold humours ; it is therefore recommended in palsy, dropsy, and gouty and rheumatic affections ; the juice of the fresh plant is directed to be dropped into the ear to kill worms, just as Cleome juice is used in India; all parts of the plants are said to have a stimulating and astringent effect when applied locally (Dymock). In Kangra, the macerated roots are applied to sores (Stewart). Ainslie notices its use as an external application to malignant ulcers. ‘The dried bark of the root is considered. diuretic, and was formerly employed in obstructions of the liver and spleen, amenorrhoea, and chronic rheumatism.’ (United States Dis- pensatory). | The flower buds contain caper-quercitrin, having the formula C,, H,, O,,-. On hydrolysis, this yields caper-quercetin C,,; B,, O,, in addition to glucose and isodulcitol: The amount of sugar formed -on hydrolysis is as follows :— Sugar as isodulcite, Quercetin, per cent. ae per cent. Caper-quercitrin oa ee 56°73 .. 49°61 J. Ch. S. LXVI, pt. I. (1894), p. 299. N. O. CAPPARIDEX. 107 93. C. Zeylanica, Linn. u.¥.B.1., 1. 174. Syn. :—C. acuminata, Roxb. 424, Clarke’s Ed. Vern. :—Wageti or Govindphal (Concan). Kalokera (B.) Authoondy kai (Tam.). Habitat :—Common in the Carnatic and Malabar; occa- sional in the Western Deccan. A rigid wiry, much-branched shrub, glabrous, armed ; shoots sometimes puberulous. Leaves broad, ovate to lanceo- late, usually acute and mucronate, reticulate beneath ; 3-1} in. coriaceous, shining above, sometimes pubescent beneath (Hf. and Th.). Brandis says:—‘‘ Leaves ovate-lanceolate, pale be- neath, 14-4 in. ; secondary and reticulate tertiary nerves promi- nent.” Flowers 2 in. diam., solitary, axillary or 2-3 on a short shoot; -sepals 4, free, mostly imbricate in bud. Petals 4; 2 lower petals yellowish, changing to red-brown ; pedicels 1-2 in, slender. Brandis says the petals are white, with a basal blotch of yellow which turns purple. Trimen says the flowers are white; the 2 upper petals, usually with a basal blotch of yellow, afterwards purple; anthers pale blue. Stamens numerous, in- serted on a small disc. Filaments longer than the petals. Ovary oblong, pubescent, on a slender gynophore. Fruit 2 in., ovoid, smooth; bright scarlet when ripe, fleshy ; orange-pink when ripe, says Trimen. Seeds many, embedded in pulp, colytedons convolute. .Uses:—The root is reported to be a cooling medicine in the Concan (Dymock). The green fruit is sliced, dried, cooked and eaten in Ceylon, says Trimen. The people of Bombay do the same. 94. C. Heyneana, Wall, u.F.B.1., 1. 174. Vern. :—-Chayrukha (H.), Habitat :—From South Conecan and Canara to Travancore. An erect, much-branched evergreen shrub, with minute straight stipulary thorns. Young parts red, floccose. Leaves ovate, lanceolate, acute coriaceous dark green, shining above, reddish, strongly ribbed and veined beneath. Blade 3-6 in. by 108 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. 4.5 in.; petiole about 2 in. long, stout. Flowers large, 3 in. across, solitary or in terminal bracteate, short racemes ; bracts linear, red-tomentose, pedicels 14 in. long. Petals pale blue or white, the lower two each with a yellow spot atthe base. Fila- ments as long as the petals. Gynophore 1-1} in. long; ovary tomentose. Fruit ovoid, beaked, size of a large olive. | Uses:—The leaves are used for rheumatic pains in the joints, and its flowers as a laxative drink. (Voigt. 74.) 95., Cc aphylla, hotly, Ate ie ee Sans. :—Karira. Vern. :—Karil, Karer Kurrel, lete, Karu (H.) ; Kari (Behar, Bom.); Kirra Kerin, Karil, Karia, Karis, teuti, delha pinju (Pb.), Kiral, Kirrar,’ dorax Kiram, Kiam, iirad= (Sind) mien (Guz.); Kera, Karil (Mar.); Karyal (Deck). Hahitat:—In the arid desert tracts of the Punjab, Rajputana, Guzerat, the Deccan and S. Carnatic. Shrubs dense, much-branched, glabrous, with thorns in pairs, straight; leaves (only on young shoots) glabrous, linear, pungent, buds pubescent. Branchesslender, glabrous. Flowers 1 in. diam., red-brown, in many-flowered corymbs, on_ short shoots. Outer sepals subvalvate, ciliate, innersaccate. Stamens 18-20. Fruit 42 in., glabrous, long beaked. Parts used :—-The shoots, fruit and bark. Uses :—The bark is described by the Hindoo writers as bitter and laxative, and is said to be useful in inflammatory swellings (U. C. Dutt.) The fruit is eaten pickled in Bombay by Hindus, Bhatias especially. In the Punjab, the top shoots and young leaves are made into a powder and used as a blister (Stewart); it is also used in boils, eruptions and swellings, and as an antidote to poison; also in affections of the joints (B. Powell). According to Surg.-Major Calthrop, the fruit when eaten causes obstinate constipation. It is used largely in the Harriana aud Karnal Districts as an astringent. The top shoots and young leaves are very efficacious in relieving toothache when chewed. (Murray, Plants and Drugs N. 0. CAPPARIDEZ. 109 of Sindh, p. 154) The fruit is pickled by Banyas of Bombay, 1,e., natives of Surat. Dr. Dymock says that the plant possesses somewhat siml- lar properties to C. spinosa. 96. O. sepiaria, Linn., H.F.B.1., I. 177, Roxb. 425. Sanskrit—KAkadani, Gridhranakhi. Vern. :—{Uiun, garua hins (Pb; Kanta-gur-Kamai, Kalia Kara (B.); Kanti Kapali (Uviya); Kanthar (Guz.); Nella-uppi (Tell.); Kanthérrel (Marathy). Habitat :—Dry places throughout India, from the Punjab and Sindh to Burma and Carnatic. A straggling large, wiry-branched shrub or small tree. Branchlets pubescent, hoary or tomentose. Dark-brown, ¢ in. thick, often studded with thorns in pairs. Wood white, hard, sometimes with occasional rings of dark liber-like tissue. Pores moderate-sized, scanty, in white rings. Medullary rings short, fine to moderately broad. Faint white concentric bands across the rays (Gamble). ‘Thorns recurved, being modified stipules. Leaves ovate-oblong, obovate or oblong lanceolate, subacute or retuse, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, penni-nerved, downy (rarely glabrous) beneath ; 3-14 by 3-2 in.; petiole ys in. Flowers white 3-3 in. diam., in many flowered sessile or shortly pedun- cled umbels ; pedicels slender or filiform, 4-2 in. ; sepals oblong or ovate ; petals narrow, oblong. Ovary ovoid, pointed; gyno- phore 4-3 in. Fruit pisiform, black when ripe. Flowering time—Tebruary-May ; “Rainy season ’’—says Kanjilal, in Upper India. Uses :—Said by the Sanskrit writers to be useful in fevers caused by deranged bile and wind. Also considered alterative and tonic and useful in skin diseases :U. C. Dutt.) The plant possesses febrifugal properties. Cin nc hormida. Linn. {. HB.Fa., 1, 178. Syn. :-—C. zeylanica, Roxb. 425, Sans. :—Hunkaru, 110 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. | Vern.:—Ardanda (H. Sindh. and Deck.), Ulta-Kanta, bipuwa-Kanta (Kumaon'; His, Karvila, hiungarna (Pb.); Karralurra (Oudh); Katerni (Gond.); gitoran (Ajmere). Burn asaria, Bagni, Bagnei Baguchi (Santal.); Bagrani (Monghyr) ; Oseriva (Uriya); Wagatti, wag, Tarti, .Taranti (Bomb); gowindi (Mar.) ; Atanday, attandax, Katalli Kai (Tam.); Adonda, arudonda (Tel.). Habitat :—Gangetic Valley, as far north as Saharunpore ; Western Peninsula and Chittagong, Ceylon, Malaya and the Philippines, A climbing shrub, with long divaricate branches, young shoots, with rufous scurfy tomentum. Leaves oval-lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, strongly apiculate, tomentose when young, afterwards glabrous and shining; petioles short, stipular spines recurved. Flowers rather large, 14 in. diam. ; supra-axillary, solitary or 2 or 3 together, above one another, in a vertical line ; peduncle 4-% in., tomentose. Sepals rufous-tomentose outside. Petals twice as long, hairy. Stamens much longer than petals. Gynophore 1 in.; Ovary ovoid, apiculate, with 4 placentas. Fruit subglobose, 14 in. diam., on a greatly thickened stalk, many-seeded. Petals white, stamens crimson. Parts used :—The leaves, root, and root-bark. Uses:—In Northern India, the leaves are used as a counter-irritant and as a cataplasm in boils, swellings and piles (Atkinson. ) In Chutia Nagpur, the bark, along with native spirit, is given in cholera ‘Rev. A. Campbell.) In Madras, a decoction of the leaves is used in syphilis. (Surg-Major Thompson). Watt 1. 132. The root-bark is sedative, stomachic and anti-idriotic ; the leaves also slightly stomachic. The root-bark is useful in relieving some of the symptoms of gastric irritation, as vomit- ing and pain, and in improving appetite. It has also proved itself useful in a few cases of excessive perspiration, which it checked to a great extent.. The leaves also possess the pro- perty of improving the appetite (Moodeen Sheriff). N. O. VIOLACER. ; 111 N. O. VIOLACEAS. 98. Reseda odorata, Linn. H.F.B.1., 1. 181. Habitat :—An English annual herb, cultivated in Indian gardens in the cold weather. (Sweet-mignonette). Annual or perennial. Stems diffuse, of varying height, 1-2 ft. generally, clothed with bluntish lance-shaped leaves, entire or three-lobed. [lowers in long, loose, terminal racemes. Calyx 6-parted ; petals creamy, finely cut into numerous divisions. Anthers red. Seeds numerous, in an ever open capsule. (Favourite Flowers of Garden and Greenhouse by Edward Step, F. L. S., London, 1896. Vol. L, p. 65). Use :—It 1s put to the same uses as violets. Chemistry :-—The root yields an oil, on distillation, which smells of radishes, has a ight brown color, a sp. gr. of 1067 at 15°, and: a rotation of +1° 30’ ina 100 mm. tube. This oil is phenylethylthiocarbamide, for, when heated with strong hydro- chloric acid, it yields phenylethylamine hydroclorids, carbon oxysulphide and hydrogen sulphide being evolved; phenyl- ethylthiocarbamide is produced when it is heated with alcoholic ammonia. Diphenylethyloxamide melts at 186° and phenyl- ethylthiocarbamide at 137°. (J. Ch. S. 1895, p. 218). 99. Viola serpens, Wall. H.F.B.1., I. 184. Vern, :—Banafsha (H.); thungtu (Kumaon\. Hubitut :—Moist woods, ete., throughout the temperate Himalaya, Khasia Hills, Pulney and Nilgiri Mountains, Ceylon. A perennial herb, with a slender ascending root-stock, usually giving off long prostrate, glabrous, rooting branches. Hooker says: ‘‘Stolons and stems usually long, leafy and flowering.” Leaves 1-14 in,, broadly cordate-ovate, acute or obtuse, crenate-serrate, more or less hairy on both surfaces; petioles usually longer than leaves, hairy, especially at ‘the upper part ; stipules free, fimbriate. Flowers 3-3 in., nodding ; 112 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. peduncle longer than leaf, slightly hairy ; bracts setaceous. Sepals lanceolate, very acute. Petals oblong spreading; spur not inflated (Trimen); saccate. say Hooker f, and Th. Stigma oblique. Capsule 4 in. long, globose or subglobose, pubescent, valve dehiscing irregularly. Seeds few. Use :—This species also yields Banafsha of the Bazaars, and is considered to have medicinal properties similar to those of V. odorata. In the Punjab, a medicinal oil is prepared from it, called raughan-1-banafsha. 100. V. odorata, Linn. H.F.B.1.,1. 184. Vern. :--Banafsha(H.; Dec.; Bom.; Guz.) ; Banosa (Beng.); Vayilethe (Tam.) Habitat :— Kashmir. A glabrate or pubescent herb. Root-stock stout. Stem very short or O. Stolons slender. Leaves tufted, in the Kashmir plant, 4-1 in. diam., broadly ovate-cordate, obtuse, erenate, tip rounded, nearly glabrous. Stipules entire or tooth- ed, subulate, lanceolate. Sepals rounded at tip, very obtuse, spur nearly straight, short, cyiindric, style inflated above ; stigma decurved. Parts used:—The flowers used dry. Uses :—By the Mahomedan hakims, it is generally consi- dered cold and moist, and is especially valued as a diuretic and expectorant, and as a purgative in bilious affections. O’Shaughnessy experimented with the dry plant as a substitute for Ipecacuanha, but without success. Moodeen Sheriff considers it antipyretic and diaphoretic, and very useful in relieving febrile symptoms and excitement in all forms of fever, particularly in combination with other drugs of the same class. A certain amount of interest is attached to the leaves of the violet on account of an apparent improvement following the employment of the fresh infusion of the leaves in a case (L. ’05, i. 713) in which it was alleged that a patient might have been suffering from malignant disease. A handful of the leaves was N. 0. VIOLACER. 113 soaked in a pint of boiling water for 24 hours and the liquid poured off, divided into 2 parts, 1 part being taken internally during the 24 hours, and the other used as a fomentation. An apparent recovery from a presumably malignant growth of the mouth resulted. An examination of the leaves of the common violet (viola odorata) in the Lancet laboratory (L. ’05, i. 1085) showed the presence of two crystalline bodies, one glucosidal and the other alkaloidal in character, and also a dark green oil. Alcohol was found a much more effective solvent than an aqueous menstruum ; in view of the employment of an aqueous infusion, the latter point is of interest. The alkaloid isolated behaved, chemically, much in the same way as Emetine, the principal alkaloid of [pecacuanha. It asabeemmestated (ees: seeO5" 46710. Di. 05. 22, 977.5) P. J. ’05, 12. 869) that any activity which violet leaves possess is due either to the glucoside, the product of its decomposition, or a natural ferment associated with it. Reckoned as viola- quercitrin, the glucoside from Princess of Wales violet leaves amounted to 5 p. c. of the weight of the fresh leaves. A fresh infusion was found to extract nine-tenths of the glucoside present in the leaves. No volatile constituent was isolated, no alkaloid could be detected, no salicylic acid was found. The presence of a glucoside was proved, but the glucoside was not isolated. Objection has been taken to the evidence of the uses of violet ieaves having been unfortunately collected chiefly by unskilled persons, and that it has therefore been lacking in definiteness, and consequently in value. After the definite expression of the opinions mentioned in the above reference, it is disappointing to find in a paper read before the Therapeu- tical Society, October 30th, 1906, and reported in the Lancet, 06, w. 1318, that all attempts to isolate and identify a glu- coside from violet leaves have failed ; similarly, there was no evidence of a ferment being present ; the only positive facts resulting from the experiments being that the leaves and their preparations yield under certain conditions glucose. It has been pointed out that the reputation of Violets for 15 114 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. the treatment of malignant growths was founded on the use of wild Violets, at least as far back as James I, and that it is therefore desirable that in any inquiry into the subject wild Violets should be used, such as have been used for centuries, and not a recent cultivated Violet, as employed at the present time. In the light of the above remarks, the varieties officinal in the Continental Pharmacopeeias will be of interest. It will be noted that wild violets are officinalin the German and Swiss Pharmacopeeias, and cultivated Violets in the Austrian. (Peter Squire’s Companion to the British Pharmacopceia, 18th edition (1908), pp. 1235-1236). | A syrup is made from the petals which is a favourite remedy for infantile disorders. The root isa powerful emetic, and is frequently used to adulterate ipecac. A dose of from forty to fifty grains of the powdered root acts powerfully. A principle called violine is present in all parts of the plant, analogous in external characteristics to the emetine of ipecacuanha, and possessing the same emetic properties. It is an alkaline substance, and forms salts by its union with acids ; it is soluble in alcohol, but hardly so in water. The flowers were used in olden times as remedies in many disorders, and were supposed to be especially serviceable to the eyes and in ague. The seeds were formerly believed to counteract the effect of a scorpion’s sting. Syrup of violets is a favorite medicine for cough and hoarseness. The French make great use of violets in their confitures and household remedies; and we have seen and partaken of a delicate sweetmeat composed simply of the violet flower prepared with sugar, yet retaining its delicious perfume. (Sowerby’s English Botany). 101. V. cinerea, Boiss, o.7.84., 1. 185, Vern. :—Banafsha (Sind. and Pb.) Habitat :—Dry hilly region of the Punjab and Sindh. _N. 0, VIOLACEH. TiS -. A small herb. Stem short, glabrous 1-6 in., slightly powdery; diffuse-branched. Leaves elliptic-ovate or lanceolate, acute, obscurely crenate, 4-3 in., apiculate; petioles as long; spitules leafy fimbriate. Peduncles slender, bracts subulate. Flowers small, axillary, + in. diam. Sepals lanceolate, aristate. Spur very short, secreting honey within it. Style clavate, compressed; stigma lateral of two oblong parallel dises. Fruit 3-} in., elliptic, acute. Use :—This plant. is used medicinally in Sind, in the same way as V. odorata. 102. Lonidium suffruticosum, Ging, H.F.B.1., ed vel | Syn. :—Viola suffruticosa and V. enneasperma, Roxb. 218. Sans. : ---Charati (Ainslie). Vern. :—Ratanpuras (H. and Bomb.); Noonbora (B.); Suryakaiti ; nilakobari ; Pooroosharatanum (Tel.) ; Orilaihamaray, (Tam.) ; Oorelatamara (Malayal.) ; Tandi, Sol; bir Surajmukhi (Santal.). _ Habitat:—From Bundelkhund and Agra to Bengal and Ceylon. A glabrous or pubescent, very variable perennial herb, 6-12 in., branches diffuse, woody. Leaves linear or lanceolate, serrate-toothed, sub-sessile, 34-2 by ,4-} in., lower leaves broader. Stipules subulate, gland-tipped. Flowers solitary axillary, red. Pedicels shorter than the leaves. Sepals 5, subequal, not produced at the base. Petals variable, 4, oblong, acute or mucronate, the 5th with aclaw and large oval or orbicular limb. Filaments distinct, bearing the anthers low down. Anthers free, 2 or 4 of them gibbous or spurred at the back, the two interior ones usually having a nec- tarial gland at the base. Ovary ovoid. Style clavate, incurved. Stigma oblique. Capsule 3-valved, sub-globose, few-seeded, valves, not elastic. Seeds globose, striate, testa crustaceous. Parts used :—The leaves, stalks and root. 116 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. Use :—The leaves and tender stalks are demulcent, and are used by the natives in decoction and electuary; they are also employed in conjunction with some mild oil in preparing a cooling liniment for the head (Ainslie). The Santals employ the root in bowel complaints of children (A. Campbell). Dr. Moodeen Sheriff considers the drug to be demulcent and refri- gerant and useful in some cases of gonorrhcea and of scalding of urine. In the United States Dispensatory, it is stated that the root of a species of lonidium has attracted some attention in the treatment of elephantiasis. N. O. BIXINEA. 103. Cochlospermum, Gossyprum, D.C. H.F.B.L., Eee IEE Syn. :— Bombax gossypium, Linn. Roxb. 515. Vern. :—-Kumbi, gabdi, ganiar, galgal, gangal (H.) ; Hopo (Santal.) ; Gulgal (Kol.) ; Gangam (Gond.) ; Kantapalas (Uriya) ; Kumbi (Pb.); Gajra, Kumbi (U. P.) ; Gungu, kong, gondugogu (Tel.); Tanku, Kongillam (Tam.); Bettatovare, arisina burga (Kan.) ; Chimapunji (Mal.) ; Ganeri (Bhil) ; Kadachogund (Guj.); Kalir-gond, kathalya gonda (Mar) ; Sisibaha, Udal (Chutia Nag- pur). Katiré, (Hindi). For the gum:—Nat-Ka-Katera, Nat-Ka-Katera-gond, (Deck.) ; Katera (H.); Tanaku-pishin (Tam.) ; Kondagogu-banka, Konda-gogu-pisunu (Tel.) ; Shima-pangi-pasha (Mal.) For the cotton:—Pili-Kapas-Ki-rui, Katere-Ki-jhar, Kiriu (Deck.); Tanaku-paruthi (Tam.); Konda-gogu-pathi (Tel.); Shima-pangi-paruthi (Mal.). Habitat :— Dry hills, Garwal, Bundelkhund, Behar, Orissa and the Deccan ; also commonly planted near temples. A small deciduous tree, with a few short thick spreading branches. “Bark 1 in. thick, fibrous, deeply furrowed ; inner substance red. Wood extremely soft, greyish-brown ; no heart- wood. Pores large, scanty, often subdivided into compart- ments. Medullary rays broad, visible on a radial section as N. 0. BIXINER. 117 long rough plates’ (Gamble). Branchlets tomentose. Leaves near the ends of the branchlets, palmately 5-lobed, 4-9 in. diam., lobes shortly acuminate entire, grey-tomentose beneath, old leaves glabrous. Petioles slender, 4-6 in. Flowers 4-5 in. diam.; golden yellow in few-flowered terminal panicles. Sepals silky. Petals obovate, notched. Capsules pear-shaped, 3-4 in. long, 5-lobed. Flowers—February-April. Seeds covered with a kind of silk-cotton, called the “Kapok” fibres of India. Parts used :—The gum and cotton. Uses:—The gum has been proposed as a substitute for tragacanth. It is used in coughs, also in gonorrhea (Indian Medical Gazette, 1875, p. 39). In Patna, the dried leaves and flowers are used as sti- mulants. (Irvine, p. 78). 104. Bixa Orellana, Linn. H.F.B.1., 1. 190. Vern. :—Latkan, Watkana (H. and B.) ; Kong, Kuombi (Santal.) ; Jarat, Jolandhar (Ass.); Gulbas (Uriya); Powasi (Chittagong) ; Reipom (Manipur) Shal-ke-pandi-ka-jhar (Deck.) ; Kisri, Kesari, Kesuri, Shendri (Mar. Bom.) ; Jupharachettu, Jafra vittulu-chettu, Kurungu-menjivittulu-chettu (Tel.); Japhra- maram, Jafra-virai-maram (Tam.); Kuppamankala, Rangamali (Kan.) Korungoomunga (Mal.) Gowpurgee (H.). Habitat :—-Cultivated throughout India for the dye. A large evergreen shrub or small tree. Bark brown, § in. thick. Wood pinkish-white, soft, even-grained, Annual rings marked by a line without pores. Pores moderate-sized, in radial strings of 3 to 6, prominent on a vertical section. Medul- lary rays fine, closely packed, bent round the pores, or groups of pores, so that the distance between the rays is less than the transverse diameter of the pores (Gamble). Leaves simple, 4-8 by 23-5 in., cordate, acuminate, glabrous. Stipules minute. Petioles slender, 2-3 in. Flowers in terminal panicles, bisexuai, large, 1-2 in. diam. ; pink or white; purple say H. f. and Th. ; sepals 5, imbricate deciduous. Petals 5, contorted in bud. Anthers numerous, opening by two terminal pores. Ovary l-celled ; style slender, curved; stigma notched ; ovules many, 118 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. on 2-parietal placentas. Capsule reddish brown, clothed~ with soft prickles, 1$ in., ovoid or sub-globose, base intruded; dehiscence loculicidally 2-valved ; placentas on the valve. Seeds many, covered with ared pulp (originally fleshy papille on the testa) which yields the well-known dye. Albumen farinaceous ; Embryo large ; cotyledons flat. Parts used : --The seeds, seed-pulp and root-bark. Uses :--Astringent and slightly purgative, also a good remedy for dysentery and kidney diseases. The pulp (a well- known colouring matter) surrounding the seeds is astringent (Roxburgh.). The seeds are cordial, astringent, and febrifuge (Lindl... 7 ~The root-bark is antiperiodic and antipyretic, and the seeds slightly astringent and a very good remedy for gonorrhea. The seeds also possess the antiperiodic and antipyretic properties, but to a less extent.- - 3 wee a4; The root-bark is of great use in uncomplicated inter- mittent, remittent, and continued fevers. The seeds are very useful, particularly in the form of decoction. They are also use- ful in the above varieties of fever, but inferior to the root-bark in this respect. The root-bark is one of those antiperiodic medicines, which can be used during the absence as well as the presence of pyrexia in the intermittent fever ; and this remark is also applicable to the seeds as an antiperiodic (Moodeen Sheriff). The seed pulp is used by the American Indians to paint their body all over for full dress, and this use of it is said also to pre- vent mosquito bites 105. Flacourtia Cataphracta, Roxb. H.F:B.1., L293. nox 1ou- Sans. :-—Prachin-amalaka. | Vern. :—Paniyala (B.); Talispatri (H.;- Tel.; Tam.). Jag- gam, Jan-Gama, Tambat (Bom.) Tdmbat (Mar.). Habitat: —Nepal eastward, Bengal, Assam, Chitagong. The Konkan. 8. India. Burma. Occasionally in Saharanpur. N. O; BIXINES. . 149 Brandis describes this as a middle-sized deciduous tree. Whereas Kanjilal, writing about the same tree as found in the Sal Forests of Dun, says it is a small evergreen tree. Bark smooth. Wood hard, close-grained, reddish or orange-red, brittle. Stem armed with compound spines “ up to middle age,” says Kanjilal. Young shoots slightly pubescent. Leaves 3-5 in. long, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, crenate, thin but tough, quite rounded. Petiole 3,-3 in. long. Flowers de- ciduous, very small, in irregular glabrous racemes. Sepals hairy within, edges ciliate. Stigmas 4-6, capitate. Ovary flask-shaped, narrowed into a short cylindric or conical style. Fruit globose, $-2 in. diam., purple when ripe, crowned by the persistent stigmas on peduncles, 4-4 in. long, very acid, dark purple when ripe. Stones 10-14, flat. Parts used :—The leaves, shoots, bark and fruit. Use:—The fruit is recommended as useful in bilious conditions and, like most acid fruits, it no doubt relieves the nausea and checks the purging (Dymock). The fruit is most delicious. : The leaves and young shoots taste like rhubarb, and are supposed to possess astringent and stomachic properties, and are prescribed in diarrhoea and weakness ( Watt.) The leaves are said to have diaphoretic properties. ‘106. §F. Ramonicht, L’Herit. u.r:p.i, 1; 193. vAR. Sapida, Roxb.739. Sans. : —Swadu-kantaka. Vern. :—Bilangra; bhanber; Kanju, handi; kattar ; katti; bowchi (H.); Bincha; Katai; Tambat (B.); Katail (Palamow) ; Serali; Mehlo Sarlarka (Kol.); Merlee (Santal.); Bonicha; Baili; Baincho (Uriya); Arma-Suri; Katien (Gond.) Kank : Kanki; Bilati (C. P.) Swadu-kantaka; Taémbat; Kaikun; Pahr Bhekal Kakad (Bombay) ; Kanregu (Tel.). Gupra (Coorg). Habitat :—In Southern India and Ceylon. Throughout the forests of the Sewalik Division, Mussoorie, and Malkot Hills, and the valleys of Jaunsar, from the Punjab Eastward, 126 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. Rajputana, Bihar, Ceres! India, Dekkan and the Konkan and South Peninsula. In Manipur. There are many varieties of this in India, north and south. ‘The description given by Trimen of variety Sapida is about the best suited for the plant known in the Konkan. The leaves of the Indian plant are deciduous. Gamble says they fall in January-February, and the new foliage appears in April and May. Flowers from March-November. In Ceylon, the flowering time is January and February. The trees growing in the forests of the Sewalik Division, Mussoorie, and Malkot Hills and in Jaunsar are deciduous; the bark whitish- grey, says Kanjilal. Trimen says it isa small tree, with long simple spinous twigs on the young branches and often large, compound, branched spines on the trunk. Bark rather smooth, grey ; young shoots pubescent. Leaves 2-3 in., broadly ovate, acuminate, obtuse, acute at base, more or less crenate-serrate, glabrous or pubescent on the veins beneath, thin. Petioles + in., often pubescent. Flowers small, in little few-flowered axillary raceme clusters; male flower sepals reflexed, ciliate; female flower sepals very small, ciliate ; disk annular. Ovary globular; stigmas 95-6, nearly sessile, recurved. Berry globular, 4 in., diam., pulpy, smooth, marked with scars of fallen stigmas. Fruit red or brown, dark inky, when ripe. Seeds 4-6, strongly lobulated. Parts used :—The seeds, gum, bark and fruit. Uses:—According to Sanskrit writers, the fruits are sweet, appetising and digestive. They are given in jaundice and enlarged spleen (U. C. Dutt.) After child-birth among natives in the Deccan, the seeds are ground to powder with turmeric, and rubbed all over the body to prevent rheumatic pains from exposure to damp winds. (Dymock.) The gum is given along with other ingredients for cholera. The bark is applied to the body along with that of Albizzia, at intervals of a day or so during intermittent fever, in Chutia Nagpur (Revd. A. Campbell). The Species of Albizzia is not mentioned (K. R. K.). N. (OIBIXINE #1710 : jel S 107-F. sepiaria, Roxb. u.¥.8.1., 1. 194. Roxb. 739. Vern. :—Kondai (H.); Sherawane, hargal, dajkar, jidkar khatai, kingaro (Pb.); Atruna; tambat (Bombay); Conrew, kana regu (Tel.); Sottacla (Tamil); Couron moeli (Malay.) ; Jootay Karoonday (Dec.) ; Bainch (C. P.) | Habitat :—Throughout Bengal, the Western Peninsula, notably in the north of Thana district, Ceylon. A small, thorny shrub or tree. Bark yellowish-red, thin. Wood light red, hard, close and even-grained. Stem much branched, with the branchlets ending in sharp pointed rigid spines. Leaves 1-2 in., in fascicles, cuncate-ovate, or oblong, tapering to a petiole, very obtuse, more or less crenate-serrate, glabrous, stiff. Flowers yellowish dicecious, solitary or few, very small, in axillary racemose clusters shorter than the leaves. Sepals acute; pilose. Disk lobular, stigmas 3-4, very short, recurved, usually separate, on very short styles. Berry like a pea, globular, $ in., smooth, purple, acid-sweet when ripe, much appreciated, as it makes a refreshing drink with sugar and water. ‘Thorns usually bearing flowers and fruit _ Use :—This tree yields an antidote to snake-bite from an infusion of the leaves and roots. The bark triturated in Sesamum oil, is used as a liniment in rheumatism (Wight; Ainslie; Rheede.) The ripe fruit, pea-shaped, is very savoury. 108. Gynocardia odorata, R. Br. H.F.B.1., 1. 195. Syn. :—Chaulmoogra odorata, Roxb. 740. Vern. :—Chaulmoogra, Chhalmugra, Choulmungri (Hind.,); Chaulmugri, petarkura (Beng.); Kadu (Nepal); Tuk-kung, (Lepcha) ; Chaulmugra (Bomh.) ; Tungpung (Magh.).; Talienne, (Sing.) ; Brinjmogra (Pers.) ; Ta fung-tsze (Chinese). Habitat :—From Sikkim and the Khasia hills eastwards to Chittagong. A moderate-sized evergreen tree, perfectly glabrous, readily recognized by the hard round fruits which grow on the 16 122 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. stem and main branches. Branches slender and flexuous. Bark ; in., thick, grey, smooth. Wood hard, close-grained, yellow or light-brown. Pores very small, in radial lines. Medullary rays white, very numerous and prominent ‘Gamble). “Leaves bifarious, coriaceous, oblong or linear-oblong, abruptly acumi- nate, quite entire, shining above; largest 6-10 by 3-4 in., strongly reticulate beneath; petiole 7-1 in. long. Flowers sweet-scented, yellowish, in large fascicles on the trunk, solitary or a few together in the leaf-axils, diceous, very variable in size, 4-2 in. diam.; the females largest. Peduncles 1-3 in. Bracts basal, minute. Calyx coriaceous, cup-shaped, 5-toothed. Petals 5, with a ciliate scale at the base of each male flower. Stamens numerous, filaments woolly, anthers basifixed, linear. Female flowers: staminodes 10-15, villous. Ovary 1-celled, styles 5, stigma large, cordate; ovules numerous, on 5 parictal placentas. Fruit globose, 3-5 in. diam.; rind thick, hard, rough. Seeds 1 in. long, obovoid, immersed in pulp. Cotyledons flat, in oily albumen. Uses :—It is officinal in the Indian Pharmacopeeia. The oil has been very successfully used in leprosy. “Tt has been very favorably reported on in many medical publications, especially as a remedy for leprosy, psoriasis, eczema, scrofula, phthisis, lupus, marasmus, chronic rheu- matism, and gout. The preparations most in repute in Europe are the pure oil, gynocardic acid, and an ointment prepared from the oil.* * * Perhaps the most satisfactory and trustworthy results have been those obtained in the treatment of chronic and acut eczema, and other forms of skin disease” (Watt.) Prior to 1900 it was believed that the “ chaulmoogra oil’’ was obtained from its seeds. But now it is known that, that oil is obtained from the seeds of Taruktogenos Kurzii. Chaulmoogra oil, at the ordiaary temperature, is a solid (m. p, 22-23°) the oil from the seeds of Gynocurdia odorata is a liquid, Furthermore, Chaulmoogra oil is optically active and consists chiefly of the glycerylesters of members of the Chaulmoogric acid series, whereas the oil from gynocardia seeds is opticially inactive, and contains neither Chaulmoogric acid nor its homologues. Gynocardia oil consists of the glycerylesters of the following acids :— (1) linolie acid, or isomerides of the same series, consisturing the largest proportion of the oil ; (2) palmitic acid, in considerable amount ; (3) linolenic N. O. BIXINER. 123 and isolinolenic acids, the lattter preponderating; and (4) oleie acid, in relatively small amount. In addition to the fatty oil, gynocardia seeds contain 5 per cent, ofa crystalline glucoside, gynocardia, C,,H,,O,N, 14 H,O, and a hydrolytic enzyme, gynocardase. (Power and Barroncliff, Trans., Ch. S. LXXXVIHII, p, 896, et seq.) Gynocardin, anew cyanogenetie glucoside. Power and Gornall have (shown Chem. Soe, Proc., 1904) that when the seeds of Gynocardia odorata are crushed and brought into contact with water, hydrogen cyanide is formed, owing to the presence in the seeds of a cyanogenetic glucoside, which was isolated and designated gynocardin, They have determined its constitution. Four Kilos of the powdered gynocardin seeds were first extracted with cold petroleum, for the complete removal of the fatty oil, and then with 25 per cent. alcohol. On expelling the alcohol from the extract, a dark syrupy residue was obtained, which soon formed a paste consisting chiefly of a _erystalline substance ; this was separated from the mother-liquor, digested for several minutes with warm ethylacetate, and again separated. A further quantity of the crude glucoside was obtained from the syrupy alcoholic mother-liquor, by first mixing it with “ prepared saw dust,” drying the mass and extracting it with ethylacetate, which slowly removes the glucoside. The crude glucoside was purified by dissolving it in water, treating the solu- tion with animal charcoal, and evaporating under diminished pressure toa syrup, which set to a hard cake of colourless crystals which were dried on porous earthenware. The yield Was 200 grams, Gynocardia forms colourless, glistening, prismatic needles of the compositien C,,H,,O.N+14H,0O ; the water is expelled at 115°C, The anhydrous compound melts at 162°-163°C, and has the optical rotation (a) D2l°=+72°5° in aqueous solution. It is readily hydrolysed at the ordinary temperature by gynocardase; an enzyme contained in the seeds, but only with difficulty by boiling with 5 per cent. hydrochloric or sulphuric acid. Dextrose and hydrogen cyanide were isolated from the products of the reaction, but the third substance, C;H,0;, which should be produced, according to the equation :— C,3H,,0,N+H,0=C,H,,0;+C,H;0,+HON, is decomposed by secondary reactions, Gynocardin differs from other known cyanogenetic glucosides in its relatively great stability towards acid hydrolysing agents. Itis hydro- lysed by treatment with barium hydroxide solution, ammonia and the barium salt of gynocardic acid C,,H,,O,CO,H, being formed, according to the equation: C,,H,,0,N+2H,0O=C,.H,,0).Co,H+HN;. This acid forms dextrose and an acid, C,H,,.O,, on hydrolysis with acids. The results obtained indicate that gynocardia is the dextrose either of the cyanohydrin of a trihydroxy— aldehde or ketone, in accordance with one of the following formulae : C,H,(OH,.CH(CN)0O.C,H,,0., or C,H,(OH), C(CN), O0.C;H,,0;. The enzyme gynocardase was isolated by treating the finely-ground seeds with light petroleum to remove the fatty oil, and then digesting them with water at the ordinary temperature, for 24 hours. The filtered liquid was treated with twice its volume of alcohol, and after standing for some hours, 124 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. the precipitate was filtered off, washed with alcohol and dried in vacuo over sulphuric acid. The yield was two per cent, of the weight of the seeds. (J. S. Ch. I 1-5-1905, pp. 55—8). 109. Hydnocarpus Wightiana, Blume. H.F.B.1., 1, 196. Vern. :— Kowti (called #€t in Rajapur, Ratanagiri District, whence the purest oil of seed, can be procured, Kadu-Kavata (Bomb.); Kosto (Goa); Maravettie (Tam.); Morotti, (Mal.); Jangli badam (seeds) ; Jangli badam ka tel (oil) (Dec.): Niradi- vittulu (seeds; ; niradi-vittulu-nune (oil) (Tel.) Habitat :—Western Peninsula, from the S. Concan along the Coast range. A tall tree. Wood whitish. Twigs usually brown, pubes- cent (rarely glabrate), as are the receemes. Leaves 4-9 by 1$-4 in., corlaceous or membranous, sometimes deeply obtusely serrate or toothed, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, long, acuminate, base round, acute or subcordate. Petiole 3-3 in. Flowers 1 in. diam., solitary or racemed, white, pentandrous. Sepals green, pubescent, 3 inner ones longer. Petals cillate, twice as long as the ovate, fimbriate scales. Stamens villous at base, equalling the petals. Female flowers with imperfect stamens. Ovary densely pubescent. Fruit a berry, 2-4 in., of the size of a small orange, with a hard rind, many-seeded, tomentose. Seeds obtusely angular, embedded in pulp, testa crustaceous, striate. Albamen oily ; colyledons very broad, flat. Parts used :-——The seeds. ih. Use:—The seeds have long been used as a domestic remedy upon the Western Coast, in certain obstinate skin dis- eases, ophthalmia, and a dressing for wounds and ulcers. The oil expressed from them is used in scabby eruptions mixed with an equal portion of Jatropha cureas oil, sulphur, camphor and: lime-juice. For scald head, equal parts of the oil and lime water are used as a liniment. The oil has been recommended as a substitute for Chaulmogra, and is being used in the Bombay Presidency, with satisfactory results. In the Konkan also, the oil has a reputation as a remedy for. Baursati in horses. [XC 00. BIMINE Ase t Cy 125 - The fatty oil from its seeds very closely resembles Chaulmoogra oil, both in physical characters and in chemical composition. _ The acids obtained -from the oil consist chiefly of Chaulmoogrie acid and a lower homologue of the same series. This new acid has the formula: C,;H,O, and is designated hydnocarpic acid. Hydnocarpic acid crystallises from alcohol in glistening leaflets, melts at 60° and has [a]p+68° in chloroform solution. Like Chaulmoogric acid, it contains only one ethylenic linking, and, therefore, in consideration of its formula, C,;H,;0. {CnHyn—40,) must possess an alicyclic grouping. (Power and Barroweliff, Transactions, Ch. S. Vol. LXXXVII, p. 884 et seq. “110. Taraktogenos Kurzu, King. Syn. :—Hydnocarpus heterophillus, Kurz. ? ' Vernacular :—Kalanzo. (Burm.) (Gamble). Kalawaso (Burm.) (Brandis). Habitat:—Estern and Southern slopes of the Pegu Yoma, very frequent in Martaban ; forests of Sylhet ; Chittagong ; Minbu district, Upper Burma. urea) An evergreen tree 40-50 ft. Shoots, young leaves and inflorescence tawny, pubescent. Leaves thinly coriaceous, entire, 7-10 in., lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate. Secondary nerves very prominent beneath, tertiary, numerous, transverse and parallel. Sepals 4. Petals 8, broadly ovate, ciliate, each with a flat, fleshy pubescent gland at the base. Stamens 24, free, filaments hairy. [Fruit size of -an orange, tawny, velvety. Seeds numerous, embedded in a pulp. Use :—This is the tree which yields the Chaulmoogra seeds and oils of commerce, and not gynocardia odorata, R. Br. The seeds of Taraktogenos kurzii (King) and not of Gyhocardia odorata yield the oil. The seeds contain a hydrolytic enzyme and also an unstable cyanogen compound, which reacts with the enzyme, when the seeds are erushed, giving rise to hydrogen cyanide. On expression, the seeds yielded 30°9 p.e, of a fatty oil, which had the following constants: m. pt., 22°-28° C; sp. gr., 0-951 at 25° and 0°940 at 45° C$ [a]*°p = +52°; acid value, 23°9 ; saponi- fication value, 213; iodine value, 103°2. On hydrolysis, the fatty oil yielded glycerol, a very small amount of phytosterol, C,;H,,,OH (m. pt. 182°C.) and a mixture of fatty acids (m, pt, 44°-45°) [a]p=+52°6° in chloroform ; acid value, 215 ; iodine value, 103°2), which consisted chiefly of several homologous acids belonging toa series C°H,°,0, containing a closed ring and one ethylenic linking, no member of which has hitherto been insolated froma fatty oil. The highest of these homologues present, which was isolated in a pure con- 126 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. dition, separates from most of the usual organic solvents in glistening leaflets (m, pt. 68°C, b. pt. 247°-248°) 20 mm., [ajJp=+56° has the formula C,,H3,0,, and is designated chaulmoogric acid. It combines with only two atomic pro- portions of bromine or iodine, Palmitie acid also was identified,and there is reason for assuming the presence ofa near homologue or homologues of chaulmoogrie acid, but belonging to the series having the general formula Cy H4n-,04, with two ethylemic linkings, Undecylic acid and hydroxy acids were proved to be absent, and an individual acid corresponding to hypogeic acid, could not be isolated. The “ gynocardic acid”’ of all previous investi- gators is believed to be a mixture of several substances. ‘The “ presscake”’ yielded, besides formic and acetic acids and a very small amount of volatile esters having the characteristic odor of the seeds, an appreciable amount of a neutral oily substance, C,,H3,0, (b. pt. 214°—215° 18 mm.; sp, gr., 0-9066 at 16°/16° C., [a]p>= +42°4°) which is isomeric with chaulmoogric acid. Mr. P. C. Chattopaddhyaya has analysed the seed and pub- lished his results in the American Journal of Pharmacy for 1915 pp. 473-483 of which the following is the Summary. A SAMPLE of cold drawn oil from genuine seeds of Taraktagenos Kurzit (true chaulmoogra seeds) and an oil derived from supposedly genuine, but probably mixed seeds, by hot expression, were examined. The former was a pale yellow oil and remained liquid at 15°C., whilst the latter was a brownish yellow buttery substance which was separated by filtration into about equal parts of a clear oil and a solid fat (chaulmoogra fat) before analysis, The following values were obtained :— I~ NY —_ eal 9.011 3) eS a 6 LG-601 o>) Zz 9-606 ‘anyea 1098] 6-896 L0-€GP “TO enteAa *‘yruodesg 6-68 1-61 pozelAgoor| ‘on[ea [4909V 9-TTT 6:86 SOT v-S01 “ONn[VA OUIpOr 1q8H 6-883 SP-08% §-82% LG.LTZ 9E- 96. ‘On[CA ‘jruodeg 91-64 66-09 *ploe O10[0 Sv ‘O[vO ‘on[va Pproy ‘plow o19008 UI [OS ‘plow oTj00" Ur [0S *O oLO1 "4904 eVUSTVA ‘oO oG-E8 ‘O 98 “4S04 SuoUINe JL ‘O 0o&§& ‘O oh& ‘DO GE O oLG YO G16 6) ob] i “qd ‘JIPI[OS [lO possoidxe qoy mory sproe £49%4 *[lo possoid xe poo mouy spioe AqIey qey vasoomMpNeYyO [Io possoidxea 4OF] jlo posseid xo plog ee ee 128 INDIAN: MEDICINAL PLANTS. These results indicate that the genuine oil consists almost wholly of - triglycerides of lauric, chaulmoogric, and linolic aids; whilst the doubtful oil is a mixture of tri- and diglycerides. On neutralising the oil with aleoholic potash and adding a dilute solution of calcium, magnesium, or zinc chloride, the corresponding metallic salt of “gynocardic acid’”’ is precipitated. Calcium and magnesium “ eynocardates a are white crystalline substances slightly soluble in boiling water and most soluble in boiling alcohol, whilst zine “gynocardate” is~ white and crystalline, insoluble in water and only very sparingly soluble in boiling alcohol, 10 drops of the genuine oi] stirred with 1 drop of sulphuric acid gave a yellow coloration, changing rapidly to reddish-brown and finally to dirty brown, whilst the doubtful oil gave similar colour changes, but the final coloration was olive-green, this reaction being also given by the fatty acids from both oils and hy chaulmoogra fat.— J. Oh. I, Nov. 15, 1915. But in the American Journal of Pharmacy, for 1915 (pp. 493—500), Mr. Frederick B. Power severely criticises the above paper. He emphasizes the statement that chaulmoogra (Taraktogenos) oil and gynocardia oil are totally unlike, both in their physical characters and chem. compn. Along with data establishing the authenticity of his oils, Mr. Power gives the following: Physical characters: (1) chaulmoogra oil: soft solid at ordinary temp., m. 22—3°, d,, 0.951 and dy, 0°940, [api +52: 0°; acid value 23.9, sapon. value 213°0, I value 103°2, (2) Gynocardia oil: pale yellow liquid at ordinary temps., odor resembling that of linseed oil, d,, 0°925, acid value 4:90, sapon. value 197°0. I value 152.8. Chemical composi- tion: (1) chaulmoogra oil: (from the seeds of Taraktogenos Kurezii, King), optically active, consists, to a large extent, of the glyceryl esters of optically active acids of an entirely new type, represented by the general formula CnHo.n—,O0., having a cyelic structure. The acid present in the largest proportion possesses the formula C,,;H.,0,, m, 68°, [a]p+56°, and has been designated chaulmoogric acid, while a lower homolog, C,H 4,04, m. 60°, [a]p +68°, has been termed hydnocarpic acid, on account of having first been isolated from a hydnocarpus oil (J. Chem. Soc. 87, 888 (1905)).. Both of these acids are beautifully cryst. substances, from which a number of derivs. have been prepd., and their constitution has also been definitely established (O. A. 1, 1561, 2114). Inasmuch as acids of the above described type had hitherto not been known to occur in a fatty oil, they have been classified by Lewkowitsch (‘Chemical Technology and Analysis of Oils, Fats and Waxes’’) under the-heading of “the chaulmoogrie acid- series.’ Chaulmoogra oil contains, furthermore, a relatively small proportion of palmitic acid and a phytosterol. (2) Gynocardia oil (from the seeds of Gynocardia odorata, R. Br.) is completely devoid of optical activity, contains none of the members of the chaulmoogrie acid series, and has been shown to consist of the glyceryl esters of the following acids: (cf. J. Chem. Soc, 87, 896 —900 (1905') ; (1) linolie acid, or isomerides of the same series, constituting the largest proportion N. O. PITTOSPOREE 129 of the oil, (2) palmitic acid, in considerable amt, (38) linolenic and isolinolenic acids, the latter preponderating, and (4) oleic acid, in relatively small amount. A phystosterol, m. 133°, was also isolated. Both the physical properties and chem. compn. of the above mentioned oil render it evident that the chaul- moogra oil of European commerce could never have been obtained from Gynocardia seeds, On the other hand, representative samples of commercial chaulmoogra oil have been found to agree closely in character with the oil expressed from genuine Taraktogenos seed, thus completely confirming, from the chem. side, the botanical observations of Prain (Pharm. J. 64, 522 (1905); 66, 596 (1901)) with respect to the source of chaulmoogra oil. Gynocardia seeds contain, besides the fatty oil, the cryst. cyanogenetie glucoside, gyno- eardin, C,,H,,O,N, which has, likewise, been made the subject of a complete chem, investigation (J. Ohem. Soc., 87, 349-57 (1905); 97, 1285—9 (1910)). Mr. Power also notes that the total compn. of chaulmoogra oil, as given by Chattopadhyaya, is equal to 110%, which is obviously an error. Chemical Abstracts, Jan. 10, 1916 p, 89. N. O. PITTOSPOREA. 111. Puttosporum floribundum, W. and A. HEB. I., 1: 99, Syn. :—Celastrus verticillata, Roxb. 209. | Vern.:—Tibilti (Nepal); Bongzam (Lepcha); Yekdi; Yekadi (Bomb.) ; Vehkali ; Vikhari; Vehyenti; yekadi (Mar.). Habitat :—Subtropical Himalaya, from Sikkim to Garwhal. Khasia hills and Mishmi ; Western Peninsula, Conean to the Nilgiri. A small evergreen tree, very handsome. ‘Bark very thin, light greenish-grey, with very prominent horizontal lenticels, up to nearly >in. long. Wood white, moderately hard, close- grained. Pores small, often sub-divided or in strings, scanty or irregularly distributed. Medullary rays fine to moderately broad” (Gamble). Branches often umbelled, glabrous. Leaves pale beneath, margin waved, 4-6 in. (Brandis). 2-8 by 1-3 in. (H. f. and Th.), glabrous, shining, coriaceous, acute or acuminate, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate. Flowers yellow, numerous, small, pubescent, in much-branched, terminal, compound, dense corymbs, sometimes leafy below; branches 1-3 in., spreading, glabrous or pubescent ; sepals ovate, obtuse or acute, subciliate. Petals erect, claws connivent. Stamens 17 130 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. 5, erect; anthers 2-celled, introrse, bursting by slits. Style glabrous. Ovary pubescent, sessile, incompletely 2-3-celled. Ovules 2 or more on each placenta. Capsule glabrous, 2 in. diam.; pisiform, woody 2-rarely 3-valved; valves coriaceous, placentiform in the middle. Seeds 1-4, occasionally numerous, smooth, embedded in a pulp. Uses:--The bark is bitter and aromatic, and is said by natives of the Western Ghats to possess narcotic properties. It is used in doses of 5 to 10 grs. as a febrifuge, and in doses of 50 grs., is believed to be a specific for snake poisoning ; 5 to 10 grain doses of the dried bark given with benefit in chronic bronchitis. It is a good expectorant, but in one or two cases in which it was tried in Bombay, it gave rise to dysenteric diarrhoea (Pharmaco. Indica). The late M. C. Periera of Bandra, an Assistant in the Bombay Medical Stores, used to prepare a tincture of the bitter bark, In exhibiting a specimen of the Tincture at the Thera- peutical Section of the International Medical Congress of Australasia, held in Melbourne in January 1889, Surgeon Major K, R. Kirtikar said thus :—‘“The tincture contains a volatile oil which is said to act as an antisepticand stimulant to the mucous membrane of the bronchi. The dose of the tincture is a drachm and a half, thrice daily in water or honey.” (See p. 948, Proceedings of the Second Session of the Australa- sia Congress.) In Travancore, half-a-teaspoonful doses are given internally in leprous affections, and the oil beaten up with the kernels and shells of castor oil seeds, is used as a remedy for iteh, (Dymock.} In physiological action, the oil is alterative, tonic, and a local stimulant, and appears also to have a specific effect on certain skin diseases. It has been recommended for trial as a local application in rheumatism, leprosy, sprains and bruises, scia- tica, chest affections and phthisis, ophthalmia, and the various forms of skin diseases. Internally it may be prescribed in doses of from 15 minims to 2 drachms in cases of leprosy, various forms of cutaneous disease, secondary syphilis and N. 0. POLYGALACER. 131 chronic rheumatism. It must, however, be employed with caution, as 1n certain cases it is said to act as a gastro-intestinal irritant, producing vomiting and purging ( Watt.) N. O. POLYGALACEA:. 112. Polygala crotalarioides, Ham. H,F.B.1., tacOl: Vern. :—Lil Kathi (Santali). Habitat :—Common in Simla, in rock-crevices. Temperate Himalaya, from Chamba Hill to Sikkim, Khasia Mts. A perennial, densely hairy herb. Rootstock woody, often tuberous. Stems thick, short,. decumbent. Branches long, spreading. Leaves nearly sessile, ovate or oblong-ovate, 3-2 in. Bracts sessile. [lowers purple, crowded in axillary racemes. Calyx persistent. Keel-petal crested. Capsule heart-shaped, fringed. Seeds hairy. Strophiole, with 2 small ovate appendages. Parts used :—The entire plant and the root. Use:—-Used medicinally by the natives in catarrhal affections ; deserving of further attention. (Ph. Ind., p. 29.) Royle states that the plant was sent to him with the infor- mation that the root was employed as a cure for snake-bite by the hill people of the Himalaya. This fact is of interest, since P. Senega is similarly used in South America (Watt.) 113. P. chinensis, Linn, H.F.B.I., 1. 204. Syn. :—P. arvensis, Willd ; Roxb. 531. Vern. :—Meradu or Miragu (H.); Gaighura (Santal.) ; Negli (Mar.) Pili Bhoysana (Guj. and Porebunder). Habitat :—Throughout India, from the Punjab to Pegu, and in the Western Peninsula. In Porebundar State (Barda. Mt.) An annual herb, most variable, usually procumbent, leafy, rather stout, 3-10 in. high, glabrous or pubescent. 132 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. Leaves excessively variable, 4-2 in. long, sometimes quite obcordate, at others almost orbicular, at times narrow, linear, rather thick and coriaceous, glabrous, ciliate, hoary or pubes- cent, margins usually flat, opaque. Racemes axillary and extra- axillary, much shorter than the leaves, truncate, almost capitate. Bracts persistent, at least till the flower expands. Flower $-} in. long. Wings longer than the sub-orbicular, notched, ciliate, narrowly winged, capsule green, falcate, obovate, acute; margins membranous; crest of corolla very small. Seeds silky, strophiole with 3 short appendages. Part used :—The root. Use :—In Chutia Nagpur, the root is given medicinally in cases of fever and dizziness \Campbell). 114. P. telephioides, Willd. u.¥F.B.1., 1. 205. Habitat :-—-Western Peninsula, Carnatic and Travancore. © An annual herb; stems very many from an annual woody root, prostrate, not exceeding 2-4 in. in height, pubes- cent. Leaves sessile, 3-2 in., margins usually recurved, glabrous, often imbricate, very thick, obovate or oblong, obtuse or acute. Bracts caducous before flowering. Flowers 7 in. long, fascicled on very short, extra-axillary peduncles ; outer sepals acute, wings herbaceous, oblique, acuminate. Capsule glabrous; not ciliate, 7g in. broad and long, deeply notched ; valves margined. Seeds minute, silky, strophiole minutely 3-appendiculate. Use:-—Used in catarrhal affections by the natives of Madras. (Ph. Ind., p. 29.) N. O. FRANKENIACEA. 115. Frankenia pulverulata, Linn, 4.F.B.L, Sergi bes Vern. :-—Khareeya (Sindh. ) ‘Habitat :—On the Sea Coast of Sind; also on the salt plains of the Punjab, and probably also in Cutch. N. 0. CARYOPHYLLER. 1838 An annual herb, slender, prostrate, diffuse, exceedingly branched. Leaves obovate, retuse or hoary beneath, 4-¢ in., very shortly petioled. Branches wiry, leafy, 6-18 in. long. Flowers pink, shorter than the leaves. Calyx cylindric, glab- rous, strongly ribbed. Petals small. Use:—Valued by native practiticners in the fresh state for its mucilaginous and aromatic properties ; exhibited in the form of decoction in empyreuma (Murray.) N. O. CARYOPHYLLEA. 116. Saponara Vaccaria., Linn. 4.F.B.L., Reo i. Syn. :—S. perfoliata, Roxb. 385. Vern. :—Musna (Santal. ; H.) ; Sabuni (B.). Habitat :—In wheat fields throughout India. An annual herb, tall robust, simple or sparingly branched, perfectly glabrous, 12-24 in. high. Leaves 1-3 by 2-3 in., acute, cauline, linear-oblong. Radical leaves oblong, cauline sessile. base rounded or cordate. Flowers erect in dichotomous cymes. Pedicels slender, more or less tubular, 5 in., with 5 broad green nerves, ventricose in fruit. Calyx-teeth triangular, margins searious. Petals short, obovate, rosy. Stamens 10. Styles two. Capsule included, broadly ovoid. Seeds large, globose, black. granulate. Part used :—The sap. Use:—The mucilaginous sap of the plant is used by the natives in the cure for itch (Murray.) It is considered by natives to have febrifuge and tonic properties in long continued fevers of a low type (S. Arjun.) The decoction of an allied species, Saponaria officinalis, has been employed both in France and Germany as an external application to the itch. It has also been given internally in gout, rheumatism, and some other disorders. Saponaria officinalis contains a principle, called Saponine, which is white, amorphous, and has a taste first sweet, then styptic, and finally acrid, 134 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. It is a powerful sternutatory, and is soluble in water, The solution froths when agitated, like soap. When acted on by alkalies, saponine is converted into saponic acid. The detergent properties of the plant appear to depend on this substance (Sowerby’s English Botany). The Indian species does not seem to have been as yet chemically analysed. 117. Polycarpea corymbosa, Lam. H.F.B.1., 1. 245. Vern. :—-In Poreburden it is called the small-leaved Okharad. Habitat :—Throughout India, Ceylon, Burma. Found on Burda Mt., in Porebunder State (J. Indraji). An erect or decumbent annual or perennial herb. Stems 6-12 in., erect or ascending, much dichotonously branched ; branches very numerous, wings diffuse, 4-10 in. long, spreading from the centre, hoary, tomentose or glabrescent. Leaves numerous, narrow, linear or subulate, pseudo-verticillate (Un opposite clusters), 3-1 in., acuminate, acute or obtuse, much exceeding the stipules. Stipules lanceolate or subulate, scarious. Flowers crowded in conspicuous terminal dichotomous silvery cymes, g§ in. Sepals somewhat unequal, 5, free with scarious white margins, shining white or coloured, narrowly lanceolate, 75 in, very acute, keeled on the back, glabrous or pilose, much exceeding the petals and capsule. Petals 35, truncate, white, much shorter than the sepals. Style 1, tip 5-toothed. Capsule much shorter than the calyx opening by 3 valves. Seeds numerous, rough, pale-brown, small. Use :—In Pudukota, used both externally and internally asa remedy for the bites of venomous reptiles (Pharmaco- graphia Indica, Vol. 1, 158). In Porebunder it is similarly used as pounded leaves for bites from animals. Its pounded leaves are also used with molasses in the form of a pill in jaundice by the villagers of Porbunder. The pounded leaves are also used over boils and in- flammatory swellings. as poultice, warmed or cold (J. Indraji.). N. O. PORTULACER. 135 N. O. PORTULACEAL. 118. Portulaca oleracea, Linn. H.F.B.1., 1. 246, rox, oo | Sans. :— Loni. Vern.:—Khursa, khurfa, kurfe-ka-sag, lonia, muncha, lunia, kurfa, munya, kulfa lunuk, nonkha, chhota-lunia, bara- lunia, luniya-kulfah; Seeds=khurfe-ke-bij (Hind.); Baraloniya, munya, chhotalunia, kulfi; Seed =tukhm-kulpha, baraloniya-bij (Beng.) ; Puruni-sag (Uriya) ; Mota uric alang (Santal.) ; Luniya, nunia lunak, desi-kulfah (U. P.); Luniya-kulfah, lunak -(Kumaon); Lonak, kulfa, luniya, kundar ; Seeds=dhamni (Pb.) ; Murlai, tursbuk, warkharai (Pushtu); Lonak (Sind.); Ghol, gholu, (C. P.); Kurfah, gol, moti ghol (Bom.); Bhuigholi (Mar.); Loni (Guz.); Khulfe-ki-bhaji; Seeds=khulfe-ke-bin} (Dec.) ; Parpu-kire, passelie kiray, caril-kiray, parupu, puropu-kiray, earic-kiray : Seeds=parpu-kire virai, pedda-pail-kuru, boddu- pavili kura, ganja-pavili-kura, batchali aku : Seeds=pappukura- vittula, pedda-pavila-kura vittulu, boddu-pavili kura-vittulu, (Tam.); Pappu-kura, pedda-pavili-kura, boddu-pavili-kura, ganga-pavili-kura (Tel.); Duda gorai (Kan.); Korie chira (Malay.); Kourfa kara-or, baqlatul humga, buklut-ul-kukema, khurfa. Seeds=bazrul-baglatul humga (Arab.); Cholza, khur- fah, turuk, kurfah, kherefeh, turk: Seeds=tukhme-khurfa (Pers.). Hatitat :—Throughout India, in all warm climates. Found in the Himalaya. An abundant weed, in cultivated grounds, throughout Ceylon. A short annual herb, with stout, glabrous, numerous, prostrate or ascending subsucculent branches, 3-1 ft. Leaves alternate, +-14 in., rounded-truncate, crowded beneath the branches, oblong spathulate, very obtuse, thick pale and glistening beneath. Petiole very short. No stipular append- ages. Infloresence of few-flowered terminal heads, either solitary or in dichotomous cymes. Flowers sessile, inconspicuous, with a few ovate, pointed, scarious scales. Petals 4-5, yellow, about 136 INDIAN MEDICINAL PJ.ANTS. equalling the sepals, very delicate or soon falling off or 0. Stamens 8-12. Style 3-8-fid. Capsule dehiscent transversely, inclosed in sepals, the free portions of which also separate by transverse division and come away with the lid. Seeds numerous, muricate, dark brown. The flowers are yellow and open only for a few hours in the morning. Flowers all the year round. Parts used :—The plant, leaves, and seeds. Uses:—The plant has long been used as a domestic remedy by the Hindus, and was early noticed by European writers. Ainslie writes thus of P. quadrifida which posesses the same properties:—‘‘ The bruised fresh leaves of this acid and pleasant-tasted purslane are prescribed by the Tamool practitioners as an external application in akki, erysipelas ; an infusion of them is also ordered as a diuretic in dysuria, to the extent of half-a-tea-cupful twice daily.” He further mentions that in Jamaica, P. oleracea is employed as a cooling and moistening herb in “burning fevers.” Bruised, it is applied to the temples to allay “excessive heat” and pain, and _ that the juice is “ of use in spitting of blood.” Dymock says that both species are supposed by Arabian and Persian writers to be cold and moist, and to have detergent and astringent properties. The plant and seeds are recommended by them in a great many diseases of the kidneys, bladder, and lungs, which are supposed to be caused by hot or bilious humours. They are also praised as an external application in burns, scalds, and various forms of skin disease (Mat. Med., W. Ind.). Moodeen Sheriff describes the seeds as demulcent, slightly astringent, and diuretic; the leaves as refrigerant, astringent, diuretic, and emollient. He believes, both to be “ very useful’ in some cases of strangury, dysuria, irritation of the bladder, hematuria, hematemesis, hemoptysis, and gonorrhea. “In addition to this,’ he writes, ‘‘ the seeds seem to have some beneficial influences over the mucous membrane of the intestinal canal, and therefore relieve tormina, tenesmus, and other dis- tressing symptoms in many cases of dysentery and mucous diarrhea. This is particularly the case when they are combined N. O. PORTULACER. 137 with some other drugs of similar nature.” He recommends the fresh succulent leaves as a cooling external application in the place of ice or cold lotion. The seeds and juice of the fresh leaves may be best administered in the form of a draught, from thirty grains to one drachm of the former, and from one to two fluid ounces of the latter (obtained by pressing the leaves) being the dose. He recommends either of these as substitutes for spirits of nitrous ether, Pareira-brava, tragacanth, elm-bark, rhatany, copaiba, and ice. By Natives generally at the present day, the herb is chiefly valued asa refrigerant and alterative pot herb, particularly useful as an article of diet in scurvy and tiver disease. In addition to the properties above detailed, the seeds are believed inthe Punjab to be vermifuge. The juice of the stems may be applied with advantage to prickly heat, as well as to the hands and feet when a burning sensation is felt. Hig: P. quadrifida, Linn., H.F.B.1., 1. 247. Syn. :—P. meridiana, Roxb. 391. Sans :—Laghu Lonika Vern. :—Chounlayi, loniya, khate chawal (Hind.) ; Nuniya, chhota lunia (Beng.); Lunak, haksha, lunki-buti (Pb.); Kota, chaval-ke-bhaji, barika, ghola (Bomb.}; Luni(Guz.}; Ran Ghol (Mar); Choulayi-ki-bhaji, ghol-ki-bhaji, chowli (Dec.); Soin- parpu-kirai, pasarai-kirai, siru-pasarai-kirai, passeli-kirai(Tam.) ; Sanna-pappu, sanna-pavili, goddu _ pavili, pedda pavili, sunpail kura, pavili, kura, payalaku, sanna payala (‘lel.) ; Hali bachcheli (Kan.); Hin-gende-kola (Sing.) ; Baqlatul-vamaniah, baqlatul- aarabbiyah budelut-ul-mobarik (Arab.) Habitat :—Throughout the warmer parts of India. A diffuse, annual, succulent herb. Stem filiform. Rooting at the nodes; nodal appendages pilose, more or less copious. Leaves flat 3-3 in., opposite, very shortly petioled, ovate or ovate-lanceolate. Flowers terminal, solitary. Calyx-tube 3-im- mersed in the extremity of the axis, surrounded by a four- leaved involucre, and long silky hairs. Petals 4, yellow; 18 138 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. stamens 8-12 (Hooker); anthers two-celled. Style filiform, 4-fil. to the middle. Ovary half-adnate. Fruit a capsule dchiscing transversely. Seeds minutely tubercled, compressed. Parts used :—The leaves and seeds. Uses: —The leaves are similar to those of P. oleracea. The seeds also possess identical qualities to those of the former species. 120... P. tuberosa, Roxb. H.F.B.1., 1-241, moxm 391. Vern. :—Loonak (Sind.}; Dhamnee—the seed ; Bodda kura (Tel.) Habitat:—Behar, Sind, the Punjab, and the Western “Peninsula. A diffuse, succulent, perennial herb. Root tuberous, 2-3 in., slightly fusiform. Stem short, 2-3 in., spreading from the root, witha few branches towards the extremity, villous. Leaves 3-3 in., alternate, fleshy, linear; nodal appendages = in., of sparingly tufted brown hairs. Flowers yellow, in small terminal clusters, surrounded by about 8 leaves and tufted hairs. Stamens 20. Style filiform, 5-cleft. Seeds black, granular. i Use:—The fresh acid leaves are used medicinally ; an external application is prescribed by native practitioners in ery- sipelas and an infusion in dysuria (Murray, 96.) N. O. TAMARISCINE A. 121. Tamarix gallica, Linn., H.F.B.1., 1. 248. Syn. :—T. Indica, Willd. Sans. :—Jhavooka, Shavaka. Vern. :—Jhau (H. & B.); Jhav-nu-jhada (Gnz.); Pilchi, Koa; rukh; lainya; jhau; lai (Pb.); Atru-shavukhu-maram (Jain); Eru-saru-manu (Tel.); Ler, lai, jhau (Sind.), The galls :—Baramaéi; barri main (H.); Magiya main. (Bomb.) ee N. O. TAMARISCINER. 139 The manna :—Gazangabin and Gazanjabin (Arab., Pers., and Bomb.) Habitat: —Throughout India, near rivers, and along the sea-coast. A glaucous, gregarious, small tree or shrub. Bark rough greenish-brown, that of young branches’ reddish-brown, smooth, with small whitish specks. Wood whitish, occasionally with a red tinge, open and coarse-grained, fairly hard and tough, but not strong. Pores small and moderate-sized, numer- ous, more so in spring wood. Medullary rays numerous, broad, but short (Gamble). Annual rings distinct (Brandis). Leaves minute, not sheathing, apex acute, patent or loosely appressed. ‘Flowers mostly bisexual, pentamerous, white or pink, crowded in long slender spikes, collected in dense panicles at the ends of branches and forming a large wregular mass of flowers. Bracts shorter than flowers. Disk slightly 5-or 10-crenate ; filaments not dilated at base; styles short, stigma often almost sessile. Capsule #s in. long, more than twice the length of the withered sepals supporting it. Flowering time, August to February (Brandis). Parts used :—The galls and manna. Uses :—The galls are employed medicinally by the natives as an astringent. Dr. Stocks speaks highly of the astringent properties of the galls, and from personal experience recommends a strong infusion of them as a local application to foul, sloughing ulcers and phagedenic buboes. By the natives they are also administered internally in dysentery and diarrhoea (Ph. Ind., p- 29.) The Hakims consider the manna to be detergent, aperient and expectorant (Dymock.) 122, 1. diovea, Roxb., 8.¥:B.1., 1. 249, Roxb: 274. Sans. :—-Pichoola. Vern. :—Lei; pilchi (Pb.); Gaz., lao (Sindh.\; Lal-jhau (Beds EL.) Habitat :-—From Sindh and the Punjab to Assam and the Western Peninsula, near and in the bed of rivers, and on the sea-coast. 140 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. A gregarious glaucous shrub or small tree. Bark, with reticulate cracks showing the red inner bark. Wood moder- ately hard, outer portion white. Pores small to moderate-sized in groups or short radial lines, more abundant and larger in the spring wood. Medullary rays very prominent, short, fine to very broad, very prominent on radial section. The distance between the rays is generally three or four times the transverse diameter of the pores. The tree gives a gum of bitter sweet flavour (Gamble). Leaves sheathing, sheath tubular, apex acuminate, closely appressed, with a broad white margin. Flowers dicecious, pentamerous, purple or hght pink, in stiff compact cylindrical pedunculate spikes often forming loose panicles at the ends of branches. Bracts as long as or nearly as long as the flowers. Male flowers: stamens alter- nating with the 5 lobes of the fleshy disk, anthers distinetly api- culate. Female flowers: 5 thin linear staminodia ; styles filiform, thickened at the end, longer than the ovary. Capsule #; in. long, about twice the length of the withered sepals and petals at the base. | Use:—The twigs and galls are used in medicine as an astringent (Stewart). 123. -f_ articutata, Vanl. WF Bi 24: Syn. :~- T. orientalis, Forsk. Vern.:--Faras, farwa, marlei (Pb.); Asrelei (Sind:}. The galls : —Choti-main (1.}; Magiya-main (Bomb-); Lal-jhau (B. & H.) Habwtat :—- Sind and the Punjab. A moderate-sized tree, with an erect trunk, frequently 6-7 ft. in growth. Bark grey, rough; wood white moderately hard. Annual rings indistinct. Pores moderate-sized, often in groups or sub-divided, or singly between the medullary rays, scanty. Medullary rays short, fine to very broad, the distance between the :ays somewhat greater than the transverse diameter of the groups of pores; prominent on a radical section as. irregu- larly-shaped plates, giving the wood a handsome silver grain (Gamble). Branchlets articulate at base of sheath, often. grey with saline efflorescence. Leaves sheathing, sheath 1'o in. long,. N. 0. TAMARISCINES. 14] obliquely truncate, apex triangular, acute, adpressed. Sheath and apex with impressed glands. [lowers bisexual or mone- cious, loosely scattered on long slender spikes which are generally collected at the ends of branches in loose panicles. Bracts shorter than flowers; stamens 5. Disk entire or indis- tinctly 5-lobed. Capsules 3 in. long. Flowering time, May to September. The extremities of branchlets and the leaves on older branchlets are shed during the cold season ; new shoots and leaves come out about May. Parts used :-——The bark and galls. Uses: -The galls are employed as an astringent (Royle). | The bark is bitter, astringent and probably tonic. (Ph. Ind., ‘p. 20.) The bark powdered and, in combination with oil and Kamala, is used as an aphrodisiac by the natives. It is also employed as an application in eczema capitis, and other diseases (Watt). j 124. Myriearia elegans, Royle., H.F.B.1.,1. 250. Vern. :— Humbu ? Umbu (Pb.) Habitat :— Western Himalaya from Garwhal to Ladak. A bush, with smooth, striate slender stem. Leaves oblong- ovate or oblanceolate, narrowed at the base, often crowded. Bracts, ovate, about twice as long as the pedicels, but short acuminate, with narrowly membranous margins. Flowers 3 in., lateral lax ; white (Brandis.) Sepals connate below, much short- er than petals, obtusely triangular at apex. Stamens connate for one-fourth of their length, 10, alternately long and short, monadelphous. Ovary tapering, with 3 sessile stigmas; placentas basal, very short, adnate to the middle of the valves ; ovulesmany. Seeds exalbuminous, with a usually stalked plume. Embryo OMOn) Ls: : Use:—The leaves form an application to bruises, &c., in Lahout (Aitchison). 142 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. N. .0. HYPERICINE Ai. 125. Hypericum patulum, Thunb., H.F.B.1., 1. 204. Vern. :—Tumbbhul (Behari). Habitat: —Throughout the Temperate Himalaya (Sikkim excepted), from Bhotan to Simla and Chamba; also in the Khasia Mountains and Yunnan. A shrub. Leaves distichous, $-l4 in. long, narrowed rhoraboid or elliptical, very shortly petioled, black-dotted and rusty beneath ; margins reflexed. I[*lowerslin. diam. Sepals in. Petals yellow, orbicular or elliptical, longer than the stamens. Styles equalling the ovary, but exceeding the stamens. Capsules obtusely conical, $-4 in. long. Dr. Hooker writes in the Botanical Magazine, for Febru- ary Ist, 1868 :— “Tt is a native of Japan, where it was discovered by Thunberg ninety years ago, * *. Asa species, it is very nearly allied to the H. wralum, Hamilton, of Nepal, and will probably prove to be a large-flowered variety of that plant. It is very variable in the foliage, which is flat or has recurved margins, and is green or rust-coloured beneath.” | Part used :— The seed. Use :—The scented seeds are employed as an aromatic sti- mulant in Patna, where they are imported from Nepal (Irvine). 126:. 1. perforatum, Linn, are 1 Zoe: Vern. :—Balsant, dendlu (H. & Pb.) Habitat :—Temperate Western Himalaya, from Kumaon to Kashmir. | A perennial herb. Stems erect, 2-edged, 18 in., with slender stolons branched above Leaves oblong or ovate, pel- lucid-punctate, #in., obtuse, with radiating veins, paler beneath, with black dots. Cymes corymbose, 3-chotomously branched ; flowers 1 in., sepals 3 in., 5, linear, acute connate; 3-delphous at the base ; margins of the sepals eglandular. Petals persistent with black glandular edges. Ovary 3-celled; styles twice the N. 0. HYPERICINER. 143 length of the ovary, equalling the stamens. Capsule 2 in., egg-shaped. Parts. used :— The leaves and the whole plant. Use :—It is recommended in Arabian medicine as a vermi- fuge, also used to cure piles, prolapsus uteri et ani (Honning- berger, Vol. IT., p. 289,. The herb is bitter and astringent, and was recommended by Arabic writers as a detersive, reso- lutive, anthelmintic, diuretic and emmenagogue and, externally, as excitant, but it does not appear to be used in modern medicine (Watt). The plant is certainly astringent and aromatic; taken internally, it occasionally acts as a purgative, but not powerfully. In country districts, it is sometimes used still as a medicine, and oil, in which the shoots or flowering tops have been steeped, is sold by herbalists as ‘‘oleum hyperial.” The leaves have beer used as a vermifuge (Sowerby’s English Botany). N. O. GUTTIFERA:. Gareimia Mangostana, Linn., H.F.B.1., 1. 260, Roxb. 441. Vern. :—Mangustan (Bomb.); Mengkop (Burm.). Eng. :—The Mangosteen. Habitat :—Cultivated in some parts of the Madras Presi- dency; as at Barliyar in the Nilghiri Hills; Tenasserim. Malay Peninsula (doubtfully wild). Gamble says it has never been successfully grown in Northern India as it requires, a very hot, moist and uniform climate. ‘Home unknown; cultivated in moist regions of tropical Asia.” (Brandis). Found in Cochin- China, Java, Singapore. | An evergreen, small, conical tree, 20-30 ft., glabrous. Branches many and decussate. Under favourable circumstances, says Brandis, the tree attains 60ft. and more. ‘ Bark dark brown or almost charcoal-black, inner bark yellowish. Wood brick-red, hard. Pores moderate-sized, scanty, single or in small groups surrounded by loose tissue, the groups very irregularly -144 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. rn together into more or less concentric patches, sometimes long and continuous, more often subdivided. Medullary rays moderately broad, not very numerous, of the same colour as the patches” (Gamble). Leaves thickly coriaceous, 6-10 in. by 23-45 in.; nerves regular, close inarching, with an intramarginal one ; numerous, parallel “ alternating with shorter intermediate nerves (Brandis). Petiole short, thick. Flowers tetramerous, “bisexual, solitary or in pairs at the ends of branchlets, 2 in. diam.” (Brandis). Male flower in 3-9-flowered terminal fas- cicles ; pedicels short. Sepals orbicular, concave, persistent. Petals broad, ovate, fleshy ; yellow, red or purple. Stamens sur- rounding the rudimentary ovary in four masses ; indefinite ; filaments slender, flat at the base and sometimes connate, anthers ovate-oblong, 2-celled. Hermaphrodite flowers, 2 in. diam., solitary or germinating at the tips of young branches; pedicels 4in., thick, woody. Sepals and petals as in the Male. Stamens many, filaments slender, connate below. Female flower :— Ovary, 4-8-celled, stigma sessile, thick 5-8-lobed, ovate, solitary. Fruit, a berry as large as an orange, globose, smooth, dark purple; pericarp or rind firm, spongy, thick, full of yellow resinous juice. Seeds large, flattened, embedded in snowy-white, or pinkish delicious pulp, which is botanically called the aril. This pulp it is that gives the fruit its value as one of the finest fruits of the Eastern Tropics, and one of the most highly appre- ciated, delicious products of the Eastern and Western Hemis- pheres. Flowers from November to February. Fruit ready in May and June. Pierre has examined more than 1,500 Mangos- teen trees, without finding a single male flower. But he adds that several species produce male flowers when young, and female flowers at a later age. (Brandis). I have seen a tree of thisin the Dapoli English Church (Mission)—K. R. K. Parts used :—The rind, fruit, bark and leaves. Use :—The rind is used as an astringent medicine for diar- rhoea and dysentery. It has been found very useful in chronic diarrhoea in children by Waring and others. (Ph. Ind., p. 31.) It has also been used as a febrifuge (Dymock). N. O. GUTTIFERE. 145 According to Rumphius, the bark and young leaves are employed by the Macassars in diarrhoea, dysentery and affections of the genito-urinary tracts, and also as a wash for aphthe of the mouth. In exhibiting before the Melbourne Medical Congress of January 1889, a powder and a liquid extract of mangosteen from the fruit-rind prepared by the late Mr. M. C. Periera of the Bom- bay Medical Stores, Surgeon Major Kirtikar said thus :—“ The value of these preparations hes in the yellow resin which the rind of the fruit contains a character of the fruits of the Guttifers. The resin acts like all other resins as a stimulant to the intes- tinal canal. Iam not sure whether the crystallisable substance, ‘mangostine, which Schmidt has obtained from the rind, has any particular therapeutic property. It is worthy of a trial, as the preparations are largely used by the Natives of Western India in chronic cases of the intestinal canal. Waitz recommends a decoction of the powdered rind as an external astringent appli- cation. I have no doubt that the resin adds to the value of this local remedy, by mechanically constricting the parts gently —an effect very often produced by uniform light bandaging.” (Con- gress Proceedings, p. 948). A strong decoction has also been recommended as an exter- nal astringent application ( Watt.) The fruit is said to have come into use of late years in European medicine as a substitute for Bel ( Watt.) Mangostin (A) occurs in all parts of the Mangosteen tree, The dried fruit-skins contain about 5% each of a crystalline resin (A) and non-erystal resin. (A) was first. isolated by Schmidt, who assigned the formula C,, H,, O.. (A) has the typical resin properties, burning with a smoky, luminous flame, causing friction and vibration when rubbed between the fingers, and dissol- ving in alkalis, ale., Ht,0, and many other solvents. (A) was obtained by coneg, the alk. ext, of the dried skins in vacuo, shaking the syrupy residue with H,O, and dissolving the dried insol, portion in warm PhH containing a little Et,0. Recrystd. repeatedly from ale, containing a little H,O, it forms flat, pale yellow needles, m, 181-2°. The analyses and mol. wt. detns, in PhO H and (CO, Me), gave results agreeing with C,, H,,0;. (A) is insol.in carbo- nates, dissolves in alkalies with a red color, and is repptd, by CO, and acids and gives a greenish brown color with FeCl. It contains 1 MeO and 2 phenolic OH, the latter being shown by titration and by the action of Me, SO, and dil. ag. KOH, which yield dimethyl-mangostin, C,, Hj, O;, faintly yellow, 19 146 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. silky needles, m. 123°. (A) and warm HNO, gave (CO, H),, even when HOAc was used as diluent. Concd. KMNO, also gave (CO, H),. Fusion with 5 parts KOH at about 250° gave a volatile oil with the odor of AmOH. The aq. soln. of the fusion was acidified and extd. with Et,O, yielding BzOH, isolated as the Ca salt. In another expt. the aq. soln. of the fusion was satd. with CO,, shaken out with Et,O and then with alc., which did not mix with the soln. The alc. soln, containing K salts was evapd., acidified with H, SO,, and distd. with steam. The resulting volatile acids were purified threugh the Ba and Na salts, and finally sepd. as the Ag salts, HOAe and C, H,-CO, H were found. Boiled with HI for 12 hrs., (A) yields a substance, C,, H,, O;, faintly yellow, silky needles, m. 1£80-1°, changes into short rhombs with identical properties on standing overnight in the mother-liquors when erystd. from alc., gives a deep green color in ale. with FeCl,; its methyl derivative, prepd, with Me,SO, and aq. KOH containing a little ale. to facilitate soln, m. 216°; the monoacetyl derivative, using Ac, Oand NaOAc., m, 218-9°.--Chemical Abstracts, Aug. 10, 1915; p. 2061. 128. -G-andiéa: Chas. WE Ba eo Syn. :—G. purpurea, Roxb. 443. Vern.:—The fruit, Ainsul, Kokam (Bomb.); Brindad (Goa); the oil, Kokam tel (Bomb.); the bark, Ratamba-sal, (Bomb.); Murgal mara (Tam.). Habitat :—Western Peninsula, ghats of Concan and Canara. A slender tree with drooping branches, branchlets black. “ Bark Lght brown, rather shining, very thin, smooth. Wood greyish white, hard; many dark concentric lines, resembling annual rings, without or with very few pores; very numerous, narrow, anastomozing white brands, in which the scanty moderate-sized*° pores appear. Medullary rays moderately broad, white, regular” (Gamble). Leaves red, when young 2-4 in., thickly membranous, lanceolate, occasionally oblanceolate, nearly sessile, mucronate, rarely obtuse. Secondary nerves slender, 6-10 pair, a few shorter, very slender ; intermediate nerves between. Flowers tetramerous, small. Sepals orbicular, outer small petals rather smaller. Male flowers: a central, round or 4-sided mass with crowded, numerous, 2-celled anthers; in ter- minal 3-7-flowered, often pedunculate cymes ; pedicels +in. long. Anthers numerous, 2-celled on short filaments crowded ona N. 0. GUTTIFERA. 147 central hemispherical receptacle. Hermaphrodite flower: soli- tary. Stamens 10-18, in 4 bundles alternating with petals. Female flowers solitary, terminal, shortly strictly peduncled. Ovary 4-8-celled ; stigma 6-7—radiate, each ray with 2 lines of tubercles. Ovary 5-7-celled, says Brandis. Fruit globose, as long as a sma!l orange, purple, not grooved. Seeds 5-8, embedded, compressed in a reddish acid pulp. Flowering time, November- February. Fruit ready, April-May. Parts used :—The fruit, seeds, and bark. Use :—The Apothecaries of Goa prepare a very fine purple syrup from the juice of the fruit, which is used in bilious affections. The bark is astringent, and the young leaves, after having been tied up in a plantain leaf and stewed in hot ashes, are rubbed with cold milk and given as a remedy for dysentery (Dymock.) | The oil of the seeds is. officinal in the Indian Pharma- copeela for the preparation of ointments, suppositories and other pharmaceutical purposes. It has been used as a local appli- cation to ulcerations, fissures of the lips, hands, &c. (Ph. Ind., pool) Regarding the oil, Modeen Sheritf writes :—“ I have used it internally in my practice, and have found that its best medicinal properties are its usefulness in phthisis pulmonalis and some scrofulous diseases, and in dysentery and mucous diarrhoea.” The oil is used by the natives as a remedy for excoriations, chaps, fissures of the lips, &c., by partly melting it and rubbing on the affected part. It is solid at ordinary temperature. 129. G. Morella, Desrouss. H.F.B.1., 1. 264. Syn. :—G. pictoria, Roxb., 444. G. elliptica, Wall. Vern. :-—The tree=Tamal, the drug=ghotaghauba, gota ganba, tamal (Hind.); the tree=Tamal, the drug=tamal (Beng.}; the drug=Ausaraherevan (Dec., C. P.); the tree= Tamal, the drug=revachini sira, tamal (Mar.) ; the drug= Makki, iréval-chinip-pél, the oil=makki (Tam.); the drug= Révalchini- pal (‘Tel.); the tree=Arsinagurgi mara, aradal, punar puli; the drug=Tamal (Kan.); the tree=Daramba (Malay.) 148 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. This is the Gamboge tree, and yields abundant of that pigment. The gamboge of commerce, says Trimen, is obtained from Siam, and is the produce of a variety (Var. pedicellata, Hanb.) of this species, recently raised to the specific rank as G. Hanburii H. F. (Fig. 33. Med Plants. Bentley and Trimen). Habitat :——-Forests of Eastern Bengal, the Khasia Moun- tains, the Western Peninsula, in Malabar, Canara and Ceylon. A small pyramidal tree, with spreading branches. Bark smooth brown, young twigs quadrangular. Wood hard, yellowish brown. Leaves 3-44in., broadly lanceolate or oval, acute at base, subacute, shining, paler beneath ; lateral veins very oblique, inconspicuous ; petioles tin. Flowers greenish white, sessile, in axils of fallen leaves ; Male 2 or 3 together, Female solitary ; Sepals and petals 4 each, the latter longer ; Male flowers :— Stamens monadelphous ; filaments combined into a sub-quad- rangular central column, but free at their summits ; anthers dehiscing transversely. Female flowers :—Stamens about 12 ina ring round the ovary, connate at base ; Ovary globular, smooth ; 4-celled ; stigma peltate, irregularly lobed and tubercled. Fruit small, in., globose, surrounded at base by persistent sepals, glabrous. Seeds 4, ovoid, kidney-shaped, slightly compressed, testa finely muriculate, blackish-brown. Parts used :—The gum and branches. Use:—The gamboge is officinal in the British and Indian Pharmacopeeias. It is considered a valuable hydragogue ca- thartic. It also possesses anthelmintic properties. It is used in dropsical affections, amenorrhea, obstinate constipation, and as a vermifuge. The stem rubbed with water is a household remedy amongst natives, as a local application to rising pimples and boils, and often cuts them short. ‘Dr. Gray in Watt's Dictionary.) 130. G. xanthochymus, Hook. f., H.F.B.1., 1. 269. Syn. :—Xanthochymus pictorious Roxb., 445. Vern :—Dampel; tamal, (H.); Tamal, (B); Tepor, Tezpur, N. 0. GUTTIFERES. 149 Tilnor (Assam) ; Manho-la (Garo); Dampel, onth, osth. (Bomb) ; Jharambi (Mar.); Jwara, memadi tamalumu, chitakamaraku, (Tel.) | Habitat :—Eastern Bengal and the Eastern Himalaya, from Sikkim to the Khasia Mountains, Eastern Peninsula, Western Peninsula, the Circars, and from the Bombay ghats southward. There is a tree in the Victoria Gardens, Bombay. A medium-sized evergreen tree. Bark brown, #in. thick, exfoliating in small round scales. Wood dark-greyish-brown, very hard, and close-grained ; concentric bands thin, white, numerous. Pores very scanty, moderate sized, scattered and unevenly distributed. Medully rays fine, white, numerous, but irregular. Yellow gum copious (Gamble). Foliage dense, dark green, shining. Branchlets quadrangular, dilated below the nodes. Leaves thickly coriaceous, obiong or elliptic-oblong, acute ; blade S-14in.long, petiole 3-lin.long, thick-channelled on the upperside, secondary nerves numerous, parellel with shorter intermediate nerves. [lowers white, fasciculate on thick uneven, axillary protuberances. Pedicels lin., petals $in.. orbicular spreading, thin. Male flowers: Stamens in d broad bundles of 3-5, on a fleshy lobed disk. Bisexual: Ovary 5-celled, stigma 5-lobed. Fruit dark yellow, 2-3in. diam, of the size of an apple, 5-celled : subglobose, pointed. Seeds 1-4, oblong. Use:—The fruit, which is yellow and of the size of a small apple and very acid, sweetish when ripe, edible, is used for the same purposes as that of G. indica; it is dried and made into a kind of Amsutl. In bilious conditions, a sherbet made with about 1 oz. of the Amstl, with a little rock-salt, pepper, ginger, cumin and sugar, is administered (DyMmock.) 131. Ochrocarpus longifolius, Benth. and Hook., H.¥.B.1., 1. 270. Syn. :-—Calysaccion longifolium, Waght. Nagakésaram-pushpam (Sans.) Vern. :— Nag-késar-ké-phtl (the flowers), (Hind.) ; Nagésarer- phfil (the flowers), (Beng.) ; Surangi, tambra nagkesar (Bomb.) ; £50 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. Ran undi, sweet, 1.e., godt undi, und (Koncan); Punnag, suringi (Mar.); Rati-nag-kesar (Guz.); Nadgap-pu, nagashap-pu, nagésar-pu, (the flowers), (Tam); Sura-poona (Tel); Wanai, laringi (male), pine (female), suringi, gardundi (Kan.); Seraya (Malay.). Habitat :—-Forests of the Western Peninsula, from Canara to the Concan. A large evergreen tree, young branches terete, youngest 4-gonous—** Bark reddish-brown, ¢in. thick, exudinga red gum. Wood red, hard, close and even-grained. Pores moderately broad, very numerous, the distance between them equal to or less than, the diameter of the pores. Annual rings marked by a dark line. Lines of soft texture numerous, but indistinct. Numerous resin-ducts in radial long cells, which appear as shining lines on a horizontal, and black points on a vertical section’ (Gamble). Leaves 5-9 by 2-24in., thickly coriaceous, dark green, base rounded, mid-rib stout, prominent, veins few, indistinct, very slender, united by innumerable venules, which give the dried leaf a very beautifully lacunose appearance ; petiole short, stout, +in. Flower-buds globose, used to dye silk. Flowers highly fragrant, in dense fascicles. Male and bisexual, Zin. diam., on nodes clothed with subulate brac- teoles in the axils of fallen leaves, or on the old wood. Pedicels lin. slender. Calyx bursting in 2 valves, reflected during the flowering. Petals 4, acute, thin, deciduous, white, tinged yellowish red, almost orange. Stamens many ; Style subulate, Sitgma broad, discoid. Fruit obliquely ovoid, pointed, 1 in. long, tipped by the hard pointed style, stipitate, l-seeded. “Flowers often hermaphrodite, and used for dying silk’ (Beddome). Flowering time January, to March, in the Konkan forests. Part used:—The flower-buds. Fruzt edible, when ripe, sweet, refreshing. Uses:—The flower-buds possess astringent and aromatic properties, and are sometimes prescribed medicinally (Dymock. ) The flowers are stimulant and carminative. They are use- ful in some forms of dyspepsia and in hemorrhoids. (MooDEEN SHERIFF. ) N. 0. GUTTIFERE. 151 132. Calophyllum inophyllum, Lin., H.¥.B.1., [ea fas woxb: 450.) Alexandrian Laurel. Sans :— Punnaga. Vern.:—Sultana champa, Surpan, surpunka undi (H.); Sultan champ4, punnag (B.); Polong punang, (Uriya* ; Surangi, purreya, duggerful, undi (Sind.); undi (Bomb.) ; Udi (Cutch.); Surfan, undi, surpanka (Dec.) ; Undi, undelar wundi, surangi, nagchampa, pumag, undag (Mar.); Bintango, punna, Ponna (Mal.); Pinnay, pungam, punnaivirar, punnagam (Tam.); Puna, punds, ponna pumagamu, ponna-chettu, ponna-vittulu (Tel.) ; Wuma pinne, ponna bija {( Kan.) Habitat :— Western Peninsula, Orissa and South India. Aun evergreen, middle-sized, ornamental tree or shrub, glabrous. Buds only with minute rusty hairs. ‘‘ Bark grey or blackish brown, smooth. Wood reddish brown, moderately hard, close-grained. Pores moderate sized, arranged in groups or oblique strings. Medullary rays extremely fine and numerous, bent round the pores. Occasional interrupted concentric lines of darker, but softer tissue, prominent on all sections” (Gamble). Leaves elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, or obovate, coriaceous ; blade 4-8in., by 3-4in., narrowed into petiole, 4-lfin. long, shining on both surfaces ; veins many fine. Flowers scented, pure white, zto lin. diam., in axillary raceines ; Racemes in upper axils loose, 4-6in. long, shorter than the leaves, lax, few-flowered. Pedicels slender, 1-2 in. Petals 4, like the inner sepals. Stamens numerous ; filaments in 4 bundles. Rumphius and Blume say that the petals are sometimes 6-8. Ovary globose, stipitate ; style much exceeding the Stamens. Stigma peltate, lobed. Fruit yellow, round, 1 in. diam., smooth, pulpy. The seeds yield oil used for lamps ; often cultivated. Parts used :—The oil of the seeds, and seeds. Uses:—-The kernels of this tree yield a grateful-smelling fixed oil, held by the natives in high esteem as an external application in rheumatism. Irom the bark exudes a resinous ~ substance, ‘l'acamahaca, said to resemble myrrh, and to bea useful remedy for indolent ulcers. (Pharm. Indica.) 152 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. The gum which flows from the wounded branches, mixed with strips of the bark and leaves, is steeped in water, and the oil which rises to the surface is used as an application to sore- eyes. Horsfield says that in Java the tree is supposed to possess diuretic properties (Drury). Rheede says that the tears which distil from the tree and its fruit are emetic and purgative. The oil exercises a great beneficial influence over the mucous membrane of the genito-urinary orgaus, and is therefore highly useful in the treatment of gonorrhoea and gleet. Ex- ternally, it isa good and useful embrocation in rheumatism and gout. ‘The watery paste of the kernel of the seeds, applied to the painful joints and dried by the heat of fire, often affords a great relief in the same diseases, and may be resorted to in the absence of the oil. Although there is nothing in the sensible properties of this oil to indicate a poisonous character, yet, as far my know- ledge extends, it has never been administered internally in this or any other country. Having satisfied myself by personal use that it 1s neither detrimental to life nor deleterious to health up to acertain quantity, | employed it in my practice and found it to beavery valuable drug. It acts as aspecific on the mucous membrane of the genito-urinary organs, and its control, therefore, over gonorrhoea and gleet is very considerable. It is so certain and speedy in its action that its good effect in the above diseases is often noticed a few hours after the exhibition of its first dose (MooDEEN SHERIFF.) The leaves soaked in water are employed as an application to inflamed eyes, in the Archipelago (Dr. Rice, New York). The fixed oil, expressed from the keruvels of the seeds, is said to cure scabies (B. Gupra, Pooree.) According to the Hindoo writers, the bark is astringent and useful in internat hemorrhages (U. C. Dutt.) ¢€ The juice of the bark is used as a purgative, and is said to be very powerful in its action. (SURGEON Peacock, Nasik.) In rheumatism, the natives use the oil as an external appli- cation (E. A. Morris, Madras). Watt’s Dictionary. N. O. GUITIFERA, 153 Oil from the seeds cf Calophyllum inophyllum. The seeds contain 22°38 —31'5 H,O and 50°—55 oil per cent, The oil has a yellowish-green colour, an odour resembling fenugreek, a bitter taste, and, on keeping, fatty glycerides are deposited. It solidifies at 3°, melts again at 8°, and has a sp. gy. 0°9428 at 15°, Reichert-Meissl number 0°18, saponification number 1960, acid number 28°45, iodine number 92°8, refracto-meter number 76 at 40°; it contains 0°25 per cent. of unsaponifible matter. The increase in weight due to oxygen absorption, when measured by Livache’s method, amounted to 0°25, 0-71, 1:32, and 1°84 per cent. after 18, 40, 64, and 136 hours. Treatment with 5 per cent. soda solution removes the resinous constituents. The purified oil solidifies at 4°, melts again at 8°, and has Reichert-Meissl number 0:18, saponification number 191, iodine number 86. The fatty acids of the oil are chiefly palmitic, stearic, and oleic. J. Ch.S. Vol. 88 pt. 2, page 277, The seeds are brownish black, almost spherical, #—1 inch in diameter and consist of an easily-broken shell surrounding 2 round, soft, whitish kernel which weighs about 4 grms. The kernels contain 13 per cent, of moisture and a9 per cent, of viscous, green, bitter oil. | Some samples of kernels from Bengal contained 3'3 per cent. of moisture and 714 per cent, of oil having the Sp. gr. at 15°C, O° 950; acid value 45°9 ; Saponification value, 193-203 ; iodine value, 97°7. The oil isexcellent for soap making. The residual cake is bitter and therefore suitable for use as a manure. Bulletin Imperial Institute 1913. Iaot °C, Wighhanum, Wall. wwe.., 1, 274. Syn. :—C. decipiens, Wight ; C. Spurium, Chois. Vern. :—Kalpun, kutt-ponne bobbi, (Kan).; Cheru pinnay, putengi (Tam.); Tsirou-panna (Mal.); Cherupiani, sarapuna (Bomb.) ; Trai (Mar.) Habitat :—Western ghats, from the Konkan to Travancore. A middle-sized evergreen tree, almost entirely glabrous. “ Bark yellow, very characteristic. Wood hard, red. Pores large and moderate-sized, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays very fine, not very distinct. Numerous, interrupted wavy and anastomosing connective bands of soft tissue (Gamble). Young shoots 4-gonal, often pruinose. Leaves rigidly coriaceous, obovate, obtuse or oblong-cuneate ; 2-4 by 14-2in. ; veins most prominent on the undersurface ; petiole din. Racemes from the axils of all the leaves and sears of fallen ones, several-flowered, shorter than the leaves. Peduncles and pedicels slender. The Racemes are shorter than the leaves. Flowers +-din. diam. Sepals 4, very thin, strongly-veined. Petals 0 (or 4 small ones 20 154 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. visible in the bud, Wight). Fruit 1 by 2in. ellipsoid. Anderson says that he never found petals in any of the buds he opened. Medicinal use :—Bouton, in his Medical Plants of Mauritius, says that the resin obtained from this plant acts as a “ vulnerary resolutive and anodyne.” The oil obtained from the seeds is used as medicine in leprosy and cutaneous affections, and in infusion, mixed with honey, in scabies and rheumatism (Wart ii, 33.) 134, Mesua.-ferrea, Linn: WE Bil 1 aie Roxb. 437. Syn. :—M. speciosa, Chois ; M. coromandeliana, Wight. Sans. :-- Nagakesara. Vern.:—Nagkesar; naghas (H. and B.); Nageshvoro, nageswar (Uriya); Nahor (Assam.); Nagchampa; thorlachampa (Bom.; Nagchampa, thorlaé chumpa (Bombay); Nagachampa; nagchampha (Mar.); Naugal; Mallay naugal ; nagap-pu; Nagas- hap-pu (Tam.); Naug (Tinnevelley); Naga Kesara; naga kesaramu ; gejapushpam ‘Tel.); Naga sampigi; Nassampige (Kan.‘; Behetta-cham-pagam ; velutta-chenpakam (Mal.). Habitat: —Mountains of Eastern Bengal, the Eastern Himalaya and the Eastern and Western Peninsulas. A large evergreen glabrous tree ; trunk erect, straight ; twigs slender sub-4-angled. “Bark jin. thick, reddish-brown, - peeling off in flat thin cakes, having a slightly roughened surface. Wood somewhat resembling that of Calophyllum, but much harder and heavier. Heart-wood red, dark, extremely hard. Pores moderate-sized, scanty, often filled with yellow resin, singly or grouped, or in oblique strings of varying length. Medullary rays extremely fine, uniform, equidistant, very numerous. Numerous fine wavy lines of dark-coloured tissue, regular and prominent, but of very different lengths (Gamble). The young shoots at first brilliant red, then pink, gradually passing into dark green (Brandis). Leaves coriaceous, 2-6 by 14 to 14in., drooping linear-lanceolate, base acute or rounded, dark green and shining above, covered more or less with a fine waxy meal beneath ; veins very fine, close-set and equally N. 0: GUITIFERA. 155 inconspicuous on both surfaces ; petiole 4-3in. Flowers very fragrant, usually terminal and solitary or in pair, nearly sessile bisexual, 3-4in. diam. Flowers, Feb-April. Sepals 4, in 2 rows, thick orbicular, with membranous margins, inner pair largest. Petals 4, imbricate, spreading cuneate obovate, pure white. Stamens indefinite, Anthers as large, oblong, linear, basifixed, golden yellow. Ovary 2-celled, 2 ovules in each cell; style filiform ; stigma peltate. Fruit pointed, conically ovoid, 1-14in., 2-valved. Valves tough, supported by the enlarged sepals. Seeds 1-4, testa smooth, hard, shining, dark brown; embryo a fleshy homogeneous mass. Parts used.—-The flowers, kernel, bark and leaves. (Tse.—The flowers are considered by the Hindu physicians to have astringent and stomachic properties, A paste made of the flowers with butter and sugar, is used in bleeding piles and burning of the feet. (U. C. Dutt.) The flowers and leaves are used in Bengal as antidote to snake poison (O’Shaughnessy). The bark is mildly astringent and feebly aromatic (Dymock) ; the oil of the seeds is used as an embrocation in rheumatism in North Canara (Ph. Ind., p. 32), and found useful in the treatment of itch by K. L. Dey. In many localities, the flowers are used for cough, especially when attended with much expectoration. Rheede states that the bark is given as a sudorific combined with ginger. Moodeen Sheriff considers the flowers of Mesua ferrea and Ochrocarpus longifolius to be stimulant and carminative and useful in some forms of dyspepsia and in hemorrhoids. The seeds resemble chestnuts in colour and form. The kernel yields 79°48 p.c. of a brown non-drying oil, partially soluble in alcohol, and gives an orange coloration, with a mixture of sulphuric and nitric acids. The residue contains 24°14 p. c. of proteins. (J. Ch. I, for Aug. 31, 1910, p. 1019.) The seeds are brown and generally pear-shaped ; they consist of a shiny, brittle, woody shell containing asingle buff-colored kernel, Shell 34 per cent., kernel 56 per cent, The kernels contain 76 per cent. of reddish brown oil with a sweetish smell and slight bitter taste. The oil became semi-solid on standing at 15°C. Sp-gr. at 15° C, 0:935; saponification value, 204; iodine value, 90. The oil is useful in soap making. The residual cake is bitterand probably poisonous; it would only be of value as manure. [Bulletin Imperial Institute 1913.] 156 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. N. O. TERNSTRGUMIACE AK. 135. Schima Wallichii, Choisy, H.F.B.1.,1. 289. Syn.—Gordonia integrifolia, Roxb. 426. Vern. :—~ Makusal, Chilauni, makriyaé Chilauni (H.!; Dingan (Khasia) ; Boldak (Garo.), Jam (Cachar); Sumbrong (Lepcha) ; Gugera (Goalpara). Habitat :—Eastern Himalaya, from Sikkim to Bhotan. Assam, Chittagong and the Khasia Mountains. A large evergreen, with papery leaves, 80-LOOft. Bark, black or dark grey, with deep vertical cracks. Wood rough, red, mo- derately hard, shrinks much in seasoning, but is durable. Buds, branchlets, petioles and upperside of leaves pubescent, some- times tomentose. Leaves 6-7 by 2-3in., elliptic, tapering or rounded below, acute or slightly acuminate, glabrous and reddish-veined above, reticulate, and more or less pubescent beneath, entire or obscutely crenate-serrate, with forked lateral veins., petiole 3in., pubescent. Peduncles rather slender, $-2in.. with minute white warts. Bracts tin., alternate, narrow, oblong, retuse. Flowers 1$-2in. diam., white, fragrant. Sepals din. long, with pubescent-ciliate margins, glabrous, or slightly pubescent outside ; petals pubescent outside at the base. Stamens yellow. Fruit in. diam., pubescent when young, afterwards minutely warted. Use:—“‘The bark is nearly black externally, with deep clefts ; the liber is made up of an abundance of white, needle- shaped cells, which are readily detached and act as cowage, in producing painful irritation, when brought into contact with the skin.’”’—Gamble. N. O. DIPTEROCARPEAE. 136. Dupterocarpus turbinatus, Gaertn f. HE B.0, 1. 2959, JvQm cao: Vern.—Gurjun, tiliya gurjun (Beng.) ; challan (Kan ). The Balsam, garjan-ké-tel (H. and Bom.). N. O. DIPTERROCARPEAE. 157 A lofty evergreen tree. Young branches compressed. Wood rough, soft to moderately hard ; sap wood white, heartwood red-brown, but not durable. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire or sinuate-crenate, acute, base rounded ; 5-12 by 23-7in ; glabrous on both surfaces or slightly pubescent, especially on the nerves and margins; lateral nerves 14-18 pair. Petiole 1$-31n. ; stipules with dense stellate canescene, pubescent. to- wards the apex, varies greatly in regard to the pubescence of young shoots, leaves and inflorescence. Racemes 3-5-flowered. Flowers 3in. diam ; Calyx-tube obconic, hairy, subspheroidal, mouth contracted, unenlarged lobes deltoid-ovate. Petals pinkish white. Nut pubescent. Habitat.—Eastern Bengal and Eastern Peninsula, from Chittagong and Pegu to Singapur ; notin Ceylon, nor in the Konkan. Use :—The oleo-resin is applied externally to ulcers, ring- worm, and other cutaneous affections (Watt.) It is stimulant of mucous - surfaces, particularly that of the genito-urinary system ; and also diuretic. In gonorrhcea and other affections in which copaiba is generally employed, it has proved an effectual remedy (Ph. Ind., p. 32). Quite recently it has been brought prominently to notice by Dr. Dougal], of the Andamans, as aremedy for leprosy ; but, as far as] have heard, the new remedy is not likely to prove successful (Dymock). The best medical properties of this oil are its usefulness in gonorrheea and gleet, and in all forms of psoriasis, including lepra vulgaris. In gonorrhoea and gleet, it is at least equal to Copaiba, and the only difference between these two drugs is that the former ‘Gurjun balsam) requires to be used in a much larger dose (311 to 3111) to produce the same effect as the latter. As Gurjun balsam is always used in the form of emulsion with mucilage, the largeness of its dose is no disadvantage. With regard to its usefulness in psoriasis and lepra vulgaris, [am not aware of any other local stimulant which is more efficacious in those diseases than this drug. I have either cured or relieved many cases of the above affections by the use of this drug, with little or no assistance of internal 158 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. remedies. The internal use Gurjun oil is also attended with benefit in some cases of true leprosy, in its early stage ; but its efficacy in this respect is greatly enhanced with the addition of from five to ten drops of Chaulmugia oil to each drachm of it. If well mixed in the above proportion, the combination of Chaul- mugra ol cannot be detected. Some years ago, I had received a bottle of Gurjun oil of this kind from a medical friend, which proved more useful in a case of true leprosy than all its varieties in the bazaar, but I did not know the existence of Chaulmugra oil in it, until I was informed of it. (Moodeen Sheriff., Balsamum Dipterocarpi (gurjun—or gardjan balsam, garjantel, wood-oil) is a product of various species of the genus Dipterocarpus, indigenous in South Asia. About 80—82 per cent, of it consists of an essential oil, which can be removed by distillation with steam; this boils at 255° and has sp. gr. 0°912 at 15.° Of the residue, gurjoresen, C,,H,,;0,, forms the chief part, amounting to 16—18 per cent. of the balsam ; it is amorphous and melts at 40—43°. Only about 5 per cent. of the balsam consists of resin acids; the bulk of these dissolves in 1 per cent. ammonium carbonate solution and is amorphous ; the rest is insoluble, but dissolves in 1 per cent, sodium carbonate solution; this part was obtained to some extent in a crystalline state, The deposits, largely crystalline in character, which had formed in vari- ous samples of gurjun balsam, were submitted to examination. They consist of crystalline resin-aicohols or resin-phenols, but yet are insoluble in alkalis, in these respects resembling amyrin, C,,H.,O0. A substance obtained from Hirschsohn, and designated by him “ neutral substance from gurjun balsam,” consisted of such a hydroxy-compound, gurjuresinol, C,;H,.‘OH, probably identical with metacholestol (Mach, Abstr., 1895, i, 384) and copaivic acid Keto, Abstr., 1902, i, 167); it melts at 131—132° and forms acetyl and benzoyl derivatives melting at 96° and 106—107° respectively. The crystalline gur- juturboresinol, from Dipterocarpus turbinatus, has the composition C,5H390,, and melts at 126—129°; it is probably identical with Merck’s copaivie acid and Trommsdorfi’s metacopaivie acid (Brix, Abstr., 1882, 65). Hirschsohn's “sodium salt from gurjun balsam.” when purified by recrystallisation, con- tained 3°6 percent. of sodium; it consists of gurjuresinol along with the sodium salt of gurjoresinolic acid, C,;H,;0,; the acid is erystalline and melts at 254—255°. J. Ch. S. Vol, 84. part 1. p. 771. 137. D. tuberculatus, Roxb. u.F.B.1.. 1. 297; Roxb. 410. Habitat :—Chittagong and Burma. A large deciduous gregarious tree. “ Bark dark grey. Wood dark red-brown, hard. Pores circular, large and moderate-sized, N. 0. DIPTERROCARPEAE. 159 often filled with resin, rather unevenly distributed. Medullary rays prominent, moderately broad, with a number of fine rays between each pair of broad ones ; the distance between the broader rays equal to or up to twice the transverse diameter of the pores, the small rays passing through or round the pores’. (Gamble). Young branches compressed, glabrous or canescent. Stipules 4-5in. long, greenish, tomentose. Leaves 10-18 by 5-14 in., cordiform, acute, base cordate or truncate, margins sinuate- crenate, undulate ; lateral nerves, 15 pair; petiole 4-5 in. Racemes 5-6in., simple or 2-fid, 4-7-flowered. Flowers large, rose-coloured ; petals I4in. long, tomentose outside. Fruiting calyx-tube obovate, velvety when young, glabrous when mature, between the segments produced into 5 sharp knobs. Calyx- tube in fruit 1+ by 1 in,, mouth contracted, wings 4-5 by 14-141n., linear-elliptic, obtuse, 3-nerved. Nuts tomentose. Use :—-According to Mason, the oleo-resin of this tree is used with assafoetida and cocoanut oil as an application for large ulcers. nce Oealatis ioc Hh Be i 205, hoxb. 439. Vern :—Garjan 'B.); Habitat :—Chittagong. Andamans, Pegu, ‘Tenasserim, Siam, Combodia. A very large tree with a grey bark. Sapwood white ; heartwood reddish-grey, moderately hard, smooth, mottled (Gamble). Shoots and stipules pubescent. Leaves ovate or elliptic, acute, pubescent beneath, margin ciliate ; secondary nerves 12-15 pair, blade 4-6 in. Petiole softly hairy, 1-14 in. long. Wings on fruiting calyx-tube, broad, half the diameter of the tube or more. Raceme about 7-flowered. The medullary rays consist of two classes of cells, long and short. The former up to 0°12 in. long, are filled with wood oil. Use:—This species yields, like D. turbinatus, most of the Gurjun Balsam of commerce. 139. LD. incanus, Roxb. H.F.B.1., 1. 298. Roxb. 439. 160 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. Habitat : —‘ Pegu, South Andamans (common), Chittagong (doubtful), Tongkah in Siam on the East Coast of the Malay Peninsula, at its north extremity,” says Brandis. Roxbugh says thus :—“ Gurjin is the vernacular name at Chittagong where the tree grows to a great size, and is said to furnish the largest proportion of the best sort of wood oil or balsam.” All tender parts softly hairy, pubescent, compressed, branchlets, young shoots and petioles. Leaves ovate, with the base somewhat tapering, obtuse, soft and villous, 6 by 44in., thinly pubescent on both surfaces, margins cilliate, lateral nerves strongly marked, 12 pair, pubescent beneath. Petiole 2in,, softly pubescent. Calyx-tube (in flower: softly pubescent, strongly winged. (W. T.. Thiselton Dyer). “ Spikes, axillary, half the length of the leaves; belly of the Calyx simply fine- winged,’ Roxb, (Op ev). Flowers in Noy.-Dec. Seed ripens in April, Stamens indefinite. Use: —The species also yields most of the Gurjun Balsam of Commerce. 140. Shorea robusta, Gortn., H.F.B.1., 1. 306. Roxb. 440. Sans. :-——Sala. Asvakarna. Vern. :-—Sal, sala, salwa, sakhu, sakher, sakoh (resin)= rall dhuna, damar (Hind.); Sal, shal (resin)=rall dhuna (Beng.) ; Sarjmu, serkura. (Kol); Sarjom, Sontal ; Sorgi Bhumi, sekwa, sekwa oraon, bolsal (Garo); Sakwa (Nepal) Tatural, (Lepcha) ; Salwa, saringhi (Uriya); Sal, sarei, rinjal {(C. P)= iSall tkandar sakhu, koron (N.-W. P.); Koroh (Oudh); Sal, seral (resin) = ral, dhua (Bomb.) ; (resin)=rala, guggul (Mar.) ; (resin)= ral, (Guz.) ; (resin)=guggala (Khan.); Habitat :-—'Tropical Himalaya, and along its base, from Assan to the Sutlej, Eastern districts of Central India, Western Bengal Hills. A large gregarious tree, deciduous, but never quite leaf- less. Bark off young tree smooth, with a few long, deep, vertical cracks ; of old trees 1-2 in. thick, dark-coloured, rough, with deep N. O. DIPLTERROCGARPEAER. 161 longitudinal furrows. Wood. Sapwood small, whitish, not dur- able ; heartwood brown, pale, when first cut but darkening on exposure, coarse-grained, hard, with a remarkably cross-grained and fibrous structure ; the fibres of alternate belts in the wood on a vertical section, running in opposite directions, so that when the wood is dressed, a very sharp plane is necessary, or it will not get smooth ; does not season well. Leaves, when full grown, glabrous and shining, 6-10 by 4-Gin., petiole 3-1 in., stipules $in., falcate, pubescent, caducous.—(W. T. Thiselton Dyer). 4-12 by 2-7 in., ovate-oblong, acuminate, tough, thinly coriaceous ; lateral nerves 12-15 pair, twice near the apex, very slender, base cordate or rounded ; petioles terete (Kanjilal). Flowers in large lax terminal or axillary racemose panicles covered with white pabescence. Calyx-tube short, adnate to the torus ; segments ovate, all accrescent in fruit. Petals pale yellow, about 4 in. long, narrow, oblong, lanceolate, bearded, minutely trifid at apex. Ovary 3-celled ; style subulate. Fruit 4 in. long, ovoid, acute, rather fleshy,.indehiscent, white—pubescent. Wings 9, 2-3 in. long, spathulate, narrowed at the base, brown when dry, some- what unequal, with 10-12 straight parallel nerves. The tree yields, when tapped, a large quantiy of white opaline resin, which 1s burnt as incense. An oil is extracted from the fruit which is used for burning and to adulterate with ghee. The fruit is formed into flour and eaten by the poorer classes in times of scarcity (Kanjilal). This is the principal tree of the Siwalik Division. In Nepal, it attains 100-150 ft., with a clear stem, to the first branch of 60-80 ft., and a girth of 20-25 ft. (Brandis). Within the limits of the Siwalik and Jaunsar Flora, it is seldom more than 80 ft. in height, and 6 ft. in girth, unless hollow inside (Kanjilal). ‘Tropical Himalaya and along its base, from Assam to the Sutlej. Hastern Districts, Central India, western Bengal einllise | iC Wee TS Dyer): Parts used :—The resin and leaves. Use:—By the Hindoo writers, the resin is regarded as astringent and detergent, and is used in dysentery, and for fumigations, plasters, &c. The resin thrown over the fire gives 21 162 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. out thick volumes of fragrant smoke, and is much used for fumi- gating rooms occupied by the sick (U. C. Dutt). The superior kinds of Sal resin are efficient substitues for the Pine resins of the European Pharmacopeceias. (Beng. Disp., psec.) Dr. Sakharam Arjun states (Bombay Drugs’) that he has seen shorea resin, mixed with sugar, given with good effect in dysentery. According to Mr. Campbell, the leaves are used medici- nally by the Santals. The resin is used by native doctors for weak digestion, gonorrhea, and as an aphrodisiac (Wart.) It is not prescribed internally, but used occasionally for fumigation of rooms and houses, to remove bad odours. It does not destroy offensive smell, but rather conceals it under its thick and odoriferous smoke. There is every reason to think that it will prove itself an efficient ingredient in many ointments and plasters, if employed, instead of pine and othcr resins (MooDEEN SHERIFF. ). 141 S.- Pambuggaia, Roxb. meray) 1 eee Roxb. 440. Vern.:—Kala-damar, (H.; B.; and Mar. and the Dec.) : Kalo-damar, (Guz.) ; Karapu-damar ; Tumbugai-pishin (Tam.) ; nalha-damar; Nalla-sojan (Tel.) ; Kara-kundurukam, Tum- bugaipasha (Mal.) Habitat :—Western Peninsula, forests of Cudapah, and Palaghat in Mysore. A “ gigantic dammer-preducing ” tree. Bark dry, rough, with deep vertical fissures, ike those of Shorea robusta. Wood smooth, harder than that of Sal, but similar in structure and much smoother. Leaves 23-3 by 13-43 in. (Beddome), ovate or oblong-cordiform, acuminate; base truncate or emarginate, glabrous on both surfaces, lateral nerves about 8 pair. Petiole 1-2 in. Panicles terminal, 8 in. long, hoary or nearly glabrous. Flowers shortly pedicelled, buds densely hoary. Stamens about N. 0. DIPTERROGARPEAE. 163 30. Anthers with a hairy appendage. Stigma 3-lobulate. Capsule 3 in. long, ovoid, acuminate, pubescent above ; bases of fruiting Calyx-segments 3 in. long., ovate, hoary ; wings 13-12 by 3 in., spathulate, obtuse, 8-10-nerved. Part used :-—-The resin. Use :—It is an external stimulant. Not used internally. To all appearance, it will form a good basis for some plas- ters and ointments (MooDEEN SHERIFF). iz. Vateria, Indica, Lanna. H.8.B.1., 1. 313. Roxb. 436. Vern. :—Sufed-damar; kahruba, sandras (H.): Koond- rikum, vellikoondricum (Tam.); Vellakoondricum, Peinimarum (Malay); Dupa maram (Kan.); Dupadu, (Tel.); Chandrus (B.) ; Ral (Bomb.). Eng. :—Indian Copal, Piney varnish, or white Dammar Tree. Habitat :—Western Peninsula, from Canara to Travancore. A large handsome evergreen tree; young shoots and _ in- florescence clothed with a scurfy stellate tomentum (Brandis). Bark whitish grey, rough, 2 in. thick, peeling off in round thick flakes. Sapwood white, with a tinge of grey or red; heartwood light grey, rough, moderately hard, porous. Pores large, often subdivided, ringed. Medullary rays fine and broad, very prominent on all vertical sections, while on radial section they appear as rough plates, with shining fibres between them. The distance between the broad rays is generally greater than the transverse diameter of the pores. Annual rings doubtful, though distinct (Gamble). Leaves coriaceous, glabrous, elliptic- oblong ; blade 4-10 by 23-33 in., obtuse or minutely acuminate, base rounded or emarginate ; petiole 1-1? in. long, secondary nerves 14-16 pair, prominent beneath as well as midrib. Sti- pules 2 in., obliquely lanceolate, acute. Flowers }-$ in. across, one-ranked, erect, in large terminal panicles, loosely corymbose ; pedicels longer than Calyx-segments, which latter are lanceolate, obtuse, canescent on both surfaces, Petals spreading, shghtly 164 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. pubescent outside. Stamens 39-40; filaments short; anthers linear, hairy at base, glabrous above, cells unequal, the outer longer ; appendix of connective as long as the anther. * Ovary tomentose, style filiform, stigma minute. [rait ovoid, 2-23 in. long, splitting open into valves, fruiting-Calyx small, segments reflexed. Cotyledons filled with fat (Piney tallow)--- Brandis. Piney gum—resin, says Gamble, (P. 85, Indian Timbers), makes an excellent varnish. One of the handsomest trees in Madras and Travancore. Parts used :—The oil, and resin. Use :—Under the influence of gentle heat, it combines with wax and oil and forms an excellent resinous ointment ; it forms a good substitute for officinal resin (G. Bidie.) From the fruit is obtained a solid fatty oil, which has obtained considerable repute as local application in chronic rheumatism and some other painful affections. It might be employed asa basis for ointments, &c. (Ph. Ind., p. 33.) Fine shavings of the resin are said by Irvine to be administered internally to check diarrhoea (WATT). N. O. MALVACEAH. 143. Althea officinalis, Linn., U.F.B.1., 1. 319. This is the English Marsh-mallow, which yields ‘“ Gui- mauve,’ the sweet soft lozenges of which are used for sore-throat. Vern. :—The flowers, Gul-Khairu (Hind. and Bomb.) ; She- maituti (Tam.) | The fruits, Tukm-i-khitme (Pers. and Bomb.) The roots, Resha-i-khitme (Pers. and Bomh.\ Habitat :—Kashmir. A perennial, uniformly downy herb. Stem erect, 2-3 ft. Leaves ovate or ovoid, simple or slightly lobed, annular, base scarcely cordate, unequally toothed. Stipules linear-subulate. Flowers peduncled, in axillary clusters, 1-2 in. diam., rosy. Bracteoles linear-lanceolate, half the length of the sepals. Anthers subglobose. Ovary many-celled; ovules one in each N. 0. MALVACER. 165 cell. Carpels numerous, ultimately separating from a short torus. Seed solitary in each carpel, ascending. Parts used :—The flowers, carpels, leaves and root. Uses :—The Mahomedans describe it as a suppurative and emollient ; they use the leaves asa poultice and for fomenta- tions; mixed with oil, the leaves and flowers are applied to burns and parts bitten by venomous reptiles. The root boiled with sugar is prescribed in coughs and irritable condition of the intestines and bladder. ‘The decoction is also used as an emol- lent enema, and in making ointments (Dymock.) The root should be gathered in the autumn from plants ‘not less than two years old. Emollient cataplasms are prepared from the rounded root. The root -contains a little starch, nearly twenty per cent of gum or mucilage, some uncrystallizable sugar, and a crys- tallizable principle, besides other unimportant constituents. The mucilage lies like the fecula in small cells, in the form of minute grains, which may be obtained pure by washing the chopped root in rectified spirit, and allowing them to subside. A yel- lowish white powder is thus procured, consisting of microscopic transparent grains, which seem intermediate between true gum and perfect starch. The crystalline principle “althaein ”’ seems to be identical with the “asparagin”’ of asparagus. (Sowerby’s English Botany.) Betaine can be obtained from the aqueous extract of the root of Althea officinalis after removing the asparagine by precipitating it with nitric acid and sodium phosphomolyhdate ; the free base obtained by treating the preci- pitate with barium hydroxide forms colourless crystals, is soluble in water and alcohol, and insoluble in ether. The hydrochloride is easily crystallised, and does not change on exposure to the air. With potassium dichromate solution and hydrochloric acid, betaine does not exhibit any colour reaction. It is precipitated by picric acid, zine chloride, and auric chloride, but not by tannin ; the aurochloride, C,H,,NO,,HAuCI,, crystallises in microscopic plates, or in short crystals arranged in the form of a cross. J. Ch. S$, Vol, 76 part T, p. 4. 144. A. rosea, Linn. H.F.B.1., 1. 319. Vern.:—The same as for A. officinalis, Linn. Fing.:— Holly-hock. 166 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. This is a cultivated, herbaceous plant in Indian gardens from English seed. Root biennial. Stem in garden-growth in pots, 6-10 ft. high, erect, stout, simple, more or less hispid, with fasciculated branched hairs. Leaves on rather short petioles, cordate, five-to seven- lobed, the lobes angled, unequally serrated ; upperside dark green, slightly downy, beneath pale, more downy, with fascicu- lated stipules, large, unequally bifid. Flowers solitary, large, handsome. Petiole short. Calyx large, five-cleft, downy, striated, the segments acute. Involucre monophyllous, large, cup-shaped, six-to-nine-lobed, striated, downy, the lobes obtuse, often bifid. ‘Staminal tube short. Anthers very numerous, pale yellow. Ovaries numerous, collected around the dilated downy base of the style which latter is cleft at the extremity into several segments. Corolla of five very broad, wavy, obcordate or somewhat cuneate petals, united at the base, often with a pale eye or centre, surrounded with a deep, black-purple, ring. Parts used :—The flowers, leaves, seeds and root. Uses :—The seeds of this plant are demulcent, diuretic and febrifuge. ‘The flowers have cooling and diuretic properties. The roots are supposed to be astringent and demulcent, and are much used in France to form demulcent drinks. In the Punjab, the flowers are given in rheumatism, and the roots in dysentery (STEWART.) The leaves and roots are also used for the same purposes as of the preceding species. Moodeen Sheriff describes the properties, and used A. officenalis and A. rosea collectively. According to him, they are demulcent, refrigerant and emollient. The mucilage of the petioles, stem and roots is generally a very useful adjunct to other medicines in dysentery and mucous diarrheea, and, in some very slight cases, it is sufficient by itself to relieve these diseases to a great extent. Tormina and tenesmus are the symptoms which are most relieved by it. The decoction of the N. O. MALVACER. 167 dry root and seeds is useful in irritable and inflamed states of the pulmonary and genito-urinary mucous membranes. Pe lolvarsulvesiiis Linn.. HH.B1., t. 320: Vern.:—Khubazi (Bomb.); Kunji, tilchuni, — vilayati- kangai-ka-per goolkheir, (H.); Vildyati-kangoi-ka-jhar (Dec.) ; Khabajhi, (Sind.) Habitat :-—Western temperate Himalaya, from Kumaon to Kashmir and the Pubjab. An erect, nearly glabrous annual herb, 1-3ft. high. Leaves cordate, rounded, lobed; petioles 4-5 in. Peduncles about lin. Bracteoles ovate, entire, shorter than the bell- shaped Calyx. Corolla 13 in. diam. Petals notched, claw bearded. Carpels reticulated, downy or glabrous. Parts used :—All parts of the plant. Uses :—All parts of the plant are commended in Mahom- edan works, on account of their mucilaginous and cooling pro- perties, but the fruit is considered to be most. efficient (Dymock). It is prescribed in pulmonary affections (Wart). Useful in irritation of the skin and for fomentations. The leaves are used as emollient cataplasms. As Gulkand used in strangury, ‘Murray, p. 98.) The little hard fruit, tasting something lke a nut, is commonly called a “cheese.” ‘‘ Chucky cheese” is the name given in Devonshire to the plant, in allusion to these little cheese-like fruits. There is a_ tradition that Mahomed had a garment made of the Mallow fibre ; aud he was so well pleased with it, that he turned the plant into the more showy, but less useful geranium (Sowerby’s English Botany). 146. .M, rotundifolia, Linn., H.F.B.1., 1. 320. Vern.:—Sonchala (Pb. and H.); Khubazi (H.); Chan- deree (Sind.) ; Trikala malle (Tel.) ; Kukerai (Pushto.) 168 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. Habitat. :— North-West Provinces, Kumaon, Sindh and the Deccan. A spreading herb, much branched, sparingly villous. Leaves suborbicular, lobed, crenate ; petiole 6-7 in. Peduncles 14 in., deflexed after flowering. Bractebies lanceolate, half the length of the broadly lance-shaped sepals. Corolla 1 in. diam. Petals wedge-shaped, notched, twice the length of the sepals; claw of petal bearded. Ripe carpels downy, flat or wrinkled. Parts used :—The leaves and seed. Use:—The leaves are mucilaginous and emollient, em- ployed externally in scurvy, and reckoned useful in piles (HoNNIGBERGER.) The seeds possess demulcent properties ; they are pres- eribed in bronchitis, cough, inflammation of the bladder, and hemorrhoids; the seeds are also externally applied in skin diseases (WarTT). Iai. MM parviflora, nn. A Bis 1 7e2e Vern. :—Narr, panirak, supra, sonchol, gogi sag(H. & Pb.) Habitat :—North-West Himalaya, Upper Benge! Sindh, and the Punjab. A comparatively small, spreading herb, slightly downy. Leaves roundish, obsoletely lobed. Peduncles short, spreading after flowering. Bracts linear. Sepals broad, acute. Petals notched, scarcely exceeding the sepals. Claw of petals glabrous. Carpels wrinkled. Parts used :—The seeds and root. Use :—The seeds are used as a demulcent in coughs, and ulcers in the bladder (Watt). 148. Sida humilis, Walld., U4.B.1., 1. occ Roxb. 516. * Sida veronicifolia, Lamk, is, according to Schuma, the Oldest name for S. humilis (Trimen),. Sanskrit :—Bhumibala ; N. O. MALVACER. 169 Vern. :—Junka (B.\; Bir; tandi; bariar; Jokha; sakam (Santal.) ; Palampasi (Ta:m.) ; Cra aku (Tet) ; (Gujrat and Porebunder) Bhoyabala; (Marathi) Bhui chikn4, Bhoybal ; (Hindi) Bananiydr ; (Sinhalese) Bevila ; (Tam.) Palum-padu. Habitat :—Generally distributed throughout the hotter parts of India, Ceylon and grassy ground and waste places. A perennial herb ; branches long, prostrate, trailing, root- ing at the nodes, with scattered stellate hairs. Leaves variable in size, 3-1 in., broadly ovate, cordate at base, acute, coarsely crenate-serrate, sparsely covered with long hairs. Petiole +3 in., hairy. Flowers pale yellow, rather small, numerous, less than half an inch in diam. -Peduncle 1 in. or more, stiff, slender, slightly hairy. Calyx 5-angled, segments triangular, very acute, with stellate hairs on margin. Petals broader than long, truncate, ripe carpels 5-pointed, slightly bicuspidate, smooth (Trimen). Part used :—The leaves. Use:—-Among the Santals, the leaves are pounded, and used as a local application to cuts and bruises. They are also given in the diarrhoea of pregnancy (Revd. CaMPELL). Jayakrishna Indraji says that the flowers and unripe fruits are given together in sugar for burning sensation, in micturition. TAGS Oo spinosa, inns U.b.B.1.,"1. 123. Syn. :—S. alba, L., 8. alinifolia, L., Roxb. 516. Sans. :—Nagabala. Khar-yashtika—J. Indraji. Vern. :—Jangli-méthi, gulsakari (Hind. and Deck.) ; Kaén- talo-bal; (Guj. and Porebunder). (Marathi) Kanteri Tukati; Khareti, Gulsakari ; (Hindi). Mayirmanikkam (Tam.) ; Mayilu- manikyam (Te.); Mayirmanikkam, Katta-ventiyam (Malyal.’; Kadu-menthya (Can.) ; Pilabarela, Bon-métl hi (Beng.) ; Koti-kam- babila, Mairmanikam (Sinh.); Shanbalide-barri, Shamlithe-dashti (Pers.); Kulbahebarri (Arab.). 22 170 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. Habitat:—Throughout the hotter parts of India and Ceylon. An erect, much-branched undershrub; stems slender, rough, with minute stellate hairs, often with small, recurved prickles at the nodes below the petioles. Leaves 1-1 in., oval or oblong, obtuse, coarsely crenate-serrate, glabrous above, finely stellate-pubescent beneath. Petiole 4-% in., stellate-pubescent. Flowers white, 4 in., pedicels 4-# in., slender, jointed near top. Calyx hairy, segments short, triangular, acute; ripe carpels 9, with 2 long, erect, rough scales, equalling the Calyx. Seeds solitary. Radicle superior. Parts used :—-The leaves and root. Uses:—The leaves are demulcent and refrigerant, and are useful in some cases of gonorrhoea, gleet and scalding urine. The decoction of the root-bark and root is used as a demulcent in irritability of the bladder and in gonorrhcea, says J. Indraji. The root acts as a gentle tonic and diaphoretic, and is employed in mild cases of debility and fever. The leaves are bruised in water, strained through cloth and administered in the form of a draught; the root is used in decoction, prepared in a similar manner to that of 8. caprini- folia (MooDEEN SHERIFF). 150... Socaprimfolia, Linn Jae sae: Syn. :—S. acuta, Burm. S. lanceolata, Roxb. 517. Sans. :—Bala Phanijivika (J. Indraji). Vern. :—Kareta (B. and H.); Vishaboddee (Tel.); Bariaca kareta (Hind.); Pila barela, koreta, bon-méthi (Beng.) ; Isbadi, Isarbadi (Dec.); Bala, jangli-méthi (Bomb.), Tupkaria, tukati, chikana pata (Mar.) ; jungli methi (Guz.) ; Maloconni (Malay.); Vata tirippi, malaitangi, mayir-manikkam, visha-boddi, chiti- mutti, mutu-vapulogum (Tam.) Habitat :—Throughout the hotter parts of India and Ceylon. A perennial undershrub, generally distributed throughout the hotter parts of India. Leaves nearly glabrous, narrow, N. O. MALVACE. 171 acuminate, serrate, about 2-3in., linear-lanceolate ; sometimes hoary beneath. Stipules linear-subulate, 2 or 3, sometimes longer than the petiole ; many-nerved. Petiole 7-7¢ in. Pedun- cle jointed in the middle, as long as the petiole. Flowers :— Sepals triangular, acute. Calyx-tube subglobose. Petals yellow, twice the length of the Calyx. Staminal-tube dividing at the summit. Corolla of 5 petals, free above and connate below, and adnate to the tube of the stamens. Ovary :—Carpels 5-9, rugose, awned, whorled. Styles as many as the carpels. Stigmas terminal. Fruit a capsule. Seeds solitary, radicle superior. Part used :—The root, juice and leaves. Use:—By the Sanskrit writers, the roots of the different species of Szda are regarded as cooling, astringent, tonic and useful in nervous and urinary diseases, and also in disorders of the blood and bile (Durtr.) In the Concan, the root is applied with Sparrow’s dung to burst boils (Dymock). The root is intensely bitter, and is prescribed in infusion, and in conjunction with ginger, in cases of intermittent fever. It is considered by the Hindoo practitioners as a valuable stomachie and useful remedy in chronic bowel complaints ; the dose, a small tea-cupful, twice daily. The leaves, made warm and moistened with a little gingili oil, are employed to hasten suppuration (Ainslie). In Bengal, the expressed juice of the leaves is used in the form of an electuary, in the treat- ment of intestinal worms (O’SHAUGHNESSY). The authors of the Bengal Dispensatory, after a trial of the roots, were unable to satisfy themselves as to its febrifuge action, but it was found to promote perspiration, to increase the appetite, and to act asa useful bitter tonic. In Goa, the Portuguese value it as a diuretic, especially in rheumatic affec- tions. They also use it asa demulcent in gonorrhoea, and Muhama- dans believe this to have aphrodisiac properties (DYMOCK.) When administered in the form of a strong decoction, the root of this plant has diaphoretic, antipyretic, stomachic and 172 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. tonic properties, and has been found very useful in febrile affections and some forms of dyspepsia, and also in mild cases of debility from previous illness. (MoopEEN SHERIFF.) - 151, S.. rhombifolia, Dinn., Wee, 2 toca LOO: eOkd¢ Sans.:—Atibala (Sanskrit) Mahabala, Pitapushpa. Vern.:—Lal-bariala or berela (Ben. and Hind.) ; (Sinha- lese) Kotikan-bevila; (Tamil) Chittamaddi; (Porebunder and Gujrat) Khetara ubal dana; (Marathi) Chikna, Sadeva ; (Hindi) Sahadeva, Pitabala ; Sahadeva. J.—Indraji. N. B. Sahadevi (Sanskrit) is the name of Vernonia cineria. (eee Habitat :—Throughout India. A shrubby, erect herb ; perennial, very variable, glabrous, or with scattered stellate hairs. Leaves polymorphous, gene- rally more or less rhomboid, underside hoary, rarely green; tapering at the base. Stipules linear-setacous, longer than the petiole. Peduncle longer than the petiole; rarely less than twice as long as the petiole, axillary, or clustered at the ends of the branches. Flowers mostly yellow; rarely white. Sepals deltoid, acuminate. Carpels smooth or reticulate, 10, awned or not, as long as the Calyx (Maxwell T. Masters). This species and its allies yield good fibre. Widely distributed through- out India and Tropics in both Hemispheres. Use:—The medicinal properties of this species resemble those of other species. 152. 8S. rhombifoila, Var. retusa, Linn. .F.B.1., 1. 324., Roxb. 517. Vern.:—Jangli-méthi (H. and Dec.); Ban-méthi (Beng.) ; Mayir-mannikkam (Tel.) Arb :—Hulbahe-bari. Pers :—Sham- blide-bari. Stems prostrate, thick and woody, much-branched. Leaves very small, cuneate-obovate, retuse, apiculate; ripe carpel, N. O. MALVACER. L73 usually with beaks, as long asthemselves. [lowers yellow, be- coming white when fading. The stems afford a good fibre. A very common weed in Ceylon in the dry country. Use: —The root is held in great repute by natives in the treatment of rheumatism (Ph. Ind.). The stems abound in mucilage, and are employed as demulcents and emollients both for external and internal use. 153. 8S. rhombifolia, Var. rhomboidea, Roxb. Hee Bee eho ethoxy.) lig) Syn :—S. orientalis, Cav. Diss I; t. 12. Sans.:—Mahabala. Vern.:—Swetberela (B.); Sufed-bariyala (H.}; Athiballa- chettu (Tam.* Leaves rhomboid, hoary beneath; peduncles jointed at the base; carpellary awns very short inflected. The flowers expand at noon (Roxb. ) Use :—Medicinal properties resemble those of other spe- eles (WATT.) 108 Se COmRdOlNG, Joti; Ti, ine oe hoxb. O17. Sans. :—Batyalaka ; Bala. Vern. :—Kungyee, kharati, bariar (H.) ; Barila, bala (B.) ; Chikna (Mar.); Kharenti (Pb.); Bariara (Sind.); Muttava, kobirsir bhaji (Konkan); chiribena, tettagorra chettu, tella antisa, (Tel). The seeds. Beejbund (H.); Hamaz, chukai (Pb.). Annual or perennial, downy, erect. Leaves 14-2 by 1-14 in., ecordate-oblong obtuse crenate, very downy on_ both surfaces, petiole as large as the leaf. Stipules linear, half the length of the petiole. Peduncles jointed near the flower, lower distant, longer than the petioles, upper crowded, very short. Flowers rather small. Carpels furrowed at the back, sides reticulated, 174 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. 10-awned, awns longer than the Calyx, covered with stiff reflexed hairs. Flowers with the other species in the rainy and cool season. Generally distributed throughout Tropical and Sub-Tro- pical India. A Tropical weed. Parts used :—The root, seeds and leaves. Use:—A decoction of the root with ginger is given by Hindu physicians, in intermittent fever. It is also administered in fever accompanied by shivering fits and strong heat of body. The powder of the root-bark is given with milk and sugar for the relief of frequent micturition and leucorrhoea. In diseases of the nervous system the root is used alone, or in combination with other medicines. (Dutt.) The seeds are reckoned aphrodisiac, and are administered in gonorheea. They are also given for colic and tenesmus (Stewart). In the Conean, the leaves, with other cooling leaves are applied in ophthalmia ; the root-juice is used to promote the healing of wounds, and the juice of the whole plant pounded with a little water is given in + seer doses for spermatorrhoa (Dymock.) 155. UU. -sinuata, » Lann: HF Bil, 1. Roxb. 519. Vern. :—Lotloti, Kunjuya (H.); kunjia (B.); Mota bhedi- janelet (Santal.); Beri lat (Chutia Nagpur); Tapkote (Bomb.) ; Piliya Mankena (Tel.). Jayakrisna Indraji gives the following Vern. names :— (Porebunder and Gujrat) Wagdat Bhindo; (Marathi) Lichi, Ramkapshi; (Hindi) Kanjia, Lotaloti; (Sinha lese) Hiwepula. 23 178 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. Habitat :—Generally distributed over the hotter parts of India and is a weed in waste open ground in Ceylon. A perennial herb. Stem 2-4ft., much branched, finely stellate-hairy. Leaves very variable, 14-3in., rotundate, usually deeply palmately cut into 5 lobes, which are again lobed or pinnatifid, serrate, stellately hairy on both sides. Flowers bright pink, on short stout, hairy pedicels, axillary, solitary. Sepals 5, connate below into cup-shaped Calyx. Petals 5, connate and united to tube of stamens. Stamens monadelphous, anthers nearly sessile or 5-celled. Bracts a little shorter than the Calyx. Ovary 5-celled, with one ovule in each. Styles 10. Ripe carpels rounded on back, densely stellate-hairy, set with stiff long spines, with deflexed prongs at the extremeties (Tri- men). An oval glandular pore is situated at base of midrib, beneath, in both U. lobata and U. sinuata. Use:—In Chutia Nagpur, the root is used as an external application for lumbago. 160... repanda, Roxb. \HK BN, Tap so Roxh. 519. | Syn. :—U. Spectosa, Wall. Vern. :—Sikuar (Santal.). Habitat :—North-West India, Upper Gangetic plain and the Western Peninsula. Shrubby, stellate-hairy. Leaves roundish or somewhat lobed, shortly petioled, rough above, midrib glandular, at the base beneath ; lower 2-24in. long, roundish, rarely lobed, cordate at the base, repand-serrate, upper lanceolate. Flowers racemose, in alternately leafless clusters. Bracteoles $-3in., subcoriaceous, exceeding the membranous Calyx; 5, subulate, connate below into a cup; sepals united for half their length; Corolla pink, twice the length of the bracteoles. Carpels smooth, unarmed. Seed ascending smooth. Use:—The root. and bark are believed by the Santals to be a cure for hydrophobia (Campbell). “N. O. MALVACER. 179 i6te Pavonia * odorata, Willd.” H.¥.B.1., If ool LOX De aa). Sans, :—Bala Heivera. Vern. :-—Sugandha-bala (H.); Kala-vala (Bomb.) ; Peramu- tiver paramutha, mudda pulagam (Tam.); Erra kuti (Tel.) ; Balarakkasi, gida (Kan.); Kalo Walo (Guj.). Habitat :—North-West Provinces, Sindh, Banda and Wes- tern Peninsula. An erect herbaceous plant, with sticky hairs, glandular, pubescent. Leaves 24 by 3in., cordate-ovate, with 3-5 shallow pointed lobes; lower petioles longer than the blades. Pedun- cles as long as the leaves, 1-flowered, clustered at the ends of the branches. Bracteoles 10-12, linear. Sepals lanceolate. Corolla pink, twice as long as the Calyx. Carpels obovoid, dehiscent, unarmed, wingless. Styles 10. Stigmas capitate ; ovule one in each cell. Ripe carpels separating from the axis. Seeds ascending. eta) Part used :—The root. Use :—The root is fragrant and aromatic, and possesses cooling and stomachic properties; used in fever, inflammation and hemorrhage from internal organs (U. C. Dutt). According to Taylor, the root is prescribed as an astringent and tonic in cases of dysentery. The therapeutic properties of the root are probably due to the carminative quality of the odorous matter it contains, to- gether with the mucilaginous character commonly met with in members of N. O. Malvaceee. 162. Hibiscus furcatus, Roxb., H.P.B.1., 1. 335. Roxbsa2 7. Vern. :—Huligowri (Kan.) ; Napiritta (Sinhalese). Habitat :—-Hotter parts of India, from Bengal to Ceylon. A large, scrambling or climbing, semi-shrubby perennial ; stems more or less tomentose or glabrous, set with numerous 180 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. scattered, sharp, decurved, hooked prickles. Leaves 2-3in., roundish in outline, deeply palmately cut into 3-5 lanceolate, acute, shortly serrate segments (the lower often entire), glabrous or pubescent, usually very prickly on the veins beneath ; petioles as long as or longer than leaves, stout, horizontal, cylindric, very prickly. Stipules, linear-lanceolate. Flowers large, 23-4in.; pedicels 1-3in., very prickly ; bracteoles 10-12, linear setaceous, bristly, lower half spreading or reflexed, upper half erect, with a small deflexed leafy appendage at the middle ; sepals connate half way, ovate, very acute, sharp pointed, 4in., enclosed in thickened and enlarged, connivent Calyx, covered with very coarse appressed bristly hair; seed compressed, rough with scattered papille grey brown. Flowers yellow, with dark crimson centre. This isa very handsome climber. There seems to be no published figure of this common plant, says Trimen 1893. Talbot has done it since. (See his Forest Flora of Bombay). Very common in Ceylon, over trees and bushes in the low country, hotter parts of India, from Bengal to Ceylon (Max- well. T. Masters). Use:—Roots infused in water make a cooling drink for the hot weather (Talbot). 163); “A micranthus, Winn.) 1K BAS ieee: Vern. :—(Porebunder) Adb&ti Buporio, Darianu jhad ; (Kutch), Ktrfdvel; (Tamil) Peru-maddi. (Gujrati) Chanak Bhindo; (J. Indraji.) Habitat :—Hotter parts of India, from the North-West Provinces, eastward and southward to Ceylon. Shrubby, with slender rod-like spreading branches, thinly covered with stellate bristles. Leaves 2-1 in., ovate or oblong, quite entire or serrate, glandless, rough with bristly hairs ; petioles very short. Peduncles axillary, as long as or longer than the leaves. Bracteoles linear, shorter than the Calyx. Flowers white or pink, 4 in. diam. Sepals lanceolate. Corolla reflexed. Anthers whorled. Capsule globose. Seeds cottony, variable. N. O. MALVAOEE. 181 Use :—In Ceylon itis valued as a febrifuge (Duthie’s Flora Upper Gangetic Plain, Vol. I, p. 89). G4 et cannobinuss Linn. Wer B.1., F. 309. hoxb. a2: Sans.: Machika, Phalamla, Rajjuda-Ambashté, Ambalika. Nah ; garmikura. Vern.:—San. (H.); Mesta-pat (B.); Ambadi (Dec.); Palungu (Tam.); Ghongu-kuru. (Tel.); Dare kudrum (Santal.) ; kanuriya (Orissa); kudrum (Behar); Sajjado (Sind).; Pim- drike gida, holada (Kan.). , (Porebunder and Guj.) Bhindi Ambdt ; (Marathi) AmbAdi ; (Hindi) Patsan Arwbar?. (J. Indraji.) Habitat :—Generally cultivated : apparently wild east of the Northern Ghauts. An annual or perennial herb. Stem glabrous, prickly. Lower leaves entire, cordate, upper deeply palmately-lobed, lobes narrow serrate ; mid-nerve glandular beneath. Petiole prickly, lower much larger than the blade. Stipules linear, pointed. Peduncles very short, axillary. Bracteoles 7-10, linear, shorter than the Calyx. Sepals bristly, lanceolate, connate below the middle, with a gland at the back of each. Corolla large, spread- ing, yellow with a crimson centre. Capsule globose, pointed bristly. Seeds nearly glabrous. All parts agreeably acid. Parts used :—'The seeds, leaves and juice. Use:—The seeds are used as an external application to pains and bruises, and are said to be aphrodisiac and fatten- ing. One tolé of the juice of the flowers, with sugar and black pepper is a popular remedy for biliousness with acidity (Dymock). The leaves are purgative. 165.. Hf. Sabdariffa, Linn., u:F.B.1., 1. 340. Vern. :—Lal-ambadi, Patwé (H. Bomb.); Mesta, (B); Lal- ambadi (Sind.); Sivappu-kashuruk-kai (Tam.); Erra-gom-kaya (Tel.); Polechi (Mal); Arak kudrami, togat arak. (Santal.); Pulachakin, pundibija (Kan. ), 182 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. Hing.:—The Roselle of India or Red Sorrel of the W. Indies. Habitat :—-Cultivated in hotter parts of India. An erect, cultivated annual shrub, glabrous, unarmed. Stem purple. Leaves entire or 3-lobed, serrate, midrib glandular beneath ; petiole 2 in. Peduncle solitary, axillary, shorter than the petiole. Bracteoles and Calyx accrescent. Bracteoles 8-12, linear, adnate to the base of the Calyx. Sepals dotted, acuminate, bristly, connate below the midrib into a purplish fleshy cup. Corolla 23 in. diam., yellow. Capsule ovcid, pointed, villous, shorter than the Calyx. seeds reniform, sub-glabrous. Parts used :—The seeds, fruit and leaves. Use:—The succulent calyx is used for the preparation of what is called in Bombay Bazaars “ Roselle” jelly or Rozal jelly, and, when dried, as an article of diet like tamarind is used much in curries. In bilious conditions, a diet drink is made | oy boiling it with water and adding a little salt, pepper, asafoetida and molasses (Dymock). Moodeen Sheriff recommends a decoction of the seeds as a draught, in doses of from 1 to 2 drs., 3 or 4 times a day, in dysuria and strangury, also in dyspepsia and debility. The fruit possesses anti-scorbutic properties. The leaves are regarded as emollient. They are often cooked as vegetable and in curries. K. R. K. The food plant roselle, Hibiscus Sabdariffa has recently been introduced into tho Philippine Islands and is the sole representative of a type, in which the calyx supplies the chief edible portion of the plant, After flowering, the calyx thickens and enlarges until it assumes the appearance of a large bud, which is harvested for making jam or jelly of a brilliant red colour and pleasant acid taste, and for the preparation of syrup and wine. The chemical compositlon of the calyx is very similar to that of the cranberry, comprising inter alia 3°31 per cent. of malic acid, 0°83 per cent. of invert sugar, and 0°24 per cent, of sucrose. The malic acid present consists entirely of the dextro- rotatory modification, which form has never previously been identified in plant composition, and the acidity of the fruit is due entirely to it, analysis proving the absence of Tartarie and Citric acids. The roselle leaves contain about 1°25 per cent. and the stems about 0°60 per cent, of dextro malic acid, in conse- quence of which, both stems and leaves can be utilised in conjunction with the calyxes, when a brilliantly coloured food product is required. J. Ch, I, Jan, 31, 1913 p. 104. N. 0. MALVACEA, 183 160;7 Hi Abelmoschus Linn. WE Bi. 1. 342. Roxb. 526. Syn. :—Abelmoschus moschatus, Monch. Sans. :—Lata-kasturika. Arab. :-—Hab-ul-mishk. Vern. :—Kasture, kala-kasturi (B); Mushk-dana (H);_ kas- turu-benda (Dec) ; kattuk-kasturi (Tam); karpura-benda, (Tel); kasturi-bhenda (Mar) ; kapu kimissa ‘Singh.) Habitat :—Throughout the hotter parts of India ; most low country Ceylon. Found wild, says Trimen, or much cultivated in tropical countries. | An annual hispid, herbaceous plant, with long deflexed hair, tall, 2-3 ft. high. Leaves polymorphous, ovate-cordate or more usually palmately cut into 3-5 acute lobes, dentate-serrate, hairy on both sides; petiole usually longer than leaves, with long deflexed hairs. Stipules small, subulate. Flowers large, 3-4 in., solitary, often appearing to be terminal, bright yellow, with a purple centre. Pedicels stout, curved, much thickened beneath the flower. Bracteoles 8, distinct, linear, hispid, much shorter than Calyx. Sepals completely connate, save at their point into a tube which splits down one side. Capsule 23-3 in., ovate- ovoid, acute, hispid ; seeds kidney-bean-shaped, striate. Parts used :—The seeds, root and leaves. Uses:—The Hindus regard the seeds as cooling, tonic and carminative. | The Arabic and Persian writers consider them to have sto- machie and tonic properties. The author of the Makhzan-ul- Adwia recommends a mucilage prepared from the roots and leaves of the plant in gonorrhea. In Bombay, the seeds are rubbed to a paste with milk, and used to cure itch (Dymock). In the West Indies, the seeds are given in the cure of snake- bite, being administered both internally and externally (Watt). The late Dr. Moodeen Sheriff used a tincture of the seeds and considered it stimulant, stomachic and anti-spasmodic, and recommended its exhibition in cases of nervous debility, hysteria, and a tonic for dyspepsia. 184 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. 167. H. eseulentus, Linn., H.¥.B.1., 1. 343. Roxb. 529. 7 Syn. :—H. longifolius, Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 210. Abelmoschus esculentus, W. and A. English name: —Lady’s finger. Sans. :—Tindisa ; Gandha-mula. Arab. and Pers. :—Bamiya. Vern. :—Bhindi ram-turai (H.); Dhénras, ram-torai (B.); Bhenda (Bom.); Bhindu Guz.); Bhéndi (Dek.) ; Vendaik-kay, vendi (Tam.); Penda, benda-kaya (Tel.). Habitat : —Cultivated throughout India. A cultivated, annual, tall herb, with rough hairs. Leaves coarsely toothed ; petiole 6 in., more or less bristly. Stipules subulate. Peduncles about 1 in. Bracteoles 1 in., linear-subulate. Flowers yellow with a crimson centre. Staminal-tube antheri- ferous throughout. Fruit 6-10 by iin., pyramidal-oblong, glabrescent, cells 5-8-seeded. Seeds striate, hairy. Parts used :—The fruit, seeds and capsule. Use:—The Mahomedan writers describe it as cold and moist, and beneficial to people of a hot temperament (Dymock'. Roxburgh recommends it in irritating cough. The mucilage from the fruits and seeds is useful in gonorrohcea and irritation of the genito-urinary system. In the Indian Pharma- copceia, the immature capsules are officinal for the preparation of a decoction, to be used as an emollient, demulcent and diuretic in catarrhal affections, ardor urine, dysuria and gonorrhea. 163:- A. haceuss, Gain. Gace ee a LERCS.€ Oa eAzE Syn.:—Paritium tiliaceum, W. and A.; Hibiscus tiliaceus, Linn. Vern.:—Bola, chelwa (B.); Bania or baria (Orissa) ; Bel- pata (Bomb.). (Sinhalese) Beli-patta. Habitat :—Coasts of both Peninsulas and Bengal. N. O. MALVACEA. 185 A small, much-branched tree. Young shoots and inflor- escence pubescent. Bark grey, inner-bark fibrous. Wood soft, grey, heartwood purplish. Leaves entire from a cordate hase, nearly orbicular, shortly grey-pubescent; blade 3-8 in. diam. Petiole 1-5 in. long. Stipules broad, early deciduous. Flowers in axillary or terminal few-fid racemes. Bracteoles 10, connate, half the length of the Calyx. Corolla 2-3 in. diam., pale yellow, with a crimson centre, red in the evening. Staminal-tube 14 in., antheriferous all the way down. Capsule 10-celled, ovoid, pointed above, 5-valved. Seeds slightly pilose, reniform. Parts used :—The bark and root. Use :—The bark is used in medicine (Watt). The root is said by Irvine in his Materia Medica of Patna to be febrituge, and employed in the preparation of embrocations. ~ 1695 4. Rosa-Sinensis, Linn., H.4.B.1., 1. 344. Roxb. D2. Sans. :—Japa. Vern. :—Joba, juva, oru (B).; Jasoon or jasund (H. and Dec.); shappathup-pu, (Tam.) ; java-push-pamu (Tel.) ; Dasvalada- huvvu (Can.); jastit-nt-phiél (Guz); Jasvan (Mar). Pers. :—Angharee-hind. Habitat :—Cultivated in gardens throughout India. I have seen 12 varieties in the Bombay gardens with cream-coloured, fawn-coloured, white and scarlet-blotched, pink, deep crimson, scarlet, with double and single-petalled flowers. It serves as a good roadside plant in Bombay. K. R. K. A shrubby perennial plant, cultivated in gardens. Stems woody, branched, not prickly. Leaves entire at base, coarsely toothed at apex, nearly glabrous, ovate, acuminate. Stipules ensiform. Bracteoles 6-7, linear, half the length of the bell-shap- ed Calyx. Peduncles axillary, solitary, as long as or longer than the adjoining leaf. Sepals $= in.; lanceolate, connate below the middle. Corolla 3 in. diam., variously coloured with a deep purple or black blotch inside, near insertion or base of petals.Staminal- tube exceeding Corolla. Capsule roundish, many-seeded. 24 186 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. The juice of petals is much used in colouring sugar, confectionary pink (K. R. K.), and to ‘ black’ leather-shoes (Masters). : Parts used :—The flowers, leaves and root. Use:—The flowers are considered emollient, and an in- fusion of the petals is given as a demulcent. The flowers fried in ghee (clarified butter) are administered by natives for checking excessive menstruation, The leaves are considered emollient and aperient (Murray, p. 63). The buds are employed in the cure of seminal weakness and cystitis; the root is valuable in coughs (S. Arjun). Moodeen Sheriff reports favourably of an infusion of the petals as a demulcent and refrigerant drink in fevers (Ph. Ind). In Bombay, the roots are dried and sold in the shops as a substitute for Althea. In the Concan, the fresh root-juice of the wild flower variety is given, in doses of two tolas with milk, sugar and cumin for gonorrhea, and the root powdered is given with an equal quantity of lotus-root and the bark of Eriodendron anfractuosum, in the same manner, for menorrhagia, the dose of the three being 6 massés each. (Dymock). Dr. Moodeen Sheriff recommended an oil, made by mixing the juice of fresh petals and olive oil in equal portions, and boiling till all water is evaporated, as a stimulating application for the hair. 170. Thespasia populnea, Corr., H.F.B.1., 1. 345. Roxb. : Syn. :—Hibiscus populneus, Roxb. 522. Sans. :—Gardhabhanda, Parisa, Suparshvaka. Vern.:—Dumbla (Sundribuns); (Hindi) P&éruspipal Gayj- dand, Paras pipul (H.); Poresh, parash, paresh-pipal (B.); Poris, portia, pursa Pursha-maram (Tam.); gangaraya (Tel.); Bend (Guz.); Bhendi, Bhend (Bomb.). (Sinhalese) Suriya, (Tamil) Kavarachu, Puvarachu. N. O. MALVACER. 187 * Habitat :—Tropical shores of Bengal and both peninsulas, Ceylon. A middle-sized, evergreen, rapid-growing tree. Heartwood small, dark red, smooth ; sapwood soft. Leaves cordate, acumi- nate, entire on both sides, with minute, peltate scales ; blade 3-5 in., petiole 1-4 in. Flowers axillary, solitary or 2 together. Bracteoles none, or early deciduous. Calyx cup-shaped, truncate. Corolla yellow, passing into purplish pink when withering, 2 in. diam. Capsule dehiscent ori ndehiscent ; 1$ in., oblong, depress- ed, scaly, ultimately glabrescent. Seeds silky, pilose or powdery on the surface (Maxwell T. Masters). Parts used :—The bark, fruit, seeds, flowers, root and leaves. Uses :—The fruit yields a yellow, viscid juice, which forms a valuable local application in scabies and other cutaneous diseases in South India. The affected parts of the body are daily washed with a decoction of the bark (Watt). Ainslie says that a decoction of the bark is given internally as an alterative. Dr. Waring tried it in scabies and other cutaneous diseases ; in some cases, it exercised a favourable influence, but in the majority it was productive of little or no benefit. In Tahiti, the fresh capsules, bruised and applied to the forehead are said to cure migraine; the yellow sap exuding from the peduncles is considered a cure for the bites of insects, espe- cially .of the centipede ; it is also useful in sprains, bruises, and all cutaneous affections. In Mauritius, the bark is described as depurative, as used in dysentery, hemorrhoids; the juice of the fruits being applied to warts.”’ Christy's N. C. P., No. x, p. 43. Rumphius speaks highly of the value of heartwood as a remedy for bilious attacks and colic, and in a kind of pleuro- dynia from which the Malayas often suffer. In the Central Provinces, the root is taken as a tonic. In the Concan, the flowers are employed in the cure of itch ; and the leaves are employed as a local application to inflamed and swollen joints (Dymock). 188 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. 171. 7. Lampas, Dalz and Gibs. H.F.B.L, I. 343. Syn. :—Hibiscus Lampas, Roxb. 524. Vern.:—Bankapas (B); Bonkapsi. (Santal); Bonkapash (Assam) ; Ran bhendi (Mar.); Adavipratti, condapatti, rondapatti (Tel). Parus Piplo (Guj). | Habitat :—Tropical Himalaya, from Kumaon eastwards ; Bengal and the Western Peninsula. A subarboreous, herbaceous plant, not prickly ; portions downy. Leaves palmately-lobed, 5 in. diam., cordate, 3-lobed ; lobes spreading, acuminate, sparingly stellate, pilose above, tomentose beneath, midrib, with a glandular pore at the base beneath ; petiole 24 in., downy. Stipules subulate, peduncles axillary or terminal, panicled, 3-flowered. Bracteoles 4-8, subu- late, deciduous. Calyx of 5-subulate, sepals, connate below the middle. Corolla campanulate, yellow, with a crimson centre. Capsule ovoid, pointed, villous, 5 rarely 4-valved or 3-valved ; valves hispid, glabrescent. Seeds glabrescent. Tropical Himalaya from Kumaon eastwards, Bengal, the Western Peninsula, Burma, Ceylon. Use:—The root and fruit are employed in Chutia Nagpur as a remedy in gonorrhea and syphilis (Campbell). 172. Gossypium herbaceum, Linn., H.F.B.1., 1.046. Roxb. 519: Sans. :—Karpas. Vern. :—Rui, kapas (H.); Tula (B.); Parutti, (Tam.’; Pratti, (Tel.). Kapus (Mar), Kapas (Guj.). Eng. :—The Indian cotton. Habitat :—Cultivated in India, Ceylon. An annual or perennial herb or shrub, nearly glabrous or more or less hairy, and with a few scattered glandular points. Leaves cordate, 3-5 ; or rarely 7-lobed, usually with a gland on the undersurface of the midrib. Leaf-lobes broadly ovate or N. O. MALVACER. 189 acuminate. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, entire or slightly toothed. Peduncles shorter than the petiole. Bractcoles not divided below the middle, equalling the capsule, sometimes, entire or nearly so. Calyx truncate or obtusely crenulate, much shorter than the bracteoles. Petals spreading, ovate or crenulate. Flowers yellow, with a purple centre, rarely wholly yellow or white or purple. Capsule ovate, globose, mucronate, 3-5-valved. Seeds 5-7 in each cell, ovoid. Cotton white, brown, rarely yellowish, overlaying a greenish or greyish down. I have a fabric, a coat made out of cloth, turned out at the Thana Jail (Konkan), nearly twenty years ago out of the fawn-coloured -cotton-fibre found on some plantsin the Jail gardens, unex- pectedly yielding the fawn-coloured cotton. It is unknown whence the seed of such plants came (K. R. Kirtikar). Parts used :—The bark, seeds, leaves, flowers and root-bark. Uses :—The Eastern physicians consider all parts of the cotton plant to be hot and moist; a syrup of the flowers is prescribed in hypochondriasis, on account of its stimulating and exhilarant effect; a poultice of them is applied to burns and scalds. Burnt cotton is applied to sores and wounds to promote healthy granulation ; dropsical or paralysed limbs are wrapped in cotton, after the application of a ginger plaster ; pounded cotton- seed, mixed with ginger and water, is applied in orchitis. Cotton is also used as a moxa, and the seeds as a laxative, expectorant, and aphrodisiac. The juice of the leaves is considered a good remedy in dysentery, and the leaves with oil are applied as a plaster to gouty joints; a hip-bath of the young leaves and roots is recommended in uterine colic. The cotton-wool is applied to burns; the seeds are said to increase the secretion of milk, and are also said to be useful in epilepsy, and as an antidote to snake-poison. The root is diu- retic, emenagogue and demulcent, and the leaves in decoction are tonic, and said to be used in fever and diarrhea (Athkin- son). In India, the cotton seeds are employed to procure abortion. Cotton root-bark is officinal in the United States Pharmacopceia, 190 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. also a fluid extract of bark; it appears to have first attracted attention from being used by the female negroes to produce abortion. It acts like ergot upon the uterus, and is useful in dysmenorrhcea and suppression of the menses when produced by cold. A decoction of 4 ozs of the bark in 2 pints of water, boiled down to one pint, may be used in doses of 2 ounces every 20 or 30 minutes, or the fluid extract may be prescribed in doses of from 30 to 60 minims. Cotton-seed tea is given in dysentery in America; the seeds are also reputed to be galac- tagogue (Dymock). Compared with ergot, the root of the cotton-plant causes a more natural contraction of the uterus; but the former drug appears to be the more active during parturition. Gossypium ean be given with impunity. In gynecological practice ergot cannot compare with gossypium, the rapidity of action is not so necessary, and the remedy can be given without any un- pleasant secondary or after-effects, as is frequently complained of during a prolonged course of ergot subcutaneously or per- os.’ (I. M. G., November, 1884. pp. 334-5). The herbaceous part of Gossypium herhaccum contains much mucilage, and is used as a demulcent. Cotton-seeds have been employed in the Southern States of America with great asserted success in the treatment of intermittents. A pint of the seeds is boiled in a quart of water toa pint, and a teacupful of the decoction is given to the patient in bed, an hour or two before the expected return of the chill. (U. S. Dispensatory). The seeds are considered a nervine tonic and are given in headache, ete. Cotton-seed is said to increase the secretion of milk, and cotton-seed oil is largely utilized for this reason in the feeding of cows. The reason of this physiological action, and the constituent of the seed which produces it, are not known. In order to apply this to women, attempts have been made to purify the seeds, and a preparation, bearing the name of lactagol, has been the outcome of these investigations. It is a fine white powder, having a not N. 0. MALVACEA. 191 unpleasant taste. The patients take it well, and it does not pro- duce any disturbances of digestion. The action on the breast becomes evident after the patient has taken the powder for three or four days and has swallowed from 25 to 80 grams. The effect on the breasts is that they become fuller, that the baby is able to suck for a longer period, and that at the end of the meal the mother does not complain of pain in the breasts. ‘The action does not appear to be lost if one discontinues the lactagol for one day, but 1f one leaves it off for two or three days the secretion becomes less. If one uses it in women, who have already been suckling for some time, one finds it necessary to give nearly double the amount before the action is obtained.—B. M. J. Epi- tome, August. 6, 1904. The flowers contain a coloring matter, a glucoside, named gossypetin, C,,H1203. It forms glistening, yellow needles, closely resembling quercetin in appearance, and is readily soluble in alcohol, but only very sparingly in water. Concentrated alkaline solutions dissolve it, forming orange-red solutions, which, on agitation and dilution with water, become green, and finally assume a dull brown tint. Ammonia behaves very similarly. Alcoholic lead-acctate gave a deep red precipitate in the cold, passing into dull brown at the boiling point, and alcoholic ferric chloride a dull, olivegreen liquid. Sulphuric acid dissolves it, forming an orange-red solution. Fusion with alkali.— When gossypetin is fused with caustic potash at 200-220,° two crystalline decomposition products are obtained, melting at 210° and at 194-196° respectively ; these consisted of phloroghucinol and protocatechuic acid. J. Ch. S. loli) Wl oney anes 249) When the phenolic constituents of cotton-seed oil are purified by repeat- ed fractionation from acetic acid solution, a crystalline product is obtained which can be further purified by crystallisation from a mixture of alcohol and dilute acetic acid ; this substance, to which the name of gossypol is given, has a composition corresponding fairly well with that required for the for- mula Cy, Hyg O;. Gossypol crystallises in glistening, golden seales, melts at 188°, dissolves readily in alcohol benzene, chloroform, ether, acetone, or acetic acid, but not in water. Sulphuric acid dissolves it with a beautiful, cherry-red coloration, similar to that observed with impure cotton-oils. Alkalis give a yellow 192 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. solution, which soon becomes violet and then gradually loses its colour ; the violet colour is developed immediately when hydrogen peroxide is added to the alkaline solution. Alkaline solutions of gossypol reduce both Fehling’s solution and ammoniacal silver nitrate. An alcoholic solution gives a dark green coloration with ferric chloride, which becomes dark reddish-brown on adding alkalis. The acetyl and benzoy] derivatives are very soluble in organic solvents, and were not obtained in crystalline form ; bromine and nitric acid also act on gossypol, but definite products were not isolated. Gossypol is not a glucoside. An analysis of the lead salt indicates the presence of two hydroxyl groups. Gossypol gives a grey shade, with iron mordants.—J. Ch. 8. 1899 A I. 821. 173. G. arboreum, Iann. 4.¥.B.1., 1. 347. Roxb: 5202. Vern :—Nurma, deo kapas. (H.); Budi Kaskom, bhoga kuskom (Santal.); Manna, radhia, nurma (N.-W. P.); Kapas (Pb.) ; Deva Kapusa (Mar.) ; Samparuthi (Tam.); Patti (Tel). Habitat :—Plains of India, in gardens, but generally cultivated. Arborescent or shrubby plant, rarely an herb. Branches purple, pilose. Leaves nearly glabrous, one-glandular, deeply palmately 5-7-lobed, lobes linear oblong, mucronate, con- tracted at the base, often with a supplementary lobe in the sinus. Stipules ensiform. Flowers purple, rarely. white. Bracteoles nearly entire, cordate, ovate, acute. Petals spread- ing; staminal-tube antheriferous for its whole length. Capsule about 1 in., oblong, pointed. Seeds free, covered with white wool overlying a dense, green down. Cotton not readily separ- able from the seed. Uses:—In Bombay, the root is used in the treatment of fever, In the Konkan, the root, rubbed to a paste within the juice of patchouli leaves, has a reputation as a promoter of grauula- tion in wounds, and the juice of the leaves, made into a paste with the seeds of Vernonia anthelmintica, is applied to eruptions of the skin following fever. In Pudukota, the leaves ground and mixed with milk, are given for strangury (Dymock). The petals squeezed and soaked in human or cow’s milk, N. O. MALVACEZS. 193 are used as a soothing and effective application for conjunctivitis of infants (Dr. Thompson in Watt’s Dictionary). The cotton is a very useful external remedy in burns, scalds, and some other surgical diseases. ‘T’he seeds exercise some good influence over gonorrhea, gleet, chronic cystitis, consumption and some catarrhal affections. The fresh young capsules and shoots have been observed to produce good effects in some cases of dysentery and gonorrhcea. The control of the seeds over gonorrhea and gleet is more manifest when combined with some other drugs, a prescription for which is given below. Take of the cotton seeds, from two to four drachms; fruit of Cuminum cyminum (cumin seeds), from one and a half to three drachms; fruit of Pzmpinella Anisum, (anise seed), from one to two drachms; and the szlzcious concretion of Bambusa arundinacea (tabshir), from fifteen to thirty grains. Bruise and rub all these ingredients well in a stone mortar, with three or four ounces of water and pass the liquid through cloth. This draught is to be used four or five times in the twenty-four hours, according to the severity of the symptoms (Moodeen Sheriff). 174. Kydia' calyeona, Roxb. 4.¥.B.1., 1. 348 ; Roxb: 52 1. Vern.:—Pola, ptla, pulipatha, potari, choupultea (H.) : Baranga, bhotti. (C.P.) Ktbinde (Nepal.) ; Potri, pandini, podda, kunji (Tel.); Boldobak (Garo); Vdranga, varangada, warunyg, moti, potarf (Bomb.); bittia gonyer, pata dhamin (Kol); Poshka olat, (Santal.); Derki (Karwar); sedangtaglar (Lepcha) : kopa- sia (Uirya) ; Pulli, pila, pola (Pb.} ; Bendi, bende-naru, bellaka (Kan.); Buruk, bosha, kunji (Gond.) nihoty Lirwani (Guj.). Habitat :—Tropical regions of the Himalaya, from Kumaon eastward, and throughout the Western ghats. Dun and Saha- ranpur gardens. Burma. A moderate-sized, deciduous tree or large shrub. Bark grey, exfoliating in large strips, rough, with large white specks on 25 194 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. branches. Young parts covered with grey stellate hairs. Leaves downy beneath, 4-6 in. by 3 in. diam., rounded, cordate, pal- mately 5-7-nerved, more or less lobed, midlobe longest, glabrous above or with thinly scattered hairs, closely felted beneath ; petiole 1-2 in. Flowers numerous, white or pink, $-% in. across, polygamous, generally dicecious, in much-branched axillary or terminal panicles. Bracteoles 4-6, oblong, spathulate, downy, nearly as long as the Calyx; Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, seg- ments ovate, acute, accrescent and spreading in fruit, Petals clawed, adnate to the staminal-tube, longer than the Clayx, obcordate. Stamens monadelphous, the tube shorter than the petals and split halfway into 5 segments, each bearing at the apex 3-5 sessile anthers. Capsule subglobose, 3-valved. Seeds reniform, furrowed. Use:—Among the Santals, the leaves are pounded and made into a paste and applied tothe body for pains. They are also chewed, when there isa deficiency of saliva. (Revd. A. Campbell.) 175. Adansonia digitata, Linn. H.¥.B.1., 1. 348. Roxb. 513. Vern.—-Gorakh Amli, amali, (H.); kalp briksh (Ajmere) ; Hathi-khatyan (Dec.) ; gorakh chintz, choyari chinch (Bomb.) ; Marjath Anai-puliyaroy Parutti, (Tam.); Sima-chinta (Tel.) Go- rakh Amli (Porebunder) ; Rukhdo, Chor Amli (Guj.); Gorakh Chinch (Marathi) ; Katu-imbul (Sinhalese). Arab. :—Hujed. Eng. :—The baobab or monkey-bread tree of Africa. Habitat :—Cultivated in various parts of India and Ceylon. A deciduous large tree, 60-70 ft. high, very handsome, though stumpy when in foliage. Trunk short, thick, of great diam. Stem grey at base, rapidly narrowing upward, like a cone, throwing out very widely spreading branches. Bark soft, glaucous, thick. Leaves digitate, glabrous, pubescent beneath, when young; leaflets generally 5-7, 3-4 in. long, obovate or WN. 0. MALVACER. 195 oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, attenuated at base, entire or sinu- ate at the margins. Flowers white, solitary, axilllary, pendu- lous, long-peduncled (often more than 12 in.). Bracteoles 2. Calyx thick, coriaceous, fleshy, cup-shaped, 5-cleft, tomentose (?) externally and clodded with silky hairs internally. Petals obovate, adnate below, to the stamens. Staminal-tube thick, dividing above into numerous filaments ; anthers long, linear, reniform or contorted, Il-celled. Ovary ovoid. Style long, filiform, divided atsummit into as many radiating stigmas as there are cells to the ovary. Cells of ovary 5-10. Fruit pen- dulous, oblong-obovoid, downy, woody, brownish-green, indchis- cent, 8-12 in. long. Seeds about 30, kidney-shaped, brown, immersed in tough fibres and a mealy, reddish fawn-coloured, slightly acid pulp, which becomes powdery as the pulp matures. Trimen says the Roman Catholics call it “ Judas’ Bag,” be- cause the fruit contains 30 seeds.” Mr. Crawford of Ceylon Civil Service gives the circumference of the largest stem (in 1890) as 61 ft. 9 in., whilst the tree is only 30 ft. high. A tree at Put- talam, in Ceylon, is mentioned by Kmerson Tennent as being 70 ft. in height and 46 ft. in girth (1848). In the village of Matunga (Bombay), in 1896, along the principal road going to Sion Hill, there was a large tree on the left hand side, of a similar enormous size. In the Thana District, I have seen several such trees in a Mahomedan graveyard on the right hand side while going from Thana by the Colset public Road to the Colset Bunder. Similar trees are mentioned as growing in Bengal. Originally, a Native of Tropical Africa, it was introduced into India and Ceylon by Arabian traders. It is now a naturalized plant, and grows all over India, along the coast of Gujrat, Central Provinces, Bengal. Into Ceylon also it was introduced by the Arabs. The Baobab trees, at Mannar have long been well-known. The disproportionately large, short trunk is remarkable. The wood is pale-coloured, soft and porous. It is said by Lisboa that the pulp is refrigerent and diuretic. The bark has been proposed as a substitute for quinine. Its liber affords excellent fibre. The pulp of the fibres is used for paper-manufacture. 196 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. The following was said by Major Kirtikar at the Mel- bourne Medical Congress, in exhibiting an extract from the bark prepared by the late Mr. M.C. Periera of Bandra :—About 30-40 grains a day, in small doses, are given every third or fourth hour in Intermittent Fevers. The fruit pulp is acid and makes a very pleasant refrigerent drink. When unripe, the fruit pulp is mucilaginous, but as it gets ripe, it assumes the appearance of dry pith, containing dry, powdery, acid, starch- like stuff, enclosed in bundles of fibre and surrounding the seeds. Walz has extracted an active principle from the Bark, called Adansonin. The pulp is an astringent in diarrhea, like gallic acid. Parts used :—The fruit, bark and leaves, Use :—It was introduced into India by the Arabians. In Africa, it is used for dysentery, and the leaves are made into poultices and used asa fomentation to painful swellings, or the leaves dried and reduced to powder are called lalo by the Africans, and are used to check excessive perspiration. (Royle.) Duchassing recommends the bark as an antiperiodic in fever. In Bombay, the pulp, mixed with butter-milk, is used as an astringent in diarrhcea and dysentery. In the Concan, the pulp with figsis given in asthma, anda sherbet made of it, with the addition of cumin and sugar, is administered in bilious dyspepsia. It is also given for this affection with Emblic myro- - balans, fresh mint, rock-salt, and long pepper. (Dymock.) The fruit has been analysed by Messrs. Heckel and Schlagdenhauffen. The authors think that the pulp is rightly used by the natives as a remedy in dysentery. The pulp is beneficial in pyrexia of any form of fever, by diminishing the heat and quenching thirst. It has recently proved itself very successful in relieving the night-sweats and febrile flushes in a severe case of consumption. The bark is useful to some extent in simple and in complicated cases of continued and intermittent fevers (Moodeen Sheriff.) N. O. MALVACEZ. 197 176. Bombax Malabaricum D.C., 4.F.B.1., 1. 349. Roxb. 514. Syn. :— B. heptaphylla, Rowb. Sans. :—Shalmali; mocha. Rakta Shalmali. Maha vriksha, Panch-parni, kalpa vriksa. Vern. :—Semul or Sémal, shembal, semur, pagun, somr, ragat-seiibal, ragat-sémar, kAnti-séubal (H.) ; Rokto-simul, simul (B.); simbal, shivlan (Pb.) Del (Kol); Edel (Santal}; Bouro, (Uriya); Boichu, panchu (Naro); Sunglu (Lepcha); Sanvari K4ntesava saer, somr, semuel, shembal, (Bom.) ; Lavara, Simbo, samar, kante-savar, kanterisamar, shevari, tamari savari, (Mar.) : Rato-shemalo, shemolo, shimlo, shimul shimar, (Guz.); Kanton- K4-Khatyan, kanto-ka-sémul, lal-katyan (Dek); Mundlabfraga- chettu (Tel.); Pula, Mul-ilava-maram, mulilaun (Tam.); Pula- maram, mul-lilava, mullia-pfila (Mal) ; Mullu-biiragam-ara, burla, (Kan.) ; Wallaiki (Gond.); Katseori ;Bhil.). Habitat :—Tropical Eastern Himalaya, and throughout the hotter forest regions of India, Ceylon, Burma, Sumatra. A very large deciduous tree, with branches in whorls, 5-7, spreading horizontally, and stem with buttresses at base. Bark grey, when young, with conical prickles, with corky base, when old with long irregular vertical cracks. Wood white when fresh cut, turning dark on exposure, very soft, perishable. No heartwood, no annual rings. Leaves digitate, glabrous. Leaflets 5 or 7, lanceolate, 4-8 in. long, common petiole as long as or longer than the leaflets. Flowers appearing before the leaves, large, scarlet, occasionally white ; Calyx inside silky—tomentose. Petals 2-3 in. long, stellate-tomentose on both faces. Filaments numerous, pluri-seriate, much longer than the staminal column ; 5 innermost forked at the top, each with an anther, 10 intermediate shorter, outer very numerous (Maxwell T. Masters). Brandis says the filaments are about 70; the numerous outer ones united in 5 clusters. Anthers long, afterwards twisted. Petals 5, oblong, recurved, fleshy, twice the length of the stamens. Style longer than the stamens. Capsule 6-7 in., oblong, hard, woody, downy, 5-valved. Valves silky within. 198 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. Seeds glabrous, embedded in silky wool. This is the silk-cotton tree of the Konkan. Parts used :—The gum, seed, fruit, tap-root, bark; cotton and flower. Uses:—The gum or dried juice, mocha-ras, which tbe tree yields, is used as an aphrodisiac. The root has stimulant and tonic properties. The bark and the root are emetic. The young roots, dried in the shade and powdered, form the chief ingredient in the musla-semul, a medicine highly thought of as an aphrodisiac; it is also given in impotence. The gum contains a large proportion of tannic and gallic acids, and may be successfully employed in cases requiring astringents. The gum has also tonic and alterative properties, and is used in diarrhea, dysentery, and menorrhagia. The dry flowers, with poppy seeds, goats’ milk, and sugar, are boiled and inspissated, and of this conserve two drachms are given three times a day in hemorrhoids (Medical Topography of Dacca, by Dr. Taylor). | “Tts gum is useful in diarrhoea; dose: 20-30 grs., with equal parts of sugar (Surg. T. Anderson, Bijnor;. The taproot is used for gonorrhcea and dysentery (Mukerji, Cuttack). The leaves, singed and beaten, or rubbed with water to a pulp, make a useful application to glandular swellings (Forsyth). Watt’s Dict. 1. 491. The gum is astringent and demulcent ; the seeds nutrient and demulcent; the young fruit stimulant, diuretic, tonic, aphrodisiac, expectorant, and exercises a great beneficial in- fluence over the membranes of the genito-urinary organs; the tap-root is demulcent, tonic, slightly diuretic, and aphrodisiac ; the bark is demulcent, diuretic, tonic, and slightly astringent ; and the cotton is employed only externally for its mechanical properties (softness and elasticity) in padding splints and covering burned and inflamed surfaces, &c. The gum is useful in diarrhoea, dysentery and other affections in which kino and catechu are beneficial. The therapeutic uses of the seeds are similar to those of the seeds N. O. MALVACER, 199 of Gossypium herbaceum, G. Arboreum and G. Barbadense. The benefit of the dry young fruits in calculus affections and chronic inflammation and ulceration of the bladder and kidneys, including strangury and all other forms of dysuria, except those depending on mechanical causes, is remarkable. The fruits are also useful in weakness of the genital organs and in most of the disorders in which gentian and calumba are resorted to. As therapeutic agents, the tap-root and the bark, in the forms of decoction and extract, are nearly identical in their usefulness with Mdrdtimoggu, and therefore employed in almost the same affections. The cotton of B. Malabarieum is useful in all the surgical cases, &c., in which the cotton of Cochlosperum Gossypium is employed, and the manner of using it is also the same. There is no drug in India which enjoys a greater reputation as an aphrodisiac and tonic in native medical works than the tap-root of the young plant of B. Malabaricum. There is no doubt that it is one of the useful drugs in this country, but the exaggeration of its good effect in some of the Indian writers is so great, that it is quite ridiculous and not worth mentioning here. I have recently given a trial to this drug in my practice, and found it to be a good demulcent tonic, and slightly aphro- disiac, but nothing beyond it. Imay also state that even the good influence, which it does exert occasionally on the genital organs, is neither certain nor uniform. The great practical objection to the use of the Semal-mush is that it is neither sold in the bazar, nor procurable always in any garden or field. Besides, there 1s no medical property in it, which, according to my own experience, is not possessed in equal degree, if not more, by the dry young fruits and bark of B. Malabaricum. In fact, the Mardati-moggu is not oaly the cheapest and most abundant, but also the best and most useful of all the parts of the above plant which are used as medicines. The young fruits seem to possess some soothing or special action on the mucous membrane of the genito-urinary tract, and have therefore proved themselves more useful than Pareira Brava in some of the diseases in which the latter is indicated (Moodeen Sheriff). 200 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. “The gum exudes only from those portions of the bark which have been injured by decay or by insects, since incisions in the healthy bark do not cause the gum to flow. The gum first exudes in the form of a white, opaque, viscous mass, which readily turns red, and finally dries into hard, brittle, mahogany-coloured tears, the larger of which are hollow in the centre, the cavity being produced during the gradual drying of the jelly-like mass which first exudes from the tree. The fresh exudation contains about 84 per cent, of moisture which it loses on drying in air. The gum is best collected during the early part of the hot season—from March till June—since it has then lost most of its moisture, and consequently is less liable to ferment and deteriorate when it is stored,** “Chemical properties of the gum,— The gum contains a considerabie quantity of tannin and belongs, in fact, to that class of tannin materials which Procter has classified as being of ‘mixed and doubtful constitution.’ It contains also catechol tannin.” “ Hydrolysis of the gum.—Boiling the original substance with dilute acid, probably hydrochloric acid, yields a red coloured solution, together with an insoluble residue which possesses the colour of crimson lake. For brevity’s sake this amorphous product willbe referred to as ‘Semul red.’ It is only very moderately soluble in alcohol, and, therefore, this colouring matter does not possess the solubility ordinarily attributed to the phlobaphenes. The filtrate from the hydrolysis deposits a small quantity of a dark red, amorphous powder, and ifthe tannin substances be removed by means of precipitation with lead acetate, and the excess of lead in solution be removed from the filtrate by means of sulphuretted hydrogen, then the residual liquid, freed from sulphuretted hydrogen, will reduce Fehlings’ solution.”—J. Ch. I 29-4-1911 p. 469. 177. Hriodendron anfractuosum., D.C. H.¥.B.1., IP Shoe Syn. :—Bombax pentandrum, Roxb. 513. Vern. :—Safed simal, senibal, hatian (H); Swet Simal (B.); Havam (Tam.); Buruga, pir, buraga-sinna (Tel.); Pania, paniala (Mal.) ; Khatyan, safed-khatyan (Dec.); shamicula, sapheta sdvara, shalmali, pandhari sAvar (Mar.) ; Biliburga, bili-barlu (Kan.), Habitat :—Forests, throughout the hotter parts of India, Ceylon. Native of Malay. A moderate-sized, deciduous tree. Bark greyish brown, green when young, peeling off in round bosses. Wood yellowish or brownish white, soft. Trunk straight ; the primary branches horizontal, in whorls of three; young parts, glabrous. Leaves N. 0. MALVACEA. 201 closely placed, on long glabrous petioles, digitate; leaflets 5-7, on short, winged stalks, 3-5 in., lanceolate, acute at both ends, finely cuspidate, entire or serrulate near tip, glabrous, paler beneath, stipules % in., linear-filiform, deciduous. Flowers cream-white, faintly scented; 13-2 in., in axillary clusters of 2-8 appearing with the young leaves at the ends of branches, drooping; pedicels about 1 in., no bracteoles. Calyx 4 in., tubular-campanulate, with very shallow lobes, glabrous outside, lined with dense appressed hairs at the base within; petals twice as long as Calyx, spreading, obovate-oblong, acute, densely tomentose outside, nearly glabrous within. Stamens a little longer than the petiole, erect. Ovary glabrous. Capsule 33-4 in., surrounded at base by persistent Calyx, ovoid-fusiform, blunt, tardily dehiscent from base upwards by 5 septifragal membran- ous valves, d-celled, cells densely lined with long white silky hair which is deciduous, so that the valves are ultimately glabrous and areolate within. Seeds over + in., compressed- globose, quite glabrous, blackish, each surrounded by a copious crumpled mass of silky hair. ‘Though each seed appears to have a separate investment of cotton, this is quite unconnected with the testa and really arises from the inner side of the wall of the capsule and from the central axis. It is ultimately separated from these, and is then a mere stuffing round the seeds. This silk-cotton is called Kapok in Malay. A bright red gum is afforded by the stem. Uses: —The tree yields a gum, called Hatyan gond, which is astringent and used as a remedy for bowel complaints (Watt.) The unripe fruits are regarded as demulcent and astrin- gent. The roots are also used medicinally, like those of Bombax Malabaricum (which see). “The leaves are ground into a paste and administered in gonorrhoea” (Surgeon Thomas). “The gum is also used in the incontinence of urine of children ” (Surgeon-Major Ratton.) 26 202 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. “The root of the young plant is also used in cases of ascites and anasarca, when it acts as a diuretic.” (Dr. Thornton) Watt’s Dictionary. ‘The Kapok tree, Hriodendron anfractwosum, grows in almost all tropical countries and resembles the cotton plant, in that it yields a fruit containing fine fibrous material in which the seeds are embedded. The East Indian tree, Bombax malabaricum is also known as “ kapok”’ and in commerce no distine- tion is made between the oils derived’ from these two sources, ‘The seeds contain about 23 per cent of oil, and yield about 17 per cent by pressing. Expressed oils yielded by ‘kapok’ seeds from Java, East Africa, Ceylon, and Keuador had the following characters: sp. gr. at 15°C. 0°9235 to 0°9326 ; refrac- tometer reading at 40°C. 51°7 to 59°7 ; iodine value, 85°24 to 93°78 ; saponif, value 189-2 to 1945. Reichert-Meissl value, 0°20 to 0:66; Polenske value, 0°40; acid value, 18°5 to 210-2; insoluble fatty acids, 95°60 to 95°76 p.c. The fatty acids had : iodine value, 86°8 to 98:96 ; saponif value, 199°0 to 202°7; solidif pt., 269°C to 31°8°; m. pt., 32°2 to 34:2. The expressed oil from Bombax seeds had: sp. gr. 0°9300 ; refractometer reading at 40°C., 57:0 ; iodine value, 73°59 ; saponif value, 194°3; acid value, 3°0.; insoluble fatty acids, 95°61 p.c. The fatty acids from kapok oil yield a hexabromide melting at 112° to 114°C. Kapok oil resembles cotton seed oil, and gives a strong reaction with Halphen’s reagent; it is not, however, used so extensively as cotton seed oil for edible purposes.—J. C. Ind. September 15, 1918. Page 874. The air-dried kapok seeds contain 25°6 per cent of fatty oil. The oil does not become entirely clear till warmed to 28°-29°C. The sp. gr. at 15°C is 0:9218 for expressed commercial oil, and 0°9198 for extracted oil, The refractive index at 40°C is 1-4630. When dissolved in toluene, the oil is optically inactive. In Engler’s viscometer, the viscosity is 11°5 at 20°C. compared with water, The iodine value of the expressed oil was 887, and 93°3 to 94°5 for the extracted oil. The acid values were 216 for expressed oil and 3-4-4°6 for extracted oil. The saponification values were 192°3 for the expressed oil, and 196°3 for the extracted oil, The acid values were 21'6 for expressed oil and 34-46 for extracted oil. The saponification values were 192°3 for the expressed oil and 1963 for the extracted oil. The Reichert —Meissl value was 0'8, and the Polenske value varied between 0°14 and 0°34, The fatty acids melted at 34°-35°C, and when freed from phytosterol they melted at 36°C, Characteristic reactions were obtained by the Halphen, Becchi and nitric acid tests. The oil did not show any drying properties It was found to consist principally of the triglycerides of palmitic, oleic, and linolic acids. A small amount of a phytosterol, m. pt. 136°C was isolated.— J.C. Ind. September 30, 1918, page 917. N. O. STERCULIACES, 203 N. O. STERCULIACE Zh. hi, sterculia feuda, Linn, W.8.8.1., 1. 354, Roxb. 510. Vern. :—Jangli-badam (H. and M.‘; Jungli-badam, pun (Bomb.); Kuo-mhad, virhoi (Goa); Goldaru, nagalkuda (M) ; Pinari, kuddurai-pudduki, kudra-plukku, pinari-marum (Tam.) ; Gurapu-badam (Tel); Bhatala penari ( Kan.) Habitat :—Western and Southern India, Burma, Ceylon. A large deciduous tree. Bark thin, white. Wood grey, spongy, soft. Branches whorled, horizontal. Leaves digitate, crowded at the ends of branches. Leaflets 7-9, elliptic lanceo- late, about 6 by 2in., pubescent when young, adult glabrous beneath. Petioles 3in. Stipules ensiform, caducous. Panicles erect, numerous-flowered, spreading (formed immediately under the leaves of the present year, Roxb.), branches glabrous, ulti- mate pedicels shorter than the flower, jointed in the middle. Bracteoles minute. Flowers polygamous, red, yellow or dull purple. Calyx deeply 5-parted, $-$ in. diam., dull orange coloured, campanulate ; lobes oblong-lanceolate, spreading, vill- ous within, much longer than the tube. Anthers 12-15. Car- pels 5 downy; style curved. Follicles as large as the fist, woody, scarlet, oblong, boat-shaped, shortly beaked, villous in- side, nearly glabrous outside. Seeds black, 10-15, in each follicle. Cotyledons thick, fleshy ; albumen O. Flowers dull orange. Smelling most offensively, with the odour of carrion. The great pendulous bright red follicles gap- Ing open and showing the black seeds which are very striking objects (Trimen). The seeds are eaten roasted. Parts used :—'The leaves, seeds and follicles. Uses :—The leaves are considered as repellent and aperient. Loureiro informs us that the seeds are oily, and when swallow- ed incautiously they bring on nausea and vertigo. Horsfield adds that the capsule is mucilaginous and astringent. (Ainslie.) hice oeurens boro) Hh Bi. 1.500, Roxb. 507. Vern. :—Gutlt, kilu, gutlar, buli (H.); Odla (Ass.); Pand- ruka, kandol, kardi sardol, sardora (Bomb.) ; Makchtind; Gur- 204 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. karanj (Mundari,) Tele (Ho); Burkinda (Mundart, (Bomb.) ; Kavalee talbsu (Tel.); Vellay putali(Tam.); Kalru (Ajmir). Habitat :—N. W. India, Assam, Behar, Eastern and Wes- tern Peninsulas, Ceylon dry country. A large deciduous tree. “‘ Bark 4 in. thick, very smooth, white or greenish grey, exfoliating in large thin irregular papery flakes. Wood very soft, reddish brown, with an unpleasant smell, with light coloured sapwood, always feels wet or oily. Pores large, often oval and sub-divided, very scanty, frequently filled with gum. Medullary rays moderately broad, on a radial section prominent as long, dark undulating bands, giving the wood a mottled silver-grain; the distance between the rays is larger than the transverse diameter of the pores. Alternate dark and light concentric bands across the rays”? (Gamble). The bark gives good fibre. The colloid gum is called Katira. Leaves crowded at the ends of branches, tomentose beneath, neatly glabrous above,; simple, cordate, shallowly-palmately- 5-lobed ; lobes entire, acuminate, blade 8-l2in., petiole 6-10in. long. Flowers yellow, small, in crowded, erect, more or less pyramidal dense panicles, clothed with a dense sticky tomen- tum of glandular stellate hairs; a few flowers bisexual, mixed with a large number of male flowers. Staminal-column short ; anthers about 20. The gynophore short, thick. Calyx in. diam., campanulate, 5-parted, lobes acute, spreading. Fruit 4-5 follicles, yellow-pubsecent, sessile, radiating, ovoid, thickly coriaceous. Carpels, 3 in. long, red when ripe, covered outside with stiff stinging bristles. Seeds 3-6 in each carpel, oblong, dark brown. This tree is often associated with Boswellia throughout the Peninsula (Brandis). Uses: —The leaves and tender branches steeped in water yield a mucilaginous extract, useful in pleuro-pneumonia in cattle (Watt.) The gum, known as karai-gond, is used as a substitute for tragacanth in Bombay (Dymock). The Santals consider the gum a useful medicine in throat affections. (Revd. A. Campbell.) N. 0, STERCULIACEX. 205 Causes intolerable itching, if touched or handled; oil removes the hairs, and the itching, effectually (J. J. Wood’s Plants of Chutia Nagpur, p 89) ) 180. 8S. scaphigera, Wall. H.F.B.1., 1. 361. Habitat : —Chittagong. A tall, deciduous, glabrous tree. Leaves glabrous, oblong- lanceolate, l-nerved, 12-14 by 6 in., coriaceous, base rounded. Petiole 4-5 in., thickened at the top. Flowers panicled. Calyx tin., pilose, campanulate, five-parted, lobes reflexed. Male flowers :—Stamens 10-15. Anthers 16-15, pilose. Ovary villous on a long slender stalk, 2-celled, with a ring of sessile anthers at the base. Style filiform; Stigmas 2-lobed, subcapitate. Follicles large, leafy, boat-shaped, dilated at the base, opening long before maturity, at first pilose, ultimately 6-8 by 3-4 in., venose-reticulate, 1-2 seeded. Seeds globose, solitary, albumin- ous ; cotyledons pale-green, radicle next the hilum. Part used :—The fruit. Use:—The fruit is used is China as a remedy for dysentery. 181. Helicteres isora, Linn,, H.F.B.1., 1. 365., Roxb. 506. Sans. :—Avartanl. Vern, :—Marosi, marorphali, jonka-phali, kapasi, bhendu (H.); Antamora (B.); Vurkatee (Sind.); Dhameenee (Dec.) ; Murad Shing (Marathi); Kawun (Bomb.); Aita (Gond); Valum- birikai (Tam.) ; Gubadarra (Tel.) Habitat :—Dry forests throughout Central and Western India, from Behar as far west as Jammu, and the Western Penin- sula. In the Thana Adawlat Garden (1881) there is a beautiful plant six feet high. K.R.K. Ceylon low country. Arborescent or shrubby. Leaves 3 by 24 in., bifarious, obliquely cordate, roundish, obovate, often lobed, shortly acumi- nate, serrate, scabrous above, pubescent beneath ; petiole + in., as long as the linear subulate stipules. Peduncles 2-3 together, in a short axillary cyme. Bracteoles small, subulate. Flowers 206 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. 14 in. Calyx gibbous, laterally compressed, somewhat 2-lipped. Petals reflected, red at first, fading to lead colour, very unequal in size, 2 lower the largest, claw winged. Staminodes 5 emargi- nate scales. Stamens 10, anthers ovate. Ovary at the top of the Staminal-column, 5-lobed, 5-celled. Styles awl-shaped, more or less united, slightly thickened and stigmatose at the tips. Ovules many in each cell. Follicles spirally twisted, cylindric, beaked, pubescent. Parts used :—The fruit, root, and bark. Uses :—The fruits are made into liniment for sores of the ear (Ainslie.) _ They are also internaliy administered for colic, according to the ancient “doctrine of signatures.” Sloane speaks of the juice of the root havimg virtues in empyema aud stomach affections. Leaves are used in Jamaica for decoction for clysters (Murray.; In the Konkan it is used in snake-bite and diahetes (Dymock). Itis also used in an thelmintic diarrhee, dysent- ery. Dose of powdered bark one wAl* to tola. The root and bark used by the Santals for the same purposes as the fruit (Revd. A. Campbell.) According to Moodeen Sheriff, it is demuleent and mild astringent, and useful with other drugs in the griping of bowels, and flatulence of children. 182. Pterospermum suberfolium, Lam , H.F.B.1., iz 367. Syn. :—P. canescens, Roxb. 512. Sans. :—Moochukunda. Vern. :—-Muchukunda, muskunda (B.); Belo giringa (Uriya); Lolagu (Tel.); Taddo (T'am.); Muchkand (BH. and B.) Naji (Burm.); Velenge, venangu (Sing.) ; Muchkund (Marathi). Habitat :— Western Peninsula (Konkan and Kanara). For- ests of Orissa. The N. Circars; the Carnatic; Burma. Ceylon, dry low country. > * A a ae 6 gra ins (Jeweller’s weight in Western India.) It is the scarlet seed of Adenanthera pavonin, Linn, . N. 0. STERCULIACER. 207 A moderate-sized tree, with thick longitudinally cracked bark. Wood light red, moderately hard. Branchlets and in- florescence densely clothed, with fine ferruginous or tawny stel- late hairs. Leaves distichous, 2-4 in., from a rounded base ovate-oblong, acuminate, often irregularly lobed in the upper part, upperside glabrous, underside white or yellowish, filled with fine stellate hairs. [lowers yellowish-white, sweet-scented, peduncles short, axillary, sometimes bearing 2-3 flowers ; brac- teoles, deciduous, linear. . Sepals linear, fleshy, brown tomentose 4-5 in. long, 3-4 in. broad. Petaisa little larger then the sepals, but brown and thinner, white. Capsule 2-3 in. long, 2 in. diam., attenuate into a stalk 3-% in. long, tapering at apex to a point, ‘brown velvety. Seeds winged, numerous. Use:—The flower made into a paste with kanjika (rice vinegar) forms an application for hemicrania (Dutt). In the Conean, the fowers and bark of this, and P. acerifo- lium, are charred and mixed with kamalaand applied in suppur- ating small-pox. (Dymock.) The sweet scent of the flowers is due to the small glands on the outer side of the thickened sepals. The sepals are much used by the Bombay High-class ladies in their hair on account of the lasting fragrance of the glands. (K. R. K ) tSo8, Pr aeertjolium, Willd. H.F.8.1., 1 368, Roxb.-f538. Sansk :—IKarnikara. Vern. :—Kanak-champa, kaniar, katha-champa (H.); Mach- kunda (Santal); Laider (Michi.); Karni-kara, kanak-champa ‘Bomb.); Matsa kanda (Tel.); Toungpetwun, tha-majam wei- soke (Burm.). Habitat :—From the N. W. Himalaya in Kumaon, to Chittagong and Concan. A tall evergreen tree. ‘‘ Bark thin grey, smooth. Sap- wood white; heartwood soft to moderately hard, red. Pores scanty, small oval or elongated, generally sub-divided, visible on a longitudinal section. Medullary rays fine, very numerous, undulating, not prominent, uniform, equidistant. Innumerable very fine concentric lines (Gamble). Leaves obovate, polymor- 208 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. phous, cordate or peltate, coarsely-toothed, palmately nerved, glabrous above, white tomentose beneath ; blade 10-40in. by 6-12 in.; petioles 5 in. long, stout. Flowers axillary, very large, and fragrant. Sepals linear brown tomentose without, paler within, 6 by 5in. Petals white, shorter than the sepals. Stami- nodes club-shaped, stouter and longer than the filamented anthers. Staminal-column glabrous, 1-5in. long, filaments slender. Gynophore longer than the staminal-column. Ovary 5-angled, densely brown-tomentose ; style long, stout with a club-shaped stigma; ovarian cells many-ovuled. Capsule 4-6 in. long, 5-angled ; 5-celled. Seeds numerous, winged ; albumen mucilaginous, scanty ; cotyledons thin, folded. (Talbot. P. 149, Vol. I, Forest Flora, Bombay Presidency and Sind, 1909). Parts used :—The leaves, bark, and flowers. Uses :—The down on the leaves is used to stop bleeding in wounds (Gamble). The flowers are used as a general tonic (T. N. Mukerji). 184. Pentapetes phoenicea, Linn. H.F.B.1., i oll. Roxb: 17. San.:—Raktaka, Bandhuka, bandhujiva, arka-vallabha, pushpa rakta. Vern. :—Kat-la4la, Doopahuria (B.); Guidu. Paria (Pb.) Bare baha (Santal); Témbdi dupari (Mar.); Nag-pu (Tam.) ; Dopahariya, dopohoria (H.) ; Bare baha (Santal) ; Habitat :— Throughout the hotter parts of India. Annual herbs, branched, 2-5 ft., glabrous, or with a few scattered stellate hairs. Leaves 3-5 in., l-nerved, crenate-ser- rate, petiole lin. Stipulessubulate. Peduncle simple, axillary, as long as or longer than the petiole, 1-2-flowered, jointed near the flower. Bracteoles half the length of the Calyx. Flowers red, opening at noon and closing at the following dawn. Hence in Bombay it is called Dupari or Madhuk. (See A collection of Marathi Poems, Navanita, page 406, 4th edition, Bombay). Sepals 5, stellate-hairy, with a few bristles, lanceolate. Petals 5, N. O. STERCULIACER. 209 obovate. Stamens 20, connate at the base, 15 fertile in groups of 5 each, alternating with 5 staminodes, which are nearly as long as the petals. Anthers 2-celled, extrorse; style entire, twisted ; Stigmas5. Capsule subglobose, bristly, half the length of the persistent Calyx, 5-valved, dividing longitudinally. Seeds 8-12, 2-serrate in each cell; not winged. Cotyledons plaited, 2-partite. Parts used :—The fruit and root. Uses :—The fruit is officinal on account of its mucilaginous properties. The root is employed as a medicine by the Santals (Revd. A. Campbell). 185. Hriolena quinquelocularis, Wrght. Hee Be OL: Vern :—-Bhawat (Chutia Nagpur). Habitat :—Behar ; Western Peninsula, chiefly on the west side, from Bombay southwards ; Chutia Nagpur; Nilghiri Mts. Belgaum Ghats (S. Mahratta country), Coimbatore. A tree, herbaceous portions stellate hairy. Leaves round- ish, toothed, apex acute, shortly acuminate, base cordate, 24-3 in., each way, palmately-7-nerved, thinly stellately hairy or glabrascent’ above, whitish and softly pubescent beneath. Petioles 2in. Bracteoles a little distant from the flower, minute, caducous, entire or lobed. Cymes at end of branches ; peduncles longer than the leaves; stellate-hairy. Pedicels shorter than the flower, jointed above the middle. Flower-buds ovate, oblong. Sepals 2in. Petals equalling sepals; claw broad, pubescent. Column as long as the petals. Stigma revolute, 5-10-lobed. Style hairy. Capsule 17in., oblong, pointed, 5-10-valved ; valves not tubercled, usually villous at the angles. Seeds numerous. Flowers in July and August. Use: —Poultice of root heals wounds ‘J. J. Wood’s Plants of Chutia Nagpur, p. 89). 27 210 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. 186. Abroma augusta, Linn., H.F.B.1., 1. 375, Roxb. 510. Syn. :-—A. fastuosum, Gertn. Vern. :—Ulatkambal (B.); Olatkambol (Bomb.) Habitat:—Throughout the hotter parts of India, from the N. W. Provinces to Sikkim, Khasia Mountains, and Assam. Unknown in the Western Peninsula of India. A small tree native or cultivated throughout the hotter parts of India. Branches and branchlets downy. The bark yields a beautiful silky fibre like that of hemp, and the shrub has often been recommended for growth as a crop. Wood light brown, soft. Pores moderate-sized, subdivided usually into 2 or 3 partitions. Medullary rays very short, brown, and very fine, bent round the pores whose diameter is greater than the distance between them’ (Gamble). Leaves 4-6 by 4-5in., repand, denticulate, ovate from a cordate base, often lobed or angled; basal nerves 5-7, upper smaller, narrower, entire, glabrescent above, soft-pubescent below. Petiole $-lin. Stipules linear, dociduous, as long as petiole. Inflorescence soft-pubescent. Peduncles “extra axillary’ (Brandis), with two or three purple bisexual flowers. Flowers 2in. diam. Sepals lin., persistent, lanceolate, free nearly to the base. Petals cover- ed in bud, deciduous; claw concave. Staminal-tube short, 4-petaloid. Staminodes alternating with sessile anthers. Cap- sule 14in., obpyramidal, ultimately glabrous, thrice as long as the persistent Calyx, membranous, 5-angled, 5-winged. Parts used :—The root, bark and leaves. Uses :—The root-bark has been brought to notice asan em- menagogue by Mr. B. M. Sircar, in the Indian Medical Gazette, for 1872. In the I. M. G. for May 1900, he wrote :—% Forty years ago | first came to know the medicinal properties of this indigenous plant as a good emmenagogue in menstrual dis- orders. . . . The officinal part of the plant is the fresh viscid sap, which abounds in the thick, easily seperable bark of the root and is insoluble in water. N. 0. STERCULIACER. TE ce I have generally used the medicine during the period of the menses, commencing from two days before its appearance (when the pain precedes the flow) three days during the flow and two days after its cessation. In case of no premonitory pains, the medicine is given from the first day of the flow for seven days successively with equally good results. ‘A single administration during the menses generally cures the disease and brings on conception in young married WOMICHG woe. “Attempts have been made to administer the drug in the more acceptable forms of tincture, pill or powder, but none prove so efficacious as the fresh viscid sap in substance, in which form I have used it with wonderful results. ‘Menstrual disorders, and notably the varieties of dysme- norrhcea, are very prevalent in this country, and it seems nature has supplied it with a simple efficacious medicine by endowing the roots of an indigenous plant with such singular virtues. It is noteworthy that the roots branch out in numerous tender offshoots, superficially under the ground, and can be easily taken out in abundance.” Dr. J. H. Thornton considers that it is useful in the congestive and neuralgic varieties of dysmenorrhea, and that it regulates the menstrual flow and acts as an uterine tonic. It should be given during menstruation, with black pepper. The dose is said to be half a drachm of the fresh viscid juice of the root-bark (Am. Journ. Med. Sci., p. 276, 1873). The infusion of fresh leaves and stems in cold-water is de- mulcent, and very efficacious in gonorrhoea (Surgeon Meadows, in Watt’s Dictionary.) 187. Guazuma tomentosa, Kunth, 4.F.B.1., i obo: Vern. :—Nipal tunth (Beng.) Of the bark :—Bandoq-ke- jhar-ki chhal (Dec.); Tain-piichli-pattai (Tam.); Udrik-patta (Tel.) ; Rudrakshi (Kan.). 12? INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. Habitat :—Generally distributed, and frequently cultivated in the warmer parts of India and Ceylon. A small tree, a native of Tropical America, but fre- quently cultivated in the warmer parts of India and Ceylon. Bark brown rough. Wood white or yellowish or light brown, soft, even-grained. Annual rings faintly marked. Pores mod- erate-sized, fairly numerous, often subdivided. Meduallary rays moderately broad to broad, not numerous, conspicuous in the silver-grain on a radical section. The tree is easily grown and propagated, ‘“‘planted or run wild,” adds Gamble. Herbaceous portions tomentose. Leaves from an unequal-sided base, obliquely cordate, ovate-oblong or lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, scabrid or glabrescent above, pubescent beneath ; base 5-7-nerved ; petiole short. Flowers numerous, small, yellow and purple in terminal and axillary panicles, which are twice the length of the leaves ; or in multifidcymes. Flower-buds globose. Calyx 1din. bell-shaped, stellate-hairy ; sepals ultimately re- flexed ; petals exceeding the Calyx, claw concave. 5 Petaloid Staminodes alternating with 5 filaments each, bearing several anthers. Anthers concealed in the hood of the petals. Capsule d-valved, lin. long, oblong obtuse, or ovoid, woody, with obtuse black tubercles, resembling a mulberry. Part used :—The bark. Use:—In Martinique, the infusion of the old bark is esteemed as a sudorific, and as useful in cutaneous diseases and diseases of the chest (Lindley.) The bark is tonic and demulcent, and is used with benefit in some of those cases in which calumba and gentian are indi- cated (Moodeen Sheriff.) The inner bark is esteemed as a remedy for elephantiasis in West Indies ( Watt.) N. O, TILIACEA. 188. Grewia tiliefolia, Vahl. 4.F.B.1., 1. 386, Roxb. 431. 7 Sans. :—Dharmana, Dhanurvriksha; Dhanvan. N. O. TILIACER. 213 Vern. :—Pharsa dhamani (H. and B.); Dh&aman Karkani (Bomb ); Olat (Santal); Khesla, kasul (Gond); Thada, tharra (Tam.) ; Charachi, tharrab, Uddpai, tada (Tel.); Thadsal, dadsal, batala, butale (Kan.) Habitat :—Hot dry forests throughout Western India, as- cending 4,000 feet in the Himalaya. Western Peninsula, Burma, Ceylon low country. A large deciduous tree, with cinereous exfoliating bark. Leaves ovate, sometimes rhomboidal or 3-lobed, obliquely cor- date, acute or obtuse, acuminate at apex, bluntly crenate-serrate, sparsely stellate-pubescent or glabrous above, stellate-tomentose, often white beneath, stellate-pubescent on the nerves; basal nerves 5 > blade 2-54in. by 1-4in., petiole 4-lin. long; stipules 3in. long, leafy falcate, veined and auricled, deciduous. Flowers small, in axillary umbels; peduncles $-lin. long, axillary, 3-8 fascicled, 3-flowered; pedicels shorter than the peduncles; buds ovoid, grey-tomentose, 5-ribbed; bracteoles linear-lanceolate. Sepals linear-ovate, in. long, glabrous, white tomentose outside and yellowish within. Petals ovate, emarginate, yellow, turning purple, much shorter than the sepals; basal gland green and densely white-villous on the margins and often more than ¥% the length of the petal. Torus short-ribbed, glabrous, obscurely-toothed and_ hairy at top. Stamens, with purple filaments and yellow anthers. Ovary globose, villous; style longer than the stamens; stigma’ peltate, irregularly 5-lobed. Drupe 2-4 lobed, but not deeply, of the size of a pea, black ; lobes several-seeded. The fruit is said to be eaten (Trimen). Parts used :—The bark and wood. Uses :—In the Konkan the bark, after removal of the tuber, is rubbed down with water, and the thick mucilage strained from it and given in 5-tola doses, with 2 tolas of the flour of Panicum miliaceum (warri) as a remedy for dysentery (Dymock). The bark is also employed externally to remove the irita- tion from cow-itch. 214 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. Colonel Cox says that the wood reduced toa powder acts as an emetic, and is employed by the natives as an antidote to opium poisoning. 189.° G: ‘asiatica, Tinn, afB1. 1. sous Roxb. 431. Sans, :—Purusha. Vern. :—Phalsa, shakri (B. and H.} ; Phalna, pharnu (Pb.) ; Phutiki (Tel.); Singhindamin (Kol.); Jangolat (Santal); Ta- dachi (Tam.}; Pastaoni, shikarim-ai-wah (Pushtu); Pharaho, phalsa (Sind). Habitat :~~Cultivated in India, except in the Gangetic plains and Kast Bengal, and said to be indigenous in the Salt Range, Poonch and Oudh, Ceylon. N.B.—Kanjilal’s Syn. of this plant is G. Asiatica Var. vestita, Wall, (See p. 65, For. Fl. Sch. Cire., N. W. P., 3rd Ed. 1911, Calcutta). The following is Kanjilal’s description :—‘“‘A tree with grey bark ; branches and young plants with large white blotches. Leaves 3-5 by 2-24 in., obliquely ovate, generally not cordate, acuminate, minutely serrate, sometimes obscurely 3-lobed, pale and softly downy beneath, especially when young; basal nerves 5-6; petiole generally not exceeding 4in.; stipules linear. Flowers in densely crowded (rarely solitary) axillary cymes; peduncles 3-3 in. long, not ribbed. Sepals slightly pubescent, and yellow inside. Petals yellow, much shorter than the sepals. Drupe globose, +-$ in. diam., sometimes indistinctly 2-4-lobed, dark brown, or black when ripe.” Kanjilal further remarks :—On comparing a number of specimens collected by me, Mr. Duthie was satisfied that G. elastica, Royle, was quite distinct from G. vestita, Wall., on the grounds that in the former the innovations were dark rusty- tomentose, the petals not glandular at the base, and the leaves very frequently lobed. (p. 66 of cit.) Wood grey, tough, elastic, hard and close-grained. The bark yields white fibre. Fruit edible. Parts used :—The fruit, leaves, bark and root. N. O. TILIACER. 215 Uses :—The fruit is supposed to possess astringent, cooling and stomachic properties; from it a spirit is distilled and a pleasant sherbet. The leaves are used as an application to pustular eruptions, and the buds are also prescribed by native practitioners. An infusion of the bark is used as a demulcent. (Dr. Stewart). The Santals use the root-bark for rheumatism (Revd. A. Campbell). 190. .G. seabrophylla, Lamk. U.F:B.1., 1.. 387, Roxh. 430. Vern.:—Pandhari dhaman, khatkhati (Mar.); Darsuk (Kan.). Habitat :—Tropical Himalaya, Garwhal, Sikkim, Mysore, from Gujrat straight to Behar, Sub-Himalaya tract and outer valley, from the Jumna eastward, Oudh forests, Northern Circars, Assam, Pegu, Upper Burma (Ava), Chittagong; com- mon in Dun and Saharanpur forests (Kanjilal). A shrub ; branchlets, underside of leaves and inflorescence clothed with soft, tawny tomentum. Leaves 3-6 by 4 in., often slightly lobed, base 3-5-nerved, secondary nerves not arched, scabrous above, pubescent beneath, roundish ovate, irregularly serrate. Brandis says the leaves are 4-9 in. long, ovate or obovate, tertiary nerves distinct beneath. Petiole din. ; peduncles short, 1-4in., axillary; stipule subulate. Flowers large, 2-3 on each peduncle, # in. Blade of petals white, ovate, larger than often twice the length of the claw. Cymes umbellate, says Maxovell T. Masters (Hook.); pedicels diverging, longer than the peduncles. Bracteoles linear-subulate, deciduous. Flower-buds obovate-oblong, ribbed. Sepals linear-lanceolate, pubescent ; Petals notched, half the length of the sepals, or less. Gynophore glabrous, edge villous, 5, small tufts of hair at base, between petals. Fruit a globose drupe, not lobed, 3-% in. diam., rind brown, crustaceous, hairy ; stones 4, 1-2-seeded, in sweet, yellowish viscid pulp. Parts used :—The leaves and root. 216 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. Uses:—-It is given in accordance with the “doctrine of signatures” as a remedy for leprosy in the Concan ; it appears to be simply mucilaginous like most of the gums. (Dymock)’ Its roots are used by the Goanese as the substitute of Althea. 191. -G.. mllosa, Willd. ueBA., 4-368. Vern:—Gaphni (Kol); Tarse kotap (Santal); Jalidar kaskusri, thamther (Pb.); In zarra, pastuwanne (Pushtu ; Dhoban (Ajmer). Kharmati (Mar). Pade Khado (Gujrat and Porebunder) ; Luskanfi jhad (Cutch). Habitat :—Western and Southern India, extending from Panjab and Sind to Travancore. Gujrat, Porebundar, Kutch. A shrub often gregarious. Branches, leaves and inflores- cence densely silky, with long stellate hairs. Leaves not hoary beneath, nearly orbicular, from a cordate base; 1-4 in. diam., rugose, transverse veins numerous, prominent and parallel, tufts of sikly hairs in the serratures. Secondary nerves not arched. Petiole 3-1 in. Base of leaves 5-nerved. Stipules broad, leafy. Flowers dull-yellow, peduncles very short, in compact axillary clusters, sometimes opposite the leaves. Bracts oblong. Sepals oblong or linear-acute, villous, membranous, 4 in. long, clothed on both sides with short stellate hairs, out- side aiso with simple hairs, the tips often with a long-branched and stellate process. Blade of petal thin, twice the length of a claw, oblong, notched, much shorter than the sepals. Fruit globose, size of cherry, with a distinct crustaceous brown rind, with tufts of long stellate hairs; pulp pleasant. Stones 4, 1-2- seeded. The sweet acid fruit is used as dessert by the poor of Porebunder. The juice of fresh bark is used with sugar and water for gonorrhea and urinary complaints attended with irrita- bility of the bladder. Part used :—The root. Use:—The root is employed for diarrhea in Chutia Nagpur (Revd. A. Campbell.) N. 0. TILIACE®. 217 912 G. polygama, Roxb. H.F.B.1., 1. 898., Roxb. 431. Syn. :—G. lancifolia, Graham, Cat Bombay Plants 21. Vern. :—Kukur bicha (H.) ; Seta kata, seta andir (Santal) ; Gowli or gowali (Bomb.) Habitat :—North-Western India, and along the Himalaya, from the Salt Range to Nepal, also Conean. Dry country, Ceylon. A shrubby plant or small tree. Branches _bifarious, spreading ; branchlets, petioles, under side of leaves velvety. Leaves almost sessile, narrow beneath, distichous 3-4 by 4-3 in., lanceolate, very acute serrate, base 3-nerved, nerves not arched, secondary nerves transverse, -parallel. Stipules subulate. Peduncles 1-5, short, axillary, slender, generally fasciculate, about half the length of the leaves; pedicles 2-3, divergent, shorter than the peduncle. Male flower :—Sepals 4-+ in. diam., linear, longer than the oblong entire petals, $in., blade equal to claw which is hairy on back. Stamens asa rule 10-12, but sometimes more numerous. Hermaphrodite Fl. :—Ovary very hairy, stigma 5-lobed, lobes spreading, deeply cut into numerous segments. Drupe 4in. diam; hairy, brownish, more or less 2-lobed. Stones 4, 1-seeded. Use :—This plant is used by the aborigines of North-Wes- tern Australia asa remedy for dysentery. Dr. W. EK. Armit states that on one occasion, having had to treat dysentery following on fever and ague, this plant was pointed out to him by a native as a sure remedy. He collected a quantity of leaves, and having made a pale sherry-coloured decoction of the leaves, he administered ahout two tablespoonsful for a dose. Repeating this every four hours throughout the night, the sixth dose made a complete cure. “ Since then,” says Mr. Armit, “T have tried this remedy in scores of cases, and | have never known it to fail in any case, however serious. I have made it a rule to inform the carriers and travellers, I meet, of the sure cure they have always at hand in case it may be requir- ed, and all are unanimous in extolling its truly magical 28 218 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. properties.” (Christy's New Commercial Plants, No. 7, p. 50. 1884). | The fruit is employed asa medicine by the Santals, in diarrhoea and dysentery. The root pounded is also prescribed for the same diseases, and powdered in water is applied externally to hasten suppuration, and as a dressing for wounds. The paste dries and forms a hard coating, thus effectually excluding air from the raw surface (Revd. A. Campbell.) 193. Triumfetta rhomboidea, Jacquin, H.F.B.1., t, 395. Roxb., 390 and 391. Sansk :—Jhinjharité (J. Indraji). Vern. :—Chitki, Chiriyari (H.) ; Bun-ckra (B.) ; Aodaiotti (Tam.) Nichardi (Bomb.). Jhinjudi; Nichardi (Marathi). Habitat :—Throughout tropical and sub-tropical India, and Ceylon, a very common weed. It grows wild and freely on Matheran Hill.—-K. R. Kirtikar. An annual or perennial herb, 14-3 ft., slightly branched ; branches pubescent, with simple hairs. Leaves 1-24 in., vari- able, the lower more cr less deeply 3-fid., the upper ovate- lanceolate, all coarsely and irregulary serrate, simply hairy on both sides; often tomentose and white beneath. Petiole of lower leaves long, of upper leaves very short. Flowers small, 2in. diam., yellow, on short pedicels, clusters crowded into a spicate inflorescence at end of branches, buds oblong, slightly stellate-pubescent ; petals equalling sepals. Stamens 8-15. Fruit very small, globose, jin., finely tomentose, spines less than 4in., glabrous, hooked, cells 3-4. Parts used: —The fruit, flowers and leaves. Uses :—The mucilaginous and astringent properties of the leaves and fruits of certain Triuwmfettas, called Carapixo de Caleada in Brazil, which grow everywhere in that country, especially on the roadside, and in the vicinity of dwellings, render them serviceable in injections for inveterate gonorrheea. N. 0. TILIACE®. 219 (Murray.) The bark and fresh leaves for diarrhoea; also flowers rubbed with sugar and water are given in gonorrhoea by the villagers of Porebunder to stop the burning caused by urine (J. Indraji.) All the species of this genus are mucilaginous, and are used as demulcents, but this is the one generally so employed The burr-like fruit is believed in India to promote parturition (Dymock.) lied. Oorcnorms capsular, Ilo Gish iails oor ox. 420) Sans. :—Kala Saka. Vern. :—Harrawa (Shahjahanpur District) Ghinalta pat, Narcha, Chouchen (Bombay); Chhuieht, Borachhancht (Gujrat, Porebunder).—J. Indraji. Habitat :—Throughout the hotter parts of India. Low- country, Ceylon. An annual herb. Leaves 2-4 by # in., glabrescent, oblong, acuminate, coarsely toothed ; base generally prolonged into tail- hke appendages ; petiole 14 in. Stipules 4-4 in. Flowers yellow, less than half an inch in diameter; pedicillate. Capsule oblate, subglobose, 5-celled, wrinkled, muricate, 5-valved, valves without transverse septa. Seeds few in each cell (Maxwell T. Masters). Parts used: —The leaf. Dried root and unripe fruit in diarrhoea, in decoction (Indraji.) Use :—-'The dried leaves are used medicinally, being eaten at breakfast-time with rice, in cases of dysentery. The cold infusion is also administered as a tonic in dysen- teric complaints, fever, and dyspepsia (Watt). 195. C. olatorius, Linn, H.F.B.1., 1. 897. Roxb. 429. Sans, :—Nadika, patta, sing-gika. Vern,:—(Gujrat and Porebunder) Chhinchdo. Moti Chhinch ; Maha Chanchu. Singhin janascha (H.); Pat, lali- 220 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. tapat, kashta, bhungi or banpat (B.); Bun-pat (Sind) ; Ban-phal (N.-W. P. and Pb.) ; Peratti-kirai (Tam.) ; Parinta (Tel.) Tankla, Chunch ; Mothi Chinch (Bombay.) Habitat:—Indigenous in many parts of India. Low country weed in Ceylon. d An annual herb, more or less covered with stellate pube- scence. Leaves 2-4 by 1-2 in., nearly glabrous, ovate-lanceolate, d-d-nerved, serrate, the two lower serratures prolonged into a long sharp point; petiole 1-2 in., pilose. Stipules shorter than the petioles. Peduncles 1-3-flowered ; shorter than the petiole. Sepals small, shortly-pointed. Petals yellow, spathulate, longer than the sepals. Fruit a capsule 2 in. long,cylindric, glabrous, 10-ribbed, “ 10-12-times longer than broad.” (Arnold). Beak entire. Valves with transverse partitions between the seeds, beak long, erect. Cultivated as a potherb, or for its fibre (Jute). The very soft pithy wood is used for county-made sulphur-tipped matches. Parts used :—The leaves, seeds. Uses :—The leaves and tender shoots are eaten, and in the dried state, known as nalita ; they are used in infusion by the natives as a domestic medicine, being tonic and slightly feb- rifuge,and hence used as a fever drink (Watt.) According to Ainslie, the Hindoos reduce the plant to ashes and mix it with honey for administration in obstructions of the abdominal viscera. Twining speaks favorably of an infusion of the leaves as a useful fever drink. Mr. Atkinson says:--The leaves are emollient, and used in infusion as refrigerant in fevers and special diseases. ‘The dried plant roasted and powdered, is used in visceral obstruc- tions. Dr. Kanay Lall Dey says:—The dried leaves are sold in the market. A cold infusion is used as a bitter tonic, and is devoid of any stimulating property. It can be safely given to patients recovering from acute dysentery to restore the appetite, and improve the strength. Six grains of the powder, combined with an equal quantity of curcuma longa, N. 0. TILIACEX. 221 has been used in several instances, with much success, in acute dysentery. In South India, the dried plant is used as a demulcent. (Bidie.) Powder of leaves given in dysentery 5-10 grs., with an equal part of powdered turmeric. Powdered seeds with honey and ginger given in diarrhoea (Vaidya Rugnathji)—J. Indraji. The leaves are demulcent, tonic and diuretic, useful in | some cases of chronic cystitis, gonorrhoea and -dysuria. (Moodeen Sheriff. ) MOO locas, Lint EPR. V.-o98, oRox bet tle Ind sii O82: Sans. :—Kaunti. : Vern. :—Kadu Chunch (Bomb.); The seeds, Raja-jiren ‘Bomb.) ; Isbund (Sind) ; Tandassir (Kan.) Habitat :—-Sind, North-Western Provinces, from Umballa to the Punjab, Nilghiri Mountains. An annual herb. Leaves 1-4 by lin. Elliptic-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, crenate-serrate, with or without basal sharp-pointed lobes; petiole very short, pilose. Peduncles 1-3-flowered, very short, opposite the leaves. Flowers small, yellow. Capsule elongated, 8-angled ; scabrous or aculeate, straight or curved. 3-4-angled, 3-4-valved, valves scabrous, with transverse partitions, beak short, erect. It would appear that the three varieties mentioned by Wight and Arnold (Prod. I. 72) are mere individual variations. They are :—(a) leaves ovate-oblong, capsule in pair, 3-angled ; (b) leaves ovate-oblong, capsules solitary, 4- angled; (c) leaves oblong-lanceolate, capsules in pairs, 3-angled. Uses :—The seeds are bitter and administered in doses of about 80 grains in fever and obstruction of the abdominal vis- cera (Dymock.) The plant, macerated for a few hours in water, yields a mucilage, prescribed asa demulcent; seeds as a specific in rheumatism (Murray.) 29° INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. 197%, G.-fascicularis,, Ham. -w.0\B:1.)) toe Roxh. 429. Sans.:—Chunchu, Kshetra Chunchu. Vern. :—Hind—Khetapat, Bankosta—J. Indraji. Hiran- khori, Mothi Bahuphali, Bomb.); Jangli or ban-pat, bil-nalita (B.); Chhunchhadi, Ubhibahuphali, (Gujrat and Porebunder). Habitat :—Throughout the hotter parts of India, from Banda to Bengal and the Western Peninsula, Porebunder. An annual herb, erect, ramous. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, serrated ; 1-2 by 4-4in. ; petioles very short, pilose. Peduncles 3-5-flowered, opposite to the leaves. Flowers yellow, subsessile fascicles, sub-pentandrous. Sepals 7g in. Stamens about 5(W. and A.). “5-10” says Max-well T. Masters (WH. F. B I.). Capsules linear-oblong, or cylindric, 4-6 times longer than broad, nearly terete, villous, rostrate, with three terminal points, 3-celled, 5-valved. Seeds numerous ; transverse septa nearly obsolete. Use:—It is very mucilaginous and somewhat astringent, and is valued as a restorative (Dymock.) In Bombay, a watery extract, mixed with sugar-candy, is taken as a nutritive tonic. It is also given in seminal weakness (S. Arjun), but with doubtful success—K. K. Kirtikar. 198. C. antachorus, Raesch, 4.¥.B.1., 1. 398. Vern. :—Bahuphall, kdrand, bophalli, bahuphalli, babuna .Pb.) ; Moodheeree (Sind); Baphuli (H.) (J. Indraji) :~-(Pore- bunder and Gujrat) Chhikni, Chhunchh; Bethi-Bahuphali ; Bahuphali. (Marathi) Bahuphali. Habitat :—North-West India, from Sindh and the Punjab to Agra, Western Peninsula, in Kathiawar, Guzerat and the Deccan. A perennial herb, woody 6-9 in., prostrate, much-branch- ed from the base; branches prostrate, tortuous, imbricate 6-7in. Leaves 3-$ by 4-4in., roundish, usually wrinkled, plicate, crenate-serrate, glabrous, the serratures not appendaged, base rounded or cuneate; 3-nerved. Petioles $-lin. long, very N. O. TILIACER. 223 slender; stipules subulate. Cymes leaf-opposed. Peduncles short, stout; bracts lanceolate, subulate ; pedicels very short. Sepals ;%sin. long, linear-oblong, apiculate. Petals longer than the sepals ; oblong-ovate. Capsules 3-3 in. long, cylindric, elongate, beaked, glabrous, often curved upwards, generally straight, 4-valved. Part used :—-The whole plant. Uses.—The plant is rubbed down and given as a cooling medicine. Leaves are emollient. The plant has tonic proper- ties as a whole. Infusion used as a fever drink (Stewart.) Very mucilaginous, mucilage demulcent, and used in ‘Sindh for gonorrhoea (Murray). ).,H,PtCls, erystallises in lustrous, brown needles, and decomposes at 210°. The aurichloride is difficult to obtain in a crystalline form. The mercurichloride was also prepared, The base is only reconverted into harmaline by prolonged boiling with alcoholic potash, and by the action of hydrochloric acid at 150 —160° it forms harmalol. When harmaline is boiled with nitric acid of sp. gr, 1°48, nitroanisic acid [OMe: NO, : CO,H=1: 2: 4] is formed together with harminie acid. The former acid is derived from methoxy- nitrophthalie acid by elimination of garbon dioxide. The harmaline alkaloids must therefore contain a complex, OMe.C;H,(C—)C, in which OMe: Cx C=l 34 or. 1: 4245. The physiological effect of these alkaloids is to reduce the temperature. J. Ch. S. 1901 A. T. pp. 405-406. The physiological action of some of the derivatives was investigat- ed, namely, harmine (C,,H,,ON,), harmaline (C,,H,,ON,), dihydroharmaline (C,,H,;ON,),and apoharmine (C,H,N.,). The first three have a paralysing action on frogs, whilst apoharmine causes increased reflex irritability and tetanus. Harmine and harmaline paralyse the skeletal and cardiac muscle of the frog. Harmaline has an anthelmintic action, probably by paralysing the musculature of the parasites. In warm-blooded animals, harmine and harmaline cause convulsions, increase of saliva, interference with respiration, and depression of temperature, In the Hast the seeds are used as a substitute for hashish, and in dogs itis evident that psychic disturbances occur. The drugs are partly destroyed in the body (blood, liver, and nervous system), and partly excreted by the kidneys and intestine. J Chi Sy 1911, A. EE. py. 138, On treating harmaline, harmine, apoharmine, and methylapoharmine with bromine in acetie acid, the hydrobromides of the corresponding monobromo- derivatives are obtained. Bromoharmaline, C,,H,,ON,Br, crystallises in colourless, slender needles, m. p, 195°; the hydrochloride and platinichloride are yellow. In the case of harmine, two isomeric compounds are formed. and may be separated by heating the hydrobromides at 50°, bromoharmine hydrobro- mide alone fusing at this temperature. Bromoharmine, C,,H,,ON,Br, occurs in orthorhombic prisms, m. p. 275°; the salts erystallise from aleohol, but form jellies with water. isoBromoharmine ecrystallises in long needles, m. p. 203°, and its salts erystailise from water; the platinichloride is orange-red. 248 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. Bromoapoharmine C3H,N.,Br, crystallises in long needles, m. p. 229°, and bromomethylapoharmine, C,H,N,Br, in nedles, m, p. 196°. On brominating, harmine in presence of sulphuric acid, and suspending the product, Fischer's supposed tetrabromide, in hot dilute alcohol, slender needles of dibromoharmine monohydrobromide are obtained; when treated with ammonia this gives dibromoharmine, C,,H,,ON,Br., m. p. 209°. Fischer’s compound appears to be the dilhydrobromide of this base. ot) ChoS.1912, As isp. 209: 221; -Dietamnus albus., Linn. H.F.B.1., 1. 487. Habitat :—Temperate Western Himalaya, from Kashmir to Kunawur, and according to Royle, Jumnotrie in Garwhal. A strong-smelling herb; shrubby below, clothed with pustular glands. Stem stout but not woody, branched. Leaves lft. and upwards, alternate, unequally pinnate. Leaflets oppo- site, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, serrulate, 2-34in., sessile, dark green, base wedge-shaped, nerves slender, petiole very stout, angular, margined. Racemes terminal, 4ft. and upwards, stout, strict, erect. Flowers white or rose-coloured, ldin. long, erect ; pedicels 1-3in. ; glandular, bracteate at the base and bracteolate usually above the middle. Calyx 5-partite ; deci- duous. Sepals small, lanceolate. Petals 5, 4 upper in pair, ascending, lower declinate ; elliptic-lanceolate, glandular on the back. Stamens 10, inserted at the base of a thick annular disk ; filaments long, slender, somewhat thickened and very glandular below the slender tip; anthers subglobose. Ovary shortly stipitate, deeply 5-lobed, 5-celled. Style hispid, filiform, decli- nate. Stigma terminal. Ovules 3-4 in each cell, inserted on the ventral suture. Fruit of 5 carpels compressed, broad, truncate, long-beaked, elastically 2-valved, 2-3 seeded, hispid lin. long. Endocarp horny, separable. Seeds subglobose ; testa thin, black, shining, albumen fleshy; cotyledons thick, radicle short. (UJses:—Indian writers do not appear to have paid much attention to this plant. The bark of the root was once upon a time a favorite aromatic bitter. Storck prescribed it for most nervous diseases, also for intermittent fever, amenorrhea, hysteria, ete. (WarTT). N. 0. RUTACER. PAY 222. Zanthoxylon alatum, Roxb. U.F.B.L, T, 403nmoeh. 717. Sans :—Tumburu. Vern :—Tejbal, tumru (H) ; Nepali dhania (B). Sungrikung (Lepcha) ; | Habitat :—Hot valley of the Sub-tropical Himalaya; from Jamu to Bhotan ; [Khasia Mountains. Hot valleys in forest undergrowths upto 6000ft. in Jau- nasar, Tehri-Gurhwal and the Outer-Himalaya from above Rajpur, Dharmigadh, Tons, and Bamsu valleys; Korwa, Koti Forest (Kanjilal), Mongbyr, Khasia and Naga hills, Hills of Vizi- - gapatam and Ganjam. A shrub or small tree almost entirely glabrous with a strong aromatic smell. Bark corky. Young stems with thick conical prickles fromacorky base. Wood close-grained, yellow, says Gamble, white, says Brandis. Prickles shining, strong, broad, flat on branchlets petioles and midrib; thin on older branches, often on a corky base. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, small. Leaflets 2-6 pair commonly ; petiole and rachis narrowly winged opposite, obtusely acuminate, more or less serrate, l-3 byz by #1n., elliptic-lanceolate, pellucid-punctate ; secondary nerves distinct. Flowers small, yellow, usually unisexual, in dense lateral panicles; sparingly branched. Calyx 6-8-fid. Petals none. Stamens 6-8, much exceeding the Calyx. Anthers large. Fruit usually a solitary carpel dehiscing ventrally, size of a pepper corn, tubercled, strongly aromatic: rugous, red; rarely 2-3. Parts used :—Seeds, bark and fruit. Uses :—Seeds and the bark are used as an aromatic tonic in fever, dyspepsia, and cholera; the fruit as well as the branches and thorns are used as a remedy for tooth-ache, also deemed stomachic and carminative and employed to intoxicate fish, The carpels of the fruits, which resemble those of coriander, yield an essential oil, which is isomeric with turpentine and is somewhat similar to eucalyptus oil in odor and properties. The oil may be found to possess 32 250 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. antiseptic, disinfectant and deodorant properties similar to those of eucalyp- tus. The bark of this and of the following species contains berberine (K. L. Day). 223. Z. acanthopodium, D. C. H.F.B.1., 1. 493. Vern :—Nipali dhanya; tumra; tejphal; darmar (H); Thumbul (B); Bogay timur (Nepal). Habitat :—Hot valleys of the Sub-tropical Himalaya, from Kumaon to Sikkim and the Khasia Hills. A small tree. Bark gin. thick, greyish brown, shining, studded with the large conical corky bases of the prickles, which fall off as the tree grows. Wood yellowish white, soft. Pores small, often in short radial lines. Medullany rays fine. (Gamble). Branchlets glabrous or tomentose, leaflets 2-6 pairs, lan- ceolate, nerves distinct, glabrous or more or less pubescent beneath, petioles and rachis narrowly winged. Cymes very short, dense, $-lin. long, pubescent.. Flowers apetalous. Wood, with a broad septate pith, adds J. D. Hooker. Use :—See Z. alatum above. 224. Z. oxyphyllum, Edgew. H.F.B.1., 1. 494. Habitat :—Himalaya, from Garhwal to Bhutan, also Khasia Hills. A climbing shrub, clothed with hooked prickles. ‘ Bark greyish brown, covered with large corky lenticels, and armed with recurved thorns on a conical corky base, often #in. high. Wood yellowish white, soft, porous. Pores large, usually many times subdivided radially. Medullary rays moderately broad, bent where they pass the pores. Annual rings marked by a white line’’ (Gamble). Leaves very variable in size, 4-12 in., petiole arched, usually very prickly along the back. Leaflets, 5-10 pair, alternate or opposite; in young specimens oyate- lanceolate, very long-acuminate, crenate-serrate, pale ; nerves very distinct beneath, in older ones more elliptic or oblong, 2-24in. to upwards of 4in., coriaceous, shining above. Cymes much-branched, many-flowered. Flowers the largest of the N: 0. RUTACER. P51 Indian species, lilac, +-4in. diam., umbellate on the branches of the cyme; pedicels slender, longer than the petals. Sepals 4, small, obtuse. Petals 4, obtuse, imbricate. Ripe carpels 2-4, of the size of a pea, tuberculated, hardly beaked. Seeds black. Use :—See Z. alatum above. 229. Z. Hamiltonanum, Wall., 4.F.B.1., 1. 494. Vern. :—Purpuray timur (Nepal). Habitat :—Sikkim, Assam and Burma. A climbing thorny shrub. Bark dark grey, with white len- ticels, armed with short recurved prickles on a thick, nearly cylindrical corky base, often 3in. high. Wood yellowish _ white, soft. Pores fine, not numerous. Medullary rays fine to moderately broad, numerous, nearly equidistant (Gamble). Leaves 6-8in., common petiole not winged, terete, stout, very prickly ; leaflets sub-sessile, suddenly narrowed into a broad notched apex, base rounded, glossy on both surfaces, glabrous or pubescent beneath, with many sub-parallel prominent arch- ing nerves. Cymes 3-4in., panicled, imbricate. Panicles or clusters of flowers axillary, ramifications alternate. Sepals 4. Petals as many. Flowers green. Stamens 4, hypogynous. Ovary l-celled; stigma capitate. Fruit globose, of 1-seeded carpel. Seed shining black; embryo in a fleshy albumen, radicle short, cotyledons flat. Use :—The fruit employed medicinally like that of Z. alatum. 996. Z. Rhetsa. D. C., H-F.B.1., 1. 495. Syn. :—Fagara Rhetsa, Roxb. 140. Vern. :—Tessul, Koklee, chirphal, triphal (Bomb. and Goa). Vengurla. Rhetsa manm (Tel.); Jummina, jisumi-mara (Kan.). Katu Kina (Sinhalese). Habitat :-—Western Peninsula, from Coromandel and the Conean southward. Occasionally cultivated in Ceylon. A large tree. ‘‘ Bark cream-coloured, with thick cork in irregular masses, studded with conical spines, about 2in. long, and the same: in base diameter. Wood yellowish grey, moderately hard, close-grained. Pores small, rather scanty, 25? INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. single or in radial strings of 2-4. Medullary rays short, white, numerous, the distance between them about equal to the diameter of the pores. Annual rings, marked by the darker autumn wood, with few pores” (Gamble). Branches opposite. J.D. Hooker says that the wood has broad septate pith, and the leaves are 5-merous-foliate; petiole not winged. “The prickly stem resembles that of the Bombax. Leaves 1-1#ft., clustered at the ends of the branches, equally or unequally pinnate; petiole unarmed. Leaflets opposite, 3-5in., with short partial petioles, recurved, ovate-oblong or lanceolate, caudate- acuminate, upper base, rounded, lower narrow and ending in the costa, nerves 10-12 on the upper half, fewer on the lower. Flowers yellow, in large terminal panicles” (Brandis). J. D. Hooker says: “‘Cymes terminal, very large, glabrous. Some- times 13ft. broad; branches opposite, angled; bracts minute caducous.” Flowers 4-merous, $in. diam. Petals valvate. Ovary globose. Ripe carpels solitary, the size of a pea, tubercled. Seed subglobose, blue-black. The unripe carpels taste like orange peel, the seeds like black pepper. Parts used :-—The carpels, oil, bark and root-bark. Uses :—The fruit is used for its aromatic and stimulant pro- perties. The Mohamedan physicians consider it to be hot and dry, and to have astringent, stimulant and digestive pro- perties. They prescribe it in dyspepsia arising from atrabilis ; also in some forms of diarrhoea. The root-bark is reputed in Goa to be purgative of the kidneys. The fruit with ajwan seeds is powdered, steeped in water and distilled, and the distillate given asa remedy for cholera. In rheumatism, the fruit is given in honey (Dysock.) The bark and root-bark are also probably equally valuable. The essential oil is used for cholera (WatT.) 227. Z. Budrunga, Wall, 4.¥.B.1., 1. 495. Sun. :—Fagara Budrunga, Roxb. 140. Vern. :—Budrung (Hin.); Brojonali (Assam). Habitat :—Tropical Himalaya, Kumaon, forests of Sylhet, the Khasia Mountains, Chittagong, and Martaban. N. 0. RUTACER. 253 A tree, armed with prickles. “Bark greyish brown ; young stems covered with thick, conical prickles from a corky base. Wood moderately hard, close-grained, white. Pores small, uniformly distributed, often in short radial lines. Medullary rays fine, short, numerous” (Gamble). Brandis says that it is an aromatic evergreen tree. Gamble says :-— “Tt is a pretty tree. When young, the stems are leafless at the top, where the long pinnate leaves are put out umbrella- fashion.” Leaflets 5-lO pair, glabrous, broadly crenate, with large glands in the sinus, base very oblique ; Cymes terminal, very large, glabrous (J. D. Hooker). Seeds aromatic, says Gamble. Use.—The carpels can hardly be distinguished from those of Z. Rhetsa, and are used similarly in medicine (Wartt.) od ( 228. Toddalia aculeata, Pers. H.F.B.1., 1. 49 Syn. :—Scopolia aculeata, Sm. Roxb. 207. Sans. :—Kanchana; dahana. Vern. :—Kanj (H.}; Dahan, Lahan (Rajputana); Meinkara (Nepal); Saphijirik (Lepcha); Milkaranai, Kandvi, (Tam). Konda-Kashinda. (Tel.); Jangh-Kal-mirchi (Bomb.). Kudur- Miris (Sinhalese.) Habitat :— Throughout India, in Java, Sumatra, Ching and the Phillippines and Mauritius. Subtropical Himalaya, from Ktumaon eastwards to Bhotan ; Khasia Mountains, and through- out the Western Peninsula. Ceylon, bushy places, from sea- level upto 6,000ft., very common. A large scandent shrub, the branches covered with prickles, on broad corky cones, often lin. high. Bark brown, thin, with prominent lenticels. Wood porous, yellowish white. Pores moderate-sized, often undivided, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays very fine, uniform and equidistant, bent where they touch the pores (Gamble). Prickles on branchlets sharp. The woody conical lenticels terminal, in short curved spines. Young shoots rusty, tomentose. Teaflets crenulate, greatly vary- ing in length, in the semi-evergreen scrub, near Madras 14-2in., 254 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. elsewhere often 4in. long (called T. floribunda.— Wall). Flowers small, cream-coloured, in axillary panicles longer than the petiole; 4in. diam. Calyx glandular. Petals 5, imbricate. Stamens not exceeding the petals. Ovary usually 5-celled. Style short. Stigma 5-lobed. Ovules 2, superposed in each cell. Fruit globose, size of a large pea, 3-5-grooved, orange-coloured, 4in. diam.; 3-5-celled. Seeds solitary in each cell. The whole plant hot and pungent. | Parts used :—The root, bark, leaves and fruit. Uses :--The root is pungent and sub-aromatic, and is consi- dered as stomachic and tonic. Itis given in a weak infusion to the quantity of half a teacupful in the course of the day; the leaves are also sometimes used for the same purpose (Ainslie). The fresh leaves are eaten raw for pains in the howels; the fresh bark of the root is administered by the Telinga physicians for the cure of remittent fever. I conceive every part of this plant to be possessed of strong, stimulating powers, and have no doubt but, under proper management, it might prove a valuable medicine where stimulants are required (Roxs.) The root-bark is officinal in the Indian Pharmacopoeia, being described as an aromatic tonic, stimulant and anti- periodic ; useful in constitutional debility, and in convalescence after febrile and other exhausting diseases. Dr. Bidie of Madras says, he knows of no single remedy in which active stimulant, carminative, and tonic properties are so happily combined as in this drug. Rheede states that the unripe fruit and root are rubbed down with oil to make a stimulant liniment for rheumatism. “T have been using the root-bark of T. aculeata in my prac- tice during the last twelve or thirteen years, and do not hesitate in saying that it is one of the most valuable drugs in India. It is, as antiperiodic and antipyretic, equal, if not superior, to quinine and other alkaloids of cinchona and to Warburg’s tincture, respectively ; and, as a diaphoretic, deci- dedly more efficacious than Pulv. Jacobi Vera or James’ powder, and a few other antipyretic medicines mentioned N. 0. RUFACE. PHD above. It, therefore, demands an especial notice of the medi- cal profession. ‘Six drachms of the tincture or twelve ounces of the decoc- tion of T. aculeata are equal to one bottle of Warburg’s tincture; and ifeitherof them is used in two doses during the presence of simple continued fever or a paroxysm of ague, it produces the same good effect as the latter drug (Warburg’s tincture), namely, a copious perspiration and relief of the febrile condition; and, again, if the tincture or decoction is repeated in the same dose during the interval of ague, every fourth or fifth hour, for two or three days, it prevents the return of paroxysm as successfully as very large doses of quinine. To render the cure more perfect and complete, the tincture or decoction should be continued in smaller doses for four of fivedays more. ‘The beneficial influence of the tincture or decoction of 7. aculeata in remittent fever is precisely the same, and the only difference is that it sometimes relieves the exacerbation and checks its return at once; and at others, it first converts the remittent into intermittent fever and then cures the latter in the same way as explained above. Out of the many severe and very obstinate cases of malarious, jungle, and other fevers, which yielded to this drug, there were several in which quinine with arsenic was first tried and failed. As the dose of the tincture of 7’. aculeata is much smaller than that of its decoction, and as it can also be prepared and kept always ready for use, itis preferable to the latter; but there is no difference whatever between the medical properties of both preparations. “The root-bark of T. aculeata is not only much cheaper than quinine and Warburg’s tincture, but is also one of the cheapest drugs in Southern India, its price being only about 2 annas per pound. In addition to this, its advantages over quinine are that it, unlike the latter, can be freely and success- fully administered in the absence as well as in the presence of fever; and that, however long and frequently it may be em- ployed, it nevex produces ringing in the ears, deafness and some other disagreeable symptoms which are so commonly observed in the use of quinine. 256 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. “The analogy between the medical properties of the root- bark of JT’. aculeata and those of the root of Berberis asvatica and some other species of Berberi is very great. The former, however, has one advantage over the latter, which is its pro- curability in every large bazar of Southern India ; whereas, the Indian Barberry-root requires to be sent for from some hills and distant places, as the Nilgiris, Shevaroy Hills, Cal- eutta, Delhi, etc” (MooDEEN SHERIFF.) In the Australasian Congress of 1889, held at Melbourne, Surgeon-Major Kirtikar, in exhibiting the powder of the root, said as follows :—‘“‘ The plant (Jangli-kaéli-mirchi) has been re- commended by Dr. Bidie of Madras as a bitter tonic in debility, after malarial fevers, and in convalescence from exhausting diseases. | have tried it in the malarial cachexia of fevers and found that it acts asa good stomachic tonic, improving the appetite, and aiding digestion. An infusion of the root-powder, in the proportion of an ounce of the powder to ten fluid ounces of boiling water, makes a capital preparation. Dose, one to two ounces, twice or thrice daily. our years ago, I obtained a few pounds of the root from Dr. Dymock and tried it with great advantage. The root contains a bitter principle, the exact nature of which is yet unknown. It was once known in Kurope under the name of Lopez-root as a remedy for diarrhoea, pro- bably from the large quantities of yellow resin which the vascu- lar and cortical system contain. “ The Bark,” says Dr. Dymock, “is remarkable for its large cells filled with resin and essential oil.” (P. 949, Proceedings of the Australasian Congress, Mel- bourne, 1889.) The central woody portion, the inner bark, and the external yellow powder of the root, were separately examined. Ten grams of the external yellow powder were digested for two hours with 100 c.c. of boiling alcohol, filtered, and the residue again treated in a similar manner. To the orange brown filtrate alcoholic lead acetate solu- tion was added, drop by drop, as long as a colourless precipitate was formed, and after this was removed by filtration, the filtrate was evaporated to a small bulk and poured into five times its volume of dilute hydrochloric acid. A viscous, yellow precipitate was thus obtained, which increased in quantity on standing; this was collected upon calico, and after being rinsed with cold, was digested with boiling water, the turbid, yellow liquid thus obtained contained resinous matter in suspension, but this was readily N. O. RUTACER. PAS removed by means of ether. After boiling the clear aqueous solution, ex- cess of hydrochloric acid was added ; and on cooling, it deposited long, orange- colored needles, which were collected and washed with dilute HCl. To purify this product, it was dissolved in boiling dilute alkali, and the solution digested with animal charcoal, filtered, treated with HCl, and allowed to cool ; the yellow needles which separated were collected, washed with water, and allowed to dry at the ordinary temperature. The product weighed 0°35 grams. This product was identical with Berberine. The inner bark also contains a trace of Berberine. It contains also some quantity of a sticky, resinous product, which is insoluble in water.or dilute acids, but readily soluble in ether, and appeared to be identical with the similar substance present in the yellow powder, The central woody -portion of the root yielded no Berberine. —J. Ch. S. 1895 T 413. —— 229. Skimmia laureola, Hook. f., H.F.B.1., 1. 499. Syn. :—Limonia Laureola, Wall. Vern. :—Ner ; barru; shalangli (Pb.); chumloni (Nepal) ; Limburnyok (Lepcha). Habitat:—Throughout the temperate Himalaya, from Murree to Mishmi and Khasia Mountains. In Dun Mills, a common undershrub. An extremely aromatic, gregarious, evergreen shrub, glabrous wholly, often a small tree in Sikkim. Branched from the base. Branches and foliage very bright green, 3-5ft. high. Wood close-grained, white, soft, with distinct white concentric white lines. Wood has an aromatic scent when fresh cut. Bark thin, bluish grey. Leaves alternate, simple, quite entire, midrib prominent. Exceedingly variable in size, oblong-linear, elliptic- lanceolate, or obovate-obtuse, acute or cordate-acuminate, 3-7in. long, softly coriaceous, nerves indistinct ; petiole short, stout. Panicles terminal, short, dense-flowered, branched. Females smaller. Bracts and 2 bracteoles deciduous. Flowers 5-merous, about 2in. diam., yellowish white, inodorous, shortly pedi- celled. Sepals small. Petals oblong or obtuse; filaments stout, subulate. Ovary ovoid, minute, conic, 4-cleft in male flowers; style 1. Fruit 3-zin. long, ellipsoid, red, fleshy. Seeds 1-3. Em- bryo green. Kanjilal says the odour of the musk-deer is propularly supposed to be derived from it. 33 258 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. Very similar to the Japanese S. Japonica, Thumb., but the flowers are 4-merous in that species. A poisonous alkaloid, Skimmianine, has been found to be present in all parts of Skimmia Japonica, but most abundantly in the leaves. ,It was isolated from the latter by extracting with 96 per cent. alcohol. Skimmianine, Cz. H,, O, N3, erystallises from alcohol, in yellow, four-sided prisms, melts at 175° 5,° and is readily soluble in chloroform or alcohol, moderately so in methyl alcohol, very sparingly so in ether, amyl alcohol, or carbon disulphide, and insoluble in water or light petroleum. All the solutions are neutral to litmus. Thesolutions of the base are almost tasteless, but those of the salts are very bitter. Injection of skimmianine into the femoral lymphatics of Rana esculenta or Rana temporaria afiects the appearance of the muscles at the place of application, and renders them stiff and brittle. The neighbouring muscles are also affected by larger doses. Voluntary motion becomes sluggish, the breathing superficial, and the pupils contract. Reflex sensibility appeared as a rule to increase only in the case of Rana esculenta. The absolute strength, and the work performed by the muscles, were apparently dimi- nished. The alkoloid has probably a direct action on the muscles of the heart, decreasing the pulsations and causing disturbance of the diastole. The pulse is similarly affected, even when atropine has been previously adminis- tered. Intravenous injection, in the case of rabbits, causes general symptoms of poisoning. Slight poisoning is accompanied by feeble spasms. The pressure of the blood falls even when chloral has been administered, but after a time it increases again, probably owing to the compensating contraction of the peripheral vessels. Skimmianine has no effect on the secretion of urine. (I. Honda Chem Centr. 1904. I1., 15-11-1512) J. Ch, S. LXXXVIII,, pt IT., p. 152. It is probable that the same alkaloid is also present in the Indian species, which deserves careful examination. At my re- quest, Mr. Satis Chandra Deb, M.A, Professor of Chemistry, Muir Central College, Allahabad, analysed the leaves of the plant, from which he obtained an alkaloid, but it was not in sufficiently large quantity to determine its nature. B.D B. 230. Acronychia laurifolia, Blume. 4.F.B.1., 1. 498. Vern. :—(Sinhalese) Akenda. Habitat :—Sikkim Himalaya, in hot valleys; Khasia Mountains; Assam ; Chittagong; Eastern Peninsula; Western Peninsula, on the Ghats, from Concan to Travancore. Ceylon, moist regions, from sea-level up to 5,000ft.; common in Malaya and Cochin- China. V..0. RUTACEA. 259 A small tree, with pale, smooth bark ; young twigs glabrous. Wood close-grained, rather hairy, yellowish white. Leaves opposite or some alternate, 3-5in., oval or oblong-oval, acute at base, usually shortly acuminate, obtuse, entire, glabrous and shining, especially above, dark green; petioles about $in. Flowers pale, yellowish green ; about #in., on rather long pedicels, loosely arranged in pyramidal divaricate, corymbose Cymes on long, straight, axillary peduncles. Calyx-lobes short, broad ; petioles gin., strap-shaped, acute, inflexed at tip, hairy within the base, supersistent ; stamens shorter than petals, 4, inner shorter, filament slightly dilated at base ; disk tomentose, ovary tomentose, style very short; fruit nearly globular, harder in centre, but with no distinct stone, 4-celled. Uses :—According to Dr. Trimen, the bark is used in Ceylon as an external application to sores and ulcers. The whole plant, says he, when bruised, has a warm terebinthinate scent. The leaves have an orange-like smell when crushed, and are burnt near small-pox patients, with a view to curative effects (STEWART), 231. Murraya Keenigit, Spreng, u.¥.B.1., 1. 503. Syn. :--Bergera Koenigii, Linn. Roxb. 362. Sans. :—Surabhi-nimbu ; Paribadhra. Vern. :—Harri, Katnim (H.); Barsinga (B.); Gandla, gandi, bowala (Pb.); (Guj and Porebunder) Kadhinimb, Kadu-pab, Jhirang (Bomb.) Kadhi-nimb; Godanimb (Mar. and Bomb) ; Kareé-pan, Karya-pan (Dec.); Karu-Véppilai, Karu-Vembu (Tam.); Kari-vepa-chettu (Tel.); KariVempu, Mishta-Nimb (T'am.) _ Karapincha (Sinhalese). Habitat : —Along the foot of the Himalayas, from Garwhal to Sikkim, Bengal, and southward to Travancore. A small, strong-smelling tree, deciduous in the hot season for a short time, umbrageous when in foliage, pubescent, nearly glabrous, unarmed. Bark thin grey or dark grey, with shallow netted fissures. Wood greyish white or pale brownish yellow, hard, close-grained, durable. Branches slender, young parts 260 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. pubescent. Leaves 6-12in. long, imparipinnate, somewhat crowded, spreading. Rachis pubescent. Leaflets 16-25, shortly stalked, 1-2in., oval or oblong-ianceolate, very oblique at base, slightly caudate; obtuse or emarginate, irregularly crenate, smooth above, pubescent beneath, the lower ones smaller and more rotundate. Corymbs in terminal panicles, penduncled, many-flowered ; petiole about jin. Flowers white, about dinch, in much-branched, flattened tops; “in corymbose terminal cymes,’ says Trimen. Bracts minute. Sepals small, acute, triangular, pubescent. Petals linear, oblong, erect, dotted with glands, glabrous, valvate. Stamens inserted on a fleshy disk. Filaments narrowed at top, ovary glabrous, without a gynophore, 2-celled, with 1 (rarely 2) ovules in each cell. Style long, stigma large. Berry %-3in., nearly glubular, apiculate, rough with glands, deep purple or black, when ripe, 2-seeded. The characteristic change in colour of the unripe berry from green to red, then purple, then black, when perfectly ripe, is very noteworthy. Parts used :—The bark, root and leaves. Uses :—The bark and root are used as stimulants by the native physicians. Externally, they are used to cure eruptions and the bites of poisonous animals. The green leaves are described to be eaten raw for the cure of dysentery; they are also bruised and applied externally to cure eruptions (Roxb). An infusion of the toasted leaves is used to stop vomiting (Ainslie). In the Punjab, the leaves are applied to bruises (Stewart). In Bombay, the leaves are given in decoction with bitters as a febrifuge (Dymock.) The plant is noticed in the Indian Pharmacopoeia as having tonic and stomachic proper- ties. The root is slightly purgative (Watt). 232. Inmonia aceidissima, - Linn. 4H.F.B.1., 1. 507. Syn. :—L. crenulata, Roxb. 364. Vern. :—Beli(H.}; Belsion (Chutia Nagpur) ; Bhenta (Uriya); Keiri, Kara (Merwara); Ran limbu, naringi (Bomb.) Kawat, nai-bel (Mar.); Toralaga (Tel.); Nai-bel (Kan). N. 0. RUTACEA. 261 Habitat :—Dry hills in various parts of India, N.W. Hima- laya ; in Simla ana Kumaon ascending 4,000 ft. Monghyr hills in Behar; Assam; Western Peninsula, from the Bombay Ghats and Coromandel, southward. Yunan, J. Anderson. A spinous, glabrous shrub or small tree, with rigid flexuous, woody branches, spines 4-lin. Leaves pinnate, 1-4in. long ; leaflets petiole and rachis jointed, the former narrowly, the latter broadly winged. Leaflets 2-4 pair, sessile, opposite, obtuse, crenulate, 1-2in., trapezoid-ovate, obtuse and notched at the tip, base cuneate, margins crenulate, nerves slender, reticulate. Racemes subumbellate, Lin. long, pubescent, often leafy ; pedi- cels slender. [Flowers tetramerous, $in. diam., white, fragrant. Sepals small. Petals elliptic or oblong. Disk annular or eolumnar. Ovary 4-celled, cells l-ovuled. Ovule pendulous in each cell. Berry globose, jin. diam., 1-4-seeded, very acid. Parts used :—The leaves, root and fruit. Uses :—The leaves are supposed to be a remedy for epilepsy ; the root is purgative, sudorific, and employed for the cure of colic and cardialgia. The dried fruit is tonic, diminishes in- testinal fermentation, has the power of resisting the contagion of small-pox, malignant and pestilent fevers, and is also con- sidered an excellent antidote to various poisons, on which ac- count it is much sought for, and forms an article of commerce with Arab and other merchants.” (RHEEDE). Lisboa states that the berry is much used as a tonic in Mala- bar, and that its red-coloured mucilage is considered to be an antidote against snake-bite and the poisons of other venomous animals, 233. Luvanga scandens, Ham u. F. B.1., 1. 509. Sansk. :—Lavanga-lata. Habitat :—Eastern Bengal, Assam, the Khasia Mountains. A strong, climbing, annual, glabrous shrub, with woody flex- uous branches and strong axillary recurved spines. Leaves very variable, 3-foliate, thickly coriaceous ; petioles 2-5in., stout 262 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. cylindric; leaflets quite entire, 5-12in. oblong, elliptic-oblong, lanceolate or oblanceolate, tip rounded, acute or acuminate, shortly petioled ; nerves very faint, spreading. Cymes panicled or subracemose, short, shortly peduncled, few-flowered. Flowers about #in. diam., very fragrant, white. Calyx cup-shaped, entire or irregularly 4-6-lobed, with the margin truncate. Petals 4, fleshy (4-5, says Brandis), recurved, imbricate. Stamens 8-10, filaments sometimes united almost to the top, subulate, inserted round a cupular disk. Ovary 2-4-celled, style stout, deciduous; ovules 2, superposed in each cell. Berry oblong, yellow when ripe, size of a pigeon’s egg, rind smooth, thick, obscurely 3-lobed, pulp resinous, odoriferous. Seeds 1-3, pointed, ovoid ; cotyledons fleshy, albumen O. Use:—The berries are used in preparing a perfumed medi- cinal oil (Kakkolaka), and are sold in the bazaars of Bengal under the name of Kakala; they must not be confounded with Kshirakakkoli, a pseudo-bulb from Nepal, composed of from 8 to 10 ovoid fleshy scales. Kakkola and Kshirakakkoli are chiefly of interest as being the only two constituents of the Ashta-varga or ‘ group of eight medicines,’ which are known to the modern Hindus. ‘The Sanskrit names of the other six plants are, Rishabha, Jivaka, Meda, Mahameda, Riddhi and Vriddhi. (Pharmacographia Indica, Vol I, 268). 234. Paramignya monophylla, Wight., H. F. B.1., me plo. Vern. :—Kurwi Wageti ; Kari wageti, ranyid (Bomb and Goa): Nat-Kanta (Nepal); Jhunok (Lepcha.) Habitat :—Sikkim, Himalaya, Bhotan; Khasia Mountains ; Western Peninsula; the Western Forests, from the Concan southward. A stout, climbing, evergreen, thorny shrub. Shoots densely pubescent, the older branches, with sharp recurved axillary spines $in. long. Bark white, corky, vertically cleft. Wood white, hard, close-grained. Leaves coriaceous, numerous, 2-4in., N. O. RUTACER, 263 oval or oval-oblong, or lanceolate, rounded at base, obtuse or acute, entire or nearly so, glabrous, except the pubescent mid rib beneath; conspicuously gland-dotted. Petiole $in., twisted. Flowers 2in., on short pubescent peduncle, 1-3 together in the axils. Calyx woolly-pubescent, lobes 5, shallow, rounded. Petals 5, oblong-linear, recurved. Filaments bairy. Ovary 5-celled. Stigma large, capitate. Berry yellow, globose, pyriform, over lin. long, smooth. Seeds several, large, compressed (Trimen’. Rather common in the low country, Ceylon; Sikkim, Bhutan Khasi Hills, ‘TTenasserim, Western Ghats, South India. Darjeeling, N. E. Himalaya. Trimen gives Sinhalese name :—Wellangiriya. Part used :—The root. Use :—In the Concan, the root is given to cattle suffering from bloody urine, or bloody fluxes from the abdomen. When on a visit to Goa, I observed that the country people made use of the root as an alterative tonic (DyMmock.) Zee mOncspieiamnhiooke t. BB. Ty TDi Vern :—Ban Nimbu (Sundribuns). Habitat:—Kastern Sunderbuns, at Baniakhali (Prain) Malacca. An erect, glabrous shrub. Branches stout; spines long, straight, below petioles, opposite and alternate, sometimes 2in. long. Leaflets oblong, subacute, 3-4in., base cordate. Petiole very short. Flowers in. long, solitary, small; pedicels very short. Calyx-lobes obtuse, 5. Petals 4in., broad, oblong, obtuse. Stamens 10, short, equal, glabrous, equalling the linear anthers. Anthers narrow, with a long apiculus. Style stout, cylindric ; ovary 2-4-celled, 4-ovuled, stipitate. Fruit a berry, 3-4-angled, 1-14in. long, between globose and ovoid ; 3-4-celled. Ovules superposed in pair. Rind of fruit thick, coriaceous, glandular. Pulp O. Seeds 2-4 in each cell; oblong, com- pressed, narrowed at base into a short beak. Use:—-Fruit used in cases of colic Prain’s (Flora of the Sunderbuns, p. 291). 264 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. 236. Atlantia monophylla, Correa. H.F.B.1., 1. 511. Syn. :—Limonia monophylla, Linn. Roxb. 363. Sans. :— Atavi-jambira. Vern. :—MA4kad-limbu (Mar.); Narguni(Uriya ; Adavi-nimma (Tel.) Kathe-clumichcham-param, Katyalu (Tam.); Kan-nimbe, adavi-nimba (Kan.); Mal-naranga (Mal.); Jangli-nimbu (Dec.); Matangnar (8S. Konkan.) Habitat :—Sylhet at the foot of the Khasia Mountains; throughout the Western Peninsula, from Konkan and Coro- mandal southwards. Ceylon, not uncommon towards the north of the Island; in dry regions common. Tamil name in Ceylon :—Perunkuruntu (Trimen). A small tree or shrub, with numerous rigid branches, the elder ones armed with short spines, young parts glabrous. Wood very hard and heavy, close-grained, yellow. Leaves 13-3in.; rhomboid-lanceolate, acute at base, obtuse, deeply notched at apex, glabrous, thick, veiny ; petiole short, slightly pubescent, with one or two linear or setaceous, stipular scales at base. Flowers 4in., rather crowded in axillary umbels or corymbs. Pedicels jin., glabrous, bracts small, ciliate. Calyx glabrous, irregularly split to base. Petals white obovate-oblong, obtuse, recurved. Stamens 8; filaments completely connate into a long tube and sometimes adnate to petals at base ; anthers broadly ovoid ; ovary oblong, glabrous, 4-celled, style short, no gynophore. Berry globular-ovoid, 7in., with a long apiculus, 4-celled, 4-seeded. Uses :—“ The berries of this yield a warm oil which is, in native medicine, considered as a valuable application in chronic rheumatism and paralysis (AINSLIE.) In the Concan, the leaf juice is an ingredient in a compound liniment used in hemiplegia (Dymock.) 237. Citrus medica, Linn. H.F.B.1., 1. 514. Habitat :—Valleys along the foot of the Himalaya, from Garhwal to Sikkim; the Khasia Mountains, Garrow Mountains, N. O RUTACER. 265 Chittagong, the Western Ghats, and Satpura range in Central India. A shrub or small tree, flowering and fruiting at most seasons growing where, says J. D. Hooker, I found it on steep hill-sides (in Sikkim). Young shoots glabrous, purple. Leaflets glabrous, 3-6in., elliptic ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; petiole naked or winged. Flowers 6-10in., a raceme, small or middle-side, often unisexual. Stamens 20-40; petals generally more or less pink. [Fruit globose, ovoid, or oblong, often mamil- late at the apex. The stamens are 25-55, says Brandis. Brandis found it, says he, (1) apparently wild in the outer valleys of Kumaon (1875); (2)in the outer valleys of Sikkim (1879) ; (4) Damrahal, Garo Hills (1879), a tree of 6ft. girth, 40ft. high; (5) upper Yunzalim Valley above Lomatee, in swamps and near streams (1880). Reported to be wild in the Eastern Dun, on the Satpura Hills and the Western Ghats in the Bombay Presidency (Talbot), Chitagong and on the Khasi Hills (H. K. and W.,). Of the more cultivated forms may be mentioned the following four varieties :— Var. 1 C. medica proper, the Citron. Var. II. C. Limo- num, the Lemon. Var. III. C. Acida, the sour lime of India. Var. IV. C. Limetta, the Sweet Lime of India. Variety I. C. Medica proper, the Citron. Roxb. 590. Leaflet oblong, petiole short, margined or not, flowers usually numerous ; fruit larger oblong or ovoid, or irregularly shaped, mamilla obtuse, rind usually warted, thick, tender ; very aromatic, bitter, scanty subacid pulp. Sans. :-—Matulunga ; phala pura; bega pura. Vern. :—Biaura ; limbu; Kutla ; bara nimbu (H.); Beg-pura ; lebu; nebu; bijaura; honsa nebu (B.); Bajauri nimbu (Pb); Bijoru; turanj; balank (Guz.); Bijapura; mahalunga; bijori; binu (Roxb); Mahalung (M.); Turanj (Dec.); Elumich cham- pazham ; narttam pazham (Tam.); Nimma pandu; naradabba (Tel.); Nimbe hanu; limbu (Kan.) Parts used :—The rind, pulp, seeds and leaves. 34 266 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. Uses :—Citron rind is hot, dry, and tonic; the pulp cold and dry ; the seeds, leaves and flowers hot and dry ; the juice refri- gerant and astringent, According to Theophrastus, the fruit is an expellent of poisons. It also corrects foetid breath (Drury.) The distilled water of the fruit is used as a sedative (Year-Book of Pharmacy, 1874, p. 623). The rind is made into a marmalade and is an antiscorbutie. It is made into a preserve and is used for dysentery (Wart.) Var. Il. C. Limonum. The Lemon. Vern.:—Jambira; bara nimbti; pahari nimbu; _pahari- Kaghzi (H. and Dec.); Karna nebu; gora nebu; bara nebu (B.); kimti; gulgul; khutta (Pb.); Meté limbu; motu-limbu ; Motu nimbu (Guz.); Thorla-limbu (Mar.); Periya-elumich- cham-pazham (T'am.); Pedda-nimma-pandu (Tel.); Dodda-nimbe- hanun (Ian.) Habitat :—Cultivated in India. Leaflet ovate, petiole margined or winged, fruit middle-sized, ovoid, yellow, nobbed or mamillate, rind thin, pulp abundant, very acid. O fficenal Parts :—1. The outer part ofthe rind of the ripe fruit (Limonis Cortex); 2. The essential oz! of the rind (Limo- nis Oleum); and 3. The expressed juice of the ripe fruit (Limonis Succus.) Properties of the Rind.—Stomachic and carminative. Therapeutic Uses.—Similar to those of Cortex Aurantil (ante); it is, however, principally employed as a flavouring agent. Oil of Lemon (Oleum Limonis). Obtained either by distil- lation or by simple expression of the finely grated rind. It is carminative in doses of from two to four drops, but is rarely employed in this character. It forms an ingredient in Spiritus Ammonize Aromaticus, and in Linimentum Potassi1 Todidi cum Sapone. It has been used as a local application in some forms of ophthalmia, but with doubtful results. Lemon oil mixed with glycerine is applied to the eruption of acne (WArTT.) N. O. RUTACER. 267 Lemon Juice (Succus Limonis.)—The expressed strained juice of the ripe frit. Lemon juice contains citric acid, in the proportion of about 32 grains to each fluid ounce, with mucilage and extractive. To prevent its undergoing decomposition, which it is apt to do by keeping, a proportion of about 10 per cent. of spirits of wine or strong brandy may be added, and the mucilage separated by filtration. Another effectual plan is to allow the juice to stand for a short time after expression, till the coagula- able matter separates, then to filter and put into bottles. with a stratum of almond or other sweet oil upon its surface. Properties.—Valuable anti-scorbutic and refrigerant; pri- marily, anti-alkaline ; secondarily, antacid. Therapeutic Uses.—In scurvy, it is one of the best remedies we possess, both as a prophylactic and as a curative. In febrile and inflammatory affections, the diluted juice, sweetened, forms an excellent refrigerant drink. In acute rheumatism and rheumatic gout, in some forms of acute tropical dysentery and diarrhoea, &c., it has been successfully employed. As an anti- dote to some acro-narcotic poisons, it often proves effectual. Lemon juice and gun powder used topically for scabies.-— Ph. I. The bark of the root has been used in the West Indies as a febrifuge and the seeds as a vermifuge (WaArTT.) A decoction of the lemon, reported by Dr. Aitken of Rome is said to be avery valuable remedy in the treatment of ague (B. M. J. Oct. 4, 1884). ‘Var. IL. C. acida. The sour Lime of India. According to Bonavia (Oranges and Lemons of India, p. 246), it is more probable that this has descended from C. Hystrix of Kurz than from the C medica of Linnaeus. For figures, see Bonavia’s work Plates 238 and 239. Syn. :—C. acida, Roxb. 589., Vern.:—Lebu; nebu; nimbu; kagugi-nebu (B.); Nimbu; khatta-nimbu (Pb.'; Khata limbu (Guz.); Limbu (Mar.); Limun nibu (Dec.); elu-mich-cham-pazham ; elemitchum ; elimichum ; 268 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. elimichum pullam (Tam.); Nimma-pandu ; nemmapundu (Tel.) Nimbe hannu (Kan.). Habitat :—Wild in the warm valleys of the outer Hima- layas. Cultivated all over India. Leaflet elliptic-oblong, petiole many times shorter than the leaflet, linear or obovate, racemes short, flowers small, petals usually 4, fruit usually small, globose or ovoid, with a thick or thin rind, pulp pale, sharply acid. Part used :—The juice. Use:—Native practitioners consider lime-juice to have virtues in checking bilious vomiting, and believe that it is powerfully refrigerant and antiseptic (AINSLIE.) Fresh lime-juice often proves effectual in relieving the irri- tation and swelling caused by mosquito-bites (Dr. Thornton in Watt’s Dictionary.) Var, 1V-C-limetta, 20, ier Bad 915. Sans. :—Madhu Karkatika. Vern. :—Mitha nebu; nembu; mitha amritphal (H.); Mitha nebu (B); Mitha-nimbu (Pb.); Mitha limbu (Guz.); elemiteuhm (Tam. ; Nemma-pandu ; gajanimma'Tel.). Ertimitchi narracum (Mal.). Sakar-Nimbu (Marathi ; Bombay;. Habitat :—Cultivated in most parts of India. Leaves and flowers as in Var. acida; fruit globose, 3-51in. diam., rind very thin, smooth, adherent.to the pulp. Flowers pure white, at times tinged pink. The pulp is never acid, even in early stages of the fruit. Juice sweet, abundant, refreshing, “ not aromatic,” say Brandis and Hooker. I find it slightly aromatic with the faint flavour of the rose as grown in the Bombay and Dekkan gardens. (K. R. K.). Use :—Extensively used as refrigerant in fever and jaundice (WATT). , 238. C. aurantium, Linn. u.F.B.1., 1. 515. Habitat :—Hot valleys along the foot of the Himalaya and from Garwhal eastwards to Sikkim and in the Khasia Mountains ; Manipur; mountain forests in the Peninsula. N. O. RUTACER. 269 An arboreous, rarely shrubby, small, slender tree; young shoots glabrous, greenish-white. Leaves glabrous, 3-6in., elliptic or ovate, acuminate ; petioles naked or winged ; wings often obovate, as large as the blade or nearly so. Flowers pure white, scented more or less; bisexual. Stamens 15-30. Fruit globose, often depressed, 2in. diam., generally oblate, not mammillate. Of the more commonly cultivated forms are :— Var. I. Aurantowm proper. C. Aurantrum, Lann. H.F.B.1., 1. 515 ; Roxb. 590. TheSweet Orange. Petiole naked or winged, pulp sweet, rind yellow, rarely red in India. Sans, :-—Nagaranga. Vern. :— Narangi ; Santara (H.); Kamala nebu; ndarangi (B.); Suntala (Uriya); Narangi (Guz. and Mar); Kichilli; chechu ; collungie pullam (Tam.); Ganjanimma; naranga pandu (Tel.); Kithaboippe (Kan.); Mahura-naranna (Mal.) Habitat :—Cultivated in India. Parts used :—The rind and flowers. Uses :—The dried outer portion of the rind of the fruit pos- sesses stomachic and tonic properties. Itis useful in atonic The water distilled from OO ale. dyspepsia, and general debility. orange flowers is employed, in one or two fluid ounces, as an antispasmodic and sedative in nervous and hysterical cases (Ph. Ind} The Mahomedan writers describe the rind and flowers as hot and dry, the pulp cold and dry, and recommend the fruit in colds and coughs, when febrile symptoms are present. The juice is valuable in bilious affections, and stops bilious diarrhoea. * * The peel is useful for checking vomiting, and the preven- tion of intestinal worms. Orange poultice is recommended in some skin affections, such as psoariasis, &c. Oranges are con- sidered to be alexipharmic and disinfectant; orange-water stimulating and refreshing. The essence is extracted by oil from the rind and flowers, and is used as a stimulating liniment ()yMocKk.) 270 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. “The fresh rind of the fruit is rubbed on the face by people suffering from acne” (Dr. Gray). “If the rind be mixed with a little water, and then rubbed on a part affected with eczema, much relief will be derived” (Dr. Wilson;—Watt’s Dictionary. Var. IL C. Bigaradia, Brandis. (The bitter or Saville orange). Petiole usually winged, flowers larger and more strongly scented, rind very aromatic, pulp bitter. The Bitter or Seville Orange. Does not seem to be cultivated in India, except in gardens. Var. III. C. Bergamia. The Bergamotte Orange. Sans. :—Jambira-phalam. Vern, :— Limun ; nibu (H.); Nebu (B,.) elumich-cham-pazham (Tam.:; Nimma-pandu (Tel.); Cheru-narnna (Kan.). Habitat :—Rarely cultivated in India. Flowers small, very sweet-scented, fruit globose or pyriform, pleasant aroma. Part used :—The juice. Use:—The juice of the fruit possesses properties similar to those of lemon juice. It is often preferred to lemon juice, as the fresh juice can be readily obtained in all parts of the tro- pics, and as the preserved lemon juice is less effectual. It is useful as a refrigerant drink in small-pox, measles, scarlatina and other forms of fever. It may also be taken with advantage in cases of hemorrhage from the lungs, stomach, bowels, uterus, kidneys, and other internal organs (Waring’s Bazaar Medicines). Note.-—In the common sweet orange, the skin, peel or rind lightly adheres to the pulp. The Nagpur Sanéra is characteristi- cally loose-skinned. It is grown in many places in Bombay, Poona, Aurangabad, throughout India and Burma; ona large scale in the valley above Chelu, below Cherra Punji, and at other places on the south of the Khasi Hills, where the fruit ripens in autumn. N. O. RUTACEA. 271 In Nagpur, the santras yield two crops in the year, the first crop from November to January, and the second in March and April (Brandis). 239.—C. decumana, Linn. U.F.B.1., 1. 516. The Pomelo or Shaddock-Pumel. - Vern. :—Mahanibu ; chakétra ; batavi nebu ; Sadaphal (H.); Batavi nebu; maha nembu; chakotra ; bator-nebu (B.); chakotra (Pb.) ; Bijoro (Sind.); Oba Kotru (Guz); Panas Popnas (Bomb.}, Papnassa; 6 pappanassa (Mar.); Bombalinas (Tam.); Edapandu (Tel.); Sakotra hannu (Kan.). FAabitat :—-Cultivated in India. An evergreen tree, 30-40{t. The trees very seldom reach higher than l0ft. in Bombay as grafts from “Goti.” Bark thick ; young shoots pubescent. Leaflets large, ovate-oblong, 6-Jin., frequently emarginate, pubescent beneath, petiole broadly winged. Flowers large, white, highly odorous, the scent most delicate and delicious forming the “ Neroli Water” very largely used by the European Jews of Bombay and obtained from Asiatic Turkey, probably Baghdad or Basorah. Stamens 16-24, Fruit often very large, even larger than a man’s head ; pale yellow when ripe, with juicy vesicles pink or crimson or pale rosy inside, in great abundance in each carpel, sweet or acid, slightly bitter in some varieties. Vesicle of pulp distinct. The vesicular pulp is not by any means acrid, as Hooker remarks, but acid. The rind of the fruit is spongy, and the epicarp of it aromatic; it is used by some Europeans in Bombay for making “ Bitters,’ like Angustura bitters for mixing drops of it with sherry as a drink before dinner (K. R. K.), Parts used : —The fruit and leaves. Use:—The fruit is nutritive and refrigerant. It contains sugar and citric acid, with much essential oil in the peel. The leaves are said to be useful in epilepsy, chorea and convulsive cough (Punjab Products). In Brazil, “a gum which exudes in quantity from this tree when it begins to decay, probably in consequence of the attack Phe INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. of insects, is used as a remedy for coughs. Ph. J. 27th Decem- ber, 1884. 240. Feronia elephantum, Correa, H.F.B.1., i 1b ox. Sans. :— Kapitha, kapi-priya. Vern. :—Kaith-bilin, kat-bel, kavitha (H.); Kath-bel (B.); Kainta, kouch-bel (Santal.); Koeta (Uriya); Katori, kavatha (Sind.); Kawat, kavith (Mar.); Kotha, kavit (Guz.); Vilém, vallanga, vela, kavit, kaist (Tam.); Velaga, elaka, yellanga, kapitr (Tel.); Bilwar, byala da nannu, belada, bel (Kan.); Vilam (Mal.); Diwal (Sinhalese); Vila, villate, Meladik-kuruntu (Tamil) Ceylon. Habitat :—Throughout India in dry situations Java and Ceylon, very common in the dry region. A large glabrous, deciduous tree, armed with strong straight axillary thorns. Bark dark or nearly black. Wood yellowish or greenish-white, hard ; pores small or moderate-sized, ringed, subdivided or in small patches, often filled with resin. Medullary rays short, white, prominent, moderately broad. Annual rings marked by a white line, and the fewer pores of the autumn wood (Gamble). The tree yields a gum similar to gum arabic. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate; leaflets opposite 1-4 pair, cuneate or obovate, crenate at tip; common petiole often narrow winged. Flowers dull red, generally unisexual, in lax panicles, male and bisexual flowers frequently on the same inflorescence. Stamens 10-12, filaments short, subulate, from a broad villous base. Fruit globose, gray, covered with brownish fluff, in small chaff-like pieces, rough, 2-3in. diam. (often more especially in the Ceylon fruit upto 4 in. K.R.K.), rind hard, woody. Seeds numerous, oblong, embedded in fleshy edible acid, aromatic pulp. Flowers (from February to April), pale green, stained with red purple. Anthers dark red. Parts used :-—The fruit, gum, leaves, bark and pulp. Uses :—The fruit is aromatic and used as a stomachic and stimulant in diseases of children. The gum, resembling gum- arabic, acts as a demulcent in bowel affections. “The unripe N. 0. RUTACER. aie fruit is described as astringent, and is used in combination with bela and other medicines in diarrhoea and dysentery. The ripe fruit is said to be useful in hiccup and affections of the throat. The leaves are aromatic and carminative’ (U. C. Dutt). | In Mahomedan medical works the leaves are described as astringent, the fruit as “cold and dry, refreshing, astringent, cordial, and tonic, a useful remedy in salivation and sore throat, strengthening the gums and acting as an astringent. Sherbet made from the fruit increases the appetite, and has alexipharmic properties. The pulp, applied externally, is a remedy for the bites of venomous insects ; if not obtainable, the powdered rind may be used” (Dymock. ) Is sometimes used to adulterate Bael fruit. “The leaves are aromatic and carminative, and have the odour of anise; prescribed by native practitioners in the indi- gestions and slight bowel affections of children” (Ainslie.) “The bark is said to be sometimes prescribed for bilious- ness’ (Watt). 241. Aigle Marmelos, Correa,.H.¥.B.1., ft. 516 Roxb. 428. Sans. :—Bilva. Vern :---Bel, sriphal (H.); Bel (B.); Bil, bel (Mar. & Guz.) ; Bila, katori (Sind.); Lohagasi (Kol.) ; Awretpang (Magh.); Vilva- pazham, Vilvam Tamil; (Sinhalese); Beli (‘T'am.); Maredu, maluramu, bilva-panda, patir (Tel.); Maika, mahaka (Gond.); — Kuvalap-pazham (Mal.); Bilapatri (Kan.) Habitat :—Sub-Himalayan forests, from the Jhelum east- ward, Central and South India. Ceylon (cultivated.) A large or middle-sized tree, deciduous, glabrous, armed with axillary, straight, sharp, spines lin. long. Branches spiny. “Bark, 41n. thick, outer substance soft, grey, exfoliating in irregular flakes. Wood yellowish white, or greyish-white, hard, with a strong aromatic scent when fresh cut; no heartwood. 13) 274 INDIAN MEDICINAL: PLANTS. Pores small, ringed, in small groups of two or three toge- ther, sometimes, but not always, more numerous, in the Autumn wood. Medullary rays wavy, fine, short, white, numer- ous, uniform and equidistant. Annual rings marked by dis- tant lines, and often by a continuous belt of pores (Gamble.) Leaves alternate, trifoliate. Leaflets 3 generally, some- times 5 ; ovate-lanceolate, crenate, lateral sessile, terminal, long- petioled. Flowers 14in. diam., bisexual, 4.5-merous, greenish- white, in short lateral panicles, with a fine, sweet, honey scent. Pedicels and Calyx pubescent. Calyx flat, teeth small; Petals imbricate; Stamens numerous, filaments short, sometimes fasci- cled (J. D. Hooker), anthers linear (Brandis.) Fruit 4-6in. diam., globose mostly ; rind smooth grey or yellow. J. D. Hooker says the fruit 1s oblong to pyriform. The tree is very common in Western India. I have not seen the fruit in any of the two latter shapes (K. R. Kirtikar.) Seeds numerous, oblong, flat ; testa densely clothed with thick fibrous hairs, in a thick orange-coloured, sweet, aromatic, gelatinous pulp. Parts used :—The fruit (both ripe and unripe), root bark, leaves, rind of the ripe fruit and flowers. Uses: —In medicine it is used in various ways :— (a) The unripe fruit is cut up and sun-dried, and in this form is sold in the bazaars in dried whole or broken slices. It is regarded as astringent, digestive and stomachic, and is pres- cribed in diarrhcea and dysentry, often proving effectual in chronic cases, after all other medicines have failed. It seems especially useful in chronic diarrhea; a simple change of the hours of meals and an alteration in the ordinary diet, combined with bael fruit, will almost universally succeed. The value of the fruit asa cure for dysentery is when it is unripe. (K. R. Kirtikar.) (b) The ripe fruit is sweet, aromatic and cooling; and, made into a morning sherbet, cooled with ice, is pleasantly laxative and a good simple cure for dyspepsia. The dried ripe pulp is astringent and used in dysentery. (c) The root bark is sometimes made into a decoction and N. 0. RUTACER. 275 used in the cure of intermittent fever. It constitutes an ingre- dient-in the dasamul or ten roots. ‘Used on the Malabar Coast in hypochondriasis, melancholia, and palpitation of the heart.” (Rheede.) (d) The leaves are made into poultice, used in the treat- ment of ophthalmia, and the fresh juice diluted is praised in catarrhs and feverishness. (e) The astringent rind of the ripe fruit is used in dyeing and tanning. It is also sometimes used medicinally. The expressed juice of the leaves is used in ophthalmia and other eye affections. In Malabar a decoction of the leaves is valued in asthmatic complaints. faint pink colouration after standing some time. Mixtures containing 25 per cent, of apricot oil cannot be detected with certainty by means oi this test, 462. PP. Cerasus, Linn. u.¥.B.1., U. 313. Roxb. 403. Vern.:—Alu-balu (U. P.); Gildas, olehi (Pb.) Habitat :—Cultivated in the Himalayas, the SUED ana the United Provinces. A middle-sized tree, the bark peeling off in horizontal stripes. Leaves elliptic or obovate, abruptly acuminate, irregu- larly crenate, serrate ; petioles less than breadth of leaf, 2 glands on petiole or on the base of the blade, stipules fimbriate. Flowers white, on long slender pedicels, in fascicles of 2-5, from lateral, generally leaf-bearing, buds. Calyx turbinate, lobes obtuse. Drupes glabrous, with a polished round stone. Uses:—The bark which is bitter, is said to possess febrifugal properties. ‘The kernel is supposed to be a nervine tonic, and is used for the same purposes as hydrocyanic acid, of which it contains a considerable proportion. (Warr). 518 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. 463. P. puddum, Roxb. u.¥.B.1., 1. 314. Syn.:—P. sylvatica, Roxb. 403. Cerasus pudum, Wall. Sans.:—Padmaka, padméksh. Vern.:—Paddam, paya (Hind.); Kongki (Lepcha); Chami- ari amalguch (Pb.); Padma kastha, padmaka (Mar.); Padma kathi, padmak (Guz.). Habitat :—Temperate Himalaya, from Garhwal to Sikkim and Bhotan. A middle-sized or large, deciduous tree. Bark pale-brown to dark-brown, shining, peeling off in thin horizontal shining layers. Wood moderately hard, scented ; sapwood white ; heart- wood nearly glabrous. Leaves conduplicate in hud, glossy, ovate, long acuminate, sharply serrate; blade 3-5, petiole 4in. long, one or more conspicuous glands on petiole. Stipules pinnately or palmately divided, the divisions linear, glandular- fimbriate. Flowers white, pink or crimson, appearing before the leaves in umbellate fascicles, approximate near the ends of branchlets; pedicels slender, as long as or longer than the Calyx. Calyx turbinate, lobes ovate, acute. Fruit, a drupe oblong or ellipsoid, obtuse at both ends. Flesh, scanty yellow, orreddish, $-3in. long, acid, somewhat astringent. Stone ovoid, bony, rugose and furrowed, supported by the calyx base, from which the tube separates after flowering. Use :--~The kernel is used in stone and gravel. The bark contains amygdalin, and the smaller branches are sold in the bazaars as substitutes for hydrocyanic acid in native practice (Watt). The seeds of the Bird cherry growing in the Himalayas yield a peculiar oil remarkable for its siccative properties. A sample of the freshly express- ed oil gave the iodine value (Hubl) 172. It dried to a skin in glass more rapidly than boiled linseed oil. The pressed cake and seeds distilled with water afforded considerable quantities of hydrocyanic acid and benzoyl aldehyde (oil of bitter almonds.) 464. P.communis, Huds. H.F.B.1., U. 315. Habitat :—Western temperate Himalaya ; cultivated or indige- nous from Garhwal to Kashmir. N. O. ROSACE. 519 A shrub or moderate-sized tree, unarmed or spinescent, young shoots pubescent. Wood reddish brown, hard, very close-grained, warps and splits. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceo- late, serrate or more or less pubescent beneath, along the nerves; petioles shorter than greatest breadth of leaf, stipules linear, fimbriate. Pedicels slender, 3 or 4 times the length of Calyx, solitary or fasciculate from lateral, often leaf-bearing buds. Calyx-tube campanulate. Drupe globose or oblong, pericarp fleshy. The plum. (I) Var. Domestica. Vern.:—Olchi, er, aor (Pb.) A small, rigid, much-branched shrub. Branches without pines always smooth, straight. Bark brown. Leaves ovate lanceolate, a little pubescent and in pair. Calyx velvety inside, flowers white appearing together with or a little before the young leaves. Drupe 1-13in, diam ; black. Commonly. wild and cultivated in Kashmir and Afghanistan. Madden states that it is also cultivated about Almora. The dried drupes are demulcent and laxative; rarely em- ployed aione for medicinal purposes. The pulp forms an ingredient of Confectio Senne , the Hlectuarrum lenitivum of the old Pharmacopeeias. The fruit, stewed and sweetened, is used as a domestic laxative (Pharmacographia). (II.) Var. Insititia. | Syn :—-P. bokhariensis Linn and P. aloocha, Royle. Vern.:—Aloo-bokhara (Hind., Bom., and Pers.); Alpogada pazham (Tam.). Western temperate Himalaya, cultivated or indigenous, from Garhwal to Kashmir, 5,000 to 7,000 feet in altitude. Var.:—Insititia, Linn. Syn.:— P. insititia, Linn, P. bokhariensis and P. aloocha, Roxb. Shrubby, unarmed or spinous. Leaves obovate ovate or ovate- lanceolate, serrulate, obtuse, acute or cuspidate, nerves hairy 520 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. beneath; peduncles solitary or in pair. Calyx-tube ovconic. Drupe globose or ovoid, drooping. The Bokhara Plum, in a dry state, is met with in the Indian bazaars. It is described as sub-acid, cold and moist, digestive and aperient, especially when taken on an empty stomach, useful in bilious states of the system and heat of body. The root is astringent, and the gum may be used as a substitute for Gum Arabic (Dymock). Largely imported into India and exhibited for sale in every bazaar, being largely used as an article of food. With a little sugar they are pleasant and refreshing. The oil, resembling apricot kernel oil, is prepared from the seeds, and is used for illuminating and edible purposes. 465... P.. Padus, Linn. 6.2:8.1., 11.315. Syn :—Cerasus corunta, Wall. English :—The Bird Cherry. Vern :—-Jamana (Hind.) ; Likh-aru, arupatai (Nepal); Hlo sa hlot-kGng (Lepcha); Paras, kala-kat, gidar-dak, zambu, chdle (Pb.’; Jaman, zamb-chile (Kashmir’. Habitat :—Temperate Himalaya, from Murree to Sikkim and Bhotan. A deciduous tree attaining 50-60ft., with dark rough bark. Wood moderately hard ; sapwood large, whitish; heart-wood reddish-brown, with an unpleasant smell, says Gamble. Wood handsome, “polishes well,” says Brandis. Young shoots, in- florescence, and underside of leaves along nerves pubescent. Leaves conduplicate in bud, from a slightly cordate base, ovate, oblong, acuminate, serrate; stipules thin, linear lanceolate, early caducous. Flowers white, appearing after the leaves; Racemes 3-8in. long, at the end of short lateral (often leaf-bearing) branchlets; bracts thin, caducous longer than buds.. Drupe acid, globose, in. diam. first red, then dark purple, or nearly black. Stone rugose, thick. 3 Use :-—Yields a poisonous oil, like oil of almonds, much used in medicinal preparations (Watt), = N. O. ROSACA. yA | 466. Prinsepia utilts, Royle. H.F.B.1., 11. 328. Vern.:—Bhekal, karanga, cherra jhatela (H.); Gurinda (Hazara) ; Jinti (Chenab) ; Bekling (Kan4war) ; Chirara, jhatela, dhatela, phalawa bhekla, dintili, bhekra, bhekala (Kumaon). Habitat :—Dry rocky hills on the temperate Himalayas, from Hazara to Sikkim and Bhotan, and the Khasia Mts. A deciduous, thorny shrub, glabrous, youngest shoots very pubescent, spines green, axillary, often leaf-bearing. Bark thin brown, peeling off in small vertical flakes; under bark orange. Wood red, very hard and compact, close and even-grained, but much liable to split; pith large, separating when dry into hori- zontal layers. Leaves lanceolate, entire or serrate, 1-5in., coria- ceous, acuminate. Flowers +in. diam. ; white, in short racemes, generally at the base of spines. Calyx-tube cup-shaped, lobes 5, unequal imbricate in bud; petals rounded, claw short, sta- mens numerous, inserted below the petals in several rows, anther-cells separated by a broad connective. Carpel one, sessile, ovules 2, collateral. Fruit an oblique, oblong-cylindrical, fleshy purple Drupe, 4-2in., subtended by the withered calyx. Scar of style basal, endocarp coriaceous. Seed only one. Use :—This shrub yields an oil, used as a rubefacient and as an application in rheumatism and pains from _ over-fatigue (Atkinson. ) The seeds of this shrub, known as Bhekul, yield an oil by expression which is used in the North-West Himalaya for food, illuminating, and occasionally in medicine. It is said to be exported in small quantities from Garhwal and Kumaon. There are two samples in the Indian Museum ; one fromthe Kangra Valley of a bright green colour, and the other from Bashahr in the Punjab, Opaque and light brown in colour. In specific gravity, iodine value and melting point of the insoluble fatty acids, the oils resemble that derived from cotton seed. 467. Rubus moluccanus, Linn. H.F.B.1., 11. 330, Roxb. 408. Vern.:—Bipem-Kanta (Nepal); ‘Sufokji (Lepcha); Katsol (Kumaon). Habitat :—Central and Eastern tropical and temperate Hima- laya ; Nepal; Sikkim; Assam; Khasia Mts. Eastern Peninsula. Western Peninsula, on the Ghats from Bombay southward, 66 522 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. A prickly shrub. Stems stout, densely covered with woolly grey or yellowish hair and set with numerous strong, hooked prickles. Leaves simple, 34-5in., usually about as broad as long, cordate at base, acute, more or less deeply 5-(7-)-lobed, wath ob- tuse or subacute lobes, unequally dentate-serrate, glabrous or hairy on veins, and bright green above, very hairy and more or less yellowish or grey beneath, with prominent reticulate venation and often with prickles on the main veins. Petiole long, 1$-l4in., very hairy, with prickles beneath. Stipules large, ovate, deeply pectinate, very silky, enclosing the buds, caducous. Flowers white (often two recognized varieties, the other being bright pink), in elongated terminal panicles, on long stout pedicels; bracts oval, toothed or pectinate at end only. Calyx densely silky-hairy, segments entire or pectinate- ly toothed at end. Petals fully half as long as the Calyx-seg- ments. Fruit bright red or dull purplish, succulent, carpels numerous. One of the varieties, named Macrocarpus Gardner, “is the only real black-berry of Ceylon, and is large and juicy, and when quite ripe has a good flavour’”’ (Trimen). Use:—The fruit is considered by the Malayans a valuable remedy for the nocturnal micturiation of children, and the leaves a powerful emmenagogue and abortifacient (Rumphias). 468. Gerish urbanum Linn, H.F.B.1., 11. 342. Habitat :—Western temperate Himalaya from -Murree to Kumaon, at an altitude of 6,000 to 11,000 feet. Erect, perennial herbs. Stems 1-3ft., stout or slender, from a woody root-stock, sparsely hairy. Lower leaves pinnatisect, ter- minal leaflets of radical leaves 2-3in. diam. orbicular, lobed or crenate; lateral much smaller, often minute, sessile, broad, variously cut and lobed. Stipules leafy, lobed and_ toothed. Flowers erect, 4-in. diam. ; peduncle slender. Petals yellow, narrowly obovate toothed, equalling or exceeding the Calyx- lobes, which are acuminate and reflexed in fruit. Style in fruit, forming an awn, +in., hooked at the tip or below it. Achenes spreading and recurved; receptacle villous; head of hispid achenes sessile. N. O. ROSAGR, 523 Uses :—The root is astringent, tonic, and antiseptic, but it is undeservingly neglected in modern practice (British Flora Meidca). This plant does not seem to be used for medicinal purposes in India. Source and composition of the essential oil of Herb Bennett Root. A new glucoside and Enzyme. The dried root of Herb Bennett (Geum urbanum) has a feeble odour re- sembling that of cloves. If the plant be carefully plucked so as to leave the root intact, there is no manifestation of the characteristic odour, but this is at once detectable when the root is crushed between the fingers. The ex- planation of this phenomenon was established by the following experi- ments, By extraction of the fresh root with boiling alcohol of 95°, distillation of the extract under reduced pressure, extraction of all the residue with alcohol, and precipitation of the solution by excess of ether, a substance is obtained which is odourless, but however contains the substance which gives rise to odoriferous principle. This proves to be eugenol. Another portion of the root was macerated with sand and extracted with cold alcohol of 90°. The residual powder, which contains an enzyme, was dried at 30°. On adding to an aqueous solution of the first substance, a little of the ferment powder, a distinct odour of cloves is at once evident. If the ferment powder is previously heated in boiling water, the effect is not ob- servable. It is concluded from these observations that the odoriferous prin- ciple does not exist free in the Herb Bennett root, but is produced from some other substance present by the action of an enzyme. The substance is a glucoside; on addition of the enzyme to its aqueous solution, the reducing power and the rotary power both gradually increase. The active enzyme is characteristic, the resolution of the glucoside is not effected by emulsin, invertase, onor by the enzyme of Aspergillus niger. It cannot be extracted by treatment of the roots with water, The glucoside can be isolated in globular crystals by addition of ether to the alcoholic solution. The term gein is proposed for the glucoside, and gease for the enzyme.— J. Ch. S. 1905 A II 345, 469. G. elatum, Wall. H.F.B.I., 11. 343. Vern. :—Gunglu junglic (Pers.); gogjemool (Cashmere). Habitat :—Subalpine to Alpine Himalaya; from Kashmir to Sikkim. Rootstock stout, woody. Leaves pinnatisect, hairy, 4-12in., linear-oblong ; leaflets 4-lin., close and imbricating or scattered, uniform or the alternate smaller, terminal orbicular, all lobed and coarsely crenate, upper all adnate by a broad base. 524 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. Flowering stems with few leaves, and 1-6 flowers. Flowers g-ldin. diam. Calyx-tobes deltoid-ovate, acute, silky, spreading in fruit. Petals orbicular, yellow, much exceeding the Calyx. Carpels sessile on the base of the Calyx, clothed with long, silky hairs. Achenes elliposoid, acute at both ends, hairy. Style qin., slender, straight in fruit. Use :—The root of this plant, officinal in Kashmere, is one of the most valuable of remedies (Honnigberger). Its uses are similar to those of G. urbanum. 470. Potentilla nepalensis, Hook, u.F.B.1., 11. 355. Vern.:— Rattanjot (Pb.) Habitat :—Western temperate Himalaya, from Murree to Kumaon. Herbs, with perennial woody root-stock. Leaves long petioled, digitately 5-foliate, or upper 3-foliate. Stems erect, leafy- branched, 3-flowered, stout or slender, from densely villous to glabrate. Radical leaves 12 by 3in.; leaflets sessile ; 1-3 by z-lgin., membranous, rarely acute, teeth obtuse or acute, base entire, cuneate; obovate or elliptic obovate, green. Petiole slender, cauline stipules 3-lin., ovate or oblong, lower entire, upperlobed. Flowers pedicelled in dichotomous panicles, 3-lin. diam., petals obcordate, purple. Fruiting pedicels sometimes 3in., divaricate. Calyx-lobes acute; bracteoles obtuse. Achenes very numerous, minute, wrinkled on a globose, hairy receptacle. Use:—The roots are officinal, being considered depurative. They are used externally in the Yunani system, the ashes being applied with oil to burns (Dr. Stewart). 471. -P. supina, Linn: H.F.BA., 17. 359. Syn.:—Comarum flavum, Roxb. 409. Habitat :—Throughout the warmer parts of India, from Kashmir to Malacca and the Nilghiri. Hills. Root annual. Stems very numerous from the root. 6-18in., hairy, spreading, leafy dichotomously branched, prostrate or suberect, stout or slender. Leaves pinnate, 4-3in., flaccidly N. 0. ROSACA. 525 membranous. Leaflets 3-9, opposite and alternate oblong, obtuse, lobate or serrate. Stipules ovate entire, very broad or narrow. Petiole slender $-2in., pedicels axillary, solitary, slender, 4-3in. Calyx-lobes obtuse or acute, as are the bracteoles. Petals smaller than the calyx, oblong, yellow. Achenes very many, minute, smooth or rigid; receptacle globose, villous; style subterminal. Use :—The roots are employed in Sind as a febrifuge (Mur- ray, 143). The medicinal properties depend upon tannin ; they are astringent and tonic (Dymock). 472. Agrimonia eupatortum Linn. H.F.B.1., 11.461. Syn. :—A. nepalensis, Don Prodr. English :—Agrimony. Habitat :—Temperate Himalaya, from Murree and Kashmir, altitude 3-10,000ft.; Sikkim, alt. 7-10,000ft. ; Khasia Mis., 4-6,000ft. Mishmi Hills. Westwards from Persia to the Atlantic, Siberia and Java. N. America. Java? (J. W. Hooker). A slender, erect, leafy perennial herb. Rootstock woody, short or long. Leaves 4-7in. Leaflets 6-21, sessile, alternate, often small hairy on both surfaces, larger 1-4in. elliptic-ovate or obovate rarely orbicular; smaller often orbicular and minute ; petiole slender. Stipules large, leafy, lunate entire or toothed. Racemes slender, lengthening in fruit; pedicels reflexed in fruit; bracts 3-fid or 3-partite. Flowers tin. diam. Petals oblong-ovate, yellow. Calyx-tube jin., hardened in fruit, grooved, lobes conniving in fruit ; top of tube with a dense ring of spines which become hooked in fruit and are erect, with the outer spreading. Use:—From the remotest times Agrimony has enjoyed a high reputation among the herbalists of Europe; it is strange that it should be apparently quite unknown to the native doc- tors of India. The root is a powerful astringent, a useful tonic, and a mild febrifuge (Watt). 473. Rosadamascena, Mill. u.¥.B.1., 11. 364. Vern:—Gulab; Sudburg (H. and Bomb.) ; Gulappa irro- 526 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. jappu (Tam.); Gulab-kali (the flower buds.) (Guz. and Mar.) ; Gulab, gul, gulab (Pushtu.) Habitat :—The commonest Indian Garden Rose, cultivated for Attar. Native country unknown. Prickles unequal, large, hooked, sepals reflexed in Sewers Use :—In India, rose buds are preferred for medicinal use, as they are more astringent than the expanded flowers; they are considered to be cold and dry, cephalic, cardiacal, tonic and aperient, removing bile and cold humors. Externally ap- plied, the petals are. used as an astringent. The stamens are thought to be hot, dry and astringent, and the fruit is credited with similar properties. A conserve made from equal parts of rose petals and white sugar beaten together, known as gulkand, is considered tonic and fattening, and is much used by women and old people. Shaikh-el-Rais says that he cured a consumptive young woman with it (Dymock). ATA. RK. centifoha Linn. 4.¥.B.1., 1. 364, Roxb. 404. Vern.:—Gulab (H.); (Golap (B.); Groja (Tam.); Roja (Tel.) Paninir (Mal.) ; Gulabi (Kan). King.:—The Hundred-leaved or Cabbage Rose. Habitat :— A native of Caucasus and Assyria, cultivated in India. Styles distinct. Stem erect, prickles mixed with the glandu- lar bristles, unequal, large, hooked, bristles numerous ; leaflets and calyx glandular-cilliate ; flowers nodding. Parts used :—The Petals and Oil. Use:—The petals are said to be mildly laxative. The oil or the attar of roses is employed in medicine to disguise the unpleasant odor of certain ointments, and other external ap- plications. The petals are given in the form of a syrup asa laxative to infants (Watt). A475. R.Galhea Linn. H.F.B.1., 11. 364. Habitat :—Europe and Asia Minor. Cultivated in India. Style distinct. Stem erect, prickles mixed with glandular bristles, slender, equal. Flowers erect. N. 0. ROSACH. 527 Use:—The dried petals are slightly tonic and astringent, and useful in debility. They are officinal in the Indian and British Pharmacopceias. 476. R. alba Linn. 4.F.B.1., 11. 364. Vern.:—Swet or Sevanti gulab (H. and B.); Gul-seati (Pb.) Syn.:—R. glandulifera, Roxb. 407. Habitat :—-Cultivated in India. Caucasus, Afghanistan? (J. D. Hooker). Leaflets 5-7, large, grey, rugose, downy and pale beneath. Flowers large white pale, or bluish, double. Sepals often pinnatifid. | Use :—The flowers are used as a cooling medicine in fevers, also in palpitation of the heart (Baden Powell.) The petals made into gulkand in Poona (a preserve with cane-sugar). 477. Cydoma vulgaris Pers, H.F.B.1., 11. 369. Syn :—Pyrus cydonia, Linn. Rox), 406. Vern :-—Bihi (H.); Bamtsunt, bamsutu (Kashmir) ; Shimai- madala virai (Tam. ). Hng :—The Quince. Habitat : —Cultivated in N.-W. India. A large shrub; branchlets, underside of leaves, peduncles and calyx white-tomentose. Wood light brown, soft, even-grain- ed. Leaves ovate from an obtuse base, entire; petioles short, stipules oblong, obtuse, glandular-serrate. Flowers white, 2in. across. Calyx-lobes leafy, glandular-serrate, longer than tube. Fruit large, clothed with grey, woolly tomentum ; 5-celled ; endocarp cartilaginous. Seeds many, testa mucilaginous. Flowers in March and April. Parts used :—The seeds. Use :—The sweet and sub-acid quinces are commonly eaten as a fruit by the Arabs and Persians, and are considered cephalic, cardiacal and tonic. The leaves, buds and bark of the tree are domestic remedies among the Arabs on account of their astringent properties. In India, the seeds are consi- dered cold, moist, and slightly astringent, and are one of the most popular remedies in native practice, the mucilage being 528 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. prescribed in coughs and bowel complaints asa demulcent ; externally it is applied to scalds, burns and blisters (Dymock), The seeds act as demulcent, and are used by the natives in diarrhoea, dysentery, sore-throat, and fever. The dried fruit is used as a refrigerant (Watt). Fatty oil of seeds,—Seeds were ground, dried carefully, and extracted with ether, chloroform or light petroleum; fresh seeds yielded 15'3 per cent. of oil, This oil was yellow and had a faint odour of oil of almonds; it hada solidification point—13°5°, sp. gr. 0°922 at 15° solubility 4°15 parts in 100 of 95 per cent. alcohol, index of refraction 1°47248 for green, 1°47292 for red, visco- sity 16-4 at 17° (by Schubler’s method, comparing its velocity of efflux with that of water); it was optically inactive and showed obscure absorption bands in the blue and violet, 1 gram neutralised 31:7 milligrams K, O. H. in the cold (“acid number ”’), 181°7 on heating (‘‘ Keettstorfer’s ” or “ saponifica- tion number”); 5 grams contained volatile acids, soluble in water sufficient to neutralise 0°508 c.c. N./10 K. O. H. solution (“ Reichert-Meiss] number ”’) ; it contained 95'2 per cent. of fatty acids, insoluble in water ‘“* Hehner’s number”), and united with 113 per cent, of iodine (“ Hiibl’s iodine number,”’’). By hydrolysis of the oil with lead oxide, glycerol was obtained to the ex- tent of 4:1 per cent. A larger quantity of the oil was hydrolysed with caustic soda, and the acids converted into calcium salts, which were then treated with ether. From the calcium salt, soluble in ether, a liquid acid was obtained, and purified by conversion into its ethylic salt and fractional distillation of the latter. This acid has a sp. gr. 0°8931 and composition OH. C,,H,, COOH; its ethylic salt boils at 223-226° under 7°5 mm., pressure; an anhydrous barium salt, melting at 79°,and a monacetyl derivative were prepared; a dibromide, C,3;N3,0, Br, was also prepared, and the acid was found to darken in the air, absorbing oxygen. From the calcium salt, insoluble in ether, a mixture of solid acids was obtained from which two were separated by crystallisation from 70 per cent. alcohol; these were myristie acid, the main product, and a small amount of an acid which melts at 42°, contains C. 75°1 and H12-1 per cent., and is possibly an isomeride of pentadecylic acid, (J. Ch. S, 1899 A. I. 822). Pectin from Quince. This pectin is strongly dextrorotatory, [a] =181°2°, On hydrolysis with dilute sulphuric acid, it yields arabinose; when treated with nitric acid, it gives mucic acid, and with diastase from germinated barley it behaves exactly like the pectin obtained from the gentian and the goose- berry.—(J. Ch. S, 1899 A. I, 822). 478. Hriobotrya japonica, Lindl. 4.F.B.1., 1. 372. Vern.:—Logat (H.). Habitat :—The tree is indigenous in China and Japan. The fruit of Saharanpur is especially in repute, says Gamble. It N. 0. ROSAGAH. 3 529 is an ornamental tree. Much cultivated at Dehra Dun and Saharanpur and in other parts of Northern India. I used to see a solitary tree grown in the Thana Jail garden, in the early eightie’s, from seed sent by my friend Mr. W. F. Sinclair, I. C. 8., Collector of Colaba, over 25 years ago, from Alibag, Colaba District. He subsequently was Collector of Thana in 1894, and used to highly admire the tree for its beauty and healthy and rapid growth in foreign soil. (K. R. Kirtikar.) A middle-sized tree, bark thin, dark-grey. Wood pink, hard, close-grained. Branches very robust, as thick as the little finger. Leaves beneath and inflorescence softly densely woolly, subsessile, narrowly oblanceolate, acuminate, nerves 10-15 pair, strong beneath (Kanjilal). Hooker says the leaves are 6-8 by 1$-3in., nerves 12-15 pair. Petiole very short, woolly. Flowers dull white, dense, fragrant, zin. across, in terminal panicles which latter are 3-6in. long and broad; branches very stout. Calyx-tube short; lobes ovate, subacute, petals broadly ovate. Fruit ovoid intruded at top, pyriform or _ globose, baccate, 1-13in. or even 2in. long, yellow or orange when ripe. Seeds 2-5, dark-brown, smooth, sessile. Flowers in August to November and December. Fruits in March and April. Uses:—Dr. Peokolt finds that the leaves taken in infusion, in the proportion of 30 grams to 240 grams of water,in the dose of a tablespoonful every two hours, produce a good effect in diarrhoea. The tincture of the leaves is employed in indiges- tion (Ph. J. Jan. 30th, 1886.) The seeds contain 0'35-0°45 p. c. of fat. Specimens of the fat, prepared by pressing (1), and by extraction with ether (II), and of the fatty acids (III) separated therefrom, had the following characters :—Sp, gr. at 15°C., 1, 0°967; m, pt. 1. 49°, II. 48°C. ; refractometer reading at 45°C., I. 75°5, II. 76; acid value, I. 90°5, II. 89°5 ; III. 160 ; Saponification value, I, 179-9; I1I, 173; Hehner value, I. 92°6, II, 92°2; Reichert-Meissl value, I. 5°4; iodine value, I. 48°7, II. 48, I1I. 58°5. The product obtained by the oxidation of the liquid fatty acids by Hazura’s method (perm anganate, in alkaline solution) yielded to ether, dihydroxy stearic acid of m_ pt. 234°5° C,; the residue melted at 154°-154°5°C, Archidic and palmitic acids were detected in the solid fatty acids. J. Ch. L,, 15th February 1911, p. 140. 67 530 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. N. O. SAXIFRAGACE A. 479. Saxifrag a ligulata, Wall, 4.3.F.1., 11. 398. Vern.:—Pakhan-bed ; Silphora (H.); Batpia, popal, shafrochi, banpatrak, dakachru (Pb.); Pashanbheda (Bomb.) ; Kamarghwal (Pushtu). Habitat :—Temperate Himalaya, from Bhotan to Kashmir, and the Khasia Mts. Perennial herbs. Rootstock stout. Leaves ample, undivided, with a large sheath at the base of the petiole ; 2in.-1ft. in diam.; glabrous on both surfaces, dotted on the lower; scape corym- bose, 6-18in. high. Petals white or red, rose or purplish, $-Lin. long, orbicular, with a claw of variable length. Calyx-lobes erect in fruit Fruit sub-globose; styles very long. Capsles sometimes three-seeded, much larger than in any of the other species, elongate, sub-pyramidal, smooth. Part used :—The root. Use:—The root is used asa tonic in fevers, diarrhoea and cough, and also as an antiscorbutic. It is bruised and applied to boils and also in ophthalmia. It is also considered absorbent and given in dysentery (Atkinson and Dr. Stewart). In Sind, the root is rubbed down and given with honey to children when teething. (Murray.) 480. Dychroa febrifuga, Lour. H.f.B.1., 11., 406. Syn.:—Adamia cyanea, Wall. Vern :—Basak, bansik asern Nepal); Gebocanak (Lepcha); Singnaamak (Bhutia.) Habitat :—Temperate Himalaya from Bhotan to Nepal and Khasia Mts. An evergreen shrub, 5-9ft. high, somewhat virgate. Bark yellow, peeling off in flakes; wood white, moderately hard; young offshoots and inflorescence pubescent, with short hair. Leaves opposite 3-8in., lanceolate, blade 3-8, tapering into the petiole, $-lin. long ; pubescent or puberulous on the nerves, otherwise glabrous, usually narrow, sometimes obovate-lanceo- late. Petals 5 or 6, thick, valvate, #in. long. Ovary $ inferior N. 0. SAXIFRAGACER. 531 Ovules numerous, on 3-5 parictal placentas. Berry finally bright intensely dark-blue. Use.:—The shoots and the bark of the roots are made into a decoction and used as a febrifuge by the Nepalese (Watt). “Tt appears to have no active effects, unless it be taken in large quantity in the form of decoction. The natives take it in doses large enough to make them sick, and so indirectly to cure the fever.” | 481. Ruibes orientale Poir. H.¥.B.1., 11. 410. Syn. :—R. Villosum, Wall. Roxb. Vern.:—Nanghe; Phulanch (Chenab); Askiita (Laduk.); Gwaldakh, Kaghak (Kaghan) (N.-W. P.); Yange (Spiti). Habitat :—Kashmir and Baltistan. A shrub 6ft. high, polygamo-diccious, unarmed, sticky, glandular and minutely hairy. Leaves round-reniform, crenate, obscurely 3-5-lobed, 1-l4in. diam. Bracts #in. long, linear, often exceeding the pedicels. Racemes erect somewhat dense in flowers, lax and pendant in fruit. Flowers small, greenish. Calyx-tube hardly produced above the fruit. Berries glandular- pubescent, #in. diam ; roundish yellow or reddish. Use:—The berries taken one or two at a time, are consi- dered by the natives an excellent purgative (Aitchison.) N. O. CRASSULACE AH. 482. Bryophylum calycinum, Salisb. 4.F.B.1., u. 413. Syn :— Cotyledon rhizophylla, Roxb. 388. Vern. :—Kop-pata (B.); Zakhm-haiyat-k4-patta (Duk.); Malai- kalli, runa-kalli (Tam.); Sima-jamudu (Tel.); Hlamarunna, elamarunga, murikuti (Mal.); Lonua-hadakana-Jida (Kan.); Ghaimari, aranmaran, Ahiravan-Mahiravan (Bomb.) Habitat:—Throughout the tropical plains of India, uni- versal in Lower Bengal. A perennial, succulent, glabrous herb. Stem erect, hollow, 1-4ft. Leaves usually simple, rarely compound, with 3 leaflets, opposite-stalked, fleshy, ovate or oblong, 3-6in., crenate, obtuse. 532 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. Flowers pendulous, cylindric, 2in. long, in a large terminal panicle. Calyx tubular, inflated, green, tinged with red and spotted with white, 4-toothed. Corolla tubular, twice as long as the Calyx ; tube cylindric, green, lobes 4, tinged with red,.acute, spreading. Stamens 8, in 2 series, inserted about the middle of the Corolla-tube. Carpels 4. Follicles 4, many-seeded, enclosed within the dry persistent Calyx and Corolla. (Collett). Sutlej Valley ; Simla; throughout India. An introduced plant, spread throughout all tropical regions. Often much cultivated in gardens in Bombay and in the Dekkan. In Ceylon, says Trimen, it is acommon plant on bare rocky places through- out the low and lower montane country. Believed to bea native of Tropical Africa. | _ Use :—The leaves slightly toasted are used by the natives as an application to wounds, bruises, boils, and bites of veno- mous insects. In the Concan the juice of the leaves is admi- nistered in + to 4 tola doses, with double the quantity of ghz; in dysentery. I have seen decidedly beneficial effects follow their application to contused wounds, swellings, and discolor- ations were prevented, and union of the cut parts took place much more rapidly than it does with the ordinary treatment by water dressing (Dymock). Used in the form of poultice and powder for sloughing ulcers, it is a disinfectant (Surg. Barren, in Watt’s Dictionary, Vol. L) 483. Kalanchoe spathulata, DC., 4.¥.B.1.,11. 414. Syn. :—K. Varians, Wall. Vern. :—Tatara, rungru, haiza-ka-patta (Pb. and H.); Hatho Kane (Nepial) ; Patkuari, bakal patta {Kumaon). Habitat :—-Tropical Himalaya, from Bhotan to Kashmir. An erect, stout, perennial herb. Stems 4ft. high. Leaves glabrous, spathulate-oblong, crenate, upper distant and becom- ing very narrow, sometimes 3-foliate, with the petiole often 3-4 by 4in., frequently sessile; lower commonly 3-4, sometimes 10in., long, besides the petiole. Lowest bracts linear, narrow, N. 0. ORASSULACER. 533 trifoliate, upper few, scattered, linear, 4-41n. long. Corymb flattish or more rarely elongate. Flowers clear, yellow; the Corolla-tube glabrous. Calyx in fruit often as much as in. wide, 4-partite, elongate. Corolla, with a flask-shape tube and spreading 4-fid limb, much exceeding the Calyx, persistent. Stamens 8, in two series, adnate to the Corolla-tube, hypogyn- ous scales 4, linear. Carpels 4, adnate to the base of the Corolla-tube, attenuated into long styles; ovules very many. Follicles 4, seeds very many, oblong, ellipsoid, with 8-15 longi- tudinal ribs. Part used:—The leat. Use :—It is poisonous to goats, and the leaves are, at Lahore, reckoned a specific for cholera. In Kangra, they are burned and applied to abscesses. (Stewart). 484. Kalanchoe laciniata, DC., H.F.B.1., 1. 415. Syn. :—Cotyledon lanciniata, Roxb. 388; K. teretifolia, Haw. Sans. :— Hemsagara (Sea of Gold). Vern. : —Tukhmhyat, Parna-bij (Bomb.); Mala-kullie (Tam.). Habitat : —Tropical regions of the Deccan Peninsula, in Bengal, at Patna and Dacca. A suffruticose, fleshy plant. Leaves opposite, pinnatifid- laciniate, the lobes thick, entire, sub-serrate or dentate. Cymes panicled. Calyx 4-partite, sepals lanceolate, acuminate, spread- ing. Corolla hypocrateriform ; tube cylindrical ; limb spread- ing, 4-partite. Carpels 4; styles filiform. There are 3 varieties. Uses :--The succulent leaves are valued as an application to wounds and sores ; they allay irritation and promote cicatri- zation. In the Concan, the juice of the leaves is given in bilious diarrhoea and lithiasis. (Dymock). I can myself speak of their good effects in cleaning ulcers and allaying inflammation (Ainslie). 534 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. The juice is used externally in bruises and burns, also to cure superficial ulcers. As a styptic it is used on fresh cuts and abrasions (Thornton in Watt’s Dictionary). Malic acid from Crassulacee.—The acid was prepared chiefly from Echeveria secunda glauca and Sedum purpuresceus (Bryophyllum calycinum yields more, namely, about 0°23 per cent, of the leaves, but is less easily obtainable) by extraction with boiling water, precipitation of the lead salt and decomposition of this with hydrogen sulphide. The residue left on eva- poration of the aqueous solution, when dried at 110° until constant in weight, has the composition C, Hz Gg; it represents an anhydride of the acid, for the salts prepared from it are derived from a dibasic acid, C,H; O,. The calcium hydrogen saltis usually amorphous, but was once obtained in regular octahedra with 6H, 0; the corresponding salt of ordinary malic acid erystallises in rhombic octahedra. The barium salt is anhydrous, whereas ordinary barium malate crystallises with 1 H, O. The silver salt is anhydrous, whereas ordinary silver malate contains 5 H, O. The lead salt crystallises with 3 H, O. No ammonium hydrogen salt could be prepared, whereas ordinary malic acid forms a well crystallised salt of this composition, The dimethylic salt was prepared from the anhydride and methylic alcohol by Anschiitz’s method ; it distils at 162° under 25mm. pressure: after this has passed over, a second product was obtained, to which reference will be made later.—J. Ch. S. 1898 A.L., p. 518 ef seq. N. O. DROSERACEA. 485. Drosera peltata, Sm. H.F.B.1., 1. 424. Vern. :—Mukha-jali (H.); Chitra (Pb.) Habitat :—Throughout India. A perennial herb. Stem erect, leafy, 3-12in. high, simple or corymbose upward. Leaves alternate, long-petioled, lunate- peltate. Racemes subterminal. Pedicels 3-3in. long. Flowers white, sepals ovate, glabrous, erose or fimbriate. Styles 3, fim briate. Seeds obovoid. Testa prominently reticuluted. Part used :—The leaf. Use:—The leaves of this curious and insectivorous plant, bruised and mixed with salt, are used as a blister in Kumaon. This same practice prevails, however, in Kanawar, without the use of salt. All the members of this family have a bitter, acrid and caustic flavor. If placed in milk they rapidly curdle it (Watt). N. 0. HAMAMELIDER. 535 N. O. HAMAMELIDEA. 486. Altingia excelsa, Noronha, H..¥.B.1., II. 429. Syn. :—Sedgwickia cerasifolia. Griffith. Vern. :—Silaras (H.); Jutili (Ass.); Neri-uriship-pal (Tam); Rasa-mala (Mal.); Shila-rasam (Tel. Guz. 4nd Mar). Habitat :—Extending from East Bengal to China and Malay. Assam and Bhutan, Pegu, Mergui, Java, Yunnan. A tree, 60-100ft. high. Leaves alternate, 3-44in., elliptically- lanceolate, glabrous, acuminate on both surfaces, or with tufts of hairs in the axils of the nerves beneath. Petiole 1-l4in Flow- ers in dense heads; heads wrapped by a large bract, male race- mose, female solitary. Male heads: a mass of stamens with very short filaments, probably representing numerous achlamydeous flowers. Anthers obverse—pyramidal, the valves when young turned in till they reach the connective, so that the young stamen is pseudo—4-celled, dehiscing longitudinally. Female heads of 12-20 flowers; calyces confluent, without limb. Petals 0 (some rudimentary stamens have been taken for petals). Ovary #-inferior, 2-celled ; styles 2, separate, deciduous. Ovules numerous, axile. Fruit-head globose, harsh. Seeds numerous; lowest 1-2 of each cell winged, fertile, the upper without wing or embryo. Uses :—Yields “the resin known as “storax.” In orchitis, it is not possible to use this semifluid resin on the inflamed testicle direct, but it is used over the scrotum and covered over with dry tobacco-leaves. I have used it with success in the early stages of Hydrocele of the tunica vaginalis. (K. R. K.). It contains benzaldehyde, cinnamic acid and cinnamaldehyde, also a resin and a pentosan ; esters are not present.—J. Ch. S. 1902, AT, 111. Oriental storax is a mixture of free cinnamic acid, vanillin, styrol, styracin, cinnamic acid—ethyl ester, cinnamic acid—phenolpropyl ester, and storesinol, partly in the free state and partly as cinnamic acid ester. Storesinol has the composition C,, H,,; O,, and melts at 156°—157°; it is isomeric with the benzoresinol, isolated from benzoin, which melts at 272°C, 536 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. The composition of American Storax deviates so insignificantly from Oriental Storax that they may beregarded as identical. The Agricultural Ledger. 1904—No.9 p, 120. N. O. RHIZOPHORACE A. 487. Ehizophora mucronata, Lamk. H.F.B.1., 1. 435. Syn. :—R. Mangle, Willd. Roxb. 389. Vern. :—-Bhorar (B.) ; Upoo-punna, adair-pouna (Tel.); Rai (Uriya) ; Kamo, kimro (Sind.) Kandel, hariya (Bomb.*. Habitat :-—Tidal shores, from the mouths of the Indus to Malacca and Ceylon. Bombay, Western Coast, Bandra (K. R. K.: A small, evergreen tree, of muddy shores and tidal creeks of India, Ceylon, Burma and the Andaman Islands, sending down numerous aérial roots into the mud of the mangrove swamp. The lower part of the trunk dies early, and the tree is then supported by a number of branching aérial roots, standing, as it were, on stilts. Bark brown, fairly smooth, with vertical clefts. Sapwood light-red ; heartwood dark-red, extremely hard, splits and warps a little in seasoning (Gamble). Leaves elliptic mucronate by the excurrent midrib, 3-7 by 13-4in., narrowed at base. Stipules large, deciduous, enclosing the buds. Petiole 1-12in. Cymes 3-5-fid, from the axils of the current year’s leaves. Peduncles 1-13in.; “‘ longer than the petioles,” says Mr. Henslow, about 3-flowered ; pedicels short, thick. - Flowers more or less drooping. Calyx-segments 4, irregular, narrowing upwards, $in., oblong-lanceolate, keeled within, persistent and enlarged in fruit. Petals hairy within, shorter than the Calyx- limb, subconnivent, coriaceous, margins involute. Anthers 8. Fruit 14-2in. long, dark brown, embryo often attaining 30in. before falling from the tree. “ The seeds often germinate while yet on the tree and drop as young plants into the mud below. The roots also progress and form constantly fresh stems supported by the buttressed roots standing out of the mud. ” (Gamble). N. 0. RHIZOPHORACES. 537 Use :—The bark has been tried medicinally in cases of he- maturia. (For notes on the medicinal utilization of the astringency of this tree, see Ph. J. for lst Sept., 1888 ; p. 179). 488. Ceriops Candolleana, Arn. H.F.B.I., 11. 436. Vern, :— Kirrari ; Chauri (Sind) ; Goran (B.). Halntat :—Tidal forests, &c., from the mouths of the Indus to Malacca and Ceylon. A small, evergreen tree, in the tidal forests of Sindh, the Western Peninsula, Bengal, Ceylon and the Andamans, Sea coast of Tropical Asia, Africa and Australia. ‘“ A simple stem- med shrub” almost reaching 25ft. in height, with a girth of 1Sin. (Schlich), and many buttresses at base’’ (Gamble). Bark dark-red. Wood orange-red, hard. Leaves 2-3 by 1-2in., ovate, very obtuse, cuneate or attenuate at the base. Cymes peduncled, branching, pedicels short. Calyx 5-cleft, lobes linear acute ; petals 5 glabrous emarginate tip with 3-4 capitate bristles. Stamens 10, alternately shorter ; filaments much longer than the anthers. Ovary half-inferior, 3-celled. Style short, stigma simple. Fruit small, club-shaped or subovate, surrounded near base by-the reflexed segments of the calyx. Parts used :--The bark and shoots. Uses :—The whole of the plant abounds in an astringent prin- ciple. ‘The decoction of the bark is used to stop hemorrhage, and applied to malignant ulcers. On the African Coast, a decoction of the shoots is used as a substitute for quinine. (Watt). 489. Kandelia Rheedu, W. and A. H.F.B.L., 1. 437. Vern. :—Guria (B.) ; Rasunia, rasuria ‘Uriya). Habitat :—Bengal, Burma and the Western Coast. An evergreen shrub or small tree, with a simple stem. Bark qin., spongy, red-brown, peeling off in small flakes. Wood 68 538 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. soft, close-grained, reddish-brown. Leaves 2-4 by 1-2in., elliptic-oblong, narrowed into petiole, 1-2in. long, quite entire, dark-green above, reddish-brown beneath, glabrous. Peduncles about liin., erect, twice-branched, dichotomously in ‘cymes. Flowers white. Calyx surrounded at base by bracteoles, connate into a cup, lobes 5 or 6, linear, $-3 in. long. Petals bifid, the lobes divided into numerous capillary segments. Stamens numerous, anthers small, filaments slender. Ovary half-inferior, prolonged beyond the calyx into a fleshy cone, one-celled. Ovules six, style slender, stigma 3-lobed. Fruit lin., conicovoid, girt at the base by the reflexed calyx- lobes. Use :—The bark, mixed with dried ginger or long pepper and rose-water, is said to be a cure for diabetes (Rheede). N. O. COMBRETACEA. 490. Terminalia Catappu, Linn. u.¥.B.1., U1. 444, Roxb. 380. Sans. :—Ingudi. Vern. :—Jangli-badam (H. and Bomb.) ; Nattoo-vadamcottay (Tam.) ; Vadam (Tel.) ; Adamarram (Mal.); Taru (Kan.) ; Badaém (B.) ; Bengali-badadm, jangli-badaéma, hatbadam (Mar.) Habitat :—Largely planted in all India, wild in the lowlands of Malaya and perhaps of the Transgangetic Peninsula. A tall, deciduous tree. Branches horizontally-whorled. Stem often buttressed. Attains 80ft. Wood red, with lighter coloured sapwood, hard. Leaves beautifully green, turning red before falling ; clustered at the end of branchlets, glabrous ; petiole and midrib more or less hairy, obovate from a narrow cordate base, 6-10in. long, petiole short, stout and channelled. Flowers white, in slender axillary spikes, shorter than the leaf. Male flowers at the top, hermaphrodites below. Drupe glab- rous, ellipsoid, somewhat compressed, keeled all round, 2in. long, pericarp fibrous and fleshy, endocarp hard, oil expressed N. 0. COMBRETACER. 539 from the seeds. ‘The seeds are eaten, and so is the luscious and delicious sweet acid pericarp, greedily by children and even grown up persons. Uses:—The kernels yield upwards of 50 per cent. of a pure bland oil, which may be substituted for almond oil. Kept for a long time, it deposits a large quantity of stearine. The bark is said to be astringent (Ph. Ind.). The juice of the young leaves is employed in Southern India to prepare an ointment for scabies, leprosy, and other cuta- neous diseases, and is also believed to be useful internally for headache and colic (Lisboa). The seeds yield 63°43 p. c¢, of oil, which in odour, taste and color _elosely resemble true almond oil. The oil does not readily become rancid, but becomes thick on standing, and yields an abundant deposit of stearine.—J. Ch. I. for 31st August, 1910, page 1020. - Grimme obtained the following constants: Specific gravity at 15°, 0°9195 ; solidifyiug point, + 7°; “D at 20°, 1:4682; acid value, 4:1; saponification value, 185°7 ; iodine value, 77. Insoluble acids and unsaponifiable, 93°95; unsaponi- fiable, 1°87. Fatty acids: Melting point, 48°49°; neutralization value, 198°6 ; iodine value, 735; mean molecular weight, 282°8. AWG. belertcas oxo, HEB... i. 445. Roxb. 380. Sans. :—Vibhitak1. Vern :—Bahera, bhairah (H.) ; Bohera (B.) ; Behada (Bomb.) ; Tanrik-kay, Tani, Kattu elupay (Tam.); Tani, tandi, toandi (Tel.). Habitat :—Throughout India, common in the plains and lower hills. A very large tree, with rusty pubescence on young branch- lets and calyx; attains a height of 60-100ft. ; trunk tall, erect, regularly shaped ; branches spreading, forming a coppery-tinted, bright, broad-massive crown when young, bright-green when old. Youngest off-shoots beautifully crimson. Bark din. thick, dark or bluish grey, uneven and tessellated by broad longitu- dinal furrows, crossed by short, narrow, transverse wrinkles, the old bark exfoliating in dry corky scabs. Wood light grey or yellowish, open and _ coarse-grained, easily’ worked, but not 540 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. durable. Stem 6-10ft., at times 10-20ft. Leaves deciduous, exstipulate, alternate, crowded at the extremities of branches, crenulate, pubescent, broad, elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 3-8in. long, 2-3in. broad; base often unequal, the lower margin of the leaf tapering as it approaches the petiole and finally merges into the upper margin of the petiole, leaving the petiole slightly grooved at the ventral aspect. Apex obtuse, retuse, usually, sometimes acuminate, especially in the larger leaves; margin entire ; main lateral nerves arcuate, prominent, 5-8, often reddish. Petiole roundish, longer than $ length of the leaf. The tree sheds its leaves from January to March. Flowers small; male and hermaphrodite on solitary, simple spikes, which are some- times erect, sometimes bent, sometimes drooping; 3-6in. long, arising from the axils of fresh leaves, just before or about the same times of the year, as tender leaves shoot out. Roxburgh and Brandis condemn the flowers as of a dirty-grey or greenish colour; but the crimson markings of the Calyx and the soft down, as also the bright yellow anthers, are by no means unattractive, though the odour is offensive. Male flowers usually on the upper part of the spike, sessile. Hermaphrodite flowers chiefly confined to the lower part of the spike on short pedicels. Bracts linear, brown, very early caducous. Calyx deciduous. Corolla absent. Stamens 10. Filaments, 5 short, 5 long, arranged alternately, inserted below the Calyx-segments ; the larger ones twice the length of the Calyx. In the hermaphrodite flowers there is an epigynous disk, brownish, densely hairy. Style slender, filiform, projecting slightly beyond the filaments. Stigma simple, a mere depression at the apex. Ovary tomentose, 1-celled, ovule pendulous from the apex of the cavity. Fruit lin. long, ovoid-ellipsoid or globose, grey-velvety. Nut thick-walled and hard. Uses:—Sanskrit writers describe beleric myrobalans as as- tringent and laxative, and useful in cough, hoarseness, eye- diseases, &c. As aconstituent of trephald, or the three myro- balans, they are used in almost all diseases. The kernel of the fruits is said to be narcotic and astringent, and used as an external application to inflammed parts (Dutt), N. 0. COMBRETACER. 541 Mahomedan writers describe it as astringent, tonic, attenuant, and aperient, useful in dyspepsia and bilious headache, also as an astringent application to the eyes (Dymock). _ In the Concan, the kernel, with that of the marking nut, is sometimes eaten with betel-nut and leaf in dyspepsia; the fruit also is used as an astringent, usually in combination with chebulic myrobalans. There is no doubt about the narcotic properties of the kernel. The part used in medicine is the pulp (Dymock). In the Punjab, it is chiefly employed in dropsy, piles, diar- rhea and leprosy ; also occasionally in fever. When half ripe, it is considered purgative, when fully ripe or dried, astringent. _ Mixed with honey, it is employed as an application in cases of opkthalmia. The oil is considered a good application for the hair. The gum is believed to be demulcent and purgative (Watt). Like other kinds ef Terminalia, the Beleric myrobalans afford a yellow fixed oil which is prepared by the poorer classes in the Central Provinces and used as a substitute for ghee and as an application for rheumatism, Bahada seeds yield about 25 per cent. of oil by expression which sells for 8 annas per Seer. TWo samples from Akola and Damoh had the following characters: Specific gravity, ‘9168, 9193; melting points 11°, 4°; acid values, 2:4, 3°9; saponification values, 205°8, 205°3; iodine values, 79:0, 85°3; Reichert-Meissl values, ‘76, °78; fatty acids and unsaponifiable, 94:2, 93°6 per cent., melting at 39° and 38°, Ne “Chebulas ‘wetsor EBL. ii. 446, Roxb. 381. Sans. :—Haritaki. Vern.:—Hara, har, harara (H.); Haritaki (B.); Hilikha (Ass.); Silim (Lepch.); Karedha (Uriya); Hana, Silim-kung (Sikkim); Hard& (Dec.); Kadukai-maram (‘Tam.); Karakaia (Tel.); Alale (Mysore). Habitat :—-Abundant in Northern India, from Kumaon to Bengal, and southward to the Deccan table-land. A large or small deciduous tree. Bark 4in. thick, dark- brown, with numerous, generally shallow, vertical cracks. Wood very hard, brownish-grey, with a greenish or yellowish 542 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. tinge, with an irregular, dark-purple heartwood, close-grained, fairly durable. Branchlets, leaf-buds and young leaves, with soft shining generally rust-coloured bairs. Leaves distant, often sub-opposite, elliptic or ovate ; secondary nerves 6-8 pair, arching, prominent; blade 3-8in. long, petiole $-lin. long. Two glands or swellings on petiole near top. Flowers bisexual, in. across, sessile, dull white or yellow, with an offensive smell. Spikes sometimes simple, usually in short panicles, terminal and in the axils of the uppermost leaves. Bracts subulate or lanceolate, longer than buds, deciduous. Limb of Calyx cup-shaped, cleft half way into 5 acute, triangular segments, woolly inside. Fruit more or less distinctly 5-angled, obovoid from a cuneate base, sometimes ovoid or nearly globose, 1-14in. long ; shape and size of fruit varies accordingly. Mr. Duthie writes:—‘‘ In Northern India the tree does not attain to any great size, but large trees, up to 100 feet in height, are often met with south of the Nerbudda.”’ Uses:—Sanskrit writers describe chebulic myrobalans as laxative, stomachic, tonic and alterative. They are used in fevers, cough, asthma, urinary diseases, piles, intestinal worms, chronic diarrhcea, costiveness, flatulence, vomiting, hiccup, heart-diseases, enlarged spleen and liver, ascites, skin diseases, &c. In combination with embelic and_ beleric myrobalans, they are extensively used as adjuncts to other medi- cines in almost all diseases. As an alterative tonic for promot- ing strength, preventing the effects of age and prolonging life, it is used in a peculiar way. (Dutt). Mahomedan writers consider the ripe fruit as purgative, romoving bile, phlegm and adjust bile. The unripe fruit is most valued on account of its astringent and aperient properties, and is a useful medicine in dysentery and diarrhcea. Ainslie notices their use as an application to aphthee (Dymock). ‘The fruits are used as a medicine for sore-throat, by the Paharias in Sikkim” (Gamble). Recently M. P. Apery has brought to the notice of the pro- fession in Europe the value of the drug in dysentery, choleraic N. O. COMBRETACEA. 543 diarrhcea and chronic diarrhoea. He administers it in pills of 25 centigrammes each, the dose being from four to twelve pills or even more in the twenty-four hours (Pharmacog. Ind.). It is therefore possible that the therapeutic value of myroba- lans may before long form the subject of systematic investiga- tion (Watt). A fruit, finely powdered, is used as dentifrice. Said to be useful in carious teeth, bleeding and ulcerations of the gums (B. D. Basu). A fruit, coarsely powdered and smoked in a pipe, affords relief in a fit of asthma. A decoction of the fruit is a good astringent wash. A fine paste, obtained by rubbing the fruit on a rough stone with little water, mixed with the carron oil of the Pharmacopeia and applied to burus and scalds, effects a more rapid cure than when carron oil alone is used (D. R. Thompson in Watt’s Dic.). | Water in which the fruits are kept for the night is con- sidered a very cooling wash for the eyes. The ashes mixed with butter form a good ointment for sores (Robb, in Watt's Dic.). oo _. On removing the astringent pulp of the myrobalans a hard, stony seed remains which weighs 37°5 per cent, of the fruit. The seeds are sent in large quantities from the Central Provinces to Bombay as an oil seed. Withinthe seed is a kernel which yields to ether 36°7 per cent. of a yellawish, pleasant and edible oil. A sample of the oil had an acid value of 89, saponification value of 192°6, iodine value 87°5, and 96:2 per cent. of insoluble fatty acids and ansaponifiabie matter. | | Ohebulic acid:—This is obtained from the fruits in the following manner :—The dried fruits are powdered, macerated for 10 days at the ordinary temperature with 90 per cent. alcohol, pressed and filtered. The alcohol is completely removed from the extract, and the residue then dissolved in hot water ; cold water is added until no further milkiness appears, and the whole is allowed to settle, and then filtered, To the filtrate, sodium chloride is added until a permanent turbidity appears, and the solution is then shaken out with ethyl acetate, which dissolves chebulic and tannic acids. To remove the latter, the ethylacetate is distilled off, and the residue dissolved in water, and shaken out with ether; from the aqueous solution crystals of chebulic acid then separate on standing, and may be recrystallised from hot water. The yield is 8°5 per cent. Ohebulic acid, C,3 Hy, O,o+H, O, begins to melt at about 200°, and is optically active, having [a]»>=+66-94°. The molecular weight of the an- hydrous compound was determined by Beckmann’s boiling point method 544 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. in acetone solution. The acid seems to be manobasic and forms an amorphous barium salt. (Cyg Hy3 Oy,)2 Ba, which is white when moist, and green when dry, and a grey, amorphous, basic (?) Zinc salt, probably (Cy, Ho3 Ojo)o Zn+Zn0O. These salts appear, in general, to be decomposed by water, even in the cold. With strychnine, an acid salt, C,, H,, N .0, 9Co, Hog Ojo, is formed. With benzoic chloride and soda, a yellowish, amorphous benzoyl derivative, Cy3; Hy, BLz O,9, melting at 88°, is obtained. With phenyl- hydrazine, chebulic acid yields a derivative in the form of a reddish powder, which melts at 142°, and, when dissolved in alcohol and treated with strong aqueous potash, yields a momentarily green, then mulberry-red, and, finally, brownish-red coloration. (Tannic acid, similarly treated, gives a green colour, only gradually changing to red; gallic acid, an immediate red coloration). When chebulic acid is dissolved in alcohol, and the solution saturated with gaseous hydrogen chloride, some ethyl gallate is formed, and, in addition, a yellow, amorphous acid, somewhat analogous in its properties to tannic acid. Sulphuric acid hydrolyses chebulic acid to gallic acid and other undetermined products.—J, Ch. S. LXIV., pt. I. (1893), p. 212. 493. T. citrina, Roxb. H.F.B.1., 11. 446. Roxb. 382. Vern. :—Haritaki; Narra (B.); Hilika, Silikka (Assam.) ; Hortaki (Cachar); Hariha, Harira (U. P.) Habitat :—Assam ; East Bengal; Burma. A large tree attaining 80ft. Leaves thickly coriaceous, elliptic lanceolate or oblong, subopposite, narrowed into a petiole 4in., blade 3-7in.; when adult glabrous, shining, the interstices of the nerves beneath, with sunk, close, white tomentum ; the petiole usually with two glands at the top or on the base. of the leaf beneath. Bracteoles linear, conspicuous on the young spikes. Spikes terminal and lateral, often panicled. Flowers all hermaphrodite. Calyx-teeth glabrous without, hairy within. Young ovary glabrous. Fruit narrow, lanceolate 2in. long. Mr. C. B. Clarke remarks that T. citrina has a straighter stem, a brighter foliage and narrower fruits, but ought perhaps hardly to be reckoned a distinct species.” Use :—The medicinal properties are similar to those of the Chebulic myrobalan. 494. T. Arjuna, Bedd. u.¥F.B.1., 11. 447. Syn. :—Pentaptera Arjuna, Roxb. 382. Sans. :—Arjuna ; Kukubha. Vern. :—Anjan, arjun, kahu (H.); Vella marda, Vellai- maruda-maram (Tam.), Ver maddi (Tel.); Sanmadat, arjun, N. 0. COMBRETACER, 545 anjan, jamla (Mar.); SAdado, arjun sidado (Guz.) ; Maddi, tormatti, holematti, billi matti (Kan.). Halitat:—Very common in the Sub-Himalayan tracts of the North-West Provinces and Deccan: A large deciduous tree, with huge, often buttressed, trunk, attaining 60-80ft. Bark gin. thick, smooth, pinkish grey, the old layers peeling off in thin flakes. Sapwood reddish-white ; heartwood brown, variegated, with darker, coloured streaks, very hard. Glabrous; only the inflorescence is slightly pubescent. Leaves generally sub-opposite, hard coriaceous, oblong, sometimes spathulate-oblong, often campanulate blade 3-6, petiole tin. long. Petiole rarely more than 3in., with _two glands near its apex often very short. Flowers bisexual, dull, yellow, in erect terminal panicles. Bracteoles very small. Calyx-teeth nearly glabrous, both within and without. Young ovary very short, covered with crisped brown or rufous hair. Fruit lin. long, with 5-7 narrow angles, fin. broad, irregularly marked with ascending lines. Use :—The Sanskrit writers consider the bark to be tonic, astringent and cooling, and use it in heart diseases, contusions, fractures, ulcers, &c. In fractures and contusions, with excessive ecchymosis, powdered arjun bark is recommended to be taken internally with milk. A decoction of the bark is used as a wash in ulcers and chancres (Dutt). The bark is astringent and febrifuge, the fruit tonic and de- obstruent, the juice of the fresh leaves is a remedy for ear-ache. The bark useful in bilious affections, and as an antidote to poisons (Baden-Powell’s Punj. Prods.) In Kangra, the bark is used to sores, &c. (Stewart). Regarding the physiological action of this drug, Dr. Lal Mohan Ghoshal writes :— (1) The drug (Terminalia Arjuna) acts as a cardiac stimulant and tonic, increasing the force of the beats cf the heart, but slowing their number, but never completely stopping it. The diastole is more or less prolonged. (2) The blood pressure is increased due to the contraction of the peri- pheral arterioles caused by the action of the drug on the vasomotor nerve possibly. (3) It acts asa powerful hemostatic ; only drawback for this action is the rise of blood pressure. 69 546 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. — (4) It helps diapedesis of red blood corpuscles. (5) Itslighty increases the excretion in the amount of phosphates and uric acid, but the increase is not very material to be taken into practical account. Regarding its Therapeutic action, he says :— The drug is a very valuable remedy in heart diseases, specially where a eombined tonic and stimulant action is necessary. Thus in mitral disease, specially in later stages when the heart is feeble and flaccid, blood pressure low and the heart dilated, the drug may be administered with admirable effect. In aortic diseases the drug has one defect, namely, it increases the blood pressure, and the diastole is rather prolonged, but the force of contraction and the manner is which the aortic valves meet together may he utilised in these forms of aortic regurgitation that are caused merely by dilatation of the aorta, or in which the valves, although healthy, do not come in firm opposition, or in which the regurgitation is caused by weakness of the heart. In exhausting diseases weakening the heart and increasing the frequency of the pulse the drug is invaluable, for, it does not exert the poisonous action of digitalis if long continued, The drug may be used as a good local hemostatic, but generally its use as a hemostatic is doubtful on account of the rise of the blood pressure. In inflammations locally and generally it may be used by causing the contraction of the peripheral arterioles, and increasing the diapedesis, and at the same time improving the general circulation, the drug will relieve the inflammatory condition of the part. For this reason Chukradutta recommended it for all sorts of inflammatory conditions, and he goes so far as to say that it heals fractures, etc. For this reason it may be commended in pneumonic inflamma- tions of lung, but directly it has no action on respiratory organs. We have seen that for local inflammations the drug is very efficacious as in the experiments performed on inflamed eyes. There the inflammation soothed in one day although the cases were mild ones. The drug has been suggested to be lethontryptic, but except increasing slight amount of phos- phatic and uric acid excretion this action of the drug is doubtful. Chemical composition :— An extract from the bark was prepared by heating 500 grms, of pulverised bark with 2 litres of water until only 500¢, c¢. of the fluid remained ; the whole thing was then pressed through a fine muslin and the fluid part was again filtered through filter when a clear dark-reddish extract was obtained. The extract is sweetish to the taste, reduces Fehling’s solution and assumes a dark black colour on treatment with ferric chloride and is acid to litmus. Part of it was treated with benzene in equal parts (being acidulated first with H,SO,) and a deposit separated out in the immiscible layer ; the im- miscible layer was then separated by means of separating funnel and benzene was allowed to evaporate. The residue left after evaporation was reddish- brewn in colour and amorphous powder ; it was insolube in dilute HCl. but partly soluble in alcohol and ether. It does not give any reaction with Iodine, nor does it reduce Fehling’s solution, but when heated with dilute HCl, it reduced Fehling’s solution also gave ppt, with Phosphotungstic acid. . N. 0. COMBRETACER, 547 Thus we see that the extract when treated with benzene yielded a subs- tance which is partially soluble in alcohol, and does not give any Iodine re- action, reduces Fehling’s Solution when heated with dilute HCl and is pptd. by phosphotungstic acid. From these facts we may conclude that the substance yielded from the treatment of the extract with benzene is glucosida] in nature, the glucosidal body was first made soluble in absolute alcohol, which was then evaporated, and a dry brown powdery residue was left; it also gave no reac- tion with Iodine, reduced Fehling’s solution when heated with dilute HCl. The extract was then treated with chloroform in the same way, and a gum- my substance was obtained which either gave Orcin reaction nor reduced Fehling’s solution even when heated with dilute hydrochloric acid. The extract was then further treated with absolute alcohol when a reddish- brown-colouring matter was separated out, It gave no reaction with petroleum either. Tannic acid was estimated by Allen and Pleteker‘s method and total tannin (including glucotannie acid, etc.) obtained was 12 per cent. The bark was then burnt and the ash yielded was 30 per cent., most of which was calcium carbonate, but traces of sodium carbonate and chlorides of the alkali metals was also obtained. Sugar estimated from the original solution was 17 per cent. Thus we see that the extract from the bark yields— _ Sugar. Tannin. A colouring matter. A body glucosidal in nature. 5. Carbonates of calcium and sodium and traces of chlorides of alkali metals. (Food and Drugs No. 1 pp. 22 et seq.) 495. ‘TT’. tomentosa, Bedd. H. F.B.1., 11. 447. Vern. :—Asan (H.) ; Piasal (B.); Ain (Bomb.); Kurruppu- maruta-maram (Tam.); Maddi(Tel.); Hatana, Matnak (Kol.) ; Ain, madat, yén, sadada, saj (Mar.); Ain (Guz.); Matti, kari- matti, banapu, tore matto-madi, aini (Kan.) Sain (Bijnor) ; Sadar (Bundelkhand). Habitat :—Very common in Deccan and the Sub-Himalayan tracts of the North-West Provinces, Nepal and Sikkim. A large deciduous tree, trunk tall, regularly shaped. Bark rough, grey to black, with long, broad, deep longitudinal fissures and short, shallow, transverse cracks, inner substance red when fresh. Sapwood reddish white ; heartwood dark brown, hard, beautifully variegated with streaks of darker colour, showing on a radial section as dark streaks which are generally undulating. Branchlets, inflorescence and young leaves clothed with short rust-coloured pubescence. Leaves coriaceous, hard, Pep ipe te 548 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. elliptic or ovate, sometimes obovate-oblong ; blade 5-9, petiole 1-lin. long, nearly opposite, the uppermost often alternate ; 1-2 glands near base of midrib ; underside when full-grown, as a rule, soft tomentose, nearly glabrous, secondary nerves. 10-20 pair. Flowers bisexual, dull yellow, in erect terminal panicles, the lower branches in the axils of leaves. Calyx-limb, a shallow cup, hairy within, segments 5, broad, ovate, acute. Fruit 13-2in. long, with 5 coriaceous brown wings, #-lin. broad, and marked with numerous horizontal lines running from the axils to the edges, which are thin and irregularly crenulate. Use :—A docoction of the bark is taken internally in atonic diarrhoea, and locally as an application to weak indolent ulcers. (Ph. ind). 496. T. paniculata, Roth. u.F.B.1., 1. 448. Syn. :—Pentaptera Paniculata, Roxb. 384. Vern. :—Kinjal (Bomb.) ; Pe-karakai (Tam.); Neemeeri (Tel.) : Honal, huluva, hulve, hunab (Kan.). Habitat :—Malabar, lower hills, from Bombay to Cochin; Nilghiri and Kurg Mountains. A very large deciduous tree. Bark 4in. thick, dark-brown, peeling off in flat flakes. Wood grey, with darker heart-wood, very hard, new growths rusty-tomentose. Leaves 4-7in., subopposite, upper alternate, base cordate, two glands generally present near the base of the midrib beneath. Petiole 3-d in. long, rusty-pubescent, sessile, close set in large spreading panicles, the front edge ovary growing out into a wing which is 2-lin. broad. Use :—The country people use the juice of the fresh flowers rubbed with Parwel root (Cocculus Villosus) as a remedy in cholera, and in poisoning with opium, 4 tolds of the juice with an equal quantity of guava bark juice is given frequently. In parotitis, the juice with ghi and Saindhav (rock salt) is applied. In cholera, about 4 tolas of the juice with an equal quantity of Paryel root is given every hour (Dymock). 497. Calycopteris floribunda, Lam. H.F.B.1. 11. 449. Vern.:—Bandi-murududu (Tel.); Baguli, Ukshi (Mar.); Kokoranj (Hind.) ; Marsada, Baguli (Can.) N. 0. COMBRETACES. 5AY Habitat :—On hot hills, alt. 500-2,500ft., abundant through- out the Deccan, and from Assam to Singapore. A large climbing shrub. Bark very thin, hght brown, smooth. Wood soft to moderately hard, porous, light, reddish brown. Branches drooping, young shoots rusty-villous. Leaves opposite, ovate, shortly acuminate, entire. Flowers bisexual, in tomentose terminal and axillary panicles, free portion of Calyx infundibuliform, petals 0, stamens 10, inserted in two lines on the inside of the Calyx-tube, the 5 upper alternating with the Calyx-teeth. Fruit 5-ribbed, villous, din. long, sur- mounted by the enlarged Calyx, the segments of which are 3-Lin. long. : Parts used :—The leaves, root, and fruit. Uses:—The leaves are bitter and astringent, and are chewed by the natives, and the juice swallowed as a remedy for colic. The root ground to a paste with that of Croton oblongi- folium is applied to bites of the phoorsa snake (Kchis carinata). In jaundice, the fruit and various spices, of each one part, are made into a compound powder, of which the dose is two mashas. The fruit, with the root of Grewia pilosa, is rubbed into a paste with honey and applied to ulcers (Pharmacographia Indica, Vol. le oe 498. Anogeissus latifolia, Wall, H. F.B.1., 11. 450, Roxb. 384. Syn. :—Conocarpus latifolia, D. C. Sans, :—Dhava. | Vern. :—Dhaoya (H. and B.); Dhavada; Dabria (Bomb.) ; Vallai-naga, vackelie (Tam.); Dinduga, dindlu, bejalu, dindal (Kan.); Arma, yerma (Gond.). Bakli, Dhauri; Dhao (Bundel- khand). Habitat :—Very common, from the Himalaya to Ceylon, not found in the Transgangetic Peninsula. A large deciduous tree, attaining 80ft., but usually a small tree. Bark smooth, whitish grey, tin. thick, with shallow irregular depressions caused by exfoliation. Wood grey, hard, shining, smooth, with a smal] purplish, irregularly shaped, very hard heartwood; sapwood in young trees and young 550 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. branches yellow. lLeafless during most of the hot season. Leaves broadly elliptic, pubescent when young, glabrous when full grown, blade 14-33, petiole +-3in. long, secondary nerves 8-14 pairs, tertiary nerves prominent beneath. Flower-heads 4-3in. in diam., in on short peduncles, often in axillary racemes. Ripe fruit almost glabrous, nearly orbicular; sometimes ? (excluding the beak) by Zin., including the wings, usually smaller, more or less rusty pubescent when young. Use :—This tree yields a valuable gum, which is worthy of attention (Dymock). 499. Quisqualis indica, Linn., H. F.B.1., 11. 459, Roxb. 379. Vern. :—Rangtin-ki-bel (H.); Vilayati-chambeli (Bomb.) ; Irangtn-malli (Tam.) ; Rangunu-malle-chettu (Tel.). Habitat :—Cultivated throughout India, wild probably in the Transgangetic Peninsula. A large, climbing, woody shrub. Bark thin, grey, peeling off in small flakes. Wood, soft, porous. Young shoots pubescent or villous. Leaves elliptic or ovate-oblong, acuminate, those on leafy rambling shoots alternate, those on flowering branches opposite, petioles articulate, the portion below the articulation persistent, being hard and woody, hooking the branches on to the supports. Flowers showy, first white, then red or orange, then varnish-coloured, in different stages on one and the same flower stalk. Bracts leafy, ovate-lanceolate, free part of Calyx filiform, 2-3in. long, hairy within and on the outside. Fruit seldom, never, I should say, met with in the Konkan, :Lin. long, glossy, with 5 deep furrows between the angles. I collected a half-ripe fruit, nearly half an inch long, in the beautiful Govern- ment Gardens of Sydney in 1889, March. It is still in my private Herbarium (K. R. K.). Use :—In the Moluccas, the seeds are supposed to be anthel- mintic. our or five of the seeds are given with honey, as an electuary for the expulsion of entozoa in children (Ph. Ind.). In Amboyna, the leaves are given in a ‘compound decoction for flatulent distension of the abdomen. In China, the ripe seeds are roasted, and given in diarrhoea and fever (Rumphius). N. O. MYRTACER, 551 N. O. MYRTACEA. 900. Myrtus communis, Linn, H. F.B.1., 11. 462. Vern. :—Vilayati mehndi, mfirad (H.); Sutr-sowa, fruit: hab-ul-as (Arab.) Habitat :—Cultivated in India. This is the common myrile, extensively grown in India. The leaves are extensively used by the European Jews in their religious ceremonials and by the Natives of India of all kinds for medicinal purposes. It extends from the south of Europe, especially the Mediterranean region, as far as Afghanistan and Baluchistan. In Bombay, it is a small shrubby plant, grown in gardens in pots and tubs. : The leaves are fragrant, opposite, sometimes ternate, ovate, smooth. of a beautiful green colour, glandular and persistent, with short petioles. Flowers axillary, 5-petulous, white, succeeded by a purple berry the size of a pea. (P. 333, The Bengal Dispensary, O. Shaughnessy 1841, Calcutta.) Uses :—In Upper India, the leaves are considered useful in cerebral affections, especially epilepsy, also in dyspepsia; and diseases of the stomach and liver. A decoction is employed as a mouth-wash in cases of apthe. The fruit is carminative, and is given in diarrhcea, dysentery, hemorrhage, internal ulceration and rheumatism. The seeds, ground and mixed with antimony, are used to color the eye-lids (Watt). “The essential oil of the leaves has been esteemed in France as a disinfectant and useful antiseptic, also used in the Paris hospitals, in certain affections of the respiratory organs and the bladder, and recommended as a local application in rheumatic affections’ (Pharm. Journ., March 30, 1889: p. 782). 501. Melaleuca leucadendron, Linn. Fad A ie 11. 465, Roxb. 591. Vern. :—Kayaputi (H. ; Cajuputte, ilachie (B.) ; Kayakuti (Bomb.); Cajupfta (Mar.) ; Kijaptite, kayapute (Tam.) Habitat :—Cultivated in India. 552 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. A middle-sized evergreen tree. Bark white, thick, spongy, peeling off in papery flakes. Wood reddish brown, hard; bran- ches slender, pendulous. Leaves alternate, coriaceous, lanceo- late, more or less oblique, 2-5in. long, tapering into a short petiole, with 3-7 distinct longitudinal nerves. Flowers yellow- ish-white, sessile in erect axillary spikes, 2-6in. long, the rachis generally prolonged and leaf-bearing. Stamens numerous, the filaments united at their base into 5 bundles, inserted opposite to the petals. Ovary half-inferior, enclosed in the Calyx-tube. Capsule loculicidally 3-valved. Yields the Cajuput oil of commerce (Brandis). Use :—The oil is used in medicine as a stimulant and dia- phoretic (Gamble); it is used as an external application for rheumatism (Dymock). It is antispasmodic; and, when externally applied, acts as rubefacient. It is also regarded asa powerful sudorific (Watt). The oil is officinal in British and Indian Pharmacopceias. 502. Psidium Guyava, Linn. 4.F.B.1., 1. 468, Roxb. 396. Var. pyriferum, Linn. (sp.), and pomiferum, Linn. (sp.) Eing :—The guava tree. Vern. :—Amrfit, amréid (Hind.); Piyara (Beng.); Amuk (Nepal.); Mcdharian (Ass.) ; Segapu (Tam.); Jamia koia (Tel.); Lal-jam, saféd-jam (Dec.); Tambada-peru, Pandhara-peru (Bomb.) Habitat :—A native of Tropical America and the West Indies originally ; now quite naturalized all over India, Burma, Ceylon ; almost wild. A small evergreen tree or large shrub, 20-30ft. Girth 2-3ft. pubescent on the young branches. Bark smooth, thin, greenish grey, epidermis greybrown, peeling off in thin paper-like flakes (K. RB. K.) Wood greyish brown, moderately hard, even-grained. Leaves opposite, oblong to ovate, ona very short petiole 3-2in., usually acuminate or almost blunt, 3-5 or Gin. long, glabres- cent above, adpressed pubescent beneath, lateral nerves 15-20. N. 0. MYRTAOER. 553 pair, prominent parallel and very strong, with conspicuous transversal veins and net venation between. [lowers rather large, 14 in. across, solitary or by 2-3 or 4-2in. long, pubescent peduncles, arising either solitary or rarely by 2-3 from the axils the leaves ; ‘‘ fragrant,” says Kurz (Flora of Burma, Vol II, 477 ; not so in Bombay (K. R. K.) Bractlets under the Calyx 2, subulate. Calyx-tube ovoid or globular, densely puberulous, the lobes broadly ovate, acute, nearly as long as the adnate part; petals broad, fully 4 in. diam. Fruit a large berry. The largest fruit 1 have seen is from Allahabad (K. R. K.), 4in. in diam; ordinarily of the size of an apple or pear, fleshy, many-seeded, crowned by the Calyx-limb ; when fully ripe, yellow and glossy. Pulp pinkish or white, edible, acid sweet. Var. Pyriferum (P. pyriferum Linn). Peduncles 1-flowered ; fruit pear-shaped. | Var. 2 pomiferum (P. pomiferum, Linn): Peduncles usually 2-flowered, witha third flower in the fork; fruits globular or ovoid. Uses:—The bark of the root of Var. pyriferum is valued for its astringent properties, and has been employed with success in the diarrhcea of children. Itis generally administered in the form of a decoction. The decoction serves a good deal in the prolapsus ani of children. The young leaves are used as a tonic in the diseases of the digestive functions. The bark of the Var. Pomiferum possesses similar properties. The decoc- tion of the leaves has been used in cholera with some success, in arresting vomiting and diarrhoea (Pharm. Ind.). The leaves when chewed are said to be a remedy in tooth ache. An oil from the leaves is of a lemon-yellow colour, and has a faint aromatic odour; Sp. Gr. at 15° C, 0°9157; “p=—10°5’ (100mm.); ND,°=1'49638 ; acid value, 2:0; ester value, 6°4 ; soluble in about 10 volumes of 90 per cent. alcohol. [Schimmel’s Report, April 1910, p. 123). The leaves have the percentage composition:—resin, 3°15,; fat, 5°99 ; volatile oil, 0-865 ; chlorophyll, 0°395 ; tannin, 9°15 ; mineral salts, 3°95 ; cellulose, 77. The citron-yollow aromatic resin dissolves easily in chloroform, ether, or alcohol, melts at 189° and has the iodine number 115, acid number 89, and 70 554 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. saponification number 131. Akalis colour it yellowish-red, and strong sulphuric acid produces a brown mass. The fat is yellowish green, has a pleasant aromatic odour, and dissolves completely in chloroform, partially in ether or alcohol; it melts at 235°, and has iodine number 199, acid number 95, and saponification number 137. The greenish-yellow volatile oil contains eugenol and dissolves in chloro- form, ether, or alcohol ; it boils at 237° and has a sp. gr. 1°069. Sulphuric acid colours it dark green, and bromine vapor orange-yellow. The tannin forms a brown amorphous powder, soluble in water and alcohol, giving a black precipitate with iron salts and reducing alkaline copper solution after boiling with dilute sulphuric acid. Calcium and manganese are present in the plant in combination with phosphoric, oxalic, and malic acids. (J, Ch. S. 1905 AI. 192). 903. Hugenia jambos, Linn. u.¥.B.1., U 474, Roxb. 401. Vern. :-—Gulab-jaman (H.); Gulab-jamb (B.); Golapjam (Uriya); Jamu (Sind.); Jamb (Deccan); Malle-nerale, pannerale (Coorg); Pannerali (Kan.’. Habitat :— East Indies. A middle-sized tree. Wood brown, rather soft, with fairly regular, wavy, concentric lines of loose texture Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, narrowed towards both ends; blade 4-7in.,, petiole 4in., secondary nerves and intra- marginal veins slender, but distinct. Flowers greenish-white, 2-din. across, in short terminal corymbs; composed of 2-4 pair of opposite flowers, those of the uppermost pair often opening first. Calyx-tube obconical, Zin. long; stamens 14in. long, pedicel often as long as Calyx-tube. Fruit globose or pear- shaped, 13-3in. long, yellow or pink; edible, having the faint flavour of rose. : Use:—In Bhamo, Upper Burma, the leaves are boiled and used as a medicine for sore eyes (Watt). 004. Hh. operculata, Roxb. u.F.B.1., IL 498, Roxb. 398. Vern. :—Rai-jaman, piaman, jamawa, dugdugia, thuti (H.) ; Topa (Kol.); Totonopak (Santal.); Boteejam (Chittagong). Habitat :—Sub-Himalayan forests, from the Jumna_ to Assam, Oudh and Gorakhpur forests ; Cachar and Chittagong. N. O. MYRTACEA. 555 A large or moderate-sized evergreen tree. Leaves -turn- ing red in the cold season. Bark, grey or light brown, rough, with irregular hard scales, leaving cavities when they exfoliate. Wood reddish grey, hard, rough (Gamble). Branchlets sub- terete or 4-ginous. Leaves 3-8 by 2-4in., opposite, subcoriace- ous, soft, dots often black (in the dried specimens), rarely pellucid, broadly ovate or elliptic-rounded at the apex, or obtusely acuminate, narrowed below ; lateral nerves 8-12 pair, prominent beneath, gradually fainter towards the margin, curv- ing into a faint intra-marginal vein. Petiole $-$in., or even Lin. Flowers tetramerous, small, greenish, odorous, subsessile. Cymes arranged in trichotomous lateral panicles below the current year’s leaves, “mostly from scars of fallen leaves”’ (Duthie). Peduncles long, acutely-angled. Calyx campanulate, with short obtuse lobes, or nearly truncate. Petals united and falling off in one piece (operculum). Berry globose or ovoid, 4-31N., rugose, juicy, edible. Part used :—The fruit, root, leaves and bark. Use:—The fruit is eaten for rheumatism, the root, boiled down to the consistence of gur, is applied to the joints by rubbing ; the leaves are much used in dry fomentation ; the bark is also employed medicinally (Revd. A. Campbell, in Watt’s Dictionary). 205. EH. Jambolana, Lam. 4.F.B.1., u. 499, Roxb. 398. Syn. :—Sizygium Jambolanum, D, C. Sans. :—Jamboo. Vern. :—J4man, jam, jAmun (H.); Kalajam (B,); Chambu (Garo); Jamu (Ass.); Naval, naga (Tam.); Nasodu, nairuri (Tel.); Jambal (Bomb.); Jambira (Guz.) Habitat :—Common throughout the plains of India. A large evergreen tree, usually with a rather crooked stem and many branches. Bark lin. thick, light grey, with large patches of darker colour, smooth, with shallow depressions caused by exfoliation. Wood reddish grey, rough, moderately hard, darker near the centre, no distinct heartwood. Leaves, coriace- ous, elliptic, or elliptic-lanceolate; blade 3-6in., petiole 4-lin. 556 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. long; secondary nerves numerous, slender, closely parallel. Flowers whitish, scented, sessile, in compound dichotomous cymes on the previous year’s wood, rarely axillary. Calyx-iube turbinate, §-tin. long, base short, cylindrical, limb almost truncate, segments very short. Petals united in a calyptra. Stamens as long as the Calyx-tube. Fruit $-l4in. long, pink while ripening, beautifully purple almost to black when fully ripe, luscious, juicy, astringent to taste, but very agreeable when eaten quite ripe. Parts used :-—The bark, leaves, fruits and seeds. Use:—The bark is astringent, and is used alone or in com- bination with other medicines of its class, in the preparation of astringent decoctions, gargles and washes. The fresh juice of the bark is given with goat’s milk in the diarrhea of children. The expressed juice of the leaves is used alone or in combin- ation with other astringents in dysentery (Dutt). The author of the Makhzan says that the fruit is useful as- tringent in bilious diarrhcea, and makes a good gargle for sore throat or lotion for ringworm of the head. The root and seeds are useful astringents, also the leaves. He tells us that a kind of wine is made from the fruit, and that the juice of the leaves dissolves iron filings, or, as he expresses it, reduces them to so light a condition that they float upon the surface of the liquid asascum. This, when collected and washed, ae recommends as a tonic and astringent (Dymock). A vinegar, prepared from the juice of the ripe fruit, is_ an agreeable stomachic and carminative; it is also used as a diuretic. Recently the seeds have been used in diabetes. The seeds of Eugenia Jambolana, Lam, contain neither alkaloid nor enezyme, The aloholic extract when distilled in steam yielded a small amount ofa pale yellow oil, with the following characteristics : sp gr. 0° 9258 at 20°/20°C., aND=2°51' in a 50m. tube. The portion of the alcoholic extract insoluble in water contained the following substances: a mixture of fatty acids, a small amount of a solid, melting at 78°-80°C. and anew phenolic substance, styled Jambulol. This can be crystallised from pyridine, and forms brown needles containing solvent of crystallisation, It has the composition, C,, H,0,. The penta acetyl derivative forms pale-brown leaflets melting at N. 0. MYRTACER. 557 about 335°C., whilst the pentabenzoyl derivative is colourless, and melts at 333°C, No substance of a glucosidic nature was found in the seeds.—J. Ch. I, November 15, 1912, p. 1052. The phenolic substance isolated from jambul seeds (this J. 1912, 1051) which was named “ Jambulol,’’ and which has also been detected in Chinese rhubarb (Chem. Soc. Trans. 1911, 99, 962 and Proc. 1912. 28. 96), and in Eu- phorbia pilulifera (this J, 1913,505) has since been identified as ellagic acid ©,,H,0, (O H.)4—A.S. J. Ch. I., August 30, 1913, p. 840. 906. Barringtonia racemosa, Blume, H4.F.B.1., 11. 507. Roxb. 445. Vern :—Ijjal (H.); Samudra-phal (B.); Nivar (Concan) : Samudra (Cuddapah); Samutra-pullam (Tam.); Samudra-pao, —Sam-stravadi (Mal.) Habitat :—On the sea coasts, Concan. A moderate-sized evergeen tree, attaining 50ft., glabrous. Wood white, very soft, porous. It is a handsome tree, planted on the road sides in Colombo, for ornament. It is found on the west coast, from the Concan southwards near rivers and back waters, also inland. Leaves lightly crenate-denticulate, cuneate- oblong ovate or oblanceolate, 10 by 3in., narrowed into a very short petiole g-zin. long. Racemes 12-18in., pendulous; flowers cream-coloured, 23in. across, distant. Pedicels +4-+in. Calyx- tube gin., ovate, closed in the bud, broadly funnel-shaped ; segments 2-3, irregular. Filaments often crimson. Fruit ovoid, 2-23in. long, obscurely quadrangular below when quite ripe ; in ripening, attaining nearly its full length before one- third ‘its full breadth. Exocarp very thick, fibrous. Uses:—The root resembles Cinchona in medicinal virtues. It has de-obstruent and cooling properties. ‘The fruit is effica- cious in coughs, asthma and diarrhoea. The seeds are used in colic and ophthalmia (Watt). The kernels of the drupes with milk, given in jaundice and other bilious diseases. ‘The seeds are aromatic; used also in parturition (T. N. Mukerji). The pulverised fruit is used as a snuff, and combined with other remedies, 1s applied externally in diseases of the skin (Treasury of Botany.) 558 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. 507. B. acutangula, Gaertn. H.F.B.1., 11. 508; Roxb. 440. | | Habitat: —Very common, from the Himalaya throughout India; no tree is more plentiful in the plains of Bengal. Vern. :— Hijgal, samundar-phal, panniari, ingar (H.) ; Hijal, samandar (B.); Kinjolo (Uriya) ; Hindol (Ass.) ; [jar (Monghyr) : Hinjal (Santal) ; Saprung (Kol.) ; Batta, kurpa, kadamic (Tel.) ; Hole kanva (Kan.); Ingar, ijal, samundar-phal, kana-pachethi (Bomb.) ; Piwar, newar, tiwar, datte-phal (Mar.); Samudra phula (Cutch) ; Niwar (Concan) ; Sjeria-samstravadi (Mal.) A middle-sized, evergreen, glabrous tree. Bark 4in. thick, dark-brown, rough. Wood white, shining, soft, even-grained. Leaves obovate or oblanceolate, minutely denticulate; blade 2-5in-long, narrowed into petiole, ¢-4in. long. Flowers red, $in. across, in long, slender, pendulous racemes 6-15din. long. Calyx- segments rounded, ciliate. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit oblong, bluntly quadragular, 14-14in. long, crowned by the persistent calyx lobes. Uses.—The root is bitter and supposed to be similar to Cin- chona in its properties. It is also held to be cooling and aperi- ent. The seeds are very warm and dry, used as an aromatic in colic and in parturition, also in ophthalmia (Watt). Consid- ered by the natives of Bombay to be warm and stimulating and emetic, often prescribed alone or in combination with other medicines as an external application in colds. A few grains often given as an emetic to children suffering from catarrh, and seldom fail to induce vomiting (Dymock). The kernels pow- dered and prepared with sago and butter are said to be used in diarrhoea (Watt). The juice of the leaves is given in dirraheea. The powdered seeds are used as snuff in headache (U. C. Dutt.) The fruit rubbed in water is administered as an emetic (Lisboa). 508. Careya arborea, foxb., H.¥F.B.1.,- 1. 51], Roxh., 447. Sans.—Kumbhi. Vern.—Kumbhi, vakamba, kumbh, (H. and Pb.); Kumbha, kumbhasala, kembya, vakumbha (Mar.); Gummar (Gond.); N. 0. MYRTACER. 559 Boktok (Lepcha) ; Dambel (Garo.); Paileepfita tammi (Tam.) ; Kumbir (Santal); Asunda (Kol.); Budaé-durmi, buda darini; dudippi(Tel.); Kaval (Kan.) ; Govuldu (Mysore). | Habitat.—Throughout India, from the Himalaya to Travan- core and Tenasserim. A large, deciduous tree, turning red in the cold season. Bark din. thick, dark-grey, with vertical and diagonal cracks, exfoliating in narrow flakes ; linear substance reddish, fibrous. Wood moderately hard ; sapwood whitish large ; heartwood dull red, sometimes claret-coloured, very dark in old trees; even- grained (Gamble). Leaves membranous, obovate, narrowed into a short marginate petiole, crenate ; secondary nerves promi- neut, 10-12 pair. Flowers 2-4in. across, sessile, with an un- pleasant smell, each supported by 3 unequal bracts; a few flowers clustered at the end of branchlets; petals white or greenish white, 1-2in. long, filaments purple; ovules in 2 rows in each cell. Fruit green, globose, fleshy, 2-3in. diam., crowned by the persistent calyx-segments and the remains of the long slender style: Parts used.—The bark, flowers, juice and fruit. Uses.—The bark is used as an astringent medicine by the natives. “The bark is applied to the wound in snake-bite and aninfusion of the same is given internally” (Rev. A. Camp- bell, Manbhum). The flowers are given in Sindh asa _ tonic after child-birth (Murray.) In Bombay. the natives use the flowers as well as the juice of fresh bark with honey as a demulcent in coughs and colds (Dymock). The fruit is also astringent and used as a decoction to pro- mote digestion (S. Arjun, 55). It is also pickled by Banyas of Gujrat. ‘A miner who was at work in some gold fields in Australia, poisoned his hand, and a bad ulcer formed on the knuckle of one of his fingers. Ordinary treatment having proved useless, Dr. Armitt, F. L. S., tried, at the recommendation of a native, some leaves of the Careya made into a pulp and used as a poul- tice four times a day. In five days the ulcer had disappeared. 560 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. Having met with such success, Mr. Armitt subsequently tried it on similar occasions and always with similar results.”— Chrysty’s Commercial Plants and Drugs, No. 7, p. 44 (1884). N. O. MELASTOMACEAH. D909. Memecylon edule, Roxb. H.¥F.B.1., 1. 563, Roxb. 325. Vern. :—Limba (Mar.) ; Limba-toli (Kan.); Kashwa (Mal.) ; Alli chettu (Tel.) ; Kayampoovoocheddi, Casari-cheddy, Casha- marum (Tam.); Anjana, Yalki, Lokhande (Bomb.). Habitat :—Eastern Peninsula and Ceylon; very common at Mahabaleshwar and on the Ghauts, less so in S. Concan. A shrub or small handsome tree. Bark thin, light-brown, corky, narrowly-cleft ventrically. Wood light-brown, very hard, close-grained. Leaves 14-34in., elliptic or ovate-acute at both ends, hard, acuminate. Secondary nerves more or less obscure ; petiole $-3in. Cymes pedunculate, rarely axillary, generally above the scars of fallen leaves. Flowers brilliant blue, in a compact cyme, medium-sized. Calyx-tube at the time of flowering sauce-shaped ; limb truncate ; Calyx sometimes pink. Disk at the apex of the ovary depressed, obscurely-rayed. Berry 4in. diam., black-purple, globose, or slightly ovoid, mouth about fin. wide. Mr. C. B. Clarke mentions 12 varicties of this plant. Mr. A. K. Nairne, in his “ Flowering Plants of Western India” writes :— ‘““ From the mode of growth the flowers look almost as if they were parasitical on the tree. The colors blend in a lovely manner, and a poetical forest officer aptly described them to me as forming ‘ globes of pink and blue and Def) white, like living opals’. 9) Parts used :—The leaves and root. Use :—The leaves are used as a cooling astringent; used in conjunctivitis as a lotion; and, given internally in leucorrhea and gonorrhoea, they should be bruised in a mortar and infused in boiling water. Dr. Peters found them in use in Belgaum as a remedy for gonorrhea of considerable reputation. In the Conean, the bark, with equal proportion of cocoanut kernel, ajwan seeds, yellow zedoary and black pepper, is powdered and N. O. LYTHRACEA. 561 tied up in a cloth for fomentation or applied as a lep to bruises (Dymock). The root in decoction is considered very beneficial in excessive menstrual discharge (Drury). N. O. LYTHRACEA. D10. Ammania baccifera, Linn. H.F.B.1., 11. 569. Syn. :—A., vesicatoria, Roxb. 143. Vern. :—Dadmari; Jangali mehndee (H.); Dader-bootie (Pb.); Kallar-vanchi (Mal.); Ban-marich; Aginbuti, Guren, Bhara jambol (Bomb. and Dec.); Kallu rivi, Nirumel-neruppu _ (Tam.); Agni vendra paku (Tel.). Habitat :—Very common throughout Tropical India. Annual glabrous herbs, growing in damp places; erect, 6-8in., sometimes 2ft. Lower leaves and branches usually opposite ; cauline leaves 1-23in., usually narrow, but obtuse. Opposite or alternate, elliptic, narrowed at the base. Flowers in dense clusters forming knots on the stem or in loose, but very short axillary cymes. Calyx-tube hemispherical; teeth 4, broad, triangular, accessory folds or teeth small. Petals usually 0 or small. Capsule globose, depressed, imper- fectly circumsciss above the middle. Seeds black, sub-hemis- pheric, excavated on the plane face (C. B. Clarke). Use:—The leaves are exceedingly acrid; they are used universally by the natives to raise blisters in rheumatic pains, fevers, &c. The fresh leaves, bruised and applied to the part intended to be blstered, perform their office in the course of half-an-hour or a little more, and most effectually (Roxburgh). The leaves are applied to cure herpetic eruptions (Fleming). In the Concan, the juice is given with water to animals when in heat, to extinguish sexual appetite. The plant, fresh or dried, is administered in decoction with ginger and Cyperus root for intermittent fevers, and its ashes are mixed with oil and applied to herpetic eruptions (Dymock). “ We made trials of this article in eight instances; blisters were not produced in less than 12 hours in any, and in three 71 562 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. individuals not for 24 hours. The bruised leaves had been removed from all after half-an-bour. The pain occasioned was absolutely agonizing until the blister rose. We should not be justified in recommending these leaves for further trial ; they cause more pain than cantharides, and are far inferior to the Plumbago (lal chitra) in celerity and certainty of action” (O'Shaughnessy). On the other hand, Dr. Dymock says that he has made several experiments with an ethereal tincture of the leaves, which leads him to form amuch more favourable opinion of them. In several instances it blistered rapidly, effectually and without causing more pain than the liquor epispasticus of the Pharmacopeela. “In a recent correspondence with the Government of India, the Surgeon-General of Madras recommended that this plant should be excluded from the revised edition of the Pharmaco- peeia of India” (Watt). The juice of the plant is given internally in spleen; but it causes great pain, and the result is not certain (T. N. Mukerj}). D11. A. senegalensis, Lamk. H.B.F.1., 1. 570. Habitat :—Plains of the Punjab and of North-West Hindu- stan. An annual, glabrous, erect herb, growing in damp places, 6-24in. Branches sharply quadrangular, Cauline leaves 1-2in., opposite, elongate-oblong, sessile, sub-auriculate at the base. Cymes peduncled, compound. Bracteoles on the cyme-branches, minute, linear. Calyx campanulate, with 4 or 8 green lines, becoming indistinct in fruit, teeth 4, broad-triangular. Petals 0, or caducous. Stamens 6 or 8, capsule zzin. diam., globose, becoming ultimately red, much exceeding the Calyx-tube. Seeds half-ellipsoid, excavated on the plane face. Use :— Used as a blistering agent. 512. Woodfordia floribunda, Salisb. H.F.B.1., it, Oa Syn. :-—Grislea tomentosa, Roxb. 317. Sans. :—Dhataki. N. 0. LYTHRACER. 563 Vern. :-—Dhaéi, Dhaula, Santha (H.); Dhaiphul (B.); Dhenti (Oudh:; Dahiri (Nepal); Jatiko (Uriya); Dhaiti, Dhamatt, Dhaoshi (Bomb.); Serinji (Tel.); Phulsatti (Mar.); Dhavadina (Guz.). Halitat :— Common throughout India. A large shrub, with many long, spreading branches. Stem more or less fluted, often with 1 or 2 concentric bands of cortical tissue inside the wood. Bark smooth, peeling off in thin scales ; young shoots and leaves with numerous black glands. Leaves op- posite or sub-opposite, sometimes in whorls of 3, distichous, sub- sessile, 2-4 by 1. 3in., lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, usually acu- minate, rounded or cordate at the base, entire, pale and gene- rally grey pubescent beneath; lateral nerves 6-12 pairs, prom- inent beneath and joined by intramarginal veins. Flowers in short panicled, axillary cymes, rarely solitary. Calyx 4-Gin. long, tubular, bright-red, curved oblique at the mouth ; teeth 6, short, with as many minute accessory lobes outside. Petals 6, white, acute, inserted in the sinuses of the Calyx-tube and scarcely exceeding the Calyx-teeth. Stamens 12, much exserted, declinate, inserted near the base of the Calyx; filaments red ; anthers versatile. Ovary 2-celled, ovules many on axile placentas. (The stamens and styles are of varying lengths, the flowers thus becoming dimorphic or trimorphic.) Capsule ellipsoid, included in the persistent Calyx-tube; seeds many, brown, smooth. (Kanjilal). Parts used :—The flowers and leaves. Uses :—In Hindoo medicine the dried flowers are regarded as stimulant and astringent, and are much used in bowel com- plaints and hemorrhages. Two drams of the dried flowers are given with curdled milk in dysentery, and with honey in menorrhagia. ‘The powdered flowers are sprinkled over ulcers for diminishing their discharge and promoting granulation (UE.e; Dutt “The dried flowers are astringent tonic in disorders of the mucous membrances, hemorrhoids and in derangements of the liver, also considered a safe stimulant in pregnancy. The leaves are also officinal ” (Mukerji). 564 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. “The natives of Concan, in bilious sickness, fill the patients’ mouth with sesamum oil, and apply the juice of leaves to the crown of the head. This is said to cause the oil in his mouth to become yellow from absorption of bile; fresh oil is then given repeatedly until it ceases to turn yellow ” (Dymock). 513. Lawsonia alba, Lamk. H.F.B.1., 11. 573. Syn. :—L. inermis, Roawb, 325. Sans. :—Sakachere. Vern.:—Hena, Mehndi (H.); Marutonri, Aivanam (Tam.) ; Goonutachettoo (Tel.); Mailanschi, Ponta-letsche (Malay); Iswan (Belgaum); (Mar.) Mendi; Hena (Bombay). Habitat :—Very common throughout India. _A_ glabrous, erect shrub, with rounded branches, sometimes spinescent. Leaves opposite #-l4 in. long, elliptic, acute at both ends, on the tip obtuse, minutely petioled, entire, coriaceous. Flowers tin. diam., sweet-scented, rose-coloured or white or greenish white, in large corymbosely-branched terminal panicles. Calyx-tube exceedingly short; lobes 4, jjin., ovate, permanent ; petals 4, wrinkled. Stamens usually 8, inserted in pair between the petals. Ovary free, 4-celled, ovules many, style long. Capsule fin. diam., globular like a pea, ultimately 1-celled, irregularly breaking up, seeds angular, on a central placenta. Flower and fruit throughout the year. Uses :—Arabic and Persian works describe the leaves as a valuable external application in headache, combined with oil, so as to form a paste, to which resin is sometimes added. They are applied to the soles of the feet in small-pox, and are supposed to prevent the eyes being affected by the disease. They also have the reputation of promoting the healthy growth of the hair and nails. The bark is given in jaundice and enlargement of the spleen, also in calculous affections, and as an alterative in leprosy and obstinate skin diseases ; in decoc- tion it is applied to burns, scalds, etc. The seeds, with honey and tragacanth, are described as cephalic. An infusion of the flowers is said to cure headache, and to be a good application to bruises (Dymock). N. 0. LYTHRACER. 565 A decoction of the leaves is used as an astringent gargle in relaxed sore throat. The fresh leaves are rubbed over the soles of the feet in the disease known as burning of the feet ; sometimes a paste made with vinegar is used for the same purpose. Henne is used as an emollient poultice, and the flowers are considered refrigerant. ‘The flowers are also used as a soporific, being for this purpose placed in a pillow. The oil and essence are rubbed over the body to keep the body cool (Dr. Emerson). The Tamil physicians of Southern India make an extract from the flowering twigs and leaves much valued in the treat- ment of lepra (leprosy) and other depraved habits of the body (Ainslie). In the Concan, the leaf-juice mixed with water and sugar is given asa remedy for spermatorrhcea, and with milk in the condition known as “ hot and cold fits” (Dymock). “At Apollonia (a city in Greece), I caught a severe rheu- Se Me matism in my feet. * * Amongst the many remedies which IT applied Lawsonia inermis proved the most effective. Every evening before going to bed I applied to the affected part the pulverized herb, with as much water as was sufficient to make a soft poultice. In the morning I washed it off, but the place continued red; it is the same herb, indeed, with which the fair sex in the East stain their hands and feet (Honnigberger). In that obscure affection termed “ Burning of the Feet,” often met with in India, they are esteemed by the natives one of their most valued local applications. Dr. Grierson (Cal- enhia itied. Physs ‘LFrans., vol. in,p. 279) mentions’ an obstinate case benefited by their use ; and the Editor, when in Burmah, witnessed, in some cases, a great amount of tempo- rary relief to the distressing sensation of burning from this remedy, when numerous other means had previously failed. The fresh leaves beaten up into a paste with vinegar, and applied as a poultice to the soles of the feet, was the common mode of application ; but some patients obtained greater relief from using strong frictions with the bruised leaves over the part. Like all other remedies, however, they not unfrequently 566 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. fail to afford more than temporary relief. (See Madras Quar- terly Journ. of Med., vol. 1. p.. 300, 1860.) Cataplasms of the bruised leaves, or fomentations with an infusion of the leaves, are much employed as a local application to bruises, sprains and other diseases. An extract prepared from the leaves and flowers is given in leprosy (Dr. J. Newton). Pharmacopeeia of India. The seeds have been reported as oily, but an authentic sample from Saharanpur examined in 1907 contained only 10-5 per cent., extracted by ether. The iodine value of the oil was 121-6 and had the drying properties of poppy seed oil. [Hooper in the Agricultural Ledger 1911-12 No. 5 p. 147.] 514.--Lagerstreemia F'los-Reginae, Retz., H.¥.B.1., iW. O17. Vern. :—Arjuna, jaral (Hind.); Jarfl (Beng.); Gara saikre (Kol.); Sekra (Santal) ; Ajhar, jarul (Assam) ; Bolashari (Garo.) ; Taman, bondara (Bomb.); Bondara, mota-bondara {Concan) ; Taman, tamana, mota bon, dara (Mar.); Kadali (T'am.) ; Chen- nangi (Tel.); Challa, holedas4l, maruva (Kan.); Adamboe (Malay.); yengma, kone-pyinina, pyinma (Burm.); Kamaung, (Magh.); Murute, mfrtta-gass (Sing.), Habitat:—A large, deciduous tree of Eastern Bengal, Assam, Burma, and the West Coast, extending north to Ratnagiri ; cultivated as far north as Lahore. A large deciduous tree reaching 50-60ft., sometimes when old having on its trunk and larger branches a few strong straight spines, 1-3in. Bark smooth, grey to cream-coloured, peeling off in irregular flakes. Wood shining, light-red, hard. Leaves glabrous, 4-10in., from broad elliptic obtuse to long lanceolate. Petiole +-4in. long. Panicles large, lower branches often 6in., curved ascending flowers. scattered. Flowers purplish lilac, 2-3in. across. Petiole distinct, usually in. Calyx thick, green covered with hard white (sometimes ferru- ginous) tomentum ; ribs 12-14, flat or round, not acute on the back. Petals commonly lin. (sometimes more), margins erose- undulate, hardly fimbriate. Calyx in fruit very much thickened, finally woody, lobes triangular, spreading, stamens of equal length. Apex of the ovary glabrous. [Fruit a Jarge capsule, N. 0. LYTHRACER. 567 sometimes reaching l+in. by lin. ; the capsule is broadly ovoid, the lower third enclosed in the persistent Calyx. Seed with wing $-#in. long, pale brown. 3 Uses :—The root is prescribed as an astringent. “Its root, bark, leaves, and flowers are used medicinally by the Natives ” (Beddome). The Rev. J. Long, in an article on the Indigenous Plants of Bengal, states that the seeds are narcotic, the bark and leaves purgative (Jour. Agri-Hort. Soc. of Ind. (Old Series), IX., 423). Dr. Thomson reports, that the fruit of the Pyenma is used in the Andamans asa local applicaticn for aphthe of the mouth (Jour. Agri-Hort. Soc. of Ind. (Old Series), XI., 446). “The bark, of this and of L. indica, Linn., is considered sti- mulant and febrifuge ’ (Surgeon-Major W. D. Stewart, Cuttack). 515. Sonneratia acida, Linn. H.F.B.1., 11. 579, Roxb, 405. Vern. :—Orcha, archaka (B.); Sundari guna (Uriya, ; Tivar (Bomb.) Habitat :—Forests of the Sind-Coast. Rather common in Ceylon, in tidal Estuaries with the Man-groves. Also in the Dekkan Peninsula, in the Concan Littoral, forests of Bengal, Delta of the Indus, Sunderban, Burma, Siam, Java. Coast, from Chittagong to Tenassarim, ascending the rivers as far as the tides. Malay Peninsula and the Achipelago. Brandis makes the following noteworthy observations:— This and the other species of Sonneratia as well as a few other Man- grove trees send up, from their widely spreading horizontal roots, vertical branches, with soft pith-like wood which serve to facilitate the interchange of gas between the atmosphere and the roots buried in the mud of the tidal swamp. A small tree, attaining 30ft. Root-branches frequent and continuous. Wood light, soft, even-grained (Gamble). Twigs quadrangular. Leaves nearly sessile, 24-3in., oblong-oval or roundish, tapering to base, obtuse, sometimes apiculate at apex, slightly fleshy. Flowers dark rose-red, large, 3in. long, terminal, solitary, on very short thick pedicels, buds not ribbed, blunt, but apiculate at apex; Calyx-tube, quite without ribs, 568 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. segments 6, lanceolate, acute, longer than tube; petals 6, linear, about lin., rather longer than the Calyx-segments, per- sistent ; stamens about 2in. erect; style considerably exceeding stamens. Fruit broadly ovoid or sub-globular, supported on enlarged calyx which forms a shallow cup, about 14 in. wide, rounded and slightly depressed on top, with the persistent tapering style-base, forming a point Lin. long in the centre. Uses:—The fruit is used as a poultice in sprains and swel- lings. The fermented juice of the fruit is said to be useful in arresting hemorrhage. 516. Punica granatum, Linn. u.F.BI. 1. 58], Roxb, 402. Sans. :—Dadima. Vern. :—Anar-ka-pér, dhalim, dharimb. Flowers :—Gulnar, julvar, dérim pushp. Fruit: andr, daram, damu (H.); Dalim- gachh. Flowers: gul-anar, unnum. Fruit: andr, dalim, darim, darmi. Rind: anar-k4-chhilka. Seed : babul-kilkils (B.) ; Dalim dalimba (Uriya); Dalim (Assam); Andr-k4-jar. Flower: gule- nar. Fruit: anar (Dec.); Madala, michi. Tree, etc. Fruit : anar, darim. Rind: nasput kushi-ala, post-anar (U. P.). Tree, etc. Fruit: daru, daruni, dariun, danu, doan, jaman, daran, anar. Flowers: gul andar, darim, pashk. Rind: naspal, chal- anar. Seeds: anar-dana (Pb). Tree, etc. Fruit: anor, anar, nargosh, ghar-nangci ‘Pushtu). Tree etc. Fruit: anar, dhalim, dharimb, darhu. Bark: daru-jo-kul. Seeds: daru-bij. Rind: khashi’ala-chodi (S.); Andra, dalimba (B.); Dalimba-jiada. Fruit: dalimba (Mar.). Dadamnu-jhada. Flowers: gal-anar. Fruit: daram, dadur, dadam (Guz.); Madalai, madalam, mugilan. Flowers: pumadalai. Fruit: madalaip-pazham (Tam.) ; Danimma, dadima, dalimba. Flowers: peurri-danimma. Fruit: dadima-pandu, dalimba-pandu, danimma-pandu (Tel.) ; Dalimbe- gida. Flowers: pushi-dulimbe. Fruit : dalimbe-kayi (Kan.) Habitat :—Cultivated throughout India. A large shrub or small tree. There are two varieties, one bearing a male flower consisting of a mass of scarlet petals which are abortive stamens, the filaments of which are a reversion N. 0. LYTHRACER. 569 to petals ; with here and there an abortive anther or anthers ; the second is the variety which bears hermaphrodite flowers finally bearing fruit. Branchlets round, often spinescent. “ Bark grey, thin, peeling off insmall flakes. Wood light-yellow, with a small dark-coloured, irregular heartwood, hard, compact, and close-grained ” (Gamble). Brandis says the tree is deci- duous. Leaves opposite, often fascicled on arrested branches commonly 1-3in. long by 4-2in. broad, narrower at both ends, oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, obtuse, narrowed into a slender petiole, intra-marginal nerve distinct or obscure. Hermaphrodite flowers shortly pedicelled, axiliary, solitary or somewhat clus- tered large orange red. Calyx-tube funnel-shaped, coriaceous, adnate to the ovary below, enlarged above the ovary ; lobes 5-7 persistent on the fruit. Petals 4in., inserted in the mouth of the Calyx-tube crumpled in bud. Stamens numerous, insert- ed at different levels below the petals, anther-cells attached to the edges of a broad connective. Style long, bent. Stigma capitate. Carpels in several tiers on the inside of a hollow receptacle, here called Calyx-tube. Ovules numerous, placentas in some cells axile, in others parietal. Carpels coalesce early and form a large globose indehiscent fruit crowned by the persistent Calyx and containing under a coriaceous rind two tiers of cells, 3in. the lower, 5-9in., the upper, tier. Seeds numerous in each cell, and surrounded by red juice. Cotyledons foliacious, spirally convolute. “ An anomalous genus allied to Myrtacece through Psidium, and to Rosacece through Cydonia.” (Duthie). Uses :—Hindoo physicians use the fresh juice of the fruits as an ingredient of cooling and refrigerant mixtures of some medicines for dyspepsia. They also use the rind of the fruit and the flowers, combined with aromatics, such as cloves, cinnamon, coriander, pepper, etc., as a bowel astringent in diarrhcea. ‘The seeds are considered to be stomachic, the pulp cardiac and stomachic. No notice is to be found of the medicinal use of the pomegranate root-bark in Sanskrit works (U. C. Dutt). The Arabs recommend the root-bark as being the most astringent part of the plant, and a perfect specific in cases of 72 > 570 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. tapeworm ; it is given, in decoction, prepared with two ounces of fresh bark, boiled in a pint-and-a-half of water till but three-quarters of a pint remain; of this, when cold, a wine- glassful may be drunk every half-hour, till the whole is taken. This dose sometimes sickens the stomach a little, but seldom fails to destroy the worm, which is soon after passed (Dymock). Pomegranate peel, combined with opium and an aromatic, such as cloves, is a most useful ‘remedy in chronic dysentery as well as in diarrhoea. A decoction of the bark followed by a purgative, acts as an anthelmintic (Pharmacographia). The root-bark aud rind of the fruit are officinal in the Indian Pharmacopeeia. There are two chief alkoloids, viz., Pelletierine and Isopelleticrine present in the bark. These alkoloids are closely related, are liquids and volatile at ordinary temperatures and are present to the extent of 0°'5— per cent. The bark also contains 25 per cent of tannie acid. N. O. ONAGRACEA. 517. Jussica suffruticosa, Linn. u.F.B.1., 1. 987. Syn. :-—d. exaltata, Roxb. 371. Vern. :-- Lal-bunlanga (B.); Neeroo-agheen-drapakao (Tel.) ; Carambu (Mal.) ; Panalavanga (Bomb.); Petra da, dak ichak (Santal). Parsati (Chutia Nagpur). Habitat :—Throughout the greater part of India, except the Western desert region. A semi-shrubby perennial, erect, 2-4ft., sometimes 4-6it., much branching, woody below. Branches stiff, erect, cylindric, striate, thickly clothed with short spreading hair. Leaves 2-4 by 2in., nearly sessile, varying from linear to broadly oval, but usually lanceolate, entire, tapering to base, acute, hairy on both sides. Lateral veins numerous, prominent beneath. Flowers bright chrome-yellow, 14-13in. pedicels, shorter than Calyx- tube, with two lanceolate bracts at summit. Calyx hairy; tube quadrangular; segments four, ovate, alternate, acute, larger than the tube. Petals 4,4-3in., wholly yellow, rotundate, shortly-clawed, often emarginate, ninnately veined. Stamens N. 0. SAMYDACER. BV el | 8, erect. Filaments very short; style very short ; stigma large, quadrate-pyramidal. Capsule about lin., quadrangular truncate, tapering down-wards, hairy, 8-ribbed, thin. Seeds minuate, ovoid, brown, polished. Raphe prominent. : Uses :—The plant reduced to a pulp and steeped in butter- milk, is considered useful in dysentery ; a decoction is used as a vermifuge and purgative (Ainslie). In Jaspur, the root is boiled and the liquid is drunk for fever (J. J. Wood’s Plants of Chutta Nagpur, p. 105). 518. Trapa bispinosa, Roxb: H.F.B.1., 1. 590, — Roxb, 144. Sans. :—Sringataka. Vern.: --Singhara H.); Paniphal (B.); Parigadda (Tel.) ; Karim pola (Mal.) ; Shingoda, Singodi (Guz.) ; Shingada (Mar.) ; Shingari (Dec.) ; Shingara (Tam.) Habitat :—Throughout India. A floating herb much cultivated in fresh water tanks or ponds for its delicious fruit. The roots are typically hairy, long, fine and trailing. In the Roxburghian type, says C. B. Clarke, floating leaves 2 by 24-3in., very villous beneath, posterior margin entire, anterior lightly crenate; petiole 4-6in., woolly. Fruit 1-]$in. long and broad, glabrous or hairy. but slightly ; two opposite angles, each with an often retrorsely scabrous spine, the other two angles obsolete. Use :---The nuts are farinacious, and used as food ; considered by natives cool and sweet, useful in bilious affections and diarrhoea. The nuts are also used in the form of poultices (Punjab Products). See K. R. Kirtikar’s paper in Vol. I (Bombay N. H. Society). N. O. SAMYDACEA#. D19. Casearia graveolens, Dalz, H.F.B.1., 11. 592. Vern :—Naro, nahraw, chila, pimpri (Bomb); Chilli, nara or narha (Dehra Dun) ; Naro (Bijnor). 572 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. Habitat :—Garhwal and Kumaon; Sikkim; Deccan Penin- sula, especially the Western side, common ; Burma. A shrub or tree, 20ft, high; glabrous. Leaves 4-8 by 1-2in., broad elliptic, little acuminate, rounded or acute at the base; petiole #in. Flowers numerous, green, with a disagreeable odour, clustered in the axils of the leaves. Pedicels short, about #in., jointed above the base, pubescent below the articulation. Calyx lobes 5, sometimes pubescent. Petals none. Stamens 8, alternating with scale-like staminodes. Fruit #in., oblong- ellipsoid, 3-valved, glabrous, shining, 12 seeded. This species is distinguished from C. esculenta by its less entire, less thick, leaves, and the Calyx pubescent at its base. Use :—The fruit is used for poisoning fish (Duthie). - 520. . C. esculenta Hoxb =" UF. Ba. Te oe ROxB2* of4 Vern. :—Kunda-jungura (Tel.); Kodnapragara (Tel.); Jiru kaneli (Mal.) ; Mori, bokra (Bomb.). Habitat :—Western coast from the Concan southwards, and Hills of the Western Ghats. Common in the moist and dry regions and heights of Ceylon. A shrub or tree, with slender branchlets, bark yellowish- white, smooth. Young parts glabrous. Wood moderately hard, evengrained. Leaves 2-5in., from narrow lanceolate to oval, tapering to base, shortly acuminate obtuse or sub-acute, entire or faintly serrate in upper part, perfectly glabrous, rather thick, petiole short, stipules persistent. Petals greenish, stout, longer than Calyx and articulated at base, which is sur- rounded by numerous very small bracts, few or many, ona raised boss, in axils of past and present leaves. Calyx-segments ovate, obtuse, persistent ; stamens 6 or usually 8 ; staminodes as long as filaments, oblong, ciliate or hairy. Fruit broadly ovoid or ellipsoid, $-%in. long, apiculate, glabrous or very slightly pubescent, edible, orange-yellow, dehiscing by 3 (or 2), thick valves. Seeds several, almost entirely covered by the fleshy lacerate scarlet aril (Trimen). Use :—The roots are purgative, and as such used by the hill people (Roxb). N. 0. SAMYDACER. 573 521. C.tomentosa, Roxb: H.F.B.1., 11. 593, Roxs, at le | Syn. :--~C. elliptica, Willd. Vern. :—Chilla, chilara, bairi, bhari (H.) ; Maun (Manbhum) ; Roré (Kol.) ; Chorcho (Santal.) ; Munkuru-kuri (Mal.;°; Girari (Uriya); Thundri (Gond.) ; Khesa (Kurku.) ; Men, wasa, gam- gudu (Tel.) ; Lainja, massei, karei (Mar.). Habitat :—Common throughout India. A small deciduous tree, attaining 25ft. Bark 4in. thick, brittle, exfoliating in more or less square flakes. | Wood yel- lowish-white, moderately hard, rough, close-grained (Gamble). Branches spreading, all parts bitter. Branchlets tomentose or nearly glabrous. Stipules sma Jl], soon falling off. Leave obscurely serrate, elliptic-oblong, narrowed towards the apex or lanceolate, sometimes entire, not acuminate, base acute or rounded, 3-7 by 14-3in., tomentose beneath ; midrib and petiole, when full grown, hairy ; petiole 4-4in. long, translucent glands round or broad, elliptic. Flowers small, tomentose, sin. long, densely clustered on scanty axillary tubercles, bisexual, regular, green-yellow, shortly stalked. Calyx free, persistent, to- mentose, 5-parted, lobes orbicular, concave. Petals O. Stamens 8, alternating with short ciliate staminodes; “Stamens 7-10 (sometimes 12, Benth.),” says C. B. Clarke; filaments free, anthers 2-celled. Ovary superior, Il-celled; style very short, stigma capitate; ovules numerous. Capsule more or less succulent, ovoid, %in. long, 6-ribbed, opening by valves ; seeds about 8 in each, valve ovoid, enveloped in a fleshy red aril. Use:—-The fruit is used to poison fish (Stewart). The bark is bitter and used as an adulterant for Mallotus Phillip- pinensis (kamela) powder. The bark is applied externally in dropsy (Rev. Campbell, Santal.). The leaves are used in medicated baths, and the pulp of the fruit is a very useful diuretic (Lindley). 574 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. N. O. PASSIFLORA. 522. Carica Papaya, Linn: 4.F.B.1., U. 599. Roxs. 736. Eng :—The Papaw or Papaya Tree. Vern:-—Pappiya, pepiya (B.); Papaya, papiya-amba, popaiyah (H.) ; Arand-kharbuza, kharbuza (Pb.); Popdai (Duk.); Papai, papaya (Mar., Cutch and Bomb.); Paputa, katha chibhado (Sind); Papia, papdyi, kath, chibda, eranda kakdi (Guz.) ; Pappayi, pappali (Tam.); Bappayi or boppayi, madana-anapakaya (Tel.) ; Perangi, perinji (Kan.} ; Pappaya (Mal.). Halitat :~-Cultivated in gardens throughout India. Introduced from South America. A small, fast-growing tree, usually unbranched, with milky juice. Bark thin, fleshy within, papery outside. Wood soft, consisting of an outer ring of fibrous wood bundles surrounding a large central mass of cellular pith tissue. In the wood ring the bundles are wedge- shaped, crossed ladder-like at intervals by bars in which the rather small pores are found. Between the bundles comes the rather indistinct soft medullary rays on the vertical outer surface of the wood circle; the ends of the bundles form a dia- mond, shaped network (Gamble). Leaves glabrous, palmatifid- 12-24in. across, on long hollow petioles, forming a round tuft at the top of the stem. Stipules O. Male flowers pale- yellow, fragrant, in long, drooping axillary panicles, generally dicecious, but occasionally there are a few hermaphrodite flowers ona male plant. Female flowers in short clusters. Calyx small, 5-lobed. Corolla-male :—tubular, 5-lobed; Female:—of 5 tincar deciduous petals. Stamens 10, inserted in two rows in the mouth of the Corolla. Ovary free, ovules numerous, attached to 5-parieal Placentas. Fruit indehiscent, fleshy, suleate. Seeds black, numerous, embedded in sweet pulp, the testa consisting of an inner hard, and an outer soft, larger. Embryo straight ; cotyledons flat, in oily albumen. Uses :—Usea in cases of enlarged spleen. The juice esteem- ed good for ringworm and also vermifuge (Lindley). The seeds are also considered vermifuge (O'Shaughnessy). N. 0. PASSIFLORE. 575 The anthelmintic properties of the milky juice of the unripe fruit were first noticed in the 17th century by Hernandez ; and the attention of the profession in India was called to it in 1810, by Dr. Fleming (Aszatic Researches, vol. xi.) who cites an interesting passage from the writings of M. Charpentier Cossigni in support of its alleged virtues. Further confirmatory evidence has more recently been adduced by M. Bouton (Med. Plants of Mauritius, 1857, p. 65), and it may justly be con- cluded that the statements as to its efficacy as an anthelmintic are founded on fact. The following mode of administration, employed by the late Dr. Lemarchand, of the Mauritius (cited by Bouton), it would be desirable to adopt in all future trials with this remedy: ‘Take of fresh Papaw milk and honey, of each a tablespoonful ; mix thoroughly, gradually add three or four tablespoonfuls of boiling water : and when sufficiently cool take the whole at a draught, following its administration two hours subsequently by a dose of castor oil, to which a portion of lime juice or vinegar may be added. ‘This may be repeated two days successively if required. The above isa dose for an adult ; half the quantity may be given to children between 7 and 10 years of age; and a third, or a teaspoonful, to children under three years. If it cause griping, as it occasionally does, enemas containing sugar have been found effectual in relieving it. Taking the dose abovenamed as correct, the statement of Sir W. O'Shaughnessy (Bengal Disp. p. 252), that he had adminis- tered the milky juice as an anthelmintic, in doses of from 20 to 60-drops, without obvious effect, 1s fully explained. It is principally effectual in the expulsion of lumbrici. On tenia it is reported to have little effect. Anthelmintic virtues have also been assigned to the seeds, which have a pungent taste, not unlike that of mustard and cress, but the evidence of their efficacy is very inconclusive. A belief in their powerfully em- menagogue properties prevails amongst all classes of women in Southern India ; so much so, that they assert that, if a preg- nant woman partake of them, even in moderate quantities, abortion will be the probable result. This popular belief is noticed in many of the reports received from India. In them it 576 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. is also stated that the milky juice of the plant is applied locally to the os uteri, with the view of inducing abortion. Facts in support of the alleged emmenagogue properties of the papaw are still wanting. It is not within the scope of this work to con- sider the alleged power of the juice of the papaw to lessen the cohesion of the muscular fibre, or, in homely language, to render tough meat tender. The subject, which is discussed 2n extenso by Sir W. J. Hooker (Bot. Mag. Nos. 2998 and 2999), Dr. Wight (Illust., vol. ii., p. 84, et seg.) and Dr. John Davy (Edin. Med. Phil. Mag., Oct., 1855) must still be regarded as sub-judice. (Phe ind:): 7 Papaw leaves contain an alkaloid Carpaine, which has been used as a heart tonic and febrifuge. From Papaw juice is extracted Papain, which is a white, or whitish, amorphous powder, possessing a solvent action on animal proteids. A five per cent. solution of Papain is stated to dissolve false membrane in diphtheria, and to be a good application to warty epitheliomatous growths. Injections of 4-2 grains and upwards have been success- fully used in scirrus and other malignant tumours (B. M. J. 1906, Vol. I., ps 1439 et seg., also 1907, Vol. I. p. 135). The leaves contain an alkaloid Carpaine,* which crystallises in anhydrous, colourless, lustrous prisms melting at 121°, and resolidifies at about 90°; on further heating, it undergoes partial decomposition, some subliming in colourless needles. The alkaloid is extremely soluble in chloroform and carbon bisulphide, more sparingly in light petroleum and alcohol, and in- soluble in water; in alcoholic solution it is dextrorotatory, [a]Jp=+21°55°. The base does not give a colour reaction with sulphuric acid either alone or in presence of bromine water or vanadic anhydride; with potassium chromate and sulphuric acid,a green coloration is produced, nitric acid gives no reaction. The formula of the alkaloid, is C,, H,, NO,. Carpaine does not react with benzoic chloride or acetic chloride, but, on treatment with acetic anhydride, a compound is formed which has not yet been investigated. Ammonia and an acid free from nitrogen are formed by the oxidation of carpaine with sulphuric acid and potassium permanganate. —J. Ch. S. LXIV. at I. 1893, pp. 740-741, On methylation, carpaine yields methylcarpaine, crystallising from dilute alcohol in small colourless prisms, melting at 71°, benzoylation of nitrosocar- * The alkaloid is contained in leaf epidermis and to a lesser extent in the underlying parenchyma, epidermis of leaf stalk. N. O. PASSIFLORA. 51% paine yields a colourless crystalline substance melting at 100°, and contain- ing the nitroso-group unchanged; the alkaloid on oxidation with potassium permanganate in acid solution, gives rise to a variety of compounds which are still under investigation,—J. Ch. S, LX XII pt, I. (1897), p. 647, Since methylearpaine, C,, H,, MeNO,, reacts with benzoic chloride, it probably contains a hydroxyl group, A glucoside, carposide, has been obtained from the leaves; this crystallises in colourless needles, and is insoluble in ether, but soluble in alcohol, and in water. Its aqueous solution reduces Fehling’s solution only after boiling with dilute sulphuric acid,—J. Ch, S. LXXIV,, pt. I. (1898), p. 288, Pure dried juice should give no reaction for starch with iodine, nor reduce Fehling’s solution before or after hydrolysis. “ A question of importance to be settled is the most serviceable form of com- mercial papuim. And since prolonged moisture is deleterious, the juice should be dried as soon as possible; but heat is said to destroy its activity, hence it should be dried at a low temperature, A preparation of this kind is sold in commerce under the name of ‘ Finkler’s Papain.’ The best method to prepare papain is to collect the juice of the unripe fruit, mix it with twice its own volume of rectified spirit, let the mixture stand for a few hours, and then filter off the insoluble matter and dry in vacuo or over calcium chloride at the ordinary temperature of the atmosphere. After being powdered it should be kept in well-stoppered bottles ready for use. In view of a possible trade either in India or in Europe, manufacturers are recommended to observe carefully the precautions just enumerated. On account of caste difficulties, it might not prove possible to introduce animal pepsin very largely into use in India, but a good vegetable substitute might be of much value and find a ready sale.” (Watt's Commercial Products of India.) 523. Modecca Palmata Lam. H.F¥.B.1., 11. 603. Vern. :— Undal (Concan). Habitat.— Western Peninsula. A large perennial herb, becoming woody at base ; stems long, thickened at nodes, cylindric, smooth, and shining, mottled with purple and covered with a bloom, slightly branched. Leaves large, 4-5in., broader than long, usually very deeply palmately 5-lobed (rarely 3-lobed or undivided), very glabrous and shining, especially beneath, lobes oval, narrowed at base, shortly acuminate, acute, entire, veins conspicuous, vinous-red, prominent beneath, where are often dots of red colour, and between the bases of main veins 4 circular, flat, pellucid glands as well as 2 large ones on the outer side of the lateral veins ; 73 578 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. petiole about 2in., stout, curved with 2 short, setaceous stipules at base. Flowers rather large on short articulated pedicels in two opposite cymes of three, on a long axillary peduncle which is continued beyond them as a long simple tendril.. Calyx Zin., truncate at fleshy base, broadly and squarely campanulate, glabrous, segments triangular, acute, slightly spreading ; petals small, distant, linear, inserted at base of Calyx-tube, rather larger in male flower, more or less hairy ; disk wide, with 5 circular pits opposite segments with white cilia (Corona) on their outerside, and a short blunt, erect process within each. Male flowers :--stamens distinct, filaments very short, anthers linear, ovary rudimentary. Female flowers :—-staminodes 5, erect, immediately surrounding ovary, small, acute. Ovary shortly stalked, globose, smooth, tapering into 3 long styles ; stigmas much divided ; feathery. Fruit nearly 2in. on a stout stalk, globose, apiculate, smooth, orange, splitting into 3 fleshy valves. Seeds on long stalks, nearly 4in., mariculate and pitted, black, each enclosed in large pulpy aril. Flowers greenish-white, tinged with pink. Use :--The root is said to be poisonous, and is used by the Cinghalese as a medicine (‘Thwaites). N. 0. CUCURBITACEA. 924. Trichosanthes palmata, foxb., . H.F.B.1., i. 600 ; ox. 695. Sans. :—Mahakala. Vern. :— Lal-indrayan (H.) ; M4kal (B.) ; Kaundal (Bomb.) ; Koratti, Shavari-pazham (Tam.) ; Avvagtida-pandu (Tel.) ; Avagude-hannu (Kan.). Habitat :— Throughout the Eastern Tropics, from the Hima- laya to Ceylon and Singapore. Perennial herbs; stems long, woody below, wide climbing, often 30ft., angular or irregularly rounded, slightly scabrous, sometimes twisting spirally to a marked degree. Diccious. N. O. CUCURBITACES. 579 Stems often as thick as a man’s arm, marked with paralle! rows of irregular, small warts on either side of each fissure, noduled and pointed, each joint $1-2 or 3in. distant; giving off leaves on branches at joints only. Outer bark hght-grey or brown, warts corky, peeling off easily in regular bits, often presenting the appearance of crocodile stem. Mesophloém deep green. Tendrils 3, or 2-fid, minutely spiral. Leaves 4-8in. long, 2-6in. broad, 3-5 or even 7-lobed, palmate, membranous, bright green ; lobes acute, more or less dentate-serrate, glabrous, often scab- rous with | or 2 small glandular discs above and on the nerves beneath ; base cordate ; nerves 3-5, petiole 1-2in. long, winding or twisted, channelled, with several glands at apex, scabrous. Stipules single, small, axillary. Flowers white ; delicate, in the female, stout white in the male. Male flowers :—Racemes, drooping 6-9 in., axillary longer than the leaves, solitary, few- flowered. Peduncles sometimes paired, stout, 5-6in. long. Flowers over 2in. nearly sessile, distant, each in the axil of a very large broadly wedge-shaped, glabrous or pubescent, lacerate persistent bract lin. or more long, often set with broad flat glands. Calyx-segments ovate, tomentose, deeply toothed or serrated, leafy, 1-14 in., bractlike petiole, rather longer than the Calyx-segments, lin., wedge shaped, with many and long filiform laciniz. Corolla 4in. diam., hypercrateriform, hav- ing the appearance of a parasol, with its fimbriz hanging down in beautiful tapers. Petals marked yellow at base, cuneate. Fila- ments triadelphous. Anthers syngenzious, very anfractuous. Female flowers solitary, smaller and more delicately fimbria- ted than the male, axillary ; peduncle not so stout as in the male. Calyx-teeth of the female flower less marked. Calyx-tube short. Petals, according to some, nearly destitute of fimbriz. Corolla altogether much smaller than that of the male. Fruit 2-4in. diam., globose, smooth, of the size of an ordinary orange, with a blunt nipple, brilliant scarlet, crimson ; pericarp thick ; pulp greenish, seeds numerous, densely packed, each seed about 4-#in. long, oblong, compressed, smooth, brownish-grey, obtuse- margined, containing a sweet oily kernel. Parts used :-—The fruit and root, 580 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. Uses :—The fruit pounded and well mixed with warm cocoa- nut oi], forms a valuable application to sores under the ears and nostrils ( Ainslie.) The fruit is reckoned poisonous and, I am told, it is mixed with rice and employed to destroy crows (Roxburgh). The root is used as a cattle medicine in inflammation of the lungs (Wight). In Bombay, the fruit is smoked asa remedy for Asthma, The root, with an equal portion of Colocynth root, is rubbed into a paste and applied to carbuncles ; combined with equal portions of the three myrobalans and turmeric, it affords an infusion which is flavored with honey and given in gonorrhea (Dymock). _ The juice of the fruit or the root-barks, boiled with gingelly oul, is used with good effect as a bath oil, for the relief of long- standing or recurrent attacks of headache (Surgeon-Major Thompson in Watt’s Dictionary). 920. T. eordata, Roxb; o.¥.3.1., 11.608: Roxb, 695. Vern. :—Bhoc-koomra ; Bhfimi-kimara ; Bha-khtmba ; Patol (B.). Habitat :—From the base of the Eastern Himalaya in Sikkim and Assam to Pegu. Frequent in the Khasia Terai and Cachar. An extensive climber, with large tuberous roots and stout branching stems; tendrills usually very stout, 3-fid. Leaves 6-8 in., entire or obscurely angular, broadly ovate-cordate, acute or shortly acuminate, dentate-serrate, dark-green above, and with short scattered hairs on both surfaces; petiole 2-4in., stout. Male racemes few-flowered; bracts large, elongate, sheathing at the base, obovate, entire, pubescent. Calyx-tube 13in., lobes acuminate. denticulate. Fruit asin T. palmata. (Duthie). Parts used :—The root and flowers. Use :—The large tuberous roots are used as a valuable tonic and asa substitute for Oalumba (Roxburug). : In Patna, the N. 0. CUCURBITACES. 581 dried flowers are believed to be stimulant, in doses of 2 to 5 grains (Irvine). In Dacca, the root, dried and -reduced to powder, is given in doses of 10 grains in enlargements of the spleen, liver and abdominal viscera. The fresh root, mixed with oil, forms a common application for leprous ulcers (Taylor’s Topography of Dacca). 526. T. dioica, Roxb. u.F.B.1., 11. 609 ; Roxb. 694. Sans. :—Patola. Vern. :—Parvar, palval (H.}; Patol (B.) ; Kombupudalai Tam.) ; Kommu-potla (Tel.) ; Patolam (Mal). Habitat :—Common throughout the plain of North India, from the Punjab to Assam and East Bengal. An annual; stems twining extensively, more or less woolly and scabrous. Dicecious. Leaves 3 by 2in., cordate, oblong acute, harsh sinuate-dentate, not lobed. Petiole scabrous, woolly, 8in.; tendrils 2-fid. Male peduncles paired, the second-flower- ing, often 2in. ; male flowers not racemed, wolly without ; anthers free. Calyx-tube 14in., narrow. Fruit 2-34in., oblong or nearly spherical, acute, orange-red. Seeds 2-in., half ellipsoid, compressed, corrugate on the margin. Roxburgh says stamens three, distinct, which has been repeatedly verified in the living plant (C. B. Clarke). Use :-—In Hindoo medicine, the leaves are described as a good, light and agreeable bitter tonic. The fresh juice of the unripe fruit is often used as a cooling and laxative adjunct to some alterative medicines. In bilious fever, a decoction of patola leaves and coriander in equal parts, is given as a febrifuge and laxative (Dutt). An alcoholic extract of the unripe fruit is said to be a power- ful and safe cathartic. According to Dr. K. L. Dey, “ the bulbous part of the root is a hydragogue cathartic. The root of this plant acts like elaterium, for which it can be substitut- ed.” The old Hindoo physicians placed much confidence in it in the treatment of leprosy. Dr. Bowser, from personal trials, describes it as a febrifuge and tonic. (Ph. Ind.). 582 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS, 527. T. nervifolla, Linn. 4.F.B.1., 1. 609. Vern. :—Parvar ; Palval (H). Habitat :—Dekkan Peninsule, Western India, Quilon, and Coorg, Tropical region, Ceylon. A large perennial, herbaceous climber. Stems somewhat woody below, flexible, thickened at nodes, much-branched. Branches slender, striate, glabrous, tendrils bifid. Leaves 24-34in., ovate-lanceolate, cordate or rarely lobed at base, very acute, mucronate, distantly denticulate, glabrous, dark- green, paler beneath, with prominent reticulate venation. Petiole $-lin. Flowers white; male flowers on short pedicels, 4-12in. pedunculate corymbose racemes; bract small, caducous. Calyx-tube 2-14in., very narrow, influted above ; segments minute, setaceous. Petals oblong, acuminate, with fimbriz much bran- ched and very long at the end of petals, but shorter on the sides, doubled inwards in the bud. Female flowers shortly stalked, solitary. Calyx-tube nearly 2in., very much produced above ovary; segments longer than in male flower. Fruit 1in., ovoid, shortly beaked, smooth, scarlet, pericarp thin; seeds few, with very long stalks, ovoid, compressed, thickened at margins, each enclosed in an envelope of scarlet pulp (Trimen). Use :—Medicinal properties similar to T. dioica, Roxb. 528. T. cucumerina, Linn. H.F.B.1., I. 609; Roxs. 694. Habtitat :—Throughout India. Sans. :—Patol. Vern. :—Jangli-chichonda (H.) ; Ban-chichinga, ban-patol (B.); Jangli-padavala, Kadupadavala, pudoli, Ran-parval (Bomb.); Plpoodel, Poodel, Kat-tup-pepudal, kadu-parval (Tam.) ; Adavi- potla, Chaynd-potla (Tel.); Kaippam-patolam, Podavalam, Pactavalam (Mal.). Stem twining, more or less pubescent. Leaves cordate, subreniform, 2-4 in. diam., pubescent or puberulous on both surfaces, usually 5 lobed about half way down, lobes obtuse or if acute not acuminate; petiole $in.; tendrils 2-fid. Male pe- duncles in pairs, the earlier 1-flowered, the later raccemed ; N. 0. CUCURBITACER. 583 occasionally in place of the earlier is found a female. Calyx- tube lin. Fruit 1-3in. ovoid conical. Seeds 2-4in., corrugate, half-ellipsoid, compressed, in red pulp. (C. B. Clarke). Uses :—Mahomedan writers describe the plant as cardiacal, tonic, alterative and antifebrile, and say that it is an useful medicine for boils and intestinal worms. The author of the Makhzan remarks that the Hindoos in obstinate cases of fever, infuse 180 grains of the plant with an equal quantity of the coriander, for a night, and in the morning add honey to it and strain the liquor. This quantity makes 2 doses, one of which is taken in the morning and one at night. In Bombay, the plant has a reputation asa febrifuge ; itis given in decoction with ginger, chiretta and honey. In the Concan, the leaf juice is rubbed over the liver or even the whole body in remittent fevers (Dymock). The seeds are reputed good in disorder of the stomach on the Malabar Coast. The unripe fruit is very bitter ; the tender shoots and dried capsules are bitter and aperient ; they are given in infusion. In decoction with sugar, they are given to assist digestion. The seeds are antifebrile and anthel- mintic. The juice of the leaves expressed is emetic and that of the root, drunk in the quantity of 2oz. for a dose, is very purgative. The stalk in decoction is expectorant (Drury). D209 2 onguine han. Wn. i Ir OLO: Roxb. 69. Sans. :—Chichinda. Vern. :—Chachenda (H.); Chichinga (B.); Parula, Padavala (Bomb.); Linga potla, Potla, Potla kaya (Tel.); Padavala kayf (Kan.); Gélartori ; Pandol ; Chichinda (Pb.). Habitat :—Cultivated throughout India. An annual climber, much cultivated for its fruit, which is used as a wholesome vegetable. Leaves cordate-sub-reniform, more or less 5-(3-7-)lobed, 5-angular lobes, not acuminate, pubescent or puberulous on both surfaces. Tendrils 3-fid. Male flowers in a large peduncled raceme, with a small entire bract at the base of pedicel ; female solitary, on a short peduncle, from the same axils with the male. Fruit elongate cylindric, 584 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. sometimes contorted, 1-3 at times, 4ft. long by 1-l3in. broad. Seeds corrugate, numerous. “ Except in the fruit this ee altogether with T. cucumerina, of which itis probably a cultivated form.’’ (C. B. Clarke). Use:—The seeds are considered a cooling medicine cD. N. Mukerji). 530. Lagenaria vulgaris, Servnge, H.F.B.1., IL. 6153. Syn. :—Cucurbita lagenaria, Linn. Roxb. 700. Sans. :—Alabu ; Katutumbi (bitter variety). Vern.:—Kaddu, Lauki (H.) ; Harrea Kaddu (Dec). Lau (B.) ; Shora-kai (Tam.); Bella-sehora (Mal.); Sora-kaya; Anapa-kai (Tel.) ; Hunea-kuddoo (Dec.). ~The bitter variety known as:—Karwi-tumbi (H.); Tikta- lau (B.); Kadwa-bhopla (Bomb.); Kadu-bhopali; Dudha- bhopala (Mar._). Habitat:—Cultivated throughout India. A large, pubescent, climbing annual. Tendrils 2-fid.-— Leaves often 6in. diam., softly pubescent on both surfaces, more or less 5-angular or 5-lobed, ovate or orbicular, cordtate, dentate. Petioles long, with 2 glands at its apex. Flowers large, white, solitary, monccious or diocious. Male peduncle often 6in. Female peduncle lin. Calyx-tube funnel-shaped, sub campanu- late, teeth 5, narrow, $in., pubescent. Tetals 1-2in., 5, ovate ; stamens 3, anthers connate, included, one l-eelled, two 2- celled, cells conduplicate, rudiment of ovary O. Female Calyx and Corolla as in the male. Ovary oblong, style short, with 3 bifid stigmatic lobes. Ovules many, horizontal. Fruit often 1ift. or more, usually bottle or dumb-bell shaped, thick membranous, almost woody when old, indehiscent. Seeds + by 2 and tin., with an impressed groove parallel to and near ie margin. Uses :—-The seeds of this plant yield an oil which is used as an application for headache. The flesh of the fruit is con- sidered diuretic, refrigerant and antibilious. It is also some- times made into a poultice ; when fresh, it is bitter and purgative, N. 0. CUCURBITACEAR. 585 and is applied over the shaved head in delirium (Watt). In the Punjab, the pulp is applied to the soles, in “ burning of the feet.” | The pulp of the bitter variety is powerfully emetic and purgative. In Bombay it is used in native practice as a purgative ; it is also applied externally as a poultice. (Dymock.) A decoction of the leaves mixed with sugar is given in jaundice (Drury). D31. Luffa egyptica, Mill., u.F.B.1., 1. 614. Syn. :—L. pentandra, Roxb. 698. Vern, :—Ghia-turai, purul (H.); Dhundhul (B.); Nunibeerd (Tel.); Bhol, bhatkerela, bhat-kakrel (Ass.); Palo (Nepal.); ‘Turi, lia-sada (Sind.); Dilpasand, teldoaka (C. P.); Ghosali, parosa, parul, turi-gonsali (Bomb.) ; Turia (Guz.). Halitat :— Very common throughout India ; often cultivated. Extensively climbing, hairy, annual herbs; tendrils 2-3-fid. Largely cultivated for its fruit, abundant in the rainy season in the Concan. Leaves 4in. diam., reniform-orbicular, 5-angled or somewhat 5-lobed, dentate, usually scabrous, punctate on both surfaces, pubescent on the nerves beneath. Petioles 2in. Male peduncles long, 6in.; male flowers often approximate near the summit; pedicels short, each carrying a small ovate- viscid entire bract, sometimes obsolete. Petals 5, 3-lin., yellow, often with elevated, hairy, green veins. Stamens 5. Temale flower solitary, peduncle 1-3in. Fruit elongate, 5-12in., often much longer, clavate, smooth, 10-ribbed, or somewhat 10-angular. Seeds 3 by nearly 4in., usually black, very narrowly winged, smooth or very sparing, tubercled. Use:—The seeds are said to be emetic and cathartic, Jike those of L. acutangula. They yield an oil. The oil is dark reddish-brown in colour, possesses a slight odour and is semi-drying, Lewkowitsch determined the following constants; Specific gravity at 15°, 0°9254 ; saponification value, 187°8 ; iodine value, 108°51 ; Reichert-Meissl value, 143; butyro-refractomer “ degrees,’ 62° at 40°; insoluble fatty acids and unsaponificable, 94.8, Two samples examined in the Indian Museum were dark greenish in colour, had acid values of 33 and 36°4, and the insoluble fatty acids melted at 34° and 35°. (Agricultural Ledger, 1911-12 No. 5 p. 147). 74 586 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. Doc. L. acutangula, Roxb. 4.F.B.1., HW. 615; Roxb. 698. Sans. :—Jhingaka. 3 Vern. :—Turai (H.); Jhingé (B.); Peekunkai (Tam.j) ; Pee- chenggah (Mal.); Beerkai (Tel.}; Janhi (Uriya); Paror jhinga (Santal.); Ram-toroi (Nepal); Turi (Sind.) ; Dorka (C. P.); Shirolé (Mar.); Turin, Guisoda (Guz.). Habitat :—-North-West India; Sikkim ; Assam and Plains of East Bengal. Extensively climbing, hairy annuals ; tendrils 2-3-fid. Leaves 4in. diam., reniform-orbicular, 5-angled or somewhat 5-lobed, dentate, usually scabrous, punctate on both surfaces, pubescent in nerves beneath; petiole 2in. Male peduncles 6in., flowers often approximate near the summit; pedicels short, each carrying a small, entire, viscid bract, sometimes obsolete. Petals 5, obovate, united ; stamens 3. Female flowers solitary ; peduncle 1-3in. Fruit 5-10 inches, often 2-ft. long, 10-angled, not covered with spines or papile. Seeds numerous, close-packed, scarcely tin. The flowers open in the afternoon. Use:—The seeds possess purgative and emetic properties and also yield an oil. The pounded leaves are applied locally to splenitis, haemor- rhoids and leprosy (Emerson). The juice of the fresh leaves is dropped into the eyes of children in granular conjunctivitis, also to prevent the lds adhering at night from excessive meibomian secretion (P. Kinsley in Watt’s Dictionary). 553. L. acutangula, Var :—Amara, H.F.B,I., II. 615; Roxb 699. Sans. :—Koshatak1. Vern. :—Karvi-turai (H.); Ghoshalata, Kerula, Tetodhoon- dhool (B.); Ran-turai; Kadu-sirola, Kadu-dokra (Bomb.); Sendu- beer-kai (Tel.). Habitat :— Nearly all India, especially the Western side. Exceedingly near L. acutangula, but distinguished by the leaves a little smaller and sometimes whitish. The typical L., amara has the leaves softly pubescent at least while young, for they become in age scabrous (C. B. Clarke). N. 0. CUCURBITACES. 587 Uses :—Every part of this plant is remarkably bitter, the fruit is violently cathartic and emetic. The juice of the roasted young fruit is applied to the temples by the natives to cure headache. The ripe seeds either in infusion or substance, are used by them to vomit and to purge (Roxburgh), In Bombay, the leaves are used as an external application to sores in cattle. In dog-bite, the pulp of the fruit is given with water ; it causes vomiting and purging. The juice is applied to different kinds of bites, and the dried fruit is used as a snuff in jaundice. The root with equal parts of Jasund root (Hibiscus rosa-linensis) and Hemidesmus, is given with milk, cumin and sugar in gonorrhea (Dymock). In the Indian Pharmacopceia, it is described as a bitter tonic and diuretic, and is recommended in splenic enlargements. The kernel of the seeds forms the only vegetable emetic in India which is equal to Ipecacuanha, in the same quantity. In smaller doses, it is expectorant and also demulcent, owing to its containing albumen and oil. It has a great control over dysentery. I have used this drug and also Ipecacuanha, separ- ately, in several cases, in the same manner and doses, and found it to be at least quite equal to the latter. The dose of the kernel as an emetic is from 20 to 30 grains, as a nauseant, from 11 to 15 grains, and as demulcent and expectorant, from 0 to1l0 grains. When the kernel is rubbed and mixed with water, it forms a greenish white emulsion, which is the only form in which I have yet used it. (Moodeen Sheriff). The seeds are small (17 weigh one gram,), black, irregularly pitted and two-lobed at the base. On extraction with ether the seeds yielded 20 per cent. of a light green oil. The expressed oil is yellowish-white in colour and solidifies at the ordinary tempearature in England (50° Fah,, 15-50° C.). Physical and chemical characteristics....Fat: Specific gravity at 100°, 0°9363 ; acid value, 93°7,; saponification value, 229°2; Reichert-Meissl value, 13°1; titration number of insoluble volatile acids, ;; KOH 0°83 ; iodine value, 40°12; unsaponifiable, 1:09; butyro-refractometer at 25°, 73°. Fatty acids (insoluble) : per cent. 82°3; melting point, 44°L; iodine value, 41.9; neutra- lisation value, 215; mean molecular weight, 260°9. (A. K, Menon, 1910.) 034. L. echinata, Roxb. u.F.B.1., 11.615; Roxb. 699. Vern. :—Kukar-wel (Bomb.); Jung-thoree (Sind.) ; the seeds : Wa-upla-bij (Guz.); Deodagri (Mar.). Habitat :—Guzerat ; Sind ; Bengal ; Bombay. 588 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. An annual, climbing not extensively, sparingly scabrous pilose, tendrils 2-fid. Leaves 1-2in. diam., cordate reniform, orbicular, entire or obscurely 5-angular or 5-lobed, or cut almost to the base into 5 narrow sinuate-pinnatifid segments, dentate ; petiole 1-2in. Male peduncles normally paired, one l-flowered, the other racemed very long, 6-in. or more, pedicel lin. Flowers small, white, without bracts. Filaments 3, 2 with 2-celled anthers. Peduncle of the solitary female very short. Fruit 14 by gin., ellipsoid densely covered with bristles; ribs not visible; spines #in., ciliate ; stopple without spines, Calyx- teeth persistent. Seeds $in., many slightly scabrous. Uses :—In the Concan, a few grains of the bitter fibrous con- tents of the fruit are given in infusion for snake-bite and in cholera after each stool ; in putrid fevers, the infusion is applied to the whole body, and in jaundice it is applied to the head and also given internally ; the infusion has also a reputation as a remedy for colic (Dymock). The fruit is considered in North India as a powerful remedy for dropsy (O’Shaughnessy). The fruit has purgative pro- perties (S. Arjun). 535. Benicassa cerifera, Savi., H.F.B.1., 1. 616. Syn. :—-Cucurbita Pepo, Roxb. 700 Eng :—The white melon. Sans. :—Kashm4nda, Késh-pandaha. Vern- :—Petha, gol-kaddaé (Pb.); Kumra, chalkumra (B.) ; Gol-kadda, kudimah, kénhdé, kumrh4, pétha, phathia (H.); Kumbra, bhunja (Kumaon) ; Kohala, Dangar, Bhopala (Mar.); Kfshmand, kohula (Cutch); Bhfru-kolu, koholu (Guz.) ; Kohala, koholen, gdlkada, Pandri chicki (Bom.); Gol-kuddu (Sind.) ; Kaliydna-pashinik-kay (Tam.); Burda-giamada, bidide gummadi, pendli-gummadi-kaya (Tel.); Kumpalanna; Kumpa- lam (Mal.) ; Baide-kumbala-kayi (Kan). Habitat :—Cultivated throughout India. A large annual climber, softly hairy, tendrils 2-fid. Leaves 4-6in. diam., cordate, reniform orbicular, more or less 5-lobed. N. 0. CUCURBITACER. 589 Petiole without glands, 3-4in. Flowers large, yellow, monecious, all solitary ; without bracts. Male flowers :-—Peduncle 3-4in. Calyx-tube campanulate, lobes 5, when young often narrow ; leaflike, scarcely serrate. Corolla of 5 petals nearly separate; stamens 3, inserted near the mouth of the tube, anthers exsert, free, one l-celled, two 2-celled, cells sigmoid. Female flowers :— peduncle 1-2in., Calyx and Corolla as in the male; ovary oblong, densely hairy; style thick, with 3 flexuous stigmas ; ovules numerous, horizontal, placentas 3. Fruit green, 1-14ft., often 2ft. by $ft., cylindric, fleshy, oblong, pubescent, indehiscent,. without ribs, ultimately covered witha white waxy bloom. Seeds many, oblong, compressed, margined, 4 by gin. Uses :—The fruit possesses alterative and styptic properties, and is popularly known asa valuable antimercurial. It is also said to have cooling properties. It is considered tonic, nutritive and diuretic, and a specific for hemoptysis and other hemorrh- ages from internal organs. The fresh juice from the fruit given internally, while a slice of the fruit is at the same time applied to the temples, is said to be an efficacious cure for internal hemorrhage. According to the Sanskrit authors, it is useful in insanity, epilepsy, and other nervous diseases; the fresh juice is given either with sugar or as an adjunct to other medicines for these diseases (U. C. Dutt). Is used extensively as a preserve by natives. ‘“The seeds possess anthelmintic properties, and are useful in cases of tenia. The expressed oil of the seeds, in doses of half an ounce, repeated once or twice at an interval of two hours, and followed by an aperient, is said to be equally effica- cious. May be used as a substitute for male fern” (Official Correspondence from Bombay Committee regarding the revision of Indian Pharmacopceia. ) “The fresh juice is often used as a vehicle to administer pearl shell for the cure of phthisis in the first stage” (Asst.- Surgn, Sakhéram Arjun, Bombay). “This is so universally believed to be useful in pulmonary consumption that some 590 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. trials should be made in order to discover whether it has any effect on Koch’s bacillus tuberculosis. I have seen it produce a decided effect in arresting pulmonary tuberculosis.” (Surgn. K. D. Ghose, u.p., Khulna.) The preserve is given in piles and in dyspepsia, as an antibilious food (Surgn. Moir, Meerut). “ The expressed juice of the mature fruit possesses purgative and alterative proper- ties. It is used in cases where the system has been affected by mercury” (Brigade-Surgn. Thornton, Monghyr). The preserve of the fruit is easily digestible and a highly nutritious food in wasting diseases, as consumption (Surgn.- Maj. R. L. Dutt, Pubna). ‘ Much used in diabetes with success- ful results” (Surgn. E. W. Savinge, Rajamundry, Godaveri District). Watt's Dictionary. The seeds yield a mild, pale oil. 536. Momordica Charantia Linn, H.F.B.1., I. 616; Roxb. 696. Sans. :— Karavella ; Sushavi. Vern. :—Karela \H.); Karala (B.); Karla (Bomb.) ; Pava-_ kai, Pavakka-chedi (Tam.); Kakarachettu (Tel); Pandipasel (Mal. ) [N.B.—There are two chief varieties differing in the form of the fruit, the one being longer and more oblong, and the other smaller, more ovate, muricated and tubercled. These varieties are known in Bengali as Karalé and Uchhya.] Halitat :—Cultivated throughout India. A climbing annual herb, with simple tendrils. Leaves 1-3in. diam., orbicular, glabrous or slightly pubescent, cut nearly to the base into 5-7 narrow sinuate or sub-pinnati-fid lobes. Male peduncles 1-flowered, orbicular entire. Flowers monceions. Calyx-lobes ovate, acute. Petals #-%in., yellow. Female peduncle 2-4in., slender, bracteate near the base; ovary fusi- form, muricate. Fruit 1-3in., rostrate, ovate, narrowed at both ends, many-ribbed, covered with triangular tubercles. Seeds $in., N. 0. CUCURBITACER, 591 compressed, corrugate on the margin, somewhat sculptured (Clarke). Uses:—The author of the Makhzan describes the fruit as tonic and. stomachic, and says that itis useful in rheumatism and gout, and in diseases of the spleen and liver; he also mentions its anthelmintic properties. In the Concan, § of the seer of the juice of the leaves is given in bilious affections, as an emetic and purgative, alone or combined with aromatics; the juice is rubbed in burning of the soles of the feet, and with black pepper is rubbed round the orbit, asa cure for night blindness (Dymock). It is used internally as a laxative, and as an ointment for sores. The fruit and leaves are anthelmintic; useful in piles, leprosy, jaundice and asa vermifuge. The root is considered astringent and useful in hemorrhoids. The juice of the fresh leaves acts as a mild purgative, and is prescribed for children. The Uchhya (M. Muricata) in infusion is said to act as a febri- fuge (Watt.) Used with cinnamon, long pepper, rice and the oil of Hydno- carpus Wightiana, as an external application in scabies and other cutaneous diseases (Watt). The expressed juice with chalk is used in apthe, aud also an emmenagogue in dysmenorrhea. It is applied externally to the scalp in pustular eruptions (Surgeon.-Major Thomson, in Watt’s Dictionary). Commonly prescribed as an anthelmintic, and as a purgative for children (Dr. McConaghey, in Watt’s Dictionary). ‘rl Hie ws boaltamimna, Linn. &.e.B1., t1., O17. Vern.—Kurelo-jangro (Sind.) ; Mokha (C.P.). Habitat.— Panjab ; North-West India ; Sindh. Botanically, it resembles M. dioica. Fruit 1-3in. long, -rostrate, orange-red. Use.—The fruit is occasionally used in native practice (Atkinson). The fruit is famous in Syria for curing wounds. It is cut open, infused in sweet oil, and exposed to the sun for some days, until it becomes red, and then it is preserved for use; 592 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. dropped on cotton, and applied to a fresh wound, it is consi- dered as a vulnerary, little inferior to the balsam of Mecca (Ainslie), 538: M. dioica, Roxb 4.8.8.1., 11.” G17 > Rome 696. Vern.:—Dhar karela; Kirara (Pb.); Karantoli (Bomb.) Pallopaghel-kalung (Tam.); Agakara (Tel.) ; Erimapasel (Mal.) ; Ghosal-phul (U. P.). | Habitat :—Throughout India: cultivated in Bengal; com- mon in low country, Ceylon. Lower Bengal, form of fruit large succulent. Dekkan: fruit smaller. Fruit from the Panjab, smaller and said to be bitter. Perennial climbing herbs, with tuberous roots. Tendrils simple. Stems somewhat compressed and 2-edged, striate, glabrous and shining ; leaves variable, 2-4in., broadly ovate in outline, very cordate at base, acute, more or less deeply cut, into 3 or 5 lobes, distantly dentate or denticulate, thin, quite glabrous and shining on both sides, minutely punctate beneath ; petiole 1-l4in., pubescent, chanelled above. Flowers dioecious, © solitary, peduncle about 2in., slender, glabrous, or finely pubes- cent ; in the male, with a large hooded bract a little below the flower and enclosing it; in the female, with a minute bract below the middle. Calyx-segments distant, linear; petals t-lin., lanceolate, acuminate, slightly pubescent. Female flower : ovary densely covered with long soft papille, stigmas bifid, with erect torus. Fruit about 2in. long, oblong-ovoid, beaked, glabrous, evenly covered with equal-pointed papille. Seeds 1_lin., broadly oblong, compressed, rarely smooth ; pulpy covering red, Fruit by some said to be bitter ; that of cultivated plants edible, not bitter, or slightly so, if at all, used as vege- table. Flower pale, lemon-yellow. Use.—The plant mixed with cocoanut, pepper, red sandal, and other ingredients, applied in the form of liniment, relieves headache. (Rheede.) The mucilaginous tasted root is used by the Hindus to stop bleeding from piles, and also in bowel complaints (Ainslie). N. O. GUCURBITACEZ. ; 593 In the Concan, the juice of the root is a domestic remedy for the inflamation caused by contact with the urine of the house-lizard (Pal) (Dymock). The powder or infusion of the dried fruits, when introduced into the nostrils, produces a powerful errhine effect and provokes a copious discharge from the schneiderian mucous membrane (Agra Exhibition). The tuberous root of the female plant is used in Belgaum as an expectorant, and externally in ague cases as an absorbent. The root of the male creeper is used in ulcers, especially those caused by snake-bites. The unripe fruit is used as a vegetable and given as a delicacy to patients recovering from fever. (Dr. Peters, in Watt’s Dictionary). 539. M. cochinchinensis, Spreng., H.F.B.1., 11. 618. Sanskrit :—Karkataka. Vern. :—Kakrol (H. and B.}. 3 Habitat : —Bengal to Tenasserim ; Deccan Peninsula ; Canara. An annual climber, with simple tendrils, dicecious. Leaves, 4-5in. diam. ; cordate, ovate, usually 3-lobed, glabrous or a little pubescent, often punctate beneath, little dentate ; petiole 2-3in., almost invariably glandular at its middle as well as apex. Bract near the top of the male peduncle. Male peduncle 2-6in., bract often pubescent, embracing the expanded flower. Petals 1-2in., tinged with yellow, 3 with black spots at the base, 2 with yellow glands ; the two 2-anthered filaments not 2-fid. Female pedun- cles l-2in., bract small, about the middle. Fruit 4-din., ovate, pointed, muricate, conical points fin. high, bright red, very fleshy, without ribs. Seeds = by 3 and #in. thick, many, hori- zontal, irregular, ovate, compressed, black, corrugated on the margins, sculptured on the faces (C. B. Clarke). Uses:—The seeds, after the shells have been removed, are fried and eaten, either alone or with other food (Makhzan). They are considered to be good for cough and pains in the chest. Powdered, they form one of the ingredients of the hot stuff known as jhdl in Bengal, which, mixed with melted butter, 1s given to women immediately after parturition, and daily for a few days afterwards. Jhal is believed to act as a 75 594 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. stimulant destroying the excess of phlegmatic humours, which are supposed to be produced in the body after delivery. A plaster made with the roots is said to promote the_ growth of the hair, and prevent its falling off. The plant is called in Sanskrit Karkataka. from the resemblance of the seeds to the shell of acrab. This plant is the Muricia cochin- chinensis of Loureiro, who says that the berries are used for colonring food, and that the seeds and leaves are aperient and abstergent and useful in hepatic and splenic obstructions, in unhealthy ulcerations, lumbago; and, externally, in prucidentia uteri-et-ani, fractures, and luxation of the bones (Pharmaco- graphia Indica, Vol. II. p. 77). 540. M. Cymbalaria, Fenzl. 4.F.B.1., 11. 618. Syn. :—Luffa tuberosa, Roxb. 699. V ern. :—-Kadavanchi (Mar.). Habitat :—Deccan Peninsula ; Mysore and Concan. A monececious climber, leaves 1-2in. broad, reniform- orbicular, 5 angular or slightly 5 lobed, middle lobe not elong-- ated, glabrous or slightly pubescent, often punctate on both surfaces, dentate; petiole $-lfin. Flowers small, males few on one raceme with inconspicuous bracts. Male raceme 1-2in., with usually only 2-4 flowers; calyx-lobes laceolate ; petals i4in., yellow ; filaments 2, one 2-fid, one 3-fid, so each with one anther- cell ; filaments inserted near the top of the calyx-tube, anthers completely exsert. Female peduncle 3-2in., 1-flowered, ebracte- ate. Fruit = by scarcely tin. Seeds 4-4in., few, shortly obovoid, smooth, shining. (C. B. Clarke). Use :--Dr. Lyon, the Chemical Analyser to the Government of Bombay, informs me that on reference to the records of his office, he finds that the kadavanchi tubers have been three times sent to him, within the last four years, as having been used to procure abortion (Dymock). D041. Cucumis trigonus, Roxb, H.F.B.1., 1. 619; Roxb. 700. Vern. :—Bislémbi, Bislambhi, Jangli-indraéyan (H.); Kattut- tumatti (Tam.) ; Adavi-puch-cha (Tel.). Karit (Bomb.). = N. 0. CUCURBITACER. 595 Habitat :—Throughout India. A climbling, annual, scabrid herb. Root perennial. Leaves 5-lobed, lobes rounded, repandly and sharply toothed; male flowers crowded ; female solitary. Fruit oval, rounded at both ends, obsoletely 3-angled, 10-striated, glabrous, about 14in. long and liin. thick. Lobes of the leaves very broadly obovate and almost touching each other at their broadest part ; veins rounded. The fruit is collected in many places and sold in the bazars asa drug, and very probably as an adulterant for the true colocynth (Duthie). Use:—Supposed to possess purgative properties of Colo- cynth (Watt). It contains a principle identical with or closely related to colocynthin. Var :—Pubescens. Vern. :—-Takmaki (Bomb.). Use :—The seeds are considered cooling, and are applied to Herpes, after they have been beaten into a paste with the juice of the Durva (Cynodon dactylon) (Dymock). It is considered cool and astringent ; it creates appetite and removes bilious disorders (Baden-Powell). Var. :--C. pseudo-colocynthis, Royle. This is a synonym for Cucumis trigonus, Roxb., as cited by C. B. Clarke, H. F.B.1., Vol mu, p. 619. This is described by Royle in his Illustrations of the Himalayan plants. Vern. :--Indrayan ; Bislumbhi (North India) ; Karit (Bomb.) ; Hattut-tumatti (Tam.) ; Adavi-puch-cha (Tel.). Habitat :—Met with throughout the Deccan and Sind to Baluchistan, Kashmir and Afghanistan. Use :—Pulp of the fruit is very bitter and similar in quality to colocynth, for which it is substituted (O’Shaughnessy). Supposed to possess the purgative properties of officinal colo- cynth. Dr. Gibson, however, expresses a doubt as to the cor- rectness of this opinion. Experiments are required to determine the point. According to the report of Dr. J. Newton, a decoc- tion of the roots of these plants is used as a purgative; it is 596 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. stated to be milder in its operation than the pulp of the — and to cause less irritation (Ph. Ind., p. 96). 542. C. Melo, Linn. H.F.B.1., 11. 620; Roxb. 700. Vern. :—Kharbtizé (H.) ; Kharmuj (B.); Vellari-Verai (Tam. ); Mulam-pandu (Tel.) ; Dungra (C. P.); Chibunda (Mar.); Gidhro (Sind.); Zaghun (Ladak) ; Sarda or Sirda paliz (Pushtu) ; Re-mo (Naga.). Habitat :—Cultivated throughout India. Annualherb. Stems prostrate, scabrous. Leaves rounded, angled; male flowers, with the Calyx-tube slightly ventricose at the base and dilated at the apex: stamens included, anthers shorter than the connective. Bisexual flowers with the anthers as the male; stigmas 3-4, shortly 2-lobed. Fruit ovate or somewhat globose, 8-12-furrowed, fleshy, indehiscent or irre- gularly bursting. Seeds ovate, compressed, not margined, acute at hilum. Uses :—The seeds are supposed to be a cooling medicine. They are edible, nutritive and diuretic, and used in painful discharge and suppression of urine. The fruit is considered cool and astringent, and is given in cases of dyspepsia. The oil from the seeds is said to be very nourishing. : Not only the seeds, but the pulp of the fruit, is a powerful - diuretic, very beneficial in chronic, and also in acute, eczema. I can, from personal experience, recommend those subject to chronic eczema to eat a whole fruit daily when procurable (Surgeon-Major Shircore, in Watt’s Dictionary). The root of the melon is said by Dr. Heberger to possess emetic and purgative properties, and Dr. Torosicviez has obtained from the roots a crude emetic principle by treating ate als Se eee the aqueous extract with alcohol. * * From experiments made with this substance in the military hospital of Lemberg, it would seem that a solution of 9 centigrams of it, is sufficient to cause vomiting. The powered root of the wild plant acts, according to Dr. Langewicz, as an emetic, in doses of 50 to 75 centigrams (Ph. J., 26th Feb., 1887, p. 687). N. 0. CUCURBITACER. 597 Var. (1) momordica, Roxb. 700. Sans. :—Ervaru. Vern. :—Phiit or phtint (ripe); Kachra (when unripe) ; Tuti (4.); Phatt (B.); Kakari-kai (Tam.); Pedda-kai, Pedda-dosrai (Tel.). An annual herb, cultivated. Stem scabrous. Leaves round- ish cordate, sometimes 5-angled or obscurely lobed, repand- toothed: Flowers short peduncled, males fascicled, female solitary. Petals slightly acute. Fruit cylindric-oblong, straight, 4-times larger than thick, bursting spontaneously, 12-14in. long. Use :—The seeds are used as a cooling medicine (Watt). Sans. :—Karkati. Var. (2) utilissumus Roxb. 701. Vern. :—Kakri, (H.) Kakur (B.); Kukri (Kangra); Dosray, Velliri, Kakkarik (Tam.); Kaékadi (Bomb.); Kakdi (Dec.); Tarkakdi (Poona). Habitat :— Cultivated in Bengal, U. P. and the Punjab, during the hot weather and the rains. Stems exactly as in C. sativus, but not quite so extensive, Tendrils simple, Leaves broadcordate, generally more or less five-lobed ; lobes rounded, toothletted ; above pretty smooth, below scabrous, the largest generally about 6 inches each way. Floral leaves of the female flowers sessile, and very small. Male flowers axilliary, peduncled, crowded, but opening in succession. Female flowers axillary, peduncled, solitary, both sorts yellow, about an inch or an inch and a halfin diameter, Fruit fleshy, generally a very perfect oval; when young downy and clouded with lighter and darker green; when ripe perfectly smooth, variegated with deeper and lighter yellow; from four to six inches long, and from three to four in diameter (Roxburgh). Uses :—The seeds are described as cooling, edible, nutritive and diuretic, and are used in painful micturition and suppres- tion of urine. Twodrachms of the seeds, rubbed into a pulp with water are given alone or in combination with salt and Kdnjika (U. C. Dutt). The powder of the toasted seeds is described as a powerful diuretic, and serviceable in promoting the passage of sand or gravel (Roxburgh). 598 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. 543. C. sativus, Linn., H.F.B.1., 11. Roxb. 700. Sans. :—Sukasa; Trapusha. Vern.:—Khira (H.); Sasa (B.); Muhevehri (Tam.); Doza- kaia (Tel.) ; Kakuri (Orissa) ; Kakdi (Mar.); Sante kayi (Kan). Habitat :—Cultivated throughout India. The cucumber is a cultivated, climbing, annual, hispid. Tendrils simple. Stemsscabrous. Leaves 3-5in. diam., ovate, 5-angular, slightly lobed, lobes acute, hispidulous on both surfaces and also often with soft hairs ; petiole 2-3in., peduncle sometimes 2in. Petals 2in. Female flowers yellow monecious, males clustered in axils. Females solitary, all shortly pedicelled. Male :—Calyx-tube top-shaped or campanulate, lobes 5. Stamens 3. Anthers free, one l-celled, two 2-celled, cells conduplicate or much flexuose. Female Calyx and Corolla as in male. Ovary ovoid; young ovary muricate, with rigid prickles ; style short, with three obtuse stigmas. Fruit commonly cylindric, indehiscent, 12in. by 1$in., glabrous, sometimes tuberculated. Commonly elongate. Seeds very many, oblong, compressed, mostly smooth. Uses.—The seeds possess cooling properties. They are also used as diuretics. The leaves, boiled and mixed with cumin seeds, roasted and powdered, are administered in throat affections (Atkinson), Cucumber seeds are occasionally pressed for oil in the United Provinces and the Punjab. The constants of two samples were tested in the Indian Museum and found to be : Specific gravity at 15°, 0°923 and 0°924; acid value, 10°68 and 11°49; saponification value, 195°2 and 196:9 ; iodine value, 117°6 and 1185; Reichert-Meissl value, 052; fatty acids and unsaponifiable, 94°4 per cent.; nelting point, 35°5°, The oil were yellow coloured and dried slowly on exposure. (Agricultural Ledger 1911-12 No. 5), 544. Citrullus colocynthis, Schrad. H.F.B.1., I. 620. Syn.—Cucumis Colocynthis, Linn. Roxb., 700. Sans.—Indra-varuni. Arab.— Hanzal; Aulqum. Pers.—-Hindawanahe-talkh. Vern.-—Indréyan (H.); Makal (B.); Pey-ko-mati, Tumatti (Tam.); Eti-puch-cha, Putsa-kaya (Tel.) ; Kadai Indréyan (Mar.) N. 0. CUCURBITACE. 599 Habitat.—Cultivated throughout India, and also very often apparently wild. A scabrid climber. In the fields of Afghanistan, it trails along the ground extensively. Leaves 24 by scarcely 2in. in the typical wild very scabrous form, larger in cultivated forms approaching C. vulgaris, ovate, middle segment compound pinnatifid. Petiole lin. Petals jin, obovate, light-yellow. Ovary villous. Eruit smooth, variegated, green and white globose, 2$-3in. diam. Parts used.—The fruit and root. ~ Use.—Sanskrit writers describe the fruit as bitter, acrid, cathartic and useful in biliousness, constipation, fever and worms. They also mention the root as a useful cathartic in jaundice, ascites, enlargement of the abdominal viscera, urinary diseases, rheumatism, ete. | Mahomedan writers consider it to be a very drastic purga- tive, removing phlegm from all parts of the system, and direct the fruit, leaves and root to be used. The drug is prescribed when the bowels are obstinately costive from disease or lesion of the nervous centres, also in dropsy, jaundice, colic, worms, elephantiasis, &c. Its irritant action upon the uterus is noticed, and fumigation with it is said to be of use for bringing on the menstrual flow. The author of the Makhzan tells us that the seeds are purgative, and mentions their use for preserving the hair from turning grey (Dymock). In the Concan, the fruit and root, with or without nux- vomica, is rubbed into a paste with water and applied to boils and pimples. In rheumatism, equal parts of the root and long pepper are given in pill. 80 634 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. Uses:—It is regarded by the Hindus as stomachic, carmin- ative and astringent ; useful in dyspepsia and diarrhea. lt is thought to be very cooling, and on that account forms a part of most prescriptions for gonorrhoea (Dymock). Like Kdla zira, it is also used as a lactagogue. Sanskrit authors recommend a poultice made of cumin seeds with the addition of honey, salt and clarified butter to be applied externally for scorpion-bites (Dutt). 585. Daucus Carota, Linn, O.F.B.1, U. 718; Roxb. 270. Sans. :—Garyara. Vern. :—Gajar (H. and B.); Gajjara, Manjal-mullangi (Tam.); Pita-kanda (Tel.) ; Mor maj, Bul maj, Kach (Kash- mir) ; Zardak (Pushtu) ; Petaigagar (Sind). Habitat :-—Kashmir and the Western Himalaya ; cultivated elsewhere in India. Annual or biennial herbs, hispid. Stem 1-4 (in the Himalaya, often 6ft.) Leaves 2-3-pinnate, pinnatifid segments, narrow- lanceolate. Bracteoles many, 3-fid and simple. Umbels com- pound, rays usually many; outer rays connivent in fruit. Calyx-teeth small or obsolete. Petals obovate, emarginate, white, outer often radiant. Fruit elliptic, z,in.; bristles on the secondary ridges glistening white, connate at the base only of the primary ridges, small or sessile, sub-glochidiate. Carpophore unilivided. Vitte solitary under the secondary ridges. Uses :—The seeds are considered to be a nervine tonic. Boiled with honey and fermented, they produce a spirituous liquor. A decoction of the leaves and seeds is said to be used by natives as a stimulant to the uterus during parturition. The roots are made into a marmalade and considered refrigerant (Emerson.) In the Punjab, the seeds are considered aphrodisiac, and given in uterine pain (Stewart). N. O. ARALIACER. 635 In the Concan, a poultice of carrots and salt is used in tetter, and the seeds are eaten as an aphrodisiac (Dymock). Its fruits are recommended in chronic diarrhea (Balfour). A decoction of carrot is a popular remedy for jaundice in Europe. Rasped carrot is applied to burns and foul ulcers (Dymock). Said to possess diuretic properties (Meadows’ Prescribers’ Companion). A poultice made of the roots is used to correct the discharge from ill-conditioned sores. The raw rasped root is also deemed useful as a stimulating application, and is made into an oint- ment with lard. Thisis much used in burns and scalds to good effect (Watt). : The raw carrot when eaten acts as a mechanical anthelmin- tic (Watt’s Dictionary). The seed yields by distillation a medicinal oil. [Cf. Taleef Shereef (Play- fair, transl.), 113] The chemical constituents of the root are crystallisable and uncrystallisable sugar, a little starch, gluten, albumen, volatile oil, vegetable jelly, malic acid, saline matters, lignin and a peculiar crystallisable, ruby-red neutral principle, without odour or taste, called curotin. [Of. Pharmacog. Ind., ii., 186. ] The amounts of fixed oil obtained from the fruits of plants in this order are exhibited in the following table :— Oil per cent. Carum Carui, Linn. Caraway aoe jee see 14°8 Apium graveolens, Linn, Celery ape ae noe 16°7 Pimpinella anisum, Linn, Aniso de a aes 10°4 Fosniculum vulgare, Mill. Fennel ... ae ag 9°9 Anethum graveolens, Linn. Jill we oe ses 17°2 Daucus Carota, Linn. Carrot ae ah &; 13 1 Cuminum Cyminum, Linn. Cumin cite vis a 9°9 Coriandrum sativum, Linn. Coriander a bo 18°8 Carum copticum, Benth, Ajowan sine Fk x 22°8 These were greenish or greenish-brown oils having the Breer tenistic odours of the seeds, COC. Grimme (Pharm. Centralb., 1911, 52, 661-667). N. O. ARALIACEAK. 586. Aralia Pseudo-ginseng, Benth, H4H.F.B.1., ner ealle Habitat :—Nepal, Sikkim, and Bhotan. Khasia Mts, 636 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. “ Doubtfully separable from the true Ginseng of Japan” (ly Br Agape 21): Herbs 1-2ft., with a whole of digitate leaves at its apex. Root-stock horizontal, tuberous or tuberiterous. Stem 6-15 in, erect smooth ; the scale at base deciduous, or persistent. Leaflets lanceolate, with scattered bristles, especially on the upper surface, 5, rarely 3, 2-6 by 4-14in., acuminate, often caudate, rounded or tapering at the base, closely serrate or deeply double serrate, gla- brous, except the scattered bristles. Petiole 1-6in, glabrous. Petiolules O-lin. Peduncles shorter or longer than the leaves, glabrous or nearly so, solitary or 2-4, simple or with 2-5 umbel- late heads; pedicels 4-lin., pubescent or puberulous; bracteoles 4in., narrow lanceolate-linear. 3 _ Flowers polygamo-monceious ; styles 2-3, in the male some- times united nearly to their summit Fruit red or half black, half-red, shining, globose, sub-didymous. Use:—Ginseng enjoys in its native country the reputation of a panacea, and especially of being aphrodisiac, The affections, for the cure of which it is most esteemed, are such as are usual- ly treated by aromatic stimulants, including dyspepsia, vomit- ing, and nervous affections. It is used as a masticatory and also in infusion, and is occasionally brought to India by the Chinese. 587. -Hedera Helix, Linn., H.F.B.1., 11. 739. Vern.:—Diidela (Nepal); Lablab (Behar); Halbambar, arbambal (Jhelum); Kurol.,(Chenab); Kuri, Karur (Ravi); Brfiimbrim dakari (Beas); Karburu (Sutlej) Pb. Habitat: —Himalayas; Khasia Hills. A glabrous, large, evergreen, woody climber, adhering to trees, rocks or walls by means of numerous extra-axillary fine rootlets. Leaves simple, leathery, 3-4in., dark-green and shining above, varying from linear-lanceolate to cordate-ovate, entire or variously-lobed, palmate or sub-pinnatifid ; base cordate, rounded or cuneate; petiole 4-l#in., slender. Flowers polygamous, yellowish green, in pedunculate globose umbels, which again are arranged in sub-corymbose panicles; peduncles 1-2 in., pedicels 5-8in. long, both clothed with stellate scales, N. 0. CORNACEAR. 637 Calyx 5-toothed or nearly entire. Petals 5, valvate. Stamens 5. Ovary 5-celled ; style connate ina short column. Fruit "25-'3in. diam., globose, yellow, turning black when fully ripe, shining ; seeds 3-4 ovoid (Kanjilal.) | : Wood light-grey or yellow, soft and porous. Annual rings distinct. Flowers—October, April, February, Jan.-June. Uses:—Dry leaves are used to stimulate sores; and the berries to purge (Irvine). N. O. CORNACEA. — «©6688. Alangium Lamarckiw, Thwaites. 4.F-.B.1., tt. 746. — Syn. :—A. hexapetalum, Lamk. Roxb. 404. Sans. :— Ankota. 2 i Vern. :—Akola, thaila ankal (Hind. and Dec.); Ankola, kala-akola (Bom.); Akar-kanta, baghankara (Beng.) Alangi, azhinji (Tam.); Amkolam-chettu (Tel.); Ankola (Gond.) : Dhalakura (Beng.); (in U. C. Dutt’s Mat. Med.) Anisaruli- mara, eopoata (Can.); Onkla (Guz.}; Dela (Santal); Ankol (Kol.) ; Ankula, dolanku (Uriya). Habitat :—Sub-Himalayan tract, from the Ganges eastward to Oudh, Bengal, Central and South India. This is a very handsome tree, and grows very well in the Concan. Whether in foliage, flower or fruit, in whatever condition or season it is seen, it is a striking plant. It is beautifully green-leaved throughout the year. Gamble, however, says “it is a deciduous small tree, shrub or strageler.” Brandis says “a shrub or small tree.” “Bark $in. thick, grey, when young orange-yellow, fibrous. Wood hard, close and even-grained, sapwood light yellow, heartwood olive-brown with a pleasant scent’ (Gamble). From all accounts it appears to be a very variable plant. My description is mainly drawn from a large tree growing with a girth of 9 feet in the Military Hospital, Thana (1881-1897), and in the adjacent Mahomedan grave-yard where the main trunks of several trees constantly sent out “suckers.” The tree in the Military Hospital compound had nearly half a dozen distinct trees developed from such 638 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. suckers, within an area of 20ft. around (See Vol. X.p. 260, Journal Bombay Nat. Hist. Society, Part 11, March 1896. K. R. Kirtikar’s Poisonous Plants of Bombay). Branchlets generally spinescent. Leaves membranous, varying exceed- ingly in shape, from oblong to elliptic-obovate, from obtuse to acuminate, blade 3-6 in.; petiole 4-3in. long, pubescent on the under surface when full-grown. Flowers very fragrant, white, solitary or fasciculate, pedicels and Calyx hairy, petals lin. long, 5-10, usually 6, hairy outside. Fruit a berry 2 in, long, with a beautiful crimson (not-black) tough epicarp, a pulpy mucilaginous mesocarp and a bony endocarp. Seed oblong, solitary, pendulous. Cotyledons large, flat, with three basal nerves, in copious albumen which it is not ruminated (Brandis). Uses :—The root is described by Sanskrit writers as heating, pungent and acrid. It is laxative and useful in worms, colic, inflammations and poisonous bites. The fruit is said to be cooling, tonic, nutritive, useful in burning of the body, con- sumption, and in hemorrhage (U. C. Dutt). It has also a a reputation in leprosy. In native practice, the root-bark is used as anthelmintic and purgative. In Bombay, the leaves are used as a poultice to relieve rheumatic pains (S. Arjun). Dr. Moodeen Sheriff, in his most valuable Supplement to the Pharmacopoeia Indica says: “It has proved itself an efficient and safe emetic in doses of fifty grains; in smaller doses it is nauseant and febrifuge. The bark is very bitter, and its repute in skin diseases is not without foundation.” In a further report upon this drug, he states: “It is a good substitute for Ipecacuanha, and proves useful in all diseases in which the latter is indicated, except dysentery. As a dia- phoretic and antipyretic, it has been found useful in relieving pyrexia. Doses as a nauseant, diuretic and febrifuge : 6 to 10 grains of the root bark; as an alterative: 2 to 5 grains; it is given in leprosy and syphilis; the natives consider it to be glexiteric, especially in cases of bites from rabid animals,” N. O. CAPRIFOLIACER. 639 N. O. CAPRIFOLIACE. 589. Sambucus ebulus, Linn., H.F.B.1., 111 2. Vern. :—Richh kas ; Mushkiara ; ganhula gandal ; gwandish ; Siske tasar (Pb). Habitat :—-Kashmir and Western Himalaya. A gregarious, herbaceous plant. Stems mostly simple, 3-6ft. high. Leaves unequally pinnate, 9in. Leaflets 5-9, oblong- lanceolate, free, 3-6in., puberulous, or nearly glabrous. Stipules often foliaceous, serrate. Corymbs peduncled or leafy at the base, compact and many-rayed. Bracteoles minute, linear. Corolla gin. diam., broadly companulate, white, pink, or dark purple. Drupe +in. diam., globose, black. C.. B. Clarke observes that the flowers, Kuropean as well as Indian, have a strong piculiar odour, and that the uppermost flowers are barren. Use:—The roots have purgative properties, and are used in dropsy, as also the berries (Honigberger). In England, the berries, and also decoction made of the root and bark of this plant, are very old village medicines, and are in occasional use in country places. They are violently emetic. An infusion of the fresh or dried flowers is used for cold. A preparation made from leaves and flowers is an old country medicine for rheumatism. An oil, obtained by distilling the leaves with steam, is of a dark-brown colour, and has an unpleasant odour,: Sp. Gr. 0°8998 at 15° C.; acid value, 250-90; ester value, 46°0. The saponified oil has a pleasant odour, resembling that of apricots and peaches, and contains an alcohol which has not been identifled. Palmitic acid was detected in the oil. (H. Haencel in Chem. Zentr. 1910, abstracted in J. Ch. I. for May 31, 1910, p. 649). 990. Viburnum fetidum, Wall. u.¥.B.1., 111. 4. Vern. :—Nara Vela (M.) Habitat :—Khasia Mountains and Assam. An erect sbrub, 6-10 ft. ; branchlets, petioles and inflores- cence, stellate hairy. Leaves coriaceous, rhomboid, lanceolate 640 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. or oblong-rhomboid, glabrous above, 2 by l4in., scarcely acum- inate ; with the base cuneate or rounded, 3-nerved ; margins remotely toothed ; axils of the primary nerves, with tufts of hair ; secondary nerves, 3 or 4 pairs, transverse, conspicuous beneath. Petiole $-$in. long. Corymbs terminal, subumbellate, stellate, pubescent, 2-4in. diam. 4-8-rayed, peduncled ; bracts and _bract- eoles numerous, hairy, from linear-oblong to spathulate-oblong. Calyx-tube glabrous. Calyx-teeth minute, triangular. Corolla- lobes +4 in. diam., round, white. Drupe 4 by +in., compressed, subacute, red. Seed dorsally 2-grooved, ventrally 3-grooved, and hardly concave. Use:—It is acrid, bitter and astringent, and used as an emmenagogue. (S. Arjun.) “Tt is customary for Hindoo women, who have been confi- ned to hang a branch over the room in which they lie, asa protection against evil spirits and post-partum hemorrhage.” Another superstition is, that if seven pieces of the stem of this plant are knotted into a thread made from cotton picked by a virgin, the necklace thus formed will cure scrofulousglands. A cake made from the flour of eighteen kinds of grain with narwel juice, is scraped on one side while hot, well moistened with the juice and applied to the head in headache. A _ wine- glassful of the juice of the leaves is administered internally in menorrhagia daily, also in post-partum hemorrhage. It .is re- markable that V. primifolium, an American plant, has also been found useful in all uterine diseases characterised by loss of blood and in threatened abortion (Dymock). 591. Lonicera glauca, H. F. and 1’, tl. 11. Vern. :—Shingtik ; Shea ; Shewa (Pb. and Hindi). Habitat :—Temperate N.-W. Himalaya; Nubra, Zanskar and Piti, Titail in Kashmir; Garwhal and Kumaon.-- An erect, glaucous, densely-branched, wiry undershrub, glabrous except as to the margins of the leaves. Leaves$ by 4 in., obtuse, oblong, base hardly rounded. Petioles 7, in. Bracts large, ovate, flat 4-4 in., glaucous, hispidly ciliate on the margins, usually free, or, when the fruits coalesce, sometimes much connate. N, 0. RUBIACEA. 641 Calyx glabrous or nearly so. Calyx-limb deciduous. — Corolla- tube 4-4 bytin. glabrous. Lobes # in., elliptic, yellow. Style glabrous. Berry 4 by } in., ellipsoid, pairs sometimes confluent into a spherical fruit. (Both confluent and non-confluent ber- ries occur on one branch). C. B. Clarke. Use :—The seeds are prescribed for horses in colic (Stewart). N. 0. RUBIACEAS. 592. Anthocephalus Cadamba, Mig. H.F.B.1., III. Zo. ce | Synonyms :—Nauclea Cadamba, Roxb. 172; Sarcocephalus Cadamba, Kurz. 3 | Sans. :—Kadamba ; Nipa. Vern. :—Kadam, kadamb (H.); Kadam (B.); Bol-kadam (Chit- tagong); Sanko (K6l.); Pandir (Lepcha) ; Kodum (Mechi) ; Roghu (Ass.); Kadambo (Uriya); Kadamba, nhyu (Bomb.) ; Kadam, kadamb, nhiv (Mah.); Kalam, nhio or nhiu (Panch Mahals ; Kadamb (Guj.); Vellai cadamba (Tam.); Kadamba, rudraksha-kamba (Tel.) ; Heltega, arsanatega (Mysore); Kaada vailu, kadaga, kadwai (Kan.) Habitat :—Wild in Northern and Eastern Bengal, Pegu and the Western Coast ; cultivated in Northern India. A large deciduous tree of rapid growth ;_ branches horizontal, rather drooping at the ends. Bark dark-grey with numerous regular longitudinal fissures ; the outer bark peeling off in small rectangular scaies. Wood white, with a yellowish tinge, soft, even-grained. Leaves coriaceous, shining, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, elliptic-oblong, ovate, or ovate-cordate, acute, 5-9 in. Stipules linear, early caducous. Flower-heads scented at night, simple, 1-2in. diam., terminal, yellow, or orange- coloured, with white stigmas. Peduncles l-lZin. long. Corolla glabrous, lobes erect ; Calyx-lobes oblong, persistent. Ovaries non-confluent, 4-celled in the upper, 2-celled in the lower, por- tion. Bracteoles 0. Fruit a fleshy receptacle, as large as a small orange, on which are inserted numerous closely-packed few-seeded capsules. Seeds not winged, minute. Parts used :—The Bark aud Leaves. 81 642 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. Uses :—-The bark is used as a febrifuge and tonic. In the Concan, the fresh juice of the bark is applied to the heads of infants when the fontanelle sinks, and a small quantity mixed with cumin and sugar is given internally. In inflamma- tion of the eyes, the bark juice, with equal quantities of lime juice, opium and alum, is applied round the orbit (Dymock.) Decoction of the leaves is used asa gargle in cases of aph- the and stomatitis (A. C. Mukerji, in Watt’s Dictionary, I). 593. Adina cordifolia, Hook, f. and Bth., u.¥.B.1., iit. 24. Synonym :—Nauclea cordifolia, Willd.; Roxb. 172. Sans. :—Dhara-kadamba. | Vernacular names :—Haldu, hardu, kad4mi, karam (Hind.) ; Bangka, keli-kadam, pet-puria, da-kém (Beng.); Hardua, harda (C. P.); Karam (Nepal); Kurumba, komba sanko (Kol.) ; Karam (Santal); Bara kuram (Mal.); Tikkce (Bahraich and Gonda 5) Hardu, paspu kurmi (Gond.); Holonda (Uriya) ; Shangdong (Garo.); Roghu, keli kadam (Ass.); Manja kadambe (Tam.) ; Daduga, bettaganapa, bandaru, dudagi, puspukandi, paspu kadimi (Tel.) ; Arsiutega (Mysore); Hedde, yettega-pettega, arsanatéga, yettada, ahuan (Kan.); Hedu (Mah.); Haladhwan (Guz.) Habitat :—Dry forests, alt. 1--3,000 ft., from Kumaon to Sikkim, and throughout the hilly parts of India to Ceylon. A large, deciduous tree, its trunk usually buttressed at the base. Bark soft, in. thick, grey, rough. Wood yellow, moderately hard, even-grained, no heartwood. Leaves cordate- orbicular abruptly acuminate, pubescent beneath, blade 4-9in. diam., petiole. pubescent, 3-4in. Stipules pubescent, 4-jin. long., concealing the uppermost pair of leaf-buds. Pe- duncles 2-4in. long, single or 2-3 from one leaf-axil. Flower- heads yellow, 2-lin. diam., receptacle and bracteoles hairy. Calyx and Corolla densely pubescent. Calyx-tube 5-angled, lobes linear, deciduous. Corolla downy ; stigma clavate. Capsule #in., cuneate, downy, cells about 6-seeded. N. 0. RUBIACER. 643 Uses:—“ The smail buds, ground with round pepper, are sniffed into the nose in severe headache” (Revd. A. Campbell, Santal Mission, Pachumba). “ Roots used as a medicine in Assam” (H. Z. Darrah, Esq., Assam). The juice is used to kill worms in sores (Dymock). — 594; Nauclea ovalifola, Roxb. H.¥.B.1., 11. 27; Roxs. 173. The Fl. Br. Ind. considers it to be a doubtful species. “ Possibly Adind sessilifolia. Don refers it to Uncaria ellip- tica, which is not a Khasian plant. Vern. :—Shal (Sylhet). Habitat :—“ A native of the forests of Silhet, where it is called shal by the natives” (Roxb). A small tree. Leaves oblong, glabrous ; rather coriaceous, 6-10-by 3-6in., glossy above, base cordate, tip rounded. Stipules broadly oblong. Peduncles 1-2in., very stout 1-3 terminal, solitary l-headed. Flower-heads 14in. diam., villous. Corolla shaggily silky. Stigma clavate, capsule 4in , cuneate. | Use :—The bark is said to possess bitterness equal to that of Cinchona, and is used by the border tribes in the treatment of endemic fevers and bowel complaints (Ph. Ind). 5995. Hymenodictyon excelsum, Wall. H.F.B.1., Tite Doe Syn. :—Cinchona Excelsa, Roxb. 178. Vern. :—Bhaulan; Bhalena (H.); Kalakurwah (Bomb.) ; Bandari (Dec.); Bartu (Pb.) Bandaru (Tel.); Sagapu (Tam.); Pun- daroo, Kala buchnak (H.); Bodoka, Konoo ( Uriya); Sali (Kol.) ; Bhorkhend (Santal); Bhoursél (Mar.) ; Dudiyetta, dudippa, ché- tippa, bfirja, bandara (Tel.) Bandaray anui (Kan.). Kukurkat, lamkana (Merwara). Habitat :—Dry hills; base of the Western Himalaya from Garwhal to Nepal ; throughout the Deccan and Central India to the Annamallays ; and in Chittagong. A large, deciduous tree, 30-40ft. Bark of trunk furrowed and rough, that of branches smooth; 4-fin. thick, grey, 644 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. exfoliating in irregularly shaped, softish scales. Wood white when cut up fresh; if cut up dry, brownish grey, soft. Leaves opposite ovate-elliptic oralmost orbicular, abruptly ac :m- inate, finely pubescent on both surfaces, 4-10 by 3-din. ; mem bran- ous, narrowed into a petiole l-3in. ; nerves 7-10 pair ; stipules broad, recurved, usually glandular serrate. Flowers pedicil- late, white, fragrant, in dense cylindrical compound ; racemes in terminal drooping panicles, with linear or lanceolate bracts, as long as or longer than the flowers (Brandis). Corolla-tube slender, more than 3 times the length of the Calyx lobes, tin. Stamens 5. Filament dilated. Anthers linear. Ovary 2-celled, style long, exserted. Stigma spindle-shaped. Capsules #-Lin., on recurved thick pedicels, 4 3in. long, even 2in., ellipsoid, many-seeded. Seeds flat, lenticular, winged all round the margin, ¢ by 7gin. including the wing. Uses :—The inner bark is bitter and astringent, and is.used asa febrifuge. The outer layer of the bark is tasteless. The Pharm. Indica suggests that in all future enquiries into the sub- ject of Indian antiperiodics, this bark should be one of the first to which attention should be directed. Regarding the constituents of the bark, Messrs. Charles Stanley Gibson and John Lionel Simonsen write in the Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal for 1916, pp. 161— 162 :— This bark was first subjected to a chemical examination by Broughton in 1870, and subsequently Naylor (Pharm. Journ. 1893, 74. 311, 1884, 15, 195) inves- tigated it much more thoroughly, Broughton showed that it contained a glucoside, aesculin, and that on keeping the bark lost its bitter flavour owing to the hydrolysis of the glucoside with formation of aesculetin (scopoletin), Naylor, on the other hand, succeeded in isolating a crystalline alkaloid to which he gave the name hymenodyctine and the formula C,,H,,.N, and also an amorphous neutral substance of the formula Cy.H43G,o. * From the results obtained by Naylor it seemed possible to us that the alkaloid might be of therapeutic value and furthermore, since it was one of the few alkaloids which do not contain oxygen, it should be of considerable scientific interest, and we decided, therefore, to attempt its isolation, We have isolated aesculin and scopoletin, but we have been unable to find any traces of an alkaloid, It would, therefore, appear that Naylor cannot have * This formula is obviusly incorrect, containing as it does an odd number of hydrogen atoms, N. 0. RUBIACER. 645 examined the bark of the Hymenodyctyon excelsum, but must have heen deal- ing with some other bark. 596. Oldenlandia corymbosa, Linn. H.¥.B.1., III. 64, Pe ) Syn. :—O. biflora, Lamk., O. vamosa, Roxb. 142. Sans. :—Kshetraparpati; Parpata. Vern. :—Daman-papar (H.); Khetpapra (B.) ; Paripat ie Popato, Kazuri (Goa), Hahitat:—An abundant weed eae India, from he Punjab, Southward and Eastward, to Ceylon and Malacca. A slender herb up to lft. or more high, but often: diminutive and straggling. Leaves sessile, 1-2in. long, linear or lnear- lanceclate, erect, or spreading; margins scabrous and often revolute; stipules short, membranous, dentate or bristly. Peduncles axillary, solitary, slender, shorter than the leaves, usuaily 2-3-ftowered ; pedicels filiform ; bracts. subulate. Calyx- teeth subulate, nearly equalling the tube when in flower. Corolla white, its tube short. Capsule usually broad, didymous or globose or narrowed to the base, not ribbed, the crown not rising above the base of the calyx-teeth. Jt is an extremely variable plant, and some of its forms, cannot easily be distinguished from O. diffusa (Duthie). Uses:—By Sanskrit authors it is considered a cooling medicine of importance in the treatment of fevers supposed to be caused by deranged air and bile, that is, remittent fever, with gastric irritability and nervous depression. The entire plant is prescribed in decoction, and is combined with aromatics. In Goa, it is much used combined with Adiantum limatum and Hydrocotyle asiatica as an alterative in low forms of fever, In the Concan, the juice is applied in burning of the palms of the hand and soles of the feet from fever; in burning at the pit of the stomach the juice is given internally with a little milk and sugar (dose 1 tola of the juice obtained by pounding the plant with water). The decoction is given in remittent fever, and is also applied to the surjace of the body. It is also given internally to cure heat eruptions (Dymock), 646 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS, It is given, too, in jaundice and supposed diseases of the liver (Waitt). It is also anthelmintic (Surgeon-Major Mukerji, in Watt’s Dictionary). | 597. 0. umbellata, Linn. u.¥.8.1., 11. 66 ; Roxb. 141. Vern. :—Chirval ; Chirval-ki-lakri (H. and Dec.) ; Surbuli(B); Cherivello ; Chiru véru (Tel); Sayawer; Imbdral (Tam.) ; Kal- penyok (Lepcha). Habitat:—Western Peninsula, from Orissa southwards. Found in the sandy scrub of the Coromandel Coast and largely collected (Gamble). An annual herb, diffuse, glabrous or scaberulous. Stem woody, much-branched from the base. Stipules with bristles. Leaves 3-l}in., spreading or recurved, often fascicled, linear, flat or almost acicular with recurved margins, acute, nerveless. Peduncles in the upper axils stout, 3-many-flowered ; pedicels short. Cymes sometimes sessile or terminal. Calyx-teeth a little shorter than the Corolla-tube, subulate. Capsule didy- mous, crown low. Seeds numerous, angled, testa smooth. Uses:—The small, narrow, pale green leaves of this low- growing plant, the native doctors consider as expectorant, and prescribe them accordingly. Of the virtues of the root in poisonous bites, colds and cutaneous disorders, as mentioned in Miller’s Dictionary, | know nothing. When dried and powdered, the leaves are sometimes mixed with flour and made into cakes, which are eaten by such as suffer from consumptive and asthmatic affections. The dose of the decoction of the leaves is about an ounce twice daily (Anislie). 598. Ophiorrhiza Mungos, Linn. H.F.B.1., 11. 77 ; Roxb. 235. Sans. :—Sarpakshi. Vern. :—Kiri-purandan (Tam.); Sarpashi-chettu (Tel.); Sarathi (H.); Gandha nakuli (B.). N. 0. RUBIACER. 647 Habitat :--Khasia Mountains and Assam. Mountains of the Western Peninsula. A suffrutescent herb, erect, glabrous, or stem petiole cymes and leaf-nerves beneath puberulous. Stipules small. Leaves 2-5 by 1-24in., very thin, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, long- acuminate, narrowed into the petiole. Cymes 1-3in. diam., flat- topped, glabrous or pubescent. Cyme-branches sub-umbellate, very spreading. Bractsabsent. Calyx-teeth very short. Corolla white, glabrous round at the tip, in bud $in., mouth not dilated ; lobes very short, obtuse, keeled at the back. Capsule 4-tin. diam., pedicelled. Seeds many, minute, angled. _ Use :—The root is intensely bitter and may be used as a tonic Popularly believed to be a remedy against the bites of venomous snakes, mad dogs, &c. 999. Musscenda frondosa, Linn. H.F.B.1., 111. 89 ; Roxb. 187. Vern. :—Asari (Nepal); Tumberh (Lepcha); Bhita-kesa, Léudachidta (Bomb.) ; Shivardole (Mar.) ; Bebina (H.); Vellaellay (Tam.). Habitat :—Tropical Himalaya, from Nepal eastward. Assam, Khasia Mountains, and the Western Peninsula, from the Concan southwards. A large shrub, tomentose, hirsute or nearly glabrous. Bark grey, smooth, but granular. Wood white, soft, but. moderately hard, close and even-grained. Leaves sessile or petioled, ellip- tic oblong or ovate, acuminate; stipules long or short, often 2-fid. Cymes contracted or open, softly silkily-tomentose ; bracts and caducous calyx-lobes elongate-lanceolate, much larger than the ovary, twice the length of the ovary or longer. Corolla orange-yellow, pubescent, silky or hirsute; lobes broadly ovate, acute or acuminate. Berries obovoid, glabrous ; areole broad. Uses :—In the Concan, $a tola of the root is given with cow’s urine in white leprosy. In jaundice, 2 tolas of the white leaves are givenin milk (Dymock). 648 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. 600. Randia uliginosa, De. H.F.B.1., ut. 110. Syn. :—Posoqueria Uliginosa, Roxb. 239. Vern. :--Pendari (Bomb.); Pindalu, panar, paniah, katul, pindar, bharani (H.); Piralo (B.); Panelra, cindra, telp-hetru, phetra, (Mar.); Wagata (Tam.); Nalaika, devatamalle, nalla- kakasi, gGaku (Tel.) ; Kare, pendri, pandri (Kan). Habitat :—Eastern, Central and Southern India; not common northwards, Sikkim and Assam. A small, armed, rigid, glabrous, deciduous tree. Bark +in. thick, reddish-brown, exfoliating in thin flakes. Wood whitish- grey close-grained, hard; no heartwood. Branches quadran- gular, usually bearing short, terete, decussate branchlets, with several pair of approximate leaves and above them 2-4 strong, straight, sharp, decussate thorns. Leaves glabrous and shining above, often pubescent beneath, obovate from a cuneate base ; blade 3-6in. long; petiole jin. long. Stipules triangular. Flowers solitary, white, dimorphic, either large and sessile, or small and petioled, scented. The large and sessile flowers often have Corolla 2in. diam., 2 separate stigmas, and the tube longer than the free portion of the Calyx. The small pedicillate flowers have a short Corolla-tube and a clavate stigma marked with spiral lines. Calyx-lobes short. Corolla- tube glabrous outside. Fruit, when ripe, yellow, edible, with a hard pulp, those produced by the large sessile flowers are ellipsoid, 2in. long, while those of the smaller peduncled flowers are of half that size. Seeds compressed, smooth, closely packed in pulp. Uses:—The unripe fruit roasted in wood ashes is used as a remedy in diarrhoea and dysentery, the central portion consisting of the stone and seeds being rejected ; it is astringent (Dymock). The root, boiled in ght, is sometimes given in similar cases. 601. R.dumetorum, Lamk. 4.¥.8.1., 111. 110. Syn. :—Posoqneria dumetorum, P. nutans, P. longispina and P. floribunda, Roxb. 239-241. ~ Sans. :—Madana. N. O. BURIACER. 649 Vern. :—Mainphal, manyul, karhar, arar (H.); Menphal (B.) ; Mindla, mandkolla, mindhal, mendphal (Pb.) ; Gundrow (Mar.); Mindhal (Guz.) ; Maidal, amuki(Nepal) ; Panji (Lepcha) ; Patiree (Uriya) ; Madu-karray, marukkallan-kay (Tam.); Mangha (Tel.) ; Kare (Kan.). Habitat :—Subtropical Himalaya, from Jammu eastwards to Sikkim ; and thence southwards to Chittagong, and the Western Peninsula (not recorded from Assam, the Khasia Mountains, Silhet or the Eastern Peninsula). A deciduous, thorny shrub or small tree, armed with stout axillary spines, 1-ldin. or 1-2in. long. Bark grey. Wood white or light-brown, compact, hard, close and even-grained. Branches horizontal, rigid, many of the lateral ones suppressed, and very short spines in opposite pair coming off immediately above branchlets, horizontal, woody, strong, verysharp. Leaves usually fasciculate on the suppressed branchlets, nearly sessile, 1-2in. long, obovate, oval or spathulate, tapering to base, obtuse, apiculate, glabrous, or slightly pubescent, thin, reticulate veined. Stipules acuminate. Flowers lin. diam., 1-3 at ends of suppressed branchlets. Pedicels short. Calyx-limb broadly tubular, from nearly glabrous to very hairy ; segments leafy, ovate, acute, imbricate, glabrous, or slightly hairy. Corolla hairy outside; tube as long as the Calyx; lobes rounded, spreading. Fruit globose or broadly ovoid, about 2in., crowned with large Calyx-limb, pilose, yellow, 2-celled ; pericarp thick. Seeds flat, surrounded with gelatinous pulp: Flowers yellowish- white, yellow, says Brandis. Parts used :—The bark, rind and fruit. Uses :—The fruit is described by Sanskrit writers as the best and safest of emetics. One ripe fruit is said to be a sufficient dose; emesis is generally promoted by a drink containing bitters and aromatics. Mahomedan writers describe it as an emetic which expels bile and phlegm, at the same time acting as an aperient ; it should be administered with aromatics and honey (Dymock. Externally applied, it acts as an anodyne in rheumatism (Stewart). 82 650 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. The bark is given internally and is also applied externally when the bones ache during fever (Revd. A Campbell). An infusion of the bark is used as a nauseating medicine. It is also applied to bruises, mixed with cowdung. | Dr. Moodeen Sheriff has found the drug a good substitute for Ipecacuanha in dysentery. He recommends the powdered . pulp as the most convenient form for administration. Dose: 40 grains as an emetic ; 15 to 30 grainsin dysentery. The bark of the tree is astringent. In colic, the fruit is rubbed to paste with rice water and applied over the navel (Dymock). It is also used to poison fish. The pulp of the fruit is believed by many native practi- tioners to have also anthelmintic properties, and is sometimes used as an abortifacient. Ground into acoarse powder and applied thus to the tongue and palate, it is highly esteemed as a domestic remedy for the fevers and incidental ailments which children are subject to, while teething (Murray). Sir James Sawyer of Dublin has used it “as a nervine calmative and antispasmodic in cases in which the vegetable antispasmodics, such as Valerian and Assafoetida, appear to be indicated.” In addition to the substances described later,a minute quantity of an alkaloid was isolated, but not characterised or identified, anda small amount of lead (0°02 per cent.) was invariably present. Randiasaponin, a glucoside, forms yellowish plates, or a white, amorphous powder, and melts and decomposes at about 250°, It loses 11°4 per cent. of water at 100°; the percentage composition of the dry substance is C, 55°52; H, 8°72; O, 35°76. Itis not hygroscopic, but dissolves in water to a neutral solution, which froths readily. It is reprecipitated from this solution by moderately strong hydrochloric or sulphuric acid, and is also thrown down by lead acetate and basic acetate as a gelatinous compound, which serves for its purification. It does not reduce alkaline copper solution, except after prolonged hydrolysis with dilute hydrochloric acid, when it is converted into randiasapogenin and two sugars. The osazone of one of these is insoluble in ether, crystallises in yellow crusts, and melts at 166—167°, whilst that of the other is soluble in ether and amorphous, and melts at 176—177°. Randia- saponin, like quillayasapotoxin, has the property of dissolving red blood corpuscles to a clear solution. Randiasapogenin, C,;H,,O,(?), the product of the hydrolysis of randiasa- ponin, forms a friable mass, little soluble in water. It decomposes without N. 0. BURIACEA, 651 melting, the chief product being a substance crystallising in colourless needles. Moist randiasapogenin dissolves in strong sulphuric acid to a yellow solution, which shows a characteristic green fluorescence. Randie acid, C,,H,.0,., appears to be a monobasic acid of the series C, H,,-30,5, characterised by Kobert as the saponin series, and exists, appa- rently, in loose combination with randiasaponin. It crystallises from alcohol in white, nodular masses, and melts at 208—210°. It is sparingly soluble in water and ether, freely in alcohol, acetic acid, and concentrated sulphuric acid; solutions of the alkalisalts froth very readily. The potassium salt is insoluble in alcohol, The calcium, barium, ferrous, ferric, copper, lead, mer- curous, and mercuric salts are mentioned, Randic acid resembles quillayic acid in dissolving red blood corpuscles without destroying the colouring matter, and in precipitating albumins and peptones, To these properties, and the similar property of randiasaponin, the poisonous character of the fruit is probably due, Randiatannic acid exists in small quantity in the pericarp, and is a brown, very hygroscopic mass, which is freely soluble in ether, as well as in water and alcohol. It gives a green coloration with ferric chloride, anda yellow precipitate with basic lead acetate, and reduces alkaline copper solution. One of the products of the decomposition of randiatannic acid appears to be randia-red, C,,H3,04,, a substance to which the brown colour of the peri- carp of the fruit is due; this is precipitated by acids from the alkaline extract as a brown powder, which is insoluble in water, alcohol, and ether, but easily soluble in alkalis. The solutions give reddish precipitates with lead acetate and alum. A brownish-red colouring matter, probably the ammo- nium-derivative, is precipitated by ammonia from the acid mother liquor; it forms a harsh mass resembling asphalt, and is soluble in hot water; it is decomposed by caustic soda with evolution of ammonia. Randia fat isa yellowish-green substance of the consistence of butter ; it melts at 28—29°, and its sp. gr. is 0°9175 at 20° The acid number is 13'8; the ester number, 1464; the saponification number, 160°2; and the iodine number, after two hours, 43:24. (J, Ch. S. 1895 pp. 189-190). 602. Gardenia lucida, Roxd. u.F.B.1., 11. 115 ; Roxb. 237. Vern. :--Dikamali (H. and Guz.); MKonda-manga, _ tetta- manga kuru (C. P.) ; Karinga (Tel). ; Kumbi (Tam.). Habitat :—Western Peninsula, common from the Concan southwards to Chittagong. A small deciduous tree. Shoots resinous. Bark 4in., thick, greenish grey, exfoliating in irregular flakes. Wood yellowish white, close-grained, hard ; no heartwood, no aunual rings (Gamble). Leaves 3-10 by 2-din., elliptic-oblong, narrow- ed into the short marginate petiole. Secondary nerves 20-25 652 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. pair; stipules sheathing, large, broadly ovate, connate. Flowers fragrant, peduncled, white, turning yellow; tube 1-2in., lobes 5, obovate-oblong. [Fruit ovoid, crowned with persistent Calyx- limb. Pericarp thick, woody; endocarp thick, woody, nearly 2-celled, with prominent placentas. Use :—The tree gives a gum resin from wounds in the bark and, from leaf-buds. This is hard, opaque yellow, greenish or brown with strong smell], and is used in cutaneous diseases and to keep off flies and worms (Gamble). 603. G. gumnifera, Linn. H.F.B.1., 1. 116; Roxb. 238. Vern. :—Dekamali, kamarri, (Hind.) ; Baruri, barui (Kol.) ; Papra, kamarri (C. P.) ; Chitamatta, chitnityal, gaggaru(Tel), ; Chitta, kambia (Kan.); DikemA4li (Bom.). Habitat :-—Chota Nagpore, Western Peninsula from the Sat- pura range southward. Central and South India; in the Central Provinces, Dekkan, Konkan, Chittagong (Gamble). A small tree; “awoody bush,” says J. D. Hooker. Bark greyish brown, smooth, #in. thick. Wood _ yellowish- white, close-grained, hard. ‘The buds yield a resinous, bright yellow gum, transparent and pleasant to chew, used like the gum-resin yielded by G. lucida. Gamble says he has never seen the gum procured from the bark. Leaves 14-2$in., coriaceous, cuneate or obovate, shining, sessile or sub-sessile; base acute, obtuse or cordate; sometimes puberulous beneath; nerves 15-20 pair. Stipules connate, truncate or mucronate. Flowers subsessile, white. Calyxlimb shortly tubular, teeth stout, subulate; lobes 5-6. Corolla-tube 1-2in., glabrous or pubescent; limb 1-3in. diam., lobes 5, oblong, obtuse. Fruit 1-l$in., ellipsoid or oblong, with a stout beak, smooth; pericarp thin, woody, endocarp 4-5-valved (Roxburgh), thin, crustaceous, nearly 4-5- celled (Brandis) ; placentas 4-5. Uses :—The gum obtained from this plant is used internally in dyspepsia accompanied bv flatulence. In veterinary medi- cine, it is employed to keep off flies from sores (Dymock). N. 0. BURIACER. 653 Used by natives as an astringent for cleansing foul ulcers, and for allaying irritation of the gums and checking diarrhcea during teething of children (Murray, 195). Those who have written upon Indian drugs, say little about this resin, although it is an article of commerce, and can always be obtained in quantity. Recently it has attracted attention in Kurope, and has been examined by Stenhouse, Groves and Fluckiger (Dymock). The drug is considered antispasmodic and carminative, and, when applied exiernally, antiseptic and stimulating. Said to be a successful anthelmintic in cases of round worm (Watt). The powdered gum-resin is said to have diaphoretic and expectorant properties, used internally in guinea-worm, dose from 2 to 16 grains (Surgeon Joseph Parker, in Watt’s Dictionary). | 604. G. turgida, Roxb. u.F.B.1., 11. 118 ; Roxb. 439. Vern. :—Thanella, khfrdr khuriari, ghurga, mhaner (H.) ; Bamemia, dhobel kirat (Uriya) ; Karhar, duduri (Kol.) ; Phur- pata (Kurku); Dandu kit, dondonki (Santal) ; Panjra, pendra (Gond.); Karumba (Raj.); Karhér ; Khemra (C. P.); Khur. phendra, pendri, phanda, phetra (Mar.); Phetrak (Bhil.); Manjunda, telel (Tel.) ; Bongeri (Kan.). Habitat :—Tropical Himalaya ascending to 4,000 ft., from Kumaon to Bhotan, Oudh, Behar, Chota Nagpore, Bombay, Central and Southern India, also in Burma. A small-deciduous tree, 25ft. Bark smooth, bluish—grey, #in. thick, compact. Wood close-grained, white, with a purplish tinge, no heartwood (Gamble). Branches rigid, robust, armed with strong, axillary, often leaf-bearing, spines. Leaves often crowded at ends of branchlets, 1-4in. long, obovate, narrowed into short marginate petiole, tomentose or pubescent above, when mature. Flowers white, fragrant. Corolla-tube 3-3in. long. Fertile flowers solitary, sessile. Calyx-lobes oblong, sterile clustered in short pedicels, Calyx-teeth minute, sometimes unequal. Truit grey, 654 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. 1-3in., ovoid or globose, smooth ; pericarp thick, endocarp woody, shining within. Placentas 2-6. Use :—A preparation from the root is employed by the Santals as a remedy for indigestion in childern (Revd. A Campbell). 605. G. campanulata, Roxb. H.F.B.1., 111. 118 ; Roxb. 238. Vern. :—Hsay-than-paya (Burm.) Habitat :-—-Foot of the Sikkim Himalaya; Assam, Sylhet and Chittagong ; Behar, and summit of Parasnath. A large, deciduous shrub or small tree, 15-20ft., armed with long straight sharp spines, $-l4in., often leafy or leaf- bearing. Leaves membranous, glabrous, lanceolate; blade 2-4in., or 14-3in. by 3-13 in., narrowed into a short petiole; midrib slender, nerves faint. Petiole 4-4in. Stipules triangu- lar, caducous. Flowers greenish-white. Calyx of male flower #in., ellipsoid or subglobose. Corolla-tube +4in. long, upper portion campanulate, white. Lobes short, obtuse. Fertile flowers solitary, sessile. Calyx-teeth oblong or spathulate, foli- aceous. Sterile flowers fasciculate shortly pedicellate. Fruit #-ltin. long, ellipsoid or globose, obscurely 5-ridged ; pericarp very thick ; endocarp woody. Placentas 5, Use :—The fruit is used as a cathartic and anthelmintic (Roxb.). 606. Diplospora sphaerocorpa, Dalz. 4.F.B.1., mi. 123. Habitat :— Western Peninsula, or the Ghats, from Bombay southwards. An evergreen, small, glabrous tree. Branches terete. Leaves 2-6 by 1$-2$1n., elliptic lanceolate, obtuse or acute. Petiole t-31n.; stipules short, tip not setaceous. Flowers fascicled, shortly pedicelled. Calyx-limb 4-lobed. Calyx-teeth obtuse, ciliolate. Corolla-tube very short, (shorter than the Calyx-teeth) , throat glabrous, lobes in. Filaments very short. Fruit pedi- N. 0. CUCURBITACER. 655 celled, globose, }in. diam., “ on bracteolate pedicels, tin. long,” says Brandis. Seeds few, vertically imbircate, much compressed. Uses:—The berries of this tree are known as “ wild coffee.” The roasted and powdered seeds were submitted to Brig-Gen. A. Kenney Herbert, a great authority on Indian cookery, and he reported as follows :—The percolated liquor had a remarkably pleasant taste, having a marked flavour of coffee. Indeed, the only difference I could detect was this: the liquor was not so dark in tint as coffee, being more golden-brown than dark brown, and the beverage brewed seemed not quite so strong as would have been produced by a similar quantity of coffee powder. There can be no doubt of the distinct coffee- like properties of this powder, and the absence of any twang or conflicting flavour to mar its pleasant taste (Pharmaco- graphia Indica, Vol. II., p. 226). 607. Canthium didymum, Roxb, 4.F.B.1., 11. 132 ; Roxb. 180. - Syn. :—Plectornia didynia, Kurz, Psydrax dicoccos, Geru. Vern. :—Garbhagojha (Santal) ; Yerkoli (Tam.); Yellal, -porawa-mara, galkaranda (Kan.). Habitat :—Sikkim Himalaya, and distributed east to the Khasia and Jayntea Mountains. Also met with in Chutia Nagpur and inthe Western Peninsula, from the Concan south- wards. . ; A stout, evergreen, unarmed glabrous shrub, Leaves very variable, 2-6 by 4-4in., very coriaceous, polished above, usually obtusely caudate-acuminate, base acute obtuse or even cordate, nerve-axils eglandular; petiole 4-tin. Cymes compressed, subsessile or on a short peduncle, 4-lin., sometimes puberulous. Bracts short or O. Flowers 5-merous. Calyx truncate or ob- scurely toothed. Corolla campanulate, tube 7o-4in.; lobes 5, subacute. Style glabrous; stigma subquadrate, notched or 2-fid. Fruit very variable, 4-4in. globose or ellipsoid or obovoid compressed, subdidymous, putamen rugose. (J. D. Hooker). 656 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. Uses :—The bark is used by the Santals in fever (Revd. A. Campbell). Watt, 1. 129. 608. C. parwflorum, Lamk, 111. 136; Roxd. 176. Syn. :—Webera tetrandra, Willd. Vern :—Kirni (Bomb.) ; Karai-cheddi (Tam.) ; Tsjéron kara (Mal.) ; Balusu chettu, balsu (Tel.) Habitat:—Western Peninsula, from the Concan south- wards. A rigid, glabrous shrub; branches stiff, spreading ; spines numerous, axillary or subaxillary, straight, stout and sharp. Wood hard, close-grained. Spines 1-2in. long. Leaves glabrous, crowded on shortened lateral shoots, small, ovate, obovate or erbicular-obtuse, 3-lin. long, rather coriaceous, dirty-green when dry, opaque, base cuneate ; stipules small, with long cuspidate points ; petiole slender, 75-tin. long. Cymes 4-2in. Peduncle and pedicel slender, short or long. Flowers 4-merous, yellow- ish, in many-flowered peduncled cymes. Calyx-teeth minute. Corolla-tube broad, campanulate, 7gin. long, a little longer than lobes, ‘“‘subglobose lobes obovate,” says J. D. Hooker. Style glabrous, stigma capitate, tuberculate, “ globose,” says Brandis. Fruit yellow, edible, subquadrate or obcordate subdidymous, 1in. diam., enclosing 2 hard stones. “Spines sometimes three- fold” (Roxburgh). Use :—A decoction of the edible leaves, as well as the root of this plant, is prescribed in certain stages of flux, and the last is supposed to have anthelmintic qualities, though neither have much sensible taste or smell (Ainslie, Mat. Med. ii. 63). 609. Vangueria Spinosa, Roxb. H.F.B.1., U1. 136. Roxb. 180. Sans. :—Pindu, Pinditaka. Vern. :—Alu (Mar.). Habitat :—From Northern Bengal to Canara. Common in the Ghats, in Bombay and throughout the Konkans, Khandesh, Bengal, Tenasserim and Burma. A small handsome tree, or large bush, thorny. Spines simple N. 0. BURIACER, 657 or d-nate. Leaves glabrous, villous or tomentose, opposite, or 3- nate, whorled, membranous, ovate or obovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate ; blade 2-4in., petiole ¢-lin. ; stipules cuspidate, from a broad base, very deciduous. Flowers small, greenish, in shortly peduncled Cymes, 1-l$in.. Calyx with 5 teeth. Style glabrous ; stigma 4-5-lobed. Drupe 3-lin. diam. ; fleshy, edible, smooth, subglobose or turbinated, with 4 or 5 smooth, broadly hard, 1l-seeded stones. Use :—It is the Pindu and Pinditaka of Sanskrit writers, who consider the fruit to be medicinal, and describe it as streng- thening, cooling, and an expellant of phlegm and bile. The fruit is eaten when ripe, cooked or uncooked, or roasted. Another allied species, V. edulis, a native of Madagascar, is cultivated in gardens for its edible fruit. Contains sugar, gum and a small quantity of tannin, but no cyanogenetic glucoside or alkaloid was found. The dried seeds yield on extraction with ether 14°01 p.c. of a semi-drying oil, with an iodine value of 15°07.—D. Hooper. Annual Report, Indian Museum, Industrial Section, 1909-1910. 610. Ixcra Parviflora, Vahl. w.r.B.t., 1. 142. Vern. :—Kotdgandhal (Loha janzia, in Chutia Nagpur) (H.); Rangan (B.); Pété (Kol.); Merom met (Santal); Tellu, Kurwan (Uriya) ; Disti, kori (Gond.); Kurat, lokandi, narkurat, raikura, guavi-lakri, makri che-jhar (Bomb.) ; Kura (Konkan); Shulundu kora (Yam.); Korimi pala, korivi pala, putta pala, karipal, kachipadel, tadda pallu (Tel.) ; Gorivi, korgi, bennugorvi (Kan.) Habitat :—Western Bengal, Behar, Western, Central and South India. A small, evergreen, glabrous tree ; cymes sometimes slightly pubescent. Leaves coriaceous, hard, shining, sessile, or shortly pedicillate petiolate, oblong or ovate-oblong, with a rounded or nearly cordate base, 4-5in. long; the reticulate veins nearly as prominent as the secondary nerves. [Flowers white or pink, scented, in ample, nearly sessile, compound trichotomous cymes. Corolla glabrous, tube 4-4in., lobes oblong, filaments short. Style very pubescent ; tip of Corolla ellipsoid in bud. Stigma subcapitate, simple or cleft. Fruit small, didymous. Seeds plano-convex. 88 658 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. Use:—The Santals employ the root or fruit as a medicine to be given to females when the urine is high colored (Revd. A Campbell). 611. IL. coccinea, Linn. 4.¥.B.1., 11. 145. Roxb. 126. Syn. :—I. Bandhuca, Roxb. 126. Sans. :—Ruktaka; Bandhooka. Vern. :—Rangan, Rajana (B.); Pankul (Mar.). Bakora, abuli (Bomb.). Habitat :—Cultivated throughout India, a native of the Western Peninsula, in the Conean or Chittagong. A shrub, with long branches, twigs compressed, thickened at nodes. Leaves small, 2-3in., obovate or oval-oblong, rounded or even, subcordate at base, acute, often cuspidate at apex, glabrous and shining, rather rigid, lateral veins somewhat conspicuous, pellucid ; petiole extremely short; stipules, with a long rigid bristle, sub-persistent. Flowers rather large, shortly stalked, cymes lax, trichotomous. Calyx-segments, either short, with toothed margin, or longer and acute, shorter than ovary. Corolla-tube 1-lfin., very slender, lobes oblong- oval, acute or obtuse, about half as long as tube, spreading. Fruit $in., nearly globose, purple, says Trimen. Bright scarlet, says K. R. K., in the specimens found throughout the Konkan, in uncultivated plants found in the jungles, where they are most conspicuous before the monsoons, with their beauti- fully scartlet flowers in showy tufts. The fruit is edible. There are many garden varieties bearing similar tufts of lemon-yellow flowers; pink flowers, large and small; pale cream-coloured flowers, with a tinge of red. Trimen has found all these forms of the plant in Ceylon. Brandis says that the plant is very common in the Western Peninsula, near the Western coast, also along the Ghats, on river banks. In Burma, only cultivated. An ornament of Indian gardens. Uses:—In dysentery, 2 tolas of the flowers, fried in ghi (melted butter), are rubbed down with 4 gunjés each of Cumin and Nagkesar, and made into a bolus with butter and sugar- candy, and administered twice a day (Dymock). N. 0. BURIACER. 659 Asst.-Surgeon Amrita Lal Deb of Howrah, has found it very useful in dysentery. Drs. Bird and Pilcher have also favour- ably reported on its efficacy in that disease. (Vide J. M. G., Och is io a pricoly) 612. Pavetta Indica, Linn. u.F.B.1., U1. 150. Syn. :—Ixora Pavetta, Roxb. 129. Sans : —Pappana. Vern. :—Kiakitra-ch fira (B.) ; Papat, tartari (Bom.); Pavuttay (Tam.); Malleamothe (Mal.); Paputta, Nooni-papoota (Tel.)}; Kankra (Hind.). _ Habitat :—Throughout India, from the Western Himalaya in Garwhal to Bhotan, and southwards to Ceylon. A large shrub. Bark thin, smooth, brownish grey. Wood white to light brown, hard, close-grained (Gamble). Branches numerous, spreading, twigs cylindric, glabrous, or tomentose. Branchlets obtusely quadrangular, says Brandis. Leaves lan- ceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, sometimes obovate, acuminate, subacute, glabrous on both sides, dark green and shining above, with scattered large, thickened, hard warts, more prominent above than beneath ; blade 3-9in. (Trimen), 4-9in. (Brandis), petiole 4-4in., stipules connate, triangular, acute, thin, deciduous. Flowers very numerous on pedicels, longer than Calyx, white, rather fragrant. Cymes copious, lax, corymbose, terminal, glabrous, often with bracts below the branches. Calyx-segments, very small, tooth-like. Corolla-tube about 3in.. Lobes obtuse, about half length of tube; style exserted for fully #in., very slender; stigma slightly clavate. Fruit 4-gin. diam., nearly glabrous, polished, dark. Uses :—-The root is bitter, possessing aperient qualities, and is commonly prescribed by native doctors in visceral obstruc- tions ; given in powder to children, the dose is about a drachm or more (Ainslie). Boiled in water, a fomentation is made from the leaves for hemorrhoidal pains. The root is pulverised and mixed with ginger and rice water, and given in dropsy (Rheede). “Mr, H. M. Birdwood calls it “ Matheran coffee, 660 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. 613. Morinda citrifolia, Linn. Var. bracteata, Ha 8a i. 156: Syn.:—M. bracteata, Roxb. 182. Sans. :—Achchhuka. Vern.:—Al (H.); Ach, Aich, Achhu (B.); Al; Béartondi, nagakuda, aseti (Bomb.) ; Munja-pavattay ; Noona-maram (Tam.); Cada pilva (Mal.) ; Molagha; Maddichetton (Tel.) Var :—Bracteata, hurdi, huldi kunj, rouch (B.) Habitat :—Cultivated and wild (?) throughout the hotter parts of India. A large shrub or small tree, glabrous, trunk straight, bark smooth, branches obiusely 4-angled. Leaves shining, usually 6-10in., broadly elliptic, acuminate, acute or obtuse short- petioled, one of the pair next to the peduncle often suppressed. Stipules large, broadly oblong or semilunar, entire or 2-3-fid, glabrous. Peduncles solitary, rarely 2-3-nate at the ends of the branches, usually in the axils of every other pair of leaves, lin. long or more, supporting leaf not developed. Flowers 5-merous. Calyx-limb truncate. Corolla white, tube 4in. or less. Lobes glabrous, fusiform in bud, throat pubescent. Anthers partly exserted. Fruit of many drupes coalescent into a fleshy globose or ovoid head, pale, greenish-white, lin. diam. Use :—-The charred leaves made into a decoction with mustard area favourite domestic remedy for infantile diarrhoea. The unripe berries, charred and mixed with salt, are applied success- fully to spongy gums (Watt’s Dictionary). The Cochin Chinese believe the fruit to be deobstruent and emmenagogue (Ainslie.) The expressed juice of leaves is ex- ternally applied to gout, to relieve pain (Drury). In Bombay, the leaves are used as a healing application to wounds and ulcers, and are administered internally as a tonic and febrifuge (Dymock). The root is used as a cathartic (Watt). The oil is of a yellowish color, with a Sp. Gr. of 0'927 at 13°C, Itis cloudy, owing to the separation from it of small crystals, which, recrystallised from alcohol, melt at 60° C., and, upon analysis, are shown to consist of paraffins. When freed from the crystals, the oil is almost entirely soluble in dilute caustic soda. In the solution capronic and caprylic acids as well as a trace of higher N. 0. BURIACER. 661 aliphatic acids, can be detected, In the neutral part of the oil, which only amounts to a few per cent, ethyl alcohol can be detected after saponification ; methyl alcohol and alcohols of a fusel-like odor are also probably present. The percentage of acids is over 90,a rare occurrence with essential oils, [J. Ch. I for Jan. 31, 1910, p. 110]. 614. M. tinctoria, Roxb. u.F.B.1., m1. 156; Roxb. 182.185: Sans. :—Achchuka. Vern.:—A’l (H.); Ach, daruharidra (B.); Achu (Uriya) ; Chaili, bankatari (Santal) ; Larnong, asfikhat (Assam); Ach, aich (C. P.); Manjishta ‘Bomb.); Maddi chettu, mulaga chettu (Tel.) Habitat :—Throughout India. A moderate-sized or small deciduous tree, usually pubescent or tomentose. Bark corky, bottle brown or grey, with numer- ous, deep, longitudinal cracks. Wood red, often yellow, with red streaks, moderately hard, close-grained. Leaves not shin- ing, elliptic-obovate or lanceolate, blade 4-8, narrowed into petiole 4-lin. long. Peduncles solitary, axillary leaf opposed, frequently in short trichotomous panicles at the ends of branch- lets. Flowers 5-merous. Corolla usually tomentose outside, tube, 4-4in. long, anthers exserted or included, syncarpium 3in. diam. [Syncarpium or syncarp isa multiple or fleshy aggre- gate fruit, such as the mulberry or magnolin. | Use :—The root is used internally as an astringent. (Irvine). 615. MM. umbellata, Linn. 4.¥.B.1., 111. 157. Syn. :—M. Scandens, Roxb. 184. | Vern.:—Noona-marum (Tam.); Moolooghoodoo (Tel.); A’l (Bomb.); Maddi-chekhi (Kan.) Habitat :—Hills of Eastern Bengal and the Malay Peninsula, from the Khasia Mountains to Penang and Singapore; Western Peninsula, South Concan, Neilgherry and Travancore Mount- ains, A large diffuse shrub, climbing by long tomentose, slender branches. Leaves rarely 5in., usually membranuous, from broadiy ovate to elliptic or linear-lanceolate, obtuse, acute or caudate, acuminate, glabrous, pubescent or tomentose beneath; nerves very distinct. Stipules acute, connate. Petiole slender, 662 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. tin. long. Heads in sessile terminal umbels. Corolla almost retuse, throat bearded ; tube of Corolla short, not tin. Fruit a syncarpium, of the size of large pea or larger, irregularly lobed. Use:—Regarding this, Ainslie makes the following observa- tions:—The leaves, in conjunction with certain aromatics, the Tamool doctors use in decoction, in cases of diarrhoea and dysen- tery, in the quantity of half a tea-cupful twice daily. 616. Paederia feetida, Linn. ae 195; dog: 229. ae Sans. :~-—Prasarani. Vern.:—Khip, gandhali, gundali (H.); Gundhabha-duli (H.); Prasaram (Bomb.); Hiranwel (Mar); Bedoli sutta (Assam) ; Takpcedrik (Lepcha); Padebiri (Sikkim). Habitat:—From the Central and Eastern Himalaya, south- ward to Malacca and westward to Calcutta. A glabrous, foetid shrub. Leaves opposite, long-petioled, or nearly glabrous ovate or lanceolate, 2-6 by %-23in., base acute, rounded or cordate ; peteole 3-lin. Cyme branches opposite panicles 2-6in. long, pubrulous. Bracts minute, ovate, or subulate, ciliolate. Flower sessile and pedicelled. Calyx small, tube campanulate. Calyx-teeth short, triangular. Corolla 1.2in,, tomentose. fruit 3-41n., polished, crowned with conical disk and minute Calyx-teeth. Uses: —The decoction prepared of the leaves is considered wholesome and nutritive for the sick and convalescent. The whole plant is regarded as a specific for rheumatic affections, in which it is administered both internally and externally (Dutt). The roots are used by the Hindoos as an emetic (Rox- burgh). | | : The juice of the leaves is considered astringent and given tc children when suffering from diarrhoea: dose 1 drachm. (Surgeon Mukerji, in Watt’s Dictionary). “The fruit is used to blacken the teeth by Lepchas and Pharias ; this, they say, 1s a specific against tooth-ache” (Gamble). N. 0. BURIACER. 663 617. Spermacoce hispida, Linn. 111. 200 ; Roxb. 125. Vern. :—Nutteechoorie (Tam.); Thartavel (Mal.) ; Madana- ghanti (Tel.) ; Ghanta-chibaji (Concan) ; Madana_ ghanti (H.) ; Pitua arak (Santal). Habitat :—Throughout India, from the Western Himalaya at Simla, to Assam, and southwards to Ceylon. Procumbant herb, scabrid hispid or hirsute. Root-stock annual or perennial. Branches 6-14in., ascending, stout, 4- angled. Leaves subsessile, $-14 by $-2in., often rounded at the tip, rigidly coriaceous, ovate, spathulate, oblong or elliptic obtuse or acute, margins plater-waved, sometimes thickened and cartilaginous. Flowers 4-6 in a whorl. Calyx-teeth linear- lanceolate. Corolla §-3in., blue or. white. Stigmas 2, very short Capsule gin. long, hispid or pubescent, rounded at base. Seeds oblong, granulate, opaque, very variable, ,4-4in. long, narrow or broad. Use :—The root possesses properties similar to Sarsaparilla. It is used as an alterative, and is generally prescribed in the form of a decoction (Ainslie). The seeds have been recommended as a substitute for coffee. 618. Rubia cordifoha, Linn. u.¥B.1., 111. 202. Syn. :—R. Munjista, Roxb. 125. Sans. :—Manjishtha. Vern. :—-Majith, Manjit (H. and Bomb.); Munjith, Aroona (B.) ; Manjiti, shevelli (Tam.) ; Poont (Mal.) ; Mandastic, Tamra- valli (Tel.) ; Manjustha (Kan.); [tari (Bomb). Habitat :—Throughout the hilly districts of India, from the N.-W. Himalaya eastwards, and southwards to Ceylon and Malacca. A scandent herb. Root perennial, very long, cylindric, flex- uose, with a thick cortex. Stems very long, often many yards, becoming slightly woody at base, flexible, tough, cylindric. Bark white, branches scandent, by means of the many numerous divaricate or deflexed branchlets and petioles, quadrangular, 664 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. sometimes prickly on the angles, smooth, shining. Leaves 4in a whorl, $-l$in.; ovate, cordate at base, tapering to acute apex, scabrous above and on the veins beneath, and especially on the margin, with small, white, recurved prickles, 5-or 7-veined from base, stiff, often convex above, with apex hooked, sometimes pubescent beneath. Petiole about twice as long as leaves, usual- ly deflexed, tapering, stiff and branchlike, deeply channelled above, triangular, with many sharp recurved prickles on the angles. Flowers, 5-merous, minute, on short, glabrous pedicels, cymes lax, trichotomous, glabrous. Anthers globose. Corolla- tube thick, very short, lobes ovate, obtuse. Fruit about 4in., very didymous, the carpels almost distinct, smooth, shining, purplish black. The Ceylon plant, says Trimen, has the stem almost destitute of prickles. “A very variable plant. The Khasian specimens have usually 3-nerved leaves, not impressed above; in Western Peninsula the nerves are 5-7, and deeply impressed.” (Hooker). Uses :—In Hindoo medicine, it is chiefly used as a coloring agent. It is useful as an astringent in external inflammations, ulcers and skin diseases, &c. Chakradatta recommends Madder, rubbed with honey, as an application to the brown spots of pityriasis versicolor (Dutt). The Mahomedans consider the drug to be deobstruent, and prescribe it in paralytic affections, jaundice, obstructions in the urinary passages and amenorrhea, They mention the fruit as useful in hepatic obstruction, and a paste made from the roots with honey, as a good application to freckles and other discolora- tions of the skin. The whole plant is reputed to be alexipharmic (Dymock). Ainslie says that an infusion of the root is prescribed by the Hakims to women after delivery, to procure copious flow of lochia. Dr. G. Playfair, in a note appended to his translation of the Talif-i-Sharifi (p. 150), states that, if taken to the extent of about 3 drachms, several times daily, it powerfully affects the nervous system, inducing temporary delirium, &c., with evident deter- mination to the uterine system (Ph. Ind.). N. 0. VALERIANEZ. 665 - N. O. VALERIANE. 619. Nardostachys Jatamansi, De. 11. 211. Sans. :-—JatamAnsi. Vern. :—Balchar (H.) ; Billi-lotan (Dec.) ; Sumbul (Bom.). Habitat :—-Alpine Himalaya, from Kumaon to Sikkim. An erect perennial herb. Root-stock woody, long, stout, covered with fibres from the petioles of withered leaves. Stem 4-24in., more or less pubescent upwards, often glabrate below subscapose. Radical leaves 6-8 by lin., longitudinally nerved, glabrous or slightly pubescent, narrowed into the petiole ; cau- line leaves 1-2 pairs, 1-3in. long, sessile, oblong or subovate. Flower-heads usually 1, 3-5; bracts +in., oblong, usually pube- scent. Corolla-tube tin. long, somewhat hairy within, as are the filaments below. Fruit fin. long, covered with ascending white hairs, crowned by the ovate, acute, often dentate calyx- teeth. C. B. Clarke says : —“‘ There are two forms of this plant : a large flowered, with usually glabrous bracts, and a smaller one, with Corolla-tube, scarcely ¢in. long, and the bracts densely, shortly hairy ; various intermediates occur” (P. 211, Vol III H. EB I). Uses :—It is prescribed by Hindoo physicians as a nervine tonic and aromatic adjunct, in the preparation of medicinal oils and ghritas (butter) (Dutt). The author of the Makhzan considers it to be deobstruent and stimulant, diuretic and emmenagogue, and recommends it in various disorders of the digestive and respiratory organs, and as a nervine tonic in hysteria. He also notices the popular opinion that it promotes the growth and blackness of the hair. In doses of 45 grains, it is often employed as an expectorant in coughs and colds (Dymock.) Ainshe says that in Southern India, the Vytians prepare a fragrant and cooling liniment from this drug, to be applied to the head and used internally as a blood purifier. According to Sir Wm. O’Shaughnessy, it is a perfect repre- sentative for Valerian. 84 566 INDIAN MEDICINAL- PLANTS. The roots are aromatic and bitter in taste. They are supposed to possess tonic, stimulant, and antispasmodic pro- perties, and are often employed in the treatment of epilepsy, hysteria, and convulsive affections (Watt). Used in palpita- tion of the heart (Thompson, in Watt’s Dictionary). 620. Valeriana officinalis, Linn, H.F.B.1., II. 211, | Vern. :—Jal-lakri (H.); Kala vdla (Mar.); Jalalakan, billi- lotan (Ajmere). | Habitat :—North Kashmir ; Sonaming ; Kunzlwan. Perennial herbs, subglabrous. Rootstock short, suberect, hardly thicker than the stem, stoloniferous. Stem 1-3ft., erect, corymbose above, nodes minutely hairy. Leaves pinnate, seg- ments numerous, narrow, entire or toothed. Radical leaves O at flowering time or pinnate. The leaves on lateral offsets in autumn near the root are often ovate, entire or slightly toothed. Cauline leaves several, all pinnate. Upper bracts 7p in., oblong- linear, shorter than the fruits. Uses:—The root is officinal, being stimulant and antispas- modic. It is useful as an antispasmodic in hysteria, epilepsy, chorea and allied affections. Asa stimulant, it is used in the advanced stages of fevers, low asthenic inflammations, &c. (Pharm. Ind.) As an antispasmodic, it is much inferior to assafoetida. In excessive doses, it causes headache, mental ex- citement, indicating a deranged state of the nervous system. In intermittents, it has been useful when combined with cinchona bark or other tonics. Baths of Valerian have been found very useful in acute rheumatism. The volatile oil of Valerian is also a good form of administration (Bentley & Trimen). 621. V. Wallichii, do. H.F.B.1., 111. 213. Syn. :—V. Jatamansi, Roxb. 55. Vern. :—Mush kwéAli, bala (Pb). Habitat: —Temperate Himalaya, from Kashmir to Bhotan, and. Khasia Mountains. - N. 0. VALERIANER. 667 A pubescent, perennial herb. Rootstock horizontal, thick, with thick descending fibres. Radical leaves several, 1-3in. diam., deeply cordate or cordate-ovate, usually acute and toothed, long-petioled. Cauline leaves few or much smaller, entire or pinnate. Corymb 1-3in. diam., not very lax even in fruit. Bracteoles oblong-linear, as long as the fruits. Fruit hairy or nearly glabrous. Use:--The roots are exported to the plains, and are used medicinally, like V. Hardwickii (Stewart). b22°V Harduickia. Wall arp, tt. 213. Vern:—Tagger (H. and B.); Tagger-ganthoda (Bomb.) ; Chammaha (Nepal); Nahani, char, bala, taggar (Pb.); Shumeo, asarun (Kumaon) ; Char (C. P.). Habitat :—Temperate Himalaya, from Kashmir to Bhotan, and Khasia Mountains. A perennial herb, pubescent below. Rootstock hardly thick- ened, descending, fibrous. Stem 1-5ft., erect, usually simple or corymbose only upwards, above often glabrous, nodes little pilose. Leaves pinnate, pinnules 1-5 or lanceolate, acute. Radical leaves undivided, usually disappearing before fruit-time : long- petioled, ovate acute. Cauline leaves several, leaflets often 3, rarely more than 5, upper smaller. Corymb in fruit lax, often lft., repeatedly dichotomous, ultimate branchlets very small ; upper bracteoles much shorter than the fruit. Fruit hairy. Use:—The medicinal properties attributed to it by the author of the Makhzan resemble those of N. Jatémansi. Royle says that the drug is used medicinally in Nepal and Northern India. There can be little doubt that it would prove an efficient substitute for valerian (Dymock). 623. V. Leschenaultai, DC. Var. Brunoniana, W.@A. H.F.B.I., 11 214. Habitat :—Neilgherry Mts., frequent. A perennial herb, glabrous, or very slightly puberulous. Root- stock short, enveloped by thick fibres. Stem erect, with 1-2 pair of leaves near the root, and another small pair about the 668 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. middle, slightly hirsute on the knots. Leaves opposite, stipu- late, somewhat fleshy, lower ones quite entire, ovate bluntly acuminated, long-petioled, radical ones often emarginate at the base ; uppermost or small pair somewhat sessile, narrow oblong, entire or toothed along the margin. Corymb terminal, trichoto- mous, panicled, with a pair of foliaceous bracts, similar to the uppermost leaves subtending the principal branches, C. B. Clarke describes this plant in Hooker’s F. B. I., Vol III, p. 214, as a variety of V. Leschenaultii, D.C., and says that the cau- line leaves are small, undivided or hardly any, fruit glabrous. Clarke further observes thus:—The scapose form has some- times hairy fruits and Wight has been unable in his own herba- rium to settle what he would call V. Leschenaultii and what V. Brunoniana. | Use :—It affords a root which develops a strong odour of valeric acid when dry, and yields to distillation with water a consider- able amount of volatile oil. Dr. G. Bidie has recommended it as a good substitute for European Valerian (Pharmacographia Indica II p. 240.) N. O. DIPSACEAA. 624. Morina persica, Linn. H.F.B.1., 111. 216. Vern. :—Bekh ahmar (H.) Habitat :—Western Himalaya, from Kashmir to Kumaon. Glabrous or softly pubescent herbs. Stems tall, 13-4ft. Leaves 6 by lin., sessile, up to Qin., doubtly spinous-toothed hard, pubescent or glabrous. Flowers in axillary clusters ; white or faintly tinged with pink. Spikeselongate. Bracts free or nearly so, and involucels hairy or villous. Calyx-lobes subequal, obovate, oblong, entire or emarginate. }-gin., by 3-7in. Corolla-tube 1-ljin. Stamens 2 perfect, 2 rudimentary. Fila- ments longer that the Corolla-lobes. Stigma broad, disk-like. Achenes free within the involucel. In Kerner’s Natural History of Plants 11,352. Oliver’s English Translation, 1895, London, the flower of Morina persica is cited as instance of Autogamy “ by N. 0. COMPOSITA. 669 the bending of the style to bring the stigmas into direct contact with the anthers belonging to the same flower or to place them in such a position beneath the anthers as to ensure their catching any pollen that may fall out of the loculi” (K. R. Kirtikar). Use :— Mentioned in the ‘ Punjab Products’ amongst drugs, but no medicinal properties are given. Dr. Dymock, in a letter to Dr. Watt, states that he suspects the same species may prove the source of the Red Behen or Bahman of the Persians (Watt). N. O. COMPOSIT A. 625. Lamprachaenium microcephalum, Benth. H-F.BT., 1, 229. Vern. :—Brahma-dandi (Bomb.). Habitat :—The Concan ; at Parwar Ghat, Bombay. An erect, branched annual. Branches slender, glabrous. Stem 1-2ft., simple or branched from the base, glabrous hairy glandular. Leaves petioled, 2-4in. hairy above, white tomentose beneath. Heads 4-3in, diam. ; peduncles slender, hispid or glabrate. Involucre bracts acute, ciliate, none leafy, erect or recurved. Achenes ,;in. Pappus reddish, equalling the Corol- la tube. Use:—Used medicinally as an aromatic bitter (Dymock). It smells of chamomile. —— 626. Vernonia cinerea, Lees. H.F.B.1., II. 233. Syn. :—Serratula cinerea Row) 594. Sans. :—Sahadevi. Vern. :—Papar; Kunchli (Chutia Nagpur.) Kuksim, (B.); Sira-shengalanir (Tam.). Moti Sadori (Bomb.). Habitat : —Throughout India. One of the commonest weeds throughout India, and Ceylon, abundant everywhere. A pubescent, annual, erect berb. Stems 670 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. 6-12in., or even 2ft., erect, stiff, cylindric, striate, more or less pubescent, slightly branched. ‘‘ Sometimes decumbent at the base, grooved’”’ (Collet). Leaves alternate distant, the lower 2in., but generally smaller upwards, nearly sessile, lanceolate, or ovate, broadly oval to linear-lanceolate, tapering to the base, subobtuse, apiculate, coarsely and shallowly crenate-serrate, more or less hairy on both sides, $-l4in.; teeth few, coarse. Petiole 4-#in. Heads numerous, in. diam., small, on long stalks, in lax divaricate terminal corymbs. Involucre-bracts linear, mucronate; silky, outer ones smaller than the inner. Flowers 20-25, bright, pinkish-violet ; pappus white ; outer row very short. Achenes not ribbed, hairy terete, 7sin. A very vari- able plant. Uses:—Used in medicine by the Hindus in decoction, to promote perspiration in febrile affections (Ainslie). The ex- pressed juice of the plant is given in piles (B. D. B.). The seeds are employed in Patnaas an alexipharmic and anthelmintic, and as a constituent of masdlas for horses (Irvine). In Chutia Nagpur, the whole plant is given asa remedy for spasm of the bladder and strangury; the flowers are administer- ed for conjunctivitis (Campbell). The latter use is interesting, since, according to Piso, the leaves of another species of the same genus are similarly employed in Jamaica. (Watt.). In Chutia Nagpur, root is given for dropsy (J. J. Wood’s Plants of Chutia Nagpur, p. IIl.). | 627. V. anthelmintica, Willd., 111. 236. Syn.:—Serratula anthelmintica, Roxb. 594. Sans. :—Somaréja; Avalguja; Vakuchi. Vern. :—KaAli-ziri; Bukchi (H. and B.); Karalye (Mar.); Kattu shiragam, Neernoochie (Tam.); Neela-vayalie, Adavie- zula-kuru (Tel). Habitat :— Throughout India, from Kashmir to Ceylon. A tall, robust, leafy annual, branched, glandular-pubescent, stem 2-3ft., much branched striate, often blotched with purple. Leaves petioled, 3-8in., rather membranous, lanceolate or N..-O. COMPOSITAE. 671 ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate. Heads 43-$in. diam., about 40-fid, subcorymbose. Involucre-bracts linear, with broad pur- plish tips. Achenes Zin, 10-ribbed, pubescent; outer pappus rather longer, shining, reddish, flattened, deciduous; inner very short, rigid, paleaceous. Uses :—In Hindoo medicine, the seeds are of great repute as a medicine for leucoderma and other skin diseases, and also used as an anthelmintic in combination with other remedies (Dutt). é The author of the Makhzan informs us that itis given in- ternally to remove phlegm and worms from the intestines, and that a poultice or plaster of itis used to disperse cold tumors. it is much used as a cattle medicine (Dymock). - The seeds are considered as powerfully anthelmintic, and are also an ingredient of a compound powder prescribed in snake bites. (Ainslie.) On the Malabar Coast an infusion of the seeds is given for coughs and against flatulency. (Rheede.) In the Concan, the following formula is in vogue as an anteperiodic ; vernonia seeds, chiretta, picrorrhiza root, dika- mali, rocksalt and ginger, p. eq. powder, and give 6 massas in cold water, in which a red hot tile has been quenched, every morning (Dymock). The juice of the leaf is given to cure phlegmatic discharges from the nostrils (Agra Exhibition). Dr. Ad. Ross speaks favorably of an infusion of the powdered seeds (in doses of from 10 to 30 grains) asa good and certain anthelmintic for ascarides.. In Travancore, the bruised seeds, ground up in a paste with limejuice, are largely employed as a means of destroying pediculi. Dr. Gibson regards them as a valuable tonic and stomachic, in doses of 20 to 25 grains; diuretic properties are also assigned to them (Ph. Ind.), They are also given in anasarca and used for plasters for abscesses (Watt). The seeds are in the Punjab considered febrifuge (Baden- Powell). The seeds on extraction with ether yielded 18°25 per cent. of a dark brown coloured and strong smelling oil with some resinous matter. The expressed 672 INDIAN MEDIOINAL PLANTS. oil is of a light yellow colour and very viscid; it deposits ‘“stcarin” on standing. Physical and chemical characteristics.—Fat: Specific gravity at 100°, 0°9168; acid value, 58:2; saponification value, 202°88; Reichert-Meissl value, 7°88 ; iodine value, 71°0 ; unsaponifiable, 1-79 ; butyro-refractometer ‘at 25°, 75°. Fatty acids: per cent. 91°6; melting point, 35°6°; iodine value, 73°4; neutrali- sation value, 195'1; mean molecular weight, 287°4. (A. K. Menon.) 628. Hlephantopsus scuber, Linn., H.F.B.1., 11. 242 ; Roxb. 607. Sans.— Gojivha. Vern.—Gobhi (H.); Kalia gangawan (Chanda, C.P.); Gojialata, Samdlullum (B.); Hastipata, Mhaka, Pathri (Bomb.) ; Anashovadi (Tam.); Tal Mali; Margi Chfindi (Jaspur). Habitat.—Throughout India, from the Punjab. A rigid, perennial herb, dichotomously branched, 1-2ft., high, strigose, scabrid and villous. Leaves alternate. Radical leaves ovate, oblong, crenate. Cauline leaves few, sessile. Head clusters of lin. diam., surrounded by cordate, leafy bracts. Involucre-bracts pungent, dry, stiff, alternately flat and con- duplicate; receptacle naked. Flowers violet or purple, all equally 4-lobed and cleft on one side and with lobes spreading somewhat palmately. Anthers bases obtuse. Style arms sub- ulate. Achenes truncate, hairy, 10-ribbed, pappus of 4-5 rigid bristles, shining, slender, and dilated at the base, or chaff- like. The most noteworthy point with reference to this plant is that the embryo not unfrequently germinates in the head. Uses.—A decoction of the root and leaves is given, on the Malabar Coast, in cases of dysuria (Rheede). In Travancore, the natives are reported to boil the bruised leaves with rice, and give them internally for swellings or pains in the stomach (Watt). In Chutia Nagpur, a preparation from the root is given for fever (Revd. A. Campbell). 629. Ageratum conyzoides, Linn, H.F.B.1., 111. 243. Syn.—A. cordifolium, Roxb. 597. Vern.— Dochunti (B.); Osadi, Sahadvi, Gomera (Bomb.) Habitat.—Throughout India. | N. 0. COMPOSITE. 673 An erect, annual herb, 1-2ft., hispidly hairy. Stem branch- ed, terete. Leaves petioled, ovate, crenate. Heads many, small, in dense terminal corymbs, Bracts striate, acute. Ray-flowers many, pale-blue or white. Achenes black, pappus scales 5 awned, often serrate below. bf Uses.--The whole plant has astrong aromatic, rather dis- agreeable smell, and has a reputation among the Hindus as an external application in agues; it is also worn as a charm against ague when dug up on Sunday morning with the proper ceremonies. The juice is also said to be a good remedy for prolapsus ani; it is freely applied, and the parts replaced (Dymock). The juice of the root is said to possess antilithic properties (KX.R.K.). 630. Huputorium cannabinum, Linn, H.F.B.1., ul. 243. Habitat.—-Temperate Hamalaya, and the Khasia Mountains. A tall, coarse, pubescent or puberulous herb. Leaves simple or trisect, lanceolate, coarsely serrate. Corymbs many, rounded. Heads tin. long. Inner involucere-bracts subacute. Use.—“‘ Was strongly recommended by Tournefort as a deobstruent in visceral obstructions, consequent to intermittent fevers, and externally as a discutient in hydropic swellings of the legs and scrotum” (Fleming). 631. EH. ayapana, Vent., H.F.B.1., 111. 244. Vern.—Ayapana (Mar.) Halitat.—An American plant, naturalized in many parts of India. 1 have seen itin Bombay. I grew it in my Ratnagiri garden in 1900-1904. K. R. K. A small shrubby plant, 5 to 6 feet high; branches straight. reddish, with a few simple scattered hairs; young shoots have a somewhat mealy appearance, due to the presence of small particles of a white balsamic exudation; leaves opposite, in pairs, their bases uniting round the stem, about 4 inches long and $ inch broad, fleshy, smooth, lanceolate, attenuated at the base; midrib thick and reddish; flowers like those of the groundsel, purple. The odour of the plant is aromatic, 85 674 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. somewhat like ivy, but more agreeable; taste bitter and aro- matic, peculiar (Dymock). Uses. —At the Mauritius, it is in great repute, and the leaves are considered as alterative and antiscorbutic. An infusion of the leaves has an agreeable and somewhat spicy taste, and is -a good drink, when fresh and bruised. They are one of the best applications I know of for cleaning the face of a foul ulcer (Ainslie). For long it held a high position as a medicinal plant, but the exaggerated ideas of its virtues have now exploded. Itisa good simple stimulant, tonic and diaphoretic. In cholera, it has been used to restore warinth to the body, and it is said also to be used internally and externally in the treatment of -snake-bite (Ph. Ind.). Ayapana may be compared with chamomile in its effects; it is stimulant and tonic in small doses, and laxative when taken in quantity ; the hot infusion is emetic and diaphoretic, and may be given with advantage in the cold stage of ague and in the state of depression which precedes acute inflammatory affections. The infusion may be made with loz. of the herb to a pint of water, and be given in 2oz. doses, every three hours (Dymock). 632. Solidago Virga-aurea, Linn. H.F.B.1., 111. 245. Habitat :—Temperate Himalaya, from Kashmir eastwards, alt. 5—9,000ft. Khasia Mts., alt. 4—6,000ft. A perennial, glabrous, or pubescent herb; stem erect, stout, subsimple 6-24in. Lower leaves petioled, ovate or oblong subserrate, upper smaller, narrower entire, heads 1-4 on short axillary peduncles collected in a long leafy panicle. IJnvolucre- bracts narrow, acute. Ray-flowers about 8, Achense glabrous or puberulous. | Uses :—In English the plant is called Woundwort, from its reputation as a vulnerary. The flowering herb contains a volatile oil, is of an aromatic odour and a bitterish -and astrin- gent taste. -. -N.-O. COMPOSITA. : 675 Tt is reported to have been used very successfully by Dr. Mascarel in cases of dropsy (La France Medicale, Oct. 8, 1889). He reduces the dried plant—stems, leaves and flowers—to a coarse powder, and gives it in doses of one tablespoonful, beaten with an entire egg (yolk and white). He gives but one dose on the first day ; but on each of the following days he adds a tablespoonful, until seven or eight doses are being taken during the twentyfour hours. The diuresis is said to continue until ceedema permanently disappears. Very little is known about the chemistry of this genus. Volatile oils have been obtained from 4 American Species but with the exception of Solidago canadensis, L, nothing is known about their chemistry. Chemical Abstracts, Feb. 20 p, 521. — 633. Grangea maderaspatana, Poir., H.F.B.L, Be 2A Syn.—Artemisia maderaspatana, Roxb. 600. Vern.— Mustard (Hind.) ; Namuti(Beng.) ; Afsanteen (Arab) ; Baranjasif kowhi (Pers.) ; Mashi pattiri (Tam.); Douana (Kan.) ; Nelampala (Mal.) ; Savi (Tel.) Habitat.—Throughout India, from the Punjab eastwards and southwards. Annual, stems numerous, spreading from centre, prostrate, 6-12in., hairy branched, buds white woolly. Leaves numerous, 14-24in., sessile, deeply, sinnuately pinnatifid, with 2-4 pair of opposite or sub-opposite lobes, smaller towards the base, termi- nal part larger, all coarsely serrate, dentate, pubescent. Heads yellow, 2-$in., depressed, globose, on short pedicels, usually in pair on leaf opposed peduncle ; involucre-bracts oval, obtuse, thick and rigid, pubescent. Corolla-tube campanulate above, persistent, lobes acute ; pappus hairs connate into a cylindric fimbriate tube. Achenes glandular, j4in., long including the pappus tube. Uses.—The leaves are regarded as a valuable stomachic and to possess deobstruent and antispasmodic properties, and are prescribed in infusion and electuary in cases of obstructed menses and hysteria. They are also sometimes used in pre- 676 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. paring antiseptic and anodyne fomentations (Ainslie, Mat. Ind. L, p. 483.) The juice of the leaves is employed as an instillation for ear- ache (Kinsley. in Watt’s Dictionary). 634. Hrigeron asteroides, Roxb. H F.B.1., 111. 254 ; Roxb. 603. Vern.—Maredi, Sonsali (Bomb.). Habitat.—Tropical Himalaya; Nepal, Sikkim, Bengal and the Western Peninsula. A coarse annual, 1-2ft. high, erect, or in a dwarf state, decumbent; pubescent or villous. Branched. Radical leaves obovate, petioled. Cauline leaves 4-lin., numerous, obovate or oblong, 4-amplexicaul, all toothed or lobulate. Involucre- bracts 1-2-seriate, very narrow, with their hair points much shorter than the pappus. Heads }-3in., peduncled, solitary or corymbose. Ligules capillary, rather blue, longer than the dirty white or reddish pappus. Achenes very minute, in., nearly glabrous, flat, pale. Uses.—Dr. Dymock writes that he noticed it, being offered for sale in the bazaar as a stimulating and diuretic medicine. Several species of Erigeron are used as diuretic in America. 635. Blumea lacera, DC., H.F.B.1., II. 263. Syn.— Conyza lacera, Roxb. 601. Sans. —Kukuradru. Vern.—Kékronda, Kukkurbanda, Jangli-mali (H.); Kukur- sunga, bura-siksung (B.); Nimurdi (Bomb.); Jangli-kasni, jangli-mulli, divari-mulli (Duk.); Narak-karandai, Kattu- mullangi(Tam.); Karn pog4ku, advi-mulangi (Tel.). “ Kakronda and other vernacular names are applied to more than one allied species of Blumea and Laggera, without much regard to the color of their flowers” (Moodeen Sheriff). Habitat :—Throughout the plains of India, from the N.-W. Himalaya to Travancore. A hairy, villous, or glandular, rarely glabrescent herb, stem erect, simple or branched very leafy, rarely 2ft. high. Leaves N. 0. COMPOSITE. 677 petioled obovate, toothed or serrate, rarely lobulate. Heads 4in., in short axillary cymes and collected in terminal spiciform panicles, rarely corymbose. Involucre-bracts narrow, acuminate, hairy. Receptacle glabrous. Corolla yellow, lobes of herma- phrodite flowers nearly glabrous, pappus white. Achenes sub- 4-goneus, not ribbed, glabrate. Uses :-—The fresh root held in the mouth is said to relieve dryness (U. C. Dutt). | Mixed with black pepper it is given in cholera ( Watt). The expressed juice of the leaves is a useful anthelmintic, especially in cases of thread-worm, either internally or applied locally (Surg. J. Anderson, Bijnor). Used by many Hospital Assistants and highly thought of by them as a febrifuge and astringent. Is an invaluable remedy in Tinea Tarsi (Asst.- Surg. Bollye Chand Sen, Campbell Med. School, Sealdah), in Watt’s Dictionary. The expressed juice of the leaves, mixed with black pepper, is given in bleeding piles. It is also given in retention of urine. 636. B. eriantha, DC., H.F.B.1., 111. 266. Vern. :—Nimurdi (Mar.). “Under the names of Bhamburdi: Mar.) Kalara and Chan- chari-mari, ‘ flea-killer’ (Guz.), several kinds of Bhumea are used indiscriminately by the natives of Western India” (Phar- macographia Indica, Vol. il., p. 255). Habitat :—The Conean ; Banda. A prostrate or decumbent herb, pubescent or tomentose, or clothed with seattered long hairs, rarely silky, villous. Stems lft., very slender, dichotomously divaricately branched from the base. Leaves 1-3in., acutely irregularly toothed, the teeth often subspinescent ; lower leaves petioled, obovate, obtuse, upper sessile, obovate or oblong-acute. Heads small, 4-4in. mostly, on the long slender peduncles of dichotomous cymes, rarely fasci- cled. Peduncles and involucre clothed with long, silky, hairs, receptacle glabrous, pappus white, achenes very minute, angles minute, sparingly silky. 678 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. The very woolly white undersurfaces of the leaves, which, however, Kurz unites with balsamifera, perhaps as Clarke thinks rightly, but the Corolla-lobes in this are hairy, and very glan- dular in balsamifera. Use: —The juice of the plant is administered as a carmina- | tive,and the herb used along with the leaves of Vitex Negundo and Careya arborea for fomentations. A warm infusion is given as a sudorific in catarrhal affections, cold it is considered to be diuretic and emmenagogue. 637. -B. densijioras DU. area 1 2o: Syn. :—B. grandis, D.C; B. Milnei, Seem. Vern. :—Pung-ma-theing (Burm.). z Habitat :—Tropical Himalaya; Sikkim; Assam ; Mishmi and Naga Hills, and Khasia Mountains. Herbs with a stout stem. Panicles and leaves beneath dense- ly tomentose, or clothed with thick white felted wool. Leaves very large, 8-18in., broadly elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, narrow- ed into a long, winged, sometimes appendaged, petiole, pube- rulous above serrate-toothed or pinnatifid. Heads +in. diam ; sessile, in rounded clusters, in a large branched panicle. Invo- Incre-bracts narrow, rather rigid. Receptacle narrow, glabrous. Corolla-lobes of hermaphrodite flowers hairy. Pappus red. Achenes 10-ribbed, pubescent (J. D. Hooker). Use :—A few years ago, Mr. E. O’Riley prepared camphor from this plant which was pronounced identical with that im- ported from China (Watt). 638. 8B. balsamifera, DC. 4.¥.B.1., 111. 270. Syn. :—Conyza balsamifera, Linn. Roxb. 601. Vern. :—Kakaronda (H.); Kalahad (Guz.); Bhamburda (Mar.). Habitat :—Tropical Himalaya ; Nepal and Sikkim, Assam, Khasia Mountains, Chittagong, and the Eastern Peninsula. An erect, green, short-lived shrub, or small tree, branches, N. 0. COMPOSITE. t 679 leaves and inflorescence densley tomentose or villous, or silkily woolly. Stem tall, corymbosely branched above. Sometimes this plant springs up gregariously in sites of previous temporary cultivation in the Eastern Himalaya and in the hill country, from thence to and through Burma. Leaves 4-10in., coriaceous, elliptic oblong-lanceolate, serrate, some- times pinnatifid, narrowed into a usually auricled short petiole 4-lin. long. Heads yellow, 4-gin. diam., sessile, densely clustered on the branches of a large terminal, spreading or pyramidal, leafy panicle. Involucre-bracts tomentose. Receptacle glabrous. Pappus red. Achenes 10-ribbed, silky. The most arboreous of all the species, smelling strongly of camphor—J. D. Hooker. Use :—A warm infusion, acts as a pleasant sudorific, and it is a useful expectorant as a decoction. (Watt.) 639\: Pluchea andica, Less,’ H.P.Bi., 111. 272 : Roxb. 601. Vern :—Munghu rakha ; Kukronda (B.). Habitat :—Sunderbunds. A low shrub, glabrous, or nearly so. It isan evergreen large shrub in the tidal and beach forests, from the Hughli round the coast of Chittagong, Arracan and Burma (Gamble), Leaves ovate obtuse more or less dentate, 1-2in., acute or apiculate, often gland-dotted. Narrowed into a short slender petiole. Corymbs pubescent. Heads +in. diameter, in com- pound terminal corymbs. Outer involucre-bracts broad, tips rounded. Flowers of disk hermaphrodite, of ray, female, numerous. Achenes minute, ribbed, nearly glabrous; pappus scanty, white, spreading. Use:—The root and leaves are employed medicinally in Patna as astringents and in cases of fever (Irvine). 640. P. lanceolata, Oliv. H.F.B.1., 111. 272. Vern. :—Ra-sana (Pb.); Kourasana (Sind.); Marwande (Pushtu); Chota kalia (Raj.) Banserai (Aligarh); Choti Kalia (Agra); Sorahi (Cawnpore). 680 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. Habitat :—Upper Bengal, at Cawnpore, Oudh, and west- ward to the Punjab and Scind. A shrubby, hoary- pubescent plant. Branches rather slender. Leaves 1-2in., sessile, very coriaceous, oblong oblanceolate, pungent, quite entire, strongly nerved ; pale when dry; nerves very oblique on both surfaces. Heads in compound corymbs, Jonger than broad. Involucre contracted at the mouth, bracts short, rounded ; outer bracts hoary. Use :—The leaves are aperient, and are used as a substitute for Senna (Murray). 641. Spheranthus indicus, Linn. H.F.B.1., UI. 249). Syn. :—S. mollis, Roxb. 608, Sans. :—Mundi; Munditika. Vern. :—Mundi. Gorakhmundi (H. and Bomb.) ; Murmuria, Chagul-nudie (B.) ; Kottak-karandai (Tam.) ; Boda-tarapu (Tel.) ; Miran-gani, attaka manni (Mal.). Habitat :—Tropical Himalaya, from Kumaon to Sikkim ; Assam, Silhet, and southwards to Ceylon ; common in rice fields. A low annual, about lft. high, with spreading branches, long, divaricate, ascending, with toothed wings, glandular to- mentose or villous. Stem cylindrical, strongly winged with the sharp-toothed decurrent bases of the leaves. Leaves 1-2in., sessile, decurrent, oval, slightly tapering at the base, obtuse or subacute, sharply spinous-serrate, very glandular, and also with long white hair on both sides, glaucous-green ; compound heads 2-$in., ovoid, globose, on winged peduncles, heads very numerous, densely packed, purple bracts, linear acuminate, rather shorter than flower-heads, ciliate at the end; achenes stalked, smooth. Purts used : —The seeds, root, bark and flowers. Uses :—The oblong seeds and the root are considered by the Hindus to have anthelmintic properties. N. 0. COMPOSITA. 681 The powder of the root is considered stomachic, and _ that the bark ground and mixed with whey, is a valuable remedy for piles (Rheede), Dr. Horsfield reports that in Java it is considered as a useful diuretic. The author of the Makhzan speaks of it as a powerful tonic, deobstruent and alterative, and observes that the odour of the plant may be perceived in the urine and perspiration of those who are taking it. The administration of the drug is recom- mended in bilious affections, and for the dispersion of various kinds of tumors. He also informs us that the Hindus use the bark, and make a kind of confection of the young plant by rubbing it up with clarified butter, flour and sugar ; a portion of this taken daily is said to be a good tonic, and to prevent the hair turning white or falling off. An oil, prepared from the root, by steeping it in water and then boiling in oil of Sesamum until all the water is expelled, taken fasting every morning, for 41 days, in doses of 2 dirhems, is said to be a powerful aphro- disiac (Dymock). In the Punjab the flowers are highly esteemed as alterative, depurative, cooling and tonic. (Stewart.) 642. Anaphalis neelgerriana, DC., 4H.F.B.L., 1 Zon. Vern. :—Kaat-plaster (Nilgiris). Habitat :—Nilgherry Mts. ; alt. 7-8,0U0ft. A perennial, wholly clothed with cottony wool, branches very many, crowded on a stout woody stock, some very short, densely leafy, flowerless, others 4-10in. long and flower- bearing. Leaves {-din., narrowly linear, those on the flowerless branches and base of the flowering parts most dense, spreading and reflexed, on the upper part of the flowering branches erect, all acute with recurved margins, heads +-1in. diam. sessile, most densely crowded or solitary or in corymbose clusters ; margins of leaves revolute. Involucre-bracts. + in., 86 682 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. long, elliptic-oblong or lanceolate, obtuse or acute, white, opaque. Use.—The fresh leaves are bruised and applied to the wound under a rag. The authors of the Pharmacographia Indica write that “other species (of Anaphalis) are used on the Nilgiris for cut wounds.” 643. Gnaphalium luteo-album, Linn, 4.F.B.1., T2688. Syn. :—-G. orixense and G. albo-luteum, Roxb. 600. Vern. :—Bal-raksha (Pb.). Habitat :—From Kashmir and Sikkim throughout India. A woolly, very variable annual, 4-12in. high. Stem corymbosely branched above. Leaves woolly on both surfaces, sessile 1-2in. long, rarely more than fin. broad, oblong- spathulate, obtuse; upper lanceolate acute, half-amplexicaul. When leafless, there are instead dense corymbose clusters of glistening heads, whitish yellow or brown. Involucre-bracts oblong obtuse. Achenes tubercled, or with minute curved bristles. Use :—The leaves are said to be officinal in the bazaars of the Punjab (Watt). 644. Inula racemosa, Hook. f. H.F.B.1., 1. 292. Vern. :—Raésan (Arab.); Zanjabil-i-Shami (Pers.). Poshkar (Kashmir). Habitat :—Western Himalaya ; on the borders of fields, &e., Kashmir and Piti. Tall stout herbs, 1-5ft., stem grooved, scabrid. Leaves scabrid above, densely tomentose beneath, crenate, radical 8-18 by 5-8in., narrowed into a petiole as long, elliptic-lanceolate ; cauline often deeply lobed at the base, oblong, $-amplexicaul. Heads many, very large 14-2in. diam., racemed. Outer involucre bracts broad, with recurved triangular tips; ligules N. O. COMPOSITA. 683 slender, $in., inner involucre-bracts linear acute. Achenes 4in , glabrous, slender; pappus #in., reddish. Uses :—The root of this plant is used in veterinary medicine. The dry roots have a weak, aromatic odour, resembling orris and camphor ; their flavor 1s aromatic and slightly bitter, and their action a mild tonic (Watt). In Kashmir, it is used to adulterate Saussurea Lappa. Arabian writers recommend it as an expectorant, and as a resolvent in indurations (Honnigberger). Useful in atonic dyspepsia (Meadows’ Prescriber’s Com- panion). In America, the drug is still resorted to, in the treatment of amenorrhoea, while it is found to be sometimes beneficial in ‘chronic diseases of the lungs, when complications of general debility or want of tone in the digestive organs exist. They also possess diaphoretic, diuretic, Sapeowwea and em- menagogue properties (Watt). 645. Pulicaria crispa, Benth., H.F.B.1., 11. 299. Vern. :—Buti, gidi, sutei, phatmer (Pb.) ; Burhna (H.). Habitat:—The Punjab and the Upper Gangetic Plain, and eastwards to Behar. A stout perennial, 1-2ft. high, very leafy ; shrubby below ; branches and leaves beneath densely cottony. Leaves 4-1}in. sessile, linear-oblong, or sub-spathulate, margins recurved, toothed, and crisped, lower $-amplexicaul. Involucre pubescent, bracts very slender, setaceous, or sub-herbaceous, ligules shorter than the bracts. Pappus white, bearded, thickened at the tips, three times as long as the glabrate achenes, outer scales connate with the hairs, and deciduous with them. Use:—In the Salt Range, the dried plant is applied asa vulnerary to bruises, &c., of bullocks (Stewart). 646. Xanthium strumarium, Linn. H.F.B.1., II. 303. Syn. :—X. indicum, D.C. Roxb. 660. Sans. :—Aristha. 684 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. Vern. :—Chhota-gokhru ? (dind.); Bun-okra (Beng.) ; Shan. keshvara; Dhupa (Bomb.); Marlumulta (Tiam.); Veritel-nep (Tel.) ; annie kullan (Sind ; Pb.) Habitat :—Throughout the hotter parts of emaiee usually near houses; ascending the Western Himalaya to 5,000 ft. An annual coarse, rough, unarmed herb. Stem short, stout, slightly branched, spotted, harsh with bristly hairs. Leaves petioled, 2-3in. long, scabrid, triangular-cordate or orbicular lobed and toothed, base cuneate. Heads in terminal and axillary racemes, fruiting involucres #in. long, ovoid or oblong, beaks erect or diverging. Achenes enclosed in the hardened involucral cells, ovoid thick ; pappus absent. Use :—The whole Aerts supposed to possess oes. dia- phoretic and sedative properties. It is generally administered in the form of decoction, and is said to be very efficacious in long standing cases of malarious fever <8. Arjun). Mr. Baden- Powell says that the root is a bitter tonic, useful in cancer and strumous diseases. The prickly fruit considered cooling and demulcent and is given in small-pox (Stewart). In America and Australia, this plant has been observed to prove fatal to cattle and pigs. Its hairs and prickles are em- ployed as medicine in China (Dymock). In Southern India, the prickly involucre is applied to the ear, or tied in a bunch to the ear-ring, to cure hemi-crania (Elliott). ‘Has proved very useful in urinary diseases, a good diuretic, diminishes the irritability of the bladder. Very useful also in gleet and leucorrhcea, given as infusion or in one drachm doses in powder. Has also been given in menorrhagia (Penny, in Watt’s Dictionary). The fruits are slightly narcotic (Surgeon Mukerji, in Watt’s Dictionary.) 647. Sregesbeckia Orientalis, Linn, H.F.B.1., II. 304. Syn. :--S. brachiata, Roxb. 605. Habitat: —Throughout India, ascending to 5,000ft., in the Himalaya and other mountains. N. O. COMPOSITE. 685 A large, annual herb, 2-4ft. (Trimen), 1-3ft. (J. D. Hooker), 6-7ft. (Kanjilal), common on damp fallow lands. Stem stiff, erect, with spreading opposite horizontal branches below, and dichotomously branched above, finely pubescent. purple. Leaves opposite, l-5in. long and broad, oval-triangular or short petioles, shortly tapering at base, acuminate, acute, deeply and irregu- larly laciniate serrate, densely and finely pubescent on both sides, pale, yellowish-green, the uppermost much smaller and nearly entire. Heads tin. in diam. small, pedunculate, yellow, subglobose, solitary in the forks of very large lax dichotomous corymbose inflorescence. Involucre-bracts very dissimilar, five outer over 4in., linear spathulate or club-shaped at end, horizontally spreading, with recurved margins, upper surface set with numerous large, extremely viscous, glandular en back. Ray flower red beneath, very short, recurved, 3-toothed. Achenes each enclosed in a boat-shaped bractlet, glabrous, slightly rough (Trimen) ; curved, quadrangular, black (Kanjilal). Uses:—“ It has a high reputation as a valuable depurative, and also for its healing properties in gangrenous ulcers and sores. It is strongly recommended in diseases of urethra. ** Dr. Daruty, of Mauritius, writes me that he prescribes it with very good results in the from of an aqueous extract, in syrup and sometimes combined with iodide of potassium, in cases where a powerful alterative, sudorific, and anti-syphilitic is _re- quired. He believed it to much more powerful than Sarsa- parilla ”’ (Christy's ‘New Commercial Plants and Drugs’ No. IX., p. 49, 1886). Externally, a mixture of equal parts of the tincture and glycerine has been tried in Europe with good effect in ringworm and similar parasitic eruptions. Antiseptic properties have been ascribed to the fresh plant, applied to unhealthy ulcers. 648. Hnhydra fluctuans, Lour. 4.¥.B.1., 111. 304. Syn. :—Hingtsha repens, Roxb. 609. Sans. :—Hilamochika. Vern. :—Harhuch (H.) ; Hingcha(B.) Habitat :—Eastern Bengal, Assam and Silhet. 686 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. A marsh herb, usually quite glabrous, sometimes pubescent or glandular; stems 1-2ft., elongate, simple or divaricating, branches rooting at the nodes. Leaves sessile, linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, entire or subcrenate, 1-3in., variable in ‘breadth, base narrowed or truncate. Heads axillary and terminal sessile, 4-4in. outer dorsally, inner sometimes literally compressed, pappus absent. | Uses:--The leaves of this aquatic plant are regarded as laxative and useful in diseases of the skin and nervous system. The fresh juice of the leaves, in doses of about a tola, 1s pres- cribed by some kavirajas in Calcutta, asan adjunct to tonic metallic medicines, given in neuralgia and other nervous diseases (Dutt). The leaves are antibilious (K. L. Dey). Expressed juice of the leaves is used as demulcent in cases of gonorrhea; it is taken mixed with milk, either of cow or goat. The leaves are pounded and made into a paste which is applied cold over the head as a cooling agent (Assistant-Surgeon Mookerji, in Watt’s Dictionary). Useful in the torpidity of the liver. The infusion should be made the previous evening. It is boiled with rice and used with mustared oil and salt; dose infusion, one drachm. (Mr. Forsyth, F.R.c.s,, in Watt’s Dictionary). 649. Helipta alba, Hassk., 4.F.B.1., 111. 304. Syn. :—E. prostrata, Roxb. 605. Sans. :—Kesaraja; also Bhringaraéja (K.R.K.). Vern.:—Moch Kand, Bhangra, Babri, Maka, Dodhak (Pb.); Mik (Sind.); Kesuti, Keysuria (B); Karisha langauni, Kaikeshi, Kaivishi-ilai, Kaiantagarie (Tam.); Goontagelinjeroo (Tel.). Bhaugra (U.). | Habitat :—From the Himalaya throughout India. : Hirsute or strigillose annual, erect or diffuse, branched, slender weed. Leaves opposite, sessile, linear or oblong- lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, 1-4in. long, very varia- ble in form and width. Peduncles 1-2, axillary, short or long, and slender. Involucre bracts ovate obtuse, or acute, about equally or exceeding the flowers. Heads 4-4in. diam. N. 0. COMPOSITA. 687 Uses:—In Sanskrit medicine it is principally used as a tonic and deobstruent in hepatic and splenic enlargements, and in various chronic skin diseases. There is a popular opinion that the herb taken internally and applied externally will turn the hair black. The fresh juice of the leaves is rubbed on the shaven scalp for the purpose of promoting the growth of hair (Dutt). Mahomedan writers ascribe the same properties to this plant as the Hindus. In Bombay, the natives use the juice in combination with aromatics, as a tonic and deobstruent, and give 2 drops of it with eight drops of honey to new-born children, suffering from eatarrh. The following prescription is used in the Concan for tetanus :—Maka juice, I tola; Juice of Leucas cephalotes (Tumba) + tola; Ginger juice, 2 tolas; Juice of Vitex trifolia, 1 tola; and leaf-juice of Sesbania grandiflora, 3 tolas: to be boiled with four times the quantity of cocoanut juice and a little rice and treacle to from a khir, to be given twice a day. (Dymock). ' In the Gujrat district of the Punjab, it is used externally for ulcers, and an antiseptic for wounds in cattle (Ibbetson’s Gujrat. :. p. LL.) The Indian Pharmacopceia recommends the expressed juice as the best form of administration in hepatic derangements, as a substitute for taraxacum. The fresh plant is applied with sesamum oil in elephantiasis, and the expressed juice in affections of the liver and dropsy. When used in large doses, it acts as an emetic. It is also con- sidered cooling (Watt). - It is anodyne and absorbent, and relieves headache when applied with a little oil. It is an excellent substitute for taraxa- cum (Kannye Lal De Bahadur). In Chutia Nagpur, the root is applied in conjunctivitis and galled necks in cattle (Revd. A. Campbell). The juice of the leaves is given in one teaspoonful doses in jaundice and fevers. The root is given to relieve the scalding 688 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. of the urine in doses of 180 grains mixed with = (Dr. Peters, in Watt’s Dictionary). 650. Wedelia calendulacea, Lees. H.F.B.I1., 111 306. Syn. :——Verbesina calendulacea, Linn; Roxb. 606. Sans. :—Pita-bhringi; Bhringaraja. Vern.:—Bangra, Kesaraja (B.); Bhanra (H); Pivala bhan- gra (Bomb.) ; Pivalamaké (Mar.). Habitat:—In wet places, Assam, Silhet, and the EKastern and Western Peninsulas. A scentless, tasteless perennial herb. Stem short, 6-18in., procumbent at base and rooting at the nodes, then ascending, cylindrical, slightly rough, with adpressed hair. Leaves 1-3in., variable in breadth, opposite, nearly sessile, oblong, strap-shaped, or oblong-oval, tapering to base, acute, sparingly and shallowly serrate or entire, slightly rough with adpressed, rigid, white hair on both sides. Heads yellow, solitary, few, on very long, erect ax aty ees terminal) peduncles, about in. diam. Bracts few, 5-8, 2in., leafy oblong, obtuse, inner 2 or 3 much smaller. Receptacle flat, with a linear, acute, hyaline, ciliate bractlet to each flower. Ray-flowers 8-12, spreading, about equalling bracts, broad, deeply 2-3ft. toothed ; disk-flowers about 20, short, narrow- ed acute, recurved. Achene nearly cylindric, pubescent, shorter than bractlet, crowned with a shallow ring of short, scarious, ciliate scales (Trimen). Uses:—The leaves are used in dyeing grey hair and in pro- moting the growth of hair. They are considered tonic, alter- ative and useful in cough, cephalalgia, skin diseases and alopecia. The juice of the leaves is much used as a snuff in cephalalgia. (Dutt). The seeds, flowers, as well as the leaves, are used in decoction, in the quantity of half a teacupful twice daily, as deobstruent (Ainslie). In decoction, the plant is used in uterine hepa and menorrhagia (S. Arjun). N. 0. COMPOSITA. 689 651. Spilanthes Acmella, Linn., 4.F.B.1., 111 307. Habitat :—-Throughout India. An annual herb, more or less pubescent, sometimes hairy. Stems prostrate near the base or ascending, 1-2ft., much bran- ched, cylindric, more or less hairy. Leaves opposite, ¢-14in., ovate, ovate-lanceolate, suddenly tapering at base, acute, faintly and irregularly serrate, glabrous or nearly so, thin, somewhat 3-nerved ; petiole long, slender pilose. Heads apparently ter- minal, really axillary on long glabrous peduncles, ovate ovoid, bracts leafy, lanceolate, subacute ; discoid or radial, $-3in. long, solitary. Receptacle narrowly conical, or covered with concave scales, each enclosing the lower part of the flower. Flowers yellow (or white, Collett), mostly 2-sexual, or the outer female, and shortly rayed. Pappus none, 1 or 2 bristles. Corolla bell-shaped, tube, short, lobes triangular, 4, spreading. Achenes flattened, oblong, dark-brown, dull, each enclosed in a scale. Uses:—The flower-heads are by far the most pungent part, and are chewed by the natives to relieve toothache, which they do by producing redness of the gums and salivation. Dr. W. Farquhar has used and recommended a tincture of the flower- heads for toothache, in place of tincture of pyrethrum. He says it is a specific for inflammation of the periosteum of the jaws. A bit of lint, dipped in the tincture and laid on the gums, repeated 3or4 times a day, has a speedy effect in reducing the pain and swelling (Pharmacographia Indica, Vol. II. p. 283). 652. WS. oleracea, Jacq. H.¥.B.1., 111. 307 ; Roxs. (Reduced to a variety of S. Acmella. Linn, FI. Br. Ind.) p. 307, Vol. III by D. Hooker. Vern. :—Akaraé (Bomb.); Roshuniya (B,); Akarkarhi, Po- kurmul (Pb. ; Ukra (M.) Maratimogga, MarAtitige (Tel.). Habitat :—Cultivated in gardens throughout India. With regard to variety, Oleracea Clarke, J. D. Hooker re- marks thus:—“ More robust and succulent, heads and leaves larger, peduncles subsolitary, achenes as in variety Acmella 87 690 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. proper, that is, “margined, scabrid, pappus usually of 1-2 bristles.” Uses :—The whole plaint is very acrid, but the flower-heads are especially so, having a hot, burning taste, which causes . profuse salivation. It ison this account that the plant has been named Akalkhura by the gardeners. This is a popular remedy for children who stammer. The flower-heads are sometimes chewed to relieve toothache (Dymock). It is considered by the natives a powerful stimulant and sialogogue, and is used in headaches, paralysis of the tongue, affections of the throat and gums, and for tooth-ache. Pyrethrin is obtained from this plant. It is resolved by alcoholic potash into pyrethric acid and piperidine. 653. Guizotia abyssinica, Cass. H.F.B.I., 111. 308. Syn. :—Verbesina sativa, Roxb. 606. Habitat :—A native of Tropical Africa, cultivated in various parts of India. Vern. :—Ramtil; Kalatil (H. B. and Bomb.) ; Valesulf& (Tel); Karmadoo (Mysore). A stout, erect annual, smooth or scabrid, pubescent upwards. Leaves 3-din., sessile, half-amplexicaul, linear, ovate-lanceolate, lanceolate-oblong, or subcordate, serrate, obtuse. Heads 4-lin. diam., peduncles naked, 1-2in. Involucral bracts 5; outer broadly elliptic or ovate, obtuse, green; ligules few, broad. Achenes dorsally pressed, glabrous, tip rounded, yielding a bland oil. Use:—The oil is sweet, and may be used for the same pharmaceutical purposes as sesamum oil (Dymock). The achenes contain from 40 to 45 per cent. of a yellow sweet oil. According to Leather seeds from cultivated Indian plants yield on an average 40 per cent. of oil. The oil is used in soap-making and as a substitute for linseed oil; in India it is occasionally employed as a substitute for ghee. Crossley and Le Sueur in 1898 examined four samples of East Indian oll: Specific gravity at 15°5°, 0 9248—0°9263 ; solidifies below zero; saponification value, 188°9—192'2; iodine value, 126°6—133°8 ; Reichert-Meissl value, 0°11— 0°63; Maumené test, 81°; butyro refractometer, 63° at 40°, Fatty scids and unSaponifiable, per cent. 94°11 ; iodine value, 1475. The oil has slight siccative powers and gained 7‘2 per cent. in weight in fifteen days. N. O. COMPOSITA. 691 654. Glossocordia linearifolia, Cass. H.F.B.I., Mme O06. Syn. :—Verbesina Boswellia, Roxb. 607. Sans. :—Pithari. Vern. :—Phatara-suva (Bomb.}; Pitta-papada (Poona); Seri (H.); Para palavum (Tel ). Habitut:—Rohilkhund; at Delhi; Banda; Central India and the Deccan. An annual herb, prostrate or erect, glabrous, diffusely bran- ched from the base. Branches 3-10in, long, strict or flexuous. Leaves 3-2in., 2-pinnatisect, petiole, long slender, blade broadly ovate in outline, segments filiform. Heads fin. long, shortly peduncled; outer involucre bracts small, usually 3, with a greenish midrib and membranous ciliate margins; inner involucre bracts large, obtuse, with a striated disk glabrous, and with pale membranous margins. Achenes {in. long, odour of fennel, densely bearded especially on the edges with stiff hairs. Pappus awns spreading. Use :—According to Dalzell and Gibson it is much used in female complaints (Dymock). 655. Glossogyne pinnatifida, DC. H.F.B.1., III. 310; Roxb. 604. Vern. :-— Barangone bir barangone (Santal). Habitat :—-Plains of India, from Jammu and Garhwal to western Bengal and Behar, and southwards to Madras. Perennial, glabrous herbs. Root fusiform, woody. Stems usually many from the root, erect or ascending, 6-18 in. high. Branches slender, forked. Leaves mostly radical, pinnatifid, — triangular in outline, segments linear acute, few, often recurved, coriaceous ; petiole 1-2in.; veins prominent beneath. Flower- ing branches 6-12in., strict, stiff, grooved, nearly leafless. Heads in flower tin. diam. Involucre-bracts linear, obtuse, glabrous, fin. long. Achenes 4-3in., deeply grooved, black. Use:—A preparation from the root is employed by the Santals as an application to snake-bite and scorpion-sting (Rev, A Campbell), 692 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. 656. Achillea millefolium Linn. H.F.B.1., II. 312. Syn. :—-A. cuspidata, DC. Wall. Cat. 32-30. Vern. :—Rojamari (Bomb.); Biranjasif (Cutch); Stewart says that this is one of the plants sold in the Bazars under the names Momédru chopdndiga (Kashmir); Bui Maéderan (Afghanistan). — , Eng.:—Milfoil or common Yarrow. The older English writers called this plant Nose-bleed, because the leaves, if inserted into the nostrils, were supposed to cause bleeding. Sold in Bombay as Rosemary. Habitat :— Western Himalaya, from Kashmir to Kumaon ; alt. 6-9,000 feet. An erect, pubescent herb. Root stoloniferous. Stems 6-24 in., furrowed, leafy. Leaves alternate, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 3 pinnatisect, 2-4 by 4- 4in.; radical leaves petioled, segments close set, acute; upper leaves sessile. Heads many, radiate, 4in. diam., crowded in compound corymbs. Involucre bracts few, erect; outer ones shorter; receptacle flat, covered with thin, oblong scales, nearly as long as the flowers. Flowers white or pale-pink. Pappus none; 5-lobed. Achenes oblong, flattened shining. Parts used :—Leaves and flower-heads. Uses:—In Scotland at the present day, a warm decoction of the fresh leaves is regarded asa family specific against the colds and other ailments common to childhood. This plant once held a creditable position amongst British drugs, and its recent introduction into the American Pharma- copoeia may have the effect of reviving its use in England. It might, with great advantage, be added to our list of Indian indigenous drugs. Formerly, it was much used in England as a “vulnerary, and was given internally for the supression of hemorrhages and of profuse mucous discharges. It was em- ployed also in intermittents and as an antispasmodic in flatul- ent colic and nervous affections. Its hot infusion is used as an emmenagogue in France, and also in the suppression of the lochia ; it is sometimes employed in low exanthematous fevers N. 0. COMPOSIT. 093 with difficult eruption. In these cases, it probably acts as a stimulant sudorific, as do most aromatic herbs (U. 8S. Dis- pensatory, Ed. 15th, 1560.) It is Carminative. “It was formerly much esteemed as a vulnerary, and its old names of ‘soldiers wound-wort’ and ‘ knight’s milfoil’ bear witness to this. The High- landers still make an ointment from it, which they apply to wounds, and Professor Brome] states that milfoil-tea is held in much repute in the Orkney Islands for dispelling melancholy ! ‘One of its common names among country people is ‘ nose-bleed’”; for the leaf being rolled up and applied to the nostrils causes a bleeding at the nose more or less copious. It is also called ‘ old man's pepper,’ on account of the pungency of its foliage,”—Sowerby’s Eng. Bot. v. pp. 57-58, From the whole plant, are obtained :— (A) A glucoside named Achillein, C,, Hz, N,0,;. It is amorphous, reddish brown, bitter, alkaline; soluble in water easily (giving yellow solution), in alcohol with difficulty. Insoluble in ether, With boiling dilute acids, is converted into sugar and Achill- etin, C,, H,, NO,, which isan amorphous, dark brown powder, not bitter, insoluble in water, and with difficulty in alcohol. (B) A bitter principle named Ivain, C,; H,, O or C,, Hy, O03. It is yellow in color, amorphous, soft resinous (‘ Terebinthinate’), bitter, soluble in alcohol, not in water. (C) An alkaloid, Moschatine, C,, H,, NO,. It is bitter in taste, reddish-brown in color, and amorphous in appearance, melts under water (on water bath). Soluble with difficulty in alcohol, scarcely in water. Sohn says :— Achillein gives no precipitate with caustic alkalies, lead acetic, tannic acid or ferrous sulphate. 657. Chrysanthemum indicum, Linn. .F.K.1., I, oA LOX B: Vern. :— Gul-daoodi (H.) ; this name applied to all the varie- ties (Roxburgh). Chamimti (Tel.); Tyettipu (Mal.); Gendi, bagaur (Pb.) ; Chandra-mallika (B.); Kalzang (Ladak). It would appear that this and CO. Coronarium, L. are not distinguished from each other by the natives of India, and the native names apply to both. (Watt.) Habitat :—Cultivated in Indian gardens. There are several varieties, with flowers of various colours. such as yellow, golden, orange, purple, lilac; buds crimson, white, changeable into rose-colour. Spanish brown. A procumbent diffuse annual. Stems rigid, 4-angular, grooved, glabrous or scabrid. Leaves long petioled, 1-3 in. 694 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. long, deltoid in outline ; segments oblong or cuneiform, obtusely lobed or cut, with a mucro at the apex of each ultimate division, translucent, succulent ; petioles dilated towards their sheating bases, the margins membranous. Heads 4in diam., enlarging in fruit. Invol-bracts equalling the achenes, oblong or elliptic, obtuse, strongly nerved and with rather broad membranous. margins. Achenes 75 in. long. cuneate oblong, obcompresed, grooved, the margins very thick (Duthie). Flowers in the cold season. Roxburgh names the plant C. Indicum after Willdenow. The purple chrysanthemum plate was published under No. 327 by Curtism in Feb. 1796, as the Chrysanthemun Indicum of Linnzus; subsequently, in Feb. 1810, Curtis published a plate Chrysanthemum indicum, B, changeable white Indian Chrysanthemum under name of Willdenow, with a huge bunch of rosv flowers in the central part of the flower-head. ‘The writer in the letter-press has the following observations :—‘‘ Willdenow has supposed that the chrysanthemum of Linnzus is not the same species with our plant, but we see no reason to disbelieve that they are distinct.” It must not be forgotten that some colours are liable to be modified from change of soil, situation, climate or season.— K. R. K. Use:—This plant is considered by the natives heating and aperient, useful in affections of brain and calculus, and to remove depression of spirits (Punjab Products). The natives of the Deccan, administer the plant in conjunction with black pepper, in gonorrheea (Drury). 658. C. coronarium, Linn. H.¥.B.1., U1. 314. Syn. :—C. Roxburghil, Desf.; Pyretheum indicum, Roxb. 604. Sans. :-~Shevantika. Vern. :—-Gul-chini (H. and Dec.) ; Gul-daudi (B.); Shamantip- pu (Tam.;; Chamanti (Tel.); Seoti (Bomb.) The garden Daisy. Hbitat :—Cultivated in the Indian gardens. Aanual herb. Stems branched, 3-4ft. high. Leaves alternate, deeply lobed in a bipinnate manner. Flower-heads numerous, N. 0. COMPOSITA. 695 yellow, 2in. across, solitary, or in corymbs. ‘The Ray-florets are in one series only, strapshaped, yellow or white, and all female ; those of the disk are tubular, with four or five teeth at the mouth, and bisexual; the pappus is reduced to a membranous ring or absent altogether. There is called a “double” variety, with the florets all strapshaped, closely overlapping. Bracts, with dry and translucent margins (Page 290, vol. II, the Favourite Flowers of Garden and Green-house, by Edward Step, F. L. S. Frederick Warne and Co.). Use :—Dallzell and Gibson state that the flowers are a toler- able substitute for chamomile. The root chewed communicates the same tingling sensation to the tongue as pellitory. Accor- ding to Dr. Walker (Bombay Med. and Phys. Trans. 1840, p. 71), the people of the Deccan administer the plant in conjunction with black pepper in gonorrhoea (Ph. Ind.). 559. Matricaria Chamomilla, Linn. 4.F.3.1., (0 1, Syn. :—M. Suaveolens, Linn. Roxb. 605. - Vern. :—Babun. phul (B. and H.); Babunah, Suteigul (Pb.). Habitat :—Upper Gangetic Plain and the Punjab. An aromatic herb, about 1-ft. high ; much-branched. Leaves 2-pinnatifid, segments very narrow. Heads 4$-3in. diam., corym- bose. Ligules reflexed after flowering, or O ; receptacle elongat- ing during fruiting. Achenes grey, small; ribs slender, white, ventral only. Achenes with slender white ribs on the ventral face only. Pappus O. Use:—In Persian works, the flowers are described as stimu- lant, attenuant and discutient. There is a popular opinion among the Persians that the odour of the flowers induces sleep and drives noxious insects; they also say that Chamomile tea applied to the genitals has a powerfully stimulating effect (Dy- mock). Chamomile oil is used externally in rheumatism, in Gujrat (Ibbetson’s Gazetteer). 696 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. The dried flower-heads are officinal, and are said to be stimulant, tonic and carminative. They are used in constitu- tional debility, hysteria, dyspepsia and intermittent fevers. The warm and strong infusion of the flowers is emetic, while a weak infusion acts as a tonic and febrifuge. In flatulence and eolic, Chamomile oil is the most effectual of all remedies. The Indian Pharmacopeia says, the balbuna ka phul forms a perfect substitute for the European Chamomile (Anthemis nobilis). Analysis by Frederick B. Power and Henry Browning, Jr. of Wellcome Chem. Res. Labs, published in the Journal Chem, Soe, for 1914. Tests for alkaloids were almost negative. 1t contains a blue essential oil, giving color reaction for furfural, and depositing, on keeping, probably umbelliferone Me ether. It also contains a resin. 660. Cotuwla anthemoides, Linn. 4.F.B.I., III. 316. , Vern. :—Babuna (Pb. and H.); Tulobe (Cashmere). Habitat :— Gangetic Plain, from Rajmahal and Sikkim west- wards to the Punjab. An annual hairy, or glabrate, erect or diffuse, weak weed. Branches 3-9in., spreading. Leaves 2-pinnatifid or 2 pinnati- sect, segments decurrent-lobed, lobes triangular lanceolate, 4-2 in. Petiole $ amplexicaul. Peduncles filiform, naked. Heads +-Lin. diam., terminal, solitary. Flowers female, many. Invo- lucre bracts, with scarious margins. Receptacle nearly flat, tubercled. Achenes ovate, with thick narrow wings. Achenes of the ray broad, flat. Use:—It furnishes part of the officinal babuna, which is heated with oil and applied externally in rheumatism, &c. (Stewart.) The infusion is used as an eye, wash in most diseases of the eye. 661. Centipeda orbicularis, Lour. H.B.F-.I., III. 317. Syn. :—Myriogyne minuta, Lees., Artemesia sternutatoria, Roxb. Vern. :—-Nakk-chhikni; Nag-downa; Pachittie (H. B. and N. 0. COMPOSITA. 697 Bom.); Mechitta (B.); Nakasinkani, shikani (Mar.); Afkur (Sind). Bedi Achim (Santal). Habitat :—Throughout the plains of India. Annual, prostrate, glabrous or sparsely woolly herb. Stems excessively numerous, spreading from the root, 4-8in. long, slender, leafy. Leaves ovate-oblong, spathulate, 4-sin. long; teeth sharp, 2 on each side. Heads solitary, globose, axillary tssin. diam., subsessile. Corolla of female flower a very minute cylindric tube, hairs of achenes simple. Achenes minute, tipped with persistent style, bristly on the angles, says Trimen. Uses :—The minute seeds are used as a sternutatory by the Hindus, also the powdered herb. It is administered in ozcena, head-aches, and colds in the head (Dymock.). Boiled to a paste and applied to the cheeks, it is employed in the cure of tooch-ache (Stewart). Used for hemicrania (Surg.-Maj. Robb, in Watt's Diction- ary Il). The natives of India consider it a hot and dry medicine, useful in paralysis, pains in joints, and special diseases; also as a vermifuge (‘Cyclop of Jndia’). Called “ Sneezeweed” in southern New South Wales. The following letter from the Rev, Dr. Wools (then of Richmond, N.S. W.), to the Editor of the Sidney Morning Herald, appeared in that journal on Christmas Day, 1886. It is given in full, as if the plant only partially realizes the expectations formed of it. It will be a valuable addition to our indigenons vegetable materia medica. ‘*Some weeks since the Rev. S.G Fielding, of Wellington, calied my at- tention to a weed (known to botanists Myrioggne minutu of the Composite Order, which he said had been used with success in cases of blight. Being anxious to test the efficacy of the remedy, and to ascertain whether any bad effects would arise from its application, I placed some of it in the hands of Dr. Jockel of this town, who had furnished me with the following remarks :— ‘I have much pleasure in testifying to the efficacy, in cases of opthalmia, of the plant which you so kindly sent me. A case came under my notice a few days ago of a drover who was suflering from a severe form of purulent opthal- mia, contracted up the country. I made an infusion of the plant according to the directions, and the first local application seemed to have almost a magical effect. The man expressed himself as relieved at once of the intense smarting which he had previously suffered. He got on so well that in two days he was 88 698 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. able to start back up country again, and could hardly express his gratitude for the very great relief afforded.’—Louis C. Jockel. “T find from a communication of Baron Mueller, that for some time past he has had an idea that Myriogyne might be used for medicinal purposes, and that he had actually submitted it to Dr. Springthorpe, an eminent: physician in Melbourne, for purposes of experiment. The Baron, however, was not aware of its efficiency in simple opthalmic inflammation, and he regarded the discovery as interesting. I mention this as a matter of justice to Dr. Jockel, who, I believe, is the first medical man in Australia who has proved the value of Myriogyne, in a case of ophthalmia. This weed, growing as it does on the banks of rivers and creeks, and in moist places, is common to all the Australian colonies and Tasmania, and it may be regarded as almost co- extensive with the disease which it is intended to relieve. In the document relating to the Inter-Colonial Exhibition of 1886-7, it is noticed as remarkable for its sternutatory properties, and recommended for the manufacture of snuff.” The Rev. Mr. Hartmann says (Brough-Smyth’s ‘ Aborigines of Victoria,’ ii., 173) that this plant is used as medicine by the aborigines of Lake Hind- marsh, but he does not say for what complaint Baron Mueller prepared a snuff from this plant many years ago (J. H. Maiden, F, L. 8., &c., Ph. J. Sept, 1, 1888, p. 178-179). 662. Artemesia scoparia, Waldst and Kit. H.F.B.1., Ill. 328. Syn. :—-A. elegans, Roxb., 599. Vern. :—Jhan, lasaj, biur, durumga, dona, marta, pila jan, king khak durunga (Pb.). Churi saroj ; Danti (Bazar name). Habitat:—Upper Gangetic Plain and westwards to Scind and the Punjab, Western Himalaya, from Kashmir to Lahaul. A faintly scented, very slender-branched, glabrous or pubes- cent annual or perennial herb, 1-2ft., (or 3-6ft. Duthie) high. Stems slender, grooved, usually tinged with purple; branchlet often almost capillary, glabrous below, hoary or villous. Radical leaves 1-3in. long, petioled, broadly ovate, 1-3-pinnatisect, segments linear, distant, spreading; cauline leaves filiform or setaceous. Heads sessile, or on short capillary pedicels, minute, 75-7gin., secund in slender, panicled racemes, involucre- bracts glistening oblong, obtuse scarious, with narrow green disks. Outer female flowers fertile, inner hermaphrodite flowers sterile and with larger corollas. Achenes gin. long (“ perhaps,” N. 0. COMPOSITE. 699 says J. D. Hooker, ‘‘ one of the most minute fruits of any flower- ing plants”). Further, says Hooker, though usually described as annual, some specimens both from the plains of India and Tibet have woody stocks. | Use :—The branches ‘appear to be officinal in the Punjab. The smoke is considered good for burns, one the infusion is given as a purgative (Stewart). 663. A. maritima, Linn. H.F.B.1., 111. 323. Vern. :—Kiram4ni owa (Bomb.); Tarkh (Pushtoo). Arab. and Pers. :--Sheeh ; Sariqun ; Afsantin-ul-bahr. Habitat :—Western Himalaya, from Kashmir to Kumaon. Hoary or tomentose, shrubby below. Rootstocks woody, branched, stems erect or ascending, much branched from the bases. 6-18in., strict, woody or wiry. Leaves ovate, 2-pinnatisect ; 4-2in., often quite white, with very many segments; segments small, spreading, linear obtuse; upper simple linear. Heads 3-8. fid. ovoid or oblong suberect in spicate fascicles, often, reddish, crowded and bracteolate by a small linear or almost setaceous leaf. Bracts linear oblong, outer herbaceous tomentose, inner scarious, acute, glabrous. Use :—In Bombay, the Hakims prescribe it in doses of 2 to 5 derhems as an anthelmintic, and also deobstruent and stomac- hic tonic. In the form of a poultice, they use it to relieve the pain caused by the bites of scorpions and other venomous reptiless (Dymock). “ Useful in gleet’”’ (Surg. Masani in Watt’s Dict., Vol. 1). Officinal in both Indian and British Pharmacopceias; used as an anthelmintic. According to Dr. Von Schreeder, it is not poisonous to ascarides as was formerly thought, but merely drives them to the large intestine whence they can be removed. It is indigenous to Southern Afghanistan and Baluchistan, and is much used as an antiperiodic. An infusion (and also decoction, of the fresh plant has been very successfully used 700 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. by me in cases of ague, intermittent and remittent fever. It is a very useful febrifuge and deserves trial (B. D. Basu). Church reported on a bundle of dry leaves received at Kew from Duthie. The following is his analysis :— Percentage composition of Artemisia maritima :— Water niet ses a ue bes, OMe Oil, resin, wax, etc. ine Se oes ete |) Starch, sugar, gum, etc. (by difference) es .. 842 Albuminoids (true) Ae ae soe Rep i 5) Fibre 53 oe = ig os OOM Ash (includes 2°7 of sand and mica) ... © a: iat st 25 Church remarks that the plant contains rather less albuminoids, less digestible carbohydrates, and more fibre than the average hay of mixed grasses. It is, however, thrice as rich in albuminoids as the straw of European cereals. Artemisin, C,, H,,; O4,is obtained from the last mother liquors in the technical treatment of the seed of Artemisia maritima, Itis freed from santonin by recrystallisation from chloroform, being deposited in combi- nation with 1 mol. of the solvent, which is evolved at 90°. It melts at 200°, gradually turns yellow in the air, and is more readily soluble in water and dilute alcohol than santonin; [a]p =—84°3°. The ferric chloride reaction is not characteristic ; when heated with soda (10 parts) and water (40 parts), a fugitive carmine-red coloration is produced, and, like santonin, it gives the same colour with alcoholic soda. Artemisin is apparently hydroxy santonin.—J. Ch. S. LXX, pt. I, (1896) p. 59. Max Jaffé, considers artemisin as y-hydroxysantonin. 664. A. vulgaris, Linn. H.F.B.1., U1. 825; Roxb. O99. Syn. :—A. indica, Willd. ; A. paniculata, Row). 598. Sans. :—-Nagdami, granthiparni. Vern.:~-Nagdouna, matjari, mastaru, dona (H.); Sarmi, Samri (Dehra Dun), Nagdona (B.); Tataur, ptnjan, banjiru, chambra, Gbfisha, tarkha; Bui madardn, afsuntin (Pb. Bazar names) ; Surband (Mar.); Titapat (Nepal) “In Madras, the native names are applied to two sections :— (a) A. vulgaris:—Doun& (H and Duk.); Mar-i-Kurondu (Tam.); Davanamu (Sans. Tel. Kan.); Davana (Mar-.). (6) A. indica:—Maspatri (D.); Machi-pattri (Tam. Tel. Mal. and Kan.) ; Granthaparni (San.)—Dr. Moodeen Sheriff. N. 0. COMPOSITE. 701 Habitat :--Throughout the mountainous districts of India ; on the west Himalaya, Khasia Hills, Manipur; mt. Aboo, in Marwar, and the Western Ghats. A tall aromatic shrub-like herb, 2-8 ft. high, hoary pubescent or tomentose. Stems leafy paniculately branched. Lower leaves petioled, 2-4 in. long, ovate in outline, 1-2 pinnatisect, with stipule-like lobes at the base, more or less pubescent above, ashy-grey or white tomentose beneath; upper leaves often sessile, linear-lanceolate, entire or 3-fid. Heads sessile or shortly pedicelled, ovoid or subglobose, arranged in sub-secund spike- like suberect or horizontal panicled racemes, brownish-yellow. Invol-bracts woolly or glabrate; outer small, herbaceous, inner mostly scaricus. Outer fem. flowers very slender; inner hermaphrodite flowers fertile. Achenes minute. The Dehra Dun plant belongs to the form known as A. indica, which has the lower surface of the leaves of an ashy-grey colour. (Duthie). 7 Uses:—The Hindus consider it to be a valuable stomachic, deobstruent, and antispasmodic ; they prescribe it in infusion and electuary, in cases of obstructed menses and hysteria. Extern. ally, it is used in fomentations, given in skin diseases and foul ulcers as an alterative (Dutt). Used as a tonic, anthelmintic, antispasmodic and expectorant, in diseases of children. Expressed juice is applied by native practitioners to the head of young children, for the prevention of convulsions (Watt’s Dictionary, Vol. 1). “Used by the natives in asthma and diseases of the brain also” (London Exhibition). Bellew states that in Afghanistan and throughout India, a strong decoction is given asa vermifuge, and a weak one to children in measles. An infusion is given as a tonic. “The strong aromatic odor and bitter taste of this plant indicate stomachic and tonic properties. Dr. Wight states that the leaves and tops are administered in nervous and spasmodic affections connected with debility, and also that an infusion of them is used as a fomentation in phagedenic ulceration. Dr. L. 702 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. Stewart describes an infusion of the tops and leaves as a good, mild stomachic tonic’’ (Ph. Ind.). ! Said to be used in China in the preparation of an external application (moxa) employed in relieving pain. 665. A. sacrorum, Ledeb. H.F.B.1., 111. 326. Vern. :—-Tatwen, munyé®, niurtsi, jan, chGmbar, zbior, burnak (izle) Habitat :—Kunawur, and the Tibetan region of Kumaon. An erect, hoary perennial, shrubby below, leaves long pet- ioled, ovate, pinnatisect, segments pectinately pinnatifid, hoary or green, or white pubescent, on both surfaces. Rachis simple or pectinately winged Heads 15-20-fid, broadly hemispheric, nodding subsecund distant in slender panicled racemes. In- volucre-bracts hoary, outer, with a green disk and broad scarious margins, linear, green. Use:—Said to be given medicinally to horses in affections of the head (Stewart). 666., A. persica, Boiss., H.F.B.1., 11. 327. Vern. :—Shih ; Sarigén ; Afsantin-ul-Bahar (Arab. and bane Pardesi da wano (Guz.) ; Dawana (Mar.). Habitat :— Afghanistan ; also Western Tibet. A tall, erect perennial or biennial, hoary, with white tomen- tum. Stem 3-4ft., grooved or ribbed. Branches long, suberect. Leaves small, ovate, or flabellate decompoundly, very finely pinnatisect, sessile or petioled. Segments minute, linear or lobulate. Heads numerous, lin. diam., yellow, subglobose, rather remote, pedicelled, secund nodding, in short, or long axillary strict, erect racemes. Involucre-bract tomentose, outer linear green, inner orbicular broadly scarious. Receptacle small, convex of hermaphrodite flowers almost cupular, glabrous or pubescent. Use:—Bellew states that the plant is used as a tonic, febri- fuge and vermifuge. N. 0. COMPOSITE. 703 667. Roxs 410. Vern. :—Moha, mohva (Hind.); Mohuva (Beng.); Darakhte- guilchakane (Pers.); Kat illupi, elupa (Tam.); Ippi, yeppa, pinna (Tel.); Mahwa, mohi (Bom.) ; Mahuda (Cutch) ; Mohacha- jhada, ippicha-jhada (Mar.); Mahuda, mova-nu-jhada (Guj.) ; Hippe, ippigrida (Kan.) ; Ellupi, irippa (Mal.). Eng. :—The Mowa tree. Habitat :— Western Peninsula, on the Ghats from the Konkan southwards. Common in the moist forests of the Konkan and North Kanara ; often along the banks of rivers and nalas ; takes the place of B. latafolza, in the moist forests of the southern parts of the Bombay Presidency. (Talbot). ‘A large evergreen tree, young d50ft. high. Bark dark, yellowish grey, thick, slightly furrowed. Wood red, moderately hard, close grained. All young parts rusty-tomentose. Leaves clustered towards the ends of the branches. Leaves 4-5 by Igin., mature glabrescent, lanceolate at both ends. Primary nerves 12 on each side, distinct, secondary distinct. Petiole 1-l4in. Stipules linear, pedicels 1-2, tomentose, in dense clusters near the ends of the branches. Outer Calyx-segments nearly glab- rous, inner finely tomentose (Brandis). Calyx-lobes 4-4in., ovate, subacute. Corolla $in.; lobes usually six, scarcely 4 the length of the tube. Filaments hairy. Anthers 16, 2-serrate, subsessile, tips 3-toothed. The short mucronation of the 750 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. connective between the tips of the two cells giving this appear- ance more strongly than is indicated in the figure. Fruit velvety when young, obliquely ovoid, 2-seeded, 14in. long. The sweet fleshy flowers dried and eaten. Uses:—It is astringent and emollient. Like B. latifolia, it yields two important products—a fixed concrete oil and a spirit, the former obtained by expression from the seeds, the latter by distillation from the flowers. The oil said to be good for skin diseases, flowers said to act as a mild laxative. The gummy juice is used in rheumatism by Vaids. The bark in decoction as an astringent and emollient, and also as a remedy in itch (Ainslie.) Keonomical uses of Bassia longifolia by Revd, Dr. John of Tranquebar. 1, The oil pressed from the ripe fruit is used by the natives as common lamp oil, who cannot afford to buy cocoanut oil. It is thicker, burns longer but dimmer, smokes a little, and gives some disagreeable smell which common people do not mind, 2, lt is a principal ingredient in making the country soap, and keeps therefore often the same price with the cocoanut oil. 3. lt is to the common people a substitute in place of ghee and cocoanut oil in their curries and other dishes. They make cakes of it, and many of the poor get their livelihood by selling these sweet oil cakes. 4, It is used to heal different out-breakings, such as the itch, &e. 5. The cake left after the oil is expressed, is used for washing the head, and is carried as a small article of trade to those countries where these trees are not to be found. 6. The flowers which fall in May are gathered by the common people, dried in the sun, roasted and eaten as good food. They are also bruised and boiled to a jelly, and made into small balls, which they sell or exchange for fish, rice, and various sorts of small grain. 7. The skin is taken off from the ripe fruit as well as the unripe, and after throwing away the unripe kernel, boiled to a jelly, and eaten with salt and capsicum. 8. The leaves are boiled with water, and given as a medicine in several diseases to both men and cattle. 9. The milk of the green fruit and of the tender bark is given also as a medicine. | 10. The bark is used to cure the itch. 11, The wood is as hard and durable as Teak wood, but not so easily worked, nor is it procurable of such a length for beams and planks, except on clay-ground, where it grows toa considerable height, but in such a soil does not produce so many branches, and is less fruitful than when in a sandy or mixed soil, which is the best for them, Ina sandy soil the branches shoot out nearer to the ground to a great circumference, and give more fruit, These N. 0. SAPOTACER. 751 trees require but a little attention and watering during the first two or three years in the dry season, and being of so great use, we have here whole planta- tions of them on high and sandy grounds, where no other fruit tree will grow, 12, We may still add, that the owls, squirrels, lizards, country dogs and jackals, take a share in the flowers, but the report is that the latter, espe- cially in the time of blossom, are apt to grow mad by too much feeding on them, (Roxburgh’s Flora Indica pp. 410-411 Clarke’s edition), The kernels of B. latifolia yield to solvents 41 to 46 per cent. of a yellowish fat melting at 24°—30°, and those of B. longifolia contain 54 per cent. or more. The acid values sometimes reach 70, The constants are: Specific gravity at 100°, 0°86; to 0°88; saponification value, 186—194; iodine value, 58 to 64; Reichert-Meiss] value, 16 to 1°7. Fatty acids, 93'7 to 94:9 per cent., melting at 42° to 48°; unsaponifiable matter, 1°4 to 2°2 per cent. The oil consists of ~ Olein and palmitin and probably stearin. i257 1b. souiraced, Ioxb., UE BL. Tl, 546 ; Roxb. 411. Vern. :—Chiura, chaiura, bhulel (Iumaun); Cheuli (Oudh); Phalwara (Hind.) ; Chfri (Nepal) ; Yet, yelpote (Lepcha). Eng. :—Indian Butter tree. Habitat :—Sub-tropical Himalaya, from Kumaun to Bhotan. A large deciduous tree, attaining 70ft. height, usually with a short trunk and rounded crown. Bractlets, petioles, under- side of leaves, stipules and pedicels, with fine silkly hairs. Bark 4in thick, dark-grey. Wood lhght brown, hard. Leaves 13 by 6in., or smaller, firm, crowded near ends of branches, obovate, or obovate-oblong, elliptic or oblong-elliptic, sub-obtuse, base rhomboid, glabrous when mature or floceulose beneath ; primary nerves 15-20 pairs. Petiole 1-14in., stipules gin., ovate- lanceolate, caducous. FPedicels 1-2in., very many, crowded among the subterminal leaves. Flowers in dense clusters at the ends of branches, drooping, tomentose. Calyx coriaceous, segments 4 or 5, 4-4in. ovate, densely rusty tomentose inside. Corolla 3in. long, creamcoloured, fleshy, sweet, early caducous ; lobes 8-10, spreading, short, erect. Stamens 30-40, says C. B. Clarke ; 24-26, says Brandis ; inserted at the mouth of the corolla tube; filaments glabrous, as long as the anthers. Anthers 152 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. exserted, linear-lanceolate, subsessile, hairy at the back. Ovary 7-9-celled. Berry 1 by 2in., ovoid, smooth, green, fleshy, 1-2 or 3-seeded. Seeds $-Lin. long. Uses: —It is used as an ointment in cases of rheumatism. The butter is an excellent emollient for chapped hands, &c., during the winter months. It seems deserving of further attention (Watt, I. 406). The kernels yield from 60 to 65 per cent. of fat, The fat has a whitish colour and agreeable odour, and is used for edible purposes, It has been recommended for the preparation of ointments. The constants are: Specific gravity at 100°, 0-86—089; melting point, 39°; saponification value, 190 to 194; iodine value, 41 to 42; Reichert-Meissl value, 0-44 to125. Fatty acids about 95 per cent., melting at 51° to 53°, The fat consists of the glycerides - of oleic and palmitic acids and a small amount of phytosterol., “724. Mimusops Elengi, Linn., H.F.B.1., 111. 948; Roxs. oid. -2 Sans. :—Vakula. Vern :—Bakul (Beng.) ; Mélsari ‘Hind.); Ghdlsari, bholsarf (Dec.) ; Mogadam (Tam.); Pogada-manu (Tel.); Elangi ‘Mal.) ; Bakuli, ovali (Bom.). Buckhul; ranjal (Kan.). Habitat:—Deccan and Malay Peninsulas, frequently culti- vated in North India. A large, ornamental, glabrous, evergreen tree, 50ft. Bark dark-grey, rough, deeply cracked, with vertical or transverse fissures; wood very hard, close and even-grained. Sapwood reddish-brown ; heartwood dark-red. Leaves 34 by 14in., ellip- tic, shortly acuminate, base rhomboid, nerves slender, numer- ously horizontal, scattered, shining. Petioles #in., youngest shoots, pedicels and outside of the calyx, with very short rusty pubescence. Flowers white, very fragrant, nearly lin., across, pedicles 3-Zin. Calyx segments 8. Corolla decidu- ous, leaves in 2 series, 16-20, narrow, lanceolate stamens 8, usually; staminodes 8, short, densely hairy on the back, acute, serrate or subentire. Berry 1l-seeded, #-lin., ovoid, yellow. The fragrant smell of the Corolla persistent long after it dries. N. O. SAPOTAGER. 153 Uses :—Chakradatta mentions the astringent properties of the unripe fruit, and recommends it to be chewed for the purpose of fixing loose teeth. He also mentions a decoction of the astringent bark as a useful gargle in diseases of the gums and teeth. In the Concan, a similar use is made of the unripe fruit, and the fruit and flowers, along with other astrin- gents, are used to prepure a lotion for sores and wounds. The author of the Makhzan says that the unripe fruit and seeds have powerful astringent properties, and that the decoc- tion of the bark is useful as an astringent in discharges from the mucous membranes of the bladder and urethra, and also as a gargle in relaxation of the gums, &c. He mentions the use of asnuff made from the dried and powdered flowers in a disease called Ahwah, common in Bengal. The symptoms of this disease are strong fever, headache, and pain in the neck, shoulders and other parts of the body. The powdered flowers induce a copious defluxion from the nose and relieve the pain in the head (Dymock). The bruised seeds are applied locally within the anus of children in cases of constipation (K. L. Dey). The bark of this tree, much cultivated for the sake of its fragrant flowers, possesses, according to Horsfield (Asiat. Journ., vol. vil., p. 262), astringent tonic properties. It is much esteemed by the Javanese, and is stated by the same authority to have proved useful in fevers, and asa general tonic. Accord- ing to Dr. Bholanath Bose, a decoction of the bark forms a good gargle in salivation. A water distilled froin the flowers is in use amongst the natives of Southern India, both as a stimulant medicine and as a perfume (Ph. Ind.). The pulp of the ripe fruit 1s sweetish and astringent and has been successfully used in curing chronic dysentery (Sur- geon-Major B. Gupta, in Watt’s Dictionary). The kernel is of a yellowish-brown colour, it has a very bitter taste, and is enclosed in a strong, glossy husk. The shells form 64 per cent. of the fruits, On extraction with ether, the kernels yielded 18°47 percent. of a yellowish-brown viscid oil. The expressed oil has alight yellowish-white colour, and stearin deposits on standing. The oil is used for cooking, burning and in medicine. 95 754 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. The following physical and chemical characters were obtained of the fat: Specific gravity at 100°, 0°9129; acid value, 45°5 ; saponification value, 213°9; Reichert-Meissl] value, 10°6; titration number of insoluble volatile acids, = KOH 0°68; iodine value, 66°5; unsaponifiable matter, 1°56. Butyro;refrac- tometer at 25° C., Degrees 73°55; at 40°, 67. Fatty acids: per cent. 89°4; melting point, 35°; iodine value, 68°11; neutralisation value, 202°06. Mean molecular weight, 277°6. (A. K. Menon.) 725—M. hexandra, Roxb., u.¥.B.1., m1. 549; Roxs. 318. Syn. :—M. indica, A. Do. Sans. :—Rajadani. Vern.:—Khirni 'H.) ; Khbirkhejur (B.); Ranjana, rdini (M.) Rajan ; Kherni (Bomb.); Palla (Tam.). Ha'ztat:—Deccan Peninsula, extending North to Guzerat, Banda and the Circars. A large or small, evergreen tree, sometimes shrub only, often gregarious. Trunk erect, the branches forming a large shady head. Bark grey, smooth, when young, often studded with branchlets and clusters of leaves, which degenerate into hard, conical, thorn-like protuberances. Wood red, very hard, close and even-grained; in Ceylon, dark, vinous-red, purplish-black (Brown), (Gamble). Leaves wholly glabrous, shining, generally crowded at the ends of branchlets, ovate- oblong, obtuse, emarginate, 2-4in. long, 1$-2in. broad, base cuneate or rhomboid, coriaceous, nerves obscure. Petiole 4-3in., pedicels 2-5 together, nearly glabrous, 4-4in., clusters sub- terminal and along the branches, often dense. Flowers tin. across, white or pale-yellow. Calyx-lobes 6, $-din., elliptic, subacute, obscurely tomentose, or nearly glabrous. Corolla tin. long. Stamens 6-8, anthers acute, as Jong as the filaments. Staminodes 6-8, serrate or lobed, glabrous, frequently bifid. Ovary 12-celled, hairy. Berry din. long., 4in. broad. 1-some- times, 2-seeded ; yellow when ripe, edible, rather sticky. Seeds yield an oil, says Gamble. Uses:—The bark is used medicinally and is exactly similar to that of M. elengi. “The bark is much sought after for medicinal purposes and trees are often, greatly injured thereby.” (Duthie). N. 0. SPOTACER. £55 In the Concan, the milky juice, made into a paste with the leaves of Cassia fistula and seeds of Calophyllum inophyllum, is applied to boils. The juice of a Loranthus, which grows upon the tree, is extracted by heat and given with long-pepper in cramp (l)ymock). The oil is used for medicinal purposes. It is yellowish and non-drying and deposits white fats at 30°. The specific gravity at 40° is 0905, and the acid value, 25. The constants are: saponification value, 195°4; iodine value, 72:5; Reichert-Meissl value, 0°17. Fatty acids and unsaponifiable, 95; melting point, 38°; neutralisation value, 200°5 ; iodine value, 75.6. Pemicoe te iawc, Linn. 4.B-B1, Wi. ot0 ; ROXB. oa: Sans : — Ksheerika. Vern.:—Ksheerni (BR); Kheeri, Chirui (H.) ; Manilkara (Mal.) ; Adoma (Goa) ; Kanki (Mar.). Ha!ztat :—Occasionally planted as far west as Hoshiarpore, Multan, Lahore, and Eminabad, near Gujranwala. Native of Burma and Malacca, grows in Ratnagiri and Ghatkoper. A large tree. Leaves 4 by 2in., obtuse or scarcely acute, obovate-elliptic, or obovate, densely silky, white beneath, base cuneate, nerves obscure. Petiole 1-l4in. Pedicels lin., densely clustered near the ends of the branches, cinnamoneous-tomentose. Calyx-lobes 6, tin., ovate, subacute, brown, tomentose. Corolla Zin. long, lobes narrow acute. Stamens 6-8. Staminodes 6.8, serrate or lobed. Berry 2-lin., globose smooth. Seeds usually 3-4, Uses :—The seeds made into powder are used in ophthalmia, and also employed internally as a tonic and febrifuge ; and the root is officinal at Lahore (Stewart). The seeds are considered hot and moist, and are prescribed in leprosy, thirst, delirium and disorders of the many secretions. ‘They are also con- sidered anthelmintic ‘Baden-Powell). The fruit is very sweet and pleasant. The milk of the tree is used in inflammation of ear and conjunctivitis, &c. (Dr. Emerson). The root and bark are believed to be astringent and given in infantile diarrhoea, after being ground with water and mixed 756 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. with honey. The leaves, boiled in gingelly oil and added to the pulverised bark, are considered a good remedy in Beri-beri. The bark is astringent, and yeilds a kind of gummy fluid. Leaves, ground and mixed with turmeric and ginger, are used as cataplasms for tumors (abscesses ?) (Drury). N. O. EBENACEA, 727. Dvospyros montana, Roxb. H.F.B.1., 11. 555 ; Roxs. 415. Vern. :—Tendu, bistend (Hind.); Neori, bhori (Bundelkhand): Hirek, keindu, temru, pasendu (Pb.); Makar-tendi, banda, - muchi tanki, yerra goda (Tel.); Tembhurni, govindu, lohari (Mar); Tendu, bulguni, Kalagunda, (Kan). Habitat :—From the Himalaya, throughout India (except Sindh and Northern Punjab). A large shrub, or small deciduous tree, often spinous. Trunk usually crooked covered with dark rust colored nearly smooth bark. Branches sometimes spinescent. Branchlets and young leaves softly tomentose; branchlets soon glabrous. Bark thin, grey or greyishblack, rough, when old, exfoliating in small scales. Wood grey, often tinged with yellow or brown, streaked with narrow patches or darker colour, especially towards the centre, but no regular ebony ; heartwood soft to moderately hard. Graham . Anderson says, from Mysore, that the wood is difficult to cut with the axe (Gambie). Leaves bitter (Kanjilal), thinly chartaceous, ovateoblong, base rounded or cordate, blade 2-4in., petiole slender, 3-4in. long, secondary nerves 6-8 pair, slender; “usually glab- rous, sometimes pubescent beneath ; or on both sides, venation in conspicuous beneath” (Trimen). Flowers white, asa rule, 4-merous. Male flowers velvety, shortly pedunculate, or nearly sessile, usually 2-8fid, segments obtuse, velvety on both sides. Corolla fin. long, campanulate, outside glabrous or pubescent; lobes short, spreading. Stamens 16, in opposite pairs, united at the base, the outer longest. Anthers lanceolate, awned, glabrous. Female flowers axillary, solitary, drooping, on short pedicels. Calyx segments ovate, tin. long. Corolla nearly glabrous out- N. 0. EBENACER, OT side. Staminodes 4. Ovary glabrous, 8-celled. Fruit bitter, not edible, $-lin. diam., yellow when ripe, supported by the enlarged foliacious Calyx-lobes. Albumen uniform (Brandis). Use :—The fruit is supposed to be poisonous. The bhistis apply it to boils which generally appear on their hands and give them much pain and trouble (Stewart). 728. D. Embryopteris, Pers., H.F.B.1., 111. 556. Syn. :—D. glutinosa, Ken ; Roxb. 413. Sans :—-Tinduka. Vern. :—Gab, makur-kendi (Beng. and Hind.) ; Abnos-e-hindi (Arab.) ; Tendu (Ass.); Tumbika, pani-chika (Tam.); Tumik (Tel.) ; Timboree, temburni, (Mar); Kusharta, hagna, huli tumri, gavandu (Kan). Habitat :—Very common throughout India; abundant in Bengal. A much-branched, dense, evergreen tree, of middle size. Buds silky, with appressed hairs. Branchlets glabrous. Bark smooth, dark-grey, almost black, with green tinge, exfoliating in large pieces. Wood grey, with darker streaks and darker, irregular patch in the centre (heartwood ?), moderately close-grained (Gamble). Leaves distichous, 54 by 2in., coriaceous, glabrous, shining, oblong, obtuse at the base, subacuminate, primary nerves oblique ; reticulating nerves distinctly, slightly, elevated on both sides ; petiole 4-4in long, wrinkled when dry. Flowers asa rule 4-merous, white, cream-coloured, sweet scented. Maleflowers in short axillary pedunculate cymes, 1-{in., of 3-6 flowers. Calyx hairy, cup-shaped, lobes 4-#in., triangular. Corolla tubular- campanulate, nearly glabrous without, } by }in., lobes yin. Stamens 24-64 in pairs, at the base of the corolla tube or on the receptacle beneath, subequal; filaments short, hairy, anthers hairy, linear, much longer than the fllaments. Female flowers larger, usually solitary sometimes in pairs (Brandis), 1-5 together, says C. B. Clarke subsessile or cymose, resembling the male” Calyx-lobes cordate, wider, subauriculate at base. Ovary hairy when young, glabrous when maturing, 8-celled. Styles 4, lobed at the tips; stigmas lohed. Fruit usually solitary, 758 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. 1-2in. diam., yellow and sweet when ripe, subglobose, glandular or rusty, usually 4-8-seeded ; seeds embedded in a viscid pulp. Fruiting Calyx persistent, Zin. across, lobes patent, villous within. Uses: —The fruit and the bark possess astringent properties. The juice of the unripe fruit makes a good application to fresh wounds. It is full of tannin, and is therefore a useful domestic astringent, so plentiful as to be at the door of even the poorest hut. An oil extracted from the seeds is also used in native medicine, in dysentery and diarrhoea with success. Bark is used in intermittent fevers (Honnigberger). It is used in dysentery and diarrhcea with success. The infusion of the fruit is used asa gargle in aphthe and sore- throat (Kanai Lal De Bahadur). The seeds are preserved by the country people, and given as an astringent in diarrhea (Dymock). It is officinal in the Pharmacopeeia of India. 1297 Do melanoxglon, Thoxrb., HF BA, Tir 5a Roxs. 412. Sin Wieheatey aD Sans. :—-Kakundoo. Vern.:—Tendu, kendu, abnu (Hind.); Kend, kyou (Beng.) ; Tumri, tummer, tumki (Gond.); Tumbi, tumbali (Tam.) ; Tumi, tumki (Tel.). Tamrug (Guz). Habitat :—Deccan Peninsula. A large, or moderate sized, deciduous tree, attaining 5O0ft., and 6ft. in girth, greyish black, cleft into small rectangular plates, showing the black inner bark in the clefts. The bark shows alternate layers of brown and black, so that as it wears the surface shows partly of either colour. Wood hard, reddish- brown, with an irregular black heartwood. Young parts covered with grey or rusty tomentum. Leaves alternate and subopposite, says Kanjilal; mostly opposite, says Brandis ; thickly coriaceous, hairy or glabrous*on the underside when full grown, elliptic or ovate; blade 3-12in., petiole $in., secondary nerves 6-10 pair, as well as the reticulate tertiary nerves raised on the upperside. N. O. STYRACER. 759 Flowers 4-6-merous. Males on short cymes, calyx woolly, campanulate or cup-shaped. Corolla tubular, ferrugineous, woolly outside, stamens 12-16. Female flowers solitary, larger than the Calyx, broad, edges recurved; ovary 4-8-celled, densely hairy; styles 2-3. Fruit glabrous, smooth, globose, or ovoid, 1-l4in. diam., yellow, edible when ripe, supported by the thickly coriaceous Calyx, the segments with more or less recurved edges. Seeds 4-8, compressed, oblong; testa rugose, shining, albumen ruminate. Pulp yellow, sweet-aromatic, slightly muci- laginous, particularly near the testa of the seed. Uses:—The bark of the tree, possesses astringent properties, and is used as decoction in diarrhoea and dyspepsia as a tonic. In a dilute form, it is used as an astringent lotion for the eyes. The Hakims apply its powder in ulceration of the cornea and recommend it internally with black pepper in dysentery (Honnigberger). | N. O. STYRACEA. 730. Symplocos crategoides, Ham. 4.F.B.1., I. 573. Vern. :—L4, landar, loj, losh (Pb.); Lodh (Kumaun); Loja (Sutlej. ; Lodur ; Pathani lodh (Sind.). Habitat :—Himalaya, from Kashmir to Bhotan; Khasia. A large shrub or small tree, deciduous. Bari light-grey, corky, with long vertical cracks. Wood white, soft to moderate- ly hard, close-grained, splits and twists in seasoning. Branchlets and leaves hairy. Leaves 2-4 by 1-l$in., broad elliptic or ovate, acuminate, sharply glandular, serrulate towards the apex, mem- branous, pilose beneath or glabrescent ; petiole din. long. Flowers white, din. diam., fragrant, in cymose corymbs, forming dense terminal or axillary panicles; bracts small, linear, caducous. Calyx turbinate, lobes ciliate. Corolla 5-cleft nearly to the base. Stamens indefinite 20-60, equalling the corolla in length, connate, in 5 bundles. Ovary inferior, 2-celled, glabrous or hairy. Fruit 4-3in. long, obliquely ovoid, or obovoid, crowned with remains of 760 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS. the Calyxlimb, usually 1-seeded, black when ripe, embryo curved, oxile (Kanjilal). Use :—-The bark is considered tonic. It is also used in, oph- thalmia (Dr. Stewart). 731. 8S. racemosa, Roxb. H.F.B.1., 111. 576, Roxs. 415. Sans. :—Lodhra. Vern. :—Lodh (H. and B.); Chamlani (Nepal); -Palyok (Lepcha); Kaiday (Mechi); Singyan (Bhutia). Habitat :—Throughout North-East India, common from the Terai of _Kumaun to Assam; common throughout Chota Nag- pore. A small evergreen tree. Bark soft. Branchlets soon glab- rous. Leaves glabrous, coriaceous, elliptic-lanceolate, obscurely crenate. Blade 4-6in. Petiole4-gin. Flowers yellow, fragrant, in simple hairy axillary, more or less lax racemes; pedicels as long as Calyx-tube, which is glabrous; lobes rounded, equalling the tube, slightly pubescent and with ciliate edges. Stamens about 100-115. Disk glabrous. Corolla 3 times longer than calyx. Fruit cylindric, nearly $in. long, smooth, 1-3 celled. Calyxrim nearly as wide as the fruit, with erect teeth. Ovary 3 celled, hairy. Embryo straight. Uses :—In Hindoo medicine, the bark is described as cooling, astringent, and useful in bowel complaints, eye diseases, ulcers, &c. A decoction is used as a gargle for giving firmness to bleeding and spongy gums (Dutt). It is often used in Bombay in the preparation of plasters (lép.); it is supposed to promote the maturation or resolution of stagnant tumors (Dymock). Drs. Charles and K. L. 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