September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 FILE I<: bo x a Mitridae Dikgicet aa Mette WILLIAM H. DAL SECTIONAL LIBRARY DIVISION OF MOLLUSKS THE MITRIDAE OF THE WORLD Part I. The Subfamily Mitrinae by WALTER O. CERNOHORSKY Auckland Institute and Museum Auckland, New Zealand Worldwide Mitridae The gastropod family Mitridae, popularly known as mitre! shells, is a member of the rachi- glossate group of Neogastropoda, and, with the closely related families Volutomitridae and Vol- utidae, belongs to the superfamily Volutacea. Species live in tropical and temperate waters in all major geographical provinces, but species con- centration is highest in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly the Indo-Pacific. The major- ity of species live in shallow water of the intertidal zone, where they are found buried in clean, muddy or silty coral sand, or beneath rocks and coral and in crevices of coral reefs. Only a few species live beyond the littoral zone, at depths not exceeding 1,465 metres. Known since Upper Cre- taceous times, when Mitridae presumably evolved from a fasciolariid ancestor, more species are living today then have been recorded during the family’s long geologic history. Although 2,630 names have been proposed for species of Mit- ridae, only 840 names are considered to be valid. Recent species number 375, and fossil species 461 (this figure appears to be inflated due to the inclu- sion of probable synonyms). In part 1, 123 Recent and 79 fossil species belonging to 11 generic groups are described and illustrated. In addition, 168 European Tertiary species are listed. The subfamilies Imbricariinae and Cylindromitrinae will be dealt with in part 2. Family Characters Mitridae are characterized by fusiform, elongate-ovate or cylindrical shells which have convex or angulate whorls, usually a narrow aper- ture, from 3 to 11 folds on the columella and a distinct siphonal notch. The shell-surface of mitre shells is rarely smooth and bears a sculpture con- sisting of grooves, striae, pits, folds, ribs or granu- lations. In 2 fossil genera the columella has only 1 or 2 folds, while in the Recent deep water South African genus Charitodoron Tomlin, the col- umella is edentulous. Although a rudimentary operculum is present in the veliger stage, this is absorbed during growth and disappears in the early juvenile stage. Mitridae are occasionally confused with Turridae and Columbellidae, but they resemble species of Volutomitridae most closely. The following are the salient taxonomic differences between the two families: Mitridae A. Animal without an operculum B. Protoconch conoidal and multispiral or slightly papillose and paucispiral C. First posterior columellar fold larger and longer than second fold, folds close-set D. Siphonal canal notched E. Radula with rectangular or bow-shaped, multicuspid rachidians Volutomitridae A. Animal sometimes with an operculum B. Protoconch mammillate and paucispiral C. First posterior fold shorter and smaller than second fold, folds wide-spaced D. Siphonal canal unnotched and spout- shaped E. Radula with wishbone-shaped, unicuspid rachidians 1The American spelling is miter. [19-419] 274 Mitridae W. O. Cernohorsky The protoconch in Mitridae is conoidal and multispiral, but in some vexilline genera, i.e. Austromitra, Pusia and Thala, the protoconch is slightly papillose and paucispiral (Plate 248). The animal has a moderate or large foot which is bluntly truncated anteriorly and pointedly rounded posteriorly, and is particularly long in sand-dwelling species, in which it may extend beyond the apex of the shell. The mantle is thin, 10 Plate 248. Types of protoconchs in Mitridae. Conoidal- multispiral (Figs. 1-9) Papillose-paucispiral (Figs. 10-12). Fig. 1. Mitra nivea Broderip from the Pacific Ocean. Fig. 2. Subcancilla attenuata (Broderip) from the tropical eastern Pacific. Fig. 3. Domiporta filaris (Linnaeus) from the Pacific Ocean. Fig. 4. Neocancilla clathrus (Gmelin) from the Pacific Ocean. Fig. 5. Scabricola desetangsii (Kiener) from the Indian Ocean. Fig. 6. Imbricaria conularis (Lamarck) from the Pacific Ocean. Fig. 7. Pterygia nucea (Gmelin) from the Pacific Ocean. Fig. 8. Vexillum (Costellaria) cophinum (Gould) from the Pacific Ocean. Fig. 9. V. (C.) nodospiculum Cernohorsky from the Philip- pine Islands. Fig. 10. Vexillum (Pusia) tricolor (Gmelin) from the Mediterranean. Fig. 11. Thala foveata (Sowerby) from the Caribbean. Fig. 12. Austromitra rubiginosa (Hutton) from New Zea- land. papillae are absent, the siphon is long or short, thick or slender and simple at the distal end. The eyes are simple, the pupil is either unicoloured or ringed, and the eyes are situated near the extrem- ity of the broad base of the tentacles. The probos- cis is very long or moderately short and the tenta- cles are pointed. The animal of the South African deep water genus Charitodoron lacks eyes ac- cording to Barnard (1960). Animals are dioecious, the penis is variable but generally curved and pointed and situated behind the right tentacle; in life the penis lies entirely under the mantle facing towards the apex of the shell. The proboscis con- tains an odontophore which is secured to the wall by a pair of nerve tissues. Salivary glands are paired or coalescing and parts of the hypobran- chial gland are modified for the secretion of di- bromingotin; this purple mucus has an obnoxious odour and considerable staining properties but is harmless to humans. Vayssiere (1901) and Risbec (1955), in their study on the anatomy of Mitridae, reported the presence of a““venom gland” in some species of Mitridae. This particular gland, which is called the “accessory proboscis’ by Kohn (1970), is a slender, pointed organ which was ob- served by the writer to protrude and retract at moderate speed when the animal is handled. The real function of this “accessory proboscis” is un- known according to Kohn (1970), but the gland in the Caribbean Thala foveata (Sowerby) is actually used in killing prey. Sand-dwelling Mitridae are carnivorous, and the large Vexillum species have been observed to feed on small sand-shrimps. Reef-dwelling Mit- ridae are presumed to be detritus feeders subsist- ing on microorganism attached to the hard sub- strate. Kohn (1970), in his study of the food habits of the reef-dwelling Mitra (Strigatella) litterata Lamarck, found the species to be vermivorous and to feed on sipunculid worms, particularly Phas- colosoma scolops (Selenka & DeMan) and As- pidosiphon elegans (Chamisso and Eysenhardt). Mitridae deposit their egg-capsules on a suita- ble substrate, in the case of reef-dwelling species on rocks or coral boulders and in the case of sand- dwelling species on weed. The egg-capsules are claviform or banana-shaped, and are deposited in loose asymmetrical clusters of 15 to 100 capsules per cluster. Each capsule containing 100 to 500 white, cream or translucent-yellow eggs (Plate 2). According to Ostergaard (1950), Mitridae have a free-swimming veliger larva, reaching the free- swimming stage 2 weeks from the date of incuba- tion. Spawns have been described and illustrated [19-420] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitridae DEO 1mm Plate 249. Egg capsules of Mitrinae. Fig. 1. Mitra (Mitra) idae Melvill. Mission Point, California (from J. Cate, 1968, textfig. 8) [no dimensions given]. Fig. 2. Mitra (Strigatella) paupercula (Linnaeus). Nakuna, Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands. Fig. 3.M.(S.)tristis Broderip. Bahia de los Angeles, Mexico; height of capsule c. 2.0 mm (from Wolfson, 1969, fig. 1, as M. dolorosa Dall). by Ostergaard (1950), Cernohorsky (1966, 1970), Zavodnik (1967), J. Cate (1968) and Wolfson (1969). Mitridae have their share of natural enemies and sand-dwelling species appear to fall prey to molluscan predators more frequently than reef- dwellers. Naticidae and Muricidae are the main predators, and drill round holes up to 3 mm in diameter on the periphery of the penultimate and antepenultimate whorls. Bursidae and Cymatiidae will also attack species of Mitridae. Radulae The radulae of Mitridae are of the rachiglossate type, with 3 teeth per row, formula 1-1-1. Only the genus Pterygia Roding, has a radula which lacks OT Aa ANT VA A aie wN B LO.1mm Plate 250. Radula of Mitra mitra (Linnaeus), type-species of the genus Mitra. Complete transverse row. Fig. A. rachidian or central tooth. Fig. B. lateral tooth. lateral teeth (formula 0-1-0). The length of the radular ribbon fluctuates from 3% to 21% of shell- length, and the number of rows of teeth per 1 mm of ribbon length vary from 5 to 190. In the subfam- ily Mitrinae the rachidian teeth are subquadrate or rectangular and have deeply rooted cusps (Plate 250A), and the laterals are 1.75 to 4.0 times as broad as the rachidians and carry numerous cusps (Plate 250B). The radular teeth in the Im- bricariinae are considerably modified but still es- sentially of the mitrine type, while the radula of Cylindromitrinae consists of only rachidians but no lateral teeth. In the Vexillinae the rachidians are bowshaped, and tri-cuspid to multicuspid and the laterals are smaller, sickle-shaped, unicuspid and of a similar type as in the Muricidae (Plate 251). The front end of the radular ribbon shows considerable wear on the teeth particularly in the first one or two dozen rows of teeth; the end of the ribbon has up to a dozen thin, and as yet not fully developed replacement teeth, termed the nas- centes. Radular studies in the Mitridae have proved invaluable in a supra-specific classifica- tion and in the evaluation of relationships within groups of families. Distribution Recent Mitridae live in warm and temperate waters of both hemispheres, extending from Latitude 42°N to 42°S. The majority of Mitridae however, inhabit tropical seas and most species live in the Indo-Pacific region. In the subfamily Mitrinae alone, 87 species inhabit the tropical Indo-Pacific, 15 live in the tropical eastern Pacific, 6 in the western Atlantic, 5 in the eastern Atlantic (2 of which are shared with the Mediterranean-Adriatic region), 6 on the southern tip of South Africa and 4 on the southern part of Australia (1 species being shared with New Zea- land) (Plate 252). Mitridae made their first appearance during the Upper Cretaceous in Europe, North America and India; during the Eocene they penetrated as far as Indonesia and New Zealand; and in the Miocene extended out to various Pacific Island groups. During the Miocene the major generic groups [19-421] 276 Mitridae W. O. Cernohorsky were already well represented. The glacial periods of Europe decimated the once flourishing Mio-Pliocene mitrid fauna, and only 4 species now survive in the Mediterranean-Adriatic re- gion. Other species, e.g. Mitra (Sohlia) car- bonacea (Hinds) and Cancilla scrobiculata cros- niert Cernohorsky, migrated during the glacial period to warmer waters of northwest Africa, where they became established and still survive but having become extinct in the Mediterranean. A 1 oo ee DOMIPORTA a n) VVVVV WWW ¥ es 2 Se, 3 , aaa ae " Mite? CHARITODORON (Tie IMBRICARIA ) 5 ee Oe ‘ — —_ valine A / of AHH) 6 l SUBCANCILLA V h—= 71) ee 7, MAS Asipp— LANKA a vA NEOCANCILLA is VEXILLUM Plate 251. Radulae types in the Mitridae. Only one-half row of the radula is illustrated (formula 1 + 1 + 1). Fig. 1. Mitra (Mitra) coffea Schubert & Wagner Pacific Ocean. Fig. 2. Mitra (Strigatella) Pacific Ocean. Fig. 3. Charitodoron pasithea Tomlin from South Africa (after Barnard, 1959, fig. Llc, as Mitra (Dibaphus) bathybius Barmard). from the scutulata (Gmelin) from the Fig. 4. Imbricaria conularis (Lamarck) from the Pacific Ocean. Fig. 5.1. olicaeformis (Swainson) from the Pacific Ocean. Fig. 6. Subcancilla lineata (Broderip) from Panama. Fig. 7. Neocancilla papilio (Link) from the Pacific Ocean. Fig. 8. Domiporta filaris (Linnaeus) from the Pacific Ocean. Fig. 9. D. praestantissima (Roding) trom the Pacific Ocean. Fig. 10. Seabricola variegata (Gmelin) from the Pacific Ocean. [19-422 ] During the Tertiary, when there was no Panama land bridge separating the Caribbean from the eastern Pacific, there was a free intermingling of species drawing on a common genetic pool. The Panama land bridge barrier was in full operation during early Pleistocene (Woodring, 1966), and separated the once common fauna in two marine biological provinces. The morphological similar- ity between some eastern Pacific and Caribbean mitrid analogues, e.g. M. swainsonii-M. antillen- | \ I\IV VEXILLUM Ww AUSTROMITRA 15 Fig. Fig. 11. S. desetangsii (Kiener) from the Indian Ocean. 12. Pterygia nucea (Gmelin) from the Pacitic Ocean (full row; formula 0 + 1 + 0). Fig. 13. Vexillum (Vexillum) plicarium (Linnaeus) from the Pacitic Ocean. Fig. 14. Vexillum (Pusia) patriarchalis (C Pacific Ocean. rmelin) from the Fig. 15. Austromitra rubiginosa (Hutton) from New Zea- land. Fig. 16. Zierliana woldemarii (Kiener) from the Philippine Islands. Fig. 17. Thala gratiosa (Reeve) from the Gulf of California (after McLean, 1967, fig. l—as Mitromica solitaria C. B. Adams). Fig. 18. T. jeancateae Sphon from the Galapagos Islands (after Sphon, 1969, fig. 1). September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitridae 277 sis, M. effusa-M. barbadensis, M. inca-M. nodulosa and Thala gratiosa-T. foveata, clearly suggest a common ancestry during the Tertiary. Classification The Linnaean species of Mitridae were origi- nally contained in the Linnaean genus Voluta, with the exception of a single species which was assigned to Buccinum. Lamarck (1798) proposed the genus Mitra for the species formerly con- tained in Voluta, and Roding (1798) proposed Vexillum and Pterygia in the same year. Swainson (1831) proposed the family-group Mitridae, and the superficially similar Volutomitridae Gray, 1854, previously assigned to either the Volutidae or Mitridae, have in the meantime been segre- gated in a family of their own. Thiele (1929) arranged the living species of Mitridae in 23 generic units, while Wenz (1943) proposed a generic arrangement for both fossil and living Mitridae consisting of 35 generic groups. In a recent study of supra-specific sys- tematics of the Mitridae and Volutomitridae, the writer (1970) proposed a more modern arrange- ment of living and fossil Mitridae with the reten- tion of 28 generic units. This re-evaluation has been based on shell-features, anatomy, distribu- tion and phylogeny, and generic groups formerly based only on the colour of the shell or perios- tracum (e.g.Atrimitra Dall), have been discarded, as they are of no value in modern taxonomy. Two important changes have been made in this paper: the generic groups Fusimitra Conrad and Sohlia Cernohorsky, have been removed from the Im- bricariinae and assigned to the Mitrinae. Lectotypes of species (where more than one specimen is present in the type-series and no holotype has been selected by the original au- thor), have been selected throughout this paper and this selection is a formal lectotype designa- tion. In the selection of lectotvpes we have been guided by the original author’s cited dimensions and illustrations; ifno dimensions or illustrations were given, the specimen most closely contorm- ing to the description has been selected as the lectotype. In cases where the illustration does not contorm with the description or the illustration consists of two composite species, more weight has been placed on the description. — Plate 252. World distribution of Recent Mitrinae. The number of living species is indicated for each of the major oceanic regions. [19-423] 278 Mitridae W. O. Cernohorsky Below are listed the recognized generic and specific taxa for the subfamily Mitrinae appearing in part | of this monograph. Those preceded by a dagger (+) are fossil only. The list contains 202 fossil and living world-wide species and sub- species, of which 123 are living. The 168 Euro- pean Tertiary species listed on p. 227, have not been included in this list, since the majority of species described by Bellardi are probable synonyms and cannot be considered to constitute recognized taxa. List of Recognized Taxa Family Mitridae Swainson, 1831 Subfamily Mitrinae GENUS Mitra Lamarck, 1798 Subgenus Mitra Lamarck, 1798 mitra (Linnaeus, 1758). Type. Recent, Indo- Pacific papalis (Linnaeus, 1758). Recent, Indo-Pacific stictica (Link, 1807). Recent, Indo-Pacific bovei Kiener, 1838. Recent, Red Sea to western India cardinalis (Gmelin, 1791). Recent, Indo-Pacific nubila nubila (Gmelin, 1791). Recent, Indo- Pacific nubila lamarckii Deshayes, 1832. Recent, Hawaiian Islands rossiae Reeve, 1844. Recent, Indian Ocean ambigua Swainson, 1829. Recent, Indo-Pacific coffea Schubert & Wagner, 1829. Recent, Indo-Pacific fasciolaris Deshayes in Laborde & Linant, 1834. Recent, Red Sea imperialis Roding, 1798. Recent, Indo-Pacific incompta (Lightfoot, 1786). Recent, Indo- Pacific eremitarum Roding, 1798. Recent, Indo-Pacific guttata Swainson, 1824. Recent, Indian Ocean solida Reeve, 1844. Recent, East Australia inquinata inquinata Reeve, 1844. Recent, East Asia, Japan tinquinata buddhaica Vredenburg, 1923. Miocene, Burma ttittabweensis Vredenburg, 1923. Miocene, Burma tsinguensis Vredenburg, 1922. Miocene, Burma pele Cernohorsky, 1970. Recent, Polynesia, Hawaiian Ids. chinensis Griffith & Pidgeon, 1834. Recent, In- dian Ocean, China, Japan tsemicincta K. Martin, 1931. Eocene, Indonesia [19-424] tsubscrobiculata d’Orbigny, 1852. Miocene, In- dia, Burma tbirmanica Vredenburg, 1923. Miocene, Burma tloochooensis MacNeil, 1960. Miocene, Ryukyu Islands tquilonensis Dey, 1962. Miocene, India triplicata von Martens, 1904. Recent, Indian Ocean, N.W. Pacific nivea (Broderip, 1836). Recent, Pacific Ocean ustulata Reeve, 1844. Recent, Indo-Pacific ancillides Broderip, 1836. Recent, Tuamotu Archipelago variabilis Reeve, 1844. Recent, Australia chalybeia Reeve, 1844. Recent, West Australia cookii Sowerby, 1874. Recent, S.E. Australia carbonaria Swainson, 1822. Recent, Australia, New Zealand *multisulcata Harris, 1897. Miocene, S.E. Au- stralia glabra Swainson, 1821. Recent, Australia tcoxi (Ludbrook, 1958). Pliocene, S.E. Australia picta Reeve, 1844. Recent, South Africa latruncularia Reeve, 1844. Recent, South Af- rica aerumnosa Melvill, 1888. Recent, South Africa subflava (Kuroda & Habe, 1971). Recent, Japan tnotoensis (Masuda, 1967). Miocene, Japan tdainitiensis Makiyama, 1927. Pliocene, Japan thukusimana Nomura & Zinbo, 1935. Miocene, Japan tishidae Masuda, 1967. Miocene, Japan tkurakiensis Hatai & Nisiyama, 1952. Pliocene, Japan tcosibensis Otuka, 1937. Pliocene, Japan ttakii Ozaki, 1958. Pliocene, Japan thectori Hutton, 1905. Eocene, New Zealand fulgurita Reeve, 1844. Recent, E. Indian Ocean, W. Pacific tjunghuhni K. Martin, 1880. Mio-Pliocene, In- donesia tgranatinaeformis K. Martin, 1884. Miocene, N.E. Indian Ocean, W. Pacific; Pliocene, In- donesia gilbertsoni (J. Cate, 1968). Recent, West Aus- tralia orientalis Griffith & Pidgeon, 1834. Recent, west coast tropical South America idae Melvill, 1893. Recent, tropical east Pacific semigranosa von Martens, 1897. Recent, west coast tropical South America fultoni E. A. Smith, 1892. Recent, tropical east Pacific caliginosa Reeve, 1844. Recent, ? west coast tropical South America September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitridae 279 tfusiformis fusiformis (Brocchi, 1814). Mio- Pliocene, Europe fusiformis zonata Marryat, 1818. Recent, Adri- atic Sea, Mediterranean, tropical east Atlantic cornicula (Linnaeus, 1758). Recent, Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean, tropical east Atlantic goreensis Melvill, 1925. Recent, tropical west Africa nigra (Gmelin, 1791). Recent, tropical east At- lantic Subgenus Fusimitra Conrad, 1855 tconquisita Conrad, 1848. Type. Eocene- Oligocene, S.E. United States tscotlandica Trechmann, 1925. Eocene, West Indies tuvasana Dickerson, 1915. Eocene, California tneta Gardner, 1945. Eocene, Texas ttitan Gabb, 1873. Miocene, Caribbean swainsonii swainsonii Broderip, 1836. Recent, tropical east Pacific swainsonii antillensis Dall, 1889. Recent, N. Carolina, Caribbean tswainsonii dunbari Olsson, 1932. Miocene, northern South America tlimonensis Olsson, 1922. Miocene, Central and South America tsieversi Rutsch, 1934. Miocene, Venezuela therlineri Maury, 1917. Miocene, Caribbean Subgenus Eumitra Tate, 1889 talokiza Tenison-Woods, 1880. Type. Miocene, S.E. Australia tdictua Tenison-Woods, 1880. Miocene, S.E. Australia tdiductua Tate, 1899. Pliocene, S.E. Australia tuniplica Tate, 1889. Miocene, S.E. Australia tmasefieldi (Marshall, 1918). Miocene, New Zealand tealcar (Marshall, 1918). Miocene, New Zealand tTwaitemataensis (Powell & Bartrum, 1929). Miocene, New Zealand Subgenus Nebularia Swainson, 1840 contracta Swainson, 1840. Type. Recent, Indo-Pacific coarctata Reeve, 1844. Recent, Indo-Pacific chrysostoma Broderip, 1836. Recent, Indo- Pacific ferruginea Lamarck, 1811. Recent, Indo-Pacific rubritincta Reeve, 1844. Recent, Indo-Pacific cucumerina Lamarck, 1811. Recent, Indo- Pacific chrysalis Reeve, 1844. Recent, Indo-Pacific fraga Quoy & Gaimard, 1833. Recent, Indo- Pacific tardjunoi Beets, 1941. Miocene, Indonesia [19-425] proscissa Reeve, 1844. Recent, Indo-Pacific tabanula Lamarck, 1811. Recent, Indo-Pacific turgida Reeve, 1845. Recent, Indo-Pacific avenacea Reeve, 1845. Recent, Indo-Pacific solanderi Reeve, 1844. Recent, ? Indian Ocean doliolum Kuster, 1839. Recent, Indo-Pacific atjehensis Oostingh, 1939. Recent, Indo- Pacific; Pliocene, Indonesia maesta Reeve, 1845. Recent, Indo-Pacific suturata Reeve, 1845. Recent, S.E. Asia tvoandervlerki Beets, 1941. Miocene, Indonesia tgerthi Pannekoek, 1936. Miocene, Indonesia tkyaungonensis Vredenburg, 1923. Miocene, Burma tbrachyspira Cossmann & Pissarro, 1909. Eocene, India tsowerbyi sowerbyi dOrbigny, 1852. Miocene, India tsowerbyi sedanensis K. Martin, 1906. Miocene, Indonesia sowerbyi kingae Cernohorsky, 1972. Recent, Indonesia tmolengraaffi K. Martin, 1916. Miocene, In- donesia rosacea Reeve, 1845. Recent, S.E. Asia, N.W. Australia, Japan rubiginosa Reeve, 1844. Recent, Indo-west Pacific pyramis (Wood, 1828). Recent, Indo-Pacific aurantia aurantia (Gmelin, 1791). Recent, Indo-Pacific aurantia subruppeli Finlay, 1927. Recent, Gulf of Oman and W. India ruepellii Reeve, 1844. Recent, Red Sea and Gulf of Aden ticaonica Reeve, 1844. Recent, Indo-Pacific vexillum Reeve, 1844. Recent, western Pacific fulvescens Broderip, 1836. Recent, Indo-Pacific telescopium Reeve, 1844. Recent, Indo-Pacific testacea Broderip, 1836. Recent, Polynesia lugubris Swainson, 1821. Recent, Pacific Ocean coronata Lamarck, 1811. Recent, Indo-Pacific amaura Hervier, 1897. Recent, Pacific Ocean aurora aurora Dohrn, 1861. Recent, Polynesia and Hawaiian Islands aurora floridula Sowerby, 1874. Recent, Indo-Pacific vultuosa Reeve, 1845. Recent, Pacific Ocean luctuosa A. Adams, 1853. Recent, Indo-Pacific punctostriata A. Adams, 1855. Recent, Indian Ocean tbomasensis K. Martin, 1916. Miocene, In- donesia tkelirensis K. Martin, 1916. Miocene, Indonesia 280 Mitridae W. O. Cernohorsky puncticulata Lamarck, 1811. Recent, Indo- Pacific sanguinolenta Lamarck, 1811. Recent, East Af- rica sophiae Crosse, 1862. Recent, Pacific Ocean crenata (Broderip, 1836). Recent, tropical east Pacific sphoni Shasky & Campbell, 1964. Recent, trop- ical east Pacific effusa Broderip, 1836. Recent, tropical east Pacific belcheri Hinds, 1844. Recent, tropical east Pacific tyasila Olsson, 1930. Eocene, Peru lens (Wood, 1828). Recent, tropical east Pacific muricata (Broderip, 1836). Recent, tropical east Pacific gausapata Reeve, 1845. Recent, Galapagos Is- lands inca dOrbigny, 1841. Recent, tropical east Pacific nodulosa (Gmelin, 1791). Recent, Florida, Gulf of Mexico, Brazil trudis Gabb, 1873. Miocene, Caribbean barbadensis (Gmelin, 1791). Recent, Florida, Brazil, Ascension Island tacteoglypha Gardner, 1937. Miocene, Florida straminea A. Adams, 1853. Recent, Florida and Caribbean talmagrensis Toula, 1911. Mio-Pliocene, east coast central America tpoas Olsson, 1922. Miocene, east coast central America semiferruginea Reeve, 1845. Recent, Florida and Caribbean twoodringi Vokes, 1938. Miocene, Trinidad Subgenus Dibaphus Philippi, 1847 edentula Swainson, 1823. Type. Recent, Indo- Pacitic multiplicata (Pease, 1865). Recent, Indo- Pacific tcrassilabra (Gabb, 1873). Miocene, Caribbean Subgenus Dibaphimitra Cernohorsky, 1970 florida Gould, 1856. Type. Recent, Florida and Caribbean tPjavanensis Altena, 1938. Miocene, Indonesia *dennanti Tate, 1889. Miocene, S.E. Australia ttranssylvanica Hoernes & Auinger, 1880. Miocene, Europe Subgenus Strigatella Swainson, 1840 paupercula (Linnaeus, 1758). Type. Recent, Indo-Pacific pica (Dillwyn, 1817). Recent, Indian Ocean, N.W. Pacific retusa Lamarck, 1811. Recent, Indo-Pacific litterata Lamarck, 1811. Recent, Indo-Pacific auriculoides Reeve, 1845. Recent, Indo-Pacific assimilis Pease, 1868. Recent, Indo-Pacific flavocingulata Lamy, 1938. Recent, Easter Id., Pacific Ocean. scutulata (Gmelin, 1791). Recent, Indo-Pacific decurtata Reeve, 1844. Recent, Indo-Pacific colombelliformis Kiener, 1838. Recent, Indo- Pacific acuminata Swainson, 1824. Recent, Indo- Pacific fastigium Reeve, 1845. Recent, Indo-Pacific pellisserpentis pellisserpentis Reeve, 1844. Recent, Indo-Pacific pellisserpentis astricta Reeve, 1844. Recent, Hawaiian Ids. bellula A. Adams, 1853. Recent, ? Indo-Pacific typha Reeve, 1845. Recent, Indo-Pacific peculiaris Reeve, 1845. Recent, Indo-Pacific tristis Broderip, 1836. Recent, tropical east Pacific tmesolia Pilsbry & Johnson, 1917. Miocene, Caribbean Subgenus Sohlia Cernohorsky, 1970 *conoidea Matheron, 1843. Type. Upper Cre- taceous, Europe carbonacea carbonacea (Hinds, 1844). Recent, tropical west Africa +carbonacea caterinii Meneghini, 1868. Pleis- tocene, Italy GENUS Dentimitra von Koenen, 1890 tcircumcisa (Beyrich, 1854). Type. Oligocene, Europe timpressa (von Koenen, 1890) [name _ preoc- cupied]. Oligocene, Europe trhenana (Gorges, 1941). Oligocene, Europe ttenuis (Beyrich, 1854). Oligocene, Europe tquinqueplicata (Ravn, 1902). Paleocene, Europe tdilatata (Briart & Cornet, 1871). Paleocene, Europe terenifunata (Cossmann, 1896). Eocene, Europe tdegrangei (Oppenheim, 1906). Eocene, Europe tobesa (F. E. Edwards, 1856). Eocene, England teretacea (Gabb, 1864). Eocene, California tsimplicissima (Cooper, 1894). Eocene, Califor- nia tmurietta (Anderson & Hanna, 1925). Eocene, California tclementensis (Hanna, 1927). Eocene, California tmarylandica (Clark, 1896). Paleocene, Mary- land [19-426] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitridae 28] tcolumbellaeformis (kK. Martin, 1931) [name preoccupied]. Eocene, Indonesia trustica (K. Martin, 1931). Eocene, Indonesia GENUS Paleofusimitra Sohl, 1963 telongata Sohl, 1963. Type. Upper Cretaceous, S.E. United States GENUS Charitodoron Tomlin, 1932 barbara (Thiele, 1925). Type. Recent, South Africa agulhasensis (Thiele, 1925). Recent, South Af- rica thalia Tomlin, 1932. Recent, South Africa DOUBTFUL TAXA OF MITRINAE Generic Taxa Rejected From The Mitridae (For detailed discussion on these non-mitrid genera see Cernohorsky, 1970, Bull. Auckl. Inst. Mus., No. 8) Aidone H. & A. Adams, 1853, Gen. Rec. Mollusca, vol. 1, p. 172. Type: by monotypy Mitra insignis A. Adams, 1853. Type locality: Rains Island, Pacific Ocean. The holotype of M. insignis (B.M.N.H. No. 1966465) is a juvenile specimen of the Indo-Pacific columbellid Pyrene ligula (Duclos). Clifdenia Laws, 1932, Trans. N. Z. Inst., vol. 62, p. 196. Type: by original designation C. turneri Laws, 1932. Type locality: Clifden, (Altonian), Mid-Miocene of New Zealand. The holotype of C. turneri (AIM No. TM-177) is a volutid species of the subfamily Scaphellinae. Clinomitra Bellardi, 1888, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino, vol. 38, p. 152. Type: by monotypy C. rovasendae Bellardi, 1888. Type locality: Termo-ftoura, Mid-Miocene of Italy. Clinomitra isasynonym of the mitromorphine turrid genus Mitrolumna Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus. Compsomitra Marwick, 1942, Trans. Roy. Soc. N. Z., Vol. 72, p. 278. Type: by original designation C. incisa Marwick, 1942. Type locality: Hampden Beach, (Bortonian), Mid-Eocene of New Zealand. Compsomitra is asynonym ofthe volutomitrid genus Waimatea Finlay. Conomitra Conrad, 1865, Amer. Journ. Conchol- ogy, vol. 1, p. 25. Type: by subsequent designa- tion by Fischer, 1884, Mitra fusoides Lea, 1833. Type locality: Claiborne, Mid-Miocene of Alabama. The genus has been transfered to the family Volutomitridae. Cymakra Gardner, 1937, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper, No. 142F, p. 421. Type: by original des- ignation C. poncei Gardner, 1937. Type local- itv: Chipola River, Lower Miocene of Florida. The holotype of C. poncei (USNM No. 371438) is a mitromorphine turrid. Diptychomitra Bellardi, 1888, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino, vol. 38, p. 152. Type: by subsequent designation by Pace, 1902, D. eximia Bellardi, 1888. Type locality: Termo-foura, Mid- Miocene of Italy. Diptychomitra is a synonym of the turrid genus Mitrolumna Bucquoy, Daut- zenberg & Dolltus. Gosavia Stoliczka, 1866, Sitzungsb. k. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 52, p. 179. Type: by original designation Voluta squamosa Zekeli, 1852. Type locality: Gosau, Upper Cretaceous of Austria. This non-mitrid genus most probably belongs to the family Conidae. Lapparia Conrad, 1855, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 7, p. 260. Type: by monotypy Mitra dumosa Conrad in Wailes, 1854. Type locality: Jackson, Eocene of Mississippi. Lap- paria belongs to the volutid subfamily Vol- utilithinae. Latiromitra Locard, 1897, Exped. Scient. Trav. “Talisman”, vol. 1, p. 321. Type: by monotypy L. specialis Locard, 1897 = Mitra cryptodon Fischer, 1882. Type locality: West of Morocco, Atlantic Ocean, 1900 metres. Latiromitra is a genus in the family Volutomitridae. Microvoluta Angas, 1877, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon- don, p. 34. Type: by monotypy M. australis An- gas, 1877. Type locality: Port Jackson, New South Wales, 25 fathoms. The genus belongs in the family Volutomitridae. Mitreola Swainson, 1833, Zool. Illustrations, ser. 2, vol. 3, pl. 128. Type: by subsequent designa- tion by Herrmannsen, 1847, Mitra monodonta Lamarck, 1803. Type locality: Grignon, Paris Basin, Eocene of France. Mitreola is closely related to the still living species of Enaeta H. & A. Adams, 1853, and belongs to the volutid sub- family Lyriinae. [19-427] 282 Mitridae W. O. Cernohorsky Mitricaulis Pilsbry, 1944, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 96, p. 142. Type: by original designation M. incarum Pilsbry, 1944. Type locality: Between Quebrada Alamira and Isla de Macuya, Pachitea River, ? Eocene of Eastern Peru. This non-mitrid genus is probably not a marine member at all, but a freshwater fossil with cerithiacean features. Mitrolumna Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883, Moll. Mar. Roussillon, vol. 1, pp. 115, 121. Type: by original designation Mitra olivoidea Cantraine, 1835. Type locality: Mediterranean. Mitrolumna is a genus in the family Turridae. Mitropsis Pease, 1868, Amer. Journ. Conchology, vol. 3, p. 211. Type: by monotypy M. fusiformis Pease, 1868 (nom. praeocc.) = Columbella paumotensis Tryon, 1883. Type locality: Tuamotu Archipelago. Originally referred to the Mitridae by Pease, the genus actually be- longs to the family Columbellidae. Neoimbricaria von Ihering, 1907, Ann. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, vol. 7, pp. 196, 198. Type: by subsequent designation by Cossmann, 1909, Voluta patagonica von Thering, 1897. Type lo- cality: Patagonia, Miocene of South America. Neoimbricaria closely resembles New Zealand species of Pachymelon Marwick, and the genus would be more appropriately placed in the vol- utid subfamily Alcithoinae. Parvimitra Finlay, 1930, Trans. N. Z. Inst., vol. 61, p. 63. Type: by original designation P. pukeuriensis Finlay, 1930. Type locality: Pukeuri, Oamaru, Otago, (Awamoan), Lower Miocene of New Zealand. The holotype of P. pukeuriensis (AIM No. TM-591) is a volutomit- rid species of the genus Proximitra Finlay, 1927. Peculator Iredale, 1924, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 49, p. 269. Type: by monotypy P. verconis Iredale, 1924. Type locality: Twotold Bay, New South Wales, 15-25 fathoms. Peculator, an offshoot of the Tertiary Con- omitra belongs to the family Volutomitridae. Perplicaria Dall, 1890, Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 3, p. 90. Type: by monotypy P. perplexa Dall, 1890. Type locality: Caloosahatchie beds, Pliocene of Florida. Wil- son, 1948, Nautilus, vol. 61, p. 112, reviewed the systematic position of Perplicaria and assigned the genus to the Cancellariidae. Pleioptygma Conrad, 1863, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 14, p. 563. Type: by monotypy Voluta carolinensis Conrad, 1840. Type locality: Natural Well, Duplin County, Upper Miocene of North Carolina. The shell features of Pleioptygma are consistent with the Volutidae, and the genus should be referred to the volutid subfamily Scaphellinae. Proximitra Finlay, 1927, Trans. N. Z. Inst., vol. 57, p. 410. Type: by original designation Vexillum (Costellaria) rutidolomum Suter, 1917. Type locality: Foot of Mount Horrible, (Otaian), Lower Miocene of New Zealand. Proximitra is a genus in the family Volutomitridae. Vexillitra Marwick, 1931, N. Z. Geol. Surv. Paleont. Bull., No. 13, p. 125. Type: by original designation V. balteata Marwick, 1931. Type locality: Akiripuraho Stream, Whaingaromia, Gisborne District, Mid-Miocene of New Zea- land. Vexillitra is asynonym of the volutomitrid genus Proximitra Finlay. Volutomitra H. & A. Adams, 1853, Gen. Rec. Mol- lusea, vol. 1, p. 172. Type: by subsequent desig- nation by Fischer, 1884, Mitra groenlandica Beck in Moller, 1842. Type locality: Greenland. Volutomitra is the type genus of the family Vol- utomitridae. Volvaria Lamarck, 1801, Syst. anim. sans ver- tebres, p. 93. Type: by monotypy V. bulloides Lamarck, 1801. Type locality: Paris Basin, Eocene of France. The genus, which has been erroneously referred to the Mitridae, belongs to the opisthobranch superfamily Acteonacea. Volvariella Fischer, 1883, Manuel de Con- chyliologie, pt. 6, p. 553. Type: by monotypy V. lamarckii Deshayes, 1865. Type locality: Laversine, Paris Basin, Eocene of France. Simi- lar to Volvaria Lamarck, the genus is referable to the superfamily Acteonacea. Waimatea Finlay, 1927, Trans. N. Z. Inst., vol. 57, p. 408. Type: by original designation Mitra in- conspicua Hutton, 1885. Type locality: Waihao greensands, (Kaiatan), Upper Eocene of New Zealand. Waimatea is a genus in the family Vol- utomitridae. [19-428] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitridae 283 Doubtful Generic Taxa Butonina Beets, 1943, Leidsche geol. Meded., vol. 13, p. 290. Type: by original designation B. nudata Beets, 1943. Type locality: Buton Is- land, Upper Oligocene of Indonesia. The in- complete and badly preserved type of B. nudata allows only mere speculation as to the familial placement of Butonina. Egestas Finlay, 1927, Trans. N. Z. Inst., vol. 57, p. 411. Type: by original designation Vexillum waitei Suter, 1909. Type locality: N.E. of Wreck Reef, Stewart Island, New Zealand, 50-54 fathoms. The protoconch, unnotched base and disposition of columellar folds, disassociate Egestas from the Mitridae. Shell features beara resemblance to the latirine species of Fas- ciolariidae, but only an examination of the soft parts can decide the taxonomic position of the genus. Pyrenomitra Eames, 1952, Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, vol. 236, p. 105. Type: by original designation P. anachis Eames, 1952. Type lo- cality: Rakhi Nala, Upper Eocene of West Pakis- tan. The types of P. anachis are post-veligers (length 3.1 mm) of either a pusiine mitrid or a volutomitrid of the genus Conomitra Conrad. Species Described in the Genus Mitra and Now Excluded from the Mitridae A detailed taxonomic evaluation of these non- mitrid taxa together with a familial re-assignment and synonymy, may be found in Cernohorsky (1972). Three species names are here added to the list. Mitra affinis Lesson, 1842 = Olividae M. alabamensis Tomlin, 1920 = Buccinidae M. albopicta E. A. Smith, 1898 = Volutomitridae M. alizalis Anderson & Hanna, 1925 = Volutomit- ridae M. (Terebrifusus) amoena de Gregorio, 1890 = Buccinidae M. (Conomitra) angulata 1887 = Volutomitridae M. anticoronata Johnston, 1880 = Volutomit- ridae M. apicalis Hutton, 1873 = Volutomitridae M. (Mitromorpha) aptycha Boettger, 1906 = Tur- ridae Heilprin, M. (Cancilla) armorica Suter, 1917 = Volutomit- ridae M. atractoides Tate, 1889 = Volutomitridae M. atypha Tate, 1889 = Volutomitridae M. (Turris) bairdii Dall, 1889 = tentatively Vol- utomitridae M. (Mitreola) bernayi = Volutidae M. berthelini Cossmann, 1897 = Volutomitridae M. biconica Whitfield, 1865 = Turridae M. biconica Sykes, 1911 = Turridae M. bicornis Laws, 1936 = Volutomitridae M. biplicata Philippi, 1847 = Turridae M. biplicata Hanley in Wood, 1856 = Columbel- lidae M. bolaris Conrad, 1833 = Volutidae M. (Mitreola) bonneti Cossmann, 1901 = Volutidae M. brocchii de Serres, 1829 = Columbellidae M. calcarata Sasso, 1827 = Cancellariidae M. carolinensis Conrad, 1841 = Volutidae M. cassida Tate, 1889 = Volutomitridae M. (Mitreola) Cossmann, 1906 = Volutidae M. circumfossa Beyrich, 1854 = Volutomitridae M. citharella Lamarck, 1803 = Volutidae M. citharella dOrbigny, 1850 = Auricula citharella Deshayes, 1835 M. citharelloides Tate, 1889 = Turridae M. claibornensis Conrad, 1860 = Volutidae M. clandestina Reeve, 1845 = Turridae M. clathrata Reuss, 1845 = ? Fasciolariidae M. clathurella Tate, 1889 = Volutomitridae M. coarctata Tenison-Woods, 1880 = Marginel- lidae M. columbellaria Scacchi, 1837 = Turridae M. columbellata Grateloup, 1847 = Columbel- lidae M. columbellina A. Adams, 1853 = Columbel- lidae M. columbelloides Anton, 1839 = Volutidae M. columbulae Brusina, 1865 = Columbellidae M. complanata Tate, 1889 = Volutomitridae M. concinna Beyrich, 1854 = Volutomitridae M. conoidalis Tate, 1889 = Volutomitridae M. conuliformis Cossmann, 1897 = Volutomit- ridae M. corrugata Defrance in Blainville, 1524 = Volutomitridae M. costulata Risso, 1826 = Columbellidae M. cotteaui Cossmann & Lambert, 1584 = Volutomitridae M. crassidens Deshayes, 1835 = Volutidae Cossmann, 1889 chaussyensis [19-429] 284 Mitridae W. O. Cernohorsky M. crymochara Rochebrune & Mabille, 1885 = Volutomitridae M. cryptodon Fischer, 1882 = Volutomitridae M. daphnelloides Tenison-Woods, 1880 = Tur- ridae M. decussata Dujardin, 1837 = Turridae M. delheidi Glibert, 1957 = Volutomitridae M. dewalquei Briart & Cornet, 1871 = Volutomit- ridae M. diasticta Cossmann, 1897 = Volutomitridae M. distorta Philippi, 1887 = Fasiolariidae M. doliata Conrad, 1833 = Volutidae M. dubia Hutton, 1873 = Marginellidae M. dubia de Gregorio, 1890 = Volutidae M. dumasi Cossmann, 1897 = Volutidae M. dumosa Conrad in Wailes, 1854 = Volutidae M. eburnea Grateloup, 1834 = Marginellidae M. elegans H. C. Lea, 1840 = Buccinidae M. enysi Hutton, 1873 = Volutomitridae M. (Volutomitra) Maltzan, 1884 = Turridae M. extensa von Koenen, 1890 = Volutomitridae M. flaccida Yokoyama, 1928 = Marginellidae M. flemingii Lea, 1833 = Volutidae M. columbellaria var. fulva Brusina, 1870 = Tur- ridae M. fusellina Lamarck, 1803 = Volutomitridae M. fusoides Lea, 1833 = Volutomitridae M. georgiana Conrad, 1850 = Volutidae M. gervillii Payraudeau, 1826 = Columbellidae M. godini Cossmann, 1891 = Volutomitridae M. gracilis H. C. Lea, 1840 = Volutomitridae M. grammatula Dall, 1927 = Turridae M. graniformis Lamarck, 1803 = Volutomitridae M. granulifera Lamarck, 1811 = Muricidae M. groenlandica Beck in Moller, 1842 = Volutomitridae M. haleanus Whitfield, 1865 = Volutidae M. hammakeri Harris, 1894 = Volutomitridae M. haycocki Dall & Bartsch, 1911 = Turridae M. (Pleioptygma) heilprini 1899 = Volutidae M. hondana Yokoyama, 1922 = Volutomitridae M. hordeola Deshayes, 1865 = Volutomitridae M. hualpensis Philippi, 1887 = Buccinacea M. humboldti Lea, 1833 = Volutidae M. hypermeces Cossmann, 1897 = Volutomit- ridae M. inaspecta Deshayes, 1865 = Volutomitridae M. inconspicua Hutton, 1885 = Volutomitridae M. inornata Beyrich, 1854 = Volutomitridae M. insignis A. Adams, 1853 = Columbellidae M. jervisensis Laseron, 1951 = Volutomitridae M. kobayashii Yokoyama, 1927 = Cancellariidae exigud von Cossmann, M. labiata Deshayes, 1865 = Volutidae M. labiata Grzybowski, 1899 = ? Columbellidae M. labratula Lamarck, 1803 = Volutidae M. labrosa Deshayes, 1835 = Volutidae M. lachryma Reeve, 1845 = Columbellidae M. lajoyi Deshayes, 1835 = Volutidae M. lamberti Fleming, 1828 = Volutidae M. lennieri Cossmann & Pissarro, 1901 = Volutomitridae M. leontocroma Brusina, 1866 = Turridae M. (Conomitra) fusoides lepa de Gregorio, 1890 = Volutomitridae M. ligata Tate, 1889 = Volutomitridae M. lineata Schumacher, 1817 =in_ part Oleacinidae and Mitridae M. lineolata Heilprin, 1887 = Volutidae M. longissima Giebel, 1864 = Volutidae M. lyraeformis Swainson, 1821 = Volutidae M. lyrata Sasso, 1827 = Cancellariidae M. marginata Lamarck, 1803 = Volutomitridae M. michaudi Michelotti, 1847 = Turridae M. minima Seguenza, 1880 = Volutomitridae M. miranda E. A. Smith, 1891 = Volutomitridae M. mitraeformis Sasso, 1827 = Cancellariidae M. mixta Lamarck, 1803 = Volutomitridae M. mokattamensis Oppenheim, 1906 = Volutidae M. monodi Knudsen, 1956 = Turridae M. monodonta Lamarck, 1803 = Volutidae M. mooreana Gabb, 1860 = Volutidae M. mortenseni Odhner, 1924 = Volutomitridae M. (Terebrifusus) multiplicata de Gregorio, 1890 = Buccinidae M. murchisoni Miller, 1851 = Volutidae M. mutica Lamarck, 1803 = Volutidae M. namnetica Cossmann, 1897 = Volutomitridae M. nana Miller, 1851 = Fasciolariidae M. nice Nardo, 1847 = non mitrid M. nitida Pictet & Campiche, 1864 = Fas- ciolariidae M. nodosa Borson, 1820 = Strombidae M. obliquata Deshayes, 1835 = Volutidae M. obscura Hutton, 1873 = Volutomitridae M. obsoleta Philippi, 1836 = Turridae M. olivoidea Cantraine, 1835 = Turridae M. olivula Baudon, 1853 = Volutidae M. orcutti Dall, 1920 = Turridae M. othone Tenison-Woods, 1880 = Volutomit- ridae M. pactilis Conrad, 1833 = Volutidae M. paeteli Dohrn, 1860 = ? Columbellidae M. panaulax Cossmann, 1901 = Turridae M. (Mitromorpha) paraptycha Bottger, 1906 = Turridae [19-430] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitridae 285 M. parisiensis Deshayes, 1832 = Volutidae M. parkinsoni Lea, 1833 = Volutidae M. parva J. de C. Sowerby, 1823 = Volutomit- ridae M. pauciplicata Yokoyama, 1928 = Volutidae M. pergracilis Harris, 1899 = Fasciolariidae M. perlonga Martin, 1884 = Turridae M. perminuta Sandberger, 1863 = Volutomit- ridae M. (Strigatella) perturbatrix Maury, 1917 = Volutidae M. (Mitreola) = Volutidae M. pica Reeve, 1845 = Volutomitridae M. pirula Yokoyama, 1922 = Volutomitridae M. piruliformis Muller, 1851 = Volutidae M. (Thala) pleurotomoides E. A. Smith, 1890 = Turridae M. plicifera Yokoyama, 1920 = Volutidae M. (Volutomitra) porcellana Melvill & Standen, 1912 = Volutomitridae or Marginellidae M. porrecta F. E. Edwards, 1856 = Volutomit- ridae M. potomacensis Clark & Martin, 1901 = Fas- ciolariidae M. prevosti Roualt, 1850 = Volutidae M. prisca Deshayes, 1865 = Volutomitridae M. pristina Yokoyama, 1923 = Nassariidae M. (Pleioptygma) prodroma Gardner, 1937 = Volutidae M. pumila J. de C. Sowerby, 1823 = Volutomit- ridae M. cancellina var. quadriplicata Nyst in Dewal- que, 1868 = Volutidae M. rangii Lesson, 1837 = Not a molluse M. raricosta Lamarck, 1803 = Volutidae M. ravni Harder, 1913 = Volutomitridae M. roborea Reeve, 1845 = Fasciolariidae M. rugosa Philippi, 1847 = Volutidae M. lineolata saginata Tucker & Wilson, 1933 = Volutidae M. scabra J. de C. Sowerby, 1823 = Volutidae M. scalariformis Borson, 1820 = Cancellariidae M. secalina von Koenen, 1890 = Volutomitridae M. sellei de Raincourt, 1885 = Volutidae M. parva var. semilaevis F. E. Edwards, 1856 = Volutomitridae M. semimarginata Beyrich, 1854 = Volutomit- ridae M. semisculpta Beyrich, 1854 = Volutomitridae M. (Volutomitra) separanda von Maltzan, 1884 = Turridae M. soellingensis Speyer, 1864 = Volutomitridae M. spinosa Pictet & Campiche, 1864 = ? Turridae pezanti Cossmann, 1906 M. stadialis Hedley, 1911 = Volutomitridae M. staminea Conrad, 1848 = Volutomitridae M. striarella Calcara, 1841 = Turridae M. striata Lea, 1833 = Volutidae M. striata Brusina, 1865 = Columbellidae M. subcostulata @Orbigny, 1852 = Volutidae M. subcrenularis Tate, 1889 = Volutomitridae M. subdecussata QOrbigny, 1852 = Turridae M. subplicata Deshayes, 1835 = Volutidae M. subpontis Harris, 1896 = ? Fasciolariidae M. subsubulata @Orbigny, 1852 = Columbel- lidae M. subulata Grateloup, 1847 = Columbellidae M. sulcifera von Koenen, 1890 = Volutomitridae M. tenuiplicata Vasseur, 1881 = Volutomitridae M. terebraeformis Conrad, 1848 = Buccinidae M. teretiuscula Thiele, 1925 = Volutomitridae M. tetraptycta Cossmann, 1885 = Volutomitridae M. (Thala?) torticula Dall, 1889 = Turridae M. tringa Lamarck, 1811 = Columbellidae M. turgidula Borson, 1820 = Columbellidae M. typostigma Brusina, 1866 = Columbellidae M. umbilicaris Sasso, 1827 = Cancellariidae M. cotteaui var.umbilicata Cossmann & Lambert, 1884 = Volutomitridae M. varicosa Sowerby, 1850 = Turridae M. varicosa Tate, 1889 = Fasciolariidae M. ventricosa Hutton, 1873 = Marginellidae M. vicina Briart & Cornet, 1871 = Volutidae M. vicksburgensis Conrad, 1848 = Volutomit- ridae M. (Conomitra) vincenti Cossmann, 1889 = Volutomitridae M. washingtoniana Weaver, 1912 = Volutidae M. wateleti Briart & Cornet, 1871 = Volutomit- ridae M. (Diptychomitra) werneri Bottger, 1902 = Tur- ridae M. zebra Kister, 1839 = Volutidae M. zekelii Pictet & Campiche, 1864 = Fas- ciolariidae M. zilpha Dall, 1927 = Turridae Spurious species in Mitrinae This section contains names of Mitrinae which are either invalid, unidentifiable or have been suppressed by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature for taxonomic purposes. Roding, 1798, Museum Boltenianum, pp. 135- 138, created the following nude names: Mitra bivertex, M. caelata, M. cinnamomea, M. elegan- tissima, M. flammeola, M. granularis, M. inops, M. lutea, M. margaritacea, M. nivea, M. nobilis, [19-431] 286 Mitridae W. O. Cernohorsky M. pulcherrima, M. sanguinea, M. stricta and M. vittata. D’Orbigny, 1850-52, Prodrome de Paléon- tologie Stratigraphique Universelle, created nomina nuda, some of which have been sub- sequently validated by other authors: Mitra re- quieni, M. terebelloides, M. vignyensis all of dOrbigny, 1850, and M. grateloupi dOrbigny, 1852. Mitra miocaenica Dolltus & Dautzenberg, 1886 (non Michelotti, 1847) and M. chrysallidoeformis Dollfus & Dautzenberg, 1886, listed in the Feuille des jeunes Naturalistes, Paris, on p. 102, are both nomina nuda. Mitra acarensis Chavanne, 1910 Remarks—The species is unidentifiable. Synonymy— 1910 Mitra acarensis Chavanne, Bull. Cart. géol. Algerie, no. 4, p. 283 (Algeria; Tertiary). Mitra adolphia Risso, 1826 Remarks—This 18.0 mm long species is un- identifiable. Synonymy— 1826 Mitra adolphia Risso, Hist. nat.’ Europe mérid., vol. 4, p. 246 (Europe, subfossil). Mitra agassizii Roualt, 1850 Remarks—The species remains unidentified. Synonymy— 1850 Mitra agassizii Roualt, Mém. Soc. géol. France, vol. 3, p. 499, pl. 18, figs. 13, 13a (Bos d’Arros, Pau, France; Eocene). Mitra aizyensis Deshayes, 1865 Remarks—The small, 9.0 mm long specimen may possibly be a Conomitra. Synonymy— 1865 Mitra aizyensis Deshayes, Desc. anim. sans vert. Bass. Paris, vol. 3, p. 579, pl. 103, figs. 6, 7 (Aizy, Paris Basin: Eocene). Mitra aquini O. Costa, 1844 Remarks—tThe species is unidentifiable. Synonymy— 1844Mitra aquini O. Costa, Atti R. Accad. Sci. Napoli, vol. 5, p. 62. Mitra babea Valenciennes in Humboldt and Bonpland, 1832 Remarks—This species has not been illus- trated, but the large size, i.e. 54.0 mm, and de- scription suggest a tropical Vexillum species which does not live in West America. Carpenter (1857) commented that several of the species de- scribed by Valenciennes came from the East In- dies, and of those assigned to Acapulco may ap- pear to have crossed the Pacific by the agency of man. Synonymy— 1832 Mitra babea Valenciennes in Humboldt & Bonpland, Voy. Int. Amer. Coq. mar., vol. 2, p. 332 (Acapulco, Mexico); 1857 Carpenter, Rept. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Science, for 1856, p. 171. Mitra borniana Risso, 1826 Remarks—The 14.0 mm long specimen is un- identifiable. Synonymy— 1826 Mitra borniana Risso, Hist. nat.’ Europe mérid., vol. 4, p. 246 (Fossile a la Trinite, Europe). Mitra bourguignati Locard, 1892 Remarks—The species is unidentifiable from the description. Synonymy— 1892 Mitra bourguignati Locard, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, vol. 37, p. 48 (Mediterranean). Mitra branderi Defrance in Blainville, 1824 Remarks—tThe species is unidentifiable. Synonymy— 1824 Mitra branderi Defrance in Blainville, Dict. Sci. Nat., vol. 31, p. 492 (Hauteville, France; Eocene). Mitra capucina Roding, 1798 Remarks—Roding refers to Voluta pertusa var. Gmelin, 1791. Gmelin’s species is composed of no less than four different species and Réding’s name remains a nomen dubium. Synonymy— 1798 Mitra capucina Roding, Mus. Boltenianum, p. 136 (Loc- ality unknown). Mitra carnea O. Costa, 1844 Remarks—tThe species is unidentifiable. Synonymy— 1844 Mitra carnea O. Costa. Atti R. Accad. Sci. Napoli, vol. 5, p. 63. Mitra cenomanensis Gueranger, 1853 Remarks—tThe species is unidentifiable. Synonymy— 1853 Mitra cenomanensis Gueranger, Essai paléont. Sarthe, p. 32 (Mans, France; Upper Cretaceous). [19-432] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitridae 287 Mitra cheniourensis Chavanne, 1910 Remarks—tThe species is unidentifiable. Synonymy— 1910 Mitra cheniourensis Chavanne, Bull. Cart. geol. Algerie, ser. 4, no. 4, p. 283 (Algeria; Tertiary). Mitra cincta Newton, 1891 Remarks—This species was only listed but not described in the Systematic List of the Edwards collection of British Oligocene Mollusca in the British Museum, and is anomen nudum. There is a prior Mitra cincta Roualt, 1850. Mitra cingulata Philippi, 1850 Remarks—The 16.0 mm-long species which was said to resemble M. aurantia (Gmelin, 1791), is unidentifiable. The name is preoccupied by Mitra cingulata Lamarck, 1811. Synonymy— 1850 Mitra cingulata Philippi, Zeit. Malakozoologie, vol. 7, p. 28 (Locality unknown) [non Lamarck, 1811]. Mitra cingulosa Monterosato, 1872 Remarks—Occasionally listed with this au- thor’s name and date in Mediterranean faunal lists. I have been unable to trace a valid descrip- tion for this Italian Pliocene species from Mon- tepellegrino. Voluta clathrata Gmelin, 1791 Remarks—This is an unidentifiable mitrid species. Synonymy— 1791 Voluta clathrata Gmelin, Syst. naturae, ed. 13, p. 3455 (refers to Lister, pl. 819, fig. 34) (American Ocean). Voluta clathrata Link, 1807 Remarks—No references to figures have been cited by the author and the description is too brief for even a generic identification. The name is preoccupied by Voluta clathrata Gmelin, 1791. Synonymy— 1807 Voluta clathrata Link. Beschr. Nat.-Samml. Univ. Ros- tock, p. 127. Mitra clavulus Lamarck, 1811 Remarks—tThe species has not been illustrated and the type is lost. The description resembles a species similar to Mitra vexillum Reeve, but a positive determination is uncertain. Synonymy— 1811 Mitra clavulus Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 17, p. 219 (Locality unknown). Bulla conoidea Linnaeus, 1767 Remarks—The specific name has been sup- pressed by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in Opinion 841 (1968). Mitra crassidens Broderip & Sowerby, 1829 Remarks—The species is unidentifiable and the types could not be traced. Synonymy— 1829 Mitra crassidens Broderip & Sowerby, Zool. Journal, vol. 4, p. 372 (Locality unknown; collected by Capt. Sir E. Belcher). Mitra crinita Cristofori & Jan, 1832 Remarks—The species is unidentifiable. Synonymy— 1832 Mitra crinita Cristofori & Jan, Cat. Mus. Conch. foss., vol. 2, p. 14. Mitra cucurbitina Philippi, 1850 Remarks—The diagnosis is applicable to about four species in the subgenus Nebularia Swainson. Synonymy— 1850 Mitra cucurbitina Philippi, Zeit. Malakozoologie, vol. 7, p. 27 (China?). Mitra cylindracea Doderlein, 1862 Remarks—The species is unidentifiable. The name is preoccupied by Mitra cylindracea Reeve, 1844. Synonymy— 1862 Mitra cylindracea Doderlein, Cenn. geol. terr. mioc. Ital., p. 25 (Italy; Tertiary). [mon Reeve, 1844]. Mitra dacostai Rothpletz & Simonelli, 1891 Remarks—The species is unidentifiable. Synonymy— 1891 Mitra dacostai Rothpletz & Simonelli, Zeit. deut. geol. Gesell., vol. 42, p. 719 (refers to da Costa, 1866, p. 68, pl. 12, fig. 13) (La Vista S. Roque, Canary Islands; Upper Miocene), Voluta decussata Gmelin, 1791 Remarks—The species may not even be a mit- rid. The species depicted in the Chemnitz figure has the appearance of a Peristernia. Synonymy— 1791 Voluta decussata Gmelin, Syst. naturae, ed. 13, p. 3454 (refers to Chemnitz, vol. 4, pl. 150, fig. 1395) (Locality un- known). [19-433] 288 Mitridae W. O. Cermohorsky Mitra deluciformis Oppenheim, 1923 Remarks—The species is unidentifiable. Synonymy— 1923 Mitra deluciformis Oppenheim, Eoc. Faun. Her- zegowina, p. 85 (Herzegowina, Yugoslavia; Eocene). Mitra dichroma A. Adams, 1853 Remarks—The type is not in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), and the species cannot be identified from the description. Synonymy— 1853 Mitra dichroma A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 19, p. 140 (Locality unknown). Voluta discors Gmelin, 1791 Remarks—Dodge, 1955, p. 93, considers V. dis- cors to be a synonym of the Indo-Pacific Pyrene punctatum (Brugiere, 1789), whereas Hornes, 1856, Abh.k.k. geol. Reichsanst., vol. 3, p. 115, reports the species living in the Mediterranean. Hanley, 1856, Wood’s Index Testaceologicus, p. 106 and Cernohorsky, 1967, Journ. of Conchology, vol. 26, p. 168, considered Voluta discors Gmelin to be a prior name for Mitra maculosa Reeve, 1844. On reviewing the evidence and bearing in mind the different interpretations of the species represented by the solitary Chemnitz figure, it is concluded that Gmelin’s description and figure citation are inadequate for an unequivocal eluci- dation, and Voluta discors is considered to be a nomen dubium. Synonymy— 1791 Voluta discors Gmelin, Syst. naturae, ed. 13, p. 3455 (refers to Chemnitz, vol. 4, pl. 150, fig. 1400) (Locality un- known). Mitra douglasensis Tumer, 1938 Remarks—This is a questionable mitrid species which has the appearance of a Latirus Montfort. Synonymy— 1938 Mitra douglasensis Turner, Geol. Soc. America Pap., no. 10, p. 74, pl. 15, fig. 6 (Umpqua River, W. Oregon; Eocene). Mitra ebumea Garrett, 1880 Remarks—This is an unidentifiable small mit- rid, which according to Garrett is similar to M. ancillides Broderip, 1836. The types were de- stroyed in the Hamburg Museum. The name is preoccupied by Mitra eburnea Grateloup, 1834. Synonymy— 1880 Mitra eburnea Garrett, Journ. of Conch., vol. 3, p. 15 (Anaa Id., Pacific [Tuamotus]) [non Grateloup, 1834]. Mitra elegantula Kuster, 1839 Remarks—The figured specimen could be either a small example of Mitra (Nebularia) lugubris (Swainson) or a juvenile of Vexillum (Pusia) tuberosum (Reeve). Synonymy— 1839 Mitra elegantula Kuster, Syst. Conch. Cab., ed. 2, vol. 5, p. 103, pl. 17, figs. 6-8 (Islands of the East Indies). Voluta episcopalis Linnaeus, 1758 Remarks—This specific name has been sup- pressed for taxonomic usage by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in Opinion 885 of 1969. It refers to what is now known as Mitra mitra (Linnaeus, 1758). Voluta fasciata Schroter, 1804 Remarks—The species is an unidentifiable mit- rid. Synonymy— 1804 Voluta fasciata Schroter, Arch. Zool. Zootomie, vol. 4, p. 40 (Locality unknown). Mitra fasciolarioides Anton, 1839 Remarks—The species is unidentifiable. Synonymy— 1839 Mitra fasciolariodes Anton, Verz. Conchylien, p. 68 (spelling corrected to M. fasciolarioides on p. xvi) (Paris Basin; Eocene). Plate 253 Fig. 1. Mitra mitra (Linnaeus). Bikenibeu, Tarawa Id., Gilbert Islands. 2. Mitra papalis (Linnaeus). Meli Id., Efate Id., New Hebrides. 3, 4. Mitra stictica (Link). 3, Leleuvia Id., Fiji Islands. 4, Bikenibeu, Tarawa Id., Gilbert Islands. 5,6. Mitra cardinalis (Gmelin). 5, Leleuvia Id., Fiji Islands. 6, Vila, Efate Id., New Hebrides. 7,8, 13,14. Mitra nubila nubila (Gmelin). 7, forma bretting- hami E. A. Smith; Yewalu reef, W. off Viti Levu, Fiji Islands. 8, Porto Amelia, Mozambique, East Africa. 13, forma propinqua A. Adams; between Porto Amelia and Mocambique, Mozambique, East Africa. 14, spirally corded form; Marau Sound, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands. 9, 10. Mitra bovei Kiener. 9, Maskali, French Somalia, East Africa. 10, Dahlak Ids., Red Sea. 1l. Mitra incompta (Lightfoot). Siasi, Sulu Sea, Philippines. 12. Mitra florida Gould. Off Fort Lauderdale, Florida. 15. Mitra nubila subspecies lamarcki Deshayes. Hawaiian Islands. [19-434] 289 Mitridae INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 September 28, 1976 “3 a & Be w ee % = 0) 7s SS * Plate 253 (explanation on opposite page) [19-435] 290 Mitridae W. O. Cernohorsky Mitra gibba Dohrn, 1860 Remarks—The types could not be located in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), and the species can- not be identified from the description alone. Synonymy— 1860 Mitra gibba Dohm, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 368 (New Caledonia). Mitra (? Thala) gonatophora Sturany, 1903 Remarks—The small, granulose specimen does not appear to be a Thala and may possibly be a juvenile turrid. Synonymy— 1903 Mitra (?Thala) gonatophora Sturany, Denk. Kais. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 74, p. 225, pl. 4, fig. 2 (St. 48-700 metres; St. 51-562 metres, Red Sea). Mitra gosseleti Briart & Cornet, 1871 Remarks—tThe species is either a volutomitrid Conomitra Conrad or a mitrid Dentimitra Koenen. Synonymy— 1871 Mitra gosseleti Briart & Cornet, Mém. Acad. Roy. Sci. Lett. Art. Belg., vol. 36, p. 76, pl. 5, figs. 7a-c (Mons, Calcaire grossier, Belgium; Paleocene). Mitra gottardi Vinassa, 1897 Remarks—The species is unidentifiable. Synonymy— 1897 Mitra gottardi Vinassa, Paleont. Ital., vol. 4, p. 159, pl. 19, figs. 7a,b (Gazzo, Italy; Eocene). Mitra gracilis O. Costa, 1844 Remarks—tThe species is unidentifiable. The specific name is preoccupied by Mitra gracilis Lea, 1840. Synonymy— 1844 Mitra gracilis O. Costa, Atti R. Accad. Sci. Napol., vol. 5, p. 62 (Mediterranean). [non Lea, 1840] Mitra gracilis Gueranger, 1853 Remarks—The species is unidentifiable. The name is preoccupied by Mitra gracilis Lea, 1840. Synonymy— 1853 Mitra gracilis Guéranger, Essai Paléont, Sarthe, p. 32 (Mans, France; Cretaceous). Mitra gracilis Ralli, 1940 Remarks—This species may be either Mitra cornicula (Linnaeus) or Vexillum (Pusia) ebenus (Lamarck). The name is preoccupied by Mitra gracilis Lea, 1840. Synonymy— 1940 Mitra gracilis Ralli, Prak. Akad. Athens, vol. 15, p. 446 (Crete; Neogene). [non Lea, 1840]. Mitra granatina Tenison-Woods, 1877 Remarks—The type has been lost and the species may have been an exotic import as suggested by some writers or possibly the same species as Mitra strangei Angas. The name is preoccupied by Mitra granatina Lamarck, 1811. Synonymy— 1877 Mitra granatina Tenison-Woods, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas- mania, p. 133 (North coast of Tasmania) [non Lamarck, 1811). Mitra hatchetigbeensis Aldrich, 1886 Remarks—lIt is difficult to state what species the original figure represents, but the subsequent fig- ure by Harris is that of a fasciolariid. Synonymy— 1886 Mitra hatchetigbeensis Aldrich, Bull. Geol. Surv. Alabama, No. 1, p. 28, pl. 6, fig. 3 (Hatchetigbee Bluff, Alabama; Lower Eocene). 1896 Mitra hatchetigbeensis Aldrich, Harris, Bull. Americ. Paleont., vol. 1, no. 4, p. 86, pl. 8, fig. 8 (Black Bluff, Tombig- bee River, Midway stage, Alabama; Lower Eocene). Mitra helvacea Philippi, 1851 Remarks—The species is unidentifiable. Synonymy— 1851 Mitra helvacea Philippi, Zeit. Malakozoologie, vol. 8, p. 84 (China). Mitra juniperus Strickland, 1847 Remarks—The species is unidentifiable. Synonymy— 1847 Mitra juniperus Strickland, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 3, p. 113. Mitra laevissima Grateloup, 1834 Remarks—From the figure it is impossible to ascertain whether this species is a volutid or a mitrid Dentimitra Koenen. Synonymy— 1834 Mitra laevissima Grateloup, Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, vol. 6, p. 291 (refers to Tabl. Encycl. Meth., pl. 383, fig. 4) (Dax, Gaas, France; Miocene). Mitra lavocati Salvan, 1954 Remarks—This species is either a volutomitrid or mitrid. Synonymy— 1954 Mitra lavocati Salvan, Notes Serv. Min. Marocco, vol. 93, p. 208, pl. 15, fig. 17 (Ganntour, Marocco; Eocene). [19-436] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitridae 291 Mitra leonardiana Risso, 1826 Remarks—The species has not been illustrated and is unidentifiable from the description. Synonymy— 1826 Mitra leonardiana Risso, Hist. nat.l’ Europe mérid., p. 243 (Fossile a la Trinite, Europe). Mitra leopoliensis Alth, 1850 Remarks—The 17.0 mm-long specimen with 2 folds on the columella, is either a fasciolariid or cerithiid. Synonymy— 1850 Mitra leopoliensis Alth, Nat. Abh. k. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 3, p. 222, pl. 11, fig. 20 (Lemberg, Poland; Upper Cre- taceous). Voluta leucosticta Gmelin, 1791 Remarks—The species is anomen dubium. The figure from Knorr cannot be associated with any known species, while the figure from Martyn cited by Gmelin for his var. b, is the species Can- cilla (Domiporta) filaris Linnaeus). Synonymy— 1791 Voluta leucosticta Gmelin, Systema naturae, ed. 13, p. 3457 (refers to Knorr, pt. 2, pl. 3, fig. 7 for the typical species from unknown locality, and to Martyn, vol. 1, pl. 22—Tonga Ids., for his var. b). Mitra leucostoma Swainson in Sowerby, 1825 Remarks—The species was never illustrated and cannot be identified from the brief descrip- tion. The species was compared by the author to Mitra (Nebularia) lugubris Swainson. There is a prior Voluta leucostoma Gmelin, 1791, which is forgotten senior synonym of Neocancilla papilio (Link, 1807). Synonymy— 1825 Mitra leucostoma Swainson in Sowerby, Cat. coll. Tan- kerville, App. p. 27 (Locality unknown). Voluta lineata Gmelin, 1791 Remarks—The figure from Chemnitz depicts a small immature specimen which could be either a Pusiine mitrid or a columbellid. The species is a nomen dubium. Synonymy— 1791 Voluta lineata Gmelin, Systema naturae, ed. 13, p. 3454 (refers to Chemnitz, vol. 4, pl. 149, figs. 1378, 1379) (Locality unknown). Mitra lowei Dohrn, 1862 Remarks—The type specimen, supposedly in Hanley’s collection, is not in the British Museum. The species cannot be identified trom the descrip- tion; itcould be either a juvenile Vexillum (Pusia) tricolor (Gmelin) or a small specimen of Mitra cornicula (Linnaeus). Synonymy— 1862 Mitra lowei Dohrn, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 203 (Ca- nary Islands). Mitra minuta Michelotti, 1847 Remarks—According to Bellardi, 1888, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino, vol. 38, p. 21, the type is not in Michelotti’s collection and the species cannot be identified from the brief description. The name is preoccupied by Mitra minuta Roding, 1798. Synonymy— 1847 Mitra minuta Michelotti, Nat. Verh. Maat. Haarlem, vol. 3, p. 313 (Torino, Italy; Miocene) [non Roding, 1798]. Voluta morio Linnaeus, 1767 Remarks—The specific name has been sup- pressed by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in Opinion 841 (1968). Euthria (Dennantia ?) mystica Suter, 1917 Remarks—This poorly preserved specimen is a questionable mitrid. Synonymy— 1917 Euthria (Dennantia 2) mystica Suter, N. Z. Geol. Surv. Paleont. Bull., No. 5, p. 32, pl. 12, fig. 7 (Coal beds, Kakahu River, Sth. Canterbury, New Zealand; Mid-Eocene). 1970 Euthria (Dennantia?) mystica Suter, Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Mus., No. 8, p. 139. Mitra newtoni Cossmann, 1899 Remarks—This is anomen nudum. It was pro- posed as a substitute name for the nude and preoccupied Mitra cincta Newton, 1891. Mitra novaezelandiae Filhol, 1885 Remarks—This is a nomen nudum. The name was proposed as a substitute name for the unpub- lished taxon Mitra zebra Hutton. Voluta oliva Grateloup, 1847 Remarks—tThe species is either a volutid or a mitrid. The name is preoccupied by Voluta oliva Linnaeus, 1758. Synonymy— 1847 Voluta oliva Grateloup, Conch. foss. terr. Tert. Adour, Atlas, Suppl. pl. 1, fig. 8 (Dax, France; Miocene) [non Lin- naeus, 1758]. [19-437] 292 Mitridae W. O. Cernohorsky Plate 254A. Mitra rosacea Reeve. Living specimen from Queensland, Australia (photo courtesy of Don M. Byrne). Mitra omalii Briart & Cornet, 1871 Remarks—The 11.0 mm-long specimen is a questionable mitrid. Synonymy— 1871 Mitra omalii Briart & Cornet, Mem. Acad. Roy. Sci. Lett. Art. Belg., vol. 36, p. 71, pl. 5, figs. 10a-c. (Calcaire grossier de Mons, Belgium; Paleocene). Mitra ordinata “Pease’’, Garrett, 1880 Remarks—Pease did not describe this species, and Garrett's mention is a nomen nudum as in Paetel’s (1887, Cat. der Conchyl.-Samml. (Berlin), vol. 1, p. 184. Mitra ornata Schubert & Wagner, 1829 Remarks—Schubert & Wagner's species is not conspecific with Mitra ornata of Kiener, 1838. The illustrated specimen has the appearance of a juvenile Pterygia nucea (Gmelin, 1791). Synonymy— 1829 Mitra ornata Schubert & Wagner, Syst. Conch. Cabinet, vol. 12, p. 83, pl. 225, figs. 3098, 3099 (Locality unknown). Plate 254. Mitra cardinalis (Gmelin). Living specimen from Queensland, Australia (photo courtesy of Don M. Byrne). Mitra pallida Pease, 1860 Remarks—The type specimen is lost and the species is unidentifiable from the description, it could be either Neocancilla clathrus (Gmelin, 1791) or N. papilio (Link, 1807). The specific name is preoccupied by Mitra pallida A. Adams, 1853). Synonymy— 1860 Mitra pallida Pease, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 146 (Sandwich Ids. = Hawaiian Ids.) [non A. Adams, 1853]. Voluta pertusa Linnaeus, 1758 Remarks—The specific name has been sup- pressed by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in Opinion 841 (1968). Mitra plebeia Dohrn, 1860 Remarks—M. plebeia was described by Dohrn from the Hawaiian Islands, but in a later publica- tion (1861) the author relegated the species in the synonymy of the South African M. latruncularia Plate 255 bo Figs. 1, Mitra ambigua Swainson. 1, Chukwani, Zan- zibar. 2, Zambales, Luzon, Philippines. 3, 4. Mitra coffea Schubert and Wagner. 3, Niue Is- land, Pacific Ocean. 4, off Lautoka, W. Viti Levu, Fiji Islands. 5, 6. Mitra variabilis Reeve. Feather reef, Gt. Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia. Mitra eremitarum Roding. 7, Samar Id., Philippines. 8, Rat Tail Passage, Suva reef, Fiji Islands. 9. Mitra fusiformis subspecies zonata Marryat. Gerona, Spain. 10, 11. Mitra inquinata inquinata Reeve. Off Tatsu- gahama, Kii Province, Japan. 12,13. Mitra fasciolaris Deshayes in Laborde and nN we Linant. Eilat, Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. 14. Mitra fulgurita Reeve, forma yaekoae Habe and Kosuge. Aramot Id., Siassi Ids., New Guinea. 15, 16. Mitra imperialis Roding. 15, Bushmen’s Bay, Malekula Id., New Hebrides. 16, Marau Sound, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands. 17, 18. Mitra chalybeia Reeve. 17, Shoalwater Bay, Western Australia. 18, Beagle Ids., Western Australia. 19, 20. Mitra glabra Swainson. Semaphore, South Australia. 21, 22. Mitra carbonaria Swainson. 21, Longreet, New South Wales, Australia. 22, forma badia Reeve; Cape Vlaming, Rottnest Id., Western Australia. [19-438] 293 Mitridae VA. Voli, nor. Liv IFIC MOLLUSC \ 4 INDO-PAC September 28, 1976 BR a. WAT Plate 255 (explanation on opposite page) [19-439] 294 Mitridae W. O. Cernohorsky Reeve. Although the holotype of M. plebeia is very worn and weathered, it is certainly not the same species as M. latruncularia, and to compli- cate matters further, this species, nor the one de- scribed by Dohrn, occur in the Hawaiian Islands. The holotype of M. plebeia has a sculpture of finely punctate spiral grooves, oblique basal cords and 5 columellar folds. Synonymy— 1860 Mitra plebeia Dohrn, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 368 (Sandwich Islands) [holotype in British Museum (NH) no. 1964413: 23.0 x 8.4 x 11.7 mm]. 1861 Mitra plebeja (sic) Dohrn, Malakozool. Blatter, vol. 8, p. 137. Voluta plicata Bory St. Vincent, 1827 Remarks—This is a synonym of the indetermi- nate Mitra laevissima Grateloup, 1847. The specific name is preoccupied by Voluta plicata Dillwyn, 1817. Synonymy— 1827 Voluta plicata Bory St. Vincent, “Le Liste”, explanations to Tabl. Encycl. Méthodique, pl. 383, fig. 4 (locality un- known) [non Dillwyn, 1817]. Mitra plicata O. Costa, 1850 Remarks—The species is unidentifiable, and the name is preoccupied by Mitra plicata Reeve, 1844. Synonymy— 1850 Mitra plicata O. Costa, Atti Accad. Pontan., vol. 5, p. 388 (non Reeve, 1844). Mitra (Volutomitra) porcellana Melvill & Standen, 1912 Remarks—This species is a subantarctic mar- ginellid or volutomitrid. Synonymy— 1912 Mitra (Volutomitra) porcellana Melvill & Standen, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 48, p. 355, fig. 21 (Scotia Bay, Sth. Orkneys, 9-10 fathoms). 1970 Mitra (Volutomitra) porcellana Melvill & Standen, Cer- nohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 139. Mitra propinqua Garrett, 1880 Remarks—The type is not in the Garrett collec- tion in the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, and the species cannot be identified from the de- scription. The name is preoccupied by Mitra propinqua A. Adams, 1853. Synonymy— 1880 Mitra propinqua Garrett, Journ. of Conch., vol. 3, p. 22 (Society Ids.) [non A. Adams, 1853]. Mitra pruinosa Kuster, 1840 Remarks—According to von Martens, 1904, Wiss. Ergeb. deut. Tief. Exp. “Valdivia’, vol. 7, p. 31, Mitra pruinosa Kister is a senior synonym of M. simplex Dunker, 1846, [is Vexillum (Pusia) patulum (Reeve, 1845)]. Kiister’s illustration, however, seems to represent a juvenile specimen of either Mitra (Strigatella) fastigium (Reeve) or M. luctuosa (A. Adams). Synonymy— 1840 Mitra pruinosa Kuster, Syst. Conch. Cabinet, ed. 2, vol. 5, p. 108, pl. 17a, figs. 3-5 (Locality unknown). Mitra pruinosa Reeve, 1844 Remarks—The type of Mitra pruinosa was in the Norris collection and has been sold at auction. The species cannot be identified from the descrip- tion and indifferent figure. The specific name is preoccupied by Mitra pruinosa Kuster, 1840. Synonymy— 1844 Mitra pruinosa Reeve, Conch. Iconica, pl. 22, sp. 171 (Locality unknown) [non Kuster, 1840]. Mitra punctata Swainson, 1829 Remarks—Swainson’s figure depicts a species which is uniformly brown in colour, inflated- ovate, with a short spire and sculpture consisting of spiral rows of fine punctures; the columella is white and has 6 oblique folds and the interior of the aperture is deep brown. A specimen labelled Mitra punctata in the Melvill-Tomlin collection, National Museum of Wales, Cardiff, is a melanis- tic individual of Scabricola desetangsii (Kiener, 1838) and not Swainson’s species. The location of the type is unknown, and Swainson’s figure and description cannot be associated with any known living species. Synonymy— 1829 Mitra punctata Swainson, Zool. Illus., ser. 2, pl. 30, fig. 3 (Locality unknown). Mitra pupula Dunker in Schmeltz, 1869 Remarks—This is a nomen nudum. Mitra pusilla King & Broderip, 1832 Remarks—This species which could possibly be a volutomitrid from South America remains unidentified. Synonymy— 1832 Mitra pusilla King & Broderip, Zool. Journal, vol. 5, p. 349 (Locality unknown) [Probably South America]. [19-440] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitridae 295 Mitra reticulata d’ Orbigny, 1850 Remarks—This species is a questionable mit- rid. Marliere, 1939, Mém. Mus. Roy. d’Hist. Nat. Belg., No. 89, p. 142, includes Mitra reticulata d’Orbigny in the synonymy of M. roemeri Reuss, 1845 with a query. Synonymy— 1841 Cerithium reticulatum Romer, Verst. Norddeutsch. Kreidegebirge, Hannover, p. 79, pl. 11, fig. 18 (Strehlen, N. Germany; U. Cretaceous) [non Perry, 1811]. 1850 Mitra reticulata d Orbigny, Prodr. Paléont. strat. Univer- selle, vol. 2, p. 226 (substitute name for Cerithium re- ticulatum Romer, 1841). Mitra roemeri d’ Orbigny, 1850 Remarks—The species, although similar to Paleofusimitra elongata Sohl, is more closely re- lated to the Fasciolariidae and probably belongs to that family. Synonymy— 1845 Pleurotoma roemeri Reuss, Verst. Bohm. Kreideform., Stuttgart, pt.l, p. 43, pl. 9, figs. 10a, b, d only (Luschitz, Bohemia, Czechoslovakia; U. Cretaceous) [non Pleurotoma roemeri Philippi, 1844]. 1846 Fasciolaria roemeri Reuss, Verst. Bohm. Kreideform., Stuttgart, pt. 2, p. 111. 1850 Mitra roemeri d’Orbigny, Prodr. Paleont. strat. Univer- selle, vol. 2, p. 226 (substitute name for Fasciolaria roemeri Reuss, 1846). 1939 Mitra ? roemeri Reuss, Marliere, Mém. Mus. Roy. d Hist. Nat. Belg., no. 89, p. 141, pl. 8, figs. 5a, b (Bracquegnies, Belgium; U. Cretaceous). Voluta ruffina Linnaeus, 1767 Remarks—The specific name has been sup- pressed for taxonomic usage by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in Opinion 841 (1968). Mitra sectilis Pease, 1868 Remarks—The type-specimen appears to have been lost, and the species is unidentifiable from the description alone. Synonymy— 1868 Mitra sectilis Pease, Amer. Jour. Conchology, vol. 3, p. 271 (Hawaiian Islands). Mitra semilivida Tenison-Woods, 1878 Remarks—This name is a nomen nudum. Mitra signata Risso, 1826 Remarks—The species has not been illustrated and is unidentifiable. Synonymy— 1826 Mitra signata Risso, Hist. nat. L’Europe meérid., vol. 4, p. 245 (Régiones coralligenes, Europe). Voluta slevini Dickerson, 1915 Remarks—This species is a questionable mit- rid. Synonymy— 1915 Voluta slevini Dickerson, Proc. California Acad. Sci- ences, ser. 4, vol. 5, pp. 34, 44, 75, pl. LI, tig. 16 (Live Oak Creek, Tejon formation, California; Eocene) [as Mitra sle- vini on p. 34]. 1925 Mitra slevini (Dickerson), Anderson & Hanna, Occas. Pap. California Acad. Sciences, vol. 11, p. 77. Voluta spadicea Gmelin, 1791 Remarks—Gmelin’s description is not in agreement with the cited figure from Chemnitz, which resembles the species Mitra (Strigatella) scutulata (Gmelin, 1791). The species remains a nomen dubium. Synonymy— 1791 Voluta spadicea Gmelin, Systema Naturae, ed. 13, p. 3454 (refers to Chemnitz, vol. 4, pl. 150, fig. 1392) [Locality unknown]. Mitra striatella Bory St. Vincent, 1827 Remarks—The species is an unidentified Mitra of the subgenus Strigatella Swainson. Synonymy— 1827 Mitra striatella Bory St. Vincent, “Le Liste”, explana- tions to the Tabl. Encycl. Méthodique, p. 166, pl. 372, fig. 1 (locality unknown). Mitra subdermestina Michelotti, 1847 Remarks—According to Bellardi (1888), the type-specimen can no longer be found, and the small, 8.0 mm-long species, is unidentifiable from the description. Synonymy— 1847 Mitra subdermestina Michelotti, Nat. Verh. Holl. Maat. Haarlem, vol. 3, p. 313 (Torino, Italy; Miocene). Mitra succincta Swainson in Sowerby, 1825 Remarks—The type of M. succincta has been sold by auction, and the description is appropriate for either Neocancilla clathrus (Gmelin, 1791), N. papilio (Link, 1807) or Cancilla (Domiporta) granatina (Lamarck, 1811). The species is a nomen dubium. Synonymy— 1825 Mitra succincta Swainson in Sowerby, Cat. shells coll. Tankerville, App. p. 26 (Locality unknown). [19-441] Mitridae 296 W. O. Cernohorsky ae pee 1H Tee a o Plate 256 (explanation on opposite page) [19-442] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitridae 297 Voluta syracusana Gmelin, 1791 Remarks—The Buonanni figure cited by Gme- lin for his species has been previously cited by Linnaeus, 1758, for his Murex pusio and by Born, 1778, for the species Mitra (Strigatella) pauper- cula Linnaeus, 1758. The Buonanni figure is am- biguous and could possibly represent Mitrella scripta (Linnaeus) as suggested by Hanley, 1855. Synonymy— 1791 Voluta syracusana Gmelin, Systema naturae, ed. 13, p. 3456 (Refers to Buonanni, 1684, vol. 3, fig. 40) (Syracus). Mitra tahitensis Garrett, 1880 Remarks—The species has not been illustrated and the type has been destroyed in the Hamburg Museum. The description is applicable to either Mitra ambigua Swainson, 1829 or M. coffea Schubert & Wagner, 1829. Synonymy— 1880 Mitra tahitensis Garrett, Journ. of Conchology, vol. 3, p. 30 (Tahiti, Society Islands). Mitra vasconum Oppenheim, 1906 Remarks—The figured fragmented specimen from the Tertiary of France is a rather questiona- ble mitrid. Synonymy— 1906 Mitra vasconum Oppenheim, Zeit, deut. geol. Gesell., vol. 58, p. 89, pl. 9, fig. 10 (Biarritz, Nummulitique zone, France; ? Oligocene). Mitra ventricosa Risso, 1826 Remarks—The species has not been illustrated and is unidentifiable from the description. Synonymy— 1826 Mitra ventricosa Risso, Hist. nat. L’ Europe merid., vol. 4, p. 246 (Subfossil; Europe). Mitra vera Cumberland, 1826 Remarks—The species is not identifiable and may probably not even be a mitrid. Synonymy 1826 Mitra vera Cumberland, Reliqu. conserv., p. 31. Voluta virgata Gmelin, 1791 Remarks—The description itself is too brief and not very illuminating, and the cited figure from Knorr depicts a species which resembles Mitra (Nebularia) ferruginea Lamarck, 1811, and M. (N.) puncticulata Lamarck, 1811, but cannot be posi- tively identified. Synonymy— 1791 Voluta virgata Gmelin, Systema naturae, ed. 13, p. 3457 (Refers to Knorr, pt. 4, pl. 11, fig. 2) (Locality unknown). Mitra vulpina Anton, 1839 Remarks—tThe species has not been illustrated and is unidentifiable. Synonymy— 1839 Mitra vulpina Anton, Verz. Conchylien, p. 68 (Grobkalk, Paris Basin; Eocene). Plate 256 Fig. 1. Mitra orientalis Griffith and Pidgeon. Peru, South America. Mitra idae Melvill. 5 mi. S. of Point Conception, California, 8 fms. 2, without periostracum. 3, with periostracum. 4. Mitra swainsonii swainsonii Broderip. Off Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico (specimen without periostracum). 5, 6. Mitra chrysostoma Broderip. 5, Mulinwu, near Apia, Upolu, W. Samoa. 6, Ko Ra Dang Id., S.W. Thailand. 7. Mitra contracta Swainson. Boac, Marinduque Id., Philippines. 8. Mitra coarctata Reeve. Rarotonga, Cook Islands. 9, 10. Mitra ferruginea Lamarck. 9, slender form; Boac, Marinduque Id., Philippines. 10, broad form; Kailua Bay, Oahu, Hawaiian Ids., 11 fms. 11, 12. Mitra rubritincta Reeve. 11, Bay of Islands, Suva Harbour, Fiji Islands. 12, Nuku'alofa, Tonga Islands. 13-15. Mitra cucumerina Lamarck. 13, Marau Sound, Guadalcanal, Solomon Ids. 14, Phuket Id., Thai- land. 15, Eilat, Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. 16-17. Mitra chrysalis Reeve. 16, forma caledonica Recluz; Bushmen’s Bay, Malekula Id., New Hebrides. 17, Mulinwu, near Apia, Upolu, W. Samoa. to 18-21. Mitra fraga Quoy and Gaimard. 18, slender form; Nimitz beach, Guam Id., Marianas. 19, broad form; Marau Sound, Guadalcanal, Solomon Ids. 20, forma rubiginea A. Adams; Pango Point, Efate Id., New Hebrides. 21, Efate Id., New Hebrides. Mitra tabanula Lamarck. Bay of Islands, Suva Harbour, Fiji Islands. 23, 24. Mitra doliolum Kuster. 23, Aramot Id., Siassi Ids., New Guinea. 24, Bushmen’s Bay, Malekula Id., New Hebrides. 25-27. Mitra proscissa Reeve. 25, Bombay, India. 26, corded form; Phuket Id., Thailand. 27, Garner's beach, Queensland, Australia. 28. Mitra suturata Reeve. 15 mi. W. of Anping, Taiwain. 29-32. Mitra rosacea Reeve. 29-30. Off Isshiki, Mikawa Prefecture, Japan. 31, Boac, Marinduque Id., Philippines. 32, Siasi, Sulu Sea, Philippines. 33, 34. Mitra rubiginosa Reeve. 33, Ko Pippi Id., Phuket, S.W. Thailand. 34, Boac, Marinduque Id., Philippines. 35-38. Mitra aurantia aurantia (Gmelin). 35, 36. Vuda Point, W. Viti Levu, Fiji Islands. 37, smooth form; Durban, Natal, South Africa. 38, Subic Bay, Luzon Id., Philippines. [19-443] 298 Mitridae W. O. Cernohorsky Abbreviations The following institutional abbreviations are used in this paper: AIM - Auckland Institute and Museum, Auck- land AMNH - American Museum of Natural History, New York AMS - Australian Museum, Sydney ANSP -Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia BM(NH) - British Museum (Natural History), London BPBM - Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu DMNH - Delaware Museum of Natural History, Greenville, Delaware IRSN - Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Brussels LACM - Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History MCZ - Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cam- bridge, Massachusetts MHNG - Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva MHNP - Muséum National d’ Histoire Naturelle, Paris MORG - Museu Oceanografico de Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil NMW - National Museum of Wales, Cardiff SAM - South African Museum, Cape Town SDNHM - San Diego Natural History Museum TAU - Tel-Aviv University, Israel UCLA - University of Southern California, Los Angeles USNM - National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. WAM - Western Australian Museum, Perth ZMB - Zoological Museum, Humboldt Univer- sity, Berlin ZMC - Zoological Museum, Copenhagen Acknowledgements The following persons have generously con- tributed information, photographs, specimens, types or working space, which is gratefully acknowledged: R. T. Abbott, Delaware Museum of Natural His- tory; W. Adam—IRSN; A. Barash—TAU; A. Beu, New Zealand Geological Survey; E. Binder— MHNG; W. J. Clench, R. D. Turner, K. J. Boss— MCZ:; P. Clover, Rota Cadiz, Spain; H. Dale, New Hebrides; V. Dan, Manila; S. P. Dance—N MW; A. Deynzer, New York; H. Eker, Sanibel Island; W. kK. Emerson, W. Old jr.—AMNH,; E. Fischer- Piette, B. Salvat—MHNP; T. Habe, National Sci- ence Museum, Tokyo; A. G. Hinton, Port Moresby; E. A. Kay, University of Hawaii, Hono- lulu; B. F. Kensley—SAM; R. Kilias—ZMB; M. Kleckham, Port Moresby; J. Knudsen—ZMC; Y. Kondo—BPBM; H. Ladd, W. Woodring, N. F. Sohl, U.S. Geological Survey, USNM; R. Lumawig, Boac, Philippines; L. Marincovich— UCLA; M. Marrow, Hampton, Australia; H. Matthews, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil; A. McCollim, Port Moresby; N. McDowall, Niue Is- land; T. O'Grady, Linnean Society, London; J. Orr, Johannesburg; W. Ponder, P. Colman—AMS; A. W. B. Powell—AIM; G. Radwin—SDNHM,; H. A. Rehder, J. P. E. Morrison, C. F. E. Roper, J. Rosewater, Division of Mollusks, USNM; E. Rios—MORG; R. Robertson, V. Orr Maes— ANSP; F. Steiner, Mill Valley, California; J. Taylor, J. F. Peake, C. P. NutallI—BM(NH); N. Tebble, Oxford University Museum; B. R. Wilson, S. M. Slack-Smith—WAM,; A. Zilch, Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt a.M. Part of this work was supported by a National Research Council senior postdoctoral Research Associateship with the Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Wash- ington, D.C. A monetary grant received from the Delaware Museum of Natural History, Green- ville, is gratefully acknowledged. [19-444] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitridae 299 Selected Bibliography For amore complete bibliography on the family Mitridae, see Cernohorsky, 1970, Bulletin Auck- land Institute and Museum, No. 8, pp. 154-177. Adams, A. 1853. Descriptions of fifty-two new species of the genus Mitra, from the Cumingian collection. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, for 1851, part 19, pp. 132-141. Adams, A. 1855. Descriptions of thirty-nine new species of shells, from the collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq. Proceed- ings of the Zoological Society of London, for 1854, part 22, pp. 130-138. Adams, A. 1864. On the species of Mitridae found in the seas of Japan. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, vol. 7, pp. 198-201. Adams, C. B. 1852. Descriptions of supposed new species of marine shells which inhabit Jamaica. Contributions to Con- chology, no. 4, pp. 56-68. Barnard, K. H. 1960. The genus Charitodoron Tomlin, 1932. African Mollusca. Part 2. Gastropoda: Prosobranchiata: Rhachiglossa. Annals of the South African Museum, vol. 45, part 1, pp. 1-237, textfigs. Barnard, K. H. 1960. The genus Charitodoron Tomlin, 1932. Journal of Conchology, vol. 24, no. 11, p. 402. Bayer, T. 1942. Observations on Mitra florida Gould. The Nautilus, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 78-80, pl. 7. [F. M. Bayer]. Beets, C. 1941. 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Les mollusques tes- tacés marins des établissement Francais de L’Oceanie. ibid., vol. 77, pp. 145-326. Dohrn, H. 1860a. Description of new species of Mitra from the collection of Hugh Cuming Esq. Proceedings of the Zoolog- ical Society of London, part 28, pp. 366-368. Dohrn, H. 1860b. Zur Kenntnis einiger Arten de Genus Mitra Lamarck. Malakozoologische Blatter, vol. 7, pp. 120-125. Dohrn, H. 1861. Zur Kenntnis von Mitra. Malakozoologische Blatter, vol. 8, pp. 123-139. Fischer-Piette, E. 1942. Les mollusques d’Adanson. Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 85, pp. 103-377, pls. 1-16. [19-445] Mitridae 300 W. O. Cernohorsky AR sin eee: gett 2) Plate 257 (explanation on opposite page) [19-446] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitridae 301 Fischer-Piette, E. 1950. Liste de types décrits dans le Journal de Conchyliologie et conservés dans la collection de ce Journal. ibid., vol. 90, pp. 8-23; 65-82; 149-180. Gabriel, C. J. 1962. 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Faune malacologique du Miocene de la Belgique. 2. Gastropoda Mém. Inst. Roy. Sci. Hist. Nat. de Belgique, vol. 121, pp. 1-197. pls. 1-10. Glibert, M. 1952b. Gastropodes du Miocene Moyen du Bassin de la Loire. Part 2. Mem. Inst. Roy. Sci. Hist. Nat. de Bel- gique, ser. 2, no. 46, pp. 243-450, pls. 1-15. Grant, U. S. and H. R. Gale. 1931. Catalogue of the marine Pliocene and Pleistocene Mollusca of California and adja- cent regions. Memoir San Diego Society of Natural History, vol. 1, pp. 1-1036, pls. 1-32. Habe, T. and S. Kosuge. 1966. Shells of the world in colour. The tropical Pacific. Osaka. vol. 2, pp. 1-193, pls. 1-68. Habe, T. and S. Kosuge. 1967. The standard book of Japanese shells in color. Osaka, pp. i-xviii, 1-223, pls. 1-64. Hatai, kK. and S. Nisiyama. 1952. Check List of Japanese Ter- tiary Marine Mollusca. Sci. Report Tohoku University, ser. 2, Spec. vol. 3, pp. 1-464. Hedley, C. 1913. Studies on Australian Mollusca. Part XI. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, vol. 38, pt. 2, pp. 258-339, pls. 16-19. Hinds, R. B. 1844. Descriptions of new shells trom the collec- tion of Captain Sir Edward Belcher, R.N., C.B. Annals & Magazine of Natural History, vol. 11, pp. 255-257. Hoernes, R. and M. Auinger. 1880. Die Gasteropoden der Meeres-Ablagerungen der ersten und zweiten Miocanen Mediterran-Stufe in der Osterreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie. Abhandlungen k. k. geol. Reichsanstalt, Wien, vol. 12, part 2, pp. 53-112, pls. 7-12. Iredale, T. 1929. Strange molluscs in Sydney Harbour. Austra- lian Zoologist, vol. 5, part 4, pp. 337-352, pls. 37-38. Iredale, T. 1936. Australian Molluscan notes, No. 2. Records Australian Museum, vol. 19, part 5, pp. 267-340, pls. 20-24. Issel, A. 1869. Malacologia del Mar Rosso ricerche zoologiche e paleontologiche. Pisa, pp. i-xi, 1-387, pls. 1-5. Jickeli, C. F. 1874. Studien uber die Conchylien des Rothen Meeres. Jahrbuch Deutscher Malakologischen Gesellschaft, vol. 1, pp. 17-54. Kay, E. A. 1965. Marine molluscs in the Cuming collection, British Museum (Natural Histroy) described by William Harper Pease. Bulletin Brit. Museum (Nat. Hist.), Zoology, Supplement vol. 1, pp. 1-96, pls. 1-14. Keen, M. 1966. American mollusk types at the British Museum (Natural History) III. Alcide d’Orbigny’s South American collection. The Veliger, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1-7, pl. 1. Keen, M. 1971. Sea shells of tropical West America. Edition 2. Stanford, pp. 1-1064, pls. 1-22, textfigs. Knudsen, J. 1956. Marine prosobranchs of tropical West Africa (Stenoglossa). Atlantide Report No. 4. Scientific results of the Danish Expedition to the coasts of tropical West Africa 1945-46. Copenhagen, pp. 7-110, pls. 1-4. Kohn, A. J. 1970. Food habits of the gastropod Mitra litterata Lamarck: relation to trophic structure of the intertidal marine bench community in Hawaii. Pacific Science, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 483-486. Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de M. de. 1798. Tableau encyclopedique et méthodique des trois regnes de la nature. Paris, pls. 287-390. Laseron, C. F. 1951. Notes on the New South Wales Mitras with special reference to their protoconchs. Records Austra- lian Museum, vol. 22, part 4, pp. 335-343, texttigs. Lesson, R. P. 1842. Mollusques recueillis dans la mer du Sud par M. Adolphe Lesson (Genres Mitra et Pleurotoma). Rev. Zool. Soc. Cuvierienne, vol. 5, pp. 141-144. Plate 257 = bo Figs. Mitra aurantia aurantia (Gmelin). 1, Boac, Philippines. 2, forma nanus Reeve, Samar Id., Philippines. 3. Mitra aurantia subspecies subruppeli Finlay. Ras Jagin, Gulf of Oman. 4,5. Mitra ticaonica Reeve. 4, Viti Levu Bay, N.E. Viti Levu, Fiji Islands. 5, slender form; Kailua Bay, Oahu, Hawaiian Ids., 10 fms. 6, 7. Mitra vexillum Reeve. 6, Boac, Marinduque Id., Philippines. 7, Marau Sound, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands. 8-ll. Mitra fulvescens Broderip. 8, 9. Kailua Bay, Oahu, Hawaiian Ids., 10 fms. 10, intermediate form; near Caltex Refinery, Batangas Bay, Philippines. 11, forma telum Sowerby; Pango Point, Efate Id., New Hebrides. 12. Mitra telescopium Reeve. Taurama beach, Port Moresby, New Guinea. 13. Mitra ruepellii Reeve. Eilat, Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. 14,15. Mitra lugubris Swainson. Manava Id., N. Viti Levu, Fiji Islands. 16-18. Mitra coronata Lamarck. 16, 17. Natadola, S. Viti Levu, Fiji Islands. 18, Santa Cruz, Zamboanga, Philippines. 19, 20. Mitra amaura Hervier. 19, Moturina Id., New Guinea. 20, Rat Tail Passage, Suva reef, Fiji Islands. 21, 22. Mitra aurora floridula Sowerby. 21, Meli Id., Efate Id., New Hebrides. 22, Wadigi Id., Mamanuca group, Fiji Islands. 23, 24. Mitra luctuosa A. Adams. 23, Vetschies Pier, Durban, Natal, South Africa. 24, Samarai, New Guinea. 25-27. Mitra lens (Wood). 25, 26. Vera Cruz, Panama (specimen without periostracum). 27, Panama (specimen with periostracum). 28, 29. Mitra barbadensis (Gmelin). Buccoo reef, Tobago Id., Caribbean. 30, 31. Mitra puncticulata Lamarck. 30, Marau Sound, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands. 31, Nimitz beach, Guam Id., Marianas. 32-34. Mitra nodulosa (Gmelin). 32, St. Vincent Id., Caribbean. 33, Barbados Id., Caribbean. 34, slender, turreted form; Hillborough Reef, N. of Pompano, Florida. 35, 36. Mitra edentula Swainson. 35, Pango Point, Efate Id., New Hebrides. 36, Marau Sound, Guadal- canal, Solomon Islands. [19-447] 302 ~=Mitridae W. O. Cernohorsky Ludbrook, N. H. 1958. The molluscan tauna of the Pliocene strata underlying the Adelaide Plains, Part V.icGastropoda (Aratoidae to Scaphandridae). Trans. Royal Society of South Australia, vol. 81, pp. 43-111, pls. 1-6. MacNeil, F. S. 1961. Tertiary and Quaternary Gastropoda of Okinawa. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, no. 339, pp. 1-148, pls. 1-21. Macpherson, J. H. and C. J. Gabriel. 1962. Marine Mollusca of Victoria. Melbourne, pp. i-xv, 1-475, textfigs. McLean, J. H. 1969. Marine shells of southem California. Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Science series 24, Zoology, no. 11, pp. 1-104, 54 textfigs. Martens, E. von. 1880. Beitrage zur Meeresfauna der Insel Mauritius und der Seychellen, Mollusken. Berlin, pp. 181- 336, pls. 19-22. Martin, K. J. L. 1880. Die Tertiarschichten auf Java, nach den Entdeckungen von Fr. Junghuhn. Leiden, pp. 1-164; 1-51; 1-6; pls. 1-28. Martin, K. J. L. 1931. Mollusken aus dem Obereocan von Nanggulan. Wetenschap. Meded. Dienst Mijnbouw Nederlandsch-Indie, No. 18, pp. 1-56, pls. 1-7. Melvill, J. M. C. and R. Standen. 1901. The Mollusca of the Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, and Arabian Sea, as evidenced mainly through the collections of Mr. F. W. Townsend, 1893-1900; with descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, pp. 327-460, pls. 21-24. Oostingh, C. H. 1939. Die Mollusken des Pliocans von Sitid- Bantam in Java. 2 Abschnitt (Gastropoda II). Ingen. Nederl. Indie Mijnbouw Geol. vol. 6, pp. 119-187, pls. 8-16. Orr Maes, V. 1967. The littoral Marine Mollusks of Cocos- Keeling Islands (Indian Ocean). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 119, no. 4, pp. 93-217, pls. 1-26. Ostergaard, J. M. 1950. Spawning and development of some Hawaiian marine gastropods. Pacific Science, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 75-115, figs. 1-42. Pilsbry, H. A. 1922. Revision of W. M. Gabb’s Tertiary Mol- lusca of Santo Domingo. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 73, part 2, pp. 305-435, pls. 16-47. Pannekoek, A. 1936. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Altmiocanen Mollusken-Fauna von Rembang (Java). Geolog. Inst. Meded. Univ. Amsterdam, no. 60, pp. 1-80, pls. 1-4. Pritchard, G. B. and J. H: Gatliff. 1899. Catalogue of the marine shells of Victoria. Part II. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, vol. 11, part 2, pp. 185-208. Ray, H. C. 1954. Miters of Indian waters (Mollusca, Gas- tropoda; Family Mitridae). Mem. Indian Museum, vol. 14, part 1, pp. 1-72, pls. 1-3. Risbec, J. 1955. Considérations sur l’anatomie comparée et la classification des Gastéropodes Prosobranches. Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 95, no. 2, pp. 45-82, textfigs. Roding, P. F. Museum Boltenianum sive Catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae. Pars secunda. Hamburg, pp. i-viii, 1-199. Rutsch, R. 1934. Die Gastropoden aus dem Neogen der Punta Gavilan in Nord-Venezuela. Abhandl. Schweizer Palaeon- tol. Gesellschaft, vol. 54, pp. 1-88, pls. 1-7. Sacco, F’. 1890. Catalogo paleontologico del baccino terziario del Piemonte. Torino, pp. 138-151 (Mitridae only). Sacco, F. 1904. I molluschi dei terreni Terziarii del Piemonte e della Liguria. Part XXX. Aggiunte e Correzioni; Consideraz- ioni generali; Indice generale dell’ opera. Torino, pp. i-xxxvi, 1-203, pls. 1-31. Shasky, D. R. and G. B. Campbell. 1964. New and otherwise interesting species of mollusks from Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico. The Veliger, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 114-120, pls. 21-22. Smith, E. A. 1906. On South African marine Mollusca, with descriptions of new species. Annals Natal Govt. Museum, vol. 1, part 1, pp. 19-71, pls. 7-8. Sowerby, G. B. 1892. Marine shells of South Africa. London, pp. 1-89, pls. 1-5. Sphon, G. 1961. Notes on the Mitridae of the Eastern Pacific. I.—Mitra fultoni E. A. Smith. The Veliger, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 32-36, pl. 7. Sphon, G. 1969. Notes on the Mitridae of the Eastern Pacific. Il. The genus Thala, with description of a new species. The Veliger, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 84-88, pl. 6, textfigs. Swainson, W. 1820-1833. Zoological Illustrations, or original figures and descriptions of new, rare, or interesting animals. London, series 1, vols. 1-3; series 2, vols. 1-3. Taki, I. and K. Oyama. 1954. Matajiro Yokoyama’s The Pliocene and later faunas from the Kwanto region in Japan. Palaeotnological Society of Japan Spec. Paper no. 2, pp. 1-68, pls. 1-49. Tesch, P. in Wanner. 1915. Jungtertiare und Quartare Mollus- ken von Timor. I. Teil. Palaontologie von Timor, Lief. 5, pp. 1-70, pls. 73-82. Thiele, J. Hanfbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde. Jena, pp. 1-1154, texttigs. Tomlin, J. R. le B. 1920. On certain of Link’s names in the Mitridae. The Nautilus, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 133-134. Turton, W. H. 1933. The Marine shells of Port Alfred, S. Africa. Journal of Conchology, vol. 19, no. 11, pp. 370-371. Vayssiere, A. J. B. P. 1901. Etude zoologique et anatomique de la Mitra zonata Marryatt. Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 49, pp. 77-95, pl. 3. Viader, R. 1937. Revised Catalogue of the Testaceous Mol- lusca of Mauritius and its Dependencies. Mauritius Institute Bulletin, vol. 1, part 2, pp. i-xiii, 1-111. Vredenburg, E. 1925. Description of Mollusca from Post- Eocene Tertiary formation of North-Western India: Cephalopoda, Opisthobranchia, Siphonostomata. Mem. Geol. Survey of India, vol. 1, part 1, pp. 1-325, pls. 1-13. Wenz, W. 1943. Handbuch der Palaozoologie. Allgemeiner Teil und Prosobranchia. Berlin, vol. 6, part 1, pp. 1201-1506, textfigs. Wolfson, F. H. 1969. Spawning Notes, I].—Mitra dolorosa. The Veliger, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 282-283, textfigs. Woodring, W. P. 1964. Geology and Paleontology of Canal Zone and adjoining parts of Panama. Description of Tertiary Mollusks (Gastropods: Columbellidae to Volutidae). U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, no. 306C, pp. 241- 297, pls. 39-47. Woodring, W. P. 1966. The Panama land bridge as a sea barrier. Proceedings American Philosophical Society, vol. 110, pp. 425-433, textfigs. Yokoyama, M. 1920. Fossils from the Miura Peninsula and its immediate north. Tokyo Imperial University College of Sci- ence Journal, vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 1-193, pls. 1-20. Zavodnik, D. 1967. Uber die Meereschnecke Mitra (Epis- comitra) zonata Marryatt (Gastropoda, Monotocardia) aus der nordlichen Adria. Zoologischer Anzeiger, vol. 178, pp. 389-391, 3 textfigs. Zilch, A. 1934. Zur Fauna des Mittel-Miocans von Kostej (Banat). Typus-Bestimmung und Tafeln zu O. Boettger’s Bearbeitungen. Senckenbergiana, vol. 16, parts 4-6, pp. 193-302, pls. 1-22. [19-448] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitridae 303 [These occasional blank areas occur between genera and subgenera to permit the insertion of new material and future sections in their proper systematic sequence.) [19-449] 304 Mitridae W. O. Cernohorsky Plate 258 (explanation on opposite page) [19-450] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 305 Genus Mitra Lamarck, 1798 Type: Mitra mitra (Linnaeus, 1758) The genus Mitra consists of 120 Recent and about 240 fossil species. Taxa proposed for extinct species undoubtedly contain a high percentage of synonyms in view of the numerous names pro- posed by Bellardi, 1887, for species forms from Mio-Pliocene deposits of Italy. Species of Mitra are characterized by small or large shells, reach- ing a length of 7 inches; they are fusiform, elongate-ovate or inflated and variable in sculpture. The protoconch is cylindrical and paucispiral and the labral wall is always smooth in Mitrinae. The proboscis of Mitra mitra (Lin- naeus), the type species of the genus, is very long, but a shorter proboscis is frequently found in other species. Shells are covered by a thin, trans- lucent or opaque periostracum, and an operculum is absent. The radula ribbon is moderately small, gener- ally 6% to 21% of shell-length, and contains from 35 to 130 rows of rachiglossate teeth; each row contains 3 teeth. The central teeth are generally rectangular, unicuspid or multicuspid and the lat- erals are multicuspid and two to four times the width of the centrals. Rock-dwelling Mitra de- posit egg-capsules on the underside of rocks in an asymmetrical cluster of 15 to 100 capsules. Egg- capsules are generally claviform and contain from 100 to 500 cream-coloured or translucent-yellow, spherical eggs. The genus first appeared during the Early Eocene in Europe, the Caribbean, Indonesia and New Zealand. Recent species of Mitra live in temperate and tropical waters of all major oceans. Species of Mitra are predominantly rock and coral dwellers, but some species, including the type species, inhabit muddy or coralline sand. Species live in the intertidal zone and deeper water, and have been dredged to a depth of 700 fathoms; species living at these depths will tolerate a tem- perature as low as 45°F. Subgenus Mitra Lamarck, 1798 Type: Mitra mitra (Linnaeus, 1758) The shells of the genus are small or large, 5 to 170 mm in length, fusiform or elongate-ovate, smooth, or sculptured with spiral grooves, pits, granules and rarely axial ribs. Whorls are convex or angulate, the aperture is shorter or longer than the spire, the labial lip is thick or thin, simple or crenulate and dentate and the interior of the aper- ture is always smooth. The columella has 3 to 7 prominent, often close-set, oblique and usually parallel folds, with the exception of fossil species of the subgenus Eumitra. The anterior canal is short or produced, straight or recurved, and the Plate 258 Figs. 1-3. Mitra paupercula (Linnaeus). 1, off coast of Cabcaban, Luzon, Philippines. 2, Lomalagi, S. Viti Levu, Fiji Islands. 3, forma zebra Lamarck; Cebu Id., Philippines. 4,5. Mitra pica (Dillwyn). 4, Mauritius. 5, Phuket Id., Thailand. 6-8. Mitra retusa Lamarck. 6, 7, Natadola, S. Viti Levu, Fiji Islands. 8, Namoui, Niue Island, Pacific. 9-11. Mitra litterata Lamarck. 9, Cuvu beach, S. Viti Levu, Fiji Islands. 10, Niue Island, Pacific Ocean. 11, Kahala, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. 12,13. Mitra auriculoides Reeve, forma turturina Souverbie. 12, Ure Id., E. coast of Malekula Id., New Hebrides. 13, Pango Point, Efate Id., New Hebrides. 14-16. Mitra assimilis Pease. 14, 15, Momi reef, W. Viti Levu, Fiji Islands. 16, broad form; Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. 17-20. Mitra scutulata (Gmelin). 17, broad form: Vuda Point, W. Viti Levu, Fiji Islands. 18, 19, slender form; Balabac Id., Philippines. 20, form amphorella Lamarck, Manava Id., N. Viti Levu, Fiji Islands. 21, 22. Mitra decurtata Reeve. 21, off Kao-Hsiung, Taiwan. 22, off coast of Cabcaban, Luzon, Philippines. 23-25. Mitra colombelliformis Kiener. 23, 24, Namoui Niue Island, Pacific. 25, Naviti, Yasawa group, Fiji Islands. 26, 27. Mitra acuminata Swainson. 26, Bushmen’s Bay, Malekula Id., New Hebrides. 27, Meli Id., Efate Id., New Hebrides. 28, 29, 32. Mitra fastigium Reeve. 28, 29, N. Viti Levu, Viti Levu Bay, Fiji Islands (interior tooth prominently developed). 32, Moshinga Id., off Mocimba da Praia, Mozambique, East Africa (interior tooth weakly developed). 30, 31. Mitra tristis Broderip. 30, Santa Cruz Id., Galapagos Islands. 31, Puerto Lobos, Mexico. 33-37. Mitra pellisserpentis pellisserpentis Reeve. 33, broad form; Rarotonga, Cook Islands. 34, broad, smooth form; Mauritius. 35, Rawai, Phuket, Thailand, 36, intermediate form: Ko He Id., Thailand. 37, slender form; Momi reef, W. Viti Levu, Fiji Islands. 38, 39: Mitra pellisserpentis astricta Reeve. 38, broad form; Kailua Bay, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. 39, slender form; Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. [19-451] 306 = Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae siphonal notch is distinct. There are 52 living and 196 fossil species in the nominate subgenus. The subgenus is cosmopolitan in distribution. Synonymy— 1784 Mitra Martyn, Universal Conchologist, vol. 1, pl. 19 (non binomial—work suppressed in Opinion 456 of ICZN) 1798 Mitra Lamarck, Tabl. Encycl. Méth., Paris, pl. 369 (type by tautonymy Voluta mitra Linnaeus, 1758. Opinion 885 of ICZN) 1798 Mitra Roding, Mus. Boltenainaum, p. 135 (type by sub- sequent designation by Montfort, 1810, p. 543: M. epis- copalis (Linnaeus) = V. mitra Linnaeus, 1758) 1815 Mitraria Rafinesque, Analyse de la Nature, Palermo, p. 145 (type by virtue of art. 67 of ICZN: Voluta episcopalis Linnaeus is V. mitra Linnaeus, 1758) 1823 Mitrolithes Kruger, Gesch. Urwelt, vol. 1, p. 431 (not available—art. 20 of ICZN) 1840 Tiarella Swainson, Treatise Malacology, pp. 130, 131 (type by subsequent designation by Gray, 1847, p. 141: Vol- uta papalis Linnaeus, 1758) [also spelled Thiarella on p. 319—first reviser Herrmannsen, 1847] 1853 Isara H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Mollusca, vol. 1, p. 171 (type by subsequent designation by Cossmann, 1899, p. 153: Mitra bulimoides Reeve, 1844 = M. glabra Swainson, 1821) 1853 Mutyca H. & A. Adams, Genera of Recent Mollusca, vol. 1, p. 172 (type by subsequent designation by Pilsbry, 1922, p. 167: M. ancillides Swainson is Mitra ancillides Broderip, 1836) 1864 Mitraxia Binney & Tryon, Compl. writ. Rafinesque, p. 19 (nomen nullum) 1880 Phaeomitra von Martens, Beitr. Meeresf. Maurit. Seychellen, p. 252 (type by subsequent designation by Coan, 1966, p. 131: Mitra (Phaeomitra) fulvua Swainson, 1829 is Mitra coffea Schubert & Wagner, 1829) 1882 Cucurbita “Megerle MS’, Scudder, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 19, p. 93 (published in synonymy of Mitra) 1895 Eumitra Melvill & Standen, Journ. Conchology, vol. 8, p. 99 (type by subsequent designation by Coan, 1966, p. 130: Mitra (Eumitra) episcopalis Linnaeus is Voluta mitra Lin- naeus, 1758 [non Eumitra Tate, 1889] 1900 Fuscomitra Pallary, Journ. de Conchyliologie, vol. 48, p. 263 (type by subsequent designation by Cox, 1936: “Mitra fusca Swainson’ —sensu Reeve, 1844 and auct. non Swain- son, 1824 is Voluta nigra Gmelin, 1791) 1915 Papalaria Dall, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 90, p. 60 (type by subsequent designation by Coan, 1966, p. 131:Voluta epis- copalis Linnaeus is V. mitra Linnaeus, 1758) 1917 Episcomitra Monterosato, Boll. Soc. Zool. Ital., vol. 4, p. 26 [actually privately printed] (type by monotypy Mitra zonata Swainson is M. fusiformis zonata Marryat, 1817) 1918 Atrimitra Dall, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 31, p. 138 (type by original designation Mitra idae Melvill, 1893) 1929 Vicimitra Iredale, Australian Zoologist, vol. 5, p. 343 (type by monotypy V. prosphora Iredale, 1929 is Mitra sol- ida Reeve, 1844) 1956 Cryptomitra “Dall MS”, Bryan, Hawaiian Shell News, vol. 4, No. 4, p. 39 (nomen nudum) 1966 Volvariella Coan, Veliger, vol. 9, p. 132 (type by original designation Mitra lamarckii Deshayes, 1832) [non Vol- variella Fischer, 1883] Nomenclature—The genus-group name Mitra was proposed by Lamarck and Roding in the same year, i.e. 1798, and the authorship has con- sequently been credited to either one of the two authors. The authorship of Mitra has been clarified by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in Opinion 885, Bull. Zool. Nomencl., vol. 26, p. 125, where the Com- mission instructs that Lamarck be credited with the authorship of Mitra. Introduced in 1798, the genus name Mitra did not come into general use until 1811 with the appearance of Lamarck’s monograph on the Mitridae (Ann. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 17, pp. 195-222). Prior to 1798, Mitridae species were included in the genus Voluta by Linnaeus, 1758 and 1767, Born 1778 and 1780 and Gmelin, 1791. [19-452] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 307 Mitra mitra (Linnaeus, 1758) (Color pl. 253, fig. 1; pl. 250) Range—East Africa to Polynesia and Hawaii. Galapagos Islands. Remarks—This widely distributed and com- mon species is one of the largest of the genus, reaching almost 7 inches in length. The animal has a very long, slender proboscis, and after cap- ture and during desiccation, discharges a purple- brown fluid which is harmless to humans but has considerable staining properties. Large speci- mens of M. mitra are still occasionally used by Pacific Island natives as a chiselling tool during boat construction and house building. Habitat—The species lives in coralline and silty sand, from the intertidal zone to a depth of 33 fathoms. During the day, the animal is usually buried in sand but becomes semi-active at the turn of the tide and leaves large tracks in the sand when on the move with a partial covering of sand. The animal is most active at night when it crawls upon the sand substrate in search for food. Description—Shell reaching 170 mm (about 7 inches) in length, elongate-fusiform, heavy and solid, sutures moderately impressed. Whorls 9 or 10 inclusive of protoconch, spire whorls convex and rounded at sutures. Early postnuclear whorls with 5-8 finely punctate spiral lines, last 2-3 whorls generally smooth. Aperture about equal in height to the spire, widening basally, smooth within; outer lip almost perpendicular, thickened at the margin and with distinct, thorn-like denti- cles anteriorly in adult specimens. Columella heavily calloused and with 4-5 prominent folds; anterior canal with a prominent folded callus and oblique spiral cords, siphonal notch distinct. White or cream in colour, ornamented with 5-9 transverse rows of irregular but generally squarish Vv a + re ah) or rhomboidal, bright orange spots on the body whorl and 2 or 3 rows of spots on earlier whorls. Periostracum brown and moderately opaque. Juvenile specimens less than 40 mm in length are short and obese with the aperture longer than the spire, a prominent punctate spiral sculpture on the body whorls and distinct spiral cords on early whorls. The aperture is bow-shaped and the outer lip thin and without denticles. Measurements (mm.)— height of length width aperture 138.0 41.0 67.0 Malolo I., Fiji Ids. 124.0 37.0 62.0 Wakaya L., Fiji Ids. 91.0 30.0 49.0 Palawan I., Philippines 66.0 22.0 38.0 Solomon Ids. 71.6 22.5 36.9 Lectotype of mitra Linnaeus 52.0 17.0 27.0 Guam I., Marianas 15.0 6.5 9.0 (immature) Niihau I., Hawaii Synonmy— 1758 Voluta mitra Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. 10, p. 732 (O. Asiatico); 1955 Dodge, Bull. Americ. Mus. Nat. History, vol. 107, p. 121; 1969 Cernohorsky, Zool. Journ. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 48, p. 356, pl. 2, fig. A (figured lectotype). 1758 Voluta mitra episcopalis Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. 10, p. 732 (name suppressed by ICZN in Opinion 885, 1969). 1798 Mitra carmelita Roding, Museum Boltenianum, p. 136 (substitute name for Voluta episcopalis Gmelin, 1791). 1833 Mitra apiscapal: Linnaeus, Quoy & Gaimard, Voyage Astrolabe, vol. 2, p. 634, pl. 45 figs. 1-7 (animal and anatomy); 1838 Ktener, Spécies général iconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 3, pl. 1, fig. 1; 1844 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 1, fig. 5; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 2, pl. 1, fig. 3. 1923 Mitra mitra Linnaeus, Dautzenberg & Bouge, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 67, p. 88; 1936 Hirase, Coll. Japanese Shells, ed. 5, p. 70, pl. 100, fig. 13; 1946 Kira, Venus, vol. 14, pp. 219-288; 1959 Kira, Colored Illustrations Shells Japan, vol. 1, p. 89, pl. 34, fig. 16; 1965 Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 91, pl. 13, fig. 1; 1966 Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 9, p. 105, figs. 2a, b (radula and penis). » BONIN is G ccameasa - a =i = sf , ut Oa wicopan i? DP ericn MALDIVE Ree 8 CHagos COCO6 - KEELING ATOLLS e | PPINE ms, 5 Polou MARIANA @ Me > is | ® shnators e | @..... « yt eu Log . , mwetok ; aut Oth & 1 4 ARSH . @ vy Oo cae a Mejuro Palmyra CAROLINE is | f thin 4| Helen @ 4 + © Vohristmos oy 7 aN PHOENIX 13 | Toxerau is. | | M1 Sa) eo gett is Finis. tg, e - 3 pe es TONGA cook cALeoo fe Sie oh oe EAE Soe | Norfa | ®: EW HEBRIDE 80° 100° u | NEW | ZEALAND Mario Theresa | n 1 495 HF \ 160° 160° Plate 259. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Mitra) mitra (Linnaeus). [19-453] 308 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Types—tThe lectotype of M. mitra is in the col- lection of the Linnean Society, London. The type locality is Asiatic Ocean, and is here restricted to Ceram Island, Moluccas, Indonesia, according to Rumphius’ first correct locality indication. Nomenclature—During the 19th century the specific name Mitra episcopalis was almost exclu- sively used for this species. In 1923 Dautzenberg & Bouge re-instated M. mitra into malacological literature and the name has remained in use ever since. Coan (1966, Bull. Zool. Nomenclature, vol. 22, p. 355) petitioned the International Commis- sion on Zoological Nomenclature fora retention of Mitra episcopalis and a suppression of M. mitra. In 1969, in Opinion 885, (Bull. Zool. Nomencl., vol. 26, p. 125), the Commission gave a reversed ruling, and suppressed Voluta episcopalis Lin- naeus, and added V. mitra to the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. Records—GULF OF ADEN: Steamer Point, Aden (Shop- land, 1902). EAST AFRICA: Mogadiscio, Somalia; 4 mi. SE of Gedi, Kilifi, Kenya; Malindi, N. of Mombasa, Kenya; Port Mocambique, Mozambique (all USNM); Porto Amelia, Mozambique (AMNH); Twiga Beach hotel, 16 mi. S. of Mom- basa Kenya (Steiner coll.). ZANZIBAR: (USNM). SOUTH AFRICA: Durban (E. A. Smith, 1903). INDIAN OCEAN IS- LANDS: Madagascar (Dautzenberg, 1910); Reunion I. (De- shayes, 1863); Seychelles I. (von Martens, 1880); Mauritius (USNM; AIM); Cocos-Keeling I. (USNM). INDIA: Madras (Melvill & Standen, 1898). THAILAND: Goh Similan I. (USNM). INDONESIA: Pulau Melila, off Sumatra; Paula Bai, Batu group, off Sumatra; Mandi Darrah I. (all USNM). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Lubang I., Mindoro (USNM): Cuyo I., Palawan group (USNM: AIM); Borongan village, Samar (AMNH). CHINA: Whampoa (USNM). RYUKYU ISLANDS: Okinawa I. (\USNM). MARIANAS: Agat Bay, Alutom I. (AIM): Guam I. (USNM; AMNH); Saipan I. (USNM). PALAU IS- LANDS: SE side of Urukthapel I. (USNM); Toagel Passage (AMNH). CAROLINE ISLANDS: Falauik I., S end of Ifaluk Atoll; Kapingamarangi I. (both USNM); Ponape I. (AMNH),. MARSHALL ISLANDS: Ailuk Atoll (USNM): Majuro Atoll (USNM; AMNH); Kwajalein I. (AMNH). WAKE ISLAND: (USNM). NEW GUINEA: Biak I., Schouten Ids. (USNM); SW of Biak wharf (Powell coll.); mouth of Ramu River (AIM): Port Moresby (Kleckham coll.). AUSTRALIA: SW of Point Cloates, West Australia (WAM); Cooktown, Queensland (USNM); Green I., off Cairns, Queensland (USNM); Hope I., Queens- land (Powell coll.). KERMADEC ISLANDS: (Iredale, 1910) SOLOMON ISLANDS: Buka I., Bougainville L.; Treasury I. (both AIM); Honiara, Guadalcanal; Tulagi (both DMNH). NEW HEBRIDES: NE coast of Santa Maria I., Banks group; Port Stanley, Malekula I. (both USNM):; Malapoa Point, Vila harbour, Efate I.; Erakor lagoon, SW Efate I. (both AIM). NEW CALEDONIA: E end of Kuakue Bay, 10-20 ft. (USNM); Plage de Poc, Bourail (AIM). LOYALTY ISLANDS: E end of Beautemps-Beaupre Atoll, 10-20 ft. (USNM). GILBERT IS- LANDS: Abaiang I. (USNM); Betio-Bairaki causeway, Tarawa I. (Holmes coll.); Bikenebiu, Tarawa I. (Cernohorsky coll.). ELLICE ISLANDS: Nukulailai (USNM). WALLIS & FUTUNA ISLANDS: Nukuhifala, Wallis I.; Anse de Sigave, Hoorn I. (both USNM). FIJI ISLANDS: Malolo I., Mamanuca group; Lomalagi, S. Viti Levu; Manava I., N. Viti Levu (all Cernohorsky coll.); Wakaya I. near Ovalau I. (AIM). TONGA ISLANDS: Pangaimotu reef, Tongatabu I. (USNM): Nuku'alofa, Tongatabu I. (Gay coll.). SAMOA ISLANDS: Amouli Tutila I. (Harvard-Archbold Exped.); Cape Fatuosofia, Upolu I. (AIM); Apia, Upolu I. (Jackson coll.); Lalomalava, Savaii I. (DMNH). NIUE ISLAND: (McDowall coll.). COOK ISLANDS: Tom’s I., Palmerston Atoll (USNM). SOCIETY ISLANDS: Mitirapa, Tahiti; S tip of Motu Pahare, Huahine L.; SE side of Motu Iriru, Raiatea I.; W of Point Hauru, Moorea (all USNM); Makatea I. (DMNH). TUAMOTU ISLANDS: Ran- giroa Atoll (USNM). LINE ISLANDS: Palmyra I. (USNM). HAWAIIAN ISLANDS: off Waikiki, Oahu, 25-33 faths. (USNM); Niihau I. (AIM); Nanakuli, Oahu I. (DMNH). EASTERN PACIFIC: Galapagos Islands, dredged dead by J. DeRoy. COSTA RICA: dredged live, offshore. (fide G. G. Sphon, the Nautilus, in press). Mitra papalis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Color pl. 253, fig. 2) Range—From East Africa to Polynesia. Remarks—This uncommon species has a shell similar to M. stictica (Link), but is larger, the su- tures are more adpressed, the sutural coronations are wider apart and less erect, the spots are smaller, more numerous and crimson-red and the deep punctations are lacking on the body whorl. Habitat—In clean coral sand and among coral rubble, from 1 to 16 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 160 mm (about 6% inches) in length, elongate-ovate, solid and heavy. Whorls 8-9, apart from 2 smooth and white nuclear whorls, spire whorls slightly subangulate; post- nuclear whorls with 3-4 punctate spiral grooves which become weak on the penultimate and obso- lete or absent on the body whorl. Sutures ad- pressed, coronations not erect but following the contours of the sutures. Aperture moderately wide, equal in height or longer than the spire, smooth within; outer lip thickened, perpendicu- lar and crenate with small sharp denticles. Col- umella calloused and with 4-6 prominent, oblique folds, siphonal canal straight, obliquely corded and calloused, siphonal notch prominent. White in colour, ornamented with 3-4 spiral rows of moderately small, quadrate, rhomboidal or trian- gular, crimson-red spots on the penultimate and 15-20 rows on the body whorl; interior of aperture cream or light yellow in colour. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~~ width aperture 162.0 = — Capul I., Philippines 104.0 34.0 — Okinawa I. 99.0 41.0 54.0 Manava I., Fiji Ids. 90.0 33.5 52.5 Efate I., New Hebrides Synonymy— 1758 Voluta mitra papalis Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. 10, p. 732 (reference to Buonanni, 1684, pl. 119, = lectotype figures) [O. Asiatico]; 1767 Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. 12, p. 1194; 1953 Dodge, Bull. Americ. Mus. Nat. History, vol. 107, art. 1, p. 121; 1969 Cernohorsky, Zool. Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., vol. 48, p. 356. 1811 Mitra papalis Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 17, p. 197; 1838 Kiener, Spécies général inconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 8, pl. 2, figs. 3, 3a; 1844 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, pl. 2, fig. 9; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus [19-454] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 309 Plate 260. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Mitra) papalis (Linnaeus). Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 2, pl. 1, figs. 6, 7; 1920 Cooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 408, fig. 2 (radula); 1935 Dautzenberg, Mem. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Belg., vol. 2, p. 49, pl. 2, fig. 7; 1959 Kira, Coloured Illustrations Shells of Japan, ed. 2, vol. 1, p. 89, pl. 34, fig. 15; 1965 Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 93, pl. 14, fig. 17; 1967 Cross, Hawaiian Shell News, vol. 15, no. 4, p. 7, fig. 1 (animal). Types—tThe type of M. papalis (Linnaeus), is not in the Linnean collection of the Linnean Soci- ety, London. Cernohorsky (1969) designated the Buonanni figures on plate 119 as the figured lec- totype of the species. The original locality of O. Asiatico is correct and the type locality is further restricted to Ceram Island, Moluccas, Indonesia, as indicated by Rumphius. Records—EAST AFRICA: Porto Amelia, Mozambique (AMNH). ZANZIBAR: (USNM; AMNH). INDIAN OCEAN ISLANDS: Mauritius (Viader, 1937); Seychelles Islands; Car- gados Islands (both von Martens, 1880). INDIA: Pambam Is- land (Steiner coll.). INDONESIA: Tijger I., Celebes (IRSN); Borneo [., Moluccas (Harvard-Archbold Exped.). PHILIP- PINE ISLANDS: Jolo, Siasi (USNM); Boac, Marinduque (Alexander coll.); Cebu I.; Leyte I.; Barongan, Samar I. (all DMNH); small cove at Magalawa I., Zambales (Clover coll.): Capul I., NW Samar; Zamboanga, Jolo; Davao, Mindanao (all Deynzer coll.). RYUKYU ISLANDS: (USNM): Okinawa Is- land (USNM). PALAU ISLANDS: (USNM). CAROLINE IS- LANDS: Losap, Mortlocks (DMNH). MARSHALL ISLANDS: Kwajalein Island (AMNH). NEW GUINEA: Biak I., Schouten Ids.; NW reefs at Seles I., Aitape; near Hollandia (all USNM);: Woodlark I., Milne Bay (Kleckham coll.); New Britain Island; Trobriand Islands (both Hinton coll.). ADMIRALTY IS- LANDS: Manus Island (Hinton coll.). AUSTRALIA: off Cook- town, Queensland (Cernohorsky coll.). SOLOMON IS- LANDS: Roviana, New Georgia I. (K. & A. McCollim coll.). NEW HEBRIDES: Efate Island (Allan coll.); Mele I., SW Efate I., 2 faths. (Cernohorsky coll.). SOLOMON ISLANDS: Malaita. (DMNH). FIJI ISLANDS: Manava I., N Viti Levu (Cernohorsky coll.); off Lautoka, W Viti Levu (Mijts coll.). KINGSMILL ISLANDS: (USNM). SOCIETY ISLANDS: Tahiti (AMNH). TUAMOTUS ISLANDS: Anaa Island (AMNH). HAWAIIAN ISLANDS: Kahala, Oahu I., 12 faths. (DMNH). Between Keehi Buoys, Oahu (BPBM): Makua, Oahu, 11 faths. (AMNH): off Makua, Oahu, 5 faths. (Clover coll.). CLIPPERTON @SLANDS: (Hertlein & Hanna, 1960). 180 160 140° \zo° 100 90 aq ( $ iy = NS A 20° eae ejuro 1s on _—[PAPALIS] =. ——-— fines ° 2.@ GALAPAGOS \ b s Soy ° ‘ | S04 piNebrioes gf Wiis = | 20° Mitra stictica (Link, 1807) (Color pl. 253, figs. 3, 4; pl. 261) Range—East Africa to Polynesia. Remarks—This rather common species has been confused with M. papalis by 18th century authors; besides the distinct morphological dif- ferences between the two species, M. papalis is a sand-dweller, whereas M. stictica lives on coral reef platforms. Habitat—On reet platforms, on the underside of rocks and in coral crevices, generally on a hard reef substratum, from the intertidal zone to a depth of 100 fathoms. Plate 261. Mitra (Mitra) stictica (Link). Fig. 1. Specimen from Motu Iriru, Raiatea, Society Ids.; broad, smooth form with long aperture (USNM 675374; 46.4 mm). Fig. 2. Specimen from Keokea, Hilo, Hawaiian Ids.; slender, sculptured form with short aperture (USNM 337964; 52.0 mim). [19-455] 310 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Description—Shell up to 75 mm (about 3 inches) in length, similar to M. papalis in form, sutures prominent, whorls flat-sided, numbering from 8-10 inclusive of the protoconch. Post- nuclear whorls with 2-3 spiral rows of deep pits, penultimate and last whorls generally smooth; some individuals, however, are prominently sculptured with spiral rows of pits on all whorls. Coronations at sutures are close-set and promi- nent. Aperture shorter or longer than the spire, smooth within; outer lip thickened and with small, sharp denticles at the margin. Columella calloused and with 4-5 distinct and oblique folds. Siphonal canal straight, heavily calloused, siphonal notch prominent. White in colour, or- namented with 4-7 bright orange or vermillion, rhomboidal and closely spaced blotches which are generally largest near the sutures; early whorls have 2-3 rows of coalescing spots; aperture light yellow within, columella creamy-white. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~— width aperture 75.0 25.0 33.0 Rarotonga, Cook Ids. 69.0 26.0 35.0 Ovalau I., Fiji Ids. 59.0 22.0 31.0 Utuko, Niue I. 46.0 17.0 23.0 Cook I. 30.0 12.0 15.5 Niihau I., Hawaiian Ids. Synonymy— 1798 Mitra cardinalis Roding, Museum Boltenianum, p. 135 (refers to Chemnitz, vol. 4, figs. 1355, 1356) [non Voluta cardinalis Gmelin, 1791]; 1966 Cernohorsky, Journal of Conchology, vol. 26, p. 92. 1807 Voluta stictica Link, Beschr. Nat.-Samml. Univ. Rostock, p. 127 (refers to Chemnitz, vol. 4, fig. 1356; here designated as the lectotype); 1968 Cernohorsky, Journal of Conchology, vol. 26, p. 215. 1811 Mitra abbatis Perry, Conchology, pl. 39, figs. 2, 3. 1811 Mitra pontificalis Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 17, p. 198 (Indian Ocean); 1838 Kiener, Spécies général iconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 7, pl. 1, fig. 2; 1844 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 4, fig. 23; 1874 Sow- erby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 2, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2; = dee ee ase neeeth Seiesetee See cl eee aL f ae Shyt-—— a. | “ae G amaea . 1935 Dautzenberg, Mém. Mus. Roy. d’Hist. Nat. Belg., vol. 2, p. 53, pl. 2, fig. 8; 1969 Cernohorsky, Revue Suisse de Zoologie, vol. 76, p. 955, pl. 1, fig. 1 (figured lectotype). 1817 Mitra coronata Schumacher, Essai nouv. systéme, p. 239 (refers to Chemnitz, vol. 4, figs. 1355, 1356) [non Lamarck, 1811]. 1817 Voluta thiara “Solander MSS”, Dillwyn, Descrip. cat. recent shells, vol. 1, p. 561 (refers to Lister, pl. 840, fig. 68; Tabl. Encycl. Méth., pl. 370, fig. 2, etc.) [Madagascar]. 1934 Mitra strictica (sic) Hirase, Coll. Shells of Japan, p. 70, pl. 100, fig. 12. 1935 Mitra pontificalis var. confluens Dautzenberg, Mém. Mus. Roy. d’Hist. Nat. Belg., vol. 2, p. 55, pl. 2, fig. 9. 1954 Mitra stictica (Link), Kira, Colored Ilust. Shells of Japan, vol. 1, pl. 34, fig. 14; 1965 Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 98, pl. 14, fig. 15; 1966 Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 9, p. 106, fig. 7 (radula). 1962 Mitra stricta Kira, Shells Western Pacific Color, vol. 1, p. 99, pl. 35, fig. 14 (nomen nudum). 1967 Mitra (Tiarella) cardinalis (Roding), Habe & Kosuge, Standard Book Japanese Shells in Color, vol. 3, p. 86, pl. 33, fig. 28 (non Voluta cardinalis Gmelin, 1791). Types—tThe types of M. stictica are no longer extant at the Zoological Institute of Rostock, al- though part of the collection described by Link is still there. We therefore designate figure 1356 on plate 147 in Chemnitz, 1780, as the lectotype of M. stictica (Link). The types of M. pontificalis Lamarck, are inthe Museum d’ Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, and the type of Dautzenberg’s variety confluens is in the Institut Royal Sciences Naturelles, Brussels. The types of M. abbatis Perry, and M. thiara (Dillwyn) are lost. No locality was cited by Link, and the locality given by Chemnitz for the specimen figured by him was Batavia, and Batavia (= Djakarta), Java, Indonesia, is designated as the type locality. Nomenclature—Habe & Kosuge (1967) applied Roding’s name M. cardinalis to the stictica of Link and of authors, but R6ding’s taxon is here considered a secondary homonym of Voluta car- dinalis Gmelin, 1791. Records—EAST AFRICA: Mogadiscio, Somalia; Dar-es- Salaam, Tanganyika (DMNH); near Porto Amelia, Mozam- Mudwey, Per! Freres » BONIN | Haw, < ‘Ay : 1s | “Allan Ja co is di, ee ' ‘ on PHILIGPINE |g FAA a @ | | | -_ ae ——<— —_ | NICOBAR ot _ 4 wy Zo F | +3 CEYLON . ss Q } MALDIVE » | ° Ode ee 1S A a \ ‘ fe or" ‘ | Wet Es — — —— ——+- a Yet : Ss; SEYCHELLES 13. i Ss phere ° cHacosC) - - ] = ie Saas g g> ee | oe ICA] & a Ve Christos - 0% -— ° RQUE SAS 1S. sgt 5 * (PHOENIx 15. «Se *. JOKELAU IS Ce ‘é z ‘ Pye . e* ey ts “a NEW. Se HEBRIDES... 0 - Q - 7 4 @ FINS) e@ ® =) ae : 5 Plate 262. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Mitra) stictica (Link). [19-456] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 311 bique (both USNM); Twiga beach hotel, 16 mi. S of Mombasa, Kenya (Steiner coll.). ZANZIBAR: (AMNH); Bawe Island (USNM). INDIAN OCEAN ISLANDS: Madagascar (Daut- zenberg, 1910); Reunion Island (Deshayes, 1863); Mauritius (USNM); Seychelles Islands (Dautzenberg, 1935); reef off Possession Point, Horsburgh I., Cocos-Keeling Ids. (USNM). INDIA: Pamban Island (Steiner coll.). MALAYSIA: Singapore (Powell coll.). INDONESIA: Pulau Stupai Mentawai I. off Sumatra (USNM). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Pangangon I., Bohol (Steiner coll.); Luzon I.; Samar I.; Cebu I.; Marinduque I. (all DMNH): Cabra I., Mindoro (USNM). RYUKYU IS- LANDS: (USNM): Kadena, Okinawa I. (AMNH); Kadena Cir- cle, Okinawa I. (USNM). MARIANAS: Guam Island; Unai Fanunchuluyan, Saipan I. (both USNM). PALAU ISLANDS: Kayangel Island (USNM). CAROLINE ISLANDS: kusaie Is- land; Ifaluk Atoll (both USNM). MARSHALL ISLANDS: Majuro (DMNH), Rujoru I., Eniwetok Atoll; Ebeye I., Kwaja- lein Atoll; W side of Pinglap I., Jaluit Atoll (all USNM); Arno Atoll (AMNH). NEW GUINEA: Samarai Island (Kleckham coll.); Celeo I., 5 mi. off Aitape (USNM); Mios Woendi L., Padaido Ids. (USNM; AIM); near mouth of Ramu River (AIM). ADMIRALTY ISLANDS: Los Negros Island (USNM). SOL- OMON ISLANDS: Malaita I. (DMNH). AUSTRALIA: Lady Musgrave I., Bunker group, Queensland (AIM). NEW HEB- RIDES: Aneityum I. (DMNH) Pango reef, Efate Island (AIM). LOYALTY ISLANDS: Lifu Island (Melvill & Standen, 1895). GILBERT ISLANDS: Abemama Island (USNM); Onotoa Atoll (Powell coll. and DMNH); Betio-Bairaki causeway, Tarawa I. (Holmes coll.); Bikenebiu, Tarawa I. (Cernohorsky coll.). ELLICE ISLANDS: Vaitupu Island; N. Motu, Nukulaelae (both USNM). KINGSMILL ISLANDS: Ocean Island (AIM); Kingsmill Island (USNM). WALLIS & FUTUNA ISLANDS: E coast of Faioa I., Wallis I.; Sigave Bay, Hoorn I., Futuna I. (both USNM). HOWLAND & BAKER ISLANDS: Baker Island (USNM). PHOENIX ISLANDS: Swains Island (USNM). FIJI ISLANDS: Leleuvia I., near Ovalau I. (Cernohorsky coll.); Cuvu beach, S. Viti Levu (Cer- nohorsky coll.). TONGA ISLANDS: Nuku’alota, Tongatabu I. (Gay coll.). SAMOA ISLANDS: Tutuila Island; Falealupo, Savaii I. (both USNM). NIUE ISLAND: Utuko (McDowall coll.). COOK ISLANDS: Tupapa lagoon, Rarotonga I.; Mauke Island; Tom’s I., Palmerston Atoll; Avatiu Harbour, Rarotonga I. (all USNM). AUSTRAL ISLANDS: Moerai Bay, Rurutu I. (USNM). SOCIETY ISLANDS: Tahaa I. (DMNH); NW side of Motu Iriru, Raiatea I.; Taone reef, Tahiti (both USN M). MAR- QUESAS ISLANDS: (Garrett, 1880). LINE ISLANDS: Pal- myra (USNM); Fanning I.; Jarvis I. (both DMNH). HAWAIIAN ISLANDS: Keokea, Hilo I.: Honokowai reef, Maui (both USNM); Niihau Island (AIM); off Keehi lagoon, Oahu, 100 fathoms (Cross coll.); Kailua Bay, Oahu I. 9 faths., gravelly sand; Makua, Oahu I., 9 faths. (both DMNH); Kauai I., (MCZ). Mitra bovei Kiener, 1838 (Color pl. 253, figs. 9, 10; pl. 263) Range—Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea, to the Persian Gulf and western India. Habitat—From the intertidal zone to a depth of 15 fathoms, on sand and rock substratum. Un- common. Description—Shell up to 60 mm (about 24% inches) in length, elongate-ovate, solid, sutures distinct and adpressed on last whorl. Whorls 7-8, apart from white, cylindrical nuclear whorls, spire whorls flat-sided or slightly convex. Post-nuclear whorls with 4 or 5 axially lirate spiral grooves, penultimate whorl with 4-7 grooves and body whorl with 12-20 distant and fairly regularly spaced, fine striae and 6-10 oblique cords at the base. Sutures with either prominent or almost ob- solete, axially oriented crenulations and occa- sionally with axial lirae extending over | or 2 pre- sutural spiral grooves. Aperture narrow and elon- gate, longer than the spire, smooth and greenish- brown or purplish brown within; outer lip thick- ened and bluntly crenulate, parietal wall brown, lower part of columella white and calloused and with 4 or 5 prominent folds. Siphonal canal straight and slightly calloused, siphonal notch dis- tinct. Variable in colour, generally off-white, or- namented with irregular and often rhomboidal small spots and 2 broad, interrupted greenish brown transverse bands and occasionally orange-brown spiral lines. Periostracum thin, translucent and brown in colour. Measurements (mm)— height of length = width aperture 58.0 19.0 _ Holotype of bovei 35.0 13.4 19.0 Eilat, Gulf of Aqaba 34.0 12.8 20.0 Tarut Bay, Persian Gulf 23.5 10.7 14.9 Holotype of abacophora Synonymy— 1838 Mitra bovei Kiener, Spécies général iconographie coqui- lles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 9, pl. 2, fig. 5 (Red Sea); 1844 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 11, fig. 78; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 2, pl. 5, fig. 60; 1920 Cooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 416, fig. 15 (radula). 1888 Mitra abacophora Melvill, Journal of Conchology, vol. 5, p. 286, pl. 2, fig. 22 (no locality given). The holotype of M. bovei Kiener, is in the Muséum National d’ Histoire Naturelle, Paris, Types Plate 263. Mitra (Mitra) bovei Kiener. Fig. 1. Holotype from the Red Sea (MHNP; 58.0 x 19.0 mm) [photo courtesy of E. Fisher-Piette, MHNP]. [19-457] 312 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae and the worn and faded holotype of M. abacophora Melvill, is in the National Museum of Wales, Cardiff. The type of the latter species has also part of the apex missing and the sutural crenu- lations are only barely distinguishable. The type locality for M. bovei is the Red Sea. Records—RED SEA: Eilat, Gulf of Aqaba (K. Haim coll.; Hadar coll.); Suez (MCZ); Jiddah (AMNH); Jubal Is land, e faths. (Cooke, 1885); Massawa (Jickeli, 1874); Dahlak Island, 5-10 m (Clover coll.; Cernohorsky coll.). GULF OF ADEN: Aden (Shopland, 1902): Maskali, French Somalia (Deynzer eg Cernohorsky coll.). PERSIAN GULF: Ras Tanura, Tarut Bay (USNM; DMNH: Powell coll.); Kuwait (DMNH); Zaal Island (USNM); near Lingeh, 10 faths. (Melvill & Standen, 1901). INDIA: Bombay Harbour (Melvill & Abercrombie, 1893). Mitra cardinalis (Gmelin, 1791) (Color pl. 253, figs. 5, 6) Range—Madagascar to Polynesia. Remarks—This species is easily recognized by its ovate and plump form, spiral rows of brick-red, quadrate spots, punctate spiral grooves, close-set axial striae and small, brown-spotted denticles on the outer lip. A living specimen is depicted on color plate 254. Mitra lamarckii (Deshayes, 1832) from the Hawaiian Islands, has been considered by some authors to be a form of M. cardinalis, but the former species is closely related and a subspecies of M. nubila (Gmelin, 1791). Habitat—On reefs, under coral rocks generally ona hard reef substratum but occasionally partly covered with a thin layer of sand, within the inter- tidal zone. Description—Shell up to 70 mm (about 3 inches) in length, elongate-ovate, solid, plump and heavy. Sutures moderately impressed, whorls convex and rounded at sutures, numbering from x. a 7 ee ‘S £ _ eg i ~ [EARDINALIS] Ss mo CHAgoS eros 20° = sh °. sim ec cancun = ar oe ee yea 8-10 inclusive of the protoconch which consists of 1-2 white and glassy nuclear whorls. Post-nuclear whorls with 3 spiral striae, penultimate whorl with 8-10 and last whorl with 22-30 spirals; spiral grooves are distinctly punctate on the body whorl but prominently axially lirate on the spire whorls. The axial lirae become less prominent on the centre of the last whorl. Aperture longer than the spire, slightly widening basally, smooth within; outer lip thickened, convex, and with about 20 small, brown-spotted denticles. Columella cal- loused anteriorly, forming a small shield in adult specimens, and with 4 or 5 prominent, oblique folds. Anterior canal short, with a moderate callus and 6-10 close-set, oblique cords, siphonal notch distinct. White in colour, ornamented with 3 or 4 spiral rows of irregular, rectangular or quadrate brick-red spots on the penultimate whorl and 10-15 rows on the last whorl; these spots may merge and form large blotches, especially on the spire whorls. Interior of aperture flesh or light yellow, columella creamy-white. Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 70.0 30.0 43.0 Leleuvia I., Fiji Ids. 51.0 22.0 34.0 Bougainville, Solomon Ids. 43.0 19.0 27.0 Malekula I., New Hebrides Synonymy— 1780 Voluta pertusa Born, Test. Mus. Caes. Vindobonensis, p. 228, pl. 9, figs. 11, 12; 1817 Dillwyn, Descrip. cat. recent shells, vol. 1, p. 558 (non Linnaeus, 1758). 1781 Voluta cardinalis Gronovius, Zoophyl. Gronovianum, vol. 3, p. 299 (non binomial). 1784 Mitra vermiculosa Martyn, Universal Conchologist, vol. 3, pl. 105, lower figure (non binomial); 18? Dautzenberg, Mem. Mus. Roy. d’Hist. Nat. Belg., vol. 2, p. 56 (validated Martyn’s taxon). 1791 Voluta cardinalis Gmelin, Systema Naturae, ed. 13, p. 3458 (refers to Lister, pl. 838, fig. 65; here designated as the lectotype); 1967 Cernohorsky, Journal of Conchology, vol. 26, p. 171. Vr 2 i En nero oe MARSHALL IS. 9 2 te Qchristmes * PHOENIX 15 % “Ke TOKELAU IS. Plate 264. Geographical distribution of the species Mitra (Mitra) cardinalis (Gmelin) and M. (M.) bovei Kiener. [19-458] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra Bis: 1798 Mitra monachialis Roding, Museum Boltenianum, p. 136 (refers to Chemnitz, vol. 4, pl. 147, figs. 1358, 1359); 1967 Cernohorsky, Journal of Conchology, vol. 26, p. 94. 1811 Mitra archiepiscopalis Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 17, p. 199; 1969 Cernohorsky, Revue Suisse Zoologie, vol. 76, p. 957, pl. 1, fig. 4 (figured holotype). 1811 Mitra cardinalis Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 17, p. 199; 1838 Kiener, Spécies général iconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 4, pl. 3, figs. 6,6; 1844 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 4, fig. 26; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 3, pl. 3, fig. 32; 1959 Kira, Colored Ilust. Shells Japan, vol. 1, p. 89, pl. 34, fig. 10; 1965 Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 82, pl. 13, fig. 2; 1966 Cer- nohorsky, Veliger, vol. 9, p. 105, fig. 4 (radula). 1822 Mitra pertusa Swainson, Exotic Conchology, pt. 4, 2 figures (non Voluta pertusa Linnaeus, 1758); 1968, Abbott, Exotic Conchology [reproduction, Delaware Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 24, pl. 30]. 1838 Mitra lamarckii Deshayes, Kiener, Spécies général iconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 5, pl. 3, fig. 7 (non Deshayes, 1832). 1905 Mitra vermiculata Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, vol. 29, p. 431 (refers to Martyn, vol. 3, pl. 105, lower figure); 1907 Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, vol. 33, p. 189. Types—Gmelin most probably did not own a specimen and his description was based on litera- ture indications. His first reference to Lister, 1685-92, pl. 838, figure 65, is here designated as the lectotype of M. cardinalis (Gmelin). The holotype of M. archiepiscopalis Lamarck, is in the Museum d Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, no. 1 102/ 45. The types of M. monachialis Roding, M. ver- miculata Dall, and M. vermiculosa Dautzenberg, have been dispersed by auction. Kiener’s speci- men of his M. lamarckii (non Deshayes, 1832) is in the Museum d Historie Naturelle, Geneva, and is a worn M. cardinalis. Records— INDIAN OCEAN ISLANDS: Madagascar (von Martens, 1880); Mauritius (Viader, 1937); Port Blair, Andaman Islands (Steiner coll.). CEYLON: (AMNH). INDONESIA: E side of Pulau Masa, W. of Pulau Bai; Pulau Stupai, MentawaiL, off Sumatra (both USNM). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Lubang I.; Cebu I.; Sanga Sanga (all DMNH): Borongan village, Samar (USNM:; DMNH). RYUKYU ISLANDS: S Kunigami-Gun, Okinawa I. (USNM): Kadena, Okinawa I. (AMNH). MARIANAS: Guam Island (USNM). PALAU ISLANDS: Gorokotan I. (DMNH); Angan Island (USNM). CAROLINE ISLANDS: Ponape Island (AMNH); Matlock I. (DMNH). MARSHALL ISLANDS: Rujoru I., Eniwetok Atoll; NE side of Namu, Bikini Atoll (both USNM); Kwajalein Island (AMNH,; DMNH). NEW GUINEA: Port Moresby; Samarai (both Klec- kham coll.). AUSTRALIA: N of Cooktown, Queensland (AMNH; DMNH). SOLOMON ISLANDS: Gizo Island (Steiner coll.); Auki, Malaita I.; Marau Sound, Gradalcanal I. Buka, Bougainville I. (AIM). NEW HEBRIDES: Port Havan- nah, Efate I. (Debant coll.); Vila, Efate I. (Cernohorsky coll.); Bushmens Bay, Malekula I. (AIM). NEW CALEDONIA: Touho Reef (DMNH). LOYALTY ISLANDS: Lifu Island (IRSN). GILBERT ISLANDS: Betio-Bairaki causeway, Tarawa I. (Holmes coll.); Bikenibeu, Tarawa I. (Cernohorsky coll.). WALLIS & FUTUNA ISLANDS: N coast of Faioa, Wal- lis I.; W side of Anse de Sigave, Hoorn I., Futuna I. (both USNM). FIJI ISLANDS: Rat Tail Passage, Suva Harbour, S. Viti Levu; Cuvu beach, SW Viti Levu, Manava I., N Viti Levu; Viti Levu Bay, NE Viti Levu; Leleuvia I. near Ovalau I. (all Cernohorsky coll.). SOCIETY ISLANDS: Mitirapa, Taruvaro, Tahiti; W end of Fare Ute, Papeete, Tahiti (both USNM). TUAMOTU ISLANDS: (USNM); Tikehau Island (USNM). Mitra nubila subspecies nubila (Gmelin, 1791) (Color pl. 253; pls. 265, 266) Range—Red Sea to Tonga and the Phoenix Is- lands. Remarks—This rather rare species has a wide but scattered distribution which may be due to the lack of collecting in intervening areas. The species is moderately large, occasionally inflated at the sutures in gerontic specimens, sculptured with punctate spiral striae and ornamented with brown axial streaks or bands and small scattered snow-white spots. Several names have been proposed for the vari- ous colour and sculptural forms of this species. The typical colour form with continuous or inter- rupted brown bands or sparse ornamentation of irregular or round blotches, and a shell with in- flated whorls, is represented by the names M. versicolor Lamarck, M. nivosa Swainson, M. nebulosa Reeve (non Broderip), M. propinqua A. Adams and in part M. erronea Dohrn. Kiener’s figure of M. versicolor represents the more slen- der form, which is heavily maculated with brown zones and has a coarser sculpture, and is similar to the form illustrated here from the Solomon Is- lands. The form M. brettinghami has an ornamen- tation consisting of two faint transverse bands and longitudinal stripes instead of blotches; this form is more frequently collected in the Fiji Islands than in other areas. The shallow or deeper punctate grooves and intervening flat or risen spi- ral cords are another variable feature in this species. The species was reported by Hugh Cuming from Anaa Island, in the Tuamotus. This record re- mains unconfirmed, pending collection of the species from this area. Habitat—The species shows a preference for clean and usually coarse coral sand, and occurs from the intertidal zone to a depth of 10 fathoms. Description—Shell to 70 mm (about 3 inches) in length, elongate-ovate or fusiformly-ovate, occa- sionally somewhat inflated in large specimens, particularly near the sutures. Whorls 8-10 with ——— ee YARRA A AE AYA Fr ‘6 . \ cf ay a / L_mmto 4 Plate 265. Mitra nubila nubila (Gmelin). Half-row of radula from Porto Amelia, Mozambique, East Africa. [19-459] 314 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae 1%-2 cylindrical nuclear whorls. Post-nuclear whorls with 5 or 6 punctate spiral grooves, penul- timate whorl with 6-10 punctate spirals, last whorl with 17-33 spirals; the spiral grooves are either shallow or moderately deep and the intervening cords are completely flat or slightly elevated. Axial striae cross spiral grooves and often become quite prominent towards the sutures in some in- dividuals. Aperture equal in height to or longer than the spire, moderately wide, smooth and porcellaneous-white within; columella calloused anteriorly and with 4 or 5 strong, oblique folds. Outer lip slightly convex and minutely crenulate, siphonal canal straight or slightly recurved, cal- loused and sculptured with oblique spiral cords, siphonal notch distinct. White in colour, or- namented with brown axial stripes and 2 or 3 in- distinct transverse zones, or prominently banded or chevron-spotted with brown. Some specimens have irregular brown zones or round blotches par- ticularly at the sutures, and many individuals have small white spots irregularly scattered over the surface or may border the axial lines; the col- umella and aperture are white. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~~ width aperture 67.8 23.7 34.6 Lectotype of brettin- ghami 61.0 20.4 33.2 Lectotype of propinqua 58.0 23.0 32.0 Suva harbour, Fiji Ids. 54.0 19.1 29.7 Mozambique 51.0 17.9 27.9 Guadalcanal, Solomon Ids. 42.0 16.0 23.0 Nuku'alofa, Tonga Ids. Synonymy— 1784 Mitra versicolor Martyn, Universal Conchologist, vol. 1, pl. 23 (Friendly Islands = Tonga I. [non binomial]. 1791 Voluta nubila Gmelin, Systema Naturae, ed. 13, p. 3450 (refers to Martyn, vol. 1, pl. 23; here designated as the lec- Plate 266. Figs. 1-8, Mitra nubila nubila (Gmelin). Figs. 9, 10, M. nubila lamarckii Deshayes. Fig. 1. Lectotype figure from T. Martyn, 1784, pl. 23, from the Tonga Ids. Fig. 2. Topotype from Nuku'alofa, Tonga Ids. (WOC coll.; 42.2 x 16.1 mm). Fig. 3. Lectotype of Mitra propinqua A. Adams (BM (NH) 1967846; 61.0 x 20.4 mm). Fig. 4. Lectotype of Mitra brettinghami E. A. Smith (BMNH) 1967937: 67.8 x 23.7 mm). Figs. 5, 6. Specimen from Marau Sound, Guadalcanal, Sol- [19-460] omon Ids.; slender, coarsely sculpture form (Gower coll.; 51.0 x 17.9 mm). Fig. 7. Specimen from Marau Sound, Guadalcanal, Solomon Ids.; broad, coarsely sculptured form (Gower coll.; 48.2 x 17.6 mm). Fig. 8. Specimen from Mozambique, East Africa; slender, smooth form (WABP coll.; 54.0 x 18.5 mm). Figs. 9, 10. Specimen of Mitra nubila lamarckii Deshayes, from near Rabbit Id., Oahu, Hawaiian Ids.; damaged outer lip (Schoenberg coll.; 49.7 x 18.9 mm). September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 315 totype); 1967 Cernohorsky, Journal of Conchology, vol. 26, p. 163. 1811 Mitra versicolor Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 17, p. 199 (refers to Martyn, vol. 1, pl. 23); 1838 Kiener, Spécies général iconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 6, pl. 7, fig. 18; 1844 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 1, fig. 2; 1861 Dohrn, Malakozoologische Blatter, vol. 8, p. 134; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 3, pl. 4, figs. 44, 45; 1906 E. A. Smith, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vol. 7, p. 124; 1935 Ostergaard, Bull. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. no. 131, p. 37; 1969 Cernohorsky, Revue Suisse Zoologie, vol. 76, p. 957. 1822 Mitra nivosa Swainson, Cat. Coll. Bligh, App. p. 16 (re- fers to Martyn, vol. 1, fig. 23) [coasts of New Holland and Pacific Ocean Islands]. 1839 Mitra sanguinolenta Lamarck, Kuster, Syst. Conchylien-Cabinet, ed. 2, vol. 5, p. 88, pl. 27, figs. 6, 7 (non Lamarck, 1811). 1844 Mitra nebulosa Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 1, fig. 3 (Madagascar; Anaa I.) 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 3, pl. 3, fig. 39 (non Broderip, 1836). 1853 Mitra propinqua A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, for 1851, p. 270; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 3, pl. 5, fig. 59. 1861 Mitra erronea Dohrn, Malakozoologische Blatter, vol. 8, p. 134 (substitute name for M. versicolor Kiener, 1838, and M. nebulosa Reeve, 1844) [Indian Ocean; New Holland; Madagascar; Anaa I.]. 1906 Mitra brettinghami E. A. Smith, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lon- don, vol. 7, p. 124 (Substitute name for M. propinqua Sow- erby, 1874) [no locality given]. 1965 Mitra nubila (Gmelin), Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 92, pl. 13, fig. 8 (adult), fig. 8a (juvenile). Types—The type of M. nubila (Gmelin) is no longer traceable and the two figures on plate 23 from Martyn, 1784, are designated as the lec- totype. Lamarck’s original 2 type specimens of M. versicolor have been incorporated with the 5 ex- tant specimens in the de Lessert collection in the Museum d Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, and can- not be segregated. The type of M. nivosa Swain- son, has been sold at auction, while the 2 syntypes of M. erronea Dohrn, are untraceable. The desig- nated lectotype and 2 syntypes of M. propinqua A. Adams, BM(NH) no. 1967846, and the designated lectotype and 2 syntypes of M. brettinghami E. A. Smith, BM(NH) no. 1967937, are both in the British Museum (NH). Records—RED SEA: Museri I., Dahlak Archipelago (TAU). EAST AFRICA: Porto Amelia, Mozambique (AMNH; Orr coll.); Port Mocambique, Mozambique (USNM; DMNH): In- haca Island, Lorenco Marques, Mozambique; Moshinga Is- land, Mozimba da Praia, N. Mozambique (both Orr coll.). ZANZIBAR: (USNM: AMNH; DMNH: MCZ). INDIAN OCEAN ISLANDS: Madagascar (AMNH); Mauritius (von Martens, 1880). CEYLON: (AMNH). SOLOMON ISLANDS: Marau Sound, Guadalcanal (USNM; DMNH; Deynzer coll.; Cernohorsky coll.); Ataa I., Malaita I. (Clover coll.). FIJI IS- LANDS: Bay of Islands, Suva Harbour, S. Viti Levu, 8 faths. (Cernohorsky coll.); Wadigi I., Mamanuca group (Jennings coll.); Yewalu reef, 7 mi. W. of Lautoka, W. Viti Levu (Jameson coll.; Cernohorsky coll.). TONGA ISLANDS: Nuku'alofa, Tongatapu I. (Cernohorsky coll.). SAMOA ISLANDS: (Powell coll.). PHOENIX ISLANDS: Hull Island (USNM). Mitra nubila subspecies lamarckii Deshayes, 1832 (Color pl. 253; pl. 266, figs. 9, 10) Range—Hawaiian Islands. Remarks—The subspecies is similar in form and size to the Indo-Pacific M. nubila nubila and differs primarily in colour ornamentation and generally weaker spiral sculpture. The ornamen- tation is less clouded in the subspecies lamarckii and usually consists of a single spiral row of mod- erately large, rectangular, dark brown spots at the suture of the body whorl, followed by a plain area and then by about 4 spiral rows of smaller spots towards the lower centre and a few solitary spots near the anterior. The spiral bands, axial stripes and small white flakes, usually encountered in the various colour forms of M. nubila nubila, are ab- sent in the subspecies lamarckii. The shell sur- face is more shining and the spiral striae are finer and less deep than in the nominate subspecies. M. nubila lamarckii is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands but is rarely collected alive. It is generally procured by SCUBA-divers at depth ranging from 6-10 fathoms, on a sand and coral-rubble sub- stratum. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~~ width aperture 70.0 — = Type figure of lamarckii 52.3 17.0 26.6 Kawaihae Harbor, Oahu I. 47.5 L725 23.8 Niihau Island 40.0 14.0 19.0 Kewalo, Honolulu 23.0 8.2 13.0 Honolulu Harbor Synonymy— 1832 Mitra lamarckii Deshayes, Encycl. Meth. Hist. Nat. vers, vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 448 (no locality given); 1844 Deshayes & Edwards, Hist. nat. anim. sans vertebres, ed. 2, vol. 10, p. 342; 1844 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 4, sp. 22; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 3, pl. 5, fig. 58; 1923 Mant, Nautilus, vol. 36, p. 122; 1952 Tinker, Pacific Sea Shells, p. 64, plate facing page, lower row, centre figure. 1964 Mitra nebulosa Swainson, Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News, vol. 12, no. 8, p. 1, figs. 1, 2; 1969 Anonymous, Hawaiian Shell News, vol. 17, no. 12, p. 6, 2 figs (non M. nebulosa Broderip, 1836). Types—The type of M. nubila lamarckii De- shayes, is not in the Ecole des Mines, Paris, and its whereabouts are unknown. No locality was given by Deshayes or by subsequent 19th century au- thors. The species was first reported by C. Mant (1923), from dredgings at Kewalo Harbour, Hono- lulu, Oahu, and this correct locality indication is designated as the type locality for M. nubila lamarckii. Nomenclature The subspecies lamarckii has [19-461] 316 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae 20° NICOBAR |; 16. ° + CEYLON q MALDIVE » \ 1s °; dex | Yessy °° ra) T ———_—__—_—___— q 0 SeTCHELTeS NG NUBILA NUBILA] }: x CHagos - COCO6 - KEELING 20° Plate 267. Geographical distribution of Mitra nubila nubila (Gmelin) and its subspecies, M. nubila lamarckii Deshayes. been either compared or confused with the species M. cardinalis (Gmelin), by Tryon, Kiener and other authors. The close relationship with M. nubila has been first recognized by Ostergaard (1935). The specimen figured as M. lamarckii by Kiener (1838), is not this species but a colour form of M. cardinalis (Gmelin). The best coloured fig- ures of M. nubila lamarckii are those by Sowerby (1874). Records—HAWAIIAN ISLANDS: Honolulu, Oahu, dredger dump (USNM); Pearl Harbor, Oahu (DMNH); Kewalo Harbor, Honolulu, Oahu (Powell coll.); Paumaluu, Oahu (Deynzer coll.); Moanalua Bay, Oahu, 10 faths. (Clover coll.): Makua, Oahu (DMNH); Kawaihae Harbor, Oahu, 10 faths. (Weaver, 1964); Rabbits I., E. coast Oahu, 7 faths. (Schoenberg coll.) Niihau Island (AIM: Powell coll.). Mitra rossiae Reeve, 1844 (Pl. 268) Range lands. Mauritius and Cargados-Carajos Is- Remarks—This rare Mitra species appears to have a restricted distribution in the Indian Ocean. Apart from Reeve’s 3 syntypes, we have seen only one other specimen, and all specimens examined were in comparatively poor condition. Nothing is known about the species habitat or anatomy. Description—Shell up to 54 mm (about 2 inches) in length, elongate-ovate, rather solid. Whorls 7-8 apart from protoconch, spire whorls slightly convex, sutures distinct. Sculptured with punctate spiral striae which number from 5-6 on the penultimate and from 15-18 on the body whorl. Some adult specimens are axially striate g - e * Iw o Moreus "VW FORMOSA i ites ~ aaieancal oP midwoy » Zeal Hermes Oka ix BONIN Oke Wel 2:97 ‘ is NUBILA LAMARCKII|. &%&% 7S. MARIANA alee 2 1s se #< : ms ‘ Soipen ow, PHILIPPINE “w& ¢ iS ~ - Johnstons | oot i * Guar | OY cot? ‘~ @ Eniwetok oi 8 MARSHALL IS, y Uithi | ae | mee te ‘ i + Wot/e F Rye 4 ee . cee 1 Mapero Polmyra CAROLINE wus! | < 7 © SS Christme. | i es o @ oroeixis ape one » TOKELAU IS ‘s Cc fo} cy, lari : fr cook Sed eee 4UStp, Plate 268. Mitra (Mitra) rossiae Reeve. Figs. 1, 2. Lectotype of M. rossiae Reeve; immature speci- men (BM (NH) 1967862; 53.4 x 19.8 mm) [photo courtesy of J. Taylor, BM (NH)]. Fig. 3. Syntype of M. rossiae Reeve BM (NH) 1967862; 48.4 x 19.2 mm). Figs. 4, 5. Specimen from Mauritius (AMNH 47356; 49.2 x 19.0 mm). [19-462] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 317 and spiral punctures become longitudinally oriented lirae which are usually most prominent near the sutures. Aperture longer than the spire, moderately narrow, smooth within; outer lip thickened and smooth, ornamented with 15-16 small, brown spots or short streaks. Columella cal- loused and with 4 or 5 oblique folds and a promi- nent dark brown stain on the anterior of the siphonal fasciole; siphonal canal straight, some- what calloused, siphonal notch distinct. White or cream in colour, ornamented with reddish brown spiral lines and short, irregularly spaced axial lines in between spirals; a row of small brown spots is visible near the sutures, and in some specimens there is an additional row of widely spaced, quadrate and slightly larger spots on the centre of the body whorl. Aperture white, lower part of columella and siphonal fasciole dark reddish-brown. Measurements (mm)— height of length = width aperture 53.4 19.8 32.0 Lectotype of rossiae 49.2 19.0 31.0 Mauritius 48.4 19.2 oy a Syntype of rossiae Bi3 13.5 21.8 Syntype of rossiae (juvenile) Synonymy— 1824 Mitra tessellata Swainson, Quart. Journal Science. Arts, vol. 17, pt. 33, p. 34 (no locality given); 1829 Swainson, Zoological Illustrations, ser. 2, vol. 1, pl. 5, fig. 2 (size c. 44.5 mm) [non Lamarck, 1811]. 1838 Mitra ornata Schubert & Wagner, Kiener, Species gen- eral iconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 41, pl. 3, fig. 8 (no locality given) [non Schubert & Wagner, 1829]. 1844 Mitra rossiae Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 25, fig. 198 (no locality given); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 3, pl. 8, fig. 113 (Mauritius); 1880 von Martens, Beitr. Meeresfauna Mauritius & Seychellen, p. 249; 1937 Viader, Mauritius Institute Bull., vol. 1, p. 22. Types—The designated lectotype and 2 syn- types of M. rossiae Reeve, are in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967862. The type of M. tessel- lata Swainson, originally in the Mawe collection, is lost, while the type of M. ornata Kiener, has been merged with specimens from the de Lessert collection in the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneva. The first correct locality indication of Mauritius by Sowerby (1874) is designated as the type locality of M. rossiae. Nomenclature—Mitra tessellata Swainson, is not pre-occupied by M. tessellata Martyn, a re- jected non-binomial name, but by M. tessellata Lamarck, 1811, a name published in synonymy of M. granulosa Lamarck, and made available through usage by subsequent authors. M. rossiae has been proposed in lieu for Kiener’s M. ornata, which is not the species described and illustrated by Schubert & Wagner, 1829. Records—MAURITIUS: (AMNH; Sowerby, 1874; von Mar- tens, 1880; Viader, 1937). CARGADOS-CARAJOS ISLANDS: (von Martens, 1880). Mitra ambigua Swainson, 1829 (Color pl. 255, figs. 1, 2; pl. 269, fig. 1) Range—East Africa to Polynesia; also Pliocene of Indonesia. Habitat—On coral reefs, under rocks and coral, generally on a hard reef substratum, within the intertidal zone. ® La Plate 269. Mitra (Mitra) ambigua Swainson (Fig. 1) M. (M.) coffea Schubert and Wagner (Figs. 2-4). Fig. 1. Type figure of M. ambigua Swainson (from Swainson, 1829, pl. 30, fig. 2). Fig. 2. Lectotype figure of M. coffea Schubert and Wagner (from Schubert and Wagner, 1829, pl. 225, fig. 3097). Fig. 3. Type figure of M. fulva Swainson (from Swainson, 1829, pl. 30, fig. 1). Fig. 4. Holotype of M. thaanumiana Pilsbry from Hilo, Hawaiian Ids. (ANSP 46810; 51.7 x 19.0 mm). [19-463] 318 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae _—— r la T T- — 7 4 2 (> | i) Seg Casi | nan | t | : } “eS h pidway Paarl f Hare < | | \ on hggre f BONIN ‘ Hawa, =f 9g, . s \ two dime Mercus, aN Pigg 2a 2 ees Sot 1,2 oe me! ee oe WORE ORR AV formosa Fotaafy ati oe Ae soe Ne. ee i) cl ia eee aed . | s es . : _ - = asl Oahu Sy 20°} —— Plate 270. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Mitra) ambigua Swainson. Description—Shell up to 70 mm (about 3 inches) in length, elongate-ovate, solid and heavy. Whorls 7-9, apart from white and usually eroded nuclear whorls; spire whorls flat-sided, sutures distinct. Post-nuclear whorls sculptured with 4 or 5 spiral cords, cords becoming less prominent on the last 2 whorls where they are replaced by 5-8 punctate spiral grooves on the penultimate and 25-35 grooves on the body whorl. Whorls lon- gitudinally striate, striae sometimes fine and ob- solete and producing minute crenations at the su- tures. Aperture moderately narrow, longer than the spire, smooth within; outer lip fairly straight, slightly constricted centrally, thickened and sculptured with close-set and usually rounded nodules. Columella covered with a thin and glazed callus, and with 5 or 6 close-set and oblique, whitish folds; siphonal canal straight, siphonal fasciole with about a dozen oblique cords, siphonal notch shallow. Dark brown or tan in colour, ornamented with a moderately narrow, white or cream-coloured subsutural band, and small white spots scattered on the lower half of the body whorl; interior of aperture fulvous-brown, siphonal canal occasionally stained purplish grey anteriorly. Periostracum brown and moderately thin. Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 69.0 25.0 40.7 Manava I., Fiji Ids. 62.0 21.0 34.5 Samoa Ids. 53.0 19.2 30.5 Zanzibar 39.4 15.4 24.6 Luzon, Philippines Synonymy— 1786 Mitra limosa Martyn, Universal Conchologist, vol. 3, pl. 105, top figure (non binomial). 1829 Mitra ambigua Swainson, Zoological Illustrations, ser. 2, vol. 1, pl. 30, fig. 2 (as ambigna in text) [no locality given]; 1844 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 2, figs. 8a, b (Ticao I., Philippine I.); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 19, pl. 1, fig. 5, & pl. 11, fig. 70; 1880 von Martens, Beitr. Meeresfauna Mauritius & Seychellen, p. 250; 1936 Hirase, Coll. Japanese Shells, p. 70, pl. 101, fig. 4; 1954 Kira, Colored Ilust. Shells Japan, vol. 1, p. 68, pl. 34, fig. 11; 1962 J. Cate Veliger, vol. 4, p. 142; 1965 Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 81, pl. 13, figs. 4, 4a. 1905 Mitra limosa Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, vol. 29, p. 431 (refers to Martyn, 1786, vol. 3, pl. 105, upper figures); 1907 Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, vol. 33, p. 189. 1935 Mitra (Nebularia) limosa var. ambigua Swainson, Daut- zenberg, Mem. Mus. Roy. d’Hist. Nat. Belg., vol. 2, p. 73; 1950 Beets, Leidsche geol. Meded., vol. 15, p. 310. Types—The type of M. ambigua Swainson, has been merged with the general collection in the Manchester Museum, England, and cannot be segregated. The species was described from un- known locality, and Reeve’s first correct locality indication of Ticao Island, Philippine Islands, is designated as the type locality. Records—EAST AFRICA: Mogadiscio, Somalia (USNM); ZANZIBAR: (AMNH); Chukwani (Cernohorsky coll.). SOUTH AFRICA: Durban, Natal (Steiner coll.). INDIAN OCEAN ISLANDS: Ambatoloaka, Madagascar (AMNH); Nossi-Bé, Madagascar (DMNH; Clover coll.); seaward reef at South I., Cocos-Keeling Ids. (Orr-Maes, 1967). INDONESIA: Sim Sim, Sandakan, N. Borneo (USNM). PHILIPPINE IS- LANDS: Boac, Marinduque (Deynzer coll.); Davao Bay, Min- danao; Manila Bay, Luzon (both USNM); Zambales, Luzon (Cernohorsky coll.); Ticao Island (AMNH). RYUKYU IS- LANDS: Shuri, Okinawa I. (USNM). NEW GUINEA: Port Moresby (Hinton coll.); Milne Bay (USNM). AUSTRALIA: Pearl reef, Gt. Barrier reef, Queensland (Ashton coll.). NEW HEBRIDES: Port Havannah, N. Efate I. (Debant coll.). FIJI ISLANDS: Manava I., N. Viti Levu (Cernohorsky coll.); Leleuvia I. near Ovalau I. (Miller coll.) SAMOA ISLANDS: (Powell coll.); Asau, Savaii I. (Steiner coll.). SOCIETY IS- LANDS: Flint Island, off Tahiti (USNM). Fossil records—PLIOCENE: Sekoerau, Borneo, Indonesia (Beets, 1950). [19-464] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 319 80° soo" + 160° 180° 160° 140° T T oft wiengan A Da ‘7 THAGOS oe, 1S : | Plate 271. Geographical distribution of the species Mitra (Mitra) coffea Schubert and Wagner and M. (M.) fasciolaris Deshayes in Laborde and Linant. Mitra coffea Schubert and Wagner, 1829 (Color pl. 255, figs. 3, 4, pl. 269, figs. 2-4) Range—Madagascar to Polynesia and the Hawaiian Islands. Remarks—This species is superticially similar to M. ambigua but differs in the following fea- tures: itis slightly smaller, usually only 40-60 mm (about 14-24% inches) in length, whorls are less numerous and number only 5-6 apart from the protoconch. The shell is broader and less fusiform, the last whorl is distinctly ventricose and convex and the concave constriction is lower in M. coffea than in M. ambigua. The denticles on the outer lip are not only less numerous but are more distant and elongated and placed obliquely or at right angles to the axis of the outer lip. The spiral rows of punctures are more shallow and the shell has a smoother appearance. The columellar folds number from 5-7 and are close-set, oblique and white in colour. The exterior colour is uni- formly dark chocolate-brown and only rarely cana faint subsutural band be seen; only a few indi- viduals show the same small, white scattered spots on the lower half of the last whorl. The interior of the aperture is a deep chocolate-brown and the denticles on the outer lip are off-white in colour. M. coffea is slightly less uncommon than M. ambigua and its distribution extends to the Hawaiian Islands where M. ambigua does not occur. Habitat—On coral reefs, under rocks and in coral crevices, from the intertidal zone to a depth of 14 fathoms. In the Hawaiian nage the species is generally found at depth from 2-3 fathoms. ; 8. - Johnston : Sopon | ngs ioe PHILIBPINE 6 H 3 Ll . 2s eo... 7 i, fajuro f , an =e eit cael Shan emma! (etree nya een Siiece teers Seer — S MARIANA Woke “oe * PHOENIX 15, TOKELAU IS, {> MARQUESAS IS. | , x. > oC OTY aac i “ Y ARCH ® | | e So¢ rohit «2 24-9 fs TONGA coef © 5 _— a os = “= ' Pitcairn Measurements (mm)— height of length = width aperture 53.0 215 30.6 off Lautoka, Fiji Ids. 51.7 19.0 26.0 Holotype of thaanumiana 44.0 18.0 26.0 Niue Island, Polynesia 34.0 15.0 21.0 Efate I., New Hebrides Synonymy— 1829 Mitra coffea Schubert & Wagner, Syst. Conchylien- Cabinet, vol. 12, p. 83, pl. 225, figs. 3096, 3097 (here desig- nated as the lectotype) [no locality given]; 1935 Dautzen- berg, Mem. Mus. Roy. d’Hist. Nat. Belg., vol. 2, p. 67; 1952 Kuroda & Habe, Check List Recent Marine Moll. Japan, p. 66; 1954 Kira, Colored Illust. Shells Japan, vol. 1, p. 68, oe 34, fig. 12; 1962 J. Cate, Veliger, vol. 4, p. 142, pl. 33, fig. 2 (figured lectotype of M. thaanumiana Pilsbry); 1965 Cer- nohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 84, pl. 14, fig. 12; 1970 Cer- nohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 11, fig. 24 (radula). 1829 Mitra fulva Swainson, Zoological Illustrations, ser. 2, vol. 1, pl. 30, fig. 1 (as M. adusta on plate explanations) [Ile de France = Mauritius]; 1844 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 4, tig. 24 & pl. 6, fig. 24b; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 20, pl. 14, fig. 241 & pl. 27, fig. 615. 1838 Mitra ambigua Swainson, ee Species général iconographie coquilles vivantes, ie , p. 40, 6, fig. 16; 1952 Tinker, Pacific Sea Shells, p. 64, plate facing page, figures in middle row; 1969 aaa Bull. Nat. Sci. Museum, vol. 12, p. 786, pl. 2, fig. 34 (Late Pleistocene of Hawaii) [non M. ambigua Swainson, 1829]. 1844 Mitra attenuata Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 6, fig. 45 (no locality given). 1845 Mitra fulva var. Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, Errata in Index (for pl. 6, fig. 45). 1868 Mitra barclyi Robillard, Trans. Roy. Soc. Sci. Arts Mauritius, vol. 3, p. 106 (Barkly I., Mauritius); 1870 von Martens, Zoological Record, vol. 6, p. 541 (synonymized with M. coffea Schubert & Wagner). 1921 Mitra thaanumiana Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 72, p. 313, pl. 12, fig. 21 (Hilo, Hawaii). 1935 Mitra (Nebularia) limosa var. brevis Dautzenberg, Mem. Mus. Roy. d Hist. Nat. Belg., vol. 2, p. 74 (substitute name for M. attenuata Reeve, 1844) [non M. brevis Bellardi, 1887]. Types—The type of M. coffea Schubert & Wagner, is not in the Zoological Museum in Copenhagen, and Schubert & Wagner's figures 3096 and 3097 on plate 225 are designated as the lectotype of M. coffea. The type of M. fulva [19-465] 320 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Swainson, has been merged with the general col- lection in the Manchester Museum, England, and the type of M. attenuata Reeve (=M. brevis Dautzenberg) is in the Cuming general collection in the British Museum (NH). The type of M. barclyi Robillard, could not be located; the holotype of M. thaanumiana Pilsbry, is in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, no. 46810. The species was described from unknown locality, and Swainson’s locality indication of Mauritius for M. fulva is designated as the type locality of M. coffea. Nomenclature—Schubert & Wagner's 12th vol- ume of the “Neues systematisches Conchylien- Cabinet” and plate 30 in Swainson’s “Zoological Illustrations” have both been published in 1829 without an indication of either the day or month of the year. According to the Code of ICZN, both works are deemed to have been published on the 3lst December 1829. Dautzenberg (1935) synonymized M. fulva Swainson with M. coffea Schubert & Wagner, and adopted the latter taxon for the species under discussion. Following Reeve, and Garrett (1880), I consider M. attenuata Reeve a squat form of M. coffea and not a synonym of M. ambigua. Records—IN DIAN OCEAN ISLANDS: Mauritius (USNM); Reunion Island (Deshayes, 1863); Nossi-Bé Madagascar (DMNH). PAKISTAN: Karachi (DMNH). PHILIPPINE IS- LANDS: Calbayug, Samar (Steiner coll.); Boac, Marinduque (Lumawig coll.). RYUKYU ISLANDS: Bolo reef, NW Nakagami-Gun; Osumi, Oshima (both USNM). MARSHALL ISLANDS: Engebi I., Eniwetok Atoll; Bikini Island; Burok, Rongelap I.; N. side of passage of Bok I., Ujae Atoll; S. of Jabor, Plate 272. Mitra (Mitra) fasciolaris Deshayes in Laborde and Linant. Fig. 1. Lectotype of M. arabica Dohrn from the Red Sea (BM (NH) 1966671; 21.3 x 7.7 mm). Fig. 2. Syntype of M. arabica Dohrn(BM (NH) 1966671; 18.8 x 6.8 mm). Jaluit Atoll (all USNM). AUSTRALIA: 14 mi. SW of Eag- lehawk I., Dampier Archipelago, W. Australia, 14 faths. (WAM). SOLOMON ISLANDS: Russell Island (AIM). NEW HEBRIDES: Atchin I., Malekula I. (USNM); Efate and Aneityum I. (DMNH); Erakor lagoon, Efate I. (Dale coll.); Vanua Lava, Banks group (Powell coll.). WALLIS & FUTUNA ISLANDS: E of Nukuhifala, Wallis I. (USNM). FIJI IS- LANDS: 4 mi. off Lautoka, W. Viti Levu (Cernohorsky coll.); Wadigi I., Mamanuca group (Jennings coll.). CAROLINE IS- LANDS: Losap I., Matlocks (DMNH). TONGA ISLANDS: Nuku'alofa, Tongatabu I. (Gay coll.). SAMOA ISLANDS: Tutuila I.; Fangaitua, Tutuila I.; Ofu I., Manua group; Falealupo, Savaii I. (all USNM). NIUE ISLAND: (Cer- nohorsky coll.); Alofi (USNM). COOK ISLANDS: Palmerston Atoll (Steiner coll.); Bird I., Palmerston Atoll; Mangaia Island; Mauke Island; between Angari and Ee, Aitutaki I. (all USNM). AUSTRAL ISLANDS: Rimatara, Tubuai I. (USNM). SOCI- ETY ISLANDS: NW side of Motu Iriru, Raiatea I.; Taone reef, Tahiti (both USNM):; Boroboro (DMNH) TUAMOTHU IS- LANDS: Tikahau, Matiti I. (USNM). MIDWAY ISLAND: (USNM). HAWAITAN ISLANDS: Keaukaha, Hilo (USNM): off Waikiki, Oahu (BPBM); Alamoana Reef, Oahu I. (DMNH); Kahala, Oahu I., 3 faths. (DMNH). Fossil records—LATE PLEISTOCENE: Wailupe Point and Mokapu Peninsula, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands (Kosuge, 1969— as M. ambigua Swainson). Mitra fasciolaris Deshayes in Laborde & Linant, 1834 (Color pl. 255, figs. 12, 13, pl. 272) Range—Red Sea. Remarks—This species, which has the appear- ance of a miniature M. ambigua Swainson, is en- demic to the Red Sea region. Habitat—Intertidal. Description—Shell up to 30 mm (about 1% inches) in length, elongate-ovate, sutures moder- ately canaliculate and minutely crenulate. Whorls 6-7, apart from protoconch, spire whorls flat-sided or slightly convex. Postnuclear whorls sculptured with 5 or 6 spiral cords, penultimate whorl with 7-8 punctate grooves and last whorl with 5-13 grooves and 7-10 oblique cords towards the base. In some individuals the punctate spiral grooves become obsolete on the centre of the body whorl. Aperture equal in height or slightly longer than the spire, narrow, slightly widening anteriorly, smooth and bluish-white within. Parietal wall brown, anterior of columella calloused and with 4 or 5 small, oblique folds; labial lip moderately thickened, minutely crenulate at the margin, siphonal canal straight, siphonal notch distinct. Brown in colour, ornamented with a narrow or very broad, white or yellow presutural transverse band on all whorls, and small white spots scat- tered over the last whorl. Periostracum thin and light brown. [19-466] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 32] Measurements (mm)— height of length = width aperture 27.6 10.1 13:7 Eilat, Gulf of Aqaba 22.6 8.4 1235 Eilat, Gulf of Aqaba 21.3 led 12 Lectotype of arabica 18.8 6.8 10.0 Syntype of arabica Synonymy— 1834 Mitra fasciolaris Deshayes in Laborde & Linant, Voyage de L’Arabie Petrée, p. 66, figs. 18, 19 (Red Sea); 1928 Tomlin & Salisbury, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vol. 18, p. 33. 1861 Mitra arabica Dohrn, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 206, pl. 26, fig. 4 (Red Sea); 1869 Issell, Malac. Mar. Rosso ric. zool. paleont., p. 265; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 21, pl. 2], fig. 433. 1882 Mitra maculosa Reeve, Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 155, pl. 45, fig. 328 (non Reeve, 1844). Types—The whereabouts of the type of M. fas- ciolaris are unknown. The designated lectotype and one syntype of M. arabica Dohrn, are in the British Museum (NH) no. 1966671. The type lo- cality of M. fasciolaris is Red Sea. Records—RED SEA: Eilat, Gulf of Aqaba (K. Haime coll.; Clover coll.; Deynzer coll.; Cernohorsky coll.); Massawa (Jic- keli, 1874). Mitra imperialis Roding, 1798 (Color pl. 255, figs. 15, 16) Range—Red Sea to East Africa and to western Polynesia. Habitat—On coral reefs, under rocks and coral and on a coral-rubble substratum, from the inter- tidal zone to a depth of 50 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 60 mm (about 2% inches) in length, elongate-ovate, thick and solid, body whorl plump, sutures distinct and or- namented with small white nodules. Whorls 5-6 apart from a worn and white protoconch, postnu- clear whorls sculptured with 5 or 6 spiral cords, penultimate whorl with 5-9 deeply punctate spiral grooves, body whorl with 15-20 grooves and 6 or 7 oblique cords at the base. The spiral grooves are bisected by longitudinal threads which become obsolete on the lower half of the body whorl; the deep pits are situated in between the bisecting axials and spirals. Aperture longer than the spire, widening anteriorly, smooth and orange-brown within; labial lip thickened and sculptured with small and sharp denticles at the margin. Col- umella fawn or flesh-coloured and with 5 or 6 oblique and regular folds, siphonal canal short and straight or slightly recurved, siphonal notch distinct. Variable in colour, generally tan or dark brown, irregularly maculated with large and mi- nute white blotches and spots; a broad brown band is situated at the lower third of the body whorl. Periostracum moderately translucent and brown in colour. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~— width aperture 50.6 20.4 29.0 Lectotype of millepora 49.0 18.5 27.8 Manava I., Fiji Ids. 40.0 16.8 24.8 Guadalcanal, Solomon Ids. Synonymy— 1789 Mitra imperialis Roding, Museum Boltenianum, p. 135 (refers to Chemnitz, vol. 10, pl. 151, figs. 1432, 1433) [no locality given]; 1965 Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 90, pl. 14, fig. 11; 1967 Orr-Maes, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel- phia, vol. 19, p. 138, pl. 13, fig. I; 1970 Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 11, fig. 23 (radula). 1807 Voluta digitalis Link, Beschr. Nat.-Samml. Univ. Ros- tock, p. 127 (refers to Chemnitz, vol. 10, pl. 151, figs. 1432, 1433); 1817 Dillwyn, Descr. Cat. Recent Shells, vol. 1, p. 559. 1811 Mitra millepora Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 17, p. 198 (Indian Ocean); 1838 Kiener, Spécies général iconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 11, pl. 7, fig. 19; 1969 Cermohorsky, Revue Suisse Zoologie, vol. 76, p. 956, pl. 1, fig. 3 (figured lectotype). 1817 Voluta cribum Dillwyn, Descr. cat. Recent Shells, vol. 1, p. 559 (in synonymy of Voluta digitalis Dillwyn). 1844 Mitra digitalis Chemnitz, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 3, fig. 21; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 20, pl. 13, fig. 207. 1939 Mitra (Nebularia) koolhoveni Oostingh, Ingen. Nederl.- Indie, vol. 6, p. 46, pl. 11, figs. 198a, b (Bantam, Java; Pliocene). 1957 Scabricola(Chrysame) pertusa (Linne), Demond, Pacific Science, vol. 11, p. 324, fig. 36 (non Voluta pertusa Lin- naeus, 1758). 1957 Chrysame pertusa Linné, Kaicher, Indo-Pacific Sea Shells, sect. 6, pl. 1, fig. 26 (non Voluta pertusa Linnaeus, 1758). Types—tThe type of M. imperialis Roding, may be among Chemnitz’s unsorted type material at the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen. The types of M. millepora Lamarck, are in the Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, no. 1102/44/2-3. No locality was given by Roding, but the figured specimen referred to by Ré6ding came from the East Indies according to Chemnitz, and Sumatra, Indonesia is designated as the type locality. Nomenclature—Chemnitz (1788) considered Voluta digitalis to be the same species as the Linnaean V. pertusa, but subsequent authors adopted Mitra digitalis for the species, in view of the uncertain identity of the Linnaean taxon. Vol- uta pertusa Linnaeus, has been conveniently dis- posed of in a recent suppression by the Interna- tional Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. [19-467] 322 =Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae I rechyo | | | p buon 7 BOMIN f Mawar), ; . joe ie Moreus Seen ols TTS poo" Se ”~O«d|s”t”t«CORE FORMOSA) 7, oi pa eae ae (a Gy |e ee Ss . 3 ‘i | Oahu 20° 2 epee gee | 24 y Ie : it SET N i ie Weke Hawai | & } 1s aa ee - Johnshorr : ‘ Sowpon . yt f—AWDARIAN ry 23, PHILIPPINE feu oe a o ® wf i ay 1s i Eniwetok “-@ S RSHALL 1S. i B (AE Yop thy [ } cs H NICOBAR 4; yt ¢ Polou 4 @ seg ct eo ‘ Le “~€ fe i} * ‘6. ° 7 50 A “OG eatate * Me Palmyra : CEYLON (sg CAROLINE “as! ke or MALDIVE 2 / 4 | e ‘Helen RE e fake % . °° es “aves : a (ieee A J © SChristmes IMPERIALIS| * ; s oN. $ CHAGOS |” | s' ee | JOENIX 15 is 5 "a , " “ees! * . Nokevau is : 4 . D : : ee ae. : i ir > ee es | : I", p : ny * NEW : a bo OD. icine g@ fe sceud Z Ee * #e ‘ J | 90K" ae | Me sf le FAL is. pine a or + 20°} ——— 1 = = —— Keo "QS e@ i oe 1s | | news TONGAT cook : eee cata ae ~ aes ee ee ee a ee ee ~-tAx}- YT ee ee ee ee ey) ter- oo hy ST Ray | Norfolk Plate 273. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Mitra) im- perialis Roding. Records—RED SEA: Gulf of Aqaba (Hadar coll.). EAST AFRICA: Twiga Beach hotel, 16 mi. S. of Mombasa, Kenya (Steiner coll.); Mocambique, Mozambique (USNM). ZAN- ZIBAR: Jembiani, S. of Paje (Powell coll.). INDIAN OCEAN ISLANDS: Port Blair, Andaman I. (Steiner coll.); Pass S. of Direction I., Cocos-Keeling I. (Orr-Maes, 1967). IN- DONESIA: Pulau Stupai, Mentawai I., SW Sumatra (USNM). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Tilig, Lubang I.; Lampinegan, off Basilan; Brookes Point, Palawan I. (all USNM); Calapan, Min- doro (AMNH). FORMOSA: SW Taiwan, 100 m (Steiner coll.). RYUKYU ISLANDS: Osima, Osumi; Shuri, Kiusiu I., Okinawa; Nakadomari, Okinawa (all USNM). MARIANAS: Mang Island (USNM). CAROLINE ISLANDS: Ulithi Atoll (USNM). MARSHALL ISLANDS: Arno Atoll; Engebi L., Eniwetok Atoll (both USNM). NEW GUINEA: Aramot Island (Hinton coll.); Port Moresby (Kleckham coll.). SOLOMON ISLANDS: Marau Sound, Guadalcanal (Gower coll.; Cer- nohorsky coll.). NEW HEBRIDES: Atchin Island; Espiritu Santo Island (both USNM): Pango Point, Efate I.; Bushmen’s Bay, Malekula I. (both AIM); Teuma Bay, Efate I. (Debant coll.). CAROLINE ISLANDS: Mortlocks (DMNH) GILBERT ISLANDS: Bikenibeu, Tarawa I. (Cernohorsky coll.). WAL- LIS & FUTUNA ISLANDS: E. end of Nukuhifala, Wallis I. (USNM). FIJI ISLANDS: Manava I., N. Viti Levu; Mana I., Mamanuca group (both Cernohorsky coll.). TONGA IS- LANDS: Nukwalofa, Tongatabu I. (Gay coll.). SAMOA IS- LANDS: Tutuila Island (USNM); Fagali’i, Upolu I. (Powell coll.); Mulinu, W. of Apia(Cernohorsky coll.). NIUE ISLAND: (McDowall coll.). Fossil record—PLIOCENE: Tjiidjow, Bantam, Java, In- donesia (Oostingh, 1939). Mitra incompta (Lightfoot, 1786) (Color pl. 253, fig. 11; pl. 274) Range—East Africa to Polynesia and the Hawaiian Islands. Remarks—This species is superficially similar to M. eremitarum Roding, but the spire is longer and the aperture appreciably shorter, and the sculpture coarser. Habitat—The species is moderately rare throughout its distributional range; it lives on a hard reef and coral-rubble substratum, from the intertidal zone to a depth of 20 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 112 mm (about 4% inches) in length, fusiformly-elongate, solid and heavy, sutures distinct and minutely crenulate. Nuclear whorls eroded, postnuclear whorls 7-8, spire whorls flat-sided or slightly convex, sculptured with very irregular, slender and crowded axial ribs which are rendered nodulose through bisecting, pitted spiral grooves which number from 6-9 on the penultimate whorl; on the body whorl the spiral grooves become spiral cords towards the base. In some specimens the axial sculpture is subdued. Aperture moderately nar- row, shorter than the spire, smooth within; outer Plate 274. Mitra (Mitra) incompta (Lightfoot). Fig. 1. Lectotype figure of M. incompta (Lightfoot) from the South Seas (from Martyn, 1784, pl. 19). Fig. 2. Holotype of M. terebralis Lamarck; immature speci- men (MHNG 1102/48/2; 80.9 x 24.0 mm). Fig. 3. Specimen from Zanzibar, East Africa (AWBP coll.; 86.5 x 23.5 mm). [19-468] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra B20 lip straight, angulate basally, thickened in adult specimens and finely crenulate at the margin. Columella only superficially glazed and with 5 oblique folds; siphonal canal straight or slightly recurved, siphonal notch distinct, siphonal fas- ciole thickened and corded. Cream in colour, or- namented with dark brown axial stripes which are interrupted by a broad zone on the body whorl, aperture cream to golden-yellow, crenulations on margin of outer lip brown, columella cream. The colour pattern is obscured by a brown and moder- ately opaque periostracum. Measurements (mm)— height of length = width aperture 112.0 — — Zanzibar 96.0 26.7 44.4 Siasi, Philippines 82.0 22.0 34.6 Oahu, Hawaiian Ids. 80.9 24.0 34.9 Holotype of terebralis 55.0 16.4 24.7 Oahu, Hawaiian Ids. Synonymy— 1784 Mitra tessellata Martyn, Universal Conchologist, vol. 1, pl. 19 (non binomial). 1786 Voluta incompta Lighttoot, Catalogue Portland Museum, p. 96, no. 2116 (refers to Martyn, vol. 1, fig. 19) [South Seas]; 1916 Iredale, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vol. 12, p. 91. 1791 Voluta vulpecula var. b Gmelin, Systema Naturae, ed. 13, p. 3451 (refers to Martyn, vol. 1, pl. 19) [non Linnaeus, 1758]. 1811 Mitra terebralis Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 17, p. 201 (no locality given); 1838 Kiener, Species général iconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 23, pl. 8, fig. 21; 1844 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 2, fig. 11; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 7, pl. 7, fig. 94; 1967 Rehder. Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, vol. 121, p. 17; 1969 Cernohorsky, Revue Suisse Zoologie, vol. 76, p. 958, pl. 1, fig. 6 (figured holotype). 1844 Mitra tessellata Martyn, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 2, fig. 10; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 7, pl. 7, tig. 97; 1967 J. Cate, Veliger, vol. 10, p. 193, pl. 19, fig. 4 (shell), textfig. 4 (radula). 1850 Mitra reevei Philippi, Zeit, f. Malakozoologie, vol. 7, p. 23 (substitute name for M. terebralis Reeve, 1844) [Zanzibar]. 1961 Mitra incompta Lightfoot, J. Cate, Hawaiian Shell News, vol. 9, no. 9, p. 3; 1961 Editor, Hawaiian Shell News, vol. 9, no. 12, textfig.; 1961 J. Cate, Veliger, vol. 4, p. 51; 1970 Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 11, fig. 22 (radula). Types—tThe type of M. incompta Lightfoot, was in the collection of the Duchess of Portland and has been sold at auction. We therefore designate the two figures on plate 19 in vol. 1 of Martyn’s “Universal Conchologist” as the lectotype of Mitra incompta (Lightfoot). The holotype of M. terebralis Lamarck, is in the Museum d Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, no. 1102/48/2; the type of M. reevei Philippi, has probably been sold at auction of the Norris collection. The original locality indi- cation is “South Seas” and we further restrict the type locality to Tutuila Island, Samoa Islands (specimen in USNM). Nomenclature—The usage of the taxon Mitra tessellata Martyn, persisted until 1958, when Martyn’s work “The Universal Conchologist” was placed on the Official Index of rejected and in- valid works in Zoological Nomenclature. After that date the species has to be M. incompta, its senior synonym, and not M. terebralis which is a junior synonym. Records—EAST AFRICA: Ras Kankadya and Sinda (Spry, 1961, Tanganyika Notes & Record, no. 56, p. 25). ZANZIBAR: (USNM; DMNH,; Powell coll.); Noongar reef (AMNH). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Luzon (AMNH): Siasi, Sulu (Powell coll.). MARIANAS: Agana Bay, Guam I. (BPBM). CAROLINE ISLANDS: Losap Atoll (BPBM). MARSHALL ISLANDS: Uterik Atoll; Ailuk Atoll (both USNM). NEW GUINEA: Losuia, Milne Bay (Kleckham coll.). AUSTRALIA: Hook I., Whitsunday Passage, Queensland (AMNH). NEW HEB- RIDES: Teuma Bay, S. Efate I., 10-20 faths. (Debant coll.). ELLICE ISLANDS: Vaitupu (USNM). SAMOA ISLANDS: Tutuila Island (USNM). SOCIETY ISLANDS: Moorea; Moty Iriru, Raiatea; Point Teffaao, Huahine (all USNM): Tahaa I. (DMNH). HAWAIIAN ISLANDS: off Ala Moana (BPBM): Hilo; Port Allen, Kauai (both USNM): off Makua, Oahu, 7-8 faths. (AMNH): Barber's Point, Oahu, (Cross coll.; Cer- nohorsky coll.); off Diamond Head, Oahu, 14 faths. (Jewell coll.); TUAMOTU ISLANDS: Anaa (MCZ). SP, } “a ay | ™ | , Ve 4 | Corrs un x > | aaa Juco Ime Moreus | ip! re) ee oc beg oon ooo een a oa eG et ce SECU EE os ea ee, 2 ” FORMOSA » i i Ooh 20°} — - — Beil af = ae pet = o - d ——— ==t Fe —\ = —— | Co » MARIANA | Woke Hawa | a0 1S; ANDAMAN , | Vs is 4 \ L ° Dy) NICOBAR |, i 18. 4 % CEYLON 3 2 MALDIVE | 1s P SEYCHELLES 15, 20° , ener . PHILIPPINE Guam | | wars e Enoator. geo is yop, With i 5 * Pou 4 ee . iol Seas Mafuro e ft oe cancuine ie ce my mew | INCOMPTAY | “ef serene | ets eto B% Ss Yo «_ @ PHOENIX 15. sine er TOKELAU IS. |. : MARQU BE “tong * < THAMOTH Nag oy New q 1 SD VHEBRIDES . : oN Ly ia a Tohitr fi > } “&,'@ o Yo¢ hes a eres Finis. ef im i + ae io rT new ies TONGA r . es CALEDONIA store = SeCOK rae ae 1 cee i) TRay is Norfolk Plate 275. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Mitra) incompta (Lightfoot). [19-469] 324 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Mitra eremitarum Roding, 1798 (Color pl. 255, figs. 7, 8; pl. 276) Range—Cocos-Keeling Islands, Indian Ocean, to Melanesia and to the Ryukyu Islands. Remarks—tThis is a very common species in the southwest Pacific, lacking the axial plications of incompta. Garrett (1880) reported the species from Tonga, Samoa, Kingsmill, Caroline I., Cook I., Society I., Tuamotus and the Hawaiian Islands. We have not seen actual specimens east of the Fiji Islands, and Garrett’s specimens probably were the similar species, M. incompta. M. eremitarum has not been recorded from the Hawaiian Islands. Habitat—On coral reefs, under stones and coral on a sand substratum within the intertidal zone. Descr Shell up to 80 mm (about 3 inches) in length, elongate-ovate, heavy and solid, sutures prominent and minutely crenulate. Whorls flatsided or slightly convex, numbering from 6-8 inclusive of nuclear whorls which are indistinguishable in adult specimens. Sculptured with shallow spiral grooves which are either smooth or obsoletely punctate, spiral ridges broad and flat or slightly stepped and bisected by dense axial growth-lines which become weakly nodulose at the point of intersection. In large adults, axial striae and spiral ridges become obso- lete on the body whorl; spiral ridges number from 6-11 on the penultimate and from 26-38 on the Plate 276. Mitra (Mitra) eremitarum Roding. Fig. 1. Lectotype figure of M. eremitarum Roding from the “East Indies” (from Chemnitz, 1780, pl. 147, fig. 1361). Fig. 2. Specimen from Bushmen’s Bay, Malekula Id., New Hebrides; short, broad, brown-banded form (WOC coll; 38.4 x 14.8 mim). body whorl. Aperture longer than the spire, wide, smooth within; outer lip thickened and crenulate, posterior crenules occasionally overlaid by callus; columella glazed, calloused and laminated an- teriorly in adults, and with 4-6 oblique folds. Siphonal canal straight, siphonal notch promi- nent. Cream to pale yellow in colour, ornamented with tan or dark rusty-brown longitudinal streaks which are generally interrupted on the body whorl by a pale zone; some specimens have the dark brown periostracum embedded in the spiral grooves. Aperture golden-yellow or light orange, crenulations on outer lip frequently spotted with brown. The colour pattern is partly obscured by a moderately opaque, dark brown periostracum. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~= width aperture 78.0 27.7 45.0 Manava I., Fiji Ids. 70.6 23.1 37.2 Lectotype of adusta 51.0 18.8 28.5 Manava I., Fiji Ids. 50.9 19.7 29.0 Lectotype of flavofusca 38.4 14.8 22.2 New Hebrides Synonymy— 1798 Mitra eremitarum Roding, Museum Boltenianum, p. 136 (refers to Chemnitz, vol. 4, pl. 147, fig. 1361); 1965 Cer- nohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 87, pl. 13, fig. 3; 1966 Cer- nohorsky, Veliger, vol. 9, p. 106, figs. 5a, b (radula). 1811 Mitra adusta Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’ Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 17, p. 201; 1838 Kiener, pee général iconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 22, figs. 16, 17; 1915 Tesch, Palaontologie von Timor, Lief. 5, p. 43, pl. 79, figs. 93a, b (Timor, Plio/Pleistocene); 1969 Cernohorsky, Revue Suisse Zoologie, vol. 76, p. 959, pl. 1, fig. 7 (figured lectotype). 1811 eee flavofusca Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 17, p. 201 (coasts of Timor); 1969 ernohorsiy: Revue Sacte Zoologie, vol. 76, p. 959, pl. 2, fig. 8 (figured lec- totype). 1817 Voluta ruffina Dillwyn, Descr. Cat. Recent shells, vol. 1, p. 545 (refers to Lister, Gualtieri, Seba, Knorr, Martini and 80° 100° ___ 120° aoe = 160° 180° | ray A {> of | Cb et, Ly “ ee TEE Oe @ 3 conives Be fd es FIIs, © n i L 1 L = 80° too" 120° 140° 160° 180 Plate 277. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Mitra) eremitarum Roding. [19-470] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 325 Tabl. Encyl. Méthodique) [Eastern Ocean] (non Linnaeus, 1767). 1840 Mitra terebralis Swainson, Treatise Malacology, p. 318 (refers to Tabl. Encycl. Meéthodique, pl. 369, fig. 5) [non Lamarck, 1811]. 1935 Mitra (Nebularia) adusta var. brevior Dautzenberg, Mem. Mus. Roy. d’Hist. Nat. Belg., vol. 2, p. 66 (Rua-Sura, Solomon I.). 1957 Chrysame eremitarum (Réding), Kaicher, Indo-Pacific Sea Shells, sect. 6, pl. 2, fig. 27. Types—The whereabouts of the types of M. eremitarum are unknown, and we designate fig- ure 1361 on plate 147 in vol. 4 of Chemnitz, 1780, as the lectotype of M. eremitarum Roding. The lectotype of M. adusta Lamarck, no. 1107/92/2 and M. flavofusca Lamarck, no. 1107/93/2 are both in the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneva. No locality was given by Roding, but the cited speci- men came from the “East Indies’, which is further restricted as the type locality to Pombo Island, Haruku Strait, East of Ambon, Indonesia (Speci- men in WAM). Records—COCOS-KEELING ISLAND: Pass at Pulo Siput (Orr-Maes, 1967). BURMA: Laloon Bay, Elphinstone L., Tenasserim coast (von Martens, 1887). INDONESIA: Selan- gan I., Sandakar, N. Borneo: Pasir Gedank I., near Padang, Sumatra (both USNM): N. side Teluk Dodinga near Ternate, Halmahera; Pombo I., Haruku Straits, E. of Ambon; Kampong, Namatabung, Labuan Olendir, Selaru, Tanimbar (all WAM). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Pangangon I., Bohol (Steiner coll.); Alabat I. near Luzon I., Quezon; Port Tataan, Tawi Tawi group; Port Palabag, Batag I., Samar; E. coast of Polillo; Bataan I., Batanes group; Tilig, Lubang I.; Port Laugean, Dumarau Point, Palawan (all USNM); Borongon village, Samar I. (AIM); Gigmoto, Catanduanes I. (Powell coll.); Davao City, Mindanao (WAM). FORMOSA: off Kao-Hsiung (Steiner coll.). RYUKYU ISLANDS: (USNM). MARSHALL ISLANDS: Majuro Atoll, N.E. end of lagoon (USNM). NEW GUINEA: Taurama Point, Port Moresby (Hinton coll.); near Gamododo, Milne Bay; Mios Woendi, Schouten I.; Biak I., Schouten I.; near Hollandia (all USNM); Boensaki, W. of Sowek, Soepiori, Schouten I. (AIM). NEW BRITAIN: Talasea reef (AMNH). SOLOMON IS- LANDS: Treasury Island (USNM); Choiseul Island (AIM); Marau Sound, Guadalcanal (Cernohorsky coll.); Santa Isabel L.; Malaita 1. (DMNH) NEW HEBRIDES: Palikulo Bay, Es- piritu Santo (USNM): Bushmens Bay, Malekula I. (Cer- nohorsky coll.); Tuki Tuki Point, Efate I. (Colardeau coll.); Port Havannah, Efate I. (Debant coll.); Erakor reet, Efate I. (Cernohorsky coll.). FIT ISLANDS: Manava I., N. Viti Levu (Cernohorsky coll.); Viti Levu Bay, Viti Levu (Cernohorsky Rs Rat Tail Passage, Suva reef, S. Viti Levu (Cernohorsky coll.). Fossil records —PLIOCENE: Gendingan, Sonde beds, Java, Indonesia (Martin, 1895). PLIO-PLEISTOCENE: Noil Fatoe near Niki-Niki, Timor, Indonesia (Tesch, 1915). Mitra guttata Swainson, 1824 (Pl. 278) Range—Persian Gulf to Mauritius and Ceylon. Remarks—This species is rare, and all speci- mens examined were obviously collected as empty shells. Most of these specimens originated from Ceylon, but von Marten’s (1880) record of the species from Mauritius, would indicate a wider geographical distribution than present material would indicate. The record of M. solida by Ray Plate 278. Mitra (Mitra) guttata Swainson. Fig. 1. Specimen from Ceylon (BM (NH); 48.2 x 17.2). Figs. 2, 3. Specimen from Ceylon; beach-worn (AMNH 98370; 36.5 x 14.2 mm). Figs. 4,5. Holotype of M. boswellae J. Cate, from unknown locality; beachworm (SAM A-29799; 70.5 x Fig. 8. Holotype of M. vaticinator Melvill from off Muscat, 24.6 mim). Arabia; juvenile (BM (NH) 1921.1.28.6; 26.0 * 9.4 mm). Figs. 6,7. Holotype of M. floccata Reeve; slender form (BM (NH) 1967759; 54.0 x 18.6 mm). [19-471] 326 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae (1954) from Bombay, Karachi and the Persian Gulf, may have actually been specimens of M. guttata. A. Adams’ (1864) record of the species from Mososeki, Japan, remains unconfirmed, while J. Cate’s (1964) record of M. boswellae from off Durban, Natal, South Africa, has been based on assumptions. Habitat—Unknown, but probably in deeper water. Description—Shell up to 70 mm (about 3 inches) in length, elongate-ovate, immature indi- viduals more cylindrically-ovate, rather solid. Whorls 8-9, apart from a worn protoconch, spire whorls regularly convex, sutures distinct and ir- regularly serrated and with fine axial lirae on the anterior part of the body whorl. Sculptured with finely punctate spiral grooves which may become less distinct on the last two whorls and in some individuals are confined to the anterior part of the sutures; spiral grooves number from 4-7 on the penultimate and from 5-18 on the body whorl, base of shell with 5-10 oblique cords. Aperture longer than the spire, moderately open, smooth within; outer lip moderately thickened in adults, regularly convex and with about half a dozen small and sometimes weak denticles anteriorly. Columella glazed or calloused in adults and with 4-6 oblique folds, siphonal canal straight, siphonal notch distinct. The colour of fresh but not live- collected specimens is either reddish-brown or orange-brown, and the ornamentation consists of small white spots, flakes, axial or spiral streaks which occasionally form a nebulous, broken white band on the lower third of the body whorl; some specimens have thin, dark brown spiral lines which coincide with the spiral grooves; aperture and columella fawn or orange-brown in colour. Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 70.5 24.6 38.2 Holotype of boswellae 54.0 18.6 28.0 Holotype of floccata 48.2 17.2 28.0 Ceylon 26.0 9.4 15.6 ‘Holotype of vaticinator Synonymy— 1824 Mitra guttata Swainson, Quart, Journal Sci. Arts, vol. 17 no. 33, p. 35 (no locality given); 1844 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 10, sp. 69; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 4, pl. 11, fig. 166; 1880 von Martens, Beitr. Meeresf. Mauritius & Seychellen, p. 250; 1882 Tryon, Manual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 116, pl. 34, fig. 31 (Ceylon). 1844 Mitra floccata Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 3, fig. 16 (no locality given); ? 1864 A. Adams, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 7, p. 198; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 4, pl. 12, fig. 186; 1880 von Martens, Beitr. Meeresf. Mauritius & Seychellen, p. 249; 1882 Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 115, pl. 34, fig. 29. 1918 Mitra vaticinator Melvill, Ann. & Mag. Nat. History, ser. 9, vol. 1, p. 141, pl. 4, fig. 6 (off Muscat, Arabia) [juvenile specimen]. 1964 Mitra (Mitra) boswellae J. Cate, Veliger, vol. 6, p. 219, pl. 28, figs. la, b (off Durban, Natal, South Africa, ex- pisces = origin of holotype unknown!). Types—The whereabouts of Swainson’s 2 type specimens of M. guttata are unknown. The holotype of M. floccata Reeve, B. M. (NH) no. 1967759 and the holotype of M. vaticinator Mel- vill, B. M. (NH) no. 1921.1.28.6, are in the British Museum (NH). The holotype of M. boswellae J. Cate, is in the South African Museum, Cape Town, no. A-29799. M. guttata was described from unknown locality, and Tryon’s (1882) first correct locality indication of Ceylon, is here des- ignated as the type locality. Nomenclature—The origin and locality of the holotype of M. boswellae J. Cate, is unknown, and the describer’s indication of “‘off Durban, Natal, southeast Africa, ex-pisces” has been based on mere speculation. In a letter written by Mrs. Bos- well, and accompanying the holotype, it is made quite clear that she received the holotype of M. boswellae in a box of shells whose origin was unknown, and the locality Durban, and the fact that it came from the stomach of a fish, were sim- ply assumptions. The late Dr. Barnard had misgiv- ings about the inclusion of the species in the South African fauna, and appended a note to the holotype which reads as follows: “Box given to Mrs. Boswell was probably part of the collection made by H. W. Bell-Marley (Fisheries Inspec- tor). Doubtful this Mitra was ex-pisce—see the barnacles in anterior canal and traces on surface where they have been cleaned off. Locality very doubtful.” The holotype of M. boswellae is a large but otherwise typical individual of M. guttata Swainson, and a specimen with very similar col- our markings has been figured by Reeve (1844, pl. 10, fig. 69). When Melvill described M. vaticinator, he compared it to M. guttata, M. floccata and M. solida, not realizing that he was dealing with a juvenile specimen. Young and immature indi- viduals of Mitridae are often appreciably different to adults, with a more pupiform shape and crisper sculpture. Melvill’s species is undoubtedly a juvenile of M. guttata. Records—CEYLON: (BMNH; IRSN; AMNH; DMNH); Colombo (Powell coll.). INDIAN OCEAN ISLANDS: Cargados-Caragos Ids.; Mauritius (both von Martens, 1880). PERSIAN GULF: ott Muscat, Arabia (BMNH). [19-472] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 327 Mitra solida Reeve, 1844 (Pl. 279) Range—Southern Queensland to New South Wales and ? Victoria, Australia. Remarks—This species is very similar to M. guttata Swainson in form, sculpture and colour- ing, but the whorls are somewhat more inflated in M. solida. Juvenile and immature specimens of both species are almost indistinguishable. The similarity of the two species may have been re- Plate 279. Mitra (Mitra) solida Reeve. Figs. 1, 2. Specimen from Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia (WOC coll.; 33.4 x 13.0 mm). Fig. 3. Specimen from Stradbroke Id., Queensland, Aus- tralia; immature (WOC coll.; 24.0 x 9.7 mm). Fig. 4. Lectotype figure of M. solida Reeve (from Reeve, 1844, pl. 3, fig. 18). Fig. 5. Holotype of M. prosphora (Iredale) from Sydney Harbour, Australia (AMS C-57846; 45.4 x 16.5 mm). [19-477 sponsible for Ray’s (1954) record of M. solida from Bombay, Karachi and the Persian Gulf. The taxonomic status of the two species may have to be re-examined when further material of M. guttata becomes available. We have seen only specimens from Southern Queensland and New South Wales, but the species has been reported by Ga- briel (1962) from Victoria. Habitat—On a shell and coral-rubble sub- stratum, from 5 to 70 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 60 mm (about 24% inches) in length, elongate-ovate, young speci- mens cylindrically-ovate, moderately solid. Whorls 72-9 apart from protoconch of 24-3 glassy-white or light brown nuclear whorls, spire whorls regularly convex. Sutures distinct and ir- regularly serrated by descending axial striae. First 2 post-nuclear whorls with 3 or 4 spiral cords, later whorls with finely punctate spiral grooves which number 3-6 on the penultimate and 4-18 on the body whorl. Spire whorls have occasionally fine longitudinal striae which bisect the pits in the grooves and usually vanish past the 4th or 5th spiral groove anteriorly to the suture of the body whorl. Aperture about equal in height or longer than the spire, moderately narrow or open, smooth within; outer lip only moderately thickened and minutely denticulate anteriorly in mature adults. Columella glazed or calloused and with 4 or 5 oblique folds, siphonal canal straight, siphonal fasciole occasionally with a slight twist, siphonal notch distinct; base of shell with 5-8 oblique cords. Brown or orange-brown in colour, or- namented with white spots, blotches or short streaks, usually spotted with white at the sutures; some individuals are uniformly fulvous-brown with hardly a trace of white. Aperture beige, fawn or orange, deep interior sometimes greyish-white, parietal wall brown or fawn, columellar folds whitish. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~— width aperture 57.8 18.5 22. Off Cape Moreton, Queensland 53.6 18.4 28.0 New South Wales 47.5 17.5 = Type figure of solida 45.4 16.5 23.8 Holotype of prosphora 31.0 14.0 19.0 Sydney Harbour, N.S.W. Synonymy— 1844 Mitra solida Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 4, pl. 3, fig. 18; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 5, pl. 11, figs. 164, 165; 1867 Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 194; 1882 Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 120, pl. 35, fig. 57; 1920 Peile, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vol. 15, p. 93, textfig. 1 (radula); 1970 Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. 328 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae FEMS, aaa “aad 160 180 T T foch jo | INQUINATA a eee fies hich or) farm 7 BONIN 1s Wawa, wo Jima Morews ante MARIANA Woke _ 3 shnstorr § * Soipon > wt pPadg PHILIZPINE | Guam Bake, cet aecnaicls ie ae (Ui Eee ; 3M Pol a e Ta Neye : : + Ponape * Mafuro CAROLINE is : ‘ G = =e x tc 2-0 Beet os KS "PHOENIX is TOKELAU JS. "304 Is” TONGA 1S ([SOLIDAl forkelh NEW ZEALAND n 20 40° bor 80" 100° 120° Plate 280. Geographical distribution of the species Mitra (Mitra) solida Reeve, M. (M.) guttata Swainson, M. (M.) in- quinata inquinata Reeve, and M. (M.) pele Cernohorsky. Museum, no. 8, p. 66, pl. 1, fig. 8 (figured holotype of M. prosphora Iredale). 1929 Vicimitra prosphora Iredale, Australian Zoologist, vol. 5, p. 343, pl. 38, fig. 17 (Sydney Harbour, New South Wales, Australia). 1951 Mitra (Vicimitra) prosphora Iredale, Laseron, Rec. Aus- tral. Museum, vol. 22, p. 341, fig. 11 (protoconch). 1957 Vicimitra phosphora (sic) Iredale, Cotton, Roy. Soc. South Australia Malac. Section, p. 3; 1959, South Australian Mollusca, p. 385. 1962 Eumitra prosphora (Iredale), Gabriel, Mem. Nat. Mus. Melbourne, no. 25, p. 191 (Lakes Entrance, Victoria). 1971 Pterygia solida Reeve, Wilson & Gillett, Australian Shells, p. 114, pl. 74, fig. 5. Types—The type of M. solida Reeve has been sold at auction of the Norris collection, and the holotype of M. prosphora (Iredale) is in the Aus- tralian Museum, Sydney, no. C-57846. Originally described from unknown locality, the species has been correctly reported by Angas (1867) from Middle Head, Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia, in 5 fathoms, which is designated as the type locality of M. solida Reeve. Nomenclature—Iredale (1929) re-named the species M. prosphora on the grounds that M. sol- ida was described from unknown locality and dif- fered in sculpture. He did not elaborate on any tangible differences and created the genus Vi- cimitra for his new species. M. solida does not differ in form, sculpture or radular characters suf- ficiently from typical Mitra species, e.g. M. car- dinalis, M. nubila ete. to warrant inclusion in a separate genus. Wilson & Gillett’s assignment of M. solida to the genus Pterygia Réding, is inap- propriate, since the radula of M. solida differs widely in radula and shell characters from species of Pterygia. 140" 160° 160° Records—QUEENSLAND): off Cape Moreton, 30 faths.; N. E. of Cape Moreton, 64-70 faths.; Jumpin Pin Bar, 27 faths.; off Caloundra, 15-20 faths. (all Powell coll.); Stradbroke Island, 25 faths. (Cernohorsky coll.). NEW SOUTH WALES: Lake Maquarie (USNM); Woody Heads, Iluka (Kleckham coll.); Eden (AMNH); Port Jackson (MCZ; AIM); Newcastle (Powell coll.); off Sydney Harbour (Cernohorsky coll.); Twofold Bay (Peile, 1922). VICTORIA: off Lakes Entrance, 20 faths. (Ga- briel, 1962). Mitra inquinata subspecies inquinata Reeve, 1844 (Color pl. 255, figs. 10, 11; pl. 281) Range—Japan, Formosa and China. Remarks—The species has been occasionally placed in the subgenus Nebularia, but the ab- sence ofa strong spiral sculpture would indicate a placement in Mitra s.str. Habitat—Sublittoral, from 10 to 55 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 75 mm (3 inches) in length, elongate-ovate to fusiformly-elongate, rather solid. Whorls 8-10 apart from protoconch which is generally eroded, spire whorls slightly convex, sutures distinct and slightly irregular. Sculptured with punctate spiral grooves which number from 4-6 on the penultimate and up to 20 on the body whorl; the pits in the grooves produce intervening, slender axial riblets which are gen- erally more prominent anteriorly to the sutures. The base of the shell has about half a dozen oblique spiral cords. Aperture narrow, equal in height or shorter than the spire, smooth within; outer lip thickened, moderately straight or slightly convex and with irregular, small or obso- lete blunt denticles at the margin. Columella cal- loused and with 5 regular, oblique folds, siphonal canal straight, siphonal notch prominent. Base colour white or cream, ornamented with dark red- [19-478] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 329 dish brown, interrupted spiral lines and axial streaks; aperture and columella white or creamy-white. Periostracum deciduous, thin, tan to blackish. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~~ width aperture 74.0 20.0 — Type of wrighti 70.5 20.4 34.4 Holotype of hanleyana 62.5 19.0 30.7 Syntype of inquinata D2 14.6 24.3 Lectotype of inquinata 50.2 14.6 24.4 off Tatsugahama, Japan Synonymy— 1844 Mitra inquinata Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 5, fig. 29 (no locality given); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- Plate 281. Figs. 1-4 Mitra (Mitra) inquinata inquinata Reeve. Fig. 5. M.(M.) inquinata buddhaica Vredenburg. Figs. 1, 2. Lectotype of M. inquinata Reeve (BM (NH) 1967784; 52.7 x 14.6 mm). Figs. 3, 4. Holotype of M. hanleyana Dunker from Japan (ZMB; 70.5 x 20.4 mm). Fig. 5. Type figure of M. buddhaica Vredenburg trom the Miocene of Burma (from Vredenburg, 1923, pl. 16, fig. 9;c. 25.0 mm). chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 5, pl. 11, fig. 168; 1882 Tryon, Manual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 118, pl. 34, figs. 40, 44. 1877 Mitra hanleyana Dunker, Malakozool. Blatter, vol. 24, p. 70 (Japan); 1882 Dunker, Index Mollusc. Maris Japonici, p. 51. pl.-2,. figs 6-7. 1878 Mitra wrighti Crosse, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 26, p. 57, pl. 1, fig. 1 (Japan). 1959 Mitra (Nebularia) inquinata Reeve, Kira, Coloured II- lust. Shells Japan, rev. ed., p. 88, pl. 34, fig. 5 Guvenile specimen). 1962 Mitra (Nebularia) hanlayana (sic) (Dunker), Shuto, Mem. Fac. Sci. Kyushu University, vol. 12, p. 62, pl. 13, fig. 9 (Mio-Pliocene of Japan). 1967 Nebularia inquinata (Reeve), Habe & Kosuge, Standard Book Japan. Shells Color, vol. 3, p. 85, pl. 33, fig. 22; 1971 Kuroda & Habe, Sea shells of Sagami Bay, p. 186, pl. 52, fig. 2. Types—The designated lectotype and 2 syn- types of M. inquinata Reeve are in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967784, and the holotype of M. hanleyana Dunker is in the Zoological Museum, Berlin. The type of M. wrighti Crosse, remained in the private collection of Mrs. Bryce Wright from London, and its whereabouts are un- known. M. inquinata has been described from unknown locality, and Dunker’s locality indica- tion of “Japan” for M. hanleyana is designated as the type locality of M. inquinata Reeve. Plate 282. Figs. 1, 2. Mitra (Mitra) tittabweensis Vredenburg. Tittabwe, Miocene of Burma (type figure from Vredenburg, 1923, pl. 16, figs. 8a, b; c. 27.0 mm). Figs. 3, 4. Mitra (Mitra) singuensis Vredenburg. Upper Singu beds, Miocene of Burma (type figure from Vreden- burg, 1922, pl. 22, fig. 2; c. 20.0 mm). [19-479] 330 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Records—JAPAN: Fukura, Awaji (MCZ; USNM); kii (AMNH; DMNH); off Tatsugahama, Kii Province (Cer- nohorsky coll.); Sagami Bay; Honshu; Shikoku; Kyushu (all from Kuroda & Habe, 1971). CHINA: Spider I., Fokien Pro- ae (USNM). FORMOSA: S.W. Taiwan, 100 m (Steiner coll.). Fossil records—MIO-PLIOCENE: Hagenoshita, Miyazaki Prefecture and Takanabe, Japan (Shuto, 1962). Mitra inquinata subspecies buddhaica Vredenburg, 1923 (Pl. 281, fig. 5) Range—Miocene of Burma. Remarks—Vredenburg compared the incom- plete specimen of his species to the living M. inquinata, but it was said to differ by its slightly more convex whorls and deeper spiral grooves. The holotype figure of M. buddhaica closely re- sembles the living M. inquinata except that the spiral grooves on the body whorl are more numer- ous. No measurements were given by the author, but the figure indicates a length of 25.0 mm. Synonymy— 1923 Mitra buddhaica Vredenburg, Rec. Geol. Surv. India, vol. 54, p. 272, pl. 16, fig. 9 (Myaukmigon, Kama stage, Burma, M. Miocene; type in Geological Survey of India). Mitra tittabweensis Vredenburg, 1923 (Pl. 282, figs. 1, 2) Range—Miocene of Burma. Remarks—Vredenburg compared his species to M. granatinaeformis Martin, but separated his species on the basis of more delicate, thinner grooves, their tendency to multiply by intercala- tion and the absence of a stepped disposition of the suture. The species is more closely related to M. inquinata buddhaica Vredenburg. No measurements were given, but the figure indicates a length of 27.0 mm. Synonymy— 1923 Mitra tittabweensis Vredenburg, Rec. Geol. Surv. India, vol. 54, p. 273, pl. 16, figs. 8a, b (Kyaungon; Myaukmigon; Tittabwe and probably Thanga, Burma, M. Miocene; Tit- tabwe is here selected as the type locality. The type is in the Geological Survey of India). Mitra singuensis Vredenburg, 1922 (Pl. 282, figs. 3, 4) Range—Miocene of Burma. Remarks—Vredenburg did not diagnose the fragmented specimen but compared his new species to the German Oligocene M. mettei Giebel. M. singuensis is in many ways similar to M. inquinata buddhaica from the same deposits, has a similar whorl formation and spiral grooves, but the whorls are shorter and the body whorl is more ventricose. No measurements were given, but the figure indicates a length of 20.0 mm. Synonymy— 1922 Mitra singuensis Vredenburg, Rec. Geol. Surv. India, vol. 53, p. 340, pl. 22, fig. 2a, b (Upper Singu beds, Burma, Miocene; type in Geological Survey of India). Mitra pele Cernohorsky, 1970 (Pl. 283) Range—Polynesia and the Hawaiian Islands. Remarks—This rare species has been con- fused with the S. E. Australian M. carbonaria Swainson, and the West African M. nigra (Gme- lin). M. pele is a deepwater species which has not been recorded outside the Polynesian region. The species reported as M. pele from Sagami Bay, Ja- pan, by Kuroda & Habe (1971), is a juvenile specimen of M. chinensis Griffith & Pidgeon. Habitat—On a stone and coral-rubble sub- stratum, from 17 to 125 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 50 mm (2 inches) in length, elongate-ovate, thick and solid, sutures distinct but not deep. Teleconch of about 7 almost flat-sided whorls, protoconch missing; sculptured with smooth and thin, but sometimes minutely punctate spiral grooves which number 8-10 on the penultimate and up to 30 on the body whorl. Plate 283. Mitra (Mitra) pele Cernohorsky. 1 mi. N.W. of Pit- cairn Island, Pacific Ocean, 55-70 fms. (holotype USNM 679608; 41.14+ x 14.5 mm). [19-480] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 331 Under magnification, close-set, fine longitudinal striae are discernible on the shell; base of shell with about a dozen oblique spiral cords. Aperture moderately narrow, about equal in height to the spire, smooth and white within; outer lip thick- ened and simple. Columella white and calloused, parietal wall with a white callosity, columella with 5-7 close-set and oblique folds; siphonal canal straight, siphonal notch distinct. Adult shell uniformly tan under a thin, dark brown perios- tracum, aperture and columella white; juvenile shells are light orange-brown on the anterior half of the last whorl and dark brown elsewhere. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~~ width aperture 49.0+ — — off Waikiki, Hawaiian Ids. 46.4 15.0 22.8 off Keehi lagoon, Hawaiian Ids. 41.1+ 14.5 2257 Holotype of pele 39.4 14.5 21.8 Paratype of pele Synonymy— ?1933 Mitra nigra (Chemnitz), Schroter, Dautzenberg & Bouge, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 77, pt. 2, p. 178. (non Voluta nigra Gmelin, 1791). 1960 Mitra nigra Schroter, J. Cate, Veliger, vol. 3, p. 49 (non Voluta nigra Gmelin, 1791). 1962 Mitra nigra Gmelin, Abbott, Veliger, vol. 4, p. 213 (non Voluta nigra Gmelin, 1791). 1970 Mitra pele Cernohorsky, Nautilus, vol. 83, p. 99, figs. 3-5 (Pitcairn Island). Types—tThe holotype of M. pele is in the Na- tional Museum of Natural History, Washington, no. USNM 679608. The type locality is 1 mile N.W. of Pitcairn Island, Pacific Ocean. Records—PITCAIRN ISLAND: 1 mi. N.W. of Pitcairn L., 55-70 faths. (USNM). HAWAIIAN ISLANDS: off Waikiki, Oahu, 100 ft.; Keehi Lagoon, Oahu (BPBM); off Keehi Lagoon entrance, Oahu, 125 faths. (Cross coll.). Mitra chinensis Griffith and Pidgeon, 1834 (Pl. 284) Range—Indonesia and India to China and Ja- pan. South Africa. Remarks—A very variable species in size, form and colour, M. chinensis has been recorded from the northern hemisphere, ranging along the coast of India and China. Adams’ locality indication of “Australia” for M. sacerdotalis is obviously er- roneous. The species is easily recognized by the bulging and strong columellar folds and the white callosity on the parietal wall adjoining the junc- tion of the outer lip. Habitat—Under rocks, intertidal zone to a depth of 30 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 75.0 mm (3 inches) in length, elongate-ovate, body whorl occasionally ventricose, sutures distinct. Whorls 7-9 apart from an eroded protoconch, spire whorls slightly con- vex and occasionally weakly subangulate at the sutures, which are prominent, irregular and slightly ragged. Sculptured with minutely punctate or macroscopically striate spiral grooves which number from 4-10 on the penultimate whorl and from 2-10 on the body whorl; in some specimens, the spiral grooves are confined to the shoulder of the body whorl, the centre is smooth and the base has 11-20 oblique cords; in fresh specimens numerous and crowded longitudinal Plate 284. Mitra (Mitra) chinensis Griffith and Pidgeon. Fig. 1. Lectotype of M. chinensis Griffith and Pidgeon (BM (NH) 1967708; 58.6 x 20.4 mm). Figs. 2, 3. Specimen from China; with periostracum (BM (NH); 60.1 mm). Figs. 4, 5. Specimens from Bombay, India; immature (Steiner coll.; fig. 4 = 37.0 x 13.3 mm; fig. 5 = 34.0 x 12.0 mm). Fig. 6. Lectotype of M. sacerdotalis A. Adams (BM (NH) 1967874; 67.1 x 22.4 mm). [19-481] 332 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae striae are visible under magnification. Aperture moderately narrow, equal in height or only slightly longer than the spire, smooth within; outer lip regularly convex or subangulate, slightly thickened at the margin and smooth. Columella with a callosity on the posterior of the parietal wall, columella calloused, and with 4 or 5 strong and usually bulging oblique folds. Siphonal canal somewhat produced in adult specimens, straight or slightly recurved, siphonal notch distinct. Vari- able in colour, usually tan to dark brown in colour, ornamented with small or large areas of cream or white, occasionally with small white spots at the sutures; the pattern is obscured by a dark brown periostracum and some specimens have dark brown spiral lines. The parietal wall is brown, the callosity white or light fawn and the columellar folds and anterior callus are brilliant white. Measurements (mm)— height of length = width aperture 74.7 25.4 37.9 Syntype of sacerdotalis 67.1 22.4 34.6 Lectotype of sacerdotalis 58.6 20.4 29.0 Lectotype of chinensis 41.5 15.0 22.0 St. Martin’s I., Burma 37.0 13.3 19.6 Bombay, India Synonymy— ?1824 Mitra strigata Swainson, Quart. Journal Sci. Arts, vol. 17, no. 33, p. 37 (no locality given); 1829, Zoological Ilustra- tions, ser. 2, vol. 1, pl. 19, figs. 1, 1 (dubious name). 1834 Mitra chinensis Griffith & Pidgeon, Animal Kingd. Baron Cuvier, Moll. & Radiata, vol. lw, pl. 40, fig. 2 (no locality given); 1838 Kiener, Spécies général iconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 33, pl. 11, fig. 33 (Indian Ocean); 1839 Gray, Zool. Capt. Beech. Voy. Blossom, p. 135, pl. 35, fig. 2 (China); 1844 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 5, fig. 36; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 5, pl. 6, fig. 81; 1882 Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 120, pl. 36, figs. 65, 66; 1942 Yen, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vol. 24, p. 236, pl. 24, fig. 172 (figured lectotype); 1970 Cer- a ch Be Wi & ig % aN bY \n RR bs t SN =a Be So yu + or? a CHINENSIS aval od e,, WZ /s \ ANDAMAN \ ‘ INL = cla f HILIDPINE ee a) 7 ’ TRIPLICATA] "I! S93 _ Be, | A i i Sy) cat NSIS] \ _ i a “Id SM, — £9 80 oo° v20' —"40" Plate 285. Geographical distribution of the species Mitra (Mitra) chinensis Griffith and Pidgeon and M. (M.) triplicata von Martens. nohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 66, pl. 1, figs. 11, 12. 1853 Mitra sacerdotalis A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, for 1851, p. 138 (Australia = error!); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 5, pl. 6, fig. 79; 1882 Tryon, Manual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 120, pl. 35, fig. 62. Types—The two immature syntypes of M. chinensis Griffith and Pidgeon, are in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967708; the larger, 58.6 mm long specimen, which has been illustrated by Griffith and Pidgeon (1834) and by Yen (1942), is here selected as the lectotype of M. chinensis. The lectotype, here designated, and 2 syntypes of M. sacerdotalis A. Adams, are in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967874. The species was described from unknown locality, and Gray’s (1839) sub- sequent indication of China, which is here further restricted to Amoy, China, is designated as the type locality (specimens in USNM). Nomenclature—Mitra strigata Swainson, is most probably an earlier name for this species, but since the type is lost and some doubt remains as to what species Swainson’s illustration represents, the name M. strigata is treated as a dubious name. Records—INDONESIA: Miri, Sarawak, Borneo (Hill coll.; Salisbury coll.). INDIA: Bombay (Steiner coll.). BURMA: St. Martin’s Island, Arakan coast (Steiner coll.). CHINA: HONG KONG: Lantea I. (DMNH); Yenting; Amoy (both USNM). JAPAN: ? Honshu; Sagami Bay; Shikoku (Kuroda & Habe, 1971). SOUTH AFRICA: Natal; Durban Bay (both DMNH). Fossil records—MIOCENE: Garo Hills, Assam, India (Mukerjee, 1939)? Plate 286. Mitra (Mitra) semicincta K. Martin. Kali Puru, Nanggoelan beds, U. Eocene of Java (type figure from K. Mar- tin, 1931, pl. 3, fig. 4; 35.0 mm). [19-482] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra = 333 Mitra semicincta K. Martin, 1931 (Pl. 286) Range—Upper Eocene of Java, Indonesia. Remarks—The species is probably the ancestor of the Miocene M. subscrobiculata dOrbigny. It has the same fusiform shape of the spire whorls and the spiral sculpture is confined to the post- erior part of the sutures. The length of the incomplete holotype is 35.0 mm. Synonymy— 1931 Mitra (s. str.) semicincta Martin, Wet. Meded. Dienst Mijnbouw Ned.-Indie, no. 18, p. 18, pl. 3, fig. 4 (Kali Puru, Nanggoelan beds, Java, Indonesia, U. Eocene; type in Rijksmuseum, Leiden). Mitra subscrobiculata Orbigny, 1852 (Pl. 287) Range—Miocene of India and Burma; Pliocene of Indonesia. Remarks—Vredenburg (1923, 1925) considered M. subscrobiculata to be only a variant of M. chinensis Griffith and Pidgeon. The two species appear to be quite distinct in form and sculpture and are considered here separable taxa. M. sub- Plate 287. Mitra (Mitra) subscrobiculata A Orbigny. Figs. 1, 2. Holotype of M. subscrobiculata dOrbigny from Soomrow, Gaj of Kachh, Miocene of India (Dept. Palaeont. BM (NH) GG-19747—old no. 10055; 46.3 mm) [photo courtesy of C. P. Nuttal, BM (NH) ]. scrobiculata attains a length of 90.0 mm (about 3% inches), is elongate-fusiform in shape, the spire whorls are only slightly convex and weakly shoul- dered near the sutures. The early spire whorls have 4-6 spiral grooves which produce slightly elevated, flattened cords which usually become obsolete on the anterior half of the penultimate and the centre of the body whorl; on the last whorl there are usually 2-4 cords at the shoulder, the centre of the whorl is smooth or weakly spirally grooved, and the base is obliquely corded. The aperture is narrow and elongate, the columella is calloused and has 4 folds, and the base of the siphonal canal is usually twisted. The length of the holotype is 46.3 mm. Synonymy— 1840 Mitra scrobiculata J. de C. Sowerby, Trans. Geol. Soc. London, N.S., vol. 5, p. 329 and explanations to plate, pl. 26, fig. 23 (Soomrow, Gaj of Kachh, India, L. Miocene; holotype in the Dept. of Palaeontology, B.M. (NH), no. GG-19747-old no. 10055 [non Voluta scrobiculata Broechi, 1814]. 1852 Mitra subscrobiculata Orbigny, Prodr. Paleont. strat. Universelle, vol. 3, p. 54, (substitute name for M. scrobiculata J. de C. Sowerby, 1840). 1915 Mitra junghuhni Martin, Tesch in Wanner, Palaontologie von Timor, vol. 5, p. 44, pl. 79, figs. 94a, b (non K. Martin, 1880). 1923 Mitra chinensis var. subscrobiculata Orbigny, Vreden- burg, Rec. Geol. Surv. India, vol. 54, p. 271; 1925, Mem. Geol. Surv. India, vol. 50, pt. 1, p. 145; 1939 Mukerjee, Mem. Geol. Surv. India, N.S., vol. 28, Mem. no. 1, p. 66. 1923 Mitra iravadica Vredenburg, Rec. Geol. Surv. India, vol. 54, p. 272, pl. 16, figs. da, b (Migyaungye, Burma, M. Miocene—here designated as type locality; type-specimen probably in the Geological Survey of India, c. 46.0 mm). Records—INDIA: Soomrow, Gaj of Kachh (Sowerby, 1840); Tyra River near Rampur, Gaj of Kachh; North of Naliya, Gaj of Kachh; near Bagmara, Garo Hills, Assam, all Miocene (Vre- denburg, 1925). BURMA: Migyaungye; Myaukmigon: Myautin; Tittabwe, all M. Miocene (Vredenburg, 1923—as M. iravadica). INDONESIA: Mota Talau, Atamboea, Timor, Pliocene (Tesch in Wanner, 1915). Mitra birmanica Vredenburg, 1923 (Pl. 288, figs. 1, 2) Range—Miocene of Burma. Remarks—The author did not diagnose the species and only compared it with the living M. rubiginosa Reeve and the European Mio- Pliocene species M. atava and M. peracuta Bel- lardi. The figured type is an immature specimen which has a certain relationship with M. nivea (Broderip), but has a coarser spiral sculpture, especially on the spire whorls. No measurements were given by the author, but the figure indicates a length of 30.5 mm. Synonymy— 1923 Mitra birmanica Vredenburg, Rec. Geol. Surv. India, vol. 54, p. 272, pl. 16, figs. 5a, b (Thanga, Burma, M. Miocene; tvpe in Geological Survey of India). [19-483] 334 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Plate 288. Figs. 1, 2. Mitra (Mitra) birmanica Vredenburg. Holotype from the Miocene of Burma; immature specimen (from Vredenburg, 1923, pl. 16, figs. 5a, b; c. 30.5 mm). Fig. 3. Mitra (Mitra) loochooensis MacNeil. Holotype from Okinawa, Miocene of the Ryukyu Ids.; juvenile specimen (from MacNeil, 1960, pl. 4, fig. 26; 19.3 x 6.0 mm). Mitra loochooensis MacNeil, 1960 (Pl. 288, fig. 3) Range—Miocene of Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands. Remarks—The author compared his species with M. birmanica Vredenburg from the Miocene of Burma. Both these species were described from juvenile specimens and resemble juvenile and immature individuals of M. nivea Broderip. The specimen figured by MacNeil on plate 4, fig. 33, is probably not the same species. The dimensions of the holotype are length 19.3 mm, width 6.0 mm. Synonymy— 1960 Mitra (Fusimitra) loochooensis MacNeil, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper, no. 339, p. 95, pl. 4, figs. 26-27, 32-33 (Yonabaru clay member, Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands, Miocene; holotype in National Museum of Natural History, Washington, no. USNM 562730). Mitra quilonensis Dey, 1962 (Pl. 289) Range—Miocene of India. Remarks—tThe original description reads: “Shell of medium size, thick, smooth in appear- ance except for occasional axial wrinkles and deli- cate spiral lines; whorls 9, the 2 nuclear and first postnuclear ones being minute and somewhat flat; suture not deeply impressed; aperture nar- row, longer than the spire; siphonal notch wide; fasciole fairly conspicuous; columella with 4 strong plaits; increasing in strength posteriorly; Plate 289. Mitra (Mitra) quilonensis Dey, Quilon, Kerala, Miocene of India. (type figure from Dey, 1962, pl. 4, figs. 1, 2; 47.0 x 15.0 mm). parietal wall and columellar margin coated witha shining porcellaneous layer of callus. This species is related to Mitra episcopalis Linne (= M. mitra), but has a less conspicuous siphonal fasciole, and equidistant columellar plaits. In M. episcopalis (= M. mitra) the plaits are somewhat oblique, and the anterior ones are nearer together than the posterior ones; the mar- gin of the outer lip is not crenate.” The measurements of the holotype are length 47.0 mm, width 15.0 mm. Synonymy— 1962 Mitra quilonensis Dey, Mem. Geol. Surv. India, N.S., vol. 36, p. 85, pl. 4, figs. 1-3 (Quilon, Kerala, India, Miocene; holotype in Geological Survey of India, no. G.S.I. 16465). Mitra triplicata von Martens, 1904 (Plate 290) Range—East Africa to Indonesia and the Philippines. Remarks—This uncommon, deep water species varies a great deal in obesity, length of aperture and prominence of spiral sculpture. The recently described Mitra verweyi Knudsen, falls well within the variational range of M. triplicata. Habitat—In blue clay and mud, from 260 to 745 fathoms, at water temperatures ranging from 43° to Do Ff, Description—Shell up to 68 mm in length (about 2% inches) in length, elongate-ovate, slen- der or sometimes inflated, rather light in weight. Mature whorls 8-9 apart from 1-2 conical nuclear whorls, spire whorls convex. Sculptured with pit- ted spiral grooves which number from 6-14 on the penultimate and from 5-29 on the body whorl; early whorls with axial growth-striae which usu- [19-484] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra B30 Plate 290. Mitra (Mitra) triplicata von Martens. Figs. 1, 2. Holotype of M. triplicata von Martens from N. of Brawa, Somali Republic, East Africa, 1362 m (ZMB; 47.0 x 16.5 mm) [photo courtesy of R. Kilias, ZMB]. Fig. 3. Holotype of M. verweyi Knudsen from Bali Sea, Indonesia, 200 m (from Knudsen, 1970, pl. 4, fig. A; 67.3 x 22.0 mm). Fig. 4. Specimen from off Mabul Id., Sibuko Bay, Borneo, 260 fms.; broad, sculptured form (USNM 239084; 58.0 x 20.0 mm). Fig. 5. Specimen from Iigan Bay, Mindanao, Philippines Ids.; smooth, slender form (USNM 238804; 55.5 x 15.5 mm). ally become obsolete on the last 2 whorls. Two to four spiral cords at the sutures are usually promi- nent and in some individuals the spiral sculpture is obsolete on the last 2 whorls; the lower half of the body whorl has 7-15 spiral cords. Aperture equal in height or longer than the spire, wide or moderately narrow, smooth within; outer lip moderately thickened and smooth, columella with a calloused shield in adults and with 3-5 oblique folds, siphonal notch distinct. Uniformly tan to dark brown in colour, aperture and columel- lar callus white. Periostracum dark brown and moderately opaque. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~~ width aperture 67.3 22.0 35.1 Holotype of verweyi 58.0 19.7 29.5 Mabul I., Borneo 55.5 15.6 25.8 Mindanao, Philippines 47.0 16.5 26.0 Holotype of triplicata 43.7 14.4 23.0 off Sumatra, Indonesia Synonymy— 1904 Mitra (Phaeomitra) triplicata von Martens, Wiss. Ergeb. Deut. Tiefsee-Exped. “Valdivia”, vol. 7, p. 106, pl. 3, fig. 17 (N of Brawa, Somali Republic, E. Africa); 1904 Thiele, ibid., p. 169, pl. 9, figs. 63, 63a (radula). 1970 Mitra verweyi Knudsen, Zool. Meded. Rijksm. nat. Hist. Leiden, vol. 45, p. 22, pl. 4, figs. A-C (Bali Sea, Indonesia, 7°33'S & 114°36’E, 200 metres, bottom mud). 1970 Mitra triplicata Martens, Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 35, pl. 2, figs. 2, 3. Types—tThe holotype of M. triplicata von Mar- tens, is in the Berlin Museum and the holotype of M. verweyi Knudsen, in the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden. The type locality for M. triplicata is station 258, N. of Brawa, Somali Republic, Lat. 2°58’N and Long. 46°50’E, in 1362 metres, in blue clay and mud. Records—EAST AFRICA: N. of Brawa, Somali Republic (v. Martens, 1904). INDONESIA: off Mabul I., Sibuko Bay, Bor- neo, 260 fathoms, at 45.7°F; S. of Silungan I., Sibuko Bay, Borneo, 305 fms., at 43.3°F; Pulau Melila, off Sumatra (all USNM). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Iligan Bay, Mindanao, 700 fms.; off Point Binuni, Higan Bay, 505 fms.; off Balicasag I., Bohol I., 432 fms.; Sogod Bay, Leyte, 502 fms.; off Liangan, Mindanao, 445 fms., at 52.8°F; off Santiago, W. Luzon, 280 fms., at 46.8°F (all USNM). Mitra nivea (Broderip, 1836) (Pl. 291) Range—Japan to the Solomon Islands and Polynesia. Remarks—M. nivea is a rare species which ap- pears to be confined to the Pacific Ocean. It has occasionally been placed in Tiara (= Cancilla) or Scabricola but the radula is typically mitrine. The following species, i.e. M. ancillides Broderip, is very similar in all respect except size, and could prove to be a dwarf individual of M. nivea when more material of both species becomes available. Habitat—On a sand substratum, from 10 to 55 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 90 mm (about 3% inches) in length, fusiformly-elongate, moder- ately solid. Whorls 8-9 apart from 2-3 glassy-white nuclear whorls, spire whorls slightly convex, su- tures distinct. First 2 postnuclear whorls fenes- trate through bisecting spiral and axial striae in smaller specimens, axial striae weakening on later whorls; on the last 2 whorls the spiral grooves [19-485] 336 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Plate 291. Mitra (Mitra) nivea (Broderip). Fig. 1. Lectotype from Anaa Id., Tuamotu Archipelago; im- mature (BM (NH) 1967924, 48.4 x 14.0 mm). Fig. 2. Specimen from Anaa Id., Tuamotu Archipelago (BM (NH) 1967924: 69.0 x 21.3 mm). Figs. 3, 4. Holotype of M. norrisii Reeve (BM (NH) 1967917; 86.4 x 25.3 mm). Fig. 5. Specimen from Marau Sound, Guadalcanal, Solomon Ids.; immature (WOC coll.; 40.0 x 11.6 mm). become more prominent and are minutely pitted in the interstices. Spiral striae number from 12-25 on the penultimate and from 35-70 on the body whorl; spiral striae become slightly more promi- nent, oblique cords towards the base of the shell. Aperture longer than the spire, narrow and smooth within; outer lip convexly elongate in immature specimens but slightly angulate and more thickened in adults and obsoletely denticu- late anteriorly. Columella not calloused and with 5 or 6 oblique folds, siphonal fasciole short, thic- kened and slightly twisted in adults but straight in immature specimens, siphonal notch distinct. Un- iformly white to fawn in colour, occasionally mi- nutely spotted at the sutures and grooves lined with dark brown; some immature specimens have 2 broad, orange-fawn transverse bands on the body whorl, interior of aperture white or flesh in colour, columella fawn, folds white. Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 86.4 25.3 45.0 Holotype of norrisii 69.0 21.3 37.0 Anaa I., Tuamotus 54.7 14.6 28.9 Syntype of nivea (juvenile) 48.4 14.0 26.3 Lectotype of nivea 45.4 13.4 23.0 Tosa Bay, Japan (juvenile) 40.0 11.0 21.7 Solomon Ids. (juvenile) Synonymy— 1836 Tiara nivea Broderip, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 3, p. 195 (Anaa Island). 1844 Mitra nivea Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 6, fig. 41; 1873 Garrett, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 839; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 8, pl. 6, fig. 77; 1882 Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 137, pl. 40, fig. 167; 1970 Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 35, pl. 2, fig. 4 (shell), textfig. 49 (radula). 1844 Mitra norrisii Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 1, fig. 6 (no locality given); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 8, pl. 5, fig. 68; 1882 Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 137, pl. 40, fig. 166. 1880 Mitra nevia (sic) Swainson, Garrett, Journal of Conchol- ogy, vol. 3, p. 21. 1907 Mitra (Scabricula) nivea Swainson, Couturier, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 55, p. 135. 1933 Mitra (Scabricola) nivea Swainson, Dautzenberg & Bouge, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 77, p. 179. 21939 Mitra (Tiara) nivea (Swainson), Oostingh, Ing. Nederl. Indie, vol. 6, p. 9, pl. 10, figs. 178a, b. 1971 Vicimitra nivea (Broderip), Kuroda & Habe, Shells of Sagami Bay, p. 189, pl. 53, figs. 11, 12. Types—There are 3 syntypes of M. nivea (Broderip) in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967924; the largest and very adult 69.0 mm long specimen is obviously not a bona fide syntype since Broderip would not have failed to select the most perfect specimen. His given measurements, however, agree within a few mm with the other two, more immature syntypes. We therefore select the 48.4 mm long syntype as the lectotype of M. nivea Broderip. The holotype of M. norrisii Reeve, a mature adult, is also in the British Mu- seum (NH) no. 1967917. This specimen was dis- covered in the Calvert Collection and sent to the British Museum in 1967 by R. T. Abbott. Ths type locality is Anaa Island, Tuamotu Archipelago. Records—JAPAN: Honshu; Sagami Bay; Shikoku; Kyushu (Kuroda & Habe, 1971); off Cape Ashiziru, Tosa Bay, Shikoku (Cernohorsky coll.). SOLOMON ISLANDS: Marau Sound, Guadalcanal (Cernohorsky coll.). COOK ISLANDS: Rarotonga (Garrett, 1873). SOCIETY ISLANDS: Fare Ute Point, Papeete, Tahiti (USNM). TUAMOTU ISLANDS: Anaa [19-486] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra | (ee) ice) Island (DMNH; MCZ). GAMBIER ISLANDS: Aukena Mitra ustulata Reeve, 1844 (Couturier, 1907). (Pl. 292) Fossil records—?PLIOCENE: Tjiidjow, Bantam, Java, In- . Wes. De Sa nee RET aera donesia (Oostingh, 1939). Range—Red Sea to Polynesia and the Hawaiian Islands. Plate 292. Mitra (Mitra) ustulata Reeve. (BM (NH) 1967783; 37.3 x 13.6 mm). Figs. 1, 2. Lectotype of M. ustulata Reeve; slender form (BM Figs. 8, 9. Specimens from Aden (NMW;; fig. 8 = 45.8 x 14.3 (NH) 1967918; 40.2 x 12.0 mm). mm; fig. 9 = 36.9 x 12.6 mm). Fig. 3. Holotype of M. kamehameha Pilsbry from Honolulu Fig. 10. Specimen from Manila, Philippine Ids.; broad form Harbour, Hawaiian Ids. (ANSP 46793; 49.4 x 15.2 mm). (NMW; 39.2 x 14.2 mm). Fig. 4. Specimen from Koror Id., Palau Ids. (WOC coll.; 43.6 Figs. 11, 12. Specimen from the Bay of Islands, Suva Har- x 14.0 mm). bour, Fiji Ids.; broad, corded form (WOC coll.; 42.0 x 16.7 Fig. 5. Lectotype of M. ignobilis Reeve from Ticao Id., mm). Philippine Ids.; intermediate form (BM (NH) 1967783; Fig. 13. Holotype of M. petrosa Sowerby; broad, albino form 35.3 x 12.3 mm). (BM (NH) 1879.2.26.136; 37.6 x 13.6 mm). Fig. 6. Syntype of M. ignobilis Reeve; slender, corded form Figs. 14, 15. Specimen from Marau Sound, Guadalcanal, (BM (NH) 1967783). Solomon Ids.; broad, albino form (Gower coll.; 44.7 x 16.7 Fig. 7. Syntype of M. ignobilis Reeve; broad, corded form mm). [19-487] 338 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae 40° 60° 80° \oo° 120° \4o° ANDAMAN , 1s. ---S-4-- ° ») NICOBAR aaa CEYLON ‘=~ 3 MARIANA } Sepen » SAO 5 _ [USTULATA] Pa 4,| © VChristmes % ‘PHOENIX 15. TOKELAU IS } - MARQUESAS IS. ‘ | *AMon ig” TUAMOTY 4 = ANCILLIDES @onca t cook te NS a ene aia Poe a pam aaa em aaoe | + Mario Theresa —Z a 1 hl 40° 80° 100° Plate 293. Geographical distribution of the species Mitra (Mitra) ustulata Reeve, and M. (M.) ancillides Broderip. Remarks—The species is highly variable in form and sculpture. As in other Mitridae, slender and broad forms of M. ustulata are found, often in the same locality, and M. ustulata and M. ignobilis should be treated as sympatric variants and not allopatric subspecies. The numerous spiral striae are not confined to the slender form ustulata but are also present in individuals of the broad form ignobilis. M. petrosa Sowerby, is a broad, albino form of M. ustulata. Habitat—Sublittoral, on a coral-sand and shell-rubble substratum. Description—Shell up to 53 mm (about 2 inches) in length, elongate-ovate to fusiformly- ovate, rather solid. Whorls 7-8 apart from pro- toconch of 2 smooth, conical nuclear whorls, spire whorls flat-sided or slightly convex. Sutures dis- tinct and fairly regular, spire slightly concave on broad specimens. Sculptured with shallow or moderately deep spiral grooves which may be finely punctate, especially on the spire whorls; depending on the depth of the spiral grooves, re- sulting cords are either flat or slightly stepped, close-set or wide-spaced, and number 8-24 on the penultimate and 25-60 on the bedy whorl. In some individuals, very fine longitudinal striae descend on the whorls and form macroscopic lirae in the interstitial grooves. Aperture narrow, equal in height or longer than the spire, smooth within; outer lip thickened and simple, convexly elongate or prominently convex. Columella not calloused and only slightly glazed and with 6-8 close-set, oblique folds. Siphonal canal straight or slightly recurved, siphonal fasciole distinct. White to 160° 140" : 120 cream in colour, spire whorls ornamented with irregular dark brown spots and streaks, body whorl with dark reddish-brown blotches which are usually arranged in 3 interrupted transverse bands; some individuals are pure white, lacking any trace of brown ornamentation. Interior of aperture creamy-white, yellow or light orange- yellow, columellar folds white. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~~ width aperture 50.5 16.8 26.8 Nukuw’alofa, Tonga 49.4 15.2 26.3 Holotype of kamehameha 49.0 15.0 — Type of mosaica 45.8 14.3 23.4 Aden 44.7 16.7 22.7 Guadalcanal, Solomon Ids. (albino form) 40.2 12.0 19.8 Lectotype of ustulata 39.2 14.2 21.0 Manila, Philippines 37.6 13.6 21.0 Holotype of petrosa 35.3 12.3 20.6 Lectotype of ignobilis Synonymy— 1844 Mitra ustulata Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 13, fig. 89 (no locality given); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 17, pl, 14, fig. 227; 1880 Garrett, Journal of Conchology, vol. 3, p. 31; 1882 Tryon, Manual of Con- chology, vol. 4, p. 119, pl. 35, fig. 51; 1962 J. Cate, Veliger, vol. 4, p. 142, pl. 3, fig. 1 (figured holotype of M. kamehameha Pilsbry). 1844 Mitra ignobilis Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 20, fig. 152 (Ticao Philippines); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 17, pl. 8, fig. 110; 1880 Garrett, Journal of Conchology, vol. 3, p. 18; 1882 Tryon, Manual of Con- chology, vol. 4, p. 119, pl. 35, fig. 52; 1964 Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News, vol. 12, no. 10, p. 1, figs. 5, 6. 1864 Mitroidea ignobilis Reeve, A. Adams, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 7, p. 199 (Mososeki, Japan). 1869 Mitra mosaica Issel, Malac. Mar. Rosso Ric. Zool. Paleont., p. 264, pl. 3, fig. 7 (Red Sea; Pleistocene). 1874 Mitra petrosa Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 18, pl. 17, fig. 314 (no locality given) [albino form]. 1921 Mitra kamehameha Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 72, p. 309, 313, pl. 12, fig. 23 (Honolulu [19-488] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 339 Harbour); 1964 Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News, vol. 12, no. 8, p. l, figs. 3, 4 (figured holotype). 1965 Mitra contracta Swainson, Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 84, pl. 13, fig. 9 (non Swainson, 1820). 1969 Nebularia abbatis (Dillwyn), Hitachi, Venus: Japan. Journal Malacology, vol. 28, p. 153, textfig. 1 (Nase, Amami-Oshima I., Japan) [non Voluta abbatis Dillwyn, 1817]. Types—The following types are in the British Museum (NH): the designated lectotype and 1 syntype of M. ustulata Reeve, B.M. (NH) no. 1967918, the designated lectotype and 2 syntypes of M. ignobilis Reeve, B. M. (NH) no. 1967783, and the holotype of M. petrosa Sowerby, B.M. (NH) no. 1879.2.26.136. The holotype of M. kamehameha Pilsbry, is in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, no. ANSP 46793, and the type of M. mosaica Issel, is probably in the Museum of Pisa, Italy. M. ustulata has been de- scribed from unknown locality, and Garrett's (1880) first correct record of Kio Island, Fiji Is- lands, is designated as the type of locality of M. ustulata. Nomenclature—Considerable | confusion existed between the various forms described as distinct species, and the writer (1965) unwittingly added to the confusion by considering M. ustulata conspecific with M. contracta Swainson, a super- ficially similar but quite distinct species. The forms mosaica Issel and kamehameha _ Pilsbry, have been based on slender, ustulata-like speci- mens, while ignobilis Reeve and petrosa Sow- erby, were described on the basis of broad forms. The latter form petrosa, in addition to being broad, is also an albino form. Intergrades between broad and slender forms of ustulata have been recorded from several localities. Plate 294. Mitra (Mitra) ancillides Broderip. Holotype from Anaa Id., Tuamotu Archipelago (BM (NH) 1967712; 23.8 x 10.6 mm). Records—GULF OF ADEN: (NMW). PHILIPPINE IS- LANDS: Manila (NMW); La Union Point, Lingayan Gulf, Luzon (USNM); Subic Bay, Luzon I. (DMNH); Calapan, Min- doro (AMNH:; MCZ). CHINA: Takow (BMNH). RYUKYU IS- LANDS: Nase, Amami-Oshima I., S. of Kuyshu (Hitachi, 1969). JAPAN: Mososeki (A. Adams, 1864). PAA IS- De. Koror Island (Cernohorsky coll.). SOLOMON IS- LANDS: New Georgia Island (McCollim coll.); Marau Sound, Guadalcanal (Gower coll.). NEW HEBRIDES: Morso; Teuma Bay, Efate I. (both Dale coll.). FIJI ISLANDS: Bay of Islands, Suva Harbour, S. Viti Levu, 8 faths. (Cernohorsky coll.); Kioa L., near Vanua Levu (Garrett, 1880). MARSHALL ISLANDS: Ebon (MCZ). TONGA ISLANDS: Nukw/alofa, Tongatapu I. (Cernohorsky coll.). SOCIETY ISLANDS: Patutoa, Tahiti (USNM):; Huahine (Garrett, 1880). TUAMOTU ISLANDS: (USNM). HAWAIIAN ISLANDS: Honolulu Harbour, Oahu (ANSP). MIDWAY ISLANDS: (USNM). Mitra ancillides Broderip, 1836 (Pl. 294) Range—Anaa Island, Tuamotu Archipelago; Marquesas. Remarks—Apart from the type-specimen, we have seen only 3 other specimens, all in moder- ately fresh but beach-worn condition, of this rare species. All the known specimens were collected at Anaa Island, and the exact range of distribution remains unknown. The species is closely related to M. nivea Broderip, which it resembles in sculpture and form, but it is appreciably smaller in the adult stage and more slender. M. ancillides is the type-species of Mutyca H. & A. Adams, by subsequent designation of Wenz (1943); the genus is considered synonymous with Mitra s. str. Habitat—Unknown. Description—Shell up to 24 mm (about | inch) in length, fusiformly-elongate and slender, mod- erately lightin weight. Whorls about8 apart froma worn protoconch, spire whorls slightly convex, sutures distinct. First 3 post-nuclear whorls fenes- trate through bisecting spiral and axial striae of about equal strength, 4th and 5th whorl with spiral threads which are more prominent anteriorly to the sutures, and irregular longitudinal striae. Last 3 whorls with very fine spiral striae only, intersti- tial grooves occasionally minutely pitted; spiral striae number about 22-23 on the penultimate and about 60 on the body whorl, inclusive of about 10-12 slightly more prominent basal cords. Aper- ture narrow, about equal in height to the spire, smooth within, outer lip weakly thickened and simple. Columella not calloused, and with 5-7 ob- lique folds, siphonal canal twisted to the left, siphonal notch distinct. Existing specimens white to fawn in colour, ornamented with faded, yel- lowish fawn axial zones and bands. [19-489] 340 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 23.8 10.6 11.6 Holotype of ancillides Broderip 21.0 6.4 11.2 Anaa Island, Tuamotus 19.0 = — Anaa Island, Tuamotus Synonymy— 1836 Mitra ancillides Broderip, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 3, Bs 193 (Anaa Island); 1845 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 38, fig. 319; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 17, pl. 8, fig. 100; 1880 Garrett, Journal of Conchol- ogy, vol. 3, p. 11; 1963 J. Cate, Veliger, vol. 6, p. 37, pl. 7, fig. 38 only (copy of Reeve’s figure); 1970 Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 35, pl. 1, fig. 13 (figured holotype). 1853 Mitra (Mutyca) ancilloides (sic) Swainson, H. & A. Adams, Genera Recent shells, vol. 1, p. 172. 1882 Mitroidea ancillides Swainson, Tryon, Manual of Con- chology, vol. 4, p. 162, pl. 47, fig. 374. 1933 Mitra (Mitroidea) ancillides Swainson, Dautzenberg & Bouge, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 77, p. 154. 1943 Dibaphus (Mutyca) ancilloides (sic) (Swainson), Wenz, Handbuch der Palaozoologie, vol. 6, p. 1296, fig. 3694. Types—The holotype of M. ancillides is in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967712. Broderip’s original dimensions of the type, i.e. length 5 pol- lex (= 127.0 mm), width 2 pollex (= 50.8 mm) are in complete disagreement with the actual dimen- sions of the type, and obviously in error. The type locality is Anaa Island, Tuamotu Archipelago. Nomenclature—J. Cate (1963) considered the Plate 295. Mitra (Mitra) variabilis Reeve. Fig. 1. Lectotype from Torres Strait, Australia (BM (NH) 1967905; 45.9 x 14.7 mm). Fig. 2. Lectotype of M. cylindracea Reeve; slender, spirally striate form (BM (NH) 1967738; 43.1 x 13.2 mm). Fig. 3. Lectotype of M. peasei Dohrn from Australia; slender, spirally striate form (BM (NH) 1967832; 36.8 x 11.0 mm). [19-490] species closely allied to M. ostergaardi Pilsbry (= M. fulvescens Broderip), and synonymized the “type of M. golishi Dall MS” with M. ancillides. The specimen figured on pl. 7, fig. 37 in J. Cate as “golishi” is not M. ancillides but is the slender form of M. fulvescens Broderip. The localities of “Hawaiian Islands” and “Marshall Islands” as given by J. Cate, should refer to M. fulvescens; the species M. ancillides does not live in Hawaii. Records—TUAMOTU ISLANDS: Anaa Island (IRSN; MCZ; BPBM). MARQUESAS: Tahuata (DMNH). Mitra variabilis Reeve, 1844 (Color pl. 255, figs. 5, 6; pl. 295) Range—Northern Australia. Remarks—This species is endemic to Queens- land and N.W. Australia. It is variable in sculpture and form, some individuals being broad and spi- rally grooved, others narrow and slender and prominently corded. The species exhibits transi- tional characters of Mitra s. str. and Nebularia. Habitat—Under stones and coral, from the in- tertidal zone to a depth of 75 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 50 mm (2 inches) in length, elongate-ovate to fusiformly-ovate, rather solid. Whorls 7-9 apart from a conical protoconch of 2-3 white, smooth nuclear whorls; sutures mod- Fee el v FORMOSA | | a os | — - ~- : = » MARIANA * Weke | 2 iS 5 * Corpor : ye i a 2», y PAIEIEPINE juore ov" at i, tok . Cer Yds, Yop With Eniweto, sae MARSH fi Polau j o* bed ut . Wwot/e mn Pi a "se Fonepe = 7 Maju, r > : CAROLINE Is. : oa 240 + Helen RK oe a? Ce. 20,2 -- ~ = ol OTE TSS a. [on ARCH zs NEW =>), 8 iS varies 5 PO 8 os NEW © V HEBRIDES reas Oe, Fld wow ser - e 2 DONA . Norfolk 120° 140° 160° Plate 296. Geographical distribution of the species Mitra (Mitra) variabilis Reeve, M. (M.) chalybeia Reeve, and M. (M.) cookii Sowerby. September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 341 erately impressed, spire whorls flat-sided or slightly convex. Postnuclear whorls ornamented with 3 flat or angulate spiral cords which either increase in number or remain stable on later whorls; penultimate whorl with 3-9 spiral cords or grooves, body whorl with 23-36. In some indi- viduals the grooves are very shallow and the in- tervening cords are almost non-existent; in specimens with deep grooves the resulting cords are elevated and quite prominent and the grooves are also axially striate. Aperture narrow, equal in height or longer than the spire, smooth within; outer lip moderately thickened, regularly convex and finely crenulate in adults. Columella cal- loused and with 4 or 5 oblique folds, siphonal canal straight, siphonal notch distinct. Brown to tan in colour, ornamented with a broad, pale transverse zone on the body whorl and occasion- ally with white axial streaks and small spots on all whorls; aperture brown or grey, columella brown, folds paler in colour. The brown periostracum embedded in the spiral grooves gives the appear- ance of the shell being lined with brown. Measurements (mm)— height of length = width aperture 45.9 14.7 23.2 Lectotype of variabilis 44.5 14.5 22.6 Bowen, Queensland 43.1 13.2 21.3 Lectotype of cylindracea 36.8 11.0 19.4 Lectotype of peasei 35.6 13.1 19.0 Northwest I., Queensland 31.7 11.0 16.8 Yampi Sound, W. Australia 25.0 10.0 13.3 Feather reef, Queensland Synonymy— 1844 Mitra variabilis Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 13, fig. 95; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 4, pl. 12, figs. 184, 185; 1882 Tryon, Manual of Conchol- ogy, vol. 4, p. 119, pl. 35, figs. 47, 56; 1965 Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 100, pl. 14, fig. 16 (Fiji I.); 1966 Cer- nohorsky, Veliger, vol. 9, p. 108, fig. 14 (radula); 1971 Wilson & Gillett, Australian Shells, p. 116, pl. 76, figs. 4, 4a. 1844 Mitra cylindracea Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 13, fig. 97 (no locality given). 1860 Mitra peasei Dohrn, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 366 (Australia). 1874 Mitra cylindrica (sic) Reeve, Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 4, pl. 12, fig. 188 (synonymized with M. variabilis). 1920 Mitra polymorpha Tomlin, Nautilus, vol. 33, p. 134 (sub- stitute name for M. variabilis Reeve, 1844). 1839 ? Mitra (Tiara) yokoyamai Nomura, Oostingh, Ingen. Nederl.-Indie, vol. 6, p. 8, pl. 10, figs. 175a, b (non Nomura, 1935). 1959 Mitra hanleyana Sowerby, Webb, Handbook Shell Col- lectors, rev. ed., p. 215, pl. 101, fig. 12 (non Dunker, 1877). 1970 Cancilla aegra Reeve, Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Mus. no. 8, p. 78, pl. 7, fig. 2 (figd. syntype of M. peasei Dohrn) [non M. aegra Reeve, 1845]. Types—tThe following types are in the British Museum (NH): the designated lectotype and 2 syntypes of M. variabilis Reeve, B. M. (NH) no. 1967905; the selected lectotype and 2 syntypes of M. cylindracea Reeve, B. M. (NH) no. 1967738; the selected lectotype and 1 syntype of M. peasei Dohrn, B. M. (NH) no. 1967832. The type locality of M. variabilis as given by Reeve is Torres Strait, northeastern Australia. Nomenclature—Tomlin (1920) proposed the superfluous substitute name M. polymorpha tor M. variabilis Reeve, which he presumed to be pre-occupied by Voluta variabilis Link, 1807. Originally described in different genera, Link’s species is a Vexillum s. str. whereas Reeve’s species is aMitra. Mitra cylindracea Reeve, is the slender, corded form of M. variabilis and has been correctly synonymized with this species by Sow- erby (1874) and Tryon (1882). M. peasei Dohrn, has never been illustrated and consequently has been misinterpreted by most authors. Sowerby’s figure of M. peasei (1874, pl. 6, fig. 76) from the “Sandwich Islands” (= Hawaii), is the slender form of Cancilla (Domiporta) granatina (Lamarck) and not Dohrn’s species. Tryon (1882) copied Sowerby’s figures and placed M. peasei in the synonymy of Cancilla isabella (Swainson). J. Cate’s illustrations of M. peasei (1962, pl. 34, fig. 1) and (1963, pl. 8, figs. 46, 47) are the slender form of Cancilla (Domiporta) granatina (Lamarck). The illustration of M. peasei by the writer (1965, pl. 15, figs. 35, 35a) is the species Cancilla (Domiporta) praestantissima (Roding). The very worn and faded condition of the lectotype of M. peasei led to the erroneous association with Cancilla aegra (Reeve). Oostingh’s (1939) illustration of “M. yokoyamai” appears to be the cylindracea form of M. variabilis, but not Nomura’s species, which is a form of Cancilla isabella (Swainson). Records—WEST AUSTRALIA: Broome (USNM; WAM); S.W. of jetty, Broome (Powell coll.); 7 mi. W. of Cape Preston, under limestone rocks; Port Hedland; Yampi Sound; Depuch Island, on shore under rocks; Antoni Mia, Nicko]l Bay; W. of N.W. Cape, 75 faths. (all WAM). NORTH AUSTRALIA: Clar- ence Straits, S. of Bathurst I., 28 faths.; Weed Pt., Darwin Harbour (both WAM); Cape Leveque (MCZ). QUEENS- LAND: Gloucester Island; Seaforth beach near Mackay; Port Douglas; Brampton reef, Bowen (all USNM); Hope Island (AMNH): Bowen; Garner’s beach; Port Curtis (all AIM); Point Cartwright; Goat Island; Moreton Bay; Rosslyn Bay; Keppel Bay; Magnetic Island; Four mile reef, Low Isles; Mossmann; Yorkey’s Knob, 12 mi. N. of Cairns; Four mile beach, Port Douglas (all Powell coll.); Townsville (Kleckham coll.; Powell coll.); Schoal Point, Mackay (Kleckham coll.); Feather reef, Gt. aie reef; N.W. Island, 57 mi. from Keppel Bay (both Eker coll.). Fossil records (tentative)—PLIOCENE: South Bantam, Java, Indonesia (Oostingh, 1939). [19-491] 342 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Mitra chalybeia Reeve, 1844 (Color pl. 255, figs. 17, 18; pl. 297) Range—Albany to Shark Bay, West Australia. Remarks—The species is closely related to M. cookii and to a lesser extent M. variabilis, but it is larger and more solid than M. cookii and the spiral sculpture is almost obsolete. Habitat—Among sea-weed and under stones, intertidal and sublittoral. Description—Shell up to 65 mm (about 2% inches) in length, fusiformly-ovate, last whorls slightly inflated, only moderately solid. Whorls 9-10 apart from 1%-2 small, light fawn nuclear whorls, spire whorls only slightly convex. Sutures weakly adpressed, irregular and wavy, first post- nuclear whorls sculptured with 3-4 weak spiral cords, later whorls with spiral grooves or weak threads which are minutely axially striate. The spiral sculpture is generally visible only at the anterior area of the sutures; the spiral threads number up to 15 on the penultimate and up to 20 on the body whorl. The base of the shell has about half a dozen spiral cords and longitudinal growth-striae are responsible for the undulating sutures. Aperture equal in height or shorter than the spire, moderately narrow, smooth within; outer lip only slightly thickened and with small, wide-spaced denticles at the margin. Columella calloused anteriorly and only thinly glazed on the parietal wall, and with 3 or 4 moderately solid, oblique plaits; siphonal notch prominent, Plate 297. Mitra (Mitra) chalybeia Reeve. Figs. 1, 2. Lectotype of M. chalybeia Reeve (BM (NH) 1967709; 51.6 x 17.9 mm). Fig. 3. Specimen from Beagle Ids., West Australia, in cray- pot (WAM N-2640; 50.0 x 15.4 mm). siphonal fasciole calloused and twisted. Basic colour generally bluish-grey, ornamented with dark orange-brown or greenish-brown transverse lines and occasionally nebulous, irregular axial streaks; interior or aperture greyish-brown, parietal wall brown, anterior columellar callus pale yellowish orange, interspaces of columellar folds sometimes orange. In some specimens the spiral lines are overlaid with a chocolate-brown colour. Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 62.0 18.6 27.3 West Australia 51.6 17.9 25.5 Lectotype of chalybeia 41.1 12.4 17.3 West Australia 35.4 12.1 17.1 Syntype of chalybeia 27.0 9.2 13.5 West Australia Synonymy— 1844 Mitra chalybeia Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 9, fig. 59 (no locality given); 1882 Tryon, Manual of Conchol- ogy, vol. 4, p. 116, pl. 34, fig. 30. 1874 Mitra chalybaea (sic) Reeve, Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 4, pl. 5, fig. 67. 1971 Eumitra chalybeia Reeve, Wilson & Gillett, Australian shells, p. 118, pl. 76, fig. 1. Types—The designated lectotype and 2 syn- types of M. chalybeia Reeve are in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967709. The species was de- scribed from unknown locality, and we designate Beagle Island, West Australia as the type locality (specimen in WAM). Records—WEST AUSTRALIA: Cowaramup Bay (AMNH); Bunbury (Clover coll.); Port Gregory; Yanchep reef; Wood- mans Point, Cockburn Sound; Beagle Island; Horrocks beach via Northampton; Surf Point, Dirk Hartog’s I.; Limestone reef off Sorrento Beach; Cottesloe; Greenough beach near River- mouth; Port Denison (all, WAM); Garden I., Freemantle (MCZ). Mitra cookii Sowerby, 1874 (PI. 298) Range—Northern New South Wales to Yorke Peninsula, South Australia. Remarks—This species is occasionally reported from southern Queensland, but specimens label- led “M. cookii” examined from this area, were the slender form of M. variabilis Reeve; the actual occurrence of the species in southern Queensland cannot of course be excluded. Although not previ- ously reported from farther south than New South Wales, we have seen two records from South Aus- tralia. The species is intermediate in characters between M. carbonaria Swainson and M. vari- abilis Reeve. [19-492] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 348 Habitat—Under rocks, in the intertidal zone. Description—Shell up to 40 mm (about 12 inches) in length, elongate-ovate to fusiformly- ovate, slender and moderately light in weight. Whorls 6-8 apart from 1%-2 nuclear whorls, su- tures moderately impressed, spire whorls slightly convex. Moderately smooth in appearance, sculptured with fine, punctate spiral threads which number from 4-10 on the penultimate and up to 40 on the body whorl; the spiral threads are frequently confined to an area near the sutures and the anterior part of the spire whorls and centre of the body whorl are usually smooth. The base of the shell has up to 20 punctate spiral grooves or cords and the body whorl is constricted near the siphonal canal. Aperture slightly shorter or longer than the spire, narrow, smooth within; outer lip moderately thin, simple and regularly convex. Columella only weakly calloused and with 4-5 thin, oblique folds, siphonal notch weak. Dark brown to tan in colour, ornamented with pale axial streaks on the spire whorls and a light coloured central band on the body whorl; the pale trans- verse zone is occasionally bluish-white and fine axial lines intrude into this zone. The aperture and Plate 298. Mitra (Mitra) cookii Sowerby. Figs. 1, 2. Holotype from Australia (BM (NH) 1900.2.13.10; 28.8 x 9.4 mm). Figs. 3, 4. Specimen from Sydney Harbour, Australia (Clover coll.; 31.6 x 9.8 mm). columella are brown, the folds are slightly paler. Measurements (mm)— height of length = width aperture 36.0 12.0 18.0 Woolgoolga, New South Wales 31.6 9.8 14.0 Sydney Harbour, New South Wales 29.0 10.8 15.3 Port Lincoln, S. Australia 28.8 9.4 14.4 Holotype of cookii Sowerby Synonymy— 1871 Mitra variabilis Reeve, Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 89 (non Reeve, 1844). 1874 Mitra cookii “Hanley”, Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 7, pl. 14, fig. 228 (Australia); 1913 Hed- ley, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 38, p. 314; 1951 Laseron, Rec. Austral. Museum, vol. 22, p. 340, fig. 5. 1957 Vicimitra cooki Sowerby, Cotton, Roy. Soc. Sth. Australia Malac. Section, p. 3; 1959 Allan, Australian shells, rev. ed., p. 182. 1971 Eumitra cookii Sowerby, Wilson & Gillett, Australian shells, p. 118, pl. 76, fig. 5. Types—In the British Museum (NH) there are 3 so-called “syntypes” of M. cookii which bear the numbers B.M. (NH) 1900.2.13.10 and 1907.11.21.128-129. Only the specimen no. 1900.2.13.10 is the holotype ex-Hanley collection and the other two specimens are later additions from the da Costa collection. The type locality is Australia, and this is further restricted to Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Records—NEW SOUTH WALES: Point Halliday (Laseron, 1951); Tuncurry (USNM); Woolgoolga (AIM); Sydney Har- bour (Clover coll.). SOUTH AUSTRALIA: Port Lincoln (Cer- nohorsky coll.); Brentwood, Yorke Peninsula (WAM). Mitra carbonaria Swainson, 1822 (Color pl. 255, figs. 21, 22; pl. 299) Range—West Australia to S.E. Australia, New Zealand and the Kermadec Islands. Remarks—This common, temperate water Austral-Neozelanic species is very variable in size, shape, sculpture and colour, and con- sequently has received a host of specific names. The occurrence of numerous intergrades between the various forms, currently recognized as “species ’, forces us to consider them as sympatric forms and ecophenotypic variants rather than al- lopatric subspecies or valid species. The various forms of M. carbonaria are briefly discussed: rhodia form: a slender, very small and often immature form, which occurs throughout the dis- [19-493] 344 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae tributional range of the species and is more fre- quently collected sublittorally; this form is also moderately common in New Zealand, at depth from 10 to 17 fathoms. badia form: this is the short, broad and smaller form of M. carbonaria which is more frequently encountered from Victoria to West Australia. The species subsequently described as M. castanea A. Adams, and M. rosettae Angas, represent the broad form. Sowerby (1874), Hedley (1913) and Cotton (1957) synonymized M. badia with M. car- bonaria, but Hedley (loc. cit.) specifically sepa- rated M. rosettae on the basis of the variable ow Plate 299. Mitra (Mitra) carbonaria Swainson. Fig. 1. Lectotype figure of M. carbonaria Swainson from New South Wales, Australia (from Swainson, 1829, pl. 5, centre figure; c. 68.5 mm). Fig. 2. Holotype of Vicimitra contermina Iredale from Syd- ney Harbour, Australia (AMS C-60677; 69.4 x 21.0 mm). [photo courtesy of P. Colman, AMS]. Fig. 3. Holotype of M. maoria Finlay from Tauranga beach, New Zealand (AIM TM-481; 47.8 x 16.5 mm). Fig. 4. Holotype of M. sinusigera Laseron from Longreef, Collaroy, Australia; juvenile (AMS C-65643; 17.3 x 5.9 mm) [ photo courtesy of P. Colman, AMS]. Fig. 5. Holotype of M. digna A. Adams from Australia; imma- ture specimen (BM (NH) 1958.8.30.3; 46.0 x 15.1 mm). Fig. 6. Lectotype of M. rhodia Reeve (BM (NH) 1967857; 24.9 x 8.4 mm). [19-494] sculptural features of more wide-spaced spiral grooves. perksi form: This is the albino form of the southern population of M. carbonaria and al- though somewhat more slender than typical badia, it is intermediate in width ratio between badia and carbonaria. This form has been re- corded as a white variety of M. badia by Pritchard & Gatliff (1899) and Macpherson & Gabriel (1962) from Port Fairy, Victoria. We have seen further specimens from Port McDonnell and Middleton, South Australia. The form is white, inside and out, when the brown periostracum is removed, but in Fig. 7. Specimen from Poor Knights Ids., New Zealand; small rhodia form (AIM; 21.2 x 7.3 mm). Fig. 8. Specimen from Vaucluse, New South Wales, Aus- tralia; small rhodia form (WABP coll.; 19.6 x 6.8 mm). Fig. 9. Specimen from Port McDonnell, South Australia; albino form with periostracum (WOC coll.; 23.2 x 8.5 mm). Fig. 10. Holotype of M. badia Reeve (BM (NH) 1966713; 29.0 x 11.2 mm). Fig. 11. Lectotype of M. rosettae Angas from Rosetta Head, Encounter Bay, South Australia (BM (NH) 1870.10.26.95; 20.3 x 8.2 mm). Fig. 12. Holotype of M. castanea A. Adams (BM (NH) 1967723; 20.0 x 8.2 mm). Fig. 13. Specimen from Bunker Bay, West Australia (WAM 157.70; 18.9 x 8.2 mm). September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 345 some intermediate specimens the sutural half of the body whorl has a broad brown band. Habitat—In coral sand, shell-debris and mud, under rocks, from the intertidal zone to a depth of 21 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 70 mm (about 3 inches) in length, fusiformly-elongate to elongate-ovate, moderately solid. Whorls 6-8 apart from protoconch of 2-3 glassy-fawn, de- pressed nuclear whorls; spire whorls slightly or dis- tinctly convex, sutures distinct but tight, irregular and occasionally weakly jagged. Spiral sculpture consists of shallow and usually minutely punctate spiral grooves and numerous, tightly packed, macroscopic longitudinal striae; spiral striae number up to 25 on the penultimate and up to 30 on the body whorl, striae usually obsolete in the centre of the body whorl, some individuals with the last 3-4 whorls almost smooth. Aperture slightly shorter or longer than the spire, moder- ately narrow and smooth within; outer lip only moderately thickened and simple. Lower half of columella weakly calloused and with 4-5 oblique folds, siphonal fasciole straight, siphonal notch distinct. Dark tan to blackish-brown in colour, su- tures occasionally finely spotted or narrowly lined with white, especially in young specimens; some individuals, particularly of the southern form badia, may have a few brown spiral lines. Interior of aperture brown or greyish-brown, parietal wall brown, columellar folds cream, fawn or occasion- ally flushed with light orange-brown; albino specimens are uniformly white under a yellowish-brown periostracum, but some inter- mediate specimens have a broad, light brown band on the sutural half of the body whorl. Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 69.4 21.0 32.5 Holotype of contermina 68.5 — — Type of carbonaria (from figure) 64.0 20.0 32.4 Long reef, N.S.W. 50.5 17.8 25.6 Port Jackson, N.S.W. 47.8 + 16.5 24.0 Holotype of maoria 46.0 15.1 24.0 Holotype of digna (juvenile) 45.2 15.0 99.5: High Island, New Zealand 35.0 12.2 16.7 Port McDonnell, South Australia 29.0 11.2 14.6 Holotype of badia 24.9 8.4 12.0 Lectotype of rhodia 24.8 10.5 13.7 Rottnest L., W. Australia 22.0 8.0 12.0 Poor Knights I., New Zealand 21.5 8.0 — Holotype of perksi 20.3 8.2 10.7 Lectotype of rosettae 20.0 8.2 9.4 Holotype of castanea 18.5 6.5 9.0 Port Jackson, N.S.W. 17.3 5.9 8.9 Holotype of sinusigera (juvenile) Synonymy (for carbonaria form)— 1822 Mitra carbonaria Swainson, Cat. coll. Bligh, App. p. 10 (New South Wales; New Holland); 1834, Exotic Conchol- ogy, p. 37; 1908 Hedley, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 33, p. 461; 1913, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 38, p. 312; 1913 Suter, Manual New Zealand Mollusca, p. 361, pl. 46, fig. 10 (New Zealand); 1915 Iredale, Trans. New Zealand Institute, vol. 47, p. 464 (Kermadec I.); 1924 Bucknill, Seashells of New Zealand, p. 61, pl. 3, fig. 10; 1932 Cotton & Godfrey, South Australian Naturalist, vol. 13, p. 76; 1970 Cernohorsky, Nautilus, vol. 83, p. 100; 1970, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 12, fig. 42 (radula from Australian specimen), fig. 43 (radula from New Zealand specimen). 1829 Mitra melaniana Lamarck, Swainson, Zoological Ilus- trations, ser. 2, vol. 1, pl. 5, centre figures (figured type of M. carbonaria Swainson); 1882 Tryon, Manual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 127, pl. 37, figs. 118, 119; 1899 Pritchard & Gatliff, Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, vol. 11, p. 186 (non M. melaniana Lamarck, 1811). 1844 Mitra nigra Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, pl. 5, fig. 33; 1867 Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 193; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 6, pl. 1, fig. 4; 1966 Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 9, p. 108, fig. 12a (radula), fig. 12b (penis); 1967, Marine shells Pacific, p. 143, pl. 32, fig. 206 (non Voluta nigra Gmelin, 1791). 1845 Mitra rhodia Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 28, fig. 225 (no locality given); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 6, pl. 13, fig. 213 and pl. 16, fig. 302; 1882 Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 127, pl. 37, fig. 114; 1889 Brazier, Journal of Conchology, vol. 6, p. 67; 1913 Hedley, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 38, p. 313; 1917, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 41, pl. 48, fig. 15 (animal), fig. 16 (radula); 1923 May, Ilust. Index Tasma- nian shells, p. 79, pl. 37, fig. 13; 1932 Cotton & Godfrey, South Australian Naturalist, vol. 13, p. 76; 1951 Laseron, Rec. Austral. Museum, vol. 22, p. 338, fig. 1 (shell), fig. la (protoconch). 1855 Volutomitra digna A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 135 (Australia); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 6, pl. 10, fig. 145. 1886 Mitra (Nebularia) rhodia Reeve, Watson, Rept. voy. H.M.S. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 15, p. 246. 1927 Mitra maoria Finlay, Trans. New Zealand Institute, vol. 57, p. 409, pl. 19, fig. 57 (Tauranga beach, New Zealand). e Ne Hi <_ + “yi 4 es be / SS rT z x hee ow Pe —— e VV | a ae Ve Plate 300. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Mitra) car- bonaria Swainson. [19-495] 346 = Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae 1936 Vicimitra contermina Iredale, Rec. Austral. Museum, vol. 19, p. 320, pl. 23, fig. 15 (Sydney Harbour, N.S.W., Australia) [non Mitra contermina Bellardi, 1887]. 1951 Mitra (Vicimitra) contermina Iredale, Laseron, Rec. Aus- tral. Museum, vol. 22, p. 338, fig. 8 (protoconch). 1951 Mitra sinusigera Laseron, Rec. Austral. Museum, vol. 22, figs. 2, 2a (Longreef, Collaroy, N.S.W., Australia) [juvenile specimen]. 1962 Eumitra melaniana (Lamarck), Macpherson & Gabriel, Marine Molluscs Victoria, p. 214, fig. 255. 1968 Mitra (Eumitra) maoria Finlay, Ponder, Rec. Dominion Museum, vol. 6, p. 45, figs. 28, 29 (radula), figs. 53, 54 (shell). 1971 Eumitra nigra Gmelin, Wilson & Gillett, Australian Shells, p. 118, pl. 76, fig. 4. (non Voluta nigra Gmelin, 1791). Synonymy (for badia form)— 1844 Mitra badia Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 20, fig. 157 (no locality given); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 7, pl. 12, fig. 181; 1899 Pritchard & Gatliff, Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, vol. 11, p. 187; 1901 Tate & May, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, p. 360; 1936 Ga- briel, Victorian Sea shells, p. 15, textfig.; 1970 Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 12, fig. 40 (radula). 1853 Mitra castanea A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 140 (no locality given); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 5, pl. 13, fig. 205; 1882 Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 127, pl. 37, fig. 115 (non M. castanea Roding, 1798). 1865 Mitra rosettae Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 55, pl. 2, fig. 6 (Rosetta Head, Encounter Bay, Sth. Australia); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 5, pl. 17, fig. 339; 1882 Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 121, pl. 35, fig. 64; 1899 Pritchard & Gatliff, Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, vol. 11, p. 187; 1932 Cotton & Godfrey, South Australian Naturalist, vol. 13, p. 77, pl. 4, fig. 6. 1882 Mitra testacea (pars) Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 127, pl. 37, fig. 112 (non Broderip, 1836). 1908 Mitra badia var. rosettae Angas, Verco, Cat. Mar. Moll. South Australia, p. 13. 1908 Mitra perksi Verco, ibid., p. 13 (nomen nudum). 1932 Mitra perksi “Verco, Cotton & Godfrey, South Australian Naturalist, vol. 13, p. 77 (Encounter Bay, Sth. Australia). 1957 Vicimitra perksi Verco, Cotton, Roy. Soc. South Aus- tralia, Malac. Section, no. 12, fig. 4 (re-description). 1957 Vicimitra rosettae Angas, Cotton, ibid., p. 3, fig. 3. 1962 Eumitra badia (Reeve), Macpherson & Gabriel, Mar. Shells Victoria, p. 213, fig. 255; 1971 Wilson & Gillett, Aus- tralian Shells, p. 118, pl. 76, fig. 3. 1962 Eumitra perksi (Verco), Gabriel, Mem. Nat. Mus. Mel- bourne, no. 25, p. 191. Types—The type of M. carbonaria Swainson, cannot be found in the Manchester Museum where it has been originally deposited, and was subsequently figured by Swainson under the name M. melaniana. The following types are in the British Museum (NH): the holotype of M. badia Reeve, B. M. (NH) no. 1966713; the desig- nated lectotype and 1 syntype of M. rhodia Reeve, B. M. (NH) no. 1967857; the holotype of M. cas- tanea A. Adams, B. M. (NH) no. 1967723; the holotype of M. digna A. Adams, B. M. (NH) no. 1958.8.30.3 (a juvenile specimen); and the desig- nated lectotype and 2 syntypes of M. rosettae An- gas, B. M.(NH) no. 1870.10.26.95. The holotype of M. contermina (Iredale), no. C.60677 and the holotype of M. sinusigera Laseron, no. C.65643 (a juvenile specimen) are in the Australian Museum, Sydney. The holotype of M. perksi Cotton & God- frey, no. D.13507 is in the South Australian Museum, Adelaide, and the holotype of M. maoria Finlay, no. TM-481, is in the Auckland Institute & Museum, Auckland. The original type locality is New South Wales, New Holland, which is further restricted to Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Nomenclature—The taxa M. nigra (Gmelin, 1791) and M. melaniana Lamarck, 1811, are not applicable to the Australasian species, but repre- sent the superficially similar West African species erroneously known in literature as “M. fusca” (not of Swainson) Lamarck’s type of melaniana is un- fortunately lost but his figure citations make the taxon an objective synonym of the West African M. nigra (Gmelin). Swainson originally described his species as M. carbonaria, but later (see synonymy) erroneously placed the species in the synonymy of M. melaniana Lamarck. Iredale (1936) considered M. carbonaria to be conspecific with M. glabra Swainson, and proposed Vicimitra contermina for the New South Wales M. car- bonaria. Iredale’s taxon is a secondary homonym of M. contermina Bellardi, 1887. The authorship of the albino form M. perksi is usually credited to Verco, whose original citation is anude name, but has been validated by Cotton & Godfrey (1932). Records—AUSTRALIA: NEW SOUTH WALES: Longreef, Collaroy; Redhead, Bendalong (both Cernohorsky coll.); Port Plate 301. Mitra (Mitra) multisulcata Harris. Muddy Creek, Victoria, Miocene of Australia. Fig. 1. Lectotype (BM (NH) G-9361; 2 x 7.4 mm). Fig. 2. Syntype (BM (NH) G-9361; 19.0 mm). [19-496] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 347 Jackson (USNM; AIM); Sydney (WAM; Clover coll.); Port Stephens; Newport (both AIM); Cronulla (Clover coll.); Vauc- luse, Sydney; Kurnell, Botany Bay; Boat Harbour; Long Bay; North Harbour; Shellharbour (all Powell coll.). VICTORIA: Port Fairy (AIM); Flinders (Cernohorsky coll.); Point Roadknight; Phillip Island; Western Port (all Pritchard & Gat- liff, 1899); Frankston; Sorrento; Nepean; Queenscliff (all Ga- briel, 1936). SOUTH AUSTRALIA: Port McDonnell (Cer- nohorsky coll.); Middleton (Powell coll.); Brentwood, Yorke Peninsula(WAM). TASMANIA: Tamar Heads (BMNH); Kelso (AIM); Port Arthur (AIM); Kings Island, Bass Strait (USNM). WEST AUSTRALIA: Caveening Bay, Garden I.; off Dunsborough, 8 faths.; Zeewyck Channel, Abrolhos I., 21 faths.; Cabbage beach, Cape Naturaliste; Bunbury; Eagle Bay beach, Cape Naturaliste; Bunker Bay; W. end of Rottnest Is- land; Cape Vlaming, Rottnest I. (all WAM). NEW ZEALAND: Maungaroa and Maraetai Bay, near Te Kaha; Waihau Bay, Cape Runaway; Motunui Rock, Onaio Bay (all Marshall coll.); The Cave, Poor Knights Islands, 17 faths.; High I., Whangarei Heads; Takau Bay; Tauranga; Cape Maria van Diemen; Mt. Maunganui, Tauranga (all AIM); Taupo Bay, Whangaroa; Hawera beach; Mokohinau Island; Little Omaha, Hauraki Gulf; Leigh, Hauraki Gulf; Robinson Island, Bay of Islands; Ngunguru, N. of Whangarei (all Powell coll.); Reotahi, Whan- ganui Heads (Gardner coll.); Bland Bay, Whangaruru (Hipkins coll.). KERMADEC ISLANDS: (Iredale, 1915). Mitra multisulcata Harris, 1897 (Pl. 301) Range—Miocene of Victoria, Australia. Remarks—The species resembles the small rhodia torm of M. carbonaria Swainson, and has the same, fine and predominantly spiral sculpture. The species is fusiformly-elongate, with a short aperture and a sculpture of numerous, finely pitted spiral grooves and longitudinal hair- lines. In the largest syntype the pittings are less prominent and the grooves are slightly deeper and produce narrow spiral striae. Harris gave dimen- sions for the largest of his syntypes, but illustrated another, less mature specimen. The syntype series inthe Department of Palaeontology, British Museum (NH), no. G-9361, consists of 5 speci- mens, ranging from immature to juvenile, and the largest specimen, length 24.0 mm, with 7.4 mm, which has c. 40 spiral threads on the body whorl and 15 on the penultimate whorl and 5 columellar folds, is here selected as the lectotype of M. mul- tisulcata. Synonymy— 1897 Mitra multisulcata Harris, Cat. Tert. Moll. British Museum, p. 120, pl. 5, figs. la-d (Muddy Creek, Victoria, Australia; Miocene). Mitra glabra Swainson, 1821 (Color pl. 255, figs. 19, 20; pl. 302) Range—New South Wales to Tasmania and Western Australia. Remarks—The species superficially resembles M. chalybeia Reeve, but differs in colouring and the appreciably shorter aperture. The form de- clivis Reeve, which is more frequently encoun- tered in South Australia, is shorter and more com- pact, the grooves are deeper and give rise to flat spiral cords. Habitat—In sand pools and on a coral reef sub- stratum, from the intertidal zone to a depth of 30 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 100 mm (4 inches) in length, fusiformly-elongate but occasionally fusiformly-ovate, moderately solid. Whorls 9-10 ~ Plate 302. Mitra (Mitra) glabra Swainson (figs. 1-4) and M. coxi (Ludbrook) (fig. 5). Fig. 1. Lectotype figure of M. glabra Swainson (from Swain- son, 1821, pl. 2). Fig. 2. Holotype of M. bulimoides Reeve; very worn speci- men (BM (NH) 1966656; 33.2 x 10.9 mm). Fig. 3. Holotype of Vicimitra exposita Iredale from Sydney, Australia; slender form with short aperture (AMS C-60676; 72.5 x 18.2 mm) [photo courtesy P. Colman, AMS]. Fig. 4. Specimen from Port Lincoln, South Australia; short, broad form declivis Reeve (WOC coll.; 45.0 x 15.0 mm). Fig. 5. Holotype of Mitra (Mitra) coxi (Ludbrook) from Muddy Creek, upper beds, Victoria, Pliocene of Australia (from Ludbrook, 1958, pl. 6, fig. 4; 61.5 x 17.0 mm). [19-497] 348 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae apart from protoconch, spire whorls almost flat- sided or very slightly convex, sutures occasionally irregular, particularly on the body whorl. Sculptured with minutely pitted or macroscopi- cally striate, shallow spiral grooves which usually become obsolete on the centre of the body whorl; spiral grooves number up to 15 on the penultimate and up to 25 on the body whorl, base of shell with 6-10 oblique cords. Some of the spiral grooves are orange-brown and appear as wide-spaced grooves; in some individuals the post-nuclear whorls develop rather deep grooves which give rise to flat spiral cords which may persist to the sutural area of the body whorl. In some speci- mens, macroscopically fine longitudinal striae are visible. Aperture variable in length but usually short, 37-45% of total shell-length, narrow or moderately open, smooth within; outer lip slightly thickened and simple, and occasionally prominently convex. Parietal wall glazed, col- umella calloused anteriorly and with 4 or 5 promi- nent, oblique folds; siphonal fasciole short and usually with a calloused twist, siphonal notch dis- tinct. Flesh, fawn, tan or light orange-brown in colour, usually ornamented with nebulous, nar- row, dark brown axial streaks, and wide-spaced, dark orange-brown spiral lines; the aperture and columella are either light orange-brown or the margin of the aperture is orange-brown, the in- terior is pale greyish-white and the columellar folds are whitish. Measurements (mm )— height of length width aperture 87.0 21.4 33.6 Outer Harbour, South Australia 75.0 21.8 31.5 Port Maquarie, N.S.W. 72.5 18.2 24.1 Holotype of exposita 60.5 17.4 26.0 Port Maquarie, N.S.W. 42.8 14.2 19.3 Port Lincoln, South Australia 37.4 13.6 16.4 St. Vincent’s Gulf, South Australia 33.2 10.9 14.7 Holotype of bulimoides Synonymy— 1821 Mitra glabra Swainson, Exotic Conchology, pt. 3, pl. 2, top and bottom figs. (no locality given); 1844 Reeve, Con- chologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 6, fig. 43; 1865 Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 165 (St. Vincent’s Gulf and Guichen Bay); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 7, pl. 4, fig. 54; 1882 Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 117, pl. 34, fig. 42; 1899 Pritchard & Gatliff, Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, vol. 11, p. 186; 1923 May & Tate, Index Tasmanian shells, p. 79, pl. 37, fig. 6; 1932 Cotton & Godfrey, South Australian Naturalist, vol. 13, p. 76, pl. 4, fig. 1; 1941 Ludbrook, Trans. Roy. Soc. Sth. Australia, vol. 65, p. 100 (Pliocene of Sth. Australia); 1966 Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 9, p. 108, fig. 13 (radula); 1970, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 66, pl. 1, fig. 9 (figured holotype of M. bulimoides Reeve). 1833 Mitra buccinata Quoy & Gaimard, Voyage Astrolabe, Zoology, vol. 2, p. 653, pl. 45 bis, figs. 14, 15 (New Holland); 1838 Kiener, Spécies général iconographie coquilles viv- antes, vol. 3, p. 32, pl. 11, fig. 31. 1844 Mitra declivis Reeve, Conchologie Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 6, fig. 44 (no locality given); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 7, pl. 14, fig. 233 and pl. 15, fig. 272; 1882 Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 118, pl. 34, figs. 39, 41. 1844 Mitra bulimoides Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 28, fig. 224 (no locality given); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 6, pl. 12, fig. 180. 1882 Mitra testacea (pars) Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 127, pl. 37, fig. 111 (non Broderip, 1836). 1936 Vicimitra exposita Iredale, Rec. Austral. Museum, vol. 19, p. 320, pl. 23, fig. 16 (Sydney, N.S.W., Australia). 1951 Mitra (Vicimitra) exposita Iredale, Laseron, Rec. Austral. Museum, vol. 22, fig. 7 (protoconch)). 1957 Vicimitra glabra Swainson, Cotton, Roy. Soc. South Aus- tralia, Malac. Section, p. 3. fig. 2. 1962 Eumitra glabra (Swainson), Macpherson & Gabriel, Mar. molluscs Victoria, p. 212, fig. 253; 1971 Wilson & Gillett, Australian Shells, p. 118, pl. 76, fig. 2. Types—The types of M. glabra Swainson and M. declivis Reeve, have been sold at auction of the Bligh and Norris collections. Swainson’s two un- numbered figures on plate 2 of “Exotic Conchol- ogy’ are designated as the lectotype of M. glabra. The holotype of M. bulimoides Reeve is in the British Museum (NH) no. 1966656; it is a small, faded and very worn individual of M. glabra. The type of M. buccinata Quoy & Gaimard, is in the Museum National d’ Histoire Naturelle, Paris, and the holotype of M. exposita (Iredale) is in the Australian Museum, Sydney, no. C.60676. No lo- cality was given by Swainson, and Quoy & Gaimard’s first correct locality indication of “New Holland” is further restricted to Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Plate 303. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Mitra) glabra Swainson. [19-498] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 349 Records—AUSTRALIA: NEW SOUTH WALES: Sydney Harbour; Botany Bay (both USNM); Newport (AIM); Long- reef, Collaroy (Powell coll.); Port Maquarie; Redhead, Ben- dalong (both Cernohorsky coll.). VICTORIA: Western Port; Otway coast; Port Fairy (all Pritchard & Gatliff, 1899). SOUTH AUSTRALIA: Semaphore, Gulf of St. Vincent (MCZ); Outer Harbour, Adelaide; Aldinga (all AIM); Port Lincoln (Cer- nohorsky coll.). TASMANIA: Kelso (AIM); Ulverstone (AMNH). WEST AUSTRALIA: Cottesloe reef; Fremantle (WAM). Fossil records—(tentative): Abbatoirs Bore, Adelaide, Sth. Australia; Pliocene (Ludbrook, 1941). Mitra coxi (Ludbrook, 1958) (Pl. 302, fig. 5) Range—Pliocene of Victoria and South Aus- tralia. Remarks—tThe species is related to M. glabra Swainson. The original description is as follows: “A fairly large Eumitra, rather broad, with a comparatively short aperture. Protoconch small and rather flattened, of one-and-a-half smooth turns. Adult whorls six, smooth but for growth striae; body whorl large, gently convex and sub- angulate at the shoulder; base constricted with faint converging growth lines. Suture impressed. Aperture rectangularly elongate, angulate pos- teriorly; outer lip and columella nearly parallel over most of their length; outer lip nearly vertical in profile; columella slightly oblique, with five plaits”’. Measurements (mm)— height of aperture 61.5 17.0 25.0 length width Holotype of coxi Ludbrook Synonymy— 1958 Mitraria (Eumitra) coxi Ludbrook, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia, vol. 81, p. 71, pl. 6, fig. 4(McDonald’s Bank, Muddy Creek, upper beds, Victoria, Pliocene; holotype in Department of Palaeontology, British Museum (NH) no. G-39670). Mitra picta Reeve, 1844 (Pl. 304) Range—North of Bashee River mouth to the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. Remarks—Although moderately common in beach-worn condition, live-taken specimens are rare. M. picta is similar to M. latruncularia Reeve, and immature specimens are difficult to separate. Adult specimens of M. picta, however, differ in having a more slender shell, larger spire, short aperture and finely punctate, shallow spiral grooves instead of the more prominent cords in M. latruncularia. Plate 304. Mitra (Mitra) picta Reeve. Fig. 1. Holotype of M. tessellata Kiener; juvenile (MHNG 1108/1; 24.1 x 8.9 mm). Fig. 2. Lectotype of M. picta Reeve (BM (NH) 1967839; 31.7 x 9.8 mm). Figs. 3, 4. Specimen from Jeffrey's Bay, South Africa (WOC coll.; 29.6 x 9.6 mm). Plate 305. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Mitra) picta Reeve. Habitat—Unknown. Description—Shell up to 40 mm (about 1% inches) in length, fusiformly-elongate and only moderately solid, sutures distinct, irregular and wavy. Whorls 5-6 apart from protoconch of 1%-2 usually worn nuclear whorls, spire whorls convex and slightly waisted at the body whorl suture. Sculptured with shallow spiral grooves which are [19-499] 350 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae rendered minutely punctate by very fine, overrid- ing longitudinal striae; spiral grooves number up to 12 on the penultimate and up to 19 on the body whorl, lower third of last whorl with about a dozen weak and oblique cords. Aperture shorter than the spire in adult specimens, narrow and smooth within; outer lip weakly thickened and simple. Columella only weakly calloused anteriorly and with generally 4, rarely 3 or 5, oblique folds, siphonal fasciole short, siphonal notch not very prominent. Dark reddish-brown in colour, or- namented with irregular, white axial flames and blotches, body whorl with a nebulous and inter- rupted white central band; interior of aperture and parietal wall brown, folds and adjoining area greyish-white. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~~ width aperture 42.5 11.3 19.0 Jeffreys Bay 40.0 11.2 16.8 Jeffreys Bay 31.7 9.8 15.4 Lectotype of picta 29.6 9.6 14.4 Jeffreys Bay 24.1 8.9 13.0 Holotype of tessellata Synonymy— 1838 Mitra tessellata Kiener, Spécies général iconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 37, pl. 13, fig. 42 (no locality given) [non Lamarck, 1811; nec Swainson, 1824). 1844 Mitra picta Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 16, fig. 123 (no locality given); 1848 Krauss, Stidafrikanische Mol- lusken, p. 124; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 5, pl. 14, figs. 242, 243; 1932 Turton, Marine Shells Port Alfred, p. 46, pl. 10, fig. 344 (juvenile); 1959 Barnard, Ann. South African Museum, vol. 45, p. 41. 1882 Mitra barbadensis Tryon (pars), Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 118, pl. 35, fig. 48 (M. tessellata Kienen), fig. 49 (M. picta Reeve) (non Voluta barbadensis Gmelin, 1791]. 1904 Mitra (Isara) schroeteri Chemnitz, von Martens, Wiss. Ergeb. Deut. Tiefsee-Exped. ‘Valdivia’, vol. 7. p. 53, (non Voluta schroeteri Link, 1807). Types—The designated lectotype and 2 syn- types of M. picta Reeve, are in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967839. The juvenile holotype of M. tessellata Kiener, is inthe Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, no. 1108/1. M. picta was described from unknown locality and was first localized by Krauss (1848) from the “Cape coast’ and later by Sowerby (1874) from the Cape of Good Hope, which is here designated as the type locality. Nomenclature—When Kiener (1838) described M. tessellata, he cited as reference figures 1733 and 1734 from Chemnitz, vol. 11, 1795: the illus- trated specimen is the species Voluta schroeteri Link, 1807, a West African form of M. cornicula (Linnaeus); Kiener’s type of tessellata, however, is the species M. picta. Martens arrived at the conclusion that the South African M. picta is con- specific with the West African M. schroeteri, and Tryon (1882) considered picta the same as the Caribbean M. barbadensis (Gmelin, 1791). The South African M. picta, although superficially similar to both species, is nevertheless a distinct species. Records—SOUTH AFRICA: Port Alfred (USNM; AMNH): Jeffreys Bay near Humansdorp coast; N. of Bashee River mouth, 32°S & 29°F; Xora, rT anckel coast (all USNM): Jeffreys Bay (USNM; DMNH; Powell coll.); Port Elizabeth (Clover coll.); Algoa Bay (Powell coll.); False Bay; East London (both von Martens, 1904). Mitra latruncularia Reeve, 1844 (Pl. 306) Range—North of Bashee River mouth to the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. Remarks—The distributional range of the simi- lar species M. picta and M. latruncularia is iden- tical according to available material. Adult speci- mens of M. latruncularia can be distinguished from M. picta on the basis of distinct spiral cords and longer aperture. Garrett (1880) reported the species from the Fiji Islands, but the specimens so recorded appear to be M. fulgetrum (Reeve). Habitat—Unknown. Description—Shell up to 30 mm (about 1%4 inches) in length, more solid and less fusiform than M. picta, elongate-ovate, sutures irregular. Whorls 5-5'2, apart from protoconch of about 12 worn whorls, spire whorls slightly convex, sutures irregular and sometimes wavy. Sculptured with Plate 306. Mitra (Mitra) latruncularia Reeve. Fig. 1. Lectotype of M. latruncularia Reeve (BM (NH) 1967793: 25.0 x 8.6 mm). Figs. 2, 3. Specimen from Jeffrey’s Bay, South Africa (WOC coll.; 22.6 x 7.8 mm). [19-500] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 351 deeper spiral grooves which produce regular, somewhat elevated and rounded spiral cords (worn flat in beach specimens), which number from 5-7 on the penultimate and from 14-17 on the body whorl; the spiral grooves are finely axially striate and the base of the shell has 5-9 oblique but weak cords. Aperture in adult specimens either slightly longer or shorter than the spire, narrow and smooth within; outer lip weakly thickened and simple and descending almost vertically. Columella calloused only anteriorly and with generally 4 oblique folds. Siphonal fasciole slightly longer than in M. picta, siphonal notch fairly distinct. Purplish-brown to greyish-brown in colour, beach specimens reddish-brown, or- namented with white axial flames, small spots on cords and sometimes a broad white band at the body whorl suture; siphonal fasciole white; aper- ture greyish-brown, parietal wall brown, folds and columellar callus white. Measurements (mm)— height of length = width aperture 29.7 8.6 13.0 Algoa Bay 28.0 10.0 14.4 Simonstown 25.0 8.6 13.3 Lectotype of latruncularia 22.5 8.0 12.2 Jeffreys Bay 18.0 7.0 — Type of albozonata 8.0 3.0 — Type of tomliniana (juvenile) Synonymy— 1844 Mitra latruncularia Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, pl. 21, fig. 166 (no locality given); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 5, pl. 14, figs. 237, 238; 1882 Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 120, pl. 35, fig. 59; 1932 Turton, Marine Shells Port Alfred, p. 45; 1959 Barnard, Ann. South African Museum, vol. 45, p. 40. 1932 Mitra albozonata Turton, Marine Shells Port Alfred, p. 45, pl. 10, fig. 335 (Port Alfred, South Africa). 1932 Mitra perexilis Turton, ibid., p. 46, pl. 10, fig. 346 (Port Alfred, South Africa) [non Conrad, 1833]. 1933 Mitra tomlini Turton, Errata for Marine Shells Port Alfred, unpaginated (substitute name for M. perexilis Tur- ton, 1933) [non M. tomlini Melvill, 1925). 1933 Mitra tomliniana Turton, Journal of Conchology, vol. 19, p. 370 (substitute name for M. perexilis Turton, 1932). Types—The designated lectotype and 2 syn- types of M. latruncularia Reeve, are in the British Museum (NH), no. 1967793, and Turton’s types of M. albozonata and M. tomliniana are in the Uni- versity Museum, Oxford. Nomenclature—Dohrn (1861) placed his previ- ously described M. plebeia Dohrn, 1860, from the Hawaiian Islands, in the synonymy of M. latrun- cularia. The holotype of M. plebeia is very worn and faded and has been tentatively placed in the synonymy of the Indian Ocean M. maesta Reeve; no similar species to M. plebeia occurs in the Hawaiian Islands. A printed leaflet entitled “Marine shells of Port Alfred, South Africa, Er- rata” has been published and printed prior to the article of the same title but without the words “Errata” in the Journal of Conchology (1933). A copy of this Errata sheet is inside the British Museum copy of Turton’s “Marine shells of Port Alfred”, and the sheet has been marked by Turton with the date 14-2-1933. The substitute name M. tomlini has been proposed by Turton in this Er- rata sheet, but was not mentioned again by Turton in the Journal of Conchology article. Records—SOUTH AFRICA: Port Alfred; Jeffreys Bay near Humansdorp coast; Xora, Transkei coast (all USNM); East London (Steiner coll.); Jeffreys Bay (USNM; DMNH; Cer- nohorsky coll.); N. of Bashee River mouth (USNM); Algoa Bay (AMNH:; Powell coll.; Clover coll.); Simonstown (Ackermann coll.; Powell coll.); Still Bay (Barnard, 1959). Mitra aerumnosa Melvill, 1888 (Pl. 307) Range—Algoa Bay to Saldanha Bay, South Af- rica. Remarks—This drab looking species appear to be of rare occurrence, since apart from the type, we have seen no other specimens in museums. According to Barnard (1959), the species does not Plate 307. Mitra (Mitra) aerumnosa Melvill. Figs. 1, 2. Lectotype from Algoa Bay, South Africa (NMW; 22.1 x 8.2 mm). Figs. 3, 4. Syntype from the same locality; immature speci- men (NMW; 21.4 x 8.0 mm). [19-501] 352 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae occur in Natal, and the author also questions the record of “Algoa Bay” whence the types origi- nated. The species has been also recorded from Algoa Bay by Sowerby (1892). Description—Shell up to 33 mm (about 1% inches) in length, elongate-ovate, moderately thin, horny in appearance, sutures distinct and irregular. Whorls 6-7 apart from the protoconch of 2 smooth whorls, spire whorl convex. Early spire whorls occasionally semicancellate, later whorls with punctate spiral striae which number from 8-11 on the penultimate and from 20-30 on the body whorl; spiral striae become sometimes obso- lete and uncountable on the body whorl and the lower third or only the siphonal fasciole of the body whorl may have 6-8 weak and oblique cords. Irregular axial growth-striae cover the shell and are usually stronger on the spire whorls. Aperture slightly longer than the spire, narrow and smooth within; outer lip regularly convex, moderately thin and simple. Columella slightly calloused and with 3-4 oblique folds, with the first fold some- what distant; siphonal fasciole short, siphonal notch not very prominent. Brown in colour, lower half of body whorl usually paler, some specimens with a narrow, central band on the body whorl and irregular, narrow pale streaks descending from the body whorl suture; aperture and columella are brown, and the shell is covered by an orange- brown or chestnut-brown periostracum. Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 33.0 11.0 = South Africa 22.1 8.2 11.9 Lectotype of aerumnosa 21.4 8.0 12.6 Syntype of aerumnosa Synonymy— 1888 Mitra aerumnosa Melvill, Journal of Conchology, vol. 5, p. 282, pl. 2, fig. 12 (Algoa Bay, South Africa); 1920 Cooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1919, p. 416 (description of radula); 1959 Barnard, Ann. Sth. African Museum, vol. 45, p. 41, fig. lla (radula). ?1904 Mitra simplex Dunker, von Martens, Wiss. Ergeb. Deut. Tiefsee-Exped. “Valdiva’, vol. 7, p. 31; 1925 Thiele, Wiss. Ergeb. Deut. Tiefsee-Exped. “Valdivia”, vol. 17, p. 185, pl. 20, fig. 22 (worn specimen) [non Dunker, 1846]. Types—The two syntypes of M. aerumnosa Melvill are in the National Museum of Wales, Cardiff; the larger, 22.1 mm long specimen which has been figured by Melvill on plate 2, fig. 12, is here designated as the lectotype of M. aerumnosa. The type locality is Algoa Bay, South Africa. Records—SOUTH AFRICA: Algoa Bay (Melvill, 1888; Sowerby, 1892); Table Bay; Dassen Island; Ondekraal, west coast of Cape Peninsula; Langebaan, Saldanha Bay (all Bar- nard, 1959). Fossil records—Saldanha Bay, South Africa; Late Tertiary (Haughton, 1932, Trans. Geol. Soc. Sth. Africa, vol. 39, p. 49). Mitra subflava (Kuroda and Habe, 1971) (PI. 308, fig. 1) Range—Japan. Remarks—We have seen no specimens of this recently described species. The authors com- pared their species with M. chinensis Griffith & Pidgeon, but judging from the description and type figure, the species is similar to M. notoensis (Masuda, 1967), from Noto Peninsula, Miocene of Japan. Description—‘Shell medium in size, thick and solid, elongated fusiform, orange-brown, covered by the dull brown periostracum. Spire elevated rather highly conical and with 9 rather flat whorls, and sutures distinctly impressed. Surface weakly striated, 4 on the earlier whorls and 20 on the penultimate [? error for body whorl] whorl. Body whorl large and high, more than half the shell, gently curved at the periphery. Aperture narrow and long lanceolated in shape, grayish-white within. Outer margin thickened but not crenu- lated at the edge. Columellar margin covered the rather thick callus, has 5 folds reducing in size downwards.” [Original]. Measurements (mm)— length width 39.8 12.0 Holotype of subflava Synonymy— 1971 Vicimitra subflava Kuroda & Habe, Sea shells of Sagami Bay, p. 189, pl. 53, fig. 2. Types—The authors did not state the location of the holotype, which could be either in the Em- peror of Japan’s private collection or in the Na- tional Science Museum, Tokyo. The type locality is Sagami Bay, Japan. Mitra notoensis (Masuda, 1967) (Pl. 308, figs. 14, 15) Range—Miocene of Japan. Remarks—The species was compared by the author to M. dainitiensis (Makiyama), but was dif- ferentiated on features of distinct sutures, long aperture and surface sculpture, which in M. notoensis consists of 1-2 very faint, fine spiral threads and fine incremental lines on the spire whorls, and faint, fine revolving threads near the base of the body whorl. The dimensions are as follows: length 32.0 mm, width 12.2 mm (holotype); length 17.0 mm, width 7.0 mm (paratype). [19-502] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra O00 Synonymy— 1967 Strigatella notoensis Masuda, Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N.S., no. 65, p. 9, pl. 2, figs. 20a, b (500 m E. of Fujio, Suzu City, Noto Peninsula, Higashi-Innai formation, Japan, L. Miocene; holotype in Dept. Geology, Tohoku University, Sendai, no. 4616). Mitra dainitiensis (Makiyama, 1927) (Pl. 308, figs 2, 3) 2 Range—Lower Pliocene of Japan. Remarks—The original description reads: “Shell fusiform, rather solid, smooth. Spire elongated, acutely conic, a little higher than the aperture. Protoconch unknown. Whorls about 7, smooth, flattish; suture superficial, uneven; base slightly contracted; outer lip vertical, almost parallel with columella, rounded below, with a smooth thickened edge; columella subvertical, with 4 oblique plaits decreasing in size and space from above; inner lip narrow, sharply defined, spreading over the slightly concave parietal wall. Height 24.0 mm; width 9.7 mm.” Synonymy— 1927 Strigatella dainitiensis Makiyama, Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. University, ser. B, vol. 3, no. 1, p. 114, pl. 5, figs. 15, 16 (Dainiti, Totomi, Kakegawa series, Japan, L. Pliocene; holotype in the Geological Institute, Kyoto University, no. 72). a Mitra hukusimana Nomura and Zinbo, 1935 (Pl. 308, figs. 4, 5) Range—Miocene of Japan. Remarks—The authors compared the species with M. dainitiensis (Makiyama), but distin- guished their species on the basis of narrower shape, the presence of basal threads and the apparently weaker columellar folds. The species appears to be a narrower and less mature indi- vidual of M. dainitiensis. The measurements of the holotype are length 28.0 mm, width 8.0 mm. Synonymy— 1935 Mitra (Strigatella) hukusimana Nomura & Zinbo, Saito Ho-on Kai Mus. Sendai Res. Bull., no. 6, Geol. no. 3, p. 174, pl. 15, figs. 29a, b (Yanagawa-machi, Fukushima-ken, Plate 308. Japanese Recent and fossil Mitrinae. Fig. 1. Mitra (Mitra) subflava (Kuroda and Habe). Sagami Bay, Japan (from Kuroda & Habe, 1971, pl. 53, fig. 2). Figs. 2,3. M.(M.) dainitiensis (Makiyama). Dainiti, Totomi, L. Pliocene of Japan (holotype from Makiyama, 1927, pl. 5, figs. 15, 16; 24.0 x 9.7 mim). Figs. 4, 5. M (M.) hukusimana Nomura and Zinbo. Yanagawa-machi, Hukusima Basin, Miocene of Japan (holotype from Nomura & Zinbo, 1935, pl. 15, figs. 29a, b; 28.0 x 8.0 mm). Figs. 6, 7. M. (M.) ishidae Masuda. Noto Peninsula, Higashi-Innai formation, L. Miocene of Japan (holotype from Masuda, 1967, pl. 2, figs. 12a, b; 9.6 x 4.3 mm). [19-503] Figs. 8,9.M.(M.) kurakiensis Hatai and Nisivama. Koshiba, Lower Musashino, Pliocene of Japan (holotype from Yokoyama, 1920, pl. 2, figs. 6a, b; c. 24.0 mm). Figs. 10, 11. M. (M.) cosibensis Otuka, Koshiba, Lower Musashino, Pliocene of Japan (holotype from Yokoyama, 1920, pl. 2, figs. 4a, b; 7.0 x 3.0 mm). Figs. 12, 13.M.(M.) takii Ozaki, Vyosi City, lioka formation, Pliocene of Japan (holotype trom Ozaki, 1958, pl. 15, figs. 9, 10; 14.0 x 7.0 mm). Figs. 14, 15. M. (M.) notoensis (Masuda). Noto Peninsula, Higashi-Innai formation, L. Miocene of Japan (holotype from Masuda, 1967, pl. 2, figs. 20a, b; 32.0 x 12.2 mm). 354. Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Hukusima Basin, Japan, Miocene; holotype in Saito Ho-on Kai Museum, Sendai, no. 6169); 1952 Hatai & Nisiyama, Sci. Repts. Tohoku Univ. Sendai, ser. 2, Geol., Spec. vol. 3, p. 215. 1967 Mitra hukusimana Nomura & Zinbo, Masuda, Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N. S., no. 65, p. 9, pl. 2, figs. 9a, b; 10a, b. Mitra ishidae Masuda, 1967 (Pl. 308, figs. 6, 7) Range—Miocene of Japan. Remarks—The species was compared by the author to M. hukusimana Nomura & Zinbo, but was said to differ from this species in features of shorter shell, larger spire angle, sculptured sur- face and 3 columellar folds. The dimensions given for M. ishidae are: length 9.6 mm, width 4.3 mm (holotype); length 15.0 mm, width 6.5 mm (paratype). Synonymy— 1967 Mitra ishidae Masuda, Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N.S., no. 65, p. 8, pl. 2, figs. 11, 12a, b (near Koeiji Temple, Otani, Suzu City, Noto Peninsula, Higashi-Innai formation, Japan, L. Miocene; holotype in Dept. Geology, Tohoku University, Sendai, no. 4609). Mitra kurakiensis Hatai and Nisiyama, 1952 (PI. 308, figs. 8, 9) Range—Pliocene of Japan. Remarks—This is yet another species which is similar to M. dainitiensis. Yokoyama’s original de- scription is as follows: “A single specimen lacking the apex. In a per- fect state, it may have measured about 24 mm in height. The whorls are smooth, plano-convex, separated by deep, impressed sutures. The col- umellar folds number four, the lowest being the smallest and somewhat indistinct. In the lower part of the body whorl, transverse striations are faintly visible which seem to have been mostly obliterated by friction”. Synonymy— 1920 Mitra fusiformis (Brocchi), Yokoyama, Journal Coll. Sci. Tokyo Imp. Univ., vol. 39, p. 47, pl. 2, figs. 6a, b (Koshiba, Miura Peninsula, Lower Musashino, Japan, Pliocene; holotype in the Geological Institute, University of Tokyo) [non Voluta fusiformis Brocchi, 1814; nec Mitra fusiformis Borson, 1820]. 1952 Mitra kurakiensis Hatai & Nisiyama, Sci. Repts. Tohoku Univ. Sendai, ser. 2, Geol., Spec. vol. 3, p. 215 (substitute name for M. fusiformis Yokoyama, 1920); 1954 Taki & Oyama, Palaeont. Soc. Japan, Spec. paper no. 2, p. 23, pl. 3, figs. 6a, b. Mitra cosibensis Otuka, 1937 (Pl. 308, figs. 10, 11) Range—Pliocene of Japan. Remarks—The figured type, 7.0 mm in length and 3.0 mm in width, appears to be a broad, juvenile form of M. kurakiensis. Otuka (1949) pointed out that the two species may be synony- mous since many transitional forms are found be- tween the two species. Should Otuka’s assump- tion prove to be correct, M. kurakiensis Hatai & Nisiyama, 1952, would become a synonym of M. cosibensis. Synonymy— 1920Mitra ebenus Yokoyama, Journ. Coll. Sci. Tokyo Imp. Univ., vol. 39, p. 47, pl. 2, figs. 4a, b (Koshiba, Miura Penin- sula, Lower Musashino, Japan, Pliocene; unique holotype in the Geol. Institute, University of Tokyo [non M. ebenus Lamarck, 1811]. 1937 Mitra cosibensis Otuka, Bull. Earthquake Res. Inst. Tokyo Imp. Univ., vol. 15, pt. 4, p. 1020 (substitute name for M. ebenus Yokoyama, 1920); 1952 Hatai & Nisiyama, Sci. Repts. Tohoku Univ. Sendai, ser. 2, Geol. Spec. vol. 3, p. 215; 1954 Taki & Oyama, Palaeont. Soc. Japan Spec. Paper No. 2, p. 23, pl. 3, figs. 4a, b (as M. consibensis on plate explana- tions). 1949 Mitra yokoyamai Otuka, Japan. Journ. Geol. Geog. Trans., vol. 21, p. 303 (substitute name for M. ebenus Yokoyama, 1920); 1961 Hanzawa, Asano & Takai, Palaeont. Soc. Japan 25th Anniv. vol. 25, p. 169 (non Mitra (Scabricola) yokoyamai Nomura, 1935). 1973 Mitra (Vicimitra) cosibensis Otuka, Palaeont. Soc. Japan Spec. Papers No. 17, p. 47, pl. 14, fig. 23. Mitra takii Ozaki, 1958 (Pl. 308, figs. 12, 13) Range—Pliocene of Japan. Remarks—The type figure depicts a small, im- perfect and juvenile species of Mitra. The original description is as follows: “Shell small, fusiform, spire not high, with 4 whorls (protoconch lost); suture distinct but not deep; whorls smooth, flatly convex; aperture elongate; outer lip broken, inner lip smooth, without any callus; columella nearly straight, with 3 conspicuous oblique folds, of which the upper- most one is the strongest. Height 14.0 mm, width 7.0 mm, height of aperture 8.5 mm. Synonymy— 1958 Mitra takii Ozaki, Bull. Nat. Sci. Museum Tokyo, vol. 4, p. 154, pl. 15, figs. 9, 10 (500 m S.W. of Tokoyodamati, Tyosi City, lioka formation, Japan, Pliocene; holotype in National Science Museum, Tokyo, no. 4471). [19-504] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra = 355 New Zealand Tertiary species Mitra hectori Hutton, 1905 (Pl. 309) Range—Eocene of New Zealand. Remarks—The species has been assigned to the genus Clifdenia Laws, 1932, by Fleming (1966), but the species is a typical Mitra s. str., which bears some resemblance to Miocene-Recent species of the M. swainsonii group. Clifdenia tur- neri Laws, the type of the genus Clifdenia, has very deeply recessed columellar folds and a prom- inent columellar callus pad which spills over onto the body whorl, characters found in some volutid genera but not recorded in any Mitridae. M. hectori will reach a length of 75 mm, the whorls are almost flat or slightly convex and the sutures are narrowly canaliculate. Sculpture con- sists of distant, shallow and smooth spiral grooves which frequently become obsolete on the last 3 whorls, but whenever present, are confined to the sutural area. In some specimens very fine long- itudinal growth-striae are visible and the base of the shell has up to 18 oblique cords. The aperture is about equal in height to the spire, narrow and smooth within, the outer lip is only moderately thickened, constricted anteriorly and simple; the columella is weakly calloused and the 4 oblique folds are prominent and situated towards the mar- ginal callus. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~— width aperture 49.5+ 17.5 33.8 45.0 13.0 22.0 McCullough’s bridge Holotype of hectori Synonymy— 1905 Mitra hectori Hutton, Trans. Proc. New Zealand Insti- tute, vol. 37, p. 473, pl. 44, fig. 2 (Waihao, near coal mine, New Zealand, M. Eocene; holotype in Canterbury Museum, Christchurch). 1915 Mitra (Cancilla) hectori Hutton, Suter, N.Z. Geolog. Surv. Paleont. Bulletin, no. 3, p. 20. 1966 Clifdenia hectori (Hutton), Fleming, N.Z. Dept. Sci. Ind. Res. Bulletin, no. 173. p. 64. Records—NEW ZEALAND: Hampden, Otago, M. Eocene (AIM): McCullough’s Bridge, Sth. Canterbury, M. Eocene (AIM). Plate 309. Mitra (Mitra) hectori Hutton. Fig. 1. Holotype figure of M. hectori Hutton from Waihao, M. Eocene of New Zealand (from Hutton, 1905, pl. 44, fig. 2; 45.0 x 13.0 mm). Fig. 2. Specimen from McCullough’s Bridge, M. Eocene of New Zealand; missing spire whorls (AIM; 49.5+ x 17.5 mim). [19-509] 356 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Indo-Pacific species tentatively assigned to Mitra s. str. Some of the species tentatively retained in the subfamily Mitrinae exhibit at times morphologi- cal characters more compatible with species of the genus Scabricola Swainson, in the subfamily Im- bricariinae. The spiral sculpture is however, more discreet, and only an examination of the radular anatomy will decide the correct generic location. Mitra fulgurita Reeve, 1844 (Color pl. 255, fig. 14; pl. 310) Range—Indonesia to the Philippine Islands and New Guinea. Remarks—Reeve’s description of the species was based on an atypical individual with elon- gated whorls, a slender shell and short aperture. The typical form, described later under the names M. nympha Reeve and M. filius Melvill, has an ornamentation consisting of 2 broad bands on the body whorl which are usually broken up into axial flames through the intrusion of the yellowish- cream base colour. A colour variant with addi- tional spiral rows of small brown spots has re- cently been described as M. yaekoae (Habe & Kosuge). Although rare during the last century, more specimens are being collected, particularly in the Philippines, and the yaekoae colour form is more frequently encountered in that region than the typical form. The habitat and anatomy of the species remain unknown. The species has been erroneously reported by Dall (1889) from the Caribbean region. Description—Shell up to 55 mm (about 2% inches) in length, fusiformly-ovate to cylindrically elongate-ovate, solid, sutures on the spire whorls sometimes narrowly channeled but on the last 2-3 whorls more adpressed. Whorls 74-9 apart from protoconch, spire whorls either regularly convex or convex only on the presutural ramp and then descending almost vertically. Sculptured with spiral rows of close-set, small pittings which number from 5-8 on the penultimate and from 16-25 on the body whorl; obsolete longitudinal striae occasionally cross spirals and are usually visible as short axial lirae near the sutures where they cross 2-4 of the spirals. Aperture slightly shorter or longer than the spire, narrow and smooth within, outer lip moderately thickened and almost straight, anterior margin of outer lip with small, weak and almost obsolete crenula- tions. Columella weakly calloused posteriorly, Piate 310. Mitra (Mitra) fulgurita Reeve. Fig. 1. Holotype of M. fulgurita Reeve; atypical, fusiform specimen (BM (NH) 1967764; 54.6 x 14.7 mm). Fig. 2. Syntype of M. nympha Reeve (BM (NH) 1967824; 50.9 x 17.0 mm). Fig. 3. Holotype of M. filius Melvill (BM (NH) 196580; 30.9 x 11.0 mm). Figs. 4, 5. Specimen from Ceylon (NMW; 36.3 mm). Fig. 6. Holotype of M. barrywilsoni (J. Cate); juvenile specimen (WAM 334-66; 39.0 x 15.6 mm). A full, valid species, but not in the Mitrinae. See part 2 of this mono- graph to come. Figs. 7, 8. Specimen from the Philippine Islands; spotted form yaekoae Habe and Kosuge (NMW; 38.9 mm). [19-510] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 357 60° 1oo° 120° \4o° 160° * Gear £ ( ; MARIANA ‘ f fSuipaen we, heey iL aa g So, "g, £0 Sey ot“ ‘ = 8 > wu o > N CALE DC ls 1 1 : : 80° 100° lzo° (40° 160° Plate 311. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Mitra) fulgurita Reeve. callus more prominent on the lower half of the columella which has 4-6 oblique folds. Siphonal canal straight but calloused in mature specimens, siphonal fasciole with 6-9 weak, oblique cords, siphonal notch distinct. White, cream or creamy- yellow in colour, ornamented with yellowish- brown or orange-brown, broad axial streaks on the spire whorls, and two broad, irregular and occa- sionally obsolete bands of the same colour on the body whorl; the transverse zones are usually in- terrupted by axial streaks of the protruding base colour, and in the colour form yaekoae the spire whorls have 1 or 2 rows of small dark brown spots and the body whorl 3-5 rows. Aperture cream to light yellow in colour, columella cream, occasion- ally flushed with orange-brown on the anterior callus. Periostracum thin, brown and moderately translucent. Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 54.6 14.7 24.4 Holotype of fulgurita 50.9 17.0 26.0 Syntype of nympha 48.7 16.3 26.2 Bali, Indonesia 41.0 14.2 24.4 Aramot I., New Guinea 37.8 12.0 20.0 Laminusa, Philippines OTL 12.0 = Holotype of yaekoae 30.9 11.0 17.5 Holotype of filius Synonymy— 1844 Mitra fulgurita Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 9, fig. 61 (no locality given); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 4, pl. 5, fig. 63; 1882 Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 118, pl. 34, fig. 43. 1845 Mitra nympha Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 31, fig. 249 (no locality given); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 2, pl. 12, fig. 189. 1925 Mitra filius Melvill, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vol. 16, p. 215, pl. 10, fig. 2 (no locality given). 1966 Nebularia yaekoae Habe & Kosuge, Shells World in Col- our, vol. 2, p. 76, pl. 28, fig. 34 (nomen nudum). 1966 Nebularia yaekoae Habe & Kosuge, Venus: Jap. Journ. Malacology, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 319, 333, pl. 29, fig. 10 (Zam- boanga, Mindanao, Philippines). Types—tThe holotype of M. fulgurita Reeve, B.M.(NH) no. 1967764, and the holotype of M. filius Melvill, B. M. (NH) no. 196580, are in the British Museum (NH). Two syntypes of M. nympha Reeve, are also in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967824; these two syntypes are conspecific with M. fulgurita, but neither of these two specimens shows the distinct colour pattern depicted in Reeve’s original figure, and the band-like colour ornamentation has faded to an orange-yellow in the syntypes. The holotype of M. yaekoae (Habe & Kosuge), is in the National Science Museum, Tokyo. No locality was given by Reeve for M. fulgurita, and we designate Laminusa, Siasi, Philippine Islands, as the type locality (speci- mens in various collections). Records—CEYLON: (NMW). INDONESIA: Bali (ZMC). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Zamboanga Bay (NMW); Zam- boanga, Mindanao (Habe & Kosuge, 1966); Laminusa, Siasi (Dan coll.; Eker coll.; Caton coll.). NEW GUINEA: Aramot Island, Siassi Island (Hinton coll.; Cernohorsky coll.); Rabaul, New Britain (Max Marrow, coll.). Mitra junghuhni K. Martin, 1880 (Pl. 312) Range—Upper Miocene of Java; ? Pliocene of Java, Indonesia. Remarks—tThe identity of the species has not been satisfactorily elucidated. Martin’s descrip- tion was based on a specimen with most of the spire whorls missing, and his original diagnosis does not appear to agree with descriptions and illustrations of subsequent authors. Both Tesch (1915) and Oostingh (1939), stated that they com- pared their specimens with the holotype of M. junghuhni, but their respective illustrations are not very similar. The 90.0 mm long specimen fig- ured by Tesch as M. junghuhni, is the species M. subscrobiculata dOrbigny, while Oostingh’s fig- ures are similar to the Miocene M. tittabweensis Vredenburg. The translated and abridged, origi- nal description is as follows: “Shell spindle-shaped, consisting of a few, con- vex whorls, aperture about equal in height to the spire, sutures with a shallow channel. The com- [19-511] 358 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae "TERE EB ae Sets le Lk eee Plate 312. Mitra (Mitra) junghuhni K. Martin. Tjilaoeteureun, U. Miocene of Java (from k. Martin, 1880, pl. 6, figs. la, b). plete surface is covered with sharply incised spi- ral striae which are close-set and are cut by lon- gitudinal striae which are quite distinct in the in- terstices; the width of the spiral interspaces is very variable. Aperture long and narrow, columel- lar callus elevated, outer lip thick and simple. Columella with 5 folds, last anterior fold very small. There are remains of a brown colouring on Ley Plate 313. Figs. 1, 2. Mitra (Mitra) granatinaeformis kK. Martin, Figs. 3, 4. M. (M.) arntzenii kK. Martin. Fig. 1. Type figure of M. granatinaeformis kK. Martin from Ngembak, Batavia, Miocene of Java; juvenile specimen (from K. Martin, 1884, pl. 5, fig. 87; c. 32.0 mm). Fig. 2. Type figure of M. martini Pannekoek from Ngampel, Rembang formation, Miocene of Java (from Pannekoek, 1936, pl. 1, fig. 15; 28.0 mm). Figs. 3, 4. Type figure of M. arntzenii kK. Martin from Kem- bang Sokkoh, West Progo beds, Miocene of Java; c. 13.0 mm). the shell”. No dimensions were given by Martin. Synonymy— 1880 Mitra junghuhni Martin, Tertiarschichten auf Java, p. 27, pl. 6, figs. 1, la, b (locality R. Tjilaoeteureun, Java, In- donesia, U. Miocene; type-specimen in Rijksmuseum, Leiden). 21939 Mitra (Tiara) junghuhni Martin, Oostingh, Ingen. Nederl.-Indie, vol. 6, p. 8, pl. 10, figs. 176, 177a, b (Tjikeusik, Bantam, Java; Pliocene). Mitra granatinaeformis K. Martin, 1884 (PI. 313, figs. 1, 2) Range—Miocene of India, Burma, Indonesia and the Ryukyu Islands; Pliocene of Sumatra. Remarks—The species has regularly convex whorls which are sculptured with 4-5 spiral grooves on the penultimate whorl; the resulting cords are not prominently elevated on the spire whorls and obsolete apart from spiral grooves on the body whorl. Fine longitudinal striae bisect the spiral grooves, striae usually more prominent an- teriorly to the sutures, columella with 4 oblique folds. Martin’s M. granatinaeformis was described from an immature specimen, while M. martini Pannekoek, was based on an adult of the same species. The latter taxon is a homonym of M. mar- tini Bottger, 1882, and M. martini Philippi, 1887. Measurements (mm)— length width c.32.0 — Type-figure of granatinaeformis 28.0 — Type specimen of martini 224.0 9.9 Okinawa; Miocene 9.5 4.0 Assam, India; Miocene Synonymy— 1884 Mitra granatinaeformis Martin, Samml. geo]. Reichs- Mus. Leiden, ser. 1, vol. 3, p. 86, pl. 5, fig. 87 (Ngembak, Batavia, Java, Miocene; type in Rijksmuseum Leiden) [juvenile specimen]; 1923 Vredenburg, Rec. geol. Surv. In- dia, vol. 54, p. 273; 1928 Martin, Weten. Meded. Dienst Mijnb., no. 10, p. 10; 1939 Mukerjee, Mem. geol. Surv. India, N.S., vol. 28, no. 1, p. 65, pl. 3, fig. 25. 1925 Mitra inquinata Reeve, Vredenburg, Mem. Geol. Surv. India, vol. 1, p. 148, pl. 1, figs. 15a, b (non Reeve, 1844). 1936 Mitra (Mitra) martini Pannekoek, Geol. Inst. Meded. Univ. Amsterdam, no. 60, p. 37, pl. 1, fig. 15 (Ngampel or Panowan, Rembang formation, Java, L. Miocene; type specimen in Rijksmuseum Leiden ?) [non M. martini Bott- ger, 1882, nec Philippi, 1887]. 1960 Mitra (Cancilla) cf. M. (C.) granatinaeformis Martin, MacNeil, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper, no. 339, p. 94, pl. 4, figs. 20, 22 only. Records—INDIA: West of Ghark Hill, Mekran beds, Talar section, U. Miocene (Vredenburg, 1925—as M. inquinata); Garo Hills, Assam, L. Miocene (Mukerjee, 1939). BURMA: Kyudawan and Myauktin, M. Miocene (Vredenburg, 1923). INDONESIA: Ngembak, Batavia, Java, Miocene (Martin, 1884); Ngampel or Panowan, Rembang formation, Java, L. Miocene (Pannekoek, 1936); Atjeh, N. Sumatra, Pliocene (Martin, 1928). RYUKYU ISLANDS: Okinawa, Yonabaru clay member, L. Miocene (MacNeil, 1960). [19-512] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 359 Mitra arntzenti K. Martin 1916 (Pl. 313, figs. 3, 4) Range—Lower Miocene of Java, Indonesia. Remarks—The species is related to M. granatinaeformis K. Martin. The freely translated description is as follows: “A slender species with an aperture shorter than half the length of the shell, protoconch mis- sing. Central whorls separated by impressed su- tures, sculptured with 5 slightly rounded and close-set spiral threads, one of which is covered by the suture. The spiral grooves are finely axially striate or punctate, and diminish in width on the body whorl where the punctate sculpture be- comes obsolete or disappears. The siphonal fas- ciole is spirally corded and the columella has 4 sharp folds which decrease in size anteriorly; the outer lip is not preserved and the canal is con- stricted anteriorly. Length about 13.0 mm”. Synonymy— 1916 Mitra (s. str.)arntzenii Martin, Samml. geol. Reichs-Mus. Leiden, N. F., vol. 2, pt. 6, p. 236, pl. 1, figs. 28, 28a (Kem- bang Sokkoh, West Progo beds, Java, Indonesia, L. Miocene; type-specimen in Rijksmuseum Leiden). Plate 314. Mitra (Mitra) gilbertsoni (J. Cate). Holotype from N. W. of Rottnest Id., near Fremantle, West Australia, 19% fms.; immature specimen (WAM 1129-67; 46.4 x 19.0 mm). Mitra gilbertsoni (J. Cate, 1968) (Pl. 314) Range—West Australia. Habitat—On a sand and coral substratum, from 19% to 24 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 52 mm (about 2 inches) in length, cylindrically-ovate and inflated, solid and heavy, sutures distinct, narrowly chan- neled on the spire whorls, irregular and minutely serrated through bisecting axial striae. Whorls 8-8'%, apart from the protoconch of 1% small nu- clear whorls, first 2 post-nuclear whorls with 3 shallow spiral grooves which are obsoletely pit- ted, later whorls with 3-4 more deeply incised spiral grooves which are crossed by irregular axial striae; on the body whorl, 3 prominent and obso- letely pitted spiral grooves are confined to the shoulder of the whorl and are followed by up to 15 very shallow and minutely punctate spiral grooves, base of shell with 4-5 weak cords. Aper- ture longer than the spire, only moderately nar- row, smooth within, outer lip regularly convex, moderately thickened and simple. Columella cal- loused, and with 5-6 strong, oblique folds, siphonal canal straight and slightly calloused, siphonal notch prominent. Uniformly fawn in col- our under a moderately opaque, thin, light tan periostracum, ornamented with two very faint tan broad bands on the body whorl and small white axial spots and streaks near the sutures; aperture and columella porcellaneous-white. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~— width aperture 51.6 20.4 32.7 Paratype of gilbertsoni 46.4 19.0 28.8 Holotype of gilbertsoni Synonymy— 1968 Pterygia gilbertsoni J. Cate, Veliger, vol. 11, p. 85, pl. 11, figs. la-d. Types—tThe holotype is in the Western Austra- lian Museum, Perth, no. 1129-67; the specimen is immature, with a thin outer lip, and is more in- flated and broader than the more mature paratype. The type locality is 5 miles northwest of Rottnest Island, near Fremantle, West Australia, in 19% fathoms. Records—WEST AUSTRALIA: N.W. of Rottnest Island, near Fremantle, 19% faths. (WAM); N.E. of Eaglenest Island, Easter group, Abrolhos Islands (J. Cate, 1968). [19-513] 360 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Plate 315. Figs. 1-6. Mitra (Mitra) orientalis Griffith and Pid- tion, St. Barbara County, California (USNM 612219; 55.2 geon. Figs. 7,8. M.(M.) caliginosa Reeve. Figs. 9-15. M. (M.) mm). idae Melvill. Fig. 11. Holotype of M. loweana Pilsbry from off Avalon, Fig. 1. Syntype of M. orientalis Griffith and Pidgeon from Iquique, Chile (BM (NH) 1966417; 56.6 x 21.2 mm). Figs. 2, 3. Specimen from Peru (USNM 208079; 51.2 x 21.1 mm). Fig. 4. Holotype of M. fortis Melvill (NMW; 57.9 x 21.4 mm). Fig. 5. Holotype of M. induta Sowerby, juvenile specimen (ANSP 28652; 31.3 x 10.9 mm). Fig. 6. Type figure of M. martini Philippi from Chiloe Id., L. Pliocene of Chile (from Philippi, 1887, pl. 8, fig. 5). Figs. 7, 8. Holotype of M. (M.) caliginosa Reeve (BM (NH) 1966718; 34.9 x 12.4 mm). Fig. 9. Holotype of M. (M.) idae Melvill from Point Loma, Lower California (NMW; 60.0 x 19.3 mm). Fig. 10. Paratype of M. semiusta Berry from Point Concep- [19-514] Catalina Id., California; juvenile specimen (USNM 109305; 5.5 x 2.8 mm) [photo courtesy H. A. Rehder, USNM]. Fig. 12. Holotype of M. coronadoensis (Baker & Spicer) from Los Coronados Ids., Lower California; juvenile specimen (SDNHM; 13.0 x 6.2 mm) [colour slide courtesy of G. Radwin, SONHM]. Fig. 13. Lectotype of M. catalinae (Dall) from San Pedro, California (USNM 219648; 28.4 x 11.4 mm). Fig. 14. Lectotype of M. diegensis (Dall) from San Diego, California (USNM 252998; 13.2 x 5.3 mm) [photo courtesy of H. A. Rehder, USNM]. Fig. 15. Specimen of M. idae from Monterey Bay, California, 20 m; broad, inflated form (ZMC; 49.4 x 21.0 mm). September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 361] West American species Mitra orientalis Griffith and Pidgeon, 1834 (Color pl. 256, fig. 1; pl. 315, figs. 1-6) Range—Colombia to Chile. Remarks—The southern limit of distribution is about Valparaiso, Chile, but during the Lower Pliocene, when temperatures were somewhat warmer than at present, the species extended even farther south by at least 10° of Latitude. Description—Shell up to 75 mm (3 inches) in length, elongate-ovate, body whorl usually in- flated, width-ratio 34-41% of length. Sutures dis- tinct but not channeled, whorls 5-7, protoconch usually eroded, spire whorls regularly convex. Smooth in appearance, sculptured with very fine, numerous spiral striae which number up to 30 on the penultimate whorl but become obsolete and uncountable on the body whorl; in some indi- viduals the early spire whorls are prominently granulose, clathrate or spirally corded. Aperture shorter or longer than the spire, height-ratio 47-55% of total length, aperture smooth within; outer lip only moderately thickened and simple, regularly convex or subangulate. Columella cal- loused in adult specimens, parietal callus slightly more thickened, columella with 4 or 5 oblique folds; siphonal canal straight, siphonal notch dis- tinct, base of shell smooth or with up to 15 weak, oblique cords. Uniformly tan to brown in colour under a blackish-brown periostracum, aperture and columella white or bluish-white, margin of outer lip occasionally edged with greyish-brown. Measurements (mm)— height of length = width aperture 70.0 24.0 — Type-specimen of martini 60.0 223: 29.0 Peru 57.9 21.4 32.0 Holotype of fortis 56.6 21.2 28.6 Syntype of orientalis 51.2 2171 27.0 Peru 31.3 10.9 16.4 Holotype of induta Synonymy— 1834 Mitra orientalis Griffith & Pidgeon, Anim. Kingd. Baron Cuvier, Moll. & Radiata, vol. 12, pl. 40, fig. 5 (no locality given); 1844 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 5, fig. 34; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 5, pl. 3, fig. 40; 1909 Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, vol. 37, p. 212. 1836 Mitra maura Broderip, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 3, p. 193 (Iquiqui, Peru); 1854, Hupé, Hist. fisica y politica de Chile, p. 211; 1882 Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 121, pl. 36, fig. 67. 1838 Mitra chilensis (Kiener, Spécies général iconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 26, pl. 10, fig. 28 (coasts of Chile). 1875 Mitra induta Sowerby, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 128, pl. 24, fig. 9 (no locality given) [juvenile specimen]; 1882 Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 121, pl. 36, fig. 70. 1887 Mitra martini Philippi, Tert. & Quart. Verst. Chiles, p. 71, pl. 8, fig. 5 (Ancud, Chiloe Island, Chile; L. Pliocene) {non M. martini Bottger, 1882]. 1925 Mitra fortis Melvill, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vol. 16, p. 215, pl. 10, fig. 5 (probably west coast of S. America, Peru or Chile). 21934 Mitra (? Mitraria) sp. ind. Rutsch, Abh. Schweizer Palaeont. Gesellschaft, vols. 54 & 55, p. 85, pl. 7, figs. 3, 4 (Punta Gavilan, Venezuela, Miocene; ? Miocene subspecies of M. orientalis). 1951 Mitraria fortis (Melvill), Carcelles & Williamson, Rev. Inst. Nac. Invest. Cienc. Nat. Argentina, vol. 2, no. 5, p. 301. ?1964 Mitra (Atrimitra) mexicana (pars) Dall, Olsson, Neogene moll. N.W. Ecuador, Paleont. Res. Inst. Ithaca Publ., p. 132, pl. 23, fig. 12a only (Punta Gorda, Esmeraldas formation, Ecuador, L. Miocene or L. Pliocene) [non Strigatella (Atrimitra) mexicana Dall, 1919]. Types—Three syntypes of M. orientalis Griffith & Pidgeon, which are also the types of M. maura Broderip, are in the British Museum (NH) no. 1966417-419. The holotype of M. fortis Melvill, is in the National Museum of Wales, Cardiff, and the type-specimen of M. chilensis Kiener, could not be found. The holotype of M. induta Sowerby, is inthe Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, no. 28652; the accompanying label reads “unique type, ex-Prevost coll., ex-Sowerby”’. A very similar and also juvenile specimen of closely matching dimensions is in the National Museum of Wales, Cardiff (32.0 x 10.8 x 16.7 mm), witha label “prob- able type ex-Thomas collection”. The ANSP specimen is the type-specimen, since it has only 3 columellar folds as described by Sowerby, whereas the NMW specimen has 4 folds. No local- ORIENTALIS p a i¢ BS ; Plate 316. Geographical distribution of the species Mitra (Mitra) orientalis Griffith and Pidgeon, and M. (M.) idae Mel- vill. [19-519] 362 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae ity was given for M. orientalis, and Broderip’s locality indication of Iquique, Peru [= Chile], is designated as the type locality. Nomenclature—Mitra martini Philippi, was described from an incomplete specimen of Lower Pliocene age of Chil6e Island, off the Chilean coast. Philippi’s taxon is ahomonym of M. martini Bottger, 1882, but since Philippi’s species appears to be conspecific with the Recent M. orientalis, no substitute name is proposed here. Records—ECUADOR: Ancon (Dall, 1908). PERU: (USNM: LACM); Callao (USNM); E. of Viejas Island, Independencia Bay, 14°14’S, in lobster traps; off Lobos de Afuera Island, 6°53’ 50"S & 80°43'30"W, on sand; South Bay, Lobos de Afuera Islands, 6°56'12"S & 80°42'50"W, on rocks (all USC); S. of Cape Aguja, 6°27’ to 6°23'S & 80°55’W, 160 m (LACM). CHILE: Sarmenia, Caleta Iquique (USNM); Iquique (BMNH; LACM); Valparaiso (Hupe, 1854); Caldera (MCZ). Fossil records—LOWER PLIOCENE: Ancud, Childe Is- land, Chile (Philippi, 1887, as M. martini). Mitra idae Melvill, 1893 (Color pl. 256, figs, 2, 3; pl. 315, figs. 9-15) Range—Crescent City, Northern California to the Farallon Islands and to Cedros Island, Baja California. Remarks—tThe species is variable in features of obesity, sculpture and ratio of apertural height to spire height, and consequently has received numerous names. The slender or broad forms of M. idae are not confined to any specific region, but as in other species of Mitridae, appear in widely distributed populations. Some of the forms of idae, particularly the form M. montereyi Berry, closely resembly individuals of the more southern species M. orientalis in both form and sculpture. Generally speaking, broad forms of idae have a longer outer lip and wider aperture than slender forms, while small and often immature individu- als have a narrower aperture and a less angulate and more regularly convex outer lip. The southern species M. orientalis differs in features of a more inflated body whorl, a finer sculpture and the ab- sence of interstitial pits on later whorls. Accord- ing to Chess & Rosenthal (1971), small specimens, 13-15 mm in length, are already sexually mature. Habitat—Near rocks and under kelp, on gravel, rock, sand or clay substratum, from the intertidal zone to a depth of 300 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 75 mm (3 inches) in length, fusiformly-ovate to elongate-ovate, some- times inflated, width-ratio 32-45% of length, solid, sutures distinct and irregular. Whorls 6-7, apart from the protoconch which is usually eroded, spire whorls regularly convex. Sculptured with spiral grooves which become frequently pitted through bisecting longitudinal striae; the number of spiral striae is fewer in small specimens than in large ones, and striae number from 4-20 on the penultimate and from 11-50 on the body whorl, apart from 8-15 not very prominent oblique cords at the base. Aperture generally longer in small specimens, shorter or longer than the spire in large ones, apertural ratio 44-64% of length, aper- ture smooth within; outer lip thickened and sim- ple, subangulate and descending almost vertically or regularly convex especially in small specimens. Columella calloused, parietal wall sometimes only glazed and with a small callus pad pos- teriorly, columella with 3-4 oblique folds; siphonal canal straight or slightly twisted in senile specimens, siphonal notch prominent. Uniformly light brown, greyish-brown or mauve-brown under a blackish periostracum, aperture white or brown, parietal wall brown or with a white callos- ity, columellar folds white or bluish-white. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~~ width aperture 72.1 24.0 34.8 Holotype of semiusta 66.5 23.5 33.7 Holotype of montereyi 60.0 19.3 28.3 Holotype of idae 53.5 18.5 26.8 S. of Pt. Conception, California 49,2 20.8 29.4 Monterey Bay, California 37.0 15.3 21.1 Off Pt. Loma, California 28.4 11.4 16.2 Lectotype of catalinae 13.2 5.3 7.6 Lectotype of diegensis 13.0 6.2 8.2 Holotype of coronadoensis 10.5 4.7 6.7 Off Redondo Beach, California 5.5 2.8 — Holotype of loweana Synonymy— 1857 Mitra maura Carpenter in Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon- don, p. 227; 1907 Berry, Nautilus, vol. 21, no. 4, p. 40 (non Broderip, 1836). 1893 Mitra idae Melvill, The Conchologist, vol. 2, p. 140, pl. 1, fig. 6 (Point Loma, Lower California); 1906 Williamson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 19, p. 195, figs. 1-5; 1920 Berry, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vol. 14, textfigs. 5, 6; 1927 Oldroyd, Mar. shells w. coast N. America, vol. 2, p. 170, 1931 Grant & Gale, Mem. San Diego Soc. Nat. History, vol. 1, p. 635; 1952 Morris, Field Guide to shells, p. 133, pl. 30, fig. 14, 1954 R. T. Abbott, American Seashells, p. 249, pl. 20, fig. p; 1958 Emerson & Addicot, American Mus. Novitates, no. 1909, p. 7; 1959 Kanakoff & Emerson, Los Angeles County Mus. Contrib. Science, no. 31, p. 28; 1967 J. Cate; Veliger, vol. 10, p. 139, pl. 19, fig. 1 (shell), textfig. 1 (radula); 1969 Carlisle, Veliger, vol. 11, p. 240; 1969 McLean, Marine shells S. California, Science ser. 24, Zoology, no. 11, p. 49, fig. 26, subfig. 7; 1970 Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, pl. 1, fig. 6 (figured holotype), textfig. 38 (radula); 1971 Chess & Rosenthal, Veliger, vol. 14, p. 172, 8 textfigs. (reproductive biology). [19-520] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 363 1903 Mitra lowei Dall, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 16, p. 173 (Santa Barbara Channel, California); 1927 Oldroyd, Mar. shells w. coast N. America, vol. 2, p. 170, pl. 16, fig. 4 (non M. lowei Dohrn, 1862). 1919 Strigatella (Atrimitra) catalinae Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, vol. 56, p. 308 (San Pedro, California). 1919 Strigatella (Atrimitra) diegensis Dall, ibid., p. 309 (San Diego, California). 1920 Mitra montereyi Berry, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vol. 14, p. 31, textfigs. 1-4 (off Del Monte, Monterey Bay, California, 12 faths.); 1959 Allison, Veliger, vol. 2, p. 20. 1921 Atrimitra idae Melvill, Dall, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bulletin, no. 112, p. 86. 1921 Atrimitra idae montereyensis Berry, Dall, ibid., p. 86 (invalid emendation). 1921 Atrimitra catalinae Dall, ibid., p. 86. 1921 Atrimitra diegensis Dall, ibid., p. 86. 1921 Atrimitra ? lowei Dall, ibid., p. 87, pl. 15, fig. 4. 1926 Strigatella catalinae Dall, Jordan, Proc. California Acad. Sciences, ser. 4, vol. 15, p. 245. 1927 Mitra idae montereyensis Berry, Oldroyd, Mar. shells w. coast N. America, vol. 2, p. 171 (invalid emendation). 1927 Mitra catalinae Dall, Oldroyd, ibid., p. 169; 1931 Grant & Gale, Mem. San Diego Soc. Nat. History, vol. 1, p. 636, pl. 28, fig. 4; 1952 Morris, Field Guide to shells, p. 133, pl. 30, fig. 12: 1959 Kanakoff & Emerson, Los Angeles County Museum Contrib. Science, no. 31, p. 28. 1930 Strigatella (Atrimitra) coronadoensis Baker & Spicer, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. History, vol. 6, p. 176, pl. 19, fig. 1 (Los Coronados Islands, Lower California, Mexico) [juvenile specimen]. 1931 Mitra idae var. montereyi Berry, Grant & Gale, Mem. San Diego Soc. Nat. History, vol. 1, p. 635. 1931 Mitra loweana Pilsbry, Nautilus, vol. 45, no. 1, p. 29 (substitute name for M. lowei Dall, 1903). 1957 Mitra semiusta Berry, Leaflets in Malacology, vol. 1, no. 14, p. 80 (off Point Conception, Santa Barbara County, California, 15 metres). 1963 Mitra (Atrimitra) idae Melvill, Shikama, Sel. shells world illust. colours, vol. 1, pl. 74, fig. 16; 1968 J. Cate, Veliger vol. 10, p. 247, figs. 1-8 (animal and egg-capsules). Types—tThe holotype of M. idae Melvill, is in the National Museum of Wales, Cardiff, and the holotype of M. coronadoensis Baker & Spicer, is in the San Diego Natural History Museum, San Diego. The holotype of M. loweana Pilsbry, USNM no. 109305 (locality label reads “off Ava- lon, Catalina Island, California’), and the syn- types of M. catalinae (Dall) and M. diegensis (Dall), are in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington. Dall did not segregate the holotypes of the last two mentioned species, and Sphon’s 1961 lectotype selection was only on Museum labels. We therefore select the specimen measuring 28.4 x 11.4 x 16.2 mm, USNM no. 219648, as the lectotype of M. catalinae, and specimen measuring 13.2 x 5.3 x 7.6 mm, USNM no. 252998, as the lectotype of M. diegensis. The type specimens of M. montereyi Berry and M. semiusta Berry, are in the private collection of S. S. Berry, Redlands, California. The type locality of M. idae is Point Loma, Lower California. Nomenclature—A comparison of the ratio of width, length and height of aperture: length for M. orientalis and M. idae, show that both species fall within the same variational range in obesity and apertural height. Sphon equalled Dall’s types of M. catalinae and M. diegensis (MS on label ac- companying the types) to M. idae, and McLean (1969) placed catalinae, diegensis and montereyi in the synonymy of M. idae, which in our opinion is quite appropriate. We have examined paratypes of M. semiusta in the USNM collection, and failed to find any characters on which to base a valid separation from M. idae. Broad and intermediate specimens of M. idae, some of them resembling the southern M. orientalis, have been dredged in 95-135 fathoms off Point Loma, in 75 fathoms off Point Arena, California and in 20 metres in Mon- terey Bay; some of these specimens show the finely reticulated sculpture of M. idae, while others have the fine spiral sculpture of M. orien- talis. Records—CALIFORNIA: Crescent City (Dall, 1921); off Point Arena, 75 faths., 48.4°F (USNM); Farallon Islands (Old- royd, 1927); Monterey Bay, 20 m (ZMC); off Estero Bay, 92 faths.; off Point Conception, 44 faths. (both USNM); 5 mi. S. of Point Conception, 8 faths. (Cernohorsky coll.); Santa Barbara (USNM; DMNH); off Naples reef, near Santa Barbara, 8 faths. (Cernohorsky coll.); Anacapa Passage, Channel I., 27 faths. (USNM): off Redondo beach (DMNH; AIM); Point Firmin (Powell coll.); San Pedro Bay (USNM; DMNH; AIM; Powell coll.); Catalina Harbour (USNM); Catalina Island (USNM, DMNH: Powell coll.); off Avalon, Catalina Island (USNM); Newport beach (Powell coll.); Laguna beach (AIM); La Jolla (ZMC): San Diego (USNM; DMNH,; Powell coll.); Point Loma, San Diego (USNM: Powell coll.); off Point Loma, San Diego, 95-135 faths. (USNM). BAJA CALIFORNIA: Cortez Bank, 60 faths. (USNM):; Los Coronados Islands (SDNHM); Cedros Island (McLean, 1969). Fossil records—PLIOCENE: Holser Canyon, N. of Santa Clara valley; Elsmere Canyon, Los Angeles County; Fifth and Hope Streets, Los Angeles; near Ventura, “Lower Pico’, all California (Grant and Gale, 1931). PLEISTOCENE: San Pedro, Lower San Pedro series; Deadman Island, Upper San Pedro series; Crawfish George’s, Los Angeles County; San Diego, all California (Grant and Gale, 1931); Newport Bay, California (Kanakoff and Emerson, 1959); San Quintin’s Bay, Baja California, Mexico (Jordan, 1926); Punta Baja, Baja California, Mexico (Emerson & Addicott, 1958). Mitra semigranosa von Martens, 1897 (Pl. 317) Range—Ecuador to Chile. Remarks—This is a rare species which is lack- ing in museum collections. It is closely related to the commonM. orientalis but has amore granulose sculpture on the spire whorls which may persist to the penultimate whorl. The description is based on the holotype which was collected devoid of animal and lacks the periostracum which is prob- ably present in living specimens. Habitat—Unknown. [19-521] 364 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Plate 317. Mitra (Mitra) semigranosa von Martens. Holotype from west coast of South America (ZMB; 46.0 x 17.6 mm) [photo courtesy of R. Kilias, ZMB]. Description—Shell 46 mm (about 2 inches) in length, elongate-ovate and solid, sutures distinct and slightly adpressed on the body whorl. Whorls 6 apart from the protoconch which is missing; post-nuclear whorls with axial riblets and 4 over- riding spiral threads which produce horizontally elongated, narrow beads upon the ribs. The beaded sculpture disappears on the second half of the penultimate whorl and is replaced by fine and numerous spiral striae; striae number about 20 on the penultimate and about 30 on the body whorl in addition to a dozen oblique cords at the base. The body whorl has obsolete and ill-defined axial threads which resemble growth-striae. Aperture slightly longer than the spire, moderately open and smooth within, outer lip moderately thick- ened and simple, regularly convex; columella cal- loused, thinned on the parietal wall but with a small callus-pad near the juncture of the aperture, columella with 4 strong, oblique folds. Siphonal fasciole straight, siphonal notch distinct. Uni- formly brown in colour, sutures slightly paler, aperture white but margined with brown, col- umellar folds white. Measurements (mm)— height of length = width aperture 46.0 17.6 24.0 Holotype of semigranosa Synonymy— 1897 Mitra semigranosa von Martens, Archiv f. Naturges- chichte, vol. 63, p. 178, pl. 16, figs. 24, 25 (west coast of Sth. America); 1909, Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 37, p. 212. 1951 Mitraria semigranosa (von Martens), Carcelles & Wil- liamson, Rev. Inst. Nac. Inv. Cienc. Nat. Argentina, vol. 2, no. 5, p. 301. Types—The holotype of M. semigranosa von Martens, is in the Zoological Museum of the Humboldt University, Berlin. The type locality is west coast of South America. Records—SOUTH AMERICA: Ecuador to Chile (Dall, 1909; Carcelles & Williamson, 1951). Mitra fultoni E. A. Smith, 1892 (Pl. 318) Range—San Diego, California, to the west coast of the Gulf of California and Cocos Island. Remarks—tThe species is closely related to the more common, northern M. idae, is rather similar in form and colour, but differs primarily in sculpture, which is distinctly finer. The spiral grooves are less numerous, the longitudinal striae are weaker, and the pits are deeper, wider spaced, more regularly arranged and almost longitudi- nally aligned and persist to the base of the shell. Occasional specimens have a few, slightly risen spiral striae, the aperture, columellar folds and parietal callus are white or bluish-white and the parietal wall is flushed with brown. M. fultoni isa rare species with an appreciably more southerly distribution than M. idae Melvill, but with a distributional overlap between San Diego and Cedros Island. The species lives as far south as Cocos Island opposite the central American coast, but does not co-exist with Mitra orientalis. A detailed account of the species with distribu- tional ranges and excellent figures, may be found in Sphon (1961). Habitat—Intertidal and sublittoral, to a depth of 50 fathoms. Measurements (mm)— height of length = width aperture 44.0 15.0 22.6 Point Abreojos, Mexico 41.8 14.6 22.8 Point Abreojos, Mexico 39.4 14.0 21.4 Lectotype of fultoni 35.5 13.7 20.8 Syntype of fultoni Synonymy— 1892 Mitra fultoni E. A. Smith, Annals & Mag. Nat. History, ser. 6, vol. 9, p. 255, textfig. (Point Abreojos, Lower Califor- nia); 1905 Williamson, Bull. Sth. California Acad. Sci., vol. 4, p. 123; 1906, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 19, p. 197, [19-522] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 365 textfig. 6; [931 Grant & Gale, Mem. San Diego Soc. Nat. History, vol. 1, p. 636; 1945 Burch, Min. Conch. Club Sth. California, no. 49, p. 32; 1959 Kanakoff & Emerson, Los Angeles County Mus. Contrib. Science, no. 31, p. 28; 1961 Sphon, Veliger, vol. 4, p. 32, pl. 7, figs. 1-3; 1962 Dushane, Veliger, vol. 5, p. 48. 1971 Mitra (Atrimitra) fultoni E. A. Smith, Keen, Sea shells trop. W. America, ed. 2, p. 639, fig. 1420 (figured “holotype” = lectotype). Types—There are 2 syntypes of M. fultoni in the British Museum (NH) no. 1892.2.2.38-39, but the holotype has not been marked as such by Smith, nor has it been designated by him in the original publication. The larger specimen, B.M. (NH) no. 1892.2.2.38, length 39.4 mm, which is the specimen figured by Keen (1971) as the “holotype”, is here designated as the lectotype of M. fultoni. The type locality is Point Abreojos, Baja California, Mexico. vA 4 ——Y Plate 318. Mitra (Mitra) fultoni E. A. Smith. Fig. 1. Lectotype from Point Abreojos, Lower California (BM (NH) 1892.2.2.38; 39.4 x 14.0 mm). Figs. 2-4. Topotype specimens from Point Abreojos, Lower California (USNM 105584; figs. 2,3 = 41.8 x 14.8 mm, fig. 4 = 44.0 x 15.0 mm). Records—CALIFORNIA: San Diego (Burch, 1945). BAJA CALIFORNIA, MEXICO: San Martin Island; San Bartholome Bay; Whale Rock near Point Abreojos (all Sphon, 1961); Point Abreojos (USNM; ANSP: AMNH); Magdalena Bay; Santa Inez Bay, 35 faths. (Sphon, 1961); Ballenas lagoon, 6 faths. (USNM); off Punta Final, near San Luis Gonzaga Bay, 35 faths. (Sphon, 1961); Puertecitos (Sphon, 1961; Dushane 1962). Fossil records—PLEISTOCENE: near Santa Monica (Grant & Gale, 1931); Newport Bay, Orange County (Kanakoff & Emerson, 1959); Potrero Canyon, Los Angeles County; Lin- coln Avenue deposits, Playa del Rey, Los Angeles County (Sphon, 1961). 35+— 30 25 20 —_| Plate 319. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Mitra) fultoni E. A. Smith. Mitra caliginosa Reeve, 1844 (Pl. 315, figs. 7, 8) Range America. Remarks—The origin of the species remains a mystery, but judging from shell characters and periostracum, the species appears to be closely related to the species M. orientalis Griffith & Pid- geon. The description is based on the unique holotype and no other specimens have been seen in museums. Habitat—Unknown. Description—Shell up to 35 mm (about 1% inches) in length, elongate-ovate and solid, su- tures distinct and irregular. Whorls number 7 apart from protoconch which is missing, spire whorls regularly convex; sculptured with smooth, fine spiral grooves which number 8 on the penul- timate and 15 on the body whorl in addition to 7 Unknown; probably west coast of [19-523] 366 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae oblique cords towards the base. The spiral grooves give rise to 3-4 slightly elevated spiral threads near the suture of the last whorl; very fine longitudinal striae cross whorls. Aperture narrow, longer than the spire, not widening anteriorly, smooth within; outer lip moderately thickened and simple, columella calloused, parietal wall with a slightly thicker callosity, columella with 5 strong, oblique folds; siphonal fasciole straight, siphonal notch prominent. Creamy-white to fawn under a blackish-brown periostracum, aperture and columella bluish-white. Measurements (mm)— height of length = width aperture 34.9 12.4 20.0 Holotype of caliginosa Synonymy— 1844 Mitra caliginosa Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 16, fig. 121 (no locality given); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 5, pl. 6, fig. 75; 1882 Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 120, pl. 35, fig. 61. Types—tThe holotype of M. caliginosa is in the British Museum (NH) no. 1966718. [These occasional blank areas occur between genera and subgenera to permit the insertion of new material and future sections in their proper systematic sequence. ] [19-524] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 367 Mediterranean—East Atlantic Mitra Mitra fusiformis subspecies fusiformis (Brocchi, 1814) (Pl. 320: figs. 1-3) Range—Miocene and Pliocene of Europe. Remarks—tThe species is widely distributed throughout western Europe and has been re- corded from Portugal, France, Italy, Austria, Hungary, Poland, England, Morea and the Isle of Rhodes. M. fusiformis is the ancestor of the Re- cent M. fusiformis zonata Marryat, which differs from the fossil species purely in colour. Some specimens of M. fusiformis from Upper Pliocene deposits of Asti, Italy, however, show the dark band on the body whorl. Hoernes & Auinger (1880) commented on the difficulty in separating M. fusiformis from its nearest fossil relatives, and as in Recent Mitridae, M. fusiformis produces broad and slender forms; the authors suspected that sexual dimorphism may be responsible for the variations in obesity. The species will reach a length of 100 mm (4 inches), and in juvenile specimens there is a distinct spiral sculpture, similarly to the American Fusimitra group, which tends to disappear with maturity and senility. Bel- lardi described numerous new species, many of them based on developmental stages and broad and slender forms of M. fusiformis. Synonymy— 1814 Voluta fusiformis Brocchi, Conch. foss. Subapp., vol. 2, p. 315 (Piemonte and Piacentino, Italy, Pliocene; lectotype in Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Milan: 67.5 x 19.0 x 32.4 mm); 1954 Ronchetti, Riv. Ital. Paleont., vol. 60, p. 250 (fig- ured lectotype). 1820 Mitra fusiformis Brocchi, Borson, Mem. R. Acead. Sci. Torino, vol. 25, p. 207; 1826 Risso, Hist. nat. L’Europe merid., p. 243; 1835 Deshayes, Exped. scient. Morée, Zool., p. 201, pl. 24, figs. 32, 33 (Morea); 1856 Hérnes, Abh. k. k. geol. Reichs-Anst. Wien, vol. 3, p. 98, pl. 10, figs. 4-7 (Vienna Basin, Austria, Miocene); 1872 S. V. Wood, Palaeont. Soc. England Mon., vol. 25, p. 8, pl. 5, figs. 3a, b (Red Crag, Waldringtield, England; Pliocene); 1880 Hoernes & Au- inger, Abh. k. k. geol. Reichs-Anst. Wien, vol. 12, p. 75, pl. 8, figs. 25-29; 1887 Bellardi, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino, vol. 38, p. 23, pl. 1, fig. 21. 1847 Mitra fusiformis var. aquitanica Grateloup, Conch. foss. Terr. Tert. Adour, Atlas, pl. 1, fig. 5 (Dax; St. Paul; Cabones, France; Miocene). 1847 Mitra fusiformis var. italica Grateloup, ibid., pl. 1, fig. 6 (Dax; St. Paul; Cabones; Mainot, France; Miocene). 1847 Mitra fusiformis var. elegans Grateloup, ibid., pl. 1, fig. 7 (Dax; St. Paul; Cabones; Mainot, France; Miocene) [non M. elegans Lea, 1840; nec Reeve, 1845]. 1880 Mitra venayssiana Fontannes, Moll. plioe. vall. Rhone & Roussillon, vol. 2, p. 79, pl. 6, figs. la, b (St. Ariés, Vaucluse, France; Pliocene). 1904 Mitra fusiformis var. parvobrevis Sacco, Moll. Terr. Tert. Piemonte, pt. 30, p. 81, pl. 18, fig. 14 (Asti, Italy; Pliocene). 1904 Mitra fusiformis var. subangulosa Sacco, ibid., p. 81, pl. 18, figs. 15, 16 (Piemonte, Italy; Pliocene). 1928 Mitra gallica Peyrot, Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, Suppl. vol. 79, p. 97, pl. 9, figs. 51,52 (Saubrigues, France, Miocene; 49 x 17 mm). Mitra fusiformis subspecies zonata Marryat, 1818 (Color pl. 255, fig. 9; pl. 320, figs. 4, 5) Range—Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas to Cap Blanc, N.W. Africa. Remarks—This large Mitra species most prob- ably evolved from the Eocene M. elongata Lamarck, and the direct ancestral form M. Plate 320. Figs. 1-3. Mitra (Mitra) fusiformis fusiformis (Broc- chi) Figs. 4, 5. M. (M.) fusiformis zonata Marryat. Figs. 1, 2. M. fusiformis fusiformis (Brocchi) from the Vienna Basin, Miocene of Austria (from Hornes, 1856, pl. 10, figs. 4a, b; 70.0 x 22.0 mm). Fig. 3. Type figure of M. gallica Peyrot from Saubrigues, Miocene of France (from Peyrot, 1928, pl. 9, fig. 51; 49.0 x 17.0 mm). Figs. 4,5. M. fusiformis zonata Marryat from Villefranche- sur-mer, France (fig. 4 = IRSN, 80.2 mm; fig. 5 = NMW, 70.7 mm). [19-535] 368 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae fusiformis. Odhner (1931) suspected that the Re- cent zonata is closely allied to the Mio-Pliocene fusiformis, and that differences in shape and characters of convex and subangulate whorls may be due to individual variation rather than biolog- ical speciation. The only differences between the fossil fusiformis and the living zonata are those of colour of the shell and separation in time. In some specimens of fusiformis from the Pliocene of Asti, the dark colouring on the body whorl is still dis- tinguishable. Habitat—Littoral and sublittoral, among rocks and onamud substratum, to a depth of 66 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 100 mm (4 inches) in length, fusiformly-ovate, sutures distinct; whorls 8-9 apart from protoconch, spire whorls weakly and regularly convex, sometimes weakly shoul- dered at sutures, smooth apart from longitudinal growth-striae. Aperture slightly shorter than the spire, narrow and elongate, smooth within, outer lip moderately thickened and simple; columella prominently calloused in adult specimens and with 4-6 oblique folds, siphonal fasciole straight, siphonal notch distinct. The light-coloured, creamy-brown shell is covered by a horny, dark brown periostracum which is ornamented by broad, marbled golden-brown transverse bands: on the spire whorls, the dark brown bands are very narrow but on the body whorl the golden-brown, marbled zone adjacent to the suture is narrow. Uniformly dark brown specimens with the pale zone obsolete or absent, have been recorded from the Adriatic and the Canary Islands. The aperture is white or bluish-white, the columellar folds are white and the parietal wall may be flushed with brown. Measurements (mm)— height of length = width aperture 90.0 20.0 — Type of antiquata 80.2 21.5 B12 Villefranche-sur-mer, France 70.0 20.0 — Type of santangelii 29.0 10.0 — Type of minor Pallary Synonymy— 1818 Mitra zonata Marryat, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 12, pt. 2, p. 338, pl. 10, figs. 1, 2 (Port of Nice, France, adhering to a sounding lead in very deep water) Paper was read in 1817; 1820 Swainson, Zoological Illustrations, ser. 1, vol. 1, pl. 3, 2 figs.; 1838 Kiener, Spécies général iconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 107, pl. 33, fig. 108; 1844 Reeve, Con- chologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 3, fig. 17; 1852 Petit de la Saus- saye, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 2, p. 202; 1874 Sow- erby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 4, pl. 5, fig. 62; 1882 Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 130, pl. 38, figs. 122, 126; 1884 Fischer, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 32, p. 99; 1901 Vayssieére, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 49, p. 77, pl. 3, figs. 1-5 (anatomy); 1931 Odhner, Arkiv Zoologie, vol. 23A, no. Lr, p. 20, pl. 1, fig. 14; 1957 Mars, Vie et Millieu, vol. 8, p. 110; 1964 Ghisotti, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 104, p. 48, pl. 5, figs. 1, 2. 1828 Voluta zonata Wood, Index Testaceologicus Suppl., p. 10, pl. 3, fig. 13b. 1840 Mitra santangelii Maravigna, Magas. Zool. Guerin, pl. 23 (no locality given; according to Kobelt, 1901 = Bay of Og- nina, Catania) [worn specimen]. 1874 Mitra antiquata “Monterosato”, Kobelt, Jahrb. Malak. Gesellschaft, vol. 1, p. 227, figs. 3, 4 (Oran, Algeria, 50-60 m). 1900 Mitra zonata var. major Pallary, Journal de Con- chyliologie, vol. 48, p. 262 (Oran, Algeria) [refers to Kobelt, 1874, pl. 11, fig. 3] (non Grateloup, 1847). 1900 Mitra zonata var. minor Pallary, ibid., p. 262, pl. 6, fig. 15 (Oran, Algeria) [non Weinkauff, 1868; nec Sowerby, 1874]. 1900 Mitra zonata var. protracta Pallary, ibid., p. 262 (Oran, Algeria) [non Bellardi, 1887]. 1934 Mitra (Episcomitra) zonata concolor Coen, Biol. Mar. Rovigno Ven., vol. 15, p. 5, fig. 1 (Adriatic; as M. sonata on plate explanations [non Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883]. 1963 Mitra (Chrysame) zonata Marrat (sic), Shikama, Select. shells world colours, vol. 1, pl. 74, fig. 15 (worn specimen). 1967 Mitra (Episcomitra) zonata Marryatt (sic), Zavodnik, Zoologischer Anzeiger, vol. 178, p. 389, figs. 1-3 (shell, ani- mal & egg-capsule); 1968 Angeletti, Conchiglie da col- lezione, no. 17, p. 58, fig. 99. 1968 Mitra (Swainsonia) zonata Marryat, Nordsieck, Die europ. Meeres-Gehauseschnecken, p. 150, pl. 24, fig. 84.70. 1970 Mitra fusiformis zonata Marryat, Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 34, pl. 2, fig. 1, textfigs. 1, 27. 1970 Mitra zonata var. incurvata Parenzan, Carta d’identita delle conchiglie del Medit., vol. 1, p. 193, pl. 40, fig. 770 [nomen nudum]. Types—The whereabouts of the type-specimen of M. zonata is unknown. Records—ADRIATIC SEA: Hvar; Split; Rovinj; Cavtat; Makarska; Solta; W. of Figarola Island, 30 m, all Yugoslavia (Zavodnik, 1967). MEDITERRANEAN SEA: ITALY: Bay of Ognina, Catania (Kobelt, 1901); Sardinia; Livorno; Naples (DMNH); Sicily (Vayssiere, 1901); Capri; Palermo (Ghisotti, 1964). FRANCE: Villefranche-sur-mer (IRSN; NMW): Toulon (Petit, 1852); Marseilles; Monaco; St. Raphael; St. Jean (Ghisotti, 1964). SPAIN: S.W. of Masina Island, Cap Creuse region (Mars, 1957); Mataro near Barcelona; Villajoyosa near Alicante; Malaga (Ghisotti, 1964). NORTH AFRICA: Gulf of Oran, Algiers, 60 m (MCZ). EAST ATLANTIC: La Luz, Ca- nary Islands (Odhner, 1931); Cap Blanc, Mauritania, W. Africa (Fischer, 1884; Odhner, 1931). i} iy Plate 321. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Mitra) fusi- formis zonata Marryat. [19-536] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 369 Mitra cornicula Linnaeus, 1758 (Pl. 322) Range—Throughout the Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas to the Canary and Cape Verde Is- lands. Remarks—Usually the more common and vari- able a species is, the more names it will receive, and M. cornicula is no exception with a total of 25 synonyms; these synonyms are of living popula- tions and do not include forms from Pliocene de- posits of Europe. In view of the rather extensive synonymy, only the more pertinent literature cita- tions are listed. There is a considerable distribu- tional overlap between M. cornicula and M. nigra, and also an intergradation of shell characters which make the validity of M. nigra as a bio- species suspect. A short summary of the various forms of cornicula is as follows: schroeteri form: this is the slender, fusiform, pale and banded form, which has also been de- scribed as M. cornicularis Lamarck. lactea form: usually applied to albino or pale forms of M. cornicula, the shell is also slender and fusiform and may occur in a uniformly brown col- our; the fine spiral grooves usually become obso- lete on the last 3 whorls. lutescens form: this form is intermediate in shape between the slenderlactea form and typical cornicula. Numerous intergrading individuals connect the broad, dark brown form to the more slender, banded or pale forms of M. cornicula. cornicula: the typical form is broad and uni- formly horny-brown in colour. Habitat—In sponges, sand and shingle, among weed and under rocks, from the intertidal region to a depth of 120 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 40 mm (about 1% inches) in length, ovate to fusiformly-elongate, moderately solid or light in weight. Whorls 6-7, apart from the protoconch, sutures distinct but not canaliculate, spire whorls regularly convex, post-nuclear whorls sometimes clathrate, corded or with pitted spiral grooves, sculpture becoming occasionally obsolete on the last 3 whorls; whenever a sculpture is present, the penultimate whorl has 5-25 spirals, and the grooves are either smooth or minutely pitted by descending, mac- roscopic axial hair-lines. Aperture slightly shorter or longer than the spire, moderately narrow and smooth within; outer lip moderately thickened, and simple. Columella calloused, parietal wall occasionally thinned, callus more prominent an- teriorly, columella with 3-5 oblique folds; siphonal canal straight and obliquely corded, siphonal notch distinct but shallow. Variable in colour, uniformly horny-brown or light brown, oc- casionally very pale and sometimes indistinctly banded on the body whorl; aperture brown or bluish-brown, columella frequently brown on the parietal wall, columellar folds white or flushed with brown. The periostracum is thin and opaque and brown or greyish-brown in colour. Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 31.2 11.0 15.6 Lectotype of lactea 27.4 12.0 15.6 Lectotype of cornea 27.2 8.9 13.6 Sousse, Tunisia 23.8 10.3 13.0 Fogo I., Cape Verde I. 21.3 7.5 10.9 Holotype of cornicularis Plate 322. Mitra (Mitra) cornicula (Linnaeus). Figs. 1, 2. Specimen from Palermo, Sicily, Italy; broad form (WABP coll.; 15.0 x 6.6 mm). Fig. 3. Specimen from Las Palmas, Canary Ids. (WOC coll.; 26.0 x 12.2 mm). Figs. 4, 5. Specimen from off Soussé, Tunisia, N. Africa; slender form (WOC coll.; 27.2 x 9.0 mm). Fig. 6. Holotype of M. nitida A. Adams; worn specimen (BM (NH) 1967817; 10.1 x 4.8 mm). [19-537] 370 = Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae 20.5 7.8 10.0 Lectotype of lutescens 16.1 7.0 8.6 Lectotype of cornicula 14.4 6.2 7.9 Lectotype of graja 12.8 5.9 7.4 Palermo, Sicily 10.1 4.8 6.6 Holotype of nitida Synonymy— 1758 Voluta cornicula Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. 10, p. 731 (refers to Gualtieri, pl. 43, fig. N) [Mediterranean Sea]; 1969 Cernohorsky, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zoology, vol. 48, p. 352, pl. 1, fig. A (figured lectotype). 1791 Voluta laevigata Gmelin, Systema Naturae, ed. 13, p. 3455 (refers to Chemnitz, vol. 4, pl. 150, fig. 1408) [no locality given; according to Chemnitz = Mediterranean and West Indies]. 1801 Mitra laevigata Bosc, Hist. Nat. Coquille , vol. 5, p. 53. 1807 Voluta schroeteri Link, Beschr. Nat.-Samml. Univ. Ros- tock, p. 128 (refers to Schroter, Einleitung, vol. 1, pl. 1, fig. 13 and Chemnitz, vol. 11, pl. 179, figs. 1733, 1734) [no locality given; according to Shcroter = Guinea]. 1811 Mitra lactea Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 17, p. 210 (Probably African Ocean); 1838 Kiener, Species général iconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 28, pl. 10, fig. 30; 1969 Cernohorsky, Revue Suisse Zoologie, vol. 76, p. 969, pl. 3, fig. 23 (figured lectotype). 1811 Mitra lutescens Lamarck, ibid., p. 210 (Coasts of W. Africa); 1838 Kiener, ibid., p. 31, pl. 11, fig. 32; 1969 Cer- nohorsky, ibid., p. 970, pl. 3, fig. 26 (figured lectotype). 1811 Mitra cornea Lamarck, ibid., p. 211 (Coasts of W. Africa); 1867 Troschel, Gebiss der Schnecken, vol. 2, pl. 6, fig. 5 (radula); 1969 Cernohorsky, ibid., p. 972, pl. 4, fig. 28 (fig- ured lectotype). 1822 Mitra cornicularis Lamarck, Hist. nat. anim. s. vertebres, vol. 7, p. 312 (Coasts of W. Africa); 1838 Kiener, ibid., p. 32, pl. 12, fig. 38; 1969 Cernohorsky, ibid., p. 970, pl. 3, fig. 24 (figured lectotype). 1826 Turbinella glabra Risso, Hist. nat. L’Europe mérid., vol. 4, p. 213, pl. 12, fig. 112 (fossil ala Trinité) [non Mitra glabra Swainson, 1821]. 1826 Mitra nitens Risso, ibid., p. 241 (Régions des Algues; syntypes 12.0 and 13.0 mm). 1826 Mitra glabra Risso, ibid., p. 241 (Régions des Algues; syntypes 18.0 and 19.5 mm) [non M. glabra Swainson, 1821]. ?1826 Mitra inflata Risso, ibid., p. 242 (Régions coralligenes. App. Printemps; syntypes 16.0, 16.0, 18.0 and 22.0 mm). 1826 Mitra media Risso, ibid., p. 242 (Régions coralligenes. App. Printemps; type 11.0 mm). 1826 Mitra buccinoidea Risso, ibid., p. 245, pl. 10, fig. 142 (Régions des Algues. App. Hiver, printemps; type 11.0 mm). 1829 Mitra nitens Blainville, Faun. Francaise Hist. Nat., p. 215, pl. 8A, figs. 1, la and pl. 8B, fig. 2 (Coast of Corsica). 1829 Mitra corniculata Blainville, ibid., p. 219; 1886 Locard, Cat. gén. moll. France, vol. 2, pp. 106, 541 (invalid emenda- tion). 1843 Mitra philippiana Forbes, Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. Reports, p. 191 (Milo, Cerigo, Aegean Sea; type 10.6 x 5.3 mm). 1844 Mitra plumbea Lamarck, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 20, fig. 156 (non Lamarck, 1811). 1844 Mitra lutescente (sic) Deshayes in Deshayes & Milne- Edwards, Hist. nat. anim. s. vertébres, ed. 2, vol. 10, p. 323. 1845 Mitra graja Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 39, fig. 327 (Island of Paros, Grecian Archipelago). 1853 Mitra nitida A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. London tor 1851, p. 134 (no locality given). 1868 Mitra cornea var. minor Weinkauff, Conchyl. Mittel- meeres, vol. 2, p. 30 (Mediterranean). 1874 Mitra simplex Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 5, pl. 24, fig. 528 (no locality given) [non Dunker, 1846]. 1874 Mitra insolata Sowerby, ibid., p. 7, pl. 28, fig. 650 (no locality given). 1886 Mitra obtusa Locard, Cat. gen. moll. France, pp. 107,541 (Le Roussillon, Mediterranean; types 24.0, 26.0 mm x 9.0 — 10.0 mm). 1890 Mitra aquitanica Locard, L’Echange, Rev. Linn., vol. 6, no. 62, p. 110 (Coasts of France; syntypes 34.0 and 31.0 mm) {non Grateloup, 1847]. 1900 Mitra (Fuscomitra) lutescens Lamarck, Pallary, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 48, p. 263. 1901 Mitra cornicula var. brusinae Kobelt, Icon. europ. Meeresconchylien, vol. 2, p. 52, pl. 42, figs. 13, 14 (South Dalmatia) [mon Hoernes & Auinger, 1880]. 1903 Mitra cornicula var. glandina Monterosato, Ann. Mus. d Hist. Nat. Marseille, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 8, pl. 1, fig. 19 (Gulf of Gabés and Alexandria; type 25.0 x 8.25 mm). 1936 Mitra fusca Swainson, Cox, Mem. Not. Mus. Min. Geol. Univ. Coimbra, no. 9, p. 21, pl. 2, figs. 5a, b (Pliocene of Portugal) [non Swainson, 1824]. 1960 Mitraria cornicula Linné, Glibert, Mém. Inst. Roy. Sci. Nat. Belg., ser. 2, fase. 61, p. 40. 1968 Mitra (Fuscomitra) cornicula (Linne), Nordsieck, Die europ. Meeres-Gehauseschnecken, p. 149, pl. 24, fig. 84.51. (with var. lactea and schroeteri). 1968 Mitra (Fuscomitra) cornicula cornea Lamarck, Nordsieck, ibid., p. 149, pl. 24, fig. 84.52. Types—The following types are in the Museum d’ Histoire Naturelle, Geneva: the lectotype of M. lactea Lamarck, no. 1102/62/1; the holotype of M. cornicularis Lamarck, no. 1102/63; the lectotype of M. lutescens Lamarck, no. 1107/97 and M. cornea Lamarck, no. 1102/66/1. The lectotype of M.cornicula (Linnaeus) is in the Linnean Society, London, and the lectotype of M. graja Reeve, B.M. (NH) no. 1967773 (here designated), and the holotype of M. nitida A. Adams, B.M. (NH) no. 1967817, are in the British Museum (NH). The type-specimens of species described by Risso and Locard, are in the Museum National d’ Histoire Naturelle, Paris. The type locality is Mediterra- nean Sea. Records—LEBANON: Beirut (USNM; Steiner coll.). IS- RAEL: Tel Aviv (USNM). CRETE: off Crete, 70-120 faths. (USNM). YUGOSLAVIA: Dalmatia (USNM). ITALY: Sicily Pr - A-E-R Icha) -4 l | 4, {i Let | ST A Plate 323. Geographical distribution of the species Mitra (Mitra) cornicula (Linnaeus) and M. (M.) goreensis Melvill. [19-538] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 371 (USNM); Palermo, Sicily (Powell coll.); Livorno; Corsica (both USNM). FRANCE: Cannes (USNM): LIBYA: off Derna, 28 faths. (USNM). TUNIS: Nares, 50-100 faths. (USNM); off Sousse (Cernohorsky coll.). ALGERIA: Oran (Cernohorsky coll.). MOROCCO: Melilla (DMNH Clover coll.). CANARY ISLANDS: Las Palmas (AIM); Medano, Tenerife; Lanzarote (both DMNH). CAPE VERDE ISLANDS: Fogo Island (Cer- nohorsky coll.); Branco Isle, 25 m (IRSN). Fossil records—PLIOCENE: Mina, near Sao Pedro, Por- tugal (Cox, 1936—for Mitra fusca = cornicula). PLEIS- TOCENE: Messina; Milazzo; Montepellegrino, all Sicily (Glibert, 1960). Mitra goreensis Melvill, 1925 (Pl. 323A) Range—Senegal, West Africa. Remarks—The author compared his species with the Polynesian M. testacea Broderip and the Australian M. rhodia Reeve (= carbonaria Swain- son), but failed to compare the species with M. cornicula (Linnaeus) which it very closely re- sembles. The penultimate and upper part of the body whorl are darker brown than the remainder of the whorls, but in some individuals of M. cor- nicula the lower half of the body whorl is also paler. M. goreensis has the early spire whorls finely clathrate, the penultimate whorl has 14 fine spiral threads and the body whorl 33 plus 9 cords towards the base. The holotype has 7 whorls with part of the protoconch missing, a smooth aperture and 5 columellar folds (not 3 as given by Melvill). The shell is dark chestnut-brown, paling towards the spire and lighter in colour on the anterior half of the body whorl, and the interior of the aperture is greyish-brown. The species has not been re- ported since the date of description; it may prove to be only a colour variant of the variable M. cor- nicula (Linnaeus). Px: Plate 323A. Mitra (Mitra) goreensis Melvill. Holotype from Gorée Id., Senegal, West Africa (BM (NH) 196581; 13.2 x 4.6 mm) [photo courtesy J. Taylor, BM (NH)]. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~~ width aperture 13.2 4.6 7.0 Holotype of goreensis Synonymy— 1925 Mitra goreensis Melvill, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vol. 16, p. 216, pl. 10, fig. 6 (Gorée Island, Senegal, West Africa). Types—The holotype of M. goreensis is in the British Museum (NH) no. 196581. The type local- ity is Gorée Island, Senegal, West Africa. Mitra nigra (Gmelin, 1791) (Pl. 323B) Range—Bay of Biscay to the Azores, Canary Is- lands and Angola, West Africa. Remarks—Having examined various popula- tions of M. cornicula and M. nigra, we suspect that M. nigra is the East Atlantic form of the Mediterranean-Adriatic M. cornicula. Although large, inflated specimens, with the typical blackish-brown exterior colouring and_ bluish- Plate 323B. Mitra (Mitra) nigra (Gmelin). Fig. 1. Lectotype figure of Voluta nigra Gmelin, from Guinea, West Africa (from Chemnitz, 1788, pl. 151, fig. 1430). Fig. 2. Lectotype of M. pigra A. Adams (BM (NH) 1967840: 38.8 x 14.7 mm). Fig. 3. Specimen from West Africa (BM (NH): 38.4 mim). [19-539] 372 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae white aperture and columellar folds, are easily separated from the smaller, horny-brown M. cor- nicula, there are numerous individuals from the Canary Islands, Madeira and Cape Verde Islands which are intermediate in characters between M. cornicula and M. nigra, and specimens from the same lot could be assigned to either species. Fischer (1942) pointed out that M. nigra is similar to M. cornicula, but that the former species has 1 more columellar fold; we found the normal fluctu- ations of +3 folds in both species. M. nigra has also been reported from the South of France by Monterosato (1877) and from Algeria by Pallary (1900); these records may have been based on larger examples of M. cornicula. In its typical form the shell is larger than M. cornicula, the sutures are slightly ledged, the whorls more inflated particularly at the body whorl, and the sculpture consists of few or numer- ous, fine and sometimes uncountable spiral striae and macroscopic axial hair-lines. The colour is light tan to brown, overlaid by a dark brown to blackish-brown periostracum, and some indi- viduals may have a pale band at the sutures; the aperture is bluish-white, bluish-brown or purplish-violet and the columellar folds are white or violet. The largest specimen seen measured 46.0 mm in length. Habitat—Intertidal and sublittoral, under stones. Measurements (mm)— height of length = width aperture 38.8 14.7 21.2 Lectotype of pigra 31.0 11.2 18.0 W. of Conakry, W. Africa 28.0 10.0 14.8 Rio Muni, W. Africa 26.0 12.2 15.6 Las Palmas, Canary I. Synonymy— 1757 “Le Gousol” Adanson, Hist. Nat. Senegal, Coquillages, p. 134, pl. 9, fig. 26 (non binomial). 1788 “Voluta nigra’ Chemnitz, Syst. Conchylien-Cabinet, vol. 10, p. 168, pl. 151, figs. 1430, 1431 (non binomial). 1791 Voluta nigra Gmelin, Systema Naturae, ed. 13, p. 3452 (refers to Chemnitz, op. cit., figs. 1430, 1431) [Guinea; India; Greenland:—last 2 localities erroneous]. 1798 Mitra castanea Roding, Museum Boltenianum, p. 137 (refers to Chemnitz, op. cit., figs. 1430, 1431) [no locality given]. 1807 Mitra nigra Gmelin, Fischer, Museum Demidoff, vol. 3, p. 170; 1969 Duffus, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vol. 38, p. 344; 1970 Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 66, pl. 1, figs. 7, 10. 1811 Mitra melaniana Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 17, p. 212 (refers to Chemnitz, op. cit., figs. 1340, 1341) [Coasts of Guinea and India;—last locality erroneous; 46-47 mm]. 1844 Mitra fusca Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 15, fig. 110; 1867 Troschel, Gebiss der Schnecken, vol. 2, p. 68, pl. 6, fig. 6 (radula); 1868 Hogg, Trans. Roy. Macrosc. Soc., vol. 16, pl. 10, fig. 37 (radula); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 5, pl. 16, fig. 301; 1877 Monterosato, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 25, p. 43; 1882 Tryon, Man- ual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 122, pl. 36, fig. 75; 1912 Daut- zenberg, Ann. L’ Inst. Monaco, vol. 3, p. 28; 1922 Peile, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vol. 15, p. 93; 1942 Fischer, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 85, p. 23], pl. 7, fig. 11; 1947 Nickles, Inst. Francaise d’Afrique Noire, p. 11; 1952, Journal de Con- chyliologie, vol. 92, p. 148; 1956 Knudsen, Atlantide Report, no. 4, p. 69 (non M. fusca Swainson, 1824). 1849 Mitra adansonii Philippi, Zeitschrift f. Malakozoologie, vol.5, p. 155 (Gabon in Guinea; holotype c. 22.6 x 8.7 x 11.3). 1853 Mitra pigra A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, for 1853, p. 133 (Australia = error!); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p.5, pl. 11, fig. 177 and pl. 17, fig. 325; 1882 Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 120, pl. 35, figs. 58, 60. ?1858 Mitra loricea Drouet, Mém. Soc. Acad. Sci. Lett. L’ Aube, vol. 22, p. 35 (San Miguel and Pico, Azores; 35.0 x 13.0 mm). 1900 Mitra (Fuscomitra) fusca (Swainson), Reeve, Pallary, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 48, p. 263; 1968 Nordsieck, Die europ. Meeres-Gehauseschnecken, p. 149, pl. 24, fig. 84.50 (non M. fusca Swainson, 1824). 1914 Mitra adansoni Phil., Tomlin & Shackleford, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 14, p. 245. Types—Gmelin probably did not own a speci- men and the existence of the type of M. nigra is unknown. The specimen figured in Chemnitz, on plate 151, figures 1430, 1431, is designated as the lectotype of M. nigra (Gmelin). The types of M. castanea Roding, and M. melaniana Lamarck, cannot be found, and the type-specimen of M. adansonii Philippi, is probably in the Zoological | pe Plate 323C. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Mitra) nigra (Gmelin) [19-540] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra = 373 Museum, Berlin. The lectotype, here designated, and 2 syntypes of M. pigra A. Adams, are in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967840. Nomenclature—The species has a confused taxonomic history. Chemnitz (1788) first de- scribed the species and stated that he received his specimens from Guinea and Tranquebar, and later also from Greenland. From Tranquebar Chemnitz probably received the superficially similar M. chinensis Griffith & Pidgeon, and from Greenland Volutomitra groenlandica (Beck in Moller). We therefore restrict the type locality of M. nigra to Guinea, West Africa. The erroneous localities were repeated by Gmelin, and Lamarck for his M. melaniana. In 1824 Swainson described a Mitra fusca from the Indian Ocean, and sub- sequently (1831) illustrated the species and as- signed it to the genus Mitrella (= Swainsonia). His species is the tropical Indo-Pacific Scabricola (Swainsonia) zephyrina (Sowerby, 1874); the species has been correctly illustrated by Kiener (1838). Mitra fusca has been erroneously figured by Reeve (1844) from Madeira (his figure repre- sents M. nigra), and the taxon has been misinter- preted by all subsequent authors, and applied to the East Atlantic M. nigra. Records—BAY OF BISCAY: (Fischer, 1942). AZORES: Horta Fayal (USNM). MADEIRA: (USNM; DMNH; IRSN). CANARY ISLANDS: Guia (USNM): Las Palmas (Powell coll.: Cernohorsky coll.). CAPE VERDE ISLANDS: (USNM; IRSN). FRENCH GUINEA: W. of Conakry, 9°23'N & 15°07'W, 30-34 m (ZMC). GOLD COAST: Teshi (Knudsen, 1956). RIO MUNI: (Clover coll.). SAO THOME ISLANDS: (Tomlin & Shackleford, 1914). GABON: (BMNH); Libreville (IRSN); Port Gentil (Nickles, 1952). ANGOLA: Mossameédes (Dautzenberg, 1912). European Eocene—Oligocene Mitra Mitra angystoma Deshayes, 1865, Desc. anim. s. vert. Bass. Paris, vol. 3, p. 569, pl. 103, figs. 26, 27 (Acy, Paris Basin, France, Eocene; 36 x 15 mm). Mitra auversiensis Cossmann, 1889, Ann. Soc. Roy. Malac. Belg., vol. 24, p. 183, pl. 7, fig. 7 (Auvers, Paris Basin, France, Eocene; 11 x 4 mm). Mitra cincta Roualt, 1850, Mem. Soc. géol. France, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 498, pl. 18, figs. 10, 10a (Bos-d’Arros, Pau, Numulitique zone, France, Eocene; 35.0 x 10.5 mm). Mitra crebricosta Lamarck, 1803, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 2, p. 58 (Grignon, Paris Basin, France, Eocene; 15.0 mm); Mitra creb- ricostata (sic) Lamarck, Deshayes, 1835, Desc. coq. foss. envir. Bass. Paris, vol. 2, pl. 89, figs. 21, 22; Anton, 1839, Verz. Conchylien, p. 69; Mitraria crebricostata (sic) Lamarck, Glibért, 1960, Mem. Inst. Roy. Sci. Nat. Belg., vol. 61, p. 40. M. crebricostata of authors, is an invalid emendation. Mitra delbosti Roualt, 1850, Mem. Soc. geol. France, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 498, pl. 18, figs. 12, 12a (Bos-d’Arros, Pau, France, Eocene; 15 x 6 mm). Mitra delucii Defrance in Blainville, 1824, Dict. Sci. Naturelles, vol. 31, p. 493 (refers to Tabl. Encycl. Méth., pl. 383, fig. 2; Parnes, Paris Ba- sin, France, Eocene; 81.0 mm); Deshayes, 1835, Desc. coq. foss. envir. Bass. Paris, vol. 2, p. 665, pl. 89, fig. 9; Cossmann & Pissaro, 1901, Bull. Soc. geol. Normandie, vol. 20, p. 87, textfig. 1. Voluta costellata Bory St. Vincent, 1827, Explan. to Tabl. Encycl. Meth., pl. 383, fig. 2. Mitra brongniarti Deshayes, 1832, Encycl. Méth. Hist. Nat., ed. 2, p. 468 (Parnes; Lian- court; Mouchy-le-Chatel, France, Eocene; 85.0 mm). Mitra brongnarti (sic) Deshayes, 1835, Desc. coq. foss. envir. Bass. Paris, vol. 2, p. 665, pl. 89, figs. 9, 10. Mitra elongata Lamarck, 1803, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 2, p. 60 (refers to d’Argenville, Fossiles, Buccinite, p. 29, 2e, fig. No. 6) [Montmirail en Brie, Paris Basin, France, Eocene; 55.0 mm]; Deshayes, 1835, Desc. coq. foss. envir. Bass. Paris, vol. 2, p. 665, pl. 89, figs. 7, 8; Cossmann, 1899, Ess. paléoc. comparée, vol, 3, ps 156, pl, 7, Hes, 12, 18: Cossmann & Plate 323D. Mitra (Mitra) elongata Lamarck. Paris Basin, Eocene of France (NZGS 5780; 55.5 mm). [19-541] 374 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Pissaro, 1901, Bull. Soc. géol. Normandie, vol. 20, p. 87, pl. 10, fig. 8 Mitra cryptoconopsis de Gregorio, 1881, Faun. S. Giov. Hill., p. 85, pl. 7, fig. 45. Plate 323D. Mitra mettei Giebel, 1864, Abh. Naturf. Gesell. Halle, vol. 8, p. 15, pl. 1, fig. 13 (Lattorf, Ger- many, L. Oligocene); von Koenen, 1890, Abh. k. preuss. geol. Land., vol. 10, p. 533, pl. 37, figs. lla, b and pl. 36, figs. 13a, b. Mitra postera von Koenen, 1890, Abh. k. preuss. geol. Land., vol. 10, p. 532, pl. 36, figs. 14a-c (Lattorf, Germany, L. Oligocene; 18.0 x 8.0 mm). Mitra regularis “Schaur’, Fuchs, 1870, Denk. Akad. Math. Naturw. Wien, vol. 30, p. 47, pl. 8, figs. 33, 34 (Vincentian, Italy; M. Oligocene). Mitra turriculata Schafhautl, 1863, Leth. Geog. Kressenberg, p. 209, pl. 52, fig. 5 (Kressenberg, Germany, Eocene) [non M. turriculata G. Fischer, 1807]. European Miocene—Pliocene Mitra The following list contains 155 Tertiary species, the majority having been described by Bellardi. His so-called “species” are mostly individual, ecological and developmental forms of previously described and well-known species, such as M. fusiformis (Brocchi), M. cornicula (Linnaeus), M. dujardini Basterot, and M. innognita Basterot. The number of described immature and juvenile individuals of species is unusually high in Bell- ardi’s work. Mitra abbreviata Michelotti, 1847, Nat. Verh. Holl. Maat. Haarlem, vol. 3, p. 309 (Tortone, Italy, Miocene; 23 x 10 mm). Mitra abscissa Bellardi, 1887, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino, vol. 38, p. 25, pl. 1, fig. 22 (Villalvernia-Fontanilis, Italy, U. Pliocene; 53 x 16 mm). Similar to M. fusiformis (Brocchi, 1814). Mitra absona Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 40, pl. 4, fig. 4 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 12 x 4 mm). Mitra acuta Bellardi, 1850, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino, ser. 2, vol. 11, p. 11, pl. 1, fig. 18 (Piemonte, Italy, M. Miocene); 1887, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino, vol. 38, p. 53, pl. 3, figs. 41a, b; Sacco, 1890, Cat. paleont. bac. terz. Piemonte, with var. sulcatulatissima p. 142 (as sulculatissima in 1904, p. 82, pl. 18, fig. 33); var. toeniatomaculata, p. 143 (as taeniatomaculata in 1904, p. 82, pl. 18, figs. 34-36), and var. al- botoeniata, p. 143 (as albotaeniata in 1904, p. 82, pl. 18, figs. 37, 38) (non M. albotaeniata Hervier, 1897). Mitra addita Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 28, pl. 1, fig. 25 (Valle Andona, Italy, U. Pliocene; 58 x 18 mm); with var. profundesulcata Sacco, 1890, Cat. paleont. bac. terz. Piemonte, p. 140 (figd. in Sacco, 1904, p. 81, pl. 18, fig. 17). Similar to M. fusiformis (Brocchi). p. 140 (figd. in Sacco, 1904, p. 81, pl. 18, fig. 17). Similar to M. fusifor- mis (Brocchi). Mitra adlecta Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 26, pl. 3, fig. 10 (Valle Andona, Italy, U. Pliocene; 25 x 9mm). Mitra adscripta Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 15, pl. 4, fig. 25 (Sant’Agata, Italy, U. Miocene; 38 x 15 mm). Mitra afficta Bellardi, 1887 ibid., p. 57, pl. 3, fig. 49 (Piemonte and Liguria, Italy, Miocene; 23 x 9 mm). Mitra agnata Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 31, pl. 1, fig. 29 (Albugnano, Italy, M. Miocene; 55 x 15 mm). Similar to juvenile M. fusiformis (Brocchi). Mitra albigonensis Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 33, pl. 1, fig. 32 and pl. 5, fig. 6 (Savona-Fornaci; Albenga-Torsero; Cortande, Italy, L. Pliocene; 60x 18mm); Sacco, 1890, Cat. Paleont. bac. terz. Piemonte, with var. parvulobrevis, p. 141 and subinflatobrevis, p. 141 (figd. by Bellardi, 1887, pl. 5, fig. 6 and Sacco, 1904, pl. 18, fig. 24). Similar to M. fusiformis (Brocchi). Mitra altilis Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 35, pl. 1, fig. 33 (Brodighera, Italy, L. Pliocene; 53 x 18 mm—juvenile specimen). Mitra amissa Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 11, pl. 1, fig. 5 (Stazzano, Italy, U. Miocene; 35 x 12 mm). Mitra amygdalacea Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 8, pl. 1, fig. 1 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 30 x 12 mm). Mitra anceps Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 274, pl. 5, fig. 16 (Mioglia, Italy, L. Miocene; 40 x 14 mm— fragmented specimen). Mitra ancillaroides Michelotti, 1847, Nat. Verh. Holl. Maat. Haarlem, vol. 3, p. 309, pl. 17, fig. 12 (Tortone, Italy, Miocene; 30x 10mm); M. ancil- larioides (sic) Bellardi, 1887, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino, vol. 38, p. 10, pl. 3, fig. 6. Mitra anecdota Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 275, pl. 5, fig. 19 (Mioglia, Italy, L. Miocene; 47 x 14 mm). Mitra anterior Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 18, pl. 1, fig. 16 (Val Ceppi ?, Italy, M. Miocene; 57 x 18 mm). Similar to M. fusiformis (Brocchi). Mitra aperta Bellardi, 1850, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino, ser. 2, vol. 11, p. 9, pl. 1, fig. 13 (Asti, Italy, Pliocene); 1887, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Tor- [19-542] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra SILO ino, vol. 38, p. 42, pl. 3, figs. 19a, b; M. aperta var. subturritolonga Sacco, 1890, Cat. paleont. bac. terz. Piemonte, p. 141 (figd. in Sacco, 1904), p. 82, pl. 18, fig. 25). Mitra appeninica Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 275, pl. 5, fig. 17 (Cassinelle, Italy, L. Miocene; 54 x 18 mm). Mitra apposita Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 4, pl. 2, fig. 18 (Rio della Batteria; Baldissero-torinese, Ita- ly, M. Miocene); Sacco, 1890, Cat. paleont. bac. terz. Piemonte, with var. sulcatissima, p. 138 (figd. in Sacco, 1904, p. 80, pl. 18, fig. 2) and var. inflatobrevis, p. 138 (figd. in Sacco, 1904, p. 80, pl. 18, fig. 3). Similar to M. dufresni Basterot, 1825. Mitra arata Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 65, pl. 3, figs. 60a, b (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 22 x 8 mm). Mitra arcta Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p.78, pl. 4, fig. 49 (Viale; Cortandone, Zinola, Italy, L. Miocene; 47 x 12 mm). M. arcta var. spiratobrevis Sacco, 1890, Cat. paleont. bac. terz. Piemonte, p. 145 (figd. in Sacco, 1904, p. 83, pl. 18, fig. 51). Mitra arva Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 41, pl. 3, figs. 15a, b (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 13 x 6 mm). Mitra astensis Bellardi, 1850, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino, ser. 2, vol. 11, pl. 1, figs. 11, 12 (Asti, Italy, Pliocene); 1887, ibid., p. 21, pl. 1, fig. 18; Sacco, 1890, Cat. paleont. bac. terz. Piemonte, with var. apertoventrosa, p. 140 (figd. in Sacco, 1904, p. 81, pl. 18, figs. 10, 11) and var. acutolonga, p. 140 (figd. in Sacco, 1904, p. 81, pl. 18, figs. 12, 13). Similar to M. fusiformis (Brocchi). Mitra atava Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 15, pl. 1, fig. 12 (Bordighera, Italy, L. Pliocene; 51 x 15 mm). Similar to M. fusiformis (Brocchi). Mitra austriaca Mayer-Eymar, 1898, Palaeonto- graphica, vol. 30, p. 83 (Baden, Germany; ?Miocene). Mitra basteroti Mayer-Eymar, 1891, Viertj. nat. Gesell. Ziirich, vol. 35, p. 298 (March); 1891, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 39, p. 336, pl. 10, fig. 4 (July) [Moras; Saucats; Salles, France, Miocene; 19 x 7 mm]; Peyrot, 1928, Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, Suppl. vol. 79, p. 101, pl. 8, figs. 14-16. Probably conspecific with M. striola Grateloup, 1847. Plate 323G, fig. 4. Mitra biformis Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 52, pl. 3, fig. 37 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 22 x 8 mm). Mitra bitenuata Fontannes, 1880, Moll. plioc. vall. Rhone & Roussillon, vol. 1, p. 79, pl. 6, figs. 2a, b (Millas, Pyrénés-Orientales, France, Pliocene; 59 x 20 mm); with var. rhodanica Fon- tannes, 1880, p. 81, pl. 5, figs. 24a, b (same lo- cality). Mitra bouilleana Tournouer in Bouillé, 1876, Paleont. Biarritz, p. 11, pl. 1, fig. 5 (Biarritz, France, M. Miocene); Peyrot, 1928, Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, Suppl. vol. 79, p. 103, pl. 9, figs. 42, 43, with var. sociata Peyrot, 1928, ibid., p. 104, pl. 9, fig. 44 (Orthez, France, M. Miocene). Mitra brachystoma Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 60, pl. 3, fig. 53 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 19 x 8 mm). Mitra brevis Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 12, pl. 3, figs. 28a, b (Stazzano, Italy, U. Miocene; 21 x 10 mm); Mitra perbrevis Cossmann, 1920, Rev. Crit. Paléoz., vol. 24, p. 36 (substitute name for M. brevis Bellardi, 1887). Mitra casca Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 276, pl. 5, fig. 20 bis (Mioglia, Italy, L. Miocene; 48 x 16 mm). Mitra cassinellensis Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 275, pl. 5, fig. 18 (Cassinelle, Italy, L. Miocene; 50 x 17 mm). Mitra cepporum Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 78, pl. 4, fig. 47 (Rio della Batteria; Villa Forzano; Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 38 x 11 mm); with var. contortula Sacco, 1890, Cat. paleont. bac. terz. Piemonte, p. 145 (figd. in Sacco, 1904, p. 83, pl. 18, fig. 49). Mitra clavata Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 6, pl. 4, fig. 39 (Termo-Foura, Italy, M. Miocene; 38 x 16 mm). Mitra cognatella Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 36, pl. 4, fig. 37 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 43 x 16 mm). Similar to M. fusiformis (Brocchi). Mitra cocconii Mayer-Eymar, 1898, Palaeonto- graphica, vol. 30, p. 83 (Italy; Pliocene) substi- tute name for M. affinia Cocconi, 1876 (non Lesson, 1842; nec Reeve, 1844). Similar to M. incognita Basterot, 1825. Mitra cohibita Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 81, pl. 2, fig. 6 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 60 x 18 mm). Similar to M. fusiformis (Brocchi). Mitra collata Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 22, pl. 1, fig. 20 (Valle Andona, Italy, U. Pliocene; 69 x 22 mm). Probably M. fusiformis (Brocchi). Mitra colligata Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 56, pl. 3, fig. 48 (Stazzano, Italy, U. Miocene; 15 x 6.5 mm). Mitra comperta Rovereto, 1900 Illust. Moll. foss. Tongr., p. 172, pl. 8, fig. 6 (Carcare, Italy, Pliocene; 27 x 10.5 mm); Sacco, 1904, Moll. terr. terz. Piemonte, pt. 30, p. 83, pl. 18, fig. 53. Mitra concava Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 67, pl. 4, [19-543] 376 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae fig. 45 (Zinola, Italy, L. Pliocene; 37 x 14 mm). Mitra confinis Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 38, pl. 4, fig. 30 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 28 x 11 mm). Mitra confundenda Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 82, pl. 5, fig. 3 (Baldissero-torinese, Italy, M. Miocene; 46 x 15 mm). Mitra connexa Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 38, pl. 4, fig. 31 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 25 x 10 mm). Mitra conspicienda Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 18, pl. 1, fig. 14 (Sciolze, Italy, M. Miocene; 65 x 22 mm). Similar to M. fusiformis (Brocchi). Mitra constricta Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 20, pl. 4, fig. 26 (Monte dei Cappuccini, Italy, M. Miocene; 35 x 12.5 mm). Mitra contermina Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 33, pl. 1, fig. 31 (Stazzano, Italy, U. Miocene; 49 x 16 mm). Similar to M. fusiformis (Brocchi). Mitra contorta Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 60, pl. 3, fig. 52 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 19 x 7 mm). Mitra corneti Cossmann, 1920, Rev. Crit. Paléoz., vol. 24, p. 36 (substitute name for M. vicina Bellardi, 1887, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino, vol. 38, p. 20, pl. 4, fig. 27—non M. vicina Briart & Cornet, 1871) [Stazzano; Tortone, Italy, U. Miocene]. Mitra crassiuscula Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 56, pl. 3, fig. 47 (Rio della Batteria, Italy, M. Miocene; 16 x 6.5 mm). Mitra decipiens Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 36, pl. 1, fig. 35 (Albenga-Torsero; Bordighera, Italy, L. Pliocene; 54 x 17 mm). Similar to M. fusiformis (Brocchi). Mitra defossa Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. i2, pl. 5, fig. 2 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 54 x 16 mm). Mitra dertonensis Michelotti, 1847, Nat. Verh. Holl. Maat. Haarlem, vol. 3, p. 317, pl. 17, fig. 15 (Tortone, Italy, Miocene; 44.0 mm); Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 61, pl. 4, fig. 41. Mitra desita Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 27, pl. 1, fig. 23 (Valle Andona, Italy, U. Pliocene; 43 x 15 mm). Similar to M. fusiformis (Brocchi). Mitra destefanii Brugnone, 1877, Boll. Soc. Malac. Italiana, vol. 3, p. 2, pl. 6, fig. 3 (Altavilla, Italy, Pliocene; 30 x 11 mm). Similar to M. fusiformis (Brocchi). Mitra deteria Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 45, pl. 3, figs. 21a, b (Valle Andona, Italy, U. Pliocene). Simi- lar to M. cornicula (Linnaeus, 1758). Mitra devia Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 10, pl. 3, fig. 7 (Stazzano, Italy, U. Miocene; 33 x 13 mm). Mitra dufresnei Basterot, 1825, Mem. Soc. d Hist. Nat. Bordeaux, vol. 2, p. 44, pl. 2, fig. 8 (Dax, Plate 323E. Mitra (Mitra) dufresnei Basterot. Fig. 1. Specimen from Saubrigues, Miocene of France (from Peyrot, 1928, pl. 9, fig. 36; c. 91.0 mm). Fig. 2. Specimen from Saucats, Dax, Miocene of France; slender form subelongata Peyrot (from Peyrot, 1928, pl. 9, fig. 38: c. 81.0 mm). France; Miocene); Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 4; Sacco, 1904, Moll. terr. terz. Piemonte p. 80, pl. 18, fig. 1; Peyrot, 1928, Act. Soc. Linn. Bor- deaux, Suppl. vol. 79, p. 296, pl. 9, figs. 34-36. Mitra elongata Grateloup, 1833, Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, vol. 6, p. 286; 1847, Conch. foss. terr. Tert. Adour, Atlas, pl. 37, figs. 3, 4 (non M. elon- gata Lamarck, 1803); Grateloup, 1847, Conch. foss. terr. Tert. Adour, Atlas, with var. aquensis, pl. 1, fig. 2, and burdigalensis, pl. 1, fig. 1. ? Mitra ventricosa Grateloup, 1847, ibid., pl. 1, fig. 16 (P juvenile of M. dufresnei) {non M. ven- tricosa Risso, 1826]; M. subventricosa d’Or- bigny, 1852, Prodr. Paléont. strat. Univ., vol. 3, p. 10 (Dax, France, Miocene [substitute name for M. ventricosa Grateloup, 1847]. M. dufres- nei var. subelongata “d’Orbigny’’, Peyrot, 1928, Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, Suppl. vol. 79, p. 96, pl. 9, figs. 37, 38 (Saucats; Dax, France, Miocene). Plate 323E, figs. 1 and 2. Mitra dujardini Ivolas & Peyrot, 1900, Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, vol. 55, p. 109 (substitute name for M. olivaeformis Dujardin, 1837, Mém. Soc. géol. France, vol. 2, p. 301, pl. 20, fig. 25—non Swainson, 1821) [environs de Tours, France, Miocene]; Mitraria dujardini Ivolas & Peyrot, Glibért, 1952, Mém. Inst. Roy. Sci. Nat. Belg., [19-544] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra SHAT Plate 323F. Fig. 1. Mitra (Mitra) dujardini Ivolas and Peyrot. Paulmy, Loire, Miocene of France (from Glibért, 1952, pl. 12, fig. 4; c. 37.0 mm). Fig. 2. M. (M.) subcylindrica Dujardin. Le Louroux, Loire, Miocene of France (from Glibért, 1952, pl. 12, fig. 6; c. 23.0 mm). ser. 2, no. 46, p. 363, pl. 12, fig. 4. There is some doubt as to the familial position of the species. Hornes (1856) synonymizes the species with Lapparia papillaris (Borson, 1820), family Vol- utidae, while Glibért (1952) assigns the species to Mitra s. str. Plate 323F, fig. 1. Mitra educta Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 82, pl. 5, fig. 1 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 50 x 14 mm). Mitra eofusiformis Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 19, pl. 1, fig. 17 (Pino-torinese, Italy, M. Miocene; 53 x 17 mm); M. eofusiformis var. subperplicata Sacco, 1890, Cat. paleont. bac. terz. Piemonte, p. 139 (figd. in Sacco, 1904, p. 81, pl. 18, fig. 7). Mitra escoffierae Fontannes, 1880, Moll. plioc. vall. Rhone & Roussillon, p. 82, pl. 5, figs. 25a, b (Saint-Restitut, France, Pliocene; 39.0 x 13.5 mm). Mitra exacuta Bellardi, 1887 ibid., p. 276, pl. 5, fig. 20 (Mioglia, Italy, L. Miocene; 36 x 16 mm). Mitra expressa Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 26, pl. 3, fig. 11 (Villalvernia-Braia, Italy, U. Pliocene; 28 x 8 mm). Mitra facilis Mayer-Eymar, 1891, Viertj. nat. Gesell. Ztirich, vol. 35, p. 299; 1891, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 39, p. 338, pl. 10, fig. 6 (Lapugy, Vienna Basin, Miocene; 15 x 6 mm). Probably only a broad form of M. striola Grateloup, 1847. Mitra finitima Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 48, pl. 3, fig. 26 (Rio della Batteria; Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 20 x 8 mm). Mitra gemina Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 26, pl. 3, fig. 9 (Villalvernia-Fontanili, Italy, U. Pliocene; 33 x 10 mm). Plate 323G. Tertiary European Mitra. Fig. 1. Mitra (Mitra) praenigra Mayer-Eymar from Lapugy, Vienna Basin, Miocene of Rumania (from Mayer-Eymar, 1891, pl. 10, fig. 9; 58.0 x 19.0 mm). Figs. 2,3.M.(M.) incognita Basterot from Saucats, Miocene of France (from Peyrot, 1928, pl. 9, figs. 15, 16;c. 26.0 mm). Fig. 4. M. (M.) basteroti Mayer-Eymar from Saucats, Miocene of France (from Mayer-Eymar, 1891, pl. 10, fig. 4; 19.0 x 7.0 mm). Fig. 5. M. (M.) paulensis Mayer-Eymar from St. Paul-des- Dax, Miocene of France (from Mayer-Eymar, 1891, pl. 10, fig. 8; 27.0 x 19.5 mm). Fig. 6. M. (M.) multistriata Mayer-Eymar from Lapugy, Vienna Basin, Miocene of Rumania (from Mayer-Eymar, 1891, pl. 10, fig. 7; 25.0 x 10.0 mra). Mitra gentilis Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 39, pl. 4, fig. 3 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 20 x 8 mm). Mitra gravis Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 11, pl. 1, fig. 6 (Stazzano, Italy, U. Miocene; 42 x 15 mm). Mitra graviuscula Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 49, pl. 3, fig. 30 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 17 x 7 mm). Similar to M. cornicula (Linnaeus). Mitra hilberi Hoernes & Auinger, 1880, Abh. k. k. geol. Reichs-Anst. Wien, vol. 12, p. 76, pl. 9, figs. 9, 10a, b (Dmowitz; Lissitz; Lapugy, Vienna Basin, Miocene; 44 x 12 mm). M. hilberi var. pseudopolygyrata Strausz, 1966, Akad. Kiado Budapest, p. 363 (Szob, Hungary, Miocene) [proposed as a varietal name—invalid according to the Code of ICZN]. The species is similar to M. fusiformis (Brocchi). [19-545] 378 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Mitra hoernesi Mayer, 1864, Tertiarf. Azor. Madeira, p. 82 (substitute name for M. aperta Hornes, 1856, Abh. k. k. geol. Reichs-Anst. Wien, vol. 3, p. 97, pl. 10, figs. 1-3—non Bel- lardi, 1850 [Vienna Basin, Miocene]. Mitra brusinae Hoernes & Auinger, 1880, Abh. k. k. geol. Reichs-Anst. Wien, vol. 12, p. 76, pl. 9, figs. la, b, 2 (Lapugy, Vienna Basin, Miocene). M. ambigua Friedberg, 1911, Moll. Mioc. Polon. Reg. vic. Cracow, p. 10, pl. 1, fig. 6 (Wolyn, Poland, Miocene; 33 x 11 mm) [non M. ambigua Swainson, 1829]. M. friedbergi Cossmann, 1912, Rev. Crit. Paléoz., vol. 7, p. 214 (substitute name for M. ambigua Friedberg, 1911). The species is similar to M. fusiformis (Brocchi). Mitra imminuta Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 28, pl. 4, fig. 28 (Villalvernia-Fontanili, Italy, U. Pliocene; 36 x 14 mm). Mitra implicata Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 27, pl. 1, fig. 27 (Bordighera, Italy, L. Pliocene; 38 x 13 mm). Mitra incerta Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p.51, pl. 3, figs. 35 a, b (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 17 x 7 mm). Mitra incognita Basterot, 1825, Mem. Mus. d Hist. Nat. Bordeaux, p. 45, pl. 4, fig. 5 (Saucats, France, Miocene); Grateloup, 1847, Conch. foss. terr. Tert. Adour, Atlas, pl. 1, fig. 8; Hoernes & Auinger, 1880, Abh. k. k. geol. Reichs-Anst. Wien, vol. 12, p. 79, pl. 9, figs. 3-5; Bellardi, 1887, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino, vol. 38, p. 58; Peyrot, 1928, Act. Soc. Linn. Bor- deaux, Suppl. vol. 79, p. 99, pl. 9, figs. 15, 16, 29-31. M. clavatularis Grateloup, 1834, Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, vol. 6, p. 287 (Dax, France, Miocene); 1847, Conch. foss. terr. Tert. Adour, Atlas, pl. 1, fig. 10. M. fusiformis Dujardin, 1837, Mém. Soc. géol. France, vol. 2, p. 300 (non Brocchi, 1814). M. burguetiana Grateloup, 1847, Conch. foss. terr. Tert. Adour, Atlas, pl. 1, fig. 9 (non Grateloup, 1834); with var. laevigata Grateloup, 1847, ibid., pl. 1, fig. 11 (non Bosc, 1801). M. bouei Hoernes & Auinger, 1880, Abh. k. k. geol. Reichs-Anst. Wien, vol. 12, p. 79, pl. 9, figs, 6, 7 (Lapugy, Vienna Basin, Miocene; 29 x9 mm). M. paulensis Mayer-Eymar, 1891, Viertj. nat. Gesell. Ztirich, vol. 35, p. 300 (substitute name for M. incognita Grateloup, 1847); Mayer-Eymar, 1891, Journal de Con- chyliologie, vol. 39, p. 340, pl. 10, fig. 8 (Ca- bannes; Mandillot St. Paul, France, Miocene; 27 x 9.5 mm). M. miogallica Peyrot, 1938, Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, vol. 89, p. 239, pl. 5, figs. 36, 39 (Pont-Levoy, Bassin Ligérien, Tourraine, France, Miocene). Plate 323G, figs. 2, 3, 5. Mitra indicata Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 49, pl. 3, figs. 29a, b (Stazzano, Italy, U. Miocene; 19 x 8 mm). Mitra indistincta Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 59, pl. 3, fig. 45 (Villa Forzano, Italy, M. Miocene; 17 x 6 mm). Mitra inedita Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 30, pl. 1, fig. 26 (Valle Andona, Italy, U. Pliocene; 58 x 18 mm). Similar to M. fusiformis (Brocchi). Mitra infundibulum Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 12, pl. 1, fig. 8 (Stazzano, Italy, U. Miocene; 40 x 13 mm). Mitra interiecta Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 29, pl. 1, fig. 28 (Valle Andona, Italy, U. Pliocene; 43 x 14 mm). Mitra intermissa Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 61, pl. 3, fig. 55 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 19 x 7 mm). Mitra iriensis Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 66, pl. 4, fig. 43 (Stazzano, Italy, U. Miocene; 48 x 21 mm). Mitra junior Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 79, pl. 4, fig. 51 (Valle Andona, Italy, U. Pliocene; 35 x 10 mm). M. junior var. magnoperstriata Sacco, 1890, Cat. paleont. bac. terz. Piemonte, p. 145 (figd. in Sacco, 1904, p. 83, pl. 18, fig. 52). Mitra laxesulcata Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 7, pl. 3, figs. 2a, b (Pino-torinese, Italy, M. Miocene; 18 x 8 mm). Mitra lecta Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 50, pl. 3, figs. 32a, b (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 26 x 8 mm). Mitra lineolata Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 46, pl. 3, figs. 24a, b (Bersano, Italy, M. Miocene; 20 x 10 mm). Mitra longispirata Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 64, pl. 4, fig. 5 (Rio della Batteria, Italy, M. Miocene; 29 x 9 mm). Mitra macilenta Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 52, pl. 3, fig. 38 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 18 x 5.5 mm). Mitra mancietensis Peyrot, 1928, Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, Suppl. vol. 79, p. 104, pl. 11, figs. 54, 55 (Manciet, France, Miocene; 8 x 4.5 mm). Mitra megaspira Bellardi, 1850, Mem. R. Accad. Sic. Torino; sér: 2, vol, 11, .12, pl.t, fig. 19 (Piemonte, Italy, Miocene); Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 63, pl. 4, fig. 34 (36 x 11 mm). M. melanopsiformis Cox, 1936, Mem. Nat. Mus. Min. Geol. Univ. Coimbra, no. 9, p. 22, pl. 2, figs. 4a, b (Mina, Sao Pedro del Moel, Portugal, Pliocene). Similar to M. nigra (Gmelin). Mitra miocenica Michelotti, 1847, Nat. Verh. Holl. Maat. Haarlem, vol. 3, p. 310 (Torino, [19-546] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 379 Italy, Miocene); Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 22, pl. 1, fig. 19. Similar to M. fusiformis (Brocchi). Mitra multistriata Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 40, pl. 3, figs. 14a, b (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 16x 6 mm). Plate 323G, fig. 6. Mitra nassaeformis Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 42, pl. 3, fig. 18 (Sant’ Agata, Italy, U. Miocene; 10 x 4 mm); M. nassaeformis elongata Toldo, 1889, Bull. Soc. Malac. Ital., vol. 14, p. 144 (Mon- tegibio, Italy, U. Miocene) [non M. elongata Lamarck, 1803]. Mitra neglecta Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 58, pl. 3, figs. 50a, b (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 24x 8 mm). Mitra nucleus Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 50, pl. 5, fig. 12 (Thermo-Foura, Italy, M. Miocene; 14 x 6 mm). Mitra obarata Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 13, pl. 1, fig. 10 (Torino, Italy, M. Miocene; 50 x 17 mm). Mitra oberrans Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 11, pl. 1, fig. 7 (Stazzano, Italy, U. Miocene; 40x 15mm). Mitra obesata Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 34, pl. 2, fig. 20 (Zinola near Savona; Albenga-Torsero, Italy, L. Pliocene; 78 x 25 mm). Probably a broad form of M. fusiformis (Brocchi). Mitra oblongula Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 36, pl. 3, fig. 13 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 25 x 9mm) las M. oblongata on plate explanations]. Mitra observabilis Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 41, pl. 3, figs. 16a, b (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 13x 5.5 mm). Mitra offerta Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 9, pl. 1, fig. 3 (Sant Agata, Italy, U. Miocene; 34 x 13 mm). Mitra omissa Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 63, pl. 3, fig. 57 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 25 x 9 mm). Mitra optiva Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 59, pl. 3, fig. 57 (Villa Forzano, Italy, M. Miocene; 24 x 9 mm). Mitra parens Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 80, pl. 2, fig. 3 (Val Ceppi; Monte dei Cappuccini, Italy, M. Miocene; 66 x 19 mm). Mitra paucigyrata Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 51, pl. 3, figs. 34a, b (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 27 x 9 mm); M. polygyrata Bellardi, 1888, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino, vol. 39, p. 40 (substitute name for M. paucigyrata Bellardi, 1887). Mitra pectinata Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 65, pl. 4, fig. 42 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 39 x 12 mm). Mitra peracuta Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 80, pl. 2, fig. 2 (Piano dei Boschi near Pino-Torinese, Italy, M. Miocene; 57 x 15 mm). Similar to slen- der M. fusiformis (Brocchi). Mitra pereirai Brebion, 1957, Commun. Serv. geol. Portug., vol. 38, p. 241 (Cacela, Portugal, Miocene). Similar to M. fusiformis (Brocchi). Mitra (Mitra) pilsbryi Boettger, 1906, Verh. Mitt. Ver. Herrmannstadt, vol. 54, p. 6 (Kostej, Banat, Miocene); Zilch, 1934, Senckenbergiana, vol. 16, p. 260, pl. 17, fig. 21 (figured holotype). Similar to M. cornicula (Linnaeus). Mitra pliocenica Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 17, pl. 2, fig. 21 (Valle Andona, Italy, U. Pliocene; 98 x 28 mm). Similar to M. fusiformis (Brocchi). Mitra ponderosa Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 50, pl. 3, fig. 3 (Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 26 x 11 mm). Mitra praenigra Mayer-Eymar, 1891, Viertj. nat. Gesell. Zurich, vol. 35, p. 300; 1891, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 39, p. 342, pl. 10, fig. 9 (Lapugy, Vienna Basin, Miocene; 58 x 19 mm). Plate 323G, fig. 1. Mitra producta Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 55, pl. 3, figs. 44a, b (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 22 x 7.5 mm). Mitra pseudopapalis Michelotti, 1838, Geog.- zool. Ans. Tert. Bild. Piemontis, p. 396 (Piemonte, Italy, Pliocene); M. densesulcata Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 13, pl. 3, fig. 4, (Valle Andona, Italy, U. Pliocene). Mitra reducta Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 41, pl. 3, figs, 17a, b (Val Ceppi, Italy, Middle Miocene; 12 x 5 mm). Mitra repleta Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 26, pl. 3, fig. 8 (Villalvernia-Braia, Italy, U. Pliocene; 30 x 11 mm). Mitra sabatica Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 20, pl. 4, fig. | (Savona-Fronaci, Italy, L. Pliocene; 28 x 8 mm). Mitra sallomacensis Mayer-Eymar, 1891, Viertj. nat. Gesell. Zurich, vol. 35, p. 301; 1891, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 39, p. 343, pl. 10, fig. 10 (Salles, France and Parma, Italy; Miocene). Peyrot’s figure (1928) of the species is a Can- cilla and Glibert (1960) assigns the species to Cancilla, but Mayer-Eymar’s type-figure is a Mitra s. str. which closely resembles M. incog- nita Basterot, 1825. Mitra scalarata Bellardi, 1850, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino, ser. 2, vol. 11, p. 5, pl. 1, fig. 5 (Piemonte, Italy, Miocene); Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 66, pl. 4, fig. 44; Sacco, 1890, Cat. paleont. bac. terz. Piemonte, with var. post- icoangulosa, p. 143 (figd. in Sacco, 1904, p. 82, pl. 18, fig. 39) and var. subiriensis, p. 143 (figd. in Sacco, 1904, p. 82, pl. 18, fig. 40). Mitra semiarata Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 55, pl. 3, figs. 43a, b (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 22 x8 mm). [19-547] 380 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Mitra semiclathrata Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 64, pl. 3, figs. 59a, b (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 22x 7 mm). Mitra singularis Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 53, pl. 3, fig. 40 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 31 x 11 mm). Mitra spirata Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 37, pl. 4, fig. 38 (Bersano, Italy, M. Miocene; 42 x 16 mm). Mitra stazzanensis Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 11, pl. 1, fig. 4 (Stazzano, Italy, U. Miocene; 26 x 10 mm). Mitra striola Grateloup, 1847, Conch. foss. terr. Tert. Adour, Atlas, pl. 1, fig. 16 (Dax, France; L. Miocene). Mitra subangulata Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 52, pl. 3, fig. 39 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 14 x 5 mm). Mitra subcaudata Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 81, pl. 2, fig. 4 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 70 x 19 mm). Mitra subcylindrica Dujardin, 1837, Mém. Soc. géol. France, vol. 2, p. 301, pl. 20, fig. 20 (envi- rons de Tours, Pontlevoy, France; Miocene); Glibért, 1952, Mém. Inst. Roy. Sci. Nat. Belg., ser. 2, no. 46, p. 364, pl. 12, fig. 6. Similar to M. incognita Basterot, 1825. Plate 323F, fig. 2. Mitra subemarginata Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 29, pl. 1, fig. 24 (Bordighera, Italy, L. Pliocene; 56 x 18 mm). Similar to M. fusiformis (Brocchi). Mitra subestriata Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 35, pl. 1, fig. 34 (Zinola near Savona; Albenga-Torsero, Italy, L. Pliocene; 56 x 18 mm). Mitra sublaevis Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 61, pl. 4, fig. 40 (Sciolze, Italy, M. Miocene; 30x 10mm). Mitra submutica d’Orbigny, 1852, Prodr. Paléont. strat. Universelle, vol. 3, p. 10 (Dax, France; Miocene) [substitute name for M. mutica Grateloup, 1847, Conch. foss. terr. Tert. Adour, Atlas, pl. 1, fig. 22—non Lamarck, 1803]. Mitra subtenuistria Peyrot, 1928, Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, Suppl. vol. 79, p. 105, pl. 9, figs. 5, 23, 60 (Salies-de-Béarn, France, Miocene; 19 x 7 mm). Mitra subuliformis Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 55, pl. 3, fig. 42 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 20 x 6 mm). Mitra subumbilicata Bellardi, 1850, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino, ser. 2, vol. 11, p. 10, pl. 1, fig. 17 (Piemonte, Italy, Miocene); Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 46, pl. 3, figs. 25a, b; Sacco, 1890, Cat. paleont. bac. terz. Piemonte, with var. longo- ventrosa, p. 142 (figd. in Sacco, 1904, p. 82, pl. 18, figs. 30. 31) and var. perlongoacuta, p. 142 (figd. in Sacco, 1904, pl. 18, fig. 32). Mitra sulcatulata Sacco, 1890, Cat. paleont. bac. terz. Piemonte, p. 138 (Val Ceppi; Termo- Foura, Italy, M. Miocene) [mew name for M. brevispirata var. A, Bellardi, 1887, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino, vol. 38, p. 6, pl. 3, fig. 1—non M. brevispirata Speyer, 1862]; M. brevispirata var. sulcatula Sacco, 1904, Moll. terr. terz. Piemonte, pt. 30, p. 81, pl. 18, fig. 4 (as sul- catulata on plate explanations). Mitra sulciensis Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 13, pl. 1, fig. 9 (Sciolze, Italy, M. Miocene; 46 x 16 mm). Mitra supergensis Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 48, pl. 3, fig. 27 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene). Similar to M. incognita Basterot, 1825. Mitra taeniolata Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 5, pl. 2, fig. 11 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 55 x 20 mm). Similar to M. dufresnei Basterot, 1825. Mitra taurinensis Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 14, pl. 1, fig. 11 (Monte dei Cappuccini, Italy, M. Miocene). Similar to M. fusiformis (Brocchi). Mitra terebriformis Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 63, pl. 3, fig. 58 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 16 x 5 mm). Mitra teres Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 62, pl. 3, figs. 56a, b (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 21 x 6 mm). Mitra tracta Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 17, pl. 2, fig. 17 (Valle Andona, Italy, U. Pliocene; 100 x 28 mm). Similar to M. fusiformis (Brocchi). Mitra tumefacta Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 39, pl. 4, fig. 33 (Stazzano, Italy, U. Miocene; 32 x 14 mm). Similar to M. incognita Basterot, 1825. Mitra tumens Bellardt, 1887, ibid., p. 7, pl. 3, fig. 3 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 19 x 7 mm). Mitra turbinata Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 45, pl. 3, fig. 22 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 19 x 9 mm). Mitra turris Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 60, pl. 3, fig. 54 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 23 x 9 mm). Mitra umbilicosa Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 81, pl. 2, fig. 5 (Monte dei Cappuccini, Italy, M. Miocene; 68 x 18 mm). Similar to M. fusiformis (Brocchi). Mitra vapincana Boussac, 1911, Mém. Cart. géol. France, p. 365 (France; Tertiary). The assign- ment of the species in the Mitrinae is only tenta- tive. Mitra venusta Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 71, pl. 4, fig. 46 (Stazzano, Italy, U. Miocene; 23 x 9 mm). This may be a juvenile of M. goniophora Bel- lardi, 1850. Mitra villalverniensis Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 44, pl. 3, fig. 20 (Villalvernia-Fontanili, Italy, U. Pliocene; 27 x 10 mm); Sacco, 1890, Cat. [19-548] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 381 paleont. Bac. terz. Piemonte, with var. ventricoangulosa, p. 141 (figd. in Sacco, 1904, p. 82, pl. 18, fig. 26), var. ventrosoparva, p. 142 (figd. in Sacco, 1904, p. 82, pl. 18, figs. 27, 28), and var. longoturrita, p. 142 (figd. in Sacco, 1904, p. 82, pl. 18, fig. 29). Pre-occupied species-names for European Tertiary Mitra Mitra aemula Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 78, pl. 4, fig. 48 (Pino-Torinese; Piano dei Boschi, Italy, M. Miocene; 34 x 9 mm) [non E. A. Smith, 1879]. Mitra apicalis Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 56, pl. 3, fig. 46 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 13 x 5 mm) [non Hutton, 1873]. Mitra compressa Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 52, pl. 3, fig. 36 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 19x 8mm) [non Sowerby, 1874]. Mitra doliolum Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 8, pl. 3, fig. 5 (Stazzano, Italy, U. Miocene; 31 x 13mm) [non Kuster, 1839]. Mitra minor Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 28, pl. 3, fig. 12 (Valle Andona, Italy, U. Pliocene; 22 x 10) [non Weinkauff, 1868; nec Sowerby, 1874]. M. depressobrevis Sacco, 1890, Cat. paleont. bac. terz. Piemonte, p. 140 (figd. in Sacco, 1904, p. 81, pl. 18, figs. 18a, b) proposed as a new name for M. minor var. A. Bellardi, is an available replacement name. Mitra multistriata Mayer-Eymar, 1891, Viertj. nat. Gesell. Zurich, vol. 35, p. 299; 1901, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 39, p. 339, pl. 10, fig. 7 (Lapugy, Vienna Basin, Miocene; 25 x 10 mm) [non Bellardi, 1887]. Mitra perlonga Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 80, pl. 2, fig. 1 (Monte dei Cappuccini, Italy, M. Miocene; 76 x 20 mm) [non Martin, 1884]. Ap- pears to be a slender M. fusiformis (Brocchi). Mitra propinqua Bellardi, 1887, ibid., pp. 39, pl. 4, fig. 32 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 28 x 11 mm) [non A. Adams, 1853]. Mitra proxima Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 18, pl. 1, fig. 15 (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 59 x 20 mm) [non G. & H. Nevill, 1875]. Similar to M. fusiformis (Brocchi). Mitra suturalis Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 51, pl. 3, figs. 33a, b (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 20 x 7 mm) [non Bosquet, 1859]. Mitra turgida Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 45, pl. 3, figs. 23a, b (Val Ceppi, Italy, M. Miocene; 23 x 14 mm) [non Reeve, 1845]. Mitra turricula Cristofori & Jan, 1832, Cat. Mus. Conch. foss., vol. 2, p. 14 (Italy; Pliocene) [non Voluta turricula Holten, 1802 = Mitra]; Bel- lardi, 1887, ibid., p. 15, pl. 1, fig. 13, with var. A and B; Sacco, 1890, Cat. paleont. bac. terz. Piemonte, with var. minutesulcata, p. 139 (figd. in Sacco, 1904, p. 81, pl. 18, fig. 5) and var. labiatorima, p. 139 (figd. in Sacco, 1904, p. 81, pl. 18, fig. 6); Mitraria turricula Jan, Glibért, 1960, Mém. Inst. Roy. Sci. Nat. Belg., ser. 2, fasc. 61, p. 42. Mitra turricula Cristofori & Jan, is a secondary homonym of Voluta turricula Holten, which is a synonym of Mitra (Nebularia) cucumerina (Lamarck). Mitra umbilicata Bellardi, 1887, ibid., p. 37, pl. 4, fig. 36 (Savona-Fornaci, Italy, L. Pliocene; 58 x 20 mm) [non Cossmann & Lambert, 1884]. [19-549] 382 Subgenus Mitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae [These occasional blank areas occur between genera and subgenera to permit the insertion of new material and future sections in their proper systematic sequence.] [19-550] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 383 Subgenus Fusimitra Conrad, 1855 Type: Mitra conquisita Conrad, 1848 Species of the subgenus Fusimitra are charac- terized by shells which are moderately small to large and show a mixture of overlapping generic characters between juvenile and immature specimens and adults. Young specimens of Fusimitra are spirally striate or corded, the cords are numerous and close-set and the narrow in- terstices are axially striate. These juvenile and immature individuals could be assigned to the genus Cancilla. However, in the Indo-Pacific —West African Cancilla species, the spiral sculpture is appreciably more regular and always prominent in adult and senile specimens, whereas in the American Fusimitra spiral sculpture becomes obsolete with maturity. Young and immature specimens of the fossil M. con- quisita millingtoni Conrad, M. titan Gabb and M. limonensis Olsson, have a more. slender, Cancilla-like form with a spiral sculpture of con- fused and close-set spiral threads, but adult indi- viduals of these species closely resemble the liv- ing M. swainsonii Broderip, which is a typical Mitra. Bearing in mind the evolution of the Recent M. swainsonii from ancestral stock like the Eocene- Oligocene M. conquisita and the Miocene species M. titan and the several Miocene subspecies of M. swainsonii, it is concluded that species of Can- cilla do not and did not live in the East Pacific- Caribbean province. The Cancilla-like sculpture of young specimens of Fusimitra is only a devel- opmental phase of ornamentation and not a per- manent diagnostic character as in the Indo- Pacific-West African Cancilla. The radula of Can- cilla isabella (Swainson), the type-species of Can- cilla, still remains unknown, and it is a matter for conjecture whether Cancilla is of mitrine stock or more closely related to the imbricariine genus Subcancilla Olsson & Harbison. Fusimitra has been incorrectly used as a genus-group for European Eocene vexilline Cos- tellaria species by Cossmann (various Journals) and Villalta Comella (1956). Synonymy— 1855 Fusimitra Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 7, no. 7, p. 261; type-species by subsequent designation, Grant & Gale, 1931: Mitra mellingtoni Conrad [= M. mil- lingtoni Conrad in Wailes, 1854 = M. conquisita Conrad, 1845]. Mitra scotlandica Trechmann, 1925 (Pl. 324) Range—Eocene of Barbados. Remarks—The species is superficially similar to M. swainsonii Broderip, but is smaller, the whorls are regularly convex and the sculpture consists of numerous, close-set, longitudinal growth-striae. The aperture is longer than the spire, the base of the last whorl is prominently constricted near the base and the siphonal canal is slender and elongated; the columella is not cal- loused and has 3 moderately thin and distant folds. The holotype is in the Department of Paleon- tology, British Museum (NH) no. G-79264, and measures length 48.0 mm, with 17.7 mm, height of aperture 28.4 mm. Synonymy— 1925 Mitra scotlandica Trechmann, Geological Magazine, London, vol. 62, p. 488, pl. 22, fig. 2 (Spa, Scotland district, Scotland beds, Barbados; Middle-Upper Eocene). Mitra uvasana Dickerson, 1915 (Pl. 325, fig. 1) Range—Upper Eocene of California. Remarks—The species appears to be rare and is Plate 324. Mitra (Fusimitra) scotlandica Trechmann. Holotype from Spa, Scotland district, Barbados Id., Caribbean (Dept. Palaeont. BM (NH) G-79264; 48.0 x 17.7 mm). [19-561] 384 Subgenus Fusimitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae known only from a few specimens. The original description reads: “Shell of medium size; elongate, spindle- shaped, the spire being a third of the total length of shell; spire whorls, probably eight or nine in number, flat-sided, increasing slowly in size; su- ture impressed; body whorl slightly convex with constriction three-fourths of whorl-length below suture: shell decorated by many fine ribbon-like spiral ribs”. Measurements (mm)— length width 29.0 11.0 Holotype of wvasana 40.0 13.9 Grapevine Canyon Synonymy— 1915 Mitra uvasana Dickerson, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 5, no. 3, p. 75, pl. 11, figs. 13a, b (mouth of Grapevine Canyon, about 35 miles S. of Bakersfield, Tejon formation, California, U. Eocene; holotype in California Academy of Sciences, no. 358); 1916 Dickerson, Univ. California Publ. Geology, vol. 9, pp. 421, 439, 450; 1925 Anderson & Hanna, Occas. papers California Acad. Sci., vol. 11, p. 78. Mitra conquisita Conrad, 1848 (Pl. 325, fig. 2) Plate 325. Early Tertiary Fusimitra. Fig. 1. Mitra (Fusimitra) uwvoasana Dickerson from Grapevine Canyon, Tejon formation, U. Eocene of California (from Anderson & Hanna, 1925, pl. 10, fig. 6; 40.0 x 13.9 mm). Fig. 2.M.(F.)conquisita Conrad. Lectotype from Vicksburg, M. Oligocene of Mississippi (from Harris & Palmer, 1947, pl. 55, fig. 8; 31.5 mm). Fig. 3.M.(F.) neta Gardner from Smithville, Bastrop Cty., M. Eocene of Texas (from Gardner, 1945, pl. 24, fig. 1; 35.0 x 8.0 mm). Range—Eocene and Oligocene of south and southeast United States. Remarks—A detailed account of this Eocene- Oligocene forerunner of the Recent M. swain- sonii, together with descriptions and illustrations of types and sculptural variant, may be found in Harris and Palmer (1947). The species will reach a length of 130 mm (about 5 inches), and while immature specimens are spirally striate, at least near the sutural area, senile individuals are almost smooth. Synonymy— 1848 Mitra conquisita Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel- phia, vol. 3, p. 289 (January 1848); 1848, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 119, pl. 12, fig. 1 (August 1848) [Vicksburg, Vicksburg formation, Mississippi, M. Oligocene; lectotype in Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, no. 13462]; 1903 Casey, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 55, p. 283. 1848 Mitra mississippiensis Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 3, p. 289; 1848, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 119, pl. 12, fig. 2 (Vicksburg, Vicksburg formation, Mississippi, M. Oligocene; lectotype in Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, no. 13460); 1903 Casey, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 55, p. 283 (synonymized with M. con- quisita). 1854 Mitra millingtoni Conrad in Wailes, Rept. Agric. Geol. Mississippi, p.. 289, pl. 16, fig. 5 (Marl beds of Jackson, Jackson formation, Mississippi, U. Eocene; lectotype in Academy Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, no. 13203); 1865 Conrad, Americ. Journ. Conchology, vol. 1, p. 25 (synonymized with M. conquisita); 1894 Harris, Rept. Geol. Surv. Arkansas for 1892, p. 163; 1896 Vaughn, U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull., no. 142, p. 50; 1903 Casey, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 55, p. 283. 1855 Mitra (Fusimitra) mellingtoni (sic) Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 1, vol. 7, pt. 7, p. 261 (descrip- tion); 1931 Grant & Gale, Mem. San Diego Soc. Nat. History, vol. 1, p. 636. 1865 Fusimitra conquisita Conrad, Americ. Journ. Conchol- ogy, vol. 1, p. 25; 1947 Harris & Palmer, Bull. Americ. Paleontology, vol. 30, no. 117, p. 399, pl. 55, figs. 1-9, 11 (figured lectotype) [M. millingtoni synonymized with M. conquisita ]. 1890 Mitra subconquisita de Gregorio, Ann. Géol. & Paléont. Palermo, liv. 7, p. 76, pl. 5, figs. 50, 51 (Claiborne, Alabama, Eocene; type 38.0 mm). 1890 Mitra missipiensis (sic) (Conrad), de Gregorio, ibid., p. 76, pl. 5, figs. 52-55. 1899 Mitra (Cancilla) millingtoni Conrad, Cossmann, Essai paléonc. comparée, vol. 3, p. 158. 1937 Mitra [Mellingtoni] millingtoni Conrad, Palmer, Bull. Americ. Paleontology, vol. 7, no. 32, p. 404. 1945 Mitra (Fusimitra) millingtoni Conrad, Gardner, Geol. Soc. America Mem., no. 11, p. 221, pl. 14, fig. 5 (Ciudad Camargo, Tamaulipas, Jackson form., N. Mexico, U. Eocene). 1945 Mitra (Fusimitra) conquisita Conrad, Gardner, ibid., p. 222 (N.E. Mexico, L. Oligocene [M. mississippiensis synonymized with M. conquisita]. 1947 Fusimitra mississippiensis (Conrad), Harris & Palmer, Bull. Americ. Paleontology, vol. 30, no. 117, p. 401, pl. 55, fig. 10 (figured lectotype). 1970 Cancilla (Fusimitra) conquisita millingtoni (Conrad in Wailes), Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 48, pl. 7, fig. 3. [19-562] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 385 Mitra neta Gardner, 1945 (Pl. 325, fig. 3) Range—Eocene of Texas. Remarks—Originally described as a subspecies of M. polita (Gabb, 1860), the species is rather closely related to M. conquisita and may possibly be only aslender form of that species. The species M. polita is a small vexilline Costellaria with a lirate aperture, and is not related to Fusimitra or M. neta Gardner. The dimensions of the type- specimen are length 35.0 mm, width 8.0. mm. Synonymy— 1945 Mitra (Fusimitra) neta Gardner, Geol. Soc. America Mem., no. 11, p. 221, pl. 24, figs. 1, 6 (Smithville, Bastrop County, Texas, M. Eocene; type in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, No. 497444). Mitra titan Gabb, 1873 (PI. 328, figs. 5, 6) Range—Upper Miocene of Dominica. Remarks—This large species is an ancestral form of the Recent M. swainsonii, and in size and sculpture bears a greater resemblance to the east- ern Pacific M. swainsonii swainsonii than the Caribbean subspecies M. swainsonii antillensis. The incomplete type measures 106.3 mm, and when complete, would have reached a length of 140-150 mm. Measurements (mm)— length width 06.3+ 43.0 Holotype of titan 51.2 13.8 Holotype of symmetrica Synonymy— 1873 Mitra titan Gabb, Trans. Americ. Philos. Society, vol. 15, p. 220 (Santo Domingo, Dominica, U. Miocene; holotype in Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, no. 3261; 1917 Maury, Bull. Americ. Paleontology, vol. 5, no. 29, p. 75, pl. 11, figs. 14, 14a; 1922 Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel- phia, vol. 73, pt. 2, p. 340, pl. 24, fig. 2 (figured holotype). 1873 Mitra symmetrica Gabb, Trans. Americ. Philos. Society, vol. 15, p. 220 (Santo Domingo, Dominica, U. Miocene; holotype in Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, no. 3260); 1922 Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 73, pt. 2, p. 340, pl. 24, fig. 1 (figured holotype) [placed in synonymy of M. titan]. 1917 Mitra symmetricus (sic) Gabb. Maury, Bull. Americ. Paleontology, vol. 5, no. 29, p. 75 (“may be the young of titan’’). Mitra swainsonii subspecies swainsonii Broderip, 1836 (Color pl. 256, fig. 4; pl. 326, figs. 1-3) Range—West coast of Baja California, Mexico, to Ecuador. Remarks—The species appears to have a com- paratively restricted distribution, but future col- lecting on the west coast of South America may extend its range farther south. Ancestral forms of M. swainsonii have been recorded from Miocene deposits of Peru, Colombia, Venezuela and Costa Rica. According to Hanna & Hertlein (1935), a living specimen was kept in an unfiltered small aquarium for 22 months before it died. Habitat—Sublittoral, from 3 to 71 fathoms. Description—Shell reaching 135 mm (about 542 inches) in length, heavy and solid, elongate- fusiform, sutures distinct and simple. Whorls 7-9, apart from the protoconch, spire whorls convex Plate 326. Mitra (Fusimitra) swainsonii swainsonii Broderip (Figs. 1-3) M. (F.) swainsonii antillensis Dall (Fig. 4). Fig. 1. Holotype of M. swainsonii swainsonii Broderip from Monte Cristi, Ecuador (BM (NH) 1966244; 85.3 x 25.7 mim). Figs. 2,3. Holotype of M. mexicana (Dall) from off Guaymas, Mexico, 71 fms. (USNM 274124; 71.8 x 23.1 mm) [photo courtesy of H. A. Rehder, USNM]. Fig. 4. Holotype of M. swainsonii antillensis Dall from 36 mi. S.E. of Cape Lookout, Nth. Carolina, 168 fms. (USNM 62103; 81.0 x 23.0 mm). [photo courtesy of H. A. Rehder, USNM}]. [19-563] 386 Subgenus Fusimitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae but occasionally slightly shouldered near sutures. Almost smooth in appearance, sculptured with spiral striae or threads which are usually confined to the area near the sutures, and fine axial striae which are more pronounced on the spire whorls. The sutural spiral threads number from 3-9, and on the remainder of the whorls spiral striae may be obsoletely indicated; under magnification, numerous, slightly wavy and granulose, macro- scopic spirals are visible in specimens with the periostracum intact. Aperture slightly shorter or longer than the spire, moderately narrow and smooth within; outer lip moderately thickened, simple and distinctly angulate. Columella cal- loused, weakly “S”-shaped and with 4-5 moder- ately wide-spaced, oblique folds, anterior 2 folds weak; siphonal notch prominent, siphonal fas- ciole twisted and slightly recurved towards the dorsum, lower third of body whorl with up to 25 oblique cords. With the periostracum intact, the shell is olive-black, but underneath is uniformly cream in colour; the aperture and columella are porcellaneous-white, edge of columellar callus sometimes with a light brown tinge. Measurements (mm)— height of length = width aperture 135.0 35.0 60.0 130.0 34.0 _ Perlas Ids., Panama Holotype of zaca Strong, Hanna & Hertlein SY , 13 by oY . pf; }___ \* } Ce war sice flee % ™ | | | oe Ja fe_ft J Ls wpe ee PL \ |kdy J fo 19 a4 \ OT OF Wy Oe a} Be | {| 6 CZs a 4° Apa ‘ S.ANTILLENSIS — £ > | 2 I >—[ Os. DUNBARI |2 y : OD AA fF ( os, ) Plate 327. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Fusimitra) swainsoniit swainsonii Broderip, and its subspecies M. (F.) swainsonii antillensis Dall, and the fossil M. (F.) swainsonii dunbari Olsson. 119.0 33.0 57.0 Off Mazatlan, W. Mexico 85.3 25.7 41.2 Holotype of swainsonii Broderip 79.0 23.4 37.6 Off Guaymas, W. Mexico 71.8 23:1 38.6 Holotype of mexicana Dall Synonymy— 1836 Mitra swainsonii Broderip, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 3, p. 193 (Monte Christi, W. Colombia); 1844 Reeve, Con- chologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 1, fig. 4; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 5, pl. 7, fig. 88; 1882 Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 121, pl. 36, fig. 68; 1947 Miller, Min. Conch. Club California, no. 68, p. 14. 1919 Strigatella (Atrimitra) mexicana Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, vol. 56, p. 309 (off Guaymas, Mexico, 71 fathoms). 1933 Mitra zaca Strong, Hanna & Hertlein, Proc. California Acad. Sci., vol. 21, pt. 10, p. 120, pl. 5, fig. 10 (Santa Maria Bay, Lower California, 642-14 fathoms); 1935 Hanna & Hert- lein, Nautilus, vol. 48, no. 3, p. 90; 1967 J. Cate, Veliger, vol. 10, p. 193, pl. 19, fig. 3 (shell), textfig. 3 (radula). 1941 Mitra (Mitraria) swainsonii Broderip, Pilsbry & Olsson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 93, p. 27 (Punta Blanca, Canoa formation, western Ecuador, Pliocene). 1958 Mitra (Strigatella) mexicana Dall, Keen, Sea shells trop. W. America, p. 429, fig. 655. 1958 Mitra (Strigatella) zaca Strong, Hanna & Hertlein, Keen, ibid., p. 430, fig. 657. 1964 Mitra (Atrimitra) mexicana (pars) Dall, Olsson, Paleont. Research Inst. Ithaca Publ., p. 132, pl. 23, fig. 12 only (Neogene of Ecuador). 1971 Mitra (Atrimitra) swainsonii Broderip, Keen, Sea shells trop. W. America, ed. 2, p. 640, fig. 1421 (figured holotype of M. zaca). Types—The holotype of M. swainsonii Broderip, is in the British Museum (NH) no. 1966244; Swainson’s given dimensions for the length, i.e. 6 pollex = 152.4 mm is an error, but his indication of the width, i.e. 1 pollex = 25.4 mm is correct. The holotype of M. zaca Strong, Hanna & Hertlein, is in the California Academy of Sci- ences, no. 6061. The holotype of M. mexicana (Dall), a very worn, faded and small individual, is in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, no. 274124. The type locality of M. swainsonii is Monte Christi, West Colombia (= Monte Cristi, Ecuador). Nomenclature—Mitra zaca has been proposed as a new species because it differed from M. swainsonii in being black in colour instead of olive-brown, had 5 columellar folds instead of 4, and lacked the spiral lines at the shoulder. The holotype of M. swainsonii is cream in colour and devoid of a periostracum and is as smooth as the holotype of M. zaca; the species has either 4 or 5 folds and the spiral sculpture anteriorly to the suture is either obsolete, especially in large ma- ture specimens, or moderately distinct. Olsson’s (1964) figure 12 is a small and young specimen of M. swainsonii from the Late Neogene of Ecuador, but the specimen depicted in his figure 12a, ap- [19-564] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 387 pears to belong to the M. orientalis group of species. Records—BAJA CALIFORNIA: Santa Maria Bay, 6%-14 faths. (type-locality of M. zaca). WEST MEXICO: off Guaymas, Sonora (ODMNH, Cernohorsky coll.); Morro Col- orado, Sonora (DMNH); off Mazatlan (USNM:; Powell coll.). COSTA RICA: Tambor (Miller, 1947). EL SALVADOR: Acajutla (USNM). PANAMA: Venado Island, Bay of Panama (USNM); Perlas Is. (DMNH). ECUADOR: Monte Cristi (type-locality). Fossil records—ECUADOR: Punta Blanca, Canoa forma- tion; Pliocene (Pilsbry & Olsson, 1941); Punta Gorda, Es- meraldas formation; Late Neogene (Olsson, 1964). Mitra swainsonii subspecies antillensis Dall, 1889 (Pl. 326, fig. 4) Range—North Carolina to Yucatan and the Antilles. Remarks—The Caribbean analogue of the west American M. swainsonii differs from the nominate species only in features of sculpture. The spiral grooves are distinct and deeper, and produce 9 flat spiral cords on the penultimate and 24 cords on the body whorl in the holotype; the columella has Plate 328. Figs. 1-2. Mitra (Fusimitra) swainsonii dunbari Olsson Figs. 3-4. M. (F.) limonensis Olsson Figs. 5-6. M. (F.) titan Gabb Fig. 7. M. (F.) sieversi Rutsch. Fig. 1. Holotype of M. (F.) swainsonii dunbari Olsson from Quebrada Tucillal at Zorritos, Tumbez formation, U. Miocene of Peru (from Olsson, 1932, pl. 16, fig. 2; 97.0 x 34.0 mm). Fig. 2. Holotype of M. woodringi Olsson from between Mompiche and Portete, L. Miocene of Ecuador (from Olsson, 1964, pl. 23, fig. 9; 80.2 x 23.8 mm). Fig. 3. Holotype of M. (F.) limonensis Olsson from Port Limon, Gatun stage, U. Miocene of Costa Rica (from Olsson, 1922, pl. 6, fig. 1; 74.0 x 23.0 mm). [19-565] Fig. 4. Holotype of M. sanctifrancisci Maury trom Springvale, U. Miocene of Trinidad (from Maury, 1925, pl. 35, fig. 13; 65.0 x 20.0 mm). Fig. 5. Holotype of M. (F.) titan Gabb from Santo Domingo, U. Miocene of the Dominican Republic (from Pilsbry, 1922, pl. 24, fig. 2; 106.3 x 43.0 mm). Fig. 6. Holotype of M. symmetrica Gabb trom Santo Domingo, U. Miocene of the Dominican Republic; juvenile specimen (from Pilsbry, 1922, pl. 24, fig. 1;51.2 x 13.8 mm). Fig. 7. Type-figure of M. (F.) sieversi Rutsch from Punta Gavilan, U. Miocene of Nth. Venezuela; juvenile speci- men (from Rutsch, 1934, pl. 6, fig. 8; 95.0 x 26.0 mm). 388 Subgenus Fusimitra 5 folds and a very small sixth fold anteriorly. The longitudinal sculpture is also more prominent, particularly around the sutural area. The Carib- bean subspecies appears to live in appreciably deeper depth than the nominate subspecies. Habitat—Sublittoral, in sandy and grey mud and a coral bottom, from 130 to 421 fathoms. Measurements (mm)— height of aperture 81.0 23.0 40.0 length width Holotype of antillensis Synonymy— 1889 Mitra swainsonii var. antillensis Dall, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, vol. 18, p. 158, pl. 38, fig. 7 (off Grenada, Antilles; North Carolina; Yucatan); 1889, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull., no. 37, p. 110, pl. 38, fig. 7; 1890, Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci., vol. 3, p. 94; 1968 Boss, Rosewater & Ruhoff, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull., no. 287, p. 29. 1954 Mitra swainsonii antillensis Dall, Abbott, American Seashells, p. 248. Types—tThe holotype and paratype of M. swainsonii antillensis Dall, are in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, no. 62103. Dall originally cited 3 localities, but the selected holotype came from ‘36 miles S.E. of Cape Lookout, North Carolina, 168 fathoms” which is here accepted as the type locality. > Records—NORTH CAROLINA: 36 mi. S.E. of Cape Look- out, 168 faths. (type-locality). FLORIDA: S.W. of Cosgrove Shoals, Key West, 100 faths. (D. Steger, DMNH). YUCATAN: off Arrowsmith Bank, 130 faths. (USNM). ANTILLES: off Grenada, 421 faths. (USNM; MCZ). Mitra swainsonii subspecies dunbari Olsson, 1932 (PI. 328, figs. 1, 2) Range—Miocene of Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela. Remarks—The author compared his species to M. titan and M. swainsonii, but considered the latter species to have coarser sculpture. The sculpture of some individuals of M. swainsonii is as discreet as in M. dunbari or as distinct as in the form woodringi. The species is very close to M. swainsonii swainsonii and has been retained as a subspecies because of separation in time. No at- tempt is made to propose a substitute name for the pre-occupied M. woodringi Olsson, which is con- sidered to be conspecific with M. dunbari. Measurements (mm)— height of aperture 97.0 34.0 46.0 80.2 23.8 — 66.0 22.0 — length width Holotype of dunbari Holotype of woodringi Punta Gavilan, Venezuela W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Synonymy— 1932 Mitra (Mitra) dunbari Olsson, Bull. Americ. Paleontol- ogy, vol. 19, no. 68, p. 166, pl. 16, fig. 2 (Quebrada Tucillal at Zorritos, Tumbez formation, Peru; U. Miocene). 1934 Mitra (? Mitraria) aff. swainsonii Broderip, Rutsch, Abh. Schweiz. Palaeont. Gesell., vols. 54 & 55, p. 86, pl. 7, fig. 5 (Punta Gavilan, Sabanas Altas, Venezuela; U. Miocene). 1964 Mitra woodringi Olsson, Neogene mollusks N.W. Ecuador, Paleont. Res. Inst. Ithaca Publ., p. 131, pl. 23, fig. 9 (Between Mompiche and Portete, N. Manabi Province, Ecuador, L. Miocene; holotype in National Museum of Nat- ural History, Washington, no. 643948 [non Mitra (Tiara) woodringi Vokes, 1938]. Mitra limonensis Olsson, 1922 (PI. 328, figs. 3, 4) Range—Miocene of Costa Rica, Panama, Col- ombia, Venezula and Trinidad. Remarks—Olsson’s type-figure shows a species which closely resembles in form and sculpture the living Caribbean M. swainsonii antillensis Dall. The specimens figured by Rutsch (1934) and Woodring (1964) from the Miocene of Venezuela and Panama respectively, are more slender, with more convex whorls and a more prominent spiral and axial sculpture, and reminiscent of Cancilla rather than Mitra; they may be immature speci- mens of M. limonensis. According to Maury (1925), M. sanctifrancisci differs from M. limonensis by having an extra spiral on the ante- and penultimate whorls, with sutures less exca- vated and the constriction not nearly so marked. These are all variable characters in most Mitra species and within the variational range of the swainsonii species complex. Measurements (mm)— length width 74.0 23.0 Holotype of limonensis 65.0 20.0 Holotype of sanctifrancisci Synonymy— 1922 Mitra swainsoni var. limonensis Olsson, Bull. Americ. Paleontology, vol. 9, p. 272, pl. 6, fig. 1 (Port Limon, Gatun stage, Costa Rica, Late Miocene; holotype in the Paleon- tological Research Institution, Ithaca, no. 20959). 1925 Mitra sancti-francisci Maury, Bull. Americ. Paleontol- ogy, vol. 10, no. 42, p. 204, pl. 35, fig. 13 (Springvale, Springvale formation, Trinidad, U. Miocene; holotype in Paleontological Research Institution, Ithaca, no. 1051). 1934 Mitra (? Mitraria) cf. swainsonii limonensis Olsson, Rutsch, Abh. Schweiz. Paleont. Gesell., vols. 54 & 55, p. 86, pl. 7, fig. 6 (Punta Gavilan, Venezuela; U. Miocene). 1964 Mitra (Pleioptygma?) limonensis Olsson, Woodring, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper, no. 306-C, p. 282, pl. 46, fig. 1 (Gatun formation, Panama; M. Miocene). Mitra sieversi Rutsch, 1934 (PI. 328, fig. 7) Range—Upper Miocene of North Venezuela. [19-566] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 389 Remarks—tThe species has the appearance of a Cancilla, but the somewhat shouldered whorls and the numerous, confused spiral threads would indicate a close relationship with other spirally sculptured developmental forms of Miocene Fusimitra species. Rutsch compared his new species with M. titan Gabb, which he considered to be plumper with a more strongly convex body whorl, relatively lower spire whorls which are not shouldered and the obsolescence of a spiral sculpture. The species was further compared with M. limonensis Olsson, which has broader spiral cords, lower spire whorls and a less pointed spire. The dimensions of the type-specimen of M. sieversi are length 95.0+ mm, width 26.0 mm. Synonymy— 1934 Mitra (Tiara) sieversi Rutsch, Abh. Schweiz. Palaeont. Gesell., vols. 54 & 55, p. 84, pl. 6, figs. 7, 8 (Punta Gavilan, N. Venezuela, U. Miocene; type in Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel, no. 92 [295/1769)). 1970 Cancilla sieversi (Rutsch), Cemohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 48, pl. 7, fig. 1. Mitra berlineri Maury, 1917 (Pl. 329) Range—Miocene of the Dominican Republic. Remarks—This large species is sculptured with irregular and wavy spiral threads on the spire whorls and narrow, close-set flat cords on the body whorl; there are irregular axial growth-plications and fine axial striae, the aperture is narrow, the outer lip is thickened and simple, constricted near the commencement, the columella is calloused and has 4 strong, oblique folds. The mea- surements of the holotype are length 83.0 mm, width 24.0 mm. Synonymy— 1917 Mitra berlineri Maury, Bull. Americ. Paleontology, vol. 5, no. 29, p. 240, pl. 11, figs. 15, 15a (Cercado de Mao, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic; Miocene). Plate 329. Mitra (Fusimitra) berlineri Maury. Cercado de Mao, Santo Domingo, Miocene of the Dominican Republic (from Maury, 1917, pl. 11, figs. 15, 15a; 83.0 x 24.0 mm). [19-567] 390 = Subgenus Fusimitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae [These occasional blank areas occur between genera and subgenera to permit the insertion of new material and future sections in their proper systematic sequence. ] [19-568] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 39] Subgenus Eumitra Tate, 1889 Type: Mitra alokiza Tenison-Woods, 1880 Shell up to 70 mm (about 3 inches) in length, fusiformly-elongate or fusiformly-ovate, whorls convex or subangulate, protoconch conical. Sculptured with smooth or punctate spiral striae, irregular axial growth-lines and basal cords; spiral striae occasionally confined to the sutural area and the base. Outer lip thin or thick, simple, con- tracted anteriorly in adult specimens. Aperture generally shorter than the spire, smooth within; columella with 1-5 oblique folds, anterior canal slightly produced, siphonal notch distinct. Species of Eumitra resemble Mitra s. str., but differ in the peculiar development of the columel- lar folds, a character not observed in living Mitra species. Juvenile or adult specimens may have up to 5 columellar folds, but generally there is a re- duction in the number of columellar folds with maturity. In adult specimens the whorls become frequently subangulate and the columella has 1 prominent fold with a feeble indication of a sec- ond anterior fold. Eumitra species occur in Lower Miocene to Lower Pliocene deposits of Australia and Lower Miocene deposits of New Zealand. Synonymy— 1889 Eu-Mitra Tate, Trans. Roy. Soc. Sth. Australia, vol. 11, p. 135; type-species by subsequent designation, Cotton, 1957: Mitra alokiza Tenison-Woods, 1880. 1927 Diplomitra Finlay, Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 57, pp. 408, 477; type-species by original designation: Cymbiola nitens Marshall, 1918. Australian Eumitra Mitra alokiza Tenison-Woods, 1880 (Pl. 330, fig. 1) Range—Miocene of Victoria and South Aus- tralia. Remarks—The original description was based ona small and broad juvenile specimen only 11.0 mm in length; fully-grown specimens will reach a length of 70.0 mm. Synonymy— 1880 Mitra alokiza Tenison-Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 4, p. 9, pl. 2, fig. 12 (Lower beds at Muddy Creek, Victoria, Miocene; type-specimen 11 x 3.5mm); 1889 Tate, Trans. Proc. Roy. Soc. Sth. Australia, vol. 11, p. 136, pl. 4, fig. 8; 1897 Harris, Cat. Tert. Moll. Brit. Museum, p. 119; 1970 Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 37, pl. 3, figs. 1, 2. 1970 Eumitra alokiza (Tenison-Woods), Darragh, Mem. Nat. Mus. Victoria, vol. 31, p. 153. Plate 330. Austral—Neozelanic Eumitra. Fig. 1. Mitra (Eumitra) alokiza Tenison-Woods. Specimen from Altona Bay, coal shaft, Victoria, Miocene of Australia; immature specimen (WABP coll.; 54.6 x 13.0 mm). Fig. 2. M. (E.) diductua Tate. Paratype from Tareena, New South Wales, Miocene of Australia (from Ludbrook, 1958, pl. 4, fig. 3; ¢. 70.0 mm). Fig. 3.M.(E.) uniplica Tate. Mornington, Victoria, Miocene of Australia (type-figure from Tate 1889, pl. 4, fig. 12; 49.0 x 17.0 mm). Figs. 4,5. M. (E.) nitens (Marshall). Pakaurangi Point, Kai- para Harbour, L. Miocene of New Zealand; immature specimen (from Marshall, 1918, pl. 18, figs. 6, 6a; 26.0 x 8.0 mm). Fig. 6. M. (E.) waitemataensis (Powell and Bartrum). Holotype from Oneroa, Waiheke Id., L. Miocene of New Zealand (AIM TP-3756; 41.0 x 18.6 mm). [19-573] 392 = =Subgenus Eumitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Mitra dictua Tenison-Woods, 1880 Range—Miocene of Victoria and Tasmania. Remarks—The description was based on a small juvenile specimen 12.0 mm in length; the type-figure shows a specimen with latticed sculpture and a narrow, long anterior canal. Synonyny— 1880 Mitra dictua Tenison-Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 4, p. 8, pl. 3, fig. 7 (Lower beds at Muddy Creek, Victoria, Miocene; type-specimen 12 x 5.5 mm). 1970 Eumitra dictua (Tenison-Woods), Darragh, Mem. Nat. Mus. Victoria, vol. 31, p. 166. Mitra diductua Tate, 1899 (Pl. 330, fig. 2) Range—Pliocene of New South Wales and South Australia. Synonymy— 1889 Mitra dictua Tenison-Woods (pars), Tate, Trans. Proc. Roy. Soc. Sth. Australia, vol. 11, p. 138, pl. 4, fig. 9 (non Tenison-Woods, 1880). 1899 Mitra diductua Tate, Trans. Proc. Roy. Soc. Sth. Aus- tralia, vol. 23, p. 107 (Murray Desert = well sinking at Tareena, New South Wales; holotype in University of Adelaide, Sth. Australia, no. T638: 55.0 x 15.6 x 22.0 mm). 1899 Mitra fodinalis Tate, ibid., p. 108 (Dry Creek and Croydon bores near Adelaide, Sth. Australia, L. Pliocene; type in University of Adelaide, Sth. Australia). 1958 Mitraria (Eumitra) diductua (Tate), Ludbrook, Trans. Roy. Soc. Sth. Australia, vol. 81, p. 72, pl. 4, figs. 3, 6 (figured type-specimens). 1970 Eumitra diductua (Tate), Darragh, Mem. Nat. Mus. Vic- toria, vol. 31, p. 166. Mitra uniplica Tate, 1889 (Pl. 330, fig. 3) Range—Miocene of Victoria. Remarks—Finlay’s substitute name is super- fluous as M. uniplica Tate is nota homonym of M. ebenus var. uniplicatus S. V. Wood, 1872. Synonymy— 1889 Mitra uniplica Tate, Trans. Proc. Roy. Soc. Sth. Australia, vol. 11, p. 138, pl. 4, fig. 12 (Blue clays at Schnapper Point = Mornington, Victoria, Miocene). 1897 Mitra uniplicata (sic) Tate, Harris, Cat. Tert. Moll. Brit. Museum, p. 122 (Muddy Creek, Victoria, Miocene). 1927 Mitra monoploca Finlay, Trans. Proc. New Zealand Inst., vol. 57, p. 509 (substitute name for M. uniplica Tate, 1889). 1970 Diplomitra uniplica (Tate), Darragh, Mem. Nat. Mus. Victoria, vol. 31, p. 204. Mitra nitens (Marshall, 1918) (Pl. 330, figs. 4, 5) Range—Lower Miocene of New Zealand. Remarks—Mitra nitens (Marshall), although slightly larger, is a less mature individual with less convex whorls, more numerous spiral striae and only a weakly calloused columella. In mature specimens, the whorls become subangulate at the suture, the sculpture less prominent and col- umella more calloused. Synonymy— 1918 Cymbiola masefieldi Marshall, Trans. Proc. New Zea- land Inst., vol. 50, p. 266, pl. 18, figs. 12, 12a (Pakaurangi Point, Kaipara Harbour, New Zealand, L. Miocene; type- specimen in Wanganui Museum: 21 x 8 mm). 1918 Cymbiola nitens Marshall, ibid., p. 266, pl. 8, figs. 6, 6a (Pakaurangi Point, Kaipara Harbour, New Zealand, L., Miocene; type-specimen in Wanganui Museum; 26x 8mm). 1927 Diplomitra nitens (Marshall), Finlay, Trans. Proc. New Zealand Inst., vol. 57, p. 408; 1966 Fleming, New Zealand Dept. Sci. Ind. Res. Bull., no. 173, p. 64. 1970 Mitra (Eumitra) nitens (Marshall), Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 37, pl. 3, fig. 4. Records—NEW ZEALAND: Mouth of Waiokomoko Creek, Parengarenga Harbour, L. Miocene (DGUA); Pukere, Paren- garenga Harbour, fine sandstone. L. Miocene (DGUA): Pakaurangi Point, Kaipara Harbour, L. Miocene (type- locality). Mitra calcar (Marshall, 1918) Range—Lower Miocene of New Zealand. Remarks—The description was based on a small juvenile specimen 9.0 mm in length, which is most probably a young M. masefieldi (Mar- shall). Synonymy— 1918 Cymbiola calcar Marshall, Trans. Proc. New Zealand Inst., vol. 50, p. 266, pl. 18, figs. 7, 7a (Pakaurangi Point, Kaipara Harbour, New Zealand, L. Miocene; type in Wan- ganui Museum: 9 x 4 mm). Mitra waitemataensis (Powell & Bartrum, 1929) (PI. 330, fig. 6) Range—Lower Miocene of New Zealand. Remarks—The holotype is a moderately large and mature specimen which is very similar, if not conspecific, with M. masefieldi (Marshall). Synonymy— 1929 Diplomitra waitemataensis Powell & Bartrum, Trans. Proc. New Zealand Inst., vol. 60, p. 429, pl. 34, figs. 3, 4 (Oneroa, Waiheke Island, L. Miocene; holotype in Auckland Institute & Museum, Powell coll., no. TP-3756: 41.0 x 18.6 mm). 1970 Mitra (Eumitra) waitemataensis (Powell & Bartrum), Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 37, pl. 3, fig. 5 (figured holotype). [19-574] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 393 Subgenus Nebularia Swainson, 1840 Type: Mitra contracta Swainson, 1820 Shell up to 60 mm (about 2% inches) in length, biconic, roundly-ovate to elongate-ovate, solid. Protoconch conical, sutures simple or coronate, deep or shallow. Sculptured with spiral cords or striae, interspaces smooth or axially striate. Outer lip simple or crenulate, thickened, convex or con- tracted; aperture narrow, always smooth within. Columella with 3-6 prominent, oblique folds, an- terior canal short or produced; siphonal notch generally distinct. Periostracum thin and moder- ately opaque. The radula and living animal pattern are the same as in Mitra s. str. Nebularia species are al- most exclusively rock and coral dwellers and are mainly confined to reef-flats of the intertidal zone. Nebularia is not a natural and well-defined group, as some characters tend to intergrade with Mitra s. str., butis aconvenient group-term for the spirally corded, rock-dwelling Mitra species. Synonymy— 1840 Nebularia Swainson, Treat. Malacology, pp. 130, 131, 319; type-species by subsequent designation, Herr- mannsen, 1847: Mitra contracta Swainson, 1820. 1853 Chrysame H. & A. Adams, Gen. Recent Mollusca, vol. 1, p. 171; type-species by subsequent designation, Cox, 1927: Mitra coronata Lamarck, 1811. Mitra contracta Swainson, 1820 (Color pl. 256, fig. 7; pl. 331, figs. 1-7) Range—East Africa to Polynesia and the Hawaiian Islands. Remarks—tThe species is variable in form and sculpture, some individuals being slender and elongate, with telescopic whorls; others are broader and more inflated and approach in form M. chrysostoma Broderip; the spiral threads are few or numerous and frequently obsolete on the centre of the body whorl. Habitat—On reefs, under coral, from the inter- tidal zone to a depth of 15 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 50 mm (2 inches) in length, fusiformly-elongate to fusiformly-ovate, solid, sutures distinct, smooth and usually nar- rowly ledged without being channeled. Whorls 8-10, apart from a worn conical protoconch, first 2-3 post-nuclear whorls sculptured with 4 or 5 finely incised and minutely punctate spiral grooves, grooves becoming deeper on the last 3 whorls and produce feebly elevated spiral cords; cords number from 5-19 on the penultimate and from 25-45 on the body whorl. The punctate grooves become smooth on the last 3 whorls and the pittings are replaced by numerous, fine lon- gitudinal hairlines; the spiral threads become fre- quently obsolete on the centre of the body whorl. Aperture narrow, equal in height or shorter than the spire, smooth within; outer lip thickened, smooth and occasionally slightly reflected, col- umella glazed and with 4-6 oblique folds. Siphonal fasciole straight or twisted, siphonal notch distinct. White to creamy-white in colour, ornamented with irregular axial or “L-shaped, dark reddish brown blotches which occasionally merge on the body whorl and form 2 irregular transverse zones; aperture and columellar folds cream, golden-yellow or orange in colour. Perios- tracum dark brown, thin, but moderately opaque. Measurements (mm)— height of length = width aperture 43.3 — — Lectotype of abbatis 43.4 13.4 20.8 Boac L., Philippines 36.6 12.7 18.5 Luzon, Philippines 31.9 12.0 15.4 Holotype of nebulosa 30.5 13.1 18.4 Lectotype of barclayi 27.8 9.0 15.9 off Makua, Hawaiian Ids. Synonymy— 1795 “Voluta Mitra abbatis’ Chemnitz, Syst. Conchylien- Cabinet, vol. 11, p. 19, pl. 177, figs. 1709, 1710 (non bino- mial). 1811 Mitra ferruginea var. B. Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 17, p. 200 (refers to Chemnitz, op. cit., figs. 1709, 1710) [non M. ferruginea Lamarck, 1811]. 1817 Voluta abbatis Dillwyn, Descr. cat. Recent shells, vol. 1, p. 557 (refers to Chemnitz, op. cit., figs. 1709, 1710 [East Indian Seas] [non Mitra abbatis Perry, 1811). 1820 Mitra contracta Swainson, Zoological Hlustrations, ser. 1, vol. 1, pl. 18, top and bottom figures (no locality given); 1882 Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 120, pl. 35, fig. 53. 1836 Mitra nebulosa Broderip, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 3, p. 193 (Anaa Island, Tuamotus); 1861 Dohrn, Malakozool. Blatter, vol. 8, p. 134; 1906 E. A. Smith, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vol. 7, p. 125. 1839 Mitra abbatis Anton, Verz. Conchylien, p. 67; 1544 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 13, fig. 91; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 17, pl. 14, fig. 226: 1880 Garrett, Journal of Conchology, vol. 3, p. 12. 1844 Mitra infecta Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 11, fic. 75 (Anaa Island, Tuamotus); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 17, pl. 27, fig. 607. [19-579] 394. Subgenus Nebularia W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae 1874 Mitra barclayi “Hanley”, Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 17, pl. 14, fig. 225 and pl. 27, fig. 612 (Flacq, Mauritius and Anaa, Pacific). 1935 Mitra (Nebularia) abbatis var. contracta Swainson, Dautzenberg, Mém. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Belg., vol. 2, p. 63. 1964 Mitra sp. (close to abbatis Dillwyn), Weaver, Hawaiian Shell News, vol. 12, no. 10, p. 1, figs. 1, 2. 1970 Mitra (Nebularia) contracta Swainson, Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 68, pl. 2, fig. 6. Types—The specimen figured by Chemnitz, 1795, in figures 1709, 1710, is in the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen; it is here designated as the lectotype of M. abbatis (Dillwyn). The where- abouts of the type-specimen of M. contracta, which originally was in Humphrey’s collection, are unknown; the specimen figured by Swainson, 1820, on plate 18 (see synonymy) is designated as the lectotype of M. contracta Swainson. The holotype of M. nebulosa Broderip, which is also the holotype of M. infecta Reeve, is in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967820. The specimen of M. barclayi Sowerby, figured by the author on plate 14, fig. 225 from Anaa Island, Tuamotus, ex- Hanley collection, is in the British Museum (NH) no. 1900, 3.19.41, and is here designated as the lectotype of M. barclayi; the protoconch is now missing. The specimen illustrated by Sowerby on plate 27, fig. 612, from Mauritius, is in the Na- tional Museum of Wales, Cardiff, dimensions 34.4 x 13.9 x 18.7 mm, with the number 872 written inside the aperture. Anaa Island, Tuamotu Is- lands, is designated as the type locality of M. con- tracta. Nomenclature—The names M. abbatis and M. contracta have been erroneously applied to the species M. ustulata Reeve, by Hitachi (1969) and Cernohorsky (1965). The species M. contracta is 60° Bo° 1oo° very closely related to M. chrysostoma Broderip, and only superficially resembles M. ustulata. Records—EAST AFRICA: Inhaca Island, Lorenco Marques, Mozambique (van Hoepen coll.). MAURITIUS: Flacq (NMW). INDONESIA: Tjilaoet-Eureun (Dautzenberg, 1935). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Luzon (NMW); Matnog, Luzon (BMNH); Boac, Marinduque (Clover coll.; Cernohorsky coll.); Samar I. (DMNH); Cabra I., Lubang I., Mindoro (USNM; MCZ). RYUKYU ISLANDS: S. Kunigami-Gun, Okinawa (USNM). NEW GUINEA: Biak I., Schouten I. (USNM). NEW BRITAIN: Nordup village, Rabaul (McCollim coll.). NEW HEBRIDES: Efate Island (Allan coll.); Teuma Bay, S. Efate I. (AIM). FIJI ISLANDS: Cakaudrove coast, Vanua Levu (Browne coll.). SOCIETY ISLANDS: Huahine (Garrett, 1880). TUAMOTU ISLANDS: Anaa Island (BMNH). HAWAIIAN ISLANDS: Kewalo, Honolulu (AIM); off Makua, Oahu, 7 faths. (Clover coll.); off Rabbit I., Oahu, 6 faths. (DMNH). Mitra coarctata Reeve, 1844 (Color pl. 256, fig. 8; pl. 331, figs. 11-13) Range—Philippine Islands to Polynesia and Micronesia. Remarks—This rare species has the appearance of a miniature M. chrysostoma Broderip, with the finer and more discreet sculpture of M. contracta Swainson. The actual geographical range is prob- ably more extensive than is evident from available records. Habitat—Unknown, but probably a reef- dweller. Description—Shell up to 23 mm (about 1 inch) in length, elongate-ovate and solid, top of the spire frequently concave, sutures distinct and mi- nutely ledged without being channeled. Whorls 6-7, apart from a worn protoconch, spire whorls flat-sided or slightly convex, sculptured with fine and shallow spiral striae which number from 6-12 on the penultimate and from 25-35 on the body 140° 160° 180° 160° . 140° 120° aff ° a Ks i 8)? oclape oP Pera Pear) $ harme PHOENIX Is | TOKELAU 1S. | : | TUAMoTy 2 ARC, 4. Vester or folk | | | NEW ia | Mori Theresa 1 1 4 4 20° 40° 60" : 80 i 100° 140° 160° 160° 160° 140 Plate 330a. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Nebularia) contracta Swainson. [19-580] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 395 Plate 331. Figs. 1-7. Mitra (Nebularia) contracta Swainson Figs. 8-10. M. (N.) chrysostoma Broderip Figs. 11-13. M. (N.) coarctata Reeve. Fig. 1. Lectotype of Voluta abbatis Dillwyn; slender form (ZMC; 43.5 mm) [colour slide courtesy of R. Tucker Ab- bott, DMNH]. Fig. 2. Lectotype figure of M. contracta Swainson (from Swainson, 1820, pl. 18). Fig. 3. Specimen from off Makua, Oahu, Hawaiian Ids., 7 fms. (Clover coll.; 27.8 x 9.0 mm). Fig. 4. Specimen from S.W. Inhaca Id., Mozambique, East Africa; broad form (van Hoepen coll.; 29.4 x 11.0 mm). Fig. 5. Holotype of M. nebulosa Broderip from Anaa Id., Tuamotu Archipelago (BM (NH) 1967820; 31.9 x 12.0 mm). Fig. 6. Lectotype of M. barclayi Sowerby from Anaa Id., [19-581] Tuamotu Archipelago; broad form (BM (NH) 1900.3.19.41; 30.5+ x 13.1 mm). Fig. 7. Syntype of M. barclayi Sowerby trom Mauritius (NMW; 34.4 x 13.9 mm). Fig. 8. Lectotype of M.(N.)chrysostoma Broderip from Anaa Id., Tuamotu Archipelago (BM (NH) 1967715; 51.4 x 21.8 mim). Fig. 9. Holotype of M. arnaloti Bartsch from Davao, Min- danao, Philippine Ids. (USNM 231946; 35.5 x 15.0 mm). Fig. 10. Specimen of M. (N.) chrysostoma Broderip from Jaluit Atoll, Marshall Ids. (USN M 659595; 28.0 x 11.0 mm). Fig. 11. Lectotype of M. (N.) coarctata Reeve from Anaa Id., Tuamotu Archipelago (BM (NH) 1967722; 21.8 x 11.4 mm). Figs. 12, 13. Specimen from Rarotonga, Cook Ids. (WOC coll.; 18.0 x 8.0 mm). 396 Subgenus Nebularia W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae whorl; longitudinal sculpture consists of fine axial hair-lines which become obsolete on the body whorl, and a few, irregular growth-striae. In some individuals there may be 3-4 slightly elevated spi- ral cords near the suture of the body whorl; the spiral striae continue all the way towards the mar- gin of the outer lip, and towards the base the spiral grooves are wider apart. Aperture longer than the spire, narrow and smooth within; outer lip promi- nently thickened, smooth and waisted at the upper third, columella glazed, and with 5-6 ob- lique folds. Siphonal fasciole straight or slightly twisted, siphonal notch distinct. The colouring is similar to M. contracta and somewhat less satu- rated than in M. chrysostoma, with a creamy- white base colour and dark reddish-brown axial zones and blotches which form two irregular transverse zones on the body whorl; the columella and aperture are either cream, golden-yellow or orange. Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 21.8 11.4 15.5 Lectotype of coarctata 21.8 9.5 13.3 Marau Sound, Solomon I. 17.7 8.8 11.4 Zamboanga, Philippine I. 14.0 6.2 8.5 Rarotonga, Cook I. Synonymy— 1844 Mitra coarctata Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 19, fig. 145 (Anaa Island, Pacific Ocean); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 18, pl. 8, fig. 99. 1882 Mitra (Strigatella) coarctata Swainson, Tryon, Manual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 153, pl. 45, fig. 313. Types—The lectotype, here designated, and 3 syntypes of M. coarctata Reeve, are in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967722. The type locality is Anaa Island, Tuamotu Islands. 20° 40° : 60° 80° 1ooe Records—PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Santa Cruz, Zam- boanga (Clover coll.). NEW GUINEA: Rabaul, New Britain (Parkinson coll.). MARIANAS ISLANDS: Guam (Salisbury coll.) SOLOMON ISLANDS: Marau Sound, Guadalcanal (Gower coll). COOK ISLANDS: Rarotonga, (Cernohorsky coll.) TUAMOTU ISLANDS: Anaa Island (BMNH). Mitra chrysostoma Broderip, 1836 (Color pl. 256, figs. 5, 6; pl. 331, figs. 8-10) Range—East Africa to Polynesia Remarks—Mitra chrysostoma is listed provi- sionally as a valid species, pending further studies on living animals and anatomy. Although in their more “typical” form, the two species are easily separated on characters of squat and broad form and coarse spiral cords in M. chrysostoma and the more slender, elongate form with telescopic whorls and more discreet sculpture in M. con- tracta, we have seen several intergrading speci- mens from the same locality, where an assignment to one or the other species would be difficult to achieve. The two species are sympatric in several localities, and bearing in mind the great variabil- ity in form and sculpture in other Mitra species, a specific separation may, when more material is examined, not be warranted. Mitra chrysostoma differs from M. contracta in being less fusiform, more squat and ovate, with a longer aperture and coarser sculpture. The spire in the broad specimens is less elongated and more conical and the axial striae, which are fine in M. contracta, are coarse and in the form of slender, irregular riblets which bisect the spiral threads and frequently produce granules at the point of intersection; the spiral threads are generally 140° 160° PHOENIX 15. TOKELAU 15, MARQUESAS IS. Plate 333. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Nebularia) chrysostoma Broderip. [19-582] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 397 coarser and fewer in number, and usually number from 4-9 on the penultimate whorl. The sculpture also becomes obsolete on the dorsal side of the body whorl, and in some specimens the siphonal fasciole has the same twist as M. contracta. Al- though the outer lip is also smooth in M. chrysos- toma, in individuals which are prominently corded at the base, a few obsolete and calloused undulations may appear anteriorly. In features of exterior and interior colouring, formation of su- tures, number of whorls and columellar folds, the two species do not differ. Habitat—On reefs, under coral, from the inter- tidal zone to a depth of 5 fathoms. Measurements (mm)— height of length = width aperture 51.4 21.8 29.0 Lectotype of chrysostoma 40.0 17.8 25.0 Mulinuu, Samoa I. 35.5 15.0 20.0 Holotype of arnaloti 32.0 14.2 20.0 Vanua Levu, Fiji I. 17.0 _ == Tom’s Island, Cook I. Synonymy— 1836 Mitra chrysostoma Broderip, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 3, p. 194 (Anaa Island, Tuamotus); 1844 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 2, fig. 12; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 20, pl. 8, figs. 95*, 96*; 1965 Cer- nohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 83, pl. 14, fig. 18. 1838 Mitra contracta Kiener, Spécies général iconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 24, pl. 9, fig. 25 (non Swainson, 1820). 1850 Mitra kieneri Philippi, Zeit. Malakozoologie, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 22 (substitute name for M. contracta Kiener, 1838). 1882 Mitra (Strigatella) chrysostoma Swainson, Tryon, Man- ual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 155, pl. 46, figs. 330, 331. 1918 Mitra arnaloti Bartsch, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 31, p. 184 (Davao, Mindanao, Philippine I.). 1935 Strigatella chrysostoma Swainson, Dautzenberg, Mem. Mus. Roy. d’Hist. Nat. Belg., vol. 2, p. 101 (extended synonymy). 1960 Mitra (Nebularia) aff. M. (N.) chrysostoma Broderip, MacNeil, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper, no. 339, p. 92, pl. 17, fig. 21 (Pliocene of Okinawa). 1970 Mitra (Nebularia) chrysostoma Broderip, Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 68, pl. 2, fig. 7. Types—tThe lectotype, here designated, and 2 syntypes of M. chrysostoma Broderip, are in the British Museum (NH), no. 1967715. Three syn- types of M. kieneri Philippi, are in the Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, and the holotype of M. arnaloti Bartsch, is in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, no. 231946. The type locality is Anaa Island, Tuamotu Islands. Records—EAST AFRICA: Mogadiscio, Somalia; Porto Amelia, Mozambique (both USNM); MAURITIUS: (USNM),. THAILAND: Chance Island; Goh Sindarar Thai (both USNM); Ko Ra Dang Island, near Malayan border (Cer- nohorsky coll.). INDONESIA: Pulau Penju, S. of Sumatra; Pulau Bai, Batu group, off Sumatra (both USNM); Island off Kampong, N.W. Tajandu I., Kai I. (WAM). PHILIPPINE IS- LANDS: La Union Point, Lingayan Gulf, Luzon; Port Tataan, Tawi Tawi group; Sanga Sanga (DMNH). Point Mantangal, Basilan; Davao, Mindanao (all USNM); Boac, Marinduque (Lumawig coll.); Hundred Islands, Lucap (Powell coll.). JA- PAN: Kikaigasima, Osumi (USNM). OKINAWA: (DMNH). MARIANAS: Apra Harbour, Guam I. (USNM). PALAU IS- LANDS: S. of Ngariungens I., Kayangel group (AIM). MAR- SHALL ISLANDS: S. of Jabor, Jaluit Atoll (USNM). AUS- TRALIA: Sand Cay No. 8, Queensland (DMNH). NEW GUINEA: near Hollandia (USNM). NEW BRITAIN: Nordup near Rabaul (USNM). SOLOMON ISLANDS: Pavuvu Island, Russell Strait; Treasury Island (both USNM); Roviana, New Georgia Island (McCollim coll.); Marau Sound, Guadalcanal (Gower coll.). NEW HEBRIDES: N.E. coast of Santa Maria I., Banks group (USNM); Ambryn Island (AIM); Teuma Bay, S.W. Efate I. (Cernohorsky coll.). LOYALTY ISLANDS: Lifu (USNM). FIJI ISLANDS: Cakaudrove coast, Vanua Levu (Cernohorsky coll.). TONGA ISLANDS: Nuku'alofa (Gay coll.). SAMOA ISLANDS: Ofu, Manua group (USNM); Luatuanu’u, Upolu (Powell coll.); Mulinuu, W. of Apia (Cer- nohorsky coll.). COOK ISLANDS: Tom’s Islands, Palmerston Atoll (USNM). SOCIETY ISLANDS: Patutoa, Tahiti; Fare Ute, Papeete, Tahiti (both USNM). TUAMOTU ISLANDS: Anaa Island (BMNH). Mitra ferruginea Lamarck, 1811 (Color pl. 256, figs. 9, 10; pl. 334; pl. 336, fig. 1.) Range—Gulf of Aden to Polynesia, the Hawaiian Islands and Clipperton Island. Remarks—This widely distributed species is superficially similar to M. chrysostoma Broderip, but differs in features of prominent spiral cords which continue without interruption to the mar- gin of the outer lip and do not become faint or obsolete on the dorsal side of the body whorl; the margin of the outer lip is prominently crenulate along its entire length, and not smooth as in M. chrysostoma. Habitat—On reefs, in crevices and under coral, from the intertidal zone to a depth of 15 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 58 mm (about 2% inches) in length, fusiformly-ovate to elongate- ovate, heavy and solid, sutures distinct and some- times adpressed on the last 2 whorls. Whorls 7-9, apart from a worn, conical protoconch, first 2-3 postnuclear whorls minutely clathrate, later whorls with prominent, elevated, rounded or flat- topped spiral cords which number from 4-6 on the penultimate and from 14-20 on the body whorl; the interspaces of the ribs are broad and concave and sculptured with numerous, macroscopic, lon- gitudinal hair-lines. Aperture equal in height or HAHA 0.1mm Plate 334. Mitra (Nebularia) ferruginea Lamarck. Half-row of radula. Suva reef, Fiji Islands. [19-583] 398 W. O. Cerno Subgenus Nebularia horsky Mitridae longer than the spire, moderately narrow and smooth within; outer lip prominently thickened and occasionally reflected, and coarsely crenulate along its entire length. Columella glazed and with 4-5 oblique folds, siphonal fasciole straight or slightly twisted, siphonal notch distinct. White to cream in colour, ornamented with broad, dark reddish-brown axial zones which may form 2 in- terrupted broad zones on the body whorl; aper- ture and columella golden-yellow or orange. Periostracum thin, brown and moderately trans- lucent. Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 52.1 18.9 23:2 Kailua Bay, Oahu, Hawaii 47.0 18.5 26.2 Bay of Islands, Fiji I. 40.0 15.0 20.6 Boac I., Philippine I. 34.4 14.4 17.4 Kailua Bay, Hawaiian I. 32.0 12.2 16.0 Holotype of lemma Iredale 29.5 11.4 15.4 Paralectotype of ferruginea Lamarck 28.8 13.0 17.0 Malekula I., New Hebrides 25.7 10.9 14.5 Boac I., Philippine I. Synonymy— 1780 “Strombus fasciis niveis’” Chemnitz, Syst. Conchylien- Cabinet, vol. 4, p. 224, pl. 149, figs. 1380, 1381 (non bino- mial). 1811 Mitra ferruginea Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 17, p. 200 (no locality given); 1838 Kiener, Spécies général iconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 24, pl. 8, fig. 23; 1844 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 4, fig. 28; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum,vol. 4, p. 19, pl. 2, fig. 15; 1960 Hertlein & Allison, Veliger, vol. 3, p. 14; 1965 Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 88, pl. 13, figs. 7, 7a; 1966, Veliger, vol. 9, p. 107, texttig. 8 (radula); 1969, Revue Suisse Zoologie, vol. 76, p. 957, pl. 1, fig. 5; (figured paralectotype); 1971 Wilson & Gillett, Australian Shells, p. 114, pl. 74, figs. 6, 6a. Plate 336. Fig. 1. Mitra (Nebularia) ferruginea Lamarck Figs. 2-5 M. (N.) rubritincta Reeve. Fig. 1. Holotype of Chrysame lemma Iredale, from Sydney Harbour, Australia (AMS C-57852; 32.0 x 12.2 mm) [photo courtesy of P. Colman, AMS]. Fig. 2. Lectotype of Mitra (Nebularia) rubritincta Reeve from Ticao Id., Philippine Ids.; broad form (BM (NH) 1967868; 34.6 x 16.0 mm). Figs. 3, 4. Specimen from North coast of Oahu, Hawaiian Ids.; slender form lienardi Sowerby (Cross coll.; 21.0 x 8.0 mm). Fig. 5. Probable holotype of M. lienardi Sowerby from Mauritius; slender form (ANSP 28725; 24.2 x 8.6 mm). i -_ 2 — 160° 180° 160° 140° 120° 100° 390° 7 — 7 ] § I 3 _ SFI i st } OP echo : The Perl harm \ wang Bonin @ Hawa), X me Marcus AN St pe: ye FORMOSA 28. tek 5 TS MARIANA Woke — Hawai \j faery ihnator Seipon NS = PHILIPPINE [ Yo oo 2 18 ask Enimeto Po ae SHALL IS. perfor op. it e@ os y i 3 wee / ‘eo . Pomme (a @nne F j aadowe : camouine "1s eu” 4 a) es ewan FERRUGINEA] <%: ‘eo ES G | ‘e. fe 8 Chest ee i Va SEYCHELLES 19 . iS Za ees % s GALAPAGOS é yO CL ew B® oo, s : ® ries} raat ibe cies. s' GUINEA 3, F PHOENIX 13 1 AS a Oey toe | Cary ie . ee TOKELAU IS MARQUESAS \ PX gs a XO: . yet TUAMo: | / A "a - & . TU acy 1 = e,,.%e S e oe gh | a. I ‘oe oe - 4 t 20° © peorton 4 3 TONGA cook s. | fi fe ay te | —— { a) TRAY Purcairn | Tork cas oS le, | ; ZEALAND ol co %0 20 100 20° 140° 160" 180° Teo" 148 i Too" Bw Plate 335. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Nebularia) ferruginea Lamarck. [19-584] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 399 1817 Voluta vitulina Dillwyn, Descr. cat. Recent shells, vol. 1, p. 553 (refers to Chemnitz, op. cit., figs. 1380, 1381) [East Indian Seas]; 1825 Wood, Index Testaceologicus, p. 98, pl. 20, fig. 121a. 1829 Mitra martiniana Menke, Verz. Conchyl. Freih. von Malsburg, p. 82 (refers to Chemnitz, op. cit., figs. 1380, 1381 [no locality given]. 1882 Mitra (Chrysame) ferruginea (pars) Lamarck, Tryon, Manual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 150, pl. 44, fig. 279 only. 1929 Chrysame lemma Iredale, Rec. Austral. Museum, vol. 5, pt. 4, p. 343, pl. 38, fig. 6 (Sydney Harbour, N.S.W., Aus- tralia); 1969 Garrard, Journ. Malac. Soc. Australia, no. 12, p. 11 (placed in synonymy of M. ferruginea). 1935 Mitra (Nebularia) ferruginea Lamarck, Dautzenberg, Mem. Mus. Roy. d’Hist. Nat. Belg., vol. 2, p. 70 (extended synonyiny). Types—Lamarck’s type-specimens of M. fer- ruginea, originally described from the National Museum of Paris collection, still remain untrace- able, but the paralectotype (which may have to be re-designated as the lectotype if the other speci- mens cannot be found) is in the Museum d His- toire Naturelle, Geneva, no. 1102/47/4. The whereabouts of the type-specimen of M. vitulina (Dillwyn) and M. martiniana Menke are un- known, but may be among Chemnitz’s unsorted material in the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen. The holotype of M. lemma (Iredale) is in the Aus- tralian Museum, Sydney, no. C. 57852. Lamarck did not indicate a locality, and Keledjitan, Ban- tam, Java, Indonesia, is designated as the type locality of M. ferruginea (specimens in USNM). Records—GULF OF ADEN: Aden (USNM). EAST AF- RICA: Mogadiscio, Somalia; Mocambique, Mozambique (both USNM). ZANZIBAR: (DMNH, Steiner coll.). MAURITIUS: (DMNH:; USNM). INDONESIA: Pulau Penju, S. off Sumatra; Keledjitan, Bantam, Java (both USNM); W. side of Mitak I., Jamdena Straits, Tanimbar, 7°1L1’S & 131°25/E (WAM). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Davao Bay, Mindanao; Zamboagna, Mindanao; Malibon near Manila; Simalue I., Ta- taan I., Tawai Tawi group (all USNM); Boac, Marinduque Cernohorsky coll.); Calapan, Mindoro (DMNH). CHINA: Whampoa (USNM). FORMOSA: S.W. Taiwan, 100m (Steiner coll.) RYUKYU ISLANDS: S. Kunigami-Gun, Okinawa USNM). JAPAN: Osima, Osumi (USNM; MCZ). MARIANAS: Saipan Island; Lagoon W. of Saipan (both USNM); Apra Har- bour, Guam I. (USNM; Powell coll.). PALAU ISLANDS: reef N.W. of Peleliu Island (USNM). MARSHALL ISLANDS: Majuro Atoll; Wotho Islands, Wotho Atoll; Mejatto [., Jaluit Atoll (all USNM); Arno Atoll (AMNH). NEW GUINEA: near Gamodoto, Milne Bay; near Hollandia; Biak I., Schouten I. (all USNM); Aramot I., Siassi I. (Hinton coll.); Port Moresby Kleckham coll.). NEW BRITAIN: Nordup near Rabaul (USNM); Talasea reef (AMNH). SOLOMON ISLANDS: Treasury Island; Pavuvu Island, Russell Strait (both USNM); Marau Sound, Guadalcanal (AMNH: Gower coll.; Cer- nohorsky coll.). NEW HEBRIDES: Bushmens Bay, Malekula I. (Cernohorsky coll.); Port Havannah, N. Efate I. (Debant coll.); Meli Bay, S.W. Efate I. (Colardeau coll.). FIJI IS- LANDS: Suva, S. Viti Levu; Bay of Islands, Suva, S. Viti Levu, 8 taths. (Cernohorsky coll.); Wakaya Island (USNM). SAMOA ISLANDS: Apia Harbour, 4 faths. (Cernohorsky coll.); Ofu, Manua group; Tutuila I. (both USNM); Vailele Bay, Upolu I. (Powell coll.). NIUE ISLAND: Alofi, S. of jetty (USNM): Oneone reef (Cernohorsky coll.). COOK ISLANDS: Mauke (USNM; AMNH). SOCIETY ISLANDS: Makatea (DMNH); Motu Tapu, Bora Bora; Tiarei, Tahiti; Motu Pahare, Huahine I. (all USNM). TUAMOTU ISLANDS: Makemo Island; Temao Harbour, Makatea (both USNM). MARQUESAS ISLANDS: Taiohae Bay, Nukuhiva (USNM). JARVIS ISLAND: (DMNH; AIM). LINE ISLANDS: Palmyra Island (USNM). HAWAITAN ISLANDS: Honolulu Harbour, Oahu (USNM: Powell coll.) off Maui, Oahu, 5-6 faths.; Makua, Oahu, 3-9 faths. (both AMNH): Kailua Bay, Oahu, 11 faths. (Cernohorsky coll.). MIDWAY ISLAND: (USNM). CLIPPERTON ISLAND: (Hertlein & Al- lison, 1960). Mitra rubritincta Reeve, 1844 (Color pl. 256, figs. 11, 12; pl. 336, figs. 2-4) Range—Mauritius to Polynesia and the Hawaiian Islands. Remarks—tThe species is occasionally confused with M. ferruginea Lamarck, but differs appreci- ably in form, and features of narrower spiral threads, coarse axial folds, convex outer lip and ornamentation. Mitra rubritincta has been based on the broad, barrel-shaped form, while M. lienardi Sowerby, is the slender, elongate-ovate form of the species. The coarse and crude axial folds and undulating spiral threads are charac- teristic of the species. Habitat—On reefs, in crevices and under coral, from the intertidal zone to a depth of 10 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 37 mm (about 1% inches) in length, ovate and barrel-shaped or elongate-ovate, rather solid, sutures weakly im- pressed but sometimes narrowly ledged. Whorls 7-9, apart from a worn protoconch, spire whorls flat-sided, body whorl slightly constricted below the suture; first 2-4 post-nuclear whorls with 3 prominent spiral cords, penultimate whorl with 3-4, rarely 5 cords, and body whorl with 14-21 spiral cords; the spirals are narrower than in M. ferruginea and the interspaces between the cords are concave and axially striate. Coarse and broad axial folds appear on the second half of the an- tepenultimate whorl and persist to the body whorl; the spiral cords are undulate on the whorls with axial folds. Aperture equal in height to or longer than the spire, moderately open and smooth within; outer lip thickened and regularly convex, ornamented with scallop-like denticles at the margin. Columella slightly calloused an- teriorly, and with 5, rarely 4, oblique folds; siphonal fasciole straight, occasionally slightly calloused, siphonal notch distinct but shallow. White in colour, ornamented with irregular, bright dark red axial streaks on the spire whorls and 2 spiral rows of axial blotches on the body whorl, leaving a broad white zone in the centre; aperture and columella cream in colour. Perios- tracum thin and brown in colour. [19-585] 400 Subgenus Nebularia W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae 3° 4o ° > be 8 iB roy Plate 337. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Nebularia) rub- ritincta Reeve. Measurements (mm)— height of length = width aperture 34.6 16.0 20.2 Lectotype of rubritincta 32.8 15.9 20.0 Bay of Islands, Fiji I. 29.8 14.0 18.9 Nuku alofa, Tonga I. 24.2 8.6 11.3 Probable holotype of lienardi 23.0 9.4 12.7 Philippine Islands 20.0 7.3 10.0 off Makua, Hawaiian I. Synonymy— 1844 Mitra rubritincta Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 19, fig. 147 (Island of Ticao, Philippine Islands); 1874 Sow- erby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 12, pl. 16, fig. 295; 1965 Cerohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 96, pl. 16, fig. 44. 1874 Mitra lienardi Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 12, pl. 14, fig. 239 (no locality given). ?1923 Mitra lienardi var. emaciata Dautze mapete & Bouge, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 67, p. 124, pl. 2, figs. 8, 9 (as M. lienardi var. pluricostata on plate explanation) [Lifu, Loyalty Islands]. 1952 Mitra sp. Tinker, Pacific Sea Shells, plate facing p. 72, top row, fig. on left. Types—The lectotype, here designated, and 2 syntypes of M. rubritincta Reeve, are in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967868. The probable holotype of M. lienardi Sowerby, may be the specimen in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, no. 28725, ex-Sowerby coll., with the locality “Mauritius” marked on the label. The type locality of M. rubritincta is Ticao Island, Philippine Islands. Records—MAURITIUS: (ANSP; Dautzenberg & Bouge, 1923. INDONESIA: Marudu Bay, N. Borneo (USNM). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Samar Island; Pangangon I., Bohol (both Steiner coll.); Boac, Marinduque; Subic Bay, Luzon I. (both DMNH); Davao (MCZ). RYUKYU ISLANDS: S. Kunigami-Gun, Okinawa (USNM). MARIANAS: Saipan Is- land (USNM). NEW GUINEA: Gamododo, Milne Bay (USNM). NEW BRITAIN: Rabaul (McCollim coll.). SOL- OMON ISLANDS: New Georgia Island (Powell coll.). NEW HEBRIDES: S. Efate Island (Allan coll.). LOYALTY IS- LANDS: (Dautzenberg & Bouge). FIJI ISLANDS. Georgia a / hea e3 « cCAROLIN Cove, Rabi I., Vanua Levu (USNM): Bay of Islands, Suva, S. Viti Levu, 8 faths. (Cernohorsky coll.). MARIANAS: Apra Har- bour, Guam (Salisbury coll.). GILBERT ISLANDS: Betio- Bairaki causeway, Tarawa I. (Holmes coll.). TONGA IS- LANDS: Nukw’alofa (Cernohorsky coll.). SAMOA ISLANDS: (Powell coll.). TUAMOTU ISLANDS: (Dautzenberg & Bouge, 1923). HAWAIIAN ISLANDS: N. coast of Oahu (Cross coll.); off Makua, Oahu, 7-8 faths. (Deynzer coll.). Mitra cucumerina Lamarck, 1811 (Color pl. 256, figs. 13-15; pl. 338, fig. 1) Range—Red Sea to Polynesia and the Hawaiian Islands. Remarks—The species is similar toM. chrysalis Reeve, but differs in being less obese and pupi- form in shape, the spire is more acuminate, the whorls longer and aperture shorter. In M. chrysalis the sculpture consists of narrow spiral grooves which produced broad and flat cords on the centre of the body whorl, whereas in M. cucumerina the cords are elevated and angulate, and the interspaces between the cords are broad and “V”-shaped. Habitat—On reefs, under coral and in crevices, from the intertidal zone to a depth of 10 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 34 mm (about 1% inches) in length, but rarely exceeding 27 mm (about 1 inch), globose, acuminate at both ends and solid, sutures weakly impressed. Whorls 7-9, apart from protoconch which is usually eroded, sculptured with prominent, elevated and angulate spiral cords which number from 3-4 on the penul- timate and up to 20 on the body whorl; the in- terspaces are deep, “V-shaped, axially promi- nently striate and equal in width or broader than the spiral cords. Aperture longer than the spire, very narrow and smooth within; outer lip very thick and prominently crenulate, crenulations de- creasing in size anteriorly. Columella calloused and with 3-4 folds, first posterior fold very large, last anterior fold small; siphonal fasciole straight [19-586] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 401 iw vy wala et : Plate 338. Close-up of sculptural detail. Fig. 1. Mitra (Nebularia) cucumerina Lamarck. Fig. 2. M. (N.) chrysalis Reeve. or sometimes recurved, occasionally weakly cal- loused, siphonal notch prominent. Reddish- orange to dark blood-red in colour, ornamented with an interrupted, white or yellowish-white central band on the body whorl, and a few spots upon the ribs above and below the band; in some specimens the spiral ribs are lighter than the base colour. Aperture and columella orange-brown, tip of spire frequently white. Periostracum thin and brown in colour. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~~ width aperture 27.4 15.2 17.3 Watson's Isle, Samoa I. 26.3 13.9 16.4 Lectotype of cucumerina 23.2 12:5 15.0 Phuket I., Thailand 17.0 8.7 10.8 Eilat, Gulf of Aqaba 13.3 6.0 8.4 Mokolea Rock, Hawaiian Ids. Synonymy— 1780 “‘Turricula globosa’’ Chemnitz, Syst. Conchylien- Cabinet, vol. 4, p. 232, pl. 150, figs. 1398, 1399 (non bino- mial). 1798 Tabl. Encycl. Méthodique, pl. 375, fig. 1. 1802 Voluta turricula Holten, Enum. syst. Conchyliorun, p. 46 (refers to Chemnitz, op. cit., fig. 1398 [non Gmelin, 1791]. 1811 Mitra cucumerina Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 17, p. 215 (no locality given); 1838 Kiener, Species général iconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 62, pl. 9, fig. 24 (Indian Ocean); 1844 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 25, fig. 201; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 12, pl. 16, figs. 275-277; 1955 Risbec, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 95, p. 79, fig. 4 (anatomy); 1965 Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 87, pl. 17, figs. 50, 50a; 1966, Veliger, vol. 9, p. 107, texttig. 9 (radula}; 1969, Revue Suisse Zoologie, vol. 76, p. 978, pl. 5, fig. 37 (figured lec- totype). 1817 Voluta ferrugata Dillwyn, Descr. cat. Recent shells, vol. 1, p. 535 (no locality given) [refers to Chemnitz, op. cit., figs. 1398, 1399 and Tabl. Encycl. Meéth., pl. 375, fig. 1]. 1852 Mitreola globosa Morch, Cat. Conchyl. Com. Yoldi, vol. 1, p. 83 (no locality given) [refers to Chemnitz, op. cit., figs. 1398, 1399]. 1874 Mitra tabanula Lamarck, Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 12, pl. 367, figs. 280, 281 (non Lamarck, 1811). 1883 Mitra (Chrysame) cucumerina (pars) Lamarck, Tryon, Manual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 143, figs. 227, 228 only. 1923 Mitra (Chrysame) cucumerina var. pallida Dautzenberg & Bouge, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 67, p. 119 (Lifu, Loyalty Islands) [non M. pallida A. Adams, 1853]. 1923 Mitra (Chrysame) tabanula var. connectens Dautzen- berg & Bouge, ibid., p. 132 (Isle des Pins = New Caledonia) {refer to Sowerby, op. cit., pl. 367, figs. 280, 281]. Types—The lectotype of M. cucumerina Lamarck, is in the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, no. 1102/76/2. The type specimen’ of M. turricula (Holten), M. ferrugata (Dillwyn) and M. globosa (Morch), may be among Chemnitz’s un- sorted type material in the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen. The first correct locality indication for the species is “Indian Ocean” given by Kiener, and we designate Ambon Island, Indonesia, as the type locality of M. cucumerina (specimens in WAM). Records—RED SEA: Eilat, Gulf of Aqaba (Haime coll.; Peled coll.; Steiner coll.; Cernohorsky coll.); 20 mi. N. of Jid- dah, Saudi Arabia (USNM). EAST AFRICA: Mogadiscio, Somalia; Mocambique, Mozambique (both USNM). INDIAN OCEAN ISLANDS: Felicite I., Seychelles I. (USNM): Mauritius (USNM: DMNH: Powell coll.); Flat Island, Mauritius (ZMC); Tanikely I., W. of Madagascar (AMNH). THAILAND: reef Ao Rawai, Ko Phuket; Goh Phi Phi (both USNM); Phuket Island (Cernohorsky coll.). INDONESIA: N. shore of Toba I., N. end Aru I., 1-2 faths.; Tg. Nama, S. side of Ambon Bay, Ambon I. (both WAM). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Cabra I., Lubang I., Mindoro (USNM; Del. Mus. N.H.); Subic Bay, Luzon; Palawan Islands (both Clover coll.). MARIANAS: Saipan Island (USNM). CAROLINE ISLANDS: Ulithi Atoll (USNM). MARSHALL ISLANDS: Kwajalein Island (AMNH). NEW GUINEA: Taurama reef, Port Moresby (Kleckham coll.); near Hollandia; Finschhaven (both AMNH). AUSTRALIA: Yeppoon, Queensland (Marrow coll.); Wilson Island, Queens- land (USNM):; Barrow Island, W. Australia (WAM). SOL- OMON ISLANDS: Bougainville (Clover coll.); Marau Sound, Guadalcanal (Cernohorsky coll.); Malaita I. (DMNH). LOY- ALTY ISLANDS: Lifu (AIM); Islot Deguala, Uvea (USNM),. GILBERT & ELLICE ISLANDS: reef-flats at Nukulaili, El- lice I. (USNM); Bikenibeu, Tarawa I., Gilbert I. (Cernohorsky coll.). WALLIS ISLANDS: E. of Nukuhifala; Faioa (Both USNM). FIJI ISLANDS: Cuvu Beach, $.W. Viti Levu; St. Annes, Nadroga reef, S. Viti Levu; Rat Tail Passage, Suva reef, S. Viti Levu (all Cernohorsky coll.). TONGA ISLANDS: Nuku'alofa (USNM; Cernohorsky coll.). SAMOA ISLANDS: Vaotoa, Vailele Bay, Upolu I. (USNM; Powell coll.); Ofu, Manua group; outer reef at Apia; Asau harbour (all USNM); Watson’s Isle; Fagali’li, Upolu I. (both Powell coll.); Mulinuu, W. of Apia (Cernohorsky coll.). COOK ISLANDS: Penrhyn Island (AMNH); Rarotonga (Powell coll.). AUSTRAL IS- [19-587] 402 Subgenus Nebularia W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae 80° 1ooe 120° 140° 160° 180° 160° ie | GPE ay | | | | q | madmag Petri fem | nmap SS ogin |. MAwa,, | g 7 Iwo me Marews a ‘3 | eens py —E eV rormMosa T ey 7 ill 2% © ” to vip - ARIANA Wome _ Hawa My 2 13 - Johnetonr 3 snongan | a % O | ge yt is. y | PHILIPPINE ang on ! ; ‘ io ay 's ee Enmeto a MARSHALL IS wie r way Wolfe _ ° PR. oS Mofuro ern | ~ |@ 0 2@ 4 « © VChristmes 9,2 ———— 4 — ————— Bes 8 3 ‘ os ® .: PHOENIX 13 ie. MARQUESAS IS. “ @ TOKELAU IS. : 7 bs s. B Tuam, . ® % is + OTY arcs -\ NEW re By uebmloes, e le: 08e" | “os . 2 Yo, ith ee & a Oe OO” Fe NN = i : . : a “TONGA 1 new / cook) - 4 t nd exairn Norblk ~~. | | NEW ZEALAND Mario Theresa | | . 4 . a | 1 = ——— r 20° 40° 60° 80° 100% 120° 140° 160° 160 160 140" Plate 339. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Nebularia) cucumerina Lamarck. LANDS: Matarau, Tubuai I. (USNM). SOCIETY ISLANDS: Ilot Tipaemano, Raiatea; Papapara, Tahiti; Motu Pahare, Huahine; Moorea (all USNM); Point Venus, Tahiti (Clover coll.) GAMBIER ISLANDS: Ilot Tarau-roa, Mangareva (USNM). LINE ISLANDS: Fanning Island (DMNH; AIM); Jarvis I. (DMNH). PALMYRA ISLAND: (DMNH; USNM),. HAWAIIAN ISLANDS: off Makua, Oahu, 7-8 faths. (Deynzer coll.); Shark’s Bay (Leehman coll.); Honokowai, Maui (USNM); Mokolea Rock, Kailua Bay, Oahu, 10 faths. (AMNH,; Cernohorsky coll.); Honolulu Harbor (AIM). MIDWAY IS- LANDS: (USNM). Mitra chrysalis Reeve, 1844 (Color pl. 256, figs. 16-17; pl. 338, fig. 2; pl. 340) Range—Red Sea to the Cook Islands, Polynesia. Remarks—The species is similar to M. cucumerina Lamarck, but differs from that species by being more cylindrically-ovate, pupiform, with distinctly shorter spire whorls and less acuminate spire. The difference in sculpture is rather pro- nounced: in M. chrysalis the spiral grooves are shallow and frequently punctate rather than axially striate, and the resulting cords are consid- erably broader than the interspaces, hardly ele- vated in the central part of the body whorl and flat or feebly rounded. In M. cucumerina the spiral cords are prominently elevated and angulate, the interspaces are as broad or broader than the spiral cords and prominently axially striate. The species are similar in exterior colouring and ornamenta- tion, but the basic colour in M. cucumerina is dark blood-red whereas in M. chrysalis the colour var- ies from a pale orange-brown to dark brown; the white interrupted central band on the body whorl of M. cucumerina is more distinct and brighter. The aperture is longer in M. chrysalis, the col- umella is more strongly calloused and the base of the body whorl is not as strongly constricted as in M. cucumerina, and the siphonal fasciole appears shorter and thicker. Some specimens lack the pale central girdle composed of irregular spots, and are uniformly brown in colour; this colour form occurs in Zan- zibar, the Andaman Islands, New Hebrides and New Caledonia, and has been described as M. caledonica Recluz and M. buryi Melvill & Sykes. The latter form from the Andaman Islands, has broader interspaces and slightly more elevated spiral cords, especially those near the suture and base. The largest specimen of M. chrysalis examined, measured 29.0 mm in length. The radulae of M. chrysalis and M. cucumerina also differ: the rachidian tooth of M. chrysalis has 8-10 cusps, whereas the rachidian of M. cucumerina has only 3-5 cusps. Habitat—On reefs, under coral rocks and in crevices, generally in the intertidal zone but occa- sionally found at depth of 8 fathoms. Plate 340. Mitra (Nebularia) chrysalis Reeve. Fig. 1. Lectotype figure of M. (N.) chrysalis Reeve (from Reeve, 1844, pl. 25, fig. 200). Fig. 2. Lectotype of M. buryi Melvill and Sykes from the Andaman Ids. (BM (NH) 1899.2.18.2; 13.8 x 7.0 mm). [19-588] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 403 Measurements (mm)— height of length = width aperture 25.0 11.6 15.0 Mulinuu, Samoa 21.0 11.0 — Type-specimen of caledonica 17.4 9.5 11.8 Boac I., Philippines 13.8 7.0 9.7 Lectotype of buryi 12.0 6.3 8.0 Okinawa, Ryukyu Ids. Synonymy— 1839 Mitra leucozona Kuster, Syst. Conchylien-Cabinet, ed. 2, vol. 5, p. 104, pl. 17, figs. 9-11 (East Indies) [non An- drzejowski, 1830]. 1844 Mitra chrysalis Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 25, fig. 200 (no locality given); 1874 Sowerby, Theseus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 19, pl. 21, fig. 437; 1882 Tryon, Manual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 144, pl. 42, fig. 233; 1965 Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 83, pl. 17, figs. 51, 5la; 1970, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 13, textfig. 54 (radula). 1853 Mitra caledonica Récluz, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 4, p. 248, pl. 7, fig. 7 (New Caledonia). 1899 Mitra (Chrysame) buryi Melvill & Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vol. 3, pt. 4, p. 222, textfig. 1 (Andaman Is- lands). Types—The type-specimen of M chrysalis is untraceable and has been probably sold at auction of the Norris collection; the specimen figured by Reeve on plate 25, figure 200, is here designated as the lectotype of M. chrysalis. The holotype of M. caledonica Récluz, is in the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (“Journal de Con- chyliologie” coll.). There are 3 syntypes of M. buryi Melvill & Sykes in the British Museum (NH) no. 1899.2.18.2-4, but the specimen figured by the authors in the original description is not among the syntypes. Reeve did not give a locality but Kuster reported his M. leucozona from the East-Indies. Pombo Island, Haruku Straits, East of Ambon, Indonesia, is here designated as the type locality of M. chrysalis (specimen in WAM). \oo° Records—RED SEA: Eilat, Gulf of Aqaba (Hadar coll.). EAST AFRICA: Mboa Magi, Tanganyika (USNM); Porto Amelia, Mozambique (Orr coll.); ZANZIBAR: (USNM:; AMNH); Chwaka, N. Nyangale (AMNH); Chango Island (AIM) lighthouse near Mkunducki (Powell coll.). INDIAN OCEAN ISLANDS: Poivre, Seychelles Islands (Cernohorsky coll.). Nossi-Bé, Madagasc ar (Clover coll.); Mauritius (USNM); Port Baie Andaman Islands (Cernohorsky coll.). THAILAND: Goh Phi Phi (USNM). INDONESIA: Pulau Penju, S. of Sumatra; Pulau Buenta, off Acheh Heads, N.W. Sumatra (both USNM); S. end of Laluin I., S.W. Kajoa L.; Kampong Namatabung, Labuan Olendir, Selaru: Waratneu I., Tajandu, Kai I.; W. side of Mitak I., Jamdena Straits, Tanimbar; Pombo I., Haruku Straits, E. of Ambon (all WAM). PHILIP- PINE ISLANDS: Pangangon I., Bohol (Steiner coll.); Cabra I., Lubang I., Mindoro; Manila Bay, Luzon (both cera Boac, Marinduque (Cernohorsky coll.). RYUKYU ISLANDS: re sef off Ogimi, Okinawa-Shima; Kadena Circle, Okinawa (both USNM) Minatogawa, Okinawa (Cernohorsky coll.). JAPAN: Kii (AMNH). MARIANAS: Mang Island; Tumou Bz iy, Guam I. (both USNM); a of Facpit Point, Agat Bay, Guam I. (AMNH); Nimitz beach, Guam I. (Cernohorsky coll.). PALAU IS- LANDS: Kay angel Island (DMNH; USNM). CAROLINE IS- LANDS: reef at Mutunlik, Kusaie I.; Elato Atoll; Ulithi Atoll (all USNM); Losap L., Mortlocks (DMNH) MARSHALL IS- LANDS: Lae I., Lae Atoll: Aaranbiru, Eniwetok Atoll; outer reef at Namu L, Bikini Atoll; Kabelle I., Rongelap Atoll; Majatto I., Jaluit "Atoll: Elizabeth I., Jaluit ‘Atoll (all USNM). Kwajalein I. (AMNH). NEW GUINEA: Ela beach, Port Moresby (Kleckham coll.); Mioes Woendi, Schouten I.; Pai I., Padaido Islands (both Boel coll.). SOLOMON ISLANDS: Ugi Island (USNM); Marau Sound, G uadalcanal (Cernohorsky coll.). NEW HEBRIDES: S.E. of Inyeng I., Aneityum I., Black beach, Tanna I.; Utja, Aneityum I.; P: likulo Bay, Espiritu Santo; Little Malo Killi Kalli, Espiritu Santo (all USNM), Malapoa Point, Vila Harbour, Efate I.; Ure I., opposite E. coast of Malekula I. (both AIM): Bushmens Bay, Malekula I.; Pango reef, Efate I. (both Cernohorsky coll.). NEW CALEDONIA: Nani Island (USNM); Touho Bay (Powell coll.). LOYALTY ISLANDS: Ilot Degula, Uvea (USNM); Lifu Island (AIM). GILBERT & ELLICE ISLANDS: Onotoaa Atoll, Gilbert I.; Vaitupu, Ellice I. (both USNM). WALLIS & FUTUNA IS- LANDS: Sigave Bay, Hoorn I., Futuna I.; Nukuhifala, Wallis I. (both USNM). FIJI ISLANDS: Wake aya Island; Suva, S. Viti Levu (both Powell coll.); Malolo Island, Mamanuca group, (Jennings coll.); Cuvu Beach, S.W. Viti Levu; Viti Levu Bay, N.E. Viti Levu (both Cernohorsky coll.). TONGA ISLANDS: Niutoua, Tongatapu (USNM); Nuku’: ta, Tongatapu (Gay coll.) SAMOA ISLANDS: Vaoto, Vailele Bay, Upolu I. (USNM; Powell coll.); Ofu, Manua group; Pango Pango; Asau Harbour, Savaii (all USNM); Watson’s Isle (AIM): Mulinuu, W. of Apia (Cernohorsky coll.). NIUE ISLAND: (McDowall coll.); Alfoi, S. of jetty (USNM). COOK ISLANDS: Rarotonga (AIM). ANDAMAN , NICOBAR 4) 18 CEYLON C0CO6 - KEEL ATOLLS. Plate 341. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Nebularia) Marcus Ae * aaasnan\s ~ ©, Makin © QChristme 8, @ ' 45 at e om) PHOENIX 13. Ces TOKELAU IS © 5. : nate EBRIDE "sys rh ~ i ece a irc) cites Boosie tT sts 55, Nor€/t chrysalis Reeve. [19-589] 404 Subgenus Nebularia W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Mitra fraga Quoy & Gaimard, 1833 (Color pl. 256, figs. 18-21; pl. 342) Range—Red Sea to Polynesia and the Hawaiian Islands. Remarks—Having examined about 500 speci- mens of M. fraga and “M. tornata” Reeve, we have encountered numerous intergrades which clearly connect the two species and several named variants. M. fraga was described from a small, immature and broad specimen with pale spots upon the spiral cords. M. peregra represents the same colour form but is slightly more slender. The syntypes of M. tornata are very worn and juvenile specimens of the slender form of M. fraga, lacking the pale spots on the cords, while Plate 342. Mitra (Nebularia) fraga Quoy and Gaimard. Fig. 1. Lectotype of M. peregra Reeve from Masbate Id., Philippine Ids. (BM (NH) 1967835; 22.6 x 10.0 mm). Fig. 2. Syntype of M. tornata Reeve from Guimaras Id., Philippine Ids. (BM (NH) 1967897; 20.4 x 7.4 mm). Fig. 3. Lectotype of M. cingulata A. Adams (BM (NH) 1967721; 23.5 x 8.9 mna). Fig. 4. Lectotype of M. rubiginea A. Adams from Australia (BM (NH) 1967865; 39.4 x 15.0 mm). Fig. 5. Type specimen of M. idjowensis Oostingh from Tjiid- jow, Bantam, Pliocene of Java (from Oostingh, 1939, pl. 11, fig. 195; 12.2 x 5.2 mm). Fig. 6. Type specimen of M. subidjowensis Oostingh from Tjiidjow, Bantam, Pliocene of Java (from Oostingh, 1939, pl. 11, fig. 196; 13.0 x 5.0 mm). M. rubiginea A. Adams and M. carinilirata Souverbie, were based on large and broad exam- ples with only a few pale spots upon the ribs. Fresh specimens are uniformly dark reddish- brown, others are ornamented with a few or numerous and regularly arranged pale spots upon the spiral cords; in weathered specimens the shell is reddish-orange and the spots are white. In specimens from the Red Sea, the yellowish-cream colour is so dense that the shell appears to be spotted with reddish-brown. Habitat—On reefs, in crevices and under coral, from the intertidal zone to a depth of 15 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 48 mm (about 2 inches) in length, but generally from 15-35 mm (34-1% inches) in length, elongate ovate to roundly-ovate, solid, sutures weakly impressed. Whorls 6-8, apart from protoconch of 2 glassy- white nuclear whorls, spire whorls flat-sided or slightly convex, frequently angulate or subangu- late at the sutures; sculptured with elevated and angulate spiral cords which number from 3-6 on the penultimate and from 13-18 on the body whorl. The cords are occasionally undulate on the body whorl by the appearance of weak longitudi- nal folds, the intervening spiral grooves are deep and “V-shaped and axially striate; the sutural spiral cord is frequently smaller than the succeed- ing cords. Aperture about equal in height or longer than the spire, moderately narrow and smooth within; outer lip thickened, regularly convex and crenulate at the margin in adult specimens. Columella calloused, especially an- teriorly and sometimes only glazed on the parietal wall, and with 4-5, rarely 3, oblique folds; siphonal fasciole calloused, straight or recurved, siphonal notch distinct. Fresh specimens are uni- formly dark reddish-brown in colour, but are fre- quently ornamented with a few or numerous, cream, yellow or orange spots upon the spiral cords; specimens from the Red Sea are creamy- yellow and spotted on the cords with reddish- brown. The aperture and columella are greyish- white, but frequently flushed with orange-brown. Periostracum thin, orange-brown and moderately translucent. Measurements (mm)— height of length = width aperture 45.8 19.0 24.6 Caboni beach, Fiji I. 39.4 15.0 20.4 Lectotype of rubiginea 37.0 14.0 19.0 Type of carinilirata 33.3 13.8 18.5 Pango Point, New Hebrides 23.5 8.9 12.4 Lectotype of cingulata [19-590] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 405 22.6 10.0 12.8 Lectotype of peregra 18.8 8.2 10.0 Apia Harbour, Samoa I. 18.3 6.9 9.5 Lectotype of tornata 15.8 7.9 — Type-specimen of fraga 14.0 6.7 7.8 Pango Point, New Hebrides 13.0 5.0 eo Type of subidjowensis (222 5.2 6.2 Type of idjowensis Synonymy— 1833 Mitra fraga Quoy & Gaimard, Voyage L’ Astrolabe, vol. 2, p. 660, pl. 45 bis, figs. 28, 29 (no locality given) [juvenile specimen]; 1838 Kiener, Spécies general iconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 63, pl. 9, fig. 26; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 13, pl. 16, fig. 284; 1965 Cemohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 89, pl. 16, fig. 42; 1966, Veliger, vol. 9, p. 106, textfig. 6 (radula). 1839 Mitra miniata Anton, Verz. Conchylien, p. 67 (no locality given); 1839 Kuster, Syst. Conchylien-Cabinet, ed. 2, p. 77, pl. 14, figs. 8-10 (fraga form). 1844 Mitra peregra Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 24, fig. 186 (Island of Masbate, Philippines); 1880 Garrett, Jour- nal of Conchology, vol. 3, p. 23; 1951 Laseron, Rec. Austral. Museum, vol. 22, no. 4, p. 335 (fraga form). 1845 Mita tornata Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 33, fig. 269 (Islands of Guimaras, Philippines); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 9, pl. 25, fig. 553; 1965 Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 100, pl. 16, fig. 38; 1970, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 14, textfigs, 60, 60a (radula). 1853 Mitra cingulata A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, for 1853, p. 136 (no locality given) [mon Lamarck, 1811] (tornata form). 1855 Mitra rubiginea A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 134 (Australia); 1965 Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 96, pl. 16, fig. 41 (tornata form). ?1870 Mitra (Nebularia) williamsi Newcomb, American Journ. Conchology, vol. 5, pt. 3, p. 163, pl. 17, fig. 5 (Philip- pines or Guam?). 1871 Mitra carinilirata Souverbie, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 19, p. 335 (Isle Art, New Caledonia); 1872 ibid., vol. 20, p. 49, pl. 1, fig. 1 (tornata form). 1939 Mitra (Chrysame) idjowensis Oostingh, Ingen. Nederl.- Indie, vol. 6, p. 44, pl. 11, figs. 195a, b (Tjiidjow, Bantam, Java; Pliocene) [juvenile specimen]. 1939 Mitra (Chrysame) subidjowensis Oostingh, ibid., p. 45, pl. 11, figs. 196a, b (Tjiidjow, Bantam, Java; Pliocene 1967 Mitra (Chrysame) fraga Quoy & Gaimard, Orr-Maes, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 119, no. 4, p. 138, pl. 13; fig. I. Types—The type-specimen of M. fraga Quoy & Gaimard, is in the Muséum National d’ Histoire Naturelle, Paris, and the holotype of M. carinilirata Souverbie, is in the same Institution (“Journal de Conchyliologie” coll.). The follow- ing types are in the British Museum (NH): the lectotype, here designated, and 1 syntype of M. peregra Reeve, B.M. (NH) no. 1967835; the lec- totype, here designated, and 2 syntypes of M. tor- nata Reeve (juvenile specimens), B.M. (NH) no. 1967897, and the lectotype, here designated, and 2 syntypes of M. rubiginea A. Adams, B.M. (NH) no. 1967865 (immature and juvenile specimens). The two syntypes of M. cingulata A. Adams (non Lamarck), B.M. (NH) no. 1967721, are two differ- ent species: the larger, 23.5 mm long specimen isa beach-worn, faded M. fraga, and since only this specimen corresponds to Adams’ description, it is here designated as the lectotype; the other, smal- ler specimen, length 19.7 mm, is the species M. suturata Reeve. The type-specimens of M. id- jowensis and M. subidjowensis Oostingh, are probably in the Geological Museum, Bandoeng, Indonesia. No locality was given by Quoy and Gaimard, and we designate Reeve’s locality indi- cation of Masbate Island, Philippine Islands, as the type locality of M. fraga. Nomenclature—The type-specimen of M. wil- liamsi Newcomb, is lost, but his type figure re- sembles to some extent M. fraga. Specimens labelled “M. williamsi Newcomb” inthe National Museum of Natural History, Washington, are M. [juvenile specimen]. fi aga. 20° 40 £9 = seat 20° 140° = 160° 180° 160° 1go° z ; 1 : : Dm { f {ye Moclipe | ra | | K & ; rd ? side = ws | Son ro * BONIN e Hag ve ie ie a ai RE oe LQ oe hier : | cies ie aoe y FoRMoeh cae 20° on - — {+ 1 a oe == —= ‘ E MARIANA hohe me : i} ohnaters @ «. | fo ae ro Pons po MaLoive CAROLINE 1s e~’ 7 ° 7 PL. | ” 4 al : Seseh| FRAGA serene) | | : aera eaT | ] : NEW i cHages ; Younes % PHOENIK 18 c e aa : Ser. MARQUESAS IS. ATOLLS i oD. | Bs SS ye TUAMory, - ° faite Ory 4 s a é@ 7 AR, A _ ee e | ae os os aad 20°} — : 1 < : oe - anal tt i } oor coor Bs 1 2 a a x - Ass, T . i) TRay gs [ ucesy | | | a | ‘A } ) SGl NEW | | | ES deft | | J | - . ——— ; — 20 40) (0) 80 100° 20° 140° 160° 160° 160° 140° Plate 343. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Nebularia) fraga Quoy and Gaimard. [19-591] 406 Subgenus Nebularia W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Records—RED SEA: Eilat, Gulf of Aqaba (Hadar coll.; Clover coll.; Peled coll.); Gulfof Suez (Jickeli, 1874). INDIAN OCEAN ISLANDS: Mauritius (USNM); N. end of Pulo Siput, Cocos-Keeling I. (USNM). THAILAND: Goh Phi Phi (USNM). INDONESIA: Marudu Bay, N. Borneo; Pulau Bay, Batu group, off Sumatra; Keledjitan, Bantam, Java (all USNM); W. coast of Gomumu I., S. of Obi I. (WAM). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Pangangon I., Bohol (Steiner coll.); Boac, Marin- duque (Lumawig coll.); Davao, Mindanao; Tobigui, Marin- duque (both USNM); Masbate Island; Ticao Island (both AMNH); Zambales, Luzon; Cebu Island (both Clover coll.): Banan, Batangas Bay; Siasi I., Sulu (both Cernohorsky coll.). CHINA: Whampoa (USNM). RYUKYU ISLANDS: Okinawa (USNM). JAPAN: Osima, Osumi (USNM). MARIANAS: Apra Harbour, Guam I.; Saipan Island (both USNM):; Nimitz beach, Guam I. (Cernohorsky coll.); Oca Point, Gaum (MCZ). MAR- SHALL ISLANDS: Jieroru, Eniwetok Atoll; Roggutou, Rongelap Atoll; Kwajalein Atoll (all USNM). NEW GUINEA: Taurama beach, Port Moresby (Hinton coll.); Ela beach, Port Moresby (Kleckham coll.); near Hollandia (USNM). AUS- TRALIA: S. end of Flacourt Bay, 20°46’S & 115°21'E, W. Au- stralia (WAM); Shelly Beach, Caloundra, Queensland (Powell coll.); New South Wales (Laseron, 1951). NEW BRITAIN: Rabaul (McCollim coll. Buick coll.). SOLOMON ISLANDS: Ugi Island; Pavuvu I., Russell Strait (both USNM); Marau Sound, Guadalcanal (Cernohorsky coll.). NEW HEBRIDES: Palikulo Bay, Espiritu Santo (USNM); Port Havannah, N.E. Efate I. (Debant coll.); Pango Point, Efate I.; Bushmens Bay, Malekula I. (both AIM); Meli Bay, S.W. Efate I.; Malapoa Point, Vila Harbour, Efate I.; Ure I. opposite E. coast of Malekula I. (all Cernohorsky coll.).§ ROTUMA ISLANDS: Tuakoi Point (USNM). GILBERT ISLANDS: Apamama (USNM). FIJIISLANDS: Bay of Islands, Suva Harbour, S. Viti Levu, 8 faths. (Hill coll.; Cernohorsky coll.); Viti Levu Bay, N.E. Viti Levu; Akuilau I., Nadi Bay, W. Viti Levu, 15 faths.; Caboni beach, N.E. Viti Levu (all Cernohorsky coll.). TONGA ISLANDS: Nuku’alofa, Tongatapu (Gay coll.; Cernohorsky coll.). SAMOA ISLANDS: outer reef at Apia, Upolu L.; Asili, Tutuila I.; Pago Pago (all USNM); Apia Harbour, Upolu I. (Cernohorsky coll.). COOK ISLANDS: (Clover coll.). SOCI- ETY ISLANDS: Ilot Tipaemano, Raiatea (USNM). LINE IS- LANDS: Palmyra island Kewalo, Oahu (BPBM). MIDWAY ISLANDS: (USNM). Fossil records—PLIOCENE: Tjiidjow, Bantam, Java, In- donesia (type-locality of M. idjowensis and M. subidjowensis (Oostingh, 1939). Mitra ardjunoi Beets, 1941 (Pl. 344) Range—Upper Miocene of Borneo, Indonesia. Remarks—The species is similar to M. fraga Quoy & Gaimard, and has only more numerous spiral cords on the penultimate whorl. Beets sepa- rated M. semari from M. ardjunoi on the basis of more closely spaced spiral cords, and the pres- ence of 1 or 2 more cords on the penultimate whorl. M. semari is a less mature individual of M. ardjunoi with a thin outer lip. Measurements (mm)— length 30.0 Holotype of semari 29.3 Holotype of ardjunoi Synonymy— 1941 Mitra (Chrysame) ardjunoi Beets, Verh. geol. Mijnb. Genoot. Ned. & Kolonien, geol. ser., vol. 13, no. 1, p. 112, pl. 6, figs. 232, 233 (Sungei Menkrawit, Mangkalihat, E. Borneo, Indonesia; U. Miocene). (USNM). HAWAIIAN ISLANDS: off 1941 Mitra (Chrysame) semari Beets, ibid., p. 115, pl. 6, figs. 236, 237 (Sungei Menkrawit, Mangkalihat, E. Bornea, In- donesia; U. Miocene). Mitra proscissa Reeve, 1844 (Color pl. 256, figs. 25-27; pl. 345) Range—Gulf of Oman to China and the Fiji Islands. Remarks—This species is similar to M. cucumerina Lamarck and M. chrysalis Reeve, but is larger in average size, less squat and ovate but rather elongate, with a more acuminate spire and with two of the spiral threads adjoining the su- tures doubled up. The colour form porcata Reeve is more convex in outline, has a reddish-brown base colour with darker brown interspaces be- tween cords, and a yellowish-white central band on the body whorl and occasionally narrow, white axial streaks. The typical form proscissa has slightly more subangulate whorls, the base colour is creamy-white or light grey and ornamentation Plate 344. Mitra (Nebularia) ardjunoi Beets. Figs. 1, 2. Type specimen of M. (N.) ardjunoi Beets from Sungei Menkrawit, Mangkalihat, U. Miocene of Borneo (from Beets, 1941, pl. 6, figs. 232, 233; 29.3 mm). Figs. 3, 4. Type specimen of M. semari Beets from Sungei Menkrawit, Mangkalihat, U. Miocene of Borneo (from Beets, 1941, pl. 6, figs. 236, 237; 30.0 mm). [19-592] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 407 Plate 345. Mitra (Nebularia) proscissa Reeve. Fig. 1. Lectotype of M. (N.) proscissa Reeve (BM (NH) 1967847; 37.2 x 14.2 mm). Fig. 2. Syntype of M. (N.) proscissa Reeve (BM (NH) 1967847; 30.4 x 14.2 mm). Fig. 3. Lectotype of M. porcata Reeve (BM (NH) 1967843; 30.2 x 13.2 mm). consists of dark reddish-brown axial streaks and 2 nebulous, faint, broad bands on the body whorl. The latter form is more frequently encountered in India, but both forms are sympatric in Queens- land, Australia. Reeve’s 3syntypes of M. proscissa consist of 1 typical specimen and 2 specimens of the porcata form. Habitat—On reefs, sometimes in muddy localities, under rocks and coral of the intertidal zone. Description—Shell up to 38 mm (about 1% inches) in length, elongate-ovate, moderately solid, sutures more distinct than in either M. cucumerina or M. chrysalis. Whorls 7-9, apart from 1% smooth, conical nuclear whorls, first 2 post-nuclear whorls finely clathrate, latter whorls with narrow or moderately broad but shallow spi- ral grooves which give rise to flat or slightly ele- vated spiral cords; the cords number from 3-7 on the penultimate and from 14-22 on the body whorl. On the centre of the last whorl, the in- terspaces may become either very narrow and groove-like or as wide as the spiral cords them- selves; the cords are less regular than in M. cucumerina or M. chrysalis, and at the suture 2 cords are doubled up, with the sutural cord finer and smaller in size. The spire whorls are either flat-sided and occasionally subangulate, or weakly convex and narrowly ledged at the su- tures. The aperture is longer than the spire, very narrow and smooth within; the outer lip is elon- gate and regularly convex, crenulate at the mar- gin, the columella is calloused and has from 3-5, generally 4, oblique folds. The siphonal fasciole is straight and the siphonal notch distinct. Reddish-brown in colour, ornamented with darker brown in the interspaces of the spiral cords, and with a faint or distinct yellowish-white central band on the body whorl, and sometimes narrow white axial streaks or a few small spots on the cords. Some individuals are creamy-white or very pale grey, ornamented with reddish-brown, slen- der axial streaks and darker interspaces, and 2 broad and nebulous, interrupted and ill-defined transverse bands on the body whorl; the aperture and columella are brown or greyish-brown. Periostracum thin, brown and moderately trans- lucent. Measurements (mm)— height of NICOBAR}; 48. be CEYLON MALDIVE » > 1s. > SEYCHELLES 1s. PROSCISSA COCO - KEELING ATOLLS e CHAGOS |” 1s. -< Ava -__—. length — width aperture 37.2 14.2 19.1 Lectotype of proscissa ry) ! ie ; Midwoy Pearl f Her + A » BONIN ” Okinawa fo . BON HAwa,, g pa lwo Jima . Morcus i Wht —— ———- --- ~ —--—------=+-------------- +-------- FORMOSA S MARIANA “Woke ai is sul 2 Soppain ye 3, PHILIPPINE § Guam ae | z, 9) Is. . Enwetok- * -.* MARSHALL IS. VASE Yop, Uithy if oe | Polou 4° eee a ; + 1 Wolfe Bouse * 1 Ponape * Majuro CAROLINE “4s : : Makin re " PHOENI . TOKE San 8 Pegs bk. ~ soe : ts ft oe ae | ; new » TONGA oS ee eee Leas __ cALeDoniaL) + Pe ies Plate 346. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Nebularia) proscissa Reeve. [19-593] 408 Subgenus Nebularia W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae 37.0 14.0 18.8 Bombay, India 32.0 13.3 18.0 Garner's Beach, Queensland 30.2 13.2 18.2 Lectotype of porcata 25.0 10.6 15.5 Singapore, Malaysia 16.4 8.0 11.0 Low Isles, Queensland Synonymy— 1844 Mitra proscissa Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 22. fig. 177 (no locality given). 1844 Mitra porcata Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 24, fig. 188 (no locality given); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 12, pl. 23, fig. 517. 1874 Mitra procissa (sic) Reeve, Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 11, pl. 15, fig. 264 and pl. 16, fig. 282. 1882 Mitra (Chrysame) proscissa (pars), Reeve, Tryon, Man- ual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 147, pl. 43, fig. 259 only. 1923 Mitra (Chrysame) proscissa var. minor Dautzenberg & Bouge, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 67, pl. 130 (Isle des Pins, New Caledonia and Lifu, Loyalty Islands) [non Wein- kauft, 1868]. Types—There are 3 syntypes of M. proscissa Reeve, in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967847; the specimen figured by Reeve in figure 177, is here designated as the lectotype of M. proscissa. The lectotype, here designated, and 2 juvenile syntypes of M. porcata are in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967843. No locality was given by Reeve, and we designate Bombay, India, as the type locality (specimens in USNM and Steiner coll.). Records—GULF OF OMAN: Ras Jagin (Cernohorsky coll.). PAKISTAN: Karachi (USNM). INDIA: Bandina, N. of Bombay (USNM): Bombay (Steiner coll.). THAILAND: Ko Mai Thorn Island, Phuket; W. side of Phuket Island (both Cernohorsky coll.). MALAYSIA: W. side of Singapore Island (Steiner coll.). NEW GUINEA: Ela Beach, Port Moresby (Buick coll.). MARIANAS: Guam Id., Piti Bay, 20 ft. (Saltzgaver, coll.). AUSTRALIA: QUEENSLAND: Garner's Beach (AIM; Powell coll.); Daydream Island, Whitsunday group; Low Isles (both Powell coll.); Girt Island, Keppel Bay (Eker coll.). NEW CALEDONIA: (Dautzenberg & Bouge, 1923). LOYALTY IS- LANDS: (Dautzenberg & Bouge, 1923). FIJIISLANDS: Cuvu Beach, S.W. Viti Levu (Cernohorsky coll.). CHINA: Xisha Id., Guangdong Prov. (Tchang Si, 1975). Plate 347. Mitra (Nebularia) tabanula Lamarck. Figs. 1, 2. Specimen from Manava Id., N. Viti Levu, Fiji Ids.; colour form with white spiral cords (WOC coll.; 14.6 x 7.6 mm). Fig. 3. Holotype of M. palawanensis Bartsch from Brooke's Point, Palawan, Philippine Ids.; worn specimen (USNM 219051; 14.4 x 7.3 mm). Mitra tabanula Lamarck, 1811 (Color pl. 256, fig. 22; pl. 347) Range—Gulf of Aden to Samoa and the Tonga Islands. Remarks—M. tabanula, and the colour form pediculus with white spiral cords, have been separated as species on the sole basis of differ- ences in the exterior colouring. Recent collections of M. tabanula in the New Hebrides, where the species is rather common, showed the colouring to be variable within a population of M. tabanula collected under the same coral rock. The white- corded form pediculus proved to be more common than the uniformly dark brown form, at a ratio of about 3:1. The two colour forms are sympatric in most localities throughout the species range, and the pediculus form was found to be more common in other localities. Habitat—On reefs, under coral rocks and in crevices of coral, from the intertidal zone to a depth of 8 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 20 mm (about % inches) in length, roundly ovate to elongate-ovate, biconic and acuminate, spire sometimes slightly concave especially in young specimens, sutures weakly impressed. Whorls 6-8, apart from the pro- toconch of 1%-2 glassy, white or fawn nuclear whorls, spire whorls generally flat-sided and oc- casionally weakly subangulate at sutures; first post-nuclear whorls clathrate, later whorls with prominent, elevated and narrow spiral cords which number from 2-4 on the penultimate and from 9-15 on the body whorl. The interspaces of the cords are deep and “V-shaped and sculptured with numerous, very fine and gener- ally oblique axial striae. Aperture equal in height or longer than the spire, narrow and smooth within; outer lip thickened in mature individuals, regularly convex and with fluted crenulations at the margin. Columella glazed on the parietal wall, calloused anteriorly, and with 3-4 oblique folds; siphonal fasciole straight and slightly calloused, siphonal notch distinct. Blood-red, dark reddish- brown or purple-brown in colour, some speci- mens with pale, whitish spiral cords, tip of siphonal fasciole occasionally darker brown; aper- ture greyish-brown, columella reddish-brown, columellar folds pale in colour. Measurements (mm)— height of length — width perture 19.5 9.0 11.2 Bay of Islands, Fiji I. 14.4 7.3 8.4 Holotype of palawanensis 13.3 6.3 7.5 Lectotype of tabanula [19-594] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 409 11.5 6.4 7.8 Malekula I., New Hebrides 10.0 Dro) 5.6 Lectotype of pediculus Synonymy— 1811 Mitra tabanula Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 17, p. 222 (Great Indian Ocean); 1833 Quoy & Gaimard, Voy. L’Astrolabe, vol. 2, p. 652, pl. 45, bis, figs. 10-13 (ani- mal); 1838 Kiener, Spécies général iconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 60, pl. 9, fig. 27; 1845 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 39, fig. 332; 1902 Shopland, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vol. 5, p. 173; 1937 Peile, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vol. 22, textfigs. 13, 14 (Radula); 1965 Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 99, pl. 16, fig. 48, textfigs. 6, 6a; 1969, Revue Suisse Zoologie, vol. 76, p. 989, pl. 7, figs. 54a, b (figured lectotype). 1811 Mitra pediculus Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 17, p. 222 (Indian Ocean); 1838 Kiener, Species général iconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 55, pl. 16, fig. 53; 1845 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 32, fig. 264; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conehyliorum, vol. 4, p. 15, pl. 17, fig. 338; 1965 Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 94, pl. 16, fig. 49; 1969, Revue Suisse Zoologie, vol. 76, p. 989, pl. 7, fig. 55 (figured lectotype). ?1829 Mitra sulcata Menke, Verz. Conchyl. Freih. Malsburg, p. 84 (no locality given) [non Swainson in Sowerby, 1825]. 1874 Mitra minor Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 12, pl. 28, fig. 662 (no locality given) [non Weinkauff, 1868]. 1874 Mitra spadicea “Dunker’, Sowerby, ibid., p. 13, pl. 22, fig. 478 (S. Pacific) [non Voluta spadicea Gmelin, 1791 = Mitra]. 1874 Mitra trunculus Sowerby, ibid., p. 23, pl. 17, fig. 319 (no locality given). 1882 Mitra (Chrysame) tabanula (pars) Lamarck, Tryon, Manual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 146, pl. 42, figs. 243-245 only; 1895 Martin, Samml. geol. Reichs-Mus. Leiden, N.F., vol. 1, p. 75, pl. 11, figs. 169, 169a, b; 1915 Tesch in Wanner, Palaontologie von Timor, vol. 5, p. 44, pl. 29, figs. 95a, b. 1918 Mitra palawanensis Bartsch, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 31, p. 182 (Brooke’s Point, Palawan, Philippine I.) [pediculus form]. Types—The lectotypes of M. tabanula Lamarck, no. 1102/85/1 and M. pediculus Lamarck, no. 1108/14, are in the Museum d His- toire Naturelle, Geneva. The holotype and 1 paratype of M. palawanensis Bartsch, are in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, no. 219051. The types of M. sulcata Menke and the species described by Sowerby are missing. The type locality is Indian Ocean, which is here further restricted to Marudu Bay, North Borneo, Indonesia (specimens in USNM). Nomenclature—Menke did not illustrate his M. sulcata, but his description of “shell yellow with white spiral cords” points to the pediculus form of M. tabanula. Records—GULF OF ADEN: (Shopland, 1902). ZAN- ZIBAR: (AMNH). MAURITIUS (MCZ). ANDAMAN IS- LANDS: Port Blair (Steiner coll.). INDONESIA: Island off W. shore of Veeckens Bay, S. Pagi I.; Marudu Bay, N. Borneo; Pulau Siburu, N. of Sipora, Sumatra (all USNM); N. side of Teluk Dodinga, near Ternate, Halmahera; S. end of Laluin I., S.W. of Kajoa I., 0°05'S & 127°26’E; N. shore Warbal I., W. of Nuhu Rowa, Kai I. (all WAM). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Pan- gangon I., Bohol (Steiner coll.); near Cebu City, Cebu I. (USNM; Eker coll.); Davao, Mindanao; Cataingan Bay, Dumurug Point, Masbate; Maricaban I., Luzon; Brooke's Point, Palawan I. (all USNM); Villaba, Leyte (Del Mus. N.H.). MARIANAS: Saipan Island (USNM). MARSHALLISLANDS: Dalap I., Majuro Atoll (USNM). PALAU ISLANDS: Kayangel Island (USNM). NEW GUINEA: Siassi Island (Hoskin coll.): Ela Beach, Port Moresby (Kleckham coll.); Mioes Woendi, Schouten I. (USNM); N.E. end of Abroeki, S.W. Marausbadi, Aoeri I., Geelvink Bay (Powell coll.). SOLOMON ISLANDS: Marau Sound, Guadalcanal (Cernohorsky coll.); Pavuvu I., Russell Straits (USNM). NEW HEBRIDES: Little Malo Killi Killi, near Espiritu Santo (USNM); Meli I., S.W. Efate I: Malapoa Point, Vila Harbour, Efate I.; Fila Island, Vila Har- bour, Efate I.; Erakor lagoon, $.W. Efate I.; Pango reef, S.W. Efate L.; Ambryn Island (all AIM); Bushmens Bay, W. Malekula I. (Cernohorsky coll.). FI[[ISLANDS: Manaval., N. Viti Levu; Momi reef, W. Viti Levu; Bay of Islands, Suva Harbour, S. Viti Levu, 8 faths. (all Cernohorsky coll.). TONGA ISLANDS: Nuku’alofa, Tongatabu (Cernohorsky coll.). SAMOA ISLANDS: Ofu, Manu’a group (USNM). Fossil records—PLIOCENE: Tji Mantjeuri, Bantam, Java, Indonesia (K. Martin, 1895); between Noil Noni and Pene, Timor, Indonesia (Tesch in Wanner, 1915). Mitra turgida Reeve, 1845 (Pl. 349) Range—Gulf of Aden to Polynesia and the Hawaiian Islands. Remarks—A small, ovate species which is eas- ily recognized by its acuminate form, contracted [ x9 fs Res o/ formes | = Okvnawo » BONIN | | ind Io ‘ 1s. HAwa,, | --295 = mea -—— Re — -— | ~~ eae Le IG : hatin ea ee eee he ee ee he Is. 3 FORMOSA ‘T “Ya (, | ; fou Ox we | ——— = > 4] | : Yoweri N d 2 Jobnstorr | — ANDAMAN , @ 0 C) = ? 's »® PHILIPPINE © Guans ; | ' | bD if) S ths ee reik NICOBAR ® a ie . | J Be 5 ier vow : e, * ° ° Pe acateetc es * + Pono, , 5 CEYLON ere We ee Palmyra q | MALDIVE 2 > ‘ Cees ” 77 \ 1s * | = “~ ss 5 ee : oe —— ss = 7 — - — a SEYCHELLES 1S. ai ; _ [TABANULA : . CHAGOS © PHOENIX 1s \ is. #4 | LTOKELAU 1S \ Simonet 1 | b conons ; Cocos - KEELING h ATOLLS 2 Amo, % @rovca cook I . Plate 348. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Nebularia) tabanula Lamarck. [19-595] 410 Subgenus Nebularia W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Plate 349. Mitra (Nebularia) turgida Reeve. Fig. 1. Lectotype of M. (N.) turgida Reeve from Capul Id., Philippine Ids. (BM (NH) 1967901; 16.3 x 7.5 mm). Fig. 2. Lectotype of M. ericea Pease from the Hawaiian Ids. (BM (NH) 1961161; 15.0 x 7.0 mm). Figs. 3, 4. Specimen from Erakor lagoon, Efate Id., New Hebrides (WOC coll.; 12.3 x 6.0 mm). base, narrowing aperture, regular cords, axial folds on the body whorl and a white protoconch. Habitat—On reefs, under coral and in crevices of porous coral, in the intertidal zone. Description—Shell up to 16 mm (about % inches) in length, elongate-ovate but rather rotund, spire frequently concave, extremities acuminate, solid, sutures weakly impressed. Spire whorls 6-8, apart from a protoconch of 2%-3'% small, conical and glassy-white nuclear whorls; first 3 post-nuclear whorls minutely gemmate, later whorls sculptured with regular, elevated and narrow spiral cords. The cords number from 3-4 on the penultimate and from 11-17 on the body whorl. The spire-whorls are flat-sided but angulate at the sutures, body whorl with longitudinal, shallow grooves which pro- duce irregular and wide-spaced axial folds which commence at the second sutural spiral cord and continue to the base; the spiral grooves are as broad or wider than the cords and are axially striate. Aperture equal in height or longer than the spire, very narrow and smooth within; outer lip thickened, regularly convex and crenulate at the margin in adult specimens. Columella calloused and with 3-4 oblique folds, siphonal fasciole straight or slightly recurved, siphonal notch deep. Tan to dark brown in colour, protoconch white, aperture and columella light greyish-brown. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~~ width aperture 16.3 7.5 8.9 Lectotype of turgida 15.0 7.0 8.2 Lectotype of ericea 13.4 6.3 7.6 Momi reef, Fiji I. 12.4 6.0 6.5 Erakor reef, New Hebrides 10.8 4.8 5.2 Port Moresby, New Guinea 7.4 3.8 4.7 Malekula I., New Hebrides Synonymy— 1845 Mitra turgida Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 33, fig. 273 (Island of Capul, Philippines); 1869 Pease, Americ. Journal Conchology, vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 85 (M. ericea synonymized with M. turgida); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 12, pl. 21, fig. 458; 1880 Garrett, Journal of Conchology, vol. 3, p. 30; 1902 Shopland, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vol. 5, p. 173. 1860 Mitra ericea Pease, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 146 (Sandwich Islands = Hawaiian Islands); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 12, pl. 22, fig. 487; 1965 Kay, Bull. Brit. Museum (Nat. Hist.), Zoology, Suppl. 1, p. 28, pl. 3, figs. 3, 4 (figured lectotype). 1880 Mitra (Chrysame) turgida Reeve, von Martens, Beitr. Meeresf. Mauritius & Seychellen, p. 252; 1882 Tryon, Man- ual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 144, pl. 42, figs. 234, 235; 1967 Orr-Maes, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 119, no. 4, p. 138, pl. 14, fig. C. 1965 Mitra nucleolus Lamarck, Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 93, pl. 16, fig. 43 (non Lamarck, 1811). 1970 Mitra (Nebularia) turgida Reeve, Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 14, textfig. 62 (radula). Types—The lectotype, here designated, and 2 syntypes of M. turgida Reeve, B.M. (NH) no. 1967901, and the lectotype and | paralectotype (designated by Kay, 1965) of M. ericea Pease, B.M. (NH) no. 1961161-62, are all in the British Museum (NH). The type locality is Capul Island, Philippine Islands. Records—GULF OF ADEN: (Shopland, 1902). INDIAN OCEAN ISLANDS: Mauritius (von Martens, 1880); seaward reef at West Island and pass S. of Direction Island, Cocos- Keeling Islands (Orr-Maes, 1967). INDONESIA: Pulau Penju, S. of Sumatra; Marudu Bay, N. Borneo; W. shore Veeckens Bay, S. Pangi Island (all USNM). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Samar Island (Steiner coll.); JAPAN: Osimi, Osumi (USNM). NEW GUINEA: Ela beach, Port Moresby (Buick coll.; Cer- nohorsky coll.); Gaire (Buick coll.); Milne Bay (USNM). NEW HEBRIDES: Port Aneityum (USNM); Malapoa Point, Vila Harbour, Efate I.; Erakor reef, S.W. Efate I. (both AIM); Ure I., opposite E. coast of Malekula I.; Bushmens Bay, Malekula I. (both Cernohorsky coll.). MARSHALL ISLANDS: Debuu L, Kwajalein (DMNH); FIJI ISLANDS: Momireef, W. Viti Levu; Viti Levu Bay, N.E. Viti Levu (both Cernohorsky coll.). TONGA ISLANDS: Nukuw’alofa, Tongatapu (Cernohorsky coll.). SAMOA ISLANDS: Ofu, Manua group; Fangaitua, Tutuila I. (both USNM); Watson’s Isle, Apia (Powell coll.); Tafuna, Tutuila I. (DMNH). SOCIETY ISLANDS: Patutoa, Tahiti (USNM). TUAMOTU ISLANDS: (Garrett, 1880). HAWAIIAN ISLANDS: (Pease, 1860; Garrett, 1880). [19-596] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 411 se — 40' So° 80: 7 Z pt ; 160° = 180° — oe 60) SS 7 za a | | we (ffummetisy S| 2 BOMIN ieee ae AHDAMAN ge = ee ~ a aa = "ee - NICOBAR | ne 7 CEYLON emsrntoss —t & / [ ay 4 5 eS g * ” oot RE MARSHALL IS PHOENIX 13, TOKELAU 1S San, 4 Ons B58, es 60° 80° Plate 350. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Nebularia) tur- gida Reeve. Mitra avenacea Reeve, 1845 (Pl. 351) Range—Madagascar to Ceylon to the Samoa Is- lands. Remarks—tThe species is very closely related to M. turgida Reeve, but is more slender and fusiform, and lacks the acuminate spire, axial folds and basal granules on the body whorl. Dautzen- berg and Bouge (1933) report the species from Tahiti, but we have not seen any specimens east of Samoa. Habitat—Rarely under coral rocks, near sand, in the intertidal region, usually sublittoral to a depth of 32 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 23 mm (about 1 inch) in length, fusiformly-elongate, moderately solid, sutures often hardly discernible and adpressed, very rarely weakly subangulate at the sutures. Whorls 6-8, apart from 242-3 glassy-white, smooth nuclear whorls, first 3 post-nuclear whorls gem- mate, later whorls sculptured with narrow and angulate spiral cords which number usually 3 on the penultimate and from 15-20 on the body whorl; in addition to the main three spiral cords, some specimens have 1-2 smaller, less elevated and adjacent cords on the penultimate whorl. The interstices of the cords are finely axially striate and there may be a few longitudinal grooves on the body whorl in some specimens, similarly to M. turgida. Aperture equal in height or longer than the spire, very narrow, smooth within, outer lip thickened, convex and crenulate at the margin, siphonal canal straight, siphonal notch distinct. Orange-brown in colour, spiral cords usually paler, sometimes ornamented with white spots and streaks; aperture and columella flesh in col- our, occasionally flushed with fawn or light brown. Faded specimens appear cream or yellow, and the spaces between the cords are orange. Plate 351. Mitra (Nebularia) avenacea Reeve. Fig. 1. Syntype of M. (N.) avenacea Reeve from the Philip- pine Ids.; immature specimen (BM (NH) 1966712; 17.7 x 6.3 mm). Figs. 2, 3. Specimen from Pasir Gendang, near Padang, Sumatra; slender form (USNM 655319: 16.3 x 5.5 mm). Figs. 4,5. Specimen from Cabra Id., Lubang Id., Mindoro, Philippine Ids.; intermediate form (USNM 653917; 11.1 x 4.5 mm). Fig. 6. Holotype of M. indentata Sowerby; broad form (BM (NH) 1879.2.26.127; 13.7 x 5.8 mm). [19-597] 412 Subgenus Nebularia W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae 5 rd 0 bed - 7 == ae =~ Ss MARIANA Woke Hawai is Johnston ! Sopon _ 3 [ ee | ov ot? ; Eniwetok « ans MARSHALL IS. ) ait Y ea oO} Polou 4 earcrne e, P ae @ aleve 7 : CRROCINIE a pet oe x ew: ales ‘ Makin |" & Ye) 8 Christ ©. ©) 8 Chris | |* "0, " PHOENIX IS. ‘ee “Ge “TOKELAU IS COCO6 - KEELING bg 3 * Me . ‘ ATOLLS 2, : B04 15 - 4 NEW ‘: > \ HEBRIDES .- a @ i, v, ean ei < * |, pic @ ri® a ees Cle, i | A . \ i NEW = + TONGA nate ae Lee Reena oe) 5 Le ee eee ee! Ee ee = _caleponiae 22 te S f SOCK | te me Be eS 1” Aus, Plate 352. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Nebularia) av- enacea Reeve. Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 18.6 6.7 10.8 Lectotype of avenacea 16.3 5.5 7.9 Pasir Gendang, Sumatra 14.0 5.0 7.4 Ceylon 13.7 5.8 7.9 Holotype of indentata 11.0 4.2 6.2 Teuma Bay, New Hebrides 9.7 3.7 5.8 Holotype of hanleyi 9.0 3.4 5.3 off Tinakta I., Philippines Synonymy— 1845 Mitra avenacea Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 31, fig. 246 (Islands of Burias, Ticao and Capul, Philippines); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 10, pl. 25, fig. 560. 1874 Mitra hanleyi Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 12, pl. 28, fig. 661 (China Seas) [non Dohrn, 1861]. 1874 Mitra indentata Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 13, pl. 20, fig. 412 (no locality given). [broad specimen]. 1923 Mitra (Chrysame) hanleyi Sowerby, Dautzenberg & Bouge, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 67, p. 123; 1933, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 77, p. 170. 1970 Mitra (Nebularia) avenacea Reeve, Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 68, pl. 2, fig. 13. Types—Three syntypes of M. avenacea Reeve, are in the British Museum (NH) no. 1966712, and the specimen which has been illustrated by Reeve, length 18.6 mm, but which has a small hole on the ventral side of the body whorl, is here selected as the lectotype. The holotype of M. in- dentata Sowerby, B.M. (NH) no. 1879.2.26.127, and the very worn holotype of M. hanleyi Sowerby (non Dohrn), B.M. (NH) no. 1900.3.9.34, are both in the British Museum (NH). Reeve cited three Philippine localities for his species, and the first-mentioned locality of Burias Island, Philip- pine Islands, is designated as the type locality. \ New i ZEALAND 180° T60° Records—MADAGASCAR: Grand Récif, Tuléar, 10 metres (Inst. Ocean. Univ. Marseille). CEYLON: (USNM). IN- DONESIA: N. of Koniriginne Baai, Pasir Gedang I., Sumatra (USNM). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: off Tinakta, Tawi-Tawi group, 10 faths.; S.E. of Bantayan Island, 32 faths.; 15 mi. N. of Cabra Island; Brooke’s Point, Palawan I.; Calatrava; Cebu; off Tacbuc Point, Leyte (all USNM); Boac, Merinduque (Lumawig coll.); Calapan, Mindoro (DMNH); Bauan, Batan- gas Bay (Cernohorsky coll.). MARIANAS: Guam Island (USNM). MARSHALL ISLANDS: Majuro Atoll; Kwajalein Atoll (both USNM). NEW GUINEA: Siassi Island (Hoskin coll.); Ela beach, Port Moresby (Buick coll.). AUSTRALIA: Queensland: Green Island; Shoal Point, Mackay (both USNM). SOLOMON ISLANDS: Pavuvu I., Russell Straits (USNM); Marau Sound, Guadalcanal (Gower coll.; Cer- nohorsky coll.). NEW HEBRIDES: Teuma Bay, S. Efate I. (Dale coll.); Melil., S. Efate I. (Cernohorsky coll.). LOYALTY ISLANDS: Lifu (USNM). FIJI ISLANDS: Rat Tail Passage, Suva reef, S. Viti Levu (Cernohorsky coll.). SAMOA IS- LANDS: Pago Pago; Tutuila (both USNM). Mitra solanderi Reeve, 1844 (Pl. 353) Range—Unknown. Remarks—The holotype of M. solanderi is the only specimen on record and its origin is un- known. No other specimens have been seen in Museum, although some slender individuals of M. proscissa Reeve, bear a close resemblance to M. solanderi. The unique specimen is very worn and faded, more slender and fusiform than M. pros- cissa and has slightly wider spaced spiral cords; in other respects they are very similar. The penulti- mate whorl has 3 spiral cords and the body whorl 13, the interspaces are axially striate and the shell is off-white, ornamented with 2 broad, brown bands on the body whorl and the interspaces of the cords on some of the whorls are brown. The holotype specimen has been damaged during the life of the animal and repair scars are evident on the penultimate and the body whorl. The species could possibly be an atypical, slender form of M. proscissa. [19-598] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 413 Plate 353. Mitra (Nebularia) solanderi Reeve. Holotype (BM (NH) 1967883; 29.2 x 10.4 mm). Measurements (mm)— height of length — width aperture 29.2 10.4 15.8 Holotype of solanderi Synonymy— 1844 Mitra solandri Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 22, fig. 172 (no locality given); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 21, pl. 15, fig. 265. 1882 Mitra (Chrysame) solandri (pars) Reeve, Tryon, Manual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 146, pl. 43, figs. 249, 250 only. Types—tThe holotype of M. solanderi is in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967883. Nomenclature—The species has been named by Reeve for Dr. Daniel Solander, and Reeve’s incorrect original spelling has been emended by the writer (1965) to solanderi, but the species re- ported under this name from the Fiji Islands is not Reeve’s species, but Mitra (Nebularia) atjehensis Oostingh. Mitra doliolum Kuster, 1839 (Color pl. 256, figs. 23, 24; pl. 354) Range—Red Sea to Samoa and Tonga Islands. Remarks—This moderately uncommon species is easily recognized by its reddish-orange colour and dark brown spiral grooves, rope-like, regular spiral cords and striate grooves. Dautzenberg & Bouge (1933) report the species from the Mar- quesas and Tuamotu Islands, but Garrett (1880) apparently did not find the species in East Polynesia; we have not seen any specimens east of Samoa. Plate 354. Mitra (Nebularia) doliolum Kister. Figs. 1, 2. Lectotype figure of M. (N.) doliolum Kuster from the East Indies; juvenile specimen (from Kiister, 1839, pl. Lf, figs 2s 3). Fig. 3. Lectotype of M. rotundilirata Reeve (BM (NH) 1967863; 22.6 x 9.6 mm). Habitat—On reefs, in crevices and under coral rocks, from the intertidal zone to a depth of 8 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 30 mm (about 1% inches) in length, elongate-ovate but sometimes rotund, spire acuminate, rather solid, sutures weakly impressed. Whorls 7-814, apart from a pro- toconch of 2-24, smooth, milky-white nuclear whorls, spire-whorls flat-sided or weakly convex and occasionally subangulate at the sutures; sculptured with elevated, moderately broad, close-set and rope-like spiral cords which number from 3-4 on the penultimate and from 14-18 on the body whorl. The spiral grooves are concave, nar- row and axially lirate. Aperture equal in height or longer than the spire, narrow and smooth within; outer lip thickened, regularly convex and with scallop-like denticles at the margin. Columella calloused anteriorly, glazed on the parietal wall, and with 4-5 oblique folds; siphonal fasciole straight or slightly recurved, occasionally cal- loused, siphonal notch distinct. Orange-brown to reddish-brown in colour, faded specimens yellow or light orange, spiral grooves dark brown, pro- toconch white; aperture and columella light orange-brown. Periostracum very thin and trans- lucent. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~~ width aperture 28.8 13.0 15.8 Nuku’alofa, Tonga I. 22.6 9.6 11.4 Lectotype of fotundilirata 22.0 10.0 11.8 Natadola, Fiji I. [19-599] 414 Subgenus Nebularia W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Y YY" 2 BONIN A Noe Okimewe 1X0 auBoN AWary, a spe eet _ Iwo lima Morcus : Oe Seco=so% ba a ig > == — Sei — eR eo ans puMOsAT ee aie é ¥ ly I a} . . _ - | - Oahu xy = 20° —= = ie wt tice Oo Y MARIANA Woke Hawai a é : of Om 2 18. Johnston tr 3 ; ANDAMAN , + Sowpon e fA sg oF of? ©) ie * oO MARSHALL IS. | | F : | ) icopar way £ : ° *, Majuro . Palm; % CEYLON poe MaLDIVe 2 ~ pore y gue | a boy é | os “i. © 9 Christe. Ls a : t— 2 ~ : > S| 1 2 SEYCHELLES IS. i ms | @ 7 . ae ' f CHAGOS |” DOL 1OLU res PHOENIX 15. | . Ngo? os “e's = TOKELAU 1S, z : ; 6 . . c0co8 - KEELING ‘ : 8 : Tu \ mpm Sees Seebives | ed 7 : _ G i ne ‘ o,'@ , _ Chey, \° p = = } - a = — = 20 ‘Moursics +— as = pon v3 new re Gos cook, - ae = L es Mg “Nu cateponia® ie fT ISA EOF Ot age a= oo | ae) ] TRAL h Norfolk | Plate 355. Geographical doliolum Kister. distribution of Mitra (Nebularia) 19.0 8.2 10.6 Marau Sound, Solomon Ids. 18.0 8.9 9.8 Malekula I., New Hebrides Synonymy— 1839 Mitra doliolum Kister, Syst. Conchylien-Cabinet, ed. 2, vol. 5, p. 96, pl. 17, figs. 1-3 (East Indies) [juvenile specimen]. 1844 Mitra rotundilirata Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 23, fig. 178 (no locality given); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 12, pl. 15, fig. 263 and pl. 16, fig. 278; 1902 Shopland, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vol. 5, p. 173; 1965 Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 95, pl. 16, fig. 47. 1880 Mitra (Chrysame) rotundilirata Reeve, von Martens, Beitr. Meeresf. Mauritius & Seychellen, p. 252; 1923 Daut- zenberg & Bouge, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 67, p. 130; 1933, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 77, p. 187. 1882 Mitra (Chrysame) tabanula (pars) Lamarck, Tryon, Manual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 146, pl. 42, fig. 246 only (non Lamarck, 1811). 1970 Mitra (Nebularia) doliolum Kuster, Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 36. Types—The holotype of M. doliolum Kuster, which used to be in the ducal collection in Gotha, is no longer extant; we therefore designate the specimen figured by Kiister on plate 17, figures 1-3, as the lectotype of M. doliolum. The lec- totype, here designated, and 2 syntypes of M. rotundilirata Reeve, are in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967863. The type locality of M. doliolum is “East Indies’’, which is here restricted to Taganak Island, Borneo, Indonesia (specimen in USNM). Nomenclature—Since M. rotundilirata Reeve, is not considered to have been in general current use under the emended rules of ICZN (Declara- tion 43 of ICZN, 1970), ithas been replaced by the chronologically prior M. doliolum Kister. Records—RED SEA: Massawa; Dahlak Islands (Jickeli, 1874). GULF OF ADEN: Aden (Shopland, 1902). MAURITIUS: (von Martens, 1880). INDONESIA: Taganak I., Borneo (USNM); Tg Nama, S. side of Ambon Bay, Ambon; W. coast of Gomumu I., S. of Obi I. (both WAM). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Boac I., Marinduque (Lumawig coll.; Clover coll.); Cabra I., Lubang I., Mindoro (USNM). CHINA: Whampoa (USNM). NEW GUINEA: Ela beach, Port Moresby (Buick coll.; Kleckham coll.); Siassi Island (Cernohorsky coll.). NEW BRITAIN: Nordup near Rabaul (USNM). SOLOMON IS- LANDS: Marau Sound, Guadalcanal (Gower coll.; Cer- nohorsky coll.). NEW HEBRIDES: Efate Island (Allan coll.); Black Sands, W. Efate I. (Colardeau coll.); Bushmens Bay, Malekula I. (Cernohorsky coll.). FIJI ISLANDS: Bay of Is- lands, Suva Harbour, S. Viti Levu, 8 faths. (Hill coll.); Nata- dola, S.W. Viti Levu (Cernohorsky coll.). TONGA ISLANDS: Nukwalofa, Tongatapu (Gay coll.; Cernohorsky coll.). SAMOA ISLANDS: Apia Harbour (Jackson coll.). Mitra atjehensis Oostingh, 1939 (Pl. 356) Range—tThailand to the Philippine Islands, Formosa and to Melanesia; Pliocene of Sumatra, Indonesia. Remarks—This rare, sublittoral species is su- perficially similar to M. fraga Quoy & Gaimard, but is smaller in size, more acuminate and dis- tinctly constricted towards the base. The lon- gitudinal sculpture is more prominent and in- trudes onto the spiral cords. Habitat—On a coral-rubble, sand and mud sub- stratum, from 6 to 72 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 26 mm (about 1 inch) in length, elongate-ovate but rather acuminate, distinctly constricted towards the base, moderately solid, sutures moderately dis- tinct. Whorls 6-7, apart from a protoconch of 242-3 glassy-fawn nuclear whorls, spire whorls slightly convex, angulate or subangulate at sutures; first 2 post-nuclear whorls clathrate, later whorls sculptured with regular, elevated, rounded or flat-topped spiral cords, which number from 3-5 on the penultimate and from 13-18 on the body whorl; the spiral grooves are axially striate, striae confined to the grooves or intruding onto the cords which then become weakly nodulose. Aperture shorter or longer than the spire, narrow and smooth within; outer lip only moderately thick- ened, constricted towards the base and denticu- late at the margin. Columella prominently cal- loused, callus more prominent and slightly ele- [19-600] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 415 Plate 356. Mitra (Nebularia) atjehensis Oostingh. Fig. 1. Holotype from North Atjeh, Goentji, Sawang, Pliocene of Sumatra (from Oostingh, 1939, pl. 11, fig. 197; 19.0 x 7.2 mm). Fig. 2. Specimen from off Momi, W. Viti Levu, Fiji Ids., 15-17 fms. (WOC coll.; 14.5 x 5.4 mm). Figs. 3, 4. Specimen from 20 mi. N. of Delambre Id., N.W. Australia, 23 fms. (WAM 600-71; 15.3 x 5.6 mm). vated anteriorly, and with 3-4 oblique folds; siphonal fasciole straight or very slightly re- curved, siphonal notch shallow. Cream to light fawn in colour, ornamented with 2 moderately broad, dark fawn or coffee-brown transverse bands on the body whorl anda single band on the spire whorls; in some individuals the brown bands are so broad that the shell has the appear- ance of being brown and banded with cream or light fawn. Aperture and columella light brown to orange-brown. Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 25.5 10.0 13.9 New Hebrides 21.3 8.3 10.9 Momi, Fiji I. 19.0 2 10.5 Holotype of atjehensis 14.5 5.4 6.8 Momi, Fiji I. 14.0 5.8 6.8 Delambre I., W. Australia 9.0 3.7 4.9 Dimasalang, Philippines Synonymy— 1939 Mitra (Chrysame) atjehensis Oostingh, Ingen. Nederl.- Indie, vol. 6, no. 4, p. 45, pl. 11, fig. 197 (N. Atjeh, jgoentii, Sawang, Sumatra; Pliocene). 1965 Mitra solanderi Reeve, Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 97, pl. 16, fig. 46 (non Reeve, 1844). Types The type-specimen of M. atjehensis Oostingh, is probably in the Geological Museum, Bandoeng, Indonesia. The type locality is North Atjeh, Goentji, Sawang, Sumatra, Indonesia. Records—THAILAND: Koh Chun, 30 fms. (ZMC). IN- DONESIA: 3-4 mi. W. of Tg Lelar, Trangan, Aru I., 6-8 faths. (WAM). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Dimasalang, Masbate (Cermohorsky coll.). FORMOSA: Kao-Hsiung, trawled in deep water (Cernohorsky coll.). N.W. AUSTRALIA: 20 mi. N. of Delambre Island, Dampier Archipelago, 23 faths.; Clarence Straits, S. of Bathurst Island, 28 faths.; S.W. of Dongar, 29°49'S & 112°24'E, 70-72 faths.; 170 mi. E. N.E. of Troughton Island, 45 faths. (all WAM). F iI ISLANDS: off Momi lighthouse, W. Viti es 15-17 faths. (Jennings coll.; Cernohorsky coll.); Wakaya Island near Ovalau Island (Powell coll.). NEW HEB- RIDES: Mele Bay, Efate Id., 40 metres (Lepage coll.). Fossil records—PLIOCENE: N. Atjeh, Goentiji, Sawang, Sumatra, Indonesia (type-locality of M. atjehensis Oostingh). Mitra maesta Reeve, 1845 (Pl. 358) Range—Andaman Islands to the Admiralty Islands in Melanesia. Remarks—A rare, sublittoral species which has a comparatively restricted distribution. Habitat—On coral sand and mud, from 10 to 20 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 21.0 mm (about % inches) in length, only moderately solid, sutures very narrowly channeled and smooth. Whorls 8-9, apart from the protoconch, spire whorls convex and distinctly angulate and tabulated at the su- tures; post-nuclear whorls sculptured with 3 flat spiral cords and axially striate grooves, axial striae 100° Marcus f Se ra: got 7. F MARSHALL IS. _[ReEnSE Be : «HEBRIDES. Figiis. 7 100° 120° 140° : 160° 160° Plate 357. Geographical distribution of the species Mitra (Nebularia) atjehensis Oostingh, (solid circles) and M. (N.) maesta Reeve (triangles). [19-601] 416 Subgenus Nebularia W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Plate 358. Mitra (Nebularia) maesta Reeve. Fig. 1. Holotype from Corregidor Id., Philippine Ids., 10 fms. (BM (NH) 1967806; 14.9 x 6.1 mm). Figs. 2, 3. Specimen from Port Blair, Andaman Ids. (WOC coll.; 16.5 x 6.3 mm). Fig. 4. Syntype of M. emiliae Preston from Port Blair, Anda- man Ids.; juvenile specimen (NMW; 21.0 x 7.4 mm). becoming obsolete on the last 3 whorls and the cords become less elevated. On the last 2 whorls, the spiral grooves are narrow and deeply incised and produce flat cords, which number from 1-4 on the penultimate and up to 16 on the body whorl; the cords semetimes become obsolete on the centre of the last 2 whorls, but in all specimens there is at least 1 or 2 sutural spiral cords which are prominent and more elevated. The aperture is slightly shorter or longer than the spire, narrow and smooth within, outer lip only moderately thickened, constricted anteriorly, and with small, weak, scalloped denticles at the margin; the col- umella is prominently calloused, callus becoming cletached and margined anteriorly, columella with 3-4 oblique folds. Siphonal fasciole short, straight and corded, siphonal notch weak. Tan to brown in colour, spire whorls occasionally paler than the body whorl, tip of spire and siphonal fasciole oc- casionally darker brown; some individuals have 1-2 paler bands on the body whorl. Aperture and columella light brown, columellar folds paler in colour. Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 21.0 7.4 9.9 Syntype of emiliae 16.5 6.3 8.0 Port Blair, Andaman I. 14.9 6.1 7.9 Holotype of maesta Reeve Synonymy— 1845 Mitra maesta Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 38, fig. 323 (Island of Corregidor, Philippines, 10 fathoms); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 11, pl. 26, fig. 595; 1879 E. A. Smith, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, for 1878, p. 813, pl. 50, fig. 13; 1913 Schepman, Siboga-Expeditie, vol. 49d, p. 268. 1882 Mitra (Chrysame) maesta Reeve, Tryon, Manual Con- chology, vol. 4, p. 143, pl. 42, fig. 226. 1908 Mitra emiliae Preston, Rec. Indian Museum, vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 193, pl. 17, fig. 68 (Andaman Islands); 1971 Adam, Bull. Inst. Roy. Sci. Nat. Belg., vol. 47, no. 24, p. 23. Types—The holotype of M. maesta Reeve, is in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967806. The holotype of M. emiliae Preston, is probably in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, but a syntype is in the National Museum of Wales, Cardiff, ex-Preston coll. (11-5-1907). The type locality of M. maesta is Corregidor Island, Philippine Islands. Records—ANDAMAN ISLANDS: Port Blair (BMNH; NMW). INDONESIA: E. of Dangar Besar, Saleh Bay, 36 m (Schepman, 1913). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Corregidor Is- land, 10 taths. (BMNH). NEW BRITAIN: Rabaul (Parkinson, coll.). Mitra suturata Reeve, 1845 (Color pl. 256, fig. 28; pl. 359) Range—Indonesia to the Philippine Islands and China. Remarks—This moderately rare deep water species is easily recognized by the narrowly exca- vated sutures, inflated, loosely-coiled and slant- ing post-nuclear whorls and granulose sculpture. The species illustrated by Kuroda & Habe (1971) as M. suturata, is the coarsely sculptured form of Cancilla aegra (Reeve). Habitat—On acoral-rubble, mud, sand and clay substratum, from 20 to 170 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 36 mm (about 1% inches) in length, elongate-ovate, moderately light in weight, sutures narrowly channeled and excavated in some individuals. Whorls 6-8, apart from 14-2 nipple-like nuclear whorls, spire whorls loosely coiled, regularly convex and rather long, first 2 postnuclear whorls generally slanting; sculptured with spiral cords which number from 6-7 on the penultimate and from 20-25 on the body whorl. Spiral grooves are narrow and pitted and the spiral cords are bisected by dense longitudinal striae which produce small and regular nodules [19-602] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 417 Plate 359. Figs. 1-4. Mitra (Nebularia) suturata Reeve Fig. 5. Spire whorls of Cancilla aegra (Reeve). Figs. 1, 2. Specimen of M. (N.) suturata Reeve from E. Samar, Philippine Ids. (Dan coll.; 20.0 x 7.2 mm). Fig. 3. Holotype of M. (N.) suturata Reeve from Gindulman, Bohol Id., Philippine Ids. (BM (NH) 1967890; 20.2 x 6.9 mm). Fig. 4. Sculpture of spire whorls of M. (N.) suturata Reeve. Fig. 5. Sculpture of spire whorls of Cancilla aegra (Reeve). { e 7 : 1S, pe es ae a o * ais za 7 in 4 Iwo Jima » Morcus : © divcn ar neem oy, Also : Ie MARIAWA Ay SUTURATA ; is v My * Soipon \ ys N GriligPine i Giese ”%; : Ohthy Eniwetok « Fil | ne yop , Hee sa » ait f A} roby | es ae a | of be 806 ae + Ponap . : CAROLINE idee tre ba oa LS ee OO, ON > oe aI, oN - malo cm : ri Plate 360. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Nebularia) suturata Reeve. upon the cords. Aperture shorter or longer than the spire, moderately narrow and smooth within, outer lip regularly convex and with scallop-like denticles at the margin; columella weakly cal- loused, callus more prominent anteriorly, and with 4-6, usually 5, oblique folds. Siphonal fas- ciole elongated, straight or slightly recurved and occasionally calloused, siphonal notch distinct but shallow. Brownish-yellow in colour, occa- sionally cream and ornamented with brown axial stripes; columella and aperture creamy-white in colour. Measurements (mm)— height of length = width aperture 35.6 12:2, 17.3 W. of Anping, Formosa 34.7 10.6 14.0 Off Kao-Ksiung, Formosa 20.2 6.9 9.2 Holotype of suturata 20.0 6.3 9.0 Holotype of sibogae Schepman 17.0 6.0 9.0 Boac I., Philippines Synonymy— 1845 Mitra suturata Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 34, fig. 282 (Gindulman, Bohol I., Philippine I.); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 33, pl. 26, fig. 585; 1967 J. Cate, Veliger, vol. 10, p. 85, pl. 11, figs. La, b (juvenile specimen). 1882 Mitra (Chrysame) pellis-serpentis (pars) Reeve, Tryon, Manual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 151, pl. 45, fig. 305 only (non M. pellisserpentis Reeve, 1844). 1913 Mitra sibogae Schepman, Siboga-Expedit., vol. 49d, pt. 4, p. 269, pl. 18, fig. 10 (Sulu Archipelago and Arafura Sea). Types—tThe holotype of M. suturata Reeve, is in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967890; the specimen is very worn and faded, and the anterior portion of the outer lip is broken off. The holotype of M. sibogae Schepman, is in the Zoological Museum, Amsterdam; the holotype, which came from the Arafura Sea, 5°28'S & 132°02’E, 204 m, is the same species as M. suturata, but the smaller, 18.1 mm long paratype from the Sulu Archipelago, is the species Subcancilla abyssicola Schepman, 1913. The type locality of M. suturata is Gindul- man, Bohol Island, Philippine Islands. Records—INDONESIA: Between Warbal and Ur L., W. of Nuhu Rowa, Kai I., 32-34 faths.; W. of Babi I., Wokam, Aru I., 60-130 faths.; N.W. of Walir L., Tajandu I., Kai I., 44-46 faths. ; off W. coast of Wasir I., W. Wokam, Aru I., 40-50 faths. (all WAM): Arafura Sea, 5°28’S & 132°02’E, 204 m (Schepman, 1913). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: E. of Burias, 105 faths.; oft Matocot Point, W. Luzon, 170 faths.; off Observatory Island, Linapacan Straits, Palawan group, 46 faths.; off Gigantan I., N.W. Leyte, 114 faths.; N. of Malapascual I., Cebu, 30 faths. (all USNM); Boac, Marinduque (Clover coll.); East Samar (Dan coll.). CHINA: off Pratas Island, China Seas, 88 faths. (USNM). FORMOSA: off Kao-Hsiung, 100 m (Steiner coll.); 15 mi. W. of Anping, 20 faths. (Cernohorsky coll.). [19-603] 418 Subgenus Nebularia W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Mitra vandervlerki Beets, 1941 (Pl. 361, figs. 1, 2) Range—Upper Miocene of Borneo, Indonesia. Remarks—The species is similar to the recent M. suturata Reeve, and has the same sculpture, slanting post-nuclear whorls, constricted base and produced siphonal fasciole. The species is, how- ever, more slender, the sutures are not narrowly channeled and the aperture is shorter. The paratype figured by Beets on plate 6, figs. 243, 244, is probably a juvenile of M. ardjunoi Beets, rather than M. vandervlerki. The length of the holotype is 10.2 mm. Synonymy— 1941 Mitra (Cancilla) vandervlerki Beets, Verh. geol. Mijnb. Genoot. Ned. & Kolonien, geol. ser., vol. 13, no. 1, p. 117, pl. 6, figs. 241, 242 only (Sungei Menkrawit, Mangkalihat, E. Borneo, Indonesia; U. Miocene). Mitra gerthi Pannekoek, 1936 (Pl. 361, fig. 3) Range—Lower Miocene of Java, Indonesia. Remarks—The description was based on bro- ken specimens, and the illustrated holotype is a juvenile individual with an incomplete outer lip. The species bears some resemblance to juvenile M. suturata Reeve, and the condensed, translated description is as follows: “Length 20.5 mm, width 7.0 mm, protoconch not preserved. The 8 weakly convex spire whorls carry 5 smooth spiral cords which are separated by coarsely, axially striate spiral grooves; these grooves are narrower than the cords on the early whorls, equal in width on later whorls and broader than the cords on the last whorl. The body whorl is constricted basally, the outer lip is missing and the columella has 5 strong folds which decrease in size anteriorly; the aperture is narrowly ovate and the siphonal canal is somewhat drawn out’. Synonymy— 1936 Mitra (Cancilla) gerthi Pannekoek, Geol. Inst. Meded. Univ. Amsterdam, no. 60, p. 36, pl. 1, fig. 16 (Ngampel, Rembang formation, Java, Indonesia, L. Miocene; type- specimen probably in Rijksmuseum, Leiden). Mitra kyaungonensis Vredenburg, 1923 (Pl. 362, figs. 1, 2) Range—Miocene of Burma. Remarks—This small, juvenile and badly pre- served specimen bears a faint resemblance to juvenile specimens of M. suturata, but at the same time also resembles Cancilla abyssicola (Schep- man) in sculpture; the author compared the species with M. pellisserpentis Reeve, which be- longs in the subgenus Strigatella. No measure- ments were given by the author, but the figure indicates a length of 9.5 mm. Synonymy— 1923 Mitra (Chrysame) kyaungonensis Vredenburg, Rec. Geol. Surv. India, vol. 54, p. 274, pl. 16, figs. 6a, b (Kyaungon, Burma, M. Miocene; holotype in the Geological Survey of India). Plate 361. Figs. 1-2. Mitra (Nebularia) vandervlerki Beets Fig. 3. M. (N.) gerthi Pannekoek. Figs. 1, 2. Holotype of M. (N.) vandervlerki Beets from Sungei Menkrawit, Mangkalihat, U. Miocene of Borneo (from Beets, 1941, pl. 6, figs. 241, 242; 10.2 mm). Fig. 3. Holotype of M. (N.) gerthi Pannekoek from Ngampel, Rembang formation, L. Miocene of Java; immature speci- men (from Pannekoek, 1936, pl. 1, fig. 16; 20.5 x 7.0 mm). Plate 362. Figs. 1-2. Mitra (Nebularia) kyaungonensis Vre- denburg. Kyaungon, M. Miocene of Burma (type figure from Vredenburg, 1923, pl. 16, figs. 6a, b; c. 9.5 mm). Figs. 3, 4. M. (N.) brachyspira Cossmann and Pissarro. Leilan, Sind, Upper Ranikot formation, L. Eocene of India (type figure from Cossmann & Pissarro, 1909, pl. 3, figs. 31, 32: c. 12.0—15.0 mm x 5.5 mm). [19-604] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 419 Mitra brachyspira Cossmann and Pissarro, 1909 (Pl. 362, figs. 3, 4) Range—Eocene of India. Remarks—The description was based on an in- complete specimen which has a short, conical spire with feebly convex whorls which are sep- arated by deep sutures; the sculpture consists of deeply incised spiral grooves and sinuous axial grooves of equal depth, which divide the whole surface into series of small rectangles. The col- umella has 5-6 oblique folds and the protoconch consists of 14% smooth, globular nuclear whorls. The description of the globular protoconch, coupled with the general appearance of the shell, particularly the short spire and inflated shoulder of the body whorl, makes it doubtful that the species really is a mitrid, and not a Conomitra Conrad, 1865, in the family Volutomitridae. The dimensions of the type-specimen are length 12.0-15.0 mm, width 5.5 mm. Synonymy— 1909 Mitra (Cancilla) brachyspira Cossmann & Pissarro, Palaeontologia Indica Memoirs, new ser., vol. 3, no. 1, p. 30, pl. 3, figs. 31, 32 (3 mi. E. of the old coal-pit near Leilan, Sind, U. Ranikot formation, India; L. Eocene). Mitra sowerbyi subspecies sowerbyi Orbigny, 1852 (Pl. 363, figs. 1, 2) Range—Lower Miocene of India. Remarks—The species appears to be moder- ately frequent in Lower Miocene deposits of In- dia. It is moderately ventricose, cylindrically- ovate, the body whorl is rather long and inflated, sutures distinct, sculptured with 5-8 moderately elevated, flat spiral cords on the penultimate and up to 23 cords on the body whorl; the spiral grooves are slightly narrower or broader than the cords and are finely axially striate. The aperture is narrow and elongate, usually longer than the spire, weakly convex and smooth within; the col- umella is calloused and has 4-5 oblique folds, the siphonal fasciole is straight and occasionally cal- loused and the siphonal notch is deep. A detailed diagnosis and discussion on the species may be found in Vredenburg (1925). Measurements (mm)— length 47.4 Lectotype of sowerbyi 27.9 Paralectotype of sowerbyi Synonymy— 1840 Mitra fusiformis J. de C. Sowerby in Grant, Trans. Geol. Soc. London, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 329 and expl. to plates, pl. 26, Plate 363. Figs. 1-2. Mitra (Nebularia) sowerbyi sowerbyi Or- bigny Figs. 3-6. M. (N.) sowerbyi sedanensis K. Martin Figs. 7, 8. M. (N.) sowerbyi kingae Cernohorsky. Fig. 1. Holotype of M. (N.) sowerbyi sowerbyi Orbigny from Soomrow, Gaj of Kachh, L. Miocene of India (from J. de C. Sowerby, 1840, pl. 26, fig. 24; 47.4 mm). Fig. 2. Specimen from Quilon, Kerala, Miocene of India (from Dey, 1962, pl. 4, fig. 17). Figs. 3, 4. Holotype of M. (N.) sowerbyi sedanensis kK. Martin from Sedan, Rembang beds, L. Miocene of Java (from K. Martin, 1906, pl. 44, fig. 720; c. 39.0 mm). Figs. 5, 6. Holotype of M. bayeri Beets from Sungei Men- krawit, Mangkalihat, U. Miocene of Borneo (from Beets, 1941, pl. 9, figs. 369, 370; 20.0 mm). Figs. 7, 8. Holotype of M. (N.) sowerbyi kingae Cernohorsky from Wasir Id., W. Wokam, Aru Ids., Indonesia (WAM $4/1; 34.6 x 12.2 mm). [19-605] 420 Subgenus Nebularia W. O. Cermohorsky Mitridae fig. 24 (Soomrow, Cutch, Gaj beds, India; L. Miocene) [non M. fusiformis Borson, 1820]. 1852 Mitra sowerbyi Orbigny, Prodr. Paléont. strat. Univer- selle, vol. 3, p. 54 (substitute name for M. fusiformis J. de C. Sowerby, 1840). 1923 Mitra (Chrysame) sowerbyi Orbigny, Vredenburg, Rec. Geol. Surv. India, vol. 54, pt. 3, p. 271; 1925, Mem. Geol. Surv. India, vol. 1, pt. 1, p. 150; 1962 Dey, Mem. Geol. Surv. India, new serm, vol. 36, p. 86, pl. 4, figs. 16, 17. 21939 Mitra (Chrysame) cf. sowerbyi d’Orbigny, Mukerjee, Mem. Geol. Surv. India, new ser., vol. 28, Mem. no. 1, p. 67. Types—The 2 syntypes of M. sowerbyi d’Orbigny, are in the Department of Palaeontol- ogy, British Museum (NH); the larger specimen figured by Sowerby in the left hand figure, no. G-10056, is designated as the lectotype, and the smaller specimen no. 10057, as the paralectotype of M. sowerbyi. The type locality is Soomrow, Kachh, Gaj beds, India, L. Miocene. Records—L. MIOCENE: Gaj of Kachh, N. W. India (Vre- denburg, 1923); Tyra River, near Rampur, Gaj of Kachh (Vre- denburg, 1925); Quilon, Kerala, India (Dey, 1962); ? Bagmara, Garo Hills, Assam, N.E. India (Maukerjee, 1939). Mitra sowerbyi subspecies sedanensis K. Martin, 1906 (Pl. 363, figs. 3-6) Range—Miocene of Indonesia. Remarks—The Indonesian subspecies is simi- lar in form and features to the Indian Miocene subspecies sowerbyi, but differs in features of finer sculpture. The spiral cords are less elevated and slightly more numerous on the body whorl, the spiral grooves are sharply incised and nar- rower than in the Indian sowerbyi. The figured type-specimen of M. sedanensis is not fully ma- ture whereas the type-specimen of M. bayeri Beets, is more adult. Measurements (mm)— length 39.0 From type figure of sedanensis 20.0 Holotype of bayeri Synonymy— 1906 Mitra (Nebularia) sedanensis Martin, Samml. geol. Reichs-Mus. Leiden, N.F., vol. 1, pt. 10, p. 303, pl. 44, figs. 720, 720a, b (Sedan and G. Butak, Rembang beds, Java, L. Miocene; type-specimen in Rijksmuseum, Leiden). 1914 Mitra sp. Martin, Samml. geol. Reichs-Mus. Leiden, ser. 1, vol. 9, p. 330 (according to Beets, 1941). 1916 Mitra (s. str.) sedanensis Martin, Samml. geol. Reichs- Mus. Leiden, vol. 2, pt. 6, p. 234; 1931 van der Vlerk, Leidsche geol. Meded., vol. 5, p. 226. 1941 Mitra (Chrysame) bayeri Beets, Verh. geol. Mijnb. Genoot. Ned. & Kolonien, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 112, pl. 9, figs. 368-374 (Sungei Menkrawit, Mangkalihat, E. Borneo, In- donesia; U. Miocene). Records—LOWER MIOCENE: Sedan and G. Butak, Rem- bang formation, Java (Martin, 1906); Gunun Spolog; Kembang Sokkoh, W. Progo beds, Java (Martin, 1916); Njalindoeng beds, Java (van der Vlerk, 1931). U. MIOCENE: Central Sumatra (van der Vlerk, 1931); Gelingseh formation, E. Borneo; Mang- kalihat, Menkrawit beds, E. Borneo (Beets, 1941). Mitra sowerbyi subspecies kingae Cernohorsky, 1972 (Pl. 363, figs. 7, 8; pl. 364) Range—Indonesia to northwestern Western Australia. Remarks—The recently described living sub- species of sowerbyi is known from one live-taken specimen collected by the “Mariel King Memo- rial Moluccas Expedition 1970” in Indonesia, and one adult and one juvenile from northwest Aus- tralia. It is similar in appearance to the ancestral Indonesian Miocene subspecies sowerbyi sedanensis K. Martin, but differs in features of less convex whorls, coarser sculpture, broader in- terstices and stronger, closer set columellar folds. Habitat—On sand and shell-rubble substratum, from 18 to 22 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 35 mm (about 1% inches) in length, elongate-ovate and slightly cylindrical, solid, sutures moderately impressed. Whorls 6%, apart from glassy-white nuclear whorls, first 2 post-nuclear whorls slightly convex, later whorls flat-sided, body whorl slightly in- flated anteriorly to the suture. Sculptured with fairly regular, flat and feebly elevated spiral cords which number 7 on the penultimate and 29 on the body whorl; the longitudinal sculpture consists of fine, crowded axial striae which override the spi- ral cords and produce axial lirae and intervening pits in the moderately narrow grooves. Aperture longer than the spire, narrow and smooth within; outer lip thickened and minutely crenulate, regu- larly convex, columella calloused and with 4-5 prominent, oblique folds. Siphonal canal straight, siphonal notch distinct. Off-white to cream in col- our, spiral cords dark reddish-brown, colouring interrupted in places by white longitudinal ee, pe y | ARN HA npn) i J Cc. mm Plate 364. Mitra (Nebularia) sowerbyi kingae Cernohorsky. Half-row of radula. Wasir Id., W. Wokam, Aru Ids., Indonesia, 18-22 fms. [19-606] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 421 80° \oo° 120° 140° 160° Obinane Fk BONIN S re id ie lwo Sime Marcus “VV FORMOSA gr wig 0 oes i|hie NICOBAR |, a " be ° e+. Ponape ; CEYLON rive) 3 a | CAROLINE is SOWERBYI KINGAE ING en a 2 So os. [SOWERBY! SEDANENS| LP Os %, | bg a "9IN % : a ~ | 7 - Plate 365. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Nebularia) sow- erbyi sowerbyi Orbigny, and its subspecies, M. (N.) sowerbyi sedanensis kK. Martin, and M. (N.) sowerbyi kingae Cer- nohorsky. growth striae; in western Australian specimens the brown colour is sometimes confluent and gives the shell a two-banded appearance. Aper- ture and columella porcellaneous-white, first 2 post-nuclear whorls white. The radula is typically mitrine, but very small and only 7.2% of shell- length. Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 34.6 12.2 19.8 Holotype of kingae 26.6 10.8 16.7 Onslow, N.W. Australia Synonymy— 1972 Mitra (Nebularia) sowerbyi kingae Cernohorsky, Rec. Auckland Inst. Museum, vol. 9, p. 195, figs. 1-2, 6. Types—The holotype of M. sowerbyi kingae is in the Western Australian Museum, Perth, no. 84/1. The type locality is off west coast of Wasir Island, West Wokam, Aru Islands, Moluccas, In- donesia, 5°30’'S & 134°12’E, in 18-22 fathoms. Records—INDONESIA: W. coast of Wasir Id., West Wokam, Aru Ids., Moluccas (WAM). WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Onslow (M. Marrow coll.); Shark Point, Barrow Id., 20°53'S & 115°22’E (WAM); near Darwin, Arafura Sea, Northern Territory (ANSP). Mitra molengraaffi K. Martin, 1916 (Pl. 366) Range—Miocene of Indonesia. Remarks—The author compared his species with M. sowerbyi sedanensis Martin, which was differentiated by the more acuminate spire and slender protoconch; other differences cited by Plate 366. Mitra (Nebularia) molengraaffi K. Martin. Figs. 1, 2. Holotype and paratype from Kembang Sokkoh, W. Progo beds, L. Miocene of Java (from k. Martin, 1916, pl. 1, figs. 21, 23; fig. 2 = holotype, 36.0 mm; fig. 1 = paratype 19.0 mm). Figs. 3, 4. Holotype of M. mitrai Beets from Sungei Men- krawit, Mangkalihat, U. Miocene of Borneo; immature specimen (from Beets, 1941, pl. 6, figs. 234, 235; 30.0 mm). Martin were the slightly more curved columella, more distinct siphonal notch and the arrangement of the spiral threads in M. molengraaffi. The species is indeed very similar to M. sowerbyi sedanensis, and was considered to be hardly separable from M. sowerbyi, by Dey (1962). M. mitrai Beets, is an immature and therefore broad individual with a thin and as yet undeveloped outer lip. It was separated by the author from M. molengraaffi because it was more subangulate at the sutures in profile and had 1 less columellar fold. Measurements (mm)— length 36.0 Holotype of molengraaffi 30.0 Holotype of mitrai Synonymy— 1916 Mitra (s. str.) molengraaffi Martin, Samml. geol. Reichs-Mus. Leiden, N.F., vol. 2, pt. 6, p. 234, pl. 1, figs. 21-23 (Kembang Sokkoh, West Progo beds, Java, L. Miocene; type-specimen in Rijksmuseum, Leiden). 1941 Mitra (Chrysame) mitrai Beets, Verh. geol. Mijnb. Ned. & Kolonien, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 114, pl. 6, figs. 234, 235, 245 (Sungei Menkrawit, Mangkalihat, E. Borneo; U. Miocene). [19-607] 422 Subgenus Nebularia W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Mitra rosacea Reeve, 1845 (Color pl. 256, figs. 29-32; pl. 367) Range Japan. Remarks—This sublittoral species was consid- ered endemic to Japan, but subsequent collecting placed the species on record from as far west as Thailand. Habitat—In sand and mud, from 3 to 70 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 37 mm (about 1% inches) in length, elongate-ovate and slightly cylindrical, moderately light in weight, last whorl long and slightly inflated, sutures prominent. Whorls 54-7, apart from the protoconch, spire whorls convex and gradually increasing in size anteriorly, sculptured with thin, slightly elevated spiral cords which are divided into laterally oriented fillets by longitudinal grooves; the spiral threads number from 5-10 on the penultimate and from 24-40 on the body whorl. The spiral grooves are concave and considerably broader than the threads and carry an additional sculpture of fine intermediate spiral striae and macroscopic axial lines. Aperture longer than the spire, narrow and smooth within, outer lip only moderately thick- ened, elongated and weakly convex and scalloped at the margin; columella calloused, callus thin on the parietal wall, columella with 4-6 wide-spaced Thailand to N.W. Australia and north to and oblique folds. Siphonal fasciole straight and occasionally calloused, siphonal notch distinct. Cream in colour, frequently flushed with rose, some spiral fillets occasionally spotted with brown; some individuals have two faint or dis- tinct, broad, dark rose or reddish-brown bands on the body whorl. Aperture and columella occasion- ally flushed with light pinkish-violet or rose. Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 36.4 13.6 23.0 Rawai reef, Thailand 35.6 13.6 22.0 Laminusa, Philippines 33.1 11.7 21.0 Boac I., Philippines 30.6 12.2 19.7 Off Isshiki, Japan 27.0 11.0 17.0 Holotype of hirasei 19.8 7.3 12.2 Lectotype of rosacea 17.4 tl 11.0 N. of Pt. Cloates, W. Australia 16.6 6.2 10.6 Aru Id., Indonesia 10.0 3.8 6.3 Rottnest Id., W. Australia 8.6 3.6 x 5.4 Lectotype of reticulata Synonymy— 1845 Mitra rosacea Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 38, fig. 321 (Island of Corregidor, Philippines); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 9, pl. 8, fig. 111; 1970 Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 13, pl. 2, fig. 5 (shells), textfigs. 50, 51 (radula). 1853 Mitra reticulata A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Society London, for 1851, p. 136 (Port Essington, N. Australia, 7 fathoms) [non d’Orbigny, 1850]. 1882 Mitra (Cancilla) annulata (pars) Reeve, Tryon, Manual Plate 367. Mitra (Nebularia) rosacea Reeve. Fig. 1. Lectotype from Corregidor Id., Philippine Ids.; im- mature specimen (BM (NH) 1967861; 19.8 x 7.3 mm). Fig. 2. Syntype from Corregidor Id., Philippine Ids.; imma- ture specimen (BM (NH) 1967861; 17.8 mm). Figs. 3, 4. Specimen from W. of Tg Lelar, Trangan, Aru Ids., Indonesia, 6-8 fms.; immature specimen (WAM; 16.6 x 6.2 mm). Figs. 5,6. Specimen from Siasi, Sulu, Philippine Ids.; adult specimen (Dan coll.; 35.6 x 13.6 mm). Fig. 7. Lectotype of M. reticulata A. Adams from Port Es- sington, Northern Territory, Australia, 7 fms.; juvenile specimen (BM (NH) 196730; 8.6 x 3.6 mm). Fig. 8. Specimen from Point Cloates, N.W. Australia; juvenile specimen (WAM 22670; 17.4 x 7.1 mm). [19-608] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 423 Conchology, vol. 4, p. 141, pl. 41, fig. 208 only (non Reeve, 1844). 1904 Mitra hirasei Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 56, p. 12, pl. 3, figs. 21, 21a (Hirado, Hizen, Japan); 1966 Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 9, p. 109, textfig. 15 (radula). 1936 Mitra (Scabricola) hirasei Pilsbry, Hirase, Coll. Japanese shells, p. 70, pl. 100, fig. 15; 1963 Shikama, Select. shells world in colour, vol. 1, pl. 74, fig. 2; 1965 Azuma, Venus; Japanese Journ. Malacology, vol. 23, no. 4, p. 180, textfig. 5 (radula). 1964 Scabricola hirasei (Pilsbry), Habe, Shells west. Pacific in colour, vol. 2, p. 107, pl. 34, fig. 9. 1971 Nebularia rosacea (Reeve), Kuroda & Habe, Sea shells Sagami Bay, p. 187, pl. 52, fig. 11. Types—tThe lectotype, here designated, and 2 syntypes of M. rosacea Reeve, B.M. (NH) no. 1967861, and the lectotype, here selected, and 4 syntypes of M. reticulata A. Adams, BM(NH) no. 196730, are in the British Museum (NH). The holotype of M. hirasei Pilsbry, could not be found in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. The type locality of M. rosacea is Corregidor Is- land, Philippine Islands. Nomenclature—The species was previously known under the name M. hirasei Pilsbry, and has been usually assigned to the subgenus Scabricola Swainson. It was found, however, that M. rosacea Reeve, is a prior name for the species and that the geographical distribution is considerably wider than originally presumed. The radula of the species is mitrine and an assignment to Nebularia appears more appropriate, especially since the species shows some affinity with the sowerbyi group of species. BO° 100° 20° 140° 160 7 T a T MARIANA , Is * Soon COCO6 - KEELING ATOLLS . -----~-“49---— 1 | 80° 100° 10° \aa° 160° Plate 368. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Nebularia) rosacea Reeve. Records—THAILAND: Rawai reef, Phuket (Orr coll.; Cer- nohorsky coll.). NEW GUINEA: Rabaul, New Britain (Parkin- son coll.). INDONESIA: Saparoea Bay, 10 faths. (ZMC); 3-4 mi. W. of Tg Lelar, Trangan, Aru Id., 6°46’S & 133°58’E, 6-8 faths.; off Tg Tutuhuhur, Piru Bay, Ceram Id., 14-26 faths.; between Warbal and Ur Id., W. of Nuhu Rowa, Kai I., 35-40 faths.; 3mi. N.W. of Tg Tuwan, Selaru, Tanimbar; W. of Babi L., Wokam, Aru L.; W. of Tg Derehi, Trangan, Aru I. (all WAM). AUSTRALIA: N.W. Australia: 170 mi. E.N.E. of Troughton Island, 45 faths.; W. end of Rottnest Island, 70 faths.; Clarence Straits, S. of Bathurst I., 28 faths.: N.W. of Charles Point, 18 faths. (all WAM). Northern Territory: Port Essington, 7 faths. (BMNH). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Cebu; Subic Bay, Luzon (both DMNH); Boac, Marinduque (Lumawig coll.; Powell coll.); Siasi, Sulu Sea, 3-5 faths. (Clover coll.; DMNH,; Cer- nohorsky coll.); Laminusa, Siasi, Sulu Sea (Dan coll.). VIET- NAM: Danng, S. coast of Vietnam (Cernohorsky coll.). JAPAN: Hirado, Hizen; Kii; Nagasaki (all USNM): Misaki, 25 faths.; Hyatori Maru, 33°51'N & 130°03'E, 26 faths. (both ZMC); Kiushiu Island; off Isshiki, Mikawa, 30 faths. (both DMNH; Cernohorsky coll.). Mitra rubiginosa Reeve, 1844 (Color pl. 256, figs. 33, 34; pl. 369) Range—Thailand to West Australia, the Philip- pine Islands and New Britain. Remarks—Mitra rubiginosa is related to the sowerbyi group of species, and although already known to Chemnitz in 1795, who considered it a variety of Pterygia scabricula (Linnaeus), the species was not named until 50 years later by Reeve. Habitat—On reefs, under rocks and near crev- ices, from the intertidal zone to a depth of 10 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 50 mm (2 inches) in length, fusiformly-ovate, moderately solid, su- tures distinct and with numerous small crenula- tions which number up to 60 on the body whorl. Plate 369. Mitra (Nebularia) rubiginosa Reeve. Fig. 1. Lectotype (BM (NH) 1967866; 38.3 x 13.0 mm). Fig. 2. Syntype (BM (NH) 1967866; 37.5 x 13.2 mm). [19-609] 424 Subgenus Nebularia W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Whorls 7-8, apart from an eroded protoconch, spire whorls almost flat-sided or weakly convex, sculptured with spiral grooves which are either shallow or weakly concave and give rise to flat or feebly elevated spiral cords which are generally broader than the grooves; grooves number from 5-7 on the penultimate and up to 15 on the body whorl, apart from a dozen close-set and oblique basal cords. Longitudinal striae cover the shell surface, becoming obsolete on the spiral cords but prominent in the grooves, and protrude slightly past the sutures causing minute sutural crenula- tions; inspecimens with narrow spiral grooves the axial lirae appear only as small pits. Aperture longer than the spire, elongate, narrow and smooth within, outer lip only moderately thick- ened, regularly convex and with scallop-like den- ticles at the margin; columella calloused, callus more prominent anteriorly but thinner on the parietal wall, and with 4-6 oblique folds. Siphonal fasciole straight or slightly recurved and generally calloused, siphonal notch prominent. White to creamy-white in colour, ornamented with broad, rusty-brown axial flames which are interrupted on the centre of the body whorl and form 2 broad transverse bands; some individuals are predom- inantly rusty-brown and ornamented with creamy-white axial flames and growth-marks. The aperture and columella are cream in colour. 80° \oo° 20° 140° Iso Is Y & Vs YS ae, ? PHILIPPINE v, is a) Polau 4 CAROLINE COCO6 - KEELING ATOLLS 4 — — 80° 100° yzo° 140° 160 Plate 370. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Nebularia) rubiginosa Reeve. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~~ width aperture 47.5 14.0 26.0 Ko Pippi I., S.W. Thailand 38.3 13.0 23.2 Lectotype of rubiginosa 38.1 11.5 20.8 Syntype of rubiginosa 38.0 12.5 995 Eaglehawk L., W. Australia 32.0 10.7 19.0 Marinduque I., Philippines 30.4 9.8 18.0 Boac I., Philippines Synonymy— 1795 “‘Voluta scabricula Linnaei’’? Chemnitz, Syst. Conchylien-Cabinet, vol. 11, p. 28, pl. 178, figs. 1729, 1730 (non binomial). 1844 Mitra rubiginosa Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 10, fig. 68 (Island of Ticao, Philippines); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 5, pl. 11, fig. 167; 1882 Tryon, Manual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 119, pl. 35, fig. 54. Types—The lectotype, here designated, and 2 syntypes of M. rubiginosa Reeve, are in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967866. The type lo- cality is Ticao Island, Philippine Islands. Records—THAILAND: Ko Pippi I., Phuket, 2-3 faths. (Cer- nohorsky coll.). INDONESIA: Keledjitan, Bantam, Java (USNM). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Cebu Island; off Tinakta I., Tawi Tawi group, 10 faths. (both USNM); Ticao Island (AMNH); Marinduque I., Luzon (Clover coll.); Luzon (Sealey coll.); Salanguin Bay, S.W. Luzon, 2 faths. (Bibbey coll.); Boac, Marinduque (DMNH; Lumawig coll.). WEST AUSTRALIA: Eaglehawk I., Dampier Archipelago; S.W. of Point Cloates, 23°25'S & 113°14’E (both WAM). NEW BRITAIN: Rabaul (AMNH). Mitra pyramis (Wood, 1828) (Pl. 371) Range—Mauritius to the Tonga Islands. Remarks—This is one of the rare species of Mi- tridae, and apart from the 2 type-specimens we have seen only 6 additional specimens. M. cancel- lata Swainson and M. pyramis (Wood), have been described from a very worn individual in which the axial riblets are worn flat, while M. loricata Reeve, was described from a fresh specimen with acrisp sculpture of axial riblets and spiral grooves. Habitat—Unknown, but probably sublittoral. Description—Shell up to 50 mm (2 inches) in length, fusiformly-elongate, body whorl slightly inflated, solid, sutures narrowly ledged and finely crenate. Whorls 8-9 inclusive of a worn pro- toconch, first 3-4 post-nuclear whorls flat-sided and last 3 whorls convex, sculptured with slender and rounded axial riblets which number from 25-30 on the penultimate and from 30-45 on the body whorl, riblets rendered granulose through bisecting and moderately deep spiral grooves; [19-610] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 425 Plate 371. Mitra (Nebularia) pyramis (Wood). Fig. 1. Probable holotype of M. (N.) pyramis (Wood); very worn specimen (BM (NH) 1967939; 46.7 x 14.5 mm). Figs. 2,3. Probable holotype of M. loricata Reeve (BM (NH) 1967939; 48.8 x 14.3 mm). grooves number from 6-9 on the penultimate and from 17-20 on the body whorl, apart from about a dozen oblique spiral cords at the base. The axial riblets are not all of equal strength, some being lower and others more elevated, and protrude fora short distance over the sutures. Aperture almost equal in height to the spire, narrow and elongate, smooth within, outer lip weakly convex and con- stricted basally, moderately thickened and pre- sumably bluntly crenulate by the spiral cords. Columella calloused, callus slightly more promi- nent anteriorly, and with 5-6 strong, oblique folds; siphonal fasciole moderately slender, slightly produced and only weakly recurved, siphonal notch distinct. White in colour, ornamented with dark orange blotches which are arranged trans- versely, and form 2 bands on the spire whorls and 3 on the body whorl; the blotches next to the sutures are larger than remaining blotches, aper- ture and columella cream to light yellow, columel- lar folds cream or white. Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 48.8 14.3 24,2 Probable holotype of loricata 46.7 14.5 O2.7 Probable holotype of pyramis 37.6 13.5 19.1 Likuri I, Fiji Ids. Synonymy— 1821 Mitra cancellata Swainson, Zoological Illustrations, ser. 1, vol. 1, pl. 29, top and bottom figs. (no locality given); 1844 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 6, fig. 39; 1874 Sow- erby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 7, pl. 5, fig. 69 and pl. 11, fig. 172; 1882 Tryon, Manual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 119, pl. 35, fig. 55 (non M. cancellata Roding, 1798). 1828 Voluta pyramis Wood, Index Testaceologicus, Suppl., p. 10, pl. 3, fig. 16b (no locality given). 1844 Mitra loricata Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 22, fig. 174 (no locality given); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 8, pl. 10, figs. 147, 148; 1965 Cer- nohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 90, pl. 14, fig. 20. Types The probable holotype of M. pyramis (Wood), which also appears to be the type- specimen of M. cancellata Swainson (non Rod- ing), is in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967939. In the same container, and under the same regis- tration number, is a specimen which closely re- sembles the type-figure of M. loricata Reeve, and which could be the holotype ex-Metcalfe’s collec- tion. The probable type-specimen of M. pyramis was accessioned in 1829, and the second, proba- ble type of M. loricata must have been placed in the same box by error. No locality was given by either Swainson, Wood or Reeve, and we desig- nate New Guinea as the type locality of M. pyramis (specimen in W.G. Buick coll.). Records—MAURITIUS: (NMW; Maujean coll.). AUS- TRALIA: Wheeler Reef, Townsville, Queensland (M. Marrow coll.). NEW GUINEA: Lea Lea (Buick coll.). FIT ISLANDS: reef opposite the Fiji Museum, Suva, S. Viti Levu (Gell coll.); Likuri Island, W. Viti Levu (Jennings coll.). TONGA IS- LANDS: Nuku’alofa, Tongatapu (Gay coll.). Mitra aurantia subspecies aurantia (Gmelin, 1791) (Color pls. 256, 257; pl. 372, figs. 1-3) Gulf of Aden to Natal, S.E. Australia and Polynesia. Remarks—The species is variable in form, sculpture and ornamentation. Several colour and sculptural forms occur throughout the species dis- tributional range, and a weak subspecies lives along the Indian coast and the Gulf of Oman. These forms, originally described as species, are as follows: aurantia form: the typical form is spirally corded and the subsutural band is moderately broad. crassa form: the sculpture is more discreet, the shell is dark brown and broad, and the subsutural band is moderately narrow; this form is more fre- quently encountered in the western Pacific. Range [19-611] 426 Subgenus Nebularia W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Plate 372. Figs. 1-3. Mitra (Nebularia) aurantia aurantia (Gmelin) Figs. 4, 5. M. (N.) aurantia subruppeli Finlay. Fig. 1. Lectotype figure of M. (N.) aurantia aurantia (Gmelin) (from Chemnitz, 1780, vol. 4, pl. 150, fig. 1393). Fig. 2. Lectotype of M. nanus Reeve (BM (NH) 1967819; 22.9 x 10.9 mm). Fig. 3. Holotype of M. carifa Bartsch from South Africa (USNM 272154; 29.4 x 12.4 mm). Figs. 4, 5. Holotype of M (N.) aurantia subruppeli Finlay (BM (NH) 1919.12.31.43; 30.6 x 16.4 mm). michelinii form: the sculpture is rather fine and weak, and the subsutural band is very broad and extends to the body whorl suture; this is the M. limbifera of authors, and is generally found in the Indian Ocean. nanus form: (Color pl. 257, fig. 2) generally smaller and more slender, the sculpture is ofabout the same strength as in the typical form, and the subsutural band is very narrow and has additional nebulous white spots within the pale zone; this form occurs in the Philippines, Indonesia and the Andaman Islands. Several authors have reported M. aurantia from New Zealand, but the species does not live there. Habitat—On reefs, in crevices, among algae and under coral rocks, from the intertidal zone toa depth of 2 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 48 mm (about 2 inches) in length, elongate-ovate, heavy and solid, sutures deeply impressed and occasionally ledged without being channeled. Whorls 6%-8, apart from 14-2 white, smooth and conical nu- clear whorls, spire whorls flat-sided, sculptured with deep or shallow spiral grooves and numer- ous, fine longitudinal hair-lines; in deeply grooved specimens the resulting cords are ele- vated and almost angulate, in shallowly grooved individuals the cords are weak and almost flat, with the exception of the basal cords. Spiral cords number from 3-8 on the penultimate and from 16-28 on the body whorl, inclusive of the basal cords. Aperture longer than the spire, moderately narrow and smooth within, outer lip thickened, convexly elongate and finely crenulate at the mar- gin. Parietal wall glazed, anterior half of the col- umella distinctly calloused and with 4-6 moder- ately slender, oblique folds; siphonal fasciole straight and occasionally weakly calloused, siphonal notch distinct. Dark tan to dark brown in colour, ornamented with a single, white or yellowish-brown transverse band on the spire whorls and anterior to the body whorl suture; the band on the last whorl is either narrow or very broad and occasionally reaches the body whorl suture. Interior of aperture white, light violet or greyish-brown, columellar folds white or bluish-white. Young specimens have small white spots sparsely scattered over the body whorl. Periostracum thin, brown and moderately opaque. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~~ width aperture 43.0 18.4 24.6 Vuda Point, Fiji Ids. 36.2 14.3 20.0 Durban, Natal 29.4 12.4 17.5 Holotype of carifa 29.0 12.0 — Type of michelinii 28.2 13.2 17.1 Holotype of aurantia 28.8 12.4 17.0 Merca, Somalia, E. Africa 28.6 12.5 17.8 Almagro I., Philippines (nanus form) 22.9 10.9 14.3 Lectotype of nanus 20.4 9.5 12.4 Lectotype of aurantiaca 18.0 8.3 11.0 Rawai, Thailand Synonymy— 1780 “Turricula arausiaca fascia alba” Chemnitz, Syst. Conchylien-Cabinet, vol. 4, p. 231, pl. 150, figs. 1393, 1394 (non binomial). 1791 Voluta aurantia Gmelin, Systema Naturae, ed. 13, p. 3454 (refers to Chemnitz, op. cit., figs. 1393, 1394) [no local- ity given]; 1825 Wood, Index Testaceologicus, p. 98, pl. 20, fig. 120a. 1798 Mitra minuta Roding, Museum Boltenianum, p. 137 (re- fers to Chemnitz, op. cit., figs. 1393, 1394) [no locality given]. 1811 Mitra aurantiaca Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 17, p. 214 (no locality given); 1838 Kiener, Species général iconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 59, pl. 18, figs. 59, 59a; 1969 Cernohorsky, Revue Suisse Zoologie, vol. 76, p. 976, pl. 4, fig. 33 (figured lectotype). [19-612] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 427 20° z 40° 60° 80° = \oo° 1koO* 140° 160° 180° 160° 140° T ——<—<—= SEYCHELLES 15. 20° : > ee |---| epee, ; HILIPPINE a “2 ToKetau is. | |) MARQUESAS 15. comons’ % | | 4MOn ig TUAMoTY aan oe mew : aay DTHEBRIDES " 0, fiefl 7 | @rensa its TR, AL is Puteair | NEW ZEALAND 5 A 1 n n | 1 20° 40° bo" BO" 100° 120° 140° 160° 180° Teo 140° Plate 373. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Nebularia) au- rantia aurantia (Gmelin) and its subspecies M. (N.) aurantia subruppeli Finlay. 1811 Mitra peronii Lamarck, ibid., p. 220 (Southern or Indian Ocean); 1838 Kiener, Spécies général iconographie coquil- les vivantes, vol. 3, p. 58, pl. 18, fig. 58; 1969 Cernohorsky, Revue Suisse Zoologie, vol. 76, p. 986, pl. 6, fig. 49 (figured lectotype). 1811 Mitra peronii var. limacina Lamarck, ibid., p. 220 (South- erm or Indian Ocean); 1969 Cernohorsky, Revue Suisse Zoologie, vol. 76, p. 986. 1822 Mitra crassa Swainson, Zoological Hlustrations, ser. 1, vol. 2, pl. 88, top and bottom figures (South Seas); 1844 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 2, fig. 7; 1874 Sow- erby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 21, pl. 5, fig. 66. 1828 Voluta crassa Wood, Index Testaceologicus, Suppl., p. 10, pl. 3, fig. 18b. 1831 Mitra michelinii Guérin, Mag. de Zoologie, pt. 1, p. 38, pl. 38, 2 figs. (New Holland); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 20, pl. 15, fig. 259 (as M. mitchelinii on plate explanations). 1844 Mitra aurantia Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 23, figs. 182a, b; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 20, pl. 15, figs. 250, 251, 260; 1911 Martin & Icke in Selenka & Blanckenhorn, Geol. Palaont. Ergeb. Trinil- Expedition, p. 47. 1844 Mitra limbifera Lamarck, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 23, figs. 180a, b; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 20, pl. 15, figs. 261, 262 (non Lamarck, 1811). 1844 Mitra nanus Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 24, sp. 194, fig. 193 (no locality given); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 21, pl. 21, fig. 434. 1845 Mitra caeligena Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 28, fig. 227 (no locality given) [young specimen]. 1874 Mitra consolidata Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 19, pl. 15, fig. 271 (no locality given). 1882 Mitra (Chrysame) aurantia Gmelin, Tryon, Manual Con- chology, vol. 4, p. 147, pl. 43, figs. 255, 256, 258 only; 1935 Dautzenberg, Mém. Mus. Roy. d’Hist. Nat. Belg., vol. 2, p. 86 (with var. michelinii Guérin and limbifera Lamarck) [ex- tended synonymy]. 1915 Mitra carifa Bartsch, Bull. U.S. Nat. Museum, vol. 91, p. 44 (South Africa). 1920 Strigatella limbifera (Lam.), Cooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 411 (description of radula). 1939 Mitra (Mitraria) vermiculosa Martyn, Oostingh, Ingen. Nederl.-Indie, vol. 6, p. 8, pl. 10, figs. 174a, b. 1962 Chrysame crassa Swainson, Iredale & McMichael, Aus- tral. Museum Mem., no. 11, p. 63. 1965 Strigatella crassa (Swainson), Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 110, pl. 13, fig. 10, textfig. 7 (radula). 1966 Chrysame ticaonica (Reeve), Habe & Kosuge, Shells world in colour, vol. 2, p. 74, pl. 28, fig. 12 (forma nanus Reeve) [non M. ticaonica Reeve, 1844]. Types—tThe holotype of M. aurantia (Gmelin) and M. minuta Roding, is in the University Zoological Museum, Copenhagen. The lectotype of M. aurantiaca Lamarck, no. 1102/72 and the lectotype of M. peronii Lamarck, are in the Museum d Histoire Naturelle, Geneva. The lectotype, here designated, and 2 syntypes of M. nanus Reeve, are in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967819, and the holotype of M. carifa Bartsch, is in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, no. 272154. No locality was given by Gmelin for M. aurantia, and Reeve’s first correct locality indication of Burias Island, Philippine Islands, is here selected as the type locality. Nomenclature—Authors have adopted the taxon M. limbifera for the form ofM. aurantia with the broad subsutural band and discreet sculpture. Lamarck’s probable holotype of M. limbifera, however, is a very worn Mitra (Strigatella) scutulata (Gmelin). Records—GULF OF ADEN: Aden (Shopland, 1902). EAST AFRICA: Mogadiscio, Somalia (USNM): Merca, Somalia (Cernohorsky coll.); Porto Amelia, Mozambique; Inhaca L; Mozambique (both Orr coll.); SOUTH AFRICA: (USNM); Natal (AIM); Reunion Rocks, Natal (Powell coll.); Durban, Natal (Cernohorsky coll.). CEYLON: Colombo (USNM; Pow- ell coll.). ANDAMAN ISLANDS: Port Blair (USNM: Steiner coll.). THAILAND: Bandon Bight; Suiracha, Gulfof Thailand; Lem Sing; Goh Sindakar Nua = Chance I.; Pulau Tanga, Butang group (all USNM); Ko Pai L., E. side Gulf of Thailand, 2 faths.; Ko Kram I., Sattahip, E. side Gulf of Thailand: Ko Chan I., Prachuap, W. side Gulf of Thailand; Rawai reef, Phuket (all Cernohorsky coll.). INDONESIA: Pulau Melila, off Sumatra; [19-613] 428 Subgenus Nebularia W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Sapang Ayer, N. Borneo; Kudat Bay, N. Borneo; Marudu Bay, N. Borneo; Minutik I., Sabah, Jesselton, N. Borneo (all USNM); W. side Mitak I., Jamdena Straits, Tanimbar; N. side Teluk Dodinga, near Ternate, Halmahera; E. side of Ree I., Tajandu I., Kai I., 1 fath.; Pombo I., Haruku Straits, E. of Ambon I.; Tg Sermaf, Kai I. (all WAM). PHILIPPINE IS- LANDS: Davao Bay, Mindanao; Cataingan Bay, Dumurug Point, Masbate; vicinity of Balabac Island (all USNM); Al- magro I., Samar (Cernohorsky coll.); Boac, Marinduque (Lumawig coll.); Santa Cruz, Zamboanga (Dan coll.). VIET- NAM: Danng (Steiner coll.). CHINA: Whampoa (USNM); Hongkong (AIM). JAPAN: Osima, Osumi (USNM). RYUKYU ISLANDS: Okinawa (USNM). NEW GUINEA: Taurama Beach, Port Moresby (McCollim coll.; Kleckham coll.); Ela Beach, Port Moresby (Kleckham coll.). AUSTRALIA: WEST AUSTRALIA: Shark Point, 20°53’S & 115°22'E (WAM). QUEENSLAND: Northwest Island, Capricorn group (AIM); Myron reef, Stradbroke I. (AMNH)-: Bardo Goat I., Moreton Bay; off Peel I., Moreton Bay; Point Cartwright (all Powell coll.); Caloundra (AIM; Powell coll.). NEW SOUTH WALES: (Iredale & McMichael, 1962); Iluka (Kleckham coll.). SOL- OMON ISLANDS: Pavuvu IL. Russel Strait (USNM). FIJI IS- LANDS: Vuda Point, W. Viti Levu; Nasese reef, Suva, S. Viti Levu (both Cernohorsky coll.). GILBERT ISLANDS: Bikenibeu, Tarawa I. (Foreman coll.). TONGA ISLANDS: Nuku'alofa, Tongatapu (Gay coll.). SOCIETY ISLANDS: Patutoa, Tahiti; Motu Iriru, Raiatea (both USNM). Fossil records—PLIOCENE: Boland-Malingping, Tjikeusik district, Bantam, Java, Indonesia (Oostingh, 1939); Java, Indonesia (Martin & Icke, 1911). Mitra aurantia subspecies subruppeli Finlay, 1927 (Color pl. 257, fig. 3; pl. 372, figs. 4, 5) Range—Gulf of Oman to Goa, W. coast of India. Remarks—The subspecies differs from M. au- rantia s. str. primarily in colour, and partly in sculpture. The shell is uniformly fawn to light tan and lacks the pale transverse band on the whorls; in some small, but mature individuals, there are a few nebulous white spots on the body whorl. In some specimens from India, the pale subsutural band is only faintly visible. The aperture is off- white, the columella is white and sometimes flushed with brown; the spiral cords are narrower than in the subspecies aurantia, and number from 5-6 on the penultimate and up to 25 on the body whorl. The aperture is about equal in height or longer than the spire. This may be the same subspecies which has been reported from India and the Persian Gulf by several authors under the name M. caeligena Reeve. Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 36.2 14.2 17.6 Ras Jagin, Gulf of Oman 30.6 £17 16.4 Holotype of subruppeli 26.6 12.0 15.8 Karachi, Pakistan Synonymy— 1914 Mitra multisulcata Sowerby, Ann. & Mag. Nat. History, vol. 14, p. 476, pl. 19, fig. 3 (New Caledonia = error!) [nonM. multisulcata Harris, 1897]. 1927 Mitra subruppeli Finlay, Trans. Proc. New Zealand Inst., vol. 57, p. 508 (substitute name for M. multisulcata Sowerby, 1914). Types—The holotype of M. subruppeli Finlay, is in the British Museum (NH) no. 1919.12.31.43. Sowerby’s locality indication of New Caledonia is erroneous, since this subspecies does not occur in the Pacific Ocean. We designate Karachi, Pakistan as the type locality of M. aurantia subruppeli (specimens in USNM). Records—GULF OF OMAN: Muscat (AMNH); Ras Jagin (Cernohorsky coll.). PAKISTAN: Karachi (USNM; Steiner coll.); Hawk’s Bay, 15 mi. from Karachi (Cernohorsky coll.). INDIA: Goa (USNM). Mitra aurantia forma crassicostata Sowerby, 1874 (Pl. 374) Range—Philippine Islands to the Marshall Is- lands. Remarks—M. crassicostata closely resembles the prominently sculptured form of M. aurantia (Gmelin), and is only tentatively considered as a good species; only 3 Recent and 1 fossil speci- mens were examined in museums and private col- lections. The species appears to differ in the longer body whorl, short spire and angulate whorls; the penultimate whorl has 3-4 prominent and elevated spiral cords and the body whorl Plate 374. Mitra (Nebularia) crassicostata Sowerby. Fig. 1. Lectotype figure (from Sowerby, 1874, pl. 19, fig. 387). Fig. 2. Specimen from the Philippine Islands (NMW,; 24.0 x 11.3 mm). [19-614] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 429 16-18; the interspaces of the cords are axially striate. The outer lip is thickened and crenulate, the parietal wall is only glazed and the anterior of the columella has 4 folds. Fresh specimens are uniformly dark orange-brown in colour and lack the pale subsutural band of M. aurantia; the in- terior of the aperture is orange-brown and the columellar folds are white. Habitat—Unknown; probably on reefs, in crev- ices and under coral. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~~ width aperture 24.0 11.3 15.2 Philippines 22.0 10.0 13.0 Lectotype figure of crassicostata Synonymy— 1874 Mitra crassicostata Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 21, pl. 19, fig. 387 (no locality given). 1882 Mitra (Chrysame) vexillum (pars) Reeve, Tryon, Manual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 146, pl. 43, fig. 254 only (non Reeve, 1844). 1966 Chrysame crossocostatus (sic) (Sowerby), Habe & Kosuge, Shells world in colour, vol. 2, p. 119, pl. 45, fig. 3. Types—The type-specimen of M. crassicostata is untraceable and has been probably sold at auc- tion of the Taylor collection. We therefore desig- nate the specimen figured by Sowerby on plate 19, figure 387, as the lectotype of M. crassicostata. No locality was given by Sowerby, and Boac Is- land, Marinduque, Philippine Islands, is desig- nated as the type locality. Records—PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: (NMW): Boac, Marin- duque (Deynzercoll.). MARSHALL ISLANDS: Majuro Island (BPBM). Fossil records—PLIOCENE-PLEISTOCENE: Guam Is- land, Sinajama, Mariana limestone, Marianas (USGS no. 20732). Mitra ticaonica Reeve, 1844 (Color pl. 257, figs. 4, 5; pl. 375) Range—East Africa to Polynesia and the Hawaiian Islands. Remarks—This uncommon species exhibits characters intermediate between species of the subgenus Nebularia and Strigatella, but since it resembles, and has been occasionally confused with M. aurantia (Gmelin), it is retained in the subgenus Nebularia. Habitat—On reefs, under rocks and coral and on arubble substratum, from the intertidal zone to a depth of 12 fathoms. Plate 375. Mitra (Nebularia) ticaonica Reeve. Fig. 1. Lectotype from Ticao Id., Philippine Ids. (BM (NH) 1967895; 31.6 x 14.6 mm). Fig. 2. Holotype of M. ticaonica vagans Pilsbry from Hilo, Hawaiian Ids.; slender form (ANSP 46790: 25.0 x 10.7 mm). Description—Shell up to 35 mm (about 1% inches) in length, solid, elongate-ovate to cylindrically-elongate, body whorl occasionally broad, sutures irregular and narrowly channeled. Whorls 6-7, apart from 144-2 white, smooth nu- clear whorls, spire whorls convex, sculptured with moderately shallow, narrow and macroscop- ically striate spiral grooves which number from 1-6 on the penultimate and from 4-10 on the body whorl, apart from 10-15 oblique cords on the lower half of the body whorl; the spiral grooves are sometimes very shallow and absent on the centre of the body whorl and at other times moderately deep, and produce feebly elevated, flat or weakly rounded cords. Aperture longer than the spire, narrow and smooth within, outer lip thickened and crenulate at the margin, occasionally thick- ened within at its posterior third. Columella cal- loused anteriorly, and with 3-5 oblique folds, parietal wall glazed, siphonal fasciole short, straight and occasionally weakly calloused, siphonal notch distinct. Brown to tan in colour, occasionally ornamented with darker brown axial streaks and a few, very small white spots; some individuals are uniformly dark brown, and in the lighter coloured specimens the siphonal fasciole is flushed with purple-brown. Aperture and col- umella brown to purple-brown, columellar folds white. Periostracum thin, brown and translucent. Measurements (mm )— height of length ~~ width aperture 31.6 14.6 19.1 Lectotype of ticaonica 31.0 14.5 18.0 Viti Levu Bay, Fiji I. 29.5 10.7 16.2 Honolulu, Hawaiian I. [19-615] 430 Subgenus Nebularia W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae f . i AN = aS Resuee ee ci en ee STV FoRMOSA OO Oe thas a 20° Co | 7 “MARIANA | Woke a 2 1s. «= Johniton ri * Paws pres: ae | i, AD e Y 1s. 7 ok, Emwetok > + MARSHALL 15. FA ape Cee, eT é ‘es ~. TOKELAU IS | _MARQUESAS If Ss ; : | + “AHonis ” ARCH a Syne Seve . So > 4 s. - | - _ Ny Cm ¢ i he . N bd - ay a ee ee — e. Seo Poe Ne (oe es SES RS eae | Pitcairn ) NEW 1 ZEALAND Moria Theresa 8 Plate 376. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Nebularia) ticaonica Reeve. 25.0 10.7 15.0 Holotype of vagans 23.8 10.0 13.3 Boac I., Philippines 17.2 7.2 10.0 Kailua Bay, Hawaiian Ids. Synonymy— 1844 Mitra ticaonica Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 23, fig. 181 (Island of Ticao, Philippines); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 21, pl. 15, figs. 252-254, 1880 Garrett, Journal of Conchology, vol. 3, p. 30; 1933 Dautzenberg & Bouge, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 77, p. 194; 1952 Tinker, Pacific sea shells, p. 62, plate facing page, upper row, figs. left and right; 1963 J. Cate, Veliger, vol. 6, p. 40, pl. 8, figs. 50, 51 (figured holotype and paratype of M. ticaonica vagans Pilsbry); 1965 Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 99, pl. 14, fig. 14; 1971 Wilson & Gillett, Australian Shells, p. 116, pl. 75, fig. 3. 1874 Mitra subrostrata Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 13, pl. 16, fig. 297 (Sandwich Islands) [juvenile specimen]. 1882 Mitra (Chrysame) crassa (pars) Swainson, Tryon, Man- ual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 147, pl. 43, figs. 264, 265 only (non Swainson, 1822). 1921 Mitra (Strigatella) ticaonica vagans Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 72, p. 314, pl. 12, figs. 14, 15 (Hilo, Hawaii); 1962 J. Cate, Veliger, vol. 4, p. 144, pl. 33, fig. 5 (figured holotype and paratype). 1963 Mitra pupiformis “Dall MS”, J. Cate, Veliger, vol. 6, p. 40, pl. 8, fig. 49 (nomen nudum). 1966 Strigatella ticaonica (Reeve), Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 9, p. 110, textfig. 19 (radula). 1966 Strigatella oleacea (Reeve), Habe & Kosuge, Shells of the world in colour, vol. 2, p. 75, pl. 28, fig. 24 (non Mitra oleacea Reeve, 1844). 1969 Mitra crassa Swainson, Kosuge, Bull. Nat. Sci. Museum Tokyo, vol. 12, no. 4, p. 787, pl. 2, fig. 29 (non Swainson, 1822). Types—tThe lectotype, here designated, and 2 syntypes of M. ticaonica Reeve, are in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967895. The holotype and 3 paratypes of M. ticaonica vagans Pilsbry, are in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, no. 46790, and the type-specimen of M. subro- strata Sowerby, is lost. The type locality of M. ticaonica is Ticao Island, Philippine Islands. 160° 160° 140° Records—EAST AFRICA: Mogadiscio, Somalia (USNM). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Port Tataan, Tawi Tawi group (USNM); Ticao Island (BMNH); Boac, Marinduque (DMNH; Lumawig coll.; Powell coll.). NEW GUINEA: Ela beach, Port Moresby (Buick coll.); Taurama reef, Port Moresby (Kleckham coll.). WEST AUSTRALIA: Pelsart Island (DMNH; USNM),; W. of Point Cloates, 22°42’S & 113°39’E; Main reef off Fraser I., Point Cloates, 22°38’S & 113°37'E; E. of Cape Poivre, 20°53'S & 115°20’E; S. end of Flacourt Bay, 20°46’S & 115°21'E; Surf Point, Dirk Hartog I.; S. passage, Shark Bay beach (all WAM). LOYALITY ISLANDS: Lekin village, Uvea; Sandal Bay, Lifu (both USNM); Lifu (AIM; Powell coll.). NEW CALEDONIA: Kuakue Bay; Nau Island (both USNM); Koe Reef (DMNH). FIJI ISLANDS: Viti Levu Bay, N.E. Viti Levu (Cernohorsky coll.). GILBERT ISLANDS: Apamama (USNM). SOCIETY ISLANDS: Patutoa, Tahiti; Moorea Is- land; Avapaihi, Huahine; Motu Iriru, Raiatea I. (all USNM); Makatea I. (DMNH). HAWAIIAN ISLANDS: Mokulea reef, Oahu (Leehman coll.); Hilo; off Kaanapali, Maui, 4-12 faths. (both USNM); Mokolea Rock, Kailua Bay, Oahu, 9-11 faths. (AMNH; DMNH; Cernohorsky coll.); Honolulu, Oahu (ZMC; Powell coll.); Niihau Island (Powell coll.). Fossil records—POST-PLEISTOCENE: Mokapu Penin- sula, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands (Kosuge, 1969—as M. crassa). Mitra vexillum Reeve, 1844 (Color pl. 257, figs. 6, 7; pl. 377) Range—Philippine Islands to the Ryukyu and Solomon Islands. Remarks—This moderately rare species has the form of M. crassicostata Sowerby, but without the prominent spiral sculpture, and the colouring of M. doliolum Kiister. Due to the lack of records, the exact limits of distribution are unknown, but the species has been reported from Aden by Shopland (1902), from the Red Sea, Karachi and Indonesia by Dautzenberg & Bouge (1923) and from Polynesia by Sowerby (1874); some misidentifica- tions, however, are suspected. Habitat—On reefs, under coral, in the intertidal zone. Description—Shell up to 41 mm (about 1/4 inches) in length, elongate-ovate, solid, con- [19-616] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 431 stricted near the base, sutures irregular, obso- letely and bluntly crenulate and narrowly chan- neled. Whorls 6-7, apart from protoconch, spire whorls subangulate, body whorl rather long; first 2-3 post-nuclear whorls sculptured with 3 spiral cords, cords becoming flat and only weakly ele- vated on the last 2 whorls. The spiral grooves are very shallow and irregular and obsoletely axially striate; The spiral cords number from 3-4 on the penultimate and from 15-18 on the body whorl. The aperture is longer than the spire, narrow and smooth within, outer lip thickened, weakly con- vex and prominently crenulate at the margin. Col- umella calloused, callus more prominent an- teriorly, and with 4-6 oblique folds which have a tendency to intercalate; siphonal fasciole short, straight or slightly recurved and sometimes cal- loused, siphonal notch distinct. Reddish-orange to orange-brown in colour, lined with dark brown in the spiral grooves, siphonal fasciole usually flushed with dark brown; aperture and columella orange-brown to reddish-brown. Periostracum light brown, thin and longitudinally striate. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~~ width aperture 29.6 12.5 16.4 Lectotype of vexillum 27.5 12.2 17.0 Boac L., Philippines 22.8 9.7 12.6 off Cabcaban coast, Philippines 21.6 10.9 12.8 Russell I., Solomon Ids. Synonymy— 1844 Mitra vexillum Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 23, pl. 23, figs. 183a, b (Philippine Islands); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 21, pl. 15, fig. 270. 1882 Mitra (Chrysame) vexillum Reeve, Tryon, Manual Con- chology, vol. 4, p. 146, pl. 43, fig. 253 only; 1923 Dautzen- berg & Bouge, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 67, p. 139. 1964 Chrysame vexillum (Swainson), Habe, Shells west. Pacific colour, vol. 2, p. 108, pl. 34, fig. 24; 1966 Habe & Kosuge, Shells world in colour, vol. 2, p. 75. pl. 28, fig. 28. Types—The 3 syntypes of M. vexillum Reeve, are in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967910: the smallest, 29.6 mm long specimen is here selected as the lectotype. The type locality is Philippine Islands. Nomenclature—Sowerby (1874), Habe (1964) and Habe & Kosuge (1966), credit Swainson with the authorship of M. vexillum, but Swainson did not describe the species. Records—PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Zamboanga, Min- danao; Davao, Mindanao; Cebu (all USNM and MCZ): off Zamboanga (AMNH); off coast of Cabcaban, Bataan (Cer- nohorsky coll.); Boac, Marinduque (Lumawig coll.; Cer- nohorsky coll.); Subic Bay, Luzon (ODMNH). RYUKYU IS- LANDS: Amami Islands (Habe, 1964). SOLOMON IS- LANDS: Gizo (Steiner coll.); Siota, Florida group; Russell Island (both AIM); Marau Sound, Guadalcanal (Gower coll.; Cernohorsky coll.). Plate 377. Mitra (Nebularia) vexillum Reeve. Lectotype from the Philippine Ids. (BM (NH) 1967910; 29.6 x 12.5 mm). Mitra fulvescens Broderip, 1836 (Color pl. 257, figs. 8-11; pl. 378) Range—Mauritius to the Tuamotus and the Hawaiian Islands. Remarks—The species has been reported from Aden by Shopland (1902), but we have not seen specimens from west of Mauritius. The species is as variable in form as other Mitridae, and the body whorl may be moderately broad or slender and constricted. The slender form of M. fulvescens has Plate 378. Mitra (Nebularia) fulvescens Broderip. Fig. 1. Lectotype from Anaa Id., Tuamotu Archipelago (BM (NH) 1967765; 30.6 x 11.2 mm). Fig. 2. Holotype of M. ostergaardi Pilsbry from Honolulu Harbor, Hawaiian Ids. (ANSP 46770; 43.1 x 15.5 mm). Fig. 3. Holotype of M. telum Sowerby from Barkley Id., Mauritius: slender form (NMW; 25.1 x 7.8 mm). [19-617] 432 Subgenus Nebularia W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae eo Lc Hoch, Jo a L, 5} / hit Onrang eS ~~ S% BONIN of wees So . Pi a Ie AC a rd Fe ae EP ee oe cy Noe eee | Se” [WV rormosn es oie 4 —— a ae | ————— vl y MARIANA [ “hike \ 7 Ee oe ‘ if / PHILIPPINE @ Gn | oY a Bg a ) is pers Emwetok MARSHALL IS. o Plate 379. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Nebularia) ful- vescens Broderip. been described as M. telum Sowerby, and we have examined specimens of this form from Mauritius, the New Hebrides, Marianas and the Hawaiian Islands. Habitat—Under rocks and coral, in crevices and on a coral-rubble substratum, from 2 to 25 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 45.0 mm (about 1%4 inches) in length, elongate-ovate, solid, body whorl inflated or slender, sutures narrowly chan- neled and minutely crenulate. Whorls 6-7, apart from an eroded protoconch, spire-whorls flat- sided and weakly subangluate at the sutures, body whorl convex, sculptured with spiral rows of small and slightly distant pittings, which number from 5-7 on the penultimate and from 6-12 on the body whorl, apart from 6-12 oblique cords towards the base; the pitted spirals are either prominent or obsolete on the last whorl, and in a few specimens examined there was no trace of a spiral sculpture. Aperture equal in height or slightly longer than the spire, narrow and smooth within, outer lip thickened, descending almost vertically, slightly constricted at the upper fourth and finely cren- ulate at the margin; columella prominently calloused, callus thin on the parietal wall but oc- casionally laminated anteriorly, and with 4-6 ob- lique and regular columellar folds. Siphonal fas- ciole short, straight or recurved to the left, siphonal notch distinct. Tan to dark brown in col- our, occasionally with a pale transverse zone an- teriorly to the body whorl suture, and with a few small, white spots sprinkled at random over the surface of the last whorl; the pale zone and small spots may be faint or even absent in some indi- viduals. Aperture and columella bluish-white, edge of parietal wall usually brown. Periostracum thin, dark brown and moderately opaque. ain ov, aN “FS poe) [ruwvescens] 9," eS f is atone Ss ia = "> A * “ olau 5 : e- Ponape Majuro a. 2 Polmyra CAROLINE is P Be ising " GUINEA ARS Se, Nae PHOENIX 15 TOKELAU IS. é + SA, : 3 a is Is ‘ So NEW SVHEBRIDES ‘| oO Is | ‘ = Ob FINS CES Measurements (mm)— height of length ~~ width aperture 43.1 15.5 22.4 Holotype of ostergaardi 41.7 14.3 22.7 Marinduque I., Philippines 32.6 12.4 17.6 Kailua Bay, Hawaiian Ids. 30.6 11.2 15.1 Lectotype of fulvescens 25.1 7.8 12.6 Holotype of telum 23.7 7.3 13.2 Guam I., Marianas 21.0 7.2 ee Teuma Bay, New Hebrides Synonymy— 1836 Mitra fulvescens Broderip, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 3, p. 193 (Anaa I., Tuamotus); 1845 Reeve, Con- chologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 31, fig. 255; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 20, pl. 21, fig. 452; 1969 Cernohorsky, Hawaiian Shell News, vol. 17, no. 12, p. l, fig. 1 (figured lectotype). 1874 Mitra telum Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 17, pl. 27, figs. 613, 614 (Barkley I., Mauritius). 1882 Mitra (Chrysame) fulvescens Swainson, Tryon, Man- ual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 148, pl. 44, fig. 271. 1882 Mitroidea telum Sowerby, Tryon, ibid., p. 163, pl. 47, fig. 376. 1921 Mitra ostergaardi Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 72, p. 314, pl. 12, fig. 22 (Honolulu Harbour, Hawaiian I.); 1962 J. Cate, Veliger, vol. 4, p. 143, pl. 33, fig. 3 (figured holotype); 1963, Veliger, vol. 6, p. 39, pl. 8, figs. 43, 44 (figured holotype); 1966 Cer- nohorsky, Veliger, vol. 9, p. 107, textfig. 11 (radula). 1953 Strigatella golishi “Dall MS”, Dietrich & Morris, Nautilus, vol. 67, no. 1, p. 18, pl. 4, fig. 9 (nomen nudum). 1963 Mitra ancillides Broderip, J. Cate, Veliger, vol. 6, p. 37 (non Broderip, 1836). 1963 Mitra golishi “Dall MS”, J. Cate, ibid., p. 37, pl. 7, fig. 37 (nomen nudum). 1963 Mitra pararhodia “Dall MS”, J. Cate, ibid., p. 39, pl. 8, fig. 42 (nomen nudum). Types—Two beach-worn syntypes of M. fulvescens Broderip, are in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967765; the smaller, 30.6 mm long specimen, is here selected as the lectotype. The holotype of M. telum Sowerby, is in the Na- tional Museum of Wales, Cardiff, and the holotype of M. ostergaardi Pilsbry, is in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, no. 46770. The type locality is Anaa Island, Tuamotu Islands. [19-618] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 433 Records—MAURITIUS: Barkley Island (NMW). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Marinduque Island (Lumawig coll.); between pier and Caltex refinery, Batangas Bay, 2 faths. (Cernohorsky coll.). MARIANAS: Apra harbour, Guam I. (USNM). MARSHALL ISLANDS: Kwajalein Atoll; Ugae Atoll (both USNM). CAROLINE IDS.: Losap Id., Mortlocks (DMNH). NEW HEBRIDES: Pango Point, Efate I. (Allan coll.; Cernohorsky coll.); Teuma Bay, S. Efate I. (Dale coll.). SAMOA ISLANDS: Apia harbour (Jackson coll.). TUAMOTU ISLANDS: Anaa Island (BMNH). HAWAITAN ISLANDS: off Nanakuli, Oahu (Deynzer coll.); Kailua Bay, Oahu, 10 faths. (Weaver coll.; Cernohorsky coll.); Moanalua Bay, Oahu (Clover coll.); off Waikiki, Oahu, 25-50 faths. (USNM):; Honolulu Harbour, Oahu (ANSP). MIDWAY IS- LANDS: Sand Island (USNM). Mitra telescopium Reeve, 1844 (Color pl. 257, fig. 12; pl. 380) Range—East Africa to the Fiji Islands and Australia. Remarks—This rare species is closely related to M. fulvescens (Broderip), and differs in the more telescopic whorls, deeper sutures and in having the lower two-thirds of the last whorl dark-brown. It is one of the very few mitrids which have no synonyms. Habitat—On reefs, under rocks and coral and in crevices, in the intertidal zone. Description—Shell up to 26 mm (1 inch) in length, elongate-ovate to cylindrical-elongate, only moderately solid, sutures irregular, chan- neled and obsoletely serrated. Whorls 6-8, apart from an eroded protoconch, spire whorls flat- sided or weakly convex, occasionally subangu- late at the sutures, sculptured with spiral rows of small pittings which number from 3-6 on the penultimate and from 7-15 on the body whorl, apart from 9-12 oblique basal cords. Aperture longer than the spire, moderately narrow and smooth within, outer lip descending almost ver- tically, weakly thickened and crenulate at the margin, slightly constricted at its posterior third. Columella with a callous glaze anteriorly and with 4-5 oblique folds, siphonal canal slightly produced, siphonal notch distinct. Cream, flesh to fawn in colour, lower part of body whorl, commencing at the apertural periphery, dark brown; the brown zone and su- tures are bordered by a distinct or faint, yel- lowish spiral band. Columella and aperture dark brown, columellar glaze and_ folds bluish-white to light violet, apex dark brown. Periostracum very thin, orange-brown and translucent. Plate 380. Mitra (Nebularia) telescopium Reeve. Fig. 1. Lectotype from Ticao Id., Philippine Ids. (BM (NH) 1967891; 24.7 x 9.3 mm). Figs. 2, 3. Specimen from Suva reef, S. Viti Levu, Fiji Ids. (WOC coll.; 20.0 x 8.2 mm). Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 25.2 10.0 14.8 Syntype of telescopium 24.7 9.3 13.3 Lectotype of telescopium 19.5 7.8 12:2, Bay of Islands, Fiji Ids. 18.5 7.6 10.8 Taurama beach, New Guinea 15.0 6.5 8.6 Siasi, Philippines Synonymy— 1844 Mitra telescopium Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 20, fig. 80 (Island of Ticao, Philippines); 1874 Sow- erby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 11, pl. 16, fig. 304; 1880 Garrett, Journal of Conchology, vol. 3, p. 30. 1882 Mitra (Cancilla) telescopium Reeve, Tryon, Manual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 143, pl. 42, fig. 225. 1923 Mitra (Chrysame) telescopium Reeve, Dautzenberg & Bouge, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 67, p. 132. 1965 Strigatella telescopium (Reeve), Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 114, pl. 17, ae 57; 1966 Habe & Kosuge, Shells world in colour, vol. 2, p. 75, pl. 28, fig. 23. Types—Three syntypes of M. telescopium Reeve, are in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967891; the 24.7 mm long specimen is here selected as the lectotype. The type locality is Ticao Island, Philippine Islands. De ae. AFRICA: Mogadiscio, Somalia (USNM). alee a Dautzenberg & Bouge, 1923). INDONESIA: . side of ht I., ed Straits, Tanimbar (WAM); Naa I., Banda Sea Cre coll.). PHILIPPINE IS- LANDS: Samar Island (Steiner coll.); Marinduque Island (Clover coll.); Ticao Island (BMNH); Siasi, Sulu (Cer- nohorsky coll.). Subic Bay, Luzon and Davao, Mindanao (both Pa neen CHINA: Whampoa (USNM). NEW GUINEA: Taurama beach, Port Moresby (Buick coll.; Cer- nohorsky coll.). NEW HEBRIDES: Efate Island (Dale coll.). LOYALTY ISLANDS: Lifu (USNM; AIM). FIJI IS- LANDS: Lami, Suva, S. Viti Levu (Gardner coll.); Bay of Is- lands, Suva harbour, S. Viti Levu (Cernohorsky coll.). AU- STRALIA: Sand Cay No. 8, Queensland (J. E. du Pont, DMNH); Wreck Bay, Queensland (DMNH). [19-619] 434 Subgenus Nebularia W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae 140° 160° 180° 160 140 120° S (ey YW a 6)? He re PF momen eon HAwarin, | 6 6D ott a Ion : meee ‘ ah = = = Abe ees we — = ANDAMAN , sf MALDIVE is. sereveces's — [TELESCOPIUM | cHagos: 1s. C0CO8 - KEELING Plate 381. Geographical distribution of the species Mitra (Nebularia) telescopium Reeve, M.(N.) testacea Broderip, and M. (N.) ruepellii Reeve. Mitra testacea Broderip, 1836 (Pl. 382) Range—Kingsmill Islands to Polynesia. Remarks—This rare species which is seldom collected alive, appears to be confined to the central South Pacific and Polynesia. It has been reported from Japan by Kuroda & Habe (1952), but a misidentification is suspected. M. antoni Dohrn, which is a small, broad and not fully mature specimen of M. testacea, has been de- scribed from the Hawaiian Islands, but the species’ occurrence there remains unconfirmed, although possible. The species is easily recog- nized by its uniformly tan colour, often tele- scopic whorls, spiral cords which tend to be ob- solete on the dorsal side of the body whorl, constricted base and aperture and recurved canal. Habitat—Unknown. Description—Shell up to 32 mm (about 1% inches) in length, elongate-ovate to cylindrically-elongate, sutures prominent and narrowly ledged, smooth, body whorl distinctly constricted at the base. Whorls 6-7, apart from an eroded protoconch, spire whorls flat-sided to weakly convex, sculptured with shallow or moderately deep, sharply incised spiral grooves which are narrow and punctate or striate; in deeply grooved specimens the spiral cords are more elevated, flat or slightly rounded, and number from 5-8 on the penultimate and from 17-25 on the body whorl. The spiral grooves have a tendency to become obsolete in the centre of the body whorl in some individuals, PHOENIX 13, TOKELAU IS *\ NEW & yutonies See New CALEDONIA _ but may be continuous from suture to base in others; fine longitudinal hair-lines descend onto the grooves and cords. Aperture equal in height or shorter than the spire, narrow and smooth within, outer lip moderately thickened and smooth, constricted near the commencement Plate 382. Mitra (Nebularia) testacea Broderip. Figs. 1, 2. Lectotype from Anaa Id., Tuamotu Archipelago; slender form (BM (NH) 1967892: 28.6 x 9.0 mm). Figs. 3, 4. Holotype of M. antoni Dohm from the “Hawaiian Islands”; short, broad form (BM (NH) 1964415; 19.8 x 7.7 mm). Figs. 5, 6. Holotype of M. obliqua Lesson from the Gambier Ids.; juvenile specimen (MHNP; 30.0 mm) [photo cour- tesy of B. Salvat, MHNP]. [19-620] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 435 but slightly flaring basally. Columella not cal- loused but parietal wall occasionally thickened, columella with 5 or 6 oblique folds; siphonal fasciole prominently corded, slightly drawn out and recurved to the left, siphonal notch distinct. Uniformly light to dark tan in colour, pro- toconch and siphonal fasciole occasionally paler, aperture and columella light tan. Juvenile shells have occasionally pale bands at the su- tures. Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 31.8 10.8 14.5 Syntype of testacea 30.0 — = Holotype of obliqua 28.6 9.0 13.3 Lectotype of testacea 26.5 9.4 12.2 Garumaoa I., Tuamotu Ids. 23.5 8.0 10.6 Garumaoa I., Tuamotu Ids. 19.8 7.7 10.4 Holotype of antoni 16.0 6.0 7.5 Rarotonga, Cook Ids. Synonymy— 1836 Mitra testacea Broderip, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 3, p. 193 (Anaa I., Tuamotu I.); 1844 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 14, fig. 98; 1861 Dohrn, Malakozool. Blatter, vol. 8, p. 134 (placed M. antoni in synonymy); 1873 Garrett, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, for 1872, p. 839; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 7, pl. 8, fig. 103; 1880 Garrett, Journal of Conchology, vol. 3, p. 29; 1882 Tryon (pars), Manual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 127, pl. 37, fig. 110 only; 1907 Couturier, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 55, p. 132; 1933 Dautzenberg & Bouge, Journal de Con- chyliologie, vol. 77, p. 193. 1842 Mitra obliqua Lesson, Revue Zool. Soc. Cuv. Mag., vol. 5, p. 142 (Gambier Islands) [juvenile specimen]. Plate 383. Mitra (Nebularia) ruepellii Reeve. Fig. 1. Lectotype from the Red Sea (BM (NH) 1967871; 26.5 x 10.1 mm). Figs. 2, 3. Specimen from Eilat, Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea (Datni coll.; 29.6 x 11.2 mm). 1860 Mitra antoni Dohrn, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 368 (Sandwich Islands = Hawaiian Islands) [non Kister, 1839]. Types—The 3 syntypes of M. testacea Broderip, are in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967892, and the 28.6 mm long specimen, which corresponds to Broderip’s cited dimensions, is here selected as the lectotype. The holotype of M. antoni Dohrn (non Kuster), is in the British Museum (NH) no. 1964415, and the holotype of M. obliqua Lesson, is in the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. The type locality is Anaa Island, Tuamotu Islands. Records—KINGSMILL ISLANDS: (Garrett, 1873). COOK ISLANDS: Palmerston Atoll (Steiner coll.); Rarotonga (Cer- nohorsky coll.). SOCIETY ISLANDS: Tahiti (Garrett, 1880). TUAMOTU ISLANDS: Anaa Island (BMNH); Garumaoa, Raroia Atoll (USNM). GAMBIER ISLANDS: (Lesson, 1842) Aukena (Couturier, 1907). PITCAIRN ISLANDS: (USNM). > Mitra ruepellii Reeve, 1844 (Color pl. 257, fig. 13; pl. 383) Range—Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden. Remarks—tThe species is closely related to M. aurantia (Gmelin), and bears a close resemblance to the corded form from Thailand and the Philip- pine Islands, and also resembles M. crassicostata in sculpture. The pale subsutural band is absent in M. ruepellii, the shell is more slender and the spiral cords are more regular. Habitat—Under stones, in the intertidal zone. Description—Shell up to 30 mm (about 1% inches) in length, fusiformly-elongate to elongate-ovate, solid, sutures distinct and occa- sionally very narrowly channeled. Whorls 6-7, apart from an eroded protoconch, spire whorls flat-sided and occasionally subangulate at su- tures, sculptured with prominent, elevated, rounded or flat-topped spiral cords which number from 4-6 on the penultimate and from 15-20 on the body whorl; the interspaces of the cords are either narrow or as broad as the cords, only moderately deep, and sculptured with fine, macroscopic longitudinal hair-lines which are occasionally more prominent towards the base of the body whorl. Aperture shorter or longer than the spire, narrow and smooth within; the outer lip descends almost vertically and is slightly angulate at the anterior third, thickened and crenulate at the margin. Col- umella calloused, callus generally more promi- nent and flanged anteriorly, and with 4-5 ob- lique folds; siphonal fasciole straight, weakly calloused, siphonal notch distinct but shallow. [19-621] 436 Subgenus Nebularia W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Uniformly light tan to dark brown in colour, aperture and columella bluish-white or light violet, crenulations on outer lip and margin of columellar callus frequently brown; in some individuals a very faint, pale subsutural band is discernible on the body whorl. Measurements (mm)— height of length = width aperture 28.8 10.3 13.8 Eilat, Gulf of Aqaba 26.5 10.1 14.5 Lectotype of ruepellii 26.4 9.4 12.8 Syntype of ruepellii 26.3 10.2 13.5 Eilat, Gulf of Aqaba Synonymy— 1844 Mitra rtippellii Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 23, fig. 179 (Red Sea); 1902 Shopland, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vol. 5, p. 173. 1844 Mitra planilirata Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 23, fig. 184 (no locality given); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 20, pl. 28, fig. 663. 1874 Mitra rupellii Reeve, Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 21, pl. 23, fig. 509 (partly emended spelling). 1882 Mitra (Chrysame) solanderi (pars) Reeve, Tryon, Manual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 146, pl. 43, fig. 251 only (non M. solandri Reeve, 1844). 1920 Strigatella planilirata Reeve, Cooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 411 (description of radula). Types The lectotype, here designated, and 2 syntypes of M. ruepellii Reeve, are in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967871; the type- specimen of M. planilirata Reeve, was sold at auction of the Norris collection. The type local- ity is Red Sea. Nomenclature—Reeve named the species for Prof. W.P.E.S. Rupell, but misspelled the specific name “ruppellii.”. The incorrect spel- ling has been partly emended to “rupellii” by Sowerby, and is here further emended to “ruepellii.” M. planilirata Reeve, is only a form of M. ruepellii with flat-topped spiral cords. Plate 384. Mitra (Nebularia) lugubris Swainson. Lectotype figure (from Swainson, 1821, pl. 66, top and bottom figs.). Records—RED SEA: Eilat, Gulf of Aqaba (Hadar coll.; Deynzer coll.; Peled coll.; Cernohorsky coll.); Gulf of Suez; Massawa (Jickeli, 1874); Dahlak Islands, 15°28'N & 40°40'E, 3-5 faths. (TAU; MCZ). GULF OF ADEN: Aden (Shopland, 1902). Mitra lugubris Swainson, 1821 (Color pl. 257, figs. 14, 15; pl. 384) Range—Philippine Islands to S.E. Australia, Polynesia and the Hawaiian Islands. Remarks—This uncommon species is easily recognized by its rough sculpture, dark greenish-brown colour with a snow-white tail and a broad, axially folded white sutural band. In addi- tion to our records, Garrett (1880) reported the species from the Caroline Islands, Samoa, Kings- mill and the Tuamotu Islands. Habitat—On reefs, in crevices and under coral, generally within the intertidal zone, but occasion- ally dredged at depth ranging from 4-25 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 33 mm (about 1% inches) in length, elongate-ovate and solid, su- tures deeply impressed and irregularly crenate. Whorls 5-7, apart from protoconch of 2-2% white, smooth nuclear whorls, spire whorls weakly con- vex, sculptured with bisecting spiral and lon- gitudinal threads of about equal strength, lon- gitudinal striae occasionally weaker on the body whorl. The spiral threads number from 3-7 on the penultimate and from 12-17 on the body whorl, longitudinal threads from 20-37 on the penulti- mate and from 28-40 on the body whorl, the in- terspaces of the cords are pitted at the point of bes ae PER. ue, Jemek SF nansnasn ts rae) Poiogy : & te we, nee +7 Wotje ce . LL Majure Oo Helen Mokin ce [LucueRis] te Polmyra & +! € 9 Christe. * PHOENIX 15, TOKELAU 1S Moai Sy NEw LHEBRIDES ‘ , : zahy ry ‘ 2 Lg a Cis a A Sy BE) Os __ ad “ (25 | a feo D NEW 7 ZEALAND * Meri | | —_ 4 rn 120° 140° 160° 160° * Teo" Plate 385. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Nebularia) lugubris Swainson. [19-622] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLI LUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 437 intersection of the cords. At the sutures the lon- gitudinal threads are more prominent and in the form of weak axial folds which protrude over the suture and give the shell a crenate appearance. Aperture longer than the spire, moderately nar- row and smooth within; outer lip descending al- most vertically, thickened and finely crenulate at the margin. Columella glazed on the parietal wall but distinctly calloused anteriorly, and with 5-6 prominent oblique folds; siphonal fasciole some- times calloused, straight or slightly recurved, siphonal notch prominent. Dark brown or greenish-brown in colour, whorls with a moder- ately broad, white band at the sutures and a few small white spots on some of the cords, tip of siphonal fasciole white; aperture white, bluish- white or light brown, parietal wall brown, col- umellar folds and callus white or bluish-white. Periostracum thin, brown and opaque. Measurements (mm)— height of length — width aperture 27.0 11.6 15.4 Manava L., Fiji Ids. 25.0 10.3 14.2 Vila Harbour, New Hebrides 22.5 10.0 13.3 Nuku'alofa, Tonga Ids. 12.5 6.1 $.3 Manava I., Fiji Ids. Synonymy— 1821 Mitra lugubris Swainson, Zoological Illustrations, ser. 1, vol. 1, pl. 66, top and bottom figures (no locality given); 1838 Kiener, Species general iconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 46, pl. 30, fig. 100; 1844 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 10, fig. 72; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 20, pl. 13, figs. 199-201; 1880 Gar- rett, Journal of Conchology, vol. 3, p. 20; 1951 Laseron, Rec. Austral. Museum, vol. 22, no. 4, p. 335; 1962 J. Cate, Veliger, vol. 4, p. 132, pl. 29, fig. 1; 1965 Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 91, pl. 17, fig. 53. 1828 Voluta lugubris Wood, Index Testaceologicus, Suppl., p. 10, pl. 3, fig. 12a. 1882 Mitra (Chrysame) lugubris Swainson, Tryon, Manual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 149, pl. 44, fig. 284 only; 1923 Daut- zenberg & Bouge, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 67, p. 125. 1952 Mitra sp. Tinker, Pacific Sea Shells, plate facing p. 72, bottom row, fig. on left. 1962 Chrysame lugubris Swainson, Iredale & McMichael, Au- stral. Museum Mem., no. 11, p. 63. 1962 Mitra coronata Lamarck, J. Cate, Veliger, vol. 4, p. 132, pl. 29, fig. 2 (non Lamarck, 1811). Types—The type-specimen of M. lugubris Swainson, which was originally in Humphrey's collection, is no longer traceable; we therefore designate the specimen illustrated by Swainson, on plate 66, top and bottom figures, as the lec- totype of M. lugubris. No locality was given by Swainson, and we designate Manava Island, North Viti Levu, Fiji Islands, which is the approx- imate centre of the species distributional range, as the type locality of M. lugubris. Records—PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Boac, Marinduque (Clover coll.). JAPAN: Osimi, Osumi (USNM). PALAU IS- LANDS: Koror Island (Cernohorsky coll.). NEW GUINEA: Ela Beach, Port Moresby (Buick coll.). AUSTRALIA: North- west Australia (WAM); New South Wales (Laseron, 1951; Iredale & McMichael, 1962). NEW CALEDONIA: Isle des Pins (Dautzenberg & Bouge, 1923). LOYALTY ISLANDS: Lifu (IRSN). NEW HEBRIDES: Malapoa Point, Vila Harbour, Efate I. (Cernohorsky coll.). FIFT ISLANDS: Rat Tail Passage, Suva reef, S. Viti Levu (Browne coll.); Navula Passage, Mamanuca group (Jennings coll.; Powell coll.); Manava L., N. Viti Levu; Wadigi I., Mamanuca group; Tavarua Island, W. Viti Levu (all Cernohorsky coll.). TONGA ISLANDS: Nukwalofa, Tongatapu (USNM; Cernohorsky coll.). NIUE ISLAND: (McDowall coll.). SOCIETY ISLANDS: Fare Ute Point, Papeete, Tahiti (USNM); Raiatea (DMNH). HAWATIAN IS- LANDS: off Kaanapali, Maui, 4 faths.; off Kewalo, Honolulu, 8-25 faths.. Black Point, Oahu; Pearl Harbour, Oahu (all USNM): Mokulea reef, Oahu (Leehman coll.). MIDWAY IS- LANDS: (USNM). Mitra coronata Lamarck, 1811 (Color pl. 257, figs. 16-18; pl. 386) Range—Kast Africa to India, Polynesia and the Hawaiian Islands. Remarks—tThe species is very variable in size, sculpture and ornamentation, and has received its fair share of specific and varietal names. In some individuals from the Philippine Islands and Mauritius, the sutures lack the descending white axial streaks and have an uninterrupted, moder- ately broad white band. Habitat—On reefs, in crevices, coralline algae, coral-rubble and under coral rocks, from the inter- tidal region to a depth of 70 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 35 mm (about 1% inches) in length, elongate-ovate, fairly solid, su- tures distinct and crenulate. Whorls 6-7, apart from an eroded protoconch, spire whorls weakly convex oralmost flat-sided, occasionally subangu- late at sutures, sculptured with irregular, fine and slender axial riblets on the spire whorls and shal- low or moderately deep spiral grooves which be- come pitted in the interspaces; in individuals with the longitudinal and spiral sculpture of al- most equal strength, a granulose sculpture may appear. The penultimate whorl has from 2-7 spi- rals and the body whorl 11-16, in addition to 6-10 oblique basal cords. The aperture is longer than the spire, moderately narrow but widening slightly anteriorly and smooth within; outer lip weakly convex, only moderately thickened and finely crenulate at the margin. Columella glazed on the parietal wall but calloused anteriorly, and with 5-6 oblique folds; siphonal fasciole straight, slightly calloused, siphonal notch distinct. Fresh specimens are dark brown in colour, occasionally greenish-brown, and ornamented with a narrow, light tan or off-white spiral band anterior to the [19-623] 438 Subgenus Nebularia W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Plate 386. Mitra (Nebularia) coronata Lamarck. Fig. 1. Paralectotype (MHNG 1102/74/1; 23.1 x 10.0 mm). Fig. 2. Lectotype (MHNG 1102/74/2; 26.0 x 10.5 mm). Fig. 3. Lectotype of M. tiarella A. Adams from Ticao Id., Philippine Ids., 6 fms. (BM (NH) 1967893; 17.7 x 7.1 mm). Fig. 4. Holotype of M. lugubris honoluluensis Pilsbry from Honolulu Harbour, Hawaiian Ids. (ANS P 46797; 23.0 x 9.7 mm). Fig. 5. Specimen of M. (N.) coronata Lamarck from Ticao Id., Philippine Ids. (BM (NH); 31.2 mm). Fig. 6. Specimen from W. of Nadi, W. Viti Levu, Fiji Ids., sutures, and whitish, axially oriented coronations which descend onto the subsutural band; some individuals have a broader, uninterrupted whitish band which reaches the sutures. Aperture white, bluish-white, light violet or greyish-brown, parietal wall brown or bluish-white, columellar folds bluish-white. Periostracum thin, brown and moderately translucent. Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 28.6 11.8 16.9 Natadola, Fiji Ids. 26.0 10.5 13.9 Lectotype of coronata 23.0 9.7 13.2 Holotype of honoluluensis 20.0 8.7 12.0 Santa Cruz, Philippines 17.7 7.1 10.0 Lectotype of tiarella 13.0 5.8 8.6 Lifu, Loyalty Ids. Synonymy— 1795 ‘“Voluta coronata”’ Chemnitz, Syst. Conchylien-Cabinet, vol. 11, p. 24, pl. 178, figs. 1719, 1720 (non binomial). 1798 Tableau Encycl. Méthodique, pl. 371, figs. 6a, b. 1811 Mitra coronata Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 17, p. 214 (no locality given); 1838 Kiener, Species général iconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 61, pl. 18, figs. 60, 60a; 1844 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 14, figs. 104a, b; 1874 Sowerby (pars), Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 20, pl. 13, figs. 217, 220 only; 1880 Garrett, Journal of Conchology, vol. 3, p. 13; 1965 Cer- nohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 85, pl. 17, figs. 55, 55a-c; 1969, Revue Suisse Zoologie, vol. 76, p. 977, pl. 5, figs. 35a, b (figured type-specimens). 1825 Voluta coronata Wood, Index Testaceologicus, p. 99, pl. 21, fig. 146a (West Indies = error!) [non Helbling, 1779]. 1853 Mitra tiarella A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 19, p. 133 (Islands of Ticao, Philippines, 6 faths.); 1874 Sow- erby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 20. pl. 5, fig. 56 and pl. 13, fig. 215; 1962 J. Cate, Veliger, vol. 4, p. 132, pl. 29, fig. 3 (figured type-specimens of M. lugubris honoluluensis Pilsbry, 1921). 1882 Mitra (Chrysame) coronata (pars) Lamarck, Tryon, Man- ual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 148, pl. 44, figs. 273-275 and pl. 58, fig. 687 only. 1921 Mitra lugubris honoluluensis Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. N at. e NICOBAR |, , 18, 5 , MARSHALL IS | «Palmyra 17-20 fms. (Jennings coll.; 19.3 x 7.3 mm). Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 72, p. 314, pl. 12, fig. 16 (Honolulu 40° £0" ig 100° ay 140 + ci = 160° 180% 7. = an } wa mano Perl fharmes rs] Eieee |. "AWA | wey — Se | a | gage -—-— dire teres) ta 88 nn pone nnn We. RS 1 - | eet ‘MARIANA | “Woke “02 re i } is - Johnston — | 7 ANDAMAN Soe = a A e CEYLON CAROLINE i | @ 4 MALDIVE - Helen RL “| a ‘[CORONATA _ © S Christos _ ora ans’ ESS g a0 Bate 6 9 a P So, : * : Dm, : ‘PHOENIX IS | CHAGO: 0 % e fe LS » Plate 407. Mitra (Nebularia) inca dOrbigny. Holotype from near Paita, Peru (BM (NH) 1854.12.4.434; 29.0 x 12.8 mm) {from Keen, 1966, pl. 1, fig. 17]. resemblance to either M. nucleola Lamarck or M. inca Orbigny; a comparison of M. nucleola with the Caribbean M. nodulosa would have been more appropriate. Since stability of nomenclature is involved, and giving due regard to the unknown origin of the syntypes of M. nucleola which re- semble both M. inca andM. nodulosa, we concede that M. nucleola could be regarded as a dubious name and adopt the well-localized M. inca in- stead. Further collections of living specimens of M. inca and biological comparison with its Carib- bean analogue M. nodulosa, may necessitate a reduction of M. inca to subspecific rank. Detailed comparisons with the west American M. muricata are also imperative. The outstanding feature of M. inca is the finely nodulose sculpture, which con- sists of slender axial riblets which are divided into small nodules by spiral grooves. Habitat—According to Dushane and Poorman (1967), the species lives on a rock and gravel bot- tom, at depth of 10 fathoms. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~— width aperture 29.0 12.8 15:3 Holotype of inca Synonymy— ?1811 Mitra nucleola Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 17, p. 218 (no locality given); 1969 Cernohorsky, Revue Suisse Zoologie, vol. 76, p. 984, pl. 6, fig. 46 (figured lec- totype) [dubious name]. 1841 Mitra inca dOrbigny, Voy. L’Amerique Méridionale, Mollusques, vol. 5, pt. 3, p. 427, pl. 77, fig. 1 (near Payta, coasts of Peru); 1966 Keen, Veliger, vol. 9, p. 4, pl. 1, fig. 17 (figured holotype); 1967 Dushane & Poorman, Veliger, vol. 9, p. 432. 1857 Mitra nucleola Lamarck, Carpenter, Rept. Brit. Assoc. Ady. Science, for 1856, pp. 267, 338; 1864, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, for 1863, p. 341; 1864, Rept. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci- ence, for 1863, p. 538 (? non M. nucleola Lamarck, 1811). 1971 Mitra (Strigatella) inca dOrbigny, Keen, Sea Shells Trop. W. America, ed. 2, p. 640, fig. 1425 (figured holotype). Types—The juvenile holotype of M. inca is in the British Museum (NH) no. 1854.12.4.434. The type locality is near Paita, Peru. Records—MEXICO: Guaymas, 10 faths. (Dushane & Poor- man, 1967); PANAMA: (MCZ:;: C. B. Adams, 1852: Carpenter, 1864). PERU: Paita (BMNH). Mitra belcheri Hinds, 1844 (Pl. 408) Range—Gulf of California, Mexico to Panama. Remarks—The species is moderately rare and locality records are meager. Although not re- ported further south than Panama, an occurrence in Ecuador and Peru is probable. [19-653] 458 Subgenus Nebularia W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Plate 408. Mitra (Nebularia) belcheri Hinds. Fig. 1. Syntype from the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica (BM (NH) 1967934; 74.0 x 22.8 mm). Fig. 2. Holotype of M. cyclica Olsson from Quebrada Penitas, Charco Azul formation, Pliocene of Costa Rica (from Olsson, 1942, pl. 7, fig. 1; 50.0 x 16.0 mm). Habitat—Sublittoral, to a depth of 50 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 130 mm (about 5 inches) in length, elongate-ovate, heavy and solid, sutures very narrowly canaliculate. Whorls 9-11 apart from the protoconch, spire whorls convex and occasionally weakly shouldered on the pre- sutural ramp. First 6 post-nuclear whorls with flat or slightly rounded spiral cords and distinct axial lirations which become obsolete on the later whorls and are substituted by numerous, macro- scopic longitudinal hair-lines; the spiral grooves are narrow and deep, smooth on the last 2-4 whorls, and produce broad and flat spiral cords which number from 5-6 on the penultimate and from 11-14 0n the body whorl. Juvenile specimens have usually more numerous spiral cords on the body whorl. Aperture shorter than the spire, mod- erately narrow and smooth within; outer lip only moderately thickened and scalloped at the mar- gin, columella calloused and angulate and with 4-5 well-spaced, oblique folds in adults and 3 folds in immature specimens. Siphonal fasciole thickened and twisted, siphonal notch distinct. White to cream in colour, occasionally flushed with yellowish-brown and covered by a black periostracum; aperture and columella cream in colour. Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 129.0 35.0 60.0 Morro Colorado, Mexico 114.5 32.0 51.5 Guaymas, Mexico 106.4 31.0 50.6 off Mazatlan, Mexico 106.4 29.2 47.8 Probable syntype of belcheri 74.0 22.8 35.8 Probable syntype of belcheri 50.0 16.0 — Holotype of cyclica Synonymy— 1844 Mitra belcheri Hinds, Annals & Mag. Nat. History for 1843, vol. 11, p. 255 (Gulfs of Nicoya and Papagayo, Central America, 17 fathoms); 1844, Zoology voyage H.M.S. Sul- phur, Mollusca, pt. 2, p. 40, pl. 11, figs. 1, 2; 1844 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 14, fig. 93; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 3, pl. 6, fig. 80; 1882 Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 139, pl. 40, fig. 181, 1947 Miller, Minutes Conch. Club Southern California, no. 68, p. 14; 1953 Burch, ibid., no. 126, p. 3; 1966 Keen, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 270; 1967 J. Cate, Veliger, vol. 10, p. 193, fig. 2 (shell), textfig. 2 (radula); 1970 Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 12, fig. 33 (radula). 1942 Mitra cyclica Olsson, Bull. Americ. Paleontology, vol. 27, no. 106, p. 64, pl. 7, fig. 1 (Pliocene of Costa Rica). 1958 Mitra (? Strigatella) belcheri Hinds, Keen, Sea shells trop. W. America, p. 429, fig. 652. Types— Keen (1966) could not locate the types, but when the writer visited the British Museum (NH) in 1968, there were 3 specimens segregated as syntypes, B.M. (NH) no. 1967934. Hinds’ de- scription of the species was based on an adult and a juvenile specimen, and the length given by Hinds was 48 lines (= 101.6 mm). The probable syntype series consists of one juvenile 74.0 mm in length, 1 adult 106.4 mm in length (probably the specimen Hinds gave dimensions for) and a larger adult 111.5 mm in length, which may have been added at a later date. The holotype of M. cyclica Olsson, is in the Paleontological Research Institu- tion, Ithaca, no. 4048. The type locality is Gulf of Nicoya and Gulf of Papagayo, Central America, 17 fathoms, and we designate the first-named local- ity, i.e. Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica, as the type locality. Nomenclature—Olsson’s description of his M. cyclica, i.e. the deeply grooved sutures, axial lirae on spire whorls, flat cords, scalloped outer lip etc., all agree with characters present in the Recent M. belcheri. Olsson pointed out that the fossil species has only 4 spiral cords on the penultimate whorl, but in a recent specimen of M. belcheri, the 5th cord was already partly submerged in the body whorl suture. Records—BAJA CALIFORNIA: off La Paz (Burch, 1953). MEXICO: S. of Empalme, El Cochore beach, Sonora (USNM); Guaymas, Sonora (Powell coll.), Morro Colorado, Sonora [19-654] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 459 (DMNH); off Guaymas, Senora, 30 faths. (Cernohorsky coll.); Mazatlan (DMNH; USNM); off Mazatlan, 50 faths. (Cer- nohorsky coll.). COSTA RICA: Tambor (Miller, 1947). PANAMA: Taboga Island (USNM). Fossil records—PLIOCENE: Quebrada Penitas, Pun- tarenas Province, Charco Azul formation, Costa Rica (type- locality of M. cyclica Olsson). Plate 409. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Nebularia) bel- cheri Hinds. Mitra yasila Olsson, 1930 (Pl. 410) Range—Upper Eocene of Peru. Remarks—The species is similar to M. belcheri and may be the ancestral form of the species. The Eocene M. yasila is smaller, but has the same deep grooves and low, elevated flat cords; the Plate 410. Mitra (Nebularia) yasila Olsson. Holotype and paratype from Yasila, Talara formation, U. Eocene of Nth. Peru (from Olsson, 1930, pl. 10, figs. 1, 2; fig. 1 = holotype, 25.0 x 8.2 mm; fig. 2 = paratype, 19.0 x 6.7 mm). grooves are more distinctly lirate on the later whorls than in M. belcheri which has interstitial lirae on the spire whorls. The penultimate whorl has 4-5 cords, the body whorl up to 22 or more and the columella has 3 folds. The figured holotype and paratype appear to be young specimens. Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 37.0 — — Paratype of yasila 25.0 8.25 13.0 Holotype of yasila 19.0 6.75 11.5 Paratype of yasila Synonymy— 1930 Mitra (Tiara) yasila Olsson, Bull. Amer. Paleontology, vol. 17, no. 62, p. 43, pl. 10, figs. 1, 2 (Yasila, Department of Piura, Talara formation, N. Peru, U. Eocene; holotype in the Paleontological Research Institution, Ithaca, no. 24252). Mitra effusa Broderip, 1836 (Pl. 411, figs. 1, 2) Range—Gulf of California to Clipperton Island, Galapagos Islands and Panama. Remarks—Tis is the western Pacific analogue of the Caribbean M. barbadensis (Gmelin); some individuals from the Caribbean and West America are so Closely similar that a subspecific separation of effusa and barbadensis may after all, be taxonomically more correct. M. effusa only super- ficially resembles species of the Cancilla group, but the sculpture of spiral threads is of a different origin and only incidental as in many other Mitra s. str. species. The radula of M. effusa is as yet unknown, but the radula of the closely related M. barbadensis is typically mitrine. Keen’s allocation of M. effusa in the subgenus Isara H. & A. Adams, is not appropriate, since the type of the genus is a synonym of the S.E. Australian M. glabra Swain- son, a group of species not at all related to the west American effusa, and lacking the spiral threads of that species. Habitat—Intertidal, under stones and in sand and mud, to a depth of 17 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 35 mm (about 1% inches) in length, fusiformly-elongate and only moderately solid, light in weight, sutures distinct. Whorls 6-7 apart from the protoconch, spire whorls regularly convex, sculptured with numer- ous and close-set primary spiral threads and smaller, finer intermediate spirals in groups of 1-3. The spiral threads on the penultimate whorl number up to 20 (10 primary + 10 intermediate threads) and on the body whorl up to 60 (up to 25 [19-655] 460 Subgenus Nebularia W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae primary + 35 intermediate threads); the in- terstices have very faint, macroscopic axial striae which tend to become obsolete in some speci- mens. Aperture moderately narrow but widening anteriorly, shorter or slightly longer than the spire, smooth within; the outer lip descends al- most vertically and is moderately thickened and finely crenulate at the margin. Columella cal- loused and with 4 or 5 oblique cords, siphonal fasciole straight, siphonal notch distinct. Light brown to dark brown in colour under a chestnut- brown periostracum, aperture and columella white or bluish-white. Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 33.0 9.5 14.4 Academy Bay, Galapagos 31.6 9.5 15.0 Lectotype of effusa 26.0 8.0 13.0 Panama 21.2 7.0 11.0 Panama Synonymy— 1836 Mitra effusa Broderip, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 3, p. 94 (Guacomayo, Central America and Galapagos Islands); 1844 Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 14, fig. 100; 1874 Sow- erby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 7, pl. 8, fig. 104; 1882 Tryon, Manual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 127, pl. 37, fig. 109; 1909 Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, vol. 37, p. 212, 1960 Hertlein & Allison, Veliger, vol. 3, p. 14. 1958 Mitra (Tiara) effusa Broderip, Keen, Sea shells trop. W. America, p. 430, fig. 658. 1971 Mitra (Isara) effusa Broderip, Keen, ibid., ed. 2, p. 640, fig. 1422 on left and fig. 1422 on right (figured “holotype” = lectotype). Types—The 3 syntypes of M. effusa are in the British Museum (NH) no. 1966415. Broderip did not designate a holotype in the original publica- tion nor did he segregate a holotype from his 3 syntypes. We therefore designate the largest specimen which closely corresponds to Broderip’s cited dimensions, length 31.6 mm, width 9.5 mm, as the lectotype of M. effusa; this lectotype has been figured by Keen (1971) as the “holotype” of M. effusa. The given localities were Guacomayo, and Galapagos Islands, and the first-named locality, i.e. Guacomayo, S. Mexico, is designated as the type locality. Records—MEXICO: Mulege Bay, Baja California (USNM); Barre de Navidad, Jalisco (Eker coll.). CLIPPERTON IS- LAND: (Hertlein & Allison, 1960). PANAMA: (DMNH; Clover coll.; Eker coll.); Taboga Island (ZMC). COCOS IS- LAND: (AMNH). GALAPAGOS ISLANDS: Academy Bay, Santa Cruz I. (USNM; AMNH); James Island (USNM). BARBADENSIS Plate 410a. Geographical distribution of the species Mitra (Nebularia) effusa Broderip, and M. (N.) barbadensis (Gmelin). [19-656] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 461 Caribbean species Mitra barbadensis (Gmelin, 1791) (Color pl. 257, figs. 28, 29; pl. 411, figs. 3-6) Range—Southern Florida to the east coast of central America, northern Brazil and Ascension Island; Bermuda. Remarks—The species is very closely related to the west American M. effusa, and the two species differ primarily in colour; the white flakes in M. barbadensis do not appear in the colour-pattern of M. effusa. The species will reach a length of 43.0 mm (about 14% inches), and slender and broad forms occur throughout the species range; the in- terspaces of the main spiral threads have up to 3 intermediate spirals, but in some individuals the spiral sculpture becomes obsolete on the last 1-3 whorls. The numerous, longitudinal hair-lines are usually always distinct, at least as far as the penul- timate whorl. The outer lip is minutely and bluntly crenulate and the columella has 5 or 6 close-set, oblique folds, which are white and de- crease in size towards the anterior. The shell is yellowish-brown to dark brown, ornamented with white flakes, spots or small blotches. In some specimens from North Brazil, the white flakes are almost absent, and the shell is broad and has a strigatelliform appearance. Tomlin (1923) re- ported the species from Sao Thomé Island, some 170 miles west of Gabon, West Africa, but its oc- currence near the West African coast remains doubtful. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~~ width aperture 42.4 12.6 19.5 Lectotype of striatula 34.0 12.6 18.0 Fortaleza, N. Brazil 23.6 8.0 13.4 Tobago I., Antilles 22.4 8.4 12.5 Cuba Synonymy— 1791 Voluta barbadensis Gmelin, Systema Naturae, ed. 13, p. 3455 (refers to Lister, Conchology, pl. 819, fig. 33) [American Ocean]; 1817 Dillwyn, Descr. Cat. Recent shells, vol. 1, p. 541; 1825 Wood, Index Testaceologicus, p. 96, pl. 20, fig. 93a (Barbados). 1804 Voluta striatula Schroter, Arch. Zool. & Zootomie, vol. 4, pt. 1, p. 37 (no locality given). 1811 Mitra striatula Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 17, p. 210 (probably coasts of Africa = error!); 1822, Anim. s. vertebres, vol. 7, p. 312 (American Ocean); 1838 Kiener, Spécies général iconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 36, pl. 13, fig. 41; 1844 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 13, fig. 96; 1851 Beau, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 2, p. 429; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 7, pl. 8, fig. 97 and pl. 9, fig. 374; 1969 Cernohorsky, Revue Suisse Zoologie, vol. 76, p. 971, pl. 4, fig. 26 (figured lectotype). 1817 Murex zebrula Dillwyn, Descr. cat. Recent shells, vol. 1, p. 541 (in synonymy of Voluta barbadensis Gmelin). 1874 Mitra barbadensis Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 5, pl. 13, fig. 204; 1882 Tryon, Manual of Conchol- ogy, vol. 4, p. 118, pl. 35, figs. 45, 46; 1922 Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 73, p. 340; 1961 Warmke & Abbott, Caribbean Seashells, p. 124, pl. 22, fig. 10; 1968 Houbrick, Veliger, vol. 11, p. 17; 1970 Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 12, fig. 34 (radula); 1970 Rios, Coastal Brazilian Seashells, p. 105, pl. 33, 2 figs. Plate 411. Figs. 1, 2. Mitra (Nebularia) effusa Broderip Figs. 3-6. M. (N.) barbadensis (Gmelin) Fig. 7. M. (N.) acteo- glypha Gardner. Figs. 1, 2. Specimen of M. (N.) effusa Broderip from Panama (Clover coll.; 26.4 x 8.0 mm). Figs. 3, 4. Specimen of M. (N.) barbadensis (Gmelin) from Bucoo reef, Tobago Id.; slender, sculptured form (WOC coll.; 23.6 x 8.0 mm). Figs. 5, 6. Specimen of M. (N.) barbadensis (Gmelin) from Mucuripe, Fortaleza, Brazil; broad, smooth form (WOC coll.; 28.8 x 11.0 mm). Fig. 7. Type figure of M. (N.) acteoglypha Gardner from Baileys Ferry, Chipola River, L. Miocene of Florida (from Gardner, 1937, pl. 48, fig. 5; 19.0 x 7.0 mm). [19-661] 462 Subgenus Nebularia W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Types—The whereabouts of the types of Voluta barbadensis Gmelin, and V. striatula Schréter, are unknown. The lectotype of Mitra striatula Lamarck, is in the Museum d Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, no. 1102/64/1. Barbados Island, Antilles, is here designated as the type locality of M. bar- badensis (Gmelin). Records—FLORIDA: Pelican shoals near Key West (USNM; Powell coll.); off Sambo reef, 50 faths. (USNM); Miami beach (DMNH; AMNH); Stock Island, Key West (DMNH; AMNH). TORTUGAS: (USNM); Sand Key DMNH). BERMUDA: R. H. Jensen coll. BAHAMA IS- LANDS: Mintie Bar, South Bight, Andros I.; Cockburntown, San Salvador (both USNM); Cabbage beach, Hog I., opposite Nassau (USNM; Powell coll.); N.W. of Entrance Point, N. Bimini I.; East Point, New Providence I.; Lynyard Cay, Abaco all AMNH). CUBA: Guantanamo Bay (USNM); Camoguey (DMNH); Mariano Habana (Powell coll.) GRAND CAYMAN ISLAND: (USNM; AMNH). YUCATAN: Mujeres Island, Quintana Roo (USNM). JAMAICA: Portland; Robins Bay, St. Mary (both USNM). HONDURAS: Roatan I. (DMNH). PROV- IDENCE ISLAND (Colombia); Shoal (USNM). COSTA RICA: Portete (Houbrick, 1968). HAITI: Little reef, Petit Grove (USNM). DOMINICA: Calibishie (USNM); Barahona (AMNH). PUERTO RICO: Guanica; Ensenada Honda, Culebra (both USNM); Caribe Hilton hotel, San Juan; beach at Magueys Island (both AMNH). VIRGIN ISLANDS: St. Thomas (USNM); St. Croix (USNM; AMNH): Hawk’s Nest Bay, St. John (AMNH). LESSER ANTILLES: English Har- bour, Antigua (USNM); Guadaloupe (Beau, 1851); St. Vincent (AMNH); off the Castle, E. side of Barbados I., 1-4 faths.; Buccoo reef, Tobago (both USNM); Bonaire (DMNH); Curacao (Clover coll.); S. coast of Curacao; Boca Playa Canoa, Curacao; S. coast of Aruba I. (all AMNH). BRAZIL: off Mucuripe, Fortaleza, Ceara, 12 fths., ex-pisces (R. Matthews coll.; DMNH; Cernohorsky coll.) off Roccas reef, Fernando de Noronha Island (R. Matthews coll.); off Cabo S. Roque, 21 faths. (Rios coll.); Ponta Verde, Maceio, Alagoas (Cardoso coll.); Itapua, Salvador, Bahia (Rios coll.). ASCENSION IS- LANDS: Turtleshell Beach (DMNH). Fossil records—U. MIOCENE: Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic (Pilsbry, 1922). Mitra acteoglypha Gardner, 1937 (Pl. 411, fig. 7) Range—Lower Miocene of Florida. Remarks—tThe species appears to be related to the Recent M. barbadensis (Gmelin). The spire whorls are almost flat-sided, the sutures are deeply impressed and the sculpture consists of evenly developed, regularly punctate grooves which number about 7 on the antepenultimate, probably 10 on the penultimate and 28 on the body whorl. The intervening flat cords are twice as wide as the grooves, with the exception of the basal spiral threads. The aperture is longer than the spire, smooth within, the columella is not cal- loused and has 6 close-set, parallel folds which are similar in their arrangement to M. barbadensis. Measurements (mm)— height of aperture 19.0 7.0 11.6 length ~~ width Holotype of acteoglypha Synonymy— 1937 Mitra acteoglypha Gardner, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper, no. 142F, p. 406, pl. 48, fig. 5 (1 mile below Baileys Ferry, Chipola River, Calhoun County, Florida, L. Miocene; holotype in USGS, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, no. 114328). 1970 Mitra (Nebularia) acteoglypha Gardner, Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 68, pl. 2, fig. 10. Mitra nodulosa (Gmelin, 1791) (Color pl. 257, figs. 32-34; pl. 414) Range—F lorida to the east coast of central America and northern Brazil; Bermuda. Remarks—A very variable and common species, which is either fusiformly-elongate or short and stunted, with an overall sculpture of small nodules usually arranged in the form of nodulose axial ribs. The recently described ecophenotypic variant M. brasiliensis Oliveira et al., 1969, has fewer and consequently more wide- spaced, elevated axial riblets; the nodules are prominent on the spire whorls but are occasion- ally only feebly elevated on the last 2 whorls. We have seen similar sculptural forms from the Lesser Antilles and Florida. Habitat—In tide pools, under rocks and on a sand and coral-rubble bottom, from the intertidal zone to a depth of 20 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 47 mm (about 2 inches), in length, solid, fusiformly-elongate or elongate-ovate and somewhat cylindrical, sutures Plate 413. Geographical distribution of the species Mitra (Nebularia) inca Orbigny, and M. (N.) nodulosa (Gmelin). [19-662] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 163 Plate 414. Mitra (Nebularia) nodulosa (Gmelin). Fig. 1. Questionable holotype of M. monilifera C. B. Adams from Jamaica. (MCZ 186093; 19.3 x 8.5 mm). Fig. 2. Lectotype of M. granulosa Lamarck (MHNG 1102/49; 45.4 x 17.1 mm). Fig. 3. Holotype of M. brasiliensis Oliveira et al. from Sal- vador, Bahia, Brazil (Federal univ. Juiz de Fora, 3244; 21.8 x 9.0 mm) [photo courtesy Prof. Oliveira]. distinct, adpressed, irregularly nodulose and nar- rowly ledged in some individuals. Whorls 7-9, apart from the protoconch which is eroded, spire whorls slightly convex, sculptured with nodulose, wide-spaced or close-set axial riblets which number from 10-22 on the penultimate and from 14-24 on the body whorl; shallow spiral grooves, which are frequently obsolete, produce spiral cords which form laterally oriented nodules upon the axial riblets, but the cords are often weak or even absent in the interspaces. The penultimate whorl has from 3-5 spiral cords and the body whorl from 10-13, apart from 5-10 smoother cords on the siphonal fasciole; numerous and fine longitudinal hair-lines cover the shell surface. Aperture shorter or slightly longer than the spire, moderately nar- row and smooth within, outer lip moderately thickened and descending almost vertically and slightly angulate anteriorly, outer lip margin almost smooth or slightly undulate. Columella calloused and with 3-5 oblique folds, siphonal fasciole short, straight or slightly recurved and occasionally calloused, siphonal notch distinct. Orange-brown, reddish-brown to dark brown in colour, body whorl occasionally with 1-2 faint, darker brown transverse bands, sutures, sutural nodules and some axial riblets occasionally paler in colour; aperture and columellar folds brown- ish-grey, parietal wall usually flushed with brown. Periostracum thin, brown and moderately opaque. Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 45.4 lief 19.9 Lectotype of granulosa 34.8 12.8 16.8 Barbados Island 29.4 11.0 13.8 Palm Beach, Florida 26.1 10.0 13.0 off Mucuripe, Brazil 22.6 9.0 12.0 Sambos, Florida 21.8 9.0 10.0 Holotype of brasiliensis 19.3 8.5 10.5 Holotype of monilifera 18.8 7.8 9.8 Fort Jefferson, Dry Tortugas 13.6 6.2 7.8 Palm Beach, Florida Synonymy— 1780 “Turricula reticulato-constricta’ Chemnitz, Syst. Conchylien-Cabinet, vol. 4, p. 226, pl. 149, figs. 1385, 1390 (non binomial). 1791 Voluta nodulosa Gmelin, Systema Naturae, ed. 13, p. 3453 (refers to Gualtieri, pl. 52, figs. F, G. = error!, and Chemnitz, op. cit., figs. 1385, 1390 [no locality given]; 1817 Dillwyn, Descr. Cat. Recent shells, vol. 1, p. 544; 1825 Wood, Index Testaceologicus, p. 97, pl. 20, fig. 100a; 1967 Cernohorsky, Journal of Conchology, vol. 26, p. 166. 1811 Mitra granulosa Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 17, p. 201 (Océan des grandes Indes = error!); 1838 Kiener, Species général iconographie des coquilles vi- vantes, vol. 3, p. 25, pl. 8, fig. 22; 1844 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 9, fig. 62; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 7, pl. 8, fig. 90*; 1922 Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 73, p. 340; 1969 Cer- nohorsky, Revue Suisse Zoologie, vol. 76, p. 959, pl. 2, fig. 9 (figured lectotype). 1817 Voluta lutosa Dillwyn, Descr. Cat. Recent shells, vol. 1, p. 544 (in synonymy of V. nodulosa Gmelin). 1824 Mitra granulata Detrance in Blainville, Dict. Sci. Naturelles, vol. 31, p. 483 (refers to Tabl. Encycl. Methodique, pl. 370, fig. 6) [Grandes Indes = error!]. 1852 Mitra monilifera C. B. Adams, Contrib. Conchology, no. 4, p. 57 (Jamaica); 1950 Clench & Turner, Occas. Papers Mollusca, vol. 1, no. 15, p. 310, pl. 36, fig. 9 (figured holotype). 1853 Mitra nodulosa Gmelin, Beau, Journal de Con- chyliologie, vol. 4, p. 415; 1889 Dall, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, vol. 18, p. 157; 1954 Abbott, American Seashells, p. 248, pl. 26, fig. b; 1961 Warmke & Abbott, Caribbean Seashells, p. 124, pl. 22, tig. j; 1970 Rios, Coastal Brazilian Seashells, p. 106, pl. 33, bottom row, fig. on left. 1959 Mitra nodulosa pallida Nowell-Usticke, Check-list mar. shells St. Croix, p. 76, pl. 4, fig. 6 (Ham Bay, St. Croix, Virgin Islands) [non M. pallida A. Adams, 1853]. 1969 Mitra brasiliensis Oliveira, Almeida, Vieira, & Oliveira, Rev. Univ. Fed. Juiz de Fora, Suppl. vol. 5, no. 1, p. 3, fig. 1-3 (Salvador, Bahia, Brazil); 1970 Rios, Coastal Brazilian Seashells, p. 105, pl. 33, top row, fig. on right. 1970 Mitra (Nebularia) nodulosa (Gmelin), Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 12, textfigs. 36, 37, 37a (radulae). Types Gmelin probably did not own a speci- men of M. nodulosa, and on the basis of his refer- ences, the species consists of Vexillum crocatum (Lamarck) [the Gualtieri reference], and M. nodulosa of authors. Since the type-specimen is no longer traceable, we designate figure 1385 de- picted on plate 149 in vol. 4 of Chemnitz, as the lectotype of M. nodulosa (Gmelin). The lectotype [18-663] 464. Subgenus Nebularia W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae of M. granulosa Lamarck, is in the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, no. 1102/49, and the holotype of M. brasiliensis Oliveiraet al., is in the Dept. of Malacology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Brazil no. 3244. The holotype of M. monilifera C. B. Adams, which is the species M. nodulosa as illustrated by Clench & Turner (1950), is in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, no. 186093. C. B. Adams described his species as “brownish-black with a white spiral band.... which is dilated into spots on the ribs; with rather acute longitudinal ribs, about fourteen on each whorl”. This description, together with the colour indication (such ornamentation is un- known in M. nodulosa and absent in the holotype of M. monilifera), and the author's comparison of his species with vexilline species like M. mi- crozonias Lamarck, and M. leucodesma Reeve, raise some doubts about the existing “holotype” being actually the type of M. monilifera. The holotype hardly resembles the vexilline species alluded to by C. B. Adams, and also has 22 axial ribs on the penultimate and 18 on the body whorl, which disagrees with the 14 ribs on the last two whorls as given by Adams. Gmelin did not give a locality, but Chemnitz reported the species from St. Croix, and St. Croix, Virgin Islands, is here designated as the type locality. Lamarck’s indica- tion of Indian Ocean and Kiener’s “New Zealand” are both erroneous. Records—FLORIDA: Lone Key reef (USNM); Boynton Beach; outer reef, Key Largo; off Fort Lauderdale, 4 faths. (all AMNH); Hillsborough reef, N. of Pompano (AIM); Fort Jeffer- son, Dry Tortugas (Powell coll.); Palm Beach Inlet, Lake Worth (AIM; Powell coll.); Palm Beach (Clover coll.); Long reef, Florida Keys; Sambos, off Geiger Key (both Cernohorsky coll.). BERMUDA: R. Jensen, coll. BAHAMA ISLANDS: Bim- ini Island (USNM; AMNH); Cockburntown, San Salvador (USNM); Bimini lagoon, Bimini I.; East Point, New Provi- dence I. (both AMNH); Berry Island (AIM). CUBA: Ensenada de Cochinos; Bahia Honda, 1-12 faths.; Varadero (all USNM): Windmill Beach, Guantanamo Bay; Playa Ranche Lunas, Cienfuegos, Las Villas (both AMNH). GRAND CAYMAN IS- LAND: (USNM); reef N.E. Channel, Gun Bay (USNM); Seven mile Beach (AMNH). E. COAST OF MEXICO: San Miguel, Cozumel (USNM); Veracruz (Powell coll.). YUCATAN: Cam- peche Bay (USNM). HONDURAS: Oak ridge, Roatan I. (MCZ). E. COAST OF PANAMA: Colon; Galeta Point; N.W. end of Payardi Island (all USNM). JAMAICA: Kingston; Rob- ins Bay, St. Mary (both USNM); Grand Cayman I. (DMNH). HAITI: Torbeck (USNM). PUERTO RICO: Aguadilla; San Juan (both USNM); 10 mi. E. of San Juan (AMNH). VIRGIN ISLANDS: St. Thomas (USNM); Grassy Point, St. Croix (DMNH; AMNH); 2 km S. from Sandy Point, St. Croix, 9 m (ZMC). LESSER ANTILLES: English Harbour, Antigua; Swan Island; W. of Portsmouth, Dominica (all USNM): Barahona, Dominica; La Raye Beach, St. Lucia (both AMNH) outside Pigeon I. reef, St. Lucia (USNM):; St. Vincent (IRSN): Crane Point, Barbados; off the castle, E. side of Barbados, 1-4 faths. (both USNM); Bequia I., Grenadines; Bonaire; S. coast of Curacao; Boca Playa, Canoa, Curacao (all AMNH): St. Michiel Bay, Williamstadt, Curacao (MCZ): Aruba Island (USNM). TRINIDAD: Chaguaranos Bay (USNM). TOBAGO: Buccoo reef; W. of Pigeon Point (both USNM). BRAZIL: Bahia (USNM); Bahia, 10 faths. (AMNH); Itapoan, Salvador, Bahia (AMNH; MORG),; off Cabo Orange, Amapa, 16 faths.; off Paraiba, 20 faths.; Paripueira, Ponta Verde, Alagoas; Maceio, Ponta Verde, Alagoas; Guarapari; off Natal, R.G.N., 16 faths. (all MORG); Morro Sao Paulo, Bahia, 1 fath. (Deynzer coll.); off Mucuripe, Fortaleza, Ceara, 10 faths., ex-pisces (Matthews coll.; Cernohorsky coll.). Fossil records—U. MIOCENE: Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic (Pilsbry, 1922). Mitra rudis Gabb, 1873 (Pl. 415) Range—Miocene of the Dominican Republic and questionably Costa Rica. Remarks—The species is very similar to the Recent M. nodulosa, and is probably the ancestral form of that species. The sculpture is of the same granulose nature as in M. nodulosa. The type- specimens of both M. rudis Gabb, and M. quemadica Maury, are immature specimens which are ovate and have a thin, convex outer lip. Measurements (mm)— length width 31.3 13.8 Holotype of rudis 28.0 11.0 Holotype of quemadica Synonymy— 1873 Mitra rudis Gabb, Trans. Americ. Phil. Society, vol. 15, p. 220 (Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, U. Miocene; holotype in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, no. 3262); 1922 Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 73, pt. 2, p. 340, pl. 24, figs. 4, 5 (figured type- specimens). 1917 Mitra quemadica Maury, Bull. Americ. Paleontology, vol. 5, no. 29, p. 75, pl. 11, fig. 12 (Rio Gurabo, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic; Miocene). ?1922 Mitra aff. rudis Gabb, Olsson, Bull. Americ. Paleontol- ogy, vol. 9, no. 39, p. 274 (102), pl. 6, fig. 13 (Hone Walk Creek, Costa Rica; Miocene). Plate 415. Mitra (Nebularia) rudis Gabb. Fig. 1. Holotype from Santo Domingo, U. Miocene of the Dominican Republic (from Pilsbry, 1922, pl. 24, fig. 5; 31.3 x 13.8 mm). Fig. 2. Holotype of M. quemadica Maury from Rio Gurabo, Santo Domingo, U. Miocene of the Dominican Republic (from Maury, 1917, pl. 11, fig. 12; 28.0 x 11.0 mm). [19-664] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 465 Mitra straminea A. Adams, 1853 (Pl. 416, figs. 1-4; pl. 417) Range—off North Carolina, Florida to the Gulf of Mexico, Barbados, West Indies and Brazil. Remarks—This rare deep water species has been re-described as M. fluviimaris by Pilsbry and McGinty, 1949, although it has been correctly reported and localized by Dall (1889) from the Caribbean. Pilsbry and McGinty acknowledged that their new species was probably M. straminea A. Adams, but considered this species impertectly described and from unknown locality. The holotype of M. straminea, however, is a small and worn specimen of M. fluviimaris, and the name will have to revert to M. straminea again. Some characters are reminiscent of Cancilla, but the radula is typically mitrine. Habitat—On a gravel substratum, from 60 to 140 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 31 mm (about 1% inches) in length, fusiformly-elongate, moder- ately light in weight, sutures distinct, sharply in- cised and sometimes very narrowly channeled. Whorls 7-8, apart from a smooth, conical pro- toconch of 24-4 nuclear whorls, spire whorls slightly convex, sculptured with narrow or broad, shallow spiral grooves which produce irregular spiral cords which number from 6-9 on the penul- timate and from 20-25 on the body whorl; the spiral cords are usually narrow and slightly angu- late posteriorly to the sutures but become broader and flatter anteriorly, and appear as crowded, oblique spiral threads at the base of the last whorl. Longitudinal threads descend onto the whorls and form distinct axial threads in the grooves, but are less prominent upon the cords. The aperture is longer than the spire, narrow and smooth within, outer lip only moderately thickened, elongate and convex, smooth at the margin; columella with a callous glaze and with 4 or 5 moderately wide- spaced, oblique folds, siphonal fasciole narrow, slightly drawn out, straight or slightly recurved, siphonal notch shallow. White to cream or light fawn in colour under a brown, thin periostracum, ornamented with 2 broad and faint light brown bands on the body whorl leaving a pale central band, spire whorls with a few brown streaks; aper- ture and columella are white. Measurements (mm) height of length width aperture 30.6 9.6 16.6 Ragged Key, Florida 28.9 9.5 15.4 Holotype of fluviimaris 16.1 5.4 8.8 Holotype of straminea 11.0 = — Off Fowey Light, Florida Synonymy— 1853 Mitra straminea A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, for 1851, p. 132 (no locality given); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 11, pl. 25, fig. 561; 1889 Dall, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, vol. 18, p. 159. 1882 Mitra (Cancilla) straminea A. Adams, Tryon, Manual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 140, pl. 41, fig. 188. 1949 Mitra fluviimaris Pilsbry & McGinty, Nautilus, vol. 63, no. 1, p. 13, pl. 1, figs. 5, 5a (off Palm Beach, Florida, 100 fathoms). 1970 Mitra (Nebularia) straminea A. Adams, Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 14, textfig. 61 (ra- dula). Types—The holotype of M. straminea A. Adams, is in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967888, and the holotype of M. fluviimaris Pilsbry & McGinty, is in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, no. 185476. No locality Plate 416. Figs. 1-4. Mitra (Nebularia) straminea A. Adams Figs. 5, 6. M. (N.) almagrensis Toula. Fig. 1. Holotype of M. (N.) straminea A. Adams; very worn specimen. (BM (NH) 1967888; 16.1 x 5.4 mm). Figs. 2, 3. Specimen from Ragged Key, Florida, 100 fms. (WOC coll.; 30.8 x 9.8 mm). Fig. 4. Holotype of M. fluviimaris Pilsbry and McGinty from off Palm Beach, Florida, 100 fms. (ANSP 185476; 28.9 x 9.5 mm). Figs. 5, 6. Holotype and paratype of M. (N.) almagrensis var. coralliophila Olsson from Port Limon, Gatun formation, M. Miocene of Costa Rica (from Olsson, 1922, pl. 6, figs. 18, 24: fig. 5 = 18.1 x 7.1 mn; fig. 2 = 17.0 x 6.0 mm). [19-665] 466 Subgenus Nebularia W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae t 0.1mm Plate 417. Mitra (Nebularia) straminea A. Adams. Half-row of radula. Off Palm Beach, Florida, 70 fms. was given by Adams, and Dall’s (1889) first correct locality indication of Station 36, off Cuba, 84 fathoms, is designated as the type locality of M. stramineda. Records—NORTH CAROLINA: off Cape Lookout, 155-170 metres (ZMC). FLORIDA: Sand Key, 65 faths.; off Fowey Light, 78 faths. (both USNM); off Palm Beach, 70-100 faths. (USNM; ANSP); off Delray Beach (DMNH). CUBA: off Cuba, 84 faths. (Dall, 1889). GULF OF MEXICO: 160 mi. N.E. of Alacran reef, 60-70 faths.; near Arrecife, Alacran, 23°13'N & 89°10’W, 84 faths. at 60°F (both USNM). PUERTO RICO: Mayaguez Harbour (USNM). LESSER ANTILLES: Barbados Island, 140 faths.; off Pelican Island, Barbados Island, 100 faths. (both USNM). BRAZIL: 180 metres, off Rio Grande. AMINEA | -|----------- A SAT CS Plate 418. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Nebularia) straminea A. Adams. Mitra almagrensis Toula, 1911 (Pl. 416, figs. 5, 6) Range—Miocene of Costa Rica and Pliocene of Mexico. Remarks—The species has a sculpture of slightly elevated spiral cords, the spiral grooves are about the same width as the cords and sculptured by regular, raised longitudinal threads. The siphonal fasciole is straight or slightly recurved and sculptured with thin, close- set cords and the columella has 4 oblique folds. Measurements (mm)— length width 18.1] 7.1 Type-specimen of almagrensis 17.0 6.0 Holotype of coralliophila Synonymy— 1911 Mitra almagrensis Toula, Jahrb. k. k. geol. Reichsanstalt, vol. 61, p. 481, pl. 29, fig. 13 (Tehuantepec, Mexico, Pliocene). 1922 Mitra almagrensis var. coralliophila Olsson, Bull. Americ. Paleontology, vol. 9, no. 39, p. 275 (103), pl. 6, figs. 18, 24 (Port Limon, Gatun formation, Costa Rica, M. Miocene; syntypes in Palaeontological Research Institution, Ithaca, no.’s 20975 and 20981). Mitra poas Olsson, 1922 Range—Miocene of Costa Rica. Remarks—tThe original description was based on what appear to be very young individuals of a mitrid closely resembling M. almagrensis Toula. The original illustration is very small and lacks detail, but the author describes the species as being columbelloid in appearance, with straight- sided whorls, contracted at the base, and a sculpture consisting of 5 low, smooth spiral bands on the spire whorls; on later whorls the spirals become obsolete but appear again on the lower halfofthe body whorl. The outer lip is thin and the columella has 4 folds. The dimensions of one of the syntypes was given as length 21.0 mm, width 7.5 mm. Synonymy— 1922 Mitra poas Olsson, Bull. Americ. Paleontology, vol. 9, no. 39, p. 274 (102), pl. 6, figs. 20, 21 (Port Limon, Gatun forma- tion, Costa Rica, M. Miocene; syntypes in Palaeontological Research Institution, Ithaca, nos. 20977 and 20978). Mitra semiferruginea Reeve, 1845 (Pl. 419, figs. 1-6) Range—Florida to the Bahamas and Cuba. Remarks—Although described during the last century, this rare species was not localized until over a hundred years later when it was re- described as M. fordi by Pilsbry & McGinty in 1949. According to available records, the species has arestricted distribution, but future collections may extend the range farther into the Caribbean. Habitat—Sublittoral, from 3 to 48 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 33 mm (about 1% inches) in length, elongate-ovate and solid, su- tures distinct, adpressed, irregular and bluntly nodulose. Whorls 7-8, apart from 2 smooth nuclear whorls, spire whorls convex and subangulate at the sutures, sculptured with elevated, coarse, ir- regular and rounded spiral cords which number from 3-5 on the penultimate and from 14-18 on the body whorl; in immature specimens the spiral [19-666] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 467 cords are thinner and more angulate. The spiral grooves are slightly narrower or broader than the cords, longitudinal striae cross the cords and be- come axial lirations or pits in the grooves, and some individuals have feeble axial folds. Aperture equal in height or longer than the spire, narrow and smooth within, outer lip thickened, smooth in mature individuals, parallel to the columella but slightly angulate anteriorly. Columella weakly calloused and with 4-5 oblique folds, siphonal fasciole calloused, straight or slightly recurved, siphonal notch prominent. White to cream in col- our, ornamented with reddish brown axial streaks which tend to form two broad bands on the body whorl, one anteriorly to the suture and the other above the siphonal fasciole; the white central band on the body whorl is usually clear, but in some specimens a few weak axial streaks may intrude into this band. The aperture and col- umella are white or cream in colour. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~— width aperture 30.3 12.1] 15.2 Holotype ot fordi 27.6 11.3 14.3 Paratype of fordi 25.5 14.2 Syntype of semiferruginea 227 9.9 12.4 Lectotype of semiferruginea Synonymy— 1845 Mitra semiferruginea Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 28, fig. 222 (no locality given); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 12, pl. 23, fig. 504. 1874 Mitra clara Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 11, pl. 28, fig. 652 (no locality given). 1882 Mitra (Chrysame) semiferruginea Jonas, Tryon, Manual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 152, pl. 45, fig. 310. 1949 Mitra fordi Pilsbry & McGinty, Nautilus, vol. 63, no. 1, p. 12, pl. 1, figs. 4, 4a, b (New Providence, Bahamas). Types—The 3 syntypes of M. semiferruginea Reeve, are in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967879, and the immature, 22.7 mm long syntype which was illustrated by Reeve, is here selected as the lectotype. The holotype and 3 paratypes of M. fordi Pilsbry & McGinty, are in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, no. 185476. The holotype of M. clara Sowerby, could not be traced, but Sowerby’s figure and description suggest that his species is asynonym of M. semiferruginea. No locality was given by Reeve, and we designate New Providence Island, Bahamas, as the type lo- cality of M. semiferruginea (specimens in AMNH and ANSP). Records—FLORIDA: off Fowey Light, 48 faths. (USNM). BAHAMA ISLANDS: Eight mile rock, Grand Bahama I. (MCZ); North Cay, Nassau, New Providence Island (DMNH); Gun Cay, Bimini Island (Pilsbry, & McGinty, 1949). CUBA: Sand-bar off Arroyos; Bay of Santa Rosa, 1-3 faths. (both USNM); Mariel Bay, Mariel; off Havana (both MCZ); Matan- zas (AMNH); Varadero Beach (J. Finlay coll.). Plate 419. Figs. 1-6. Mitra (Nebularia) semiferruginea Reeve. Fig. 7. M. (N.) woodringi Vokes. Figs. 1, 2. Lectotype of M. (N.) semiferruginea Reeve; juvenile specimen (BM (NH) 1967879; 22.7 x 9.9 mm) [photo courtesy of J. Taylor, BM (NH)]. Fig. 3. Syntype of M. (N.) semiferruginea Reeve (BM (NH) 1967879; 25.5 x 11.0 mm). Figs. 4, 5. Specimen from Santa Rosa Bay, N.W. Cuba (USNM 414274; 27.5 x 10.9 mm). Fig. 6. Holotype of M. fordi Pilsbry and McGinty from New Providence Id., Bahamas (ANSP 185476; 30.3 x 12.1 mm). Fig. 7. Holotype of M. (N.) woodringi Vokes from Springvale, U. Miocene of Trinidad (from Vokes, 1938, fig 15; 37.8 x 14.0 mm). [19-667] 468 Subgenus Nebularia W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae ~ ee ee ix a VAS aad \ ay es ees a —) Y rs Dregs NE 4e \. i ‘e Barcel PoE oA. “ “Sy ) \ \ a & =A f WA ' f ) 8) ¢ \ ISLS \ os CN SEMIFERRUGINEA Plate 420. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Nebularia) semiferruginea Reeve in the West Indian region. Mitra woodringi Vokes, 1938 (Pl. 419, fig. 7) Range—Upper Miocene of Trinidad. Remarks—tThe species is closely related to M. semiferruginea Reeve, but is slightly inflated, the spire whorls are convex, and sculptured with 5 spiral cords, later whorls are slightly shouldered and have low riblets at the slightly excavated su- ture. The body whorl has about 15 spiral cords, the grooves are about equal in width to the cords, the spire whorls are cancellated by longitudinal striae, the aperture is elongate, outer lip simple, the columella has 4 oblique folds, the siphonal fasciole is calloused and the siphonal notch is deep. The measurements of the holotype are length 37.8 mm, width 14.0 mm. Synonymy— 1938 Mitra (Tiara) woodringi Vokes, American Museum Novi- tates, no. 988, p. 22, fig. 15 (Springvale, Trinidad, U. Miocene; holotype in Dept. of Palaeontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, no. 24997). [19-668] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 469 Subgenus Dibaphus Philippi, 1847 Type: Mitra edentula Swainson, 1823 The subgenus contains only 2 Recent Indo- Pacific species and 1 Miocene fossil species from the Dominican Republic. The shells of Dibaphus are elongate-ovate to elongate-cylindrical, the spire is short and conical, and the sculpture con- sists of spiral cords or almost obsolete spiral striae. The aperture is long and narrow, smooth within, the outer lip is thickened, inflected centrally and flaring basally and the columella has from 5-11 very small, feebly developed or minute, oblique folds. The radula is typically mitrine. The two Recent species are tropical reef-dwellers and are found in coral debris and underneath rocks and coral in shallow water. Synonymy— 1847 Dibaphus Philippi, Archiv f. Naturgeschichte, vol. 13, pt. 1, p.61. Type-species by monotypy: Conus edentulus Reeve [= Mitra edentula Swainson, 1823]. Recent, Indo-Pacific. 1865 Mitroidea Pease, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 514. Type- species by monotypy: M. multiplicata Pease, 1865. Recent, Indo-Pacific. 1869 Mauritia H. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 205. Type-species by monotypy: M. barclayi H. Adams, 1869 [= Mitroidea multiplicata Pease, 1865]. (non Mauritia Tros- chel, 1863). 1873 Plochelaea Gabb, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 24, p. 271. Type-species by original designation: P. cras- silabra Gabb, 1873. Miocene, Dominican Republic. r— ~ — itch eenint Ld | vy, SAHHAHAAH EU RP MAKI YVVVV Plate 421. Mitra (Dibaphus) edentula Swainson. Half-row of radula. Polynesia. (from Cooke, 1920, fig. 4). Mitra edentula Swainson, 1823 (Color pl. 257, figs. 35, 36; pl. 421; pl. 422, fig. 1) Range—Agalega Island, Indian Ocean, to the Tuamotus, Hawaiian Islands and Clipperton Is- land. Remarks—The species bears a superficial re- semblance to Conus mitratus Hwass in Bruguiere, and either the species or the subgenus Dibaphus have occasionally been assigned to the family Conidae. The radula, however, is typically mitrine. Habitat—On reefs, under coral and rocks, in the intertidal zone. Plate 422. Fig. 1. Mitra (Dibaphus) edentula Swainson Figs. 2, 3. M. (D.) multiplicata (Pease) Fig. 4. M. (D.) crassilabra (Gabb). Fig. 1. Specimen of M. (D.) edentula Swainson from the Philippine Ids. (USNM 90663; 40.0 x 13.0 mm). Fig. 2. Specimen of M. (D.) multiplicata (Pease) from Marau Sound, Guadalcanal, Solomon Ids. (Deynzer coll.; 26.2 x 8.3 mm). Fig. 3. Holotype of Mauritia barclayi H. Adams trom Barkly Id., Mauritius (BM (NH) 1967933, 44.6 x 13.7 mm). Fig. 4. Lectotype of M. (D.) crassilabra (Gabb) from Santo Domingo, U. Miocene of the Dominican Republic (from Pilsbry, 1922, pl. 24, fig. 6; 44.2 x 19.8 mm). [19-675] 470. Subgenus Dibaphus W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae 60° 60 \oo° 120° 140° 160 180 160° | r | | | ‘ " | | | SOP" an | ay ees | bare : manor -* ir) harmes fox nawa 0 So : BONIN 1 Haw, e ~ ees Mereus | ON Bee es att ee ta Sareea as i Neos ewe ae pel & eae eT _ Pons , Ooh. ge SE x “MARIANA Woke Hawa : lohnetorr } Soipon ye sacar a PHILIBPINE Sues | oY re > NY my a ot ananath is eis! i ¢ an soe, {ithe OOM mF Seoce ra ose _ Mapiro pelea Mau pive ue 3 Lehn %4 | ° = _ i -t, eo: _ “S| Chrestmes _| YCHELLES 18. 3 x x GA se 2 s ve ¢ ss j crags “ie erat | MARQUE SAS IS. Java hee ce; . TOKELAU 15 | fl s - TUA | 3204 Is MOTU ara | % mi | | HEBRIDE, ..@ | al So.) wegen | FILS ts ee en Ce __. four — + — : : = "on a Orns cook @ ‘ Cpe ates Bp eer = 3 p lpaee a ee = @ = aS | Al is Pucaira Plate 423. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Dibaphus) edentula Swainson. Description—Shell up to 45 mm (about 1% inches) in length, elongate-cylindrical, spire short, sutures distinct and narrowly ledged. Whorls 6-7, apart from an eroded white pro- toconch, spire whorls almost flat-sided or slightly convex, sculptured with narrow and slightly angu- late spiral cords which number from 3-7 on the penultimate and from 34-40 on the body whorl; the intervening grooves are broader than the spi- rals and are sculptured with dense and regular axial striae and occasionally a fine,.small inter- mediate spiral thread. Aperture longer than the spire, very narrow and smooth within, outer lip thickened, constricted centrally but slightly flar- ing basally, margin of outer lip calloused and re- curved, smooth or obsoletely denticulate. Col- umella only weakly calloused, usually only glazed, and with 8-11 very small, denticle-like folds which are actually extensions of the spiral cords; siphonal fasciole short and usually with a short, recurved tail, siphonal notch distinct. Creamy-white in colour, ornamented with broad, dark brown axial streaks which usually form 2 irregular transverse bands on the body whorl; aperture and columella cream or golden-yellow. Periostracum thin, brown and moderately trans- lucent. Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 41.0 14.8 27.0 New Hebrides 41.0 13.4 27.0 Mauritius 30.7 11.0 20.8 Marau Sound, Solomons 27.6 10.2 19.0 Pango Pt., New Hebrides 27.0 9.7 18.8 Port Louis, Mauritius 17.6 6.4 12.8 Nuku'alofa, Tonga Ids. Synonymy— 1823 Mitra edentula Swainson, Philos. Mag. & Journal, vol. 61, no. 301, p. 378 (no locality given); 1960 Hertlein & Allison, Veliger, vol. 3, p. 14; 1967 Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 9, p. 44]. 1844 Conus edentulus Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 11, fig. 80. 1847 Dibaphus edentulus (Reeve), Philippi, Archiv f Naturgeschichte, vol. 13, pt. 1, p. 61, pl. 3, figs. 1-3; 1873 Garrett, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, for 1872, p. 843; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 37, pl. 27, figs. 608, 609; 1880 von Martens, Beitr. Meeresf. Mauritius & Seychellen, p. 253; 1920 Cooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, for 1919, p. 409, textfig. 4 (radula); 1936 Hirase, Collection Japanese shells, p. 70, pl. 101, figs. 11, 12. 1858 Dibaphus philippi Crosse, Rev. Mag. Zoolog., vol. 10, p. 160, pl. 3, figs. 1, la (? Nukuhiva); 1859 Chenu, Manuel de Conchyliologie, vols 1, p. 253, fig. 1569; 1871 Pease, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 19, p. 98; 1880 Garrett, Journal of Conchology, vol. 3, p. 69; 1882 Tryon, Manual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 164, pl. 47, fig. 381 (non Mitra philippi Beyrich, 1854). 1970 Mitra (Dibaphus) edentula Swainson, Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 70, pl. 3, fig. 9. Types—The whereabouts of the type-specimen of M. edentula Swainson, originally in the Dubois collection, and the type of Dibaphus philippi Crosse, are unknown. No locality was given by Swainson, but since the species is usually cited from Mauritius, we designate Mauritius as the type locality. Records—AGALEGA ISLANDS: (von Martens, 1880). MAURITIUS: (DMNH; USNM:; Powell coll.); Port Louis (Clover coll.). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Cebu Island (USNM); Yook, Buenavista, Marinduque; Boac, Marinduque (both Lumawig coll.). JAPAN: Osima, Osumi (USNM). CAROLINE ISLANDS: (Pease, 1871). NEW GUINEA: Island near Samarai (Hinton coll.); Taurama reef, Port Moresby (Kleckham coll.). SOLOMON ISLANDS: Marau Sound, Guadalcanal (Gower coll.; Powell coll.; Cernohorsky coll.). OCEAN ISLAND: (AIM). NEW HEBRIDES: Pango Point, Efate I. (Allan coll.; Cernohorsky coll.); Teuma Bay, S. Efate I. (Debant coll.); Aneityum I. (DMNH). LOYALTY ISLANDS: Lifu (USNM). FIJI ISLANDS: Yewalu reef, off Lautoka, W. Viti Levu (Cernohorsky coll.). TONGA ISLANDS: Nuku’- alota, Tongatapu (Gay coll.; Cernohorsky coll.). COOK IS- LANDS: Rarotonga (AIM). SOCIETY ISLANDS: Patutoa, Tahiti; Point nee Huahine I. (both USNM). TUAMOTU ISLANDS: Matiti Tikahau (USNM). HAWAIIAN IS- LANDS: Honolulu, Oi dredger dump (USNM); Lahaina, Maui I. (DMNH). MIDWAY ISLAND: (USNM). CLIPPER- TON ISLAND: (Hertlein & Allison, 1960). [19-676] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 471 Mitra multiplicata (Pease, 1865) (Pl. 422, figs. 2, 3) Range—Mauritius to the Tuamotus and the Hawaiian Islands. Remarks—This rare species is similar to M. edentula Swainson, but is more fusiform, with a more slender and higher spire and a considerably finer sculpture. Habitat—Under rocks and coral, in the interti- dal zone, and probably sublittoral. Description—Shell up to 50 mm (2 inches) in length, fusiform-cylindrical, solid, sutures dis- tinct but adpressed and narrowly incised. Whorls 7-8, apart from an eroded protoconch, spire whorls flat-sided, body whorl slender and only slightly convexly expanded at anterior third, first 1-2 post-nuclear whorls clathrate, later whorls sculptured with very fine and close-set, numerous and sometimes almost obsolete spiral striae, which number up to 25 on the penultimate and up to 50 on the body whorl; in juvenile and immature specimens the spirals are more prominent and considerably less numerous. Under magnification very fine longitudinal hair-lines are discemible. Aperture longer than the spire, very narrow and smooth within, outer lip thickened, constricted centrally but widening anteriorly, smooth at the margin; columella only thinly glazed and with 8-11 very small folds, siphonal fasciole slightly produced and sometimes recurved to the left, siphonal notch distinct. White, cream or fawn in colour, ornamented with wide-spaced, orange- brown spiral lines, juvenile specimens are often bluish-white and have a broad brown zone adjoin- ing the body whorl suture; the aperture and col- umella are white or bluish-white. The perios- tracum is thin, brown and moderately opaque. Measurements (mm)— height of length = width aperture 50.4 13.6 28.6 Mauritius 44.6 13.7 29.7 Holotype of barclayi 29.1 9.0 18.7 Mauritius 26.2 8.3 17.0 Marau Sound, Guadalcanal Synonymy— 1865 Mitroidea multiplicata Pease, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 514 (Central Pacific); 1880 Garrett, Journal of Conchol- ogy, vol. 3, p. 68; 1882 Tryon, Manual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 162, pl. 47, figs. 372, 373; 1952 Kuroda & Habe, Check List Mar. mollusca Japan, p. 67. 1869 Mauritia barclayi H. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 273, pl. 19, figs. 5, 5a (Barkly Island, Mauritius) [non Mitra barclyi Robillard, 1868]. 1874 Mitra dibaphiformis Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 17, pl. 17, figs. 309, 310 (substitute name for Mauritia barclayi H. Adams. 1869). 1880 Mitroidea barclayi H. Adams, von Martens, Beitr. Meeresf. Mauritius & Seychellen, p. 252. 1887 Dibaphus loebbeckeanus Weinkauft, Syst. Conchylien- Cabinet, ed. 2, vol. 4, pt. 3, p. 2, pl. A, figs. 1, 3 (no locality given). 1952 Mutyca paucilineata “Dall”, Tinker, Pacific Sea shells, p. 66, plate facing page, figs. in middle row (Hawaiian Is- lands) [nomen nudum]. 1966 Mutyca multiplicata (Pease), Habe & Kosuge, Shells world in colour, vol. 2, p. 75, pl. 28, fig. 25. 1970 Mitra (Dibaphus) multiplicata (Pease), Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 70, pl. 3, fig. 10 (juvenile spec.), fig. 11, 12 (figured holotype of Mauritia barclayi H. Adams). Types—tThe type-specimen of M. multiplicata (Pease), could not be located and is probably lost. The holotype of Mauritia barclayi H. Adams, is in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967933. The type locality is Central Pacific, and this is further re- stricted to the Samoa Islands (specimens in USNM and BPBM). Records—MAURITIUS: (DMNH; BMNH:; Powell coll.; Clover coll.). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Cabra I., Lubang, Mindoro (USNM). JAPAN: (Kuroda & Habe, 1952). SOL- OMON ISLANDS: Marau Sound, Guadalcanal (Gower coll.; Cernohorsky coll.). FIJI ISLANDS: Suva reef, S. Viti Levu (Browne coll.). SAMOA ISLANDS: Upolu (BPBM); Ofu, Manu’a group (USNM). LINE ISLANDS: Palmyra Island (USNM). TUAMOTU ISLANDS: Vahitaki (USNM):; Makaimo (Garrett, 1880). HAWAIIAN ISLANDS: (Tinker, 1952). MIDWAY ISLAND: (USNM). Mitra crassilabra (Gabb, 1873) (Pl. 422, fig. 4) Range—Upper Miocene of the Dominican Re- public, Caribbean. Remarks—This species is broader than the other two Recent species of Dibaphus, but is otherwise similar in characters. The species is almost smooth and only obscurely spirally striate, the sutures are indistinct and narrowly incised, the body whorl is long and inflated and the spire is short. The aperture is narrow, elongate and smooth within, broadening anteriorly, the outer lip is thickened, constricted centrally, with the outer lip margin simple and inflected; the col- umella is calloused and has 5-7 small, oblique folds, the siphonal fasciole is straight and weakly calloused and the siphonal notch is prominent. Plochelaea gabbi Pilsbry and Johnson, was de- scribed from a young specimen which still retains its oliviform shape and has a thinner and less con- stricted outer lip. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~— width aperture 44,2 19.8 35.4 Lectotype of crassilabra 27.4 12.7 24.2 Holotype of gabbi [19-677] 472 Subgenus Dibaphus W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Synonymy— 1873 Plochelaea crassilabra Gabb, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 24, p. 271, pl. 11, fig. 5 (Santo Domingo, Republic of Dominica, U. Miocene; lectotype in Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, no. 3289); 1883 Tryon, Manual Conchology, vol. 5, pl. 3, fig. 22; 1899 Cossmann, Essai paléoc. comparée, vol. 3, p. 179, textfig. 32; 1917 Maury, Bull. American Paleontology, vol. 5, no. 29, p. 241, pl. 14, fig. 3. 1873 Plochelaea crassilabrum Gabb, Trans. American Philos. [19-678] Society, vol. 15, p. 216; 1922 Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 73, pt. 2, p. 341, pl. 24, fig. 6 (figured lectotype). 1917 Plochelaea gabbi Pilsbry & Johnson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 69, p. 166 (Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, U. Miocene; holotype in Academy of Natural Sci- ences, Philadelphia, no. 3290); 1922 Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 73, pt. 2, p. 342, pl. 24, fig. 7. 1970 Mitra (Dibaphus) crassilabra (Gabb), Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 70, pl. 3, fig. 13. September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 473 Subgenus Dibaphimitra Cernohorsky, 1970 Type: Mitra florida Gould, 1856 Species of this group are intermediate in charac- ter between Mitra and Dibaphus. The shell is broad and inflated, similar to Pterygia in form, the whorls are convex and somewhat inflated, the aperture is moderately wide and longer than the spire, and the columella lacks the numerous, very small folds of Dibaphus and has regular folds in- stead. Dibaphimitra could possibly be the ances- tral stock of Dibaphus, and may have spread from Europe to the Caribbean and the Indian Ocean, but did not reach the Pacific Ocean like species of Dibaphus. Species of Dibaphimitra are known from the Miocene of Europe and Australia and one species survives in the Caribbean region. Synonymy— 1970 Dibaphimitra Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, pp. 28, 37. Type-species by original designa- tion: Mitra florida Gould, 1856. Recent, Florida and Carib- bean. Mitra florida Gould, 1856 (Color pl. 253, tig. 12; pl. 424) Range—Florida to the Caribbean. Remarks—Sowerby (1874) described Mitra fergusoni from ‘Panama’, but no specimens have been collected to date as far south as the east coast of Panama. Habitat—Sublittoral, from 3 to 15 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 61 mm (about 2% inches) in length, moderately light in weight, su- tures distinct but narrowly incised. Whorls 5%4-6, apart from a protoconch of 24% smooth and slightly button-shaped nuclear whorls, spire whorls con- vex and inflated, sculptured with fine and almost obsolete spiral striae which number from 7-9 on the penultimate and up to 42 on the body whorl; the spirals become usually weak and obsolete on the body whorl, with the exception of about 10-13 oblique cords at the base. Aperture longer than the spire, widening basally, smooth within, outer lip slightly angulate posteriorly in immature specimens and descending almost parallel to the columella, margin of outer lip moderately thin and simple. Columella not calloused, and with 6-7 oblique folds which are rather small for the size of the shell; siphonal fasciole straight and slightly calloused, siphonal notch distinct. White or creamy-white in colour, ornamented with spiral rows of small, laterally elongated dark brown spots and orange-brown blotches on the spire whorls and irregular clouded areas of the same colour on the body whorl; the aperture and col- umella are white. Plate 424. Mitra (Dibaphimitra) florida Gould. Fig. 1. Holotype from Florida (MCZ 169146; 44.8 x 20.0 mm). Fig. 2. Specimen from Marco Id., Florida (USNM 606965; 47.3 x 21.7 mm). Fig. 3. Holotype of M. fergusoni Sowerby from “Panama” (BM (NH) 1879.2.26.133; 42.8 x 19.5 mm). [19-681] 474 Subgenus Dibaphimitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae FLORIDAIs | Plate 425. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Dibaphimitra) florida Gould. Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 59.0 24.9 37.8 Locality unknown 47.3 21.7 30.4 Marco I., Florida 44.8 20.0 29.3 Holotype of florida 42.8 19.5 29.6 Holotype of fergusoni Synonymy— 1856 Mitra florida Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. History, vol. 6, p. 14 (Florida); 1882 Tryon, Manual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 116, pl. 34, fig. 35; 1941 Bayer, Nautilus, vol. 55, no. 2, p. 45, fig. 18; 1942, Nautilus, vol. 55, no. 3, p. 78, figs. 3-5 (animal and radula); 1954 R. T. Abbott, American Seashells, p. 248, pl. 13, fig. i; 1964 Johnson, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bulletin, no. 239, p. 77, pl. 4, fig. 10 (figured holotype). 1874 Mitra fergusoni Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 3, pl. 6, figs. 70, 71 (Panama); 1882 Tryon, Manual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 116, pl. 34, fig. 32; 1887 Dall, The Conchologist’s Exchange, vol. 2, no. 1, p. 9; 1911 Hender- son, Nautilus, vol. 25, no. 6, p. 71. 1970 Mitra (Dibaphimitra) florida Gould, Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 37, pl. 3, fig. 6. Types—tThe holotype of M. florida Gould, is in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, no. 169146 (old no. A-4548), and the holotype of M. fergusoni Sowerby, is in the British Museum (NH), no. 1879.2.26.133. The type local- ity is Florida. Records—FLORIDA: Lauderdale-by-the-Sea (DMNH); Marco Island; Lone Key, near Key West; on reef, Dry Tortugas; Sand Key, Key West; Conch Key, 1-5 ft. (all USNM); Delta Shoal, Florida Keys, 4 faths.; off Pelican Shoals, near Key West, 3 faths. (both AMNH); coral reef E. of Islandia Key, Florida Keys; outer reef at Islamorado, Florida Keys; outer reef off Geiger Key, 20 ft. (all Eker coll.); Loggerhead Key, Dry Tor- tugas (Bayer, 1941); off Fisher Island, Dade County, 80 ft.; S. end of Carysfort reef, 10 faths. (both Bayer, 1942). CARIB- BEAN: Swan Islands, between Cuba and Honduras (USNM). Mitra javanensis Altena, 1938 (Pl. 426; fig. 3) Range—Lower Micene of Java, Indonesia. Remarks—Pannekoek (1936) originally de- scribed the species under the homonymous name M. javana, and based her description on a broken specimen with missing spire whorls and a frac- tured outer lip. The sculpture was described as consisting of 4 smooth and broad spiral cords which are divided by sharp grooves which are axially striate, a fifth cord being partially covered by the following whorl. This sculpture persists to the shoulder of the body whorl and then becomes obsolete towards the base which has weak and obsolete spiral threads. The body whorl is inflated at the shoulder and becomes weakly concave to- ) Plate 426. Figs. 1, 2, 4. Mitra (Dibaphimitra) bantamensis Oostingh Fig. 3. M. (D.) javanensis Altena. Figs. 1, 2, 4. M. (D.) bantamensis Oostingh from Tjirantjabeureum, Sth. Bantam, Pliocene of Java (from Oostingh, 1939, pl. 11, figs. 199, 200; fig. 1 = holotype now placed in Cancilla (subgenus Ziba). Fig. 3. Holotype of M.(D.)javanensis Altena from Ngampel, Rembang formation, L. Miocene of Java (from Pannekoek, 1936, pl. 1, fig. 17; 42.0 x 16.0 mm). [19-682] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 475 wards the base. The aperture is longer than the spire, the columella is weakly calloused and has 4 strong, oblique folds, the siphonal canal is drawn out into a point and the siphonal notch is promi- nent. The approximate measurements were given as length 42.0 mm, width 16.0 mm. Synonymy— 1936 Mitra (Mitra) javana Pannekoek, Geolog. Inst. Meded. Univ. Amsterdam, no. 60, p. 37, pl. 1, fig. 17 (Ngampel, Rembang formation, Java, Indonesia, L. Miocene; type- specimen in Geological Institute, Amsterdam University) (non Mitra javana Kk. Martin, 1880]. 1938 Mitra javanensis Altena, Natuurk. Tjidschr. Nederl.- Indie, vol. 98, no. 4, p. 211 (substitute name for M. javana Pannekoek, 1936). Mitra dennanti Tate, 1889 (Pl. 427, fig. 1) Range—Miocene of Victoria, Australia. Remarks—The species, which has been com- pared with the Caribbean M. florida Gould, by Harris (1897), is similar in shape, has a long body whorl and a short spire, 4 inflated convex whorls and a protoconch of 34% smooth nuclear whorls, with the first two being nipple-like. The sculpture consists of spiral threads which number about 6-7 on the penultimate whorl, persist with about half-dozen spiral threads to the body whorl but sometimes become obsolete centrally and re- appear again as oblique spiral threads towards the Plate 427. Fig. 1. Mitra (Dibaphimitra) dennanti Tate from Muddy Creek, Victoria, Miocene of Australia (Dept. Palaeont., BM (NH); 35.0 x 16.2 mm). Fig. 2. Holotype of M. (D.) transsylvanica Hoernes and Auinger from Lapugy, Vienna Basin, Miocene of Rumania (from Hoernes & Auinger, 1880, pl. 11, fig. 1; 26.5 x 14.0 mm). base of the shell. The aperture is longer than the spire, moderately narrow but broadening basally and the outer lip is moderately thin and simple; the columella is weakly calloused and has 4 prom- inent, oblique folds and the siphonal fasciole is straight. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~~ width aperture 47.0 20.0 30.0 Syntype of dennanti 35.0 16.2 22.8 Muddy Creek, Victoria 33.0 16.0 22.0 Syntype of dennanti Synonymy— 1889 Mitra dennanti Tate, Trans. & Proc. Roy. Soc. Sth. Aus- tralia, vol. 11, p. 137, pl. 3, fig. 3 (Lower beds at Muddy Creek, Victoria, Australia, Miocene; ? type-specimen prob- ably in the Tate collection, University of Adelaide). 1897 Conomitra dennanti Tate, Harris, Cat. Tert. Moll. British Museum, p. 130, pl. 5, figs. 4a, b (protoconch only). 1970 Mitra (Dibaphimitra) dennanti Tate, Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 70, pl. 3, fig. 70. Mitra transsylvanica Hoernes and Auinger, 1880 (Pl. 427, fig. 2) Range—Miocene of Rumania. Remarks—tThe description of the species has been credited to M. Hoernes by the authors, but his name was inscribed on Museum labels and is an unpublished MS name. The abbreviated, trans- lated description is as follows: Shell oviform, up to 31 mm in length, ventri- cose, with 4-5 convex whorls, last whorl more than three-quarter of the total length. On the spire whorls are extremely fine and close-set axial rib- lets which are bisected by equally fine spiral striae and produce a net-like sculpture; on the last 2 whorls there is no trace of the axial riblets. The spiral striae are somewhat wider spaced on the last 2 whorls and become almost obsolete on the body whorl, with the exception of oblique basal cords. The aperture is elongate, moderately wide anteriorly, the outer lip is thin and simple; the columella is calloused and has 4-5 strong, oblique folds. There is a considerable variation in form, both broad and slender individuals being known. The colour is partly preserved in same specimens and the ornamentation consists of brown spiral lines which merge and form broad bands. Measurements (mm)— length width 28.0 13.5. Syntype of transsylvanica 26.5 14.0 Syntype of transsylvanica [19-683] 476 = Subgenus Dibaphimitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Synonymy— Basin, Miocene). 1880 Mitra (Cylindra) transsylvanica “M. Hoemes”’, Hoernes 1970 Mitra (Dibaphimitra) transsylvanica Hoernes & Au- & Auinger, Abh. k. k. geol. Reichs-Anstalt Wien, vol. 12, pt. inger, Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 2, p. 90, pl. 11, figs. 1, la, 2 (Lapugy, Siebenbtirgen, Vienna 70, pl. 3, fig. 8. [These occasional blank areas occur between genera and subgenera to permit the insertion of new material and future sections in their proper systematic sequence.] [19-684] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 477 Subgenus Strigatella Swainson, 1840 Type: Mitra paupercula (Linnaeus, 1758) Species of the subgenus Strigatella are moder- ate in size and rarely exceed 50 mm (2 inches) in length and are generally solid and squat. The sculpture consists of spiral cords, striae or granules, and the most important feature is the thickening of the outer lip, which is indicated as a gentle calloused swelling on the interior edge or may appear as a prominent but bluntly triangular denticle. In some species of Strigatella the radula is slightly modified, the laterals are more cleaver- shaped and denticles are usually missing on the last one-third of the plate. This type of radula, however, is also occasionally present in species of Nebularia, and atypically mitrine radula is some- times found in Strigatella species (e.g. M. colom- belliformis Kiener, and M. auriculoides Reeve). The egg-capsules of Strigatella are claviform and similar to those of Mitra s. str. All the known species of Strigatella inhabit the tropical Indo-Pacific region, the sole exception being M. tristis Broderip, from the west coast of America. Only two fossil species have been re- corded from the Indonesian and Caribbean Miocene. Strigatella species are rock and reef- dwellers and are also sometimes dredged in mod- erately deeper water on a coral-rubble sub- stratum. Synonymy— 1840 Strigatella Swainson, Treatise Malacology, pp. 130, 131, 319. Type-species by subsequent designation (Gray, 1847): Mitra zebra Lamarck, 1811 [= Voluta paupercula Linnaeus, 1758]. Recent, Indo-Pacific. WP we 0.1mm Plate 428. Mitra (Strigatella) paupercula (Linnaeus). Half-row of radula. Nadroga reef, Fiji Islands. List Of Species Described In The Genus Strigatella And Excluded From The Mitridae Strigatella americana Dall, 1915, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bulletin, vol. 90, p. 61, pl. 9, fig. 2 (Chipola River marls, Florida; L. Miocene) = Enaeta H. & A. Adams, 1853, family Volutidae. Strigatella (Mitreola) brachyspira Cossmann and Pissarro, 1901, Bull. Soc. géol. Normandie, vol. 20, p. 90, pl. 10, fig. 18 (Hauteville, Cotentin, France; Eocene) = Mitreola Swainson, 1833, family Volutidae. Strigatella (Mitreola) nodulosa Doncieux, 1908, Ann. Univ. Lyon, vol. 22, p. 60, pl. 3, figs. 7a, b (Fabrezan, France; U. Paleocene) = Mitreola Swainson, 1833, family Volutidae. Strigatella peruviana Olsson, 1931, Bull. Ameri- can Paleontology, vol. 17, p. 209, pl. 20, figs. 4, 6 (near Puercotilla, Chira formation, N. Peru; L. Oligocene) = Mitreola Swainson, 1833, family Volutidae. Indo-Pacific Strigatella Mitra paupercula (Linnaeus, 1758) (Color pl. 258, figs. 1-3; pl. 428; 430) Range—Red Sea to Polynesia and the Hawaiian Islands. Remarks—A very common species which is highly variable in form and colour ornamentation, and which is related to the other two similar species M. pica and M. retusa. These three species can usually be separated on the basis of the following characters: M. retusa has an outer lip which is prominently crenulate along its entire length, the base of the body whorl has strong spi- ral cords which are usually granulose, and the spire is very short in relation to the body whorl length. These features and the usually quite dis- tinct colour ornamentation easily differentiate M. retusa from M. pica and M. paupercula. The latter two species are more closely similar in apertural features, both having a smooth interior swelling at the start of the outer lip, and the anterior edge of the outer lip is either smooth or obsoletely crenu- late. M. pica, however, has a more elongate, cylin- drical form, a distincly less convex body whorl and a spiral sculpture which is continuous from the spire whorls to the base. In M. paupercula the body whorl is smooth apart from 6-10 basal cords. [19-689] 478 Subgenus Strigatella W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae 7 ro ‘ h, ~ Ser "he e nee i ae en ae omer enna panna G rccx poeeemen: OSE ay REN Ue eet Se AN ree ae Sao are = get Se aaa Agana as we ae er Une | Oo a p 2 H - oe eas “ ithe Siem cares PA MARSHALL 1s, | b NICOBAR ae e oe as e, Pies } cope + cevion . Oe) CAROLINE 1s! | _ i m : — _ : © e c¢ Christmes 4 \ : i one ® cHagos || PAUPERCULA i ’ % : 7 Fad - TOKELAU IS. A coceg canis ‘<< : = gt gee” a ae faba 4 ie me ani 2 x fonts, meds]. e =e — Be , aa _ fo, 4 am @ e _ “Cie, @ pee ** sa SR , A MN , cic enn Made an an eo , se . | | | Norfolk | ° ria - { a ra | Plate 429. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Strigatella) Measurements (mm)— paupercula (Linnaeus). height of Habitat—Under coral rocks and basalt boul- length — width aperture ders, throughout the reef-flat but more frequently 35.9 15.3 20.2 Lectotype of zebra Lk. towards the high tide zone; usually in shallow 32.0 13.9 18.5 Cabcaban, Philippines at f tl ntarkical hut -xarely f d 25.2 13.2 16.5 Lectotype of zebra Garr. water oO ne intertidal zone ut rarely foun 20.9 12.0 15.4 Niue Island deeper than 2 fathoms. 13.5 8.3 9.8 Okinawa, Ryukyu Ids. Description—Shell up to 39 mm (about 1% inches) in length, elongate-ovate or ovate, solid, sutures weakly impressed and narrowly incised. Whorls 5-7, apart from a protoconch of 2 white nuclear whorls, usually smooth apart from 6-10 weak basal cords and very fine longitudinal striae which are usually visible only under magnifica- tion. In some populations, however, the spiral cords are quite distinct and number from 5-9 on the penultimate whorl and become obsolete past the shoulder of the body whorl; some individuals even develop weak axial folds on the body whorl, which coincide with the white axial streaks. Aperture longer than the spire, only moderately narrow, smooth within; outer lip prominently thickened, inflected near the start but broadening anteriorly, anterior margin of outer lip occasion- ally with 4-9 very weak crenules, which may be- come obsolete through an overlaid callus; the in- terior swelling of the outer lip is variable and is either moderately weak or prominent. The col- umella is calloused, callus more prominent an- teriorly, and with 4 or 5 oblique folds; siphonal fasciole short and straight, occasionally weakly calloused, siphonal notch moderately distinct. Blackish brown to black in colour, ornamented with moderately wide-spaced, longitudinal, straight or wavy white stripes, which are either continuous or centrally interrupted on the body whorl; aperture greyish-brown, usually bluish- white near the margin, columella purple-brown, folds white. Periostracum thin, brown and moder- ately translucent. Plate 430. Fig. 1. Mitra (Strigatella) paupercula (Linnaeus) Figs. 2-4. M. (S.) pica (Dillwyn). Fig. 1. Lectotype of Strigatella zebra Garrett from the Fiji Ids. or Samoa. (BPBM; 25.2 x 13.2 mm). Fig. 2. Lectotype figure of Mitra (Strigatella) pica (Dillwyn); juvenile specimen (from Chemnitz, 1795, pl. 178, fig. 1722). Fig. 3. Lectotype of M. tigrina A. Adams from the Philippine Ids. (BM (NM) 1967896; 36.4 x 14.2 mm). Fig. 4. Type figure from M. jucunda Tapparone-Canefri from Mauritius (from Tapparone-Canefri, 1874, pl. 28, fig. 3; 43.0 x 15.0 mm). [19-690] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 479 Synonymy— 1758 Voluta paupercula Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. 10, p. 731 (refers to Gualtieri, pl. 54, fig. L) [Mediterranean = error!]; 1969 Cernohorsky, Zool. Journ. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 48, p. 352. 1780 “Turricula pauperum” Chemnitz, Syst. Conchylien- Cabinet, vol. 4, p. 227, pl. 149, figs. 1386, 1387) [non binomial]. 1798 Mitra venosa Roding, Museum Boltenianum, p. 137 (re- fers to Chemnitz, op. cit., figs. 1386, 1387) [no locality given]. 1811 Mitra zebra Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 17, p. 215 (Indian Ocean); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 19, pl. 21, figs. 444, 445; 1969 Cer- nohorsky, Revue Suisse Zoologie, vol. 76, p. 978, pl. 5, fig. 36 (figured lectotype). 1817 Mitra radiata Schumacher, Essai nouv. systeme, p. 238 (reference restricted to Chemnitz, op. cit., figs. 1386, 1387) {no locality given]. 1822 Mitra paupercula (Linnaeus), Lamarck, Hist. nat. anim. s. vertebres, vol. 7, p. 317; 1838, Kiener, Spécies général iconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 48, pl. 15, fig. 48; 1844 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 12, fig. 84; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 19, pl. 21, figs. 428, 429: 1906 E. A. Smith, Ann. Natal Govt. Museum, vol. 1, pt. 1, p. 32. 1833 Mitra retusa Lamarck, Quoy & Gaimard, Voy. L’As- trolabe, vol. 2, p. 645, pl. 45, figs. 19-22 (non Lamarck, 1811). 1880 Strigatella paupercula Linnaeus, Garrett, Journal of Conchology, vol. 3, p. 34; 1880 von Martens, Meeresf. Mauritius & Seychellen, p. 257; 1913 Schepman, Siboga- Expeditie, vol. 49d, p. 278, pl. 23, fig. 5 (radula); 1965 Cer- nohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 112, pl. 17, fig. 59; 1966, Veliger, vol. 9, p. 110, textfig. 17 (radula). 1880 Strigatella zebra Garrett, Journal of Conchology, vol. 3, p. 35 (Fiji and Samoa Islands). 1882 Mitra (Strigatella) paupercula Linnaeus, Tryon, Manual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 156, pl. 46, fig. 340; 1967 Orr Maes, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 119, no. 4, p. 139; 1970 Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 72, pl. 4, fig. 1. 1882 Mitra (Strigatella) virgata Reeve, Tryon, ibid., p. 156, pl. 46, fig. 341 (non Reeve, 1844). 1923 Mitra (Strigatella) paupercula var. obtusata Dautzen- berg & Bouge, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 67, pt. 2, p. 149 (Isle des Pins, New Caledonia). Types—The holotype of M. paupercula (Lin- naeus), is not in the Linnean collection, London, and the writer (1969) designated the Gualtieri fig- ure L, on plate 54, as the lectotype of the species. The lectotype of M. zebra Lamarck, is in the Muséum d ‘Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, no. 1102/ 75, and the lectotype, here designated, and 3 syn- types of Strigatella zebra Garrett, are in the Ber- nice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Mitra radiata Schumacher, is a composite species consisting of M. paupercula and M. retusa Lamarck; we desig- nate the specimen figured in Schumacher’s first reference to Chemnitz, 1780, figures 1386, 1387, which represent M. paupercula, as the lectotype of M. radiata. Linnaeus’ locality indication of “Mediterranean” is erroneous, and Tg Nama, Ambon Bay, Ambon Island, Indonesia, is here designated as the type locality of M. paupercula (specimens in WAM). Records—RED SEA: Eilat, Gulf of Aqaba (USNM). EAST AFRICA: Mogadiscio, Somalia; Mombasa, Kenya; Malindi, N. of Mombasa, Kenya (all USNM). INDIAN OCEAN ISLANDS: Poivre, Seychelles (Cernohorsky coll.).; Pulou Penjang, Cocos-Keeling I. (USNM). SOUTH AFRICA: Durban (E. A. Smith, 1906). CEYLON: Hikkoduma (G. Kline, DMNH). IN- DONESIA: Mentawai I., Pulau Stupai, S. W. Sumatra; Sapang Ayar, N. Borneo; Island W. shore Veecken’s Bay, S. Pagi I. (all USNM); Tg Nama, Ambon Bay, Ambon I.; Pombo I., Haruku Straits, E. of Ambon I., 1-2 faths.; N. shore of Warbal I., W. of Nuhu Rowa, Kai I. (all WAM). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Pan- gangon I., Bohol (Steiner coll.); Cebu, Cebu I. (Dan coll.; Cernohorsky coll.); off coast of Cabcaban, Bataan, Luzon (Cer- nohorsky coll.); Palawan (Powell coll.). FORMOSA: Liu Chiu Chao, between Penghu and Taiwan (Steiner coll.); Now Wow; near Hung Tou Tsun (both USNM); Tainan beach (AMNH). RYUKYU ISLANDS: Nago, Okinawa (USNM; Powell coll.): Okinawa-Shima; Ohishima, Okinawa (both USNM); Amami- Oshima (Powell coll.); Minatogawa, Okinawa (Cernohorsky coll.). JAPAN: Osima, Osumi (USNM). MARIANAS: Hagman beach, Saipan (USNM). PALAU ISLANDS: Kayangel; Malakal Harbour (both USNM); Eil Malk (Powell coll.). CAROLINE ISLANDS: Asor I., Ulithi Atoll; Kapingamarangi (both USNM). MARSHALL ISLANDS: Enyu L, Bikini Atoll; Elizabeth I., Jaluit Atoll; Enybor I., Jaluit Atoll (all USNM). NEW GUINEA: Celeo I., 5 mi. off Aitape; Huon Gulf (both USNM); Pai I., Mios Woendi, Schouten I. (USNM: Powell coll.); Samarai Island (Kleckham coll.); near mouth of Ramu River (AIM); 1 mi. E. of Biak wharf (Powell coll.). SOLOMON ISLANDS: Gizo (Steiner coll.); Pavuvu I., Russell Strait; Lunga, Guadalcanal (both USNM); Marau Sound, Guadal- canal (Cernohorsky coll.); Reef Is. (T. Phillips, DMNH). NEW HEBRIDES: Little Malo Killi Killi, near Espiritu Santo; Black beach, Tanna I. (both USNM); Ambryn Island, Pango Point, Efate I. (both AIM); Ure I., opposite E. coast of Malekula I. (Cernohorsky coll.). NEW CALEDONIA: Konebuni; Nau Is- land (both USNM). LOYALTY ISLANDS: Ilot Deguala, Uvea (USNM),; Lifu (AIM). GILBERT & ELLICE ISLANDS: Apamama, Gilbert I.; Onotoa Atoll, Gilbert I. (both USNM); Bikenibeu, Tarawa I., Gilbert I. (Foreman coll.); Nukulai, El- lice I.; Kingsmill Island (both USNM). WALLIS & FUTUNA ISLANDS: Anse de Sigave, Hoorn I., Futuna I.; E. coast of Faioa, Wallis I. (both USNM). FIJI ISLANDS: Lomalagi, S. Viti Levu (Cernohorsky coll.). TONGA ISLANDS: Nanuki Iti (USNM); Nuku'alofa, Tongatapu (Gay coll.); Haapai (Powell coll.). SAMOA ISLANDS: Ofu, Manu’a group; Felialupo Road, Savaii (both USNM); Apia, Upolu (Cernohorsky coll.); Tuasivi, Savaii; Vailele beach (both Powell coll.); Swains Is- land (USNM). NIUE ISLAND: Alofi (USNM: Cernohorsky coll.). COOK ISLANDS: Palmerston Island (Steiner coll.); North Island, Palmerston group; Black Rock, Rarotonga (both USNM); Rarotonga (AIM). BAKER ISLAND: (USNM). LINE ISLANDS: Palmyra Island (USNM); Christmas Island (Powell coll.). SOCIETY ISLANDS: Patutoa, Tahiti (USNM); Papeete, Tahiti (Clover coll.). TUAMOTU ISLANDS: Temao Harbour, Makatea I.; Maiai, Tikahau (both USNM). HAWAIIAN IS- LANDS: Honolulu, Oahu, dredger dump (USNM). Mitra pica (Dillwyn, 1817) (Color pl. 258, figs. 4, 5; pl. 430, figs. 2-4) Range—Mauritius to New Guinea and the Ryukyu Islands. Remarks—The species is similar to M. pauper- cula (Linnaeus), but differs in being more slender and cylindrical in form, the body whorl is longer, the interior callus of the outer lip is weak and the spiral sculpture is continuous from the spire whorls to the base. Habitat—On reefs, under rocks, in the interti- dal zone. [19-691] 480 Subgenus Strigatella W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae 60° 80° \ooe 120° 140° T momar S ee ava OE TP Plate 430A. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Strigatella) pica (Dillwyn). Description—Shell up to 43 mm (about 1% inches) in length, cylindrically-elongate, solid, body whorl long, sutures weak and sharply in- cised. Whorls 6%-8, apart from a protoconch of 2 smooth nuclear whorls, spire whorls convex and occasionally weakly shouldered at the sutures, body whorl frequently inflated; sculptured with fine spiral grooves which produce narrow spiral threads which number from 7-13 on the penulti- mate and from 14-23 on the body whorl, apart from 10-14 wider spaced basal cords. Under magnifica- tion, very fine longitudinal hair-lines are visible. Aperture longer than the spire, narrow and smooth within, outer lip appreciably less thick- ened than in M. paupercula, convex or angulate anteriorly, interior swelling weak, margin of outer lip smooth or obsoletely crenulate anteriorly. Columella calloused, and with 4-5 oblique folds, siphonal fasciole straight, siphonal notch distinct. Light to dark chocolate-brown in colour, or- namented with narrow and close-set, slightly wavy white axial lines; aperture brown near the margin, interior bluish-white, columella brown, folds bluish-white. Periostracum thin, brown and moderately translucent. Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 43.0 15.0 — Type of jucunda 42.4 16.0 29.1 Locality unknown 36.4 14.2 19.7 Lectotype of tigrina 36.0 13.6 20.4 Bataan I., Philippines 32.4 12.9 17.7 Phuket I., Thailand 26.3 11.6 15.6 Mauritius Synonymy— 1795 “Voluta pica” Chemnitz, Syst. Conchylien-Cabinet, vol. 11, p. 24, pl. 178, figs. 1721, 1722 (non binomial). 1817 Voluta pica Dillwyn, Descr. Cat. Recent shells, vol. 1, p. 534 (refers to Chemnitz, op. cit., figs. 1721, 1722) [Coasts of the Island of St. Bartholomew = error!]. 1822 Mitra paupercula var. B. Lamarck, Hist. nat. anim. s. vertebres, vol. 7, p. 317 (non Voluta paupercula Linnaeus, 1758). 1840 Mitra (Strigatella) lineata Swainson, Treatise Malacol- ogy, p. 319 (refers to Tabl. Encycl. Méthodique, pl. 372, fig. 7 (no locality given) [non M. lineata Schumacher, 1817]. 1841 Mitra lineata Kiister, Syst. Conchylien-Cabinet, ed. 2, vol. 5, p. 121, pl. 17c, figs. 1, 2 (no locality given) [non M. lineata Schumacher, 1817]. 1844 Mitra pica Deshayes in Deshayes & Edwards, Hist. nat. anim. s. vertebres, ed. 2, vol. 10, p. 331 (substitute name for M. paupercula var. B. Lamarck, 1811, and Voluta pica Chemnitz). 1853 Mitra tigrina A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, for 1851, p. 132 (Philippines); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 19, pl. 21, fig. 438; 1951 Hirase, Handb. illust. shells nat. colors, pl. 101, fig. 10. 1874 Mitra jucunda Tapparone-Canetri, Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino, ser. 2, vol. 28, p. 131, pl. 28, fig. 3 (Mauritius); 1874, Malac. viaggio Freg. Magenta, p. 27, pl. 1, fig. 3. 1880 Strigatella paupercula var. tigrina A. Adams, von Mar- tens, Beitr. Meeresf. Mauritius & Seychellen, p. 257; 1935 Dautzenberg, Mém. Mus. Roy. d’Hist. Nat. Belg., vol. 2, p. 114, pl. 3, fig. 4. 1882 Mitra (Strigatella) tigrina A. Adams, Tryon, Manual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 157, pl. 46, figs. 347, 348; 1936 Hirase, Collection Japanese shells, p. 71, pl. 101, fig. 10. 1935 Strigatella paupercula var. lineata (Schumacher) Kiister, Dautzenberg, Mém. Mus. Roy. d’Hist. Nat. Belg., vol. 2, p. 114, pl. 3, fig. 3. 1935 Strigatella paupercula var. pica Chemnitz, Dautzenberg, ibid., p. 115. Types—The type-specimen of M. pica (Dillwyn), is no longer extant, and we designate the immature specimen illustrated by Chemnitz, 1795, on plate 178, figures 1721, 1722, as the lec- totype of the species. Three syntypes of M. tigrina A. Adams, are in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967896, and the 36.4 mm long specimen is selected as the lectotype of M. tigrina. The type- specimen of M. jucunda Tapparone-Canefri, is in the Turin Museum of Natural History. The Carib- bean locality given by Chemnitz and Dillwyn is erroneous, and we designate San Fernando, Lu- zon, Philippine Islands, as the type locality of M. pica (specimens in USNM). Records—MAURITIUS: (DMNH; USNM; Powell coll.; Cernohorsky coll.). THAILAND: Laem Phan Phu, Goh Phuket (USNM); W. side of Phuket Island (Cernohorsky coll.). INDONESIA: Keledjitan, Bantam, Java (USNM); E. side of Ree Island, Tajandu I., Kai I. (WAM). PHILIPPINE IS- LANDS: San Fernando, Luzon (USNM); Calbayug, Samar I. (Steiner coll.); Zamboanga (Deynzer coll.); Mindoro (DMNH). Bataan Island (Clover coll.); Marinduque Island (Dan coll.; Cernohorsky coll.). NEW GUINEA: N.W. reef, Aitape, Selo I. (USNM). SOLOMON ISLANDS: (DMNH). RYUKYU IS- LANDS: Amami-Oshima (Hirase, 1951). [19-692] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 481 Mitra retusa Lamarck, 1811 (Color pl. 258, figs. 6-8; pl. 431) Range—Seychelles Island to Tonga and the Samoa Islands. Remarks—The species is similar to but less common that M. paupercula (Linnaeus), and dif- fers in having a very long body whorl and a short spire, and being broad at the shoulder and narrow- ing towards the base; the lower half of the body whorl has prominent, wide-spaced spiral cords, the outer lip is coarsely crenulate along its entire length and the interior of the aperture is dark mauve or purple-brown. Habitat—On reefs, under rocks and coral, in the intertidal zone. Description—Shell up to 30 mm (about 1% inches) in length, elongate-ovate — to cylindrically-ovate, heavy and solid, sutures dis- tinct and narrowly incised, body whorl long. Whorls 5-7, apart from an eroded protoconch, spire whorls convex and usually roundly angulate at the sutures on the last 2 whorls, sculptured with fine, shallow and punctate spiral grooves which number from 3-5 on the penultimate and from 10-22 on the body whorl; the spiral grooves are frequently obsolete on the posterior of the body whorl, but are usually pronounced as wide-spaced spiral cords on the lower half of the body whorl. Aperture longer than the spire, very narrow and smooth within, outer lip prominently thickened, constricted and slightly thickened on the interior margin of the outer lip, which is also prominently crenulate. Columella calloused, and with 4-5 Plate 431. Mitra (Strigatella) retusa Lamarck. Fig. 1. Lectotype of M. virgata Reeve from Luzon, Philip- pine Ids. (BM (NH); 1874.12.11.141; 25.8 x 13.4 mim). Fig. 2. Holotype of M. signa Bartsch from Dumurug Point, Cataingan Bay, Masbate, Philippine Ids. (USNM 231815; 22.2 x 11.4 mm). strong, oblique folds, parietal wall with a small callus-pad in senile individuals; siphonal fasciole straight, siphonal notch moderately distinct. Reddish-brown to dark brown in colour, or- namented with close-set or wide-spaced, wavy longitudinal lines which usually terminate as small spots basally; the axial lines are crossed by a white peripheral line on the body whorl, but this line may become obsolete and visible only as slightly thickened spots on the axial lines. The aperture is dark mauve or purple-brown in fresh specimens and becomes paler towards the in- terior, the columella is brown or purple-brown and the folds and parietal callus are light violet. The periostracum is thin, brown, moderately translucent and finely longitudinally striate. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~~ width aperture 25.8 13.4 18.0 Lectotype of virgata 25.2 13.2 17.2 Cuvu beach, Fiji Ids. 22.2, 11.4 14.6 Holotype of signa 20.3 13.0 10.5 Lectotype of retusa 19.0 10.6 14.0 Malekula I., New Hebrides 14.0 Ld 10.0 Marau Sound, Solomon Ids. 10.0 6.1 7.8 Holotype of tornatelloides Synonymy— 1811 Mitra retusa Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 17, p. 217 (Indian Ocean); 1838 Kiener, Spécies général iconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 49, pl. 15, fig. 49; 1844 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 25, fig. 199; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 19, pl. 21, figs. 447, 448; 1880 Garrett, Journal of Conchology, vol. 3, p. 25; 1909 E. A. Smith, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vol. 8, p. 369; 1969 Cernohorsky, Revue Suisse Zoologie, vol. 76, p. 982, pl. 6, fig. 43 (figured lectotype). 1841 Mitra lineata Kuster, Syst. Conchylien-Cabinet, ed. 2, vol. 5, p. 121, pl. 16, figs. 19, 20 (no locality given) [non M. lineata Schumacher, 1817; nec Kuster, 1841]. 1844 Mitra virgata Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 25, fig. 197a only (Luzon, Philippines) [non M. virgata Bosc, 1802]. 1845 Mitra tornatelloides Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 38, fig. 316 (Philippine Islands) [juvenile specimen]; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 24, pl. 16, fig. 294. 1880 Strigatella paupercula var. retusa Lamarck, von Martens, Beitr. Meeresf. Mauritius & Seychellen, p. 257. 1882 Mitra (Strigatella) retusa (pars) Lamarck, Tryon, Manual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 156, pl. 46, figs. 342, 343 only. 1918 Mitra amanda Bartsch, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 31, p. 183 (Dumurug Point, Cataingan Bay, Masbate, Philip- pines) [non M. amanda Reeve, 1845]. 1919 Mitra signa Bartsch, Nautilus, vol. 33, no. 1, p. 31 (substi- tute name for M. amanda Bartsch, 1918). 1965 Strigatella retusa Lamarck, Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 113, pl. 18, fig. 64; 1966, Veliger, vol 9. p. 110, textfigs. 15a, b (radula and penis). Types—The lectotype of M. retusa Lamarck, is in the Muséum d Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, no. [19-693] 482. Subgenus Strigatella W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae 140° 160° 180° 160° T ANOAMAN 1s NicopAR | [RETUSA] Xe)’ c0C08 -KRELING. Plate 432. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Strigatella) re- tusa Lamarck. 1108/23. Reeve’s M. virgata (non Bosc, 1802), is a composite species consisting of M. retusa, illus- trated in figure 197a, and M. paupercula (Lin- naeus), depicted in figure 197b. Only the speci- men of M. retusa, ex-Taylor collection, remains in the British Museum (NH) no. 1874.12.11.141, and this specimen is designated as the lectotype of M. virgata; the juvenile holotype of M. tornatelloides Reeve, is in the same Institution, B.M. (NH) no. 1967898. Mitra signa Bartsch, is also a composite species: the holotype in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, no. 231815, is M. retusa, 4 paratypes are M. paupercula and 1 paratype is M. litterata. The type locality is Indian Ocean, and we designate Veeckens Bay, South Pagi Island, Indonesia, as the type locality. Records—INDIAN OCEAN ISLANDS: Mahé I., Seychel- les I.; Mauritius (both von Martens, 1880); Christmas Island (E. A. Smith, 1909). INDONESIA: Island W. shore of Veeck- ens Bay, S. Pagi I. (USNM); S. coast of Gomumu I., S. of Obi I. (WAM). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Pangangon I., Bohol (Steiner coll.); Gubat Bay, Luzon; Manila Bay, Luzon; Dumurug Point, Cataingan Bay, Masbate (all USNM). FOR- MOSA: Tainan beach (AMNH). RYUKYU ISLANDS: reef off Ogimi, Okinawa-Shima; Okinawa (both USNM); Batan reef, Okinawa (AMNH); Amami-Oshima (Powell coll.). JAPAN: Osima, Osumi (USNM). MARIANAS: Guam Island (Clover coll.). PALAU ISLANDS: Malk Island (USNM). MARSHALL ISLANDS: Lijeron I., Jaluit Atoll (USNM). NEW GUINEA: Siassi Island (Hoskin coll.); Nimoa Island, Calvados Chain; Port Moresby (both Kleckham coll.); N.E. end of Noekori I., E. Padaido I. (Powell coll.). AUSTRALIA: Michaelmas Cay, Queensland (Powell coll.). NEW BRITAIN: Rabaul (AMNH,; Kleckham coll.). SOLOMON ISLANDS: Gizo (Steiner coll.); Treasury Island; Lunga, Guadalcanal (both USNM); Marau Sound, Guadalcanal (Cernohorsky coll.). NEW HEBRIDES: Ambryn Islands (AIM); Pango reef, Efate I.; Bushmens Bay, Malekula I.; Ure I., opposite E. coast of Malekula I. (all Cer- nohorsky coll.). LOYALTY ISLANDS: Sandal Bay, Lifu; Les Jumeaux, Uvea (both USNM); Lifu) (AIM). NEW CALEDONIA: Kuea Bay (USNM). FIJI ISLANDS: Cuvu beach, S. Viti Levu; Nadroga reef, S. Viti Levu (both Cer- nohorsky coll.). TONGA ISLANDS: (Garrett, 1880). SAMOA ISLANDS: (Garrett, 1880). NIUE ISLAND: Namoui (McDowall coll.; Cernohorsky coll.). Mitra litterata Lamarck, 1811 (Color pl. 258, figs. 9-11; pl. 433) Range—Red Sea and Gulf of Oman to Polynesia and the Hawaiian Islands. Remarks—This is one of the commonest and most widely distributed mitrid, which is so vari- able in form, colour-ornamentation and develop- ment of the outer lip callus, that several plates would be required in order to record all known variants. Habitat—On reefs, under rocks and coral, in crevices of coral and among algae, in the intertidal zone. Kohn (1970), ina study of Hawaiian popula- tions of the species, found that M. litterata preys exclusively on siphunculids which burrow in reef limestone. Description—Shell up to 31 mm (about 1%4 inches) in length, elongate-ovate to ovate, heavy and solid, body whorl very long, spire short, su- tures distinct and narrowly incised. Whorls 5-7, apart from the protoconch which is always eroded in mature specimens, spire whorls short and con- vex, sculptured with spiral rows of small and shal- low punctures which number from 4-13 on the penultimate and from 17-30 on the body whorl; towards the base the spiral pittings become prom- inent, oblique cords. Aperture longer than the spire, narrow and smooth within, outer lip promi- nently thickened and smooth, interior callus small or large and sometimes bluntly triangular; col- umella calloused anteriorly and with 4-5 oblique folds, parietal wall only glazed and frequently with a callosity near the juncture of the outer lip. Siphonal canal short and straight, siphonal notch distinct. White or cream in colour, ornamented with irregular, wavy, brown or dark olive-green axial streaks and blotches, some specimens are brown and spotted and streaked with white, cream or light yellow; aperture and columella white or light violet, parietal wall brown, parietal [19-694] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 483 Plate 433. Mitra (Strigatella) litterata Lamarck. Fig. 1. Lectotype of M. maculosa Reeve (NMW; 17.7 x 10.0 mm). Fig. 2. Lectotype of M. anaiis Lesson from the Gambier Islands (MHNP; 31.0 mm) [photo courtesy of B. Salvat, MHNP]. callus off-white. Periostracum thin, brown or yel- lowish brown and moderately translucent. Measurements (mm)— height of length = width aperture 31.0 — — Lectotype of anaiis 28.6 15.2 19.8 Lady Elliot L., Queensland 26.0 14.5 18.4 Cuvu beach, Fiji Ids. QO, 14.2 15.4 Lectotype of bizonalis 20.0 10.7 13.5 Lectotype of hebraea 19.4 10.6 14.0 Port Louis, Mauritius 17.7 10.0 12.7 Lectotype of maculosa 13.6 To 9.6 Kahala, Hawaiian Ids. 10.5 6.0 8.0 Pango Point, New Hebrides Synonymy— 1811 Mitra litterata Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 17, p. 220 (Indian Ocean); 1838 Kiener, Spécies général iconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 50, pl. 16, fig. 50; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 18, pl. 21, fig. 436; 1970 Kohn, Pacific Science, vol. 24, no. 4, p. 483. 1822 Colombella bizonalis Lamarck, Hist. nat. anim. s. ver- tebres, vol. 7, p. 294 (no locality given); 1969 Cernohorsky, Revue Suisse Zoologie, vol. 76, p. 990, pl. 7, fig. 56 (figured lectotype). 1822. Colombella hebraea Lamarck, ibid., p. 295 (no locality given); 1969 Cernohorsky, ibid., p. 990, pl. 7, fig. 57 (figured lectotype). 1839 Mitra leopardina Kuster, Syst. Conchylien-Cabinet, ed. 2, p. 99, pl. 17, figs. 4, 5 (no locality given). 1842 Mitra anaiis Lesson, Revue Zool. Soc. Cuvier. Mag., vol. 5, p. 142 (Gambier Islands). 1844 Mitra literata (sic) Lamarck, Reeve, Conchologia Icon- ica, vol. 2, pl. 20, fig. 153. 1844 Mitra maculosa Reeve, ibid., pl. 22, fig. 175 and pl. 25, fig. 194 (Australia and Anaa I., Tuamotus); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 18, pl. 21, figs. 442, 443. 1880 Strigatella litterata Lamarck, Garrett, Journal of Con- chology, vol. 3, p. 33; 1965 Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 111, pl. 18, fig. 65; 1966, Journal of Conchology, vol. 26, p. 17, textfig. 2 (radula). 1880 Strigatella maculosa Reeve, Garrett, ibid., p. 34. 1880 Strigatella literata (sic) Lamarck, von Martens, Beitr. Meeresf. Mauritius & Seychellen, p. 257. 1882 Mitra (Strigatella) litterata Lamarck, Tryon, Manual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 155, pl. 46, figs. 338, 339; 1970 Cer- nohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 14, textfig. 65 (radula). 1923 Mitra (Strigatella) litterata var. minor Dautzenberg & Bouge, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 67, p. 145 (New Caledonia) [non Weinkauff, 1868]. 1923 Mitra (Strigatella) litterata var. major Dautzenberg & Bouge, ibid., p. 145 (New Caledonia) [non Grateloup, 1847]. 1923 Mitra (Strigatella) litterata var. inversicolor Dautzen- berg & Bouge, ibid., p. 146 (Lifu, Loyalty Islands). 1923 Mitra (Strigatella) litterata var. maculosa Reeve, Daut- zenberg & Bouge, ibid., p. 145. Types—tThe type-specimen of M. litterata, de- scribed from the Museum collection of the Museum d Histoire Naturelle, Paris, is no longer extant. The lectotype of Colombella bizonalis Lamarck, no. 1108/25 and C. hebraea Lamarck, no. 1108/26, are both in the Muséum d Histoire Naturelle, Geneva. Two syntypes of M. anaiis Lesson, are in the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, and the larger, 31.0 mm long syn- type, is selected as the lectotype. The syntype of M. maculosa Reeve, illustrated in figure 194 on plate 25 of Reeve’s “Conchologia Iconica’, ex- Taylor collection, is in the National Museum of Wales, Cardiff, and is here selected as the lec- totype of M. maculosa. The type locality is Indian Ocean, and this is further restricted to Mauritius (specimens in Powell coll.). Records—RED SEA: Eilat, Gulf of Aqaba (Haim coll; Hadar coll.; Powell coll.; (TAU); Ras Muhammad, Sinai Peninsula (TAU); Jidda (DMNH). GULF OF OMAN: Muscat, Oman (AMNH). EAST AFRICA: Mogadiscio, Somalia; Mboa Magi, Tanganyika (both USNM); Mocambique, Mozambique (USNM; AMNH); W. side of Inhaca I., Lorenco Marques, Mozambique (Orr coll.); Nacala, Mozambique (Steiner coll.). ZANZIBAR: Pwani Mchangani (AIM). SOUTH AFRICA: Durban, Natal (Steiner coll.); Xora, Transkei coast (USNM); Reunion Rocks, 10 mi. S. of Durban, Natal (AMNH:; Acker- mann coll.). INDIAN OCEAN ISLANDS: Felicite I., Seychel- les I. (USNM): Point aux Sables, 3 mi. S.W. of Port Louis, Mauritius (Powell coll.). THAILAND: Goh Phi Phi (USNM). INDONESIA: Sawarna, Bantam, Java; Keledjitan, Bantam, Java; Island W. shore of Veeckens Bay, S. Pagi I. (all USNM). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Cabra I., Mindoro; Manila Bay (both USNM). FORMOSA: off Kao-Hsiung; Liu Chiu Chiao, be- tween Penghu and Taiwan (both Steiner coll.); Tainan beach (AMNH). RYUKYU ISLANDS: Okinawa-Shima (USNM). MARIANAS: Hagman beach, Saipan (USNM); Alupat L., Agana Bay, Guam I. (AIM). MARSHALL ISLANDS: Bikini L., Bikini Atoll; Eniwetok Island; Enyvertok Rongerik Atoll; Ailuk I., Ailuk Atoll (all USNM). NEW GUINEA: Seleo I., off N.W. reef, Aitape (USNM); Port Moresby (Hinton coll.); Am- bai, Japen I. (Powell coll.). AUSTRALIA: Point N. of Norwe- gian Bay, N.W. Australia, 22°34’S & 113°39’E; Point Cloates, N.W. Australia (both WAM); Lady Elliot I., Queensland (Pow- ell coll.) NEW BRITAIN: Rabaul (Kleckham coll.). SOL- OMON ISLANDS: Treasury Island (USNM); Savaotu, Guadalcanal (DMNH). LOYALTY ISLANDS: Lifu (USNM; AIM); Ilot Deguala, Uvea (USNM). NEW CALEDONIA: Hienghene; Nau Island (both USNM). NEW HEBRIDES: reef S. Utja, Aneityum; Black beach, Tanna I. (both USNM), Pango reef, Efate I. (AIM; DMNH); Ure L., opposite E. coast of Malekula I. (Cernohorsky coll.). FIJI ISLANDS: Cuvu beach, S. Viti Levu; Nadroga reef, S. Viti Levu (both Cernohorsky coll.). GILBERT & ELLICE ISLANDS: Nukulai, Ellice I; Vaitupu, Ellice I.; Apamama, Gilbert I. (all USNM): Bikenibeu, Tarawa I., Gilbert I. (Foreman coll.). TONGA IS- [19-695] 484 Subgenus Strigatella W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae 180° 160° 140° 120 es x | , : ¥ rs | all ADI CEs HAwa,, | AN Plate 434. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Strigatella) lit- terata Lamarck. LANDS: Hufagalupe, Tongatapu; Tukutonga reef, E. of Nuku/alofa (both USNM). SAMOA ISLANDS: Tutuila L; Felialupo Road, Savaii (both USNM). NIUE ISLAND: Alofi (USNM; Cernohorsky coll.). WALLIS & FUTUNA ISLANDS: W. side Anse de Sigave, Hoorn I., Futuna I.; N. coast of Faioa, Wallis I. (both USNM). TUBUAI ISLANDS: Moerai wharf, Rurutu; Motu Moturoa; Motu Veiamanu, Raevavae (all USNM). LINE ISLANDS: Jarvis Island (AIM); Fanning Is- land (DMNH); Palmyra Island (USNM; DMNH). PHOENIX ISLANDS: Canton Island (USNM; Leehman coll.). HOW- LAND ISLAND: (USNM). BAKERISLAND: (USNM). COOK ISLANDS: Palmerston Atoll (Steiner coll.): Mauke Island; Motu Akaiami, Aitutaki; Black Rock, Rarotonga; Palmerston Island (all USNM): Avatiu harbour, Rarotonga (USNM; Cer- nohorsky coll.); Avarua Harbour, Rarotonga (USNM; AIM). SOCIETY ISLANDS: Motu Fenuaina, Tautira, Tahiti; Motu Taiahu, Huahine; Tiarei, Tahiti; lot Tarauru-roa (all USNM). TUAMOTU ISLANDS: Mahemo Island; Vahitaki; Maiai reef, Tikahau (all USNM). GAMBIER ISLANDS: (MHNP). MAR- QUESAS ISLANDS: Taiohae Bay, Nukuhiva (USNM). HAWAIIAN ISLANDS: Kahala, Oahu (Cernohorsky coll.); 5 mi. S.W. of Kapoho; Wainiui, Kauai (both USNM); Waialee reef, Oahu (Clover coll.); Hanauma Bay, Oahu (Powell coll.); Niihau Island; Diamond Head, Honolulu (both AIM). WAKE ISLAND: (AMNH; DMNH). Mitra auriculoides Reeve, 1845 (Color pl. 258, figs. 12, 13; pl. 435) Range Remarks—This species has been confused with M. auriculoides of authors, a species which will have to bear the name M. assimilis Pease. M. au- riculoides Reeve, a rare species, is squatter and broader than M. assimilis; the body whorl is shorter and the outer lip has a prominent, more or less triangular interior callosity and a smooth outer lip margin, apart from 2-4 rather obsolete denticles anteriorly. Reeve’s species has probably been based on the Indian Ocean form of the [19-696] a Yad Hawai fohnahorr a ie | oF ot ** @@ MARSHALL 15, | as | + Pon iad 1 Te gfure erm | wokin %,| ° % % 7 9 Christmos =—_ 3, ! e ee eo. : ‘ see 9 0, * . 9, os PHOENIX Bis. “Se TOKELAU IS, MARQUESAS JS. SY 6 Plate 435. Mitra (Strigatella) auriculoides Reeve. Fig. 1. Lectotype figure of M. (S.) auriculoides Reeve (from Reeve, 1845, pl. 28, fig. 228). Fig. 2. Specimen from Mauritius; broad form (WABP coll.; 18.4 x 9.0 mm). Figs. 3, 4. Specimen from Mauritius; slender form (WABP coll.; 16.6 x 9.4 mm). Fig. 5. Specimen from Noumea, New Caledonia; colour form turturina Souverbie (WOC coll.; 14.0 x 7.8 mm). September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 485 species, which has a dark brown shell with white spiral lines which have only a very slight indica- tion of being spotted with white; the anterior part of the body whorl has only a minimum of small white spots. In the Pacific Ocean form turturina Souverbie, the white spiral lines become faint and are overlaid by more prominent, white or yel- lowish spots and the anterior part of the body whorl is prominently spotted. M. auriculoides and M. assimilis are sympatric in several Indo-Pacific localities without any intergrades having been encountered. The difference in apertural features between the two species are of the same mag- nitude as between M. litterata and M. retusa. M. auriculoides has a smooth outer lip, whereas M. assimilis has an outer lip that is minutely denticu- late along its entire length. Habitat—On reefs, under rocks and coral, in the intertidal zone. Description—Shell up to 20 mm (about % inches) in length, rather ovate and solid, body whorl moderately long, sutures distinct but nar- rowly incised. Whorls 5-6, apart from 12-2 cream-coloured, smooth nuclear whorls, spire whorls regularly convex, sculptured with finely punctate spiral striae which number from 3-6 on the penultimate and from 5-14 on the body whorl, apart from the 8-11 oblique basal cords; in some specimens the spiral striae are confined to the shoulder of the body whorl, the centre is smooth and then the cords continue towards the base. Aperture longer than the spire, very narrow and smooth within, outer lip prominently thickened, smooth apart from 2-3 weak crenulations an- teriorly, outer lip with a prominent, bluntly trian- gular and moderately long callus. Columella con- cave, with a weak callus-shield anteriorly and 4 or 5 prominent, oblique folds, parietal wall only glazed and posteriorly with a calloused ridge or pad; siphonal fasciole short and straight, siphonal notch moderately shallow. Fresh specimens are dark brown or reddish-brown in colour, or- namented with a pale, whitish or yellowish spiral band which usually has superimposed small white spots; on the spire whorls this band adjoins the sutures while on the body whorl it is in line with the start of the aperture; on the lower two- thirds of the body whorl are few or moderately numerous small white spots distributed at random or sometimes longitudinally aligned. The aper- ture and columellar folds are bluish-white or light violet and the parietal wall is brown. The perios- tracum is thin, orange-brown and moderately translucent. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~~ width aperture 18.6 9.2 11.4 Mauritius 16.0 8.6 10.8 Pango reef, New Hebrides 15.0 8.9 10.5 Natadola, Fiji I. 12.0 7.0 8.0 Type-specimen of turturina 11.0 6.5 7.9 Lifu, Loyalty Ids. Synonymy— 1838 Mitra unifascialis Kiener, Spécies général iconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 53, pl. 16, fig. 51 (no locality given) [non M. unifascialis Lamarck, 1811]. 1839 Mitra nivosa Kiister, Syst. Conchylien-Cabinet, ed. 2, vol. 5, p. 100, pl. 17, figs. 16, 17 (no locality given) [non M. nivosa Swainson, 1822]. 1845 Mitra auriculoides Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 28, fig. 228 (no locality given). 1859 Columbella unifascialis Chenu, Manuel de Con- chyliologie, vol. 1, p. 203, textfig. 1105 (non Lamarck, 1822). 1875 Mitra turturina Souverbie, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 23, p. 43 (Lifu, Loyalty Islands); 1877, Journal de Con- chyliologie, vol. 25, p. 73, pl. 1, fig. 2. 1882 Mitra (Pusia) turturina Souverbie, Tryon, Manual Con- chology, vol. 4, p. 184, pl. 55, fig. 584; 1896 Melvill & Stan- den, Journal of Conchology, vol. 8, p. 406. 1923 Mitra (Strigatella) turturina Souverbie, Dautzenberg & Bouge, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 67, p. 154; 1933, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 77, p. 195. 1965 Strigatella turturina (Souverbie), Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 114, pl. 18, fig. 62. Types—The type specimen of M. auriculoides Reeve, has been sold at auction of the Norris col- lection, and we designate the specimen illus- trated by Reeve on plate 28, figure 228 of the “Conchologia Iconica” as the lectotype of M. au- riculoides. The two syntypes of M. turturina Souverbie, are in the Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Bordeaux; the current whereabouts of the type-specimen of M. nivosa Kuster (non Swainson), which used to be in the collection of the Duke of Gotha, are unknown. The type- specimen of M. unifascialis Kiener (non Lamarck), is in the Museum d Histoire Naturelle, Geneva; the specimen is the same Indian Ocean form as Reeve’s M. auriculoides. No locality was given by Reeve, but specimens from Mauritius very closely match Reeve’s illustration, and Mauritius is designated as the type locality. Records—MAURITIUS: (Powell coll.; MCZ). REUNION: (MCZ). NEW HEBRIDES: E. of Inyeng I., Aneityum; Black beach, Tanna I. (both USNM); Pango reef, Efate I.; Ure L., opposite E. coast of Malekula I. (both Cernohorsky coll.). LOYALTY ISLANDS: Lifu Island (USNM,; AIM; Cer- nohorsky coll.). FIJI ISLANDS: Natadola, S.W. Viti Levu (Cernohorsky coll.). SOCIETY ISLANDS: (Dautzenberg & Bouge, 1923, 1933). MARQUESAS ISLANDS: Haka Bay, Nukuhiva (USNM). LINE ISLANDS: Fanning I. (DMNH). [19-697] 486 Subgenus Strigatella W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Mitra assimilis Pease, 1868 (Color pl. 258, figs. 14-16; pl. 436) Range—East Africa to Polynesia and the Hawaiian Islands. Remarks—This species is the M. auriculoides of authors but not of Reeve, and differs from M. auriculoides in its longer body whorl, more slen- der and usually more cylindrical form, slight con- striction near the siphonal canal, less inflated body whorl, weak interior callus on the outer lip, and the margin of the outer lip is minutely crenu- lated along its entire length. In M. assimilis, the white presutural band on the body whorl errupts into a large, smudged blotch on the back of the outer lip, a feature not observed in M. au- riculoides. Habitat—On reefs, under rocks and coral, in the intertidal zone. Description—Shell up to 25.0 mm (1 inch) in length, variable in form, elongate-ovate to cylindrically-ovate, spire occasionally acuminate but generally blunted through the erosion of the spire whorls, spire short, sutures distinct but nar- rowly incised. Whorls 5-6, apart from an eroded protoconch, spire whorls regularly convex, sculptured with very fine, shallow and minutely pitted spiral lines or grooves which number from 4-7 on the penultimate and from 10-25 on the body whorl, apart from 8-12 weak, oblique cords at the base; in many individuals the spiral grooves be- come obsolete on the centre of the body whorl, while in some small, mature specimens the spiral Plate 436. Mitra (Strigatella) assimilis Pease. Fig. 1. Lectotype from Polynesia (ANSP 28718; 16.8 x 6.9 mm). Fig. 2. Specimen from Taiohae Bay, Nukuhiva, Marquesas Ids. (USNM; 11.0 x 5.0 mm). grooves may be deeper and produce weak spiral threads; under magnification, fine, longitudinal hair-lines are discernible. Aperture longer than the spire, very narrow and smooth within, outer lip thickened, concave near the start and swelling into the aperture, callus weak and appreciably less prominent than in M. auriculoides, margin of outer lip with 8-15 small crenulations which ex- tend from the interior callus to the base. Col- umella calloused anteriorly and with 4-5 oblique folds, parietal wall only glazed and posteriorly with a weak callus or calloused denticles; siphonal canal short and straight, siphonal notch moderately distinct. Reddish-brown to chestnut- brown in colour, ornamented with either a narrow or moderately broad, white or yellowish spiral band anteriorly to the suture on the body whorl, and a single, interrupted band of the same colour adjoining sutures on the spire whorls; this spiral band is frequently blotched with white or pale yellow, and on the lower halfofthe body whorl are small, white spots. On reaching the back of the aperture, the peripheral band on the body whorl erupts into an irregular and somewhat smudged blotch which extends upward from the band. Aperture, anterior columellar callus, folds and parietal thickening white, bluish white or light violet, parietal wall brown. Periostracum thin, orange-brown and moderately translucent. Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 24.4 12.4 15.6 Honolulu, Hawaiian Ids. 23.0 10.5 14.2 Port Aneityum, New Hebrides 21.6 10.0 13.7 Momi, Fiji I. 16.8 6.9 9.4 Lectotype of assimilis 13.0 6.8 8.0 Society Islands 11.0 4.9 6.9 Nukuhiva, Marquesas Ids. Synonymy— Mitra auriculoides of authors (non Reeve, 1845). 1868 Mitra assimilis Pease, American Journ. Conchology, vol. 3, p. 211, pl. 15, fig. 1 (Polynesia). 1874 Mitra auriculoides (pars) Reeve, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 18, pl. 21, fig. 440 only (non Reeve, 1845). 1880 Strigatella auriculoides Reeve, Garrett, Journal of Con- chology, vol. 3, p. 32; 1965 Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 109, pl. 18, fig. 61; 1966, Veliger, vol. 9, p. 107, textfig. 10 (radula) [non M. auriculoides Reeve, 1845]. 1882 Mitra (Chrysame) coronata (pars) Lamarck, Tryon, Man- ual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 148, pl. 44, fig. 281 only (non Lamarck, 1811). Types—The two syntypes of M. assimilis Pease, are in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadel- [19-698] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 487 Plate 437. Geographical distribution of the species Mitra (Strigatella) assimilis Pease, and M.(S.)flavocingulata Lamy. phia, no. 28718; the larger, 16.8 mm long speci- men, which was illustrated by Pease, is here des- ignated as the lectotype. The type locality is Polynesia, and this is further restricted to Huahine Island, Society Islands (specimens in USNM). Nomenclature—The species has been confused with M. auriculoides Reeve, a similar but squatter and more ovate species with a prominent denticle within the outer lip and a smooth margin. M. as- similis Pease, was based on an atypical specimen with a slightly longer spire, slightly deeper spiral grooves and a weaker outer lip callosity. Records—EAST AFRICA: Mogadiscio, Somalia (USNM). CEYLON: (USNM). INDONESIA: Java (USNM). PHILIP- PINE ISLANDS: Cabra I., Lubang I., Mindoro; Manila Bay, Luzon (both USNM); Santa Cruz, Zamboanga (Dan coll.). RYUKYU ISLANDS: (USNM). JAPAN: Osima, Osumi (USNM). PALAU ISLANDS (USNM). NEW GUINEA: Tagula I., Calvados Chain (Hoskin coll.); Samarai Island; Port Moresby (both Kleckham coll.). NEW HEBRIDES: Port Aneityum (USNM). LOYALTY ISLANDS: Isle Longue, Uvea (USNM); Lifu (AIM). NEW CALEDONIA: Kuea Bay (USNM). FIJI ISLANDS: Natadola, S.W. Viti Levu (Bean coll.); Suva reef, S. Viti Levu (Browne coll.); Momi, W. Viti Levu (Cer- nohorsky). TONGA ISLANDS: Nukuw’alofa, Tongatapu (Gay coll.) SAMOA ISLANDS: Ofu, Manu’a group; Matautu, Lefaga Bay, Upolu (both USNM). GILBERT ISLANDS: Apamama; Onotoa Atoll (both USNM); Bikenibeu, Tarawa I. (Foreman coll.). NIUE ISLAND: (McDowall coll.). COOK ISLANDS: Mauke Island; Avatiu Harbour, Rarotonga (both USNM). LINE ISLANDS: Palmyra Island (USNM). TUBUAI ISLANDS: Rimatara; Moerai, Rurutu (both USNM). SOCI- ETY ISLANDS: Raiatea Island (Deynzer coll.); Point Teffaao, Huahine; Port du Bourayne, Huahine; Moorea Island; E. side of Taunoa Pass, Tahiti; Motu Iriru, Raiatea (all USNM). TUAMOTU ISLANDS: Vahitaki (USNM). MARQUESAS IS- LANDS: Taiohae Bay, Nukuhiva (USNM); Tahuata Island (USNM; Clover coll.). HAWAIIAN ISLANDS: Mokulea reef, Oahu; Waialea reef, Oahu (both Leehman coll.); Honolulu (ZMC; Del Mus. N.H.); Kewalo, Honolulu; Quarantine I., Honolulu (both USNM). MIDWAY ISLANDS: (USNM). Mitra flavocingulata Lamy, 1938 (Pl. 438) Range—Kaster Island, Southeast Pacific Ocean. Remarks—The species is endemic to Easter Is- land. It is closely related to Mitra assimilis Pease, in form and sculpture, and differs primarily in colour ornamentation and obsolete crenulations on the outer lip. Habitat—Intertidal, in tide pools. Description—Shell up to 29 mm (14 inches) in length, solid, cylindrically elongate-ovate, su- tures impressed but narrowly incised. Whorls 5, apart from eroded protoconch, spire whorls regu- larly convex, sculptured with fine and shallow, minutely punctate spiral striae which in speci- mens examined numbered from 3-7 on the penul- timate and from 4-9 on the body whorl, apart from 3-4 punctate spirals and 4 or 5 flattish spiral cords near the base; occasional individuals have lon- gitudinal striae on spire whorls and the sutural area of the body whorl. Aperture longer than the spire, narrow but widening basally, interior smooth; outer lip prominently thickened, slightly constricted at posterior third and weakly cal- loused on the interior, margin of outer lip with obsolete and ill-defined crenulations. Columella calloused anteriorly and with 4-5 strong, oblique folds, parietal wall only glazed but with a callosity posteriorly in mature specimens; siphonal canal short and straight, siphonal notch distinct. Orange-tan in colour, ornamented with dark brown narrow spiral bands and a slightly broader yellowish band anteriorly to the sutures, back of outer lip usually lighter in colour; the aperture, columella and parietal callus are white or [19-699] 488 Subgenus Strigatella W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Plate 438. Mitra (Strigatella) flavocingulata Lamy. Fig. 1. Lectotype from Easter I., Pacific Ocean (MHNP; 25.1 x 11.6 mm). Fig. 2. Paralectotype from Easter I., Pacific Ocean (MHNP; 25.3 x 12.4 mm) [photo courtesy of B. Métivier, MHNP]. bluish-white, parietal wall brown. Periostracum thin, dark brown and longitudinally striate. Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 28.7 12.9 17.5 Hanga Piko, Easter I. 25.1 11.6 14.5 Lectotype of flavocingulata 25.0 11.9 15.7 Holotype of rapanuiensis 23.8 11.2 13.3 Paralectotype of flavocingulata 20.8 9.8 12.2 Easter I. Synonymy— 1938 Mitra (Strigatella) amphorella var. flavo-cingulata Lamy, Journ. de Conchyliologie, vol. 82, no. 2, p. 135 (Easter I. and Anakena Bay, Easter I.) Plate 439. Mitra (Strigatella) scutulata. (Gmelin). Fig. 1. Holotype from the “East Indies” (ZMC; 38.0 mm) {colour slide courtesy of R. Tucker Abbott, DMNH]. Fig. 2. Holotype of M. nebrias Melvill from Aden; broad form (BM (NH) 1895.5.28.1; 26.2 x 12.4 mm). 1968 Strigatella rapanuiensis J. Cate, Veliger, vol. 11, no. 2, p. 87, pl. 11, figs. 4a, b (Easter I., Pacific Ocean). Types—The lectotype and 3 paralectotypes of M. flavocingulata Lamy (here designated), are in the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, and the holotype of M. rapanuiensis (J. Cate) is in the Department of Geology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, no. 13103. The type locality is Easter Island, Southeast Pacific Ocean. Records—E ASTER ISLAND: (MHNP; CAS); Anakena Bay (MHNP); Hanga Piko (USNM). Mitra scutulata (Gmelin, 1791) (Color pl. 258, figs. 17-20; pl. 439) Range—Gulf of Aden to India and Polynesia. Remarks—tThe species is common in the centre of its distributional range, but is rare in the west- ern Indian Ocean and the South Pacific. It is vari- able in colour, being blackish-brown with white axial stripes or a pale subsutural zone on the body whorl; some individuals lack ornamentation al- together. The banded colour form has been de- scribed as M. amphorella Lamarck. Habitat—On reefs, under rocks and coral, from the intertidal zone to a depth of 3 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 47.0 mm (about 2 inches) in length, heavy and solid, elongate-ovate and often inflated, sutures distinct but narrowly incised. Whorls 6-7, apart from a protoconch of 2 light brown, smooth nuclear whorls, spire whorls distinctly convex, last whorl usually inflated, sculptured with narrowly incised spiral grooves which usually produce feebly elevated cords which number from 2-8 on the penultimate and from 5-15 on the body whorl; in most specimens, however, the body whorl has only up to half a dozen spiral threads at the shoulder, the centre of the whorl is smooth and the lower third has oblique spiral cords.. Under magnification very fine axial striae are visible. Aperture usually longer than the spire, moderately wide and smooth within, outer lip convex or sometimes subangulate anteriorly and weakly constricted posteriorly, interior callus weak in most speci- mens, margin of outer lip thickened and smooth, or with weak traces of a few denticles anteriorly. Columella calloused anteriorly, and with 4-5 prominent, oblique folds, parietal wall only glazed but posteriorly with a small white callus pad in adult specimens; siphonal fasciole straight, occasionally weakly calloused, siphonal notch [19-700] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 489 40" 60° BO° 100: jeo* 140° 160° 180° 160 140 420° 100° 90 | ] | aA , C> & x | k 6 Ss ke ee ~ eor/ f Mares YS ‘ pg : "€ ic Mawar ia BANS ( am) ama ae 7 “fad FORMOSA: WW NES --------------4---------- £s. Tt NE +3 ha Z| MARIANA hie . oma tS —— —- 4k Sze” = SJ = Sa staat Spe ri oe La St 1s, ee MARSHALL ID ea : PS © Vohricimes +: ___|® = i aes ae een | ee Fe fanny, ie tuamen} ean) > OO ARCH 50, @ | 20° | 8 Nt Se — 20° i © aewnion JOGA coox 'S, alee > Aare al | ee ee : —— , | " i | ; 20° 40° O° RO? 100° Vane vane van vane TAA TaAT THAT AAT L'a) Plate 440. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Strigatella) scutulata (Gmelin). very prominent. Chestnut-brown to blackish- brown in colour, ornamented with narrow, wavy white axial stripes which are usually interrupted centrally or may be continuous, and are broken up into small spots towards the base; in some indi- viduals the axial stripes are replaced by a narrow or broad, faint or distinct, orange-brown or white subsutural band, while a few rare individuals lack all kinds of ornamentation. Aperture and columel- lar folds white or bluish-white, occasionally flushed with light brown, parietal wall brown. Periostracum thin, brown and translucent. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~~ width aperture 41.0 17.4 25.0 Vuda Point, Fiji I. 38.4 16.2 18.4 Probable holotype of limbifera 38.0 = — Holotype of scutulata 31.0 13.2 19.2 Balabac I., Philippines 26.2 12. 16.1 Holotype of nebrias 25.3 12. 16.1 Holotype of amphorella 22.0 0.2 13.8 Phuket I., Thailand Synonymy— 1788 “Voluta scutulata’’ Chemnitz, Syst. Conchylien- Cabinet, vol. 10, p. 168, pl. 151, figs. 1428, 1429 (non bino- mial). 1791 Voluta scutulata Gmelin, Systema Naturae, ed. 13, p. 3452 (refers to Chemnitz, op. cit., figs. 1428, 1429) [Indian Ocean]; 1967 Cernohorsky, Journal of Conchology, vol. 26, p. 164. 1798 Mitra discolor Roding, Museum Boltenianum, p. 137 (refers to Chemnitz, op. cit., figs. 1428, 1429) [no locality given]. 1801 Mitra scutellata Bosc, Hist. nat. coquilles, vol. 5, p. 48 (refers to Chemnitz, op. cit., fig. 1428) [Indian Ocean]. 1811 Mitra amphorella Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 17, p. 214 (no locality given); 1838 Kiener, Spécies général iconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 57, pl. 17, fig. 57; 1844 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 12, figs. 85a, b; 1880 Garrett, Journal of Conchology, vol. 3, p. 10; 1969 Cernohorsky, Revue Suisse Zoologie, vol. 76, p. 976, pl. 5, fig. 34 (figured holotype). 1811 Mitra limbifera (Lamarck, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 17, p. 214 (no locality given); 1969 Cernohorsky, Revue Suisse Zoologie, vol. 76, p. 975, pl. 4, fig. 32 (figured proba- ble holotype). 1822 Mitra scutulata (Gmelin), Lamarck, Hist. nat. anim. s. vertebres, vol. 7, p. 314; 1838 Kiener, Spécies général iconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 64, pl. lu, fig. 56; 1844 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 12, fig. 82; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 18, pl. 21, figs. 430-432; 1891 E. A. Smith, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 410; 1951 Laseron, Rec. Austral. Museum, vol. 22, no. 4, p. 335. 1852 Mitra sertum Duval, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 3, p. 160, pl. 7, fig. 1 (? Marquesas Islands). 1882 Mitra (Strigatella) scutulata Lamarck, Tryon, Manual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 155, pl. 46, figs. 332-334, 337 only; 1933 Dautzenberg & Bouge, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 77, p. 189; 1970 Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 14, textfig. 69 (radula). 1895 Mitra (Strigatella) nebrias Melvill, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vol. 1, pt. 5, p. 222, pl. 14, fig. 4 (Aden). 1935 Strigatella scutulata (Gmelin), Dautzenberg, Mem. Mus. Roy. d'Hist. Nat. Belg., vol. 2, p. 115 (extended synonymy); 1943 Habe, Venus: Jap. Journ. Malacology, vol. 13, p. 76, pl. 4, fig. 4 (radula); 1965 Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 114, fig. 58: 1971 Wilson & Gillett, Australian Shells, p. 118, pl. 76, fig. 10. Types—The holotype of M. scutulata (Gmelin), is in the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen. The holotype of M. amphorella Lamarck, no. 1107/99, and the probable holotype of M. limbifera Lamarck, no. 1108/11, are in the Muséum d His- toire Naturelle, Geneva. The holotype of M. neb- rias Melvill, is in the British Museum (NH) no. 1895.5.28.1; the whereabouts of the type- specimen of M. sertum Duval, are unknown. The type locality was given as Indian Ocean by Gmelin, and the holotype of M. scutulata came from the East Indies according to Chemnitz, and we therefore designate Borneo, Indonesia, as the type locality (specimens in USNM). Records—GULF OF ADEN: (BMNH: NMW; E. A. Smith, 1891). INDIA: Goa (USNM); Dwarka, Gujerat; Ratnagiri, Maharashtra (both AMNH). THAILAND: Taluei Island; reef at airport beach, Koh Phuket; Angtong Island (all USNM); Ko-Phai, Gulf of Thailand (Steiner coll.); S.W. side of Phuket [19-701] 490 Subgenus Strigatella W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae I., w. coast of Thailand; Ko Ra Dang I., near Malayan border; Ko Samui I., w. side of the Gulf of Surattani (all Orr coll.; Cernohorsky coll.). MALAYSIA: N.E. coast of St. John’s L., S. of Singapore (USNM). VIETNAM: Nhatrang Bay, Canda (ZMC). INDONESIA: Mandi Darrah I., N. Borneo; Mega, Mentawai I., S.W. of Sumatra; Sapi I., Jesselton, N. Borneo (all USNM); Tg Lelar, S.W. Trangan, Aru I., 6°46’S & 134°02’E; N. side of Teluk Dodinga, near Ternate, Halmahera (both WAM). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Mactan I., Cebu; Guijulugan, Neg- ros (both USNM); Boac, Marinduque (Lumawig coll.); Samar Island (Steiner coll.); Leyte (Clover coll.); Balabac Island (Cernohorsky coll.). CHINA: Hongkong (AIM). FORMOSA: S.W. Taiwan (Steiner coll.). RYUKYU ISLANDS: Okinawa (USNM). JAPAN: Osima, Osumi; Tanabe, Kii (both USNM). NEW GUINEA: Yule Island; Barakau (both Hinton coll.); Taurama reef, Port Moresby (Kleckham coll.). NEW BRIT- AIN: Arawe Island (Hinton coll.). AUSTRALIA: West Australia; Pelsart I., off Geraldton (USNM; Powell coll.); Ab- rolhos Islands (USNM); Point Quobba; Barrow Island; be- tween Cape Dupuy and Cape Malouet; E. of Cape Poivre, 20°53'S & 115°20'E; mouth of Biggada Creek, 20°48'S & 115°21’E: N. of Point, Rottnest Island; 16 mi. S. of Point Cloates; Cocatoo I., Yampi Sound; Thevenard I., off Onslow; Wooded I., Abrolhos Islds.; Eaglehawk I., Dampier Ar- chipelago (all WAM); Queensland: Pebbly beach, Trinity Bay (AIM); Bingil Bay (Powell coll.). New South Wales: (Laseron, 1951). NORFOLK ISLAND: (Powell coll.). LOYALTY IS- LANDS: Lifu (USNM). NEW CALEDONIA: Konebuni Island (USNM); Noumea (AMNH). FIJI ISLANDS: Manava L., N. Viti Levu; Vuda Point, W. Viti Levu (both Cernohorsky coll.). GILBERT ISLANDS: Bikenibeu, Tarawa I. (Foreman coll.). SOCIETY ISLANDS: Raiatea Island (IRSN). TUAMOTU IS- LANDS: (Garrett, 1880); Apataki Island; Napuka Island (both Dautzenberg & Bouge, 1933). Mitra decurtata Reeve, 1844 (Color pl. 258, figs. 21, 22; pl. 441, fig. 1) Range—Cocos-keeling Islands and Indonesia to Polynesia. Remarks—tThe centre of distribution of this un- common species appears to be Micronesia, and the species rarity increases west and south of this region. We have not seen actual specimens east of Niue Island in the Pacific, but Dautzenberg and Bouge (1933) report the species from several localities in the Tuamotus. The species has been confused with M. scutulata (Gmelin) and M. col- ombelliformis Kiener. From the former species it differs prominently in form, the gibbous and cal- loused outer lip, and from the latter in being al- most black in colour and ornamented with 1 or 2 narrow, spotted bands. Habitat—On reets, under coral, rocks and in crevices, in the intertidal zone. Description—Shell up to 37.0 mm (1% inches) in length, heavy and solid, ovate, sutures distinct, irregular and narrowly incised, spire short. Whorls 5, apart from the protoconch, spire whorls convex but usually eroded up to the penultimate or antepenultimate whorls, last 2 whorls smooth apart from obsolete spiral striae, macroscopic lon- gitudinal hair-lines and distinct cords on the lower half of the body whorl. Aperture longer than Plate 441. Fig. 1. Mitra (Strigatella) decurtata Reeve. Lec- totype (BM (NH) 1967744; 35.2 x 18.6 mm). Fig. 2. Holotype of M. (S.) colombelliformis Kiener from “Madagascar” (MHNG 1108/4; 34.8 x 17.0 mm). the spire, narrow and smooth within, outer lip gibbous and angulate near the start, greatly thick- ened, margin smooth, interior of lip prominently calloused. Columella concave, calloused, and with 4-5 prominent and curved folds, posterior of parietal wall with a white callosity, siphonal fas- ciole short and slightly angled towards the aper- ture, siphonal notch distinct. Almost black in col- our, ornamented with | or 2 very narrow, orange, pale yellow or white bands on the body whorl; the narrow bands are brighter in parts, giving the band the impression of being spotted. The parietal wall is brown and the aperture, columel- lar folds and parietal callosity are bluish white. The periostracum is moderately thin, orange- brown, longitudinally striate and moderately opaque. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~~ width aperture 35.2 18.6 23.9 Lectotype of decurtata 30.2 17.2 21.2 Niue Island 28.9 16.0 20.0 Formosa 26.3 14.6 18.7 off Cabcaban, Philippines 23.8 12.8 16.9 Pango Pt., New Hebrides 21.0 11.8 15.4 Guadalcanal, Solomon Ids. Synonymy— 1844 Mitra decurtata Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 20, fig. 154 (no locality given); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 18, pl. 21, fig. 460. 1882 Mitra (Strigatella) scutulata (pars) Lamarck, Tryon, Manual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 155, pl. 46, fig. 335 only (non Voluta scutulata Gmelin, 1791). 1923 Mitra (Strigatella) decurtata Reeve, Dautzenberg & Bouge, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 67, p. 143; 1933, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 77, p. 164; 1959 Kira, Col. Illust. shells of Japan, vol. 1, p. 67, pl. 33, fig. 9; 1970 Cer- nohorsky, Rec. Auckland Inst. Museum, vol. 7, p. 182, fig. 2 [19-702] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 49] 20° zo 60) 80 1oo° 120° 140° 160) 180 160 140° 75 100) 30 vb a et far NG | sg WL Maw, } ae Aliany YS [eee eee hrarecy B --------—-- x NE si da \ — +—__— + — 4, - + ~ | i A 20 a e MARIANA ee ak, * LB me SEYCHELLES 15 -ReELing. PEG rn e canout __ [DECURTATA] ‘pt or NEW ZEALAND 160" is Bo" 160 : 140" 1207 160" BO Plate 442. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Strigatella) de- curtata Reeve. (radula); 1970, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 72, pl. 4, fig. 2. 1967 Mitra (Strigatella) colombelliformis Kiener, Orr Maes, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 119, no. 4, p. 139 (refers to Kira, 1959, pl. 33, fig. 9 = M. decurtata Reeve) [non M. colombelliformis Kiener, 1838]. Types—Three syntypes of M. decurtata Reeve, are in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967744; the largest specimen with an oblique fracture on the body whorl, length 35.2 mm, is here selected as the lectotype of the species. No locality was given by Reeve, and we designate Bataan, Luzon, Philippine Islands, as the type locality. Records—COCOS-KEELING ISLANDS: Direction Island (Orr Maes, 1967). INDONESIA: Mentawai I., Pulau Stupai, S. W. of Sumatra (USNM), PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: off coast of Cabcaban, Bataan, Luzon (Deynzer coll.; Cernohorsky coll.); Albay Prov., Luzon (DMNH). FORMOSA: off Kao-Hsiung; Liu Chiu Chiao, between Penghu and Taiwan (both Steiner coll.); near Hung Tou Tsung (USNM). RYUKYU ISLANDS: Ohishima, Okinawa; Ukibara-shima, E. of Okinawa (both USNM). JAPAN: Osima, Osumi (USNM). MARIANAS: Oca Point, Guam I. (USNM). MARSHALL ISLANDS: Uliga L., Majuro Atoll; lagoon reef, E. of Bikonele, Arno Atoll; between Sidneytown and watchhouse, S. of Jabor, Jaluit Atoll (all USNM). SOLOMON ISLANDS: Ticopia Island (Powell coll.); N.W. coast of Guadalcanal (Cernohorsky coll.). HEW HEB- RIDES: S.E. of luyeng I., Aneityum; [jipthav, Aneityum (both USNM):; Pango Point, Efate I. (Cernohorsky coll.). NEW CALEDONIA: Kuea Bay; Nau Island (both USNM). FIJI IS- LANDS: Yewalu reet, N.W. of Lautoka, W. Viti Levu (Cer- nohorsky coll.). TONGA ISLANDS: Nuku'alofa, Tongatapu (Gay coll.). SAMOA ISLANDS: Ofu, Manu’a group (USNM). WALLIS & FUTUNA ISLANDS: Anse de Sigave, Hoorn L., Futuna L.; Nukuhifala, Wallis I. (both USNM). NIUE IS- LAND: Oneone reef, (McDowall coll.; Cernohorsky coll.); Avatele (USNM). SOCIETY ISLANDS: Tahiti (Dautzenberg & Bouge, 1933). TUAMOTU ISLANDS: Apataki; Makemo; Fakahina (all Dautzenberg & Bouge, 1933). Mitra colombelliformis Kiener, 1838 (Color pl. 258, figs. 23-25; pl. 441, fig. 2) Range—Cocos-Keeling Islands, Indian Ocean to Polynesia. Remarks—tThe species is similar in form to M. decurtata Reeve, with which species it is sympat- ric in several localities, but differs in features of a more elevated spire, regularly convex body whorl, crisper spiral sculpture and colouring. The specific name has been emended to “columbel- liformis” and ‘“‘columbellaeformis”, but Kiener’s original spelling, not being a slip of the pen, must be retained in its original form. Habitat—On reefs, under rocks and coral, in the intertidal zone. Description Shell up to 40 mm (about 1% inches) in length, heavy and solid, elongate-ovate and broad, spire pointed, sutures distinct and nar- rowly incised. Whorls 5-6, apart from an eroded protoconch, spire-whorls flat-sided, sculptured with finely axially striate spiral grooves which give rise to slightly elevated spiral threads, which number from 5-9 on the penultimate and from 12-22 on the body whorl, apart from 10-14 oblique cords at the base; the spiral threads weaken slightly on the centre of the body whorl, and the basal cords are more prominent. Aperture equal in height or longer than the spire, narrow and smooth within, outer lip greatly thickened, gibbous at the start, constricted posteriorly and prominently cal- loused within, margin of lip smooth. Columella thinly glazed, and with 5 or 6 prominent, oblique folds, parietal wall thinly glazed, siphonal canal straight and thick, siphonal notch prominent. Light olive-brown in colour, ornamented with broad, white or creamy-white axial zones which form a broad band adjacent to the body whorl suture, and there may be a second, less regular and distinct band at the base of the shell. Aperture and columellar folds white, creamy-white or bluish-white, parietal wall flushed with brown. [19-703] 492 Subgenus Strigatella W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae NEW ZEALANO 160" 180" bs 7 Tao" 123" T00o™ T° 1 1 = 20° 40° bor 80° yoo" 120° 140° Plate 443. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Strigatella) col- ombelliformis Kiener. Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 37.8 20.0 24.0 Rarotonga, Cook Ids. 34.8 17.0 22.0 Holotype of colombelliformis 32.4 16.6 22.0 Manava I., Fiji Ids. 29.0 14.8 15.0 Niue I. Synonymy— 1838 Mitra colombelliformis Kiener, Spécies général icono- graphie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 47, pl. 15, fig. 46 (Madagascar). 1839 Mitra striata Gray, Zool. Capt. Beechey’s Voyage, p. 135, pl. 39, fig. 7 (Pacific Ocean) [non Eichwald, 1830]. 1840 Mitra columbelliformis Kiener, Kuster, Syst. Conchylien-Cabinet, ed. 2, vol. 5, p. 122, pl. 17c, figs. 4, 5; 1844 Deshayes & Edwards, Hist. nat. anim. s. vertébres, ed. 2, vol. 10, p. 351; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 18, pl. 15, figs. 255, 256 (invalid emendation). 1844 Mitra columbellaeformis Kiener, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 18, fig. 138; 1880 Garrett, Journal of Con- chology, vol. 3, p. 33; 1966 Cernohorsky, Archiv f. Mollus- kenkunde, vol. 95, no. 5/6, p. 275, fig. 1 (radula) [invalid emendation]. 1852 Strigatella stutschburyi Morch, Cat. Conchyl. Yoldi, p. 83 (substitute name for Mitra columbellaeformis Reeve, 1844), 1880 Strigatella columbellaeformis Kiener, von Martens, Beitr. Meeresf. Mauritius & Seychellen, p. 256; 1935 Daut- zenberg, Mém. Mus. Roy. d’Hist. Nat. Belg., vol. 2, p. 102; 1965 Cermohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 110, pl. 17, fig. 56 (invalid emendation). 1882 Mitra (Strigatella) limbifera (pars) Lamarck, Tryon, Manual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 154, pl. 45, figs. 323-325 only (non Lamarck, 1811). 1933 Mitra (Strigatella) columbellaeformis Kiener, Dautzen- berg & Bouge, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 77, p. 160 (invalid emendation). 1970 Mitra (Strigatella) colombelliformis Kiener, Cer- nohorsky, Rec. Auckland Inst. Museum, vol. 7, p. 182; 1970, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 72, pl. 4, fig. 3. Types—The holotype of M. colombelliformis Kiener, is in the Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, no. 1108/4, and the type-specimen of M. stutschburyi (Morch), is probably among Cum- ing’s specimens of the general collection at the British Museum (NH). The type locality is Madagascar, but this requires confirmation in view of the lack of reliable records west of the Cocos-Keeling Islands. Records—COCOS-KEELING ISLANDS: Pulo Panjang (USNM). JAPAN: Tosa (AMNH). CAROLINE ISLANDS: Lamotrek Atoll (USNM). MARSHALL ISLANDS: Bok I., Ujae Atoll; Loi I., Kwajalein Atoll; Erapuotsu I., Rongelap Atoll; Pinglap L, Jaluit Atoll (all USNM). FIJTTISLANDS: ManavalI., N. Viti Levu (Cernohorsky coll.). GILBERT & ELLICE IS- LANDS: Funafuti lagoon, Ellice I.; Apamama, Gilbert I. (both USNM). NIUE ISLAND: Namoui (McDowall coll.; Cer- nohorsky coll.). COOK ISLANDS: Mauke Island; Tom’s I., Palmerston Atoll (both USNM); Rarotonga (Coppell coll.; Cernohorsky coll.). SOCIETY ISLANDS: Flint I., off Tahiti; Point Teffaao, Huahine; Tiarei, Tahiti (all USNM). TUAMOTU ISLANDS: Vahitaki; Maiai I., Tikahau (both USNM). GAMBIERISLANDS: Motu Tarauru-roa, Mangareva I. (USNM). PITCAIRN ISLAND: (USNM). LINE ISLANDS: Flint I. (DMNH). Mitra acuminata Swainson, 1824 (Color pl. 258, figs. 26, 27; pl. 445, fig. 1) Range—East Africa to Polynesia and the Hawaiian Islands. Remarks—The species is similar to M. fas- tigium Reeve, but has a longer, more concave and acuminate spire, smooth sutures and a yellow to orange colour. Habitat—On reefs, under rocks, coral and coral-rubble, in the intertidal zone. Description—Shell up to 35 mm (about 1% inches) in length, elongate-ovate, solid, body whorl inflated, spire concave and acuminate, su- tures distinct, smooth and narrowly incised. Whorls 7-9, apart from a smooth white protoconch, first 2-3 post-nuclear whorls with spiral threads which change to smooth, fine and shallow spiral grooves on later whorls, and number from 10-17 [19-704] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 493 . q . 1z0° 140° zo° ye Ll) 100° , 160° 180° 160° 1go° = 120° 100° 90° T T ACUMINATA] |< c0C08 - KEELING. | GALAPAGOS nee Plate 444. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Strigatella) acuminata Swainson. on the penultimate and up to 40 on the body whorl; in some individuals the spiral grooves are confined to the shoulder of the body whorl, the centre is smooth and the base has up to 14 oblique spiral cords. Aperture longer than the spire, nar- row but widening anteriorly, smooth within; mar- gin of outer lip smooth, prominently thickened, interior callus distinct but blunt and elongated; columella not calloused and only glazed, and with 4-5 oblique folds, siphonal canal pointed, straight, siphonal notch prominent. Uniformly yellow, pale orange or orange-tan in colour, some indi- viduals with a broad and pale central band on the body whorl; aperture white, occasionally flushed with rose or yellow near the margin, columella white. Periostracum thin, brown and longitudi- nally finely striate. Measurements (mm)— height of length | width aperture 31.0 12.4 17.8 Mkunduchi, Zanzibar 29.5 12:2 16.6 Tarawa I., Gilbert Ids. 25:2 10.2 14.3 Melekula I., New Hebrides 21.0 8.6 12.4 Ifaluk Atoll, Caroline Ids. 19.6 8.0 11.0 Samoa Ids. Synonymy— 1824 Mitra acuminata Swainson, Quart. Journal Sci. Arts, vol. 17, no. 33, p. 36 (Mauritius); 1833, Zoological Illustrations, ser. 2, vol. 3, pl. 128, fig. 3; 1844 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 20, fig. 158; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 18, pl. 8, figs. 88*, 89*; 1952 Tinker, Pacific Sea Shells, p. 64, plate facing page, lower row, fig. on left. 1833 Mitra lutea Quoy & Gaimard, Voy. L’ Astrolabe, vol. 2, p. 650, pl. 45bis, figs. 7-9 (Port Dorey, New Guinea); 1838 Kiener, Spécies général iconographie coquilles vivantes, vol. 3, p. 51, pl. 15, fig. 47; 1969 Kosuge, Bull. Nat. Sci. Mus. Tokyo, vol. 12, no. 4, p. 787, pl. 2, fig. 37 (juvenile specimen). 1880 Strigatella acuminata Swainson, Garrett, Journal of Con- chology, vol. 3, p. 32; 1880 von Martens, Beitr. Meeresf. NEW ) a Marie Theresa 5 \ Plate 445. Fig. 1. Mitra (Strigatella) acuminata Swainson Figs. 2-5. M. (S.) fastigium Reeve. Fig. 1. Lectotype figure of M. (S.) acuminata Swainson from Mauritius (from Swainson, 1833, pl. 128, fig. 3). Fig. 2. Holotype of M. (S.) fastigium Reeve (BM (NH) 1967755; 21.0 x 10.3 mm). Fig. 3. Lectotype of Strigatella fuscescens Pease from the Hawaiian Ids. (BM (NH) 1961184; 27.1 x 12.5 mm). Fig. 4. Lectotype of Strigatella brunnea Pease trom Polynesia (ANSP 29722; 21.7 x 10.5 mm). Fig. 5. Paralectotype of Strigatella fuscescens Pease from the Hawaiian Ids. (BM (NH) 1961185; 24.8 mm). [19-705] 494 Subgenus Strigatella W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Mauritius & Seychellen, p. 257; 1965 Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 109, pl. 18, fig. 66. 1882 Mitra (Strigatella) acuminata Swainson, Tryon, Manual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 153, pl. 45, fig. 312. 1957 Strigatella lutea (Quoy & Gaimard), Demond, Pacific Science, vol. 11, pt. 3, p. 322. 1961 Mitreala acuminatuma (sic) Spry, Tanganyika Soc. Notes & Records, no. 56, p. 25, pl. 8, fig. 198. Types—tThe holotype of M. acuminata Swain- son, which used to be in Mawe’s collection, is no longer extant, and we therefore designate the specimen illustrated by Swainson in the “Zoolog- ical Illustrations”, series 2, vol. 3, figure 3, as the lectotype of the species. The type-specimen of M. lutea (Quoy & Gaimard, is in the Muséum Na- tional d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. The type local- ity of M. acuminata is Mauritius. Nomenclature—Mitra acuminata Swainson, is not a secondary homonym of Voluta acuminata Gmelin, 1791, which is a species of the subgenus Costellaria, in the subfamily Vexillinae. Records—EAST AFRICA: Sinda, Dar-es-Salaam, Tan- ganyika (Spry, 1961). ZANZIBAR: near lighthouse, Mkun- duchi (AIM; Powell coll.); Kizamkazi (Clover coll.). MAURITIUS: (USNM). THAILAND: Rawai reef, Phuket (Orr oe Cernohorsky coll.). INDONESIA: W. coast of Gomumu o of Obi L; N. side of Tg Hapale, Mauipa I., 3°18’S & 7°30'E; Poa I., Haruku Straits, E. of fen ee (all WAM). PHILIEEING ISLANDS: Tres Reyes I., Gasar, Marinduque (Lumawig coll.); Sanga Sanga I., Sulu Se a (DMNH). RYUKYU ISLANDS: Olaaawe (USNM). JAPAN: Yedo Bay (USNM). MARIANAS: Asau Point, Guam I. Sa CAROLINE IS- LANDS: Faranlep Atoll; Saratokmalel, Kapingamarangi; Tiatua, Kapingamarangi; Y: ap Island (all USNM); Ifaluk Atoll (Cernohorsky coll.). MARSHALL ISLANDS: Engebi L.; Eniwetok Atoll; Kwajalein Atoll: Enybor I.; Jaluit Atoll (all USNM),. PALAU ISLANDS: Kay angel Island (USNM). NEW GUINEA: Tagula Island (Hinton coll.); Biak I., Schouten L: Mios Woendi, ch uaen I.; near TERE ‘(all USNM): Fisherman's I. Port Moresby (Kleckham coll.); N. Mios Woendi, Padaido I., Schouten I. (Powell coll.). NEW BRIT- AIN: Nordup near Rabaul (USNM). SOLOMON ISLANDS: Marau Sound, Guadalcanal (DMNH); Ataa (AMNH). NEW HEBRIDES: Vila, Efate I. (Debant coll.); Erakor reef, Efate I. (Dale coll.); Meli I. S.W. Efate I.; Bushmens Bay, E. coast of Malekula I. (both Cernohorsky coll) ). FUL ISLANDS: Suva reet, S. Viti Tea (Hill coll.); Lau Islands (Bergman coll.). Bo" too" 120° 140° SAMOA ISLANDS: Apia; Ofu, Manu’a group (both USNM): Mulinuu, W. of Apia (Cernohorsky coll.). FUTUNA IS- LANDS: Anse de Sigave, Hoorn I. (USNM). GILBERT & ELLICE ISLANDS: Onotoa Atoll, Gilbert I. (USNM): Bikenibeu, Tarawa I., Gilbert I. (Cernohorsky coll.); Vaitupu, Ellice I. (USNM). PHOENIX ISLANDS: Canton Island (USNM; BPBM). NIUE ISLAND: (McDowall coll.). COOK ISLANDS: Palmerston Island (Steiner coll.); Mauke Island; Rarotonga (both Coppell coll.). SOCIETY ISLANDS: (Garrett, 1880). TUAMOTU ISLANDS: (Garrett, 1880). LINE IS- LANDS: Jarvis and Fanning Is. (both DMNH); Palmyra Island (USNM); Kingman reef (BPBM). HAWAIIAN ISLANDS: (Garrett, 1880; Tinker, 1952). Fossil record—POST-PLEISTOCENE: Mokapu Peninsula, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands (Kosuge, 1969). Mitra fastigium Reeve, 1845 (Color pl. 258, figs. 28, 29, 32; pl. 445, figs. 2-5) Range—East Africa to Polynesia and the Hawaiian Islands. Remarks—tThe species is easily recognized by its uniformly horny-brown colour, minutely cren- ulate sutures, white aperture and fine, short brown lines on the edge of the outer lip. This species has been usually known under the names of M. fuscescens (Pease) or M. brunnea (Pease), but Reeve’s name M. fastigium has chronological priority. Habitat—On reefs, under rocks and coral and in crevices, in the intertidal zone. Description—Shell up to 28 mm (about 1%4 inches) in length, elongate-ovate to ovate, solid, sutures distinct, narrowly channeled and finely crenulate. Whorls 5-7, apart from an eroded white protoconch, spire whorls weakly convex, sculptured with shallow and smooth spiral grooves which number from 3-7 on the penulti- mate whorl; on the body whorl the first 3-6 spiral grooves are confined to the shoulder, the centre is _usually smooth, and towards the base there are 2-5 \eo° 180° 160° igo" 'V FORMOSA awonman » Bee St ee pripeine NicopAR | 7 Q Aeron cai | ec Plate 446. Geographical distribution of Mitra ee ie earenun Reeve. [19-706] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 495 grooves which are followed by up to 10 oblique cords. The aperture is longer than the spire, nar- row but slightly widening anteriorly, smooth within; outer lip prominently thickened, interior callosity either prominent or almost absent, mar- gin of outer lip smooth. Columella calloused an- teriorly and with 4-5 strong, oblique folds, parietal wall glazed, posteriorly with a thin callus; siphonal fasciole short and straight, siphonal notch prominent. Uniformly dark tan in colour, occasionally with slightly paler axial streaks, or- namented with obsolete, faint brown spiral lines which are obscured on the body whorl but be- come apparent on the back of the outer lip and continue as spots or short lines onto the white calloused margin; aperture and columella white, parietal wall white but edged with brown. Perios- tracum thin, dark brown and moderately opaque. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~~ width aperture 27.1 12.5 17.3 Lectotype of fuscescens 25.1 x1.6 15.4 Boac I., Philippines 23.6 11.6 15.5 Mozambique, E. Africa 21.7 10.5 14.1 Lectotype of brunnea 21.0 10.3 13.0 Holotype of fastigium 19.0 9.8 12.6 Mokulea reef, Hawaiian Ids. 15.5 5.5 10.5 Viti Levu Bay, Fiji Ids. Synonymy— 1840 Mitra discolor Kuster, Syst. Conchylien-Cabinet, ed. 2, vol. 5, p. 107, pl. 17a, figs. 6-8 (no locality given) [non M. discolor Roding, 1798]. 1845 Mitra fastigium Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 28, fig. 221 (no locality given); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. x8, pl. 21, fig. 435. 1860 Strigatella fuscescens Pease, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 146 (Sandwich Islands); 1965 Kay, Bull. Brit. Mus. ZNat. Hist.), Zoology, Suppl. vol. 1, p. 29, pl. 3, figs. 7, 8 (figured lectotype). 1865 Mitra brunnea Pease, Carpenter, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon- don, p. 517 (in synonymy of Strigatella fuscescens Pease); 1868 Pease, American Journ. Conchology, vol. 3, p. 233; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 18, pl. 21, fig. 441; 1969 Kosuge, Bull. Nat. Sci. Museum Tokvo, vol. 12, no. 4, p. 786, pl. 2, fig. 33. 1868 Strigatella brunnea Pease, American Journ. Conchology, vol. 3, p. 215, pl. 15, fig. 7 (Polynesia); 1880 Garrett, Journal of Conchology, vol. 3, p. 33. 1874 Mitra fuscescens Pease, Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 18, pl. 16, fig. 303. 1882 Mitra (Strigatella) fastigium Reeve, Tryon, Manual Con- chology, vol. 4, p. 154, pl. 45, fig. 320. 1882 Mitra (Strigatella) brunnea Pease, Tryon, ibid., p. 153, pl. 45, fig. 301. 1965 Strigatella oleacea (Reeve), Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 112, pl. 18, fig. 63 (non Mitra oleacea Reeve, 1844). 1970 Mitra (Strigatella) fastigium Reeve, Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 14, textfig. 67 (radula); 1970, Rec. Auckland Inst. Museum, vol. 7, p. 182. Types—The faded and weathered holotype of M. fastigium Reeve, B.M. (NH) no. 1967755, and the lectotype of M. fuscescens (Pease) [selected Kay, 1965], B.M. (NH) no. 1961184, are in the British Museum (NH). There are 6 syntypes of M. brunnea (Pease), in the Academy of Natural Sci- ences, Philadelphia, no. 29722, and the largest, 21.7 mm long specimen, is here selected as the lectotype. No locality was given by Reeve for M. fastigium, and we designate Bohol Islands, Philippine Islands, as the type locality. Records—EAST AFRICA: Mozambique (USNM); Moshinga I., off Mocimba da Praia, Mozambique (Orr coll.). MAURITIUS: (Couacaud coll.; Cermohorsky coll.). THAI- LAND: Goh Huyong, Similan I. (USNM). INDONESIA: Pulau Penju, S. of Sumatra (USNM): Tg Nama, S. side of Ambon Bay, Ambon I. (WAM). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Pan- gangon I., Bohol (Steiner coll.); Boac, Marinduque (Clover coll.). JAPAN: Osima, Osumi (USNM). MARIANAS: Apra Harbour, Guam I.; Rota Island (both USNM): Nimitz Beach, Guam I. (Cernohorsky coll.). CAROLINE ISLANDS: Satawall Atoll; Tiatua, Kapingamarangi (both USNM). MARSHALL ISLANDS: Engebi I., Eniwetok Atoll; Mellu I., Rongelap Atoll; Lae Atoll; Enybor I., Jaluit Atoll (all USNM); Majuro (DMNH). NEW GUINEA: Malai I., Siassi I. (Hinton coll.); Seleo Island (USNM); Smarai Island (Kleckham coll.). NEW BRITAIN: Tamunea Island (Hinton coll.). SOLOMON IS- LANDS: Marau Sound, Guadalcanal (Gower coll.). NEW HEBRIDES: Black Sands, Efate I. (Colardeau coll.); Pango Point, Efate I. (Allan coll.). NEW CALEDONIA: (USNM). FIJI ISLANDS: Viti Levu Bay, N.E. Viti Levu (Cernohorsky coll.). TONGA ISLANDS: reef near Nuku’alofa, Tongatapu (Gay coll.; Cernohorsky coll.). SAMOA ISLANDS: Asau Har- bour, Savaii (USNM). GILBERT & ELLICE ISLANDS: Vai- tupu, Ellice I. (USNM); Bikenibeu, Tarawa I., Gilbert I. (Cer- nohorsky coll.). BAKER ISLANDS: (USNM). HOWLAND ISLAND: (USNM). PHOENIX ISLANDS: Canton Island (USNM). NIUE ISLAND: Alofi (USNM; McDowall coll.). COOK ISLANDS: Palmerston Island (Steiner coll.); N. tip of Akitua, Aitutaki I. (USNM). SOCIETY ISLANDS: Raiatea Is- land (Deynzer coll.). MARQUESAS ISLANDS: Taiohae Bay, Nukuhiva (USNM). LINE ISLANDS: Palmyra Island (USNM); Jarvis Island (AIM). HAWAITAN ISLANDS: Kahala, Honolulu, Oahu; Hilo; Honokowai, Maui (all USNM): Niihau Island (AIM); Mokulea reef, Oahu (Leehman coll.: Cer- nohorsky coll.). Fossil record—POST-PLEISTOCENE: Mokapu Peninsula, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands (Kosuge, 1969). Mitra pellisserpentis subspecies pellisserpentis Reeve, 1844 (Color pl. 258, figs. 33-37; pl. 447, figs. 1-9) Range—Mauritius to Polynesia. Remarks—This is one of the most variable of strigatelliform mitrids which has received no fewer than 13 names. The species varies from being broadly-ovate to slender-elongate, the sculpture is prominently granulose or may be- come obsolete, and the colour varies from a yvellowish-orange to dark brown or olive-brown. The most frequently encountered forms are as follows: Typical, granulose form: pellisserpentis Reeve (= granata Reeve = grelloisi Récluz). [19-707] 196 Subgenus Strigatella W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Slender, granulose form: brumalis Reeve (= serotina A. Adams = microstoma Sowerby = minor Dautzenberg & Bouge). Broad, granulose form: uzielliana Crosse (= nassoides Sowerby). Broad, smooth form: crenilabris A. Adams (= dealbata A. Adams; worn and faded white). Habitat—On reefs, under rocks, coral, coral- rubble and in crevices of living coral, from the intertidal zone to a depth of 2 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 36 mm (about 1% inches) in length, elongate-ovate or slender and elongate, solid, sutures impressed but narrowly incised. Whorls 64-8, apart from a protoconch of 2 glassy-white, smooth nuclear whorls, spire whorls flat-sided or weakly convex, sculptured with spiral rows of small granules which number from 0-12 on the penultimate and from 0-30 on the body whorl; in some granulose individuals, the body whorl sometimes develops weak, irregular and slender axial riblets; in the granulose forms, the interspaces between the granules are macro- scopically reticulated. In smooth specimens, the frst 3-4 post-nuclear whorls are granulose, the beading fades out on the antepenultimate whorl and the sculpture on the last 2 whorls consists of either weak spiral threads or weak axial riblets. Aperture longer than the spire, narrow and smooth within, outer lip thickened, interior witha variable-sized callus, margin of outer lip with Plate 447. Figs. 1-9. Mitra (Strigatella) pellisserpentis pellis- serpentis Reeve Figs. 10, 11. M. (S.) pellisserpentis astricta Reeve. Fig. 1. Lectotype of M. (S.) pellisserpentis pellisserpentis Reeve from the Philippine Ids.; granulose form (BM (NH) 1967834; 30.6 x 12.1 mm). Fig. 2. Lectotype of M. crenilabris A. Adams; broad, smooth form (BM (NH) 1967732; 30.9 x 12.0 mm). Fig. 3. Specimen from Head of Taiohae Bay, Nukuhiva, Marquesas Ids.; broad, smooth form (USNM,; 28.0 x 10.8 mm). Fig. 4. Syntype of M. granata Reeve from Ticao Id., Philip- pine Ids.; intermediate, granulose form (BM (NH) 1967774; 19.9 x 7.9 mm). Fig. 5. Holotype of M. dealbata A. Adams; very worn speci- men (BM (NH) 1967741; 26.0 x 9.7 mm). Fig. 6. Holotype of M. cretacea Sowerby from Mauritius; very worn specimen (NMW, 24.2 x 8.3 mm). Fig. 7. Lectotype of M. serotina A. Adams from the Mar- quesas Ids.; slender, granulose form (BM (NH) 1967882; 19.4 x 6.6 mm). Fig. 8. Syntype of M. serotina A. Adams; slender, smooth form (BM (NH) 1967882; 21.9 x 7.3 mm). Fig. 9. Specimen from Head of Taiohae Bay, Nukuhiva, Marquesas Ids.; slender, granulose form (USNM; 21.7 x 7.3 mm). Fig. 10. Lectotype figure of M. (S.) pellisserpentis astricta Reeve (from Reeve, 1844, pl. 24, fig. 188). Fig. 11. Lectotype of M. samuelis Dohrn from the Hawaiian Islands (BM (NH) 1967875; 27.7 x 10.6 mm). [19-708] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 497 40° 160° is an 120° 140° 160° 180° 160° 140 ‘ ia ] RS (> { | => a ,, H) | al ae = tec o | “Ll ” ‘ | horus’ Se Bonin 4 ASTRICTA Kn core, a wo 3 | | a i) ac 2 tn eal aC A lbseerenenyey = “$i Sept rem saath bse Dac eee pens _ i wee ae o i) a) FORMOSA && 20° ae i —= ad SE = = ar Y ST MARIANA hohe “Pawar i tH g 31s. + ya 4 di apt . | wolfe | HCOBAR 1 4 Pou j reat og | Lee oY wa_| of , : Ponape Mofure ee | of), : \ 5 Spe cancu Ne 1s! | " xX” Mave 0 ff) wt, | > ia if ae & “| PELLISSERPENTIS i, eR chrittmos L Be | Sites 5 : : = FR S rae ar) o caapaeos SeveneLies 19. 2 os : 6 ‘ ite Zamnibor cad i PHOENIX 13, \ CmAges eee. Toney | e Manauesasis | < ‘Ss [ \ oe rearory ab, oy ve 5S | ; irre g I. Ses bk 7 | | tg tts BD “4 {go> At = + = + —~{ 20° 20° = te 3 Orns coax ‘oe ‘5 | cb Oe eee ee bee ee ze ¢ See ee el : ae oe d -=3 a= TRAL ie paca a | Mca | NEW L ZPALANO | | ; 2 | | 207 co 60° BO" cts T 108" Plate 448. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Strigatella) pel- lisserpentis pellisserpentis Reeve, and its subspecies M. (S.) pellisserpentis astricta Reeve. elongated crenulations. Columella calloused, and with 4-6 oblique folds, base of shell constricted, siphonal fasciole straight and usually calloused, siphonal notch prominent. Uniformly yellowish- orange, orange-brown, olive-brown or dark brown in colour, occasional specimens with a pale cen- tral zone or white axial stripes on the body whorl, and in rare individuals, very faint, orange-brown lines are discernible at least on the back of the outer lip; aperture and columella cream, yellow or orange in colour. Periostracum very thin, orange- brown and translucent. Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 36.4 14.5 19.8 Holotype of nassoides 31.0 11.0 — Type-specimen of grelloisi 30.9 12.0 15.8 Lectotype of crenilabris 30.6 12.1 16.7 Lectotype of pellis- serpentis 28.0 10.8 15.2 Nukuhiva, Marquesas 27.0 11.0 14.2 Mauritius 26.0 9.7 14.5 Holotype of dealbata 25.0 11.0 — Holotype of uzielliana 24.2 8.3 13.8 Holotype of cretacea 23.0 9.5 12.4 Boac I., Philippines 19.4 6.6 9.8 Lectotype of serotina 18.6 7.2 9.6 Lectotype of granata 16.1 5.6 7.8 Holotype of brumalis 15.5 7.0 9.0 Malekula I., New Hebrides Synonymy— 1839 Mitra impressa Anton, Verz. Conchylien, p. 67 (Japan); 1839 Kuster, Syst. Conchylien-Cabinet, ed. 2, p. 76, pl. 14, figs. 6, 7; 1845 Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 31, fig. 250; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 7, pl. 8, fig. 106 only; 1882 Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. 4, p. 132, pl. 38, fig. 132; 1952 Kuroda & Habe, Check List Rec. mar. moll. Japan, p. 67. 1844 Mitra pellisserpentis Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 10, fig. 66 (Islands of Mindoro and Bohol, Philippines); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 22, pl. 13, fig. 209; 1880 Garrett, Journal of Conchology, vol. 3, p. 24; 1952 Kuroda & Habe, Check List Rec. mar. moll. Japan, p. 67. 1845 Mitra granata Reeve, ibid., pl. 33, fig. 271 (Island of Ticao, Philippines). 1845 Mitra brumalis Reeve, ibid., pl. 34, fig. 280 (Philippine Islands). 1853 Mitra serotina A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, for 1851, p. 132 (Marquesas Islands). 1853 Mitra crenilabris A. Adams, ibid., p. 140 (no locality given). 1853 Mitra dealbata A. Adams, ibid., p. 140 (no locality given). 1853 Mitra grelloisi Récluz, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 4, p. 247, pl. 7, fig. 8 (Island of the Pacific Ocean). 1861 Mitra uzielliana Crosse, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 9, p. 285 (Tahiti ?); 1862, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 10, p. 50, pl. 1, fig. 2. 1874 Mitra microstoma Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 21, pl. 16, fig. 291 (no locality given). 21874 Mitra cretacea Sowerby, ibid., p. 21, pl. 26, figs. 577,578 (Mauritius) [non M. cretacea Gabb, 1864]. 1874 Mitra nassoides Sowerby, ibid., p. 22, pl. 27, fig. 631 (Mauritius) [non M. nassoides Grateloup, 1847]. 1923 Mitra (Chrysame) pellisserpentis Reeve, Dautzenberg & Bouge, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 67, p. 127; 1933, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 77, p. 183. 1923 Mitra (Chrysame) pellisserpentis var. minor Dautzen- berg & Bouge, ibid., p. 130 (Isle des Pins, New Caledonia and Lifu, Loyalty Islands) [mon Weinkauff, 1868: nec Sow- erby, 1874]. 1935 Mitra (Nebularia) pellisserpentis Reeve, Dautzenberg, Mem. Mus. Roy. d’Hist. Nat. Belg., vol. 2, p. 75. 1936 Mitra (Chrysame) pellisserpentis granata Reeve, Hirase, Coll. Japanese shells, p. 70, pl. 101, fig. 6. 1957 Scabricola pellisserpentis Reeve, Kaicher, Indo-Pacific sea shells, pl. 2. 1961 Chrysame pellisserpentis (Reeve), Habe, Col. Ilust. Shells of Japan, vol. 2, p. 69, pl. 34, fig. 11; 1964 Habe, Shells west. Pacific in colour, vol. 2, p. 107, pl. 34, fig. 11. 1964 Strigatella pellisserpentis (Reeve), J. Cate & Burch, Vel- iger, vol. 6, p. 143; 1965 Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 113, pl. 17, fig. 60; 1967, Marine Shells of the Pacific, vol. 1, p. 150, pl. 34, fig. 230. 1970 Mitra (Strigatella) pellisserpentis Reeve, Cernohorsky, Rec. Auckland Inst. Museum, vol. 7, p. 182; 1970, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 15, textfig. 74 (radula), pl. 4, figs. 4, 5 (shell). Types—The following types are in the British Museum (NH): the lectotype, here designated, [19-709] 498 Subgenus Strigatella W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae and 2 syntypes of M. pellisserpentis Reeve, B.M. (NH) no. 1967834; the lectotype, here designated, and 2 syntypes of M. granata Reeve, B.M. (NH) no. 1967774; the holotype of M. brumalis Reeve, B.M. (NH) no. 1966716; the lectotype, here desig- nated, and 2 syntypes of M. crenilabris A. Adams, B.M. (NH) no. 1967732; the lectotype, here desig- nated, and 2 syntypes of M. serotina A. Adams, B.M. (NH) no. 1967882, and the holotype of M. dealbata A. Adams, B.M. (NH) no. 1967741. The holotype of M. nassoides Sowerby (non Grateloup) and M. cretacea Sowerby (non Gabb), are in the National Museum of Wales, Cardiff. The type specimens of M. grelloisi Récluz, and M. uzielliana Crosse, are in the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris (Journal de Conchyl. coll.). Reeve gave the localities Mindoro and Bohol Islands, and we restrict the type locality to Mindoro Island, Philippine Islands. Nomenclature—Anton (1839) described M. im- pressa, which was illustrated by Kister in the same year, but the name remained unused during the 20th century, until re-introduced into litera- ture by Kuroda and Habe (1952). The specimen illustrated by Kuster is undoubtedly a young specimen of M. pellisserpentis Reeve, but the name M. impressa can be rejected as a forgotten name, since the taxon M. pellisserpentis has been used more than 10 times by at least 5 different authors during the last 50 years (Declaration 43, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1970). Mitra cretacea Sowerby, is placed tentatively in the synonymy of M. pellisserpentis. The holotype does resemble the species, but is far too worn and faded for positive identification. Records—MAURITIUS: (USNM:;: DMNH Couacaud coll.; Cernohorsky coll.); Sor (Maujean coll.). ANDAMAN IS- LANDS: Port Blair (Steiner coll.). CEYLON: (USNM). THAI- LAND: Ko He I., Phuket; Rawai, Phuket (both Orr coll.; Cer- nohorsky coll.). INDONESIA: Keledjitan, Bantam, Java (USNM); Tg Sermaaf, N.W. coast of Kur IL, Kai I. (WAM). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Mindoro Island; Ticao Island (both DMNH; BMNH): Boac, Marinduque (Lumawig coll.; Cer- nohorsky coll.); Pangangon I., Bohol (Steiner coll.); Brooke's Point, Palawan I. (USNM); Eastern Samar (Dan coll.; Cer- nohorsky coll.). FORMOSA: S.W. Taiwan (Steiner coll.). JA- PAN: Osima, Osumi (USNM). MARIANAS: Apra Harbour, Guam I.; Tumon Bay, Guam I. (both USNM). NEW HEB- RIDES: Bushmans Bay, E. coast of Malekula I. (Cernohorsky coll.). LOYALTY ISLANDS: Lifu) (USNM). NEW CALEDONIA: Kuakue Bay (USNM). WALLIS & FUTUNA ISLANDS: Anse de Sigave, Hoorn I., Futuna I.; W. of Point Matahauiki, Faioa, Wallis I. (both USNM). FIJI ISLANDS: Momi reef, W. Viti Levu; Lomalagi, S. Viti Levu (both Cer- nohorsky coll.). GILBERT ISLANDS: Bikenibeu, Tarawa I. (Cernohorsky coll.). TONGA ISLANDS: Nuku’alofa, Ton- gatapu (Gay coll.; Cernohorsky coll.). SAMOA ISLANDS: Luatuanu’u, Upolu (Powell coll.). NIUE ISLAND: Namoui (McDowall Gal. COOKISLANDS: Mauke Island; Motu Toa, Rarotonga (both USNM); Rarotonga (AIM; Cernohorsky coll.). JARVIS ISLAND: (AIM). PHOENIX ISLANDS: Canton Is- land (USNM). SOCIETY ISLANDS: Arue, Tahiti; Papeete Harbour, Tahiti; Motu Iriru, Raiatea (all USNM); Raiatea Is- land (Tourres coll.); Point Venus, Tahiti (Clover coll.). MAR- USNMy ISLANDS: Head of Taiohae Bay, Nukuhiva, 5-15 ft. USNM). Mitra pellisserpentis subspecies astricta Reeve, 1844 (Color pl. 258, figs. 38, 39; pl. 447, figs. 10, 11) Range—Hawaiian and Midway Islands. Remarks—The Hawaiian form of M. pellisser- pentis is a very weak subspecies and differs from the nominate subspecies only in colour ornamen- tation. Almost all specimens of astricta have wide-spaced or close-set dark brown lines on the whorls, whereas these lines appear only rarely in the Indo-Pacific pellisserpentis; even when pres- ent, they are very faint, but are quite distinct and prominent even in beach-wom specimens of as- tricta. The same variational range is encountered in the Hawaiian astricta, and broad and slender, granulose and smooth specimens are known. Specimens will reach a length of 37.0 mm (about 1% inches). Habitat—On reefs, from the intertidal zone to a depth of 3 fathoms. Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 34.0 15.5 16.2 Halawa, Molokai 30.4 13.1 15.6 Waikiki 27.7 10.6 14.8 Lectotype of samuelis 21.0 8.4 12.0 Honolulu 17.6 6.9 9.6 Kailua Bay, Oahu Synonymy— 1844 Mitra astricta Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 24, fig. 188 (no locality given); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 22, pl. 13, figs. 206, 208, 224; 1880 Garrett, Journal of Conchology, vol. 3, p. 10; 1950 Oster- gaard, Pacific Science, vol. 4, no. 2, p. 86, fig. 4 (spawning and development). 1860 Mitra samuelis Dohrn, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 368; 1861, Malakozool. Blatter, vol. 8, p. 137. (Hawaiian Islands). 1882 Mitra (Strigatella) astricta Reeve, Tryon, Manual Con- chology, vol. 4, p. 154, pl. 45, figs. 315-318. 1969 Mitra pellisserpentis Reeve, Kosuge, Bull. Nat. Sci. Mus. Tokyo, vol. 12, no. 4, p. 787, pl. 2, figs. 26, 38 (non Reeve, 1844). 1970 Mitra (Strigatella) pellisserpentis astricta Reeve, Cer- nohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 8, textfigs. 13, 13a and p. 15, textfig. 75 (radula). Types—The type-specimen of M. astricta Reeve, has been sold at auction of the Norris col- lection and is no longer traceable. Three syntypes of M. samuelis Dohrn, are in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967875, and the 27.7 mm long speci- [19-710] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 499 men, which closely corresponds to Dohrn’s cited dimensions, is here selected as the lectotype. No locality was given by Reeve, and we designate Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, as the type locality (specimens in ZMC). Records—HAWAIIAN ISLANDS: Kuhio Bay, 3 faths.; Halawa, Malokai; Pupukea Beach, Oahu; Honolulu Harbour entrance, Oahu; Black Point, Haunama Bay, Oahu (all USNM); Coconut Island, Oahu (AMNH); Niihau Island (AIM); Hon- olulu, Oahu; Hilo (both ZMC); Waikiki, Oahu (Clover coll.); Alamoana Reef (DMNH); Sunset Beach, Oahu; Kawaialo Beach, Oahu (both Leehman coll.); Diamond Head, Honolulu, Oahu (Powell coll.); Kailua Bay, Oahu (Clover coll.; Cer- nohorsky coll.). MIDWAY ISLANDS: (USNM). Fossil records—POST-PLEISTOCENE: Wailupe Quarries, Oahu; Mokapu Peninsula, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands (both Kosuge, 1969). Mitra bellula A. Adams, 1853 (Pl. 449) Range—Philippine Islands and ? Japan. Remarks—The holotype remains the only specimen known. Subsequent literature records are repetitions of the original description, and no specimens resembling the species have been col- lected since the date of description. We strongly suspect that M. bellula is a very worn, atypical or aberrant form of a previously described species; the cancellate upper whorls and general shape beara faint resemblance to Mitra (Strigatella) pel- lisserpentis Reeve. A. Adams (1864) subsequently reported the species from Japan, but assigned it to the vexilline subgenus Costellaria; even in its worn condition it is obvious that the species is mitrine and not vexilline, and Adams’ Japanese specimen may have been something different. Plate 449. Mitra (Strigatella) bellula A. Adams. Holotype from Capul Id., Philippine Ids. (BM (NH) 1966715; 14.94 x 5.1 mm) {photo courtesy J. Taylor, BM (NH)f. Habitat—On the reefs, low water (A. Adams, 1853). Description—Holotype: Shell 15 mm (about 2 inch) in length, solid, elongate-ovate, sutures dis- tinct but sharply incised and irregular on the dor- sal side of the body whorl. Whorls 6, apex missing, spire whorls regularly convex, first 3 whorls clath- rate with bisecting spiral and axial cords of about equal strength; the spiral cords weaken and axial cords become obsolete on the last 3 whorls. Spiral striae number 7 on the penultimate and 15 on the body whorl, apart from 10 oblique cords at the base. The dorsal side of the body whorl has 4 wide-spaced growth-striae. Aperture about equal in height to the spire, narrow and smooth within; outer lip thickened and simple. Columella slightly calloused and with 6 prominent, oblique folds. Siphonal fasciole twisted and slightly re- curved to the left, siphonal notch prominent. Col- our white in the beach-worn type, sutures of the last 3 whorls with small, brown spots. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~~ width aperture 14.9+ 5.1 7.6 Holotype of bellula Synonymy— 1853 Mitra bellula A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, for 1851, p. 138; (Capul Island, Philippine Islands); 1874 Sow- erby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 17, pl. 26, fig. 593 (figured holotype). 21864 Costellaria bellula A. Adams, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 7, p. 200. 1882 Mitroidea bellula A. Adams, Tryon, Manual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 163, pl. 47, fig. 375. Types—The worn and faded holotype of M. bel- lula A. Adams, is in the British Museum (NH), no. 1966715. The type locality is Capul Islands, Philippine Islands. Records—PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Capul Island (type- locality). JAPAN: ? Gotto, 48 faths. (A. Adams, 1864). Mitra typha Reeve, 1845 (Pl. 450) Range—Red Sea to Polynesia and the Hawaiian Islands. Remarks—This is one of the smallest and most widely distributed and rare mitrid, which is tenta- tively placed in the subgenus Strigatella on the basis of the presence of the interior callosity of the outer lip in adult specimens. The species is variable in colour and consequently has received numer- [19-711] 500 Subgenus Strigatella W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae ous names; specimens are white and usually banded with orange-brown, some specimens hav- ing 1 band on the spire whorls and 1 or 2 bands on the body whorl. Some individuals, however, are banded only on the body whorl, while others lack Plate 450. Mitra (Strigatella) typha Reeve. Fig. 1. Lectotype from Loay, Bohol Id., Philippine Ids. (BM (NH) 1967904; 9.2 x 3.1 mm). Fig. 2. Lectotype of M. saltata Pease from the Central Pacific (MCZ 260605; 7.7 x 2.4 mm). Fig. 3. Lectotype figure of M. micans Reeve from the South Pacific Ocean; broad, banded form (from Reeve, 1845, pl. 34, fig. 285). Figs. 4,5. Specimen from reef 12 mi. off Baie du Mondoure, New Caledonia; intermediate, banded form (WOC coll.; 13.3 x 4.6 mm). Fig. 6. Lectotype of Thala alba Pease from the Tuamotu Archipelago; slender, albino form (ANSP 28755; 7.5 x 2.3 mm). Fig. 7. Specimen from Tahiti, Society Ids.; broad, albino form (WOC coll.; 5.4 x 2.0 mm). Figs. 8, 9. Holotype of M. flexilabris Sowerby from Mauritius (ANSP 28639; 13.1 x 4.1 mm). the bands and are either flushed with orange- brown or are white. The bandless colour-forms were described as M. tenuis Sowerby, M. flexilab- ris Sowerby, and M. saltata Pease, while the uni- formly white colour form is the M. alba Pease. Habitat—On reefs, among sand and coral rub- ble, from the intertidal zone to a depth of 18 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 14 mm (about 4 inch) in length, fusiformly-elongate, adult specimens moderately solid, immature specimens thin and often pellucid, sutures distinct but very narrow and sharply incised, spire acuminate. Whorls 5-6, apart from a protoconch of 3-3% cylindrical, smooth, white or light fawn nuclear whorls, spire whorls regularly convex or almost flat-sided, sculptured with very fine spiral and longitudinal striae of about equal strength to the antepenulti- mate whorl, and then the spiral striae retain their strength while the axial striae frequently become weak or obsolete on the last 3 whorls; spiral striae number from 6-13 on the penultimate and from 20-30 on the body whorl, striae usually gain in strength towards the base where they appear as fine basal cords. Aperture about equal in height to the spire, narrow and smooth within, outer lip thickened in adults and slightly constricted and calloused within, smooth at the margin, immature specimens with a weak outer lip which lacks the callus. Columella calloused in mature specimens, and with 3-5 oblique folds, siphonal canal moder- ately short and straight, siphonal notch distinct. White in colour, usually ornamented with a single and moderately broad, orange-brown band on the spire whorls and 1 or 2 bands on the body whorl; some individuals have a single band on the body whorl and none on the spire whorls, while other specimens are uniformly white or flushed with light orange-brown. The aperture and columella are white, and occasionally show a faint orange- brown tint. Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 13.1 4.6 6.7 New Caledonia 13.1 4.1 6.9 Holotype of flexilabris 12.3 3. 6.0 Holotype of tenuis 12.2 3.7 6.0 Seychelles Islands 9.2 3.1 5.0 Lectotype of typha 7.7 2.6 3.8 Eilat, Gulf of Aqaba 7.7 2.4 3.7 Lectotype of saltata 7.5 2.3 3.5 Lectotype of alba Synonymy— 1845 Mitra typha Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 33, fig. 267 (Loay, Bohol I., Philippines); 1874 Sowerby, [19-712] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 501 Plate 451. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Strigatella) typha Reeve. Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 6, pl. 17, fig. 323; 1880 Garrett, Journal of Conchology, vol. 3, p. 28; 1882 Tryon, Manual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 128, pl. 37, fig. 113 only; 1923 Dautzenberg & Bouge, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 67, p. 94 (with var. micans Reeve and flexilabris Sowerby). 1845 Mitra micans Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 34, fig. 285 (South Pacific Ocean) [broad form]; 1873 Garrett, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, for 1872, p. 841; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 129, pl. 37, fig. 120. 1865 Mitra (Strigatella) saltata Pease, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon- don, p. 512 (Central Pacific). 1868 Thala alba Pease, Americ. Journ. Conchology, vol. 3, p. 215, pl. 15, fig. 8 (Tuamotu Archipelago). 1868 Thala saltata Pease, ibid., p. 216. 1874 Mitra tenuis Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 6, pl. 17, fig. 327 (no locality given) [immature specimen]; 1882 Tryon, Manual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 129, pl. 37, fig. 117; 1884 E. A. Smith, Rept. zool. coll. H.M.S. “Alert”, p. 498, pl. 44, fig. N (non M. tenuis Beyrich, 1854). 1875 Mitra flexilabris Sowerby, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 127, pl. 24, fig. 4 (Mauritius); 1882 Tryon, Manual Conchol- ogy, vol. 4, p. 128, pl. 37, fig. 98. 1880 Mitra alba Pease, Garrett, Journal of Conchology, vol. 3, p. 12; 1963 J. Cate, Veliger, vol. 6, p. 37, pl. 7, fig. 37. 1880 Strigatella flexilabris Sowerby, von Martens, Beitr. Meerest. Mauritius & Seychellen, p. 257. 1882 Mitra (Aidone) alba Pease, Tryon, Manual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 129, pl. 51, fig. 471. 1903 Mitra tenuis var. minor Sturany, Denk. Kais. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 74, p. 36, pl. 7, fig. 7 (Koseir, Red Sea) [non Weinkauff, 1868; nec Sowerby, 1874]. 1963 Mitra pellucida “Dall MS”, J. Cate, Veliger, vol. 6, p. 37, pl. 7, fig. 35 (nomen nudum). Types—Three syntypes of M. typha Reeve, are in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967904, and the 9.2 mm long specimen is designated as the lec- totype; the type-specimen of M. micans Reeve, originally in the Metcalfe collection, is no longer extant. The holotype of M. tenuis Sowerby (non Beyrich), is in the British Museum (NH) no. 1879.2.26. The holotype of M. flexilabris Sow- erby, ANSP no. 28639, and 4 syntypes of M. alba (Pease), ANSP no. 28755, are both in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; the 7.5 mm long syntype, is here selected as the lectotype of M. alba. Three syntypes of M. saltata Pease, are in PHILIPPINE S. hth no. 260605, and the 7.7 mm long specimen, is here selected as the lectotype. The type locality of M. typha is Loay, Bohol Island, Philippine Islands. Nomenclature—The species, and its named variants, have been assigned to Mitra, Thala, Aidone and Strigatella, but the interior callosity of the outer lip favours an assignment to Strigatella. The species is rare live-collected, but beach specimens appear to be quite common in Tahiti; most of these specimens examined are white, but in some individuals faint bands are apparent. J. Cate’s (1963) type designation of Huahine, Soci- ety Islands, for M. alba (Pease), is invalid, since Pease clearly described his species from the Tuamotu Archipelago. Records—RED SEA: Eilat, Gulf of Aqaba (Hadar coll.; Cer- nohorsky coll.); Nawibi, Gulf of Aqaba; Koseir (both Sturany, 1903). INDIAN OCEAN ISLANDS: Seychelles Islands, 4-12 faths. (BMNH); Mauritius (ANSP). INDONESIA: Mentawai Island (USNM). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Tataan Island, 18 faths. (USNM); Loay, Bohol I. (BMNH). JAPAN: Osima, Osumi (USNM). SOLOMON ISLANDS: Marau Sound, Guadalcanal (Gower coll.). LOYALTY ISLANDS: Lifu (IRSN; USNM: AIM). NEW CALEDONIA: reef 12 mi. off Baie du Mondoure, Noumea (Cernohorsky coll.). FI[[ ISLANDS: Kioa Island (BPBM). NIUE ISLAND: (Powell coll.; Clover coll.); Alofi (Cernohorsky coll.). COOK ISLANDS: Rarotonga (Gar- rett, 1873). LINE ISLANDS: Palmyra Island (USNM). SOCI- ETY ISLANDS: Tahiti (IRSN); Moorea Island (USNM). TUAMOTU ISLANDS: Maiai I., Tikahau; Makatea (both USNM). HAWAIIAN ISLANDS: Barber’s Point, Oahu, 100 ft. (Cross coll.); off Makua, Oahu, 7-8 faths. (Burgess coll.); Kuaba, Oahu (DMNH); Waiane, Oahu; off Waikiki, Oahu, 10-15 ft.; Pupukea beach; Laysan Island (all USNM). MIDWAY IS- LANDS: (USNM). Mitra peculiaris Reeve, 1845 (Pl. 452) Range—Indonesia to Polynesia. Remarks—Tryon (1882) and Dautzenberg and Bouge (1923), consider M. peculiaris to be a monstrosity of M. typha Reeve. The two species are very similar indeed, but until more material of [19-713] 502 Subgenus Strigatella W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Plate 452. Mitra (Strigatella) peculiaris Reeve. Fig. 1. Lectotype from Puerto Galero Mindoro, Philippine Ids. (BM (NH) 1967833; 11.0 x 3.5 mm). Fig. 2. Syntype; broad form (BM (NH) 1967833; 10.0 x 3.6 mm). Figs. 3, 4. Specimen from Bay of Islands, Suva Harbour, Fiji Ids.; adult specimen (Hill coll.; 14.2 x 4.6 mm). Figs. 5, 6. Specimen from Suva reef, Fiji Ids.; immature specimen (WOC coll.; 9.5 x 3.4 mm). M. peculiaris, particularly intermediate speci- mens connecting the two, are available, the species is tentatively accepted as valid. M. peculiaris differs from M. typha in the following features: it is more cylindrical, the whorls are slightly concave and angulate through the appear- ance of a distinct, elevated white keel at the su- tures; this keel, although weak and obsolete, is also apparent on the centre of the body whorl in line with the aperture. The body whorl keel con- tinues to the outer lip which appears angulate at the start, and then descends almost perpendicu- larly towards the base; a weak callosity is present within the lip in adult specimens. In size, sculpture, number of whorls, columellar folds and colour, the two species hardly differ. Habitat—On reefs, under rocks and coral, on a sand and mud substratum, from the intertidal zone to a depth of 8 fathoms. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~~ width aperture 14.2 4.7 6.7 Bay of Islands, Fiji Ids. 11.0 3.5 5.2 Lectotype of peculiaris 9.5 3.6 5.0 Suva reef, Fiji Ids. Synonymy— 1845 Mitra peculiaris Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 36, fig. 305 (in error sp. 273) [Puerto Galero, Mindoro, Philippines]; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 11, pl. 17, fig. 322; 1880 Garrett, Journal of Conchology, vol. 3, p. 23; 1923 Dautzenberg & Bouge, Journal de Con- chyliologie, vol. 67, p. 196; 1965 Cernohorsky, Veliger, vol. 8, p. 94, pl. 14, fig. 21. 1880 Mitra humeralis Garrett, Journal of Conchology, vol. 3, p. 18 (coast of Anaa I., Tuamotus). 1882 Mitra typha Reeve, Tryon, Manual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 128, pl. 37, fig. 116 (non Reeve, 1845). 1923 Mitra typha monstr. peculiaris Reeve, Dautzenberg & Bouge, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 67, p. 96. Types—tThree syntypes of M. peculiaris Reeve, are in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967833, and the largest, 11.0 mm long specimen, is here selected as the lectotype. The type-specimen of M. humeralis Garrett, which used to be in the Godeffroy collection of the Hamburg Museum, has been destroyed during World War II. The type locality of M. peculiaris is Puerto Galero, Min- doro, Philippine Islands. Records—INDONESIA: Pulau Siburu, N. of Sipora, S.W. Sumatra (USNM). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Lugbon L., Romblon (USNM): Puerto Galero, Mindoro (BMNH). NEW GUINEA: Siassi Island (Hinton coll.). NEW HEBRIDES: Teuma Bay, S. Efate I. (Dale coll.). LOYALTY ISLANDS: Lifu (Dautzenberg & Bouge, 1923). FIJI ISLANDS: off Naselesele Point, Taveuni (USNM); Bay of Islands, Suva harbour, S. Viti Levu (Hill coll.); main Suva reef, S. Viti Levu (Cernohorsky coll.). TUAMOTU ISLANDS: coast of Anaa Island (Garrett, 1880—as M. humeralis). [19-714] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 503 East Pacific—Caribbean Strigatella Mitra tristis Broderip, 1836 (Pl. 453) Range—Gulf of California to the Galapagos Is- lands and Ecuador. Remarks—This moderately common, intertidal species is variable in form, sculpture and colour- ing. The slender form, which lacks the axial folds and has a broad, white or yellowish sutural band, has been described as M. albofasciata Sowerby, M. jousseaumiana Mabille, M. dolorosa Dall, and M. salinasensis Bartsch. Habitat—On rocky shores, on a rock and sandy-silt substratum, from the intertidal zone toa depth of 12 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 38 mm (about 1% inches) in length, elongate-ovate, body whorl slender or broad, solid, sutures distinct, irregular and shallow. Whorls 5-7, apart from an eroded protoconch, spire whorls flat-sided or weakly convex, sculptured with irregular, broad and weak axial folds which usually weaken on the lower half of the body whorl and may be completely absent in some individuals; fine, almost smooth or mi- nutely pitted or axially striate spiral grooves en- circle the shell, striae more prominent at the shoulder of the whorls, numbering from 2-7 on the penultimate and from 1-4 at the shoulder of the body whorl, in addition to 8-12 oblique cords to- wards the base. Aperture longer than the spire, narrow and smooth within, outer lip thickened and occasionally weakly calloused within, margin of outer lip smooth apart from 3-4 very obsolete denticles anteriorly. Columella calloused, and with 4-5 oblique folds, siphonal canal short and straight, siphonal notch prominent. Olive-brown to dark brown in colour, ornamented with a nar- row or moderately broad, white or yellowish- brown sutural band and occasionally a few pale streaks which descend from the sutures onto the band along the axial folds; aperture brown within, columellar folds bluish-white or light violet, parietal wall brown. Periostracum thin and brown in colour. Measurements (mm)— height of length ~~ width aperture 34.0 14.9 20.0 Syntype of tristis 29.7 12.8 17.0 Lectotype of tristis 27.8 La 18.0 Holotype of salinasensis 27.8 11.6 16.0 Santa Cruz I., Galapagos 25.4 10:2, 15.0 Puertecitos, Baja California 22.9 8.9 12.5 Holotype of albofasciata 21.0 10.2 13.7 Galapagos 20.2 7.5 11.0 Paratype of jousseaumiana 19.6 7.4 11.1 Holotype of dolorosa Synonymy— 1836 Mitra tristis Broderip, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 3, p. 194 (Santa Elena and Galapagos I.); 1844 Reeve, Con- chologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 15, fig. 114; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 21, pl. 21, fig. 446. 1839 Mitra olivacea Anton, Verz. Conchylien, p. 68 (Califor- nia); 1839 Kiister, Syst. Conchylien-Cabinet, ed. 2, vol. 5, p. 73, pl. 13, figs. 15, 16. 4 Plate 453. Mitra (Strigatella) tristis Broderip. Fig. 1. Lectotype from St. Elena or Galapagos Ids.; broad form (BM (NH) 1966414; 29.7 x 12.8 mm). Fig. 2. Holotype of M. salinasensis Bartsch from Salinas, Guayaquil, Ecuador; broad form, juvenile specimen (USNM 367982; 27.8 x 12.7 mm). Fig. 3. Holotype of M. albofasciata Sowerby; slender form (BM (NH) 1906.5.8.54; 22.9 x 8.9 mm). Fig. 4. Holotype of M. dolorosa Dall off Consag Rock, Gulf of California, 12 fms.; slender form (USNM 109009; 19.6 x 7.4 mm). [photo courtesy H. A. Rehder, USNM]. Fig. 5. Paratype of M. jousseaumiana Mabille from “Califor- nia’: slender form (ex-coll. Mabille, IRSN; 20.2 x 7.5 mm). [19-719] 504. Subgenus Strigatella W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae 1874 Mitra albofasciata Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 4, pl. 16, fig. 300 (South Africa = error!). 1882 Mitra (Strigatella) tristis Tryon, Manual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 155, pl. 45, fig. 329; 1894 Stearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, vol. 17, p. 177; 1939 Hertlein & Strong, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sciences, ser. 4, vol. 23, no. 24, p. 370; 1958 Keen, Sea shells trop. west America, p. 430, fig. 656; 1970 Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 15, textfigs. 71, 72 (radulae); 1971 Keen, Sea shells trop. west America, ed. 2, p. 642, fig. 1429 (figured syntypes). 1898 Mitra jousseaumiana Mabille, Bull. Soc. Phil., vol. 9, p. 78 (no locality given; ““Baié California” on label with paratype). 1903 Mitra dolorosa Dall, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 16, p. 173 (off Consag Rock, Gulf of California, 12 fathoms); 1925, Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, vol. 66, no. 17, p. 20, pl. 21, fig. 6; 1969 Wolfson, Veliger, vol. 11, p. 282, figs. 1-3 (egg- capsules). 1928 Mitra salinasensis Bartsch, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci- ences, vol. 18, no. 3, p. 68, fig. 16 (Salinas, Guayaquil, Ecuador) [juvenile specimen]. 1958 Mitra (Strigatella) dolorosa Dall, Keen, Sea shells trop. west America, p. 429, fig. 654. 1966 Strigatella tristis (Broderip), Cernohorsky, Journal of Conchology, vol. 26, p. 16, fig. 1 (radula); 1967 J. Cate, Veliger, vol. 10, p. 194, pl. 19, fig. 6 (shell), textfig. 6 (radula). Types—Three syntypes of M. tristis Broderip, are in the British Museum (NH) no. 1966414, and the smallest, 29.7 mm long specimen, is here selected as the lectotype; the holotype of M. al- bofasciata Sowerby, is in the same Institution, B.M. (NH) no. 1906.5.8.54. The holotype of M. dolorosa Dall, USNM no. 109009, and the holotype of M. salinasensis Bartsch, USNM no. 367982, are both in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington. The whereabouts of the type-specimen of M. jousseaumiana Mabille, are unknown, but a paratype, ex-Mabille collec- tion, is in the Institut Royal des Sciences Natu- relles, Brussels. The type-specimen of M. olivacea Anton, cannot be traced. Broderip cited two localities for M. tristis, and the first- mentioned locality of Santa Elena [Ecuador], is designated as the type locality. Records—BAJA CALIFORNIA: Cape San Lucas; San José Island; Agua Verde Bay; San Carlos Bay (all USNM); Santa Rosalia, San Marcos I. (ANSP); Puertecitos (Cernohorsky coll.); off Consag Rock, 31°05’N & 114°29’W, 12 faths. (USNM). MEXICO: Puerto Lobos (Cernohorsky coll.); Puerto Libertad, Sonora (ANSP); S.W. corner of Puerto San Carlos (USNM); Guaymas (DMNH; Clover coll.); Saladita Bay, Guaymas, 20 ft.; rock shores S. of Chile Point, W. Mazatlan; Venado I., N.W. of Mazatlan; North beach, Mazatlan (all ANSP); Sinalva, Mazat- lan (DMNH; USNM):; Acapulco (USNM; ANSP). NICARAGUA: San Juan del Sur (USNM). COSTA RICA: San Lucas Island (USNM); N. side of Bahia de Culebra, 3-7 ft.; Chatham Bay, Cocos I. (both ANSP). PANAMA: Taboga Island (USNM; ANSP); San José I., Perlas I.; Venado Island (both USNM). GALAPAGOS ISLANDS: Duncan Island; Hood Is- land; James Island; Turtle Bay, Santa Cruz I. (all USNM); Darwin Bay, Tower I.; Seymour Bay, Indefatigable I.; Gardner Bay, Hood I. (all ANSP). COLOMBIA: Port Utria (USNM). ECUADOR: Morro Jaramijo (USNM; ANSP); between Man- glaralto and Manta; Salinas, Guayaquil (both USNM); Santa Elena (BMNH). oe) PRON CRS oe ae 08 7 ty ne - Py KY eae Ree Re te edd Bee eae eS = = SS IRISIS Rass 3 ee an Sat s Wh A if RRO Plate 454. Geographical distribution of Mitra (Strigatella) tristis Broderip. \ Fossil records—PLEISTOCENE: S. Seymour Island, Galapagos Islands (Hertlein & Strong, 1939). Mitra mesolia Pilsbry and Johnson, 1917 (Pl. 455) Range—Miocene of the Dominican Republic. Remarks—This is the sole representative, fossil or living, of the subgenus Strigatella in the Carib- bean. The original description is as follows: “The shell is short and stout. Sculpture of a few impressed spiral lines on the upper part of the whorl and spire, 6 on the penult whorl, the an- terior end having about 9 low spiral ridges, with faint traces of spirals above them, the middle part of the last whorl being smooth. Lip thickened within in the lower three-fourths, smooth; 4 col- umellar plaits.”” Length 20.0 mm (apical whorls wanting), width 9.5 mm. Synonymy— 1917 Mitra mesolia Pilsbry & Johnson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 68, p. 166 (Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, Miocene; holotype in Academy of Natural Sci- ences, Philadelphia, no. 3275); 1922 Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 73, pt. 2, p. 341, pl. 24, fig. 10 (figured holotype). Plate 455. Mitra (Strigatella) mesolia Pilsbry and Johnson. Holotype from Santo Domingo, Miocene of the Dominican Republic (from Pilsbry, 1922, pl. 24, fig. 10; 20.0 x 9.5 mm). [19-720] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 505 Subgenus Sohlia Cernohorsky, 1970 Type: Mitra conoidea Matheron, 1843 Species of the subgenus are moderately small, not exceeding 30 mm (1% inches) in length, con- iform, with a short and concave or flat-sided spire and a long aperture; sculpture consists of spiral threads on the spire whorls, and the body whorl is usually smooth. The outer lip is moderately thin and simple and the columella has from 3-5 oblique folds which are positioned either at the centre or the anterior of the columella; the siphonal canal is straight and the siphonal notch is shallow. Sohlia was originally described as a subgenus of Imbricaria Schumacher, but examination of the radula of M. carbonacea (Hinds), a species similar to M. conoidea, proved the species to belong to the Mitrinae. The subgenus includes 2 species and 1 subspecies from the Cretaceous and Pleistocene of Europe, and occurs living in West Africa. Synonymy— 1970 Sohlia Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, pp. 28, 44; type-species by original designation Mitra con- oidea Matheron, 1843 (as a subgenus of Imbricaria Schumacher, 1817). Mitra conoidea Matheron, 1843 (Pl. 456) Range—Upper Cretaceous of France. Remarks—The species is coniform, with a short and concave spire, a long and narrow aperture and rc x £ 4 $ Plate 456. Mitra (Sohlia) conoidea Matheron. Port de Figuiéres, U. Cretaceous of France (from Matheron, 1843, pl. 40, fig. 19; 26.0 x 10.0 mm). 3 columellar folds which are positioned fairly low on the pillar; sculpture is almost absent, apart from fine longitudinal striae, and the siphonal notch is shallow. Length 26.0 mm, width 10.0 mm. Synonymy— 1843 Mitra conoidea Matheron, Cat. méthodique & desc. corps organ. fossiles Départ. Bouches-du-Rhone, Marseille, p. 253, pl. 40, figs. 19, 20 (Port de Figuieres, France; U. Cre- taceous); 1843, Rep. trav. Soc. stat. Marseilles, vol. 6, p. 325. 1970 Imbricaria (Sohlia) conoidea (Matheron), Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 74, pl. 5, fig. 7. Mitra carbonacea subspecies carbonacea (Hinds, 1844) (Pl. 457; pl. 458, figs. 1-6) Range—Senegal to Angola, West Africa. Remarks—The species has been generally as- signed to the genus Imbricaria Schumacher, on the basis of shell-characters. A recent examination of a live-collected specimen shows the radula to be typically mitrine. Habitat—On a gravel substratum, from 8 to 11 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 30 mm (about 1/4 inches) in length, coniform, solid, spire very short and concave, sutures distinct, irregular and nar- rowly channeled. Spire whorls flat-sided, last 2-3 whorls occasionally convex, sculptured with spi- ral threads which number from 2-6 on the penul- timate whorl but become obsolete on the body whorl, with the exception of 12-18 oblique cords at the base. The spiral threads are bisected by very fine axial striae which render the spiral grooves minutely pitted, and generally become obsolete on the shoulder of the last whorl; axial growth- striae are generally present on the body whorl. Aperture longer than the spire, narrow and elon- gate and parallel to the columella, smooth within, outer lip moderately thickened and smooth. Col- umella weakly calloused, callus more prominent anteriorly and with 5-6 oblique folds; siphonal fasciole straight, siphonal notch shallow. Brown in colour, generally with a yellowish zone near the body whorl suture and paler brown on the spire whorls, covered with a dark brown periostracum; 0.1 mm \ Plate 457. Mitra (Sohlia) carbonacea (Hinds). Half-row of radula. Gorée, Senegal, West Africa, 16-20 m. [19-723] 506 Subgenus Sohlia Ww.O Plate 458. Figs. 1-6. Mitra (Sohlia) carbonacea carbonacea (Hinds). Fig. 7. M. (S.) carbonacea caterinii Meneghini. Fig. 1. Lectotype figure of M. (S.) carbonacea carbonacea (Hinds) (from Hinds, 1844, pl. 11, fig. 10). Fig. 2. Lectotype of M. citrina Reeve; senile specimen (BM (NH) 1967719; 23.6 x 11.5 mm). Fig. 3. Syntype of M. citrina Reeve (BM (NH) 1967719; 17.5 x 8.7 mm). aperture bluish-white or greyish-brown, col- umella bluish-white. Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 28.0 15.0 = Type of rollandi 26.6 13.0 21.4 Gorée, Senegal 23.6 11.5 18.5 Lectotype of citrina 20.2 10.3 17.0 Gorée, Senegal Synonymy— 1844 Imbricaria carbonacea Hinds, Zoology voyage Sulphur, Mollusca, pt. 2, p. 41, pl. 11, figs. 9, 10 (L’Agulhas Bank, Cape of Good Hope, Sth. Africa = error!) [October 1844]; 1882 Tryon, Manual Conchology, vol. 4, p. 199, pl. 58, figs. 676, 677; 1910 Dautzenberg, Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, p. 47; 1912, Ann. L’Instit. Monaco, vol. 3, p. 28; 1947 Nicklés, Inst. Francaise d’Afrique Noire, p. 11; 1956 Knudsen, Atlantide Report, no. 4, p. 70; 1970 Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 43. 1844 Mitra citrina Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 27, figs. 215a, b (no locality given) [December, 1844]; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 15, pl. 18, fig. 357. 1844 Mitra carbonacea Hinds, Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, vol. 2, pl. 27, fig. 217; 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Con- chyliorum, vol. 4, p. 15, pl. 18, fig. 356; 1972 Cernohorsky, Records Auckland Inst. Museum, vol. 9, p. 197, fig. 5 (shell) and 7 (radula). . Cernohorsky Mitridae fr / \ » a Fig. 4. Type specimen of M. rollandi Bernardi (from Ber- nardi, 1853, pl. 2, fig. 7; 28.0 x 15.0 mm). Figs. 5, 6. Specimen from Bay of Rufisque, Senegal, West Africa (WOC coll.; 19.7 x 10.0 mm). Fig. 7. Type specimen of Imbricaria mochii Blanc from Buca dei Corvi, Castiglioncello, Livorno, Pleistocene of Italy (from Blanc, 1934, textfig. 1; 17.5 x 10.6 mm). 1853 Mitra rollandi Bernardi, Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 4, p. 67, pl. 2, figs. 6, 7 (no locality given); 1874 Sowerby, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, vol. 4, p. 15, pl. 26, fig. 604. Types—The whereabouts of the types of M. carbonacea (Hinds) and M. rollandi Bernardi, are unknown. The lectotype, here designated, and 3 syntypes of M. citrina Reeve, are in the British Museum (NH) no. 1967719; the lectotype has the usually subangulate shoulder worn down, but the 3 remaining syntypes are typical representatives of M. carbonacea. Hinds gave Agulhas Bank, Cape of Good Hope, Sth. Africa as the type local- ity, but the species does not occur in South African waters, nor has it been recorded from that region according to Barnard (1959). We therefore desig- nate Port Etienne, Senegal, West Africa, as the type locality of M. carbonacea; this is the first correct locality reported by Dautzenberg (1910). Records—SENEGAL: Bay of Rufisque (IRSN); Gorée, 16-20 m (ZMC); between Gorée and Tiarage, 15 m (ZMC); Port Etiénne (Dautzenberg, 1910). ANGOLA: Mossamédes (Daut- zenberg, 1910). [19-724] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Mitra 507 Mitra carbonacea subspecies caterinti Meneghini, 1868 (Pl. 458, fig. 7) Range—Pleistocene of Italy. Remarks—The Italian Pleistocene subspecies caterinii is a precursor of the Recent West African M. carbonacea (Hinds), and was probably well established in southern Europe prior to the Pleis- tocene. During the cooling of temperatures in the Mediterranean in the glacial period, the species emigrated to warmer latitudes of Northwest Africa where it still survives. The fossil subspecies is almost inseparable from the living M. carbonacea, but in view of its geological history, former oc- currence in the Mediterranean and extinction in that region during the Post-Pleistocene, it has been retained as a subspecies. The variability of the form of the spire, which is usually pointed and flat-sided or slightly convex in senile specimens and depressed and concave in younger individu- [19-725] als, prompted a re-description of the Pleistocene fossil as Imbricaria mochii by Blanc. The sub- species caterinii will attain a length of 35.0 mm (about 1% inches). Measurements (mm)— length ~~ width 29.5 14.5. Type-specimen of caterinii 34.7 17.3. Livorno, Pleistocene 17.5 10.6 Holotype of mochii Synonymy— 1868 Mitra caterinii Meneghini, Brochure, Livorno, p. 1, pl. 1 (Darsena, Livorno, Italy, Pleistocene; type-specimen in Museo di Storia Naturale, Livorno). 1934 Imbricaria caterinii Meneghini, Blanc, Atti Soc. Toscana Sci. Nat. Proc. Verbali, Pisa, vol. 43, no. 4, p. 100 (synonymizes M. caterinii with M. rollandi Bernardi). 1934 Imbricaria mochii Blanc, Atti Soc. Toscana Sci. Nat. Proc. Verbali, Pisa, vol. 43, no. 4, p. 97, fig. 1 and fig. 2, subfig. 5 (Buca dei Corvi, Castiglioncello, Livorno, Italy, Pleis- tocene; type specimen in Geological Institute, University of Pisa). 1970 Imbricaria carbonacea caterinii (Meneghini), Cer- nohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 43. 508 Subgenus Sohlia W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae [These occasional blank areas occur between genera and subgenera to permit the insertion of new material and future sections in their proper systematic sequence. ] [19-726] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Dentimitra 509 Genus Dentimitra von Koenen, 1890 Type: Mitra circumcisa Beyrich, 1854 Species of the genus are small, rarely exceeding 20.0 mm (about %4 inches) in length, fusiformly- elongate or fusiformly-ovate, spire whorls are flat-sided or convex and the protoconch is small and conical and the sutures are distinct. The aper- ture is about equal in height to the spire and mod- erately wide, smooth within, the outer lip is thin and simple, constricted anteriorly and frequently angulate at its anterior third; the columella has 3-5 thin or thick, oblique and somewhat distant folds, with the first posterior fold more prominent than the succeeding folds. The siphonal canal is straight, occasionally calloused, and the siphonal notch is usually shallow. Species of Dentimitra are confined to Paleocene—Oligocene deposits of Europe, southern United States and Indonesia. They re- semble species of Conomitra Conrad, in the fam- ily Volutomitridae, but differ in features of small and conical protoconch, disposition of columellar folds (in Conomitra the first posterior fold is shorter than the second succeeding one), and ab- sence of axial folds. The correct allocation of Dentimitra is often difficult to achieve on the basis of poorly drawn figures and badly preserved specimens, and the list of species given is there- fore only tentative. Synonymy— 1890 Dentimitra von Koenen, Abh. kon. Preuss, geol. Land- esanstalt, vol. 10, pt. 2, p. 529; type-species by subsequent designation (Cernohorsky, 1970): Mitra circumcisa Beyrich, 1854. Germany; Oligocene. 1931 Puruiana K. Martin, Meded. Mijnb. Nederl.-Indie, no. 18, p. 19; type-species by monotypy Mitrolumna (Puruiana) rustica K. Martin, 1931. Indonesia; U. Eocene. Dentimitra circumcisa (Beyrich, 1854) (Pl. 459, figs. 1, 2) Range—Lower Oligocene of Germany. Synonymy— 1854 Mitra circumcisa Beyrich, Zeit. Deut. geol. Gesellschaft, vol. 6, pt. 2, p. 417, pl. 9, figs. 4a, b (Osterweddingen, Mag- deburg, Germany, L. Oligocene; 7.0 x 3.6 mm); 1890 von Koenen, Abh. kon. Preuss. geol. Landesanstalt, vol. 10, pt. 2, p. 544, pl. 36, figs. 12 a-c. 1970 Dentimitra circumcisa (Beyrich), Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 41, pl. 4, fig. 9. Dentimitra impressa (von Koenen, 1890) (Pl. 459, fig. 3) Range—Lower Oligocene of Germany. Remarks—tThe specific name is a primary homonym of M. impressa Anton, 1839, and Reeve, 1844. Synonymy— 1890 Mitra impressa von Koenen, Abh. kon. Preuss. geol. Landesanstalt, vol. 10, pt. 2, p. 543, pl. 36, figs. 10a-c (Oster- weddingen and Lattorf, Germany, L. Oligocene; 14.4 x 6.1 mm) [non Mitra impressa Anton, 1839]. 1970 Dentimitra impressa (Koenen), Cernohorsky, Bull. Auck- land Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 41, pl. 4, fig. 10 [non Mitra impressa Anton, 1839]. Dentimitra rhenana (Gorges, 1941) Range—Upper Oligocene of Germany. Synonymy— 1941 Mitra rhenana Gorges, Decheniana, vol. 100A, p. 137, pl. 1, figs. 3, 4 (Rumeln, niederrhein, Germany, U. Oligocene; type-specimen in Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt a.M.). Dentimitra tenuis (Beyrich, 1854) Range—Oligocene of Germany and Holland. Synonymy— 1854 Mitra tenuis Beyrich, Zeit. Deut. geol. Gesellschaft, vol. 6, pt. 2, p. 416, pl. 9, figs. 3a, b (Westeregeln, Magdeburg, Germany; L. Oligocene; 8.0 x 2.5 mm); 1865 von Koenen, Zeit. Deut. geol. Gesellschaft, vol. 17, p. 505; 1890, Abh. kon. Preuss. geol. Landesanstalt, vol. 10, pt. 2, p. 542. 1950 Pusia (Pusiolina) tenuis (Beyrich), Beets, Meded. geol. Stichting, ser. C, vol. 4, no. 8, p. 30, pl. 3, figs. 26-31 (Peel district, Holland; Oligocene). Dentimitra quinqueplicata (Ravn, 1902) Range—Paleocene of Denmark. Plate 459. European Tertiary Dentimitra. Figs. 1, 2. Dentimitra circumcisa (Beyrich). Specimen from Westeregeln, L. Oligocene of Germany (from von Koenen, 1890, pl. 36, figs. 12b, c; 9.2 x 4.4 mm). Fig. 3. D. impressa (von Koenen) [non Anton]. Holotype from Lattorf, L. Oligocene of Germany (from von Koenen, 1890, pl. 36, fig. 10; 14.4 x 6.1 mm). [19-737] 510 Subgenus Dentimitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Synonymy— 1902 Mitra quinqueplicata Ravn, Moll. Danm. Kridtaf., vol. 2, p. 232, pl. 2, figs. 21, 22 (Faxe, Denmark; Paleocene). 1933 Mitra (Volutomitra) quinqueplicata Ravn, Mem. Acad. Roy. Sci. Nat. Danm., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 64. Dentimitra dilatata (Briart and Cornet, 1871) Range—Paleocene of Belgium. Synonymy— 1871 Mitra dilatata Briart & Cornet, Mem. Acad. Roy. Soc. Lett. Art Belg., vol. 36, p. 73, pl. 5, figs. 12a, b (Calcaire grossiere de Mons, Belgium, Paleocene; 26.0 x 12.5 mm). Dentimitra crenifunata (Cossmann, 1896) Range—Eocene of France. Synonymy— 1896 Mitra crenifunata Cossmann, Ann. Soc. Roy. Malac. Belg., vol. 31, p. 39, pl. 2, figs. 12, 13 (Chambors, Paris Basin, France, Eocene; 6.5 x 3.0 mm). Dentimitra degrangei (Oppenheim, 1906) Range—Eocene of France. Synonymy— 1906 Mitrid degrangei Oppenheim, Zeit. Deut. geol. Gesellschaft, vol. 58, p. 89, pl. 9, figs. 4a, b (Biarritz, num- mulitique zone, France, Eocene; 13.0 x 4.0 mm). Dentimitra obesa (F. E. Edwards, 1856) Range—Eocene of England. Remarks—The specific name is a primary homonym of Mitra obesa Reeve, 1844. Synonymy— 1856 Mitra obesa F. E. Edwards, Palaeont. Soc. Monograph, pt. 3, no. 2, p. 185, pl. 24, figs. 4a-d (Highcliff, Lower Barton beds, England, U. Eocene; holotype in the Department of Palaeontology, British Museum (NH) no. G-71191, length 9.0 mm) [non M. obesa Reeve, 1844]. Dentimitra cretacea (Gabb, 1864) Range—Eocene of California, United States. Synonymy— 1864 Mitra cretacea Gabb, Palaeontology Geol. Surv. Califor- nia, vol. 1, p. 103, pl. 28, fig. 215 (Martinez, Martinez forma- tion, California, Eocene; 9 x 4 mm); 1869, Palaeontology Geol. Surv. California, vol. 2, pp. 158, 221; 1927 Stewart, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 78, p. 406, pl. 27, figs. 9, 10 (figured holotype). 21939 Uromitra (?) cretacea (Gabb), Vokes, Ann. New York Acad. Sciences, vol. 38, p. 134, pl. 18, fig. 19 (Domengine formation, California; U. Eocene). Dentimitra simplicissima (Cooper, 1894) (Pl. 460, fig. 1) Range—Eocene of California, United States. Synonymy— 1894 Mitra simplicissima Cooper, California State Min. Bur. Bulletin, vol. 4, p. 45, pl. 2 (Rose Canyon, Coalinga, Domen- gine formation, California, M. Eocene; typedspecimen in California Academy of Sciences); 1915 Dickerson, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sciences, ser. 4, vol. 5, no. 3, p. 75, pl. 11, fig. 12 (figured syntype); 1926 Clark, Univ. California Publ. Geol. Sci., vol. 16, p. 116 (La Jolla formation, California; M. Eocene). Dentimitra murietta (Anderson and Hanna, 1925) (Pl. 460, figs. 2, 3) Range—Eocene of California, United States. Synonymy— 1925 Mitra murietta Anderson & Hanna, Occas. Pap. Califor- nia Acad. Sciences, vol. 11, p. 76, pl. 8, figs. 12, 13 (Grapevine Creek, Tejon formation, California, U. Eocene; holotype in California Academy of Sciences, no. 834; 14.2 x 7.3 mm). Plate 460. American Tertiary Dentimitra. Fig. 1. Dentimitra simplicissima (Cooper). Syntype from Rose Canyon, Domengine formation, M. Eocene of California (from Dickerson, 1915, pl. 11, fig. 12; c. 17.0 mm). Figs. 2, 3. D. murietta (Anderson and Hanna). Grapevine Creek, Tejon formation, U. Eocene of California (from Anderson & Hanna, 1925, pl. 8, figs. 12, 13; fig. 2 = holotype, 14.2+ x 7.3 mm; fig. 3 = paratype, c. 18.5 mm). Figs. 4, 5. D. clementensis (Hanna). Holotype from San Clemente Creek, La Jolla formation, M. Eocene of California; juvenile specimen (from Hanna, 1927, pl. 52, figs. 11, 12; 7.5 x 4.0 mm). [19-738] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Dentimitra 511 Dentimitra clementensis (Hanna, 1927) (Pl. 460, figs. 4, 5) Range—Eocene of California, United States. Synonymy— 1927 Mitra clementensis Hanna, Univ. California Publ. Geol. Sci., vol. 16, no. 8, p. 320, pl. 52, figs. 11, 12 (San Clemente Creek, La Jolla formation, California, M. Eocene; type- specimen in University of California, no. 30991; 7.5 x 4.0 mm) [juvenile specimen]. Dentimitra marylandica (Clark, 1896) Range—Paleocene of Maryland, United States. Synonymy— 1895 Mitra marylandica Clark, J. Hopkins Univ. Cire., vol. 15, p. 4 (nomen nudum). 1896 Mitra marylandica Clark, U.S. Geol. Surv. Bulletin, no. 141, p. 66, pl. 11, figs. 4a, b (Pomonkey Neck, Aquian forma- tion, Maryland, Paleocene; type specimen in Geological Survey, National Museum of Natural History, Washington); 1901, Clark & Martin, Maryland Geol. Surv. Bulletin, p. 132, pl. 21, figs. 9, 9a. Dentimitra columbellaeformis (K. Martin, 1931) (Pl. 461, figs. 1-2) Range—Upper Eocene of Java, Indonesia. Remarks—The species name is preoccupied by M.columbellaeformis Reeve, 1844, an unjustified emendation of M. colombelliformis Kiener (art. 19 and 33 (a) (ii) of ICZN). No substitute name is proposed, since Dentimitra rustica (Martin), may prove to be a juvenile specimen of the same species. Synonymy— 1931 Mitra columbellaeformis K. Martin, Wet. Meded. Dienst Mijnb. Nederl.-Indies, no. 18, p. 18, pl. 3, figs. 5, 5a (Kali Puru, Nanggoelan beds. Java, Indonesia, U. Eocene; type- specimen in Rijksmuseum, Leiden, length 12.0 mm). [non Reeve, 1844]. Dentimitra rustica (K. Martin, 1931) (Pl. 461, fig. 3) Range—Upper Eocene of Java, Indonesia. Remarks—The type-specimen is a juvenile with only 2 developed columellar folds, and may be conspecific with the preoccupied D. columbel- laeformis (Martin). Synonymy— 1931 Mitrolumna (Puruiana) rustica K. Martin, Weten. Meded. Mijnb. Nederl.-Indie, no. 18, p. 19, pl. 3, figs. 7, 7a (Kali Puru, Nanggoelan beds. Java, Indonesia, U. Eocene; type-specimen in Rijksmuseum, Leiden, length 14.0 mm); 1970 Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 40, pl. 4, fig. 11. Plate 461. Indonesia Tertiary Dentimitra. Figs. 1, 2. Dentimitra columbellaeformis (k. Martin) [non Reeve]. Kali Puru, Nanggoelan beds, U. Eocene of Java (from K. Martin, 1931, pl. 3, figs. 5, 5a; 12.0 mm). Fig. 3.D. rustica (K. Martin). Kali Puru, Nanggoelan beds, U. Eocene of Java; juvenile specimen (from k. Martin, 1931, pl. 3, fig. 7; 14.0 mm). [19-739] 512. Subgenus Paleofusimitra W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae Genus Paleofusimitra Sohl, 1963 Type: Paleofusimitra elongata Sohl, 1963 The single species of the genus is moderately small, not exceeding 35 mm (about 1% inches) in length, fusiform and elongate, whorls c. 7, apart from 2% smooth nuclear whorls, initial whorl nipple-like, spire whorls flatly convex. Sculpture consists of spiral striae which are confined to an area near the sutures, early whorls obsoletely cos- tate. Aperture about equal in height to the spire, narrow, constricted anteriorly and smooth within, outer lip thin and simple. Columella with 2 weak and distant folds, anterior fold situated on the an- gular part of the columella; siphonal canal pro- duced, narrow and spout-shaped, probably lack- ing a siphonal notch. The genus is monotypic and represented by only the type-species from Upper Cretaceous de- posits of the S.E. United States. The genus, if really belonging to the Mitridae, is the most primi- tive mitrid genus which retains strong fasciolariid features. The outline of the columella, i.e. con- cave parietal wall, almost denticle-like angulation prior to an outward descend, placement and number of columellar folds and probably notch- less siphonal canal, are all features reminiscent of the Fasciolariidae. It is debatable whether Paleofusimitra is an ancestral stock of the Ameri- can Fusimitra, or a fasciolariid genus with weak mitrid features. Synonymy— 1963 Paleofusimitra Sohl, Journal of Paleontology, vol. 37, no. 4, p. 750; type-species by original designation P. elongata Sohl, 1963. S.E. United States; U. Cretaceous. » Paleofusimitra elongata Sohl, 1963 (Pl. 462) Range—Upper Cretaceous of Alabama, Missis- sippi and Georgia, S.E. United States. Remarks—The diagnosis for the genus is applicable to the species. Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 35.0 10.0 — Pleasant Ridge Lake, Mississippi 28.2 8.4 — Paratype of elongata 20.7 6.3 9.8 Holotype of elongata Synonymy— 1963 Paleofusimitra elongata Sohl, Journal of Paleontology, vol. 37, no. 4, p. 750, pl. 89, figs. 11-15 (Locality 6, Ripley formation, Exogyra costata zone, Mississippi, S.E. United States; U. Cretaceous); 1970 Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 39, pl. 4, fig. 6. Types—tThe holotype is in the Geological Sur- vey, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, no. 130468. Plate 462. Paleofusimitra elongata Sohl. Holotype from Ripley formation, Mississippi, U. Cretaceous of the S.E. United States (U.S. Geol. Surv. USNM 130468; 20.7 x 6.3 mm). [19-740] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Charitodoron = 513 Genus Charitodoron Tomlin, 1932 Type: Columbella barbara Thiele, 1925 Shell up to 35 mm (about 1% inches) in length, fusiformly-elongate or elongate-ovate, thin and fragile, sutures narrow and deeply incised; tele- oconch of 442-8 convex whorls, protoconch large, smooth and mamillate and consisting of 142-2% nuclear whorls. Moderately smooth or sculptured with punctate spiral striae, flat cords or axial rib- lets. Aperture moderately narrow, shorter than the spire, smooth within, outer lip thin, convex and simple, columella thinly calloused and com- pletely without folds; siphonal canal straight or recurved, siphonal notch distinct or shallow. Col- our of shell, pale yellow or fawn undera yellowish or yellowish-brown periostracum. This is the only mitrid genus with a large, mamillate protoconch and a plaitless columella. Thiele (1925) described new species of Charitodoron in the genus Columbella and Tom- lin (1932) erected the genus Charitodoron which he assigned to the family Buccinidae on con- chological grounds. Barnard (1960), examined the radula of Charitodoron thalia Tomlin, and found the radula to be mitrine; in addition, the animal is said to lack eyes. Charitodoron contains only 3 species which are confined to deep water in South Africa. Synonymy— 1932 Charitodoron Tomlin, Annals Sth. African Museum, vol. 30, p. 167; type-species by original designation: C. euphro- syne Tomlin, 1932 [= Columbella barbara Thiele, 1925]. Charitodoron barbara (Thiele, 1925) (Pl. 463) Range—South Africa. Habitat—From 85 to 700 fathoms (all speci- mens collected dead). Description—Shell up to 35 mm (about 1% inches) in length, fusiformly-elongate, thin and fragile, sutures distinct and sharply incised. Whorls 5-7, apart from a protoconch of 14-2% large, smooth and mamillate nuclear whorls, spire whorls convex or almost flat-sided in younger specimens. First 3-4 post-nuclear whorls clathrate through bisecting, slender axial and spiral threads, axial sculpture fading out on the last 2 whorls. On the penultimate and last whorl the sculpture consists of deeply punctate spiral grooves which number from 7-9 on the penulti- mate and up to 12 on the body whorl; in addition there are up to 20 spiral threads on the lower third of the body whorl. Aperture equal in height or Plate 463. Charitodoron barbara (Thiele). Figs. 1, 2. Holotype from Agulhas Bank, Sth. Africa, 155 m; juvenile specimen (ZMB Moll. 101680; 10.8 x 4.0 mm) [photo courtesy of R. Kilias, ZMB]. Fig. 3. Holotype of Charitodoron euphrosyne Tomlin from off Cape Point, Sth. Africa, 660-700 fms. (from Tomlin, 1932, textfig. 8; 27.0 x 9.0 mm). Figs. 4,5. Specimen from off Cape Point, Sth. Africa, 660-700 fms. (BM (NH) A-7202: fig. 4+ 27.4x 9.1mm; fig. 5 = 27.4x 9.5 mm). [19-745] 514. Subgenus Charitodoron W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae shorter than the spire, smooth within, outer lip thin, simple and convex; columella weakly cal- loused and smooth, straight or recurved, siphonal notch distinct or shallow, siphonal canal slightly produced and straight. Fawn or light yellow, occa- sionally with nebulous brown streaks under a pale yellow or yellowish-fawn periostracum, aperture white. Measurements (mm)— height of length width aperture 27.4 9.5 12.2 Off Cape Point, Sth. Africa 27.0 9.0 11.0 Holotype of euphrosyne 10.8 4.0 6.0 Holotype of barbara Synonymy— 1925 Columbella barbara Thiele, Wissen. Ergeb. Deut. Tiefsee-Exp. “Valdivia”, vol. 17, p. 139, pl. 18, fig. 22 (Agulhas Bank, Sth. Africa, 155 m) [juvenile specimen]. 1932 Charitodoron euphrosyne Tomlin, Annals Sth. African Museum, vol. 30, pt. 2, p. 167, textfig. 8 (off Cape Point, Sth. Africa, 660-700 fms); 1959 Barnard, Annals Sth. African Museum, vol. 45, p. 145; 1960, Journal of Conchology, vol. 24, no. 11, p. 402; 1970 Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 40, pl. 4, fig. 8. Types C. barbara (Thiele), is in the Zoological Museum, Humboldt-University, Berlin, no. ZMB Moll. 101680. The holotype and 1 paratype of C. euphrosyne Tomlin, are in the South African Museum, Cape Town, no. A-3441. The type local- ity of C. barbara is Agulhas Bank, Sth. Africa, Lat. 35°16’S and Long. 22°26.7’E, in 155 m. Records—SOUTH AFRICA: off Cape Point, 660-700 faths. (BMNH; SAM); Agulhas Bank, 155 m (ZMB); off west coast of Cape Peninsula and S.W. of Cape Point, 130-210s. (Barnard, 1959). Charitodoron agulhasensis (Thiele, 1925) (Pl. 464) Range—South Africa. Remarks—tThe species is very closely related to C. barbara, and has been separated on the basis of more slender, spindle-shaped form, smooth ap- pearance anda thicker and more yellowish perios- tracum. Thiele described his species as having 8-9 whorls, the holotype of C. aglaia Tomlin, has 9 whorls and a specimen in the British Museum (NH) has only 7 whorls and a protoconch of 2 mamillate nuclear whorls. In the holotype of C. agulhasensis only the first post-nuclear whorl is clathrate, in the holotype of C. aglaia 3% post- nuclear whorls are clathrate and in the specimen in the British Museum (NH) 4 post-nuclear whorls are clathrate. Usually the last 2% whorls are smooth, apart from feeble axial growth-striae and The holotype, a juvenile specimen, of up to 20 oblique cords on the lower third of the body whorl. In all other respects the two species are very similar, and when more specimens will become available for examination, intergrading specimens connecting C. agulhasensis with C. barbara may come to light. Habitat—From 80 to 200 fathoms. Measurements (mm)— height of length — width aperture 31.0 10.0 — 26.3 8.0 12.0 Syntype of aglaia Holotype of agulhasensis Plate 464. Charitodoron agulhasensis (Thiele). Figs. 1, 2. Holotype from Agulhas Bank, Sth. Africa, 155 m (ZMB Moll. 101678; 26.3 x 8.0 mm) [photo courtesy of R. Kilias, ZMB]. Fig. 3. Holotype of Charitodoron aglaia Tomlin (from Tom- lin, 1932, textfig. 9; 26.0 x 8.0 mm). Fig. 4. Specimen from Cove Rock, East London, Sth. Africa, 80-130 fms. (BM (NH); 23.5 x 6.9 mm). [19-746] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Charitodoron 515 26.0 8.0 11.0 Holotype of aglaia 23.5 6.9 9.4 Cove Rock, East London, South Africa Synonymy— 1925 Columbella agulhasensis Thiele, Wissen. Ergeb. Deut. Tiefsee-Exp. “Valdivia”, vol. 17, p. 139, pl. 18, fig. 20 (Agulhas Bank, Sth. Africa, 155 m). 1932 Charitodoron aglaia Tomlin, Annals Sth. African Museum, vol. 30, pt. 2, p. 169 textfig. 9 (no locality given). 1959 Charitodoron agulhasensis (Thiele), Barnard, Annals Sth. African Museum, vol. 45, p. 146; 1970 Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 40. Types—The holotype of C. agulhasensis (Thiele) is in the Zoological Museum, Humboldt University, Berlin, no. ZMB Moll. 101678. The holotype and 1 paratype of C. aglaia Tomlin, is in the South African Museum, Cape Town, no. A-3440. The type locality of C. agulhasensis is Agulhas Bank, Sth. Africa, Lat. 35°16’S and Long. 2-26.07 Hein. Loom: Records—SOUTH AFRICA: Cove Rock, East London, 80-130 faths. (BMNH); Agulhas Bank, 155 m (ZMB); Cape St. Blaize, 125 faths.; 36°40’S and 21°26’E, 200 faths. (both Bar- nard, 1959). Charitodoron thalia Tomlin, 1932 (Pl. 465; pl. 466) Range—South Africa. Remarks—The variability in axial sculpture in C. thalia was responsible for three different de- scriptions of the species. In the immature holotype of C. thalia, the axial riblets disappear on the last 2% whorls, in the holotype of C. pasithea Tomlin, the axials become obsolete on the last whorl, while in the juvenile holotype of C. bathybius (Barnard), the axials persist to the body whorl. Barnard (1960) pointed out that the varia- bility of spiral sculpture suggested the possibility that C. pasithea may be only a form of C. thalia, but at the same time overlooked the equally vari- able axial sculpture of the species. Plate 465. Charitodoron thalia Tomlin. Two views of the pro- toconch. Habitat—From 131 to 900 fathoms. Description—Shell up to 35 mm (about 1% inches) in length, elongate-ovate, thin and fragile, sutures distinct, occasionally narrowly chan- neled. Whorls 4%-7, apart from a protoconch of 1%-2'%% large and mamillate nuclear whorls, spire Plate 466. Charitodoron thalia Tomlin. Fig. 1. Holotype from off Cape Point, Sth. Africa, 131 fms. (from Tomlin, 1932, textfig. 10; 21.0 x 8.0 mm). Fig. 2. Specimen from Buffalo Rocks, Sth. Africa (BM (NH) A-3447; 14.9 x 6.1 mm). Figs. 3, 4. Lectotype of Charitodoron pasithea Tomlin from off Cape Point, Sth. Africa, 430-630 fms. (BM (NH); 21.0 x 8.2 mm). Figs. 5, 6. Holotype of Mitra (Dibaphus) bathybius Barnard from off Cape Natal, Sth. Africa, 440 fms.; juvenile speci- men (SAM A-8827; 13.6 x 7.2 mm). [19-747] 516 Subgenus Charitodoron W. O. Cernohorsky Mitridae whorls convex and occasionally subangulate at the sutures. The sculpture consists of impressed, shallow or deep spiral grooves which give rise to narrow, flat or slightly elevated spiral cords which persist to the body whorl. The axial riblets are slender, irregular and slightly arcuate and either become obsolete on the last 24% whorls or persist to the body whorl. The aperture is equal in height or shorter than the spire, narrow and smooth within, the outer lip is regularly convex, thin and simple; the columella is calloused in adult speci- mens, recurved and plaitless. The siphonal canal is short and recurved to the left and the siphonal notch is shallow. Cream in colour under a yel- lowish periostracum, aperture white. Measurements (mm)— height of length = width aperture 34.5 13.5 15.0 Cape Point, South Africa 21.0 8.0 9.0 Holotype of thalia 21.0 8.2 9.2 Lectotype of pasithea 14.9 6.1 12 Buffalo Rock, South Africa 13.6 — 7.2 Holotype of bathybius Synonymy— 1932 Charitodoron thalia Tomlin, Annals Sth. African Museum, vol. 30, pt. 2, p. 167, textfig. 10 (off Cape Point, Sth. Africa, 131 fms.); 1959 Barnard, Annals Sth. African Museum, vol. 45, p. 147; 1960, Journal of Conchology, vol. 24, no. 11, p. 402; 1970 Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 40. [19-748] 1935 Charitodoron pasithea Tomlin, Journal of Conchology, vol. 22, no. 3, p. 50, textfig. (off Cape Point, Sth. Africa, 430-630 fms.); 1959 Barnard, Annals Sth. African Museum, vol. 45, p. 146; 1960, Journal of Conchology, vol. 24, no. 11, p. 402; 1970 Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland Inst. Museum, no. 8, p. 40. 1959 Mitra (Dibaphus) bathybius Barnard, Annals Sth. African Museum, vol. 45, p. 51, fig. 13b (shell), fig. 11c¢ (radula) (off Cape Natal, Sth. Africa, 440 fms.) [juvenile specimen]; 1960, Journal of Conchology, vol. 24, no. 11, p. 402. Types—The holotype of C. thalia Tomlin, no. A-1742, and the holotype of C. bathybius (Bar- nard), no. A-8827, are in the South African Museum, Cape Town. The type-specimen of C. pasithea which was illustrated by Tomlin and which has a repair scar above the outer lip and which was said to be in the South African Museum, no. A-3434, is now in the British Museum (NH). Tomlin stated that several exam- ples were dredged, and since no holotype has been selected by Tomlin in the original publica- tion nor was the specimen marked as such, the existing specimen in the British Museum (NH) is here designated as the lectotype of C. pasithea Tomlin. The type locality of C. thalia is off Cape Point, Sth. Africa, in 131 fathoms. Records—SOUTH AFRICA: off Cape Point, 131 faths. (SAM); off Cape Point, 430-630 faths. (BMNH); off Cape Point, 800-900 faths.; off Buffalo River, East London area, 310 faths. (both Barnard, 1959); Buffalo Rocks (BMNH); off Cape Natal, 440 faths. (SAM). September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Index 517 INDEX TO MITRIDAE NAMES IN VOL. 3, NO. 17 Looseleaf subscribers should place this index at the begin- ning of the family Mitridae, and just after the index tab for Mitridae. The family begins on page 273 (looseleaf p. 19-419). abacophora Melvill, 311 abbatis Perry, 310 abbatis Dillwyn, 393 abbreviata Michelotti, 374 abscissa Bellardi, 374 absona Bellardi, 374 acarensis Chavanne, 286 acteoglypha Gardner, 462 acuminata Swainson, 492 acuta Bellardi, 374 acutolonga Sacco, 375 adansonii Philippi, 372 addita Bellardi, 374 adlecta Bellardi, 374 adolphia Risso, 286 adscripta Bellardi, 374 adusta Lamarck, 324 aegra Reeve, 341 aemula Bellardi, 381 aerumnosa Melvill, 351 afficta Bellardi, 374 affinis Lesson, 283 agassizii Roualt, 286 aglaia Tomlin, 515 agnata Bellardi, 374 agulhasensis Thiele, 514 Aidone H. & A. Adams, 281 aizyensis Deshayes, 286 alabamensis Tomlin, 283 alba Pease, 501 albocoronata Schepman, 444 albofasciata Sowerby, 504 albigonensis Bellardi, 374 albopicta E. A. Smith, 283 albotaeniata Sacco, 374 albozonata Turton, 351 alizalis Anderson & Hanna, 283 alokiza Tenison-Woods, 391 altilis Bellardi, 374 almagrensis Toula, 466 amanda Bartsch, 481 amaura Hervier, 439 ({looseleaf] 19-457 19-456 19-579 19-542 19-542 19-542 19-432 19-662 19-662 19-542 19-543 19-540 19-542 19-542 19-432 19-542 19-470 19-49] 19-549 19-501 19-542 19-429 19-432 19-747 19-542 19-746 19-427 19-432 19-429 19-713 19-630 19-720 19-542 19-429 19-542 19-501 19-429 19-573 19-542 19-666 19-693 19-625 The number following the name refers to the pagination found at the top of the page. The column at the right is the looseleaf pagination. ambigua Swainson, 317 ambigua Friedberg, 377 americana Dall, 477 amissa Bellardi, 374 amoena de Gregorio, 283 amphorella Lamarck, 489 amplificata Dautzenberg & Bouge, 442 amygdalacea Bellardi, 374 anachis Eames, 283 anaiis Lesson, 483 anceps Bellardi, 374 ancillaroides Michelotti, 374 ancillides Broderip, 339 anecdota Bellardi, 374 angulata Heilprin, 283 angystoma Deshayes, 373 anterior Bellardi, 374 anticoronata Johnston, 283 antiquata Kobelt, 368 antillensis Dall, 387 antoni Dohrn, 435 aperta Bellardi, 374 aperta Hornes, 378 apertoventrosa Sacco, 375 apicalis Hutton, 283 apicalis Bellardi, 381 appeninica Bellardi, 375 apposita Bellardi, 375 aptycha Boettger, 283 aquensis Grateloup, 376 aquini O. Costa, 286 aquitanica Grateloup, 367 aquitanica Locard, 370 arabica Dohrn, 321 arata Bellardi, 375 archiepiscopalis Lamarck, 313 arcta Bellardi, 375 ardjunoi Beets, 406 armorica Suter, 283 armaloti Bartsch, 397 armtzenii K. Martin, 359 arva Bellardi, 375 [19-403] ({looseleaf] 19-463 19-545 19-689 19-542 19-429 19-701 19-628 19-542 19-429 19-695 19-542 19-542 19-489 19-542 19-429 19-541 19-542 19-429 19-536 19-565 19-621 19-542 19-546 19-543 19-429 19-549 19-543 19-543 19-429 19-544 19-432 19-535 19-538 19-467 19-543 19-459 19-543 19-592 19-429 19-583 19-513 19-543 518 Mitridae assimilis Pease, 486 astensis Bellardi, 375 astricta Reeve, 498 astyridiformis Melvill, 444 atava Bellardi, 375 atjehensis Oostingh, 414 atractoides Tate, 283 Atrimitra Dall, 306 attenuata Reeve, 317 atypha Tate, 283 aurantia Gmelin, 425 aurantia Reeve, 427 aurantiaca Lamarck, 426 auriculoides Reeve, 484 aurora Dohrn, 440 austriaca Mayer-Eymar, 375 auversiensis Cossmann, 373 avenacea Reeve, 410 babea Valenciennes, 286 badia Reeve, 346 bairdii Dall, 283 balteata Marwick, 282 bantamensis Oostingh, 474 barbadensis Gmelin, 461 barbadensis Tryon, 350 barbara Thiele, 513 barclayi Sowerby, 394 barclayi H. Adams, 471 barclyi Robillard, 319 basteroti Mayer-Eymar, 375 bathybius Barnard, 516 bayeri Beets, 420 belcheri Hinds, 457 bellula A. Adams, 499 berlineri Maury, 389 bernayi Cossmann, 283 berthelini Cossmann, 283 biconica Whitfield, 283 biconica Sykes, 283 bicornis Laws, 283 biformis Bellardi, 375 biplicata Philippi, 283 biplicata Hanley in Wood, 283 birmanica Vredenburg, 333 bitenuata Fontannes, 375 bizonalis Lamarck, 483 bolaris Conrad, 283 bomasensis K. Martin, 445 bonneti Cossmann, 283 borniana Risso, 286 bosswellae J. Cate, 326 W. O. Cernohorsky [looseleaf] 19-698 19-543 19-710 19-630 19-543 19-600 19-429 19-452 19-463 19-429 19-611 19-613 19-612 19-696 19-626 19-543 19-541 19-596 19-432 19-496 19-429 19-428 19-682 19-661 19-500 19-745 19-580 19-677 19-465 19-543 19-748 19-606 19-653 19-711 19-567 19-429 19-429 19-429 19-429 19-429 19-543 19-429 19-429 19-483 19-543 19-695 19-429 19-631 19-429 19-432 19-472 bouei Hoermes & Auinger, 378 bouilleana Tournouer, 375 bourguignati Locard, 286 bovei Kiener, 311 Index [looseleaf] brachyspira Cossmann & Pissarro, 419 brachyspira (Strigatella), 477 brachystoma Bellardi, 375 branderi Defrance, 286 brasiliensis Oliveira et al., 463 brettinghami E. A. Smith, 313 brevior Dautzenberg, 325 brevis Dautzenberg, 319 brevis Bellardi, 375 brocchii de Serres, 283 brongniarti Deshayes, 373 brumalis Reeve, 497 brunnea Pease, 495 brusinae Hoernes & Auinger, 378 brusinae Kobelt, 370 buccinata Quoy & Gaimard, 348 buccinoidea Risso, 370 buddhaica Vredenburg, 329, 330 bulimoides Reeve, 306, 348 bulloides Lamarck, 282 burdigalensis Grateloup, 376 burguetiana Grateloup, 378 buryi Melvill & Sykes, 403 Butonina Beets, 283 caeligena Reeve, 427 calear Marshall, 392 calcarata Sasso, 283 caledonica Récluz, 403 caliginosa Reeve, 365 cancellata Swainson, 379 capucina Roding, 286 carbonacea Hinds, 505 carbonaria Swainson, 330, 343 cardinalis Gmelin, 312 cardinalis Roding, 310 carifa Bartsch, 427 carinilirata Souverbie, 405 carmelita Roding, 307 carnea O. Costa, 286 carolinensis Conrad, 282 casca Bellardi, 375 cassida Tate, 283 cassinellensis Bellardi, 375 castanea Roding, 372 castanea A. Adams, 346 catalinae Dall, 363 [19-404] 19-479, 19-452, 19-480, 19-546 19-543 19-432 19-457 19-605 19-689 19-543 19-432 19-663 19-459 19-470 19-465 19-543 19-429 19-541 19-709 19-707 19-546 19-538 19-498 19-538 19-480 19-498 19-428 19-544 19-546 19-589 19-429 19-613 19-574 19-429 19-589 19-523 19-547 19-432 19-723 19-493 19-458 19-456 19-613 19-591 19-453 19-432 19-428 19-543 19-429 19-543 19-540 19-496 19-521 September 28, 1976 caterinii Meneghini, 507 cenomanensis Guéranger, 286 cepporum Bellardi, 375 chalybeia Reeve, 342 Charitodoron Tomlin, 513 chaussyensis Cossmann, 283 cheniourensis Chavanne, 287 chilensis Kiener, 361 chinensis Griffith & Pidgeon, 330, 331 chrysalis Reeve, 402 Chrysame H. & A. Adams, 393 chrysostoma Broderip, 396 chrysostoma Swainson, 397 cincta Newton, 287 cincta Roualt, 287, 373 cingulata Philippi, 287 cingulata A. Adams, 405 cingulosa Monterosato, 287 circumcisa Beyrich, 509 circumfossa Beyrich, 283 citharella Lamarck, 283 citharella d’Orbigny, 283 citharelloides Tate, 283 citrina Reeve, 506 claibornensis Conrad, 283 clandestina Reeve, 283 clara Sowerby, 467 clathrata Gmelin, 287 clathrata Link, 287 clathrata Reuss, 283 clathurella Tate, 283 clavata Bellardi, 375 clavatularis Grateloup, 378 clavulus Lamarck, 287 clementensis Hanna, 510 Clifdenia Laws, 281 Clinomitra Bellardi, 281 coarctata Reeve, 394 coarctata Swainson, 396 coarctata Tenison-Woods, 283 cocconi Mayer-Eymar, 375 coffea Schubert & Wagner, 306, 319 cognatella Bellardi, 375 cohibita Bellardi, 375 collata Bellardi, 375 colligata Bellardi, 375 colombelliformis Kiener, 491 columbellaeformis Reeve, 492 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 [looseleaf] 19-480, 19-433, 19-452, columbellaeformis K. Martin, 511 columbellaria Scacchi, 283 19-725 19-432 19-543 19-492 19-745 19-429 19-433 19-519 19-481 19-588 19-579 19-582 19-582 19-433 19-541 19-433 19-591 19-433 19-737 19-429 19-429 19-429 19-429 19-724 19-429 19-429 19-667 19-433 19-433 19-429 19-429 19-543 19-546 19-433 19-738 19-427 19-427 19-580 19-582 19-429 19-543 19-465 19-543 19-543 19-543 19-543 19-703 19-704 19-739 19-429 Index 519 [looseleaf] columbellata Grateloup, 283 19-429 columbellina A. Adams, 283 19-429 columbelloides Anton, 283 19-429 columbulae Brusina, 283 19-429 comperta Rovereto, 375 19-543 complanata Tate, 283 19-429 compressa Bellardi, 381 19-549 Compsomitra Marwick, 281] 19-427 concava Bellardi, 375 19-543 concinna Beyrich, 283 19-429 concolor Coen, 368 19-536 confinis Bellardi, 376 19-544 confluens Dautzenberg & Bouge, 310 19-456 confundendda Bellardi, 376 19-544 connectens Dautzenberg & Bouge, 401 19-587 connexa Bellardi, 376 19-544 conoidalis Tate, 283 19-429 conoidea Linnaeus, 287 19-433 conoidea Matheron, 505 19-723 Conomitra Conrad, 281 19-427 conquisita Conrad, 384 19-562 consolidata Sowerby, 427 19-613 conspicienda Bellardi, 376 19-544 constricta Bellardi, 376 19-544 contermina Bellardi, 376 19-544 contermina Iredale, 346 19-496 contorta Bellardi, 376 19-544 contortula Sacco, 375 19-543 contracta Swainson, 339, 393 19-489, 19-579 conuliformis Cossmann, 283 19-429 cookii Sowerby, 342 19-492 coralliophila Olsson, 465 19-665 coronadoensis Baker & Spicer, 363 19-521 coronata Lamarck, 437, 446 19-623, 19-632 coronata Schumacher, 310 19-456 cornea Lamarck, 370 19-538 corneti Cossmann, 376 19-544 cornicula Linnaeus, 369 19-537 cornicularis Lamarck, 370 19-538 corniculata Blainville, 370 19-538 corrugata Defrance, 283 19-429 cosibensis “Otuka”’, Hatai & Nisiyama, 354 19-504 costellata Bory St. Vincent, 373 19-541 costulata Risso, 283 19-429 cotteaui Cossmann & Lambert, 283 19-429 coxi Ludbrook, 349 19-499 crassa Swainson, 427 19-613 crassa Wood, 427 19-613 crassicostata Sowerby, 428 19-614 crassidens Broderip & Sowerby, 287 19-433 crassidens Deshayes, 283 19-429 [19-405] 520 Mitridae crassilabra Gabb, 471 crassiuscula Bellardi, 376 crebricosta Lamarck, 373 crenata Broderip, 451 crenata Swainson, 451 crenifunata Cossmann, 510 crenilabris A. Adams, 496 cretacea Gabb, 510 cretacea Sowerby, 497 cribum Dillwyn, 321 crinita Cristofori & Jan, 287 crymochara Rochebrune & Mabille, 284 cryptoconopsis de Gregorio, 374 cryptodon Fischer, 281 cucumerina Lamarck, 400 cucurbita Scudder, 306 cucurbitina Philippi, 287 cyclica Olsson, 458 cylindracea Reeve, 341 cylindracea Doderlein, 287 Cymakra Gardner, 281 dacostai Rothpletz & Simonelli, 287 dainitiensis Makiyama, 352, Hea Fe) dealbata A. Adams, 497 decipiens Bellardi, 376 declivis Reeve, 347 decurtata Reeve, 490 decussata Gmelin, 287 decussata Dujardin, 284 defossa Bellardi, 376 degrangei Oppenheim, 510 delbosii Roualt, 373 deleta Dautzenberg & Bouge, 439 delheidi Glibert, 284 deluciformis Oppenheim, 288 delucii Defrance, 373 dennanti Tate, 475 densesulcata Bellardi, 379 Dentimitra von Koenen, 509 depressobrevis Sacco, 381 dertonensis Michelotti, 376 desita Bellardi, 376 destefanii Brugnone, 376 deteria Bellardi, 376 devia Bellardi, 376 dewalquei Briart & Cornet, 284 diadema Swainson, 447 diasticta Cossmann, 284 19-502, 19-503 daphnelloides Tenison-Woods, 284 W. O. Cernohorsky Index [looseleaf] [looseleaf] 19-677 dibaphiformis Sowerby, 471 19-677 19-544 Dibaphimitra Cemohorsky, 473 19-679 19-541 Dibaphus Philippi, 469 19-675 19-647 dichroma A. Adams, 288 19-434 19-647 dictua Tenison-Woods, 392 19-574 19-738 diductua Tate, 392 19-574 19-708 diegensis Dall, 363 19-521 19-738 digitalis Link, 321 19-467 19-709 digna A. Adams, 345 19-495 19-467 dilatata Briart & Cornet, 510 19-738 19-433 Diplomitra Finlay, 391 19-573 Diptychomitra Bellardi, 281 19-427 19-430 discolor Roding, 489 19-701 19-542 discolor Kiister, 495 19-707 19-427 discors Gmelin, 288 19-434 19-586 distorta Philippi, 284 19-430 19-452 doliata Conrad, 284 19-430 19-433 doliolum Kuster, 413 19-599 19-654 doliolum Bellardi, 381 19-549 19-491 dolorosa Dall, 504 19-720 19-433 douglasensis Turner, 288 19-434 19-427 dubia Hutton, 284 19-430 dubia de Gregorio, 284 19-430 19-433 dufresnei Basterot, 375, 376 19-543, 19-544 dujardini Ivolas & Peyrot, 376 19-544 dumasi Cossmann, 284 19-430 19-430 dumosa Conrad in Wailes, 281 19-427 19-709 dunbari Olsson, 388 19-566 19-544 dupontii Kiener, 454 19-650 19-497 19-702 ebenus Yokoyama, 354 19-504 19-433 eburnea Grateloup, 284 19-430 19-430 eburnea Garrett, 288 19-434 19-544 echyra Melvill, 455 19-651 19-738 edentula Swainson, 469 19-675 19-541 educta Bellardi, 377 19-544 19-625 effusa Broderip, 459 19-655 19-430 Egestas Finlay, 283 19-429 19-434 elegans H. C. Lea, 284 19-430 19-541 elegans Grateloup, 367 19-535 19-683 elegantula Kuster, 288 19-434 19-547 elongata Lamarck, 373 19-541 19-737 elongata Grateloup, 373, 376 19-541, 19-544 19-549 elongata Toldo, 379 19-547 19-544 elongata Sohl, 512 19-740 19-544 emaciata Dautzenberg & Bouge, 400 19-586 19-544 emiliae Preston, 416 19-602 19-544 enysi Hutton, 284 19-430 19-544 eofusiformis Bellardi, 377 19-545 19-430 Episcomitra Monterosato, 306 19-452 19-633 episcopalis Linnaeus, 288, 307 19-434, 19-453 19-430 eremitarum Roding, 324 19-470 [19-406] September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Index 521 ericea Pease, 409 erronea Dohrn, 313 escoffierae Fontannes, 377 Eumitra Tate, 391 Eumitra Melvill & Standen, 306 euphrosyne Tomlin, 513 exacuta Bellardi, 377 exigua von Maltzan, 284 eximia Bellardi, 281 exposita Iredale, 348 expressa Bellardi, 376 extensa von Koenen, 284 facilis Mayer-Eymar, 377 fasciata Schroter, 288 fasciolarioides Anton, 288 fasciolaris Deshayes, 320 fastigium Reeve, 494 fergusoni Sowerby, 474 ferrugata Dillwyn, 401 ferruginea Lamarck, 393, 397 filius Melvill, 356 finitima Bellardi, 377 flaccida Yokoyama, 284 flavocingulata Lamy, 487 flavofusca Lamarck, 324 flemingii Lea, 284 flexilabris Sowerby, 501 floccata Reeve, 326 florida Gould, 473 floridula Sowerby, 441 [looseleaf] 19-579, fluviimaris Pilsbry & McGinty, 465 fodinalis Tate, 392 foraminata Broderip, 454 fordi Pilsbry & McGinty, 467 fortis Melvill, 361 fraga Quoy & Gaimard, 404 friedbergi Cossmann, 378 fulgurita Reeve, 356 fultoni E. A. Smith, 364 fulva Swainson, 306, 319 fulva Brusina, 284 fulvescens Broderip, 340, 431 fulvescens Swainson, 432 fusca Reeve, 372 fusca Swainson, 370 fuscescens Pease, 495 Fuscomitra Pallary, 306 fusellina Lamarck, 284 fusiformis Brocchi, 354, B67, 314 fusiformis Dujardin, 378 19-452, 19-490, 19-504, 19-535, 19-595 19-459 19-544 19-573 19-452 19-741 19-544 19-430 19-427 19-498 19-544 19-430 19-544 19-434 19-434 19-466 19-706 19-682 19-587 19-583 19-510 19-545 19-430 19-699 19-470 19-430 19-713 19-472 19-681 19-627 19-665 19-574 19-650 19-667 19-519 19-590 19-546 19-510 19-522 19-465 19-430 19-617 19-618 19-540 19-538 19-707 19-452 19-430 19-542 19-546 fusiformis J. de C. Sowerby, 419 fusiformis Pease, 282 fusiformis Yokoyama, 354 Fusimitra Conrad, 383 fusoides Lea, 284 gabbi Pilsbry & Johnson, 472 gallica Peyrot, 367 gausapata Reeve, 456 gemina Bellardi, 377 gentilis Bellardi, 377 georgiana Conrad, 284 gerthi Pannekoek, 418 gervillii Payraudeau, 284 gibba Dohrn, 290 gilbertsoni J. Cate, 359 glabra Swainson, 306, 347 glabra Risso, 370 glandina Monterosato, 370 globosa Morch, 401 godini Cossmann, 284 gonatophora Sturany, 290 goreensis Melvill, 371 Gosavia Stoliczka, 281 gosseleti Briart & Cornet, 290 gottardi Vinassa, 290 gracilis H. C. Lea, 284 gracilis O. Costa, 290 gracilis Guéranger, 290 gracilis Ralli, 290 graja Reeve, 370 grammatula Dall, 284 granata Reeve, 497 granatina Lamarck, 341 granatina Tenison-Woods, 290 granatinaeformis kK. Martin, 358 graniformis Lamarck, 284 granulata Defrance, 463 granulifera Lamarck, 284 granulosa Lamarck, 317, 463 gravis Bellardi, 377 graviuscula Bellardi, 377 grelloisi Récluz, 497 groenlandica Beck in Moller, 282 guttata Swainson, 325 haleanus Whitfield, 284 hammakeri Harris, 284 hanleyana Dunker, 329 hanleyana Sowerby, 341 hanleyi Sowerby, 412 hatchetigbeensis Aldrich, 290 [19-407] [looseleaf] 19-452, 19-463, 19-605 19-428 19-504 19-561 19-430 19-678 19-535 19-652 19-545 19-545 19-430 19-604 19-430 19-436 19-513 19-497 19-535 19-538 19-587 19-430 19-436 19-539 19-427 19-436 19-436 19-430 19-436 19-436 19-436 19-538 19-430 19-709 19-491 19-436 19-512 19-430 19-663 19-430 19-663 19-545 19-545 19-709 19-428 19-471 19-430 19-430 19-479 19-49] 19-598 19-436 522 Mitridae haycocki Dall & Bartsch, 284 hebraea Lamarck, 483 hectori Hutton, 355 heilprini Cossmann, 284 helvacea Philippi, 290 hilberi Hoernes & Auinger, 377 hirasei Pilsbry, 423 hoernesi Mayer, 378 hondana Yokoyama, 284 honoluluensis Pilsbry, 438 hordeola Deshayes, 284 hualpensis Philippi, 284 W. O. Cernohorsky [looseleaf] hukusimana Nomura & Zinbo, 353 humboldti Lea, 284 humeralis Garrett, 502 hypermeces Cossmann, 284 idae Melvill, 362 idjowensis Oostingh, 405 ignobilis Reeve, 338 imminuta Bellardi, 378 imperialis Roding, 321 implicata Bellardi, 378 impressa Anton, 497 impressa von Koenen, 509 inaspecta Deshayes, 284 inca d’Orbigny, 457 incarum Pilsbry, 282 incerta Bellardi, 378 incisa Marwick, 281 incognita Basterot, 378 incompta Lightfoot, 322 inconspicua Hutton, 282 incurvata Parenzan, 368 indentata Sowerby, 412 indicata Bellardi, 378 indistincta Bellardi, 378 induta Sowerby, 361 inedita Bellardi, 378 infecta Reeve, 393 inflata Risso, 370 inflatobrevis Sacco, 374 infundibulum Bellardi, 378 inornata Beyrich, 284 inquinata Reeve, 328, 358 insignis A. Adams, 284 insolata Sowerby, 370 interiecta Bellardi, 378 intermissa Bellardi, 378 inversicolor Dautzenberg & Bouge, 483 iravadica Vredenburg, 333 19-478, 19-430 19-695 19-509 19-430 19-436 19-545 19-609 19-946 19-430 19-624 19-430 19-430 19-503 19-430 19-714 19-430 19-520 19-591 19-488 19-546 19-467 19-546 19-709 19-737 19-430 19-653 19-428 19-546 19-427 19-546 19-468 19-428 19-536 19-598 19-546 19-546 19-519 19-546 19-579 19-538 19-542 19-546 19-430 19-512 19-430 19-538 19-546 19-546 19-695 19-483 iriensis Bellardi, 378 Isara H. & A. Adams, 306 ishidae Masuda, 354 italica Grateloup, 367 javana Pannekoek, 475 javanensis Altena, 474 jervisensis Laseron, 284 jousseaumiana Mabille, 504 jucunda Tapparone-Canefri, 480 junghuhni K. Martin, 333, 357 junior Bellardi, 378 juniperus Strickland, 290 kamehameha Pilsbry, 338 kelirensis K. Martin, 446 kieneri Philippi, 397 kingae Cernohorsky, 420 kobayashii Yokoyama, 284 koolhoveni Oostingh, 321 Index [looseleaf] 19-483, kurakiensis Hatai & Nisiyama, 354 kyaungonensis Vredenburg, 418 labiata Deshayes, 284 labiata Grzybowski, 284 labiatorima Sacco, 381 labratula Lamarck, 284 labrosa Deshayes, 284 lachryma Reeve, 284 lactea Lamarck, 370 laeta A. Adams, 443 laevigata Bosc, 370 laevigata Gmelin, 370 laevigata Grateloup, 378 laevissima Grateloup, 290 lajoyi Deshayes, 284 lamarckii Deshayes, 1832, 315 lamarckii Deshayes, 1865, 282 lamberti Fleming, 284 lamberti Souverbie, 444 Lapparia Conrad, 281 Latiromitra Locard, 281 latruncularia Reeve, 349, 350 laxesulcata Bellardi, 378 lavocati Salvan, 290 lecta Bellardi, 378 lemma Iredale, 398 lennieri Cossmann, 284 lens Wood, 453 leonardiana Risso, 291 leontocroma Brusina, 284 leopardina Kuster, 483 [19-408] 19-499, 19-546 19-452 19-504 19-535 19-543 19-542 19-430 19-720 19-692 19-511 19-546 19-436 19-488 19-632 19-583 19-606 19-430 19-467 19-504 19-604 19-430 19-430 19-549 19-430 19-430 19-430 19-538 19-629 19-538 19-538 19-546 19-436 19-430 19-461 19-428 19-430 19-630 19-427 19-427 19-500 19-546 19-436 19-546 19-584 19-430 19-649 19-437 19-430 19-695 September 28, 1976 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 Index 528 [looseleaf] [looseleaf] leopoliensis Alth, 291 19-437 martiniana Menke, 399 19-585 lepa de Gregorio, 284 19-430 marylandica Clark, 511 19-739 leucosticta Gmelin, 291 19-437 masefieldi Marshall, 392 19-574 leucostoma Swainson, 291 19-437 maura Broderip, 361 19-519 leucozona Kiister, 403 19-589 maura Carpenter, 362 19-520 lienardi Sowerby, 400 19-586 Mauritia H. Adams, 469 19-675 ligata Tate, 284 19-430 media Risso, 370 19-538 lignaria Reeve, 454 19-650 megaspira Bellardi, 378 19-546 limacina Lamarck, 427 19-613 melaniana Lamarck, 345, 372 19-495, 19-540 limbifera Lamarck, 427 19-613 melanopsiformis Cox, 378 19-546 limonensis Olsson, 388 19-566 mesolia Pilsbry & Johnson, 504 19-720 limosa Martyn, 318 19-464 mettei Giebel, 330, 374 19-480, 19-542 lineata Gmelin, 291 19-437 mexicana Dall, 361, 386 19-519, 19-564 lineata Schumacher, 284 19-430 micans Reeve, 500 19-712 lineata Swainson, 480 19-692 michaudi Michelotti, 284 19-430 lineata Kuster, 480 19-692 michelinii Guérin, 427 19-613 lineolata Heilprin, 284 19-430 microstoma Sowerby, 497 19-709 lineolata Bellardi, 378 19-546 Microvoluta Angas, 281 19-427 litterata Lamarck, 482 19-694 millepora Lamarck, 321 19-467 loebbeckeanus Weinkauff, 471 19-677 millingtoni Conrad in Wailes, longispirata Bellardi, 378 19-546 381, 384 19-549, 19-553 longissima Giebel, 284 19-430 miniata Anton, 404 19-590 longoturrita Sacco, 381 19-549 minima Seguenza, 284 19-430 longoventrosa Sacco, 380 19-548 minor Weinkauff, 370 19-538 loochooensis MacNeil, 334 19-484 minor Bellardi, 381 19-549 loricata Reeve, 425 19-611 minor Sowerby, 409 19-595 loricea Drouet, 372 19-540 minor Pallary, 368 19-536 loweana Pilsbry, 363 19-521 minor Sturany, 501 19-713 lowei Dohrn, 291 19-437 minor Dautzenberg & Bouge, 408, lowei Dall, 363 19-521 483, 497 19-594, 19-695, 19-709 luctuosa A. Adams, 443 19-629 minuta Roding, 426 19-612 lugubris Swainson, 288, 436 19-434, 19-622 minuta Michelotti, 291 19-437 lutea Quoy & Gaimard, 493 19-705 minutesulcata Sacco, 381 19-549 lutescens Lamarck, 370 19-538 miocenica Michelotti, 378 19-546 lutescente Deshayes, 370 19-538 miogallica Peyrot, 378 19-546 lutosa Dillwyn, 463 19-663 miranda E. A. Smith, 284 19-430 lyraeformis Swainson, 284 19-430 mississippiensis Conrad, 384 19-562 lyrata Sasso, 284 19-430 Mitra Lamarck, 305 19-451 mitra Linnaeus, 305, 307 19-451, 19-453 macilenta Bellardi, 378 19-546 mitraeformis Sasso, 284 19-430 maculosa Reeve, 288, 321 19-434, 19-467 mitrai Beets, 421 19-607 maesta Reeve, 415 19-601 mitraria Rafinesane, 306 19-452 magnoperstriata Sacco, 378 19-546 Mitreola Swainson, 281 19-427 major Pallary, 368 19-536 Mitricaulis Pilsbry, 282 19-428 major Dautzenberg & Bouge, 483 19-695 Mitroidea Pease, 469 19-675 mancietensis Peyrot, 378 19-546 Mitrolithes Kriiger, 306 19-452 maoria Finlay, 345 19-495 Mitrolumna Bacquoy, Dautzenberg marginata Lamarck, 284 19-430 & Dollfus, 281 19-427 marginata Sowerby, 446 19-632 Mitropsis Pease, 282 19-428 marshalli Bartsch, 455 19-651 mixta Lamarck, 284 19-430 martini Philippi, 361 19-519 mochii Blanc, 507 19-725 martini Pannekoek, 358 19-512 mokattamensis Oppenheim, 284 19-430 [19-409] 524 Mitridae W. O. Cernohorsky Index [looseleaf] [looseleaf] molengraaffi K. Martin, 420 19-606 nodulosa Gmelin, 454, 462 19-650, 19-662 monachialis Roding, 312 19-458 nodulosa Doncieux, 477 19-689 monilifera C. B. Adams, 463 19-521 norrisii Reeve, 336 19-486 monodi Knudsen, 284 19-430 notoensis Masuda, 352 19-502 monodonta Lamarck, 281 19-427 novaezelandiae Filhol, 291 19-437 monoploca Finlay, 392 19-574 nubila Gmelin, 313 19-459 montereyi Berry, 363 19-521 nucleola Lamarck, 410, 457 19-596, 19-653 mooreana Gabb, 284 19-430 nucleus Bellardi, 379 19-547 morio Linnaeus, 291 19-437 nudata Beets, 283 19-429 mortenseni Odhner, 284 19-430 nympha Reeve, 356 19-510 mosaica Issel, 338 19-488 multiplicata Pease, 471 19-677 obarata Bellardi, 379 19-547 multiplicata de Gregorio, 284 19-430 oberrans Bellardi, 379 19-547 multistriata Bellardi, 378 19-546 obesa Edwards, 510 19-738 multistriata Mayer-Eymar, 381 19-549 obesata Bellardi, 379 19-547 multisulcata Harris, 347 19-497 obliqua Lesson, 435 19-621 multisulcata Sowerby, 428 19-614 obliquata Deshayes, 284 19-430 murchisoni Muller, 284 19-430 oblongula Bellardi, 379 19-547 muricata Broderip, 454 19-650 obscura Hutton, 284 19-430 murietta Anderson & Hanna, 510 19-738 observabilis Bellardi, 379 19-547 mutica Lamarck, 284 19-430 obsoleta Philippi, 284 19-430 mutica Grateloup, 381 19-549 obtusa Locard, 370 19-538 Mutyca H. & A. Adams, 306 19-452 obtusata Dautzenberg & Bouge, 479 19-691 mystica Suter, 291 19-437 offerta Bellardi, 379 19-547 oleacea Reeve, 430 19-616 namnetica Cossmann, 284 19-430 oliva Grateloup, 291 19-437 nana Muller, 284 19-430 olivacea Anton, 504 19-720 nanus Reeve, 427 19-613 olivaeformis Dujardin, 376 19-544 nassaeformis Bellardi, 379 19-547 olivoidea Cantraine, 282 19-428 nassoides Sowerby, 497 19-709 olivula Baudon, 284 19-430 nebrias Melvill, 489 19-701 omalii Briart & Cornet, 292 19-438 Nebularia Swainson, 393 19-579 omissa Bellardi, 379 19-547 nebulosa Broderip, 393 19-579 optiva Bellardi, 379 19-547 nebulosa Reeve, 313 19-459 orcutti Dall, 284 19-430 neglecta Bellardi, 379 19-547 ordinata Garrett, 292 19-438 Neoimbricaria von Ihering, 282 19-428 orientalis Griffith & Pidgeon, 361 19-519 neta Gardner, 385 19-563 ornata Schubert & Wagner, 292, newtoni Cossmann, 291 19-437 ol? 19-438, 19-463 nice Nardo, 284 19-430 ornata Kiener, 317 19-463 nigra Gmelin, 330, 346, ostergaardi Pilsbry, 432 19-618 Sell 19-480, 19-496, 19-539 othone Tenison-Woods, 284 19-430 nigra Reeve, 345 19-495 nigricans Pease, 444 19-630 pactilis Conrad, 284 19-430 nitens Blainville, 370 19-538 paeteli Dohm, 284 19-430 nitens Risso, 370 19-538 palawanensis Bartsch, 409 19-595 nitens Marshall, 392 19-574 Paleofusimitra Sohl, 512 19-740 nitida Pictet & Campiche, 284 19-430 pallida Pease, 292 19-438 nitida A. Adams, 370 19-538 pallida Dautzenberg & Bouge, 401 19-587 nivea Broderip, 335 19-485 pallida Nowell-Usticke, 463 19-663 nivosa Swainson, 313, 336 19-459, 19-486 pannaulax Cossmann, 284 19-430 nivosa Kuster, 485 19-697 Papalaria Dall, 306 19-452 nodosa Borson, 284 19-430 papalis Linnaeus, 306, 308 19-452, 19-454 [19-410] September 28, 1976 paraptycha Boettger, 284 parens Bellardi, 379 parisiensis Deshayes, 285 parkinsoni Lea, 285 parva J. de C. Sowerby, 285 Parvimitra Finlay, 282 parvobrevis Sacco, 367 parvulobrevis Sacco, 374 pasithea Tomlin, 516 patagonica Ihering, 282 paucigyrata Bellardi, 379 paucilineata Tinker, 471 pauciplicata Yokoyama, 285 paulensis Mayer-Eymar, 378 paupercula Linnaeus, 477 peasei Dohrn, 341 pectinata Bellardi, 379 Peculator Iredale, 282 peculiaris Reeve, 501 pediculus Lamarck, 409 pele Cernohorsky, 330 pellisserpentis Reeve, 495 peracuta Bellardi, 379 perbrevis Cossmann, 375 peregra Reeve, 405 pereirai Brébion, 379 pergracilis Harris, 285 perexilis Turton, 351 perksi Cotton & Godfrey, 346 perlonga K. Martin, 285 perlonga Bellardi, 381 perlongoacuta Sacco, 380 perminuta Sandberger, 285 peronii Lamarck, 427 perplexa Dall, 282 Perplicaria Dall, 282 perturbatrix Maury, 285 pertusa Linnaeus, 292, 321 pertusa Born, 312 peruviana Olsson, 477 petrosa Sowerby, 338 pezanti Cossmann, 285 Phaeomitra von Martens, 306 philippiana Forbes, 370 philippi Crosse, 470 pica Dillwyn, 479 pica Reeve, 285 picta Reeve, 349 pigra A. Adams, 372 pilsbryi Boettger, 379 pirula Yokoyama, 285 piruliformis Miller, 285 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 [looseleaf] 19-438, 19-430 19-547 19-431 19-431 19-431 19-428 19-535 19-542 19-748 19-428 19-547 19-677 19-431 19-546 19-545 19-491 19-547 19-428 19-713 19-595 19-480 19-707 19-547 19-543 19-591 19-547 19-431 19-501 19-496 19-431 19-549 19-548 19-431 19-613 19-428 19-428 19-431 19-467 19-458 19-689 19-488 19-431 19-452 19-538 19-676 19-691 19-431 19-499 19-540 19-547 19-431 19-431 planilirata Reeve, 436 plebeia Dohrn, 292, 351 Pleioptygma Conrad, 282 pleurotomoides E. A. Smith, 285 plicata Bory St. Vincent, 295 plicata O. Costa, 295 plicifera Yokoyama, 285 pliocenica Bellardi, 379 Plochelaea Gabb, 469 plumbea Reeve, 370 poas Olsson, 466 polygyrata Bellardi, 379 polymorpha Tomlin, 341 poncei Gardner, 281 ponderosa Bellardi, 379 pontificalis Lamarck, 310 porcata Reeve, 405 porcellana Melvill & Standen, 295 porrecta F. E. Edwards, 285 postera von Koenen, 374 posticoangulosa Sacco, 379 potomacensis Clark & Martin, 285 praenigra Mayer-Eymar, 379 prevosti Roualt, 285 prisca Deshayes, 285 pristina Yokoyama, 285 prodroma Gardner, 285 producta Bellardi, 379 profundesulcata Sacco, 374 propinqua A. Adams, 313 propinqua Garrett, 295 propinqua Bellardi, 381 prosanguinolenta J. Cate, 448 proscissa Reeve, 406, 408 prosphora Iredale, 328 protracta Pallary, 368 proxima Bellardi, 381 Proximitra Finlay, 282 pruinosa Kuster, 295 pruinosa Reeve, 296 pseudopapalis Michelotti, 379 pseudopolygyrata Strausz, 377 pukeuriensis Finlay, 282 pumila J. de C. Sowerby, 285 punctata Swainson, 296 puncticulata Lamarck, 447 punctostriata A. Adams, 446 pupula Dunker in Schmeltz, 296 Puruiana K. Martin, 509 pusilla King & Broderip, 296 pyramis Wood, 424 Pyrenomitra Eames, 283 [19-411] Index 525 [looseleaf] 19-622 19-438, 19-501 19-428 19-431 19-441 19-44] 19-431 19-547 19-675 19-538 19-666 19-547 19-491 19-427 19-547 19-456 19-594 19-441 19-431 19-542 19-547 19-431 19-547 19-431 19-431 19-431 19-431 19-547 19-542 19-459 19-441 19-549 19-634 19-592, 19-594 19-478 19-536 19-549 19-428 19-44] 19-442 19-547 19-545 19-428 19-431 19-442 19-633 19-632 19-442 19-737 19-442 19-610 19-429 526 Mitridae W. O. Cernohorsky Index quadriplicata Nyst, 285 quemadica Maury, 464 quilonensis Dey, 334 quinqueplicata Ravn, 509 radiata Schumacher, 479 rangii Lesson, 285 rapanuiensis J. Cate, 488 raricosta Lamarck, 285 ravni Harder, 285 reducta Bellardi, 379 reevei Philippi, 323 regularis Fuchs, 374 repleta Bellardi, 379 reticulata d’Orbigny, 296 reticulata A. Adams, 422 retusa Lamarck, 479, 481 rhenana Gorges, 509 rhodanica Fontannes, 375 rhodia Reeve, 345 roborea Reeve, 285 roemeri d’Orbigny, 296 rollandi Bemardi, 506 rosacea Reeve, 422 rosettae Angas, 346 rossiae Reeve, 316 rotundilirata Reeve, 414 rovasendae Bellardi, 281 rubiginea A. Adams, 405 rubiginosa Reeve, 333, 423 rubritincta Reeve, 399 rudis Gabb, 464 ruepellii Reeve, 435 ruffina Linnaeus, 296 ruffina Dillwyn, 324 rugosa Philippi, 285 rupicola Reeve, 455 rustica K. Martin, 511 rutidolomum Suter, 282 rutila A. Adams, 444 sabatica Bellardi, 379 sacerdotalis A. Adams, 331 saginata Tucker & Wilson, 285 salinasensis Bartsch, 504 sallomacensis Mayer-Eymar, 379 saltata Pease, 500 samuelis Dohrn, 498 sanctifrancisci Maury, 388 sanguinolenta Lamarck, 313, 448 santangelii Maravigna, 368 [looseleaf] 19-691, 19-483, 19-459, 19-431 19-664 19-484 19-737 19-691 19-431 19-700 19-431 19-431 19-547 19-469 19-542 19-547 19-442 19-608 19-693 19-737 19-543 19-495 19-431 19-442 19-724 19-608 19-496 19-462 19-600 19-427 19-591 19-609 19-585 19-664 19-621 19-442 19-470 19-431 19-651 19-739 19-428 19-630 19-547 19-481 19-431 19-720 19-547 19-716 19-710 19-566 19-634 19-536 scabra J. de C. Sowerby, 285 scabricola Swainson, 356 scalarata Bellardi, 379 scalariformis Borson, 285 schroeteri Chemnitz, 350 schroeteri Link, 350, 370 scotlandica Trechmann, 383 [looseleaf] 19-500, scrobiculata J. de C. Sowerby, 333 scutellata Bosc, 489 scutulata Gmelin, 488 secalina von Koenen, 285 sectilis Pease, 296 sedanensis K. Martin, 420 sellei de Raincourt, 285 semari Beets, 406 semiarata Bellardi, 379 semicincta K. Martin, 333 semiclathrata Bellardi, 380 semiferruginea Reeve, 466 semigranosa von Martens, 363 semilaevis F. E. Edwards, 285 semilivida Tenison-Woods, 296 semimarginata Beyrich, 285 semisculpta Beyrich, 285 semiusta Berry, 363 separanda von Maltzan, 285 serotina A. Adams, 497 serpentina Wood, 447 sertum Duval, 489 sibogae Schepman, 417 sieversi Rutsch, 388 signa Bartsch, 481 signata Risso, 296 simplex Dunker, 352 simplex Sowerby, 370 simplicissima Cooper, 510 singuensis Vredenburg, 330 singularis Bellardi, 380 sinusigera Laseron, 346 slevini Dickerson, 296 sociata Peyrot, 375 soellingensis Speyer, 285 Sohlia Cernohorsky, 505 solanderi Reeve, 412, 436 solida Reeve, 327 sophiae Crosse, 449 sowerbyi d’Orbigny, 419 spadicea Gmelin, 297 spadicea Sowerby, 409 specialis Locard, 281 sphoni Shasky & Campbell, 452 spinosa Pictet & Campiche, 285 [19-412] 19-598, 19-431 19-510 19-547 19-431 19-500 19-538 19-561 19-483 19-701 19-700 19-431 19-442 19-606 19-431 19-592 19-547 19-483 19-548 19-666 19-521 19-431 19-442 19-431 19-431 19-521 19-431 19-709 19-633 19-701 19-603 19-566 19-693 19-442 19-502 19-538 19-738 19-480 19-548 19-496 19-442 19-543 19-431 19-723 19-622 19-477 19-635 19-605 19-443 19-595 19-427 19-648 19-431 September 28, 1976 spirata Bellardi, 380 spiratobrevis Sacco, 375 squamosa Zekeli, 281 staminea Conrad, 285 stazzanensis Bellardi, 380 stictica Link, 309 straminea A. Adams, 465 striarella Calcara, 285 striata Lea, 285 striata Gray, 492 striata Brusina, 285 striatella Bory St. Vincent, 297 striatula Schroter, 461 strigata Swainson, 331 Strigatella Swainson, 477 striola Grateloup, 375 stutschburyi Morch, 492 subangulata Bellardi, 380 subangulosa Sacco, 367 subcaudata Bellardi, 380 subconquisita de Gregorio, 384 subcostulata d’Orbigny, 285 subcrenularis Tate, 285 subeylindrica Dujardin, 380 subdecussata d’Orbigny, 285 subdermestina Michelotti, 297 subelongata Peyrot, 376 subemarginata Bellardi, 380 subestriata Bellardi, 380 subflava Kuroda & Habe, 352 subidjowensis Oostingh, 405 subinflatobrevis Sacco, 374 subiriensis Sacco, 379 sublaevis Bellardi, 380 submutica d’Orbigny, 380 subperplicata Sacco, 377 subplicata Deshayes, 285 subpontis Harris, 285 subrostrata Sowerby, 430 subruppeli Finlay, 428 subscrobiculata d’Orbigny, 333 subsubulata d’Orbigny, 285 subtenuistria Peyrot, 380 subturritolonga Sacco, 375 subulata Grateloup, 285 subuliformis Bellardi, 380 subumbilicata Bellardi, 380 subventricosa d’Orbigny, 376 succincta Swainson, 297 sulcata Menke, 409 sulcatula Sacco, 380 suleatulata Sacco, 380 INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA, vol. 3, no. 17 [looseleaf] 19-548 19-543 19-427 19-431 19-548 19-455 19-665 19-431 19-431 19-704 19-431 19-443 19-661 19-481 19-689 19-543 19-704 19-548 19-535 19-548 19-562 19-431 19-431 19-548 19-431 19-443 19-544 19-548 19-548 19-502 19-591 19-542 19-547 19-548 19-548 19-545 19-431 19-431 19-616 19-614 19-483 19-431 19-548 19-543 19-431 19-548 19-548 19-544 19-443 19-595 19-548 19-548 sulcatissima Sacco, 374 sulcatulatissima Sacco, 374 sulciensis Bellardi, 380 sulcifera von Koenen, 285 sulculatissima Sacco, 374 supergensis Bellardi, 380 suturalis Bellardi, 381 suturata Reeve, 416 swainsonii Broderip, 385 symmetrica Gabb, 385 syracusana Gmelin, 297 tabanula Lamarck, 401, 408 taeniatomaculata Sacco, 374 taeniolata Bellardi, 380 tahitensis Garrett, 297 takii Ozaki, 354 taurinensis Bellardi, 380 telescopium Reeve, 433 telum Sowerby, 432 tenuiplicata Vasseur, 285 tenuis Beyrich, 509 tenuis Sowerby, 501 terebraeformis Conrad, 285 terebralis Lamarck, 323 terebralis Swainson, 325 terebriformis Bellardi, 380 teres Bellardi, 380 teretiuscula Thiele, 285 tessellata Martyn, 317 tessellata Swainson, 317 tessellata Kiener, 350 testacea Broderip, 434 testacea Tryon, 346 tetraptycta Cossmann, 285 thaanumiana Pilsbry, 319 thalia Tomlin, 515 thiara Dillwyn, 310 Tiarella Swainson, 306 tiarella A. Adams, 438 ticaonica Reeve, 427, 429 tigrina A. Adams, 480 titan Gabb, 385 tittabweensis Vredenburg, 330 tomlini Turton, 351 tomliniana Turton, 351 tornata Reeve, 405 tornatelloides Reeve, 481 torticula Dall, 285 townsendi Melvill, 444 tracta Bellardi, 380 Index 527 [looseleaf] 19-587, 19-613, transsylvanica Hoernes & Auinger, 475 [19-413] 19-542 19-542 19-548 19-431 19-542 19-548 19-549 19-602 19-563 19-563 19-443 19-594 19-542 19-548 19-443 19-504 19-548 19-619 19-618 19-431 19-737 19-713 19-431 19-469 19-471 19-548 19-548 19-431 19-463 19-463 19-500 19-620 19-496 19-431 19-465 19-747 19-456 19-452 19-624 19-615 19-692 19-563 19-480 19-501 19-501 19-59] 19-693 19-431 19-630 19-548 19-683 528 Mitridae W. O. Cernohorsky Index [looseleaf] tringa Lamarck, 285 19-431 triplicata von Martens, 334 19-484 tristis Broderip, 503 19-709 trunculus Sowerby, 409 19-595 tumefacta Bellardi, 380 19-548 tumens Bellardi, 380 19-548 turbinata Bellardi, 380 19-548 turgida Reeve, 409 19-595 turgida Bellardi, 381 19-549 turgidula Borson, 285 19-431 tumeri Laws, 281, 355 19-427, 19-509 turricula Holten, 381, 401 19-549, 19-587 turricula Cristofori & Jan, 381 19-549 turriculata Schafhautl, 374 19-542 turris Bellardi, 380 19-548 turturina Souverbie, 485 19-697 typha Reeve, 499 19-711 typostigma Brusina, 285 19-431 umbilicaris Sasso, 285 19-431 umbilicata Bellardi, 381 19-549 umbilicata Cossmann & Lambert, 285 19-431 umbilicosa Bellardi, 380 19-548 unifascialis Kiener, 485 19-697 uniplica Tate, 392 19-574 ustulata Reeve, 337 19-487 uvasana Dickerson, 383 19-551 uzielliana Crosse, 497 19-709 vagans Pilsbry, 430 19-616 vandervlerki Beets, 418 19-604 vapincana Boussac, 380 19-548 variabilis Reeve, 340 19-490 varicosa Sowerby, 285 19-431 varicosa Tate, 285 19-431 vasconum Oppenheim, 297 19-443 vaticinator Melvill, 326 19-472 venayssiana Fontannes, 367 19-535 venosa Rodding, 479 19-691 ventricoangulosa Sacco, 380. 19-548 ventricosa Risso, 297 19-443 ventricosa Grateloup, 376 19-544 ventricosa Hutton, 285 19-431 ventrosoparva Sacco, 380 19-548 venusta Bellardi, 380 19-548 vera Cumberland, 297 19-443 verconis Iredale, 282 19-428 [looseleaf] vermiculata Dall, 313 19-459 vermiculosa Martyn, 312, 427 19-458, 19-613 versicolor Lamarck, 313 19-459 versicolor Martyn, 314 19-460 verweyi Knudsen, 334 19-484 Vexillitra Marwick, 282 19-428 vexillum Reeve, 286, 430 19-432, 19-616 Vicimitra Iredale, 306 19-452 vicina Briart & Cornet, 285 19-431 vicina Bellardi, 376 19-544 vicksburgensis Conrad, 285 19-431 villalverniensis Bellardi, 380 19-548 vincenti Cossmann, 285 19-431 virgata Gmelin, 297 19-443 virgata Reeve, 479 19-691 vitulina Dillwyn, 399 19-585 Volutomitra H. & A. Adams, 282 19-428 Volvaria Lamarck, 282 19-428 Volvariella Fischer, 282 19-428 vulpina Anton, 297 19-497 vultuosa Reeve, 442 19-628 Waimatea Finlay, 281 19-427 waitei Suter, 282 19-428 waitemataensis Powell & Bartrum, 392 19-574 washingtoniana Weaver, 285 19-431 wateleti Briart & Cornet, 285 19-431 werneri Boettger, 285 19-431 willimasi Newcomb, 405 19-591 woddringi Vokes, 468 19-668 woddringi Olsson, 388 19-566 wrighti Crosse, 329 19-479 yaekoae Habe & Kosuge, 356 19-510 yasila Olsson, 459 19-655 yokoyamai Nomura, 341 19-491 yokoyamai Otuka, 354 19-504 zaca Strong, Hanna & Hertlein, 386 19-564 zebra Lamarck, 479 19-691 zebra Kiister, 285 19-431 zebra Garrett, 479 19-691 zebrula Dillwyn, 461 19-661 zekelii Pictet & Campiche, 285 19-431 zilpha Dall, 285 19-431 zonata Marryat, 367 19-535 Published by THE DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSKS Delaware Museum of Natural History Greenville, Delaware 19807, U.S.A. [19-414] INDO-=PACIFIC MOLLUSCA Numbers issued and available: Vol. 1, No, 1 Introduction and Vasidae, 32 pp. (March 1959) # 2.24 No, 2 Strombus, 114 pp. (November 1960) 7.98 No. 3 Lambis, 28 pp. (September 1961) 1.96 No. 4 Pinnidae, 52 pp. (September 1961) 3.64 No, 5 Turrinae, 120 pp. (March 1964) 8.40 No. 6 Tridacnidae and Strombus, 58 pp. (April 1965) 4,06 No. 7 Turrinae, Terebellum, Strombus, 48 pp. (May 1967) 3.36 No. 6 Cypraea (Zoilla)s index to Vol. 1, 34 pp. (Dec.1967) 2630 Permanent Binder no, 1 4.50 10 Guide tabs BO 0)(6) Vols (2a Non, 9 imbroductionvand Cassidae, 202 pp. (August 1968) 14,14 No.10 Turriculinae, 214 pp. (September 1969) UG7 0 Permanent Binder no. 2 4,50 6 Guide tabs 60 It bought complete (Vol. 1; mos, 1-8: Vol 2, nos, 9-10, two # 69.46 binders, 16 guide tabs). POSTAGE PAID. Foreign address $ 70.00 US New Subscribers: You may begin a new subscription by purchasing the last number (no. 10) Hor OL'70. or by purchasing the back numbers. 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Aiba ls ea ae ii ala re. : ol tabs ye ag Ss iP Sele vat ah st ; eal INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA Numbers issued and available: Vol. 1, No. 1 Introduction and Vasidae, 32 pp. (March 1959) Piz ee No. 2 Strombus, 114 pp. (November 1960) 7.98 No. 3 Lambis, 28 pp. (September 1961) 196 No, 4 Pinnidae, 52 pp. (September 1961) 3.64 No, 5 Turrinae, 120 pp. (March 1964) 8.40 No, 6 Tridacnidae and Strombus, 58 pp. (April 1965) 4,06 No. 7 Turrinae, Terebellum, Strombus, 48 pp. (May 1967) 3.36 No. 8 Cypraea (Zoila); index to Vol. 1, 34 pp. (Dec.1967) PN BXe Permanent Binder no. 1 4.50 10 Guide tabs it; O} Vol, 2, No. 9 Introduction and Cassidae, 202 pp. (August 1968) 14,14 No.10 Turriculinae, 214 pp. (September 1969) AO: 70 Permanent Binder no. 2 4,50 6 Guide tabs 560 inipoueniE; complete (Vol. 2, nes, 1-38; Vol 2, nos. 9-10, two $ 69.46 binders, 16 guide tabs). POSTAGE PAID. Foreign address $ 70.00 US New Subscribers: You may begin a new subscription by purchasing the last number (no. 10) for $10.70, or by purchasing the back numbers. You will automatically receive and be billed for future numbers. Back numbers may be purchased at priges shown above. Because of our limited stock of the earliest nun- bers, we regret that back numbers can only be sold in reverse sequence; that is, no. 10 must be purchased before no. 9, no.9 before no, 8, etc. The journal is now available only in looseleaf form. Postage paid by pub- lisher, No discount given to dealers. | SS EY eT foe SD SS OE Se ee EE ee ee ee ED ee Se mS oe ee OS SD ene ee eee Ge GD Ow a ee oy ee ae ee oe Se ee ES Get et eS ee OR ee OS ee Gee OD a ee oe ee ee em ee ee ee a os oe ow on oy oe oe ow oe Detach here ORDER FORM FOR INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA L] T enclose $69.46 for all that has been published, including two binders and guide tabs (foreign: $70.00 U.S.) ‘Bi I enclose $ for the following: Name: Address: Make personal checks, bank drafts or money orders to “INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA", -and mail to: The Delaware Museum of Natural History Greenville, Delaware 19807, U.S.A. aire abantne t pele ca j a 4 ed t on Palin N + i Pall ate a nk is, ad UGA) ra a a PY sigs tb ek inte ie aes Aa PA i i aa a Hicker) celles yeh rs Hy ane ta me tN EEE ‘ j Kg Rac eae ued Tse o NG ain, INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA Numbers issued and available: Vol. 1, No. 1 Introduction and Vasidae, 32 pp. (March 1959) $ 2,24 No, 2 Strombus, 114 pp. (November 1960) 7.98 No. 3 Lambis, 28 pp. (September 1961) IENLIS No, 4 Pinnidae, 52 pp. (September 1961) 3.64 No. 5 Turrinae, 120 pp. (March 1964) 8.40 No, 6 Tridacnidae and Strombus, 58 pp. (April 1965) 1,06 No. 7 Turrinae, Terebellum, Strombus, 48 pp. (May 1967) 3.36 No. 8 Cypraea (Zoila); index to Vol. 1, 34 pp. (Dec.1967) 2E3S Permanent Binder no, 1 4,50 10 Guide tabs OO Vol. 2, No. 9 Introduction and Cassidae, 202 pp. (August 1968) 14,14 No.10 Turriculinae, 214 pp. (September 1969) LO. 70 Permanent Binder no. 2 4,50 6 Guide tabs .60 if bousht complete. (Vol, 2, nos, 1-8; Vol 2, nos. 9=-10,. two $ 69.46 binders, 16 guide tabs). POSTAGE PAID. Foreign address $ 70.00 US New Subscribers: You may begin a new subscription by purchasing the last number (no. 10) for $10.70, or by purchasing the back numbers. You will automatically receive and be billed for future numbers. Back numbers may be purchased at prices shown above. Because of our limited stock of the earliest nunm- bers, we regret that back numbers can only be sold in reverse sequence; that is, wo, 10 must be purchased before no, 9, no.9 before no. 8, etc. The journal is now available only in looseleaf form. Postage paid by pub- lisher, No discount given to dealers. Detach here ORDER FORM FOR INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA Bal I enclose $69.46 for all that has been published, including two binders and guide tabs (foreign: $70.00 U.S.) on I enclose $ for the following: Name: Address: Make personal checks, bank drafts or money orders to "INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA", rene. mail: to: The Delaware Museum of Natural History Greenville, Delaware 19807, U.S.A. clRE A PNAC ses OND UL e LW et he Et , he | me ila ey a ey a te so eas a an INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA Numbers issued and available: Vol. 1, No, 1 Introduction and Vasidae, 32 pp. (March 1959) Pe sey No. 2 Strombus, 114 pp. (November 1960) 7.98 No. 3 Lambis, 28 pp. (September 1961) 1,96 No. 4 Pinnidae, 52 pp. (September 1961) 3.64 No. 5 Turrinae, 120 pp. (March 1964) 8.40 No, 6 Tridacnidae and Strombus, 58 pp. (April 1965) 4,06 No. 7 Turrinae, Terebellum, Strombus, 48 pp. (May 1967) Bago No. 8 Cypraea (Zoila); index to Vol. 1, 34 pp. (Dec.1967) 2 30 Permanent Binder no. 1 4,50 10 Guide tabs 1.00. Vol. 2, No. 9 Introduction and Cassidae, 202 pp. (August 1968) 14,14 No,10 Turriculinae, 214 pp. (September 1969) 10770 Permanent Binder no. 2 4.50 6 Guide tabs ZO) If bought complete (Vol. 1, nos, 1-8; Vol 2, nos. 9-10, two $ 69.46 “binders, 16 guide tabs). POSTAGE PAID. Foreign address $ 70.00 US New Subscribers: You may begin a new subscription by purchasing the last number (no. 10) for $10.70, or by purchasing the back numbers. You will automatically receive and be billed for future numbers. Back numbers may be purchased at prices shown above. Because of our limited stock of the earliest nunm- bers, we regret that back numbers can only be sold in reverse Sequence; that is, no. 10 must be purchased before no, 9, no.9 before no. 8, etc. The journal is now available only in looseleaf form. Postage paid by pub- fisher. No discount given to dealers, — oe ne fe OS oe oe Oe ee en ee en ee Oe ee et ee oe Om Se em ee ee oe ee oe oe tee OS oe ee Oe oe oe oe oe oe ee me ay as ae oe ee ee ee ee ee eet ee ee ee ee ee Oy ee em ee ee ee ee om ee oe oe oe oe oe os me ee ow oe os oe Detach here ORDER FORM FOR INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA o I enclose $69.46 for all that has been published, including two binders and guide tabs (foreign: $70.00 J.S.) | | I enclose $ for the following: Name: Address: Make personal checks, bank drafts or money orders to "“INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA", -and mail to: The Delaware Museum of Natural History Greenville, Delaware 19807, U.S.A. ras as he) Ua a Oo ii dine MI Hi) RABE, ince ithe) heehee Ne ey Sim ate Wan, aa ba} Tia! aa ae i aR 7 a ae ian Be de ie ee i At) { his f i ; ramon nt Sot oeiawe anit ig MRE wee ie eh Son as 8185 ai ae wn ae ph aa Soe ge ma Lb eM ae elie lan Weak mie A a thas haley ieee INDO=PACIFIC MOLLUSCA Numbers issued and available: Vol, 1, No. 1 Introduction and Vasidae, 32 pp. (March 1959) # 2,24 No. 2 Strombus, 114 pp. (November 1960) 7.98 No. 3 Lambis, 28 pp. (September 1961) OG No, 4 Pinnidae, 52 pp. (September 1961) 3.64 No. 5 Turrinae, 120 pp. (March 1964) 8.40 No, 6 Tridacnidae and Strombus, 58 pp. (April 1965) 4,06 No. 7 Turrinae, Terebellum, Strombus, 48 pp. (May 1967) 3.36 No. 8 Cypraea (Zoila); index to Vol. 1, 34 pp. (Dec.1967) 2430 Permanent Binder no, 1 4.50 10 Guide tabs OO Vol. 2, No. 9 Introduction and Cassidae, 202 pp. (August 1968) 14,14 No.10 Turriculinae, 214 pp. (September 1969) LO"; 70 Permanent Binder no, 2 4,50 6 Guide tabs Bye i0) if bousht complete (Vol.)1, nos. 1-8: Vol 2, nos, 9-10, two $ 69.46 binders, 126 guide tabs). POSTAGE PAID. Foreign address $ 70.00 US New Subscribers: You may begin a new subscription by purchasing the last number (no. 10) for $10.70, or by purchasing the back numbers. You will automatically receive and be billed for future numbers. Back numbers may be purchased at prices shown above. Because of our limited stock of the earliest nun- bers, we regret that back numbers can only be sold in reverse sequence; that is, no. 10 must be purchased before no. 9, no.9 before no. 8, etc. The journal is now available only in looseleaf form. Postage paid by pub- lisher. No discount given to dealers, -—— ee oe ee ee ee oe we ee ee ee een ee ee ne ee ee ee ee ee Se ee oe Oe ee om et ee ee oe eee es ee oe ee oe ee mee ee es oe ee ee ee oe ee ee ee ee ye es es ee es ee ee Detach here ORDER FORM FOR INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA a I enclose $69.46 for all that has been published, including two binders and guide tabs (foreign: $70.00 U.S.) Eo] I enclose $ for the following: Name: Address: Make personal checks, bank drafts or money ordersto "INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA", -and mail to: The Delaware Museum of Natural History Greenville, Delaware 19807, U.S.A. Si , y Rene hasm Rat hamden ie te? Napa é ah seta ‘i pil fees HRT AR ACRE EAMES LUMO PHD INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA Numbers issued and available: Vol, 1, No, 1 Introduction and Vasidae, 32 pp. (March 1959) # 2.24 No, 2 Strombus, 114 pp. (November 1960) 7.98 No. 3 Lambis, 28 pp. (September 1961) 1.96 No. 4 Pinnidae, 52 pp. (September 1961) 3.64 No, 5 Turrinae, 120 pp. (March 1964) 8.40 No, 6 Tridacnidae and Strombus, 58 pp. (April 1965) 4,06 No, 7 Turrinae, Terebellum, Strombus, 48 pp. (May 1967) 3.36 No. 8 Cypraea (Zoila); index to Vol. 1, 34 pp. (Dec.1967) 2.38 Permanent Binder no. 1 4.50 10 Guide tabs 100 Vol. 2, No. 9 Introduction and Cassidae, 202 pp. (August 1968) 14,14 No.10 Turriculinae, 214 pp. (September 1969) LO E70 Permanent Binder no. 2 4,50 6 Guide tabs 60 If bought complete (Vol. 1, nos, 1-8: Vol 2, nos. 9=10, two $ 69.46 binders, 16 euide tabs). POSTAGE PAID. Foreign address $ 70.00 US New Subscribers: You may begin a new subscription by purchasing the last number (no. 10) for $10.70, or by purchasing the back numbers. You will automatically receive and be billed for future numbers. Back numbers may be purchased at prices shown above. Because of our limited stock of the earliest num- bers, we regret that back numbers can only be sold in reverse sequence; that is, no. 10 must be purchased before no, 9, no.9 before no. 8, etc. The journal is now available only in looseleaf form. Postage paid by pub-~ lisher. No discount given to dealers, —-—— oe ee eS ee ee ee ee eS ee em es ee ee ee ee Se ee eS ee ee Oe Se Om em ee ee ee ee ee ey es ee eee cs es ee De ee eee ee ee ee ee ee et ee ee es ee es ee es oe Detach here ORDER FORM FOR INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUS CA cl I enclose $69.46 for all that has been published, including two binders and guide tabs (foreign: $70.00 U.S.) ag I enclose $ for the following: Name: Address: Make personal checks, bank drafts or money orders to "INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA", rad mada GOs The Delaware Museum of Natural History Greenville, Delaware 19807, U.S.A. y i hee i ne f nie . reat a OG 5 a PFN uh Ay SY oth iy Wt age ai i kf a sn! ae im 2 a He * Mie Fe BN tN i LHe WP ag MY ns INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA Numbers issued and available: Vol. 1, No, 1 Introduction and Vasidae, 32 pp. (March 1959) # 2,24 No. 2 Strombus, 114 pp. (November 1960) 7.98 No. 3 Lambis, 28 pp. (September 1961) 1.96 No. 4 Pinnidae, 52 pp. (September 1961) 3.64 No, 5 Turrinae, 120 pp. (March 1964) 8.40 No, 6 Tridacnidae and Strombus, 58 pp. (April 1965) 4,06 No. 7 Turrinae, Terebellum, Strombus, 48 pp. (May 1967) 3.36 No. 8 Cypraea (Zoila); index to Vol. 1, 34 pp. (Dec.1967) 230 Permanent Binder no. 1 4,50 10 Guide tabs TOO Vol. 2, No. 9 Introduction and Cassidae, 202 pp. (August 1968) 14,14 No,10 Turriculinae, 214 pp. (September 1969) AO 70 Permanent Binder no. 2 4,50 6 Guide tabs .60 If bought complete (Vol. 1, nos. 1-8; Vol 2, nos. 9-10, two $ 69.46 binders, 16 guide tabs). POSTAGE PAID. Foreign address $ 70.00 US New Subscribers: You may begin a new subscription by purchasing the last number (no. 10) for $10.70, or by purchasing the back numbers. You will automatically receive and be billed for future numbers. Back numbers may be purchased at prices shown above. Because of our limited stock of the earliest nun- bers, we regret that back numbers can only be sold in reverse sequence; that is, no. 10 must be purchased before no, 9, no.9 before no. 8, etc. The journal is now available only in looseleaf form, Postage paid by pub- jisher, No discount given to dealers. Detach here ORDER FORM FOR INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA pel I enclose $69.46 for all that has been published, including two binders and guide tabs (foreign: $70.00 U.S.) | | I enclose $ for the following: Name: Address: Make personal checks, bank drafts or money order to "“INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA", -and m@il to: The Delaware Museum of Natural History Greenville, Delaware 19807, U.S.A. hy, ihe HAG ae Bee ote el ee Tae Fag Nan Ne INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA Numbers issued and available: Vol, 1, No. 1 Introduction and Vasidae, 32 pp. (March 1959) # 2.24 No. 2 Strombus, 114 pp. (November 1960) 7.98 No. 3 Lambis, 28 pp. (September 1961) 1.96 No, 4 Pinnidae, 52 pp. (September 1961) 3.64 No. 5 Turrinae, 120 pp. (March 1964) 8,40 No, 6 Tridacnidae and Strombus, 58 pp. (April 1965) 1, , 06 No, 7 Turrinae, Terebellum, Strombus, 48 pp. (May 1967) 3.36 No. 8 Cypraea (Zoila); index to Vol. 1, 34 pp. (Dec.1967) 2438 Permanent Binder no, 1 4.50 10 Guide tabs i, OO Vol. 2, No. 9 Introduction and Cassidae, 202 pp. (August 1968) 14,14 No.10 Turriculinae, 214 pp. (September 1969) 0; 70 Permanent Binder no. 2 4.50 6 Guide tabs .60 if wouent complete (Vol. LL, nos, 1-83 Vol 2, nos, 9-10, two $ 69.46 binders, 16 guide tabs). POSTAGE PAID. Foreign address $ 70.00 US New Subscribers: You may begin a new subscription by purchasing the last number (no. 10) for $10.70, or by purchasing the back numbers. You will automatically receive and be billed for future numbers. Back numbers may be purchased at prices shown above. Because of our limited stock of the earliest nun- bers, we regret that back numbers can only be sold in reverse Sequence; thot as, no, 0 must be purchased before no, 9, no.9 before no, 8, etc. The journal is now available only in looseleaf form. Postage paid by pub- lisher., No discount given to dealers. Detach here ORDER FORM FOR INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA rl I enclose $69.46 for all that has been published, including two binders and guide tabs (foreign: $70.00 U.S.) | | I enclose $ for the following: Name: Address: Make personal checks, bank drafts or money orders to "“INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA", -and mail to: The Delaware Museum of Natural History Greenville, Delaware 19807, U.S.A. tea ee ery - on ety ee a \ , Pel Aw j et ery ie eee ie ean } i iN i a he y ae me hg aoe et sina) Ni ; aie ry ne Ts cath A SEER INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA Numbers issued and available: Vol. 1, No. 1 Introduction and Vasidae, 32 pp. (March 1959) # 2,24 No. 2 Strombus, 114 pp. (November 1960) 7.98 No. 3 Lambis, 28 pp. (September 1961) 1.96 No, 4 Pinnidae, 52 pp. (September 1961) 3.64 No. 5 Turrinae, 120 pp. (March 1964) 8.40 No. 6 Tridacnidae and Strombus, 58 pp. (April 1965) 4,06 No. 7 Turrinae, Terebellum, Strombus, 48 pp. (May 1967) 3.36 No. 8 Cypraea (Zoila); index to Vol. 1, 34 pp. (Dec.1967) 238 Permanent Binder no. 1 4.50 10 Guide tabs TOO Vol. 2, No. 9 Introduction and Cassidae, 202 pp. (August 1968) 14.14 No.10 Turriculinae, 214 pp. (September 1969) O70 Permanent Binder no. 2 4,50 6 Guide tabs 60 in pouch complete (Vol.oT, nos, 1-83) Vol) 2, nos, 9-10, two # 69.46 binders, 16 guide tabs). POSTAGE PAID. Foreign address $ 70.00 US New Subscribers: You may begin a new subscription by purchasing the last number (no. 10) for $10.70, or by purchasing the back numbers. You will automatically receive and be billed for future numbers. Back numbers may be purchased at prices shown above. Because of our limited stock of the earliest num- bers, we regret that back numbers can only be sold in reverse sequence; iat ts moe. 0 must be purchased before no, 9, \no.9 before no, 8, etc. The journal is now available only in looseleaf form. Postage paid by pub- lisher., No discount given to dealers, on oe a ee oe SS Se ee ee ee ee Se ee ee ee OS ee ee ee ee ee ee Se ee oe ee oe oe ow St oe oe oe oe Ge ae Se 8S ee Oe ee Oe oe oe me ot es ee ee OD ee Oe ee oe ee om ee oe ee ewe oe Ge oe oe ee om oe 2s oe oe ow Se oe om Detach here ORDER FORM FOR INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA cl T enclose $69.46 for all that has been published, including two binders and guide tabs (foreign: $70.00 U.S.) a I enclose $ for the following: Name: Address: Make personal checks, bank drafts or money orders to "INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA", -and mail to: The Delaware Museum of Natural History Greenville, Delaware 19807, U.S.A. eget fine 3 f Wk TL EPN Wane TRL cad WAY Rides Ree LU) sabe re Weve es as was : eq Fa wm mo YL dee Sm oe Sey ion ale yA esse UA Sore ii el ghee “iy Dee ee ah cu ~ Heil il rie oi Ey Oe ae eden nudulil i * ‘ J i i . Narath yy) 4 : " RAT te hi Me ! ) ey ACR Al ae - INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA Numbers issued and available: Vol, 1, No, 1 Introduction and Vasidae, 32 pp. (March 1959) # 2.24 No. 2 Strombus, 114 pp. (November 1960) 7.98 No. 3 Lambis, 28 pp. (September 1961) 1.96 No, 4 Pinnidae, 52 pp. (September 1961) 3.64 No, 5 Turrinae, 120 pp. (March 1964) 8.40 No, 6 Tridacnidae and Strombus, 58 pp. (April 1965) 4,06 No. 7 Turrinae, Terebellum, Strombus, 48 pp. (May 1967) 3.36 No. 8 Cypraea (Zoila); index to Vol. 1, 34 pp. (Dec.1967) B38 Permanent Binder no. 1 4,50 10 Guide tabs lOO Vol. 2, No. 9 Introduction and Cassidae, 202 pp. (August 1968) 14.14 No.10 Turriculinae, 214 pp. (September 1969) O70 Permanent Binder no. 2 4,50 6 Guide tabs 60 it Dovghy complete (Vol. i. nos, 1-8: Vol 2, nos, 9-10, two $ 69.46 binders, 16 guide tabs). POSTAGE PAID. Foreign address $ 70.00 US New Subscribers: You may begin a new subscription by purchasing the last number (no. 10) for $10.70, or by purchasing the back numbers. You will automatically receive and be billed for future numbers. Back numbers may be purchased at prices shown above. Because of our limited stock of the earliest num- bers, we regret that back numbers can only be sold in reverse sequence; that is, no. 10 must be purchased before no, 9, no.9 before no. 8, etc. The journal is now available only in looseleaf form. Postage paid by pub-~ fisher, Wo discount given to dealers, = oo a oe ee ee we ee OS ee ee ee ee ee eee ee ee ee ee ee oe oe ee ee ee ey oe ee em et ee ee ee nee ee ee ee re ee ee ee ee ee ee Gee es ee ee es ee es ee ee es ee we Detach here ORDER FORM FOR INDO=-jPACIFIC MOLLUS CA tal I enclose $69.46 for all that has been published, including two binders and guide tabs (foreign: $70.00 U.S.) fo] I enclose $ for the following: Name: Address: Make personal checks, bank drafts or money ordersto "INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA", -and mail to: The Delaware Museum of Natural History Greenville, Delaware 19807, U.S.A. CRONE ry are a _ tent { i : ita ani " \ Wee ] ae eae ; , iete e i Ply } aay aid Hut Am te Y fi ip EAR cei eae: Se Eas St ath tebe lle edd st TA akon ea Sod Ni Oa cs HOM UY a Rey Ine SP RN ch SR ae rc a teh bp gery ta aides a ene 4 sip tet WATS AS SA ee i f ii) eke Rode hab eats Wh yh INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA Numbers issued and available: Vol. 1, No. 1 Introduction and Vasidae, 32 pp. (March 1959) # 2,24 No. 2 Strombus, 114 pp. (November 1960) 7a9e No. 3 Lambis, 28 pp. (September 1961) 1,96 No. 4 Pinnidae, 52 pp. (September 1961) 3.64 No, 5 Turrinae, 120 pp. (March 1964) 8.40 No. 6 Tridacnidae and Strombus, 58 pp. (April 1965) 4,06 No. 7 Turrinae, Terebellum, Strombus, 48 pp. (May 1967) 3.36 No. 8 Cypraea (Zoila); index to Vol. 1, 34 pp. (Dec.1967) Peers) Permanent Binder no. 1 4.50 10 Guide tabs OO Vol. 2, No. 9 Introduction and Cassidae, 202 pp. (August 1968) 14,14 No.10 Turriculinae, 214 pp. (September 1969) LOE O Permanent Binder no. 2 4,50 6 Guide tabs 60 im weusnc comolLere \Ovome! Tt. nos; 1-6sVoL 2, nos.\9=L0, two $ 69.46 binders, 16 guide tabs). POSTAGE PAID. Foreign address $ 70.00 US New Subscribers: You may begin a new subscription by purchasing the last number (no. 10) for $10.70, or by purchasing the back numbers. You will automatically receive and be billed for future numbers. Back numbers may be purchased at prices shown above. Because of our limited stock of the earliest num- bers, we regret that back numbers can only be sold in reverse Sequence; that is, no. 10 must be purchased before no. 9, no.9 before no. 8, etc. The journal is now available only in looseleaf form. Postage paid by pub- 1isher. No discount given to dealers. Detach here ORDER FORM FOR INDO=-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA [| I enclose $69.46 for all that has been published, including two binders and guide tabs (foreign: $70.00 U.S.) al I enclose $ for the foldonmine: Name: Address: Make personal checks, bank drafts or money orders to "INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA", ‘and mail to: The Delaware Museum of Natural History Greenville, Delaware 19807, U.S.A. Loe i 4 r i NY iyi, 1 Ah a se re nip al nieces PSS Wel eee ope re ey 11) eae) Aa Spe Al se > Ved See fet ahbacain awe sy) gal all wien ' at AOE ae INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA Numbers issued and available: Vol, 1, No. 1 Introduction and Vasidae, 32 pp. (March 1959) 2 ee No. 2 Strombus, 114 pp. (November 1960) 7.98 No. 3 Lambis, 28 pp. (September 1961) 1:96 No. 4 Pinnidae, 52 pp. (September 1961) 3.64 No. 5 Turrinae, 120 pp. (March 1964) 8,40 No, 6 Tridacnidae and Strombus, 58 pp. (April 1965) 4,06 No. 7 Turrinae, Terebellum, Strombus, 48 pp. (May 1967) 3.36 No. 8 Cypraea (Zoila); index to Vol. 1, 34 pp. (Dec.1967) 2 13S Permanent Binder no. 1 4,50 10 Guide tabs IE OO Vol. 2, No. 9 Introduction and Cassidae, 202 pp. (August 1968) 14.14 No.10 Turriculinae, 214 pp. (September 1969) 10), 70 Permanent Binder no. 2 4,50 6 Guide tabs 60 if poueny complete (Vol, 2 nos, 1-8: Vol 2, nos, 9-10, two $ 69.46 binders, 16 guide tabs). POSTAGE PAID. Foreign address $ 70.00 US New Subscribers: You may begin a new subscription by purchasing the last number (no. 10) for $10.70, or by purchasing the back numbers. You will automatically receive and be billed for future numbers, Back numbers may be purchased at prices shown above. Because of our limited stock of the earliest nun- bers, we regret that back numbers can only be sold in reverse sequence; that is, no. 10 must be purchased before no, 9, no.9 before no. 8, etc. The journal is now available only in looseleaf form. Postage paid by pub-~ lisher. Wo discount given to dealers, — oS oe a ee ee ee om es Oe ee ee ee es ee ee ee ee ee ee ee et es ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee es ee ee ey ee ee oe ee oe oe oe ee ee ee ee es ee ee oe oe oe oe Detach here ORDER FORM FOR INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUS CA El I enclose $69.46 for all that has been published, including two binders and guide tabs (foreign: $70.00 U.S.) Ge I enclose $ for the following: Name: Address: Make personal checks, bank drafts or money ordezs to "INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA", rand mail toe The Delaware Museum of Natural History Greenville, Delaware 19807, U.S.A. ur feet yen Ye en eb a lai nat me aca ae yet ei A Dra eihcatal notes silicalessir east thaghaieal cet, INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA Numbers issued and available: Vol. 1, No. 1 Introduction and Vasidae, 32 pp. (March 1959) \ AL No, 2 Strombus, 114 pp. (November 1960) 7.98 No. 3 Lambis, 28 pp. (September 1961) 1.96 No, 4 Pinnidae, 52 pp. (September 1961) 3.64 No, 5 Turrinae, 120 pp. (March 1964) 8.40 No, 6 Tridacnidae and Strombus, 58 pp. (April 1965) 1,06 No. 7 Turrinae, Terebellum, Strombus, 48 pp. (May 1967) 3.36 No. 8 Cypraea (Zoila); index to Vol. 1, 34 pp. (Dec.1967) PAIGNS: Permanent Binder no, 1 4.50 10 Guide tabs 1,00 Vol, 2, No. 9 Introduction and Cassidae, 202 pp. (August 1968) 14,14 No.10 Turriculinae, 214 pp. (September 1969) O70 Permanent Binder no. 2 4.50 6 Guide tabs 60 if beugnt complete (Vol, 1; nos, 1-8; Vol 2, nos, 9-10, two $ 69.46 binders, 16 guide tabs). POSTAGE PAID. Foreign address $ 70.00 US New Subscribers: You may begin a new subscription by purchasing the last number (no. 10) for $10.70, or by purchasing the back numbers. You will automatically receive and be billed for future numbers, Back numbers may be purchased at prices shown above. Because of our limited stock of the earliest num- bers, we regret that back numbers can only be sold in reverse sequence; Bhatia, no, LO must be purchased before no, 9, no.9 before no, 8) etc. The journal is now available only in looseleaf form. Postage paid by pub- dvsher, No discount given to dealers, Detach here ORDER FORM FOR INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUS CA va I enclose $69.46 for all that has been published, including two binders and guide tabs (foreign: $70.00 U.S.) al I enclose $ for the following: Name: Address: Make personal checks, bank drafts or money ordery to “INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA", -and mail to: The Delaware Museum of Natural History Greenville, Delaware 19807, U.S.A. ey) 1808) bday ate . aS Nae oc Docha 0y N in) ARE h F Wah E INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA Numbers issued and available: Vol. 1, No. 1 Introduction and Vasidae, 32 pp. (March 1959) # 2,24 No, 2 Strombus, 114 pp. (November 1960) 7.98 No. 3 Lambis, 28 pp. (September 1961) 196 No, 4 Pinnidae, 52 pp. (September 1961) 3.64 No. 5 Turrinae, 120 pp. (March 1964) 8.40 No, 6 Tridacnidae and Strombus, 58 pp. (April 1965) 4.06 No. 7 Turrinae, Terebellum, Strombus, 48 pp. (May 1967) 3.36 No. 8 Cypraea (Zoila); index to Vol. 1, 34 pp. (Dec.1967) 2 «38 Permanent Binder no, 1 4,50 10 Guide tabs 100 Vol. 2, No. 9 Introduction and Cassidae, 202 pp. (August 1968) 14.14 No.10 Turriculinae, 214 pp. (September 1969) LOp AO Permanent Binder no. 2 4,50 6 Guide tabs .60 ie ouch: complete (Veli 1. nos, 1-8; Vol. 2, nos, 9-10, two $ 69.46 binders, 16 guide tabs). POSTAGE PAID. Foreign address $ 70.00 US New Subscribers: You may begin a new subscription by purchasing the last number (no. 10) for $10.70, or by purchasing the back numbers. You will automatically receive and be billed for future numbers. Back numbers may be purchased at prices shown above. Because of our limited stock of the earliest num- bers, we regret that back numbers can only be sold in reverse sequence; that is, no. 10 must be purchased before no. 9, no.9 before no, 8, etc, The journal is now available only in looseleaf form. Postage paid by pub- lisher, No discount given to dealers, Detach here ORDER FORM FOR INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA co I enclose $69.46 for all that has been published, including two binders and guide tabs (foreign: $70.00 U.S.) ic I enclose $ for the following: Name: Address: Make personal checks, bank drafts or money orders to "“INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA", -and mail to: The Delaware Museum of Natural History Greenville, Delaware 19807, U.S.A. Pet ges eet ‘iN 1 ‘ Lr le Heme oaks asym eg ah oe ve a sa me ig emp 10 Ae Ry fr nye ga la da tel d \ : : i) ‘ Bia iy INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA Numbers issued and available: Vol. 1, No. 1 Introduction and Vasidae, 32 pp. (March 1959) # 2.24 No. 2 Strombus, 114 pp. (November 1960) 7.98 No. 3 Lambis, 28 pp. (September 1961) 1.96 No. 4 Pinnidae, 52 pp. (September 1961) 3.64 No. 5 Turrinae, 120 pp. (March 1964) 8.40 No. 6 Tridacnidae and Strombus, 58 pp. (April 1965) 4.06 No. 7 Turrinae, Terebellum, Strombus, 48 pp. (May 1967) 3.36 No. 8 Cypraea (Zoila); index to Vol. 1, 34 pp. (Dec.1967) 2.38 Permanent Binder 4.50 10 Guide tabs OO If bought complete (Nos. 1-8) with binder and tabs : 39.52 (Foreign address add 48¢ $ 40.00) New Subscribers: You may begin a new subscription by purchasing the last number (No. 8, 34 pages) for $2.38, or by purchasing the back numbers. You will automa- tically receive and be billed for future numbers. Back numbers may be purchased at 7 cents per page, as shown above. Because of our limited stock of the earliest numbers, we regret that back numbers can only be sold in reverse sequence; that is, No. 8 must be purchased before No. 7, No. 7 before No. 6, etc. The journal is now available only in looseleaf form. Postage paid by publisher. 0 RS We Le ey OD Oe ED ee Oey wee oe Ges eS Om SS ED Ge Ee ee oe Om ew we Oe we On ee es ow ae oe oe ee oe om Oe oe Oe ee Oe oe oe ee me oe oe Oe Ow ow © OE am 8 Sm SS oe Oe oe 8 =e Se Se Oe me ee Se we ee ee ee Oe ae tm en ee Detach here ORDER FORM FOR INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA [ | I enclose $39.52 for all that has been published, including the binder and guide tabs (foreign: $40.00) a I enclose } for the following: Name: Address: Make personal checks, bank drafts or money orders to "Academy of Natural Sciences”, and mail to: Department of Mollusks & Academy of Natural Sciences 19th & The Parkway Philadelphia, Pa. 19103 Wiss A. . ’ ‘ 7 ae . = M . . N j ; : ae : . F: . ee ‘ . : i. wate : ; : he a aS . . “i F anh | : Li See pees eats Ce De ene Sen eo cuee co 3 Do FS : aa -- i bef . Ee te F ; go ee Soe Re ‘ ; INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA Numbers issued and available: Vol. 1, No. 1 Introduction and Vasidae, 32 pp. (March 1959) $ 2.24 No. 2 Strombus, 114 pp. (November 1960) 7.98 No. 3 Lambis, 28 pp. (September 1961) 1.96 No. 4 Pinnidae, 52 pp. (September 1961) 3.64 No. 5 Turrinae, 120 pp. (March 1964) 8.40 No. 6 Tridacnidae and Strombus, 58 pp. (April 1965) 4,06 No. 7 Turrinae, Terebellum, Strombus, 48 pp. (May 1967) 3.36 No. 8 Cypraea (Zoila); index to Vol. 1, 34 pp. (Dec.1967) 2.38 Permanent Binder 4.50 10 Guide tabs 00 If bought complete (Nos. 1-8) with binder and tabs i 39.52 (Foreign address add 48¢ > 40.00) New Subscribers: You may begin a new subscription by purchasing the last number (No. 8, 34 pages) for $2.38, or by purchasing the back numbers. You will automa- tically receive and be billed for future numbers. Back numbers may be purchased at 7 cents per page, as shown above. Because of our limited stock of the earliest numbers, we regret that back numbers can only be sold in reverse sequence; that is, No. 8 must be purchased before No. 7, No. 7 before No. 6, etc. The journal is now available only in looseleaf form, Postage paid by publisher. —— a me ce OD OY OS Gm GE ee GD oe ay ot ow om Ge we Ge om OS 8 O@ Oe oe om OP ow ee Oe oe Os we ee Ow 8 ee = ee ee om Oe OD oe OE OF GP Ow oe Fe oe ae Ow FP ow © ODO © ©@ OF oe © Ow 6 © oe OF 68 OD oe oe om ee we ee Oe ee a Detach here ORDER FORM FOR INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA [ | I enclose $39.52 for all that has been published, including the binder end guide tabs (foreign: $40.00) = I enclose } for the following: Name: Address: Make personal checks, bank drafts or money orders to "Academy of Natural Sciences", and mail to: Department of Mollusks a Academy of Natural Sciences 19th & The Parkway Philadelphia, Pa. 19103 Uo A. | Lo : ‘7 Oh ; Pec ; . : oe A pos | aie i ss ; : os ° nay ; 3 ’ ; . gE , di, Phe as : . . ; ; ; , 5 O 20 : ; a fe Ge 2 ra . 3 ’ a ° . : i 6 amesaye Besa: ee 4 Hy Bs tr, a ’ sas ‘ | . . . . . . ’ ° ; ; oe, Et ii . J : . i “ . 7 , Bt Os . . RUF rs pal hy tone ‘ me , Se iace gee : Sy Lett F ret ' en bart A £ ane ; ‘ t ‘y INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA Numbers issued and available: Vol. 1, No. 1 Introduction and Vasidae, 32 pp. (March 1959) Co. Doe No. 2 Strombus, 114 pp. (November 1960) 7296 No. 3 Lambis, 28 pp. (September 1961) 1.96 No, 4 Pinnidae, 52 pp. (September 1961) 3.64 No. 5 Turrinae, 120 pp. (March 1964) 8.40 No. 6 Tridacnidae and Strombus, 58 pp. (April 1965) 4,06 No. 7 Turrinae, Terebellum, Strombus, 48 pp. (May 1967) 3.36 No, 8 Cypraea (Zoila); index to Vol. 1, 34 pp. (Dec.1967) 2.38 Permanent Binder 4.50 10 Guide tabs O00 If bought complete (Nos. 1-8) with binder and tabs i 39.52 (Foreign address add 48¢ 40.00) New Subscribers: You may begin a new subscription by purchasing the last number (No. 8, 34 pages) for $2.38, or by purchasing the back numbers. You will automa- tically receive and be billed for future numbers. Back numbers may be purchased at 7 cents per page, as shown above. Because of our limited stock of the earliest numbers, we regret that back numbers can only be sold in reverse sequence; that is, No. 8 must be purchased before No. 7, No. 7 before No. 6, etc. The journal is now available only in looseleaf form. Postage paid by publisher. me ES Gee Gee OD GS ET NS EN Oe GS Oe Gly Ge eS Ow Ge Se SD me SS OSD ee SD ee oe OP wee ey Ot re Ome ee ee Gy ee eee cee ee ee oe SS me om Se Om ee ee oe ee SO ee ee On oe Oe ow oe = ee ee oe ee me we ee oe we ee Bb Detach here ORDER FORM FOR INDO=-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA i I enclose $39.52 for all that has been published, including the binder and guide tabs (foreign: $40.00) || I enclose } for the following: Name: Address: Make personal checks, bank drafts or money orders to "Academy of Natural Sciences", and mail to: Department of Mollusks & Academy of Natural Sciences 19th & The Parkway Philadelphia, Pa. 19103 WS Av - By ase Uh Osc sates oom -, . bee se ate eens nea ea cms FN iy 2 : : Roy : ’ i he zt } } ” . ; a | A ; | z aig fi *, Pa £ y | 7 i ro | . od 7 , : . . . ; ‘ : , | : é Reet . g ; Oe pean wiate! i. : an Sere ae ~ se P R : cmt itt rd : : % Lowe bo Wee ra tae? Gres S ie ’ e ) be . oi aay ay, oe ae ie . oo a mas e . : : b on 4 ye hike ; , 2 . es ose ¥ we ; é : - | f | | : ste ny (on | ned di ci i ‘ 2 4 : | ‘ . cohjeastiss So eeerebein wean ster iaes i a ‘ ' “0 ; ; 7 Rae: one be : ; | ete Oe: A ; ee ee cae | | c , ‘ : . . ne : , | fone) re ; - : (; “y . . Ba . So . 0 : . Diet el ; pars a . 7 . - ae a, oe INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA Numbers issued and available: Vol. 1, No. 1 Introduction and Vasidae, 32 pp. (March 1959) or 2a No. 2 Strombus, 114 pp. (November 1960) 7.98 No. 3 Lambis, 28 pp. (September 1961) 1.96 No, 4 Pinnidae, 52 pp. (September 1961) 3.64 No. 5 Turrinae, 120 pp. (March 1964) 8.40 No. 6 Tridacnidae and Strombus, 58 pp. (April 1965) 4,06 No. 7 Turrinae, Terebellum, Strombus, 48 pp. (May 1967) 330 No. 8 Cypraea (Zoila); index to Vol. 1, 34 pp. (Dec.1967) 2.38 Permanent Binder 4.50 10 Guide tabs 00 If bought complete (Nos. 1-8) with binder and tabs i 39.52 (Foreign address add 48¢ > 40.00) New Subscribers: You may begin a new subscription by purchasing the last number (No. 8, 34 pages) for $2.38, or by purchasing the back numbers, You will automa- tically receive and be billed for future numbers. Back numbers may be purchased at 7 cents per page, as shown above. Because of our limited stock of the earliest numbers, we regret that back numbers can only be sold in reverse sequence; that is, No. 8 must be purchased before No. 7, No. 7 before No. 6, etc. The journal is now available only in looseleaf form, Postage paid by publisher. eon ean we eee GP ee Oe GD GN ee OD Oe Oy Oe ee oe Os ee GE OD SU ED GO Oe we om OR oes mee oot oe Gs Ge ne Ge OD eee ee es oe ee SP Oe Oe ee Oe a oe ee oe ee ee ee ee we ee ee ee S Detach here ORDER FORM FOR INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA | I enclose $39.52 for all that has been published, including the binder and guide tabs (foreign: $40.00) eee I enclose } for the following: Name: Address: Make personal checks, bank drafts or money orders to "Academy of Natural Sciences", and mail to: Department of Mollusks Academy of Natural Sciences 19th & The Parkway Philadelphia, Pa. 19103 Wes. A { 3 ¢ c rt PURE wee a Se ihe oe { : pie Paes . ' 7 . = Diy . a eon a a ° ; , anos i . 4 5 nent) | Sestice cal Di . ‘ . noe LORS H : csoumwtsjewemmonvres|, 4 7 te* “se Aros " , . a * » é se ‘ fat yy ot Py 2D ae a F i 4 . af a : 2 + iF sorta, , Rees 5 . ’ ie a . ; e : Wee i 3 ‘ ; Peis: 22 Gs, . : ‘ , ; i , . Did bis e Hy Oy ann . : Read ag f : ; om Ci) ot D os ae ‘ . ae [ts a recs ae : : se oe Bea ben wet soins ty : . ‘ - : 6 . seeks a4 7 : fou A Ces GIES - Ls ) ; 4 ae ayia A ee Sirs ah i : : | | : , : ‘ . S . i ; ' ’ : 4 Persie = *, > ls . , wee ees Sonmnare r - f ap) : : rote . Ea A a : ” : ; ae B t VOnectaa sete un , i , : » 7 7 iy 0 s % ° 6 . . INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA Numbers issued and available: Vol. 1, No. 1 Introduction and Vasidae, 32 pp. (March 1959) ee No. 2 Strombus, 114 pp. (November 1960) 7.98 No. 3 Lambis, 28 pp. (September 1961) 1.96 No. 4 Pinnidae, 52 pp. (September 1961) 3.64 No. 5 Turrinae, 120 pp. (March 1964) 8.40 No. 6 Tridacnidae and Strombus, 58 pp. (April 1965) 4.06 No. 7 Turrinae, Terebellum, Strombus, 48 pp. (May 1967) 3.36 No. 8 Cypraea (Zoila); index to Vol, 1, 34 pp. (Dec.1967) 2,38 Permanent Binder 4.50 10 Guide tabs neta (6) If bought complete (Nos. 1-8) with binder and tabs ; 39.52 (Foreign address add 48¢ + 40.00) New Subscribers: You may begin a new subscription by purchasing the last number (No. 8, 34 pages) for $2.38, or by purchasing the back numbers. You will automa- tically receive and be billed for future numbers. Back numbers may be purchased at 7 cents per page, as shown above, Because of our limited stock of the earliest numbers, we regret that back numbers can only be sold in reverse sequence; that is, No. 8 must be purchased before No. 7, No. 7 before No. 6, etc. The journal is now available only in looseleaf form, Postage paid by publisher. wo wan mie Sam GD Ce Oar Gt) SEND mee GED Ges ty Ge we cam Me we Gee om OS OSD OD SS SS Oe OR Oe wee Oe oes ee Oe De ee es oe ee ee Oe we Oe Oe we Oe Oe ee oe 8D OS oe ee ee me ee ee ee ee ee oO Detach here ORDER FORM FOR INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA [ ] I enclose $39.52 for all that has been published, including the binder and guide tabs (foreign: $40.00) |] I enclose } for the following: Name: Address: Make personal checks, bank drafts or money orders to "Academy of Natural Sciences", and mail to: Department of Mollusks & Academy of Natural Sciences 19th & The Parkway Philadelphia, Pa. 19103 U.S.A. ate ary uatslots . e-. tur Hie 4 4“ Vite thy i aed BO ee ers INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA Numbers issued and available: Vol. 1, No. 1 Introduction and Vasidae, 32 pp. (March 1959) $ 2.24 3] No. 2 Strombus, 114 pp. (November 1960) 7.98 No. 3 Lambis, 28 pp. (September 1961) 1.96 No. 4 Pinnidae, 52 pp. (September 1961) 3.64 No. 5 Turrinae, 120 pp. (March 1964) 8.40 No. 6 Tridacnidae and Strombus, 58 pp. (April 1965) 4,06 No. 7 Turrinae, Terebellum, Strombus, 48 pp. (May 1967) B36 No. 8 Cypraea (Zoila); index to Vol. 1, 34 pp. (Dec.1967) 2.38 Permanent Binder 4.50 10 Guide tabs i800 If bought complete (Nos. 1-8) with binder and tabs i 39.52 (Foreign address add 48¢ > 40.00) New Subscribers: You may begin a new subscription by purchasing the last number CNGa so, 34 pages) for $2.38, or by purchasing the back numbers. You will automa- tically receive and be billed for future numbers. Back numbers may be purchased at 7 cents per page, as shown above. Because of our limited stock of the earliest numbers, we regret that back numbers can only be sold in reverse sequence; that is, No. 8 must be purchased before No. 7, No. 7 before No. 6, etc. The journal is now available only in looseleaf form, Postage paid by publisher. con GS Ge Ome OD GD OE Gy GEN ome GS ae Oty ee we oe Ge Om SF OD SS OE om Oe Ge om OP ee ee Oe oe ot ee es ee ee me oe ee ee a es ee ee ee we ee ee ee ee ee a ae = Detach here ORDER FORM FOR INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA [ | I enclose $39.52 for all that has been published, including the binder and guide tabs (foreign: $40.00) ea I enclose }$ for the following: Name: Address: Make personal checks, bank drafts or money orders to "Academy of Natural Sciences”, and mail to: Department of Mollusks e Academy of Natural Sciences 19th & The Parkway Philadelphia, Pa. 19103 Uses A. } ‘ fa ol INDO-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA Numbers issued and available: Vol. 1, No. 1 Introduction and Vasidae, 32 pp. (March 1959) $ 2.24 No. 2 Strombus, 114 pp. (November 1960) 7.98 No. 3 Lambis, 28 pp. (September 1961) 1.96 No, 4 Pinnidae, 52 pp. (September 1961) 3.64 No. 5 Turrinae, 120 pp. (March 1964) 8.40 No. 6 Tridacnidae and Strombus, 58 pp. (April 1965) 4,06 No. 7 Turrinae, Terebellum, Strombus, 48 pp. (May 1967) 3.36 No. 8 Cypraea (Zoila); index to Vol, 1, 34 pp. (Dec.1967) 2.38 Permanent Binder 4.50 10 Guide tabs 100 If bought complete (Nos. 1-8) with binder and tabs i 39.52 (Foreign address add 48¢ > 40.00) New Subscribers: You may begin a new subscription by purchasing the last number (No. 8, 34 pages) for $2.38, or by purchasing the back numbers. You will automa- tically receive and be billed for future numbers. Back numbers may be purchased at 7 cents per page, as shown above. Because of our limited stock of the earliest numbers, we regret that back numbers can only be sold in reverse sequence; that is, No. 8 must be purchased before No. 7, No. 7 before No. 6, etc. The journal is now available only in looseleaf form. Postage paid by publisher. a> MED GE See OD GHD ON GR) SEND Oe GD Gee Oty Ge em ee Oe ee GRE Cub GU OED Om Ome ne om Om ee ee Oe oe ee SS Ge ne ee ee ee ome Oe ee SS ee De eS a OS OP ow SP SP ee Se SD oe oe Ow Oe we we oe Oe oe Oe Om ow me oe we em Ss Detach here ORDER FORM FOR INDO=-PACIFIC MOLLUSCA [ | I enclose $39.52 for all that has been published, including the binder and guide tabs (foreign: $40.00) | | I enclose } for the following: Name: Address: Make personal checks, bank drafts or money orders to "Academy of Natural Sciences", and mail to: Department of Mollusks e Academy of Natural Sciences 19th & The Parkway Philadelphia, Pa. 19103 WU2seA: jas mF . $ a4 ’ ee) ity Tyan) teri Naveed Nt ew themee mse net shares ef re . : aay CHaene - tes: t B ‘ . ‘ . 1 . . . : aig Y ° Dea ‘ or : it item os 5 re pevomedp Cin pl