INJURIOUS INSECTS

RCHARD, Vineyard

FIELD, GARDEN, CONSERVATORY,

HOUSEHOLD, STOREHOUSE, DOMESTIC ANIMALS, ETC.

, JJXUl)

REMEDIES EOR THEIR EXTERMINATION

BY MATTHEW COOKE,

LATE CHIEF EXECUTIVE HORTICULTURAL OFFICER OF CALlFdKMA

ILLUSTRATED WITH OVER 750 WOOD CUTS, AND 25 PACES OF GL4»8lJMii

SACK A M E N T 0 :

H. S. CROCKER & CO., PRINTERS AN-D STATIONER!-
1883.

OF SACHAMKNTO, CALIFORNIA,

AS A TOKEN OF SINCKKK REGARD, AND ACKNOWLEDGMENT FOR KIND

ASSISTANCE IN PLACING ME IN A

MAMFACTUKING BUSINESS IN 1874, WHICH LED TO MY

INVESTIGATIONS IN ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY,

THIS BOOK IS

KESPKCTFULLY DEDICATED BY THE

ALTHOU.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the jear 18S3,

BY MATTHEW COOKE,

In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.

PREFACE

This book is designed for the use of orchardists, vineyard-
ists, farmers, and others interested in the subjects treated. It
is designed to convey practical information concerning some
of the species of insects injurious to the industries of cultiva-
tors of the soil, and those interested in earth produce generally.

It has been my aim to free the volume, so far as was possible,
from technical terms, and I have retained the technical or sci-
entific names of insects only to aid the reader in reference to
scientific works.

It must not be assumed that there has been any intention to
present this work as a scientific treatise, and I may be par-
doned for supplementing the statement by the information, that
I have never laid claim whatever to scientific education. My
advantages were limited in youth to a common school system,
and since that period I have, from time to time, pursued the
study of economic entomology, as opportunity allowed, up to
the year 1874. Since that date I have been enabled to engage
in extended practical investigations into the realm which before
I had knowledge of only by reading.

I was led to the field of experiment and investigation through
my business. In 1874 I engaged in the manufacture, in the
City of Sacramento, of fruit boxes. The next year the codlin
moth appeared in some orchards, and the fruit of the country
was threatened. Naturally, its injury would affect my busi-
ness, and thus I was drawn to a consideration of means to pro-
tect it. I therefore entered upon the field of investigation, as
I found the text-books and treatises did not afford the desired
information — at least such as I was enabled to find in tlie lit-
erature of the subject.

In 1878 I began to give the result of ni}^ inquiries to the
public through the columns of the daily and the weekly press.
Very few persons in this State, especially of those who should
have manifested the deepest interest at that time, paid any
attention to economic entomology. In time, however, through
the assistance of the Sacramento Record-Union and the Pacific
Rural Press, and some other journals, and the discussions

4 PREFACE.

engaged in at tlic meetings of the State Horticultural Society,
the public was brought to a degree of appreciation of the dangers
threatening the fruit interests, and as a result, protective legis-
lation was had in March, 1881.

In connection with the investigations made, the results of
which appear in this volume, I deem it not out of place to
state that I have been engaged in mechanical pursuits nearW
forty years. I became interested in the fruit box business, as
a manufacturer, through financial assistance extended me by
Mrs. Maky E. Gregokv, and tlie late Hexry Miller, both of
Sacramento. To the former, as a token of sincere acknowl-
edgment, this volume is respectfully dedicated.

It is due that I should acknowledge my special indebtedness
to Professor Charles V. Riley, Entomologist of the United
States Department of Agriculture, for his kindness in affording
me the use of his valuable reports and works, and also for his
identifieation of specimens sent to him for that [turpose from
time to time.

To Professor Cyrus Thomas, late State Entomologist of
Illinois, and at present connected with the Smithsonian Insti-
tution at Washington, D. C, for the use of bis valuable vol-
umes of reports, I am much indebted.

To Professor .1. H. Comstock, late Entomologist of the United
States Department of Agriculture, and at present Professor of
Entomology in Cornell University, at Ithaca, New York, my
thanks are due for favors extended.

To my respected friend, Professor C. II. Dwinelle, of the
State University, at Berkeley, California, my sincere thanks
are due for his kindly assistance and his many favors to me
during the period I have been engaged upon this work.

I desire also to acknowledge the kind favors of R. R. Blow-
ers, Esq., of Woodland, California, extended during my in-
vestigation of grapevine and other insect pests.

I have freely consulted, in the preparation of the volume
now presented, the reports of Drs. Le Barox and M'alsh. Illi-
nois ; Miss Eleaxor A. Ormerod, Consulting Entt)mologist to
the Royal Agricultural Society of England ; of Drs. Fitch
and Emmoxs, of New York ; Professor A. S. Packard's
"GriDE TO THE Sti'dy OF IxsECTs ;" Dr. Harris' "Insects In-

PREFACE. 5

.TURious TO Vegp:tation ;'' Professor Saunders' recent work,
" Insects Injurious TO Fruits ;" Figuier's "Insect World;"
"The Canadian Entomologist," and the "Bulletins of the
United States Entomological Commission."

In the preparation of this book I have been placed under
special obligations to D. W. Coquillet, Esq., late Assistant
State Entomologist of Illinois, who has been assiduous in
his labors for the last four months, in preparing manuscript,
reading proof, and assisting me in my labors connected with
the issuance of the volume.

In the matter of illustrations, some of those presented have
been copied from previous works of this character, and due
credit has been given in another place.

I should be doing an injustice to my own sense of propriety,
if I submitted these pages to the criticism of the reader with-
out acknowledging the courtesy of my publishers, H. S.
Crocker & Co., of Sacramento, at whose establishment the
typographic work has been done ; and also if I failed to add
that the binding in which the volume appears, was the work
of a fellow mechanic of Sacramento, Frank Foster, Esq., the
pioneer bookbinder of the city. Very much is due to the skill,
patience, and care of 0. H. Tubes, foreman for Crocker & Co.,
for the freedom of the book from errors, and for its neatness
of appearance.

This volume presents to the reader the results of my investi-
gations during the eight years last past. Two years of that
time I had the honor to fill the position of Chief Executive
Horticultural Officer of this State, a fact that it is deemed
proper to state, that the reader may be fully informed of the
opportunities enjoyed for the preparation of the work now
offered him.

I am much indebted to the fruit-growers of California, and
to the cultivators of the soil generally throughout the State,
for their cordial assistance in my work ; and I feel it no more
than right to close this page by saying that to the press of the
State which first enabled me to awaken the people to the dan-
ger threatening them from insect pests, and has since given me
free use of its columns, not only my thanks are due, but those
of all the citizens of California. M. C.

Sacramento, Cal., September, 1883.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

The electrotypes of the following Figures were purchased from Prof.
C. V. Eiley : 14, 25, 29, 30, 33-39, 43-45, 52-60, 63, 68, 72, 77, 85, 86, 90,
91. 103, 105, 109, 120, 121, 146, 148-153, 159-178, 180, 181, 183, 187-193,
195)2, 196, 198. 200, 205-213, 215, 216, 218, 219, 232, 204-266, 269, 271-281,
285-288, 290-293, 298-309, 312-333, 338, 339, 359, 360, 365 and 368.

The i'ollowiug were purchased from Lippiucott k Co., of Philadelphia:
31, 69-71, 88 89, 104, 147, 197, 199, 201 aud 214.

Electrotypes of Figures 11-13, 51, 96, 97, 138 and 155, were purchased
of Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr.

The following were copied from Dr. Fitch's Reports : 73, 74, 114, 204,
259-263, 268, 273-275, 289, 336, 337, 356 and 357.

Figures 26-28, 116-119, were copied from Riley's Reports.

Figures 156, 202, 203. 233, 254, 347, 351, 363, 364 and 369, were copied
from Packard's ''Guide to the Study of Insects."

The following are from Harris' '■ Insects Injurious to Vegetation :"
67, 108, 113, 157, 227, 229, 234, 244, 245, 255 and 294.

The following were copied from Figuier's " Insect "World :" 87, 124-
127, 194, 195, 348, 349, 361 and 362.

Figures 256, 257, 267, 282, 284, 334 and 340, were copied from Miss
Ormerod's "Manual of Injurious Insects."

The following are from the U. S. Agr. Reports : 40-42, 82-84, 277-280,
297, 341-343, 366, 367, 370.

Figures 3.50 and 3.52 were copied from the report of the Ontario Entom-
ological Society.

Figure 283 is from Dr. LeBaron's Fourth Illinois Report, and Figure
8 was copied from the Mass. Agr. Report.

Figure 253 is from the " Scientific American Supplement."

The following were kindly loaned me by the " Pacific Rural Press :"
80, 122, 128, 132-137, 140, 141, 154. 186, 226, 235, 237I4, 237i/^, 241, 242,
248-252.

To Mr. C. MuUer, 1.35 Mtmtgomery St., San Francisco, I am indebted
for the use of the electrotyi)es of Figures 9 and 10.

The remaining cuts are original, and were made expressly for this
work. Of these. Figures 32, 40, 41, 42, 51a, 64, 65, 66, 75, 76, 78, 82, 83,
84, 92, 93. 94, 95, 106, 107, 110, 111, 112, 115, 127, 146, 179, 182, 1!^, 185, 220,
221, 230, 231, 246, 277, 278, 279, 280, 297, 310, 341. 342, 343, 35.3, 354, 355,
358, 370, 371 and 372, were drawn and engraved by Mr. Buchi, of Messrs.
M. Schmidt I'v- Co., of San Francisco. These were received too late to
be inserted in the text, and so are given on Plates 1-4. Several of the
remaining figures were drawn and engraved by Mr. R. Philip, of this
city, and by Mr. V. Craig and Mr. Patten, 659 Clay St., San Francisco.

In order to assist fruit-growers and others in readily identifying
insects, twenty-five i)ages of classified figures are given.

CONTENTS.

Preface 3

Sentiments of an enterprising

Fruit-grower 9

History of Legislation to pre-
vent the spread of Injurious

Insects 9

Progress of the warfare against
Insect Pests, from Jan. 1, 1879,

to April 1, 1883 22

Disinfection of Return Pack-
ages versus Free Packages. . 24

Quarantine 28

Danger of importing Injurious

Insects from foreign countries 30
Danger of spreading Insect
Pests by the transportation of
infested fruit and nursery

stock 30

Notes on Experimental Work. . 31
Alkaline Washes as Insecticides

and Fertilizers 33

Thorough application of Rem-
edies 31

Pumps and Nozzles for Spray-
ing Trees 37

DeLong's Moth Trap 39

Structure and Growth of Plants 43
Entomology should be made a
permanent Study in the Pub-
lic Schools 48

Economic Entomology 50

Mildew or.^Scab on the Foliage
and Fruit of Apple and Pear

Trees 51

Birds; Beneficial and Injurious 52
Insects Infesting the —

Alfalfa 287

Almond 234

Apple 55

Insects Infesting the —

Apricot 132

Asparagus 386

Azalea 254

Barley 287

Bean 334

Blackberry 214

Cabbage 321

Carrot 337

Cherry 136

Chestnut 233

Clover 287

Conservatory 263

Corn 290

Cotton 297

Cottonwood , 244

Cucumber 302

Currant 216

Elm 245

Eiicalyptus 238

Fig 167

Filbert 237

Flower Garden 261

Gooseberry 225

Grape 168

Hop 269

•Juniper 251

Lemon 153

Lettuce 331

Lime 153

Locust 239

Melon 301

Nectarine 145

Oak. 246

Oleander 255

Olive 147

Onion 330

Orange 153

Parsley 337

8

CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Insects Infesting the—

Parsnip 337

Pea aS2

Peach 126

Pear 112

Persimmon 146

Pie Plant 336

Pine 247

Plum 139

Poplar 244

Potato..' 306

Prune 145

Pumpkin 301

Quince 124

Radish 328

Raspberry 208

Red Bay 253

Rhubarb 336

Rose 256

Rye 287

Squash 299

Strawberry 228

Sweet Potato 315

Tobacco 2'iH3

Tomato 318

Turnip 329

Walnut 2:32

PAGE

Insects Infesting the —

Willow 242

Wheat 273

Household and storehouse pests 338
Insects infesting Domestic Ani-
mals 349

Insects infesting the Apiary. . .361

Miscellaneous Insects 362

What are they, Friends or Ene-
mies 362

Remedies 368

Couclusiou 423

Explanations of Plates 1 and 2, 425
Explanations of Plates 3 and

4 428,430

Plates of Classified Illustra-
tions 432

Beetles ^6^1

Bot-tlies 436

True Bugs 437

Plant-lice 438

Saw-tlies 440

Caterpillars, Grubs, etc 441

Butterflies and Moths 447

Index to Sciantitic Names 457

Index to Common Names 465

INTRODUCTORY.

CHAPTER I.

The Sentiments 6f an Enterprising Fruit Grower.

The following is quoted from an address by A. T. Hatch,
Esq., of Cordelia, Solano County, California, before the Com-
mittee of Agriculture of the Senate, at the State Capitol, Jan-
uary 13, 1883 :

" Our watchword must ever be onward and upward, and fal-
ter not, although difficulties apparently insurmountable arise ;
he who will, may overcome them. The enterprising fruit
growers of California are filled with a spirit that no power on
earth can curb. It falters not at misfortune's door, or any
obstacle to success, but boldly advances and removes them all ;
at least, it has been so, and must ever be. The time was when
our glorious climate, fruitful soil, and exemption from all dis-
eases and pests, made our Golden State the wonder of all who
were conversant of its fruits and flowers. Now, alas ! the
spoiler's hand is felt — a change has come over the spirit of our
dream. It seems as though all that is detrimental to the fruit
interest is here, or coming, making eternal vigilance the price
of success in this, the industry of the State. The time has
come when every one who by this occupation would thrive,
will find ceaseless use for head and hand ; even then, the fittest
only can survive. Who wall supinely sit and see misfortune
spoil the result of years of toil, while others gird on their armor
with energies stimulated by the presence of the forces arrayed
against them on every hand?"

CHAPTER II.

History of Legislation to Prevent the Spread of Injurious Insects,

As California is the first of the United States, and it may be
said of any part of the world, that has attempted to prevent

2 •

10 INTRODUCTORY.

the spread of injurious insects of the orchard, etc., by legisla-
tion ; and as fruit growers in distant parts of the world are
watching our success, it may be well to place on the record
what has been accomplished in the space of thirty months, or,
from October, 1880, to April 1. 1883.

During 1879 and 1880, the subject of the spread of the cod-
lin moth and other injurious insects of the orchard was dis-
cussed in the newspapers of this State, and at the meetings of
the State Horticultural Society ; and these discussions resulted
in the above society, at its October meeting, 1880, appointing
a committee, consisting of Professor C. H. Dwinelle, of Ala-
meda County ; Dr. Behr, of San Francisco ; A. T. Hatch, of
Solano County ; W. H. Jessup, of Alameda ; and Matthew
Cooke, of Sacramento, to prepare a bill for the protection of
the horticultural industries of the State, to be presented to the
Legislature, which would meet in the month of December fol-
lowing.

The committee met at the office of the Hon. J. N. Young, at
Sacramento, early in the month of November, and a bill was
prepared, which, in due time, was presented in the Assembly
by Mr. Young. About the same time a bill was presented in
the Senate by Senator Baker, of Santa Clara. These bills were
referred to a joint committee of the Senate and Assembly.
The chairman of this committee called a meeting, and the fruit
growers were represented by A. T. Hatch, W. H. Jessup, and
the late James B. Saul, and others ; as the bills presented for
the protection of horticulture conflicted somewhat with each
other, and also with another l^ill (viticultural) before the Legis-
lature, the committee recommended that a new bill be pre-
sented. A new bill was prepared, and on its being brought
before the Senate was passed to a second reading, but amended
to such an extent that it was thouglit best to have it with-
drawn. Ivater in the session, the Hon. William Johnston, of
Sacramento County, then Vice-President of the Senate, had
the viticultural bill, which had passed the Asseml)ly, amended
in the Senate by adding Section 8. The viticultural law, as
enacted, reads as follows :

INTRODUCTORY. 11

AN ACT

To define and enlarge the duties and powers of the Board of
State Viticultural Commissioners, and to authorize the
appointment of certain officers, and to protect the interests
of horticulture and viticulture.

[Approved March 4, 1881.]

The People of the State of California, represented in Senate and
Assembly, do enact as follows:

Section 1. The Board of State Viticultural Commissioners,
in addition to the duties and powers pro\'ided for by the Act
entitled " An Act for the promotion of viticultural industries of
the State," approved April 15, 1880, shall, in resj^ect to dis-
eases of grape vines and vine pests, constitute a Board of
Health. It shall, in addition to laboratory work, cause prac-
tical experiments to be made to determine or demonstrate the
utility of known and new remedies against such diseases and
pests.

Sec. 2. The Board shall elect of their own number, or
appoint from without their number, a competent person to
serve as Chief Executive Viticultural Officer, who shall per-
form also the duties of Viticultural Health Officer, under
direction of said Board, and subject to removal from such
office at any time by the Board.

Sec. 3. The Viticultural Health Officer shall have power,
subject to the approval of the Board, to prevent the spread of
vine diseases and vine pests, by declaring and enforcing rules
and regulations in the nature of quarantine, to govern the
manner of, restrain, or prohibit the importation into the State,
and the distribution and disposal within the State, of all vines,
vine cuttings, debris of vineyards, empty fruit boxes, or other
material, on, or by which the contagion of vine diseases and
germs of vine pests may be introduced into the State, or trans-
ported from place to place within the State ; to declare and
enforce regulations approved by the Board for the disinfection
of vines, vine cuttings, vineyard debris, empty fruit boxes, and
other suspected material dangerous to vineyards, Avhile in
transit, or about to be distributed, or transported into, or within
the State ; to classify the vineyards ancl viticultural regions
of the State, according to the degree of health, or vine disease
prevailing therein, and to change the same as circumstances
may require to be done, subjecting each class to such varying
rules and regulations, respecting the introduction or transpor-

12 INTRODUGTORT.

tation of vines, vine cuttings, and other material liable to
spread contagion of disease among vines, as may, in the opin-
ion of the Board, become necessary and expedient for the
preservation of vineyards. Huch rules and regulations shall be
circulated in printed form by the Board among the vine
growers and fruit dealers of the 8tate, shall be published at
least thirty days in two daily newspapers of general circulation
in the State, not of the same city or county, and shall be
posted in a conspicuous place at the county seat of each
county affected by their provisions.

Sec. 4. The Viticultural Health Officer may appoint local
resident Inspectors in any and all of the viticultural regions of
the State, whose duties shall be to report to him concerning
the health of grapevines, the . progress of vine diseases and
pests, and all violations of the rules and regulations of the
Board ; to certify to the proper disinfection of vines, vine cut-
tings, empty fruit boxes, and other transportable articles
required by the Board to be disinfected before transportation,
or while in transit, or after delivery at any point of destina-
tion ; the methods of disinfection to be determined and
apjiroved by the Health Othcer and the Board; to seize upon
and destroy all vines, vine cuttings, debris of vineyards, empty
fruit boxes, and other material liable to spread contagion,
which may be found in transit, or delivered after transporta-
tion, not certified to as required by the Board ; provided, that
the same may be exempt from such destruction if the cost of
disinfection by such Inspector shall be provided for by the
owner or agent in charge thereof, as may be prescribed for
such cases of negligence, carelessness, or violation of (juaran-
tine rules, and to keep a record of all proceedings as such
Inspectors ; provided, that there shall be no compensation for
such services of inspection, excepting a fee, not to exceed one
dollar for each certificate of disinfection, in case of compliance
with quarantine regulations, and not to exceed five dollars for
each certificate of disinfection after seizure for non-compliance ;
provided, however, such inspection may be employed at the
option of the owners of property recjuiring disinfection to
disinfect the same. All vines, or other articles absolutely pro-
hibited of importation or transportation, may be pron)})tly
destroyed In' any Insi)ector discovering the same transported
or in transit, in violation of regulations, and the cost of such
seizure, together with a fee of ten dollars, shall be paid to such
Inspector out of any fine that may be collected from the party
or parties guilty of such violation. Willful violation of the
quarantine regulations of the Board shall be considered a mis-
demeanor, and punisliable by a fine of not less than twenty-
five nor more than one hundred dollars. Whenever required

INTRODUCTORY, 13

for the convenience of vine or fruit growers, or fruit dealers, a
resident Inspector shall be appointed upon petition of any
three neighboring vine or fruit growers, or dealers in grapes, to
reside in their vicinity, if not already provided for ; and there
shall be not less than two Inspectors appointed for each
county which is subjected to such quarantine regulations, and
they shall each be subject to removal at the will of the Viticul-
tural Health Officer, if incompetent, or if they fail to perform
their duties, or are unreasonably distasteful to vine growers
and grape dealers.

Sec. 5. It shall be also the duty of the Chief Executive
Viticultural Officer to personally visit, examine, and report
upon the several viticultural regions of the State ; to prepare
documents for publication, as required by the Board, relating
to any and all branches of viticultural industry, including
treatises for the instruction of the public ; to supervise the
prejjaration of reports for publication, and especially report
upon the practibility and means of eradicating diseases from
vineyards, and to suj^erintend experiments with known and
new remedies.

Sec. 6. All printing heretofore ordered by the Board shall
be paid for out of the appropriations heretofore made for its
use. All printing required hereafter shall be done by the State
Printer.

Sec. 7. The salary of the Chief Executive Viticultural
Officer shall be fixed by the Board, not to exceed one hundred
and fifty dollars jaer month, for services while engaged as such
officer, and his actual traveling expenses shall be allowed, not
to exceed five hundred dollars per annum.

Sec. 8. The Board of State Viticultural Commissioners
shall also aj^point an officer, who shall be especially qualified,
by practical experience in horticulture, for the duties of his
office, to perform similar duties respecting the protection of
fruit and fruit trees as are provided for in this Act in reference
to grapevines, with like powers ; and the salary and traveling
expenses of such officer shall be fixed by the said Board, at
the same amounts provided for in the case of the Chief Execu-
tive Viticultural Officer; and the said Board shall have power
to establish such quarantine rules and regulations as are
required for the protection of fruit and fruit trees from the
spread of insect pests.

Sec. 9. There is hereby appropriated for the uses of the
Board of State Viticultural Commissioners, as set forth in this
Act, and in the Act providing for its organization, out of any
moneys in the State treasury not otherwise appropriated, the
sum of ten thousand dollars for the year commencing July
fo'st, eighteen hundred and eighty-one, and ten thousand dol-

U TNTRODUCTOKY.

lars for the year commencing July first, eighteen hundred and
eighty-two ; and the State Controller will draw his warrants
upon the State Treasurer in favor of the Treasurer of the said
Board for the said sums, or any part thereof, when they become
available, u])on proper demand being made for the same by
said Board ; provided^ that no claim shall be paid out of said
appropriation until the same shall have been presented to and
approved ])y the State Board of Examiners.

Sec. 10. This Act shall take effect and be in force from
and after its passage.

Assemblyman Reynolds, of Santa Clara, introduced the
following bill, which passed both houses and was approved by
the Governor March 14, 1881 :

AN ACT

To protect and promote the horticultural interests of the State.

The People of the State of California represented in Senate
and Assembly, do enact as follows:

Section 1. Whenever a petition is presented to the Board of
Supervisors of any county, and signed l)y five or more persons
who are resident freeholders and possessors of an orchard, or
both, stating that certain or all orchards, or nurseries, or trees
of any variety, are infested with scale bug, codlin moth, or other
insects that are destructive to trees, and praving that a com-
mission be appointed by them, whose duty it shall be to super-
vise their destruction, as hereinafter provided, the Board of
Supervisors shall, within twenty days thereafter, select three
commissioners for the county, to be known as a County Board
of Horticultural Commissioners. The Board of Supervisors
may fill any vacancy that may occur in said commission by
death, resignation, or otherwise, and appoint one Commis-
sioner each year, one month or thereabouts previous to the
expiration of the term of office of any member of said commis-
sion. The said Commissioners shall serve for a period of three
years from the date of their appointment, except the Conunis-
sioners first ap})ointed, one of whom shall serve for one year,
one of whom shall serve for two years, and one of whom shall
serve for three years, from the date of appointment. The
Commis.sioners first appointed shall themselves decide, by lot,
or otherwise, who shall serve for one year, who two years, and
wlio three years, and shall notify the Board of Supervisors of
the result of their choice.

Sec. 2. It shall be the dutv of the Countv Board (if Iii)r-

INTRODUCTORY. 15

ticiiltiiral Commissioners in each county, whenever they shall
be informed by complaint of any person residing in such
county, that an orchard, or nursery, or trees, or any fruit pack-
ing house, storeroom, saleroom, or any other place in their
jurisdiction, is infested with scale bug, codlin moth, red spider,
or other noxious insects liable to spread contagion dangerous
to the trees or fruit of complainant, or their eggs or larvse,
injurious to fruit or fruit trees, they shall cause an inspection
to be made of the said premises, and if found infected they
shall notify the owner or owners, or the person or persons in
charge or possession of said trees or places, as aforesaid, that
the same are infested with said insects, or any of them, or their
eggs or larvte, and shall require such person or persons to dis-
infect the same within a certain time to be specified. If, within
such specified time, such disinfection has not been accom-
plished, the said person or persons shall be required to make
application of such treatment for the purpose of destroying
them as said Commissioners shall prescribe. Said notices may
be served upon the person or persons owning or having charge
or possession of such infested trees, or places, or articles as
aforesaid, by any Commissioner, or by any person deputed by
the said Commissioners for that purpose, or they may be served
in the same manner as a summons in a civil action. If the
owner or owners, or the person or persons in charge or posses-
sion of any orchard, or nursery, or trees, or places, or articles,
infested with said insects, or any of them, or their larvae or
eggs, after having been notified as above to make application
of treatment as directed, shall fail, neglect, or refuse so to do,
he or they shall be deemed guilty of maintaining a public nui-
sance, and any such orchards, nurseries, trees, or places, or
articles thus infested, shall be adjudged and the same is hereby
declared a public nuisance, and may be proceeded against as
such. If found guilty, the Court shall direct the aforesaid
County Board of Horticultural Commissioners to abate the
nuisance. The expenses thus incurred shall be a lien upon the
real property of the defendant.

Sec. 3. Said County Board of Horticultural Commission-
ers shall have power to divide the county into districts, and to
appoint a local Inspector for each of said districts. The duties
of such local Inspectors shall be prescribed by said County
Board.

Sec. 4.* It shall be the duty of said County Board of Com-
missioners to keep a record of their official doings, and to make
a report to the Board of State Viticultural Commissioners on
or before the first day of November of each year, who shall
incorporate the same in their annual reports.

Sec. 5. It shall be the duty of the Commissioners at large.

16 INTRODUCTORY.

appointed by the Board of State Viticultural Commissioners
for such purpose, to recommend, consult, and act with the
County Board of Commissioners in their respective counties,
as to the most efficacious treatment to be adopted for the
extermination of the aforesaid insects, or larva^, or eggs thereof,
and to attend to such other duties as may be necessary to
accomplish or carry out the full intent and meaning of this
Act.

Sec. 6. Each County Commissioner and local Inspector
may be paid five dollars for each day actually engaged in the
performance of his duties under this. Act, payable out of the
county treasury of his county; \trov\d('d,\\\^i no more shall be
paid for such services than shall be determined by resolution
of the Board of Supervisors of the county for services actually
and necessarily rendered.

Sec. 7. Each of said Commissioners may select one or more
persons, without pay, to assist him in the discharge of his
duties, as he may deem necessary.

Sec. 8. If any County Board of Commissioners, after hav-
ing received complaint in Avriting, as provided for in section
two of this Act, shall fail to perform the duties uf their office,
as required by this Act, they may be removed from office by
the l^oard of Supervisors, and the vacancy thus formed shall
be filled in the same manner as })rovided for in this Act.

Sec. 9. Nothing in this Act shall Ix' construed so as to
affect vinyards or their products.

Sec. 10. This Act shall take effect immediately.

The appointment of a Chief Horticultural Officer and the
enforcement of quarantine rules, etc., being given to the State
Board of Viticultural Commissioners, they appointed a State
Board of Horticultural Commissioners to recommend a com-
petent person for Horticultural Officer, and also such regula-
tions, etc., as were necessary for the protection of horticultural
industries.

The Board consisted of C. H. Dwinelle. Alameda County ;
Elwood Cooper, Santa Barbara County ; Albert S. White, San
Bernardino County ; Dr. Chapin, Santa Clara County ; A. Cad-
well, Sonoma County; W.W.Smith, Solano County ; Felix
Gillett, Nevada County ; W. B. West, San Joaquin County ; E.
J. Wickson, Jr.,* Alameda County; M. T. Brewer, Sacramento
County ; Matthew Cooke, Sacramento County.

* Mr. Charles H. Shinn was a member of tlie Board for oue year, but
resijjiiod on account of his leaviug the State, and Mr. Wickson was
ajiijointed his successor.

INTRODUCTORY. 17

The State Board of Horticulture met quarterly. At first
there was a laxity of action by the fruit growers in regard to
petitioning for County Commissioners ; however, in eight
months sixteen counties had appointed Boards, and in twelve
months twenty-one counties, in all, had appointed Boards,
namely :

Sacramento, Yolo, Solano, Santa Barbara, El Dorado, San
Bernardino, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, San Joaquin, Amador,
Contra Costa, Nevada, Placer, San Diego, Alameda, Los Ange-
les, San Benito, Fresno, Marin, Kern, and Butte (leaving only
six of what maybe termed fruit growing counties that had not
asked for Commissioners).

The State Board of Horticulture did not think it advisable
to enforce quarantine regulations in 1881, They therefore had
prepared, by the Chief Horticultural Officer, "J. Treatise on the
Injurious Insects of California, and Remedies for their Extermi-
nation.^^ Ten thousand copies of this book were distributed.
A State Convention of Fruit Growers was held at Sacramento,
in December, 1881. Quarantine regulations were issued, to be
enforced after January 1, 1882, as follows :

HORTICULTURAL QUARANTINE RULES.

To all whom it may concern : Be it known that I, Matthew
Cooke, Chief Executive Horticultural and Health Officer of
the Board of State Viticultural Commissioners, being duly
authorized and instructed by said Board, do declare the fol-
lowing quarantine rules and regulations for the protection of
the horticultural interests of the State, and due notice thereof
is hereby given as provided by law, to wit, thirty days of pub-
lication in two daily newspapers of general circulation in the
State, and by posting notices in all counties to be affected by
these rules. All parties concerned therein are required to con-
form thereto, subject to penalties provided for by law, for any
infraction or evasion of said rules and regulations :

Quarantine Rides and Regulations for the protection of fruit and

fruit trees

From insect pests, namely, insects injurious to fruit and fruit
trees, authorized and approved by the State Board of Viticul-
tural Commissioners of California. In pursuance of an Act
entitled " An Act to define and enlarge the duties and powers

18 INTRODUCTORY.

of the Board of State Viticultural Commissioners, and to
authorize the appointment of certain officers, and to protect
the interests of Horticulture and Viticulture."' approved March
4, 1881, the Chief Executive Horticultural and Health Officer
may appoint local resident Inspectors in any and all of the
fruit-growing regions of the State, whose duties shall be as
provided in Section IV of an Act entitled " An Act to define
and enlarge the duties and powers of the Board of State Viti-
cultural Commissioners, and to authorize the appointment of
certain officers, and to protect the interests of Horticulture and
Viticulture," provided that there shall be no compensation for
such services of inspection excepting a fee, not to exceed one
dollar for each certificate of disinfection, in case of compliance
with quarantine regulations, and not to exceed five dollars for
each certificate of disinfection after seizure for non-compliance ;
provided, however, such inspection may be employed at the
option of the owners of property requiring disinfection, to dis-
infect the same. And also said local resident Inspectors will
be entitled to such other fees as are provided for in cases of
conviction and seizures.

1. All tree or plant cuttings, grafts or scions, plants or trees
of any kind, infested by any insect or insects, or the germs
thereof, namely their eggs, larvse, or pupse, that are known to
be injurious to fruit or fruit trees, and liable to spread con-
tagion ; or any tree or plant cuttings, grafts, scions, plants, or
trees of any kind, grown or planted in any county or district
within the State of California, in which trees or plants, in
orchards, nurseries, or places, are known to be infested by
any insect or insects, or the germs thereof, namely, their eggs,
larvee, or pupae, known to be injurious to fruit or fruit trees,
and liable to spread contagion, are hereby required to be dis-
infected before removal for distribution or transportation from
any orchard, nursery, or place where said tree or plant, cut-
tings, grafts or scions, plants, or trees of any kind are grown,
or offered for sale or gift, as hereinafter provided.

2. All tree or plant cuttings, grafts, or scions, plants, or
trees of any kind, imported or brought into this State from
any foreign country, or from any of the United States or
Territories, are hereby required to be disinfected immediately
after their arrival in this State, and before being offered for
sale or removed for distribution or transportation, as herein-
after described ; provided, that if on examination of any such
importations by a local resident Inspector, or the Chief Execu-
tive Horticultural Officer, a bill of health is certified to by such
examining officer, then disinfection will be unnecessary.

3. Fruit of any kind, infested by any species of scale in.sect
i)X scale insects, or the germs thereof, namely, their eggs, larvae

INTRODUCTORY. 19

or pupae, known to be injurious to fruit and fruit trees, and
liable to spread contagion, is hereby required to be disinfected, as
hereinafter provided, before removal off premises where grown,
for the purpose of sale, gift, distribution, or transportation.

4. Fruit ef any kind, infested by any insect or insects, or
the germs thereof, namely, their eggs, larvse, or pupse, known
to be injurious to fruit or fruit trees, and liable to spread
contagion, imported or brought into this State from any
foreign country, or from any of the United States or Terri-
tories, are hereby prohibited from being offered for sale, gift,
distribution, or transportation.

5. Fruit of am' kind infested by the insect known as codlin
moth, or its larvae or jjupae, is hereby prohibited from being
kept in bulk, or in packages or boxes of any kind, in any
orchard, storeroom, salesroom, or place, or being dried for
food, or any other purposes, or being removed for sale, gift,
distribution or transiDortation.

6. Fruit boxes, packages, or baskets, used for shipping fruit
to any destination, are here+jy required to be disinfected, as
hereinafter provided, previous to their being returned to any
orchard, storeroom, salesroom, or place to be used for storage,
shipping or am' other purpose.

7. Transportable material of any kind, infested b)^ any
insect or insects, or the germs thereof, namely, their eggs,
larvae, or pupae, known to be injurious to fruit or fruit trees,
and liable to spread contagion, is hereby prohibited from being
offered for sale, gift, distribution, or transportation.

8. Tree or plant cuttings, grafts, scions, plants, or trees of
any kind, may be disinfected by dipjjing in a solution com-
posed of not less than one pound (1 lb.) of commercial con-
centrated lye to each and every two (2) gallons of Avater used
as such disinfectant, or in any other manner satisfactory to
the Chief Executive Horticultural and Health Officer.

9. Empty fruit boxes, packages, or baskets, may be disin-
fected by dipping in boiling water, and allowed to remain in
said boiling water not less than two minutes ; said boiling
Avater used as such disinfectant to contain, in solution, not
less than one pound (1 lb.) of commercial potash, or three-
fourths (I) of one pound (1 lb.) of concentrated lye, to each
and every twenty gallons of water, or in any other manner
satisfactory to the Chief Executive Horticultural and Health
Officer.

10. Fruit on deciduous and citrus trees infested by any
species of scale insect or scale insects, or the germs thereof,
namely, their eggs, larvae, or pupae, may be disinfected before
removal from the tree, or from the premises where grown,, by
washing or thoroughly spraying said fruit with a solution

20 INTRODUCTORY.

composed of one pound (1 lb.) of whale oil soap and one-
fourth of one pound of flour of sulphur to each and every one
and one-quarter (1^) gallons of water used as such disinfect-
ant, or in any other manner satisfactory to the Chief Execu-
tive Horticultural and Health Officer.

11. Owners of fruit of any kind grown in any orchard,
nursery, or place in which trees or plants are known to be
infested with any insect or insects, or the germs thereof,
namely, their eggs, larvae, or pupae, known to be injurious to
fruit or fruit trees, and liable to spread contagion, and all per-
sons in possession thereof, or offering for sale, gift, distribu-
tion, or transportation, are hereby required to procure a
certificate of disinfection before removal for sale, gift, distri-
bution, or transportation.

12. Any tree or plant cuttings, scions, plants, or trees of
any kind, empty fruit boxes, fruit packages, or fruit baskets,
or transferable material of any kind, offered for sale, gift, dis-
tribution, or transportation, in violation of the quarantine
rules and regulations for the protection of fruit and fruit trees,
approved by the Board of State Viticultural Commissioners,
may be seized by the Chief Executive Horticultural and
Health Officer, or by any of the local resident Inspectors
appointed })y him ; said seizure to be the taking possession
thereof, and holding for disinfection, or for an order of con-
demnation by a Court of competent jurisdiction.

13. Any person violating the above quarantine rules and
regulations shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon
conviction thereof shall be punishable ])y a fine of not less
than twenty-five nor more than one hundred dollars.

Matthew Cooke,
Chief Executive Horticultural and Health Officer.
Sacramento, November 12, 1881.

(For proceedings in Court in relation to quarantine rules, see
Chapter IV.)

At the Fruit Growers' Convention, held at San Jose on the
fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth of November, 1882, the fol-
lowing committee was appointed to prepare such bills as were
considered constitutional, and required for the protection of
the horticultural industries :

Wal. J. Tuska, San Francisco; L. M. Holt, San Bernardino
County ; F. C. De Long. Marin County ; S. M. Lcib, Santa
Clara County ; Dr. Chapin, Santa Clara County ; Hon. J. H. M.
Townsend, Santa Clara County ; G. M. Gray, Butte County ;

INTRODUCTORY. 21

A. T. Hatch, Solano County ; Hon. Wm. Johnston, Sacramento
County; Matthew Cooke, Sacramento County.

The committee met at San Jose, December 27, 1882. Sub-
sequent to this meeting two bills were prepared by one of the
committee — Wal. J. Tuska, Esq., attorney-at-law, San Fran-
cisco— one bill creating a Board of Horticultural Commission-
ers, and the other to prevent the spread of insect pests, etc.
These bills were presented to the Legislature as Senate Bills
Nos. 2 and 3, by Senator Cox, of Sacramento County, and
Assembly Bills Nos. 31 and 32, by Assemblyman Hollister, of
San Luis Obispo County.

The bills were amended in the Senate. The work of amending
to suit the "\dews of Senators was done by Senator Whitney, of
Alameda. The bills as amended passed the Senate. In the
meantime the Assembly had passed the bill creating a Board
of Horticulture, and appropriating for its expense seven thou-
sand five hundred dollars ($7,500) per annum, the Senate bill
only allowing five thousand dollars ($5,000) per annum. The
Assembly then took action on Senate Bills Nos. 2 and 3, and
both were passed. The bill creating a Board of Horticulture —
Senate Bill No. 3 — as passed by both houses, was approved by
the Governor. Senate Bill No. 2, to prevent the spread of
insect pests, etc., after passing both houses, was mislaid or
stolen, so that it was not presented to the Governor for his
approval. In connection with the passage of the bills referred
to, I met with the greatest courtesy from the members of the
Assembly and Senate from the time the bills were introduced
until they were passed.

On the twenty-seventh of March, 1883, I called upon Gov-
ernor Stoneman in relation to the appointment of a Board of
Horticultural Commissioners. He expressed a desire to
appoint only competent persons, irrespective of political con-
sideration. If this promise was fulfilled it is well.

22 INTRODUCTORY.

CHAPTER III.

Progress of the Warfare Against Insect Pests from January 1,
1879, to April 1, 1883.

Previous to January 1, 1879, the codlin moth, oyster-shell
bark louse, San Jose scale insect, and black scale on decid-
uous fruit trees, and the soft orange scale, black scale, and
red scale on citrus trees, were found to be spreading rapidly in
some fruit growing districts. Excepting a few individuals,
but little notice was taken of their presence. In 1879 some
individual efforts were made to save the crops, which were
successful. But, notwithstanding the great interests at stake,
not one fruit grower out of every five hundred attempted to
make any effort to prevent the spread of these enemies of their
industry. Some fruit growers ridiculed the idea of any serious
results occurring from the presence of such minute creatures ;
others seemed satisfied that the pests would disappear as they
came, without any eff'ort of the fruit growers.

On the 29th of October, 1879, I visited an orchard seriously
infested by San Jose scale [A. perniciosus). I recommended
the owner to spray his trees with an alkaline solution. On
the morning of the 30th he met the gentleman who accompa-
nied me to his orchard, and said the idea of washing trees was
only a hobby. Had he done, as advised, in November, 1879,
what he afterwards did in the Spring of 1882, he could have
saved one half of liis orchard, which luid to he dug out.

In 1880 matters became so serious in some localities that
efforts were made to destroy the pests. Such a difference of
opinion existed as to tlie jiroper remedies to ])e employed, that
a great deal of the work done did not produce very favorable
results, thus leaving the matter in a more hopeless condition
that in 1879.

The securing of legislation for the protection of the horti-
cultural interests of the State, in the Winter of 1880 and 1881
(the laws passed taking effect on March 14, 1881), brought the
subject of insect pest prominently before the fruit-growers-
The results of the work done in 1881, 1882, and in the Spring
of 1883, may be stated as follows :

INTRODUCTORY. 23

1. It has been fully demonstrated that the insect pests can
be exterminated in orchards at a profit to the owner of from
one hundred to five hundred per cent on the amount expended
for remedies thoroughly applied.

2. Remedies of undoubted utility have been discovered, that
can be readily and thoroughly applied with the improved
facilities that the necessity of the times brought forth.

3. We have become better acquainted with the natural his-
tory of the injurious and beneficial insects of California, and
standard works on economic entomology can be readily pro-
cured by those wishing to get them.

4. In some of the districts that were seriously infested con-
fidence has been restored, and land has increased in value from
one hundred to two hundred per cent.

5. That the work became popular may be shown by the cor-
respondence, etc., of the Chief Executive Horticultural Officer,
of which the following is a sample :

From April 5, 1881, to April 5, 1883 :—

Number of letters, postal cards, and packages received, 5,581
Number of packages and letters containing specimens

of insects, etc., ------- 491

Number of visitors at the office on business connected

with insect pests, - - - - - - 611

The information derived from the experience of the two
years' work will not only benefit the fruit-growers of Cali-
fornia, but those of our sister States, and also of foreign •
countries. For instance, at a recent meeting of the Royal
Agricultural Society of South Australia, Frazer S. Crawford,
Esq., of Adelaide, read a paper entitled, " California Legisla-
tion Against Insect Pests," etc., which concluded as follows :

" In conclusion, let me again point out the importance of
carefully watching this California experiment. If we find, in
spite of this expense and trouble the Californians are willing
to put themselves to, that these pests do not decrease, or that
the results bear no comparison to the cost of the means
employed, it would be folly to follow their example. If, on
the other hand, their vineyards and orchards yearly become
more prolific and free from insect and other plagues, while our
orchards are being destroyed with fungoid pests, our vine-

24 INTRODUCTORY.

yards deteriorated with odium, our orange, olive and other
trees ruined by scale insects, we may conclude that our Amer-
ican cousins are reaping the benefit of their wise legislation,
and that the sooner we follow their exami)le the better,
remembering the truth of the old proverb : ' Providence helps
those who help themselves.'"

For the benefit of all interested in the warfare against insect
pests, positive assurance can be given of the benefits to be
derived from legislation against the spread of insect pests,
etc. ; but success can only be achieved under certain well-
defined conditions, as follows :

FiTBi — The appointment of a Commission, each member of
which is required to have a thorough experience of the best
established methods used in preventing the spread of and in
exterminating the insect pests, and sustained in the perform-
ance of their duties by well-considered laws.

Second — Adequate compensation to secure competent offi-
cers.

Third — The appointment of officers to execute the laws of
the State and such regulations as are made by the Commis-
sion ; said officers to be in all respects competent to perform
the duties required, especially being thoroughly acquainted
with the science of entomology.

A Commission and officers appointed under such conditions
cannot fail to benefit the State tenfold the amount expended.

CHAPTER IV.

Disinfection of Return Packages versus Free Packages.

During the months of April, ^Nlay, and Juno, 1882, there
arose considerable discussion amongst the fruit growers who
were selling their fruit in local markets, as to the utility of
disinfecting packages in which fruit was shipped to market
before the packages were reshipped to the orchards for further
use, as required by the quarantine rules, etc. Had the settle-
ment of the question been left entirely to the fruit growers, the
matter would liave been amicably arranged, and successful

INTRODUCTORY. 25

progress _niade in preventing the spread of the codlin moth
and peach moth. Unfortunately for those directly interested
(the fruit growers), an issue was made hy the non-producers
(i. e. buyers and dealers of fruit), under the cloak of friendship
for the fruit-growers, l)Ut in reality for personal gain, and for
forcing the fruit-grt)wers to use the so-called free package.
The time may be stated about the first of June, 1882. Lest
any doubt should exist that such was the intention of the
opposition to the disinfection of packages, the following letter
now in my possession, from a very extensive buyer of fruit in
San Francisco to a member of the State Board of Viticultural
Commission, will perhaps be sufficient proof:

San Francisco, January 3, 1882.
Dear Sir : The box factories tell me they are making a
larger quantity of peach baskets than ever before. Now, this
is very bad, because the Fruit Growers' Convention, through
the proper committee, particularly recommended the abolition
of baskets and the substitution of boxes ; and furthermore, the
basket is as bad a package as can possibly be found for dis-
seminating pests. Why cannot the fruit grower help himself
in this matter? Nothing will do him good if he does not. You
can show this to Mr. Cooke, if you think best. Will you get
the sample of free packages into shape and put them on show
here, somewhere, and oblige,

Yours, Etc.,

[The above reveals the secret of the opposition to disinfec-
tion of packages.]

The State Board of Viticultural Commissioners had framed
the quarantine rules, so as to give an opportunity to those who
preferred the use of the return packages, to do so. The fol-
lowing circular was issued explaining the reason :

To the fruit growers of California, and all ivhom it may con-
cern:—

I take the liberty of calling your attention to the necessity
of disinfecting empty fruit packages before being returned from
market to the orchards, as required by the Quarantine Rules
and Regulations for the protection of Horticulture.

Rule 6. Fruit boxes, packages, or baskets, used for ship-
ping fruit to any destination, are hereby required to be disin-
3

26 INTRODUCTORY.

fected, as hereinafter i)rovided, previous to their being returned
to any orchard, storeroom, salesroom, or plaee to be used for
storage, shipping, or any other purpose.

Rule 9. Empty fruit l)Oxes, packages, or baskets, may Ijc
disinfected by dipping in boiling water, and allowed to remain
in said l^oiling water not less than two minutes ; said boiling
water used as such disinfectant to contain, in solution, not less
than one pound (1ft)) of commercial potash, or three-fourths
(^-) of one pound (1 tt)) of concentrated lye, to each and every
twenty gallons of water, or in any other manner satisfactory to
the Chief Executive Horticultural and Health Officer.

In order to secure a general compliance with the above rules,
arrangements will be made at San Francisco, Sacramento, San
Jose, Stockton, and other places, where fruit is shipped to a
market or for storage ; and local Inspectors appointed who
will disinfect such packages, if required by the owners thereof;
or the owners of empty i)ackages, or their agents, may disinfect
them, subject to insi)ection.

In answer to in(|uiri('s, tlie following questions may be
asked :

Are those recjuirements oppressive on the fruit growers who
wish to send fruit to market? I answer, they are not, for the
following reasons :

1. There are several counties which may be termed fruit
growing counties, such as Sonoma, Napa, Vuba, Tuolumne,
Calaveras, and others, where the fruit growers have failed in
having a County Board of Horticultural Commissioners
appointed ; therefore there is not any organization in any of
the above and some other counties, with which I can consult
in rclalioii to matters in Avhich the fruit growers are interested.

2. The Commissioners in several counties have been
retarded in their work by the requirements of the law, that
complaint must be made before they can make an inspection
of an infested orchard. Although many of the fruit growers
have nuide every etibrt in their power to cleanse their orchards,
yet they hesitate to enter a complaint against their neighl)or ;
therefore, in a large number of orchards, the pests have been
allowed to spread as heretofore. And it is only by a general
enforcement of tlic (^uarantiiu' Rules that any gootl resultsean
be secured.

8. A large number of orchards are rented, leased, or owned
l)y parties tliat, judging by past experience, cannot be depended
upon to conq)ly with the Quarantine Rules, except they are
compelled to do so.

4. It would require at least three hundretl and fifty (350)
local Inspectors throughout the State, to have the work of dis-
infecting em})ty fruit boxes or packages, at the orchard, steam-

TNTRODUCTORY. 27

boat landings, and railroad stations, done as effectually as by
the disinfecting at markets, etc., as required.

5. The local Inspectors, if appointed, are allowed fees by
law, and would be a heavy expense on the fruit growers.

6. The rapid spread of codlin moth, to at least thirty coun-
ties in this State, since its first aj^pearance in one orchard in
1874, can chiefly be attributed to the use of the return pack-
ages ; therefore, the disinfection of all return packages is a
necessity.

7. There is a difference of opinion among fruit growers as
to the style of package that should be used in sending fruit to
market. Some growers recommend and have adopted the so-
called free package, and others use the so-called return package.

8. The disinfection of the packages gives an opportunity of
using the return packages at a nominal cost.

9. Stores, commission houses, and places where apples,
pears, and quinces were stored or sold last season, are generally
infested by the larva^, pupie, or imago (perfect insect) of the
codlin moth, and are lial)le to be taken from such places in
return packages to orchards at this season of the year.

10. The disinfection of return packages at the place where
the fruit is sent to market (or for storage) is not only the most
effective method for the prevention of the spread of insect
pests, but is by far the most economical for the fruit growers.

Matthew Cooke,
Chief Executive Horticultural Officer.

The opposition lirought the question of constitutionality
of the law into the courts ; pending a decision, the enforce-
ment of the quarantine rules was abandoned, and the pests not
only allowed to spread as heretofore, but the free package sys-
tem was not generally adopted. (In January, 1883, a decision
of the Supreme Court declared that the Legislature, in giving
the State Board of Viticultural Commissioners the right to
declare what tvould constitute a misdemeanor, gave the Board
legislative 2'>o^ver, and was therefore unconstitutional.)

After mature investigation, I can find no reason to change
ray opinion in regard to the prevention of the spread of fruit
pests ; that the best, safest, and cheapest method is the general
and thorough disinfection of all packages used in shipping
fruit.

The non-producer and free package advocate asserts (hypo-
thetically, of course,) that the cost of disinfecting one load of
boxes and baskets sent from his store — containing three hun-

28 TNTRODUrrORY.

fired boxes and three hundred l)uskets, hehjnging to thirty
owners — woidd he nearly thirty-tive dollars, or as follows :

Disinfection of 800 boxes, at 1 cent, - - - - - - $3 00

Disinfection of 800 baskets, at \ cent, ------ 1 50

Tliirty Inspector's certificates, at . $1.00. - - - - - -80 00

Hy])othetical total, ---------- $;!4 .¥)

The actual cost Avould have been :

Disinfection of 300 boxes, at 1 cent, ------ $8 00

Disinfection of 300 baskets, at ^ cent, ------ 1 50

Certificate of Inspector (free), --------

Total cost of hypothetical load of return packages, $4 50

Again coni])are figures :

300 boxes, each containing 30 pounds of fruit, - - 1J,000 lbs
800 baskets, each containing 25 pounds of fruit, - - 7,500 lbs

1(),500 Hjs

Total cost of disinfection so that they could be used again
for shipping purposes, $4.50.

Free packages, to carry 16,500 pounds of fruit to market —
550 packages, 80 pounds each, 10,500 ; cost of 550 packages,
at iS\ cents each, cheapest style, $85.75. Thus showing a clear
gain to the fruit grower of $81.25, less return freight, in favor
of the plan of disinfection.

CHAPTER V.

Quarantine.

In a warfare for the extermination of the insect pests of
the orchards, etc., quarantine laws are a necessity. The
codlin moth, ]ieach moth, and other si)ecies of j)ests are spread
by tlic shi|tmcnt of infected fruits. The scale insect and
woolly a})liis have l)een and are being continually spread on
nurserv stock.

INTRODUCTORY. 29

From past experience I have concluded that it is an impos-
sibility to secure any general law that will be acceptable to
the fruit growers, nurserymen and speculators combined. It
is, unfortunately, an established fact that a majority of fruit
growers, or persons growing fruit, prefer taking the chances of
allowing pests to spread rather than to disinfect their packages
when returned from market. The proof of this is beyond
question. At this date I do not know of twenty persons in
this State who are taking this precaution. Nursery stock
infested by the scale insect and woolly aphis is sent broadcast
through the State, and what are the results?

A planted tAvo thousand Bartlett pear trees in 1880; in the
Fall of 1881 he discovered that they were infested by the San
Jose scale ; in the Spring of 1882 he cut them otf at the ground
as a sure prevention of their spread on the 10,000 trees adjoin-
ing, and grafted them. By thorough application of remedies
he has the trees cleaned, but lost two years use of his ground.

B bought, in 1882, Bartlett pear trees for two acres ; in the
Spring of 1883 he discovered that they w^ere infested by the
San Jose scale. For the protection of the balance of his
orchard propert}^, the trees, after being planted one year, were
dug out and burned.

C, in 1881, sent to a distant portion of the State for pear
trees, to escape any chances of getting infested trees ; unfor-
tunatel}^ the nursery-man had purchased the trees in an
infested district. In 1883, the trees planted two years ago are
found to be seriously infested by the so-called San Jose scale
[A ■perniciosus).

D, E and F have had the same experience in buying and
planting young apple trees, the roots of which were infested
by the woolly aphis.

The true remedy of these evils is, let every owner of fruit
trees, etc., liable to be infested by insect pests, make himself or
herself thoroughly acquainted with the appearance and natural
history of injurious insects ; then constitute a home quaran-
tine board, of one or more, for the purpose of preventing the
importation of insect pests on the premises.

30 TXTRODUCTORY.

CHAPTER VI.
Danger of Importing Injurious Insects from Foreign Countries.

Dealers in fruit at 8an Francisco often have consignments
of lemons and oranges arrive by steamships and sailing ves-
sels from Tahiti, from Australia, and also from European
ports.

In some cargoes the fruit is seriously infested by scale
insects. Australia sends us the red scale {A. aurantii), and
Australia, Tahiti, and Europe send the leaf and fruit scale ).4.
ritrirold). The latter has not been found, so far as I am aware,
in any orchard on this coast.

A shipment of apples received lately from Xew Zealand was
infested by the greedy scale (A. rapax). These species of scale
insects generally arrive in a healthv condition. Tlie greedy
scale and red scale are both Avell located here. Care should
be taken that the A. citricola be not allowed to spread.
Remember, " eternal vigilance is the price of fruit."

CHAPTER VII.

Danger of Spreading Insect Pests by the Transportation of In-
fested Fruit and Nursery Stock.

It would be supertluous to give any extended repetition of
tlie dangers which threaten husbandmen by Iiaving infested
fruits, nursery stock, seeds, etc., brought upon his premises, as
the danger is fully described in other chapters of this work.
The following instances are given for the purpose of further
calling the attention of those living in districts not yet infested :

The Novato Ranch orchard is isolated from any other
orchard from which it could become infested ; the pests were
brought in return packages, and to this date (July, 18S8), the
amount expended by Mr. I)c Long in getting I'id ot' his visitors
(codlin moth) must reaeli nearly ten thousand dollars.

The i»eaeh worm, which was discovered last year (1882), has

INTRODUCTORY. 31

been found in isolated orchards this year, so that undoubtedly
thev were brought in return packages.

file discovery made in various sections of the country this
Sprincr (1883), of the presence in young orchards of the San
Jose s'cale {A. vemiciosm) is sufficient proof that the nursery
stock was infested when bought. . , . j

The presence of the codhn moth in an isolated apple orchard
in San Diego County, can readily be accounted for by the
owner carrying home his groceries in empty apple boxes that
were shipped to San Diego with infested fruit.

The presence of the red scale {A. aurantii) in some orchards
in Southern California is attributed to the importation of two
or three young trees from Australia.

The presence of the cottony cushion scale (/. purchcm) can
be charged to importation. . . .

The codlin moth was brought in an importation ot hve bar-
rels of apples from States east of the Rocky Mountains, about
1878 The grain weevil (C. granana) and other injurious
species of the weevil family {curmUomdse) can readily be spread
in grain and plant seeds.

CHAPTER VIIL

Notes on Experimental Work.

It is not only a duty, but a necessity, that every cultivator
of the soil, irrespective of the line of industry in which he is
en-ac^ed if his premises are infested or hkely to be infested by
in^ec't pests, that he should use his utmost efforts in experi-
mental work to find the best and cheapest methods for their
extermination, or for preventing their spread at least. In the
course of such experimental work, should he think he had
made an important discovery, he should be gmded by the

following rules : . • u +

1 It is well worth the care of any one who wishes to
be sure-as every one should-of conferring a benefit upon his
fellows rather than risk doing them an injury, to delay the
expression of results of experiments until the correctness ol
their results are tested by repeated trials.

32 TNTRODUCTORT.

2. Before advising your neighbor to adopt a certain course
or remedy, be sure by repeated investigations that you are
possessed of a fact, not a fancy. Experiments, to be convinc-
ing, require that they be subjected to well defined, clearly per-
ceived conditions.

3. In reporting results of experiments, it should be remem-
bered that " it is the weakest link that determines the strength
of the chain."

One of the obstacles with which the enterprising fruit groAver
has to contend in attempting to prevent the spread of insect
pests, is the reliance their neighbors place in remedies which
they have not sufficiently tested before adopting them. For
instance : A's neighbor, ISIr. B, has decided to clean his
orchard to prevent the ravages of the codlin moth, and as a
business i)rin('iple nuikes an estimate of the cost, which will
prol)al)ly l)e from fifteen to twenty dollars per acre, according
to the size of the trees. About this time he notices an article
in his news])aper : " No more use for ])umps, sprays, nozzles,
and solutions. B}' placing a branch of an eucalyptus tree in
your apple and pear trees, the codlin moth will not attack the
fruit." Mr. B adopts the cheaj) remedy without further inves-
tigation. Result : the codlin moth is not destroyed, and A's
orchard is placed in danger. ]\[r. C. who has l)een advised to
use wide-mouthed bottles, with sweetened water, etc., tries the
experiment and pronounces it a success, having captured by
actual count nearly five hundred -moths in one night. The
success is announced, and others are induced to give up the
application of all other remedies, and they are successful in
capturing a large number of moths. Query — Are they codlin
moths? In one case, where four hundred and eighty-three
moths were captured, in an orchard as badly infested by the
codlin moth as any that can be found in this State, not a cod-
lin moth was found in the whole numl>er. In another case,
where locomotive licad-lights were used in an orchard at night
and surrounded l)y devices for capturing moths, such as pans
of sweetened water, rum and molasses, coal oil, etc., of tlie
immense number of moths ca})tured, less than one fourth of
one per cent were codlin moths, or one in every four hundred.
Ml'. I> culled ;it mv olliee a tew davs auo, and stated that he

INTRODUCTORY. 33

was capturing immense nnml)ers of the codlin moth in dishes
and bottles of sweetened water, in his orchard. On being
shown a codlin moth, natural size, he discovered his mistake,
and remarked that the moths which he was capturing, the body
of each was over an inch in length and about as thick as a
lead pencil. Serious consequences have happened by the
application of highly recommended solutions for destroying
scale insects, such as tree wash — a cheap production made of
coal oil, which proved an excellent insecticide, but unfortu-
nately those who recommended it did not wait to find out the
effect on the trees. That it contained some pernicious quali-
ties which destroyed the tree on which it was used was discov-
ered in three or four months after application. Only use well
known remedies if vou wish to be successful.

CHAPTER IX.
Alkaline Washes as Insecticides and Fertilizers.

Since the passage of the laws in March, 1881, for the pro-
tection of the horticultural industries of this State, a large
amount of money has been expended in purchasing solutions,
and the necessary labor of applying the same for the purpose
of exterminating insect pests. In many cases the result of
the work did not meet the expectation of the fruit grower, and
in consequence of being disappointed a premature verdict was
given against the utility of the solution recommended. The
question never occurred : " Did I get the best material, or was
the proper apiilication made?" The object of this chapter is
to explain how such failures have occurred.

No. 1. A proposes to wash his orchard trees with concen--
trated lye so that it will destroy insect pests, and at the same
time invigorate his trees. He calls on a wholesale merchant
(who knows nothing of the material required) and states what
he wishes to purchase. A potash is offered at a very low price,
but warranted equal to any in the markeit, if bought in quan-
tities of a ton, more or less. An order is given, and the so-
called potash delivered at five and a quarter cents per pound,

:m Introductory.

instead of nine or nine and a half cents per pound, the price
of the proper article. The work of application is commenced,
and it is only after the work has heen completed that the fruit
grower learns that the article he had bought for potash was
a poor quality of caustic soda.

Xo. 2 wishes to secure one ton of whale oil soap. He goes
to a soap factory and purchases the amount required, but after
application he ascertains that whale oil soap proper is the
residue precipitated in bleaching whale oil, in which the fatty
matter of tlie oil is saponified ])y liquid potassa, and can only
be ijurchased at the lileaching works ; also that the whale oil
soap he bought was made from a Ioav grade of whale oil in
the same manner as soft soap, and instead of the saponifying
matter being all potash, the greater part was caustic soda. In
such cases the best results cannot be obtained ; perhaps one
or two cents per pound are saved, but the same amount of
labor was required that would have applied the proper wash.

CHAPTER X.

Thoroug'h Application of Remedies.

" I consider a gi'eat deal of my success in exterminating
scale insects was due to the thorough application of the reme-
dies used.'" — Elwood Cooper.

1 do not wish to be considered an alarmist, but I state,
frankly, that from this time forth, any fruit grower in this
State (especially in infested districts) who wishes the produce
of his (.)rchar(l to be choice and marketable, will be compelled
to expend money and lal)or to protect his cro]i from the rav-
ages of insect pests, and the following rules should be strictly
adhered to :

1. Procure the best quality of such articles as are required
for insecticides and fertilizers.

2. If 3'ou are not a judge of the article, secure the assist-
ance of some pcrst»ii wlio is.

'-\. Be sure that the formula for making any solution is
]jroperly i)rcpari'd, licfore ajjplication to the tree.

INrRODUCTORY. 35

4. Use only the best mechanical appliances, such as pumps ,
nozzles, etc.

5. Make thorough appli(;ation in every respect the basis
upon which the work must be clone.

The following cases are related from personal observation :

1. A was advised to scrape his trees, put on bands, sew
them, etc., and was given full information how to proceed to
prevent the spread of the cocllin moth.

Application. — He contracted to get his trees scraped for
three cents each — about forty per cent of what it should have
cost ; bands were placed on the trees, and during the four
months succeeding the fifteenth of May, they were partly
examined twice, instead of every seventh day.

Result. — The crop of apples and j)ears was destroyed, as
heretofore. The remedies recommended were denounced by
A as worthless. The failure and loss of time and money were
caused by the negligent manner in which the work was done.

2. B has an orchard infested by the scale insect, and is
recommended to wash his trees with a solution of one pound
of concentrated lye to each gallon of water used. He substi-
tuted two and a half gallons of water to each pound of the
lye.

Result. — The scale insect was not destroyed. B was indig-
nant, and denounced the remedies recommended as an impo-
sition, but failed to state that he used two and a half gallons
of water instead of one gallon to each pound of lye used —
labor and money lost by not making application as directed.

3. C was advised to use the concentrated lye solution, and
not to use coal oil of any kind. However, by advice of his
neighbor, he used a wash made of a low grade of coal oil.

Result. — It proved an excellent insecticide, but killed the
trees.

4. D's orchard was infested Iiy the San Jose scale {A. per-
niciosus). He procured material, the best to be found in the
market, and commenced a thorough warfare against the pests.
He succeeded admirably in his work, l)ut business matters
caused his absence for three or foui- days from the orchard.
On his return he found some of his trees scorched by the appli-
cation. On investigation he found that the liquid was taken

36 lyTRODUCTORY.

from the casks without stirring ; therefore, the trees washed
from the liquid taken from the bottom of the casks stood an
application about three times as strong as necessary ; how-
ever, they came out all right. The mistake was rectified, and
the experience noted for future use.

Rksult. — D's thorougli application was successful in every
respect. It cost him .tOOO, but his orchard is clear of San Jose
scale.

E owns an orchard containing seven thousand trees, for
which he paid .1!82,000 in 1879. In October, 1881, it was seri-
ously infested by the San Jose scale. In November he bought
seven tons of concentrated lye, and commenced work. About
new-year his neighl>or condemned his work as being so
thorough it killed all his trees. He wrote me what he had
done. I advised him to " go on as he had been doing,'' and in
a few days after visited his orchard. The work Avas completed
as commenced. I visited the orchard on the thirty-lirst day
of March following (1881) ; every tree was in bloom, and but
few of the scale insects in a healthy condition. I asked the
owner at what value he estimated the result of his persever-
ance and th()i'()Ui:li work. He answeri'd : '* Last October. I
would have sold the orchard, l)ugs and all, for $15,000. At a
cost of a little over $1,200, I have conquered the ])Ugs. Now,
sir, you cannot Imy it for $40,000. and you can so inform your
friends.''

Moral. — Follow E's exani])le.

First-class material to make the solution and thorough
application will destroy the scale insect witliout fail.

Do the work as recommended, thoroughly, and the bugs
must go.

TNTROnUCTOIlY

37

CHAPTER XI.

Pumps and Nozzles for Spraying Trees.

Experience has taught us that tlie most etfective remedies
for the extermination of insects injurious to fruit and fruit
Fig. 1. trees, especially those belonging to the Cnccidae,
are those that can be applied in solution. For
the application of such solutions the best
method is by a pump and spraying nozzle. I
have been frequently asked the question : What
kind of pump, nozzle, etc., is the best? The

Fig. 2.

accompanying illus-
trations represent the
best apparatus we
<^ know of at present.

I Fig. 1 represents a

fountain pump. The
end of the hose is
placed in a barrel or
pail containing the
fluid. Price, $7.50.

The fountain pump
is designed for gar-
den use, and is sold
by Baker & Hamil-
ton, Sacramento and
San Francisco ; and by H. P. Gregory & Co., San Francisco.
Fig. 2 represents a pump, known as the "Gould Pump,"
manufactured by H. P. Gregory & Co., Nos. 2 and 4 California
Street, San Francisco. A large numl^er of these pumps are
now in use, and give excellent satisfaction, as the working
parts are made to resist the chemical action of the disinfect-
ants used.

Price of pump, - - - - - - - $17 00

Price, complete, with twenty-five feet of hose, suction,

strainer, and spraying nozzle, - - - - 23 00
Or, with fifty feet of hose, double discharge, and two

spraying nozzles, - 28 00

38

INTRODUCTORY.

Fig. 3 is an illusti'atii)ii of a neAv improved pinnp, manu-
factured !)}• H. P. (irc<j,(irv ct Co., of San Francisco. This is

Fi". 3.

(improved

I^PRAYiNG
PUMP

CAL

certainly the best pump for spraying trees that has been
offered for sale. It is stronger made tlian most i)Um])S. thus
giving more |)owcr. There are only two joints where it would
be possible for the liquid to leak out, and these, if properly
screwed up, are perfectly tight. The air chamber is very large
in proportion to the size of the pump, thereby giving an
exceedingly steady s])ray. The cylinders are lined with ).)rass,
and the valves are made of the same metal as the l)ody of the
pump, including the handle. The outer ])arts are galvanized,
thus preventing them from rusting, so that it will preserve the
same neat appearance that it has when new.

This pumj) Avas designed by H. P. Gregory, of the above
firm, and is certainly a great im]ivovement.

INTROmWTORY

39

Fig. 4.

Fig. 5

Of the spray nozzles in
use, the most practical is
a nozzle made by Wes-
ley Fanning, No. 279 St.
John Street, San Jose,
and is known as the " Mer-
rigot Nozzle." (Fig. 6.) A
is a diaphragm, with a small
opening in the center of any
required size. This is plac-
ed on the piece B, on top
of screw ; the cap C is then
screwed on, and the nozzle
is complete.

\Yith a force pump this
throws a very fine spray
over the tree.

A full set of diaphragms
are sent with each nozzle.

Figs. 4 and 5 represents
the Niagara Lawn Sprink-
. ler.

CHAPTER XII.

DeLong's Moth-trap.

The apple house (Fig. 7) at tlie Novato Ranch, in Marin
County, California, owned by Mr. DeLong, is a three story
building about one hundred feet long by seventy feet wide ;
the lower story is built of stone twelve feet high, the second
story of brick fourteen feet high, and the third or upper story
is in the form of a hip-roof, and is about twenty feet from the
floor to the ridgepole.

40

TNTRODVCTORY.

Mr. DeLong made this experiment of trapping the codlin
moth, carried to his premises in return packages. The fol-
lowing if taken from the rej^ort of the Fruit Growers' Con-
vention at San Jose, November, 1<S82 :

^

Mr. Cooke — " I call your attention to one matter in refer-
ence to an orcliard, of 250 acres, in Marin County, where there
are 31,000 trees subject to the attacks of the codlin motli — the
Novato Ivanch. In June, 1S81, I visited the ranch and,
greatly to the dismay of Mr. DeLong, I found the pupa of a
codlin moth. When I told him, he said : ' No sir, we have
none here.' I replied : 'Mr. DeLong, there it is on this tree.'
Now I would like to call for liis experience since .June, 1881."

Mr. DcLonti — ''All I can sav is that I did not know that we

INTRODUGTOBY.

41

had one in the year 1879 ; we had none in the year 1880 ; we
had none in the year 1881 nntil he discovered it, as he says,
in the chrysalis form. Tliat year we gathered our fruit and
carried it into the apple-house, and I saw very little of it on
the fruit. The apples did not seem to be much affected, but
the suggestion was made to me by Mr. Cooke, the following
Spring, that I had better scald all of my boxes. I asked him
whether they had gotten out of these boxes into the cracks of
the floor in the l)uilding, and how would it do if I should close
this building up by putting mosquito netting over the win-
dows, so that there Would be no possible chance for the moths
to get out. He agreed with me that it would be a good
idea, and I did so. Having done that, I thought I would like
to know the result of it. I nailed all the doors up so that it
would be perfectly impossible for anything to get in and out
without my knowing it, and I locked the door and took one of
my men and put him in possession of the key. He com-
menced finding some of the moths about the middle of April
and killed them, and up to the 27th of May, kept a running
account ; after that date he kept a daily account ; he found
that he had killed 15,627 up to the 27th of October. As the
account is called for I will read it ; it will give an idea. As
the days grew longer and warmer the moths increased ; as
they grew colder the moths diminished. This is the account
of the moths themselves, not the pupae.

DESTRUCTION OF CODLIN MOTH IN FRUIT-HOUSE.

From beginning to May
27th, inchisive...2671

May 28 129

May 29 388

May 30 337

May 31 343

June 1 335

June 2 224

June 3 149

June 4 165

June 5 138

June 6 218

June 7 245

June 8 146

June 9 144

June 12 582

June 13 4U5

June 14 177

June 15* 990

June 16 484

June 17 412

June 18 116

June 19 440

♦Cellar opened.

June 20.
June 21.
June 22.
June 23.
June 24.
June 27.
June 28.
June 29.
June 30.

July 1,

July 2.

July 3,

July 4

July 5

July 6

July 7

July 8

July 9

July 10

July 11

July 12

July 13

July 14

221

268

397

199

154

336

314

467

447

315

330

415

307

238

278

75

.No count.

175

231

143

Ill

112

90

Julv 15 62

July 16 66

July 17 157

July 23 65

July 24 47

July 26 108

July 27 46

July 28 24

July 29.

15
July 30 22

Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Aug.
Aug,
Aug.
Aug.

36
43
14
14
16
7
31

Aug. 13 14

Aug. 15 14

Aug. 18 5

Aug. 20 3

Aug. 26 7

Total No 15,627

42 INTROLUCTORT.

" I have kept ten or eleven men working continuously in the
orchard all through the season. Nine of them going over the
trees and pulling off all the fruit they could find that was
infested Avith these worms, and others were picking them up
and carrying them in. The means that I used to destroy them
was to put them in a large boiler and boil them up, not trust-
ing to the hogs or anything else to eat them ; and I came to
the conclusion that that was the surest way of exterminating
them.

"I have carried that out until the apples got large, and they
are now in the house. What the result will be. I don't know.
I have worked the bands very effectually, killing some days
thousands of larvtc. T never ke])t an accurate account.''

Mr. Cooke — " How many did the bats eat?"

Mr. DeLong — " That is a question I do not know anything
about. T don't knoAV that I can give any further ideas. We
were working under the mode Dr. Cha])in spoke of, which I
think is most effectual."

Mr. Cooke — "I merely wanted to call the attention of the con-
vention to the facts ; Avhen ^Fr. DeLong covered all of the win-
dows on the inside of the three story a])ide house (the ui)per
story is formed with a high roof, and he had to keep the mos-
quito bar over both ends), he inclosed ])robably five hundred
(oOO) bats. We know that a bat lives on insects, and it is
certain that the bats lived on the codlin moth, and of these
ls\x. DeLong was unable to give any account. He had placed
84,000 boxes in this house ; he neglected to say that he cleaned
the boxes before they were i>ut into the traj), and he got ten or
twelve larvfc in some of these boxes. He got over 15,000
moths, the largest capture ever made in this line of warfare,
for his Summer's work.

"T was present on May 2U, 1882. at two o'clock r. m., and
on the covering of the top window, marked A, on Fig. 7,
one hundred and ten moths were cai)tured. Extended notice
is thus given in commendation of Mr. DeLong's ]iractical work
from the 15th of April to August 26th.''

NoTK. — On Fig. 7 it can be noticed that tlicrc is a S([Uare
cornice on gal)le of building; the bats could only get into this
cornice from inside: the covering of mosquito l>ar kept them
on the to]) floor, and as they appeared well fed during their
confinement of four months and a half it is presumed that
thev destrovcd a lai'uc nmnlicr of the codlin moths.

INTRODUCTORY. 43

CHAPTER XIII.
•Structure and Growth of Plants.

A great amount of damage has occurred in some fruit grow-
ing districts of this State by the applications of solutions, etc.,
as insecticides (i. e. a low grade of coal oil), which contained
properties that were detrimental to plant-life. By examining
Fig. 8, the outer bark is found to be represented by letter F,
the green layer by letter G, the inner bark by letter H, and the
camlHum layer by the letter I. As the cambium layer is"
stated in the following description to be the seat of life of the
plant, it may be readily understood in what maimer a solution
containing pernicious properties injures the tree when applied
to the outer bark, viz. : by penetrating the outer bark, the green
layer, and inner bark, thus reaching and destroying the cam-
bium layer (or sfeat of life of the tree).

On the contrary, if proper solutions, such as are recom-
mended in this work, are applied, they destroy insect life, and
by penetrating the outer layers reach the cambium layer, and
by means of the fertilization properties which they contain,
invigorate the tree.

[The following extracts are taken from a paper by Colonel
W. iS. Clark, President of the Massachusetts Agricultural Col-
lege.— Mass. Rep., 1873-4] :

" Every seed and every young plant consists wholly of cel-
lular tissue, but with the development of leaves is combined
the growth of fibro-vascular tissue."

" The first vessels to appear in the plantlet are arranged in
a circle around a column of tissue, which remains loose and
soft, and after the first season dries up and dies. This is called
the pith, and seems essential to the life of every woody stem
and branch during its infancy, although its special function
is unknown. Between the vessels around the pith may be seen
the rays of cellular tissue, which ultimatel}^ become hard and
firm, and which unite in bonds, never broken except by some
external force, the inside of the stem with the inside of the
bark. These rays make up the woof and have much to do
with the distinctive peculiarities of difterent sorts of timber."

" Immediately outside the vessels inclosing the pith grows a
layer of woody fiber, upon which, in a more or less developed

44 INTRODUCTORY.

state, accorfling to season, is a layer of organizable material,
called canibiuin, which may be regarded as the seat of life of
the plant."

" Investigation seems to demonstrate that the cambium
layer is the seat of life, and that whenever the direct commu-
nication between the root and the foliage is cut off in this
layer during one entire season of growth, the whole plant per-
ishes. It has also been determined l>y experiment tliat if sev-
eral rings of bark be removed from a growing shoot in such a
manner that on one of the isolated sections of bark there be no
leaf, while leaves remain on others aljove and l)elow this, then
the leafless section will fail to make any growth in any part.
All other sections, if furnished with one or more healthy leaves,
will increase in thickness by the forination of new leaves, of
Avood and bark. This seems to prove that the material for
growth is elaborated by the leaves, and is transmitted only
through the cambium, and has no power of j)cnctrating the
tissues of the wood."

" The ])eculiar vital and organic power of the caml)ium is
remarkably illustrated in the structure and grf)wth of grafted
trees. Every person is aware that pear trees are grown upon
quince roots, and that they often ])ear finer fruit than when
cultivated as standards. This is doulttless oAving to the fact
that quince roots, being diminutive, furnish less water to the
leaves, which thus elaborate a richer sap, and ]U'oduce more
perfectly developed wood and fruit."

"The apricot may 1)e grafted on the jtlum, and tlic peach on
the apricot, and the almond on the peach ; and thus we may
produce a tree with plum roots and almond leaves. Tlu-
Avood, hoAA^ever, of the stem Avill consist of four distinct varie-
ties, though formed from one continuous cambium layer.
BeloAv the almond Avood and bark avc shall have ])erfect i)each
Avood and bark, then perfect apricot Avood and bark, and at
the bottom perfect plum AVood and l)ark. In this curious
instance Ave see the intimate corres|)on(lence Ix'tAvi-en tlie bark
and the leaf; for if Ave should remove the almond l)ranches
we might cause the several sorts of Avood to develop buds and
leafy tAvigs, each of its oAvn kind. Each section of the com-
pound stem has its seat of life in the cambium, and the cam-
bium of each re])roduces cells of its oAvn sjiecies out of a
common nutrient fluid. Thus there is seen to be a floA-f of
sap U})Avard in the AVOod, and a floAV of organizal)le material,
essential to the life of the plant, ]»roceeding from the leaf t(^
the root, through the bark and the cambiinn layer. From
this perfected sap the groAvth of the season is formed, and
provision for the beginning of the next season's groAvtb is also
stored u]), commonly in the root."

INTRODUCTORY. 45

" Next to the cambium, and united to the wood by the rays
from the pith, is the bark, consisting of three Layers."

"The inner, or fibrous layer, is formed by l)ast cells and
firm cellular tissue. Surrounding the inner bark is a layer of
cellular tissue in which the rays from the pith terminate, and
which is named the green layer, l)ecause it often exhibits this
color in young shoots, and then performs the same function
with the green tissues of the leaf. Outside of all this is the
corky layer, consisting of dry, dead, cellular tissue, and devel-
oped annually from the green la3'er. This is not usually of
much thickness, or consequence, but sometimes, as in the cork
oak of Sixain, it becomes an important article of commerce."

'■ The growth of our trees goes on in the cambium layer,
from which is produced annually a layer of wood and a layer
of bark, each formed of longitudinal fibro-vascular tissue and
horizontal cellular tissue."

" As the trunk expands, the outer bark cracks and falls off,
as in the shag-bark hickory, or distends and envelops it with
a somewhat smooth covering, as in the beech and birch. In
these latter cases the annual cortical layers are quite thin, and
the outer layer very gradually wastes away, under the influ-
ence of winds and storms. In the cork oak the outer layer is
specially thickened, and if removed every eighth year, may l)e
obtained in stout, elastic sheets, which would crack and tall to
the ground in the process of time if not harvested. The
structure of the root is not unlike that of the stem, except
that the pith is usually wanting, as well as the green layer of
the bark, which could not be formed nor be of any use in the
dark earth where the root makes its home."

Fig. 8 represents a section, both vertical and horizontal, of
a branch of sugar maple, two years old, as it appears in
December. The portion included in the lines marked A is of
the first year's growth ; those marked B indicate the wood of
the second year ; while those marked C include the three
layers of the bark. D represents the pith of loose cellular
tissue ; E the pith rays of silver grain of hard cellular tis-
sue connecting the pith with the green or middle layer
of bark, which also consists wholly of cellular tissue. F
marks the outer or corky layer of the bark, which is
composed of dry, dead cells, which are formed of con-
secutive layers from the outer portion of the living green
layer; G is the green layer of cellular tissue. H shows the
liber or inner bark, made up of cellular tissue penetrated by

46

TNTROBUCTORY.

long bast cells, arranged imrallel with the axis of growth. I
represents the place of the cambium or growing layer of organ-
izable material which descends from the leaves between the
liber and the sap-wood during the period of groAvth. K is

Fig. 8.

6 H i

woody tibre, which gives strength to the stem, and through
which the crude sap rises. L indicates the vessels or ducts,
with various markings, such as dots, rings, and spirals, which
are formed most abundantly in the Spring, and usually con-
tain no tiiiid. They convey gases and aqueous vapors, and it
may lie that a large pro])()iti(in ol' all tlic water ascending frtun
the roots to tlie leaves passes through them as a vapor. M is
the layer of spiral vessels or ducts which always inclose the
pith, and in the young shoot extend into the leaves and unite
them to the pith during its life, which eeases with the first
season.

" This ]iart of the plant develops an annual layer of wood
and bark, with ravs of cellular tissue like the stem. The num-

INTRODITCTORT. 47

ber and extent of root branches in the soil (Icju'nd nmcli upon
its fertility and adaptation to the plant."

" As the vigor of vegetal)le growth depends chiefly on the
action of the roots, the inii)ortance of thorough tillage is
apparent."

" The striking peculiarity in the structure of the root is the
absorbent power of the young rootlets, which are either cov-
ered with a thick, spongy layer of cellular tissue, or furnished,
as is commonly the case, with exceeding minute l)ut innumer-
able hairs, which penetrate the crevices of the earth in every
direction in search of food. The extreme tips of the rootlets,
about one sixth of an inch in length, are not clothed with
hairs, nor capable of absori^tion, but serve as entering wedges
for the advancing root, which lengthens onlv near the extrem-
ity."

" The bark of the larger roots becomes thick and impervi-
ous, like that of the trunk and its older branches, and the
inner portion of the Avood, both above and below ground,
gradually solidifies, and becomes unfitted for the free trans-
mission of fluids. It is then called heartwood, in distinction
from the sapwood, through which fluids are transmitted freely.
The farther any layer of wood or bark is removed from the
living cambium the less vitality does it retain, and conse-
quently the less useful is it in the economy of the plant."

" The leaf has been said, with some propriety, to be an
extension of the bark, and consists of a framework of fibro-
vascular tissue forming the stalk and veins, with a double
layer of loose cellular tissue covered with a distinct epidermis
or skin. The vessels in the leaf stalk and the veins, which are
its branches, are also in two layers, the upper connecting the
leaf with the vessels surrounding the pith, which are called
spiral on account of their peculiar markings, and the lower
which are united to the cambium layer through the tissue of
the inner bark."

" The distinctive features of the leaf is the presence of sto-
mata or breathing pores, which are usually more numerous on
the under side. These stomata are furnished with openings,
so constructed as to close in very dry air, and open in that
which is moist, but they always remain shut, except under the
stimulus of light. As the chief function of the rootlets is to
absorb the liquid food of the plant from the earth, so it is the
special w^ork of the stomata to transpire the surplus water of
the crude sap, which has been employed as a carrier of food
from one extremity of tlie countless series of cells which liuilcl
up the plant, to the other, in some cases a distance of five hun-
dred feet, through im})erf()rate meml)ranes, and against the
force of gravitation."

48 INTRODUCTORY .

CHAPTER XIV.

Entomology should be made a Permanent Study in the Public

Schools.

That many orchards, vineyards, etc., in this State, are
infested l)y insect pests is an assertion that cannot ])e success-
fully contradicted. How can this evil be remedied? So long
as each fruit grower considers himself a competent authority
as to the necessity of extirpating from his premises such
insects as are known to be injurious, and eradicating such
diseases as impair the value of the fruit croj), and decides to
determine for himself the conditions U})on which he will inter-
fere with their spread for the })rotection of his own pro})crty
or that of his neighbor's, there can be no uniformity of action,
by which the evil can be thoroughly eradicated, until a general
agreement of all parties interested in the fruit growing indus-
try can be perfected.

The dissemination of such information as will give a
thorough understanding of what is required, will require time.
As the fruit growers of California are scattered over a large
range of territory, and, as stated above, each individual having
his own theorv to cling by, ^ny advice offered that is nt)t in
accordance with such a course as he has determined to adhere
to, is looked upon as a malignant interference with his private
affairs.

There are sources of power by which the obstacles men-
tioned will 1)e overcome, to wit: The Piblic and Phivate
Sciiooj.s, combined with the intellect of Young America and
the teaching in the family circle.

The (juerv may be reasonably made b}' persons who have
given but little attention to the teachings of entomology :
Why is it necessary to introduce the study of economic ento-
molog}' inio the jjublie schools at tlie })resent time? In
answer to this inquiry, it is stated in the first part of this
chapter that there is a conflict of o})inion existing among
fruit-growers, etc.-, whose industries are threatened by the
invasion of insect pests. However, it is a matter of conmion
agreement of those persons who have considered the subject,
that it is only by a unit(>d warfare, or by united action, that
the insect ])ests can I)e exterminated.

INTRODUCTORY. 49

Therefore, under present circumstances, it is absolutely neces-
sary that the enterprising husbandman should be fully ac-
quainted with the teachings of the science of entomology, or
in other words, with the natural history and habits of the
insect pests which destroy his property.

Another inquiry may be made : Why has the study of this
science been neglected? Until within the last few years the
orchards in this State were free from codlin moth and scale m-
sects ; the vineyards were free from phylloxera, vine moths and
flea beetles ; the vegetable garden from cabbage worms and
cabbage bugs ; the granaries and storehouses from the gram
weeviC etc. ; therefore our educators introduced such studies
as thev thought best for the requirement of the times. Besides,
there were obstacles in the way of introducing this science not
easily overcome, viz : the text books relating to entomology
were generally written in technical or scientific language, with
which the masses of the pupils attending the public schools
were unacquainted. In many cases mechanical accessions have
to be employed, such as the pocket lens and microscope to
detect the presence of these creatures, they being amongst the
minutest works of creation, and seemingly endowed with an
instinct to avoid the enquiring eye of man. Again, the stu-
dent who attempted to make insect life a study was treated as
a mere trifler and a dabbler in childish i)ursuits. It may there-
fore be readily imagined why the study of this science has
been neglected in the past.

In order to promulgate information in relation to the natu-
ral history, etc., of injurious insects, it must not be treated as
a matter of only local importance. The damage done to prop-
erty by injurious insects is not confined to any one locality,
but extends from the valleys to the hillsides and mountain
tops, from th,e northern line of the State to the southern line,
and from the Sierras westward to the sea ; so that the promul-
gation of information in relation to their natural liistory and
habits must necessarily be general.

This requirement can only be attained by introducing the
study of economic entomology into the pubHc schools, and by
discussing its teachings in the family circle.

Among the results that will follow, the husbandman will

50

TKTRODVCTORY.

thoroughly understand the natural history and habits of those
parasites that prey upon his industry, and can therefore make
a successful warfare f<»r tlieir externiination, having a complete
knowledge of how and when to j^trike the blow for victory.

CHAPTEK XV.

Economic Entomology.
Ilortii-uhurists and all other ])ers(>ns engaged in cultivating
the soil sliould make the study of insects (especially those
known to be injurious to fruit and fiiiit trees, grtiin, vegeta-
ta))les. etc.), a part of their every day work. It is as necessary
for them to understand the natural history and habits of such
pests of the orchards, etc., as it is to understand how to plant,
prune, etc.

Some fruit-growers think that for such jtractical investiga-
tion of insect life, a scientifi<' knowledge of the anatomy and
physiology of these creatures is indispensable. Such, how-
ever, is not the case. It requires some apparatus (which can
be procured at a nominal expense), a little patience, and an
interest in the subject investigated, to learn practically what
they have depended on others to furnish.

The following apparatus is necersarj^ : (I am under oljliga-
tions to Mr. C. Muller, optician. No. 135 Montgomery Street,
San Francisco, for illustrations of this
chapter.) Fig. 9 represents a one-inch
focus watchmakers' glass ; price, from
75 cents to $1.25 each. Fig. 10 repre-
sents a small
microscope;
l)rice, from .$10
to $20. Such
i n s t ru ments
have sufficient
l)()wer for any
1 >ractical inves-
tigation requir-
ed on the farm
or its surround-
One dozen dass slides, about $1.00: one dozen ghiss

Fig. 10.

Fig. 9.

TNTDOBUOTODY. 51

covers, about 75 cents ; Canada Balsam, 25 cents. A neat
and useful outfit can be had for $15.00, at C. Muller's, 185
Montgomery Street, San Francisco. Should the fruit grower
l)e unable to give half an hour of his time each day for such
investigations, the ladies and children of the household
should be trained to make observations that, when compared
with those of others, such information will be obtained as will
repay them for tlieir time and labor, \\lien the life history
and habits of any of these insects is learned to such an extent
as to 1)0 familiar with the metamorphoses (changes) as larva,
pupa (chrysalis), imago (perfect insect), the fruit grower can
then go to work intelligently to exterminate them. By fol-
lowing the above reconnnendations, the result gained will be
replacing theoretical by practical information.

CHAPTER XVT.

Mildew or Scab on the FoUage and Fruit of Apple and Pear Trees.
(Fusidadiiuii dentritlruin. — F. K. L.)

For a number of years past the presence of what is com-
monly called mildew has been detected on the leaves of the
apple and pear trees, but so far as the leaves are concerned,
more abundant on the former. When the apple tree is at-
tacked by this fungus early in the season, the young fruit is
generally destroyed, and the leaves attacked hardly ever come
to perfection, as they appear to dry up and crumble to pieces.
On the pear leaf it is in the form of a brownish blotch.

When the attack is first noticed on the young pears, it is in
the form of an irregular brownish spot on the skin ; this dark
spot or scab, as it is commonly called, does not penetrate
into the fruit to a great extent, but destroys the skin and forms
a hard surface, thus.j)reventing the growth of the fruit on and
immediately around the place attacked ; consequently when
the skin of the young fruit is attacked in one or more 2:)laces,
when it is full grown the surface is not uniform, and the mar-
ket value is thus decreased. That the fungus spores which
cause this fungus, or mildew, on the leaves and fruit of apple

52 INTRODUCTORY.

and pear trees in the .Spring is on the trees from one season to
another, I tliink is beyond question.

There is also a species of fungus that attack the apricot,
giving it a speckled appearance and destroying its market
value. It is also noticed on the peach, nectarine and prune
this season, 1888.

To destroy mildew, fungus, etc., on fruit and foliage of
apricot, peach, prune, nectarine and almond, use Remedies No.
5 or 7, one pound of the mixture to each one gallon of water.

On apple, pear and quince, use Remedy No. 6, one pound to
each five quarts (1^ gallons) of water.

Note. — The above remedies should be applied by spraying
the fruit and foliage as soon as the fruit is well set from the
blossom, or aliout the size of a small marble. The spraying
sliould be ivpeatcd in two weeks.

CHAPTER XVII.
Birds — Beneficial and Injurious.

It would be a very diliicult task for any person to ascertain
Avhat birds are injurious and which are beneficial. I do not
think there is any bird that is trhoUji injurious, because those
wliicli are usually regarded as being injurious, such as the
robin, l)hickV)ir(l, etc., are ])artially ])eneficial, since they some-
times feed u]ioii injui'ious insects. And it would be al)out as
ditricult to name a l)ird that is irJiolli/ beneficial; the swallows
are usually regarded as l)eneficial birds, and yet it is evident
tlial tbry destroy more beneficial insects tlian injurious ones,
since the former are mostly on the wing in tlie (hiytiiue, while
the latter fiy cliiefiy at night. The niglit-hawk and the whip-
pooi'will arc about the only liirds that van l)e regarded as l)eing
wholly l)eneficial.

But, as any bird tliat feeds upon any ]iart of our cultivated
])lants, shiaibs or trees, or in any manner injures or destroys
those animals which minister to our wants, is usually regarded
as being injurious, I will endeavor to classify our more com-
mon birds into three classes : tlie beni'ficial, the injurious, and

INTRODUCTORY. 53

the doubtful. The first class will contain those birds which
feed almost exclusively upon insects or small animals, and
which are not known to injure fruits, grain, or anything of
any value to us. The second class will contain those which
feed principally upon fruits or grain, or which are known to
cause extensive injury to some of the useful products of the
soil, without making adequate return for their destructiveness
by destroying noxious insects. In the third class will be
placed those birds which sometimes depredate upon the useful
products of the soil, or upon our domestic animals (including
fowls and bees), and which also feed largely upon insects; so
that it is doubtful as to whether we are to regard them as being
beneficial or injurious.

BENEFICIAL BIRDS.

Bluebirds, pewees, flycatchers (except the beebird), swal-
lows, martins, wrens, chickadee, vireos or greenlets, tanagers
or redbirds, ground-robins, cuckoos, humming-l:)irds, warblers,
night-hawks, whippoorwills, meadow-larks, shrikes, butcher-
birds, road-runners, vultures, turkey buzzards, gulls, plovers
and snipes.

The meadow-larks and plovers, and perhaps a few other
birds in this list, sometimes feed upon seeds, but only to a
limited extent, their food consisting almost exclusivel}" of
insects ; the shrikes and road-runners feed upon insects?
snakes, small lizards, etc., and the former sometimes destroy
small birds ; gulls feed upon insects, frogs crayfish, etc.

INJURIOUS BIRDS.

House-finches or red-headed linnets, cedar-birds or waxwings,
orioles, doves, wild geese and ducks. These are ahout the
only birds that are considered as being very injurious, and
even these partly atone for their injuries by feeding upon
insects. The linnets sometimes occasion considerable damage
by feeding upon the buds of fruit trees. (Early in Spring use
Remedies Nos. 5,- 6, or 7, one pound to each gallon of water
used, and the birds will not eat the buds.) The cedar-birds
and orioles feed upon fruit and berries, and the latter also feed

M INTRODUCTORT.

upon green peas ; the doves feed mostly upon grain, while the
wild geese and ducks are sometimes very injurious to growing
grain.

DOUBTFUL BIRDS.

Thrushes, robins, catbirds, l)lackl)irds, beebirds, finches,
sparrows, ])luejays, magpies, crows, hawks, owls, quails, wood-
peckers, and mocking-birds.

As stated al)ove, these birds occasionally feed upon some of
the useful products of the soil, or upon domestic animals,
barnyard fowls, or l)ees, while they also feed upon injurious
insects or other pests ; and it is a matter of considcra1)le doubt
as to whether their good deeds do not counter-balance their
evil ones. The thrushes, robins, catbirds, quails and wood-
peckers sometimes feed upon fruits ; the blackbirds, crows,
bluejays and woodpeckers occasionally feed upon corn ; the
sparrows feed principally upon seeds, while the finches feed
upon seeds and buds ; the beeliirds are sometimes quite
destructive to bees, but also feed largely upon other insects.

INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE.

CHAP.

The Woolly Aphis ( SchUoneura lanigera).. IS
The Oyster-shell Bark-Louse (Aspidiotus

conehi/oriiiii) 19

The San Jose Scale (AnpidiolKS pemicio-

s^(jf) 20

The Greedj' Scale (Aspidiohrs rapax) 21

The Round-headed Apple-tree Borer (Sa-

perda Candida) 22

The Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer (Clirij-

sobothris femorata) 23

The Apple-twig Borer ( Eost.richMs bicau-

datiM) 24

The Prickly-bark Beetle ( Leptostylim acul-

iferus) 25

The Gray Bark-eating Weevil (Thricolepi»

siiimlator) 26

The Buffalo Tree-hopper (Ceresa biibalus). 27

The Harvest-fly (Cicada) 28

Canker Worms 29

The Fall Canker Worui (Anisopteryx pome-

taria) 30

The Yellow Canker Worm (Hibernia tili-

aria) 31

The Spring Canker Worm (Anisopteryx

remata) 32

DeLong's Caterpillar (Clisiocampa con-

stricta) 33

The Orchard Tent Caterpillar (Clisiocampa

Americana) 34

The Forest Tent Caterpillar (Clisiocampa

sylvatieaj 35

The Fall Web Worm (Hyphantria tfixtor)..3&
The Tussock Moth (Orygia lexicnstir/ma) . . .37
The Yellow-necked Caterpillar (Datana

miniiitra) 38

The Red-humped Caterpillar (Notodonta

concinna) 39

The Greater Leaf-roller {Loxotaenia rom-

ecana) 40

CHAP.

The Apple-leaf Grumpier (Phycita m;bulj). 41

The Bud Worm {Penlhina oculana) 42

The Many Dotted Ca.iev\\\\\9,v(Brathytfvni.a

malanxt) 43

The Turnus Butterfly (Papilio tttrmis) 44

The Apple Buculatrix (Bucculatrix pomi-

foliella) 45

The Apple-tree Aphis {Aphis tnali) 46

The Apple-leaf Aphis {Aphis malifolue) . . . .47
The Ten-lined Leaf-eater {Polyphylla 10-

lineata) 48

The Goldsmith Beetle iCotalpa lanigera). . A%

The Robust Leaf Beetle (Serica valida) 50

The Codlin Moth {Carpocapsa pomonella)..51
The Apple Maggot {Trypeta pomonella). ... 52
The Apple Curculio (Anthonomus quadri-

yibbus) 53

The Earwig (Forficula auricularia) 54

The following insects are also injurious to
the apple tree, but, as they are more destruct-
ive to other trees, they will be treated of in
another part of this work:

The Broad-necked Prionus (Priomis lati-

collis).
The Branch and Twig Burrower {Polycaon

confertus).
The Pear-tree Scolytus {Scolytus pyri) .
The Snowy Tree-cricket (Oecanthusniveus).
The White-lined Sphinx {Deilephila lineata).
The Angular-winged Katydid {Microcen-

truni retinervis).
The Rose Chafer {Mucrodaetyhis subspino-

SU.S).

The Plum Curculio (Conotrachelus nenu-
phar).
The Plum Moth (Semasia pruniana).
The Red Spider (Tetranychus telarius).

56 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE

CHAPTER XVIII.

The Woolly Aphis.

( iSchizoiieura lanigcra — Hausman).

Synonyms. — Aphis lanifiera — Hausman. Coccus mali — Bing-
ley. Eriosoma mali (Leach, M. S.) — Samoiille. Mijzoxylus
mali — Blot. Schizoneura lanigera — Hartig. Pemphigus pyri
— Fitch. Aphis (Schizoneura) lanigera — Ratz. Eriosoma
lanigera — Ruricola.

Order, Hemiptera ; ^ 17 -i \ ^.^ ^

o 1 ' 1 TT I r aiiiilv, Aphidid.e.

Sub-order, Homopteka ; ) • '

[Living in hollows on the trunk or limbs of apple trees, a
small phmt-louse, which is more or less covered with a white,
cottony matter.]

The presence of this insect can readily be detected from the
appearance of the tree infested ; the l)ranches appear knotty,
the wood dry, hard, and ])rittle, and the general ai)})carance is
that of over-age and decay. Its distriliution may be said to
be general in this State on apple trees, and it is very generall}'
distributed on a})ple nursery stock. The opinions of writers
(lifter as to whether the insect found on the roots, and those
on the trunk and limbs, are the same species, some contending
that they are similar, and that those on the trunk and ])ranches
go to the roots and hibernate during the winter, or deposit
their eggs for the next season's brood, while others contend
that they are distinct species. For the present purpose it is
sufficient to know that one or more species infest our trees.
The climate of California may be favorable to their hibernating
throughout the winter season on the trunks and limbs, as I
have found them in crevices of the l>ark throughout the winter
season, and at the same time finding them on the roots. To
destroy these insects efltectually they must l)e attacked on the
roots, and on the trunk and branches at the same time.

INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE.

57

Fig. 11. Fig. 11.— Woolly

Aphis ; a, an infested
root ; 6, the larva —
color, brown ; c, winged
adult — colors, black
and yellow ; cZ, its leg ;
c, its beak ; /, its an-
tennae ; g, antennae
of the larva (6) — all
higly magnified.

The woolly aphis
(Fig. 11) is of a dark
russet-brown color, with the abdomen covered with a white
down, of a cottony aj^pearance. It is said by some writers that
it can only live on the apple tree. I have found it on the pear
tree, and on pear nursery stock ; also, one colony on a cherry
tree ; and in each case they seemed to thrive well above ground.
This insect is only to be found on the roots, branches, limbs,
and trunks of the trees ; it does not infest the leaves.

When the woolly aphis begins to spread, it appears in
blotches on the trees, of a white cottony appearance, which, if
rubl)ed with the finger, will produce a blood-colored fluid.

Remedies. — For destroying wolly aphis on roots of trees.
No. 39 or No. 40. These remedies should be applied early in
the Fall season, so that the rains will carry the solution to the
roots. No. 40 or 41 may be used, but No. 39 or 40 are prefer-
able.

For destroying wolly aphis on the trunk of the tree, use
No. 43, when the tree is dormant. (Spray).

For destroying wolly aphis on limbs and branches, when
the tree is in leaf, use No. 6, one pound of mixture to each five
quarts (1^ gallons) of water used; or, No. 51. (Spray.)

For destroying wolly aphis on roots of nursery stock
(young apple trees), use No. 42; or. No. 5 or 7, one pound of
mixture to each gallon of water used.

58 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE.

CHAPTER XIX.

Oyster Shell Bark-louse, or Common Apple Scale Insect.

(Aspidiotus Conchiform is — (4melin. )

Synonyms — Mytilaspis pomicorticis — Riley. Aspidiotus pomo-
rum — Bouchc. Mytilaspis pomorvm — Boiiche. Aspidiotus
pyrvs-mnbi.s — Rob.

Order, Hemiptera ; ) -c^ ■^ f>

r. 1 J XT c Family, Coccid.e.

feub-order, Homopteka \)

[The measurements of insects in this work are given in inches and lines. The above cut rep-
resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thereof.)

[A slender, slightly-eurved seale insect, infesting deciduous
fruit trees.]

Tbis s])eeies of scale insect can be found in orchards in
nearly all tbe central counties of California, and is very
destructive to apple trees, and also infests the pear and other
(l('ci(lui)us fruit trees.

Fig. 12. — A piece of
bark infested by Oyster
Shell Bark-lice — colors
of scales, broAvn. yellow
and gray.

This species can be readily distinguished from the other
species of scale insects that infest the apple tree and described
elsewhere in this work. The scale of the female is long and
narrow, and more or less curved, and widened at the posterior
end ; it measures from one line to one and one quarter lines
in length. Color — Dark yellowish-brown ; exuvia\ amber-
yellow.

The scale of the male is smaller than that of the female,
and nearly straight ; it is not so dark in color, and has a mot-
tled appearance.

XATUKAl. HISTORY.

The eggs found under the female scale nuinl'cr from tliirty-
tive to seventy-five: the voung are hatched al»out thf tenth of

INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE.

59

May, and, so far as known at present, there is only one brood
in each year. Larva length, one seventieth of an inch ; color,
pale yellow; form, ovoid; antenna, seven jointed, two anal
setae. In a few days after it is hatched the larva fixes itself
on the wood, leaves or fruit, and perfects its change, or meta-
morphosis, as shown in Fig. 13.

Fig. 13.

Fig. 13. — Oyster Shell Bark-louse, highly magnified. /, the
egg — color, white or yellowish ; 2, the newly hatched larva —
color, yellow ; 3, the larva after becoming fixed ; 4, the scale
after the second plate is formed ; 7, fully formed scale, ventral
view ; -5, ventral view of larva ; 6, adult female — color, pale
yellow ; <?, antenna of the larva (2).

The male (perfect) insect is winged, as shown in Fig. 14.

Fig. 14.

Fig. 14. — Oyster Shell Bark-louse (male), highly magnified;
a, ventral view of winged male — color, gray; /, a joint of his

60 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE.

antenna more highly magnified ; r, a male scale — colors, yellow
and brown ; ?>, a winged male, with Avings expanded — color,
gray ; rf, one of his legs, more highly magnified ; e, upper sur-
face of the wing, more highly magnified.

It has been found very difficult to destroy this species, as
the scale or shell is fastened very securely to the wood, etc. ;
but late experiments have proven that the pest can be eradi-
cated.

Remedies. — When the tree is dormant, use No. 18 — one
pound of the mixture to each gallon of water used. (Spray.)

When the larvae are hatched and the tree is in leaf, use No.
(') — one pound of the mixture to each five quarts (1^ gallons)
of water used ; or, No. 5 or 7 — one pound to cncji gallon of
water used. (Spray.)

CHAPTKK XX.

The San Jose Scale. (Cal.)

(Aspidiotiis pernirioi^ii'^. — Comstock.)

Order, Hemiptera ; ) tt. ■^ /^ ^^
c, , ' 1 TT Familv, CocciD.E.

Sub-order, Ho:moptera ;) " '

[A small, nearly circular, and flattened scale insect infesting
deciduous fruit trees.]

About the year 187o, this species of scale-insect appeared
in San -lose, Santa Clara County; at least, in that year it was
the first noticed by fruit-shi})pers as infesting the fruit.

From that time until 1880 it spread rajtidly, and l)nt little
effort was made to exterminate it. In the Winter of 1S7'.» and
1880, some practical experiments were made which produced
such results as encouraged those who had entered upon the
work to make further efforts. In the Winter of 1881 and 1882,
extensive work was done throughout the infested districts, and
in many cases with excellent success. Unfortunately, in a
nunil)er of cases, solutions were applietl, such as a low grade
of coal oil that was in the market under the name of trrr irash,
which sold at about fourteen cents per gallon : and another

INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE fH

under the name of crude yetroleum; these were recommended
by those who had used them as excellent insecticides.
However, in a few months it was discovered that these solu-
tions contained pernicious properties which were destructive
to plant-life, consequently a large number of trees were de-
stroyed or killed. This dangerous insect has been intro-
duced into many fruit growing districts on nursery stock, and
is found in over twenty counties at the present time (August,
1883). Great progress has been made in perfecting remedies
for the extermination of this pest, so that if the work is thor-
oughly done the orchardist need not fear this most dangerous
of the asjjidiotus scale insects.

The A. permciosus infests all the deciduous fruit trees, except-
ing, perhaps, the Black Tartarian Cherry ; it has also been
found on the currant bush, and on tomatoes grown in the
vicinity of infested trees. It also infests the poplar, osage
orange, wild cherry, eucalyptus and other ornamental trees
and shrubs.

NATURAL HISTORY.

The females of the family coccidai, to which the genus asp't-
dlotus belongs, are described by Westwood as follows : "That
without referring to their singular habits we find some of them
on arriving at their last state are not only wingless, but also
footless and antennseless, and in which all appearance of
annulose structure is lost — the creature, in fact, becoming an
inert mass of animal matter — a slender seta arising from the
breast and thrust into the stem, or leaf, or fruit on which the
animal is fixed, being the only external 'appendage of the
body."

Prof. Comstock, in speaking of the metamorphosis of the sub-
family diaspinx, to which- the genus aspidiotas belongs, says
that " members undergo a remarkable change at the time of
the first molt, losing their legs and antenme, and thus becom-
ing apparently less highly organized than in the larval state."

DESCRIPTION.

The scale of the female is circular, and in color blackish
gray, excepting the exuviae in the center, which is of a deep

62

I.W'yECTS 1SFESTIN(J THE APPLE TREE.

FiL'. 16.

straw color ; sometimes it lias a reddish hue ; it measures from
one line to one and a quarter lines in diameter. The scale of
the male is oval in outline, and nearly black with the exuvise
between the center and the anterior margin of the scale, but is
darker in color, and more obscure than that of the female.

The female insect (Fig. 15), is primrose yellow, and some-
times ochre yellow in color, and measures about half a line in
diameter. Each female j^roduces from thirty-five to fiftv eo'O's.
[Fig. ]."). — San Jose Scale, insect (adult female j
enlarged.]

[Fig. 1(). — Larva of San h)^v
Scale,enlarged, ventral vicw.j

The larvie (Fig. KJ), are yel-
lowish, form oval, antennae six
jointed, two anal seta% length
about one seventy-lifth (1-75) of
an inch. The larva creeps around for two or
three days, then finding a suitable place it fast-
ens itself to the wood (Fig. 17), leaf, or fruit (Fig. IS), and
undergoes its change, or metamorphods.
[Fig. 17. — Portion of a
^&- ^ ' • 1 )ranch infested by San
.Jose Scales.]

[Fig. 18. — A pear infest-
ed by San Jose Scales.]

The male insect
(Fig. 19), (perfect), is
Avinged ; Avings nearly
transparent — color, body

(-■jV-'^i light amber, with dark ||;®
|V«l[|]!'oi markings; antenna' ten-
, ^o'. ** i; jointed (hairy); poste-
rior stylet nearly as
long as the body. Pupa of male
insect (Fig. 20), fifteen days after the scale is formed ; Fig. 21,
thirty-five days after the scale is formed. The sting or bite
of the female insect jjroduces a dark red mark on the wood
or fruit.

Fig. 18.

INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE THEE.

Fjff. 20. Ficr. 21

63

Fig. 19.

[Fig. 19. — Sau Jose Scale, insect (adult
male) enlarged.]

Fig. 20. — Pupa of San Jose Scale, insect
enlarged.

Fig. 21. — San Jose Scale, insect (male pupa) enlarged.
This species produces three broods each year ; the first may
be expected about the time that cherries begin to color, the
second in July, and the third in October.

Remedies. — When the tree is dormant, use No. 11, No. 12.
Or No. 13 — seven pounds of the mixture to each eight gallons
of water. (The latter is preferable.) (Spray.)

When the tree is in leaf use No. 6 — one pound of mixture
to each five quarts of water (or 1:^ gallons) — or No. 5, or No. 7.
Caution. — Beware of mineral oils.

CHAPTER XXI.

The Greedy Scale Insect. (Cal.)
(Aspidiotus rapax — Comstock. )

Order, Hemiptera ;
Sub-order, Homoptera ;

Faniilv, Coccid.e.

[Infesting apple, pear, quince, peach, plum, apricot, almond,
and olive trees ; also, acacia, willow, eucalyptus, locust, and
other ornamental and forest trees.]

This species was given the specific name rapax, or Greedy
Scale, by Prof. J. H. Comstock, in 1881, on account of the
great number of plants upon which it subsists. I found it
on the fruit trees at Santa Cruz, in May, 1881, and wrote of it
under the common name, Santa Cruz Scale, but have since
found that.it is generally distributed throughout the fruit dis-

64

INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE.

Fig. 22.

tricts of California. It infests the wood (limbs and branches),
foliage, and fruit of deciduous trees, including the peach, apri-
cot, plum, almond, quince, and fig, and especially the apple,
pear, and olive. In some cases apples and pears were so
infested with this scale as to destroy their market value. The
acacia, willow, eucalyptus, locust, etc., are also its food plants.

NATURAL HISTORY.

Fig. 22 represents a portion of a brancli infested by Greedy
Scales ; at the left are two of the scales,
enlarged — colors, gray or yellowish, and
brown.

The scale of the female is nearly circular,
or slightly oval ; yellowish in color when it
covers a living, mature insect, but is gener-
ally a light gray. Th(^ full-grown speci-
mens measure nearly one line in diameter,
and its form is more convex than the other
species of aspidiotus described in this work ;
the c^uvia^ is between the center and one
side, or edge, of the scale. Eggs, ovate —
color, yellow.

[Fig. 23. — Larva of Greedy Scale, enlarged ;
ventral view.]

[Fig. 24. — Female Greedy Scale Insect, en-
larged.]

Larva (Fig. 23) — color, yellow;

.-,,.,-., . length, one-eightieth of an inch;

TT antenna?, six-jointed ; two anal

/ * setre.

Female full grown (Fig. 24) is circular in form —

color, yellow, with clear or nearly transparent

blotches. She deposits from thirty-five to eighty eggs.

Male (perfect) insect, winged. (I have not been able to pro-
cure a perfect specimen.) There are probably two broods each
year, as I have found the eggs in May and August.

Use remedies as described for San Jose Scale {A.penticloxKei),
Chap. XX.

Fig. 23.

Fig. 24.

rNSECT.S INFESTING THE APPLE TREE.

65

CHAPTER XXII.

The Round-headed Apple-tree Borer.

( Saperda Candida — Fabricius.)

Synonym. — Saperda bivittata — Say.

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Cerambycid.e.

[The measurenients of insects in this work are g-iven in inches and lines. The above cut rep-
resents one inch divided into lines and fractions tifiereof.]

[Boring into the trunks of apple, pear, . (juince, and sim-
ilar trees, a nearly cylindrical, yellowish-white, footless grub,
which is finally changed into a beetle of a brownish color, hav-
ing two white stripes on its back].

The greater number of injurious insects live exposed upon
the plants which they attack ; l)ut there are several kinds which
live concealed from view in the stems or branches of various
kinds of plants, shrubs, and trees, and thus hidden from view,
they carr}^ on their silent work of destruction. Prominent
among this latter class is the round-headed apple-tree borer,
which is found over the greater part of the United States.

Fit?. 25.

[Fig. 25. — Round-headed Apple-tree Borer; <(, the larva —
color, yellowish-white ; 6, the pupa — color, yellowish-white ; c,
the beetle — colors, brown and white.]

The beetles, or perfect insect (Fig. 25c) first make their
appearance a few weeks after the apple tree has put forth its

66 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE.

leaves. They soon pair, and in the course of a few days the
females deposit their eggs. This operation consumes consider-
able time, so that about three months elapse before all of the
beetles have finished depositing their eggs.

The latter are commonly deposited in the crevices of the
bark, and usually near the surface of the ground, but some-
times they are placed in the axil of the lower branches, or the
place where the branches start out from the trunk. In about
a fortnight, from each of these eggs is hatched a minute, foot-
less grub of a whitish color, with a yellowish head. These
grubs eat their way obliquely downward tlirough the bark, and
for the first year of their lives they live upon tlie inner bark or
sapwood, forming flat, shallow cavities. In their passage
through the bark they push their excrements and refuse
through the opening of their luirrow, and being of a glutinous
nature, it collects around the mouth of the burrow in a small
mass, which, being usually of an orange color, is readily detected
by the experienced eye. The following season the borer enlarges
its burrow, pushing its castings out of the openings of its bur-
row in pellets, reseml)ling in sha])o a grain of oats, but larger.
These arc commonly found in pairs, lying jnirallel, with their
points toward the tree.

During this, the last Summer and Fail of their lives, they do
their principal damage by widening their burrows on every side,
destroying the alburnum deposited the year before, and often
the layer under it. If there is only one in a tree at this age,
and the tree is not more than one inch and a half in diam-
eter, the borer usually kills it by girdling entirelv around it,
except about one fourth of an inch, on one side. One liorer in
a large tree does not nuiterially injure it, but generally in such
trees there are from two to five, and they girdle all around to
within one fourth of an inch of each other's burrow, and thus
kill the tree.

The borer or larva (Fig. 25a) during the last Fall of its life,
eats voraciously until cold weather sets in, when it carefully
hofises itself away until the following Spring. As soon as the
weather becomes mild, it begins to cut a cylindrical burrow
from three to six lines long, usually up the trunk of the tree,
but sometinu's dinn'tly through it, ending it just under the

INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 67

outside bark, leaving the bark about the thickness of writing
paper ; it then draws back about an inch, places some coarse
chips before and behind it, and soon assumes the pupa form.
(Fig. 256). After remaining in this state for from two to six
weeks, it is changed to a beetle, which soon afterwards gnaws
a hole through the bark that covers the end of its Inirrow, and
thus effects its escape. The head of this grub is small, horny,
and brown ; the first ring or segment is much larger than the
others ; the next two are very short, as are also the eleventh
and twelfth ; the rings, from the fourth to the tenth, inclusive,
are each furnished on the upper side with two fleshy warts,
which are situated close together, and are destitute of the rasp-
like teeth which are usually found on the grubs of the other
kinds of borers ; no appearance of legs can be seen, even with
a magnifying glass of high power. When fully grown, it meas-
ures about one inch in length.

The beetle, or perfect insect, measures from six to nine lines,
or one half to three fourths of an inch in length, and is of a
cinnamon-brown color, marked with two white stripes, which
extend from the head to the tips of the wing-cases ; the face,
antennic, and legs are white, the antennae being nearly as long
as the body.

Remedy. — Use No. 37.

CHAPTER XXIII.

The Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer. (Cal.)

( Chrysobothris femorata — Fabricius.)

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Buprestid^.

[Boring into the trunks of apple, pear, peach, and simi-
lar trees ; a pale, yellowish, footless grub, ha\'ing the forepart
of the body greatly widened and flattened ; Anally transform-
ing into a greenish-black or bronze colored beetle, which is
copper-colored on the under side.] ^

While the round-headed apple-tree borer, S. hivitata (Fig.
25), usually infests healthy, growing trees, the present species
seems to prefer those which are more or less diseased, in such

68 rXSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE.

places where the bark is bruised, sunburned or dead, on which
account it is not to be so much dreaded as the round-headed
species.

The flat-headed apple-tree borer first makes its appearance
in the month of April or May, soon after which it dei)osits
its eggs ; these are usually deposited in crevices or beneath
the loose bark, several of them being not unfrequently
found together. They are of an uvoidal shape, pale yellow,
irregularly ribbed, wih one end flattened. The young larvae
hatched from these gnaw their way through the bark until
they reach the green cambium layer, and gradually extend
their broad and flattened channels beneath the bark. At
length, when thoy have grown stronger and their jaws firmer,
they bore into the more solid wood of the tree, working
upward until about to undergo their transformations, when
they cut a passage to the outside, leaving a thin covering at
the surface through which the beetle (Fig. 26) afterwards
forces its way. It is su])])ost'd to pass through its various
changes with inthe course of one year. The grub or larva
(Fig. 27) of the borer measures nearly nine lines or three
fourths of an inch in length, when full grown, and is of a pale
yellow color; it is entirely destitute of feet, and the second
segment is very broad and flattened, by which character this
grub may at once be distinguished from that of the round-
headed borer (Fig. 2.5a). The beetle measures al^out six lines,
or one half an inch in length, and is of a dark, dull, greenish
color with a strong, coppery luster, which is deepest on the
forehead and at the tip of the wing cases ; the head is sunken
up to the eyes in the thorax. On each wing-case are two
irregular impressed spots, wliieh are generally of a deeper
green or coppery color than the surrounding surface, and
sometimes appearing double. The under side and limbs are of
a brilliant copper color. The portion of the abdomen covered
by the wing cases is a light, blue-green.

INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE.

69

Fig. 26. — Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer — color, dark gray or
dull greenish.

Fig. 26.

Fig. 27.

Fig. 28.

Fig. 27. — Larva of Flat-headed Apjjle-tree Borer ; a, the
larva ; c, the underside of the head and forepart of the body —
color, white.

Fig. 28. — Pupa of Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer — color, white.

Remedy.— Use No. 37.

CHAPTER XXIV.

The Apple-twig- Borer.

( BostrichvM bira u dutii.s. — Say. )
Synonym — Amphiccrus ( Bostrirhiis) bicaudatus.

Order, Coleopteka ; Family, Ptixid.e.

[Living in grapevines, a small, whitish, nearly cylindrical,
grub, which is thickest anteriorly ; finally transforming into
a brown l^eetle which burrows in the twigs of the apple, pear
and peach trees.]

The natural history of this insect has never been clearly
traced. Dr. Shinier states that he bred it from the larva found
burrowing out the central pith of a grapevine, while other
authors contend that it spends its larval stage in some forest
tree, and that the beetle forms a burrow into the grapevines,
apple-twigs (Fig. 29), etc., merely for the purpose of getting

Fig. 29.

a sheltered place in which to
pass the Winter.

Fig. 29. — Twigs showing
burrows of apple-twig borer ;
c, the entrance ; d, the bur-
row cut open.

70 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE.

The beetles (Fig. 30) are found in their burrows from early
Fall till late in the following Spring. They measure from four
to five lines, or about three eighths of an inch in length ; are
of a dark brown color, the thorax nearly black, and the ante-
rior half is covered with spine-like points ; at the apex of each
Fig. 30. "^ ^^^^ wing-covers of the male is a little horn

from which the species derives the specific
name: bicaudatus, or two-tailed.

Fig. 30. — Apple-twig " Borer ; back view and
side view — color, brown.
Remedies. — If seriously infested, when the tree is dormant,
use Nos. 11 and 12 — one pound to each gallon of water used.
(Spray.) In the Spring when the tree is in leaf, use No. 5 or
7 — one pound to each gallon of water used. This will prevent
the insect from })oring into the tree. Also, prune as directed
in No. 27.

CHAPTER XXV.

The Prickly Bark Beetle.

( Leptostijlus aculifcnis. — Say. )

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, CEKAMByrirxE.

Living under the bark of apple trees, small, whitish, foot-
less grubs, similar in appearance to the young apple tree
borers, occurring sometimes in multitudes, forming, long, nar-
row, Avinding burrows upon the outer surface of the wood,
these burrows becoming broader as the worm increases in size ;
finally transforming into a rather short and thick brownish gray
beetle (Fig. 31) with small prickle-like points upon its wing-cov-
• ers, and back of their middle is a white curved, or V-shaped band,
„^ with a black streak on its hind edge ; length from
three to four lines, or about one third of an inch. The
perfect insect appearing the last of August. — Fitch.

Fig. 31. — Prickly Bark Beetle — colors gray and
)lack.

Pkmkdv. — I'se soap as directed in No. 37, in .Inly or early
in August.

INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 71

CHAPTER XXVI.

The Gray Bark Eating Weevil. (Cal.)

( Thricolepis simulator. — Horn.)

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Curculionid.e.

[A small, light grayish snout beetle, feeding upon the bark
of the small branches or twigs of apple trees early in the
Spring.]

Early last Spring (1883), specimens were received from fruit
growing districts located at least one hundred and fifty miles
apart, of a small, light grayish colored weevil, reported as eat-
ing the bark and buds of apple trees.

This beetle (Fig. 32, Plate 1,) measures from one and one
half to one and three fourth lines in length ; the color is
grayish brown, but is covered with fine white scales, giving it
a light grayish color. The larvae probabl}^ feed on the roots
of plants, but as this species is only reported this Spring its
natural history is not known to me.

Remedies. — Early in the Spring spray trees infested the pre-
vious year with No. 5 or 7 ; repeat in two weeks. This will
prevent the beetle from eating the bark.

CHAPTER XXVII.

The Buffalo Tree-hopper.

( Ceresa bubalus. — Fabricius.)

Order, Hemiptera ; } t^, ■■, at^,,^^

c 1 ' 1 TT ( Familv, Membracid^.

Sub-order, Homoptera ; ) • '

[Living upon the twigs of the apple, peach, apricot, almond
and plum trees ; a green leaf-hopper, shaped something like a
beechnut, with two short spines jutting out horizontally from
each side of the anterior end, having some resemblance to the
horns of a bull or buffalo.]

72

INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE.

These insects obtain their nourishment b}- puncturing the
twigs with their beaks and imbibing the sap.

-p- gg Fig. 33. — Buffah) Tree-hopper — color, green ;

rt, side view ; h, ])ack view.

Fig. 35.

Fig. 34. — Eggs of Buffah) Tree-liopper ; a. an egg, highly
magnified ; 6, eggs natural size in a twig.

Fig. 35. — Larva and pupa of Bufialo Tree-
hopper, enlarged ; a, the larva — color brown-
ish ; h, the pupa — color greenish ; f, the ovi-
positor of the adult female, magnified.

From specimens of this insect (Fig. 33),
and branches containing eggs (Fig. 34), re-
ceived from several places in this State, and
also from the State of Nevada, I am inclined
to think that from eight to tAvelve eggs are
laid in each puncture.
The young (Fig. 35) hatch in May.
Rkmedies. — No. 28 and No. 25.

CHAPTER XXVITI.

The Cicada, or Harvest Fly
Order, Hemiptkra ; /

Suli-order, Ho^mopteka ; \

l'';illlil\-, ClCADlD.E.

[.Making small slits in the undi'r sidr of the lower branches
of the apple, cherry, and similar trees, and depositing therein
a row of pcarl-Avhite eggs; a large, four-winged tly, the liody
marked with greenish.]

These insects are usually of a large size, their wings e.\i)and-
ing from two to three inches. The males have a curious
drum-like arrangement on each side of the body, behind the
wings. It consists of convex instiunients of tine parchment,

INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE.

73

the

which are acted upon by small muscles ; when these mus-
cles contract and relax, which they do with great rapidity,
the drum-heads are alternately tightened and loosened, pro-
ducing a rattling noise, Hke that caused by a succession of
quick pressures upon a convex piece of tin-plate. The body of
the female is provided with a piercer, with which she makes
numerous small slits in the under side of the branches (Fig.
36d,) of various shrubs and trees. The branches thus muti-
lated usually die back to the place where the slit nearest the
trunk occurs, and are frequently broken off by the wind.

Fig. 36. — Seventeen-year Locusts, pupa and eggs ; a,
pupa— color. Fig. 36.

y ello wi sh -
brown ; h, the
cast pupa skin;
cZ, a punctured
twig, contain-
ing eggs ; e, two
of the eggs re-
moved from
the twig — col-
or, yellowish ;
c, the adult, or
perfect insect —
colors, black-
ish, and dull
orange.

As soon as hatched, the young grub enters the earth, but
this is as far as its history is known with any degree of cer-
tainty, except that when about to be changed into a perfect
insect it comes out of the earth and ascends a plant (Fig. 36&),
to which it attaches itself firmly by means of its hooked claws.
In a short time the skin on its back splits open and the
included insect issues in its perfect or winged form.

Some kinds are known to live for thirteen and even seven-
teen years in the larva state. They do not pass through a
quiet pupa state as butterflies and many other insects are
6

74 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE.

known to do, but remain active from the time they issue from
the eggs (Fig. 36e) until they die of old age, or some other
cause.

A small species of Cicada is found in California, infesting
apple trees. The larva is about one inch in length, when full
grown ; the pupa is from seven to ten lines in length ; and
only finding a skeleton of the perfect insect, a correct descrip-
tion can not be given. Its natural history and habits are evi-
dently the same as the (7. septemdecim, excepting the time it
takes to mature the perfect insect, which at present can not be
stated reliably. They were found at Dutch Flat, in Placer
County, and are probably the Cicada novseboracensis.

Since writing the above, I am informed that a specimen has
been taken at Anaheim, Los Angeles County.

Remedies. — No. 25 and No. 28.

CHAPTER XXIX.

Canker Worms. (Cal.)
Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Phal.enid.^.

[Feeding upon the leaves of the apple, cherry, and various
other trees ; yellowish or dark colored span-worm, provided
with ten or twelve legs].

There are three specious of span-worms (geometers), which
are commonly called "Canker Worms." (The Spring Canker
Worm, Chapter XXXII. Anisoptcryx vernata — Peck; Paha-
crita vernata — Riley) ; the Fall Canker Worm, Chapter XXX.
Anisoptcryx pometaria — Harris; Anisoptcryx autumnata —
Packard) ; and the Yellow Canker Worm (Chapter XXXI.
Hihcrnia tiliaria — Harris). The females of these species are
wingless.

NATURAL HISTORY.

The eggs are deposited on the trees by the female moth.
A. pometaria and H. tiliaria deposit their eggs in the latter
part of December, and in January ; these are hatched about the
time the apple tree has ])ut forth its leaves.

INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE.

75

The young caterpillars commence to feed on the new foliage,
and in four or five weeks they attain their full growth ; they
then descend to the ground, which they enter to a depth of
several inches ; here each caterpillar forms a small cell, in
which to pass the pupa stage. The A. vernata deposits her
eggs early in the Spring ; the caterpillars attain their growth
in four or five weeks, and then enter the ground to pass the
pupa state.

Use remedies as directed in Chapter XXXII — No. 10 or No.
89. (See note. Remedy No. 10).

CHAPTER XXX.

Fall Canker Worm.

(Ayiisopteryx pometaria — Harris ; Anisopteryx aiUumnata —

Packard.)

Fig. 37. — Fall Canker Worm ; e, cluster of eggs ; a, side

Fig. 37.

view of one of the eggs,
enlarged ; b, view of up-
per end of same, en-
larged ; /, the worm —
color, olive-green, with
brown stripe and white
lines ; c, side view of a
segment of its body, en-
larged ; d, back view of
the same enlarged ; g, female pupa — color, brown ; h, tip of
same enlarged.

The caterpillar of this species (Fig. 37/) is about one inch
in length, and is provided with twelve legs — the pair on the
eighth segment are very short ; color, body pale greenish,
marked on the back with a brown stripe (Fig. 37rf), and with
three white lines on each side of the body (Fig. 37c) ; below
the spiracles is a brownish line, and below this a white line ;
the under, or ventral parts, are of a pale flesh color ; head,
brown ; larva, when newly hatched, pale olive-green ; head
and cervical-shield pale.

76

INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE.

Pupa. — On entering the ground the caterpillar spins a cocoon
composed of silk, interwoven with particles of earth ; in this
cocoon it changes to a pujia (Fig. 37f/ and Fig. 38) in four or
five weeks, and in this state it remains until the Fall.

Fig. 38.— Pupjc of Fall Canker Worms,
enlarged ; a, the male-; 6, female — color,
brown ; at the left of each is shown the
anal projection, as seen from below, en-
larged.

(^C^-/- \r^ IMAGO, OR PERFECT INSECT.

Toward the latter part of December,
or early in January, the perfect insects (Fig. 39, a and h),
emerge from the ground ; the wingless females (Fig 396) climb
up the trees and lodge upon the branches, where the}' deposit
their eggs in batches of from seventy-five to two hundred (Fig.
37c) ; they are placed side by side in regular roAvs, and can be
readily recogniized as belonging to this species, as they are flat
upon the top, and marked with a brown ring or circle (Fig. 37,
a and h). The eggs are generally deposited close to the bud,
or in a crotcli or ind'mt of some kind.

Fig. 39.— Fall Canker-
worm Motlis ; o, the
male moth — color,
brownish-gray ; 6, the
female moth — color,
dark ash-gray ; c, several
joints of her antennas,
enlarged ; c/, a segment of her body, enlarged.

Female Moth (Fig. 396) — color, dark ash-gray: l)0(ly and
legs smooth, and of a uniform color ; antennse over fifty jointed.
Male (Fig. 39a) — color, broAvnish gray — sometimes darker ;
the fore-Avings are crossed by two whitish bands ; the outer
band is suddenly bent inward near the fore edge of the wing,
forming a pale, quadrate spot ; in some these bands are Avant-
ing, but in such cases the pale spot is nearly ahvays present ;
expands one inch and three lines.

Remedies.— No. 32. No. 10, or No. 89. (See Remedy No. 10.)

Fig. 39.

INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 77

CHAPTER XXXI.

The Yellow Canker Worm. (Cal.)
(Hibernia tiliaria — Harris.)

The caterpillar (Fig. 40, Plate 1) of this species is about one
inch and three lines in length, and is provided with ten legs.
Color — body yellow, marked on the back with ten black lines,
which sometimes impart a bluish tinge to the ground color ;
under or ventral parts, yellowish-white ; head, yellowish-
brown.

Pupa. — On entering the ground the caterpillar forms a cell,
which it lines with a few silken threads, thus forming a
cocoon. In from ten to fourteen days it changes to a pupa, in
which state it remains until the following Fall.

IMAGO, OR PERFECT INSECT.

Female Moth (Fig. 41, Plate 1) — Color, whitish, dotted with
black, and marked with two rows of black spots, and with a
row of smaller black spots on each side of the body ; the legs
are ringed with black and white ; the body is about half an
inch (six lines) in length. The eggs are deposited in crevices
and beneath the loose bark. Male moth (Fig. 42, Plate 1),
fore-wings yellowish, dotted with brown, and crossed by two
wavy brown lines, the line nearest the body being often indis-
tinct. In the space between these lines there is usually a brown
dot, placed nearest the front edge of the wing. The hind wdngs
are pale-yellowish, with usually a brown dot near the center of
each ; expands about one inch and nine lines.

Use remedies as directed in Chapter XXXII — No. 10 or No.
89. (See note. Remedy No. 10).

78

INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE.

CHAPTER XXXII.

Fijr. 43.

Spring Canker Worm.

(Anisopteryx vernata — Peck. Paleacrita vernata — Riley.)

The caterpillar of this species (Fig. 43a) is nearly one inch
in length, and is provided with ten legs. Color — body green-
ish, marked on each side with four Avhitish lines (Fig. 43c),
the two lowest further apart than the others ; head mottled
and pale on the top, and marked on the top with two pale
transverse lines. The larva, when young, is dark green or
brown, the head black.

Fig. 43. — Spring Canker Worm ; a

the worm — color, olive-green with

paler stripes ; c, a side view, and d a

back view of one segment of its body,

enlarged ; h, an egg, enlarged ; a small

cluster of the natural size to the right.

Pupa. — On entering the ground the caterpillar

forms a cell which it lines with a very few silken

threads, thus forming a cocoon ; in a few days it

changes to the pujni state (Fig. 44) in which it

remains until the following Spring.

Fig. 44. — Female pupa of Spring Canker Worm
enlarged — color, brown.

IMAGO, OR PERFECT INSECT

Female moth (Fig. Abb) — color, pale gray, marked on the
back with a black stripe, which is sometimes divided in the
center by a whitish line or a row of whitish dots ; legs ringed
with black and gray ; length of body, from four to six lines.

Fig. 45. — Spring Can-

rig.44.

Fig. 45.

ker Worm Moth ; a, the
male moth- color, brown-
ish-gray ; b, female moth
— c o 1 o r, pale-gray, a
darker stripe on the back ;
c, three joints of her

INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 79

antenna, enlarged ; d, one of her abdominal segments,
enlarged ; e, her ovipositor, enlarged.

The eggs (Fig. 436) are deposited in irregular masses and
secreted ; they are elliptic-ovoid in form and can be readily
distinguished from the eggs of the other species by the delicate
shell being irregularly punctured.

Male (Fig. Aba) — color, brownish-gray; the fore-wings are
crossed b}'' three jagged, dark colored lines, which are most
distinct Avhere they cross the larger veins, and at the front
edge of the wing, where they divide the wing into four parts of
nearly equal width ; near the outer edge the wings are crossed
by a pale, jagged band, which terminates at the apex, at which
place there is a dark dash. Expands one inch and three lines.

Remedies. — As directed in Nos. 22, 10 or 89. (See note,
Remedy No. 10.)

CHAPTER XXXIII.

DeLong's Caterpillar. (Cal.)

( Clisiocampa constricta. — Stretch.)

Order. Lepidoptera : Family, Bombycid.e.

[The measurements of insects in this woik aie yi\en in inches and lines. The above cut rep-
resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thereof.]

[Living upon apple and plum trees ; a strij^ed, slightly
hairy, sixteen-legged caterpillar.]

The common name, DeLong's Caterpillar, is given this spe-
cies, as previous to 1883 it was only found, in this State, at
the Novato orchard, of which Mr. DeLong is the proprietor.
In the early part of the month of May, 1881, the caterjaillars of
this moth infested the apple and plum trees in such numbers
as to threaten the destruction of the entire crop of twenty
thousand of the former and five hundred of the latter. The
caterpillar (similar to Fig. 55) is one inch and nine lines in
length, nearly three lines in diameter, and is full grown by the
twelfth day of May. The body is sparingly clothed with soft
and short hair, rather thicker and longer on the sides than

80 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE.

elsewhere. The head is dark brown on each side, and dark
brown above, leaving an inverted Y mark in the middle and
front," and having much the appearance of a goblet, as one
looks from above. The frontal mark is jet black, edged with
a white stripe across and over the mouth parts and on each
side of the inverted Y. The ground color of the upper part
of the bod}^ is evidently light blue, with a dorsal row of oval
orange spots, one on each segment ; two sub-dorsal orange
lines ; also, two lateral orange lines. Between the sub-dorsal
lines is a number of crinkled black and orange lines ; between
the sub-dorsal and lateral lines the space is blue, slightly-
variegated with fine orange and black lines intermingled. The
lower part of the body and feet are dusky blue, with crinkled,
orange and black irregular lines, and an amber-colored ring
around base of pro-legs. The caterpillars do not make a tent
or web, although they live in colonies on the tree.

Fig. 46. — Cocoon spun by cater- pjg. 46.

pillar of DeLong's Moth — color, .^, -. — =b^

yellowish.

The caterpillars spin their co- . \ .: _«

coons (Fig. 46) in folded leaves
(Fig. 47) of the trees on which
they feed, and on fences and build-
ings in the vicinity of trees which they have stripped of foliage.

Fig. 47.— Fold-
^Il^iL.^ ed leaf contain-

ing cocooon of
DeLong's Moth.
Pupa . — Pupa
elongate, poste-
riorly attenuated,
inclosed in a loose silken web, suffused Avith fine yellow pow-
der. The moth appears in about sixteen days, or about the
twenty-eighth of May ; is reddish brown, with two transverse
rust-brown nearly straight parallel lines on the fore-wings.

INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE

81

Fig. 48.— DeLong's Moth (male)— col-
ors, light and dark brown.

Male (Fig. 48) antennae, short, curved,
moderately bipectinated in both sexes,
the pectinations gradually decreasing in
length to the apex, and shortest in the
females ; thorax, robust ; pilose, (hairy) ;

abdomen, elongate — robust in female, and tufted in both;
femur (thigh) and tibia (shin) hairy. The male insect expands
one inch and three lines, the female one inch and six to'seven
lines. The female is lighter in color than the male.

Fig. 49.— DeLong's Moth (fe-
male)— colors, light and dark
brown.

The female moth (Fig. 49) lays
her eggs — two to three hundred
in number — in rows around the
new growth of wood (Fig. 50),
and covers them with an apparent water-proof substance to
protect them through the Winter season.

Fig. 49.

Fig. 50.

»^

Fig. 50. — Eggs of DeLong's
Moth — color, reddish brown.

About the time the leaves are
unfolding in the Spring, the
young hatch and feed on the foliage and young fruit. Mr.
DeLong had a block of two thousand apple trees completely
stripped of fruit and foliage by these caterpillars.

METHOD ADOPTED BY MR. DE LONG FOR DESTROYING THE
CATERPILLARS.

He placed a band of butter-cloth, about four inches wdde,
covered with tallow, on the trees about two feet above the
ground. He discovered that the caterpillars could form
bridges over the tallow, especially at night. Over the tallow
he placed soft lard, which proved effective. Men with brooms
swept the caterpillars off the trunks, limbs, and branches of
the trees. The caterpillars attempted to ascend the trees
again, but would not cross the greased band. On every tree
they gathered in such immense numbers between the bands

82

rNSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE.

Fig. 5].

and the ground, that they were easily destroyed by the use of
clubs. By these means the crop of twenty thousand trees was
secured from their ravages, although the orchard was not
entirely cleaned.

GATHERIXG THE EGGS.

In the month of January, 1882, men were employed to pick
the rings of eggs deposited on the branches, and succeeded in
collecting eggs which would have produced sixty millions of
caterj^illars. The cost of collecting the eggs was one dollar
and fifty cents per ounce. One ounce of the rings represented
one hundred and fifty thousand eggs.

NATURAL REMEDIES.

In 1881, many cocoons were found infested by the larva of
a Tachina fly (Fig. 51).

Fig. 51.— Tachina Fly {Ta-
china don/phora) — colors, gray
and l)lack.

In 1882, a small fly belonging
to the Braconinx (Fig. 51a,
Plate 1), a sub-family of the
IcltneiDiwnidx, made its appear-
ance and destroyed the cater-
I)illars hatched from the eggs
that escaped the egg gatherers.
At the present writing (May,
1883), Mr. DcLong cannot llnd any of tlie caterpillars of this
species in his orchard. Tlie full description of the work done
in this case is given to prove what can Ije done in destroying
insect pests. Mr. DeLong's apple crop produces a revenue of
thirty thousand dollars annually. Rather than to allow the
caterpillars to destroy his crop, he exterminated them at a
cost of about two thousand dollars.

ReiDorts say that this species has been found this season in
one of the Bay counties.

Remedies. — As described above. See Xos. 23 and 29.

INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE.

83

CHAPTER XXXIV.

Orchard Tent Caterpillar. (Cal.)

(^Clisiocampa Americana. — Harris.)

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Bombycid.e.

[Living on apple, cherry and oak trees ; a striped sixteen-
legged caterpillar, sparingly clothed with hairs on the sides of

the body.]

This insect infests apple trees, and is also found on cherry
trees. Its presence can be easily detected by the web-like
nests found on trees which they infest, and from which the
insect derives its common name — Tent Caterpillar.

Fig. 52. — 0 r c h a r d
Fig. 52, a and b.

Tent Caterpillar; a
and I), the caterpil-
lars— c o 1 o r s , black,
yellow, white and
blue ; c, the eggs (poor
figure ; Fig. 54 is more
accurate) ; d, the co-
coon-color, yellowish
white.

The caterpillar (Fig.

52, a and 6,) is about

two inches in length,

and nearly three lines

in d i a m e t e r ; head

black, frontal mark

\ inverted Y, same as

DeLong's caterpillar

{Clisiocampa constric-

ta); ground color of

back apparently

brownish-black.

A dorsal hne of a yellowish-white color extends the whole

length of the insect, on each side of which, on a yellowish or

orange ground, are black crinkled lines, which on the sides

84

INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE.

form a black lateral line, or when the caterpillar is stretched
appears as. a large black spot on the side of each segment ; in
the center of these spots is a small bluish mark ; below this is
a yellow (orange) line, and lower are five crinkled lines, yellow
and black. Ventral parts a dark, dusky color ; on one of the
posterior segments is a small blackish wart. The body is
clothed with soft short hairs, rather thicker on the sides than
on the back and ventral parts. When full grown it spins a
cocoon (Fig. 52rfj, in which it undergoes its transformations.
Pupa. — The pupa state is from fourteen to sixteen days.

MOTH.

Ficr. 53.

Fig. 54.

Fig. o4.--Eggs of Orcliard Tent
Caterpillar — color, brown.

Fig. 53. — Female Moth of Orchard Tent Caterpillar — (some-
times called the American Lackey Moth) — colors, yellowish or
reddish-brown and white.

The moth (Fig. 53) differs but little in appearance from the
C. constricta; the color is somewhat lighter ; the lines on the
fore-wings are more oblique, and the apex shorter. In some
specimens the band between the lines of the fore-wing are dark,
or of the same color as the base and apex ; in others it is very
light, or what may be termed a dirty white. The perfect insects
appear about the latter part of May. They deposit their eggs
(Fig. 54) on the branches on which they feed, and cover them
with a secretion to pi'otect them in the Winter season. The
young caterpillars hatch about the time the leaves open. This
species can be exterminated by picking off and destroying the
bunches of eggs before the tree leaves out, and by picking off
and destroying tents when made ; or the latter may be burned
with their occupants, at such hours of the day as the caterijil-
lars are at rest. A torch made of rags bound upon a pole and
saturated with kerosene is a useful weapon for this kind of
warfare.

Remedies as above described. Also, see Nos. 23, 29 and 31.

INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE.

85

CHAPTER XXXV.

The Forest Tent Caterpillar. (Cal.)

{Clisiocam.pa sylvatica. — Harris.)

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Bombycid^.

[Feeding upon the leaves of the apple, oak, cherry, and vari-
ous other trees, a bluish, slightly hairy caterpillar, sprinkled
all over with black dots, and with a row of oval or diamond-
shaped white spots on the back.]

When young, these caterpillars live in communities under a
web which is spun against the trunk of one of the larger
branches of the tree, but as they grow older they disperse and
live singly, unprotected by a web.

Fig. 55. Fig. 55.— Forest Tent

Caterpillar-colors, bluish-
gray, white and yellow.

When fully grown (Fig.
do) they measure about
one inch and six lines in length ; they then seek some shel-
tered place in which to spin their cocoons, Avhich are filled
with a yellow, mealy powder.

The moths appear early in June ; their forewings are of a
grayish color, crossed by two parallel broAvn lines, the whole
space between them sometimes being of the same dark brown
color ; the male moth expands about an inch and three lines,
while the female expands about an inch and nine lines.

Fig. oQ. — Moth and eggs

Fig. 56.

of Forest Tent Caterpil-
lar ; a, the eggs — color,
brown ; c, an egg highly
magnified, top view ; d,
three eggs highly magni-
fied, side view ; b, the fe-
male moth — color, brown-
ish-3"ellow.

The female (Fig. 566,)
deposits her eggs in rings

86

INSECTS INFESTING TEE APPLE TREE.

around the small twigs (Fig. o6a), and these do not hatch out
until the following Spring.

The rings of eggs arc similar in appearance to those of
DeLong's moth, C. constricta, excepting that the eggs of the
former are somewhat larger.

Remedies. — Destroy web or tent as described in Chapter
XXXIV. (Orchard Tent Caterpillar.) Also, as in Nos. 23
and 29.

CHAPTER XXXVI.

The Fall Web Worm. (Cal.)

(Hyphantria textor. — Harris. )

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Bombycid^.

[Living under a Aveb on apple, hickory, walnut and other
trees, and feeding upon the upper surface of the leaves ; six-
teen legged caterpillars of a yellow and black color, their bodies
sparsely covered with whitish or brownish hairs.]

" This insect passes the Winter in the pupa state, and the
moth emerges during the month of May. The female deposits
her eggs in a cluster on a leaf, generally near the outer end of
a branch. Each worm or caterpillar (Fig. 57a} begins spin-
ning the moment it is hatched, and by their united efforts
they soon cover the leaf with a web, under which they
feed in companies, devouring only the pulpy portion of the

leaf. As they increase
^^' ■ in size they extend their

web, but alway remain
and feed underneath it.''
—Riley.

Fig. 57.— Fall Web
Worm ; a, the worm —
colors, gray, black and
yellow ; /), the pupa —
color brown ; c, the moth
— color, white.
" The web sometimes reaches a length of fully seven feet." —

INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE.

87

La Baron. The young Avorms are of a pale yellow color, with
black heads. When fully grown they are a trifle over an' inch
long ; of a yellowish or bluish-gray color, the back usually
black ; the body is sparingly clothed with whitish, reddish or
mouse-colored hairs, which groM- in clusters from warts which
are usually yellowish-brown, or the tAVo rows on the back are
frequently black, or reddish-brown marked with black. When
fully grown these caterpillars descend to the ground, which
they enter, and form small cells in which to pass the pupa
state (Fig. 576). They spend the Winter in this latter state,
and the moths (Fig. 57c), which issue the following Spring,
expand about an inch and three lines and are of a pure white
color and without spots, except on the legs. " The proper
time to destroy these caterpillars is while they are young ; at
such time the branch containing the nest can be removed and
its contents easily destroyed." — Riley.
Remedy. — Use No. 97.

CHAPTER XXXVII.

The Tussock Moth. (Cal.)

(Orgyia leucostigma — Abbot and Smith.)

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Bombycid^e.

[Feeding upon the leaves of the apple and various other
trees ; a black and yellow caterpillar having large bunches
and plumes of hair on its body.]

The pretty caterpillar of this moth (Fig. 58) is found on
the apple, pear, plum and horse-chestnut ; also on the walnut
and oak, and perennials in the flower garden, especiall}^ the
rose.

Fig. 58. — Cater-
pillar of Tussock
Moth — colors, yel-
low and black, or
brown ; hair white,
the pencils blackish.

When full grown
it measures from one
inch and three lines to one inch and six lines in length. Color,

Fig. 58.

INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE.

Fig. 59.

cream-yellow, a black dorsal stripe extending the whole
length of posterior of the third segment ; next to the dorsal
stripe is a yellowish line, then a greenish-blue stripe on which
is sometimes a black line ; stigmatal line black, and below
this is a yellow line. On dorsal section of segments 4, 5, 6 and
7, is a wide tussock of whitish hair ; on each side of the seg-
ments next to the head, and on the dorsal part of the eleventh
segment, is a pencil of long black hairs, which are knobbed at
the apex ; on top of segments nine and ten is a small red
Avart ; ventral parts yellowish-white, tinged with blue. Head
reddish-brown or dark red ; cervical-shield red.

Pupa. — Pupa of male (Fig. 59d) elongate, posteriorly atten-
uated, inclosed in a coarse silky cocoon. Pupa of female (Fig.

59c), ovate in form.

Fig. 59.— Tussock

Moth, Caterpillar
and Pupa ; a, the
female moth on her
cocoon — color of
former, whitish or
gray ; of the latter,
gray or yellowish ;
6, a young caterpil.
lar ; c, the female
pupa — color, brown or gray ; r/, the male pupa — color, brown.
Imago. — The male insect (Fig. 60) is ashen-gray; the fore-
wings are crossed by wavy bands of a
darker color ; on each wing is a small white
crescent near the inlier angle ; antennae
pectinated ; expands one inch.

Fig. 60. — Male Tussock Moth — color^
ashen-gray.

The female (Fig. 59a and 61) is wing-
less— color, brownish ; form oval, and is
from four to five lines in length. Antennae
small. The eggs (Fig. 62) are generally
deposited and fastened on the outside of the cocoon.

Fis. 60

INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE.

89

Fiff. 61.

Fig. 61. — Female Tussock
Moth — color, gray.

Fig. 62. — Eggs of Tussock
Moth on the cocoon — color,
eggs white, cocoon pale yellow.

Remedy — Use No. 30.

Fig. 62

CHAPTER XXXVIII.

The Yellow-neeked Caterpillar.

( Datana udnistra — Drury ) .

Synonym. — Pygsera ministra.

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Bombycid.^.

[Feeding in communities upon the leaves of the apple, wal-
nut, etc., a black or reddish brown caterpillar, which is usually
marked with tive yellow lines on each side of the body.]

Fig. 63.

Fig. 63. — Yellow-necked Caterpillar, Moth, and Eggs ; «, the
caterpillar — colors, black and Avhite ; 6, the moth — colors,
brown and yellowish ; c, the eggs — color, white ; d, an egg mag-
nified.

These caterpillars usually live in connnunities, and when at
rest have a habit of holding both extremeties of the body
upwards. (See a. Fig. 63). They difier widely in their color-
ings, according to the kind of tree they infest. Those which feed

90 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE.

upon the leaves of the apple tree are usually of a black color,
the top of the first segment yellow, and there are five yellowish
lines on each side of the body, while those infesting the black
walnut are destitute of the 3'ellow stripes, and the top of the
first segment is black ; in both of these varieties the head is
black.

When fully grown (Fig. G3a ) they measure about two inches
in length ; they then descend to the ground, which they enter
a short distance, where each one forms a cell in which to pass
the pupa state, which continues throughout the Winter. Only
one brood is usually produced each year.

The wings of the moth (Fig. 68/j) exjDand nearly two inches,
and are of a reddish brown color, crossed by four transverse
lines of a darker brown : the liind wings are of a lighter color,
and are unmarked. The moths from the caterpillars which
infest the black walnut, are more of a smoky brown color.
Owing to the • fact that these caterpillars congregate in large
companies upon a single branch, the latter can be easily
removed from the tree, and the caterpillars can then easily be
destroyed.

Remedy. — Use Xo. 1)7.

CHAPTER XXXrX.

The Red-humped Caterpillar. (Cal.)

(XotodiDita coiicliiitn — Smith. )
Order, Lepidoi^tera ; Family, Bo.MinciD.K.

[Feeding in communities ujion the leaves of the cherry,
apple, plum, and pear; a striped caterpillar, having two rows
of black spines along the back].

These cateri)illars live in large companies, and when at rest
they elevate the hind part of the body. They are of a reddish
color, and are striped lengthwise with yellow and white lines ; on
the fourth segment is a coral-red hump, on which are four black
spines ; scattered over the body are numerous black spines or
points, those on the back the largest ; head, coral-red. When

INSECTS INFESTINO THE APPLE TREE. 91

fully grown (Fig. 64, Plate 1) they measure about one inch
and three lines in length ; they then leave the trees and con-
ceal themselves beneath the fallen leaves, etc., where each one
spins a whitish, parchment-like cocoon (Fig. 65, Plate 1) ; they
remain in this cocoon a long time before changing to pupa,
the moths not issuing until the following Summer. Speci-
mens in breeding cages changed to pupa in February, and
emerged from pupa March 20, 1883. As these specimens were
collected the previous September, it is possible the Notodonta
may be double-brooded.

The fore-wings of the moth (Fig. Q'o, Plate 1) expand from
one inch to one inch and three lines ; are of a brownish color
along the hind margin, with the rest of the wing grayish, and
marked with dark brown and whitish ; the hind wings of the
male are brownish, or dirty white, with a brown spot at the
hind angle ; those of the female are dusky brown. This insect
is known to occur in large numbers in some portions of this
State.

Remedies. — No. 97 and No. 20.

CHAPTER XL.

The Greater Leaf-roller. (Cal.)

( LoxotR'nia rosaceana. — Harris. )

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Tortricid.e.

[Living in a rolled leaf on the apple, cherry, rose, etc. ; a
greenish worm with a black or brownish head.]

The larva brings the two opposite edges of a leaf nearly
together, and holds them in this position by means of a great
many silken threads ; in this case, or nest, it remains during
the greater part of the time, coming forth only to feed. It feeds
upon the leaf which forms its nest, and after eating itself out
of a habitation it repairs to another leaf and constructs a simi-
lar shelter. In this way it proceeds until reaching its full
growth, when it lines the interior of its case with a fine layer
of silk, and soon afterwards assumes the pupa form. The full

92 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE THEE.

grown larva measures nearly an inch in length, is of a green
color, sometimes tinged with yellow ; the head is yellowish-
brown, with the regions of the jaws black, or entirely black
in the young. Sometimes the upper part of the face is tinged
with brown ; on top of the first segment is a black spot tinged
with green next the head, or in its place is a simi-circular black
line.

Fig. 67. — Greater Leaf-roller — colors, Fig. 67.

light and dark brown.

The fore-wings of the moth (Fig. 67) ex-
pand about one inch, are much arched at
the middle of the front edge, and curve in
an opposite direction near the tip ; they are
of a light brown color, crossed by dark brown lines and bands.
The hind wings are yellowish, Avith the part next the body
blackish. Dr. Emmons (N. Y. Rep., 1854), states that this
insect passes the Winter in the egg state, and is to be found
in small clusters on the bark of trees infested the previous
year.

In California there are several species found, which, if they
do not l)clong to the genus Joxotamia, are closely allied to it.
The young caterpillars appear early in the season, and .make
their nest under the Ijlossom leaf, or petal, of the apricot,
when the fruit is not larger than a garden pea, and feed upon
the skin or epidermis of the fruit on which they lodge. As
the fruit becomes larger and the insect gains in strength, it
bores int<j tJie fruit, destroying the pulp or mesocarp, and in
many instances eat part of the pit or stone.

Remkdies. — When the tree is dormant Avash or spray thor-
oughly with No. o'6, to destroy any eggs deposited on the tree-
All infested leaves and fruit should be picked off and destroj'ed.
See No. 24.

INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE.

93

CHAPTER XLI.

The Apple Leaf Grumpier.

(Phycita nebulu. — Walsh. )

Synonym. — Acrobasis nebula.

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Pyralid^.

Living in a curved, black, silken tube (Fig. 68a), on apple
and plum trees, a reddish-brown worm, having a roughened
head. (Fig. 68c.)

Fig. 68. — A p p 1 e Leaf
Grumpier ; c, the head and
fore part of the caterpillar's
body enlarged — color,
brown; d, the moth, en-
larged— colors, gray and
brown ; a, a case in Avhich
the caterpillar lives, with
the fore part of the latter's
body protruding 'from the
opening in the larger end ;
h, several cases fastened
together — color, black.

When fully'iiligrown this
worm measures nearly six
lines in length ; it then
closes the opening of the
silken tube in which it lives, and soon afterward assumes the
pupa form. The moth (Fig. 68c^,) issues during'the Summer
season, and the worms or larvse which are produced from the
eggs she deposits pass the AVinter inside of their silken tubes
(Fig. 686), there being but one brood jDroduced in one year.
It has the habit of fastening dead leaves to the outside of its
case, which makes its presence very conspicuous during the
Winter season. In order to lessen the ravages of this insect,
it is only necessary to collect the silken tubes containing the
larvae and burn them. This can best be accomplished in the
Winter season after the leaves have fallen from the trees, at
which time the cases of this insect may be readily discovered.

94 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE.

CHAPTER XLII.

The Bud Worm.

(Penthina oculana. — Harris.)

Synonym. — Spilonota oculana.

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, ToRTRiriDiE.

[Fastening together and devouring the leaves of the open-
ing l)uds of apple trees; a small, brownish caterpillar.]

Although of small size, these worms sometimes occasion a
great deal of damage by devouring the Inids. They usually
attain their full growth by the middle of Summer, when they
prepare to assume the pupa form l)y lining their retreat with
a layer of silken threads.

Fig. 69. — Bud-worm and Motli : li)wer figure, Fip:. (59.
the worm — color, pale brownish ; upper figure,
the moth — colors, ash-gray and whitish.

These worms (Fig. 69) or caterpillars are of a
pale or dull })rownish color, with th<' lu'ad and
top of the first segment shining ])rown ; and there is a dark brown
spot on the top of the eighth segment, which ap])cars to be
under the skin. The moths (Fig. 69), which ajipear in June
or July, have the head and thorax dark ash color; tlic fore-
wings are of the same color at each end, and grayish-wliite in
the middle, mottled with dark gray ; there are two little ^ye-
like spots on each one, near the tip, consisting of four little
black marks placed close together in a row ; the second eye-
spot is near the inner hind angle, and consists of three black
dots arranged in the form of a triangle, sometimes with a
black dot in the middle; the hind-wings are dusky brown.
The fore-wings expand from six to seven Hues.

Remedies. — Use No. 65, and cut out infested branches.
See No. 27.

INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 95

CHAPTER XLin.

The Many-dotted Caterpillar.

( Brachytsenia malana. — Fitch. )

Synonym. — Nolophana malana.

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Noctuid.^.

[Eating the leaves of the apple, cherry, and peach tree ; a
naked, sixteen-legged caterpillar, of a green color, dotted with
white, and marked with fine whitif^h lines.]

"These caterpillars live exposed upon the leaves of several
different kinds of trees. When fully grown they measure an
inch in length ; they then roll up a leaf, and inside of this roll
they spin a thin cocoon. Two broods are usually produced in
a year, the last brood passing the Winter in the pupa state.
The fore-wings of the moth expand about one inch, and are of
an ashen-gray color, crossed by three zigzag black lines, which
are connected in various 2)laccs by black dashes.

" For the destruction of these worms it has been recom-
mended to place blankets beneath the trees and jar the worms
off, when they may then be easily destroyed. As the last
brood remains in the pupa state within the leaves, by raking
these into winrows in the Winter and then liurning them, the
greater number of these pests will be destroyed." — [Condensed
from Fitch.

CHAPTER XLIV.

The Turnus Butterfly. (Cal.)

(Papilio tnrvii!^. — Linnanis.)

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Papilionid.e.

[Feeding upon the leaves of the apple and cherry tree; a
bluish-green, sixteen-legged worm, having an eye-like spot on
each side of the third segment.]

This caterpillar spins a fine web upon the upper surface of
a leaf, drawing the edges of the leaf slightly upwards ; when

96

INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE.

not feeding, it rests upon the upper side of this web. The
young caterpillar is of a black or brownish color, marked with
flesh color or white.

Fig. 70. — Caterpillar
of Turnus Butterfl}' —
colors, green, yellow,
and black.

When fully grown
(Fig. 70), it measures

from one inch and six lines to two inches in length, and is of
a bluish-green color ; on each side of the third segment is a
black spot, centered with blue and surrounded by a yellow
ring, and this by a black one ; on top of the fourth segment is
a transverse yellowish ridge, in front of which is a row of four
blue dots ; on top of the last segment is a transverse yellowish
ridge ; head, pinkish-brown. When about to pupate, this cat-
erpillar suspends itself by the hind-feet and a transverse band
of silken threads which is passed around the forepart of the
l)ody. It assumes the chrysalis form in the Autumn, and the
butterfly does not issue until the following S))ring.

Fig. 71.

Fig. 71. — Turnus Butterfly — colors, yellow, black and
orange.

INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE

97

This is one of the largest butterflies (Fig. 71) found in this
State. The wings expand from four inches and six Hues to five
inches, and are of a pale yellow color, with a broad, black outer
margin marked with yellow spots ; the fore-wings are marked
with four black bands, the one nearest the body extending
across the hind-wings ; the latter are tailed, and have an
orange-colored spot near the hind angle.

Remedy. — Use No. 14.

CHAPTER XLV.

The Apple Bueeulatrix. (Cal.)

( B'ucculatrix pomifolieUa — Clemens ).

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Tineid.e.

[Feeding upon the leaves of the apple tree, a small, dark,
yellowish-green, sixteen-legged worm, nearly six lines long ;
spinning against the bark an elongate, dirty-white, ribbed
cocoon]. ^

This larva assumes the pupa form within its cocoon (Fig.
72 a and 6], and before the moth issues, the pupa works itself
part way out of the cocoon. Several broods are probably pro-
duced in one year ; the last brood passes the Winter in their
cocoons.

Fig. 72.— Apple Buc- Fig. 72.

culatrix ; a, the cocoons ,<^^^^^^^^^^^
on a twig — color, dirty
white ; h, one of the
cocoons, enlarged ; r,
the moth enlarged —
color, gray and brown.

The perfect m o t h
(Fig. 72c) is a dirty
white or gray color,
marked with brown, as
in the figure.

Remedy. — When the tree is dormant, spray or wash thor-
oughly the parts infested with No. 18 — one pound to each gal-
lon of Avater used.

98

INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE.

CHAPTER XLVT.

The Apple-tree Aphis. (Cal.)
(Aj)hi.'< mall. — Fabricius.)

Order, Hemiptera ;
Sub-order, Homopter

. I Family, Aphidid.t:.

Fig. 73.

[Living oil the leaves or twigs of apple trees; small green,
or green andblack, plant lice.]

This plant louse, as its name indicates, is frequently found
on the apple tree. It may be easily detected by the black
appearance of the ends of the succulent twigs and leaves,
caused -by a honey-dew emitted bj^ this insect and others
closely related to it. (See Aphis malifolui; Chap. 47.)

Fig. 73. — Apple-tree Aphis (young), enlarg-
ed— color, green.

The wingless individuals (Fig. 73) are small,
green lice, and can be found in great numbers
on the under side of the leaves and tender
twigs. They measure about one line in length,
and are often accompanied by winged individ-
uals. As the Winter season approaches, the
eggs are laid on the branches and twigs, and
can be easily seen with a lens. About the time the leaves
begin to open in the Spring, these eggs hatch, and the young
lice fasten themselves to the tender leaves and extract the sap.

Fig. 74. — .\})ple-tree Aphis, en-
larged— colors, black and green.
In about ten days after
hatching the lice reach maturity
(Fig. 74) and commence giving
birth to living young. In the
course of from fifteen to twenty
days after reacliing maturity,
they die. The young, after reach-
ing m a t u r i t y, become parents,
and it is generally conceded by naturalists that in the Sum-
mer season tlicv naeh maturitv in five or six davs. Therefore,

Fig. 74.

INSECTS INFESTING T HE ^ APPLE TREE. 90

it can be easily seen that their increase surpasses computation.

This species is spreading rapidly in the vicinity of Sacra-
mento. Trees infested emit a very disagreeable smell. Mr.
Haywards, writing of this pest from British Columbia, sa3'S :
"After night, in passing along the road I can tell an infested,
tree." In cases where trees are badly infested they produce a
smell similar to that of decayed fish. I have noticed in hand-
ling infested branches that this loathsome smell remains on
the hands.

Leaves infested by these plant lice curl or curve backwards
until a roll is formed, thus furnishing the insects with shelter
from the rays of the sun, or from rains, or dews, and makes it
difficult to destroy the insects by spraying the trees.

During the Summer they are found grouped together on the
leaves in all stages of their growth, and of various colors.
The mature insects (Fig. 74.) are of a yelloAvish-green, and
when half grown pale-yellowish, and when born the color is
nearly white. In Autumn the color changes in many cases,
either from the change in temperature or change in nourish-
ment.

Remedies. — When the tree is dormant, spray thoroughly
with No. 13 ; one pound of the mixture to each gallon of
water used. When the leaves begin to expand, if the lice are
present, spray thoroughly with No. 64 or No. 65, and rejDeat if
necessarv.

CHAPTER XLVII.

The Apple Leaf Aphis. (Cal. )

( Aph Is malifolia — Fitch. )

Order, Hemiptera ; ) ^^ .-, .

• Sub-order, Hemoptera ; 1 ^^*™^^>'' ^^^™^^''^-

[Living upon the leaves of the apple tree, a small, blackish
plant-louse.]

This species infests the leaves of the apple tree, and in their
habits they are similar to and are often mistaken for the apple

100 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE.

tree aphis (Aphis mali), though they are larger, and generally
of a darker color. The winged insect of this species differ
from the A. mali in being larger, and the thorax and abdomen
are black ; there is also a slight difference in the venation of
the wings.

These insects emit a honey dew, which gives the leaves and
branches an appearance similar to that caused by the apple-
tree aphis (A. mali).

Remedies. — To be used as described in Chapter XLVI
for the apple-tree aphis.

CHAPTER XLVIII.

The Ten-lined Leaf Eater. (Cal.)

( Polyphylla dccemlineata — Say. )

Order, Coleopteka : Familv, ScARAB.^iiD.E.

I I I i I I I I I I I mil
[The ineasuiciiieiits of iiiseots in this work are given in inches aiifl lines. The above cut rep-
resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thereof.]

[Feeding upon the leaves of the apple and other fruit trees,
a large, grayish-brown beetle, marked with white lines ; or,
feeding upon the roots of grass, a large, white, six-legged larva
or worm].

The perfect beetle (Plate 1, Fig. 74, male; Fig. 75, female)
measures from an inch to an inch and three lines, and is of a
reddish brown color, covered with short yellowish hairs, which
give it a grayish appearance ; the thor^ix is marked with three
white stripes, and on each wing-cover are three white stripes,
and two or three less distinct whitish lines.

The habits and transformations of this species are similar to
those of the common May beetle.

Remedy. — Use No. 88.

INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 101

CHAPTER LIX.

The Goldsmith Beetle. (Cal.)

( Cotal'pa lanigera — Linnseus.)

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Scarab^id.^.

[Feeding upon the leaves of the apple, pear, and various V

other trees, a broad beetle of a rich yellow color, the top of
the head and thorax having the appearance of burnished gold.]
■ Fig. 77. — Goldsmith Beetle — color,
rich metallic yellow.

This beetle (Fig. 77) measures about
an inch in length. The female deposits
her eggs in the ground, and these
hatch into white, six-legged grubs
which closely resemble those common-
ly known as white grubs; they feed upon
the roots of various plants, and in this
way are sometimes very injurious to
strawberry patches. They spend sev-
eral years in this their larval stage, and finally assume the pupa
form in the Fall, and are changed to beetles in the following
Spring.

Remedy. — Use No. 38.

CHAPTER L.
The Robust Leaf Beetle. (Cal.)

(Serica valida — Harold.)

Synonym. — *S'. robusta — Leconte.

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Scarab^id^.

[A reddish-chestnut colored beetle, feeding upon the leaves
of the apple, apricot, plum, and prune trees].

This beetle (Fig. 78, Plate 1) has been reported damaging
the foliage of apple, apricot, plum, and prune trees.

102 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE.

They feed on the foliage at night and hide themselves in the
ground and dark places in the day time ; recent reports state
that in some sections they have damaged the foliage of young
trees.

Description. — Length, four and one quarter lines ; form,
elongate ovate, narrowing toward the head ; color, reddish-
chestnut, but grows darker with age ; antennte, lamellate.

The larva of this species I have not found, but it probably
lives in the ground, feeding upon the roots of grasses, etc., near
the roots of the trees on which the perfect insect feeds.

Remedy. — Use No. 38.

CHAPTER LI.

The Codlin Moth, or Apple Worm. (Cal.)

( Ca rpocapsa pomoneUa . — Linn. )

Order. Lepidoptera ; Family, Tortricid.e.

[Living in apples, etc., a whitish, sixteen-legged worm.]
It is generally conceded that this insect was imported into
this State in shipments of apples received from states east of
the Rocky Mountains, and placed on exhibition at the State
Fair in or about the year 1873. Its first appearance in an
orchard in the vicinity of Sacramento was in the Spring of
1874. Since that date it has spread rapidly, and can be found
at the present time infesting orchards in thirt3'-four counties.
The moth belongs to the family Tortricidtel, and is known
to naturalists as Carpocapsa pomonella (the codlin or apple
moth). It passes the Winter in the larva state, and in some
instances in the chrysalis form. The larva can be found
hibernating under the loose bark, in crotches or indents, or in
cracks in the bark of the trees infested the previous year, or in
the crevices of wood, or woodwork of rooms, or places where
fruit infested by the larva was stored or packed, and in empty
packages in which fruit was shipped or gathered. It is often
found hibernating on bark of trees, from one to six inches
below the surface of the ground, especially if the tree has

INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE.

103

smooth bark. In one case, where four hundred apple trees
were dug up, the larvae were found in large numbers in the
roots of such trees as were decayed at or above the surface of
the ground.

Fig. 79. — a, nest of lar-
va as it appears on inside
of bark when taken otf
tree — color, drab ; />, pupa
or chrysalis — color, dark
amber ; c, appearance of
larva when cover is re-
moved from Winter nests
— color, body yellowish-
white, head dark brown ; '^i
d, appearance of bottom -^
of Winter nest on bark

when larva is removed in the following Spring ; c, a position
the larva takes when looking for a tree or place to make its
nest when ready to assume the pupa or chrysalis form. [Note :
when the larva? are full grown and ready to assume the pupa
or chrysalis form, the color is light pink]. /, the moth, at rest
carries its wings like a steep roof; g, moth with wings spread,
length of body five lines, spread of wings nearly nine
lines — color, body and legs rich bronzed light drab,
fore-wings mottled with gray and drab, with dark copper
bar across hind margin on which is a golden oc^^ellated
patch near inner angle, hind-wings plain drab a little darker
than body (the moth after depositing eggs has assumed a light
drab color on fore-wings, and copper bar changes to a very
light color, scarcely perceptible, caused probably from flying
among the branches and leaves) ; h, head of larva as seen
through a glass magnifying nine times ; i, in this figure it was
intended to represent the pupa or chrysalis case protruding
through nest prior to moth leaving it, but represented
as larva to show better. [Note : the figure would be correct
if the chrysalis (6) was represented instead of larva (c) ; the
figures a, b, c, d, e, and /, are natural size ; y is a. little larger
than natural size; h, as described]. See, also, Fig. 80.

104

INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE.

Fig. 80.— Codlin Moth;
a, an infsted apple ; 6, the
place where the larva enter-
ed the .same ; c, the larva —
color, whitish ; h, head and
fore part of the body of the
same — back view, enlarfred ;
«', the cocoon — color, wliit-
ish ; il, the pupa — color,
brown ; (/, the moth — colors,
light, dark gray and brown.

If tlu- 8i)ring is warm
and favorable, the larvje
arc readv to assume the

u

pupa or chrysalis form by

the tifteenth of April. The duration of the pupa or chrysalis
state depends on external circumstances ; if warm Spring
weather, the perfect insect may appear in from fifteen to
twenty days, and may be prolonged to twenty or thirty days.
The Spring of 1881 has proven an exception. I found Mada-
lene pears on the sixteenth of May in which the larvae had
matured and left ; also, on May seventh found a pear with
larva about eight days old. (This is about eighteen days
earlier than usual.) On the seventh of April, 1883, I found an
empty pupa case from which the moth had escaped.

FIRST APPEAUAXCE OF THE MOTH.

The moth generally appears from April 25th to the fifteenth
of May — a few in favorable locations by April fifteenth. The
time at which the eggs arrive at maturity apparently coincides
with the ends or terminations of the pupa or chrysalis state,
so that the sexes are ready to unite soon after transformation.
The moths produced by the hibernating larva) deposit their
eggs in the blossom end (or calyx) of the fruit, generally ;
possibly because they cannot puncture the epidermis (or skin)
of the young fruit. Later broods deposit their eggs on any
part of the fruit. The eggs are attached to the fruit by a pasty
substance. It is rare to find more than one egg on any apple,
pear, or quince, or more than one larva. The larva is hatched

INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE

105

in from seven to ten clays, and begins to eat eagerly and bur-
row toward the core.

Fig. 81.— A, blos-
som end or calyx of
apple, and where lar-
va is supposed to en-
ter the fruit ; B repre-
sents an empty space
where carpellary ova-
rium or shell contain-
ing the seeds was lo-
cated before the en-
trance of the larva ; C
represents the bur-
row made by the
larva through the pe-
ricarp by which it
escapes from the fruit when it is ready to assume the pupa or
chrysalis form ; D, appearance of larva in burrow when six
days old ; E, appearance of larva in burrows Avhen ten days
old.

The larva when hatched can scarcely be seen with the
unaided eye ; at six days it measures nearly one quarter of an
inch in length, is about as thick as a fine silk thread, and
shows first signs of excrement at burrows (D Fig. 81) ; at ten
days three eighths of an inch, and about as thick as a number
twenty wire (E Fig. 81). It has burrowed by this time about
three fourths of the distance to the core (B Fig. 81). At
twenty days nearly full grown (c. Fig. 79), and often as large
{e, Fig. 79).

AVhen the larva is ready to assume the pupa or chrysalis
form, it leaves the fruit by gnawing a hole through the peri-
carp (C Fig. 81). Nature has supplied it with a spinneret,
the opening apparently in the lower lip, from which issues a
viscid fluid in a fine stream and hardens into silk on contact
with the air. By this means it lowers itself to the ground or
intervening branches. If it reaches the ground, it immedi-
ately crawls toward the tree, and on its journey can often be

106 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE.

seen, as at e Fig. 79. On reaching the tree it searches for a
nesting place under the loose bark, in the crotches, or in any
cavity it can find. If it comes in contact with a branch when
leaving the fruit, it generally crawls toward the crotches, or
until it reaches a hiding place. If the place selected is under
the loose bark, it commences building an oval-shaped wall
about one sixteenth of an inch high, composed of silk from
the spinneret, and sometimes mixed with pieces gnawed off
the bark. A silken cover is then put on the nest by using the
spinneret ; the whole completed in twentj'-four hours. If in
the crevice of the bark, the nest is made in different shapes.
It is noticeable in the Winter nest that the top, sides, and bot-
tom are washed with the fluid from the spinneret, making the
nesf water proof to a great extent.

The moth remains in the pupa or chrysalis form about nine
days in our usual May and June weather ; a little longer if the
weather is cool. At the proper time the pupa case is burst
open, and the perfect moth appears. (Fig. 70, /and g.)

PROBABLE RATE OF INCREASE OF THESE iMOTHS.

Each female lays from tw^o hundred to two hundred and
fifty eggs. Taking two hundred as the lowest number, twelve
female moths in one orchard would produce two thousand
four hundred caterpillars. If one half of these were females,
they would produce two hundred and forty thousand. In
proportion the third generation would reach twenty-four mil-
lions, supposing that no untimely deaths took place. Most of
the books on this subject speak of the codlin moth as going
through l)Ut one generation in a year. This may be true in
colder climates and shorter seasons than ours, but in parts of
our favored State there is no question that two or three gene-
rations or broods are common. From personal observations
I know that the rule for the Sacramento Valley is three
broods each year. In 1881, on account of the early appear-
ance of the first ninths, as noted above, we had four broods.
These facts explain the exceptional importance of this insect
in California.

I have in my possession a vial containing eighty-five eggs,
deposited l)y one codlin niotli. 1 have read statements by

* INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 107

fruit-growers that they have seen the codlin moth tlying in
large numbers. In my investigations I have not seen more
than two at any one time. The moth will live in a glass vial
seven days. The female moths deposit their eggs within
forty-eight hours — these are deposited at night. The egg
cannot be seen plainly by the unaided eye.

The best time to see the moths at work is at the dawn of
day in the months of June and July. Part of the early fruit
falls prematurely when attacked by the larvto ; but little of
the late fruit falls until the larvoe escape.

The theory that the moth always deposits the egg on the
fruit blossom, and that it remains there until the fruit has
grown to natural size, is a mistake.

HOW TO PROCURE SPECIMENS OF THE MOTH.

When you find the larva, if it is on the loose bark, remove
the piece of bark or wood to which it is attached, place it
in a small vial, and if in the Summer time, inside of ten
days you will have a genuine specimen of the moth (/ and g,
Fig. 79). Fruit-growers can get important information con-
cerning the natural history and habits of the insect pests by
experiments of this kind. Every fruit-grower should unite in
the crusade against this pest. " In union there is strength."

Since writing the above, or on August 8, 1883, I bought a
box of bellflower apples which was offered for sale in market.
With few exceptions each apple contained two larvae of the
codlin moth, and in nearly every apple infested by the later
broods the egg had been deposited near the stem. This is the
first instance that furnished me actual proof that the later
broods would deposit their eggs in fruit that had been infested by
the earlier broods of the season. In the absence of the seeds of
the apple, eaten by the larva of the earlier broods, the larva of
the later brood seemed to burrow (or honeycomb) the pericarp
in all directions. The larvffi in the apples containing more
than one specimen were apparently of different ages.

From investigation it is probable that there are more than
one species of codlin moth infesting fruit in this State ; but I
am not prepared to report at present writing.

108 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE.

That the codlin moth infests the peach and ajDricot, I have
abundant proof by rearing moths from both kinds of fruit.

Remedies. — For trees, No. 69; return packages (see Chap.
IV), No. 70 ; packages stored from previous year, No. 71 ; store-
rooms, sale-rooms, etc., No. 72 ; debris accumulating from
preparing fruit for drying, No. 15.

CHAPTER LII.

The Apple Maggot.

( Trypeta pomonella. — Walsh.)

Order, Diptera ; Family, Trypetid.,^.

[Eating the pulp of apples, causing them to decay, a white
footless maggot which, when fully grown, enters the earth and
is finally transformed into a black and white two-winged fly.]

This maggot (Fig. 82, Plate 1,) may be easily distinguished
from the larva of the codlin moth by being entirely destitute
of legs. It also differs from the latter in its mode of opera-
ting, for while the larva of the codlin moth works for the
most part in the core of the apple and vicinity, this maggot
runs its burrows in all directions through the pulp ; it also
differs from the larva of the apple curculio (Fig. 856), which,
like itself, is also destitute of legs, by apparently having the
hind end of the body obliquely cut off, the curculio larva
having this part rounded.

The apple maggot usually appears rather late in the Summer,
and after reaching its full size — about three lines in length — it
deserts the fruit and enters the earth, where it forms a small
cell in which to undergo its transformations. It assumes
the pupa form (Fig. 83, Plate 1,) in the Autumn, and is not
changed to a fly until the following Summer.

The body of the fly (Fig. 84, Plate 1) measures three and a
half or four lines (or from one fifth to one fourth of an inch)
in length, and is of a black color, the thorax marked with
four whitish lines, and with a white dot next to the abdomen ;
the latter is marked with three or four whitish transverse

INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 109

lines. The wings, which are only two in number, are trans-
parent, and marked with four black cross bands, which are
more or less united with each other. The only remedy seems
to be to gather the infested apples before the maggots have
deserted them, and make such use of them as will destroy the
maggots. This insect, so far as is reliably known, has not yet
been found in California, but from descriptions given of the
decay of late varieties of apples in 1882, it is thought neces-
sary to give the above description. (See U. S. Agr. Rep. for
1881.)

Remedies. — Should this insect appear, it can be kept oif the
fruit by spraying, in July and August, with Nos. 5 or 7, but
probably No. 4 would be better.

CHAPTER LIII.

The Apple Cureulio. (Cal.)

(Anthonomus quadrigibbus — Say. )

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Curculionid^.

[The measurements of insects in this work are given in inches and lines. The above cut rep-
resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thereof.]

[Living in apples, pears, and quinces ; a curved, footless
grub of a white color, marked with bluish-black ; assuming
the pupa form within the fruit, and finally producing a rusty-
brown snout-beetle, having three pale lines on the thorax, and
four humps on the wing-cases.]

The female cureulio punctures the apple with her long snout,
and after widening the puncture at the bottom, she deposits
therein a single egg, from which is hatched a footless grub
(Fig. 856) which burrows still deeper into the fruit, and feeds
upon the latter in the vicinity of the core. After attaining its
full growth, it forms a small cell, with a burrow leading from
^it to the outside of the apple, and in this cell it soon casts off
'its skin and enters upon the pupa stage (Fig. 85a), from which
the perfect beetle is evolved in the course of a few weeks.

110

INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE.

Fig. 85. Fig. 85. — Larva and Pupa

of Apple Curcnlio, enlarged ;
a, the pupa ; 6, the larva —
color of each, white.

The full grown larva meas-
ures a little under five lines,
or one third of an inch in
length, and usually lies in a
curved position ; it is of a
white color, sparsely covered with wrinkles, the spaces between
which are bluish-black, of which color is the line on the back.
The perfect beetle (Fig. 86) measures from one and one
half to two lines in length, and is of a dull reddish color,
marked on the thorax with three indistinct whitish Hnes ; on
the hind part of the wing-cases are four prominent humps, and
the snout is nearly as" long as the body.

Fig. 86. — Apple Curculio ; a,
natural size ; 6, enlarged, side
view ; c, enlarged, back view —
colors, brown and gray.

The perfect insect issues from
the pupa state early in Septem-
ber, and passes the Winter in a
semi-torpid state. It infests
apples, pears, quinces, thorn-
ap})les or haws, and crab-
api)lcs.

Previous to last Fall (1882), when apples were found with a
single empty burrow, ants and some other insects were credited
with capturing the larva of the codlin moth before maturity,
but the presence of this insect being detected, explains the
true facts in many of the cases mentioned.

HE>rEDii:s. — See note at end of No. 69. In the Sjiring use
No. 5, or No. 6, or No. 7.

Fig. 86.

INSECTS INFESTING TEE APPLE TREE.

Ill

CHAPTER LIV.

The Earwig. (Cal.)

(Fnrficula auricularia — Linnaeus.)

Order, Orthoptera ; Family, Forficularid^.

[Feeding upon the flowers of various plants, and also upon
fruits. A brownish or black six-legged insect, having a for-
ceps-like appendage at the hind end of the body.]

The female Earwig deposits her eggs beneath stones, etc.,
and — what is very unusual among insects — she broods over
them like a hen until they are hatched out, and afterwards
manifests the most lively interest for the safety of her young.
The latter (Fig. 87, left) closely resembles the adults, but are
entirely destitute of wings. (Pupa, Fig. 87, middle).

Fig. 87.

Fig 87. — Earwigs, enlarged — color, brown ; at the left, the
larva ; in the middle, the pupa ; at the right, the perfect insect,
with its wings expanded.

In the adults (Fig. 87, right) the wing-cases are very short,
and the wings, when not in use, are folded in a very complex
manner, and concealed beneath them. Although these insects
have been reported as crawling into the ears of certain per-
sons, yet no authentic instance of this kind is on record.
These insects are sometimes quite destructive to various kinds
of fruit, especially such as have been injured by some other
insects.

INSFXTS INFESTING THE PEAR TREE.

CHAP.

The Oyster-fomied Scale (Dia>ipii ostrce-

/i/niiin) 55

The Pear-tree Scale (Lecanium pyri) 56

The Pear-tree Borer {.1i(jeria pyn) 57

The Pear-tree Scolj'tus (Scolyttis pyri) 58

The Branch and Twig-burrower {Polycaon

ronfertun) 59

The Pear-tree Psylla {Pnylla pyri) 60

The Pear Slug (Selandria ceraici) 61

The Pear-leaf Caterpillar (Nematus) 62

The Thrips 63

The following insects also infesc the pear
tree:

The Woolly Aphis (Schizoneura lanigera).
The Oyster-shell Bark-Louse (Agpidiotus con-

chiforrnU).

The Greedy Scale (Aspidiotus rapax).

The Round-headed Apple-tree Borer (Saper

da Candida).
The Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer (Chryso-

bothri^ femorata).
The Apple-twig Borer (Bostrichus hica/uda-

lux).
The Red-humped Caterpillar (A'o^orfonf a ooti-

cinna).
The Goldsmith Beetle (Cotalpa lanigera).
The Red Spider {Tetranychun telariut:).
The Yellow Mite.

The Codlin Moth (Carpocapsa pomm>eUa).
The Plum Curculio {Conotrachelux nenuphar).
The Apple Curculio (A7itItonomti\ (juadrigib-

bun).
The Quince Curculio (Conotrachehm cratcegi).
The Green Fruit-beetle (Gymneti;- tiilida).

CHAPTER LV.

The Oyster-formed Scale of the Pear and Apple. (Cal.)
(Diaspis ostreseformU — Curtis. )

Synonyms. — Aspidiotus ostresejormis — Ruricola. Aspidiotus
circ u laris — Fi t c h .

Order, Hemiptera ;
Sub-order, Homoptera ;

I

Family, Coccid.e.

[A small, circular scale insect, infesting pear trees].

In the United States Agricultural Report, 1880, Professor J.
H. Comstock Avrites of this species as follows :

" This is a common species on the pear and apple in Eng-
laii<l. Although I do not know of its occurrence in the I'nited
States, it will be strange if it is not found here."

INSECTS INFESTING THE PEAR TREE. 113

I received the following, dated —

" Ithaca, N. Y., March 3, 1882.
"Your letter and specimens duly received. Without doubt
you are right. The scale is Diaspis ostrexformU. This is very
important, as it is the first instance of which I know of this
species in this country. Strong measures should be taken to
crush it out before it gains a foothold," etc.

"J. H. COMSTOCK."

This species is found on pear and apple trees in the vicinity
of Sacramento ; it is not known what length of time the trees
have been infested, but serious damage has been done. In
many cases the bark is destroyed.

NATURAL^ HISTORY.

The scale of the female insect is nearly circular, or a broad
oval, and measures about three fourths of a line in diameter —
color, ashy-gray ; exuviae in the center, or nearly so, yellow-
ish-brown ; the inside of the scale and the venter is snowy
white. ^

The scale of the male is elongated. The eggs are pinkish-
red and ovate. The female insect is of a reddish-purple color,
and in form is somewhat elongated. There are at least two
broods each year, as I have found the eggs early in May, and
also in the latter part of July. The male insect is winged,
and is described by Curtis as being of a bright ochreous
color, with a black band on the thorax.

Remedies. — When the tree is dormant, a thorough spraying
with No. 13 — one pound of mixture to each gallon of water used.
Summer wash, Nos. 5 or 7. Where trees are seriously infested,
when dormant No. 44 may be used as a spray, but followed
by No. 13 in about twenty-four hours.

114 INSECTS INFESTING THE PEAR THEE.

CHAPTER LVI.

The Pear Tree Scale. (Cal.)

(Lecanium pyri. — Schrank.)

Synonym — Coccus pyri. — Schrank.

Order, Hemiptera : } -c^ ^^ n
Sub-order, Homoptera; ( ^^^^^3^' Coccid^.

[A light brown scale insect or bark louse, about half the
size of a pea, infesting the pear trees.]

This species of scale insect can be found in several of the
fruit-growing districts of this State, and is injurious to the
trees infested by it. It is only found on the pear, so far as
known at present.

NATURAL HISTORY.

The insect is hemispherical, and is about the size of half a
pea. It is of a bright brown color, and oval in form ; the
upper surface slightly indented. Its longest diameter is from
one and one half to two lines ; the width from one line to one
and one half lines. Specimens sent me were received early in
June, at which date the young were hatching out. The eggs
are oval, and of a dirty white color ; number produced by each
female, from fifty to one hundred ; length, one eighty third of
an inch ; color, brownish-white ; antenna) and anal setse pres-
ent. In passing through the stages from the larva state to the
mature insect, at first the color is greenish-yellow, but changes
at the approach of maturity to a chestnut-brown, then to a
bright brown.

After the eggs are'deposited the insect dies ; Fig.87>^.
then the scale or outer covering is blackish.
It is probable that there is only one brood in
each year. (See Black Scale.)

Fig. 87-J^. Portion of a branch infested by
Pear-tree Scales ; at the right are two of the
scales — color, brown.

Remedies. — When the tree is dormant, spray
thoroughly with Nos. 11 or 12. Or in Summer,
No. 4, or No. 5, or No. 7. For Summer wash
the latter are preferable, as the sulphur is an
enemy to fungi.

INSECTS INFESTING THE PEAR TREE. 115

CHAPTER LVII.

The Pear Tree Borer. (Cal.)

{jEgeria pyri. — Harris.)

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, ^Egerid^.

[Boring into the trunks of the pear tree, a pale-yellow, six-
teen legged larva.]

This borer has about the same habits as the peach tree borer,
but, as far as known, never infests any other kind of tree than
the pear.

The perfect insect (Fig. 88 — moth) usualh^ issues
from the pupa state in July. The wings expand
about eight lines ; they are transparent, but bor-
dered and veined with purplish black, and across the
tips of the front wings is a broad, dark band, show-
ing a coppery reflection ; the upper side of the body is pur-
plish-black, with the edges of the collar and of the shoulder
tufts, three bands across the abdomen, and the tuft at the pos-
terior end of a golden-yellow ; the under side of the body is
mostly of this color.

Remedy. — Use No. 37.

CHAPTER LVIII.

The Pear-tree Seolytus.

(Scolytus pyri — Peck.)

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Scolytid.e.

[Boring into the branches of apple, pear, apricot, and plum
trees ; a small, footless grub, finally transforming within its
burrow into a dark-brown beetle.]

The egg from which this grub hatches is deposited in the
latter part of the Summer, and is usually placed at the base
of a bud ; as soon as hatched, the gi'ub gnaws its way into the
branch and works around the central part, usually following

116 INSECTS INFESTING THE PEAR TREE.

the course of the central part of the branch. By this means
the vessels which convey the ascending sap is cut off, and that
part of the branch above the place where the insect is located,
withers and soon becomes dead wood.

The larva assumes the pupa form in its burrow, and the
perfect insect appears early in Summer.

The perfect beetle (Fig. 89) measures about one and one
quarter lines, or a tenth of an inch, in length, and is of a deep
uniform brown color.

Fig. 89. — Pear-tree Scolytus, natural size and en-
larged— color, brown or black.

For the destruction of this insect, it has been rec-
ommended to cut off and burn the infested limbs.
This should be done earlier than the month of April,
otherwise the beetles will have completed their trans-
formations and made their escape.

I have not found this insect in this State, but from speci-
mens of branches sent me for examination, there can be no
doubt of the presence of this beetle, or a closely allied species.

Remedy. — Prune, as above described, and use No. 37 on the
branches as soon as the beetle appears, which is in the latter
part of July. The branches, etc., may be sprayed with Xo.
4, or Nos. 5 or 7.

CHAPTER LIX.
The Branch and Twig Burrower. (Cal.)

(Polycaon confcrtus. — Leconte. )
Order, Coleoptera ; Famil}^ Ptinid^.

[An elongate pitch-colored beetle, about half an inch in
length, burrowing into the branches and twigs of the apple,
pear, cherry, almond, apricot, peach and olive trees, and also
into grape canes.]

In June, 1881, Mrs. E. R. Thurber, of Vacaville, sent me
some olive branches (Fig. 92, Plate 1) which were infested by
this beetle. In the Fall of 1881, grape cuttings (Fig. 93, Plate
1) were sent me from Sonoma County, with a beetle, which

INSECTS INFESTING THE PEAR TREE. 117

proved to be this species, burrowing into the pith. In 1882, 1
received apple, pear, cherry, almond, apricot, peach, and olive
branches, all of which were infested by this beetle. I also
visited one pear orchard, and one orchard in which olives are
grown, and found some trees damaged to a serious extent.
The nature of the damage done by this beetle, is the burrow-
ing into the branch and eating the center or pith. (Fig. 94,
Plate 1.) The place selected to commence operations is gen-
erally in the axil of a bud, or small branch. The burrows
made are invariably downwards, and measure from six lines
to one inch in depth, and from two to three lines in diameter.
A pear branch, thirty inches long, contained eleven of these
burrows.

The damage done the trees is caused by their burrows being
filled with water by the Winter rains, causing the branches to
decay, and also by the branches burrowed breaking off.

The natural history of this beetle (Fig. 95, Plate 1) has not
been fully studied, but it is supposed the eggs are deposited
and the larvae live in forest trees.

The perfect insect, both Inale and female, burrow into the
branches of the fruit trees, but the eggs or larvge have not been
found in any of the varieties which they infest. This Spring,
1883, serious damage has been done by this species to trees
planted last year.

Remedies. — Use No. 27, and early in the Spring spray with
Nos. 4, 5, or 7.

CHAPTER LX.

The Pear-tree Psylla. (Cal.)
(Psylla pyri. — Linnaeus.)

Order, Hemiptera ; ^ F "1 A

Sub-order, Homoptera ; ^ ' " '

[Living in communities upon and puncturing the twigs of
the pear tree; a small, yellowish or greenish louse.]

These insects possess the power of leaping, and hence in
some localities are known by the name of flea-lice. They

118

INSECTS INFESTING THE PEAR TREE.

obtain their nourishment by puncturing the twigs with their
beaks and imbibing the sap. The larvae, or young, are of a dull-
orange color, and are obtuse l)ehind. (Pupa, Fig. 90). The per-
fect or winged insects (Fig. 91) are a little over a line long to
the tip of the closed wings ; the eyes are large and prominent ;
the head and thorax are of a brownish-orange color, and the
abdomen is greenish ; the wings are transparent. I have
found this species in one orchard only, and not sufficiently
numerous to do nmch damage to the trees infested.

Fig. 90.

Fig. 91.

Fig. 90. — Pupa of Pear-tree Psylla, highly magnified — col-
ors, orange-red and black ; o, ventral view ; 6, back view.

Fig. 91. — Pear-tree Psylla, enlarged — colors, orange-red and
black.

Remedies. — Trees. 'infested the previous 3'Gar should, when
dormant, be thoroughly sprayed M-ith No.* 13 — five pounds of
mixture to six gallons of water. In April, spray with Nos. 5
or 7. Repeat the spraying in two weeks, if necessary.

CHAPTER LXI.

The Pear Slug.

(Selandria cerasi — Peck.)

Order. Hymenopter.^ ; Family, Tenthredinid.e.

[A small twenty-footed caterpillar, covered witli a sticky
olive-colored slime, infesting the foliage of the pear and elu'rry
trees.]

The specific name, cerasi, given to this saw-fly, places this

INSECTS INFESTING THE PEAR TREE. 119

insect as a pest of the cherry tree, but in this state it does most
injury to the pear ; therefore, it is placed in the list of pear
insects.

The pear slug is found in many orchards in Central Cali-
fornia ; it feeds upon the foliage of the pear, the cherry, and
the plum tree, but only eats the epidermis off of the upper side
of the leaves, leaAdng the framework and under surface
untouched.

" The trees attacked by them are forced to throw out new
leaves during the heat of the Summer at the end of the twigs
and branches that still remain alive ; and this unseasonable
foliage, which should not have appeared until the next Spring
exhausts the vigor of the trees and cuts off the prospect of
fruit." — Harris.

The egg is deposited in a cut made in the leaf, by the saw-
like apparatus or ovipositor of the female. Nineteen eggs have
been found deposited in one leaf.

The larva (Fig. 96) is hatched from the egg in two days, and
feeds upon the leaves, as described above ; it attains its full
growth in from twenty to twenty-five days. During the time
it is feeding it exudes an olive-colored slimy substance, which
covers the body and gives it the appearance of a tadpole.
When it ceases eating it casts its skin and slimy coat, and
appears with a clean, yellowish skin ; the divisions of the
segments of the body are plainly seen ; it then descends to the
earth and crawls beneath the surface, from one to four inches,
and forms a cocoon, where it undergoes its metamorphoses or
changes ; in about fifteen days the perfect insect (Fig. 97)
appears.

Fig. 96.

Fig. 97.

Fig. 96. — Pear Slug ; an infested leaf on which are two slugs ;
above it is one of the slugs, enlarged — color, olive-brown.
Fig. 97. — Pear-Slug Saw-fly, enlarged — color, black.
The first brood appears late in April, or early in May ; the

120 INSECTS INFESTING THE PEAR TREE.

second, early in July. When the larvae of the second brood are
full grown they enter the earth, and remain unchanged until
the following Spring. Harris says, referring to the first brood :

" It seems that all of them, however, do not finish their
transformations at this time ; some are found to remain in the
ground unchanged till the following year, so that if all the
slugs of the last hatch in any one year should happen to be
destroyed, enough from a former brood would still remain in
the earth to continue the species."

There are apparently but two broods in each year.

Larva length, five and one half lines. Perfect insect, body
shining black, nearly three and one half lines long; expanse
of wings, six lines ; wings transparent ; lower part of fore
anterior legs, dirty-white.

Remedies. — Use No. 61 and No. 63.

CHAPTER LXII.

The Pear-leaf Caterpillar. (Cal.)

{Nematus Sp?)

Order, Hymenoptera ; Family, Tenthredixid j>.

[A small twenty-footed caterpillar, feeding upon the foliage
of the pear tree.]

Considerable damage has been done to pear trees in the
Sacramento Valley by a small green caterpillar (of a saw-fly)
eating the leaves. In some orchards the varieties of pear trees
which were the first to put forth their leaves were seriously
infested, and not only injuring the crop of fruit on the trees
by destroying the foliage, but also the crop of the next year.

NATURAL HISTORY.

About the time the leaves begin to appear, the eggs are
deposited in a small slit or opening made b}^ the ovipositor of
the female fly in the surface of the leaf. These are hatched
in about ten days.

INSECTS INFESTING THE PEAR TREE.

121

The young caterpillar (Fig. 98) commences to feed by eating
a short track, apparently under the surface of the leaf; it
eventually makes an opening in which it feeds until one fourth
grown, or six days old ; it then leaves this opening and com-
mences feeding on the edge of the leaf, and as there are often
from one to eight on a leaf, they move from one leaf to
another until full grown, which is in about twenty-two days
from the time they were hatched. When the larva, or cater-
piller, ceases to eat, it descends to the earth and crawls below
the surface and makes a tough, dark-brown oval cocoon. In
this cocoon it hibernates, in the larval state, until the next
Spring. Caterpillar (larva) ; length, six lines ; color, green ;
head, yellowish-green ; eyes, black ; twenty legs.

Fig. 98.

Fig. 98. — Pear leaf, caterpillar and work.
9

122

INSECTS INFESTING THE PEAR TREE.

Fig. 99.

Fig. iM). — IVar-leaf Saw-lly — colors,
black and yellow.

Perfect insect (Fig. 99) — length of body,
three and three fourths lines ; expanse
of wings, about seven lines ; color, head
and thorax black, abdomen yellowish,
with a black transverse band on the dor-
sal half of each segment ; wings transpa-
rent, with a brownish hue.

There is, apparently, only one brood
each year.

Remedies. — As soon as the larva? appear, spray as directed
in Xo. 61, or 65; also, sec Xo. 62.

CHAPTER LXIll.

The Thrips.

Order, Hemiptera;
Sub-order, Heteroptera ;

Family, Thripid^.

Fig. 100.

[Feeding upon the ui)])er surface of the leaves of the pear,
peach, etc., minute black or yellow six-legged insects.]

Last year, 1882, the owners of a great number of orchards
complained that the leaves of the pear, peach, and plum trees
were attacked by some insect or disease which caused them to
wither and fall off. On examination they were found to be
infested by a species of Thrips not heretofore noticed on fruit
trees in this State.

Tlie leaves infested by these insects appeared
marked all over their surface with minute
black dots, either caused by the bite of these
minute insects or were their excrements.
Many of the branches, especially on the lower
part of the tree, were denuded of their foliage.

Fig. 100. — Larva of T]n-ii)s — colors, l)rigbt
and dark yellow.

Tlif larva (Fig. 100) of this species of
Thri})s is one twenty-sixth of an inch in
length ; color, ])rimrose-yellow, Avith narrow

INSECTS INFESTING THE PEAR THEE.

128

Fig. 101.

Fig. 102.

transverse orange-colored markings. (Fig. 100, highly mag-
nified.)

The pupa (Fig. 101) is one twenty-fifth of an inch in
length ; about the same color as the larva, only the transverse
markings are not so clear. The legs and antennae are
obscured by a film, the wings are in a sheath (see Fig. 101,
magnified), and the insect moves more sluggishly than when
in the larva state.

Fig. 101.— Pupa of Thrips— col-
or, yellow.

Fig. 102.— Thrips— color, black.
The perfect insect (Fig. 102) is
one twenty-second of an inch in
length ; body black ; wings black,
bordered with a silver}^ fringe ;
there is a yellowish transverse bar
across the base of the wings.

Remedies. — As soon as the
thrips are noticed on the foliage,
spray thoroughly with No. 4, or No. 5, or No. 7 ; repeat spray-
ing if necessary.

INSECTS INFESTING THE QUINCE.

CHAP. The Round-headed Apple-tree Borer (Sajjerda

The Quince Sca.le (As-pidiotits cydonice 64 Candida).

The Quince Curculio {Conotraahelus era- The Red Spider (Teiranychun telariun).

tisgi) 65

The following insects also infest the Quince:
The Greedy Scale {A.^pidiotus lapax).

The Codlin Moth {CarpocapM pomonella).
The Plum Curculio {Conotrachelm nenuphar).
The Apple Curculio (Anthonomus quadriyib-

bus).
The Negro Bug iCoriinelcena pulicaria).

CHAPTER LXIV.

The Quince Scale.
(Aspidiotus cydoaisn. — Comstock. )

Order, Hemiptkra ; )

Sub-o^der, Homoptera; ( Family, Coccid^.

[A species of scale insect found on the quince in Florida.]
Prof. Comstock reports this species in Florida, and states in

appearance the scale is indistinguishable from that of the

greedy scale — {A. rapax).

Remedies. — Same as for San Jose Scale {A. perniciosus),

Chap. XX.

CHAPTER LXV.

The Quince Curculio. (Cal.)

( Conotrachelus craticgi. — Walsh.)

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, CuRcuuoNiD.Ti.

[Living in quinces and pears, a whitish, footless grub,
about four lines long, with a distinct tubercle on either side of
each segment, and a reddish-brown head ; usually, but not
always, deserting the fruit and entering the earth to pupate.]

INSECTS INFESTING THE QUINCE.

125

Fig. 103.

The female curculio punctures the fruit and deposits an
egg therein. This hatches out in a few days, and the grub
works, for the most part, near the surface of the fruit, never,
as far as known, entering the core. It acquires its full growth
in about a month after leaving the egg, and then usually, but
not always, deserts the fruit and burrows two or three inches
into the earth. Here it forms a small cell, in which it remains
unchanged until the following Spring, no matter whether it
left the fruit as early as the first of August or as late as the
first of October. In April of the following year, the larva
assumes the pupa form, from which the beetle issues in the
course of a week or two.

Fig. 103. — Quince Curculio, enlarged ;
a, side view ; &, back view — color, ash-
gray.

The beetle (Fig. 103) is about two
lines long, of an ashen-gray color, mot-
tled with pale-yellow, dusky and whitish,
and at the base of the thorax is a some-
what triangular dusky spot. The body
is broadest at Che shoulders, and the
wing cases are destitute of humps. The snout is longer than
the thorax and is bent beneath the breast.

I have found but two specimens of this species, and these
were found in 1882.

Remedies. — In the latter part of April, spray the foliage and
fruit thoroughly with Nos. 5 or 7. Repeat in two weeks if
necessary.

INSECTS INFESTING THE PEACH TREE.

CHAP.

The Peach-tree Borer (/le(;eri« exiliosa). ..66

The Peach Moth (Anargia lineatella) 67

The Peach Leaf-roller {Cragia pemcana). .68

The Peach Aphis {.Vyzux jxirm'cne) 69

The Indian Cetonia (Celonia inda) 70

The Green Fniit-beetle (G^r/i»i«(ix/it7i"rfflt)..71

The following insects also infest the Peach
tree :

The San Jose Scale (Axpidiotun jyerniciomis).
The Greedy Scale (Axpidiotiui rapax).
The Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer (Chrysobo-

Ihris fciiiomta).
The Cherry-tree Borer (Dkerca divaricata).

The Apple-twig Borer (Bostiichus birauda-

The Branch and Twig burrower (I'ohjcaon

ron/ertu.s).
The Snowy Tree Cricket (Oecanthuii niv^w).
The Buffalo Tree-hopper (Cerexa bubalux).
The Many-dotted Caterpillar ( Brachytcenia

iiialana).
The Almond Aphis (Aphlg amygdali).
The Red Spider (Tctranychua telariuK).
The Yellow Mite.

The Codlin Moth (Carpocapga pomonella).
The Plum Curculio {Conotrachelus nenuphar).
The Thrips.

CHAPTEIJ I.X\1.

The Peach Tree Borer

(yEycrla e.r.itiosa. — Say.)

Order, LEriDOPXERA ; Family, AEGERiDiE.

[Boring into the trunks of peach, plum, cherry and .>^imilar
trees, a pale yellow sixtcen-lcggcd larva.]

The ])each tree horer is widely distributed over the greater
part of the United States, and wherever found it is one of the
most pernicious enemies of the peach tree.

The egg from which this liorcr hatches is deposited in the
latter part of Summer upon the trunk of the tree, usually
near the roots, but sometimes at the base of one of the lower
limbs.

As soon as liatched, the young borer liegins to eat its way
downward through the l>ark and sapwood, continuing its
course in tliis direction until the following Spring, when it
turns about and directs its course upward. Before pujiating,
it forms a coeoon composed of its chips and castings, mixed

INSECTS INFESTING THE PEACH TREE

127

Fig. 104.

with gum. The perfect insect issues during the lattei part of
July, or during the month of August. The presence of this
borer may easily be detected by the mass of thick gum mixed
with the castings of the larva, which accumulates around the
opening of its burrow. It usually works in that part of the
tree which is at or just beneath the surface of the ground,
although it occasionally occurs in the crotches, or upon some
other part of the tree.

Fig. 104.— Peach Tree Borer— color,
yellowish.

The full grown larva (Fig. 104) meas-
ures from six to eight lines in length, and
is pale yellow, and provided with sixteen legs ; the head is red-
dish, marked with black.

Fig. 105.— Peach Tree Fig. 105, 1. Fig. 105, 2.

Borer (moths) — colors,
steel blue and yellow ; 1,
the female moth ; 2, the
male moth.

The perfect insects into
which these borers are
finally transformed somewhat resemble wasps, being provided
with four nearly transparent wings. The female (Fig. 105, 1,)
differs so much from the male (Fig. 105, 2,) as to cause her to
be mistaken for a distinct species. Her body is of a steel blue
color, with a dark orange colored band across the middle of
the abdomen ; the fore wings expand about one inch and six
lines, and are of a steel blue color ; the hind wings are trans-
parent, but are veined and bordered with steel blue.

The male expands obout one inch ; the wings are transpa-
rent, and are bordered and veined with steel blue ; the fore-
wings crossed beyond the middle by a band of the same color ;
the body is also steel blue, and the edges of the collar and
shoulders tufts, as well as two rings on the abdomen, and the
brush at the end are pale yellow.

Remedy.— Use No. 37 in July and August, or No. 98— the
latter is preferable.

128 INSECTS INFESTING THE PEACH TREE.

CHAPTER LXVTI.

The Peach Moth. (Cal.)

(Anarsia lineatella. — Zeller. )

Order, LEPinoPTERA ; Family, Tineid.^.

[A small reddish-pink larva, from four to five lines in
length, horing into the fruit of the peach and apricot ; also,
into the buds and the new growth of the peach.]

In 1882 the larva (Fig. 106, Plate 1) of this species was
found boring into peaches (Fig. 107, Plate 1) and apricots in
several of the fruit-growing districts of this State. The moth
or perfect insect is small ; length, three lines ; spread of wings,
about six lines ; color, dark-gray ; antennae gray, ringed with
brown ; wings gray, with brown streaks ; hind wings, smoky-
gray ; cilia, gray. Larva length, nearly four lines ; color, red-
dish-pink ; head, brownish-black.

I found a larva in a peach early in June, 1882. It left the
fruit on the 13th, and was changed to a pupa by the 16th. On
the 25th of June, the perfect moth appeared. The larva in
apricots matured to perfect insect in about the same length of
time. I have also found the larva of this moth in peacli buds,
also in the end of the new growth. In the latter it can be
easily detected, as the new leaves present a withered appear-
ance. The larva passes its transformations in the debris in
the crotches of the trees, or on the groimd am(»ng fallen
leaves, etc. I have found them more than half grown in the
buds in January, but apparently in a semi-dormant state.

The variety found in the fruit of the apricot and i)each is
lighter in color than that found in the buds and new growth.
The perfect insect (Fig. 106, Plate 1) that is reared from the
fruit-eating larva, is lighter colored than those raised from the
bud or new growth larva.

There are ])roba])ly three broods each year. From the
limited opportunities I have had to investigate the natural
history and habits of this pest, I am inclined to think that a
part at least of the so-called sap disease, or gum oozing from

INSECTS INFESTING THE PEACH TRRE. 129

the buds is caused by the boring of the larva of A. lineatella,
but will not say positivel}^ that such is the case. It is also
reported as a destructive pest to the stravi^berry, by eating chan-
nels through the crown of the plant, and also burrowing into
the runners.

Since writing the above, I have reared a number of the
perfect insects. The larva leaves the fruit to pass its tran-
formations. When it selects a place it spins a few threads,
then changes to pupa. It remains in the pupa state from
seven to ten days, according to the temperature.

This season (1888), specimens of plums, prunes and necta-
rines have been received infested by the larva of this moth.

Peaches received in this city (Sacramento) in July last, had
at least forty per cent, infested by this pest. The moth
deposits the egg on the fruit, generally near the stem.

Remedies. — See No. 67, and use Nos. 5 or 7 as spray. For
strawberries, see No. 68.

CHAPTER LXVIII.

The Peaeh-leaf Roller. (Cal.)

( Croesia persicana. — Fitch. )

Synonym. — Ptycholoma persicana. — Fitch.

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, ToRTRiciDiE.

I I M I i M I M hhl

[The measurements of insects in this worli are given in inches and lines. The above cut rep-
resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thereof.]

[Living singly in a nest of newly-expanded leaves on peach
trees ; a pale-green worm, Avith two Avhite lines along the back,
the head dull-yellowish.]

This leaf-roller assumes the pupa state in its nest. The
fore-wings of the perfect moth expand about eight lines, and
are of a yellowish color, varied with black, and marked with
white spots.

Remedy. — Use No. 24.

130 INSECTS INFESTING THE PEACH TREE.

CHAPTER LXIX.

The Peach Aphis. (Cal.)

(Alyzus persicse. — Siilzer.)

Order, Hemiptera ; ^ u. -i *
Sub-o^der, Homoptera;! ^^°^^^>'' ^^^'^^^^^-

[Living on the underside of the leaves and on the new
growth of peach, prune, and nectarine trees, causing the leaves
to curl and thicken by puncturing them with their beaks and
extracting the sap; small, black or reddish-brown plant-lice.]

The wingless females are rusty red ; the winged females are
black or greenish-brown.

The winged males are a bright yellow, with a transverse
brown streak on the thorax, and a few streaks of the same
color on the abdomen.

Remedies. — When the tree is dormant, spray with No. 11
or 12 ; when in leaf, use Nos. 4, 5, or 7 — 5 or 7 preferable.

CHAPTER LXX.

The Indian Cetonia.

( Cetonia inda. — Linnaeus. )

Synonym. — Euryomia inda.

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Cetoxid.e.

[Eating into peaches, pears, and grapes; a coppery-brown
beetle, about six lines or half an inch long, sprinkled with
brown dots, and thinly covered with yellowish hairs.]

Fig. 108. — Indian Cetonia — color, coppery-brown. Fig- lOS-

The larval and pupa stages of this insect are un-
known, but it probably lives in the ground during
the larval state, feeding upon the roots of plants.

The beetles (Fig. 108) make their appearance in
the Autumn and again in the Spring, passing the
Winter in some sheltered situation.

INSECTS INFESTING THE PEACH TREE.

131

CHAPTER LXXI.

The Green Fruit-beetle, (Cal.)

( Gymnetis nitida. — Linnaeus.)

Synonym. — Allorhina nitida.

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Cetonid.e.

[Feeding upon ripe peaches, pears, plums, figs, and melons ;
a green beetle (Fig. 109c) measuring about one inch and two
lines in length, having the wing-cases bordered with yellow ;
or feeding upon the roots of strawberry plants, etc., a whitish
six-legged larva.] (Fig. 109a.)

Fig. 109.

Fig. 109. — Green Fruit-beetle, Larva and Pupa ; c, the male
beetle — colors, green and yellow ; b, the pupa — color, brown ;
a, the larva, or grub — color, whitish ; d, its upper jaw, enlarged ;
e, its antennae, enlarged ; f, one of its legs, enlarged ; g, its
upper lip and palpus.

This species is very scarce in this State, as but few speci-
mens have been found. It is plentiful in Arizona Territory,
and is very destructive to peaches and melons.

INSECTS INFESTING THE APRICOT.

CHAP.

The Red-bodied Saw Fly (Doients tfijonicus).12
The Apricot Leaf-roller (Dickcelia cali/orni-

atia) 73

The Striped Bud-beetle (DUonycha Umbi-

collis) .-... 74

The followini,' insects also infest the Apricot :
The Greedy Scale (A>ipidiotui rapax).
The Pear tree Scoly tus (S;oli/tii'i pyri).

The Branch and Twig-burrower (Polycaon con-

fertus).
The Peach Moth (Ananda lineatclla).
The Robust Leaf Beetle (Serka valida).
The Buffalo Tree-hopper (Ceresa btibaUn).
The Red Spider (Tetranychui telariua).
The Plum Curculio {Conotrachelui Jienuphar)
The San Jose Scale {Anpidiotun pernicioswi).
The Black Scale (Lecanium olem).
The Cottony Cushion Scale (Irerya purchati).

CHAPTER LXXII.

The Red-bodied Saw Fly. (Cal.)

(Dolerus lejonicus. — Norton. )

Order, Hymenopteka ; Family, TEXXHREDixiDiE.

[A four-winged saw-fly with dark wings and a reddish body,
eating the leaves and shoots of young fruit trees.]

About the loth of May, 1883, a young orchard planted in
1882, was attacked by this saw-fly (Fig. 110, Plate 1). The
owner of the orchard writes on the 3d of June : " The flies
injured my trees very much by eating the leaves and young
shoots off entirely ; many of the trees have sent out new
growths, but many have not, and appear as though they were
killed."

The following is the description of this new pest : Head,
black ; antenna^ black, nine-jointed ; thorax reddish, hinder
portion and scutellum black ; abdomen marked with black at
the base ; legs, black ; wings clouded with smoky or blackish ;
the veins and costa deep black ; length of body nearly half an
inch : spread of wings, three fourths of one inch.

INSECTS INFESTING THE APRICOT. 133

At a later date, June 26, the orchardist writes : " They are
now feeding on the weeds around the orchard."

Note. — This saw-fly, if not identical with the European
saw-fly, Dosytheus lateritius — Klug., very closely resembles
that species. The larval history of this insect is unknown to
us at the present time.

Remedy. — Spraying the foliage with No. 5, or 7, or 65, will
protect it from the ravages of this pest.

CHAPTER LXXIII.

The Apricot Leaf-roller. (Cal.)

(Dichcelia Calif or nianu. — Walsingham.)

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Tortricid^.

[A small caterpillar, living in a rolled leaf, and feeding upon
the new leaves and growth of the apricot tree. It also feeds
on the fruit after it sets forth from the bloom.]

This caterpillar appeared in several orchards in the Spring
of 1882. In one instance it nearly destroyed the entire crop
of apricots, by feeding upon the fruit. I did not succeed in
rearing the moth last year, but this season I have been suc-
cessful. It has attacked several orchards this Spring, 1883 ; in
one case young trees planted last Spring from the dormant
bud, were nearly denuded of their foliage by this pest. In
other cases it has fed on the fruit. The caterpillar first attacks
the fruit when about the size of a small marble — first fasten-
ing a leaf to it. At first it feeds upon the epidermis, or skin,
but as the caterpillar grows larger it eats into the fruit. When
not feeding, it returns to its nest. At other times it folds a
leaf and feeds upon the new shoots and leaves near its nest —
in some cases nearly cutting off the former.

The body of the caterpillar (Fig. Ill, Plate 1) is yellowish-
green, with a dorsal line of a darker shade ; head and cervical
shield brownish-black, with a pale space between them ; spira-
cles, ringed with brown ; length, seven to eight lines.

The perfect insect (Fig. Ill, Plate 1 ) emerged from the pupa

134 INSECTS TNFESTINO THE APRICOT.

case on the 6th, 7th, lltii, and 12tli of June, after remaining
in the pupa state about eleven days.

The moth is of a golden ochre-yellow color ; the fore wings
are crossed near the middle, by an oblique reddish-brown
irregular band, on which are scattered some bluish scales ; and
there is a reddish-brown Ijar, tinged Ivith yellow, across the
outer end of the wings ; hind wings, reddish-brown, marked
with wliitish on the front edge; legs, yellow; length, from
front of head to apex of fore wings (when at rest), nearly four
lines ; spread of wings, about nine lines. There are two broods
each year.

Remedies. — As directed in No. 24. Spray early in May,
with Xos. 5 or 7, or 65.

CHAPTER LXXIV.

The Striped Bud-beetle. (Cal.)
(Disonyche limbicoUis. — Leconte. }
Order, Coleopteka ; Family. Chrvsomelid^.

[A five-striped beetle, similar in size and appearance to the
striped cucumber beetle (D. vittata), feeding upon the buds of
apricot trees.]

This species has appeared in immense numbers in several
localities, and many ])ersons supposed it to be the striped
cucumber beetle. It hibernates in the perfect state (Fig. 112,
Plate 1), and as soon as the warm weather begins it appears
in the orchards and attacks the fruit-buds as soon as they
begin to swell, seeming to have a preference for the apricot.
After their appearance in the early Sjjring, at night and on
cold days, they gather together in large numbers. As many
as one or two gallons have been foimd on one tree, fence,
frame of windmill, etc., apparently in a semi-dormant condi-
tion ; but as soon as the weather became warm again tliey
took to flight. This beetle is elongate-oval in shape; thorax,
black, bordered with a narrow light-yellow margin ; tlie wing-
cases are light vellow. marked with five black lines. The dif-

INSECTS INFESTING THE APRICOT.

135

ference between this species and the striped cucumber beetle
can be readily distinguished. The larva probably lives in the
roots of some kinds of plant.

Remedies. — Spray trees infested by this beetle with No. 5,
or 7, or 65. If the trees are seriously infested, by stirring or
mixing one pound of buhach in fifteen gallons of the mixture,
it will effectually destroy the beetle. When gathered in large
numbers in one place, as described above, the solution, mixed
with buhach, should be used.

Fig. 1121^.

chaptp:r Lxxivi

The Twelve-spotted Diabrotiea. (Cal.)

( Diabrotiea 12-puiirtata. — ( )livi('r.)

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Chrysomelid^.

[Feeding upon the l)uds and leaves of v^arious kinds of
plants, and also upon ripe or nearly ripe fruit ; a yellow beetle
(Fig. 112^) about three lines long, the head black, and the
wing-cases marked with twelve black spots.]

The early stages of this beetle have never been
traced out, but it probably lives in the ground
in the larva state, feeding upon the roots of
plants.

f'^iy\ Fig. 112^. — Twelve-spotted Diabrotiea — colors,

yellow and black.
Remedies. — The fruit in an orchard in this vicinity (Sacra-
mento) was attacked by these pests in the month of August,
1883. The owner sprayed the trees with a solution composed
of six pounds of buhach steeped in one gallon of alcohol, then
diluted with twenty gallons of water; this destroyed the pests
very etlectually. I have succeeded in driving them off' of the
trees by spraying the latter with Remedy No. 5 or 7, one pound
to each gallon of water used.

Note. — Since writing the aitiole on the Horned Flower-beetle (page 259), I learn that these
beetles sometimes burrow into ripe peaches, pears, and plums ; and they are alf-o charged with
gnawing off the green grapes and letting them fall upon the g'round.

When furnishing copy to the publisher, this Chapter was overioolied and not detected \uitil
too late.--M. C.

INSECTS INFESTINfx THE CHERRY TREE.

CHAP.

The Cherry -tree Borer {Dicerca divaricata).15
The Chen-j' Tortrix {Loxotoenia ceraaivor-

ami) 76

The Cherry Worm 77

The following insects also infest the Cherry-
tree :

The Woolly Aphis ( ikJdzcmeura lanigera).
The Lemon-peel Scale (Aspt'diotus ntrii.)
The Peach-tree Borer (^Egeria exitioiia.)
The Branch and T\vig-burro\ver {Pohjcaon

con/nrtus.)
The Harvest-fly (Cicada.)
The Orchard Tent-caterpillar {CUsiocainpa

Americana.)
The Forest Tent-caterpillar (Clisiocampa gyl-

vatica.J

The Red-humped Caterpillar (Xotodonta con-

cinna.)
The Canker Womis.

The Greater Leaf-roller (Loao/«!/u'a/-o»'aceana.)
The Many-dotted Caterpillar {Brachylcenia

malana.)
The Turnus Butterfly {Papilio tiii-nu^.)
The Pear Slug (Selandria ceragi.)
The Red Spider (Tetranychxu telariwi).
The Yellow Mite.

The Rose Chafer {Macrodactylug suhapinogiu.)
The Angular-winged Katydid (Microcentrum

retinervin.)
The Brown Strawberry-weevil (Liitronotm

nevadicus.)
The Negro-bug iCofimeliena pulicaria.)
The Plum Curculio (Conotrachelug nenuphar).

CHAPTER LXXV.

The Cherry-tree Borer. (Cal.)

{Dicerca divaricata — Say.)

Order, Colkoptera ; P'ainily, Buprestid.e.

[Boring beneath the bark of cherry and peach trees; a yel-
lowish footless grub, having the second segment greatly
widened and flattened.]

This borer closely resembles the flat-headed apple-tree borer
in all its stages, as well as in its habits.
The perfect beetle (Fig. 113) is from eight to eleven lines
long, and is of a shining bronze or copper-color ;
the wing-cases are elongated, their tips separating
quite widely from each other, and appearing as if
broken squarely off at the apex.
Fig. 113. — Cherry-tree Borer — color, coppery-gray.
Remedy. — Use No. 37.

Fig. 113.

INSECTS INFESTING THE CHERRY TREE. 137

CHAPTER LXXVI.

The Cherry-tree Tortrix. (Cal.)

(LoxoUenia cerasivorana — Fitch.)

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, ToRTRiciDiE.

[Living on cherry trees, between two leaves, or in commu-
nities in a large nest formed by fastening the leaves and
branches together with silken threads ; a nearly naked, pale-
yellow caterpillar, with the head and a spot on top of the
fore and hind parts of the body, black.]

This caterpillar pupates within its nest, and a short time
before the perfect moth issues, the pupa works itself part way
out of the nest.

The moth (Fig. 114) expands from nine to thirteen lines, is
of a pale ochre-3'ellow color, marked with pale leaden spots
or bands ; the hind wings, and the under side of all the wings
are pale yellow.

Fig. 114. — Cherry Tortrix — colors, yel- Fig. 114.

lowish and brown. ggCTl^jyi^g^^^

Remedies. — When the tree is dormant, ^^^pn^^^T
spray with No. 13 — five pounds of the mix- ^**fe^®\^ii^
ture to six gallons of water; or, No. 11 or
12. As soon as the fruit sets well from blossom, use Nos. 5
and 7.

CHAPTER LXXVII.

The Cherry Worm. (Cal.)

Order, Hymenoptera ; Family, Texthredixid^.

[A small twenty-footed larva, eating into cherries.]
Specimens of cherries infested by a small, twenty-footed
larva, have been received from at least three localities, situ-
ated about thirty miles from each other.

The larva (Fig. 115, Plate 1), when full grown, measures
about three lines in length; color — body yellowish-white,
10

138 INSECTS INFESTING THE CHERRY TREE.

immaculate, anal shield a little darker than body ; head small,
round and pale-yellow ; eyes black ; twenty legs.

The egg is probably laid by the parent fly on the cherry
when the latter is about the size of a pea ; as soon as hatched
the larva commences to feed upon the skin of the fruit and
eats in toward the pit or stone. In the young fruit it eats
into the pit, but when the cherry is more than half grown it
seldom attacks the pit. ^Mlen the larva is full grown it evidently
leaves the fruit to prepare to go through its change (metamor-
phosis) in the ground or elsewhere. The specimens were received
too late in the season to learn the natural history of this pest ;
and failing to rear the perfect insect, it is only by analogy that
its history can be referred to, therefore its having twenty legs
indicates that it is the larva of a saw-fly, and as the full grown
larva is only three lines in length, the j)erfect insect or fly
must be very small.

Remedy. — The natural history of this insect being unknown
to me at present, I can only recommend the picking off of the
trees all infested fruit and boiling it, or otherwise making
such use of it as will destroy the insect which it contains. It
would be beneticial to the tree to spray it when dormant with
No. 11 or 12. Or No. 13 — iUv pounds to each six gallons of
water used.

INSECTS INFESTING THE PLUM TREE.

CIIAF.

The Phiintiee Aphis {Aphit pruni) 78

The Phuu Leaf-hopper {Bythoinipua ditel-

lariu.'!) 79

The Plum Cureulio (Conutraehelits nenu-
phar 80

The Phmi Gouyer (Anthonomii^ prunicida).81
The Phiin Moth {Sruiasia pruniana) 82

The foUowintc insects also infest the Plum
Tree:

The San Jose Scale (Ai<pidiutus pernivionux).
The Greedy Scale (Anpidiotus rapax).
The Lemon-peel Scale ^Aspidiotus tierii).

The Peach-tree Borer (Aegeria exitiom).
The Pear-tree Scolytus {Scolytus pyri).
The Buffalo Tree-hopper {Cerexa bubalus).
DeLong's Caterpillar (Clmocampa coiulricta).
The Tussock Moth (prygia leucosUnrtut).
The Red -humped Caterpillar (A'oJodonta fon-

cinna).
The Apple-leaf Grumpier {Phycita nebulo).
The Red Spider (Tetranychus telanun).
The Robust Leaf -Beetle (Serica valida).
The Green Fruit-Beetle {GymnetU nilida).
The Thrips.
The Peach Moth {Anarua Uneatella.)

CHAPTER LXXVIII.

The Plum Tree Aphis. (Cal.)

[Aphis pruni. — Koch. )

Synonym. — A . prunifolia. — Fitch.

Order, Hemiptera ; }

Sub-order, Homoptera ; \

Family, Aphididj^.

I 1 ll M 1 I I I I hhl

(The measurements of insects in this work are given in inches and lines. The above cut rep-
resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thereof.]

[Living on the under side of the leaves of the plum, which
they puncture with tlieir heaks and extract the sap ; small
greenish plant-lice, usually marked with black.]

The wingless lice are greenish-white ; or the head is black,
the thorax green, with two transverse black lines, and the
abdomen is green, dotted with black, and marked on the top
with a large dark colored spot.

140 INSECTS INFESTING THE PLUM TREE.

The winged lice have the head and thorax black, usually
with a green ring around the neck ; the abdomen is colored
similar to that of the wingless lice, but is darker.

This species is very destructive to the plum and prune.

Remedies. — When the trees are in leaf, use Xo. 3 or 4, or
No. 5 or 7; when dormant, spray with Xo. 11 or 12, as
directed; or Xo. 13 — five pounds to six gallons of water.

CHAPTER LXXIX.

The Plum Leaf-hopper.

( Byth oscoj) (/.s- rl it ell a rius. — Say. )

Order, He.miptkha ; ) i- ■^ n

^. , ' 1 Tj r amilv, C EcRopiD.^.

i>ui)-order. Ho.Moi'TEKA ; )

[ Puncturing the fruit-stems of plums and extracting the sap ;
a small cylindrical, slightly tapering leaf-hopper, about two
and a half lines long ; l)lack or dark brown, with a bright,
sulphur-yellow spot on the middle of its back and a pale
yellow band in front of this; the head pale yellow, with two
black dots on the forehead. — Fitch.]

Remedies. — When the tree is dormant, spray with Xo. 1 1 or
12, as directed ; or with Xo. 13 — five pounds to six gallons of
water. For Summer wash, use Xos. 3, 4, 5, or 7 ; those mixed
with suli)iiui- are preferable.

CHAPTER LXXX.

The Plum Curculio.

(ConotrachelKs nenuphar. — Ht-rbst.)

Order, Colkopter.\ ; Family, Ctkcuijonid.e.

[Living in plums, cherries, peaches, pears, nectarines, apri-
cots, quinces and apples, a yellowish-white footless grub
which undergoes its transformations in the earth.]

INSECTS INFESTING THE PLUM TREE 141

This is undoubtedly the worst enemy with which the fruit-
grower has to contend — in fact its operations have become so
extensive that the raising of plums has become almost entirely
abandoned in several sections of this country. This pest can
be kept in check by following the proper course, but it
requires constant watching ; or, as Professor Riley remarks,
" eternal vigilence is the price of fruit."

Fig. 116. — Plum, showing egg-puncture Fig. 116.

and crescent-mark of the plum Curculio ;
also, a curculio resting upon the plum.

The female curculio makes a small hole
in the fruit (Fig. 116) with her snout, then turns around and
deposits therein a single egg ; after which she gnaws a cres-
cent-shaped slit around and partially under the egg. This
precaution is prol)ably taken in order to prevent the fruit from
growing over and thus destroying the egg. On account of this
hal)it, the insect has been named the "Little Turk," the cres-
cent l)eing the national emblem of the Turkish Empire.

This crescent is a pretty sure indication that the fruit upon
which it appears is infested with the curculio, although upon
apples and similar fruits the growth of the fruit is so rapid as
to obliterate the crescent in a short time. Each female is sup-
posed to have a stock of from fifty to one hundred eggs, and
to deposit from five to ten a day. While those which appear
earlier begin this work by the middle of May, it is continued
by others, which appear later, so that the period of egg-laying
is extended to a period of about two months.

Fig. 117.— Larva of Plum Curculio, Fig. 117.

enlarged — color, yellowish-white.

The larva (Fig. 117) which hatches
from the egg of the curculio is a small
footless worm, somewhat resembling

a maggot, except that it does not taper so much, and it has a
distinct head. It is of a glossy yellowish-white color, but
partakes more or less of the color of the flesh of the fruit it
infests. There is a lighter line running along each side of the
body, with a row of minute black bristles below, and a less
distinct one above it. The under part is reddish-brown, and
the head is yellowish or pale brown. When fully grown it

142

rXSECTS INFESTFiXG THE PLUM TREE.

Fig. 118.

Fig. 119.

measures about five lines in length. As soon as it reaches its
full growth, the larva deserts the fruit — which usually falls to
the ground before ripening — and enters the eartli to tlic depth
of a few inches, where it forms a small cell in which to pass
the pupa state (Fig. 118). It remains in this state about
three weeks when the change to the perfect state takes place.
Fig. 118. — Pupa of Plum Curculio. enlarged —
color, yellowish-white.

Fig. 119. — Plum Curculio, en-
larged— colors, lu'own, yellow, black

[ ^^^^^ ^^^^^ white.

I Wgait The perfect beetle (Fig. 119) or
curculio is about two lines long,
and is of a dark brown color, vari-
gated with white, yellow and black ; the snout is
rather longer than the thorax — the latter is uneven ; the wing-
cases have two black tubercles on them, one on the middle of
each near the suture ; behind these is a broad band of dull
yellow and white ; the thighs liaA'e two small teeth on the
under side.

This insect lives not only in the tVuits mentioned at the
head of this article, but also in the black knot infesting plum
and cherry trees. The perfect beetle feeds not only upon the
fruit, but also upon the leaves, and even the bark of newly-
formed twigs does not escape its attack.*.

The number of broods which this insect produces in one
year is not definitely known, but most authors regard it as
being single-brooded; the perfect beetles hiix-rnating beneath
pieces of wood, etc., lying upon the ground.

I am not aware that this insect has been found in this State
up to date ; but as we have received so many injurious insects
from the East, it is not at all improbable tbat the plum cur-
culio will make its appearance among us. The greatest care
should be taken to prevent its importation on nursery stock
from infested districts.

Rkmkdiks.— Use Nos. 101) and llo.

INSECTS INFESTING THE PLUM TREE. 143

CHAPTER LXXXI.

The Plum Gouger.

{Anthonomus prunicida — Walsh.)

Synonym . — Coccotorus scutellaris — Lee.

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Curculionid^.

[Living in the pits of plums ; a small milk-white footless
grub with a yellowish-white head, passing through its trans-
formations within the pit, and finally producing a brown snout-
beetle, having the thorax iiale-yellow.]

This insect, as its name indicates, seems to confine its attacks
wholly to the plum. The female gnaws a hole into the fruit
and deposits an egg therein; as soon as hatched, the young
larva makes its way directly to the pit or stone, which it enters
and feeds upon the kernel ; after attaining its full growth, it
cuts a round hole through the shell of the pit — which is now
quite hard— and having thus prepared a place of exit, it casts
off its skin and appears in the pupa form, from which the per-
fect insect issues in the course of a few weeks.

The larva of this species can easily be distinguished from
that of the plum curculio by having the under part of its body
white, this part being reddish-brown in the curculio.

The perfect insect (Fig. 120) is about one and a half lines
long, exclusive of the snout, which is not much longer than
the thorax ; the latter is pale yellow, as are also the legs ; the
wing-cases are brown, with a dull grayish tint, and are desti-
tute of tubercles. — Walsh and Riley.

Fig. 120. — Plum Gouger, enlarged — col- Fig, 120.

ors, yelloAv and grayish-brown.

In 1882 I received specimens of plums)
in the pits of which was a small grub,
but failed to rear the perfect insect, there-
fore cannot say if this species is found
here.

RexMedies. — Use Nos. 109 and 110.

144 fNSECTS INFESTING THE PIMM TREE.

CHAPTER LXXXIL

The Plum Moth.

(Scma-sia pi'iiniand — Walsh. )

Order, Lepidoptek.v ; Family, Toktricid.e.

[Living in plums, apples and crab-apples ; a dingy white or
brownish-yellow sixteen-legged worm, having a black head.]

It is not knoAvn with certainty whether this larva will attack
sound fruit, or whether it only infests fruit which has l^een
attacked by some other insect, but the latter is perhaps the
case, and, if this view is correct, then this insect cannot be
regarded as being very injurious to the orchard. AVhen fully
grown, this worm measures about three lines in length ; it then
deserts the fruit and spins a dark colored cocoon, which is
fastened to some neighboring object.

The perfect moth has the fore-wings black and variously
marked with red, blue and white, the latter forming seven
short streaks along the front edge of the wing ; the hind wings
are grayish next the body, shading into black at the tips.
This insect was bred by Mr. AValsh from the plum ; the black
knot ; a gall produced by plant-lice on an elm leaf ; and a gall
made by a four-winged tiy on an oak leaf, and Professor
Riley has bred it from the apple, crab-apple and haws.

This insect is described in order that investigations may be
made by those who have ])lums infested by a small whitish
larva. I have been unable to procure specimens, but I know
of at least six localities in Avhich plums are infested l)y a smal
caterpillar.

INSECTS INFESTING THE PRUNE.

The following insects infest the prnne, but are treated of
elsewhere in this work :

The Robust Leaf-beetle (Serica valida).
The Peach Aphis {Mi/zuspersicce).

The Peach Moth (Anarsia limatella).

Tree Cricket (Oeeanthus).

I have received twigs of prune trees containing eggs similar
to that of the gray tree cricket ( Oeeanthus latipcniiu — Fig. 121),
but whether they belonged to this or to an allied species I am
unable to say.

Fig. 121. — Eggs of Gray Tree Cricket; a, the wood removed

showing

,1 , !Fig. 121.

the eggs; 6,

puncture s
contain-
ing the
eggs ; c, an egg highly magnified — color, white.

Remedies. — Use Nos. 25 and 2S.

INSECTS INFESTING THE NECTARINE.

The following insects infest the nectarine, but are treated of
in another part of this work :

The Peach Aphis (Myzun persicce).

The Plum Cuvculio (Coiuitrachelun nenitphar).

INSECTS INFESTING THE PERSIMMON TREE.

The Persimiiioii Aphis (Aphis dionpyri) Chap. 83

CHAPTER LXXXIir.

The Persimmon Aphis.

( Aphis dioxp;/ri — Thomas. )

Order, 'Hemiptera ; ^ tt. -i .
Suh-orctcr. Homoptera ;) -^ '

The nieasurciuetits of insects in this work are given in inches and Unes. Tlie above cut rep-
resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thrreof.

[Living uj)()n the leaves of persimmon trees, which tlicv
puncture with their beaks and imbibe the sap; small brown
and black plant-lice.]

The wingless lice are purplish-brown ; the head and thorax
are dark ; the abdomen brownish with the extremity black.
The winged lice are usually colored like the wingless ones. —
Professor Thomas.

Remedy. — Spray the foliage with either Nos. 3, 4, ") or 7. as
directed.

INSFXTS INFESTING THE OLIVE.

The Black Scale (Lecanium olece) 84

The Olive Worm (VaaiA oletie) 85

The following insects also infest the olive :
The Greedy Scale (Atipidiotux rapax).
The Red Bay Scale (Aapidiotus perseoe).
The Branch and Twig Biirrower (Polycaon

confertus) .

CHAPTER LXXXIV.

The Black Scale. (Cal.)
( Lccanluin ulccv. — Bernard. )

Order, Hemiptera ; }
Sub-order, Homoptera ;^

Family, Coccid.e.

[A dark brown beniispherieal scale insect, or bark-louse,
which infests all varieties of citrus trees, and nearly all varie-
ties of deciduous fruit trees, and many shrubs, vines, etc.]

The ]>lack scale is more generally found in the orchards and
gardens of California than any other species of the CoccidrV.

It infests the orange, lemon, lime, olive (Fig. 122, 1,) aj^ple,
pear, peach, apricot, plum, prune, cherry and pomegranate
trees. In the garden, it infests the honeysuckle, chrysanthe-
mum, rose, oleander, and many other plants ; and this, or a
closely allied species, infests the forest trees. The presence of
this species can be readily detected by the appearance on the
branches, foliage and fruit of a black smut, known to scien-
tists as Fnmago salicina, and the cause of its production is a
question upon which authorities differ. I am convinced, from
practical investigation, and also from information received
from Mr. Alexander Craw, and Mr. Wolfskill, of Los Angeles,
and the late A. B. Clark, of Orange, Los Angeles County,
that the l)lack smut is caused by a honeydew exuded by the
females of the black scale insect, in the stage of their life

148

INSECTS INFESTING THE OLIVE.

between the time of the first formation of the calcareous secre-
tion by which the insect is covered, and their reaching matur-
ity or becoming fixed to any part of the plant.

Fig. 122.

Fig. 122. — Hhuk Scale; /, an infested twig; la, side view
of one of the scales, enlarged — color, dark brown.

In relation to this smut or fungus, Professor Barlow writes :
" The result of our examination of the diseased orange and
olive leaves is briefly as follows : The disease, although first
attracting the eye by the presence of the black fungus, is not
caused by it, but rather by the attack of some insect which
itself deposits some gummy substance on the leaf and bark, or
so wounds the tree as to cause some sticky exudation on
which the fungus especially thrives. It is not denied that the
growth of the fungus greatly aggravates the trouble already
existing by encasing the leaves, thus preventing the action of
the sunlight. We only say that in seeking a remedy we are to

INSECTS INFESTING THE OLl VE. 149

look further back than the fungus itself, to the insect, or what-
ever it may be, which has made the luxuriant growth of the
fungus possible."

The smut or fungus is found on the branches, foliage and
fruit of orange, lemon, lime and olive trees infested by the
black scale. I have also seen apricots and peaches, taken
from trees infested by this insect, so thoroughly covered by
this smut that it destroyed their market value for canning
purposes.

NATURAL HISTORY.

The black scale (Fig. 122, la,) when full grown is of a dark
brown color, nearly hemispherical .in form, but is slightly
longer than broad ; length, from two to two and a half lines ;
width, about two thirds of the length ; height, one and one half
lines ; there are two ridges or bars across the body, apparently
dividing it into three parts, the middle being the largest ; a
short ridge along the back joins the two cross ridges, forming
lines resembling the letter H ; the edge of the covering of the
insect resting on the wood, foliage, etc., is margined, and has
a grooved or fluted appearance nearly one half the height of
the insect.

The eggs are oval in form ; when first laid, whitish ; before
hatching, a reddish-yellow. From seventy-five to one hundred
and seventy-five are deposited by each female of this species.
Fig. 123. — Larva of Black Scale, en-
Fig. 123. larged, back view — color, reddish-yellow.
The larva (Fig. 123) is one seventy-
fifth of an inch long ; width, five eighths
of length ; form, oval ; antennae, six or
seven jointed. From the time the secre-
tion begins to form until the insect has
reached maturity, it assumes different
shades of color — first, greenish-brown;
half grown, reddish-brown, and at ma-
turity, dark brown.
It is doubtful if there are more than one brood in each
year ; the first brood are hatched, in this locality (Sacramento),
about the first of May, but do not attempt to leave from under

150 INSECTS INFESTING THE OLIVE.

the scale until the twelfth ; yet it is very common to tind the
females of this species depositing their eggs late in September,
but whether they are of the Spring brood I am not prepared
to say.

In relation to the length of time the lecaniums are capal)le
of moving from one place to another, Mons. V. Signoret
writes : " Before pregnancv, they have the power to move,
if necessary."

Remedies. — Deciduous fruit trees : When the tree is dormant,
spray with Nos. 11 or 12, as directed ; or No. 13 — five pomids
to six gallons of water. In Spring or Summer, when the young
are hatched, spray thoroughly with Nos. 5 or 7. (No. 4 may be
used and prove very effective, but the solution containing sul-
phur is preferable, as it destroys the black smut.) For citrus
trees : (see No. 48), spray, etc., as directed in No. 49, and also
as directed for olive trees. For olive trees : Use same as for
citrus trees ; or No. 9, with one gallon of water added to every
gallon of the solution. Example — To tliirty gallons of No. 9,
add thirtv gallons of Avater — sixtv in all.

CHAPTER LXXXV.

The Olive Worm.

{Dacus olese.)

Order, Diptera ; Family, Ortalid.e.

[Living in the olive berries (Figs. 12(5 and 127): small
whitish footless maggots.]

INSECTS INFESTING THE OLIVE.
Fig. I'JG.

151

Fig. 127 Fig. 126.— Olives infested by Olive Worms.

Fig. 127. — An olive cut open, showing work
of Olive Worms.

This pest is not found in California, so far
as I am aware, at present. The following is
taken from Figuier's account of this insect :

The parent CFig. 124), which deposits the

eggs from which the maggots (Fig. 12.5, left,)

are produced, is about one half the size of the

common house-fly, and of an ashen-gray color; its head is

orange-yellow, with two black spots on the upper part of the

face ; the eyes are green ; the thorax is marked with four

152

INSECTS INFESTING TEE OLIVE.

light yellow spots, and the abdomen is brownish, spotted with
blaek on the sides.

Fiff. 124.

Fig. 125

Fig. 124. — Olive Fly, cnhirged — colors, gray, blaek and yel-
low.

Fig. 12-"). — Olive Worm and Pupa; at the left, the worm, nat-
ural size and enlarged — color, whitish; at the right, the pupa,
natural size and enlarged — color, brown.

Tills \\y })unctures the skin of the olive and deposits therein
a single egg; the maggot, which hatches from this, burrows
into the berry until reaching the stone, which it leaves
untouclied. After attaining its full size, it forms a cell beneath
the skin, and in this cell it assumes the pupa form (Fig. 125,
right.')

Remedy. — S]ii'ay with Xos. 4, •") or 7.

A. N.Caudeii,

Insects Infesting Orange, Lemon and Lime Trees.

CUAP.

The Red Scale (Ai^pidiofus aurantU) 86

The Red Scale of Florida, ( Axpidiotus fie us) 87
The Lemon-peel Scale {AxpidiotiM nerii). ..88
Pergande's Orange Scale (A.spidiotus per-

gandii) 89

The Citrus Leaf and Fruit Scale (Aiipidiotxis

eitricola) 90

The Soft Orange Scale (Lecanium hetiperi-

duiii.) 91

The Cottony Cushion-scale {Iceryapurchaai) 92

The following insects also infest Citrus

trees :

The Black Scale {Lecanium olece).

The Filbert Scale {Lecanium hemisphericum).

The Common Mealy-bug {Dactylopius adoni-
dum).

The Destructive Mealy-bug (Dactylopius de-
structor).

The Red Spider (Tetranychus telarius).

CHAPTER LXXXVI.

I

The Red Scale. (Cal.)

(Aspidiotus aurantii — Maskell. )

Synonym. — Aspidiotus citrii — Conistock.

Order, Hemiptera ; ) -rr ■-, ^

o 1 1 TT [ Family, Coccid.e.

bub-order, Homoptera ;) -^ '

[A circular reddish scale insect, infesting the citrus trees,
and has been found on grape vines and the foliage of walnut
trees.]

The red scale (Fig. 128) infests some of the citrus groves of
Southern California, and orange trees in Sacramento and
Mar3^sville. It has also been found on grape vines and on the
foliage of walnut trees, but I do not think that any damage
will be done to these plants by this pest. As the walnut sheds
its foliage annually, the insects are likely to be destroyed;
and those which I have examined on the grape vines in the
month of September, and which appeared to be in a healthy
11

154

INSECTS INFESTING ORANGE TREES, ETC.

condition, were dead and shrunken when I examined the vines
in the month of February following.

It is generally conceded that this species is an inipDrtation
from Australia.

Fiir. 12S. — Red Scale; l.a {\\\\i infested by these scales; Irf,
the male, highly magnified — colors, yellow and l)rown ; 1/j, the
female scale, greatly enlarged — colors, gray, yellowish or l)rown ;
Ic, the male scale greatly enlarged — color, same as the female
scale.

NATURAL HISTORY.

Female scale (Fig. 128, 16), nearly transparent, circular, of
a light-grayish color, and measures from one line to one and

INSECTS INFESTING ORANGE TREES, ETC. 155

one quarter lines in diameter ; exuviae or cast skin in center,
yellowish ; second larval skin easily distinguished.

Male scale (Fig. 128, Ir) a little darker in color and smaller
than the female scale ; form, elongated ; exuvise nearest the
anterior end.

Eg(j8. — It is thought by some writers that the females of
this species are viviparous. I have watched the female insect
ovipositing, and immediately examined the egg or sack under
a microscope, using a high power, and could not detect any
appendages ; however, in twenty-four hours I noticed the pres-
ence of antennas and legs. The insect produces from two to
four of these eggs or sacks in twenty-four hours, and the num-
ber produced by each female is from twenty to forty -three ;
the latter is the highest number I have found.

In the month of September, 1882, I found a lemon at an
orchard in Los Angeles County, on which the larvae of thirty-
nine male scale insects had located around the stem of the
fruit, and as there was only one matured scale on the lemon,
this was evidently the number produced by one female. Larva
color, bright yellow ; form, ovoid ; length, one eightieth of an
inch; antennas, six-jointed; anal setse, present.

Female (Fig. 129) — color, light or primrose-yellow when the
scale is formed, but as it reaches maturity it becomes a brown-
ish-yellow. The formation of the body is such that under the
scale, when examined with a lens, its appearance is that of a
broken ring, but when ovipositing the posterior end of the
abdomen extends beyond the circular line of the body. The
color of the natural insect is shown through the nearly trans-
parent scale from which it derives its common name — Red Scale.
Male (Fig. 128, la) — color of body, amber-
!i^«r7S!^ yelloAv, with dark marking on thorax ; eyes,

black.

Fig. 129. — Female Red Scale Insect, en-
larged, ventral view — color, yellow.

The young larvse can be found at all seasons
of the year, and there are probably four or five
broods in each year.

156 INSECTS INFEST IN (r ORANdE TREE.^, ETC.

Fig. 130. > ig. 131.

Fig. loO. — Orange infested hy Red Scale.

Fig. 131. — Leaf infested bv Red Scale; two of the scales at
the left, enlarged — color, yellow or brown ; the up})er one the
female ; the lower one the male.

This species infests the small branches and foliage (Fig.
128, 1) and fruit (Fig. loO), but seems to i)refi-r the fruit and
foliage. (Fig. 131.)

Re.medies. — See Nos. 48, 41), •")(). (>">. and 77. Spray.

CHAPTER LXXXVII.

The Red Scale of Florida.

(Aspidiutas ficns — Riley, MSS. ; Chri/soiiijihalus ficus — Riley,
MSS. Ashmead.)

Order, He.miptera ; / ^ ., ^ . ,, ,-

Sub-order, Homoptera ; ) • '

[.\ speincs of scale insect infesting the branches, foliage and
fruit of orange trees in Florada and the Island of Cuba.]

Fig. l-">li. — I{(m1 Scale of I'^lorida : J. leaves infcstcil by 1 hesc
scales; ~a, the fenuile scale, enlarged — colors, reddish-brown
and brown ; J/), the male scale, enlarged — colors, gray and

INSECTS INFESTING ORANGE TREES, ETC. 157

l)ro\vii: ;.^c, young larva, highly magnified — color, yellow ; 2d,
2c and 2_f\ the scales in different stages of formation.

Professor Comstock deseril)es this species as follows (Fig.
132): " Female Scale. — Color, the ])art of the scale covering
the second skin is a light reddish-brown ; the remainder of
the scale is much darker, varying from a dark reddish-brown
to black, excepting the thin part of the margin, which is gray ;
exuviae nearly central, whitish in fresh specimens ; form circu-
lar, one line in diameter. Male Scale. — The scale of the male

158

rNSECTS INFESTING ORANGE TREES, ETC.

is about one fourth as large as that of the female; the pos-
terior side is pro-
Fig. ia3. , ... f. .

longed into a thin

flap, which is gray
in color (Male, Fig.
133). (See United
States Agricultural
Report, 1880; and
A s h ni e a d in
"Orange Insects,''
1880.)
Fig. 133 — Red Scale of Florida (male, highly magnified) —

colors, 3'ellow and l)rown.

Remedies. — Same as for red scale (.4. aurantii). Xos. 48,

49, 50, 65, 77 or 44.

CHAPTER LXXXVIII.

The Lemon-peel Scale. (Cal.)
(Aspidiotus ncrii. — Bouche. )

Order, Hemiptera ;
Sub-order, Homoptera ;

Family, Coccid.e.

[A whitish circular scale insect, infesting the lemon, plum,
cherry and currant; also the oleander, acacia, magnolia, etc.]

This species has been known to scientists as the " Oleander
Scale" (Fig. 134), from which it derives its specific name,
aerii. Within the last four or five years it has l)een found on
the lemon, plum, cherry and currant ; also on the acacia, mag-
nolia, etc. It seems to prefer the fruit of the lemon, and in
many cases infests the skin or peel to such an extent as to
reduce its market value. California cannot claim a sole pro-
prietary right to this pest, as lemons imi)orted from Europe
are often offered for sale in our market which are seriously
infested by .1. /(</•//.

Fig. 134. — Lemon-peel Scale; 1, leaves and twigs infested
by these scales; la, the male scale insect greatly magnified —

INSECTS INFESTING ORANGE TREKS, ET(\

159

colors, yellow and brown ; 15, scale of male greatly enlarged —
color, white ; Ic, scale of female highly magnified — color, whit-
ish or grav.

NATURAL HISTORY.

The female scale (Fig. 184, Ir,) is of a whitish color, and
nearly circular, measures one line in diameter ; exuvia^ or cast
skin, 3'ellowish, and near the center. Male scale (Fig. 134,
16,) white, smaller, and not as circular as that of the female.
Egg, light yellow. Larva, yellowish white ; length, one eighty

160

INSECTS INFESTING ORANGE TREES, ETC.

fifth of ail inch. Feinalc, liglit yellow, witli darlccr blotches;
body, cimilar ; abdominal segments appear as a pointed pro-
jection at one part of tlie circle. Male insect (Fig. 184, la,)
winged ; l)ody yellowish, with dark markings. The lemon-
peel scale insect closely resembles the red scale, and it is only
by tlie difference in color that a person not thoroughly acciiiain-
ted with the respective species can distinguish them.
Remedies. — Use Nos. 48, 49, 50, 65, 77 or 44.

CHAPTER LXXXIX.

Pergande's Orange Scale. (Cal.)

{Piirlatoria peryandii. — Comstock)

■ Order, Hemiptera ; ) t^ ■, /i^. _^_

o 1 ' 1 TT c ramilv, Coccid.e.

Sub-order, Homoptera ;)

[A scale insect infesting tlic branches, foliage and fruit of
citrus trees.]

I have found this species on the orange tree in Sacramento,
but have not found it in any other part of the State.

Fig. 136.

Fig. 135.

Fig. 135. — Pergande's Orange Scale; at the left, the female
scale enlarged — color, dirty gray; at the right, the male scale
enlarged — color, gray.

Fig. 13(). — Pergande's Orange Scale; male, highly magni-
fied— color, purplish.

The female scale (Fig. 135, left,) is soiiicwhat elongated in
form, but lU'urlv circular, tlie cxuvite at one side of the cen-

IN SECT H INFESTING ORANGE TREES, ETC. 161

ter — color, grayish ; cxuvitu yellow, and gcncnally oval in
shape.

Male scale (Fig. 135, right,). The scale of the male is elonga-
ted and narrow — color, dii;ty white ; exuvia? at the anterior
end. Female — color, purplish, with posterior end of body yel-
lowish, and is nearly as broad as long. Eggs — color purplish,
elongated ; from nine to twenty found under each female
scale. Larva length, nearly one nineteenth of an inch — color
purplish. Male (Fig. 136) — color dark purplish.

Remedip:s. — Nos. 48, 49, 50, 65, 77 or 44.

CHAPTER XC.

The Citrus Leaf and Fruit Scale.

(Mj/tilaqns citricohi — Packard.)

Synonym. — Aspidiotus citrtcola. — Packard.

Order, Hemiptera ; / r^ -i n .^

c, 1 ' 1 TT Family, Coccid^.

bub-order, Homoptera ; ) -^ '

[An elongated slightly curved scale insect, infesting citrus
trees.]

This species of scale insect has not been found on any of
the citrus trees in this State, so far as I know, but it will be
strange if it is not found in the near future. It is not a rare
occurence to find it on oranges, etc., which are imported from
Europe, Australia and Tahiti, and offered for sale on fruit
stands throughout the State.

Tlie scale of this species (Fig. 137, J((, i/>)is similar in form
and appearance to that of the oyster shell bark-louse {M.
pomorunij Chap. XIX), excepting that it may be a little wider
at the posterior end. Length of female scale about one and
one half lines. The male scale (Fig. 137, Ic) is similar to
other species of MytiUispis in having a hinge-like joint, poste-
rior to the middle of the scale, so that b}' lifting the posterior
part up, the perfect insect (Fig. 138a) can emerge.

162

INSECTS INFESTING OliANGE TREES, ETC.

be

r-'

Fig. 137. — Citrus Leaf and Fruit Scale ; 1, a leaf infested by
these scales ; la, the female scale greatly enlarged, back view
— color, brown ; //>, tlie same, ventral view, showing eggs —
color of eacli. wliite ; ir, the male scale enlarged, l)ack view —
color, brown.

Fig. 188.— Citrus Leaf and Fruit Scale,
enlarged; c", the male scale — color,
brown : (i. the male scale insect — color,
red; h, the larva — color, yellowish.

RE.MEDrKs.— Xos. 44, 4S, 49, oO, (i.").
and 77.

Fis. 138.

INSECTS INFESTING ORANGE TREES, ETC.

163

CHAPTER XCI.

The Soft Orange Scale. (Cal.)

{Lecanivm hesperidum. — Linngeus.)

Order, Hemiptera ; } -r^ n n

Sub-o^der, HoMOPTERA ; \ ^^"^^^>^' ^occjbje.

[An oval flattened scale insect, infesting citrus trees,
especially the orange.]

The soft orange scale is found in California in nearly every
locality where citrus trees are grown ; it infests the wood,
foliage and fruit. This, or a closely allied species, isfound on
plants in hot-houses.

Fig. 139.

Fig. 139. — Soft Orange
Scales ; at the left, one of the
scales enlarged — color, yel-
lowish.

In the Treatise on Injuri-
ous Insects, 1881, I describ-
ed the male of this species
as winged. Prof. Comstock,
in his Entomological Report
of 1880, writes: "The male
of this species has never been
found, although it has been
studied from the time of
Linnaeus down."

In^September, 1880, I pre-
pared a 'dry mounting of a
specimen of Lecanium hes-
peridum for microscopic use
at the State Fair of that year ;
early in the week a small in-
sect was noticed coming from under a specimen beneath the
glass, and finally released itself. It proved to be a male scale
insect.

164

JXSECTS /yFKST/\(; Ul^lSaK TlUiES, ETC

NATIKAI. insTOHY.

Fi'iiuiK' ( Fi.ir. l-5'.>) — ;i liroatl oval sralc lurasurinii' tVoni ono
and oiu' i|Uartt'r to oiu' and one lialt" linrs in Irngth, widt'st at
tho posterior ond — oolor, ilark lnown on top, and a lightor
brown surrounding the niarjiin. Two indentations on tlu'
margin on each side, and a largi' indentation on the posterior
end. It has powers of loeoniotion siniihir ti> those of other
Li'cdiiinms. I have not found the egg of this sj>eei(»s, hut have
found hirge nunil>ers of the young larva — as many as torty-
tive under one speeimen. The young larva' ajjpear about the
tirst of May in this vicinity (Sacramenti)). T.arva length, <me
eiglity fifth of an ineh — color, dark or dirty yellow: antemue.
six jointed (some specimens ai)pi'ar to have seven joints) :
two anal seta\

DKscKirTioN. — Length Fi^'. UO,

of body, ttne seventy-sec-
ond oi' an inch : from
front of head to ai)ex of
wing, one twenty-fourtli of
an inch ; posterior styl-
ets, one forty-tifth of an
inch, or o n e half t h e
length of bt)dy — cidor.
body, imnuu'ulate golden-
yellow : eyes, dark or
black ; antenna' (from the
peculiar position in which
they arc placed 1 lan only
count seven joints), gold-
en yt'llow and hairy ; legs,
golden-yellow.

As it did not agree
with the description of
any of tlu' male scale in-
sects I had read of, or
specimens of males of
luiraiitli. ptriiiciosns, jnr-
st'fi', rupd.v. rnsi'H' or pur-
chasi in my possession, I couUl only imagine that it was the

INHECTH INFESTTXa ORASaK TREES, ETC

165

rnalo of L. hesperidum (be what it may, it come from under the
L. hesperidum scale), and fortunately I preserved the mount-
ing.

Fig. 140. — .Soft Orange .Scale — color, brown.

Re.m KDIEH. — No. 4 or 9, one gallon of water added to each
gallon of the mixture; Xo. 5 or 7, four pounds of mixture to
each five gallons of water. Ajiply all the above at a tempera-
ture of one hundred and thirty degrees Fahrenheit, (Spray.)

(\].\]'TVA[ X(\\.
The Cottony Cushion Scale. (Cal.)
(Icerya purcha'ii. — Maskell. j
Order. HKAfii'TERA : f

Sub-order, Homoptera ; \

Familv. docciDA-:.

[A white cushion-like scale insect, feeding upon citru.s trees,
deciduous fruit trees, forest trees, and on some varieties of
vegetables.]

Fig. 141.

Fig. 141. — Por- Fig. 142.
tion of a branch in-
fested by Cottony
Cushion Scales.

Fig. 142. — Cot-
ton y C u s tj i o n
^ Scales, natural
size-colors, orange,
red, whitish and
pale yellowish.

This species of scale insect
(Figs. 141 and 142) I consider
the most dangerous of any that
infests fruit and other trees in
California, as it may be said to
be a general feeder ; it is found
on all varieties of citrus trees, deciduous fruit trees, on many
varieties of ornamental trees, forest trees and shrubs ; also on

166

INSECTS INFESTING ORANGE TREES, ETC.

Fig. 143.

Fig. 144.

some varieties of vegetables. The apparent color of this scale
insect at first sight is white, with a dark colored head. On
examination, it is found that the part indicated by the dark
color is the insect, and the white portion a bag or case spun by
the insect to conceal her eggs when deposited.

Fig. 143. — Cottony Cushion Scale — color, yel-
lowish-white.

The females (Fig. 148), after ovipositing (the
egg case included), differ in size, some measuring
six lines in length ; but the general length is from three to
four lines ; width, one and one half to three lines, and slightly
tapering toward the posterior end. Each female deposits from
two hundred to five hundred eggs. In one instance I counted
seven hundred and three. The eggs are oblong-ovate in form,
and of a pale red color.

Fig. 144. — Larva of Cottony Cushion Scale —
color, red.

Larva (Fig. 144) — color, body red; antenna^
six jointed, clubbed at the apex, on which are
six long hairs — color, smoky black ; legs, smoky
black (the joints of the antenna' and legs arc
lighter in color than the balance) ; there are six
long anal hairs ; the margin of the body and back is also dot-
ted with hairs ; length of body, one thirty fifth of an inch.

Fig. 145. — Female of Cottony Cushion
Scale Insect — color, reddish-ljrown.

Mature female (Fig. 145) before spin-
ning egg-case. The female insect during
her growth assumes a variety of colors :
principally yellowish-red. with irregular
blotches of white, green and yellow. At
full growth, and before spinning egg-case,
: tlie hairs on the anal margin and sides
are used as spinerets, exuding a cottony-like secretion of which
the egg-case is formed. During her growth, and before begin-
ning to spin her egg-case, the females exude a honeydew,
which forms a black smut on the l)ranclies and foliage, as
described in the chapter on the Black Scale.

Male insect (Fig. 146, Plate 3), winged — color, thorax and

she is ovoid in form

INSECTS INFESTING ORANGE TREES, ETC. 167

body dark brown, abdomen red ; antennae dark colored, with
light brown hairs extending from each joint; wings brown,
irridescent.

Remedies. — Nos. 96, 44, 77 or 50 — one part to twelve of
water. If No. 50 is used, wash thoroughly with No. 5 or
7 after the leaves drop off. Simple remedies are of no avail
in fighting this pest.

INSECTS INFESTING THE FIG.

The Green Fruit-beetle {Gymnetis nitida), and the Cottony
Cushion-scale (/. purchasi) infest the fig, but are treated of in
another part of this work.

INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE,

CHAP.

The Grape-root Borer (^Egeria polUti/ormui) 93
The Broad-necked Prionus (Priomts lati-

Collin) 94

The Grape-root Louse (Phylloxera vatita-

trix) 95

The Cottony Grape-scale (Lecaniuin vitis).96

The Grape Scale (As-jndiotus tiixe) 97

The Decavini^- Wood Borer (LycUis) 98

The Achemon Sphinx (Philampelis ache-

mon) 99

The Satellite Sphinx {PhilampelU natel-

litia) lOO

The Abbott Sphinx (Thijrem Abbottii). . . .101
The Hog Caterpillar (Chcerocamjta pam-

pinatrix) 102

The White-lined Sphinx (Z)e»7e^/(i7a lineata )10Z
The Kight-spotted Forester {Alypia octo-

iiiaculala) : 104

The Beautiful Wood-nymph (Eudryais

grata) 105

The Grape-vine Epimenls (Psychomorpha

epimenis) 106

The American Procris(/'rocm- yl»icW«n«a)107
The Grape-leaf Folder (Desmia niacu-

lalii) 108

The Grape-vine Plume ( Pterophorws peri-

xcelidactylus) 109

CHAP.

The Grape-vine Flea-beetle (Haltiea chaly-

bea) no

The Imported Grape Flea-beetle (Adoxus

n7i.s) Ill

The Rose Chafer (^facrodacfylu!l mibgpino-

»"x) ■ 112

The Spotted Pelidnota (Pelidnota putu-

tala) 113

The California Grape-vine Hopper {Ery-

throncura comes) 114

The Grape-vine Aphis (Siphonophora vUi-

cola) 116

The False Chinch-bug- (Xygiws destrtirtor) 116

The Yellow Mite 117

The Angular-winged Katydid (Microcenlrum

1-elinerrix) 118

The Snowy Tree-erickct {(Ecanthimniceux) 119
The Grape CxncuWoiCa'liodcx ituvqualiit). .120

The Grape-seed Maggot (/»osomrt litia) 121

The Grape-leaf Keller (ro-^nx SfK'j 122

The following insects also nfest the Grape :
The Ked Scale (Asftidintux anratUii).
The Branch and Twig-burrower (Polycaon con-

fertus).
The Apple-twig Borer (Bout richttKbieaudatun).
The Yellow Bear (Sjnlosoma Virginka).

CHAPTER CXIII.

The Grape-root Borer.

(jEf/eria j'olistifortn is. — Harris. )
Order, Lepidoptera ; Famih', .Egkhid.k.

[Feedinji; upon the ))ark and sapwond (,)!' tlic roots of the
grapevine; a whitisli sixteen-lejrLH'd larva.]

Tlie female moth (Fig. 14()6) usually de])osits her eggs ui>on
the vine close to the ground, and tlie young Itorer, as soon as

INSECTS INFESTTNCl THE OB APE.

1C9

issuing from the egg, begins to excavate a burrow through and
just beneatli the bark, proceeding directly to the roots, devour-
ing the sapwood and leaving the heart untouched. When fully
grown (Fig. 147) it measures about one inch and six lines in
length. Before pupating, it forms an oval pod-like cocoon
near the infested roots. The moth, or perfect insect, issues in
July or early in August. Male insect (Fig. 146a) — The fore-
wings of the moth expand a little over one inch, and are of a
brownish-black color, with one or two nearly transparent spots
at the base of each ; the hind wings are transparent, with th(>
veins and outer border brownish-black. The body is black
and variously marked with yellow ; in some the basal part of
the abdomen is black, with the remainder dull yellowish ; in
others the abdomen is wholly black, with the exception of one
or two yellow rings. — [Condensed from Riley.

Fig.
Fig. 146. 147.

Fig. 14(>. — Grape-root Borer Moths — colors, dark brown
and orange ; a, the male moth ; h, the female.
Fig. 147. — Grape-root Borer — color, yellowish.
Remedy. — Use No. 87 or 98. The latter is preferable.

CHAPTER CXIV.
The Broad-neeked Prionus. (Cal.)

{Prion )is laticollis. — Drury.)
Order, Coleoptera ; Famih', Cerambycid.e.

[Living upon and usually hollowing out the roots of apple

trees, grape and liop vines ; a large wliite nearlv footless
12

170

iySECT.'< fNFESTL\(; THE OH APE.

larva or gnib, having the first segment of its body hirger than
any of the others.]

This larva (Fig. 148) is of a creamy-white color, with a pale
bluish line along the back ; the first segment is as long or
longer than the next three combined ; the body tapers gradu-
ally from the third segment backward ; the head is brown, and
the legs are minute. It is supposed to pass three years in the
larva state. When fully grown it measures about three inches
in length ; it theri deserts the roots and forms a smooth cavity
in the earth, wherein to undergo its transformations. The
perfect beetle appears in about three weeks after the change
t(i the pupa form (Fig. 14V)) has taken i)lace.

Fi^r. 148.

V\'j:. 14S. — Lai'va nf r>i-(ia(l-ncckr(l Pi-ionns — coldi-, yclldw-

h-\vhite.

Fig. 149. Fig. 150.

Fiii. 14*.). — Pu]ia of liroad-iK^rkcd I'l'ionus — c<)K)r. ycUowish-
whilc

Fiir. 1")(). — I'ltiatl-iifckcd l'rii)iius — cdlnr. brownish-bhick.

TNSEOfS rNFESTING THE a RAPE.

171

These l)eetle8 (Fig. 150) vary in length from a little over an
inch to an inch and eight lines, and aj'e of a brownish black
color ; on each side of the thorax are three teeth, the middle
one the most prominent.

There is another l)eetle very closely related to the above
species, which, like the latter, also infest the roots of grape
and hop vines in its larva state. This is knoAvn as the tile-
horned prionus {Prionix imbricornU). It differs from the
broad-necked species in having from sixteen to nineteen joints
in each antenna, whereas those of the broad-necked species
have only twelve joints.

Remedy. — Use No. 99.

CHAPTER CXV.

The Grape-root Louse. (Cal.)
{PhyUoxvra rudtatrix. — Planchon.)

Order, Hemipteka ; /

Sub-order, Homopteka ; \

Familv, Aphiuid.i-;.

[A minute yellow louse, feeding upon the roots of the urape
^'ine.J

' Fig. I.")!. — (;raj>c

Root Louse ( I'oot-
inhabiting foi'm) ;
a, an infested root ;
/>, hibernating k)Use
enlarged — c d ] o )•,
yellow : r, its an-
tenna enlargerl ; <],
one of its legs en-
larged ; <',_/', and y,
the lice enlarged —
II- '. .*.*.1a t'olor, yellow ; /, a
tubercle enlarged ;
/( and _/, granula-
^'^'^- tions of the skin,
enlarged ; //, the
simple eyes, enlarged. I will not give an extended descrip-

172 INSECTS rXFESTIXG THE CRAPE.

tion of this pest, nor an account of the damage done to vine-
growers by its ravages, as the reports of the State Board of
Viticultural Commissioners, the report of Charles A. Wet-
more, Cliief Executive Viticultural Officer ; papers by Prof
E. W. Hilgard and others, of this State, and Prof. C. V.
Riley's Missouri Reports, have given full information of its
natural history, habits, etc.

Unfortunately the presence of the grape-root louse (Fig.
151) in some of the Wneyards of this State is established
beyond a doul)t, and that a large acreage of vineyard property
has been destroyed by the ravages of this pest many of the
vine-growers can offer substantial vfiilications.

Various opinions have l)een expressed as to how this insect
spreads from one vine-growing district to another. A asserts
that the winged individuals tly from one vineyard to another,
as other species of Aphididse spread on their resj^eetive food
plants. B considers that the insect is spread l)y transporting
from infested vineyards rooted vines and cuttings on which
the Winter egg is deposited. C claims that the grape-root
louse was brought on his premises by boxes returned from
market in which grai)es had been sliij)i)ed. 1) insists that he
has not liad any boxes returned to his premises, that the cut-
tings he used were grown in his own vineyard, yet on a patch
of ground five rods square the vines are infested by the Phyl-
loxera^ although the latter are not found on his older vines
from which the cuttings were taken. The opinions of A, B,
C, and D, may individually or collectively be correct, and as
the pest has secured a foothold on their i)remises, the query
arises : ''What can be done to save the infested vines?"

Since the first of .January, 1880, I have visited several locali-
ties in which I found grape-vines infested by the grape-root
louse, and in nearly every case the appearance of the vine
imlicated the presence of the pest. In conversation with the
\ iucyard owners, in relation to the decay of their vines, the
following questions and answers may be takeii as the result of
such investigations :

Question — How many crops of grapes have you taken off of
these vines? Answer (from different growers) — From ten to
fifteen crops have bcnni taken from this vineyard.

INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 173

Q. — Were the vines pruned each j^ear? A. — Yes.

Q. — What was done with the cuttings or primings? A. —
Some of them were used for cuttings for planting, the balance
were hauled off the ground and burned.

Q. — Has the ground been thoroughly cultivated each year?
A. — I believe so.

Q. — And of course you gathered the crop of grapes each
year? A. — That is what I planted the vines for.

Q. — Have you at any time during the last eight years used
any kind of fertilizers on your vineyard? A. — No.

Q. — How did the yield of the vines planted fourteen years
ago or more, compare last year with those of four or five
years ago? A. — Five years ago I had a much larger yield on
the same vines.

Q. — Did you notice any difference in the yield of the crops
of 1881 and 1882 of the vines planted, say seven years
ago? A. — The crops of 1882 were heavier; but that may be
attributed to a favorable season, as much at least as to the
increased age of the vine.

My reasons for asking questions as indicated above, were this :
In 1880 I had formed an opinion that a remedy for the grape-
root louse could be found by fertilization, and so stated at a
meeting of the State Horticultural Society — that " The pres-
ence of the grape-root louse and the serious damage done by
it to the vine might, to a great extent, be attributed to the
weakly condition of the vine at the time it was attacked by
the pest, and which was probably caused by the vine being
deprived of some nutriment that it required, and which did
not then exist in the soil in which it was growing." At that
time some of the vine-growers took issue with me on that
opinion. In the month of September following the meeting of
the State Horticultural Society referred to, a meeting was held
of the " Phylloxera Congress," at Paris, France, at which the
President of the Congress, M. Henricy, expressed the follow-
ing opinion : " The phylloxera were but the result of the long
use and fatigue of the vine, and that they might get rid of
them by restoring health and vigor to the soil and plant."

Fig. 152. — Grape-root Louse, highly magnified (the root-
inhabiting form); a, a healthy root; b, a root on which the

174

INSECT.'^ IXFESTTNG THE GRAPE.

lice are working; c a root which thev liave rlepcrted ; r/. r/, d,
(l.Xhi? lioo on large roots: r. the female ])U]ia. back view —
color, yellowish: /'. tlif same, ventral view: (j. the winged
female, hack view — color, yellow : //.the same, ventral view;
/. her antennie, more highly magnified : ,/, side view of wing-
less female, layiiig eggs : /.-. a section of an infested root, show-
ing eflects of their work.

Fig. 152.

In discussing the merits of fertilization, vine-growers have
used 1h<' f.dlowing argument : " \^ fertilizers are usctl t<i pro-
duce a vigorous growth ()f the vine, so as to offset the damage

INSECTS INFESTTNCl THE GRAPE.

175

done by the attack of the grape-root louse, the value of the
grapes would lie destroyed to a great extent for making fine
wines."

Fig. 15 3.—
Grape-root Louse
(gal l-inhal)iting
form) ; rZ, a gall
in the leaf cut
open ; e, a gall in
the tendril ; r, an
egg, liighly mag-
nified— color, pale
y e 1 1 o w ; />, back
view of newly
hatched louse, en-
larged ; a, ventral
view of the same,
enlarged — color,
yellow ; /, <j, and /), adult female lice — side view, back view,
and ventral view, enlarged; i^ an antenna — color, (n-ange-ycl-
low, greatly magnified; _/, a foot, greatly magnified.

To this argument I only answer : Taking into consideration
the general richness of the lands yet to l)e planted in this
State, the visitation of this pest may be considered a ben-
efit rather than a misfortune to the vine-growers who grow
grapes for wine-making purposes. In regard to grapes grown
for table use and raisin making, the objection to the use of
fertilizers is untenable, as I know a very extensive grower of
these varieties who has been very successful in maturing heavy
crops of a choice (piality by the use of fertilizers. A vine-
grower residing Avithin forty miles of Sacramento had thirty-
nine acres, princijiall}^ table grapes, which netted him a revenue
of nearly six thousand dollars per year. The vines commenced
to decay to such an extent that thirty-four acres were dug out
and peach and apricot trees were planted in their place, and
these are in full bearing at the present time — June, 1888. It
was ascertained afterwards, by examining some of the roots
left in the ground, that the grape-root louse was the cause of
the decay of the vines. The few acres remaining were found

176

INSECTS INFESTING THE a RAPE.

to be infested. Every alternate row Avas taken up, and fer-
tilizers used. The improvement in the appearance and bear-
ing of the vines in two years was such that the grower expressed
the opinion that liad he known at the time his vines began to
deeav, what he has since learned by practical experiments, he
might have saved his thirty-four acres of vines dug U]i. and
also the loss of three or four years' crop.

Remedies. — If the vines infested are planted close together,
say less than ten feet l)etween the rows, dig out every third
row, and use as a fertilizer No. o5.

CHAPTER CXVI.

The Cottony Grape Scale. (Cal.)

(Lecaiiimii riti--<. — Fitch.)

Synonym. — ( 'orcv'i riti<. — Kirl )y.

Order, Hemit'tkh.^ : / ,. ., ,,
Sub-order, Homopteha :\

[Infesting the grape vine ; a scale insect which exudes a
white cottony-like secretion in whirh its eggs are concealed.]

Fig. 1.55.

Fig. 154.

INSECTS INFESTING THE OB APE. 177

Fig. 154. — Cottony Grape Scale — color of the Hcales, reddish-
brown ; of the cotton}' masses, white.

Fig. 155. — Cottony Maple Scale (Piiln'naria hinumerlbilis,
syn. Lecanium acericola, L. mnrliirfe, L. ace n'rorf Iris) — colors,
brown and white.

This species is closely allied to the Lcranium acericola (Figs.
154 and 155), which infests the maple, and has been found in
several parts of this State. It infests the foliage and branches
of the grapevine.

NATURAL HISTORY.

The female is oval in form, and measures about two lines in
length ; color, dark-brown ; near the posterior end are ridges
or carinse, and the lines separating them are darker than the
other parts ; anal indentation similar to L. he-'<perichim or soft
orange scale. The eggs are white when first laid, but change
to a yellowish tinge before hatching ; oval in form, and about
one ninetieth of an inch in length.

In one of the cottony-like masses attached to a female of
this species, I have found nearly three hundred eggs. Larva —
color, yellowish-white ; form, ovoid ; length, one ninetieth of
an inch. Similar in appearance to the larva of tlie soft orange
scale, except in color.

Remedies. — When the vine is dormant, use Nos. 14, 12, or
13, after scraping off the loose bark and burning it. In Sum-
mer use No. 4, or No. 3 if No. 4 cannot be had.

CHAPTER CXVII.

The Grape Scale.

{Aspi(Ji<)tiii< acce. — Comstock. )

Order. Hemiptera ; ^ t:, ., ^,

o 1 1 XT 1^ amilv, CocciD.E.

Sub-order, Homopteka ;^

[A small circular scale, found on the trunk of the vine and
wood left from growth of the previous year.]

I have only had one specimen of this species sent me, which

178

INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE.

was found on imported vines. Professor Comstock reports it
from Indiana, and describes it as infesting the lower part of the
grapevines from the ground to the shoots of the second year's
growth. In comparison with the red scale it is smaller, and
the color is lighter, being a yellowish-brown.

Remkdies. — When the vino is florniant, use Nos. 11. 12, (tr
13. In Sunnner use No. 4.

CHArTKn XCVlll.

Decaying Wood Borers. (Cal.j

Order, Coleopteka ; Family, Ptixid.e.

[Grubs from three to five lines in length, found in decaying
wood of fruit trees and grape-vines.]

Between the months of October, 1S82, and March, 1S83,
several specimens of grubs were received that were found in
decaying wood of fruit trees and grape-vines.

Fig. lo(>. — Decaying ^^'< It id iiorcrs ( />/-
tdiiKt (_ij)(iciil US. — Lee.) ; />. the pupu-cnlor.
yellttwish ; '/, the larva — color, white ; in
the middle, the beetle — color brown.
Lives in dea<] grajie canes.

1 ke])t the specimens of larva:^ (Fir-
15()f7) until tliey assumed the pupa form
(Fig. 156/>), l.iut did not succeed in rearing the perfect insect
(Fig. loK), as the insects died when casting the pupa skins;
however, they were sufhciently matured that they could be
identified as to family and genus. The s])eeimens belonged to
the genus Lijeliis of Latreille (in Crotcli's Check List, the Bitimia
of Hu])ner). Those insects whose grul)S are found boring in
decayed wood are not injurious to trees of a healthy growth.
Remehv. — Cut out anil luwn all deeaved wood on vines.

INSECTS FN FES TING THE GRAPE.

179

Fig. 157.

CHAPTER XnX.

The Achemon Sphinx. (Cal.)

{Phihtiiiitrli'< (ichrriniii. — Dnirv.)

Order. Lepidoptera : Family, SpiiiNriiDyE.

[Feeding upon the leaves of the grapevine, a large green
yellowish or hrown worm, with six narrow cream-colored spots
on each side of the body.]

Fig. 157-
Caterpillar
of A c h e -
mon sphinx
— <• o 1 () r s ,
yellow and
l)rown.
When fully grown (Fig. 157) it measures about three inches
and six lines in length ; it then deserts the vine and enters the

earth, where it forms a
smooth cell in which to
imdergo i t s transforma-
tion. fFig. 1.5S.)

Fig. 15S. — Pupa of Ache-
mon sphinx — color, brown.
The young worm is green, with a long slender horn on the
hind end of the body ; after casting its skin several times the
horn disappears, and in its place is a polished black tubercle ;
the body is now a pale straw-color on the back, the sides brown
and marked with six narrow scalloped cream-colored spots.

The fore-wings of the moth (Fig. 159) expand from three to
four inches, are of a dark olive-gray color, marked with three
dark olive spots ; the basal part of the hind wings is roseate,
followed by a dark stripe, next to which is the olive border.
The body is fawn color, with two triangular olive colored spots
on the thorax.

180 INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE.

Fig. 159. — Achemon Sphinx — colors, gray, brown and pink.

Fig. 159.

.-^i'k

■/

■4 if

W —^5^

/ v**-^

Remedies.— Nos. 14, 100 and 101. (See letter of Mr. Blower,
No. 38.)

CHAPTER C.

The Satellite Sphinx. (Cal.)

( PJiilampelis mteJJiiin. — Linn. )

Synonym. — /'. jKHKhirns. — Hubner.

Order, Lepidoptek.v ; Family, Simiixgid.e.

[Feeding upon the leaves of the grapevine ; a large brown
worm, having five or six large eream-eolored spots on each
side of the body. ]

The egg from wliicli this worm hatches is deposited singly
upon a lc;if. When (irst hatched, and for some time after-
wards, the worm is green, with a tinge of pink along the sides,
and on the hind jtnrtof the body is a long curved horn. After
the worm has cast its skin about three times, the horn
disai)pears, and in its |)lnee is ;i polished, black tubercle; the
color of the l)ody is now a rich velvety l)rown, with five or six
cream-yellow spots upon each side. When fully grown (Fig-

INSECTS FN FES TING THE (IRAPE.

181

160) it measures three inches or more in length ; it then enters
the earth, and forms a smooth cell in which to undergo its
transformations.

Fig. 160.

Fig. 160. — Caterpilhirs of Satellite Sphinx — colors, green
or brownish and yellowish-white; c, the young caterpillar ; 6,
the same nearly grown, at rest ; a, the full grown caterpillar.

Fig. 161.

9

The moth (Fig. 161) into which this worm is finally trans-
formed, expands from four to five inches ; the fore-wings are

182

fN.SECTS lyFKS'riAG THE GRAPE.

paie olive-gray, marked with darker olive-green patches, one of
which is at the tip, one near the outer hind angle, and a third
on the hind margin near the bod}'.

Fig. 1(51.— Satellite Sphinx — colors, gray and dark olive-green.

Remedies.— Use Xos. 14. 100. and 101. (See R. B. Blow-
ers' letter. No. 33).

CHAPTER CI.

The Abbott Sphinx. (Cal.)

( Till/ re as Alibiiiu — Swainson.)

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, SPHiNGiD.t:.

[Feeding upon the leaves oi the grapevine ; a checkered
yellowish and brown worm, nearly three inches in length, hav-
ing a polished black tubercle on the hind part of the l)ody.]

The ground color of this caterpillar (Fig. 102) is a dirty yel-
lowish, marked with numerous transverse black lines ant!
black-brown patches, forming a line along each side of the
body. The head is slightly roughened and dark, and is nuirketl
with a light streak, and there is another streak in tlie middle,
whicli sometimes forms the letter X. M'hen about to puj)ate, it
deserts the vine and s])ins a cocoon beneath the leaves, etc.

Fig. 1 ( '.•_>.—
^^^•1^^- Abbot Sphinx;

upper ligure,
the caterpiJIai'
— colors, y c 1 -
1 o w i s h and
black : lowci-
li g u r r. t li e
iiiotb — (•oU)rs,
grayi.<b-liro\v n
and pale ycb
biw.

I The jierfect

\ moth(Fig. 102)

has the outer

y -calloped : the fore-wings are dull

edge of tlif wings dec]!

rNSECT^ FN FES rr NO THE (fit APE.

183

grayish-brown, variegated with dark brown ; the hind wings
are pale yellow, with a dark brown hind border.
Remedies. — Use Nos. 14, 100, and 101.

CHAPTER CIl.

The Hog Caterpillar.

{Chcerocainpa pampinatrix — Abbott and Smith.)

Synonym — Darapsa myron. — Cramer.

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Sphingid.^.

I I 1 I [ [ M I I I lihl

The lueasiiiemeiits ot iiiseots in this work are jfiveii in inclies and lines. Tlie abo\e cut reo-
resents one inch diviiieil into lines and fractions thrreof.

[Feeding upon the leaves of the grape-vines; a brown or
green worm, with a light stripe on each side of the body and a
curved horn on the posterior end.]

The eggs of this species are perfectly round, of a unii'orm
yellowish-green color, and are glued, singly, to the underside
of the leaves.

Fig. 163. — Hog Fiir. 163

Caterpillar— color
green and yellow-
ish.

The full grown
worm (Fig. 163)
measures a b o u t
one inch and six
lines in length ; is
of a pale green or
brown color, mark-
ed with a yellow
stripe on each side
of the body, and
with a row of dark spots on the back. It receives its name of
'' Hog Caterpillar " from the forei)art of the body being greatly

184

rXSECTS fyFKS7VXG THE GRAPE.

Fig. 164.

swollen, thence tapering to the head, giving to this part a
vague resemblance to the head of a fat hog. \\'hen about to

pupate it deserts the vine and
spins an imperfect cocoon be-
neath the leaves, etc. (Pupa,
Fig. 164.)

Fig. 1()4. — Pupa of Hog C'ater-
pillar in its cocoon — color,
brown.

The perfect moth (Fig. 165) expands about two inches and
three lines, and has the body and fore-wings of a lilac gray

color, marked and
shaded with olive
green, while the
himl wings are of
a deep rust color,
with a shade of
gray near their in-
ner angle. — Riley.
Fig. 165.— Moth
of Hog Caterpil-
lar— colors, gray, olive-green and rust-red.

Use the same remedies as recommended for the Achemon
S])hinx — Chapter CXIX.

CHAPTER cm.

The White-lined Sphinx. (Cal.)

(Deilephila Hneuld — Fabrioius.)

Order, LilTIDoptera : Family, 8pHiX(iii).E.

[Feeding upon the leaves of the grape, apple, melon and
turnip; a green or brownish-black worm, having a horn upon
the hind end of the body.]

INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE.
Fig. 166.

185

Fig. 166. — Caterpillar of White-lined Sphinx — colors, green
and yellow.

This worm appears in two entirely different colorings;
in the more common form (Fig. 166) it is yellowish-green,
with a row of oval spots along each side of the back, which
are usually connected by a yellow line ; these spots consist of
two curved black spots enclosing a yellow and a crimson spot.

Fig. 167.

Fig. 167.— Caterpillar of White-lined Sphinx— colors, black
and yellow.

In the other form (Fig. 167) the body is black, usually
marked on the back with a yellow line, and with a number of
yellow spots on each side of the body. When fully grown it
measures from three to four inches in length ; it then creeps
beneath some leaves or other rubbish, sometimes even enter-
ing the earth, and forms a smooth cell in which to undergo
its transformations.

The fore-wings of the moth (Fig. 168) expand about three
inches, are of a dark olive-green color, with a whitish line
extending from the base to the tip of each wing ; the hind
wings are black, with a rose-colored band extending length-
wise through the middle. This moth is quite common in this
State, and may frequently be seen in the evening twilight
hovering over the flowers like a humming-bird.
13

186

INSECTS INFESTING THE dR^iPE.

Fig. 168.

Fig. I(i8. — White-linod Sphinx — color.'^, olive-green, white,
hlack and rose-colored.

Remkdie^.— Xos. 14. 100 and 101.

CHAPTER CIV.

The Eight-spotted Forester. (Cal.)

(Alypia octomacnlnta. — Fabriciu.'^.)

Order, LEriDoi'TEK.v ; Family, Zy(;.enid.e.

[Feeding u])on the leaves of the grapevine: a hluish-white
worm, dotted with black, and having on the middle of each
segment a l)r()ad transverse orange l)and, on each side of
which arc four l)lack rings.]

Fig. 1 (■)'.». — Eight-spotted F'or-
ester and ('ateri>illar : r, the
niolh — colors, blue-black and
yellow ; (t, the caterpillar — col-
ors, bluish-white, black and
orange ; h, one segment of its
V)ody. enlarged.

This worm when fully grown
(Fig. l(t^)(/) mea^^ures one indi
and tour lines in length; ii
l)Upates within a slight cocoon

Fifj. 196.

INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE.

187

spun beneath some leaves, or just Ijeneath the surface of the
ground. The fore-wings of the moth (Fig. 169c) are of a deep
blue-black color, and each are marked with two light yellow
spots ; the hind wings are also blue-black, and are each marked
with two white spots. The larvse are found in the latter part
of May. One specimen was received about May 27th, and one
on the 3d of June, 1882 ; both specimens were nearly full
grown.

Remedies. — Where vines are seriously infested, spray with
No. 5 or 7, with an equal number of gallons of No. 9 added ;
also No. 101. The larva will creep under chips, etc., laid on
the ground under the vine, to pupate, and can be gathered in
the Autumn.

CHAPTER CV.

The Beautiful Wood Nymph.

(Eudryas grata. — Fabricius. )

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, ZYQjEyiDM.

[Feeding upon the leaves of the grapevine ; a bluish-white
caterpillar dotted with black, and marked on the middle of
each segment with a transverse orange band, on each side of
which are three black rings.]

Fig. 170.— Caterpillar and Fig. 170.

eggs of the Beautiful Wood
Nymph ; a, the caterj)illar~
colors, bluish, black and
orange ; b, a segment of its
body enlarged ; d, back view
of hump on eleventh seg-
ment enlarged ; c, back view

of the top of first segment enlarged; f, side view of an egg
enlarged (natural size indicated beneath) ; c, an egg as seen
from above enlarged (natural size indicated at the right) —
colors, yellowish and black.

The full grown larva (Fig. 170) measures about one inch and
six lines in length ; it then deserts the vines and burrows a

188

INlSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE.

phort distance into a piece of soft wood, or enters the earth
and forms a cell in which to pass the pupa state.

Fig. 171. — Beautiful \\'ood
Nymph (female moth) — col-
ors, white, yellow, brown and
olive-green.

The fore wings of the moth
(Fig. 171) expand about one
inch and six lines, and are of
a white color, broadly bor-
dered and marked with red-
flisli-lu-own and olive-green; the hind w'ings are pale yellow,
broadly marked with pale brown on the hind border. — Riley.
I have not found this species in this State, although moths
of a similar description have been reported.

Remedies. — Same as recommoiKkMl for the Eiglit-si>otted
Forester. Chapter CIV.

CHAPTER CVI.

The Grapevine Epimenis. (Cal.)

( Psychomorpha epimenis. — Drury . )

Order. I>ki'ii)optek.\ ; Family, Zy(;.enid.e.

[Feeding uimhi the leaves of the grapevine ; a bluish-white
caterpillar, dotted with black and marked on each segment
with four black rings.]

^'.t?V

Fig. 172.— Caterpillar of Fig, 172.

(Grapevine Epimenis: a, the
caterpillar— colors, white and
black ; h, segment of its body,
enlarged ; i\ l)ack view of the
top of the elevcntli segment,

enlarged. This eatm-pillar (Fig. 17'i) lives in a sort of nest
formed by fastening several leaves together with silken threads.
When fully grown, it measun^s about oik^ inch in length ; it
iheii deserts the \iiie ;ui(l boi-es into Wood or other sufficiently
soft substance, and foi'ms a cell in wliich to undtM'go its trans-
formations.

INSECTS FN FES TING THE GRAPE.

189

Fig. 17o. — Grapevine Epimenis (male
moth) — colors, black, white, and red.

The fore-wings of the moth (Fig. 178)
expand a little over an inch, are of a vel-
vety black color, marked with blue ; and a
little beyond the middle of each is a large yellowish spot,
which on the hind wings is of a deep orange color. I have
found the nest and caterpillar as described early in May, but
failed to rear the perfect insect.

Remedies. — Use No. 24, and the same as recommended for
the Eight-spotted Forester, Chap. CIV.

CHAPTEK CVIT.

The American Proeris.

( Proeris Americana. — Bois. )

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Zyg.bxio.t;.

[Feeding in companies upon the leaves of the grapevine
small yellowish caterpillar, usually having small tufts of bl
hairs on the body.]

; a
ick

Fig. 174. — Ameri-
can Proeris Caterpil-
lars on a leaf — colors,
yellow and black.

These caterpillars
(Fig. 174) arrange
themselves side by
side, their heads all
pointing in one direc-
tion. \\4ien young,
they eat only the
surface of the leaves,
but when they get
stronger, they devour
all the leaf excepting
the larger veins.

Fig. 174.

190 INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE.

The full grown caterpillar (Fig. 175(f) measure.^ about six
lines in length, is of a pale yellow, with a row of l>lack prickly
tufts on each segment ; the first segment is black, with a yel-
low edge, and the head is brow'n. When about to pupate they
desert the plants and spin in some sheltered place their tough,
flattened, whitish cocoons (Fig. 175r). The perfect moth (Fig.
175, d and c,) expands a little under an inch, and is wholly
black except the deep orange collar. I have not found this
species in this State, although its presence here has been
reported. The above description is taken from Riley's Second

Missouri Report.

Fig. 175. — American Pro-

cris ; r, the moth, with its
w i n g s ex})anded : d, the
same, with its wings closed
— colors, black and orange ;
a, the caterpillar — colors,
yellow and black ; />, the
pupa — color, Itrown ; c, the
cocoon — color, whitish.
Remedies. — Use Xo. 5 or 7. mixed with equal (juantity of
No. 9 ; on non-bearing or young vines, use Xo. 10 or X"o. 103.

CHAPTER CVllI.

The Grape Leaf-folder.

(Desmia mac(d(tUf<. — ^\'estwood.)

Order, Lepidopteka ; Family. I'vRAUD.ii:.

[Living in a folded grape leaf; a pale-green larva or cater-
pillar, with a reddish-brown head, marked with darker spots.]

\\'hen fully grown this larva (Fig. 17G, i,) measures about
ten lines in length. It assumes the pupa- form (Fig. 17G, d,)
within its nest. At least two broods are produced in one year;
the last l)rood spends the Winter in the pupa or chrysalis state,
and the moths issue during the month of May of the following
vear.

INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE.

191

The perfect insect or moth (Fig. 176, 4 and J,) is of a l)hick
color, the fore-wings marked with two white spots and the hind
wings with only one white spot — hut this is sometimes divided
into two spots ; all of the wings are bordered with white.

Fig. 176.

Fig. 176. — Grape Leaf-folder ; /, the caterpillar — color, green
or yellowish ; ~, the head and fore part of its l)ody. enlarged ;
5, the pupa — color, brown ; .^, the male motli — colors. Ijlack
and white ; J, the female moth — colors, black and white.

Remedy. — Use No. 24 ; where seriously infested use Xo. 5
or 7, with an equal quantity of Xo. 9.

CHAPTER CIX.

The Grapevine Plume. (Cal.)

( Pterophoi-HK perisiy'U dactyl us. — Fitch. )

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Pterophorid.t:.

[Living in a rolled grape leaf, upon which it feeds ; a small
pale greenish caterpillar, about six lines long, with numerous
spreading clusters of whitish hairs.]

This caterpillar (Fig. 177a) usually fastens the opposite
edges of a leaf together with silken threads, but it sometimes
fastens several leaves together, forming a large cavity in whicli
it resides. When about to pupate — which is about the tenth
of May — it suspends itself by the hind feet. The pupa (Fig.
1776) is angular, and the anterior end appears as if it had
been obliquely cut oft'; on the middle of the back are two
angular projections.

192

INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE.

Fig. 177. — tirapevine Pluino :
c?, the moth — colors, pale yellow,
white, and brown ; a, the cater-
pillars in their nests — color,
greenish-yellow, with white hairs;
6, the pupa — color, green or
brown ; c, one of the horns on
the back of the pupa, enlarged ;
e, one of the leg-bearing segments
of the larva, enlarged.

The perfect moth (Fig. 177(0
expands a little over nine lines,
is of a tawny yellow color, and
each fore-wing is marked with
about five white spots ;" these
wings are cleft or cut nearly to
the middle ; the hind wings are
cleft twice, the forward cleft
reaching nearly to the middle, and the second cleft reaches
nearly to the base of the wing : they are rusty brown at the
base, with the remaining part tawny yellow. 1 have found the
perfect insect ; also, a rolled leaf on vines.

Remedy. — Use Xo. 24. Spray in the latter part of April, or
early in May, with No. 5 or 7.

CHAPTER ex.

The Grapevine, or Steel-blue Flea-beetle. (Cal.)

(Haltica chalyhea. — Illiger.)

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Chrysomelid.*.

[Feeding upon the buds or leaves of the grape and willow;
an elongate brownish six-legged larva, marked with black
dots and with a black head ; linally changing to a small blue-
black beetle, about two lines in length.]

INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE.

193

Yis. 178.

Fig. 178. — Grape-
vine Flea-beetle and
LarvjB; a, several lar-
vae on a leaf; 6, a lar-
va enlarged — colors,
brown and black ; c,
the cocoon ; (i, the
beetle enlarged — col-
or, steel-blue.

These beetles have
the hind thighs
greatly enlarged,
which enables them
to leap to a consid-
erable distance, like
a flea ; it is from this
peculiarity that they
take the name of
" flea-beetles." They spend the Winter in some sheltered situa-
tion, and come forth early in the following Spring and feed upon
the buds of grapevines, usually hollowing them out. As soon
as the leaves are expanded the females deposit their eggs upon
them ; in a few days the young are hatched, and immediately
begin to feed upon the leaves. When fully grown (Fig. 1786)
they descend to the ground, which they enter, and form small
cells (Fig. 178c) in which to pass the pupa state. These
insects are very destructive to grapevines, and every effort
should be made to exterminate them.

Remedies. — Xo. 19, 20, 21 or 102. On young non-bearing
grapevines, etc., use No. 103, or No. 10 may be used instead.

194 INSECTS INFESTING THE OH APE.

cnWTFAl CXI.
The Imported Grape Flea-beetle. (Cal.)

(^Ado.ris rllis. — Linnu'us.)

Order, Ccm.eoptkha ; Family, ('iirvsomki.id.i-:.

[A small (lark-lirowii beetle, feedinu' uixni the leaves ol' the
grapevine.]

This speeies was reported in 1882, from at least six of the
vine-growing districts, as damaging the foliage of grapevines,
and is rejjorted this Sjjring (1883) to be destroying tlie vines
infested. This is an enemy of the grapevine, which must be
eradicated. Their mode of attack on the vines is similar to
that of the steel-blue or grape fiea-beetle {Ilaltica chalyhea),
and they frequently damage young vines to such an extent
that the)^ die. One vineyard in this vicinity (Sacramento) has
been damaged seriously this Spring. The perfect insect (Fig.
179, Plate 3,) is black, with a sub-metallic luster of a greenish
hue, but after emerging from the ])upa state is of a reddish-
brown color. It is ovate and convex, and measures from two
lines to two and one quarter lines in length ; antenna^, eleven
jointed. This insect, although known to be widely destructive
on the Pacific Coast and in the mountainous regions of the
Atlantic States, had not been reported as being very injurious
in this State until 1882. In Europe it is well known as a dan-
gerous enemy to the grapevines, especially in France, Avhere it
is called C. gribourier, and Avhere much has been written in
regard to its destructiv^e habits.

Remedies. — Nos. 19, 20, 21 and 102. On young non-bear
ing grapevines Xos. 103 and 10 may be used.

INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 195

CHAPTER CXII.

The Rose Chafer. (Cal.)

[MacrodadyluH subspinusus. — Fabr. )

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, SrARAB.Ti:iD^.

[Feeding upon the leaves of the grape, rose, apple, cherry,

etc. ; a slender brownish-yellow beetle, about four lines long.]

This insect is a very general feeder, and at times becomes

very injurious. During its larva stage it lives in the ground,

feeding upon the roots of various kinds of plants.

The eggs laid by each female are about thirty in number,
and are deposited from one to four inches below the surface of
the earth.

The larva? lie upon their sides, their bodies being curved so
that the head and tail nearly meet each other. They are of a
yellowish-white color, with the head pale reddish. They pass
the Winter in their earthen cells, and assume the pupa form
the following Spring, there being but one annual brood.

Fig. 180. — Rose Chafer — color, brownisb-yellow.
The beetles, or chafers (Fig. 180), as they are com-
monly called, measure about four lines in length ;
the thorax is produced into a small point on each
side of the middle ; the head and thorax are black,
and the wing-cases brown, but the entire insect is
colored with yellowish scales which give it a brownish-yellow
appearance.

Remedies.— Nos. 19, 20, 21, 102; or No. 103 or No. 10 on
non-bearing vines or plants.

196

INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE.

CHAPTEK C'XIII.

The Spotted Pelidnota.

(Pelidnota puiirtata. — Linna?us.)

Order, Colkoptkka ; Family. Scarab.eid.e.

2

[The ineasuienients of insects in this woik aie gi\en in ii.ches and lines. The above cut rep-
resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thereof. J

[Feeding upuii tlie leaves of the grape vine; a robust clay-
yellow beetle, about one inch hnig, markV^d with a black spot
on each side of the thorax, and with three Ijlack spots on each
wing-cover.]

Fig. 181.— Spotted Fig. IHl.

Pelidnota, Larva
and Pupa ; c, the bee- ^"^v
tie — colors, yellowish
and black ; a, the grub
— color, white ; d, the
tip of its body ; e, one
of its antennae, en-
larged ; /, one of its
legs, enlarged ; b, the
pupa in its earthen
cell — color, brown.

These beetles (Fig.
181c) sometimes occur
in destructive num-
bers upon the leaves of the cultivated grapevine, but only in
limited localities.

The larva? or grubs (Fig. 181a) closely resemble the white
grubs, but difier in having a heart-shaped sAvelling at the hind
end of the body.

Remkdiks.— Use Nos. 19, 20, 21. 102; use Nos. 103 and 10
on non-bearing trees and vines.

FN SECT 8 INFESTING THE GRAPE. 197

CHAPTER CXIV.

The California Grapevine Hopper. (Cal.)

(Erythroneiira comes. — Say. )

Order, He.miptera : ) j^ •, ^.
Sub-order, Homoptera :) ^''^^"^1>'' ^ ^^''^'^^.e.

[ Infesting the leaves of the grapevine, which they puncture
with their beaks and imbibe the sap, causing the leaves to turn
yellow prematurely; a yellowish-white vine hop])er marked
with orange-red.]

The perfect insects (Fig. 182, Plate 8,) are yellowish-white,
with oblique confluent orange-red bands on the wing-cases,
and a short olilicpie line on the middle of the outer margin of
each ; on the thorax are usually three red stripes, the middle
one forked anteriorly and confluent with two red stripes on
the crown of the head ; length, about one line and a half. The
scutellum is large, triangular and marked with three orange
spots which form a triangle ; the two anterior spots are some-
times black. At the outer fore-angle of the wing-cases is a
black dot, and there is another black dot at the outer hind
angle ; the posterior tibiae are densely spined, and there is a
row of spines on the anterior tibia?.

These insects hibernate in the perfect state around the vines,
etc., and come forth in the following Spring and feed upon the
new growth of vegetation. The females deposit their eggs
upon the leaves of the grapevine as soon as the latter are
expanded. The young vine-hoppers closely resemble the
adults in form, but are destitute of wings. They cast their
skins several times before arriving at maturity, and these
white cast off skins may frequently be found adhering to the
leaves or scattered upon the ground beneath them. I have
first observed the perfect insect in the month of July.

These insects puncture the leaves of the vine and extract
the sap to such an extent as to cause the leaves to turn yellow
prematurely, preventing the canes from ri})ening, and when the
gra])es, picked ofl' of the invested vines, are used for shipping
to the Eastern States they are lial)le to mildew.

Remedies. — Xos. :V2 and 88. (See Nos. 19, 20, 21 and 108.)

198 INSECTS INFESTINCr TUB GR^U'E.

CHAPTER CXV.

The Grapevine Aphis.

( Siphon oj)h ora viticoln. — Thomas. )

Order, Hemiptera ; ^ t? -i \ r,,rT^.^ ^
oil XT c r amiiv, Aphidid^.

Sub-order, Homoptera ;) -^ '

[Living upon the leaves and twigs of grapevines, wliich they
punctiire witli tlieir l)eaks and extract the sap ; small ])rown-
ish plant lice.]

The wingless females arc dusky brown ; the legs and honey
tubes are black ; the latter are about one fourth as long as the
body. The winged lice are colored similar to the wingless
ones, but are darker. — Professor Thomas.

Remedies. — Use No. o or 7 ; No. 4 will also be effectual, or
No. 64.

CHAPTER CXVT.

The False Chinch Bug. (Cal.)

(Nysiv.s destructnr. — !^ay)

Order, Hemiptera ; } -ry ., j ^.

c, V ' J TT I r amilv. Lyct^eid.^.

Sub-order, Homoptera ;)

[A small grayish-brown bug. feeding on the foliage of the
grapevine, etc.]

In 1882 specimens of the larva and i)upa ( F'ig. 1836) of this
species were sent me, accompanied by a note stating that these
insects Avere destroying the foliage of grapevines (Fig. 183a),
and in two or three weeks later specimens of the perfect insect
were received. The first letter received with these specimens
stated that vines on about five rods stjuare of ground were
attacked ; ten days later nearly two acres were infested before
the insects were checked from spreading.

INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE.

199

Fiff. 183. Fig. 183. — False

Chinch Bug ; «, a
leaf, showing its
work ; 6, a pupa —
colors, dingy yellow,
red, and brown; c,
the adult — colors,
grayish-brown a n d
black.

The perfect insect (Fig. 183r) is of a grayish-brown color;
the wing covers (hemelytra) are nearly transparent, and gen-
erally colorless ; the legs are yellowish, inclining to brown ;
length, one and one half lines— in some specimens a little
over. The pupa is nearly of the same color as the perfect
insect, excepting that the longitudinal lines are brighter ; in
color, red and brown ; wing-paxls visible. The larva is of a
brownish-yellow color.

This plant bug is reported as feeding on the potato, cabbage,
etc., but has only been reported on grapevines in this State.
Remedies.— Use Nos. 36 and 51 ; or No. 65. (See No. 20.)

CHAPTER CXVir

The Yellow Mite. (Cal.)

( Tctranych us Sp f)

Class, Arachnida ; / p, -10.
Sub-class, AcARiNA ; \ ^ ^^^il^, Trombidid.e.

[A small yellow mite infesting the branches and foliage of
deciduous fruit trees, grapevines and nursery stock.]

As this species was only brought to notice last year (1882),
I cannot give any particulars as to its natural history. The'
color is immaculate primrose-yellow, excepting that the male
(Fig. 184, Plate 3,) has two bright minute vermillion-red spots
on the anterior portion of the ])odv (or on the shoulders)
The female (Fig. 185, Plate 3.) is about one seventieth of an
inch HI length ; form, ovate ; the male is smaller.

200 INSECTS INFESTTNa THE GRAPE.

They are very destructive to the foliage of fruit trees, grape-
vines and nursery stock, and appear to spin more than the red
mite. Mr. W. B. AVest, of Stockton, has found them on forest
trees. Mr. Williams, of Fresno, reports them on weeds
growing on uncultivated land.

Remedy. — Use No. 34.

CHAPTER ex VIII.

The Angular-winged Katydid. (Cal.)

(Microcentrum retinervis — Burmeister.)

Order, Okthopteha ; Family, LocusTiDiE.

[Feeding u[toii the leaves of the orange, apple, cherry
and grapevine; a large green grasshopper.]

The following account of the manner in which this insect
deposits her eggs is condensed from the excellent history of
this species given bv Professor Riley :

" Selecting a twig about the size of a common goose-quill,
this provident mother prepares it for the reception of her eggs
by biting and roughening the bark with her jaws for a distance
of two or three inches. When this operation is accomijlished
to her satisfaction, she commences at one end of the roughened
portion of the twig and, after fretting it anew with lier
jaws, and feeling it over and over again with herpalj)! as if
to assure herself that all is as it should be, she curls the
al)domen under until tlio lower edge of the curved ovijiositor
is l)rought between the jaws and palpi, by which it is grasped
and guided to the right jiosition. It is then gently worked up
and down for from four to .<ix minutes, while a viscid Huid is
given out api)arently from tlie ovipositor. Finally the egg
gradually rises and adheres to the roughened bark; the insect
now rests for a few uiiinitcs, soon to resume her efforts and
repeat the like performance in every particular, except that the
egg is placed to one side, and a little above the first."

Fi^. 186.

202 INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE.

Fig. 186. — Angular-winged Katydid ; 1, tliu adult — color,
green ; la, the eggs — color, brownish or slate color ; Ih, the
young — colors, green and yellow ; 5, an egg parasite (the
Eupclurus mirabilis of Walsh) female, enlarged — colors, black
and yellowish ; 2a, the male, enlarged — color, metallic-green ;
26, eggs, showing holes from which these parasites had emerged.

The eggs overlap each other (Fig. 186, 2b,) at one end and
are usually placed in two rows, side by side, but more rarely
in a single row. The number of eggs laid at one time varies
from two to thirty, and each female (Fig. 161, i,) deposits
about two hundred eggs. As soon as hatched, the young
grasshoppers (Fig. 186, lb, lb,) begin to feed upon the pulpy
part of the leaf. They do not pass through a quiet pupa state,
as butterflies and many other insects are known to do, but
continue active from the time they -leave the egg until they
die of old age or some other cause. Two broods are probably
produced in one season, the eggs of the last brood not hatch-
ing until the following Spring. Should this species ever
become numerous, a great amount of damage would be done
to the foliage of the trees or plants on which they feed.

Fig. 187.

Fig. 187. — Katydid — color, green.

Note. — The above insect is frequently mistaken for the true
katydid {riatyphi/lluin coneaciim — Harris) which inhabits the
eastern part of this country, but has not, so far as I am aware,
been found in tliis State. By conqtaring Fig. 187 with Fig. 186,
1, the (litference Ijctween these two species is readily observable.

Remedies. — No. 18 ; and also l\v eai)turing and destroying
the perfect insects.

INSECTS rNFESTINCr THE GRAPE.

203

Fig. 189.

CHAPTER CXIX.

The Snowy Tree-erieket.

( (IJcan th «.s niceu><. — Harris. )

Order, Orthoptera; Family, (iRYLi.iD.E.

[Puncturing the tender twigs of the grapevine, apple and
peach trees, raspberry and blackberry bushes, and depositing
her eggs therein; a greenish- white cricket.]

Fig. 188.— Snowy Tree-cricket,

^^' ■ female — color, greenish white.

In depositing her eggs, the

female cricket (Fig. 188) lirst

uses her jaws for the purpose

of slightly tearing away the outer bark ; the ovii)ositor is next

inserted into the twig, and an egg thrust into tlie puncture

thus made.

Fig. 189. — Eggs of Snowy Tree-cricket;
a, the egg punctures in a twig ; h, the eggs
exposed — color, pale yelloAV ; r, an egg
highly magnified ; d, upper end of the
same, still more highly magnified.

These eggs (Fig. 189) are usually placed
diagonally across the central pith. In this
way the female proceeds until her stock of
over two hundred eggs is exhausted. These
punctures are frequently made w^ithin four
lines of each other, and extend in an irregu-
lar row a distance of one foot and six lines
or over. — Riley.

Fig. 190. — Snowy Tree-
cricket, male — color, green-
ish white.

When first hatched, the
young cricket feeds upon
plant-lice, eggs, etc., and
has even been known to
attack and devour one of
its own kindred. After acquiring wings they

Fiff. 190.

204

INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE.

sometimes do considerable mischief Vjy gnawing oft' the stalks
of green grapes, permitting the latter to fall to the ground.
The eggs are usually deposited in the latter part of Summer
or early in the Autumn, and these do not hatch out until the
following Spring.

Remedy. — Use No. 28.

CHAPTER CXX.

The Grape Curculio.

(Cceliodcs 'nt;i (iiiaH<. — Say.)

Order, Colkoi'tkua ; P'aniily. ("rHcuLioxip.is.

[Living in grapes, a whitish or bluish footless grub about
two lines long, with a brownish head : when fully grown
deserting the fruit and entering the earth to pupate.]

Fig. 191. — Grape

Fig. 191.
Fiff.l

Curculio enlarged--
Fig.l b \'^^ ^ color, grayish-

black; t/, one of its
FiffJa j.Qj.p iggg . 5^ j^g lar-
va— color, yellow-
ish-white.

The female cur-
Ho (Fig. 191,1,) ex-
cavates a small cavity in the grape (Fig. 192a), and then
deposits therein a single egg of a bright yellow color. The
grub (Fig. 1916) which hatches from this egg feeds upon the
pulp or tlesh of the grape, and rarely upon the seeds. When
fully grown (Fig. 1926) it is about two
lines long, and each segment of its
body bears on each side a large fleshy
tubercle.

Fig. 192. — (irape Curculio; a. an
infested grape ; 6, the larva enlargi-d —
color, white.

When about to assume the \)\\\k\
form the larva deserts the fruit, which sometimes drops from

Fig. 192.

INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 205

the vines previous to this, and enters the earth to the depth of
a few inches, where it forms a small cavity in Avhich it shortly
afterwards assumes the pupa form. The beetle issues in the
Fall, and passes the Winter in some sheltered place. The
perfect beetle is nearly hemispherical in outline, and of a
black color, but is covered with short appressed scale-like
white hairs, which give it a grayish tinge ; the legs are red-
dish, and on the upper and outer edge of each fore and mid-
dle shank (tibia) is a rectangular tooth. The body measures
about one line in length. I have not found this species in
this State.

CHAPTER CXXI.

The Grape-seed Maggot. (Cal)

( Tsosoma vitis. — Saunders. )

Order, Hymenopteka ; Family, Chalcidid.e.

[Living within the seeds of grapes; a minute footless
maggot.]

This maggot (Fig. 193) burrows into the grape while the
covering of the seeds are still soft and tender ; it makes its way
directly to the seed, which it enters and feeds upon the kernel-
It undergoes its transformations within the seed, and the fly,
when about to issue, gnaws its way out.

Fig. 193. — Grape-seed Maggot — color,
whitish.

The perfect fly is })lack, and the fore-
wings expand about one line. Only one
brood is usually produced in a year, and
these pass the Winter in the larva state.

Mr. Charles A. Wetmore, Chief Executive Viticultural Offi-
cer, called my attention to the larva found in the seed of the
California wild grape, from which I bred the fly, and found it
to be the Isofioma r/7y'.s. I do not know of any cultivated grape
l)eing infested by this pest, but close attention should be given
to examinations lest it gains a foothold.

Remedies. — Should this pest spread to the cultivated varie-

200

INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE.

ties, all grapes should be picked nil tlic vines at the end of the
season, and if not fit for any use, destroyed ; also, all seed
from wine presses, etc., should lie destroyed.

rHA?TP:K ('XX 11.

The Grape Leaf-roller. (Cal.)

(Tortrix ^}>f)

Order, Lkpidoptkka : Family, Tortrictd.t:.

I Livini: in a rolled grape leaf; a small greenish caterpillar.]

J.ast season (1882) specimens of grape leaves rolled up and

fastened with silken"'threads, as in Figs. 194 and 195, were

Fiff. 101.

Fiff. 195.

sent me from Fresno County. .\s 1 did not succccil in breed-
ing tlie perfect insect, 1 am unable to give the name of the
species to which this leaf-roller belongs : but, judging from the
account given by Miss ( )rmero(| and others of the oak leaf-
roller ( Tnrtri.r ririddiia — Stephens), it is evident that our spe-
cies is closely related to it.
I^l■;.\ll■:l»^•. — I'sc .No. 24.

INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE.

207

CHAPTER CXXIU.

The Red-shouldered Grapevine Borer.

[Sinoxyhn basillan'. — Say.)

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Ptinid.e.

[Living in the canes of grapevines; a small yellowish six-
legged larva or grub, finally changing into a black beetle which
is usually marked with a red spot at the base of each wing-
cover.]

This grub (Fig. IdoMi) lives in the canes of grapevines, boring
the wood beneath the bark, and also the heart-wood, in various
directions. It also lives in the trunks of apple, peach and
hickory trees.

The pupa form {Fig. 195|6) is assumed in the burrow.

The beetle (Fig. 195|f) measures about two and a half lines
in length, is of a black color, and there is usually a Large red-
dish spot at the base of each wing-cover ; the thorax is armed
with short spines in front, and the wing-cases are armed with
several small teeth at the apex or tip.

Fis. 1954. — Red-shouL

Fig. 1951^.

dered Grapevine Borer, en-
larged ; a, the larva — color,
yellowish ; 6, the pupa —
color, yellowish ; c, t h e
beetle — color, black and
reddish.

Remedies. — Use Nos. 26
and 27.

INSECTS IXFESTING THE RASPBERRY.

CHAP. ' CHAP.

The Kaspberry-root Borer (JE'jeria ndn'). .123 The Negro Bug (Corimelcena pulicaria). . .129

The Raspberry-root Gall-fly (Rhodites radi- \

riDo) 124 I The following insects also infest the Rasp-

The Raspberrj' Borer {Agiihtu ruficollvi). . . 125 I berry :

The Raspberry Span-worm {Aphdes ntbi- , The Rose Scale (DiaspU rosie).

rorn) 126 ' The Blackberry Cane-borer (Oberea trifninc-

The Raspbero' Leaf-rojler {Exartema per-

miindana) 127

The Raspberry Ai>his (.Siplionophora rubi).l'2S

lata).
The Snowy Tree Cricket (CEcan/Awx nheuf:).

chaptp:r cxxtii.

The Raspberry-root Borer. (Cal.)

{jEyeria ruhi. — IJilcy. )

Order, [.epidoi-tkha : Family. Jm;kki]).k.

[Living in the .stems and roots ol' ras|ilKriv and Idackbi^rrv
bushes; a pale yellow sixteen-le^iged larva. J

Fig. 196. I'ig- l'")^'. — Raspberry -root Borer —

colors. l)r(>wn. black, and yellow : a. the
male moth : /». the female.

The perfect insect (Fig. 11K3J exjiands
from one inch to one inch and three
lines, and is of a black color, marked
with gray, as follows: A narrow ring
around the neck, the hind third of the
alxloniinal segments ; a row of tufts on
tlu' Itack. and anotlier row along each
sidi' of the alidomeii. besides a few
streaks on the thorax.
The eggs from which these borers hatch arc dejiosited upon

INSECTS INFESTING THE RASPBERRY. 209

the bushes at a distance of from four to six inches from the
ground. As soon as hatched, the young borer enters the stem
to the pith, and then directs its course downward to the roots,
which it reaches at the approach of Winter. Here it remains
until the following Spring, when it directs it course upward,
burrowing out a different stem than the one by which it had
entered the roots. After attaining its full growth it prepares
a place of exit, and soon afterward assumes the pupa form.

I have only found one specimen of the larva of this species
and have had specimens of roots sent me from which the
borer had matured.

Remedy. — Use No. 37 in the latter part of June and early
in July ; or No. 5 or 7.

CHAPTER CXXIV.

The Raspberry-root Gall-fly.

{RhoditeK radicum. — Osten Sacken.)
Order, Hymenoptera ; Family, Cynipid^e.

[Living in a large swelling on the roots of raspberry bushes ;
small whitish footless grubs.]

If one of these galls were to be cut open, it would be found
to be composed of a yellowish pithy substance, and scattered
through it are a number of small cells, each containing a
small white larva or grulx These soon change to pu^jpe,
which in turn produce the perfect flies ; and the latter gnaw
their way out of the gall, leaving small holes to mark their
places of exit. — Condensed from Saunders.

CHAPTER CXXV.

The Raspberry Borer.

( Agrilu.s ruficoUis. — Fabricius. )

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Buprestid.e.

[Living in the stems of raspberry and blackberry bushes,
producing a gall-like swelling; a pale yellow footless grub.

210

INSECTS INFESTING THE RASPBERRY.

which is finally transformed into a slender blackish beetle,
with the head and thorax of a brilliant copper color.]

The location of these borers in the canes may easily be detected
by the gall-like swelling in the canes ; this swelling is about an
inch long, and is very rough as compared with the rest of the
cane. Occasionally several larva' will l)e found inhabiting the
game gall, thus lengthening the latter and causing it to assume
a very irregular shape.

Fig.'lOy.— Rasp]»erry Borer, en-
larged ; h, the larva — color, yel-
lowish; o, the hind part of its
body still more enlarged ; c, the
beetle — colors, black and cop-
pery-red.

When fully grown, the larva
(Fig. Idlh) measures about seven
lines in length, and is of a yel-
lowish-white color ; the first segment behind the head is greatly
dilated on each side, and the last segment is armed with two
dark brown horns, each with three teeth on the inner edge. It
assumes the pupa form within the gall in April or May, and
the perfect beetle (Fig. 197c) issues in the course of a few weeks.

This spQcies has been reported to me as infesting the Idack-
berry in this State, l)ut I have not seen any specimens.

Remedies.— Use No. 27, 28, 37, or 67.

CHAI'TKIJ rXVT.

The Raspberry Span worm.

(Ajilodes rubirora. — Riley. )

Order, LEriDOPTKUA ; Family, PnAi,.i:Nin.E.

[Feeding ui)on the leaves and fruit of the raspberry and
blackberry; a yellowish ten-legged span-worm, thinly covered
with small spines, on which arc usually affixed small pieces of
leaves.]

INSECTS INFESTING THE RASPBERRY.

211

Fig. 19S. — Rasp-
berry Spanworm and
Moth ; a, t])e worm —
color, yellowish-
gray ; 6, a segment
of its body greatly
e n 1 a r g e d ; c, t h e
moth — ^colors, green
and white ; r/, two of
its wings enlarged.

Bef o r e pupating,
thisAvorm(Fig.l98a)
spins a loose cocoon
in which to undergo
its transforma-
tions.
The perfect moth (Fig. 198c) expands about six lines, and

is of a delicate green color, and all of the wings are crossed by

two curved light colored lines. — Riley.

Remedii-:s. — When the caterpillars a})pear, spray with No.

83 or No. 85.

CHAPTER CXXVIl.

The Raspberry Leaf-roller.

{E. carte ma pennnitdiina. — Clemens.)

Synonym. — Kccopiih pcnnuncJana. — Clemens.

Order, LEriDoiTERA ; Family, Toiitkicid^.

[Living within a rolled leaf on raspberry, strawberry and
various other plants ; a greenish worm with a black head.]

Besides rolling up and devouring the leaves, this leaf-roller
sometimes fastens several blossoms together Avith silken
threads, afterwards feeding upon them. It has nearly the
same habits as the Greater Leaf-roller (Chai)ter XL.)

212

INSECTS INFESTING THE RASPBERRY.

Fig. 199.

Fig. 199. — Raspberry Leaf-roller, nat-
ural size and enlarged — colors, yellowish
or brownish.

The perfect moth (Fig. 199) has the
fore-wings 3'ellowish, varied with brown
streaks and patches. The caterpillar
appears about the time the berry is in
bloom. 1 liave found the moth of this
species, and also the nest of the larva, but have never found
the larva.

Remedies. — (See Remedies, Chapter XL.)

CHAPTER CXXVIII.

The Raspberry Aphis.
( Siphonophora rubi. — Kaltenbach. )

Order, Hemiptera ; }
Sub-order, Horopter. \ ; \

Family, Aphidid.^.

[Living on the stems and leaves of blackberr}' and rasp-
berry bushes, which they puncture with their beaks and
extract the sap; small, greenish plant-lice.]

The wingless and winged lice of this species are almost
entirely of a greenish color. — Prof. Thomas.

Remedy. — Use No. 3, 4, 5, or 7.

CHAPTER CXXIX.

The Negro Bug-.
( Conmrlfpno jiuJIcdria. — (iermav. )

Order, Hemiptera ; }

Sub-order, Homoptkha ; \

Familv, Sci'tellarid.t;.

I Living upon tlie stems and fruil i»l' tlu' strawberry, rasp-
berry, cherry, and (juince; a small black bug, with a white
stripe on each side of tlie wing-covers.]

INSECTS INFESTING THE RASPBERRY.

213

Fij?. 200.

" These bugs puncture the young twigs and fruit and imbibe
the sap ; but the injury they occasion in this direction is as
nothing compared to the effect which their presence has upon
the fruit, as they exhale an offensive oder which renders the
fruit upon which they congregate wholly unfit to be eaten ;
besides this, their small size renders their detection very diffi-
cult, so that a person is likelv to get one or more of them into
his mouth, along with the fruit, without being aware of it." —
Riley.

Fig. 200. — Negro Bug, natural size and
magnified — colors, black and white.

The young bugs closely resemble the
adults (Fig. 200), but are of a more brown-
ish color and are entirely destitute of
wings.

I have a specimen found on the cherry
that agrees with the above description, excepting stripes on
the wing-case. It is probably a closely allied species, but I
have found the genuine negro bug in Southern California, on
purslane.

[SFXTS INFESTIX(

BLACKBERRY.

CHAP.

The Blackliem- Cane-borer (Oberca tri-

ptinctala) 130

The Blackberry A]^his(S>pha ruhifolii) 131

The following insects also infest the Black-
berry :
The Raspberry-root Borer (.-J-^giria mbi).

The Ras])beiTy Borer (Agnhu< nificoUix).
The liose Scale {Dia^pix roxw).
The Snowy Tree Cricket (<J-jCan(hux nivciU).
The Ked-humped Caterpillar (Xotoilunta cott-

cinna).
The Raspberry- Span-worm (Aploile^ n(l>ivora).
The Raspberrj' Aphis (Sipltonopltora rubi).

CHAI'TEK ("XXX.

The Blackberry Cane-Borer.

(Obcrea tripn itrtaia. — Fabrit'ius.)
Order, Coleopteka ; Family, Ckkambycid.15.

[Tiiving within the stems of l)lackberry and raspl )errv bushes ;
a yellow fo(jtless grul), transforming into a slender Idaek long-
horned beetle, having the top of the thorax yellowish, and usu-
ally marked with two or three black dots.]

Fig. 201. — Blackberry Ci}ne-l)orer — colors, black
and yellowish.

The perfect beetles (Fig. 201) appear in ]May or
•June. The female beetle, after gnawing two rings
around the growing cane, punctures the latter be-
tween the girdled rings, and deposits therein a single egg ; the
grub which is produced from this egg burrows into the central
pith, where it lives until reaching its full growth, when it
forms a cell in its burrow, and soon afterward assumes the
pupa form; in due time the pupa is transformed into the per-
fect insect, or beetle, Avhich gnaws its way out of the burrow.

Remedies. — Use Nos. GO and (5(5.

INSECTS INFESTING THE BLACKBERRY. 215

CHAPTER CXXXI.

The Blackberry Aphis. (Cal.)
( Sipha ruhifolii. — Thomas.)

Order, Hemiptera; ) Family, Aphidid^.

Sub-order, Homoptera ;) • '

I i I I I [ M I I I hhl

The measurements of insects in this work are given in inches and lines. The above cut rep-
resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thereof.

[Living on the underside of the leaves of Ijlackberry bushes,
which they puncture with their beaks and extract the sap ;
small, black and green or pale green plant-lice.

The wingless lice are pale green, marked with a darker green,
the head tinged with yellowish. The winged lice have the
head and thorax black, and the abdomen colored as in the
wingless lice. — Professor Thomas.

Remedies. — Use No. 4, 5, or 7 ; No. 3 will do if No. 4, 5,
or 7 cannot be obtained.

INSECTS INFESTING THE CL'RRANT.

CHAP.

The Currant Borer (^-Egeria tipuli/ormut).12'2
The Aiiiericaii Currant-borer (Psenocenm

KUpernoUttua) 133

The Currant Mite (Tyroglyphim ribui) 134

The Imported Currant-worm (yenuttms

ventricoxua) 135

The Native Currant-worm (Printophora

yrosxularice) 13(5

The Currant Span-woim (Eufitchia nbe-

aria) \:i7

The Progne Butt«rfly (Gra%ita progiu) 138

The Curratit Aphis {MyziDt rtbUs) 139

The following insects also infest the Cur-
rant :

The Rose Scale (Diasp^s- rogce).
The Lemon Peel Scale (At-pidiohta nerii).
The Stalk Borer ((r'or<!/na 7iitela.)
The Gooseberry Fruit-worm (Pempelia groi-

mlaria.)

CHAPTER CXXXII.
The Currant Borer. (Cal.)

{^'Egeria tipuliformh. — Linn.)
Order, Lei'IDoI'TKKa ; Family, ^Egerid.?^.

[Eating out the central pith of currant and gooseberry
bushes; a whitish sixteen-legged worm.]

Among the numerous insect enemies of our small fruits,
none are more widely distributed nor better known than the
currant borers.

The eggs from which these borers (Fig. 202) hatch are depos-
ited near the buds, only one egg usually l)eing consigned to a
single plant. As soon as hatched, the young borer penetrates
the stem to the pith, which it devours, forming a l)urrow seve-
ral inches in length in the interior of the stem. As it increases
in size it enlarges the hole communicating Avith its burrow, so
as to admit of the more easy passage of its castings, which it
pushes out of this opening. It reaches its full growth in the
following Spring, and then measures a little over six lines in
length.

INSECTS INFESTING THE CURRANT.

21']

Fig. 202. — Currant Borer; upper iig. 202.

figure, the larva — color, white ; lower
figure, the pupa — color, white.

When about to assume pupa form
(Fig. 202) this borer takes up a posi-
tion near the opening of its burrow,
and closes the burrow above and below
it with its castings, and then spins

around its body a silken cocoon. Soon after completing this
task the borer is changed to a pupa, from which the perfect
insect is evolved in the course of a week or so. The latter
usually makes its appearance in April or May, and soon after-
ward deposits its eggs.

The fore-wings of the perfect moth (Fig. 203) expand about
ten lines ; they are transparent, with the veins and margins
black, and crossed near the middle with a black band ; at
the tip of each wing is usually a black spot, which is more
or less tinged with copper color ; the body is blue-black, with
the edges of the collar and shoulder tuft, and three rings on
the abdomen, golden yellow.

Fig. 203. — Currant Borer (moth) — colors,
blue-black and yellow.

Remedies. — Use Nos. 60 and 66. In the
latter part of April or early in May, spray
with No. 5 or 7 ; use No. 3 or 4 if No. 5 or 7
cannot be obtained.

Fig. 203.

CHAPTER CXXXIII.
The American Currant-borer.

( Psenocerus supernotatus. — Say.)
Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Cerambycid^.

[Living within the stems of currant bushes ; a whitish foot-
less larva with a brown head.]

" This larva feeds upon the pith until reaching its full
growth, when it gnaws a hole to the bark ; it then retreats to
15

218

INSECTS INFESTING THE CURRANT.

Fig. 204.

a short distance below it and forms a cell in which to undergo
its transformations. It remains in its cell unchanged through-
out the "Winter, and is changed to a pupa in the following
Spring, the beetle issuing in April.

Fig. 204. — American Currant-borer, en-
larged— colors, brownish and white.

This beetle (Fig. 204) is a little over two
lines long, and is of a black color, with
the margins of the tliorax and wing-covers |
pale brown. Near the middle of each wing- "
cover is a crescent-shaped white spot, and
a short distance toward the base of the wing-
cover from this are two yellowish or ash-
gray spots. — Fitch.

Remedies. — Use Nos. 60 and 6(1

CHAPTER CXXXIV

The Currant Mite.

( Tyroglyphvs W6fs. — Fitch.)

Class, Akachnida ; Family, Acarid.i:.

[Living in the burrows of the currant-borers ; minute eight
legged mites of a white color, and measuring scarcely one
hundredth of an inch in length.]

In specimens of currant stocks infested b}- borers sent me
by Mr. W. H. Jessup, of Haywards, in September, 1880, he
called my attention to nests of eggs in the debris left by the
borer from which hatched mites. These are not true insects,
but belong to the same class as the spiders, and are character-
ized b)' having in the adult state four pair of legs, whereas no
insect in the perfect state has more than three pairs. They
belong to the same family as the itch-mites — minute creatures
which live beneath the skin of man, producing that loathsome
disease commonly known as the itch.

The habits and economv of the currant mite have never

INSECTS INFESTING THE CURRANT.

219

been studied up, and hence it is impossible to say Avhether it
should be regarded as a beneficial or as an injurious insect.

Another species belonging to the same genus — the phylloxera
mite, tyroglyphu s phyllozerss — Planchon and Riley — feeds in the
early part of its existence upon partly decomposed vegetable
and animal matter, while later in life it preys upon the living
phylloxerse or grape-root lice ; and so we may conclude that
the currant mite is a friend and not a foe ; or at least tliat it is
not destructive to living plants.

CHAPTER CXXXV.

The Imported Currant-worm.

{Xt'iii(itii)i reiitricoftux. — Klug.)

Order, Hymexoptera ; Family, Tentiiredinid.e.

[Feeding upon the leaves of currant and gooseberry bushes ;
a naked green twenty-legged worm, marked with black spots.]

Fig. 205. ^'^- 20o.-Eggs of Im-

ported Currant Saw-tlies ;
1, the eggs ; 2 and 3, holes
made in the leaf l)y the
young worms.

The eggs (Fig. 205) from
which these worms hatch
are laid along the larger
veins on the underside of a
leaf In the course of eight
or ten days these hatch into
l)ale worms, having a large
whitish liead with a black
spot on each side. After
casting the skin the color
becomes green, and the body is marked with numerous pol-
ished black spots (Fig. 206); the head is also black. After

220

INSECTS INFESTING THE CURRANT.

the last molt the black spots disappear, and the head becomes

greenish, with a dark spot on each side.

Fig. 206. — Imported
^ ^ ^ ,,. Fig. 206.

Currant \\ orms ; a^ a

and a, the worms of
different sizes — colors,
green and black ; b, a
segment of a worm's
body enlarged.

When fully grown
they measure about
nine lines in length.
They then desert the
plants and hide them-
selves beneath the
leaves, or enter the
earth and spin their
tough brownish co-
coons. At least two broods are i:)roduced in one season ; the
last brood passing the Winter in their cocoons.

Fiff. 207.

Fig. 207. — Imported Cur-
rant Saw-flies — colors, yellow
and black; a. the male en-
larged : b, the female enlarged.

The female fly (Fig. 2076)
is of a bright lioncy-yellow —
color, the top of the head and
tliorax marked ^\•ith black ; the
wings expand about six lines
~y and are transparent with black
veins.

The male fly (Fig. 207a) dif-
ers so much from the female
as to be easily mistaken for
a distinct species. It is black,
with the top of the thorax
marked with yellow, and the tip and the under side of the
abdomen are marked with vellow.

INSECTS INFESTING THE CURRANT.

221

Fig. 208.

Fig. 20S.— Ovipositors of Saw-
y flies highly magnified ; a, ovipos-
itor of willow saw-fly (N. salispo-
miim) ; b, ovipositor of imported
currant saw-fly.

Remedies. — When the larva is
noticed on the foliage, use No. 64?

No. 5 or No. 7. See also No. 80.

chaptp:r cxxxvi.

The Native Currant Worm.

{Pristophora grossularife. — Walsh.)

Order, Hymenoptera ; Family, Tenthredinid^.

[Feeding upon the leaves of currant and gooseberry bushes ;
a naked green twenty-legged larva or worm.]

Fig. 209.

Fig. 209.-Native Cur-
rant Worm and Fly ; a,
the worm — color,
green ; b, the fly — col-
ors, black and yellow-
ish.

When fully grown
(Fig. 209a) this worm
measures about six
lines in length ; it then spins a tough cocoon in some sheltered
place, usually among the leaves of the plant it infests.

Two broods are usually produced in one season, and the
second brood are changed to flies (Fig. 2096) in the Fall. The
latter deposit their eggs upon the twigs, and these eggs do not
hatch until the following Spring.

The wings, of the perfect fly expand from four to six lines ;
the body is black, and the thorax is marked with pale yellow-
ish.— Riley, ninth Missouri Report.

Remedies. — When the larvse appear on the foliage, use No.
64, No. 5 or No. 7. See also No. 80.

222

TN.SFCTS INFESTING THE CURRANT.

CHAPTER CXXXVTI.

The Currant Span-worm.

( Eufiichia ribearia. — Fitch. )

Synonym. — Abraxas, or Ellopia ribearia.

Order, LEPiDorTEKA : Family, Phal^nid^e.

M I 1 I 1 I I I I I lilil

[The moasiirements of insects in this work are given in inches and lines. The above cut rep-
resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thereof.)

[Feeding upon the leaves of currant and gooseberry bushes ;
a whitish ten-legged ^pan-worm, marked with yellow stripes
and numerous black spots.]

Fig. 210. — C u r r a n t Fig- '^K'-

Span-worms and Pupa ;
a and b, the worms in
different positions — col-
ors, yellow and black ; c,
the pupa — color, brown.

This span-worm (Fig.
210, n and b), when fully
grown, measures a little
over an inch in length,
is of a wliitish color, spot-
ted with b 1 a c- k , a n d
marked with a yellow
stri]>e 111! tlie Itack and a
similar mie on each siile
of the liody : tlii' under
side of the body is also
white, and has a yellow
line in the middle. When
about to i)Ui)ate, it deserts tlie bushes and creeps l)eneath the
fallen leaves, etc., or enters the earth and forms a small cell
in which to undergo its transformations. (Fig. 210'-.)

INSECTS INFESTING THE CURRANT. 223

Fij?. 211. Fig. 21 1 .—Currant Span-worm Moth

(female) — colors, 3^ellow and leaden.

The wings of the perfect moth (Fig.
211) expands about an inch, are of a
pale yellowish color, marked with sev-
eral dusky spots.
V^^ ^ ^w^ rpj^-g j^^^^j^ appears in June or July,

and deposits her eggs upon the stalks of the currant and
gooseberry bushes ; these eggs do not hatch until the following
Spring, there being but one brood of . these insects produced
in one year.

Remedies. — When the larvae appear on the foliage, use No.
64 or 1^0. 5, or No. 7. See, also, No. 80.

CHAPTER CXXXVIII.

The Progne Butterfly. (Cal.)

( Grapta -progne. — Fabricius.)

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Nymphalid.e.

[Feeding upon the leaves of the currant and gooseberry
bushes ; a grayish sixteen-legged caterpillar, thinly covered
with whitish spines tipped with black.]

"When fully grown, this caterpillar measures about one inch
and three lines in length ; the body is marked with alternate
l)lack and white bands, and on each side are two rows of yel-
low spots. When about to pupate, it suspends itself by the
hind feet.

The pupa or chrysalis is pale brown, faintly clouded on the
sides with olive-brown, and the abdomen is broadly striped
with the same color on the back and sides ; across the middle
of the back is a deep depression, on each side of Avhich are two
silvery spots.

The fore-wings of the butterfly expand about one inch and
ten lines, are of a reddish-brown color, marked with black
spots ; the outer edges of the wings are scolloped ; the under

224 INSECTS INFESTING THE CUREANT.

side of the wings is blackish-gray, paler at the tips, and on
each hind wing is a silvery character, resembling the letter L-
Remedies. — When the caterpillars appear on the foliage, use
No. 64, or No. 5, or No. 7. See No. 80.

CHAPTER CXXXIX.

The Currant Aphis. (Cal.)
(Myzus ribis. — Linnteus.)

Order, Hemiptera ; } t^, ■-, a^...^,^^
c, r ' 1 TT I r amilv, Aphidid^. •

Sub-order, Homoptera ;)

[Living on the under side of the leaves of currant and goose-
berry bushes, which they puncture with their beaks and extract
the sap ; small green or yellowish plant-lice.] — Thomas.

Remedies. — Use No. 64, or No. 5, or No. 7 ; Nos. 3 or 4 will
give good results.

INSECTS INFESTING THE GOOSEBERRY.

CHAP.

The Frosted Leaf-hopper (PcBCiZnp^cmfirtt-
inosa) 140

The Gooseberry Fruit Wonii {Pcmpelia
grostiularice) 141

The Gooseberry Midge (Cecidomijia gros-
sularice 142

The following insects also infest the Goose-
berry :

The Currant Boi-er (^■Egeria tipulifomiis).
The Imported Cunant Worm {Nematwi ven

tricosua).
The Native Currant Worm {Printophora groit-

tiularice.)
The Currant Span Worm (EulHclna ribearia).
The Progne Butterfly (Graptaprogne).
The Currant Aphis {Myzusribisj.

CHAPTER CXL.

The Frosted Leaf-hopper. (Cal.)

{Pcpcilojitera pruinosa. — Say. )

Order, Hemiptera ; ;_,.,_,

Sub-order, Homoptera ; ( ^^^^1^' Fulgorid^.

[Puncturing and sucking the juices of the leaves and tender
shoots of gooseberry bushes and the rhubarb plant ; a small
four-winged moth-like insect of a dusky bluish color, covered
with a white mealy powder.]

This insect (Fig. 212) measures about four lines in length,
and when at rest holds its wings slanting over the back like a
steep roof.

Fig. 212. Fig. 212. Fig. 213.

— Frosted
Leaf- hop-
per enlarg-
ed— color, dull leaden or
pale green.

Fig. 213. — Eggs of Frosted Tvcaf-hopper ; a, the eggs highly
magnified — color, yellow ; b, the same in the twig, highly mag-
nified ; c, the same in a twig, natural size.

226

INSECTS INFESTING THE GOOSEBERRY.

The female deposits her eggs (Fig. 213) in acontinuous slit
in a twig of a tree or shrub, placing them upon one side, end
to end. The young leaf-hopper is of the same general form
as the adult, but is destitute of wings. It is covered with a
cottony matter which envelopes the entire body, excepting the
head.

T have found these insects on rhubarb in Afay.

Remedies. — Use No. 28, No. 5 or Xo. 7.

CHAPTER CXLI.

The Gooseberry Fruit-worm. (Cal.)

(Pempelid (iro!<snl (trier. — Packard. )

Order, LEriDoPTERA ; Family, Pvhalid.e.

[Eating out the interior of currants and gooseberries; a
pale green worm.]

Fig.214.—(;ooseberry Fruit- Fig. 214.

worms — color, green. ^^

The caterpillar (Fig. 214) -^^^^z^"
after eating out the interior of ^

one berry will fasten a neigh-
boring one to it with silken
threads, and in this way whole
bunches of currants or goose-
berries are sometimes webbed
together, and will have nothing left of them excc])t the empty
hulls, .\fter reaching its full growth this worm deserts the
plants and enters the earth, where it forms a small cell in
which to undergo its transformations. Only one brood is pro-
duced in a season, and these pass the Winter in the pupa state.

^. ^,^ Fig. 215. — Gooseberrv Fruit-worm

Fi^. 215.

t , ^roth and Cocoon ; at the left the co-

^Mn^A(^^n^ coon — color, grayish-brown : at the right
^j^^^^^Sy the moth — color, gray.
^^t^^^ The fore-wings t>f the i)erfect moth

(Fig. 215) exi)and nearly an inch; are
of a pale gray color, and marked with transverse white and

INSECTS INFESTING THE aOOSEBERRY. 227

dark lines. I have found the caterpillar and pupa of this
insect, but failed to raise the perfect moth.

Remedy. — Use No. 28. Pick off" and destroy all infested fruit,
in addition to gathering tlie larva^.

CHAPTER CXLII.

The Gooseberry Midge. (Cal.)

(Cecidomyia grossulariee — Fitch.)

Order, Diptera ; Family, Tipulid.e.

[Living in gooseberries, causing them to turn prematurely
red and to decay; a bright yellow footless maggot.]

The midge which produce these maggots quite closely
resembles a mosquito ; it is only about one line to the end of
the closed wings, and is of a pale yellow color, the eyes black,
the legs yellow and dusky, and the wings are transparent and
faintly tinged with dusky.

This midge or fl}" punctures the young gooseberries and
deposits therein one or more eggs. The maggots hatched
from these eggs are entirely destitute of feet, and are of a
bright yelhnv color. They assume the pupa form within the
berries ; the latter usually become prematureh- red, and drop
to the ground sometime previous to this.

The only remedy Avhich suggests itself is to gather up and
destroy the fallen fruit shortly after it falls, or Ijefore the
maggots have ccnnpleted their transformations and escaped.

Remedies as alxjve, and when the fruit is fully formed use
No. 5 or 7, and rejx'at in two weeks.

INSECTS INFESTING THE STRAWBERRY

CHAP.

The Strawberry Crown-borer (Analcis

fragarUe) 143

The Brown Strawberry Weevil {LUtronotus

iievadicua) 144

The Strawben-y Worm (Emphtjtus macu-

latin) 145

The Strawberry Leaf-roller (Anchylopera

fragaricej 146

The following insects also infest the Straw-
berry:

Crane Flies iTlpida).
The Peach Moth {Anania Uneatellaj.
The Xe,?ro Bug (Corimekena pitlicaria).
The Raspberry Leaf-roller (Exarfema per-

mundana).

CHAPTER CXLIII.

The Strawberry Crown-borer.

(Analcis fragnrias — Riley. )

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Curculionid.e.

[Living in the roots of strawberry plants ; a whitish curved
grub or larva, about two lines long, with the head yellow ;
finally changing into a chestnut-brown snout-beetle.]

Fig. 216. — Strawberry
^^' ■ Crown-borer ; a, the lar-

va, enlarge d — c o 1 o r,
white ; fe, the beetle, side
view, enlarged ; c, the
same, back view, en-
larged— color, chestnut-
brown.
The egg from which
this grub (Fig. 216a) hatches is probably laid upon the crown
of the plant, and as soon as hatched the grub burrow.* down-
ward into the pith. Here it remains until it ha^j acquired its
full growth, working in the thick, bulbous root : it undergoes

INSECTS INFESTING TEE STRAWBERRY. 229

its transformations to the pupa and perfect beetle state within
the roots, and the beetle (Fig. 216c) makes its appearance
above ground in the month of August. — Riley.

I have not found this species in this State, although I hesi-
tate to say that it is not here. I have found grubs in straw-
berry plants which I supposed to belong to this species, but I
did not succeed in rearing the perfect insect.

Remedy. — Use No. 104.

CHAPTER CXLIV.

The Brown Strawberry Weevil. (Cal.)

(Listronotus nevadicus. — LeConte.)

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, CuRCULioNiDiE.

[A small snout-beetle feeding on strawberry and cherry
leaves, also eating into the crown of strawberry plants.]

This species was found, last Summer, eating the leaves and
also the crown of the strawberry plants ; it also eats cherry
leaves. The fruit grower sending the specimens writes :

" I found this weevil on a strawberry patch ; it eats the
leaves, making them appear like lace work, and it also eats
into the heart of the plant. I have also found it eating cherry
leaves. In the daytime it hides in crevices in the bark of trees
or in the ground under the strawberry plants ; it is a night
feeder."

This beetle (Fig. 127, Plate 3,) measures from two and a
quarter to two and one half lines in length ; is of a reddish-
brown color, mottled with yellow, whitish or light markings
on each side of the thorax and the outer base of the wing-
cases, also at the apex of the wing cases ; inner edges of the
latter bordered with black. From the fact that the larvae of
this group of insects usually live on the roots of plants, it is
probable that the larvas of this species live in the roots of
strawberry plants.

Remedy. — Use No. 105.

230

[NSECTS I.\FKST1M! THE STRAWBERRY.

CHAPTER CXLV.

The Strawberry Worm.
( Einphi/tus marulatiis — Norton.)

Order, Hymexopteha ; Fiunilv, Tknthredixid.t:.

Fig. 218.

[Feeding upon the leaves of strawlxriy i)lants ; a naked
dirty-yellowish worm, wliich is provided with twenty-two legs.]
Tlie eggs (Fig. 218, 0.) from which these worms hateh are
deposited in the stems of the plants; this operation is per-
formed Ijy the female fly by means of a saw-like instrument
witli which all the flies belonging to this family are provided.
When fully grown the worms (Fig. 218, 4,) measures about
six lines in length ; they then enter the earth and form small
cells in which to undergo their transformations. Two broods
are usually produced in one season, and the last brood remain
in their cells unchanged until the following Spring.

Fig. 218.— Straw-
berry Worm, Pupa,
Fl}', etc. ; i, the
[lUpa. enlarged, ven-
tral view ; ~, the
same, side view —
rolor, greenish-
white ; -:/, the My,
enlarged (the wings
on one side not rep-
resented)— c o 1 o rs.
li 1 a <• k and dirty
wliite ; .V, her an.
ti'inue. greatly en-
larged; o^ the fly with its wings closed; ^A the worm at rest;
.^, the same extended — color, dirty yellow: 7, the cocoon ; 9,
the egg, magnified — color, white.

The perfect flies (Fig. 218, 3 and •:>,) are deep black, with
two rows of dirty white spots on t»he abdomen; the wings are

INSECTS INFESTING THE STRAWBERRY.

231

transparent, and ex])and about six lines. — Kiley's Ninth
Missouri Report.

Remedy. — If the phint is bearing fruit, use No. 19, or spray
with No. 83 or 85.

CHAPTER GXLVI.

The Strawberry Leaf-roller.

( xi nch i/h)prra fraga ria' — Riley.)

Synonym. — Plio.rojttc'rif^ fnujaruc. — \V. and R.

Order, Lepidoftera ; Family, Tortricid.e.

[Rolling up and feeding upon the leaves of the strawberry ;
a yellowish or greenish brown caterpillar about four lines long,
with a yellowish-brown head having a ]»lack spot on each side.]

This caterpillar (Fig 219a) feeds upon the upper surface of
the leaf, giving the latter the appearance of having been
scorched. It pupates within its nest, and the moth (Fig. 219c)
which issues a few weeks later has the head, thorax and fore-
wings reddish-brown, the latter streaked and spotted with
black and white. It expands about six lines.

Fig. 219.

Fig. 219.— Strawberry
Leaf-roller ; a, the cater-
pillar— color, dull olive-
green ; b, head and first
four segments of its
body, enlarged ; d, two
last segments of its
body, enlarged ; c, the moth enlarged — colors, reddish-brown,
black and white.

There are two broods of these leaf-rollers each season, the
last brood passing the Winter in the pupa state.

I have found a small caterpillar on the strawberry leaves
similar to that described here, but failed to rear the perfect
insect, and therefore cannot say to what species it belonged.

Remedy. — Use No. 24.

INSECTS INFI^STIXG THE WALNUT TREE.

CHAP. I

The Walnut Scale (A»pidiotus juglans- The Red Scale {At-pidiotit)i aurantii).

regice) 147 ' The Yellow-necked Caterjiillar (£>af ana min-

I intra).

The following insects also infest the Walnut i The Fall Web-worni {tlijphantria textor.

tree : ' The Tussock Moth (Orygia letccoatigma).

CHAPTER CXLVII.

The Walnut Scale. (Cal.)

{Aspidiotus juglaiis-regise. — Comstock. )

Order, Hemiptera ; ^ -n. -i ,,

o T 1 TT [ Family, Coccid.!:.

Sub-order, Homoptera ; ) -"

[A grayish-brown scale, infesting the walnut tree.]
Mr. Alexander Craw, of Los Angeles, sent me specimens of
this scale in 1881. I have examined several trees infested by
this species of scale, and find that they spread rapidly on the
bark of the limbs and branches.

NATURAL HISTORY.

The female scale measures one line in diameter — color, gray-
ish-brown ; form — circular, or slightly elliptical ; exuviaj or
larval skin on one side of the center, giving the shell in some
cases the appearance of a cockle shell. The scale of the
male is similar in form to the male of the red scale, and is of
the same color as the female scale, which is grayish-brown.
The female is pale yellow, with golden colored spots ; when
matured she is of a rich amber color. This species infests the
limbs and branches. I have a specimen of a limb over two
inches in diameter, the bark of which is entirely covered by
this pest.

Remedies. — Use Xo. 11, 12 or 13, when the tree is dormant ;
or No. 4 in Summer.

INSECTS INFESTING THE CHESTNUT TREE.

The Brown Chestimt Biiil Beetle (f'iti/oplitliorus pubipennin) Chap. 148

CHAPTER CXLVIII.

The Brown Chestnut Bud Beetle. (Cal.)

{Fifyophfhoras pi(blpeniiis. — Leconte.)

Order, Colkoptera ; Family, Scolytid.e.

[A small dark-brown beetle eating into the base of the buds
of chestnut trees, especially the variety known as the Italian
chestnut.]

Last year (1882), specimens were receiyed of branches (Fig.
220, Plate 3,) of chestnut trees, the buds of which were infested
by a small beetle. The beetle (Fig. 221, Plate 3,) measured
from three fourths of a line to onevline in length, and is not
half as wide as long — color, dark-brown ; and as its specific
name, pubipennis, indicates, the wing-cases are covered with a
fine hairy-like down.

The perfect insect infests the bud at the base of the outer
side, and eats into the heart, entirely destroying it, as only the
outer shell remains. This beetle is probably a native species,
as Dr. Leconte found it twenty years ago in this State, living
under the liark of oak trees. It is also found feeding on the
oaks in the vicinity where it is found feeding in the buds of
chestnut trees. This species hibernates in the perfect state, as
I found the beetles in buds last March in a semi-dormant con-
dition. I am not nwarc^ that the larva? have l^een found upon
the chestnut.

Remedies. — Use No. G7, No. 11 or 12 ; or No. 13 — five pounds
of the mixture to each six gallons of water used. These
solutions should be used when the tree is dormant.
16

hNSECTS INFESTING THE ALMOND TREE.

CHAP.

The Red Spider {Tetmnydiux telarius) 149

The Almond Aphis (Aphix amygdaU) ISO

The following insects also infest the Almond
tree:

The Greedy Scale {Aspidiotiu rapax).

The Branch and Twig^-burrcwer {Polycaon

iiinfertus).
The Buffalo Tree-hopper (CereM bubalus).
The Yellow Mite.

CHAPTER CXLIX.

The Red Spicier. (Cal.)

( Tetranhhu.'i icUiriw*. — Linn.)

Class, Arachniida ; ^ -r, -i m

o 1 'i . ' [ Family, Trombidid,^.

hiil^-elass, AcARTNA ; ) •'

[A small red mite, infesting the trunk, limbs, ami foliage of
fniit trees and nursery stock, and also garden and hot-house
plants.]

The red mite (Fig. 222), commonly called the " red spider,"
may be said to be a universal pest of the orchard, garden and
hot-house, and has been allowed to spread to an alarming
extent in orchards in this State. Although a feeder on nearly
all varieties of deciduous fruit trees, and also on citrus trees,
the almond seem to be the wopst infested by this species.

Fig. 222. — Red Spider, adult — color, reddish. Fig. 222.

The perfect mites have eight legs ; form,
ovate; length, one sixtieth of an incli ; color,
various, sometimes brick-red, rust-red, or
greenish, dotted with red; head, yellowish.

The egg when first exposed is colorless, but
changes to a bright red ; in form it is round,
and measures one onc-hundred-an»l-l"ortieth of
an inch in diameter.

I have no reason to change my opinion ex-
pressed in 1881, in my " Insects Injurious," etc., that the female

INSECTii INFEST ma THE ALMOND TREE.

235

does not deposit tiie eggs, but at maturity fastens herself to
the bark or leaf and dies ; the covering is removed from the
body by the males, exposing from lifteen to twenty whitish
eggs. I have counted one hundred and twenty-seven female
bodies fastened by the anterior part to the bark, and have also
noticed the male insects removing the skin of the dead females,
and in this way exposing the eggs.

Fig. 223. ^iS- '-^-3- — I^ai'^'a of Red Spider, enlarged

— color, bright red.

The young mite, when first hatched from
the egg, has only six legs (Fig. 223) ; in a
fcM^ days a film seems to cover the body,
and from this emerges the perfect mite,
having eight legs. (Fig. 222.)
T]ie injury done Ijy this species is principally on the fruit
buds, Ijlossoms, and on the leaves ; they eat the epidermis or
skin of the latter, and also cover them with a fine web, caus-
ing tliem to wither and fall off. The trunk, liml)S and branches
of trees seriously infested by this mite appear of a reddish
coloi- ; this is from being covered by a multitude of the eggs of
these mites. (Fig. 224.)

Fig. 224. — Portion of a twig infested by Red
Spiders.

In some cases where not seriously infested, it
has the appearance of Ijeing covered with iron
rust.

When this species first attack a tree the mites
are generally found around tlie bud and new
foliage.

The red spider is also occasionally found on
trees infested by scale insects.
Remedy. — Use No. 34.

Fig. 224.

236

INSECTS INFESTING THE ALMOND TREE.

CHAPTER CL.

The Almond Aphis. (Cal.)
(Aphis nmygdali. — Blanch. )

Order, Hemiptera ;
Sub-order, Homoptera ;

Family, Apittdid.^.

[Living upon the under side of the leaves of almond and
peach trees, causing them to become crisp and Avrinkled, by
puncturing them with their beaks and extracting the sap;
small green plant-lice.] (Fig. 225.)

Fig. 225.

Fig. 225. — Plant Lice (Aphis) highly magnified — color, green.
Remedies. — Use No. 5 or 7 ; No. 3 or 4 will give good results
if No. 5 or 7 cannot be had.

INSECTS INFESTING THE EILBERT

The Filbert Scale (Lecanltim hemijiphcericuiti'i Chap. 151

CHAPTER CLI.

The Filbert Scale. (Cal.)

(Lecanmm hemisphxricitm. — Targioni. )

Order, Hemiptera ; ^ t^ -i /-i

Sub-order, Homoptera; \ ^""'"''^y^ Coccid.e.

[A dark-brown hemispherical scale insect, or bark-louse,

feeding upon the filbert and
orange trees, and on the
oleander and other orna-
mental trees.]

I take the liberty of desig-
nating this species as the
"Filbert Scale" so as to
distinguish it from the soft
orange scale (L. hesperi-
dum) on account of the
similiarity of their techni-
cal names.

Fig. 226.— Filbert Scale ; v
J, leaves infested b}^ this
scale ; 3a^ the adult female,
(Mdarged — color, brown.

The filbert scale (Fig.
22(), -ia,) Avhen full grown is
of a dark Ijrown color,
hemispherical in form, and
measuring one and three-
quarters lines in length ;
width, one and a half lines ;

Fig. 226.

(MKUtX dd

238 INSECTS TNFESTTA'O' THE FILBERT.

height, varying, but about one line. The size of the branch
on which the insect locates sometimes alters or changes its
form ; if the branch is small, the flattened edge of the insect
will spread downward, clasping the branch or twig, thus giv-
ing the insect an elongated and narrowed appearance, diflbrent
from those located on a flat surface or leaf.

NATURAL HISTORY.

Eggs — length, one eighty fifth of an incli ; width, one half
of the length ; color, pinkish. From seventy to one hundred
are laid by each female. Larva — color, reddish; length, one
seventy fifth of an inch; antcniKc, seven jointed; anal setae
present.

The females of this species (Fig. 226, Sa — enlarged), like
other Lecaniums, have the power of locomotion until they
become fixed to the plant. When young they are of a reddish
color, changing to a light brown, and finally becoming
a dark brown color when they reach maturity. They infest
the filbert and orange, also the oleander and other ornamental
trees. They can be readily distinguished from the Idack scale
(L. olex) by the absence of the carina or ridge, forming the
letter H on the back.

Remedies. — Use the same as for the black scale on decidu-
ous trees. (Chapter LXXXIV.)

INSECTS INFESTING THE ElCALYrTUS TRIiM

The following ins(>cts infest the Eucalyptus Tree, and are
treated t)f in anotlicr part of tliis work :

The San .lo^e Scale (Aspktioluji jicinirioKiw^). , The tiieedj Sia,\e (Ai'jiidifid/x rafiax).

INSECTS INFESTING THE LOCUST TREE.

The Legged Locust Borer (XyleiUuii fob-
inice) 152

The following insects also infest the Locust
Tree:
The Greedy Scale (Aspidiolus rapax).

The Legless Locust Borer (^Clytm r()lniiia>).15S \ The Elm and Locust Scale.

1 I I 1 1 I I M I 1 ^

The measurements of insects in this work are ijiven in inches and lines. The above cut rep-
resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thereof.

CHAPTER CLII.
The Locust Carpenter Moth, or the Legged Locust Borer. (Cal)
{Xi/lc lit us rohinix. — Peck.)
Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Bombycid.e.

[Living in the trunks and larger limbs of locust, willow and
oak trees ; a greenish-white, sixteen legged worm.]

The common names given to this borer, " Legged, etc.," are
to distinguish it from the grul) of Chjtus rohiniix, which also
infests locust trees and is destitute of legs.

Fig. 227.

-^^^

// ///

Fig. 227. — Legged Locust Borer ; the full grown caterpillar
— cohn-, greenish-white, with a tinge of pink or yellow.

This borer (Fig 227) keeps its burrow open, and not packed
full of woodv fibres as manv other borers are known to do.

240

INSECTS INFESTING THE LOCUST TREE.

When about to pupate it spins a cocoon in the h)wer part of
its burrow, and before the perfect moth emerges the pupa
works itself up to and partially out of the opening of its bur-
row, and while in this position the moth (Fig. 228) makes its
escape.

Fig. 228. — Lo- Fisr. 228.

cust Carpenter
Moth (female)—
colors, gray and
l.)lack.

The sexes ditier
widely from each
oth<^, Ijoth in
size and color.
The female is
the largest, ex-
panding from

two inches to two inches and six lines; the wings are gray,
dotted with black and marked with a network of black lines.

The male moth expands onh' about an inch and six lines;
the wings are darker than those of the female, and there is a
large yellow spot on each hind wing. This species is very
destructive to locust trees.

Remedy. — Use No. 37.

CHAPTER CLIII.
The Legless Locust Borer. (Cal.)
( Chjtus whin in. — Forster. )
Order, Coi.eoi'TEKA : Family, Cekamhycid.e.

j I'xiring into llic ti'unks ami l)ranches ol'tlu' locust tree; a
nearly footless whitish grub, about one inch long and as thick
as a goose-(piill. |

When young this borer lives in the sap-wood, but as it
grows h)nger it l)urrows into the solid wood, })crforating it in
every direction. At first it casts its chips out of the opening

INSECTS INFESTING THE LOCUST TREE. 241

of its burrow, which finally becomes packed full of the coarse

and fibrous parts of the wood. It assumes the pupa form in

its burrow, and the beetle issues late in July or early in August.

Fig 229. -^^S- 229.— Legless Locust Borer (the beetle) —

colors, yellow and black.

This beetle (Fig. 229) is of a lilack color and is
marked with several transverse and oblique yellow
lines ; it is sometimes very destructive to locust
trees.
Remedy. — Use No. 37.

INSECTS INFHSTING THE WILLOW.

CHAP.

The Weeping Willow Borer (S'iapteron ro-

binite) 154

The Willow Scale {Aitpidiotus eo>irexMJs)...155
The San Bernardino Willow Scale (Anpidl-
otus orthololmx) 156

The following insects also infest the Willow;
The Legged Locust Borer {Xijhiitiis robinits).
The Greedy Scale {Aspidiotua rapax).
The Steel-blue Flea-beetle {Halliea chalybea).

chaptp:r CUV.

Weeping Willow Borer. (Cal.)

( ISciojitrron robiniii. — Edwards.)

Order, LEPiDorxEKA ; Family, ^Egerid^.

[A yellowish-white sixteen-Iegged larva, ahout one inch in
length, boring into the \vood of the weeping willow, locust and
Cottonwood.]

In September, 1882, I was requested to examine a number
of weeping willows planted for ornamental purposes near a
residence. I found them so infested by the larva (Fig. 230,
Plate 3,) of a moth that I recommended they be cut down^
which w\as immediately done. The Avood of the stems was
thoroughly burroAvcd. I found a number of larva?, and one
pupa. On the 30th of September the perfect insect emerged
frSm the pupa. At the present time, June 9th, one of the
larva^ found is spinning a cocoon; it is evidently about to
uuil('r,u(j its changes. The perfect insect {Fig. 231, Plate 3,) is
al)out nine lines long ; spread of wings, about one inch and
two lines ; color, head dark-brown ; palpi, dark-orange ; anten-
na', yellowish-red ; thorax, dark brown, with a narrow yellow
marginal line around the u})iK'r surface ; tirst segment of abdo-
men, dark l)rown ; second segment, yellow ; third and fourth
segments, dark Itrown : all the segments posterior to the fourth

rjsrsEcrs infesting the willow. 243

are yellow ; anal segment slightly tufted ; fore-wings, brick
red, with black veins ; hind-wings clear, transparent, the
inner edge bordered with a narrow brown band, yellow at the
base ; legs yellowish red. Pupa — color, dark amber. Larva —
length, one inch ; color, pale yellowish ; second segment, yel-
lowish ; head yellowish-red ; mouth part dark brown ; about
six fine yellowish hairs on each segment, growing on as many
wart-like spots ; spiracles small, round, and of a light-brown
color ; true legs light-brown ; pro-legs represented by eight
rings of hooks. This species is found in localities one hun-
dred and fifty miles apart. This species also infest the locust
tree.

Note. — Since writing the above the perfect insect has emerged
from the pupa of the above mentioned larva. It proved to be
a specimen of the Sciapteron rohinise of Edwards. (July 13.)

Remedy. — Use No. 37.

CHAPTER CLV.

The Willow Scale. (Cal.)
{As'pidiotus conve.cas. — Comstock.)

Order, Hemiptera ; } ^J^ •■, n

c, 1 J XT [ i* amilv, CoccTD^.

Sub-order, Homoptera ; ) • '

[A species of scale insect infesting willows.]

This species resembles the greed}' scale ''.-1. rnpax') in
appearance, and it is only liy scientists that a distinction can
be made. I think it beyond (piestion that- this species will
spread on cultivated trees, especially the apple and pear.

Near the city of Los Angeles, the orchards of McKinlay
Brothers and Mr. Kieser were protected by over two miles of
wind breaks made l^y planting willows, which formed an excel-
lent protection from the winds and supplied a large quantity
of firewood annually. Two years ago it was noticed that the
fruit — apples and pears — was seriously infested by the ^L con-
ccxus. It was found that the willows were also infested l)y the
same species. I advised the digging out of the willows, Avhich

244 INSECTS INFESTING THE WILLOW.

was done, and the wind breaks replaced by planting eucalyp-
tus trees. Last year there was no scale on the fruit.
Remedies. — Same as for San Jose scale, Chapter XX.

CHAPTER CLVI.

The San Bernardino Willow Scale. (Cal.)

( Chionaspis orthololns. — Cunistock.)

Order, Hemiptera ; ) j^. •, ^. _ ^

o 1 ' 1 TT l^anniy, Coccid.e.

Sub-order, Homopteka ; ) •"

[A scale insect found on the willows at San Bernardino,
Cal.]

Prof. Comstock found this species on willows, and described
it as follows: " Color white, about one line in lenf>th. The
body of the female is dark purple ; eggs dark purple. This
species infests chiefly the bark of the small whip-like limbs
which spring from the trunk of the trees."

Remedies. — Same as for San Jose scale, Chapter XX.

INSECTS INFESTING THE POPLAR AND COTTONWOOD^

The following insects infest the })Oplar and cottonwood. and
are treated of in another part of this work :

The San Jose Scale (A^diotiM perniciosrtit). | The Legged Locust-Borer (Xijkutug robinup).

INSECTS INFESTING THE ELM.

CHAP.

The Elm and Locust Scale 157

The Semicolon Butterfly (Grapfa interroga
tlonis), also infests the elm.

CHAPTER CLVII.

The Elm and Locust Scale (Cal.)
(Lrcanivm Spf)

Order, Hemiptera ;
Sub-order, Homoptera ;

Family, Coccid^.

Fig. 230.

[A dark brown scale insect infesting the elm and locust trees.]
Fig. 230. — Elm and Locust Scales — color,
brownish-black.

This species is found on the elm trees, espe-
cially the cork elm, and also on the locust trees —
varieties, honey locust and Chinese locust ; they
infest the branches (Fig. 230) and leaves.

The female scale is of a dark-brown color,
ovate in form, and measures three lines in
length, two and one quarter lines in width, and
nearly two lines in height. This
scale differs from the black scale
(Chapter LXXXIV) and filbert
scale, in the form being conical (Fig. 230).

Fig. 231. — Larva of Elm and Locust Scale
enlarged — color, reddish-yellow.

Larva (Fig. 231) — length, one ninetieth of
an inch ; form, elongate-ovoid. Eggs — color
yellowish-white, from two hundred to three
hundred being produced by each female.

Remedies. — Same as for black scale, Chap-
ter LXXXIV.

INSECTS INFESTING THE OAK.

The Aeorn Moth (lloloeera glandulella) . . .158

The following- insects also infest the Oak:
The Legged Locust Borer {Xyleutus robinioe).
The Forest Tent Caterpillar (Cliiiocampa syl-

vatica).

The Fall Web Worm (HyphanMa textor).
The Yellow-necked Caterpillar {Datana mui-

istra).
The Tussock iloth (Onjyia leiu-ostiijina).

CIJAPTEK ClAUl.

The Aeorn Moth. (Cal.)

{Ilolorcra (jlandiihlld. — Kiley.)

Order, Lei'I1k)Ptkka ; Family, Tinkid.k.

[Living ill acoru.s ; a yellcjwish or grayish-white sixteen-
legged eaterpillar, IVoiii three to six lines long. J

This caterpillar (Fig. 2o2a) is supposed to infest only those
acorns which have been infested by some other insect, such as
the larva of a weevil. Tt assumes the pupa form in its burrow.

Fig. 232. — Acorn Fig. 232.

Moth ; /, the m o t h
enlarged — color, ash-
gray ; A, an acorn,
showing hole where
the caterpillar e n -
tared ; a, the cater-
pillar in an acorn —
color, grayish-white ;
e, back view of a segment of its body, enlargetl ; <■/, side view
of same, enlarged ; f, top of the head and first three segments
of the caterpillar's body, enlarged — color of head and first
segment, light browai.

The fore-wings of tlie moth (Fig. 232/) exi)and from six to
nine lines, are of an ashen-gray ct)k)r, marked near the middle
with two dark spots, and with a |)ale transverse stripe across
the basal third of the wing. The moths issue during the .Sum
nier season, or from April to September.

Note. — The above account of this insect is given because
several persons have insisted that it is the codlin moth.

INSECTS INFESTING THE PINE.

CHAP.

The Pine Weevil (Piagodes sti-obi) 159

The Pales Weevil (HyloUux pales) 160

The Norfolk Island Pine Scale (Uhleria
amucanre) IGl

CHAPTER CLIX.

The Pine Weevil. (Cal.)

(Pissoiles strohi. — Peck.)

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, CuRCULiONiDiE.

[Living in the terminal shoots of pine trees ; a footless grub'
which is finally changed into a brownish beetle, marked with
two large whitish spots behind the middle of the wing-cases.]

Fig. 233.

Fig. 233.— Pine Weevil, en-
larged ; at the left, the weevil
— colors, brown and white ; 6,
the pupa, ventral view — color,
white ; a, the larva — color,
white, the head reddish.

The larva3 (Fig. 233a) or
grubs of this weevil are some-
times very injurious to pine
trees, by destroying the terminal shoots ; as many as forty
have been found in one shoot, which the}^ had perforated in
various directions. They assume the pupa form (Fig. 2336)
within their burrows, first gnawing a passage to the outside
for the egress of the perfect beetles (Fig. 233, left). In the
vicinity of Sacramento these insects have peen found on pine
trees that had been planted for ornamental }»urposes.
Remedies. — Nos. 26 and 27.

248

INSECTS INFESTING THE PINE.

CHAPTER CLX.

The Pales Weevil. (Cal.)

{Hylohhia iviloi. — Herbst. )

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Curculionid^.

[Living beneath the liark of the pine tree; a whitish footless
grub, finally transforming into a dark ])rown or black snout-
beetle, about four lines long, and marked with numerous
whitish spots.]

Before pupating the larva gnaws a passage to the outside of
the bark, but leaves a thin covering to its burrow in which it
assumes the pupa form.

Fig. 234. — Pales Weevil — colors, black, brown
and white.

In due time it is changed to a beetle (Fig. 234)
which gnaws through the thin covering of its
burrow and makes its escape. I have found the
grul), pupa and perfect insect of this species in
pine slabs shipped from the mountains, and
have found a specimen having a similar appear-
ance on pear trees.

Remedies. — Use No. 26 or 27.

Fig. 234.

CHAPTER CLXT.

The Norfolk Island Pine Scale. (Cal.)
( I Itlerid (ir(((ic(iricT. — Comstock. )

Order, Hemiptera ; ) t^, ., n^^^.^^

o 1 ' 1 Tj- } 1 amilv, CocciD.E.

Sub-order, Homoptera ; )

[Infesting the Norfolk Island pine tree ; a white, nearly
circular scale insect.]

This species is found only ujjon the Norfolk Island pine, and
occurs in the Counties of Sacramento and Santa Barbara.

y'..v> ~'N^

250

rXSECTS INFESTING THE PINE.

Fig. 236.

Fig. 237.

Fig. 28.5. — Norfolk Island Pine Scale (Figs. 1 to Ih) ; 1, an
infested twig ; la, the male — colors, white and hrown ; ife,
the hind end of the body of the male ; ic, hind end of the body
of the female ; Id, the adult female — color, yellow ; Ih^ her
antenna? ; Ig, her spinnerets ; If, one of her legs ; Ic, por-
tion of the leg of a male ; all highly magnified. Oak Scale
(Ehizococcua quercus) (Figs. ~ to ^/>) ; ~, an infested twig ; 2a
spinnerets of a female, highl}^ magnified ; 2b, one of her legs,
greatly enlarged.

The scales (Fig. 235, -?,) are nearly circular, white, and measure
about two sixteenths of an inch in diameter. The larva (Fig.
236) is of a light amber color, and altout one-hundredth of an
inch long ; it is provided with two long anal setae, and appears
to be covered with very fine armor-like plates or scales.
Fig.' 236. — Larva

of Norfolk Island

Pine Scale, enlarg-
ed— color, light am-

lier.

Fig. 237. — Male

Norfolk Island Pine

Scale Insect ; enlarg-

ed — color, dark-

brown.

The adult female (Fig. 235, Id,) is of a yellowish color.
The adult male (Figs. 237 and 235, la,) is of a whitish-yellow,
marked with dark lirown ; wings nearly transparent ; antennflp
ten jointed; two long filaments jtrotrude from the anal seg-
ment, in the place of the anal stylet, wliirh is found in some
species descril)ed in this work.

" When the female is ready to lay lier eggs slie excretes a
cocoon-like covering to the body. comj)Osed of white silken
threads. The sac is dense like felt Imt easily torn : it is ojien
on the middle line of the ventral surface, or very niueli more
delicate on that part. It adheres to the tree quite firmly,
remaining where excreted after the death of the insect. As
the eggs are laid, thi' body of the female shrinks away, mak-
ing rooin for them, and linnlly it becomes a very small pellet

^^

INSECTS INFESTING THE JUNIPER. 251

in the anterior end of tlie sac, tlie remainder of the space being
filled with eggs. These are light yellow in color. When the
male larva is ready to undergo his metamorphosis he secretes
a covering to his body resembling the sac excreted by the
female, except that it is very much smaller, measuring only
one five hundredth of an inch in length."— Comstock.
Remedies. — Use Nos. 4, 5 and 7.

INSECTS INFESTING THE JUNIPER

The Juniper Scale (Z>fas2)w ranteii)....'

CHAPTER CLXII.

The Juniper Scale.

{Diaspis carueli. — Comstock. )

Order, Hemiptera : ^ -r. -i ^^
Sub-order, Ho^foPTERA ;i ^^ amily, Coccid.e.

[A white scale insect infesting various species of juniper
and some other shrubs of the pine family.]

Professor Comstock describes this species as being very
common in Washington, D. C.

The scale of the female (Fig. 287i,.^a,) is circular, snowy-
white, with the exuvias central or nearly so ; diameter of scale,
from one half to three fourths of a line. The females are of
a yellow color, nearly circular in outline, but a little elonga-
ted posteriorly.

252 INSECTS INFESTING THE JFNIPEE.

Fig. 237>4. Fig 237i.,.

Fig. 237^. — Juniper Scale ;
2, an infested l)ranch ; 2(i, the
female scale — color, phite ; 2b,
the male scale — color, white.

Fig. 287-^. — Male Juniper
Scale Insect, highly magni-
fied— color, orange-yellow.

Remedies. — Use same as for the Red Scale. Chaji. LXXXVl.

INSFXTS INFESTING THE RED BAY TREE.

The Red Ba.v Scale (A.-pidiutuf pcrseic) Cliap. ItS

CHAPTKR CLXIIJ.
The Red Bay Scale.

{Aspi(liotii--< jitr-~:r;t. — C()iiiyt(.ick.)

Order, Hemipteka : / ,, ., ,,

bub-order, Homopteka ; )

[A eireiilur scale infesting the foliage of tlie red bay tree,
and also the olive tree.]

The red bay scale insect infests the foliage of the red ba}''
tree, and also the foliage of trees planted in* the vicinity of
trees infested by this species. I have also found this, or a
closely allied species, on a [)rivet hedge.

The scale of the female is circular, and from three fourths of
a line to one line in diameter; the outer margin is dark red-
dish-brown with a yellowish tinge ; the central part is a darker
brown ; the exuviaj is nearly in the center, and forms a nipple-
like prominence.

Fig. 238. — Male Red Bay Scale Insect, enlarged,
ventral view — color, yellowish.

The male scale (Fig. 238) is of a dirty white
color, elongated ; the exuvise or larval skin nearly
central, and of a golden-yellow color. The eggs
are yellowish, and of an elongate-oval shape ;
from twenty to thirty-five are deposited by each
female. The larva; are yellow.

The female is orange-yellow ; form, similar to
the red scale of Florida {A.Jicus).

Remedies. — Same as for the red scale, Chapter LXXX\'I.

Fig. 28S.

INSECTS INFESTING THE AZALEA.

The Azalea Bark l^niise ( Krioroccux azaleee) Chap. 164

OHAPTEK CLXTV.

The Azalea Bark Louse.
(Eriococcus (iz<de:v. — Comstock. )

Order, Hemiptera ; } -r^ ., ^.

oil TT \ rainilv. C occid.e.

Sllh-ovdcv, H<)N[01>TEUA ;^

[A bark-louse or scale insect, enclosed in a white felt-like sae,
feeding on the azalea.]

This species can be readily distinuuished from other species
of scale insects oi' bark-lice desci'ibed in this work, by l)eing
enclosed in a felt-like sac. In form the sac or covering is hemi-
spherical, but more pointed at one end than at the other, and
snow-white in color.

The female insect is dark jiurpli^h in color and oval inform,
the posterior end being the narrowest ; the eggs and young
larva' are of a reddish-]nir])l(^ or carmine color.

Rkmediks. — In conservatories use No. SS. or No. •") or 7.

INSECTS INFESTING THE OLEANDER.

The Oleaiider Aplii« {Aphis neriij Kjt'i | The Black Scale {Ijecaniuin olew).

The Filbert Scale (Lccaniuiii hmnisphericum).

The following- insects also infest the Glean
der :

The Lemon Peel Scale {Aspidiutiis nerii)

CHAPTER CLXV.

The Oleander Aphis.

{A'phis nerli. — Fonscul.)

Order, Hemiptera ; / t^ -i v

Sub-order, HoMOPTERAji ^^"^^^^>'' ^phidid.e.

[The nieasurenieiits of insects in this work are i^iveii in inches and lines. The above cut rep-
resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thereof.]

[Living upon the leaves and tender twigs of the oleander,
which they puncture with their beaks and extract the sap ;
small yellowish plant-lice, sometimes marked with brown. J

The wingless lice are yellow. The winged lice are also yel-
low, having the thorax marked with brown.

Re.medies. — No. 3 or No. 4 ; but No. 5 or No. 7 are prefera-
ble. No. 64.

INSECTS INFESTING THE ROSE BUSH.

CHAP.

The Roee Scale (^Diaxpin ro^ce) 16(5 The foUowiii'.^ insects also infect the Rose

The Rose Aphis f fiiphonophora roxa) 167 husli:

The Rose Slut; Wonn (Helandria rogm) 168 The Tussock Moth (Ort/[ii(i leucoxtiyma).

The Horned Flower-beetle (Xoloxux iiion- | The(JreaterLeaf-roller(//(ay'tenirtro3rtf«rtitn).

u(lvn) 169 The Rose Chafer Mneroduftylu -• ^t'l.'-pin'jm^).

VUW'VVAX (L.WI.

The Rose Scale, or White Scale. (Cal.)

( Diaxph ros;i . — Sandlx-rg. )

Order. He.mii'TEK.-v

I

Suh-unler, Homopt]:h.\ : \

Faiuilv, CocciD.E.

Fig. 239.

Fig. 240.

I A white scale-insect infesting tlie rose, raspberry, black-
berry, currant, etc.]

The rose or white scale insect (Fig. 2o9) infests several
varieties of rose Inishes, and also the ras})berry, blackberry,
currant, etc.

Fig. 28i). — R o s e
>Scales — color, wliitc;
at the to}) are two
scales, niagniHed. the
one to the right l)cing
a side view and the one
to the left being a top
view. Fig. 240. — Female Rose Scale-insect, enlargecl.

Female (Fig. 240) form, elongated; abdomen, distinctly
segmented ; color, dark red.

Male (Fig. 242), winged — color, light amber, with dark
irregular markings; wings white, the veins slightly colored;
anal stylet half the length of the body; legs, yellowish.

INSECTS INFESTING THE HOSE BUSH.
Fig. 241

257

Fig. 241. — Rose Scale ; i, a portion of an infested bush ; la,
the female scale, greatl^y enlarged — color, white ; lb, the male
scale, enlarged — color, white.

It is generally foitnd on the stems and branches of the
plants (Fig. 241) and its presence can be easily detected, as its
color contrasts strongly Avith the color of the bark of the
plant which it infests. I have recently received specimens of
currant roots taken from below the surface of the ground
which are covered by this species of scale-insect. Query —
Does this species infest the roots of plants? Will fruit-
growers please investigate?

The scale of the male (Fig. 241, Ih,) is elongated and meas-
ures three fourths of a line in length ; color, white ; exuviae
near the anterior end.

Eggs — color, red; form, oval; length, one one-hundredth
of an inch — from twenty to fifty under each scale.

Larva — length, one eighty-fifth of an inch, and about two

258

INSECTS INFEST I NO THE ROSE BUSH.

roddisli; autennu', six-joiuted ; two
Fig. 242.

thirds a.s widf ; color,
anal setae, but very fine

Fig. 242.— Rose
Scale-insect (male,
greatly enlarged) —
color, yellow.

The scale of the
female insect (Fig.
241, la.) is circu-
lar, or nearly so ;
color, snowy white ;
length, fro\n one
line to one and one
quarter lines ; exuviic or cast skin to one side of the center.

Remediks. — Xo. o or 4; but Xo. 5, 6, or 7 arc prefcralde.

Fi?. 243.

CHAPTER CLXVIl.

The Rose Aphis. (Cal.)

( Siphonophoru rasa'. — Reaumur. )

Order, Hemiptera ; '( ,, ., » ^„ , „ „

bub-order, Homoptera ; ) •' '

[Living on the stems and leaves of the rosebush, which they
puncture Avith their beaks and extract the sap ; small green or
reddish plant-lice, usually marked with blai-k or brown.]

Fig. 248. — Wing of Aphis,
showing venation.

Tlic wingless lice are green
in color, exeei)ting one vari-
ety. \\bicli is reddish. The
winged lice (Fig. 24."), wing,)
ai'e green, tlie liead Mud tho-
rax brown or l)lack. the abdo-
men marked with brown or
black.

PiKMEDiEs. — Use Xo. 64 ;
Xo. 8 or 4 is very efiective,"but 5 or 7 is better. Xt). 83 or Xo.
85 are excellent.

I

INSECTS INFESTING THE HOSE BUSH 259

CHAPTER CLXVIII.

The Rose Slug-worm. (Cal..)

( Sdandiia rosfe. — Harris. )

Order, Hymen'optera ; Family, Te^'thredinid^.

[Feeding upon the leaves of the rosebush ; a naked green
worm, provided with twenty-two legs.]

Fig. 244. — Rose Slug-worm — color, green. Fig. 244.

These slug-Avorms (Fig. 244) eat only the upper ^^^^
surface of the leaves, leaving the remainder un-
touched, thus giving the leaves the appearance of having been
scorched. These worms have the head yellowish, with a l)lack
spot on each side, and on the edge of the first segment are two
triple-pointed warts, \\nien fully grown they desert the plants
and burrow a short distance into the earth, where each one
forms a small cell in which it spins a tough elliptical cocoon.
Two broods are usually produced in one year, the last brood
passing the Winter in their cocoons.

Fig. 245. — Rose Saw-fly — color, black.
Fig. 245. rpi^g perfect fly (Fig. 245) has four smoky

wings, which expand about five lines ; the
body is of a uniform black color. The
female fly deposits her eggs singly in punc-
tures made in a leaf by means of a saw-like
instrument with which her abdomen is armed.

Remedies. — Use No. 64, 5, 7 or 6 ; the latter is excellent, but
might mark the foliage.

CHAPTER CLXIX.

The Horned Flower-beetle. (Cal.)

(yotoxus monodon. — Fabricius.)

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Anthicid.ts.

[Feeding upon the petals of the garden rose ; a grayish-
brown beetle, having a brown band across the middle of the

260 INSECTS INFESTING THE ROSE BUSH.

wing-cases; two or iin)re Urowii spots at tlic base of tlie same,
and an obscure ])an(l at tbetip: tbr thorax projects in the
form of a long horn over the head.]

This beetle (Fig. 246, Plate o,) measures about a line and a
half in length. Where it lives during its larval stage is not
known, but the perfect insect passes theWintfr beneatli i)ieces
of wood, etc., that lie upon the ground.

Remedies. — Spray with Xo. o, 7 or (34 : or du!;t after sunset
with No. 11».

INSECTS INFESTING THE FLOWER GARDEN.

The Verbena Aphis {Siphonophora verbence)\70
The Carnation Aphis ( Rhopalosiphum diati-
thi) 171

The Tulip Aphis ( Mhopalosiphrirn fulipce) .172
The Snowball Aphis (Aphis vibumi) 173

CHAPTER CLXX.

The Verbena Aphis. (Cal.)

{Siphonophora Verhcmc. — Thomas.)

Order, Hemipteka ; t ^ ., .
o 1 /v 1 XT ( ramily, A

bub-Order, Homopteka ;) ■^ '

PHIDID.E.

[Living upon the leaves of the garden verbena, which they
puncture with their beaks and imbil)e the sap ; small green
or yellowish plant-lice. — Thomas.]

Remedies. — Use Xo. 3 or 4, one pound to each two gal-
lons of water used ; or X'^o. 80 or Xo. 80.

CHAPTER CLXXI.

The Carnatioi] Aphis. (Cal.)

( BJi opalosijib V m d ia u th i. — Schrnnk.)

Order, Hemipteea : t r- ., .
oil XT r amilv, Aphidid^.

bub-order, Homoptera ;) - '

[Living upon the stems and leaves of the carnation pink
and (lerman ivy, whicli they puncture with their beaks and
iml;)ibe the sap; small green i)lant-lice, sometimes marked
with black.]

The wingless lice are yellowish-green, striped with darker

262 rNSECTS FA FES TING THE FLOWER GARDEN.

green. The winged lice have the head and thorax black, the
abdomen dark olive-green, with darker transverse lines.

Remedies. — Xo. 3 or 4, one pound to each two gallons of
water used ; or Xo. 83 or X'^o. S."i.

CHAPTER CLXXir.

The Tulip Aphis, (Cal.)
( Rhojmlosiphuni tulipic. — Fonscol.)

Order, Hemiptera; J Familv, Apii.i.id.e.
Sub-order, Homoptera ;\ " '

[Living upon the leaves and stems of the garden tulip,
which tlie}^ puncture with their beaks and imbibe the sap ;
small green plant-lice, sometimes marked with black.]

The wingless lice have the head and thorax blackish-green,
the abdomen dark green, with darker transverse lines and
a row of black dots along each side.

Remedies. — Xo. 3 or 4, one pound to each two gallons of
water used ; or Xo. 83 or Xo. 85.

CHAPTER CLXXIII.

The Snowball Aphis. (Cal.)
( Aj)h is V ib }i rn i. — Scopoli. )

Order, Hemiptera; j p^^^^^^j Aphu.id.e.
Sub-order, Homoptera \)

[liiviiiL' upon Ibc li'avfs and stems of the garden suDwball
and tlu' higli-l)Ush cranl)erry, wliich they puncture witli tbeir
lieaks and iml)ibe the sap; small l)nt\vn or blackish plant-
lice. — Thomas.]

Remi:i)Ii:s. — X'o. 3 or 4, one pound to each two gallons of
water used ; or X'o. S3 or Xo. S5.

INSECTS INFESTING THE CONSERVATORY.

CHAP.

The Common Mealy-bn<j .^Dftcft/Jopius ado-
niduin) 174

The Destructive Mealy-bug {Dactylopiua
dextnictor) 175

CHAP.

The Mealy-bug- with Ions threads (Dacljilo-

pius lonnifilU) 176

Slugs or Snails 177

CHAPTER CLXXIV.

The Common Mealy-bug. (Cal.)

(Dactt/hipios acloiiidiim. — Liniijieus.)

Order, Hemiptera ;
Sub-order, Homoptera ;

Family, Coccid.e.

Fig. 247.

[Living upon various kinds of green-house plants and orange
trees ; a small scale-like insect, more or less covered with a
whitish, mealy powder.]

Fig. 247. — Female Mealy-bug, enlarged —
color, yellowish-white.

This species is commonly termed the
mealy bug, as if there was only one spe-
cies. It is sometimes very troublesome in
hot-houses, conservatories, and also to some
kinds of garden plants. I have also received
specimens of oranges wliich were infested
by this, or a closely allied species. The
female (Fig. 247) measures from one line and a quarter to a
line and a half in length ; is of a whitish or 3'ellowish color,
with a brown band on tlie middle of the l)ack, and is covered
with a mealy powder whicli is excreted through pores situ
ated on \;irious parts of the l)ody. In addition to this there

264

INSECTS INFESTING THE CONSERVATORY.

is a woolly liorder around the edge of the body which is lon^
est at the hind end of the body.

Fig. 248.

Fig. 248. — Common Mealy-bug; 1, a lobe of hind end of
the body of the female ; la, an antenna of the female ; Ih, an
antenna of the male ; Ic, a leg of the female ; If/, anal i-ing of
the female — all highly magnified.

The adult male is furnished with two wings, and is of a
brownish color.

RE^rKDiEs. — In conservatories use No. 88; on citrus trees
seriously infested use No. 50, and pick off all fruit ; when the
foliage and fruit are off, spray thoroughly with No. .") or 7 ;
this should be done before the growing season, when the trees
will send out a new foliage.

CHAI'TKR Cl.NNV.
The Destructive Mealy-bug.
(Dactylopiiis drdnnior. — Comstock.)
Order, Hemiptkra : I

8ul>order, Homoptkka ; S

Fainilv, ("occid.e.

[Infesting green-house i)lants an<l orange trees; a small yel-
lowish bug, thinly covered with a mealy powder.)

INSECTS INFECTING THE CONSERVATORY.

265

Fig. 249.

Fig. 249. — Destructive Mealy-bug,
female, greatly enlarged— color, brown-
ish-yellow.

This sj^ecies is sometimes very de-
structive to orange trees, and also to
green-house plants. The female
(Fig. 249) is of a dull brownish-yel-
low color, very slightly covered with
a mealy powder; length, nearly two
lines.

Fig. 250.

Fig. 250. — Destructive Mealy-bug, male, highly magnified —
color, light olive-brown.

The winged male (Fig, 250) is of a light olive-ljrown color,
and is marked with olive bands. The female deposits her eggs
in a cottony mass which is excreted from the hind part of her
body. The eggs and young bugs are of a light yellow color.

Remedies. — Same as in Chapter CLXXIV.
18

266

INSECTS INFESTING THE CONSERVATORY.

Fier. 251.

CHAPTER CTA'XVI.

The Mealy-bug with Long Threads.

( Dactijhtpim JovgijUU. — ( "oinstock.)

Order, Hemiptera ; / p,,,,;!,.. (•,„.,.in.E.

hub-order, Homoptera ; \

1 I I i I. [ i I I ll 111]

The ineasureiueiits of insects in this work are f^iven in inches and lines. The above cut rep-
resents one ijich divided into lines and fractions thereof.

[iulc.stiug green-liouriu plants ; a small ycllo\vi.<h bug thinly
covered with a whitish mealy powder.]

Fig. 251.— Meal y-biig with long
threads, female, greatly enlarged — col-
or, yellowish.

Professor Comstock has described
another kind of mealy-bug which 1
have not found in California ; the fol-
lowing is condensed from his original
description of this insect : " The female
(Fig. 251} is from two to two and a
hair lines long, and is of a pale-yellow-
ish color, sparsely covered^ with a
niealj' powder. The winged male (Fig.
252) is of a light olive-brown color.
The female dei)Osits eggs, but these
are so far develoi)ed that the young bug issues shortly after
the egg is laid. These insects are sometimes (|uite destructive
to green-housi- i>lants, especially to ferns."

INSECTS INFESTING THE CONSERVATORY.
Fiff. 252.

267

Fig. 252.— Mealy-bug with long threads ; male, highly mag-
nified— color, olive-brown.

Remedies. — Same as in Chapter CLXXVI.

CHAPTER CLXXVII.

Slugs or Snails. (Cal.)

Class, Gasteropoda ;
Order, Pulmonata ;

[A small gray or black slug, feeding at night on conserva-
tory and garden plants.]

Family, Helicid.e.

268 INSECTS lyFESTING THE CONSERVATORY.

Although the slugs or snails do not belong to the same sub-
kingdom as insects do, Artiadata^ but belong to the sub-king-
dom }foUusra, which comprise the soft-bodied animals of the
shell-bearing and non-shell-bearing species ; yet the damage
which some of the species inflict on garden vegetables and
other productions of the gardener, florist, etc., is sufficient to
cause mention of these pests in this work.

Fig. 25;). — Slug — color,
Fij-. 2r,3.

most destructive
>pecies that is found in
the gardens, hot-houses
and conservatories in this State is the small gray slug, Lj/max
af/resti-^ (Fig. 258), and a darker colored s})ecics, probal)ly the
Lymar atrr. These species may be designated as the gray
slug and tlie l)lack slug. They are generally found in damp
places, hiding under stones, etc., in the daytime. In the eve-
ning they come from their hiding places in search of food, and
as they are gregarious in their habits, they often do great dam-
age. In Ii^urope various species of slugs injure field crops.

The Gasteropoda — meaning bdly-footed — bury their eggs in
the ground ; each egg is enclosed in a shell, and hatches in
August or Septeml)er. They hi]>ernate through the cold
weather, and attain their full size the next Spring.

Hemedv. — Use No. 87.

INSECTS INFESTING THE HOP PLANT.

The Hopvine Plusia (Phi-iia'baUwa) 178

The Hopvine Snout-nioth {ITi/jjena huinuli) 179
The Semicolon Butterfly (Grapta interrn-

(jaUuiii.K) ISO

The Hop Apliis {t'liorodun Inmiidi) ISl

The following- insects also infest the Hop
plant :

Tlie Broad-necked Prionus (Prionus laticoUis)
(_.'Lit-\vonns (Ay rot is J.

CHAPTER CLXXVtll.

The Hopvine Plusia.

( Plusia hulhica. — (leyer. )

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Noctuid.e.

[The measurements of insects in this work are given in inches and lines. The above cut rep-
resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thereof. ]

[Feeding upon the leaves of the hopvine ; a green, fourteen-
legged caterpiUar, marked with white streaks ; the head green,
and destitute of black dots.]

This caterpillar arches up its back slightly when crawling.
When fully grown it measures about one inch and three lines
in length. It then crawls into some sheltered place and sjiins
a thin cocoon. The fore-wings of the perfect moth expand
about one inch and nine lines ; they are almost entirely cov-
ered with metallic green scales, and are crossed by two oblique
dark lines. The hind wings are dusky gray.

I have not found this species in this State. The above
account is taken from the Canadian Entomological Report
for 1873.

Remedies. — Spray thoroughly with No. 5 or 7; or No. 64,
which is preferable. Read No. 106 carefully.

270 rNiiECT.'> rNFESTTXG THE HOP PLANT.

CHAPTER CLXXIX.

The Hopvine Snout Moth.

(Hypena h uinnli. — Harris.)

Order, Lepidoptkua; Family. PvHALiDiE.

[Feeding iipcm the leaves of tlie hoinine ; a naked, green,
fourteen-legged worm, dotted with black and marked with
from two to four white stripes, and having the head dotted
with black.]

Fig. 254. — Hopvine Fig. 254.

Snout-moth; at the ^ " ., '^^^^t^^^il^k^i^P^

left, the moth— colors, fi v.:: -"^ ^

dusky-brown, gray and

black; a, the i:)Upa — '^ ' ■^' 'B

color, brown ; above the Y

pupa, the caterpillar —

color, green, with Avhite and dark lines and black dots.

These caterpillars (Fig. 254) in walking arch up their backs
like the span-worms, and when javrcd from the leaves they
usually hang suspended l)y a silken thread. They are very
sprightly, frequenth' leaping sidewise to a distance of several
inches when touched. When fully grown they are about an inch
long. They then desert the plants and secrete themselves
beneath the fallen leaves, etc., or enter the earth and form
small cells in which to pass the pupa state (Fig. 254a).

The perfect moth (Fig. 254) exi)ands about an inch and
three lines. The fore-wings are of a didl brownish color,
marked with darker spots and coal-black elevated points.
The hind wings are pale dusky brown.

There are at least two broods of these worms produced in
one season, and these are to be found from May to September.
The manner in which these insects pass the Winter is not
known ; but the last brood of moths, which appear in Septem-
ber or October, probably hibernate, and deposit their eggs in
the following Spring. This species is reported as occurring
in this State, but I hiivc never seen a siiecinien of either larva
or perfect insect.

TNSECT8 INFESTING THE HOP PLANT. 271

REMKDiKh;. — t^pvay thoroughly with No. 5 or 7; or No. ()4,
whic'li is preferable. Read No. lOfi carefully.

CHAPTER CLXXX.

The Semicolon Butterfly. (Cal.)

( Grapta inter rogatlonis. — Fal)ricius.)

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Nymphalid.e.

[Feeding upon the leaves of the hopvine ; a l)rowish cater-'
pillar, mottled with yelloAV and covered with red or light col-
ored spines tipped with black, or the spines wholly black.]

The fully grown caterpillar is about one inch and six lines
long ; the head is reddish-brown, thinly covered with small
prickles, and on the top are two branching spines. When
about to pupate, it suspends itself by the liind feet.

The chrysalis is ashy-brown, and the head is surmounted
with two projections resembling ears ; on the back of the tho-
rax is a nose-like prominence, and on the l)ack are a number
of silvery spots. s

Fig. 255.

Fig. 2.55. — Semicolon Butterfly — colors, reddish-brown and
black.

The butterfly (Fig. 255) which issues from this chrysalis has
the outer margin of all the wings notched ; they are of a red-
dish-brown color, marked with black and dark l;)rown spots,
and with an outer brown border ; in some the greater part of

272

INSECTS INFESTING THE HOP PLANT.

the hind wings are bLick. On the under side of each hind
wing is a silvery character reseml^ling a semicolon ( ; ). The
fore-wings expand from two inches and six lines to two inches
and nine lines.

Remedies. — Should the caterpillars appear on the vines,
spray thoroughly with No. 5 or 7 ; or No. 64, which is prefer-
able. Read No. 106 carefullv.

CHAPTER CLXXXI.

The Hop Aphis. (Cal.)

(Fhorodon Jiuniuli. — Schrank.)

Order, Hemiptera ; ? -n -i *

o , 1 TT [ Family, Aphidid.e.

bub-order, Homoptera ;) - '

[Living upon hopvines, usually near the terminal end, which
they puncture with their beaks and imbibe the sap ; small
yellowish-white or green plant-lice, sometimes marked with
black or brown.]

The wingless lice (Fig. 256, 3 and 4,) are yellowish-wliito or
green.

Fig. 256.
4 ^ 2

Fig. 256. — Hop Aphis ; 4, a winirloss apliis, enlarged ; 3, tlio
same, natural size — color, yellowisli or green ; 2, a winged
aphis, enlarged ; 1, the same, natural size — colors, green, brown
and lilack.

The winged lice (Fig. 256, 1 and 2,) are green, and the
females liave the head l)rown or black, and the thorax and
abdomen marked with dark ))r()wn or black.

Remedies. — Use No. 5 or 7 ; or No. 64. which is preferable.
Read No. 106 carefull3\

INSbXTS INFESTING WHEAT.

CUAP.

Crane Flies (Tipiila) 182

The Hessian Fly (Ccndoiiii/ia dextruct or )..iS3

The Joint Worm (Eurytoiiia Iritici) 18-t

The Chint-li Bug (Mirrojnix teucuplerus) . . .185

The Grain Apliis (Apliia avena) 186

The Army Worm (Leucania unipuncta). ..187

CHAP.

The California Locust (CEdipoda atrox) 188

The Wheat Midge (Viplosix tritiri) 189

Wire Worms ^i?to?c-n'rfr?) also attack the roots
of the Wheat plants.

Fiff. 257.

CHAPTER CLXXXII.

Crane Flies. (Cal.)
Order, Diptera ; Family, TiruLiD.E.

[Feeding upon the roots of barley, corn, turnips, strawber-
ries, etc. ; a grayish footless grub, having the hind end of the
body apparently cut squarely off and provided with tubercles.]

Fig. 257. — Crane Fly ; i, the
larva or maggot — color, gray ;
:2, the pupa — color, brown ; 5,
the fly — color, brown ; Jf^ the
eggs.

In England the larva3 (Fig.
257, -?,) of these flies are known
by the name of " Leather Jack-
ets," on account of their tough,
leathery skins. In that coun-
try they are sometimes very
destructive to various crops
by feeding upon the roots ;
but I am not aware that they
have ever been reported as
being very injurious in this
State, although quite a number of species are found here.

274

I^'SECTlS INFEST I NO WHEAT.

Fig. 258. Fig. 258.— Crane Fly-

color, brown.

These long-legged two-
winged flies (Figs. 257, <S,
and 258), which some-
what resemble gigantic
mosquitoes, are familiar
to almost everybody, and
known as the "Daddy
I.ong-legs." The greater
number of them live in
decayed vegetable mat-
ter, and are hence not
injurious to the agricul-
turist in this State, so
far as at present known. The jiupa (Fig. 257,^,) is somewhat
cylindrical, and at the anterior end are two horn-like pro-
jections.

Remedies. — In gardens, use Xo. 55, A. In fields, deep plow-
ing, thorough drainage, and cleaning the grounds. See Xo.
20, Xo. 32, A. B., and Xo. 10(;, A.

CHAPTER CLXXXIII.

The Hessian Fly.

{Cecidonnjid di sfractor. — Say.)

Order. Diitkka : Family. CKciDoMvin.E.

[Liviiiir lietwecn the leaves and tlie stalk on the lower part
of the wheat plant; an oval, cylindrical, white, tlesliy maggot,
finally transforming into a brownisli two-winged ily.]

Among the wheat pests dreaded in the Eastern States is the
Hessian flv. I have not found this insect in California.

INSECTS INFESTING WHEAT.

275

Fig. 259.

Sir John Banks, an

Fig. 259. — Female Hessian Fly, en-
larged— color, black.

The Hessian fly (Fig. 259), named
Cecidomyia destructor by Mr. Say, ap-
peared in this country in 1776, and the
general opinion was that it was imported
in the stores by the Hessian soldiers in
the employ of the British Government,
from which it derived the name of
" Hessian Fly." There is probably no
other species of the insect kingdom that
has occasioned so much discussion as to
whether it is indigenous to this country.
English entomologist, reports to the British Government, in
1789, that no such insect could be found to exist in Germany.
Its first appearance in this country was in 1776, on Staten
Island, and at Flatbush, on the western extremity of Long
Island. Some writers state that it travels about seven miles
each Summer. However, Dr. Chapman discovered it in 1787
on the west side of the Alleghany Mountains, which would be
about thirty miles each year, dating from Staten Island in
1776. Wheat, rye, barley, and even timothy grass, were
attacked by them ; and so great was their ravages in the larva
state that the cultivation of wheat was abandoned in many
places where they had established themselves. It has been
a subject of general discussion as to where the female
deposits her eggs. Some claim on the young leaves of the
wheat, others on the grain before sowing ; but the following
opinioli is evidentl.y correct, as expressed by Dr. Chapman :
" The Hessian ily lays her eggs in the small creases of the
young leaves of the wheat." Mr. Havens states that the fly
lays her eggs on the leaves. Mr. Herrick writes : " I have
repeatedly, both in Autumn and in Spring, seen the Hessian
fly in the act of depositing her eggs on wheat, and have also
found that she selects for this purpose the leaves of the }' oung
plant. The eggs are laid in various numbers on the upper
surface of the strip-shaped portion (or blade) of the leaf." Mr.
Herrick also states that the number of eggs on a single leaf is

270

FNSECTS INFESTING WHEAT.

often twenty or thirty. The egg is ahout one fiftieth of an
inch in length, and it hatches in less than fifteen daj-s.
Fig. 260. — Larva of Hessian Fly,

Fig. 260.

enlarged — color, yellowislr-white.
Fig. 261. — Tlie slieath removed,

Fig. 261.

showing three hibernating larva) or maggots of
the Hessian Fly. They are now said to be in
the fax-seed state, from the resemblance they
bear to those seeds.

Harris says: "The maggot (Fig. 260) which
proceeds from the egg is of a pale-red color. The
maggots crawl down the leaf and work their way
between if and the main stalk (Fig. 261), passing downward
till tlicy come to a ])oint a little below the surface of the
ground, with tlu' head towards the root of the }>lant. Having
thus fixed themselves upon the stalk they ])ecome stationary,
and never move iTom the ]>lace till their transformations are
completed. They do not eat the stalk, neither ilo they pene-
trate within it, as some persons have supposed ; but they lie
lengthwise upon its surface, covered by the lower part of the
leaves, and are nouvisluMl wholly by the sap. which they appear
to take by suction. As they increase in size they grow plump
and firm ; they l)ecome embedded in the side of the stem by
pressure of their body upon the growing plant. (Fig. 2()2.)
The nuiggot thus seldom destroys the
})lant ; but where two or three are fixed
in this manner around tlu> stem they
weaken and impoverish the i)lant and
cause it to lall down or to wither and
<lie." (Fig. 26;'., right.)

Fig. 2(>2. — Lower part of an infested
wheat plant, showing the swelling at the
lower end of the sheath causeil by the
larva' of the Hessian fly.

The maggot reaches maturity in about
forty days, and measures about three twentieths of an inch in
lensth.

Fig. 262.

INSECTS INFESTING WHEAT.

277

Fig. 263.--At the left, a Fig- 263.

liealthy wheat plant ; at the
right, a plant infested hy the
maggots or larva' of the Hes-
sian fly.

The transformation of this
species is different from some
others in the pupa or chrys-
alis state, inasmuch as it first
passes through what is termed
hy naturalists the "flax-seed"
state. It assumes the pupa
form only a few days before
the perfect insect emerges.

This pest produces two
l)roods each year — one in the
Spring and one in Autunni.

The perfect insect (Fig. 259)
is described as follows : "Col-
or, black, except that the alj-
domen is more or less tawny,

each ring being marked iwovq. or less with l)lack ; legs, pale-red
or brownish, with black feet; wings, three-veined, ciliate or
fringed. The length of the insect is aljout one tenth of an
inch, the expansion nearly one quarter of an inch." The
insect belongs to the order ch'ptcra, or two-winged flies.

Dr. Cyrus Thomas, State Entomologist of Illinois, writes as
follows :

"does the HESSIAN FLY EMIGRATE?

" As regards the so-called emigration of this insect, we would
express our disbelief in any such movement from place to
place as is involved in tlie idea of the word cmif/ration. The
history of the insect simply shows that it has steadily spread
from its original point of introduction to new sections of the
country as rapidly as they were settled and wheat became a
staple article of production.

" It is jjeriodically a])un.dant ; most other noxious insects
are more aljundant some years than others, becoming abun-

278 INSECTS INFESTING WHEAT.

dant in some localities and scarce in others. It cannot, there-
fore, truly be said to migrate from one part of a State to
another, or from one region to another."

Again, writing of the probable limits of the Hessian fly, Dr.
Thomas says : " The question naturally arises whether this
pest will ever infest the wheat regions of western Dakota,
Montana, Utah, Colorado, and the Paciflc States and Territo-
ries? Wc believe (though not jiwarc that such a statement
may be hazarded) that it was originally an inhabitant of Cen-
tral and Southern Europe. It has become acclimated in the
Eastern, Atlantic, and Miildlc States, in the Valley of the
Upper St. Lawrence, and in the Valley of the Mississippi
River; that it can thrive in the elevated dry Rocky Mountain
plateau regions, and withstand the cool nights and rliy hot
atmosphere of the far west seems doubtful. At least, so
slowly has it spread westward, so slight an amount of wheat
or straw is transported westward (all produce of this kind
going eastward), that we doubt whether, during this century
at least, it will extend west of Kansas and Minnesota, where
it has already had a foothold for several years."

From what has been said of the Hessian fly, it is obvious
that the wheat-growers of California cannot be too careful in
preventing the importation of this pest.

Remediks. — Should this pest ai)pear in this State, a good
preventative of its spreading would be the use of No. 56 or 20.

CHAPTER CLXXXIV.

The Joint Worm. (Cal.)

{Eanjloiaa tritici. — Fitch.)

Order, Hymenopteka : Family, Chalcidid.e.

[Living in galls or swellings on the lower part of wheat
plants; a footless pale yellow maggot. J

The parent flies appear in the latter i)art of .\pril or Ix'gin-
ning of May, and pierce the stalk in nuincidus [(laces
imnu'diatelv above one of the joints, inserting an egg into

INSECTS INFESTING WHEAT.

279

Fig. 264.

each puncture. These eggs soon hatch into minute foot-
less, yellowish grubs, whose presence in the plant near the
joint soon causes the latter to swell, forming a sort of gall
which is of a hard, woody texture. These grubs remain in
their cells in the center of the stalk all Winter, and are
changed to Hies in the following Spring. The perfect insect
(Fig. 2(34) is wholly black with the exception of the front
shanks (tibite), which are pale yellow.

Fig. 264. — Joint Worm
Flies, enlarged — color,
black ; a, the female ; e,
her abdomen, still more
enlarged ; c, her antenna,
highly magnified ; h, the
male fly ; /, his abdomen ;
d, his antenna.

An insect very closely
related to the preceding
infests rye in the same
manner as the latter in-
fests wheat. This is
known as the rye fi^^
{Earytoiim secalis — Fitch). It is wholly l)lack except the
front and hind shanks (tibia?), which are pale yellow.

Two otlier species infest barley in the same manner as the
above insect infests rye. These are the black-legged barley
fly {Eurytoma hordei — Harris) — of a black color, with only the
knees and feet pale yellow ; and the yellow-legged barley fly
(Eurytoma favipes — Fitch) — of a black color, with all the legs
pale yellow. Some autliors contend that the four species of
flies described above are but varieties of one species, which
was first described by Dr. Harris under the name of Eurytoma
hordei.

Remedip^s. — Use Xos. 56 and 20.

280

INSECTS INFESTING WHEAT.

CHAPTER CLXXXV.

The Chinch Bug.

( Mirraptis leucopttrvs. — Say. )

Order, Hemii'tera ; / ,, ., ,
oil ir c rami V, Ly(;.kid.e.

[Livinj: upon tlu' stalks of wheat, corn, oats, etc.; a small
black bug with white wiiig.s, which lie fiat upon the back and
have a black spot on the outer edge of each ; or a yellow, red
or gray bug entirely destitute of wings.]

The female deposits her eggs (Fig. 2()5, a and />,) in the

ground at the roots of the plants upon which her progeny are

to feed. These eggs are of a pale amber-white color, elongate

oval, and one end appears~as if ithad been cut scjuarely off

and is surmounted by four small rounded tubercles.

^. „,.^ Fig. 265.— Chinch

Fis- 265. °

Bug Larva, Pupa and

0 Eggs; (J, the pupa
enlarged — c o 1 o r s '
l)rownish-black and
gray ; c, <• and j\ the
larva' in di iTere n t
stages of t li e i r
growth — colors, yel-
low or red ; d, one of
their feet, enlarged; h and (i. two eggs, highly magnified —
color, Avhitish or pale brown ; //, a leg of the adult, enlarged ;
j, the foot of the same, still more enlarged; ?', the beak of the
adult, highly magnified.

The young l)Ugs (Fig. '1(\^>, c and (\) are variously marked;
some arc yellow, willi an orange stain ui)on each of the three
larger abdominal segments; others are reddish, with the two
basal abdominal segments ])ale or with a j)ale band across the
middle; and still others are of a dingy gray. These insects
obtain their nourishment by puncturing the jdants with their
beaks and imbiliing the sap; they hibernate in the perfect or
winged stage (Fig. 2(>()).

^ ^i^^^%^

INSECTS INFESTING WHEAT.

281

Fig. 266. — Chinch Bug, enlarged — colors, Fig. 266.

black and white.

I have had many specimens of insects
sent me, those forwarding them stating
that they thought them to be the chinch
bug, l")ut so far I have not found a specimen
of this species in this State.

Remedies. — Should this pest appear in
this State, it can be prevented from spread-
ing by trenching, as recommended in No.
86 ; use in the trenches No. 81 or 85. If
No. 85 is dusted on the perpendicular side of the trench, and
renewed every three or four hours, few of the insects entering
the trench will survive. See Nos. 20 and 56; also No. 106, A^
as recommended for cleaning hop fields.

CHAPTER CLXXXVI.

The Grain Aphis. (Cal.)

(Aphis avenx. — Fabricius. )

Synonym. — Siphonophora avense. — Fabr.

Order, Hemiptera ;
Sub-order, Homoptera

Famil}^, Aphidid.e.

[Living upon the stems, leaves, etc., of wheat, barley, etc. ;
small brown, green or yellow plant-lice, which puncture the
plant with their beaks and extract the sap.]

Fig. 267. — Grain

Aphis ; 1, the winged
louse, enlarged (natu-
ral size indicated at^)
— colors, green, yel-!^^
lowish and black ; 3,
a wingless louse, en-
larged (natural size
indicated at 4) — color,
green, yellow or brown.

The wingless lice (Fig. 267
19

Fig. 267,

and 4,) are either dark brown

282

INSECTS INFESTING WHEAT.

or dark green, with a reddish band across the abdomen at the
base of the honey tubes ; the antennae, knees and feet are black.

The winged female (Fig. 267, 1,) is either dark green or
brown, with a row of black dots on each side of the body ;
the head and thorax are sometimes marked with black.

The present season, 1883, this species appeared in at least
ten counties in this State, and in some instances did consider-
able damage to wheat, etc., but were prevented from spreading
by the late rain, which also gave such impetus to the growth
of the infested grain that in many fields the damage is scarcely
perceptible. On the 29th and 30th of April, and on the 1st,
2d and 3d of ^lay, un-

usual flights of the
winged insects (Fig.
268) were noticed in
this city (Sacramento)
but they disai)poared
entirely with the ad-
vent of the rain of
May 4, 1883.

Fig. 268.— G rain
Aphis (winged female;
enlarged) — colors,
green, yellowish and black.

Remedies. — Use Nos. 56 and 20

Fig. 268.

CHAPTER CLXXXVII.

The Army Worm.

(Leacania unipunda. — Haworth.)

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Xoctuid.e.

[Migrating in large armies and feeding upon the leaves of
various kinds of grain and grass ; a naked caterpillar having
sixteen legs, the body marked with lines of dusky, black,
white and yellow. |

This insect plays two roles — one as a cut Wdrni. living con-

INSECTS INFESTING WHEAT.

283

Fig. 270.

cealed during the daytime and coming forth at night to feed, and
the other as an army worm (Fig. 269) migrating from one
field to another and devouring everything before it. It is in
this latter capacity that this insect has figured the most con-
spicuously.

Fig. 269.— Army Worm— Fig. 269.

colors, dusky, black, white
and yellow.

When fully grown it meas-
ures a little over one inch in,
length, is of a dingy velvety"
black color, with a white line
on the back and four light lines on each side of the body, the
two uppermost lines white, the two lower ones yellow; the
head is yellowish, and marked in front with two curved
blackish lines.

Fig. 270. — Pupa of Army Worm — color, brown.
The caterpillars of this species which act as
•cut worms, attain a larger size than those which
migrate from one place to another, and their
colors are more obscure. Three broods or more are produced
in one season, the last brood hibernating as partially grown
worms. Before pupating they enter the earth and form small
cells. (Pupa, Fig. 270.)

Fig. 271. — Army Worm Moth ;
color of fore-wings, light reddish-
brown.

The fore-wings of the perfect

moth (Fig. 271) expands about

one inch and nine lines, are of a

light reddish-brown color, dotted

iy with black, and marked near the

center with a black dot, from

which they derive the specific unipuncta or one-dotted. The

hind Avings are smoky or l:»lackish.

Remedy. — Use No. 86.

Fig. 271.

■"%#«/jiJ^- i^^

284 INSECTS INFESTING WHEAT.

CHAPTER CLXXXVIII.

The California Loeust, or Grasshopper. (Cal.)

((Edipodo atrox. — Scuddcr.)

Order, OTHorxERA ; Family, Acridid.e.

[Feeding upon nearly every kind of grain and grass, and
also the leaves of trees and nearly every species of plant ; a
six-legged locust, or grasshopper.]

This insect is closely related to the destructive Rocky Moun-
tain locust — Caloptemis spretvs — which is found from the Sier-
ras to the middle of the State of Iowa, but has never been
reported as occurring west of flic Sierras. The California
locust has at times appeared in immense swarms in various
parts of this State, but has been especially destructive in the
Sierra Valley. They sometimes fly in innnense swarms, hid-
ing the sun from view for hours at a time. Their usual time
of appearance is during the months of June and -July. Their
flight is usually from the northeast to the southwest.

This insect measures from nin(> to fifteen lines to the tips of
the wing-covers ; general color, a dull brown, varied with
darker brown ; the cheeks and a spot on each side of the tho-
rax are yellow ; along the inner or upper edge of each wing-
case is a yellow line ; along the opi)Osite edge of the wing are
from one to three dark broAvn spots, the one nearest the base
the largest, the others small, and sometimes obsolete ; there
are several other spots of the same color on the disk of each
wing-cover ; the hind wings are transparent ; the hind femorse
(thighs) are brown or yellow usually, but not always, marked
on the outside with two oblicpie dark brown spots; tin- liind
tibiae (shins) are yellowit^h.

Fig. 272. — Eggs of a Locust, or (irass- Fig- -"^•

hopper — color, yellow.

The female locust dept)sits her eggs in
masses in holes excavated in the earth
(Fig. 272) by the aid of four horny i)lates
which are situated at the posterior end of tin- abdomen. Seve-
ral other kinds of locusts, or grassho]»pers, are found in this
State, })Ut they have about the same hal)its as the above sj)e-
cies, with this exception : that they have never lieen known to

/m'^ECTS INFESTING WHEAT.

285

occur in such destructive numbers, or to migrate from one
place to another, as the California locusts are known to do.

Remedy. — Mr. R. B. Blowers has been successful in destroy-
ing locusts, or grasshoppers, in his clover and alfalfa fields
that were seriously infested, by using an arrangement con-
structed as follows : He had a pan constructed of sheet iron,
ten fe(it long and three feet wide, turned up a few inches on
the sides and ends ; this was strengthened by pieces of two by
two inch Oregon pine. A board ten feet long, two feet wide
and lialf an inch thick is used on the back of the pan, and
fastened with braces. A light runner is placed under each end
and in the middle, raising the pan about one inch from the
ground. Ropes are attached to each of the front corners, and
to these a horse is hitched. Coal tar to the depth of from
half an inch to one inch is placed in the pan. A boy is then
placed on the horse's back, and drives backward and forward
over the infested grounds. If the tar is too thick, thin with
petroleum. The dead bodies of the insects can be taken out
of the liquid with a rake or some other implement.

CHAPTER CLXXXIX.

The Wheat Midge.
{Dijjlosis tritici. — Kirby.)
Order, Diptera ; Family, Cecidomyid.e.
in the heads of wheat ; an orange-yellow footless

[Livin
maggot.]

Fig. 273.— Wheat Midge and Lar-
va ; at the left the larva, or maggot,
natural size ; in the middle the
same, highly magnified — c o 1 o r ,
orange ; at the right the fly, or
midge, with its wings closed — color,
orange.

As we have never met with this
insect in this State, we take the fol-
lowing condensed account from
Packard's " Guide to the Study of Insects."

Fig. 273.

286

INSECTS INFESTING WHEAT.

" When the wheat is in l>lossom the females lay their eggs

within the chaffy scales of the flowers, in clusters of from two

to fifteen or more. In eight or ten days the eggs disclose the

transparent maggot, which, with age, becomes orange-colored,

Fig. 274. ^^^ when fully grown (Fig. 273) measures about

one line and a half long.

[Fig. 274. — A green kernel of wheat infested
by the larv£e, or maggots of the wheat midge —
color of larva, orange.]

" They crowd around the germ of the wheat
(Fig. 274), which by pressure becomes shriveled
and aborted. At the end of July, and in the
beginning of August, the maggots become full fed, and in a
few days cast their skins ; shortly after this — and sometimes
before it — they descend to the ground, which they enter to the
depth of about an inch ; here each one spins around its body
a minute silken cocoon. They remain in their cocoons un-
changed during the Winter, and
are changed to pup:r the follow-
ing .June.

[Fig. 275.-Wheat Midge,female,
•enlarged and natural size — color,
bright orange. ]

" When tlie perfect fly is al)out
to issue, file \n\\rd works its way
to the surface ; this usually oc-
curs in June or July. The fly
(Fig. 273 and 275) is of an orange-
yellow color, with long slender
legs, and two transparent wings ;
the antenna^ of the female are
twelve-jointed, Avhile those of the mal(^ are twenty-four jointed."
liK.MEDiES. — Use Nos. 20 and 50.

Fig. 275.

?

I

INSECTS INFESTING BARLEY.

The following insects infest barley, but are treated of else-
where in this work :

The Crane Flies (Tipula).
The Black-leg-ged Barlej' Fly {Euri/toina hcrr-
dei).

The Yellow-legged Bailey P'ly {Euryloina

flavipex).
The Grain Aphis (Ajiltis uvenre).

INSECTS INFESTING RYE.

The Kye Fly (EurytoDia liecaiiti) (See article on The Joint-worm, Chajiter CLXXXIV.)

INSECTS INFESTING CLOVER AND ALFALFA.

The Clover-root Borer (Hylante); trifolii). . .190
The Clover-stem Borer (Languria iiiozar-

di) 191

The Clo\'er-ha^- Worm (Asopia coataliti) 192

The following: insects also attack Clover and
Alfalfa :

The Crane Flies (Tipula).
The Califcrnia Locust ((J'Jdipoda atrox).

CHAPTEK CLC.
The Clover-root Borer,

{Hylastes trifolii. — Miiller.)
Order, Colkoi-teka ; Family, ScoLYTiDiE.

[Living in the roots of clover ; a whitish six-legged grub,
about one and a half lines long, with the head yellow, tinally
changing into a reddish-brown slightly hairy beetle.]

These insects usually reach maturity in October, and the

288 INSECTS INFESTING CLOVER AXD ALFALFA.

beetles hibernate in their burrows. In the following Spring
they come forth from their ^^^inter quarters, and the female,
when about to deposit her eggs, first gnaws a large cavity in
the crown of the roots, and then deposits therein from four to
six pale whitish elliptical eggs, which hatch in about a week.
The young larva begins to bore downward into the root, pass-
ing between the outer skin and the heart. When fully grown,
it assumes the pupa form in the bottom of its burrow, and the
perfect beetle issues in the course of a week or so.

I have found a grub in roots of alfalfa, but did nut succeed
in rearing the perfect insect.

CHAPTER CXCI.

The Clover-stem Borer. (Cal.)

{Laiu/uria mozardi. — Latreille. )

Order, CoLEorTERA : Family, Erotylid.'E.

[Living witliin the stems of clover (Fig. 270, Plate 3,) ; a
yellow six legged larva about three lines long, witli two curved
spines at the hind end of the body ; finally changing into a
blue-black beetle, having the tliorax yellowish-red.]

The female l^eetle first gnaws a hole into the stem and then
deposits therein a single egg (Fig. 277. Plate 3,) of a yellowisli
color, rounded at each end and somewhat curved. The young
hirva (Fig. 278, Plate 3,) burrows downward, consuming the
central substance of tlie stem to a distance of six or eight
inches. It assumes tlir impa lorin (Fig. 27'.K Plate 3.) in the
lower end of its burrow, and tlie beetle (Fig. 280, Plate 3,)
which issues in the Autumn, deserts its burrow and, at the
aj)pin;i(li of cold weather, seeks some sheltered place in
which to pass the Winter. I have found this, or a closely
allied species, in alfalfa.

KKMi;niKs. — Clean cultivation : see Xos. 20 and 100, A.

INSECTS INFESTING CLOVER AND ALFALFA.

289

CHAPTER CXCII.

The Clover-hay Worm.

[Asopia costaiis. — Fabricius.)

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Pvkai.id.'e.

[Living in silken tubes in clover-hay ; an olive-brown or
dull white sixteen legged-caterpillar.]

When fully grown these caterpillars (Fig. 281, 1 and 2,)
measure about nine lines in length, and shortly afterward
assume the pupa form (Fig. 281, 4,)- There are probably two
broods in one season, and the last brood passes the Winter in
the larva state. In Europe the perfect moth (Fig. 281, 5 and
6',) is known as the "' golden fringe ; " it is of a liliaceous or
purplish color with a silky gloss ; the front wings are tinged
with gray and marked on the front edge with two large, bright,
golden-yellow spots, which are narrowed behind into a slender
line that extends across the wing ; the hind wings are lighter
than the front ones and are crossed by two light straw-colored
lines ; all of the wings are margined with deep orange ;
expands about ten lines.

Fig. 281. — Clover-hay
Worm ; -/, back view of
one of the worms ; 2, side
vicAV of the same (both
suspended by silken
threads) — color, brown-
ish ; 7, a worm in its
silken tube ; 4, the pupa
— color, honey-yellow ; S,
the cocoon — color, whi-
tish ; 5, the moth with its
wings expanded ; 6, the
same with its wings closed — colors, gra^dsh purple and yellow.

The larvae or caterpillars of this moth are sometimes very
destructive to clover-hay, especially to that which has stood in
the stack for several years. They are most abundant in the
bottom of the stack, where the infested hay will frequently
be found to be webbed together by the silken tubes which
they spin for a habitation in which to dwell.

INSECTS INFESTING CORN.

CHAP.

The Wire Worm 193

Cut Worms {Agrotui) 194

The White Grub (Lachnofterna quercina). 195

The Com Worm (Ueliothi:- ariaigera) 196

The Corn Aphis (Aphis nuiidU) 197

The following insects also infest Corn:
Crane Flies (Tipula).
The Stalk Borer (Gortyna nitela).
The Chinch Bug {Mkropua leucopteru^}.
The Army Worm (Leucania unipniictaj.
The Yellow Bear {Spilosotiia virr/inica).
The California Locust {(Edipoda alrox).

CHAPTER CXCIII.

The Wire Worm.

Order, Coleopteka ; Family, Elateridte.

[Feeding upon the roots of wheat, oats, corn, potatoes, and
many other plants ; a nearly cylindrical reddish or yellowish-
brown six-legged larva or worm.]

Fig. 282. — Wire- Fig. 282.

worms and Snap- V,...,^,.^

r.

ping-beetles ; 3, Ela- a
ter obscurus, enlarged
(natural size indi-
cated at 4) — color,
black or brown ; 2,
E. lineatus, enlarged
(natural size indi-
cated at 1 ) — color,
grayish-brown, with
darker lines ; 5, E.
sputator, natural size;

6, the same enlarged — color, blackish ; 10, the pupa of a wire-
worm, enlarged — color, yellowish ; 8, the larva of E. lineatus.
natural size; 9, the same enlarged — color, yellowish : 7, a wire-

INSECTS INFESTING CORN.

291

worm, natural size. All of these are natives of the Eastern
continent.

This is the larva of a beetle known as the " snapping beetle,"
"skipjack,'" etc. (Fig. 282, 2, 3, 5, and 6). They derive this
name from the method they adopt to attain an ujjright posture
when they happen to fall upon their backs. Being unable to
turn over, they make a sudden jerk or spring, accompanied by
a clicking noise ; hence the name.

The larva (Fig. 282, 7, 8, and 9,) has six legs, two beneath
each of the three first segments, and a tubercle under the last
segment of the abdomen, which it uses as a pro-leg.

It is an undecided question among naturalists as to the
length of time these insects remain in the larva state ; some
say two years ; others, as high as five ; however, it is generally
conceded to be about three years, which, like many other
beetles of long larval lives, have an opportunity of doing
immense injury to crops, etc.

Fig. 283. — Wire-worm— color, Fig. 283.

yellowish-brown. -rff^ffl^Pf^^^^^^^rr-^

Mr. Curtis writes : "Wherever ^^^^~^^
grasses will grow, the wire-worm (Fig. 283) may be found."
Dr. Fitch writes : " They abound alike on the roots of the
coarsest sedges, and on other wild grasses, on the borders of
marshes and on those of the most delicate pasture." They do
great damage to crops, especially corn, but can be found feed-
ing upon the roots of barley, cabbage, wheat, rye, potatoes,
asparagus, carrots, oats, etc., of the field, and dahlias, pinks,
carnations, etc., of the garden. A great many remedies have
been published for destroying those pests, but are generally
inapplicable to field crops.

Fig. 284. — Milli-
pedes or Thousand-
legged Worms — color,
brownish or yellowish.

Note. — The milli-
pedes, centipedes, or
thousand-legged
worms (Fig. 284), are
sometimes mistaken

Fig. 284.

292

rNSECTS INFESTING CORN.

for wire-worms. They can easily be distinguished from the
latter by having one or more pairs of legs to each segment of
the body, whereas the true wire-worms have a pair of legs
attached to the first three segments only, the remaining seg-
ments being destitute of legs ; compare Figs. 283 and 284. On
roots of trees, use Remedy No. 59 ; on roots of cereals, etc.. No.
55, A.

Remedy. — Use No. oo.

CHAPTER CXCIV.

Cut-worms. (Cal.)

Order, Lepidopteka ; Family, Noctuid.e.

[Feeding upon tlie root.s of corn, melons, cabbages, etc.,
usfually severin<j: tlic plants; or ascending fruit trees, grape-
vines, rosebushes, etc., and devouring the buds ; a naked,
greasy looking sixteen-legged caterpillar or worm.]

Fi<?. 285.

Fitr. '2,%.

Fig. 285. — W-marked Cut-worm (A(irotif< clandestina) —
color, ash-gray and black or brown.

Fig. 286. — Glassy Cut-worm (Hadeaa dcrastator) ; tlie lower
figure represents one 'of the middle segments of its body
enlarged — color, pale green.

Fig. 287.— Cut-worm and ^^S- 287.

Moth [Maincstra renigera) ;
at the left the moth (known
as the Figure 8 Minor
Moth) — color, dark gray;
at the right the worm
(called the White Bristly Cut-wunnj — color, yellowish gray.

INSECTS INFESTING CORN.

293

These worms (Figs. 285, 286 and 287) are very destructive
to young plants of various kinds ; their usual mode of pro-
cedure is to cut the young plants off and drag them into their
burrows, there to devour them at their leisure. Others ascend
various kinds of trees and shrubs and feed upon their leaves.

Fig. 288. — Pupa of Cut-worm in its
earthen cell — color, brown.

They come forth to feed mostly in
the night, remaining in their burrows
during the daytime. When about to
pupate they form smooth cells (Fig.
288) in which to undergo their transformations.

Fig. 289.— Gothic Dart Moth
(Agrotis subgothica, the parent of
the Dingy Cut-worm) — c o 1 o r s ,
gray, yellow and white.

The perfect moths (Figs. 289
and 287) are usually of an ashen-
gray color, variously marked with

dusky or black ; their hind wings are mostly whitish or smoky.
Remedy. — Use No. 73.

CHAPTER CXCV.

The White Grub. (Cal.)

(Lachnostcnui qucrclua. — Knoch.)
Order, Coleopteka ; Family, Scarab^id^.

[Feeding upon the roots of corn, potatoes, strawberry plants,
nursery stock and various kinds of grasses ; a white curved
six-legged grul) ; or feeding upon the leaves of the apple and
other trees; a robust reddish-brown beetle.]

The beetle (Fig. 290, 3 and 4,) which deposits the eggs from
which these grubs (Fig. 290, 2,) hatch, is commonly known as
the " May-beetle," or "June-bug.'' It is from eight lines to
nearly an inch long, of a nearly uniform chestnut-brown color,
and the breast is covered with yellowish hairs.

294

INSECTS INFESTING CORN.

■?M-:Jsi,

Fig. 290. Fig. 290. —White

Grub ; 4, the beetle,
back view ; 3, the
same, side view —
color, chestnut-
brown; 1, the pupa
in its cell — color, yel-
lo.wish-white ; 2, the
grub in its burrow
in the earth — color,
white, with the head
brown.

The eggs are laid in
the earth, and these
so o n hatch into
small, whitish six-legged grubs, with brownish heads. When
at rest they lie upon one side, the body being curved so as to
bring the head and tail nearly in contact. They feed upon the
roots of various kinds of plants, and are supposed to spend
two or three years in this, their larval stage.

When about to pupate they form smootli oval cells in the
earth (Fig. 290, 1,) in which to undergo their transformations.
The perfect insects feed upon the leaves of the apple, cherry,
and various other fruit and ornamental trees.
Remedy. — Use No. 107.

CHAPTER CXCVI.

The Corn-worm, or Boll-worm. (Cal.)

( Helioth is a rm ige ra . — Hubner . )

Order. liEPiDOPTERA ; Fainilv, NocTiin.E.

[Living in tiie ears of cum and feeding ujion the kernels.
or burrowing into the bolls of cotton ; a green or brownish
sixteen-legged worm, marked Avith darker stripes.]

The V)ody of this caterpillar (Fig. 291r} is sparsely covered
with polishcfl li];i(k elevated dots, and the head is brown.

INSECTS INFESTING CORN.

295

When fully grown it measures about one inch and six lines in
length. It sometimes assumes the pupa form in its burrow,
but usually descends to the ground, which it enters and forms a
smooth cell (Fig. 291d) in which to undergo its transforma-
tions.

Fig. 291. Fig. 291.— Corn-

worm ; c, the
w o r m — colors,
green and brown ;
(J, the pupa in its
cell — color,
b r own; c, the
moth with wings
expanded ; f, the
same, Avith wings
close d — color,
pale yellow tinged
with olive-green ;
a, an egg, side
view, highly mag-
nified; 5, the
same, top view.
The fore-wings of the perfect moth (Fig. 291, e and/,)
expand about one inch and six lines, are of a pale yellowish
color, sometimes tinged with olive-green and reddish mark-
ings. Near the center of each wing is a blackish spot, and
near the outer margin is a dusky sjjot. The hind wings are
paler, with a blackish outer border, and containing a light
colored spot in the center.

The caterpillar of this moth will bite human flesh. A case
occurred in the city of Sacramento, where the arm of a baby
was attacked by one of these worms until it bled freely ; and
several other cases have been reported.

Remedies. — Use No. 5 or 7 ; spray the ears of corn to pre-
vent the moth from depositing eggs on them.

296 INSECTS INFESTING CORN.

CHAPTER CXCVII.

The Corn Aphis.

(Aphis mairhs. — Fitch.)

Order, Hemiptera ; ) -n ^^ \

Q 1 ' 1 XT ' [ Family, Aphidid.e.

Sub-order, Homopter.\ ; ) - '

[Living on the roots, stalks, or ears of corn, which they
puncture Avith their beaks and imbibe the sap ; a small green-
ish plant-louse, marked with dusky or black.]

The wingless lice are apple green throughout, excepting the
front of the head, which is dark. The antennae are brownish
and the honey tubes are black.

The winged lice have the head and thorax shining black,
the abdomen greenish-yellow marked along the sides with
black dots.

Remedy. — Use No. 108.

INSECTS INFESTING TOBACCO.

The Tobacco Worm (Maerosila Carolina) infests Tobacco,
and is treated of in another part of this work.

INSECTS INFESTING COTION.

CHAP. I TheCorn Worm (Heliothi^ arijiiwra) Also a,i
The Cotton Worm {AUtia anjillufea) 198 tacks Cotton.

CHAPTER CXCVIII.

The Cotton Worm.

(Aletia argiUdCca. — Hubner.)

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family. Noctuid^e.

I I I I I M M I I lilil

[The measurements of insects in this work are g-iven in inches and lines. Tiie above cut rep-
resents one inch divided into lines and fractions tliereof.]

[Feeding upon the leaves of the cotton plant ; a pale green-
ish caterpillar, dotted with black and marked with yellow

stripes.]

Fig. 292.

Fig. 292. — Cotton Worm ; a, the egg, magnified — color,
sreen ; b, c, and d, Worms of different sizes — color, green, with
20

298

IN.SECTS 11^ FES TING CO'J'TOX.

Fifr. 293.

lighter lines ; /, the pii]>a — color, brown : e. a rolled loaf, in
which the worm assiiniej? the pupa form.

Although this caterpillar (Fig. 292, h, r-, and il.) is provided
with a full complement of sixteen legs, yet in walking it is
obliged to arch U}) its body, somewhat as the span-worms do.
This is due to the fact that the front pair of legs l>eneath the
middle of the body are so much shortened as to be of no use
to the caterpillar, \\lien about to pupate it rolls a leaf around
its body (Fig. 292('), fastening the edges together with silken
threads; it then lines the interior with a layer of silk, and
soon afterward assumes the })Upa form. (Fig. 292/.)

Fig. 293. — Cotton-
worm yi o th s ; (I.
with wings expand-
ed ; /», Av i t h wings
closed — color, yel-
lowish, with lilac
lines.

The perfect moth
(Fig. 293) has the
fore-wings of a nearly uniform reddisli-brown color, with a
dark spot, centered with two pale ones, near the center of each
wing. The head and thorax are also reddish-brown, while the
hind wings are smoky l)rown.

IvKMKhv. — Tsc No. 103. (See note at end.)

INSECTS INFESTINCx THE SQUASH.

The Squash-vine BoieiC-f-V'"* curcubitcp)V,)'J
The Squash Bug (Cureun trUtis) 200

The following insects also infest the Squash:
The Striped Cucumber-beetle {Diubiotica
vittata).

The Cucumber Aphis (Siplwudpliuni rujui

bitcp).
The Piclile Wurni (I'hareUuta iiilidalis).
The Melon Worm ( Pliacellura hyalinitalis).

Fig. 294.

I

CHAPTER CXCIX.

The Squash Vine Borer. (Cal.)

{^Egeria cacurbitiv. — Harris. )

Order, Lepidopteka ; Family, .EdEuiD.E.

[Living in squash and pumpkin vines near the roots ; a
whitish sixteen-legged larva ahout one inch long.]

Fig. 294. — Squash-vine Borer — colors, white
and brown.

The eggs from which these l)orers (Fig. 294)
hatch are dej)ositcd on the vines near the roots,
and as soon as hatched the young borers penetrate the stems
and devour the j^ith, frequently occasioning the death of the
vines. They reach their full growth in Autumn, and usually
enter the earth and construct a sort of cocoon in which to pass
their transformations ; sometimes, however, they pass through
their transformations within their burrows. They pass the
Winter in the pupa state, and are changed to perfect moths in
the following Spring.

Fig. 295. — Squash-vine Borer (the moth)
— colors, black, olive and orange.

The perfect insect or moth (Fig. 295) has
blue-black fore-wings, wdiich expand from
one inch to one inch and six lines ; the
hind wings are wholly transparent ; the ab-
domen is deep orange, marked with black.

Remedies. — Spray with No. 5 or 7, or No. G8 or 104. (See
note at end of No. 98.)

Fig. 295.

300 INSECTS INFESTING THE SQlfASH.

CHAPTER CC.

The Squash Bug. (Cal.)

{Corev.s tristis. — DcGeer.)

Order, Hemipteka ; ) -p, ., ^,

r, 1 ' 1 XT ' Family, Corisid.e.

[Living U})on the leaves and fruit of the S(iuash and jjumpkiii
vines ; a rusty-l>laek elongated bug whieh i)unctnres the plants
with its l^eak anil inil)ibes the sap.]

Fig. 29G.— S(iuash lUig— colors blackish Fig. 296.
brown and dirty yellow.

The perfeet or winged bugs (Fig. 290) pass
the Winter in some sheltered situation ; they
are about seven lines long, of a dirty yellow
color beneath and black above, the projecting
edges of the abdomen spotted with pale yel-
low; the wing-covers are rusty black, with the
thin overlapijing ends black.

The females lay their eggs on the underside of the leaves, to
which they fasten them with a gummy substance.

The young are of a gray color, and as they increase in size
and by molting their skins, they change to a dull yellow
color. The leaves on which the young feed soon wither and
become dry and wrinkled ; the bugs then change to fresh
leaves, and in this manner the vine is eventually destroyed.

The S(iuash bug can be found in all stages of its growth
throughout the Summer season. It hibernates around fences,
crevices of walls, among weeds, and in other sheltered places.
In .lanuary, 1882, I found on pine trees, which were covered
with ivy, immense numbers of squash bugs in all stages of
their existence — larva, pupa and imago.

Remedies. — Use Nos. 20 and 19, or No. 64 ; thorough spray-
ing with the latter (No. 04), one pound of the soap to each
gallon of water, then adding the buhach, as described, will be
etleetual. See also No. 114.

INSECTS INFESTING THE PUMPKIN.

The following inserts infest the pumpkin, and are treated of
in another part of this work :

The Squash-vine Borer (^fCfje^-iacucurbitce). i The Squash-hug {Coreus tristis).
The Striped Cucumber Beetle (Diabrotica The Cucumber Aphis (Siphonnpliora eucur-
vMala). I bitce).

INSECTS INFESTING THE MELON.

CHAP, i The Striped Cucumber Beetle {Diabrotica
The Melon "Vi orm {Phaeellura Ii>jnliiii(aU>i).201

rittaf.a).
The Cucumber Flea Beetle (flalJica cwcum-
cris).
The following insects also infest the Melon: , The Green Fruit Beetle (Gi/mnetis nitida).

Cut Worms. , The Pickle Worm (PhaceUura nitidalis

CHAPTER C'CI.

The Melon Worm. (Cal.)

(PhaceUura hyalinitalis. — Linnaeus.)

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Pyralid-E.

[Eating large holes in cucumhers, melons and pumpkins,
and also feeding upon the leaves of these plants ; a yellowish
green sixteen-legged worm.]

The worms which occur upon the leaves (Fig. 297, Plate 4,)
usually web up the latter with silken threads. When fully

302

INSECTS INFESTING THE CUCUMBER.

grown tliey measure about an inch and three lines in length ;
they then spin their cocoons among the leaves, and soon after-
wards assume the pupa form. The last brood pass the Win-
ter in the pupa state.

The perfect moth (Fig. 207. Plate 4,) expand.'^ about an inch,
is of a pearly white color with a black stripe along the front
edge of the fore-\A'ings, and a similar stripe along the outer
edge of all the Avings.

Remedies. — Use Nos. 20 and 14 ; spray thoroughly with No.
51 or 65.

XSKCrS INFESTING THH CUCUMBHR

CHAP.
The Striped Ciu'uinher-beetle (Diabrotira

viltatti) 202

The Cucumber Flea-beetle (Haltica fwu-

merix) 203

The Cucumber Aphis (Sip/ionop/iorrt nicrir-

bilie) 204

The Pickle Worm (PhwoUura iiHidnlU). .Wh

The Melon Worm ( Phacellura hyalinitalU),
also infests the Cucumber.

ClIAr'I'KK cell.

The Striped Cucumber-beetle. (Cal.)

{Didhroticn vittdta. — ( )li\-icr.)

SYNOxv>f — dalcrnca riitata.

Order. ('olk(>ptp:ha ; Family. Chrv.somelid.t:.

[Living in the stems of eucunil)er. melon and squash vines;
a slender whitish six-legged grub, about four lines long, with
a brownisb-lilack iiead, and a spot of the same color on the
last segment; linaily i-linnging into a Vfllowisb Iraf-eating
beetle (Fig. 2US) about three lines long, and having two black
dots on the thorax and three blaek stripes on the wing-cases. J

INSECTS INFESTING THE CUCUMBER.

m-6

Fig. 298. Fig. 208. — Striped Cu-
cumber-beetle — colors,
3'ellow and black.

Fig. 299.— Larva of the
Striped Cucumlier-beetle,
eixlarged ; 1, back view; 2, side view
— color, yellowish-white. !

In early Summer the grul)s (Fig.
299) of this species are sometimes
found in the stems of 3^oung cucum-
ber vines, near the roots. They bore

the stems in various directions, and L_y

after attaining their full size they de- '^

sert the plants and form small cells
in the earth, in wliich to pass the pupa state.
Remedy. — Use No. 111.

299.

CHAPTER CCIIL

The Cucumber Flea-beetle. (Cal.)

{Haltica cucumeris. — Harris. )

Synoxy.m. — Epiirix cucumeris. — Harris.

Order, Coleopteua ; Family, Chrysomelid.i^l

[Feeding upon the leaves of the cucumber, melon, potato,
etc. ; a small black beetle.]

Fig. 300. — Cucumber Flea-beetle, enlarged— color. Fig. 300.
black.

This beetle (Fig. 300) is less than a line long, and
the antenna? and legs are yellowish, except the hind
thighs, which are black and greatly swollen, enabling
the insect to leap to a considerable distance. The larvae, or
young, are supposed to live in the leaves of various kinds of
plants, and to enter the earth to pupate.

304 INSECTS INFESTING THE CUCUMBER.

The perfect beetles pass the Winter in some sheltered place.
These beetles attack the seed-leaves of cucumber plants as soon
as they appear above the ground, thereby destroying them.
They also attack tomatoes, potatoes, etc., and injure the
plants by eating holes in the leaves — the injury to the plant
being in proportion to the extent of surface of the leaves
destroyed.

Remedy. — Use No. 111.

CHAPTER CCIV.

The Cucumber Aphis. (Cal. )

( Siphonu^ihora cnnirhifcr. — Middleton. )

Order, Hemiptera ; i ^^ •, \„,„^rx.^

c , ' 1 TT I 1 amilv, Aphidid^.

Sub-order. Homopter.v : ) • '

[Living on the under sides of the leaves of cucumber, squash
and pumpkin \'ines, which they puncture with their beaks and
imbibe the sap; small green plant-lice, sometimes marked
with brown.]

The wingless lice are green, with a few darker markings.
The winged lice are green, the head yellowish, the eyes brown
and the thorax usually brownish.

Remedy. — Use No. 111.

CHAPTER CCV.

The Pickle Worm. (Cal.)

( Phacellura nitidalis. — Cramer. )

Order, Lepidopter.\ ; Family, Pvr.vlid.e.

[Boring cylindrical holes into cucumbers, melons, and
squashes ; a pale greenish-yellow worm, with a reddish head.]

INSECTS INFESTING THE CUCUMBER.

305

Fig. 801. — Pickle Worm; j, an infested cucumber; a, the
worm — color, yellowish or green; c,one of the middle

segments of its
^'^- ^^^- body, enlarged ; d,

the horny plate on
the top of the first
segment, called the
cervical shield; <?, ar-
rangement of black
spots on one side of
the first segment ;
/, shows arrange-
ment of black spots
on top of the sec-
ond and third seg-
ments ; g, arrange-
ment of black spots
on top of the last segment ; 6, the head and fore part of the
caterpillar's body, enlarged, back view; h, the cocoon — color,
white ; ■/, the male moth — color, yellowish-brown and dull
golden yellow.

When fully grown this worm (Fig. 301a) is about an inch
long ; it then crawls beneath the leaves, etc., which lie upon
the ground, and spins a slight whitish cocoon (Fig. 301/?).
The last brood passes the Winter in the pupa state.

The perfect moth (Fig. 301/) expands about one inch and
three lines. The fore-Avings are of a yellowish-brown color
with a purplish reflection, and near the middle of the hind
edge is an irregular semi-transparent dull golden-yellow spot.
The hind wings are of the same brownish color, with their
inner two thirds semi-transparent and dull golden-yellow.

Remedies. — No. 20 ; spray fruit and foliage with No. 5 or 7,
to prevent moth from depositing its eggs.

IXSHCTS IXFHSTIXC THE POTATO.

CHAP.
The Potato-stalk Weevil (Earidius trino-

talus) 206

The Stalk Borer {Gortynn nitela) 207

The Colorado Potato Beetle (Doryphora

10-lineata) 208

The Three-lined Potato Beetle (it-wa tril-

ineata) 209

The Ash-colored Blister Beetle {Cantharis

cinerea) 210

The Striped Blister Beetle (CantharU rit-

tata) 211

The Small Potato Beetle, No. 1, (Epiirix

gubcrinita) 212

The Small Potato Beetle, No. 2, {Epilrix

hirlipennia) 213

The Potato Moth 214

The followint,' insects also infest the Potato:

The White Grub (Lachnosterna qttfrcina)
Wire Worms.

The Tomato Worm (.Vncci-asi/r/ Carolina).
The Cucumtter Flea Beetle (Ualfiea cticiiin-
cri^).

CHAPTER CCVI.

The Potato-stalk Weevil. (Cal.)

(Baridius tnnotata.f. — ^ay.)

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Curculioxid.t:.

[Livinti within the stalks of potatoes; a whitish footless
larva, about three lines loiifr : hnally transforming into a
l)luish-gray snout-beetle, which is marked at the l)ase of the
thorax -with three l)la(k dots.]

Fig. 802.— Potato-stalk Weevil : a, the Fig. 302.

larva enlarged— color, white ; h. the ]»ui)a
in its burrow, enlarged — color, yellow-
ish white.

The female weevil makes a slit in thi^
stalk l>y moans of her snout, and then
deposits a single egg therein. The larva
hatching from this egg (Fig. 'MYla) bur-
rows downward into the stalk, sometimes extending its bur

f^:

INSECTS INFESTING THE POTATO.

307

row even into the roots. It assumes the pupa form (Fig.
302/j) in its burrow, and the perfect beetle issues in the latter
part of tlie Summer or late in the Fall, and passes the Winter
in some sheltered situation.

Fig. 803. — Potato-stalk Weevil — color, bluish-
black.

This weevil (Fig. 803) is about two lines long, of
an elongate-oval form, and is of a bluish-l)lack
color, with three black dots at the base of the tho-
rax, the middle dot being situated upon the small
wedge-shaped piece technically called the scutel.

In the southern part of this State these insects are quite
frequently met with upon the Jamestown weed {Datura stra-
moiiiiim'), in the stems of- which they breed.

Remedy. — Use No. 25.

CHAPTER CCVII.

The Stalk Borer. (Cal.)

(Gortyna nitela. — Guenee.)

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Noctuid.e.

[Burrowing into the stalks of corn, potatoes, tomatoes, cur-
rant-l)uslies, etc. ; a l)rownish sixteen-legged worm marked
with white strii)es.]

Fig. 804.— Stalk
Borer ; i, the moth —
color, gray ; -'', the
c a t e rp i 1 lar — colors,
white and brown.

This borer (Fig.
804, ~^) when fully
grown measures about

one inch and three lines in length, is of a reddish-brown color,
marked on the back with three white lines, the two lowest ones
interrupted on the segments from the fourth to the seventh,
inclusive ; the underpart of these segments is reddish-brown,

308 INSECTS INFESTING THE POTATO.

while this part of the remaining segments is greenish-white ; the
head is yellowish-brown, usually with a dark dash upon each
side. It sometimes assumes the pupa form within its burrow,
but it usually enters the earth, where it forms a cell in which to
undergo its transformations. The fore-wings of the moth
(Fig. 304, 1,) expand from an inch and one line to an inch and
six lines ; they are of a mouse gray color, tinged with lilac,
and finally sprinkled over with bright yellow scales ; toward
the outer edge they are crossed by a yellow^ line. These borers
appear from April to August, there being but one annual
brood ; the moths are supposed either to hibernate, or to
deposit their eggs in the Fall, these not hatching until the fol-
lowing Spring ; the first supposition is probably the correct one.
Remedy. — Use No. 25. .

CHAPTER rCVIII.

The Colorado Potato Beetle.

{Doryph ora lO-Un eat a . — Say.)

Order, Coleopetra ; Family, Chrysomelid.e.

[Feeding upon the leaves of the potato and tomato : a six-
legged 3^ellowish grub about six lines long, and marked with
two rows of black dots along each side of the body, with the
head and legs also black ; finally transforming into a robust
yellowish beetle, having a black spot on the head, the thorax
covered with dots and short streaks of black, and the wing-
cases marked with ten black lines.]

The egg of this species (Fig. 305a) are deposited in small
clusters upon the leaves, and hatch out in the course of
about one week. After attaining their full growth the larva^
(Fig. 305i) enter the earth and form small cells in which to
undergo their transformations. Several brcKtds arc produced
in one year, the last brood passing the Winter in the pupa
state (Fig. 305c-).

Fig. 305. — Colorado Potato Beetle ; a, a, the eggs — color,
yellow ; h^ b, b, the larva in difterent stages of its growth —
colors, yellow and black ; c, the ]»upa — color, yellow ; d, d, the
beetle — colors, 3'ellow and black ; c, one of the wing-cases,
enlarged; /, one of the hind legs, enlarged.

INSECTS INFESTING THE POTATO.
Fig. 305.

309

Remedies. — No. 103; spray thoroughly with hqiiid solution
(see note at end of No. 103) ; good results have been obtained by
hand picking, etc. (See No. 112). For further description of
remedies, see Professor Riley's Seventh Missouri Report, pages
1 to 19.

CHAPTER CCIX.

The Three-lined Potato Beetle. (Cal.)

{Lema triliiieata. — Olivier.)

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Chrysomelid.e.

[Feeding ujjon the leaves of the potato ; a six-legged slug-
like larva, which is finally changed into a yellowish beetle,
having two black dots on the thorax and three black stripes
on the wing-cases.]

Fig. 307.— Lar- Fig. 806.

V a. Pup a a n d
Eggs of Three-
lined Potato Beetle
— ; a , a, the lar-
va— color, yellow ;
h, the tip of its body, en-
hirged ; c, the pupa, enlarged
— color, yellow ; d, the eggs
— color, vellow.

31U

INSECTS INFESTING THE POTATO.

Fi>i. .■)(»('). — Thivc-lined Potato Beetk-, cnlarirtMl — colors yel-
low and l)laek.

The i^arent beetle (Fifr. ^^OO) (le})osits her eggs (Fig. o07(/)
ill i^atelies of from half a dozen to, a dozen, usually phieing
them on the underside of tin.' leaves; they are soiiiewliat oval
in sliape and of a golden-yellow color. They hatch in aliout
two weeks, and the larva' (Fig. o()7a) reach their full growth
in a few weeks and then enter tlu' earth and form small cells
in which to pass the jmpa state (Fig. oOTc). Several hroods
are [troduced in one season, and the ])erfect lieetles ])ass the
Winter in s(jme seejudcd place. Tlie larva is of a dull yellow-
ish color, with a black head ; it has the habit of covering its
back with its own excrements. This insect is ver}' common
in the southern part of the State.

Kk.mldiks. — Use same as in Chapter ('('Mil.

CHAl^TKK C'CX.

The Ash-colored Blister-beetle. (Cal.;

[Caiithd ri{< cincrea. — Fabricius.)

SvNoxv.Ms. — Lijtta ciiierea — Fal) ; Macrobasis iniirnlor — Kirbv.

Order, Coleoptkra ; Family, Mkloid.i:.

I An elongate ash-colored ))eetle, about six lines long, feeding
upon the leaves of potatoes, etc. J

Fig. 308. — Ash-
colored Blister-bee-
tle ; a, the beetle,
enlarged — color,
ash-gray ; (/, its an- j^ /
tenna, enlarged — [J / ^
on the left, that of Jd L /
the male ; on the ^
right, that of the -<

female ; 6, the black

variety (nmrina), enlarged — color, Idack : r, its antenna,
enlarged — on the left, that of the female; on the right, that
of the male.

INSECTS INFESTING THE POTATO. 311

This species has done serious injury to the potato crop in
one county in this State. It appears in the perfect state (Fig.
308) and attacks the potato by feeding upon the leaves. Par-
ties sending specimens to me could not give any particulars
concerning the natural hi storey of this insect. As the speci-
mens sent me were from portions of the State infested by
grasshoppers and crickets, it may be that this species in the
larva state feeds upon the eggs of these pests.

Professor Riley gives the natural history of this species, in
substance as follows : The female lays her eggs in the nests
of such locusts or grasshoppers as deposit their eggs in the
ground. The larvte produced from these eggs are of an
elongate form and provided with six legs. They at once
begin to feed upon the locust eggs, and at the approach of
Mlnter they cast their skins and appear in an entirely different
form, known as the semi-pupa. In the true pupa form the
next change results in the exclusion of the perfect insect ; but
in the })resent case, as soon as the skin is cast, the insect
appears again in the larval form. The semi-pupa differs from
the true pupa in lacking the wing and leg-sheaths, but, like
it, is incapable of moving about. It is of a pale yellow color,
slightly curved, and beneath the fore part of the body are six
short tubercles, which seem to represent the legs. In the fol-
lowing Spring it casts its skin and again apjjcars in the larval
form. Its body is now much curved, the head nearly coming
in contact with the tail. After attaining its full size it
assumes the pupa form, from which the perfect beetle issues
in the course of a few weeks.

I have not found it in any locality not infested by grass-
hoppers, so it may be a friend as well as a foe.

Remedy. — Use No. 103 — liquid solution preferable — and No.
112.

312

fNSECl\S INFESTING THE POTATO.

CHAPTER CCXI.

The Striped Blister-beetle. (Cal.)

( CantJiaris n'tlnta. — Fattriuu;?.)

Syxuxy.m. — Lijtta, or Epicauta vittata.

Order, Coleopteua ; Family, Meloid.e.

Fig. 309. [Feeding upon the leaves of the potato; an

elongate yellowish beetle (Fig. 309), about six
lines long, marked with two black spots on the
head, two black stripes on the thorax, and two
black stripes on each wing-case — the outer stripe
the widest, and sometimes divided into two
stripes by a yellow line.]

Fig. 309.— Striped Blister Beetle— colors, dull
yellow and black.

The habits and natural history of this species are the same
as those of the ash-colored blister-beetle — Chapter CCX.

Remedies. — Use No. 103 — liquid solution preferable — and
No. 112.

CHAPTER CCXII.

Small Potato Beetle.— No. 1. (Cal.)

( Epitrix subcrin itu . — Leconte. )

Order. Coleopteua : P^amily, Chhvsomei.id.i;.

[A small metallic colored beetle, feeding on the leaves of
the potato.]

This species appeared early in August, 1882. on one side of
a tield of potatoes which contained three acres, and by the 20th
had infe.'^ted the whole field, entirely destroying the foliage.

The perfect insect (Fig. 310, Plate 4,) is oval in form, of a
greenish-black color with a slight sub-metallic luster ; antenna?,
ten-jointed: legs, pale brown ; posterior thighs, stout : length,

INSECTS INFESTING THE POTATO. 313

about one and one half lines. The leaves attacked by these
pests were filled with holes similar in appearance to grapevine
leaves attacked by the grapevine flea-beetle (Haltica chalybea.)
Should they appear this season, I will endeavor to learn some-
thing of their natural history.

Remedy. — Use No. 103 — liquid solution preferable.

CHAPTER CCXIII.

Small Potato Beetle.— No. 2. (Cal)

(Epitrix h trtipcnnia. — Mels.)

Order, Coleopteka ; Family, CiiRYSOMELiDiE.

[A small reddish-colored beetle feeding on the leaves of
potatoes.]

This species was found in company with the preceding —
Epitrix subcriiiita — feeding on the leaves of potatoes, but was
not so numerous as the latter. The perfect insect is reddish
in color, with indistinct black markings ; antennae, ten-jointed ;
legs, pale brown ; length of insect, about one and a half lines.

Remedy. — Use No. 103 — liquid solution preferable.

CHAPTER CCXIV.

The Potato Moth. (Cal.)

{(Mechi'i, Spf)

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Tineid.e.

[A small whitish caterpillar a little over six lines in length,
the head and true legs black ; feeding upon potatoes.]

In 1881 and '82 specimens of potatoes were received infested
by the larvae of a small moth. Length of larva, about six
lines ; color, yellowish-white ; head and cervical shield black,
with a whitish space between them; true legs, black. (Simi-
lar to larva. Fig. Ill, Plate 1.)
21

314

INSECTS TNFESTTNG THE POTATO.

Fig. 311.

Fig. 311. — Potato Moth — color, ash-gray.

V r The moth (Fig. 811) is of an ash-gray color;

^j^MybMS^ length of body, ahoiit four lines ; spread of wings,
^^^T^^^ seven to eight lines ; fore-wings dark ash-gray,
ciliated ; hind wings lighter in color, and also
ciliated. The moths aiipear a1»(>ut the first of -Tuly. and
deposit their eggs in potatoes after the latter are gathered
from the ground and plac(>(l in heaps or in sacks. The fol-
lowing letter was received from a gentleman who has suffered
from this pest :

" Yours at hand, and in reply [ will say that the lar\ a does
not attack the potatoes in the ground, hut it is after they are
tak(^n from the grcnmd (dug) and placed in bulk that the moth
deposits her eggs on the potatoes, especially on those on the
top of the heaps. Some arc infested to such an extent as to
appear like a honeycomb. Last year (1882) the moths ap-
peared about the first of July, and were present in all stages
of their existence until the first of February, 1888. When I
noticed them first in 1881, the potato(!S on top of the heaps
were seriously infested. I covered the entire heaps with old
sacks ; as soon as the larvae were full grown they left the pota-
toes and made their cocoons on the under side of the sacks,
in which to pass their transformation. When the sacks were
taken off there was not a space the size of a silver dollar but
had one or more cocoons attached. In order to prevent its
further spread I have burned the sacks, straw coverings and
sheds, and removed the storing place to a distant part of my
place."

This pest is reported from
three counties. There are evi-
dently two or three broods each
year. To prevent this pest from
injuring the cro]) ol" jiotatoes
after they are gathered, the po-
tatoes should be covered with
earth, or placed in what is called
a)iit,in England, which is made

hy piling the jxitatoes in a heap and putting a covering of
from four to six inches of earth on them (See Fig. 811^), or

Fig.

311^2.

MS

1

^^^^

1

i

^^^^^

^B

m

INSECTS INFESTING THE SWEET POTATO.

315

b}^ covering the heap with old sacks, etc., and placing on the
top a light covering of earth. In all cases the storing place
should be as far as possible from localities already infested.
Sprinkling slacked lime on the heaps will prevent the moths
from depositing their eggs on the part covered by the lime.

INSECTS INFESTING THE SWEET POTATO.

CHAP.

Tortoise Beetles 215

The Goklen Tortoise Beetle {Cnmda mi-

richalcca ) 21.5

The Mottled Tortoise Beetle (Cansida gut-
tata) 215

OQAF.

The Two-striped Tortoise Beetle (Casfida
bivittata) 215

The Black-legfjed Tortoise Beetle (Casnida
nifjripea) 215

CHAPTER CCXV.

Tortoise Beetles.

Order, CoLEorTERA ; Family, Chrysomelid.e.

[Feeding upon the leaves of the sweet potato ; a flattened

larva, having a row of spines along each side of the body ;

finally transforming into flattened tortoise-shaped beetles.]

Fig. 313.
Fig. 312.

Fig. 812. — Two-striped Tortoise Beetle, larva and pupa ; ^,
the larva, enlarged — color, dirty white ; 3, the pupa, enlarged
— color, brownish ; ^, the beetle, enlarged — colors, yellow and
black.

316

INSECTS INFESTING THE SWEET POTATO.

Fig. 315.

In this eountry there are no less than four different kinds of
tortoise beetles which are known to infest the sweet potato ;
they are more or less hemispherical in form, and the head is
concealed beneath a thin, transparent extension of the front
edge of the thorax.

Fig. olo. — Mottled Tortoise Beetle, enlarged — color, black.
The two-striped tortoise beetle (CassicJa hivittaia — Say ; Fig.
812, 4,) is marked with two black strii)es on each wing-case.
In the three following species, the wing-cases are unmarked.

The mottled tortoise beetle {('assida <ivtta1a — Olivier; Fig.
318,) has the shoulders bhickish to the extreme outer edge of
the wing-case. In the remaining two species the thin, transpa-
rent outer edge of the wing-cases and thorax is unmarked.

Fig. 814. — Golden
Tortoise Keetlc and
Pupa : </, the l)eetle —
color, yellow; c, the
pupa — color. l)rown.
Fig. 815. — Egg of
(iolden Tortoise Bee-
tle, enlarged — color, dirty white.

The golden tortoise beetle {Cnadda aari-
chalcea — Fabricius ; Fig. 814c/,) is of a deep c^,

yellowish color, usually dotted with black, or
it is of a transparent golden color, shining like a drop of
liquid gold. It measures about two lines in lengtli.

This is the only tortoise beetle tbat is known to occur in
this State, and is frequently met with on wild morning glories-
Fig. 81G.— Black-legged Tortoise Beetle-
color, yellowish.

The black-legged tortoise beetle (Cassida
nigripcs — ( )livier ; Fig. 816) closely resembles
the last, but is larger, measuring nearly four
lines in length. It also differs in having the
legs l)lack, and each wing-case is marked with
three black dots. The larvte of these tortoise
beetles are elongate-oval in outline, greatly flattened, and have
a row of spines un each side of the body and two larger spines,
whieh are situated at the hind entl of the body ; these are usu-

Fig. 316.

INSECTS INFESTING THE S)VEET POTATO.

317

ally held over the back, and the excreineiit.s o( tlie larva are
sometimes collected upon then].

Tlie larva of the two-striped tortoise beetle (Fig. 312, 3,) is of
a dirty, or yellowish white color. It differs from the other three
mentioned below by not collecting its excrements upon its
anal spines.

Fig. 317. Fig. 318.

Fig. ol7. — Larva of Golden Tortoise Beetle ; (/, several lar-
vae on a leaf; b, a larva, enlarged — color, dark l)rown.

Fig. 318. — Larva and pupa of Mottled Tortoise Beetle; a,
the larva, enlarged— color, green ; b, the pupa, enlarged — color,
green.

The larva of the golden tortoise beetle (Fig. .'JIT) is of a dark
brown color, with a pale shade upon the back.

That of the mottled tortoise beetle (Fig. 318r/) is of a green-
ish color, while the larva of the black-legged tortoise beetle
(Fig. 319, a and b,) is of a pale straw color, marked witli dusky
spots, the spines tipped with black.

Fig. 319.

Fig. 320.

Fig. 319.— Larva of Black-legged Tortoise Beetle; b, the
larva, enlarged— color, yellow; a, two larvae on a leaf.

Fig. 320.— Pupa of Black-legged Tortoise Beetle, enlarged-
color, brown.

318

INSECTS INFESTING THE TOMATO.

When fully grown these larva' attach themselves to gome
object by the hind part of the body and soon cast oft' their
skins,' which are worked backward and allowed to remain, en-
veloping the hind part of the pupa. (Figs. 320, 8186, 314c
and 312, J,). The pupa? somewhat resemble the perfect bee-
tles, but differ by being destitute of the hard wing-cases, and
also in having a row of spines along each side of the body.

Remedy. — Use No 113 ; if seriously infested, use Xo. 103.

INSHCTS INFESTING THl: TOMATO.

CHAP. I The followinj,' insects also infest the Tomato:

The Tomato Worm (.Wacwvi/aCaroJtna;. 216 The Stalk Borer (G'w<ywa nirWa).

The Tomato Aphis (.Wfyyitra ^o^am) 317 , The Colorado Potato-beetle {Doryphora 10-

I liiicata).

CHAPTER CCXVI.

The Tomato and Tobacco Worm. (Cal.)

(Macrosila Carolina. — Linn; and M. o-inac-nlata. — Haw\)

Order, Lepidoptera ; T-'amily. Sphingid^e.

[Feeding upon the leaves of tomato, potato, and tobacco
plants ; a large green worm, having seven oblique white stripes
on each side of the body, and a horn on the hind end.]

Fig. 321.

Fig. 321. —Potato
or Tomato Worm —
colors, green a n <1
white.

Fig. 322.— i'upa
of Potato or i'o-
mato Worm — col-
or, brown.

The above two
sptK'ies very closely
resemble each oth-

INSECTS INFESTING THE TOMATO.

319

er in all of their stages. The full grown worm ( Fig. o2l ) meas-
ures from three to five inches in lengh. When about to pupate,
"enters the earth and forms a smooth cell in which to undergo
its transformations.

CO

Fig.323.-Potato Worm Moth or Five-spotted Sphinx-.ol-
ors, gray, black, and yellow.

320 [NSECTS INFESTING THE TOMATO.

The pupa (Fig. 322) is dark brown, and i;? furnished with a
long tongue-ease, which curves around from the forward end,
its outer extremity resting upon the breast of the pupa, some-
what resembling the handle of a pitcher.

The perfect insects (Fig. 323) are commonly called "hawk-
moths," from a habit they have of hovering over flowers in
the evening while partaking of the nectar by means of their
long proboscis. Their fore- wings expand from four to five
inches, and are of a grayish color ; the abdomen has a row of
orange spots, surrounded by black, on eacli side.

Remedies.— Use Nos. 14, 100, and lol. All chrysalids
([tU|Ki) duii- u\) or plowed up should be destroyed.

CHAPTER CCXVll.

The Tomato Aphis. (Cal.)

{Megonra solan i. — Thomas.)

Order, Hemiptera ; / ,^ ■. . ^

o 1 1 TT [ t amilv. Ai'HiDiD.^.

hub-order, Ho-Moptera ; \

I [ 1 I I I I I I I I lihl

The inca-suremeiits of insects in this work are jjiven in inches and lines. The above cut rep-
resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thereof.

[Living upon the leaves and stems of tomato i)lants, which
they puncture with tlieir Ix-aks and imbil)e the sap; small
greenish plant-lice, sometimes marked with yellow or brown.]

The wingless lice are pale green, with a dark green stripe
almig the back ; head whitish, the eyes In-own.

The winged lice are greenish, the thorax black or marked
with l)lack or l)rown.

Remedies. — Use No. 74.

INSECTS INFESTING THE CABBAGE.

The Cabbaffe Maggot (Anthoinyia brassi- The Harlequin Cabbage Bug- ^.9frac/(/a /iw-

ccB) 218 trionica) 223

The Southern Cabbage Butterfly {Pieris The Ca,hhsige AiMs (Aphia bra^nicce) 224

profodicc) 219

The Imported Cabbao:e Worm (Pieris The following insects also infest the Cab-

rapce) 220 I bage :

The Cabbage Plusia (Phiaia braxnece) 221 j Cut Worms (A <j rot is).

The Yellow Bear Caterpillar {Spilosonia \ The Striped Flea Beetle (Ilaltica vitfata).

Virginica) 222 |

CHAPTER CCXVIII.

The Cabbage Maggot.

{Anthomyia hrassicH\ — Boiiehe.)

Order, Diptera ; Family, MusciDiE.

[Boring into the roots of the cabbage, turnip and rutabaga ;
a white maggot having a flattened hind end margined around
with minute teeth.]

Tliese maggots and the flies into which they are finally
transformed so closely resemble the onion maggot and fly,
and their habits are so similar, that the account given of the
latter will apply equally well to the present species.

Remedy. — Use No. 113.

CHAPTER CCXIX.

The Southern Cabbage Worm. (Cal.) ,

{Pieris protodice. Bois Lee.)

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Pierid.e.

[Feeding upon the cabbage and mustard ; a sixteen-legged
greenish or bluish worm, dotted with black and marked with
from four to six yellow stripes.]

322

INSECTS INFESTING THE CABBAGE.

Fiff. 325.

Fig. ;^24.— Suutlicni Fig- 324.

Cabbage W o r ni and

Pupa — a, the worm —

colors, greenii^h-blue

and yellow ; h, the jni-

pa — color, gray.

The full grown worm

(Fig. ?y2Aa) measures

about one iiicli and

three lines long. When

about to pui)ate it sus-

pend.s itself by the hind legs and a transverse loop of silken

thread passed around the fore part of the body. The pupa

(Fig. 8246) is grayish-brown,
dotted with black ; the head
terndnates in a conical prom-
inence, and there is quite a
large prominence on the back
of the thorax : it is about
eight line-; in length.

Fig. 'i'lb. — f^outhern Cab-
bage Butterfly, male — colors,
white and black.
Fig. 326 — Southern Cabbage ButterHy. female — colors, white

and black.

The wings of the buttiTlly Fig. 326.

(Figs. 825 and 826) expand

about two inches, and arc

white, the fore ones marked

witli about eight blackisli

spots, and the hind wings

sometimes have a border of

t r i a n g u 1 a r slate-colored

spots with a zig-zag slate-
colored line inside of tlu-m.

Kkmj;i)1Ks. — Sj)ray once each week early in the season with

No. 5 or 7 ; and should the caterpillars ai){)ear, use No. 88 or

85, or 64 ; the latter is preferal)le. (See also No. 114.)

INSECTS INFESTING THE CABBAGE.

323

Fig. 327.

CHAPTER CCXX.

The Imported Cabbage Worm.

{PierU rapsL'. — Linnaeus.)

Order, Lepidopteka ; Family. Pifjrid.e.

[Feeding upon the cabbage, etc. ; a green sixteen-legged
worm dotted with black, and marked on the back with a yel-
low line, and with a row of yellow spots on each side of the
body.]

Fig. 327. — Imported Cabbage Worm and
Pupa; ((, the worm — color, green with yellow
lines ; 6, the pupa — color, greenish or gray.

\Mien fully grown, this worm (Fig. o27a) is
about one inch and three lines long ; it then
suspends itself by the hind feet and a trans-
verse loop of silken threads passed around the
fore part of the body. It soon sheds its skin
and appears in the pupa state (Fig. 8276).
Several broods are produced in one year, the
last brood hibernating in the pu})a state.

Fig. 328. — Imported Cab-
bage Butterfly, male — col-
ors, white and black.

The perfect insect, or but-
terfly (Figs. 328 and 329)
expands about one inch and
nine lines, and is white or,
yellowish-white, w i t h the
fore-wings tipped with black

„. „„„ and marked with from one to

Fig 329.

three 1)1 ack spots ; the hind

wings have a l)lackish spot on

the front margin.

Fig. 329. — Imported Cab-
bage Butterfl3% female — colors,
white and black.

Remedies. — 8 a me as in
Chapter CCXIX.

324

INSECTS INFESTING TEE CABBAGE.

CHAPTER CCXXI.
The Cabbage Plusia. (Cal.)

( riiisin hrassicci'. — Iviley. )
Order, Lepidoptera ; Family. Noctiid.'E.

[Feeding upon cabbages and lettuce ; a naked green twelve-
legged worm, dotted with white and marked with white lines.]

This caterpillar (Fig. 330a) arches up its back slightly when
walking ; it is of a yellowish-green color, sparsely dotted with
white, and marked on the back with a dark line, on each side
of which are three whitish lines ; the head is green, and is
miirked on each side with five black eyelets, which are scarcely
noticeable with the naked eye.

Fig. 3 30.— Cab- ' Fig. 330.

bage Plusia ; a, the
caterpillar — color,
green with white
lines ; b, the pupa in
its cocoon — color,
brown ; c. the moth
— color, g r a y i s h -
brown.

When about to
pu|)ate it spins a
thin wliitish cocoon
(Fig. ;>3(l/;) in some
sheltered place, fre-
quenth' among the
leaves of the plant it infests. The perfect moth (Fig. 33()r)
expands from an inch and three lines to an inch and six lines ;
the fore-wings are dusky gray, inclining to brown, variegated
with light grayish-brown, and near the middle of each is a
small oval spot and a somewhat V shaped silvery mark.
These insects may be found during the greater part of the
year, there l)eing at least three broods ])roduced in one season ;
the last brood hibernating as half grown worms.

Remedies. — Use same as in Chapter CCXIX.

INSECTS INFESTING THE CABBAGE.

325

CHAPTER CCXXII.

The Yellow Bear Caterpillar.

( Spilosama Virginica. — Fabricius. )

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Bombycid.e.

[Feeding upon the leaves of the pea, liean, beet, cabbage,
grape, etc. ; a hairy caterpillar of a yellowish-gray or green-
ish-white color, marked with from two to four lines, usually
of a dark color, and covered with white, yellow or reddish
hairs.]

Fig. 331. -Yellow
Bear; a, the cater-
pillar—colors, white
or gray, the hairs
white or yellow ; h
the pupa — c o 1 o r ,
brown ; c, the moth
— color, white with
black dots.

This caterpillar
(Fig. 331a) varies
greatly in its colors
and markings ; the
young caterpillar is of a greenish-white color, with three white
lines on the back ; the more mature ones are pale yellow or
dark gray, with two dark colored lines on the back, and some-
times there is a yellowish line low down on each side of the
body. The hair is in spreading clusters, and is either white,
yellow, reddish-brown, or the base is brown with the tips
black. When fully grown it measures about one inch and six
lines in length ; it then creeps into some sheltered place and
spins a thin cocoon, intermixed with the hairs with which the
body was covered.

The perfect moth (Fig. 3316") is commonly known as the
" white miller," and is of a pure white color, usually marked
with a few l)lack dots. The fore-wings expand from an inch
and six lines to nearly two inches. The caterpillar of this
moth can be found from the 20th of April to the 1st of October.

326

FN SECTS INFESTING THE CABBAGE.

Remedy. — Should these caterpillars appear in large num-
bers, see No. 14.

CHAPTER CCXXIII.

The Harlequin Cabbage-bug. (Cal.)
( StnirJiia hii<t rionica. —Hixhn.)

Order, Hemitteka;
Sul)-order, Homoi'tera ;

Family, Scutellerid^.

[Living upon cabbages, radishes, turnijis, etc. ; a wingless
greenish bug, marked \\ith l)lack, or n winged V)Ug, marked
with l)lue-black and orange.]

The eggs (Fig. 332 c, d. and r,) from which these bugs hatch,
are usually deposited on tlic under side of a leaf, in two or
three rows of half a dozen each. They are of an elongate-oval
form, light green or white, and marked with two black circles
and a V)lack dot, the latter placed above the lower circle (Fig.
332c/.) They are placed upon one end, and on the upper end
is a crescent-shaped black spot. (Fig. 332^.)

The perfect insects (Fig. 333) are about five lines long by
three lines broad, and prettily marked with blue-lilack and
polished orange. They pass the Winter in some sheltered
place. Unlike most other plant-bugs, they do not give forth a
disagreeable odor when crushed.

Pig. 332.

Fig. 333.

Fig. 332.— Larva, Pupa and Eggs of Harlequin Cabbage-
bug ; r(, the larva, enlarged — colors, pale green and black ; h,
the pupa, enlarged — colors, greenish or yellow and black ; d.
side view of eggs, enlarged — colors, white and black ; c, the
same, natural size ; e, the eggs as seen from above, enlarged.

Fig. 333. — Harlequin Cabbage-bug — colors, orange and black ;

INSECTS INFESTING THE CABBAGE.

327

at the left, the bug, with its wings closed ; at the right, the
same, with its wings expanded.

This species spread to such an extent in Sacramento County
as to prevent the growing of cabbages.

Remedies.— Nos. 20, IO60 and 86. If the cabbages, etc., are
serioush^ infested by this cal)l)age-bug, use No. 64, or 83, or
H5, of double the strength recommended.

CHAPTER CCXXIV.

The Cabbage Aphis. (CaJ.)

(ApJi is brassiccT. — Linnicus. )

Order, Hemipteba ; ^ t-. -i .
Sub-order, Homoptera ;^ Family, Aphidid.e.

[Living upon the leaves of the cabbage, which tliey puncture
with their beaks and extract the sap ; small greenish-yellow
plant lice, sometimes marked with black and covered with a
bluish-white powder.]

Fig. 384. — Cabbage Fig. 334.

Aphis ; i. the winged
louse, natural size ; ^,
the same, enlarged —
colors, greenish-yellow
and black ; S, the wing-
less female, natural
size ; 4, the same, en-
larged— color, green or
yellowish.

The wingless lice (Fig. 334, 4,) are of a pale pea green or
greenish-yellow color. The winged lice (Fig. 334, 2,) are
green or greenish-yellow, with the head black and a row of
dots along each side of the abdomen of the same color. — Pro-
fessor Thomas.

This species of plant-louse is the most injurious that the
market gardener has to contend with.

Remedy. — Use No. 74.

INSECTS INFESTING THE RADISH.

CHAP. I
The Radish },la.giiot ( Anlhomyia rapliani).225 ' The Harlequin Cabbage Bug (S<mcAia hintri-
The Scriped Flea-beetle (Hallica viltata) . . 226 ! onica) also attacks the Radish.

CHAI'TKR ("('XXV.

The Radish Maggot.

(Anthoiinjld raphtuii. — Harris.)

Order, Dipteka ; Family, Miscid.e.

[Boring into the roots of the radish ; a white footless mag-
got, its blunt posterior end margined with minute teeth, of
which the lower two are the largest and are notched at the tips.]

These maggots so closely resemble the onion maggots in all
their stages, that the account given of the latter will apply
equally well to the present species.

Remedy. — Same as recommended in Cliapter CCXVIII.

CHAPTER CCXXVI.

The Striped Flea-beetle. (Cal.)

(Haltica vittnta. — Fabricius.)
Synonym. — Haltica striolata.

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Chrysomelid.e.

[Feeding upon the leaves of turnips, radishes, cabbages, etc. ;
a small lilack beetle, having a yellowish wavy stripe on each
winjj: case. I

INSECTS INFESTING THE RADISH, 329

Fig. 38o.— Striped Flea-beetle, enhir.o-ed— colors^ ^i^- '^^^'
black and yellow.

These beetles (Fig. 335) have the hind thighs greatly
enlarged, which enables them to leap to some distance
like a flea, hence the name " flea-beetle." The larvse
or young' live in the ground and feed upon the roots of various
plants. When fully grown they form small cells in the earth,
wherein to undergo their transformations. They are minute
slender whitish grubs, provided with six legs and having the
head light brown.

Remedies. — Should the beetles aj^pear in large numbers,
use No. 64, double strength ; spray thoroughly, as often as the
beetles appear; or Nos. 5 and 7 are effective. See also Nos.
20 and 106, A.

INSECTS INFESTING THE TURNIP.

The following insects infest the Turnip, and are treated of
in another part of this work :

The Wire Worm.

Crane Flies {Tipula).

The Striped Flea-beetle (Haltica tittata).

■)•}

The White-lined Sphinx (Deilephila lineata).
The Harlequin Cabbage Bug' {Stmclua histri-
onica).

IXSHCTS L\Fl:STIi\G THIi ONION.

The Onion Maggot (Anthotnijia cepanim) Chap. 227

CTIAPTKR CCXXVII.

The Onion Maggot. (Cal.)

{Antli(iiiii/ia ccjxim.iii. — Liiunfus.)

Order, Dipteka ; Family, MrscicE.

[Boring into the bulb of the onion, causing it to wilt and
decay; a white footless maggot, wliieh tai)ers at one end, the
opposite end appearing as if oblicpiely cut off, and marked
near the middle with two elevated eye-like Ijrown dots.]

Fis. 336.

Fiu;. 380. — An Onion

Fig. 337.

infested l)y Onion Mag-
gots— color of maggots,
white.

Fig. '■Vol. — Onion Fly,
enlarged — colors, ashy-
gi-ay and black.

When fully grown thcsg
maggots sometimes as.
sume the pupa form in a cavity
which they have gnawed in the
onion (Fig. o."](j), l)ut they usually l)urrow a sliort distance into
the earth and form a small cell ; here the change to the pupa
state takes place, and the perfect fly issues in the course of a
wi'ck or so. This fly (Fig. 387) closely resembles the
common house-fly, but is more slender; it is of an ashen-gray
color ; the face is silvery, Avith a rust}' black stripe between
the eyes, and there is usually a black strii)e or row of lilack
spots along the back.

Remedy. — Use same as recommended in Chap. CC"X\'11I.

INSECTS INFESTING LETTUCE.

CHAP. I

The Lettuce Aphis ( Siphonvphora lactu- | The Cabbajje PUisia (I'lana (jnissicir.) Als
cm) 228 . attacks Lettuce.

CHAPTER CCXXVril.

The Lettuce Aphis.

( SiplioiKiphora hirfurx f)

Order, Hemipteka ; ) j. ., .

. , T , ' , xj ' . 1' aiiiuv. Ai'iiiDiji.E.

bub-Order, Horopter A ;

[The measureiiieuts of insects in tliis woik are ,Lci\ en in inches and lines. The above cut tep-
resents one incli ilivirled into Hnes and tractions thereof.]

[Living upon the leaves of the garden lettuee, whieh they
puncture with their Ijeaks and imbibe the sap ; small green
plant-lice, usually marked with black or brown.]

The wingless lice are green or brown, usually marked with
black dots.

The wdnged lice are green, the head and thorax sometimes
black or brown.

Remedies. — Spray with No. '■'> or Xo. 4, or use Xo. 8o oi; Xo.
85.

INSECTS INFESTING THE PEA.

CHAT. I The Yellow Bear f.'^tfoscx/ia Virtjinica), also

The Pea Aphis (Siphowjphora phi) 229 | attacks the Pea.

The Pea Weevil (Unuiiuspixi) 230 I

CH.VPTER ('(XXIX.

The Pea Aphis. (Cal.)

{.SiphoiiopJiord pisi — Kii Itcnliarli. )

Order, Hemiptkra ; ^ n -i ^
hub-order, Homoptera ;^ •'

[Livinii" upon tlic stems, jjods and leave.s of the pea, which
they ].)unc1urt' with their beaks and imbibe the saj) ; small
green plant-lice, sometimes marked with yello^v,]

The wingless lice are green, with the eyes Ijlack.

Tlie winged lice are green, the thorax brown or yellow, the
eyes black or brown ; the antennae ar6 longer than the body.

Remedies. — Use No, 3 or No. 4, or No, 88 or No, 85.

CHAPTER CCXXX,

The Pea Weevil, (Cal.)

( Briirlius pi!<i. — Liniueus.)

Order, C'oleoptera ; F;iinily. Bhuchid.e.

[Living in peas; a small footless, deep yellow grub, with a
black head, finally transforming into a small gray snout-beetle,
which is striped with black and white.]

The female weevil deposits her eggs U])on the young pods ;

INSECTS INFESTING THE FEA.

333

the larva (Fig. 338c), as soon as hatched, burrows through the
pod and into a pea. Here it remains until it becomes fully
grown, feeding upon the interior of the pea. When about to
pupate, it gnaws a round hole under the shell of the pea, leav-
ing the latter untouched. It assumes the pupa form (Fig.
338d) in the Autumn, and is changed to a beetle (Fig. o38ft)
during the Winter or early in the following Spring. The beetle
gnaws a hole in the shell of the pea, through which it makes
its escape, although it not infrequently remains in the pea
until the latter is planted. During all this time it seldom
injures the germ of the pea. so that })eas infested by it will
grow with almost as much certainty as those not infested.

Fig. 338. ^''^- 3^^8.-Pea

Weevil ; r, the larva,
side view, enlarged
(natural size indi-
cated above) — color,
yellowish ; d, the pu-
pa, back view, en-
larged (natural size
indicated below and
to the right — color,
j^ellowish ; 6, the weevil, enlarged (natural size indicated below)
— color, rusty-black and white ; _r/, an infested pea.

The beetle, or weevil, is about two lines long, and is of a
grayish color, the wing-cases being marked with alternate
stripes of gray and black, and behind the middle of each is an
oblique white stripe. The exposed tip of the abdomen is
covered with a whitish down, and is marked with two ])lack
spots placed near the center.

Since writing the above, I have met a gentleman from a sec-
tion of this State where the pea weevil is doing considerable
damage. He expressed his belief that the pea weevil was pro-
duded by "spontaneous generation," as he had never seen the
beetle in his field when the crop was growing. The existence
of the weevil in the perfect state is of short duration, and as it
probably works only at night, this would account for its not
being seen.

Remedy. — Use No. 115.

INSECTS INFESTIXG THE BEAN.

The Bcaii Weevil (Bnirhv.sfalxe) 231

Tbc Bean Aphis (Aphut rii»i('m) 232

The following insects also attack the Bean:
The Ash-colored Blister-beetle {Cantharis
cinerea.)
\ The Yellow Bear (Spilonoma Virffiniea.)

rllAPTEK CCXXXI.
The Bean Weevil. (Cal.)

{lira eh IIS fuli.-i . — Piilcv.)

Synonym — Hrudi (/.s ohxoletvs. — Say.

(JrtUn-, C'oLKOPTJ-:]{A : Faiuilv. HiuciiiD.i:.

[Livin.ii: in 1 loaut^ : small loetless grul)s, finally transform-
ing into grayish-brown beetles.]

The feniale weevil deposits her eggs upon the young puds,
and the larva, as soon as hatched, burrows through the pod
and enters tlie bean (Fig. oo*.)6) : sometimes as many as four-
teen hirva"* have licen <-ounted in one l»ean (Riley). When
fully grown they gnaw a passage tri the hull or shell, and are
soon changed to pupa': the translbrniatioii to the ]ierfect
state sometimes takes place in tlie Fall, but usually not until
the J'oJlowing S])ring.

Fig. 339. Fig- ''•^^•^- — Bean Weevil ; a, the

weevil enlarged, the sujall iigure at
the left being the natural size —
color, bi'ownish-gray : l>. a bean in-
\ tested by the larva of this weevil.
> "■" The ix-rfect weevil (Fig. o.'»9a) is
of a brownish-gray color, and
measures about one lino in length-
l\KMEi)\. — Fse Xo. 115.

INSECTS [NFE8T1NG THE BEAN.

335

CHAPTER CCXXXII.

The Bean Aphis. (Cal.) .
{Aphis ru)iiici><. — Linnteus.)

Order, Hemiptera;
Sub-order, Homoptera

Famil}', Aphidid.e.

Fig. 340.

[Living upon the leaves and stalks of the bean, which they
puncture with their beaks and imbibe the sap ; small blackish
plant lice.]

Fig. o4 0. — Bean
Aphis ; 1, a stalk in-
fested by the aphides ;
4, a wingless aphis,
enlarged — co lor,
blackish ; 3, a winged
aphis, enlarged — col-
or, black ; 3, natural
size of No. S.

The wingless lice

(Fig. 340, 4,) are black,

the head and thorax

sometimes greenish.

The winged females (Fig. 840, 2,) are wholly black. In

England this species is called the " Collier," " Black Dolphin,"

"Black Fly," etc.

" The bean aphis sometimes appears in such vast numbers as
to smother the beans, making them look as if they were coated
with soot. The attacks are begun by a few wingless females
.estal)lishing themselves near the top of the bean-shoots, where
they produce living young. These in their turn are soon able
to produce another living generation and so on and on, till
the increase is numerous and from the numbers of the ' black
fly ' and the sticky juices flowing from the punctures which
they have made with their suckers, the plant becomes a mere
dirty infested mass, with a few infested leaves sticking out
from amongst the plant-lice." — Miss Ormerod.
Remedy. — Use Xo. llO.

INSECTS INFESTING ASPARAGUS.

The Aspara^'us Beetle (Crioc^rU asparagi) Cliap. 2S3

CHAPTER CrXXXIII.

The Asparagus Beetle.

( (^ridcerix ((sjjaraiii. — r^innfpiis. )

(Order, Coleoiteea; Family, Chrysomelid^.)

[Feeding upon the leaves of asparagus ; a robust, ash-gray
six-legged larva, about three lines long, -with a row of black
dots along each side of the liody. tlie head and two sjtots on
the first segment also black.]

This beetle (Fig. 841, Plate 4,) measures about three Hues in
length; its thorax is reddish and usually marked with black;
the wing-cases arc pale-yellowish, marked with blue-black as
in the figure.

The perfect beetles pass the ^\'inter in some sheltered situa-
tion and come forth early in the following Summer to deposit
their eggs. These are placed ui)on the stalks of the asparagus
(Fig. 342, Plate 4,) and somewhat resemljle in form a grain of
wheat, but are much smaller and are of a blackish-brown color.
After the larva- (Fig. 348, Plate 4,) attain their full size, they
desert the plants and enter the earth, where each one forms a
small cell in which to undergo its transformations.

Remedies. — Use No. 19, or No. 83, or No. 85, or No. 3, or
No. ■}.

INSECTS INFESTING RIIIDARB, OR TIE I'EANT.

The following insects infest tiic lvliul»arli plant, and are
treated of in another part of this work :

Ciif Worms (Aijrnliji). The I'mistt'ci Leaf hopper (7 'a'ciV'^j/^rcn j'ci/i «((.-■</).

>z

INSECTS INFESTING PARSLEY, CARROTS AND
PARSNIPS.

The Parsley- Worm (Papilio asterian Chap. 234

CHAPTER CCXXXIV.

The Parsley Worm.

( Papilio astcrias. — Fabricius. )

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Papilionidje.

[Feeding upon the leaves and blossoms of parslej^, carrots,
parsnips, etc. ; a whitish or greenish-yellow sixteen-legged
worm, banded with black and marked with black and yellow
spots.]

Fig. 844. — Parsley Worm — col-
ors, greenish-yellow and black.

When fully grown, this worm
(Fig. 844) is about one inch and
six lines long. Before assuming the pupa form it suspends
itself l)y the hind feet and a transverse loop of silken threads
passed around the fore part of the body.

Fig. 345.

Fig. 345. — Asterias Butterfly — colors, black, blue and yel-
low.

338 HOUSEHOLD AND STOREHOUSE PESTS.

The pupa varies in color from pale green to yellowish, or
ash-gray ; at the anterior end are two ear-like projections, and
there is a smaller projection on the back of the thorax.

The butterfly (Fig. 345) expands from three inches and six
lines to four inches, is of a black color, with two rows of yel-
low spots near the outer edge of the wings ; the hind wings
are tailed, and arc marked with several blue spots, while above
the angle near each tail is an orange spot centered with black.

Remedies. — Same as recommended in Chapter CCXIX.

HOUSEHOLD AND STORHHOUSE PESTS.

criAT.

The Clothes Moth iTitwa fiarifrontella).. .235 \ The Grain Weevil (Crti«w/r« yranaria). . .240

The Carpet Beetle (Anthreiius gcrophu- | The Angoumous Grain Moth (Gclechia

lariiv) 236 I cerealella) 241

The Cockroach {Blatta i/ernunu-a) 237 The Bran and Flour Bugs (Silranui' ■jiiad-

The Mos(|uito (Ctdnx) 238 | riruHin and .S. mriii'iiiii'nd--<) 242

The Dried Fruit Moth 289 | The Raw-hide Beetle(I»en(ic>/<'>/arrfflnK>).243

CHAPTER CCXXXV.

The Clothes Moth. (Cal.)

( Tinea fiarifrontdhi. — Ijiniuvus.)

Order, Lkpidoptkk'A ; Family. Tinkid.e.

[Iviving in silken tubes on cavjtcts, woolen goods, etc.; a
small, pale, sixteen-legged worm.] p. ^ .^^

Fig. 340.— Clothes Moth— color, hglit bull; T y

The perfect insect (Fig. 840) is a small motli or ^^|^^?i
miller, of a uniform light buff" color ; the wings are /irp^
long and narrow, with the most delicate fringe of silken hairs.

HOUSEHOLD AND STOREHOUSE PESTS.

339

Fig. 347.

Fig. 347. — Caterpillar, Pupa,
and Case of the Clothes Moth ;
a, the caterpillar — color, Avhit-
ish ; h, its case ; c, the jiupa —
color, brown ; all enlarged.

This moth deposits her eggs
in carpets, woolen goods, furs,
etc. As soon as hatched the
young larva (Fig o47a) immediately begins to construct for
itself a nearly cylindrical tube (Fig. 347/>), formed by fastening
the gnawed pieces of the cloth together with silken threads.
In this tube the larva lives, and instead of dragging its habita-
tion over the hairs, etc., it first cuts these off, thus doing more
injui-y than if it merely fed upon the cloth, fur, etc. When
fully grown, the caterpillar closes both ends of the tube and
soon assumes the pupa form (Fig. 347c), from which the per-
fect moth issues in the course of a few weeks.

Fig. 348. — Larva and Cases
of the C-arpet Moth.

Closely related to the aboNc
species is the carpet moth, or
woolen moth {Tinea taprt-
zella — Linn), whose larvn also
lives in a silken tube (Fig.
348) and is sometimes very
destructive to carjiets, etc.

Fig. 349.— Carpet Moth-
colors, black, yellowish-white
and gray.

Fig. 349. The perfect moth (Fig. 34',)) i^ hhu ki'^h at the

\ / l)ase (.)f the fore-Avings. the remainder being

'•^^ yellowish-white ; the hind wings are dark-gray,
and the head is white.
Remedies. — No. 82,90 and 117.

340

HOUSEHOLD AND STOREHOUSE PESTS.

CHAPTER CCXXXVI.

The Carpet Beetle. (Cal.)

(Anthrenus scrophulariaf. — T^inn.)

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, DekmestiDvE.

[Living beneath, and eating large holes in the carpet; a
small hairy brownish larva or worm. J

This larva (Fig. 350a), when fully grown, measures a little
over three lines in length, and is of a brownish color, the
sutures of the segments whitish. On various parts of the l>ody
are tufts of hair — that at the hind end the longest, and fre-
quently as long as the body itself. When about to pupate, it
crawls into some sheltered place ; here it remains perfectly
quiet, and is changed to a pupa (Fig. 350c) within the old
larval-skin. A short time before the perfect beetle emerges the
larval-skin is rent on the back, disclosing the included pupa ;
soon after this takes place, the skin of the i)uija is also rent on
the back, giving us a glimpse of the partially inclosed l)eetle-

Fig. 350.

Fig. 350. — Carpet Beetle, enlarged : d, the beetle — colors,
black, Avhite, and scarlet; c, the pupa — color, yellowish : hAhe
same, in the old larva skin ; a. the larva — colors, dark and
light brown.

The beetle (Fig. 350(/) crawls out of its environment in the
course of a day or so. It is^only about one and a half lines
long by one line broad. Its colors are black, Avhite and scar-
let, the latter forming a line along the middle of the back.

Remedies.— Use Nos. S2, 90, and 117.

Note. — This beetle frequents flowers. ;iiid can then be de-
stroyed by using No. 81.

HOUSEHOLD AND STOREHOUSE PESTS. 341

CHAPTER CCXXXVII.

The Cockroach. (Cal.)

{Blatta yermanica. — Linnaius. )

Order, Orthoptera ; Family, Blattarid^e.

[Infesting houses, and feeding upon cloth, etc. ; a flattened
reddish-brown six-legged insect.]

The female cockroach lays her eggs in a reddish-brown elon-
gated capsule or pod, each capsule containing about thirty
eggs. The young cockroach closely resembles the adult, but
is entirely' destitute of wings, although in the adult female the
wings are greatly aborted, and are sometimes reduced to short
wing-pads.

These insects are nocturnal in their habits, remaining hidden
during the daj'time and coming forth at night to feed.
Although they are sometimes very troublesome, yet they par-
tially atone for their ill-doings by ridding the house of bed-
bugs and similar vermin, which they devour.

Remedy. — Use No. 121.

CHAPTER CCXXXVIII.

The Mosquito. (Cal.)

(Calex Spf)

Order, Diptera; Family, Culicid.e.

[A small two-winged blood-thirsty insect, sometimes very
troublesome to both man and beast.]

It is only the females of this species which manifest the
blood-thirsty propensity ; the males are perfectly harmless.
The eggs are laid in masses upon the water — usually in some
stagnant pool. The young larva (Fig. 351), as soon" as
hatched, makes its way to the bottom of the pool, where it
acts as a scavenger, by feeding upon the dead and putrefying
vegetation. It rises occasionally to the surface for air, which
it inhales through a tube situated near the tail. In the course

U2

IIOUSEUOLD .L\JJ STUliEHOL'SE PESTt>.

of a t'ortiiitilit it attains its full growtli, and sonn nfterwanls
assunies the |iU])a foi-ni.

Fig. 351.

Fig. 352.

Fig. :j51— Lar-
va of Mos(iuitu.
greatly enlarged
— color, whitisli.
Fig. Xyl.~
Male ^Mosquito,
highly niagnifiod
— color, brown.

The pu]ja re-
mains near the
surface of tin-
water, and has the power of wiggling ahout.
in a few days it is changed into the perfect
insect, or mosquito (Fig. 852). The latter
is too widl known in California to recjuire
furtlier description.

JvKMEDiEs. — UseNos. 82, 117 and lis.

NoTi;. — Care should lie taken to ])rev(Mit stagnant water
being kept or allowed to remain near the family residence, us
it is in such places the mosquitoes deposit their eggs, and the
young pass their lives as larva^ and i)Upie.

CHAPTER CCXXXIX.

The Dried Fruit Moth. (Cal.)

Order, LiiriDoPXEKA ; Family, Tinkid.e.

[A small larva, feeding uj)on dried fruit, etc. J
The small larvte commonly known as '' dried fruit worms,"
are a great annoyance to those who drv fruits, and to raisin-
makers ; and also to the merchants and dealers handling dried
fruits and raisins which are not pioi)erly protected against
these insect pests.

The natural history of these insects is not known to nie
further than as follows :

HOUSEHOLD AND STOREHOUSE PESTS. 343

They hibernate in tlie larva state, the larva spinning a light
cocoon in the cavity of the fruit, etc., upon which it has fed.
Early in Spring they change to pupae, and in about fifteen
days the perfect insect emerges. The eggs are laid on the
fruit while in the course of drying, esijecially .such as is dried
by sun heat ; but often in fruit while it is getting ready to be
packed, or after packing, if the package is not moth-proof.

Fruit in sacks has not any protection, as the moth can
deposit the egg through the cloth. If the fruit is packed in
boxes, and the boxes have not close joints, the moth deposits
the eggs in the seams, and the larva as soon as hatched makes
its way to the iruit in the package.

In January last (18So), I received a small box filled with pits
and decayed parings of apricots and peaches, which were infested
by the larvse of these moths — the ]3erson sending them mak-
ing the inquiry: "Are they the larva? of the codlin moth?"

In September, 1881, a choice lot of dried plums, pears and
peaches were exhibited at the State Fair, neatly packed in
thirty pound boxes with glass covers (the fruit was dried by
artificial heat). It was placed on exhibition in a fruit store
until the following Spring. In one of these packages of plums
under the glass I found seventy-three moths which had emerged
from chysalids in the fruit.

At present I have specimens of what appear to be two
different species, but they may be merely varieties of one spe-
cies. The larva measures from five to eight lines in length, is
of a bright yellow color, and tapers slightly tow^ard each end ;
stomata, faintly bordered with brown ; head deeply notched
above, yellowish-brown ; cervical shield yellowish-brown. The
larva is slender, and from its tapering form can be readily dis-
tinguished from the larva of the codlin moth.

Perfect insect. No. 1 (Fig. 353, Plate 4) ; length of body,
nearly four lines ; spread of wings, nine lines ; color, head
and thorax dark reddish-brown ; fore-wings, inner third yel-
lowish-white (forming a bar across base of wings when at
rest), balance of wing to apex dark brown, with two oblique
blackish stripes and blackish dots, the darker parts sprinkled
with whitish scales ; cilia, ash-brown ; hind wings, silvery
white ; cilia, darker than the wings.

344 HOUSEHOLD ASD STOREHOUSE PESTS.

No. 2 (Fig. 354, Plate 4) ; length, four lines ; spread of wings,
ten lines ; color, head and thorax dark ash ; fore-wings, mot-
tled dark ash with a wavy blackish line across about one third
the length of the wing from the base; a second blackish line
reaching half way across, nearly eqidistant between the first
blackish line and the apex : hind wings, silvery-white ; cilia,
a purer white than the wing.

Remedies. — Use Nos. 15, 16, 17 and 18.

CHAPTER CCXL.

The Grain Weevil. (Cal.)

( C aland ru (jraaaria. — Lhm. )

(Order. Coleoi'TEha; Family. Circulioxid.e.)

[Living in the kernels of wheat ; a reddish-brown weevil.]
This species of weevil is very destructive to grain, especially
in store-houses and mills in California, and although small, is
a very formidable pest. The female makes a hole in the ker-
nel, or grain of wheat, with her beak and dejiosits therein a
single egg. The larva which is produced from this egg lives
upon the farinaceous })art of the grain, leaving only the hull.
When full grown it is nearly one line in length, and changes
into a pupa within the hull in which it has lived. It remains
in the pupa state al)0ut nine days, when the perfect beetle
(Fig. 355, Plate 4,) appears and gnaws its way out of the grain.
This pest devours the inside parts of the grain, not only in the
larva but also in the perfect state. It is said that a single
pair will produce six thousand in five months ; also, that from
the time the egg is deposited until the perfect insect api)ears is
about forty-five days. It is claimed that at a temperature of
less than forty-five degrees (Fahr.) these insects are incapable
of multiplying their species, and in order to escape the cold
they hide themselves in the cracks of floors, walls, roofs, etc.,
and remain there until warmer weather. It is probable that
as the tem))erature is over sixty-five degrees for at least eight
munlhs of the vcai' in it.ntral California, that this may account

BOUSEHOLD AND STOHEnOTTSE PESTS. 345

in part for their rapid increase in this locality. I have before
me now (January 2d, 1883,) a sample of Tuscany wheat (crop
of 18,S2) received in this city about the 15th of November last,
m a close-fitting paper box and apparently in i)erfect order.
It was kept in an office where the temperature is generally
above sixty-five degrees, for about three weeks, or until alxnit
the 10th of December. On examination, it appears as if every
kernel produced a weevil. I have kept them since that time
and they still appear healthy. It is not Iw examining the sur-
face of the grain heaps that the presence of this pest can be
detected, but by examining at a depth of say four or more
inches below the surface. By putting some of the grain in a '
vessel and then covering it with water, those kernels infested,
or which the larva or perfect insect have eaten out, will float. '
►Since writing the above, I have made some investigations,
which are not yet complete, (August 27th, 1883), but I have'
reason to think that the grain weevil (C. granaria) infests the
wheat when growing in the field, and that the germ or egg is
laid in the wheat (or, at least, in some of it) before it reaches
the granary.

_ On the 14th of August, 1883, I found the male insects of the
nee weevil (Calanclra [Sitophilus] oryzce) in considerable num-
bers among the wheat weevils ; and also found them pairing
with the females of the latter.

Description of Rice ^A^eevil : Male not so large as wheat
weevil, and has two red or yellowish-red spots on each wing-
cover.

Remedies.-No. 72, No. 75 and No. 76, and careful selection
of seed ; general remedy for weevil, No. 119.

23

34G

nOUSEHOLIt AND STOREHOUSE PESTS.

CHAPTER CCXLI.

The Angoumois Grain Moth.

(Gdechia cercdlella. — Linnams.)

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Tixeid.e.

[Liviii^f in grains of wheat and corn; a minute white
larva.)

This 25Cf't is very destructive to stored wheat and corn,
especially to the former. It eats out the interior of the grain,
leaving nothing but the empty hull. It is said that a single
grain furnishes sufficient food for a larva from the time it
issues from the egg until it becomes fully grown. It assumes
the pupa form within the grain, or hull. The perfect moth
(Fig. 356) has the liead of a dull ochre color, the fore-wings
palo shining ochre, with a grayish or brownish streak at the
liasc of each wing; tlic bind wings are also grayish-ochre.

Fig. 357.

Fig. 006. — Angoumois drain ^loth, enlarged — color, yellow.
ish-brown.

Fig. 357. — The Angoumois Grain Moth just from the pupa.

Closely related t<^ the above is the common grain moth
(Tinrn (irnnrJUi — Ivinn), sometimes called the "grain wolf."
Its larva' did'ors from that of the Angoumois moth by fasten-
ing several grains together witb silken threads and afterwards
eating out the interior of each grain. The perfect moth is of
a creamy-wliitc color, witli six lirown spots on each fore-wing.

RE.MKniKs.— No. Sl>, Xo. <)0, Xo. 117, Xo. 119. As these
rt'-medies ai)i)ly to destroying moths and beetles, and their
larva^ or grubs, any of tbem may be a])plied in this case that
is pracliralilc.

HOUSEHOLD AND STOREHOUSE PESTS. 347

CHAPTER CCXLir.

Bran and Flour Bugs. (Cal.)

{Sih-a)ni6 qiuulrinilli.-i and ,S'. su.rinamni.-^iH.)
Order, C'oleopteka ; Family, C'ucijid.e.

[Living in stored grain, bran, tlour, sugar, etc. ; small red-
dish slender beetle.]

These beetles are very small, none of them measurino- over
two lines in length. They are of a chestnut-brown color-
quadricolU, (Fig. 35S, Plate 4,) as its name implies, has a
nearly square thorax, while in surinawensis the thorax is
rounded, and has several teeth on the outer edge.

In their larval state these insects usually live*" in the grains
of wheat or corn, which they frequently hollow out^'until
nothing but the hull remains. They assume the pupa state
within the grains. Besides wheat and corn they are also
found in bran, or middlings, in Hour, sugar, and 'in various
other situations.

REMEDY-Use No. 120. When in grains, same remedv as
recommended in Chapter CCXL.

CHAPTER CCXLIII.

The Rawhide Beetle. (Cal.)

(Dermestes larchaius. — Linn.)

Order, Colboptera ; Family, Dermestid.e.

[A brown hairy lar^■a, feeding upon rawhides, finally chang-
ing into a blackish-brown beetle, with a whitish bar across the
base of the wing-cases.]

The larva (Fig. 359a) of this species is found to be very
troublesome at certain seasons of the year, in stores where
hides are stored. It measures about niiie lines in lensth, and
is covered with stiflf hairs. When full grown it assunies the

348

norSEHOLD AND STOREHOUSE PESTS.

Fig. 359.

pupa form, and the perfect insect (Fig. o5i)c) emerges in nhout
three weeks.

Fig. 859. — Rawhide Beetle and
Larva; a, the larva, enlarged — color,
brown ; 6, one of its hairs, enlarged ;
c, the beetle, enlarged — colors, black
and gray.

Description of Beetle : Shape, ob-
long-oval; color, dark-brown or black-
ish; on the base of the wing-cases is a
broad whitish or buff-colored band, on
which arc some l»rown or jjlack sjDots ;
the under side of the body is blackish,
and covered with a whitish-colored powder or scales ; length,
four lines ; width, about two lines. This species feeds also on
bacon, hams, etc. ; and several other species whieli belong to
the same family are very destructive to furs.

Remedy. — Use No. 91.

INSECTS INFESTING DOMESTIC ANLMALS.

CHAP.

The Blaok Horse-tly (Tabaims atratus) 241

The Horse Bot-fly {Oestrm cqtti) 245

The Ox Bot-fly (Oentrus bovis) -^46

CHAP.

The Sheep Bot-fly (Oextrux nvij^) 247

The Seab Mite (r'au-roptis eqtd) 248

The Liver Fluke {Digtoina hepaticuiii) 249

CHAPTER CCXLIV.

The Black Horse-fly. (Cal.)

( Tahaiiwi at rat v-^. — Fabricius.)

Order, Diptera ; Family, Tabanid^.

[Biting and annoying horses, cattle and other animals ; a
large black two-winged fly, having the back of the thorax
covered with a bluish-white powder, and the wdngs smoky
dark brown or black.]

Fig. 360.— Black
Horse-fly, Larva
and Pupa; a, the
larva — color, green-
ish-white ; h, the
pupa—color, brown;
r, the fly — colors,
black and bluish-
white.

The body of this
fly (Fig. 360c) is
about ten lines
long, and the wings
expand about two

inches. Like the mosquito, it is only the females which
attack animals ; the males are destitute of mandibles, and

35(1 IXSECTS INFESTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

live ujion the sweets of flowers. The larva of tliis tlv (Fig.
.")()0^/ )lives in the vicinity of fresh Avater streams; thrv liave
been found beneath submerged stones in a small stream of
running water, among floating pieces of wood, and on dry
land less than a rod from n small permanent stream of water.
It appears that a certain degree of moisture is necessary for
their existence, although they are not strictly aquatic. They
feed upun snails, and probably eartli worms. These larvse
measures from one inch and nine lines to two inches and
three lines in length, and are nearly cylindrical, but taper at
each end; they are of a trans])arent greenisli or ycllowisli
color, and furnished above and below with large rounded
sponge-like tubercles which are extended or retracted at the
will of tlie insect. They reacli their full size in mid-Summer,
and then transform into pup;!" (Fig. ?){'i)lt), within their cells in
the earth. In the course of a week or so tlicy ;ire changed
into perfect flies.

Several other horse-flies occur in this State ; the one often-
est met with is known as the ''green-headed horse-fl}''' — Taha-
nus lineola — Fabr. ; and may easily be distinguished by having
a whitisli line on the back of the abdomen: tlir head is usu-
ally green. It is a much smaller species than the above.

riTAPTKK rcXLV.

The Horse Bot-fly.

{(Ksirx's eipi.l. — Fabricius.)

Order, Diptera ; Family, CEsteid.t-:.

[Living in the stomach of tlie horse; a yellowish-red or
whitish grub, thinly covered with small bristles or spines. j

Fig. 361. — Horse Bot-flv, male — colors,

Fis. 3G1. -1 11 1 11 1 '

grayish-yellow anil black.

The eggs from which these grubs hatch are

deposited in j)a1cbcs by the female fly, and

each egg is attachctl to the hair by a sticky

fluid which is d(.']»osited with it. \\\ a few

weeks llie iirub hatches, and is conveved to

INSECTS INFESTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 351

the mouth by the horse h'cking or biting the place where the
egg has been deposited ; it then passes down the horse's throat
with the food. After reaching the stomach, it attaches itself
to the inner lining by means of two curved hooks with which
the head is provided. Here it remains until fully grown,
when it lossens its hold and is carried onward and expelled
with the excrements. Upon reaching the earth it at once
buries itself, and soon contracts to a reddish-brown pupa,
from which the perfect fly issues in the course of a few weeks.

Fig. 362. — Horse Bot-fi}', female — colors,
gray, black and yellow. Fig. 362.

The perfect fly (Figs. 361 and 362) is of
a pale yellowish color, spotted with red,
the thorax banded with black or red, and
the ^v'ings, whieli are only two in number,
are of a whitish color reflecting a golden
tint, and are crossed by a dark band with
two reddish spots at the tips.

Figuier writes : " In fact, it is not in the egg state, but really
in that of the larva, that the horse, as we shall explain, takes
into his stomach these parasitical guests to which nature has
allotted so singular an abode. When licking itself the horse
carries them into his mouth, and afterward swallows them
with his food, by which means they enter the stomach. It is
a remarkable fact that is sometimes seen, other insects, as the
Tahani. for instance, that by their repeated stinging cause the
horse to lick himself and thus to receive his most cruel enemy.
In the perilous journey they have to perform from the skin of
the horse to his stomach, many of the larvse of the (Estrus,
as may be supposed, are destroyed — ground by the teeth of
the animal, or crushed by the alimentary substance."

Symptoms shown by a horse seriously infested by bots : He
does not eat heartily, and therefore loses flesh, and has a stiff"
and staggering walk, and to use a common phrase, appears
"consumptive."

Remedies. — To prevent the eggs from reaching the horse's
mouth, clean off" daily by scraping. There exists a vast dif-
ference of opinion in regard to remedies ; some persons rec-
ommend drenching with oils and bleeding ; others claim that

352

fNSECTS INFESTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

the animal is Ijcncfitcd by the presence of the hot. Conse-
quently, I can only advise consulting a veterinary surgeon.

CHAPTER rcXi.VI.

The Ox Bot-fly.

( (K-'^frtis /njci'.s. — I)e Gecr.)

Order, Diftera; Family, CKstkid.*:.

[Living in tumors on cattle ; a "whitish footless maggot.]

Fig. 'M')'). — Larva, or maggot of Ox Bot-tly — color, white.

Fig. 364. — Ox Bot-fly, enlarged — colors, black, yellow and

white.

Fig. 363. Fig. 364.

The parent fly deposits her eggs upon the backs of the cattle,
or, according to some authors, she first punctures the skin,
and then deposits therein a single egg; the first hypothesis is
the more reasonable one, and we may suppose, with very good
reason, that the grul), or maggot (Fig. 868), as soon as
hatched, burrows through the skin and takes up its a])ode just
beneath it. where its presence results in the formation of a
tumor, in wliicli the -maggot lives. After attaining its full size
it deserts its former abiding jilace and falls to the ground,
which it enters and soon contracts to a dark-l)rown })upa,
from which the perfect fly issues in the course of a few weeks.

INSECTS INFESTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 358

The perfect fly (Fig. 864) is of a black color, thickly
covered with hairs except on the thorax, which is twice
broadly banded with yellow and white ; at the base of the
abdomen is a Avhite or yellow Imnd, and at the tip is a band
of reddish hairs. This species causes great annoyance to
cattle in pastures. It is said that the buzzing noise made by
the fly terrifies work oxen to such an extent that they at times
become unmanageable.

Hare, or Jack Rabbit.

A species of CEstnis attacks the hare, or jack rabbit; the
habits and natural history of this cestrus are probably similar
to that of the ajstrus bovis.

Remedy. — The opening of the tumor may be enlarged with
the point of a sharp knife, and the maggot extracted, or
forced out ; this can be done Avithout much pain to the animal.

CHAPTER CCXLVII.

The Sheep Bot-fly.

( (Estrus ovis. — Linnaeus.)

Order, Diptera; Faanily, CEstrid.e.

[Living in the heads of sheep ; a Avhitish footless maggot.]
It is thought that the parent insects (Fig. 365, -? and 3,) are
viviparous, and that the maggots (Fig. 365, 4, 5 and 6,) are
lirought forth alive, and are deposited in or near the nostrils
of the sheep, up which they crawl until reaching the frontal
sinuses, where they attach themselves by means of the hooks
witli which their heads are provided. Here they remain until
attainning their full size, when tliey loose their hold and make
their way to the opening of the nostrils and then fall to the
ground, which they enter, and soon contract to dark brown
pupa (Fig. 365, 3,) from which the perfect fly issues in a few
weeks.

354

lySECrS INFESTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Fig. 365.— Sheep Bot- Fig. 365.

fly; i, the fly with its
wings closed ; 3, the same
with its wings expanded
— color, ashen-brown ; J,
the pupa — color, brown ;
4 and 6, the maggot or
grill) — color. Miiitish ; a,
the head ; b, the anal
plate ; 6, the young mag-
got ; c, its spiracles or
breathing })ores. ^

The Hy (Fig. 365, J and-^) is of a dirty ash color, with four
black lines on the thorax, and the abdomen is spotted with
black. The grubs or maggots sometimes nuike their way even
into the brain, and to their ])resence is due the disease known
as "gruli in the head.''

Concerning this species, Figuier writes as follows : " Even
at the sight of this insect the sheei) feel the greatest terror.
As soon as one of them appears the flock becomes disturbed ;
the sheep that is attacked shakes its head when it feels the fly
on its nostril, and at the same time strikes the ground
violently with its forefeet. It then commences to run here
and there, holding its nose neiir the ground, smelling the
grass, and looking about anxiously to see if it is still pursued.
It is to avoid the attacks of the CEstrns that, during the hot
days of Summer, sheep lie down with their nostrils buried in
dusty ruts, or stand up with their heads lowered between their
fore-legs and their noses nearly in contact with the ground-
When these poor beasts are in the open country they are
observed assembled with their nostrils against each other and
very near the ground, so that those which occupy the outside
are alone exposed."

Rkmediks. — Use Nos. 93, 94 and 95.

NoTK. — The above remedies have been used, with excellent
resuls by Messrs Green and Trainer, of Sacramento, at their
farms in Placin- Countv.

INSECTS INFESTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

355

CHAPTER CCXLVIII.

The Scab Mite.

(Pftorujttes cqni.)

Class, Arachxida ; ^ t:, ■-, .
Sulvelass, Acarina ; ) • '

The following is taken from the Seventeenth Illinois Report
by Professor Cyrus Thomas :

"The seal) mite of the sheep (Figs. 8H6 and oB7), which is
now believed to be the same species as that infesting the horse
and ox, belongs to the family Acarid^e, and sub-family Sar-
eoptina% which also contains the human itch mite, or mite
that produce the disease in man known as the itch.'"

Fig. 366.

Fig. 367.

Fig. 366.— Seal) Mite (adult),
liighly magnified, ventral view —
color, whitish.

Fig. 867. — Scab Mite (young),
((^^ enlarged, ventral view — color,
"~ Avhitish.

" The scab, as all are aware, is a skin disease analagous to
the mange in the horse and itch in man, and, like these, is
produced by a very small mite. It was, for a very long time,
supposed that this mite was produced spontaneously by an
unhealthy and unclean condition of the flocks, or from some
insufficient or improper food, etc., and not from a preceding
parent. Our parasite has received various scientific names,
according to the fancy or opinion of authors, but, as the
further history of its classification is unnecessary now, I will
mention but two of these.

356 INSECTS INFESTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

" First — Dennatodectes ovis; sheep itch-mite of Gerlach, b}'
whom it was considered as peculiar to sheep ; but the most
recent authority restores the name Psorojytes equi, horse itch-
mite of Gervais, considering the species infesting the horse,
cattle and sheep as identical. It is distinguished from the
itch-mite of man (Sarcojjtes scabei. — Latr.) by two or three
important characters. The four anterior legs and two of the
hind ones, at least in the males of each species, are furnished
with sucking disks placed on comparatively long pedicels or
stems. In the itch-mite of man, as far as I can ascertain,
these pedicels are only one-jointed. But the most important
difference is that the mouth of the human itcli-mite is fur-
nished with scissor-like jaws or iii|)pcrs with which they can
readily cut into the skin and form their subcutaneous burrows.
The sheep mite is furnished with comparatively slender lan-
cet-like mandibles, to the sides of which the little palpi or
mouth feelers are glued, thus forming a sort of tube, one part
of which is capable of piercing. But Avhile this peculiar form
of the oral apparatus enables them to pierce and suck, it
deprives them of the power of cutting, and hence, notwith-
standing the general opinion to the contrary, they arc not
subcutaneous in their habits and do not form true burrows,
as the human itch-mite. It lays its egg on the surface of the
skin, to which they adhere by a gluey matter. The length of
time these require to hatch in such situations is not positively
known, but some placed in a bottle and kept to the warmth
of the body hatched in fourteen days. The young, which are
produced from these have only six legs, but after several
changes of skin or moultings they acquire eight, which is the
normal iniiu1)or of this class. Witli the little sucking disks of
their feet they are enabled to cling firmly to the skin of the
sheep. By piercing the skin with their laucct-like mandibles,
irritation and a sjieeies of inflannnation of the skin follows
and an exudation takes i)hK'e which uUimatoly forms
the seal). As stated by a writer on this subject : ' Examina-
tion will disclose spots on the skin white and hard, the
center marked with yellow points of exudation wliich ad-
heres to the wool, matting the fibres t(\i:ctlier. Tlu' wool
may be firm on these spots and no scales are seen in this

INSECT.S INFESTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 357

stage. Then the yellow moisture evaporates, giving place to
a yellow scab which adheres firnil^^ to the skin and wool.'
Raw places appear at points which the animal can reach with
its teeth and hind feet. The disease is aggravated in Summer
by the presence of the larvae of the blow-fly, the maggot bur-
rowing into the scab."
Remedy. — Use No. 92.

CHAPTER CCXLIX.

The Liver Fluke. (Cal.)
( Distoin a hepaticum. )

The following is taken from the Seventeenth Illinois Report,
by Professor Cyrus Thomas :

" Of the intestinal worms that attack sheep, we notice as the
most important the Liver Fluke (Distoma hepaticum). This
species belongs to the class Scolecida, order Tremoloda or ' Suc-
torial worms,' as given above, inhabits the gall-bladder or
ducts of the liver in sheep and, it is believed, causes the disease
known as the 'rot.' It derives its common name from its re-
semblance in form to the flounder, of which ' fluke ' is a Scotch
and old English name. It is somewhat broad and flattened,
of an elongate-ovate form, somcAvhat pointed at each end and is
usually nearly an inch long, often much less, but occasionally
more ; its breadth at the widest part, which is toward the
front, is about half its length. Its color is usually that of the
organ in which it resides. It belongs to a very low type of be-
ings, having neither eyes, true respiratory organs, heart, or any
other organ of special sense. The sexes are not even distinct
and the alimentary canal does not even pass through the body,
but dividing and sub-dividing, permeates all parts of it, dis-
tributing the imbibed nourishment, which needs little or no
assimilation to adapt it to use in forming the materials of the
body. It is proper to state, however, that Youatt and other
writers on sheep distinctly aflfirm that flukes have eyes and
even figure them. But what possible use they have for these
organs, in the situation they occupy, it is impossible to say ;

358 TNSECTi} IXFESTfNG DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

and moreover, without nerves, of which there are l)ut mere
traces, these organs would he entirely useless, even if they
were in the light. That they do possess eye-like spots at a
certain stage of their life is true ; but there is nothing to show
that these are organs of sight or eyes in. any true sense. What
this author considers the heart and circulatory system is prob-
ably the water vascular system, found in these and all other
animals belonging to this class, which is supposed b}'^ many to
represent the respiratory system in the higher grades. He
also supposes that the eggs or spores, after being cast off, re-
main undeveloped until taken into the stomach Vn' the siieep
with its food, which, as will be seen, is an error.

" The species belonging to this order vary consideraljly in
their transformations and habits, some passing through a cycle
of six forms, while others present only three or four. ^?ome
infest the liver or hepatic ducts of vertebrates; others infest
the intestines of birds and batrachians,'the gills of fishes or
paunch of ruminants, while others are found imbedded in the
vitreous humour and lens of the eyes of certain fresh water
fishes, such as the perch.

" The cycle of changes through which the liver Huke of the
sheep passes has not been fully traced, but the life-history of
Distoina inilitare, another species of the same genus, which in-
habits the intestines of water-birds, has been nearly completely
traced and from it we may, with wliat we know of the life
of the liver fluke, form a somewhat correct idea of the history
of its transformations.

"This species, as stated, in its perfect or mature state, re-
sides in the intestines of certain water-birds. The ova or
spore-like eggs which it produces are few, some eight or ten in
number. From each egg issues a ciliated larva, which still
retains something of the character of an egg, although active,
as there is an outer envelope in wliich is the n'al animal, oi' in
whicli it developes, its history at this point of its life being yet
imperfectly known. From this egg-like larva i)roceeils the
secontl larva form, whieh is known as a Redia. Its mode of
development in this form is not fully known. It is now found
attached usually to the body of some water-snail ( Paludind),
the cilia of the first laiva having now disappeared. When the

INSECTS INFESTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 359

Redid, ov second lava form, has acquired its complete growth,
it is somewhat of an arrow-head shape, consisting of a sac,
within wliich is suspended a tubular bag containing colored
masses, which Huxley supposes are alimentary. The head is
represented by a kind of a crown, and near the other extrem-
ity are two hxteral projections. In the l)ody cavity, external
to the tabular sac, vesicles now appear, which rapidly increase
and assume the form of Cercarise, the name given to the third
larval stage. The Redia now bursts and these new zooids
escape. The multij)lication at an intermediate and incomplete
stage (before sexual characters have appeared) is very remark-
aljle and introduces to our view a strange feature in animal
life.

" The Cerraria resembles a peanut, with a slender tail attached
to one end ; it also has lateral membraneous attachments, by
means of which it swims after the manner of a tadpole. After
swimming free for a certain length of time, it finally fixes itself
upon and usually bores its way into the body of a water-snail
or some other mollusk. The tail then drops oft' and the body
incloses itself in a cyst. The coronal booklets of the perfect
form now appear. It now remains quiescent, unal)le to devel-
op further in its present situation, awaiting for some water-
bird to swallow the mollusk in which it is imbedded. As soon
as this is done and the cyst is set free in the alimentary canal
of the bird, further development begins and the complete or
Distoma form is assumed. The body elongates and narrows
anteriorly, the suckers move nearer the head and the circle of
booklets being complete, it attaches itself by these to the walls
of the intestine. Such is the strange life history of this intes-
tinal worm ; and although that of the liver fiuke nuiy vary
in some respects, yet it is doubtless similar in a general sense.

" The following outline, given in my address before the Illi-
nois Wool-growers Association, September 20, 1877, is prob-
ably substantially correct :

' They produce a kind of spore, or egg, but its subsequent
progress, so far as it is at present known, presents one of those
singular life histories occasionally met with in the lower order
of animals. In some way, not well understood, this egg or
germ spore makes its way to the external world ; its history

360 INSECTS INFESTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

from this time until it is hatched is unknown, Ijut moisture in
some form is probabh^ necessary to its development. It is
next found in the body of some mollusk, as the snail, or some
aquatic insect, where its form is so different from that of its
after-life that it was long considered as appertaining to an
entirely different group of animals. From these, in some way
not yet ascertained, it passes into the sheep. It ]>robably
escapes from the mollusk or insect to herbage in moist places,
or water, and is taken into the stomach of the sheep with its
food or drink, and passes through the lacteals, and makes its
way into the ducts of the liver.

' As sheep do not feed on mollusks as the water-birds do, it
is ditlicult to imagine how the cercaria, if it becomes encysted
in tlic body of the mollusk, makes its way into the stomach of
the sheep. It is possible this may be explained in one of two
ways. First, as has been stated above, the cercaria is for a
time a free swimmer, and hence may be taken into the
stomach when drinking, or attached to herbage in damp
places. Second, it has been ascertained by Van Beneden that
some species of this group pass to the mature state directly
from the redia stage without undergoing the intermediate or
cercaria stage ; as these are free they may be taken into the
stomach in water or on damp herbage.

' As before stated, these internal parasites are supposed to be
the cause of rot in sheep, though many persons are inclined
to believe they are a consequence rather than a cause of
disease. Hut all appear to agree that this disease is connected
with the condition of the soil, or the state of weather, moisture
being the element most likely to produce it. This corre-
sponds exactly with the theory of its life history which I have
presented, and indicates the best means of preventing it, to
wit : Give them well-drained, o\n'\\. airy pastures, and proper
protection in damp and rainy seasons. It is more probable
the condition of sheep is often attributed to this disease, wlien
it is due to other causes.' "

INSECTS INFHSTING THE APIARY.

The Bee Moth (Galkria cereann) Chap. 250

CHAPTER CCL.

The Bee Moth. (Cal.)

(Galleria cerennn. — Fabricius.)

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Pyralid.e.

[Living in silken tubes in bee-hives, and feeding upon the
wax and young bees ; a small grayish worm.]

Fig. 368.

Fig. 368. — Bee Moth ; r/, the worm or caterpillar — color, ash
gray ; c, the pupa — color, brown ; d, the moth, with its wings
expanded ; e, the same, with its wings closed — colors, gray and
brown ; b, the cocoon — color, whitish.

This is by far the worst enemy with which the bee-keeper
has to contend. The female moth, if prevented from entering
the hive, will deposit her eggs in cracks or any opening in the
hives. As soon as hatched, the young worm (Fig. 368a) enters
the hive, and at once protects itself by spinning around its
body a silken tube ; as it increases in size it enlarges the tube,
feeding the meanwhile upon the wax and young bees. When
24

362 MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS.

fully grown, it creeps into some corner of the hive, or into
some other sheltered place, and spins a tough white cocoon
(Fig. 3686), intermingled with its own black excrements.
The perfect moth (Fig. 368, d and e,) has dusky gray fore-
wings, which are scalloped at the outer end, and are sprinkled
and dotted with brown.
Remedy. — Use No. 122.

MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS.

CHAPTER CCLI.

What are they, Friends or Enemies?

At various times during the last two years, I have received
specimens of insects reported to be feeding upon fruits, and I
refer to some of them as follows :

Fig. 369.— Larva of Lace-winged Fly — color, gray. Fig. 369.

1st. Mr. Scott, residing near this city (Sacra- ^iuk

mento), brought me some ripe peaches in which "-^^s^
were small insects, eating in holes made through y^^^^
the skin of the fruit. The holes were less than one ra
line in diameter, and from two to four lines in depth. ^

By removing the insects from the holes in the fruit,
I found that the supposed new pest was the larva of a Chrys-
opa (Fig. 869) or lace-winged fly. That they were feeding
ii]»oii tlic fruit is beyond question; Wut i)rol)ably the open-
ing liad been made by a species of plant-bug, or by the striped
cucumber beetle (D. cittata), which infested the trees. I could
not find any plant-lice on the trees, therefore the larva of the
Chrysopa may have entered the punctures made by some other
insect to feed upon the fruit.

2d. I have also received specimens of a species of lady-
bird, said to attack cherries when ripe. It is the Cocci nella
■')-n()t(ifa var. ('alifor)rira. (Fig. 370, Plate 4.)

MLSCELLANEOUS [NSECTS. 363

Description: Form, ovate ; length, three lines ; color, head
black, with two white dots ; thorax black, with a white mark
on each -anterior angle ; wing-cases, light orange, with a minute
white mark at each side of the scutellum.

In answer to inquiries made by me, Mr. A. P. Crane, a prom-
inent fruit grower at San Lorenzo, Alameda County, writes as
follows, under date of June 12, 1883 :

" Dear Sir : Yours of the ninth instant came to hand last
evening. I send you specimens of lady-bird by this mail.
They troubled our Black Tartai'ian Cherries some years ago.
We allowed the fruit to become too ripe before picking, and the
species I send you destroyed considerable. I have not noticed
them to be so plentiful in three or four years past as they are
this year (1883), but they are not doing any harm as yet that
I can observe. Last Wednesday, while looking through our
apple orchard, I found a large number of these lady-birds
devouring the woolly aphis. This morning, in looking for
these specimens which I send you, I could not find any on the
trees near the house, neither any aphis, but found the lady-
birds on boxes containing cherries. The lady -birds are often
observed feeding upon ripe apricots, but some growers think
that the striped or spotted Diahrotica first punctures the fruit
before the lady-bird will touch it. I believe the lady-birds
will puncture and eat the fruit, if it is soft and ripe.

"A. P. Crane."

3d. Mr. Welty, whose orchard is located on the Sacramento
River, a few miles below this city (Sacramento), brought me a
specimen of a sand wasp, belonging to the genus Prioeneinis.
(Fig. 371, Plate 4.)

Description ; Length, nearly one inch ; color, body black,
with bluish or greenish shades ; wings, brick-red, with black tips.

Mr. Welty states that these insects have destroyed the crop
of twelve peach trees (variety, "Alexander,") for two years in
succession — 1881 and 1882. As soon as the fruit begins to get
ripe, these pests attack it in such numbers as would destroy
the entire crop if not picked before it is ripe. He also states
that the other varieties of peaches are not attacked by this
species.

304 MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS.

4th. Hpccimons of peach branches were brought mc by Mr.
Dye, of Wahiut Grove, in this county (Sacramento). On each
branch were three or four mud nests (Fig. 372, Plate 4,) each
one containing a hirva feeding upon a species of small spider
placed in the nest by the parent insect. They were placed in
boxes. The wasps did not mature entirely, but nearly com-
pleted their changes. One of the nests produced a golden-
green fly, belonging to the Chrysididse — a beautiful specimen.

Description : Length of body, nearly four lines ; color,
ultramarine-blue ; ovipositor, blackish ; wings, hyaline (trans-
parent).

I do not think that this insect is injurious to fruit.

5th. Bees. — A great difference of opinion exists among fruit-
growers as to whether bees attack fruit and grapes. Some
growers make positive assertion that they do attack fruit and
grapes, while others are equally positive that they do not until
the fruit or grapes are punctured by other insects, such as
plant-bugs, wasps, etc.

In my investigations, I found an orchard and vineyard
located at least two miles from any other orchard or vineyard.
In this place are kept a large number of bee-hives. The owner
informs me that his grapes are used for making wines, and
that the bees do not touch them until the picking of the grapes
commences ; then they feed upon the broken berries and such
as are attacked by other insects ; also, that they do not attack
the fruit until it is punctured by other insects. My informant
gives this as the result of many years "experience.

Fiff 373 -^^S" ^^^' — ^Icipstmus Jccontei; ventral and

-W- V (dorsal views — color, black.

:M\ ^ 6th. In 1882, Mr. R. B. Blowers, of Wood-
' ™ land, sent me specimens of a small dark-colored
beetle (Fig. 373), al)()ut one third of an inch in length, found
in some vineyards near AVoodland, feeding ui:)on the leaves
and young growth of grapevines. I ascertained them to be
Blapstinuis lecontei. This species had not been reported as being
injurious heretofore. It belongs to the same family as the
following species — Tcncbrionida'.

MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS. m5

Fig. 374. — Eleode>i quadrkoUU — color, black. Fig. 374.

7th. Early in July, 1888, I received from
J. \\. Minturn, of Madera, Fresno County,
specimens of a black beetle (Fig. 874) — the
Eleodea quadrkollix of Leconte — about three
fourths of an incli in length, reported to be
feeding upon the foliage of grapevines. As
this species is considered harmless,! doubted
that the damage to grapevines was done by
it, and wrote, asking that full investigation be made, to learn
if the damage was not done by some other species of insect,
and received the following answer, dated July 18th : '' T have
received your letter, and herewith return answer. As to those
beetles eating the foliage of the vines, it is simply solved
beyond any doubt, as far as I am concerned ; and it is more
than probable that a majority of men would be quite satisfied
on this point, had they been up the greater part of ten nights
and seen on each vine that they came to from two to a dozen
of these beetles, besides thousands of them on the ground
over an area of one hundred acres. If further proof is required,
I think the destruction of thirty-five acres within the above
named time (there being no other insects, or rabbits, or
squirrels to be found) would have the tendency of convincing
any person. They have also appeared in some alfalfa fields,
and I am informed by a gentleman lately returned from the
Tejon Pass, that there they are in such numljers that they
have completely devoured ever}^ green thing. Those that
passed over my vineyard were traveling from east to west.

" P. S. The gentleman above referred to tells me that the
Mexicans over there say these beetles precede a very heavy
winter, and that they have been seen in the same numbers
many times before."

In reply to further inquiries, the folloAving letter was received,
dated July 27th :

" The beetles, as nearly as I can remember, first came about
the 5th of July ; within three days they had damaged some
ten acres, and were evidently rapidly on the increase at this
time. About the 8th or 9th inst. I discovered them at night.
Until that time I had been at a loss to know what was eating

366 MfSCELLANEOUS rNSECTS.

my vines, as I had a rabbit-proof fence around my field of 1()U
acres, which is looked after each day. As far as I know, they
had not paired during the period that they were here, though
during the day they seek the shade of clods of earth, holes in
the checks, under some water gates that connect the checks,
and in these places large numbers seem to congregate. For
instance, this afternoon my brother turned up a couple of
clods, each say four or five inches in diameter, and under
them was at least sixty or seventy beetles. The greater part
of the beetles have disappeared ; whether they have died or
migrated I cannot be sure, but think the latter, for if they had
died in such numbers I think I should ]iav(> discovered them.
In a slough that is used as a water channel there are pools of
water somewhat stagnant, and at some of these I found thou-
sands of dead beetles — still not anything like enough to ac-
count for the disappearance of the army that was here."

I sent a specimen of this beetle to Prof. Riley for determi-
nation, but he being absent the specimen was referred to Prof.
E. A. Schwarz, who rcjjlied as follows, under date of August
7th:

"The tenel)rionid you send, and which has destroyi'd thirty-
five acres of grapevines, is Eleodcs (juadric()lli>i — Lee. ; a very
common species in the more northern ])art of your State. The
species of that genus so numerous and al)un(lant in the region
west of the Rocky Mountains are all known to feed upon
decaying vegetable matter, and none have hitherto been re-
ported as doing damage to cultivated plants. In fact your
communication, if correct, would indicate a change of habit
hitherto unprecedented in the history of economic entomol-
ogy ; and unless furtlici- pi-ool' he brought forth. I can hardly
believe that the species referred to is the real author of the
damage to grapevines.''

Sth. Ants. — Since the S})ring of ISSI. occasionally some
fruit-growers would report that the ants were among tlie insect
friends of the fruit-growers. In llSSl, the late .lames R. Saul,
of Oak Shade Orchard, Yolo C\»unty, wrote me that in his
investigation he disco-vered that he was losing some larva> of
the codlin moth, and could not account for the loss. The
lai'vie wci-c taken from the ap[)K's and pears hefori- tlu'V had

MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS. 367

attacked tlio seed-bag, or core of the fruit. I visited the
orchard, at his request, but could not fathom the mystery. A
few weeks afterward Mr. Saul wrote me that he had detected
the thief. That the larvae were taken from the fruit hy ants.
I wrote liim to write a letter on the discovery, and I would
have it published ; but the letter was not written before his
sudden illness and death, which took place a short time after-
ward. In 1882, in company with Mr. C. W. Reed, of Wash-
ington, Yolo County, I witnessed the ants taking the larvae of
the codlin moth from pears ; also carrying away larvte placed
on leaves. It is generally understood that the larvte of the
codlin moth generally leaves the apple by eating a burrow in
a different direction from the one by which it had entered the
fruit. In noticing the absence of the larva^ without finding
the burrow for its escape, was what caused the investigation
by Mr. Saul. Since that time I have detected the presence of
the apple curculio, which may account for some such holes in
apples, since the curculio does not attack the seed.

REMEDIES

REMEDY NO. 1.

To mix sulphur with whale oil soap or home made soft soap :

Boil the sulphur in w^ater for ten or fifteen minutes (if con-
centrated lye or other formulas are to Ije added they should be
dissolved in water and added when the sulphur and water are
boiled the required time, and allowed to boil for five minutes) ;
then add the soap.

Example. — To mix 10 lbs. of w^hale oil soap, 3 lbs. of sulphur
and 1 lb. of No. 11, or 12, or 13 in 18 gallons of water. Boil
say four gallons of v.'ater ; then add the sulphur and boil ten
or fifteen minutes (the lye compound, Nos. 11, 12 or 13,
should be dissolved in one gallon of water), then add the lye
and boil for five minutes. The soap is then added and allowed
to boil five minutes. When the mixture is boiled together as
directed, it may be placed in a barrel, thirteen gallons of water
added, and it is then ready for use. It should be applied to
the trees at a temperature of 130° Fahrenheit.

All mixtures with sulphur should be made at least one
week before using ; the longer it is kept the more fetid it
becomes — therefore, the more efficient.

REMEDY NO. 2.

Concentrated lye (American Lye Co. brand). The follow-
ing analysis is given by Prof. Hilgard, of the State University
of California : Caustic potash, 8.3 ; caustic soda and some
carbonate of soda, 91.7 — 100.0. Taking the concentrated lye
as a basis, one pound of the above brand dissolved in one
gallon of water (tested l>y an alkalimeter for heavy liquids)

REMEDIES. 369

gives : density, 1074 ; alkaliiiit'tLT, 10. Cost per case of 48
lbs., $4.50, or about 9^ cents per pound.

Cost of caustic soda (English), in drums, 5-^ cents per pound ;
commercial potash, in drums, 9 cents per pound.

Formula No. 1.

One pound of caustic soda (Eng.)

Two ounces of commercial potash (^ pound).

Dissolved in one gallon of water (tested with the alkali-
meter, as above) : density, 1090; alkalimeter, 12.

This formuhi produces a solution of a higher density than
the concentrated, lye at a cost of

42f pounds of caustic soda, at 5^ cts., $2.35.

5^ pounds of commercial potash, at 9 cts., .48 — Total, $2.83.
(Less than six cents per pound.)

Formula No. 2.

One pound of caustic soda (Eng.)

Four ounces commercial potash (^ pound).

Dissolved in one gallon of water (tested with alkalimeter as
above) : density, 1094 ; alkalimeter, 12^.

38:^ pounds caustic soda (Eng.) at 5 cts., $2.12.

^\ pounds commercial potash, at 9 cts., .85^ — $2.97^. (Less
than 65 cts. per pound.)

This formula produces a solution of a higher density than
either of the above, and is not only a superior insecticide, but
a richer source of fertilization for the tree.

Note. — The data from the alkalimeter is merely given to
show the difference in density as indicated by one instrument.

To dissolve the above material thoroughly the time required
is about forty-eight hours ; use boiling water. To make a
certain quantity of No. 12, one ninth of the total weight of
material required is potash and eight ninths caustic soda.

Example. — To make forty-five gallons of solution No. 12
(one pound to each gallon of water) it requires forty-five
pounds of material (i. e., caustic soda and potash); ^ of 45
pounds equals 5 pounds of potash ; | of 45 pounds equals 40
pounds, giving 5 pounds potash and 40 pounds caustic soda
in 45 pounds of the mixture.

370

REMEDIES.

To make 45 pounds of Xo. lo, one fifth of the total weifrht
should be potash and four fifths caustic soda.

Example. — -g^ of 4o pounds equals 9 pounds ; f of 4') pounds
equals 36 pounds, giving 1> pounds of potash and 36 jtounds
of caustic soda in 45 pounds of the mixture.

As many fruit-growers are not acquainted with the use of
the alkalimeter, and mistakes are liable to occur in the use of
the alkaline solutions, I recommend the following simple test
which will at least be a partial protection against the use of
solutions of sufficient density to injure the tree, or, on the
contrary, deficient in density to give the result required :

Figr. 375. Fig. 375 represents an egg

(hen's egg). The circular
lines marked i, 2., 3 and 4 are
intended to show gauges of
density of the solutions.

In all cases the solution must
he thoroughh/ stirred from the
bottom of the vessel in uhich it
!■•< dissolved, before testiiKj or
t (I Ling away any portion of it
to use 0?? trees, etc.

A\'hen the mixture is thor-
oughly dissolved, stir well,
and then test the density by
l)iacing in the solution the
hen's egg. (In all tests of this
kind the egg used should not l)e more than twenty-four hours
laid, and as near to a globular form as possible.) If the
surface of the egg above the solution is more than the size of
No. 4. the solution is too strong for use. This can be reduced
to 'S^ by adding water. If the surface of the egg above the
solution is equal to No. 3^ it is just the right strength, and equal
to Remedy No. 12. If the surface of the egg above the solution
is the size of No. 3, it is equal to Remedy No. 11. If the egg
just floats or shows a speck above the solution the size of No.
H, it is equal to one pound of Remedy No. 12 to 1^ gallons of
water. In lye made from wood ashes the egg will just float in
a solution equal to one pound of lye to one and one quarter

REMEDIES. 371

gallons of water. Space above water equal to 3| represents
one pound of lye to each gallon of water.

The above tests should be made with the solution at a tem-
perature of m° Fahrenheit. Should any fruit grower wish to
get an alkalimeter, I will have one that is properly adjusted
forwarded to liim on receipt of one dollar.

REMEDY NO. 3.

Home made soft soap, made with lye leached from wood
ashes. One pound to each gallon of water used. Apply at a
temperature of 130° Fahr.

Note 1. — To mix with sulphur see No. 1.

Not?: 2. — In making soft soap, if one ounce of glycerine is
added to ench gallon of soap, it will make an excellent insec-
ticide.

REMEDY NO. 4.

Whale oil soap (residue from bleaching whale oil and sold
by Allyne & White, Nos. 112 and 114 Front street, San Fran-
cisco, in barrels, about 3| cents or 4 cents per pound), one
pound to each gallon of water used. Apply at a temperature
of 130° Fahr.

Note. — See Chapter IX.

REMEDY NO. 5.

One pound of whale oil soap and ^ of a pound of sulphur;
mix as directed in Remedy No. 1. One pound of this mixture
to each gallon of water used. Apply at a temperature of 130°
Fahr.

Note 1. — The weight of the soap and sulphur used in mak-
ing this solution must be added together in computing the
quantity of water required.

Note 2. — To procure ge-nuine whale oil soap, see Remedy
No. 4.

372 REMEDIES.

Rp]MEDY NO. r,.

One jjouiid of whale oil f^oup ; one third of a pound of ^m\-
phur ; one and one half ounces of Nos. 1 1 and 12 ; mix as de-
scribed in Remedy No. 1. One pound of this mixture to each
gallon of water used, and apply at a temperature of 130° Fahr.

See notes in No. 5.

REMEDY NO. 7.

One pound of the whale oil soap and sulphur mixture to
each gallon of water used. (This mixture is manufactured and
for sale by Allyne & White, Nos. 112 and 114 Front street,
SanFrancis CO.) Apply at a temperature of 130° Fahr.

REMEDY NO. 8.

One pound of whale oil and paraffine soap to two gallons of
water. Spray thoroughly. (Manufactured and sold by Allyne
it White, Nos. 112 and 114 Front street, San Francisco.)

Note. — Paraffine can be substituted for coal oil in Remedy
No. 44 ; see also No. 77.

REMEDY NO. y.

Boil thirty pounds of tobacco leaves in thirty gallons of
water, and apply at a temperature of 130° Fahr.

Note. — Every fruit-grower should grow a small patch of
tobacco upon his premises. Mr. Ellwood Cooper, of Santa
Barbara, grows all the tobacco he requires for insecticides, at a
cost of about two cents per pound. Refuse tobacco can be
bought at cigar manufactories, or nicotine of tobacco at Leibes
Bros., Nos. 14 and 16 Fremont street, near Market, San Fran-
cisco.

See Remedv No. 123.

REMEDIES. 373

REMEDY NO. 10.

Boil six pounds of arsenic in sixty gallons of water (or one
pound of arsenic to ten gallons of water) until the arsenic is
dissolved ; when ready to use. add ninety gallons of water,
making one hundred and fifty gallons in all, or one pound of
arsenic to twenty-five gallons of water. (Spray the foliage.)
One or two pounds of potash dissolved and hoiled in water
before putting in the arsenic, will make the arsenic dissolve
quicker. For every one pound of potash used, five gallons of
water can be added.

Note. — In cases where trees or vines are seriously infested
by canker-worms, beetles, etc., and the prospects of a crop
ruined, use No. 10, or No. 89. Thorough spraying will effec-
tually destroy them. Care should be taken that this applica-
tion should not be put on trees that the fruit is to be used for
food in any way, as it is dangerous to those eating the fruit.
Only use this remedy when all other means fail. See Reme-
dies No. 22 and No. 123. Great care should be taken to keep
children away from where this solution is prepared or used.

See Remedy No. 123.

REMEDY NO. 11.

One pound of American concentrated lye to each gallon of
water used.

See Remedy No. 2.

REMEDY NO. 12.

One pound of caustic soda (Eng. brand) and two ounces of
common potash.

Note. — The weight of caustic soda and potash used in mak-
ing this solution must be added together in computing the
quantity of water required.

See Remedy No. 2, directions for preparing solutions, and
No. 123 ; or lye made from wood ashes ; should be boiled until
it will float a hen's egg when cool. If the surface of the shell

374 REMEDIES.

above the liquid is of a larger size than a silver three cent
piece, or ring No. 2, Fig. 375, reduce with water to that gauge ;
then add one quart of water for ever}' three quarts of lye ;
apply to trees when dormant. (This equals No. 12).

REMEDY NO. 13.

One pound of caustic soda (Eng. brand) and four ounces of
common potash. (8ee note No. 12.)

See Remedy No. 2, directions for preparing solutions, and
No. 123.

REMEDY NO. 14.
[Remedy for cottony grape scale. No. 14 should be No. 11.]

Where tiie caterpillars infesting trees or vines are large (two
and a half inches in length and upwards) and do not live in
colonies, they can readily be destroyed by cutting in two with
a pair of scissors. This is preferable to hand-picking.

See Remedy No. 100 and No. 101.

REMEDY NO. 15.

All parings and other debris made l>y preparing apples,
pears, etc., for drying, should be scalded or burned so as to
destroy the larvre they contain.

See Remedy No. 16.

REMEDY NO. 16.

Early in Winter, destroy by l)urning or scalding, all peach
pits, apricot pits, etc.. also the pearings, etc., left from drying
fruit that has accumulated around the orchard and store-
houses, as the larva> hibernate in such material.

See Remedv No. 15.

REMEDIES. 375

REMEDY NO. 17.

In store-rooms, packing-rooms, etc., infested by the dried-
fruit moths, put shelves across the windows and dust them
over with buhach ; renew the powder at least every second
day, but better results will be obtained by renewing it daily.

REMEDY NO. 18.

For cleaning dried fruit infested by the larvae of the dried-
fruit moth, various methods are used ; some place the fruit in
ovens, others scald it. A practical plan used by extensive
dealers, especially when the infested fruit is in sacks or boxes
that are not moth-proof, is as follows : A cylinder about
twelve feet in length, constructed of two circular ends eighteen
inches in diameter, on which are nailed strips of wood twelve
feet long, two inches wide and nearly one inch thick ; between
the strips an opening of about three eights of an inch is left
(the openings at the lower end are large enough to let the
fruit pass through). The cylinder is placed on a frame, one
end of which is a few inches lower than the other end ; it rests
on a central shaft, to one end of which is attached a crank, by
whi(;h the cylinder is turned around. The fruit is j^laced in
the cylinder through an opening at the higher end ; by turn-
ing the cylinder the worms (larvffi) are shaken out of the fruit
and fall through the openings between the slats. The excre-
ments and webs of the worms is also cleaned oflf' of the fruit.
All larvae taken out of fruit in this way should be destroyed by
scalding, or otherwise.

REMEDY NO. 19.

Ten pounds of fine sulphur and one pound of buhach ; mix
thoroughly and apj)ly with a sulphur duster after sunset. Or
if the vines are not in bearing, and the attack is not of a
serious nature, use No. 103, or No. 10, or No. 89. Read No.
123 carefully.

Note. — The sulphur, if applied with buhach, will prevent
mildew.

376 REMEDIES.

REMEDY XO. 20.

In orchards, vineyards, vegetable gardens, etc., grasses,
weeds, and rubbish of every kind, including fallen leaves,
should be carefully gathered off of the ground from around
fences and buildings and burned earh' in the Fall, thus depriv-
ing the insects of a shelter wherein to hibernate ; and the
ground should be kept entirely clean of weeds, such as purs-
lane, etc., in the Spring and Summer seasons. All grasses
and weeds growing on the banks of sloughs, water ditches, etc.,
in or around orchards, vineyards, etc., should be burned, or
other^dse destroyed.

See Remedy No. 32, A and B.

REMEDY NO. 21.

A smooth bark, free from moss, etc., on fruit trees, grape-
vines, etc., is an imperative necessity in a warfare against
insect pests. This can be effected by scraping and ueing alka-
line washes, such as Nos. 11, 12 or 13, when the tree is dor-
mant ; or Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 in Summer. In all cases the
scrapings should be burned.

Read Remedies Nos. 35, 123 and 124 carefully.

REMEDY NO. 22.

Early in the month of October wrap a band of thick paper
(the thickness of medium building paper), from six to eight
inches wide, around the base of the trunk of the tree close to
the ground, and fasten by a piece of baling rope passed around
about the center of the band ; gather or mound the earth
around the band below the rope. This is to prevent the wing-
less female from depositing her eggs on the tree, under or
below the band. Take some coal tar and spread on the upper
part of the band, above the rope — two inches wide is suffi-
cient. A little castor oil mixed in the tar will prevent it from
hardening as rapidily as if only tar is used. The tar should

REMEDIES. 377

be renewed every two or three days, as it is necessary to keep
it moist to prevent the females from passing over it. Such of
the females as will not go near the tar, and are prevented from
getting to tlie tree under the band, will deposit their eggs on
the band. The bands should be kept on the trees until the
apple trees begin to put forth their leaves, and should then be
taken off' and burned, ropes included.

Note. — There are at least three s]3ecies of canker worms in
orchards at the present time, and as the natural history of all
the species as regards dates of emerging from the ground is
not known, it is the safest plan to put on the bands early in
the season. Should the caterpillars appear on the trees, spray
thoroughly with No. 64 ; at the same time it would be well to
experiment with Nos. 83 and 85.

See Nos. 10, 89 and 103. Read No. 123 carefully.

REMEDY NO. 23.

Put around the tree, about two feet from the ground, a band
of cloth, such as muslin butter cloth ; cover with tallow after
it is placed on the tree, and put some lard over the tallow ; the
lard will keep soft and prevent caterpillars from passing over
it. When the caterpillars are swept off the tree they will creep
up the trunk again until they reach the greased band ; they
gather below the bands in large numbers, and can then be
destroyed by the use of clubs, etc.

See Chapter XXXIII. Read Remedies No. 35 and 124 care-
fully.

Note. — The caterpillars arc swept off the branches with
brooms.

REMEDY NO. 24.

A large number of varieties of deciduous fruit trees, vines
and plants are liable to be infested by the cateriiillars of various
species of moths, commonly known as "leaf-rollers." An
excellent remedy for preventing the spread of these pests is to
pick off" the rolled leaves as soon as noticed, and destroy them
25

378 REMEDTE8.

by burning or otherwise. This can be profitably done on young
trees and nursery stock. In some cases the insect fastens the
leaf to the branches, and hibernates in them throughout the
Winter. All such nests should be gathered off the trees in the
Winter season, and burned.

Read Remedies Nos. 35 and 124 carefully.

REMEDY XO. 25.

Cut off and burn all branches shoAving punctures, swellings,
etc., on vines, branches of trees, or stalks of any plant infested
by larvae, grubs, or beetles. This jiruning, combined with
Remedy No. 20, Avill ]in'vont tlic s))n':i(l of various s])eciep of
insects.

See Remedies Xos. 26, 27, 60, (•(; and 67.

REMEDY NO. 26.

Twig or l)rancli pruning. Twigs and branches of peach,
apricot, blackberry, raspberry, currant, etc., infested by the
larvae of moths or grubs of beetles ])oring into the new growth,
can be readily detected by their withered appearance, and
should be cut off and burned or otherwise disposed of; in tliis
manner the larvae or grubs are destroyed.

See Remedies Nos. 27, 28, 60, 66 and 67.

REMEDY NO. 27.

Branches and twigs of apple, apricot, peach, pear and olive
trees, grapevines, etc., infested by the burrowing beetles, or
twig-borers, P. confertus and B. hicaudatus, should be cut off
and burned. Great care should be taken to capture the beetles.
Remember, in these species it is the perfect insect that attacks
the trees.

See Remedies Nos. 25, 26, 28, 60, 66 and 67.

REMEDIES. 379

REMEDY NO. 28.

Branches and twigs of api>k', almond, apricol, |)luiii, etc.
infested by the eggs of the buffalo tree-hopper, or tree-eriekets,
or Cicadas, should be well cut out in pruning and the prunings
burned, and while the tree is dormant, thoroughly spray with
No. 12 or 13 — one pound to each gallon of water. In this
manner many of the eggs will be destroyed. Early in July
the branches should be sprayed with No. 5 or 7, to prevent the
female from depositing her eggs therein. No. 4 is also very
effective.

See Remedies Nos. 25, 26, 27, 60, m and 67.

REMEDY NO. 29.

The eggs of certain species of moths are laid in rings encir-
cling the new growth or branches ; in some species (as Fig. 54)
they partly encircle the branch. These rings of eggs are gen-
erally found on the branches of trees infested by the cater-
pillars of the moths the previous Spring.

To prevent the spread of such pests, immediately after the
foliage has fallen off' the trees the egg-rings should be col-
lected and destro3^ed by pouring boiling water on them or by
burning them. This work, if thoroughly done, will well repay
the fruit-grower. (See Chapter XXXIII.) This also includes
the eggs of the katy-did. (Chapter CXVIII.)

REMEDY NO. 30.

The egg-clusters of the tussock moth are generally found on
the top of cocoons from which the wingless females emerged,
and can readily be gathered and destroj-'ed by burning, etc.
The cocoons are found in the crotches and indents of trees in-
fested by the caterpillars the previous Summer.

380 REMEDIES.

REMEDY NO. 31

The nests of the tent caterpillars may be destroyed by hold-
ing a torch under them at a certain time of day when the cat-
erpillars are not feeding, and are gathered in their tent or nest ;
in this way the whole colony of caterpillars can be readily
destroyed. A torch such as is used in torchlight processions
is excellent for this work.

See Remedy No. 29, and read No. 85 and No. 124.

re:medy no. 32.

For efFectivc work the warfare against the grapevine-hop-
pers should be commenced early in the Fall season :

A. — By taking or scraping off all of the loose bark and thor-
oughly spraying the trunk of the vine Avith Remedy No. 51,
or 64, or 65 ; this will dislodge and destroy the insects, and at
the same time destroy the fungus spores on the vine. As soon
as this work is done, a flock of sheep should be placed in the
vineyard to eat the fallen leaves and keep down the growth of
alfilaria and grasses upon which the insects, such as may
escape, will feed on warm days. Grasses and weeds around
fences, etc., should be destroyed by burning or otherwise.

B. — The vines should be cleaned as directed in section A.
If sheep cannot be procured, the leaves should be raked in
rows between the vines, that the vine-hoppers may lodge in
them. When the leaves are perfectly dry, apply fire to the
rows in places not more than eight or ten feet apart. Before
lighting the fires the vines should be jarred, and the vine-hop-
pers around tlieni drove into tlie dry leaves. Tliis method is
very effective.

See Remedies Nos. 20, 33 and 106, A.

REMEDY NO. 33.

Mr. K. B. Blowers, of Woodland, Yolo County, California,
has succeeded in conquering the vine-hoppers this season, and
kindlv furnishes nic with the folluwin'j: information :

REMEDIES. 381

" The mixture is as follows : In a fifty gallon barrel put
thirty pounds of whale oil soap and fifteen pounds sulj^hur,
and mix it up thoroughly. Then add water until the barrel is
nearly full, and allow it to remain one day without anything
else being done to it, except stirring it two or three times.
The object of this is to allow the ingredients to be completely
blended together, so as to form one homogeneous mixture.
The next day take three pailfuls of this mixture and six of
water, or in that proportion, until a barrel is filled containing
forty or forty-five gallons. Then just previous to using add
three quarters of a pound of buhach, and mix it thoroughly.
After the addition of the buhach it should to be applied imme-
diately. The best manner of conveying it to the vineyard is
to place a barrel of it on a sled, so that it will not slop over.
Apply this mixture to the vines with a fountain spray pump.
Two men are necessary to do this successfully ; one man with
a spray pump on each side of the vine. The men should
stand about six feet from the vine when making the applica-
tion, and they should both apply the spray at the same mo-
ment. If they do not both make the application to the vine
at the same moment, the insects may some of them escape on
the opposite side of the vine from where the spray is applied.
This is certain to destroy ninety eight per cent of the insects
of any and every variety that may trouble vines or fruits or
flowers."

A few days later Mr. Blowers wrote me as follows :

"Woodland, June 3d, 1883.

" Dear Sir : The vine-hoppers were so plentiful this Spring
that they destroyed many of the leaves on my vines before
they were half-grown. Had I depended on my destroying the
eggs and young hoppers, my entire crop would have been
ruined. The cold weather being favorable, I commenced the
work of spraying as I wrote you in my last. The buhach
retained its power longer as the solution did not dry so
rapidly, the vines being small. I did not get over my entire
vineyard before the warm weather came, and I found it neces-
sary to stop spraying, as the sun would burn the leaves.

"The balance I have given a heavy dose of powdered

382 REMEDIES.

sulphur and buhach to kill the old hoppers, but sulphur
effectually destroys the eggs ; the buhach is death to the
young hoppers. All insects yielded to the effect of the spray,
the sphinx moth {P. nchcinon) included. Yours, etc.,

"R. B. Blowers.
" P. S. — The vineyard nc\'er looked ])etter."

I prefer mixing the whale-oil soap and sulpliur, as in
Remedy Xo. 1.

REMEDY XO. M.

An eflectiye way of destroying red and yellow spiders (or
mites) is to spray the foliage of the tree or \dne thoroughly
with Xo. 5 or No. 7, one pound to each five quarts, or one gal-
lon and one quarter of water used ; add one gallon of Xo. 9 to
every eight gallons as soon as the mites appear on the leaves.
The spraying should be repeated as often as they a])i)ear on
the foliage.

In cases where the tree or vine is bearing tender fruits, these
])ests can l)e prevented from s])r('ading by thoroughly drench-
ing the f(jliage with water.

Either of the above can be applied to nurser}' stock infested
by red or yellow si)iders (mites). When the tree is dormant
use Xo. S or 44 on the ova, and follow in twenty-four hours
with Xo. 1:5.

See Remedies Xo. 9 (in relation to tobacco), and also Xo. 20.

REMEDY XO. 85.

a. — K)0 pounds of bone dust.

b. — .")() pounds of commercial potash.

c. — 7o pounds of new lime (unslacked).

A. — Add to the potash just enough of water to liquify it (at
first one half gallon to ten pounds of potash, then add as re-
quired for forty-eight hours).

B. — Use just enough water to slack the linK-.

0. — Prepare enough of barrels or bins to hold thf whole ")25
pounds.

REMEDIES. 383

D. — Spread the bone dust on the floor.

E.— Dampen the bone dust thoroughly with the liquid pot-
ash, but be careful not to wet any part of it so tliat it will cake
(which spoils it) ; when thoroughly mixed, fill in barrels, etc.,
leaving about six inches on the top of each package to fill with
the lime.

F. — Let it remain in the barrels for ton days, then spread it
on the ground around the vines or trees, say four hundred
pounds per acre.

The above material, prepared as above described, makes an
excellent fertilizer. Where a large quantity is required, it can
be prepared in large bins.

G. — Use from 350 pounds to 500 pounds per acre, and even
1,000 pounds if the vines or trees are seriously infested.

H.— The combination of the potash and bone-dust produces
ammonia, which is absorbed by the lime placed on top.

I- — Fruit trees that have been infested by scale insects,
woolly-aphis, etc., can be greatly improved by the use of this
fertilizer.

Wood Ashes.

J- — Fruit-growers residing in the vicinity of any town or
city, or any place where wood ashes can be secured at a nomi-
nal cost, should collect every bushel available. The ashes
should be thoroughly dampened and mixed with an equal
quantity of bone-dust (bushel for bushel when dry), then
placed about three feet deep in a bin, or enclosure of some
kind, having the sides and bottom tight ; spread on top from
four to six inches of fresh slacked lime.

K.— If necessary, another layer of bone-dust and ashes, and
one of lime, may be placed on top of the first layers.

L.— Let it remain for three weeks, and an excellent fertilizer
will be obtained.

^I- — Apply on orchard or vineyard grounds when thoroughly
mixed.

Note.— In Sacramento several hundred bushels of ashes are
wasted daily, which could be collected at a very trifling cost.
Remember, the ashes should not be allowed to get wet before
being gathered, as it then becomes partly leached, thus
impairing its value.

384 RE\rEDIEf^.

Stdhlr Mdiivre.

As to the effect of stable manure, it may be approximated as
regards its utility as a fertilizer for orchard or vineyard pur-
poses. In some of the best authorities I find that one ton of
stable manure contains about four pounds of phosphoric acid,
eight to nine pounds of potash, and about eight pounds of
nitrogen (ammonia and nitric acid). Stable manure for agri-
cultural purpose is excellent, but for orchard or vineyard
pur])0ses it is deficient in restoring the ash constituents so
much rc(|uired l\v the trees. (See Remedy Xo. 124.)

I have briefly mentioned the available fertilizers, and the
necessity of their application to many of the orchards and
vineyards, especially those planted in California in what is
termed the "early days."

To restore the producing power of exhausted lands, to
strengthen and increase the growth of young orchards and
vineyards that are backward in producing a good growth, to
produce the highest yield from each and every acre planted.

Read No. 123 and No. 124.

REMEDY NO. M6.

Early in the Spring, or as soon as the insects ai)})car on the
plants or vines, place loose straw, hay, or other like
material, around or under plants or vines so that the insects
can take shelter at night; in the morning before sunrise
remove the material laid down and burn it.

I recommended this for the destruction of the false cliinch
bug on grapevines. The vine owner reported success, but he
sprinkled some coal oil on some straw which he placed on the
ground under the straw taken from around the vines, and in
this way prevented the insects from escaping into the ground
while the straw was burning, making the application a com-
plete success.

Clean cultivation. — See No. 20 and No. lUG, A.

Read No. 35, No. 123, and No. 124.

REMEDIES. 385

REMEDY NO. 37.

In all cases for preventing the spread of borers in fruit, orna-
mental or forest trees, the coating of the trunk and larger limbs
with soft soap, common bar soap, or whale oil soap and sul-
phur, will prevent the female from depositing her eggs on the
parts thus treated. Two pounds of soap to each gallon of
water used ; apply with a brush.

Trees infested with the larvae or grubs of borers, the bur-
rows should be searched for, and when found a wire should be
forced into the burrow, and in this way destroy the larva or
grub.

Wounds or sunburned patches on the bark of trees should
be dressed with some of the above soaps as soon as noticed.

Note. — Some persons cut out the grubs with a knife ; such
a method is not safe for the tree.

See No. 60, for borers in branches.

REMEDY NO. 38.

A. — Spread a sheet or cloth under the tree at night, when
the beetles are feeding ; by shaking the tree the beetles will
fall off, and can then be gathered off of the sheet or cloth and
destroyed. Some assert that early morning is the best time,
as the beetles are not inclined so much to fly. See Remedy
No. 102.

B. — For such beetles as feed upon the foliage in daytime,
the spreading of the sheet under the tree and shaking should
either be done after sunrise, or about noon. If the beetles in
either instance are numerous, dipping the sheet in coal oil will
destroy such beetles as may fall upon it.

REMEDY NO. 39.

Early in the Fall season dig a trench around the tree, uncov-
ering the roots : in the trench put two or three shovelfuls of
new lime if the tree is large, and less in proportion to smaller

386 REMEDIES.

trees ; add enough water to slack the lime, and cover up with
earth. The Winter rains will convey the lime around the
roots, and destroy the woolly aphis living upon them. Wood
ashes and lime mixed together make an excellent application
applied as above.

See Remedies Nos. 40, 41, 42, 43, 45 and 58.

REMEDY NO. 40.

Early in the Fall season dig a trench around the tree and
place in it dried tobacco leaves ; wot the leaves with a solu-
tion consisting of one pound of saltpetre, dissolved in three
gallons of water, and then cover the leaves with earth ; the
Winter rains will carry the tobacco water around the roots and
destroy the lice. Chimney soot makes an excellent mixture
with the tobacco and salt])etre.

See Remedies No. 9, in relation to tobacco ; Nos. 39, 41, 42,
43, 45 and 58. Read No. 47.

REMEDY NO. 41.

In a trench around the tree i)0ur water heated to a tempera-
ture of 130 degrees, in which is dissolved one i>ound of No. 12
or 13 to each gallon of water used. (Nos. 39 and 40 are i)ref-
erable to this.

It is claimed that hot water (say 130°) poured around the
roots, produce good results, but my experiments in using it
did not warrant any recommendation.

See Remedv No. 98.

REMEDY NO. 42.

Two pounds of home made soft soap to one and one half
gallons of water poured around the roots of nursery stock
(young apple trees), destroyed the woolly aphis, the earth be-
ing lirst cleaned away from the trees.

The roots of young apple trees should l»e dipped in one of
the above solutions before pl;lntin;_^

See No. 47 and No. 58.

REMEDIES. 387

REMEDY NO. 43.

Early in February the tree should be thoroughly scraped,
and the crotches and crevices cleaned out, and the limbs and
trunk thoroughly washed with No. 44, and if the trees ha\'e
been infested by the apple-leaf aphis (Aphis malifolia), wash
the branches also ; then, in twenty-four hours, wash or spray
with No. 11 or 12, using one gallon of water to each one pound
in weight of the mixture, or No. 18, one pound to each five
quarts of water used.

See also Remedv No. 77.

REMEDY NO. 44.

Dissolve two ounces of borax in four gallons of water ; the
borax may be dissolved in two quarts of water, and then add
enough water to make four gallons. To this add one quart of
any kind of animal oil (i. e., lard oil, neatsfoot oil, etc., but
whale oil is preferable), and one quart of coal oil; stir up
properly, and it is ready for use. See heading No. 77. Par-
affine may be used instead of coal oil, but only the best grades
of either should be used. See Remedy No. 44. Read Remedy
No. 47.

REMEDY NO. 45.

Young apple trees with roots infested by woolly aphis, should
be dug up and burned, as they will not mature healthy trees.
If 3^ou find any swellings or knotty excrescences on the roots
of nursery trees, do not buy them. See Remedy No. 47.

REMEDY NO. 46.

Young peach trees having swellings on the roots, will not
mature healthy trees. If such are offered at any price, no mat-
ter how low, do not buy them. See Remedy No. 47.

388 REMEDIES.

REMEDY NO. 47.

The greatest care should be taken in procuring nursery stock
that is not infested by woolly aphis, leaf aphis, scale insects,
etc. In all cases, before planting, deciduous fruit trees should
be dipped in No. 11 or 12 — one pound of the mixture to each
one gallon of water used ; or No. 13 — one pound to each 1^
gallons of Avater used, excepting the roots, which should be
dipped in No. 5 or 7 — one pound to each one gallon of water
used. See Remedy No. 45.

REMEDY NO. 48.

To prevent the spread of the black scale, soft orange scale,
red scale, cottony cushion scale, etc., on citrus trees, the branches
should be thinned out, to give free access to light and air, and
also to give an opportunity for thoroughly spraying. All
prunings taken from the infested trees should be immediately
burned.

REMEDY NO. 49.

The best season for destroying scale insects on citrus and
evergreen trees is when the young larvae are just hatched, and
are creeping over, the fruit, foliage, etc. Then apply No. 5 or
7, four pounds of the mixture to every five gallons of water
used, excepting for red scale, when one pound of the mixture
to each gallon of water used Avill be more effective. The sul-
phur is necessary for destroying the black smut or fungus.
The application should be repeated when the second brood of
larva? appears. Effective results have been obtained by using
No. 4. Care should be taken not to spray the trees in very
warm weather, or in the heat of the day, as it may cause some
of the foliage and fruit to fall off. But to get rid of the pests
some inconvenience must be expected. A])i)ly the above solu-
tions at a temperature of 130° Fahr.

See Remedv No. 77.

REMEDIES.

REMEDY NO. 50.

In January or February, make a strong brine of salt and
water, and spray the trees thoroughly ; repeat in two weeks.
This will denude the trees of foliage, but will effectually
destroy the red scale, etc. I have tried this, and found it an
excellent remedy, and the tree threw out a new growth of
leaves. To every six gallons of brine add one gallon of Xo.
18. This is the only effectual remedy for mealy-bugs on cit-
rus trees. As soon as the leaA^es have fallen, spray thoroughly
with No. 4, 5 or 7.

Read Remedv No. 52.

REMEDY NO. 51.

To thirty gallons of No. 9, add twenty pounds of No. 5 or
7, dissolved in twenty gallons of water. If convenient, add
one half pound of buhach by stirring it in the solution imme-
diately before application. If whale oil soap is not at hand,
or cannot be had, strong home made soft soap will do. See
Remedy No. 3. Spray thoroughly.

The application should be made and repeated when the
young larvse are moving. This remedy can be used to good
effect in Winter, on the vine-hopper. See Remedy No. 33.

Note. — In any case where this remedy should fail, use No.
44, or 77, or 8.

REMEDY NO. 52.

After spraying as directed in No. 51, a small trench should
be dug around the tree and filled with fresh slacked lime,
mixed with strong wood ashes, and allowed to remain
uncovered to prevent the insects falling on the ground, and
those under the surface of the ground from ascending the tree
(the Ume and ashes will also be useful as a fertilizer).

390 REMEDIES.

REMEDY NO. 0.3.

When the trees are dorinant, spray thoroughly with No. 11
or 12, one pound of the mixture to each gallon of water
used ; or Xo. lo, one pound of the mixture to each five quarts
of water used.

Read Remedy No. 123 carefully.

REMEDY NO. 54.

When the tree is in leaf use No. G, four pounds of the mix-
tiiic t(i each five gallons of water used; spray thoroughly.
This solution will not injure the foliage or fruit and will etl'ect-
ually destroy mildew and young scale insects, and prevent the
females of the codlin moth, curculios, etc., from depositing
their eggs on the fruit. The spraying should he repeated in
about two weeks. No. 5 or 7 may be used, one pound to each
gallon of water.

Note. — Pears on trees sprayed twice matured ten days
earlier than the pears that were not sprayed in the same orchard.

See Remedy No. 69, E.

REMEDY NO. 5.5.

Various remedies have been recommen<led for d(>stroying
wire worms. The following I consider the most practical, at
least on farm lands in California :

A. — In cases where garden flowers and plants, vegetable or
grass-plots are infested, cut [jotatoes in two or more pieces,
according to size, and cut out the cyt's ti> prevent tluiu from
growing. In each piece of potato stick a piece of rod or
})ointed stick; bury one or more pieces of potato near the
roots of the infested plants, one or two inches below the sur-
face of the ground. Examine every second day, and destroy
the larvie or grubs eating the ])otato. This has been tried in
this vicinity (Sacramento), and jtroved an excellent renicily.
A patch of ground that was so l)adly infested by wire-worms

REMEDIES. 391

that lettuce could not he. grown upon it, was cleaned in ten
days so that it yielded an excellent crop this season (1883).

For the protection of field crops, summer-fallow and clean
out the weeds. Applications of salt, soot, etc., have been rec-
ommended, but probably the most ])racticable for large tracts
is as follows :

Dr. Fitch quoted an article from an English pa})er reporting
the success of white mustard, which concluded as follows :

" I am therefore under strong persuasion that the wire-
worms may be successfully repelled and eradicated by care-
fully destroying all weeds and roots, and drilling white mus-
tard seed, and keeping the ground clean by hoeing."

The writer also adds that after the mustard crop he raised
the best crop of wheat he had in twenty-one years.

Some of our California farmers express a doubt in regard to
sowing mustard, and stating their fears that the remedy would
be as troublesome to get rid of as the disease. I am credibly
informed that such is not the fact.

The following is taken from the Special Report on Wire-
Worms, 1883, by Miss Eleanor A. Ormerod, F. M. S., Consult-
ing Entomologist of the Royal Agricultural Society of Eng-
land :

1. '■ It has been found by practical experience that the
growing and plowing of white mustard will get rid of the wire-
worm."

The following recommendations are reported by Miss
Ormerod :

" The use of mustard as a growing manure crop is not
sufficiently resorted to.

"Charles Caswell, Peterborough."

2. " Mustard sown thickly and allowed to grow to a con-
siderable height, and then plowed in, has been found to be a
good preventive, and at the same time adding considerably to
the fertility of the land. Right Hon. Earl of Porvis,

'' Per Adam Lee."

3. " Found mustard a good preventive, and sometimes the
only safe crop to sow where wire-worms prevailed.

" Right Hon. Viscount Portman,
" Per J. Forester."

I

892 REMEDTES.

4. " For fallow after clearing, sow rape or mustard seed,
about the end of July, tmd plow it under when about a foot or
eighteen inches higli. Jo Craio."

5. ■"The wire-worm has been known to disappear after a
crop of white mustard, of wliicli one linlf was eaten on the
ground by sheep. Joseph Paget."

6. " I have no doul)t of mustard being a good remedy where
it can be applied so as to plowed under for the crop.

"F. R. HULBERT."

7. " White mustard sown and allowed to stand until it
comes into flower, is a very useful preparation — where jDlowed
in and pressed — for all corn, and I think prevents the wire-
worm doing so much mischief. Joseph Addison."

8. "I have never known wire-worms troublesome after
mustard or vetches. ]M. Lock Blake."

The following remedies are also discussed in this valuable
report of Miss Omerod's :

Rolling and treading the land with sheep.

Salt and kainite.

Kainite.

Gas lime and alkali waste.

Gas tarwater.

Rape cake meal etc.

Hand-picking.

Application of sea-weed.

Rooks, etc.

The weight of testimony is in favor of mustard as a remedy,
and it is probabl}' the most practical for California.

REMEDY NO. 56.

Burn the stubble and loose straw, and all the weeds and
grasses in and around fields that were infested, and also the
surrounding fields. The burning should be done early in
Autumn. This will apply to the joint-worm, wheat aphis, etc.

See Remedies Nos. 20 and 106, A.

REMEDIES. 393

REMEDY XO. 57.

Fifty pounds of scrap iron thrown into a barrel containing
thirty gallons of water, twenty-fiye pounds of No. 11, 12 or 18,
and two pounds of sulphur, makes an excellent solution for
application to trees that are not healthy from the presence of
the scale insects, gum disease, etc. This mixture should be
allowed to stand fourteen daj^s, and be applied when the tree
is dormant. When the barrel is emptied of the liquid, fill
again with water, and add one half the amount of No. 11, 12
or 13 ; also of the sulphur. In fourteen days it will be ready
for use. Lye leached from wood ashes is excellent, but care
should be taken that it is not applied too strong ; test with the
egg, carrying one and a half. See Remed}^ No. 2.

REMEDY NO. 58.

Dig the earth from around the roots of the vine or bush,
and apply No. 4 or 3, four pounds of the mixture to each five
gallons of water used ; then fill the earth around the roots.
This should be applied in May, when the eggs of the scale
insects are hatching. If for woolly aphis, early in April.

See Remedy No. 59.

REMEDY NO. 59.

In Summer dig the earth from around the collar of the tree,
and apply No. 5 or 7, one pound of the mixture to each gal-
lon of water used ; repeat every four days, until the bark
begins to heal. If the tree is dormant, use No. 13, one pound
of the mixture to each five quarts of water used. This will
destroy any insect attacking the tree under the surface of the
ground, and also heal the bark destroyed by insects, alkali, or
from an}" other cause.

See Remedies Nos. 35, 123 and 124..

26

394 REMEDIES,

HKMKDV NO. CO.

As soon a.-:^ tlu' stfius iiri' noliccd beginning to witlier, cut
them out and destroy by burning. The currant bushes should
be sprayed thorouglily in the Spring, u.'^ing Xo. 5 or 7, one
pound to each gallon ul' water used. The top of the roots
should l)e thoroughly saturated. The spraying is to prevent
the females from dei)ositing their eggs on the wood.

See Remedies Nos. 2."), •!{>, 27, 2<S, (iO, Wi and (57.

REMEDY NO. Ol.

As soon as tlie larvae appear on the leaves spray or tlior-
oughly (h-fiicli the foliage with Xo. o or 7, four pounds of the
mi.xture io each live gallons of water used ; add one pound of
No. 11 or 12, dissolved in one gallon of water, to each eight
gallons of the former. The o])jeet is to destroy the eater[)illars
and the unhatched eggs. Or use X'^o. 6, one pound to each five
quarts of water used. See Xos. G3, (52 and ()5. Repeat the
spraying as often as the larvse appear.

Head Xos. 85, 128 and 124.

REMEDY XO. (.2.

If solutions cannot be readily procured when the larva> or
cater])ilhirs a])])ear on the leaves, l)uihl mounds of sand or
fine earlli around tlie tree. I^arly in the morning shake the
brandies and the cater])illars will fall oil' on the ground and
cannot get to the tree over the niomid. If material to make
projK'r mounds is not convenient, ]iut on bands as recom-
mended in Remedy Xo. 2;>. (This will not apjily to the pear-
slug as regards the shaking.)

Sec lU'nicdv Xo. ().",. Ivcad Remedv Xo. i)S.

REMEDY XO. (>8.

In case solutions cauui)! he liad when the slugs appear, line
dust of au\- kiuil ihrown on tliciii will |u-c\-(Mit tluMr maturiuir.

REMEDIES. 395

Sulphur and lime, mixed in the proportion of two pounds of
slacked Hme to one pound of sulphur, dusted on the foliage, is
an excellent remedy, hut disagreeahle for application.

REMEDY NO. iU.

Use No. 5 or 7, one pound to each two gallons of water
used ; or one pound of No. 8 or 4 to each one and one half
gallons of water used. Mix in solution, when ready to use,
one quarter of a pound of buhach to each ten gallons ; appli-
cation should be made in the cool of the evening; drench
thoroughly. This is especially applicable to plant-lice
(Aphis) on flowers and plants.

REMEDY NO. 65.

Use mixture No. 5 or 7, one pound to each gallon of water
used, and then add an equal quantity of No. 9 ; mix together
and spray thoroughly. Apply at a temperature of 130° Fahr.

See Remedy No. 61.

Note. — No. 6 may be used instead of No. 5 or 7.

REMEDY NO. m.

Cut out the infested canes early in the Spring and destroy
by burning before the beetles escape. Thorough pruning out
of infested canes will be necessary to prevent the spread of
the beetles, etc.

See Remedies Nos. 25, 26, 27, 28, 60 and 67.

REMEDY NO. 67.

Early in the Spring all branches of peach and other trees
on which the buds are infested by larva? or beetles, should be
pruned out and immediately burned, and also all new growth
showing signs of withering at the outer end, should be cut off

396

REMEDIES.

and l)UiiK'(l. This should be done thoroughly, as the safety of
the crop depends on the destruction of the earl\- broods.
See Remedies Nos. 25, 26, 27, 28, m and 6(5.

REMEDY NO. OS.

Where the plants are serioush' infested, dig out all infested
plants and burn them, and replace with plants not infested.
(In this case "an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of
cure.")

See Renu'dv Xu. 104.

ke:\ikdy xd. (io.

A. From observations it is evident that the destruction of
this pest must be consummated while it is in the caterpillar
state.

At any time between the first day of November and the first
day of March of each season, all the apple, pear and quince
trees, in any orchard infested by codlin moth, should be care-
fully scraped and all loose bark removed, as follows :

Fig. 376.

Provide some small ship scrapers
and grind two of the edges to a con-
cave curve (Fig. 376) so that they will
fit the trunk of the tree better than a
straight edge can (B and C, Fig. 376).
Scrapers having a length of side of
four inches will be large enough : use
handles to suit. Procure a cloth made
of old sacks, or any material conven-
ient; spread on the ground around
the tree as far as the scrapings are
likely to fall ; then commence on the
tree as far up as there is any rough
loose bark, and scrape it carefully off.
Also examine and scrape all crevices in the bark or those
foviiuMl in llie crotches of the tree. Continue scra[)ing until

REMEDIES. 397

you reach the ground. This done, gather the scrapings care-
fully off the cloth, so that they can be burned or otherwise
destroyed immediately.

Be careful that you do not neglect gathering carefully the
scrapings and destroying them, as on this point depends a
great deal of your success. By thus burning the debris taken
from the trees the larvte hibernating in the debris are de-
stroyed.

B. After having completed scraping off the loose bark, the
trunk and limbs should be thoroughly washed or sprayed
(providing the tree is only treated against the codlin moth).
If the woolly aphis or scale insects are present, the whole tree
should be sprayed with No. 11 or No. 12, one pound of either
mixture to each gallon of water used. If projjerly applied,
this will destroy any larvte on the tree, and also produce a
new smooth bark. See No. '11.

C. Not later than the 10th of May, bands should be placed
(.)n the trees as follows :

Cut old grain sacks or cloth in strips from six to eight inches
wide, and place a band on each tree near the ground. (It is
expected that the rough bark has been scraped off between
the band and the ground). The fastening cord or wire should
be as near the upper edge as possible, allowing the lower edge
to spread out from the tree, say a cpiarter of an inch or so.
Paper will do for bands, but cloth is preferable. Pieces of old
sack, oY rags, should be placed in the crotches. The larvae,
after leaving the fruit, when looking for a place in which to
pass their transformations, will hide under the bands on the
trees, or the rags in the crotches, and make their cocoons or
nests. The bands and material in the crotches should be
examined every seventh day, without fail, and all the larva^
found on them picked off and destroved.

D. Note. — Notwithstanding the fact that recommendations
have been made that it is not necessary to examine the bands,
etc., every seventh da}^, the following fact would seem to indicate
otherwise ; a larva which I caught changed to a pupa on the
2Sth of June, 1883, and the moth emerged from the pupa on
July 6th ; length of time spent in the pupa state, less than
eight davs.

398 REMEDIES.

E. — As soon as the apples or pears are formed (say the size
of marbles), spray the fruit and foliage with No. 6, four pounds
of the mixture to each five gallons of water used ; repeat the
spraying within twenty days. This will prevent the moth
from depositing her eggs on the young fruit, and also destroy
mildew and invigorate the tree.

F. Note. — Infested fruit should be picked off' of the tree
and destroyed by boiling, or otherwise. Fruit falling off" the
trees should be gathered daily, and all that is infested de-
stroyed.

G. — The spraying should be repeated at regular intervals to
protect late varieties of apples, pears, etc.

H. — By following the above directions in a thorough man-
ner, the codlin moth's ravages need not be feared. Half done
work will have but little effect.

See Remedy No. 54.

UKMKDV X(). 70.

All ('ni])ty fruit packages n-turned from market or iist'd in
shipping fruit in any manner, shouM be tlioroughly disinfected
before Iteing taken to the orchard, by dipi)ing in boiling water
containing one pound of mixture No. 18, or one jxHrnd of
commercial potasli to each twenty gallons of water used —
the packages to be left remaining in such solution at least two
minutes. If only boiling water is used, the package should
be kept in it at least tlii-ee minutes.

Note. — The necessity for the disinfection of return pack-
ages is l)eyond question. (See Chapter IV.)

REMP:1)V no. 71.

Empty fruit packages ki'])t in store from the previous year
should be thoroughly disinfected before the 1st day of April,
as recommended for return packages.

See Remedv No. 7U.

EEMEDIEti. 399

REMEDY NO. 72.

Fi'uit-liouses, store-rooms, etc., in which fruit is stored,
packed or sold, should be thoroughly cleaned in the month of
^larch of each year. In cases where they cannot be closed up,
as described in Chapter XII, page 89, a solution should be
made by saturing chloride of lime with coal oil, all that it will
take up, then thinning with water until it can be used with a
brush. All cracks, crevices, or seams in walls, skirtings, floors
etc., should be thoroughly saturated with this solution. This
will penetrate the cocoons or nests, and effectually destroy the
larvffi and pupa3 of the codlin moth.

8ee Remedy No. 75.

REMEDY NO. 78.

A. — A most effectual remedy to prevent cut-worms from
ascending a tree is to fasten a piece of tin or zinc around the
tree, just above the ground. It should be cut out in a circular
form, so that when placed on a tree it will be in the shape of
an inverted funnel. The caterpillar cannot creep over the
smooth surface of the tin. If the tin is not perfectly smooth,
it should be made wider.

B. — It is also an excellent trap to dig holes with peri)endic-
ular sides in the ground around the trees; the caterpillars
falling into the holes cannot get out until captured. Holes
made in the ground with a stick are sometimes used. They
may also be captured in the manner recommended in Remedy
No. 22.

C. — Cabbage leaves spread around the roots of plants in-
fested l)y cut-worms are excellent traps, as the pests take shel-
ter under the leaves and do not enter the ground. By exam-
ing the leaves in the morning the pest can be found and de-
stroyed.

T>. — I have been very successful in destroying cut-worms by
dusting, or applying in solution, Paris green, or London pur-
ple, or arsenic, on the lower side of cabbage leaves placed on
grounds infested by cut-worms, invariably finding all tluit had

40f) REMEDIES.

fed on the leaves dead. Where land is thoroughly cultivated,
the cabbage leaves spread over the ground, prepared as above,
is an excellent remedy ; but great care should be taken that
poultry, etc., be kept off of the grounds treated in this manner.
Poisons such as Paris green, London purple and arsenic should
be used only when all other remedies fail, and then the great-
est care should be taken to prevent any accident.

E. — Where plants are infested the cut-worm can be found
close to the plant, three or four inches l)elow the surface of the
ground. Early in the Spring, when the buds arc opening, the
.cut-worms can be jarred off of the trees upon a sheet ; about
midnight is the best time for doing this.

See Remedv No. 38.

REMEDY NO. 74.

For destroying aphis (plant-lice) on cabbage plants, etc.,
dust the plants with snuff — Scotch snuff is preferable — or dust
with No. 80, or spray with No. 88 or No. 85; or with No. 5 or
7, one pound to each one and one half gallons of water used ;
or with No. 5 or 7, as above directed, adding an cc^ual ijuantit}-
of No. V) ; mix well and apply. See No. 65.

The spraying should be done in the evening, when the sun
is near setting.

REMEDY NO. 75.

For cleaning granaries of weevil before storing grain in them,
use No. 72 freely, and then whitewash.
See Remedv No. 72.

REMEDY NO. 7(i.

A. — Grain in storehouses or granaries should l)e piled so as
to allow a free circulation of air around the rows of sacks.

B. — It is generally conceded that the grain weevil cannot
breed if the temperature is kept in the building or storehouse
lower than f)5° Fahrenheit.

REMEDIES. 401

6. — Thorough ventihition is important, as I have reason to
believe that at least part of the wheat is infested before it
reaches the granary ; therefore the necessity of preventing the
eggs from hatching.

D. — Clean thoroughly, as directed in Remedy No. 75, and
provide against a high temperature, and good results will follow.

E. — Grain kept in bulk should be turned over occasionally
by shoveling, to prevent becoming heated.

F. — Stored grain should be kept free from damp, and kept
perfectly covered, to prevent becoming wet from rains, etc.

REMI5DY NO. 77.

Coal oil or kerosene emulsions. Personally, I am o^jposed
to the use of mineral oils on trees or foliage, but deem it proper
to give Professor C. V. Riley's remedy for scale insects, known
as the " Kerosene Emulsion," which he reports as giving excel-
lent results. It is as^foUows :

"The process of forming a perfectly stable emulsion of ker-
osene and milk is comparable to that of ordinary butter-mak-
ing, and is as follows : The oil and milk in any desired pro-
portions are poured together and violently dashed or churned
for a period of time varying with the temperature from fifteen
to forty-five minutes. The churning, however, requires to be
more violent than can be effected with an ordinary butter
churn.

" The Aquapult force-pump (the Gregory pump will answer
this purpose. — ^I. C.) may be used satisfactorily for this pur-
pose where moderate (piantities are only required. The pump
should be inserted in a tub or pail containing the liquid, which
are then forced into union by continuous pumping back into
the same receptacle through the flexible hose or spray-nozzle.
* * * On continual churning through the pumps, the
liquid finally curdles and suddenly thickens, to form a white
and glistening butter, perfectly homogeneous in texture, and
stable. This kerosene butter mixes readily in water, care being
taken to thin it first with a small quantity of the liquid. * *

402 REMEDIES.

At a temperature of 60° the butter will be iiuide in from thirty
to forty-five minutes. * * At 75**, in about fifteen minutes.

" The following proportions are recommended : 2 quarts of
refined kerosene ; 1 quart of fresh cow's milk (but sour). This
will make an emulsion of kerosene 66| per cent, cow's milk
33^ per cent. Where cow's milk is not readily obtained, con-
densed milk can be used. A can of milk as sold in stores
contains about twelve fluid ounces (three fourths of a pint).
Kerosene, 2 quarts equals 4 pints — G4 per cent ; condensed
milk, 1 can equals f pints, water (double the quantity of con-
densed milk), 2 cans equals 1^ pints — 36 jjer cent. In appli-
cations for scale insects on citrus trees it should be used at the
rate of one part of l)utter to from twelve to sixteen parts of
water, or. in other words, one part should be diluted with
water from twelve to sixteen times."

See United States Ajiricultural Report for 1881 and 1882,
pages 112 to 127.

See Uemedies Nos. S and 44.

REMEDY NO. 78.

I>y (lusting London purple around the stems of trees and
plants so that cut-worms or caterpillars will have to pass over
it ; by licking their feet they are poisoned. I have also found
that it has the same effect on beetles, where it gets upon their
feet, antenna', etc. ; by cleaning it off their feet, mandil)les,
etc., it poisons them. I^ondon purple should not be used, in
the Summer season on fruits or vegetables used for food, at
least in California where there are no rains to wash it off.

See Remedies Nos. 79 and KK?.

RE:MK1)V no. 71).

Paris green, dusted around the stems of trees and plants,
produce the same efiects upon insects, and the same objections
are offered against its use in the Summer season as Nos. 78
and 103.

REMEDIES.

403

remp:dy no. 80.

Buhach is a powder made from the flower of Pjirctlinim
cinerarix folium. (Fig. 377).

The experiments I have made with this powder, and the
results obtained, have warranted me in recommending its use
in many cases, for destroying insect pests of the liouseliold,
orchard, vineyards, etc., without fear of injury to any person
or animal. The plants from which this powder is made are
grown on the farm of the Buhach Manufacturing Company, of
Stockton, California.

Letters addressed as above will be immediately answered,
giving such information as may be required as to prices, etc.

See Remedies Nos. 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 118 and 123.

REMEDY NO. 81.

Dry Buhach powder can be dusted around a room to destroy
mosquitos, house flies, etc., by a small bellows. (Price, 25 cts.)

404 REMEDIES.

It can also be applied to plants infested by aphides in the
same manner. Should it be required to be used extensively
on the grounds, it should be thoroughly mixed, one pound of
the buhach to five pounds of flour, and dusted as sulphur is
applied on grapes.

See Remedies Nos. 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 118 and 123.

REMEDY NO. 82.

For fumigating clothes, etc., infested ])y moths, the bnliach
powder, or tobacco, or sulphur Imrns freel}'. If the former,
such as is sold in cans, by wetting it. it burns slowly ; place
the articles infested by moths in a tight box, or in a small,
close room. By fumigating with the buhach, or tobacco, or
sulphur, all insect life will be destroyed. However, thorough
application is necessary, as the larvjo of beetles are not so
easily destroyed as insects of more delicate structure. Place
a few pieces of burning charcoal in a pan, and on them dust
the buhach, tobacco or sulphur as prepared, place in ajjart-
ment to be fumigated, and close up tiglit. This is also api)li-
cable to rooms infested b}' mosquitoes, house flies, etc.

See Remedies Nos. 80, 81, 83, 84, 85 and 123.

REMEDY NO. 83.

Mix the powder in water, one ounce to each one gallon of
water used, and use immediately ; for caterpillars, plant-lice,
etc., infesting trees, plants or flowers, apply in the evening,
or in cloudy weather. In many cases the solution should be
strained through a cloth, so as not to stain the flowers, etc.

See Remedies Nos. 80, 81, 82, 84, 85 and 123.

REMEDY NO. 84.

In a gallon of alcohol })iit six pounds of buhach. and cork
up tightly; this can be diluted willi from ten to twenty parts

REMEDIES. 405

of water to one part of tlie mixture ; apply with spraying noz-
zle. Strain if necessary. See No. 88.

See Remedies Nos. SO, 81, 82, 83, 85 and 123.

REMEDY NO. 85.

Professor Hilgard, of the State University of California,
obtained satisfactory results from a tea, or decoction made by
pouring boiling water upon the Iniliach flowers (not ground),
and covering as in making tea, it being found that Ijoiling is
injurious to the strength of the liquid. For plant-lice, etc.,
use one pound of the tea to twenty-four gallons of water. For
beetles, one pound to every ten gallons. Apply with spray
nozzle. The powdered buhach can be used in this manner.
Strain if necessary. See No. 83.

See Remedies Nos. 80, 81, 82, 83, 84 and 123.

REMEDY NO. 86.

Dig a trench or ditch about twelve inches wide and twelve
to fifteen inches deep between the invading army of worms
and the fields to be protected, the side of the ditch next to the
fields to be perpendicular, or dug under, if possible, to prevent
the worms from creeping up. Every fifteen or twent}' feet a
deep hole should be dug in the bottom of the ditch, Avhere the
worms can collect. In these holes they can easil}^ be destroyed
by pouring coal oil on them, or dusting them with buhach, or
placing straw in the ditch and setting fire to it. A little coal
oil sprinkled on the straw will make it burn more readily.
This plan proved effectual in this vicinity (Sacramento) in
1879. Effectual results were derived from plowing a fur-
row eight inches deep, and kept soft by dragging brush in it.
But two or three furroAVS, some two or three feet apart, would
be better, and the vegetation on the space between them dusted
with Paris green or London purple, one pound of either (the
former is preferable) mixed in twenty pounds of coarse flour
and dusted on the vegetation, or one tablespoonful of either

4CX; REMEDIES.

mixed in a pail of water. This solution si)rayed or sprinkled
on vegetation will poison the caterpillars or worms eating it.
These substances should be only used where there is no danger
of poisoning stock, poultr}^ or other animals. On small patches
of corn, etc., infested by the army-worm, No. 64 can be used
effectually, by spraying.

REMEDY NO. 87.

Spread fresh-slacked lime, mixed with wood ashes, on the
floor and around the pots and plants infested by these pests —
slugs. They may be trapped by laying fresh cabbage and other
leaves around the roots of flowers and plants; the pests will
feed upon them, and remain under cover until examined early
in the morning and destroyed. Plants have been protected
from the ravages of snails and slugs, by spreading fresh wood-
ashes on the ground around the roots. No. 72 or 78, or
79 spread on the ground around the roots of plants, and also
near the hiding places of the pests, will destroy them. No. 73
is a sure remedy against slugs, etc.

REMEDY NO. 88.

Extract of buhach applied with a dropping tube or glass —
one or two drops will destroy a small colony of insects, also
the eggs. The extract should not be used on very tender
leaves. This will eff"ectually destroy mealy bugs in conserva-
tories.

REMEDY NO. 89.

In [daces where plants, vines or trees are seriously infested,
use one i)ound of arsenic jDcrfectly dissolved l)y boiling in ten
gallons of water; then add fifteen gallons of water, making
twenty-five gallons of water to each j)ound ; or, see No. 10.
Especially in relation to young grapevines, one })ound of whale
oil soap dissolved in one gallon of water, and added to every
ten gallons of the above will make the latter more eflective.

See Remedies Nos. 79, 108. 11'2 and 129.

REMEDIES. 4^7

REMEDY NO. 90.

As soon as the moths appear, or about the middle of \nril
the contents of wardrobes, closets, etc., should be removed'
carpets taken up, and tapestry, etc., removed and exposed to
he air and sun for several hours, and then be thoroughly
brushed and fumigated as directed in No. 82. In infested
apartments all cracks or crevices in the floors and walls in
he wainscoting and shelving of closets, etc., should" be
brushed over with spirits of turpentine. Powdered black or
cayenne pepper, or Scotch snuff, strewn under the ed^es of
carpets, etc. will repel the moths. Sheets of paper saturated
with tm-pentme, camphor in coarse powder, tobacco leaves
or snuff are said to be an excellent preventive for placing
among cloths laid away for the Summer, or articles not in use
Chests or closets made of cedar wood are said to afford a nro-
tection against clothes-moths, etc. Pieces of cedar wood placed
among clothing, etc., is also effective. Carpets that will not
be used during the Summer, when taken up and thoroughly
cleaned, as directed, should be placed in boxes, and all seams
or joints m the boxes pasted over with paper, to prevent the
mo hs from entering. Cloth covering will do, if carefully
folded, to prevent the moths from getting in through the folds
When carpets that cannot be taken up conveniently are in^
fested, dampen it slightly with turpentine applied with a
sponge This will leave a disagreeable odor for a short time
but will destroy the larva., etc. Fumigating as recommended
in JNo. bi, will give excellent results.

REMEDY NO. 91.

In forty gallons of water boil fifty pounds of potash until
dissolved; then add one hundred pounds of arsenic, and boil
until dissolved; when cool, put in barrel and cork. To one
gallon of this mixture add eight gallons of water, and sprin-
kle the infested hides, etc., with a broom. This will effectually
destroy all insect life upon hides, etc.

See Remedy No. 128.

408

REMEDIES.

Fiff. 378.

d

A

b/\b

REMEDY NO. 1)2.

To each sixty gallons of water used, add tAventy pounds of
suli)liui- and five pounds of lime, as follows : When the water
is boiling, add the recpiired proportion of sulphur; let it boil
for twenty-five minutes, then add the lime, and boil a short time.

This water is emptied from the
l)oiler or kettle (E, Fig. 87S.) into
the tank or trough, until sufiieient
is prepared to allow the sheej) to
float.

Fig. 878 is a plan of the arrange-
ments used by Messrs. Green &
Trainor, of Sacramento, at their
farm in Placer County.

A A are two corrals, 10 l)y 12 feet,
floored with tongue and grooved
lumber, with fall to drain in center,
allowing the wash dripping off of
the sheep after dii)ping to drain
into the dipping trough.

B B are gates to the corrals.

C. Bridge at end of dipping
trough over which the sheep enter
corrals.

D D. Dipi)ing trough, 38 feet
long by 2 feet wide and 3 feet deep.

E. Boiler, of a capacity of four
hundred gallons.

F. Pipe with faucet leading to
dii)ping trough from boiler.

G. Pump to supply 1 toiler, etc.,
with water.

H. Corral, 24 by 20 feet, into
which Ihc sheep are gathered l)cfore
dip})ing.

1. Pole, with outer-turned iron prongs, used for forcing the
sheep under the surface of the li(|ui(l when passing through
the trouoli. D D.

I

E

o
G

H

REMEDIES. 409

When the sheep aw gathered in corral 11, and the arrange-
ments for dipping are completed, the sheep are forced into the
trough, D D, (in which the liquid is twenty-seven inches in
depth, and kept at a temperature of 80° Fahr.) ; with the pole
T, the animal is forced under the surface of the liquid. One of
the gates B is open ; the animal reaches the bridge C and en-
ters the corral through the open gate ; when this corral is
filled with sheep the gate is closed and the gate of the other
opened. During the time the second corral is being filled the
sheep placed in the first are sufficiently dripped (or clear of
the li(|uid), and are allowed to go to the pasture ; thus the cor-
rals are filled and emptied alternately. A great many sheep
can be dipped in a day in this way. The supply of liquid and
temperature is kept up by the boiler E. Two hundred and
seventy-five pounds of suli)hur and 70 pounds of lime will
make sufficient wash for 4,0(X) sheep after the tank is filled at
first.

By covering the trough 1) D, the wash can be kept from one
season to another.

If the above directions are complied with after each clipping,
it is an etfectual remedy for the scab.

It is not necessary to boil all the water required to make the
solution.

This industry should be protected by legislation, by pre-
venting infested flocks being driven from one section of the
State to another, as beyond doubt the scab is spread to all
sheep grazing on lands over which infested flocks are driven.

Such laws have been enacted in Australia, and have been of
great benefit to sheep-raisers.

REMEDY NO. 98.

Spirits of turpentine injected into the nostrils with a syr-
inge, will eftectually destroy the maggot of the sheep bot-fly ;
also, maggot in the ears or any part of the body.

27

410 REMEDIES.

REMEDY NO. 94.

Placing Stockholm tar on the nose and inside the nostrils,
will prevent the bot-fly from depositing her egg or larva in the
nose of the sheep.

REMEDY NO. 95.

Place Stockholm tar in the bottom of a trough to the depth
of one inch, and cover with salt. In this way the tar gets
on the nose and into the nostrils while the sheep is gathering
the salt.

REMEDY NO. 9(;.

Use No. o or 7, one pound of the mixture to each gallon of
water used, and add one gallon of No. 9 to each gallon of the
solution used. See Remedv No. 52.

REMEDY NO. 97.

In all cases where caterpillars congregate on a branch an
effective remedy is to cut off the liranch and destroy the cater-
pillars by burning or otherwise.

REMEDY NO. 98.

A. — Mounding. "In the Si)ring, before the moth emerges
(April), a bank of dirt about one foot deep is thrown around
the tree and pressed firmly about the trunk. Each subsequent
Spring a little niore earth is placed on the mound and })ressed
around the trunk as before. Mr. I^. Pullen, of Centralia, Illi-
nois, states that tiny sliduld not be mounded till after they are
four years old, but examine them in April and September of
each year previous to that age, and with a knife destroy all
borers that can be foinid. This has been found an excellent
])revention, but where the trees are already suffering from

REMEDIES. 411

them, the earth may be removed from the roots and a eoi)ions
application of hot water made to the tree. This may be applied
at any season, and will be very effectual in killing the larvae
or any eggs that may be present." — Professor G. H. French.

See Remedy No. 41.

B. — Grapevines attacked by ^^geria poUstifonnis may be
treated as above, although the mounds need not be so high.

C. — Note. — In the latter end of April or early in May, the
moth may be prevented from depositing her eggs by covering
the stems of the squash i)lants with earth.

REMEDY NO. 99.

Hopvines, grapevines, and plants found withering or dying
suddenly, should be carefully examined, and if the grub (Fig.
14<S) of any of the boring beetles or the larva^ of moths are
found, they should be destroyed at once ; or if found in hop-
poles or rotten wood in the garden or field, they should in
every instance be destroyed. (Hop-growers should examine
their hop-poles carefully when taken from the ground for
grubs, etc.) The beetle (Fig. 150) should be destroyed when-
ever found. Grapevines, or hopvines, or fruit trees, should
not be planted upon lands where decaying oak stumps are left
in the ground, as there is danger of the trees or vines becom-
ing infested by these grubs.

See Remedy No. 107.

REMEDY NO. 100.

Mr. R. B. Blowers, of AVoodland, succeeded in preventing
the spread of vine-moths on his premises iSy capturing the
moths that came into his flower garden from the vineyards in
the evening, his men capturing several hundred in one evening.

Also see Remedv No. 14.

412 REMEDIES.

REMEDY NO. 101.

To rid grounds infested by the piipii? of vine-moths (Figs.
158 and 104), white grubs (Figs. 109a and 181a), etc., early
in tlie Spring inclose an area of ground by portable fence, say
from forty square rods to one acre ; in this inclosure place a
number of hogs, and on the general principles of " root hog or
die," the insects, in any state of their existence, within their
reach, will be gathered clean; then move the corral on new
"round.

REMEDY XO. 102.

Make a frame, say three feet square (or any suitable size),
leaving an opening to the centre on one side, so that it will
allow the stem or trunk of the vine or plant to enter, the frame
to be covered with muslin cloth. On one side of the open-
ing tack a piece of cloth wide enough to cover the space not
already covered. Saturate the cloth with kerosene and place
the frame on the ground under the vine or plant ; cover the
opening with a loose cloth, tlicn jar the vine or plant ; any in-
sect falling upon the saturated cloth will die. This is used at
night or in the daytime, according to the habits of the insect
to 1)6 destroyed; or a frame in the form of a i)arallelogram,
covered with cloth, may be used (of any length required), one
placed on each side of the vine or vines, etc., provision being
made for covering the open space. This mode of warfare may
api)ear as a tedious operation, but for destroying the larva* of
saw-flies, grai)e flea-beetles, etc., it is a very efiective remedy.

See Remedv No. 38.

REMEDY NO. 103.

Use Paris green, one tablespoonful to two gallons of water.
The Paris green should be first mixed in two quarts of water,
then pour in the balance of two gallons and apply by
.>^praying ; or one pound of Paris green mixed with fifteen
pounds of flour.

REMEDIES. 413

The following precautions were suggested l)y J)r. Le liuron
in relation to the application of Paris green :

1. — "Always dilute the poison witli at least ten times its
bulk of flour.

2. — " Apply it to the plants when wet with dew or rain.

3. — " Never entrust its use to young or careless persons.

4. — " Never use it near the house where young children resort.

5. — "Apply it with a gauze bag or other sifter attached to
the end of a pole.

6. — " Let the operator always keep on the side from whicli
the wind is blowing.

7. — "Do not apply it to a plant where it will come in con-
tact with the fruit."

Professor Cyrus Thomas writes : " Recent experience
appears to give decided j^reference to the application in liquid
solution, especially since improved methods of applying it in
this form have been invented. This not only avoids the
danger of inhaling the powder, but it has the advantage of
rendering it more certain that the application will reach the
insects."

Great care should be taken in keeping such poisonous
powders or mixtures where children cannot have access to them.

Note. — When used for cotton worms, mix one ounce to each
gallon of water and spray thoroughly ; but mixing ten pounds
of No. 4 or 3 to each barrel (say fort}' gallons) will make the
solution more effective.

See Remedies Nos. 79, 112 and 123.

REMEDY NO. 104.

Where strawberries or other plants are infested by the grul)
or larva of the crown borer, peach moth, asgeria moths, etc.,
dig out all infested plants and burn them, and replace with
new plants. Better, dig out the whole bed and replant for a
sure remedy.

See Remedv No. 68.

414 REMEDIES.

REMEDY NO. 10.",.

Sprinkle the leaves with fresh slacked lime when they are
wet with dew or rain; or No. 19 after sunset. These remedies
should he applied as soon as the beetles appear.

REMEDY XO. 106.

A. — All grasses, weeds, debris of hopvines, etc., in the hop-
fields and around the surrounding fences, roads, etc., should
be carefully gathered and burned as soon as possible after the
crop is gathered. There are many species of insects that feed
upon the hopvine and pass the Winter (hibernate as perfect
insects), taking shelter among grasses, weeds and hopvine
de])ris that are allowed to remain on the grounds and around
fences and roads that are located in or around the field.
Therefore the necessity of cleaning and Ininiing such shelter
as they require to pass the "Winter under.

B. — All poles used the previous year in the hopfields should
be thoroughly scalded before using. (See Remedies Nos. 70 and
71, excepting that one pound of potash should be used for
every ten gallons of water.)

C. — The necessity of scalding the poles arises from the fact
that I have found the hop aphis hibernating in crevices and
roughened portions of the poles. I have also found the Win-
ter eggs of a species of plant-louse, but cannot say at present
that they were the eggs of the hop aphis.

1). — All willow poles should be scalded l)efore using. I
liavr t'oiiiKl the plant-lice infesting willows at the time the
poles were cut, feeding upon the hopvine.

E. — I have also found the ova of red spiders on the hoj)-
poles, after being taken from the ground in tlie Fall season.

F. — Cautiox. — I have found the hop aphis in several hop
fields this season (1888). One grower remarked that they
were liannless in this State. Do not de})end on such state-
ments ; prevent them from spreading, l)y all means in your
)»ower; otherwise you may have the same experience of the
hop-growers in some of the Eastern States, and also in Europe.

REMEDTES. 415

G. — The presence of the liop aphis, wlien in great numbers,
is noticed by the hlacJc smut (Famago salicina), which appears
on the leaves, etc., of the vine. See black scale, Chapter
LXXXIV.

H. — Clean cultivation and alkaline solutions properly
applied will protect the hop crop ; also,

See Remedy No. 99 (root borers).

See Remedy No. 55, A (wire worms).

See Remedy No. 55, A (cut worms).

See Remedy No. 73.

I. — Should plant-bugs or any species of beetles attack the
vines or foliage, use No. 19. "Eternal vigilance is the price
of" — a good hop crop. See Remedy No. 99.

REMEDY NO. 107.

Flowers, strawberries, plants, and grasses, often suddenly
become withered. If the roots are examined it will, in at least
a majority of cases, be found that the damage is caused by a
grub, commonly called the white grub. It is difficult to cap-
ture or destroy these pests. Carefully examining the roots of
strawberries, flowers, etc., and digging around them, will cer-
tainly bring some of the grubs to light ; at such times poultry are
excellent accessories. In fields they are raided on by crows,
blackbirds, etc. The larva3 of the larger species of beetles that
are leaf-eaters are known under the common name of white
grubs. The only remedy that can be recommenced is hand-
picking, as described above, with the assistance of poultry,
birds, etc., and by capturing the beetles (perfect insects). See
Remedy No. 38.

For excellent illustrations of the so-called white grubs, see
Fig. 109a, Fig. 181a, and Fig. 290, 2.

See Remedy No. 99.

416 REMEDTEH.

REMEDY NO. lOS.

To destroy plant-lice where a large area of corn is infested,
in a financial point of view it is questionable if it can be done
profitably. If a field is infested, a rotation of crops may aftbrd
temporary relief, but small garden lots of sweet corn and
other varieties maybe saved by spraying with No. 3 or 4; one
gallon of No. 9 added to every ten gallons of the solution used
Avill make the solution more efficient.

After the corn is harvested, the stalks and roots sliould l)e
gathered in heaps and burned, and the grounds cleaned, as
recommended in Nos. 20 and lOG, A. Experiments should be
made with Nos. 80 to S").

REMEDY NO. 101>.

Fortunately the fruit orchard-s of this State are free from the
plum curculio at the present time. Professor C. H. Dwindle
has furnished the following remedy :

" Bkrkklev, August 23, 1883.

'• Mk. Matthkw Coork — Dear Sir : In accordance with your
request I will give you some notes on fighting tlie plum cur-
culio or weevil.

" Some years ago I had charge of a numl>er of i)lum trees at
Rochester, N. Y. They were in their prime, and, as a rule, set
full crops of fruit, which were as regularly destroyed by the
plum curculio. The last season that I had to do with the
trees I tried spraying tliem, when the fruit was about the size
of small green peas, with a wash made after a reci]X' published
in the Xeir Yo^-k Observer, as follows :

'" To one i)ound of whale oil soap add four ounces of fiour
of suljilnir: mix thoroughly and dissolve in twelve gallons of
water. To one half peck of quick lime add four gallons of
water, and stir well together. \\'hen fully settled, pour off the
transparent lime water, and add to it the soap and sul]ihur mix-
ture ; add to the same also, say four gallons of tolerably strong
tobacco water.

REMEDIES. 417

" Apply this mixture, when thus incorporated, with a gar-
den syringe (or spray pump) to your plum or other fruit
trees, so that the foliage shall be well drenched. If no rains
succeed for three weeks, one application will be sufficient.
Should frequent rains occur, the mixture should be again ap-
plied until the stone of the fruit becomes hardened, when the
season of the curculio's ravages is past.

" The mixture is good to destroy the slug, caterpillar, green
fly, thrips, and a host of the enemies of vegetation.

" It is my impression that I found the wash stronger than
needed or desirable, and diluted it to a considerable extent,
but how much I cannot remember. The application was made
by means of a garden engine. As a result, the trees bore a
full crop of perfect fruit, while that of my neighbors was de-
stroyed as usual.

" Respectfully vours,

"C. H. DWINELLE.

" University of California, August 23, 1883.^'

REMEDY NO. 110.

In relation to the Remedy No. 109, which has proved so
effective, and is recommended by Professor C. H. Dwindle,
Remedy No. 66 will probably be equally effective should this
pest appear in any orchard in this State.

REMEDY NO. 111.

As soon as the leaves of the cucumber vines appear above
the ground, spray thoroughly with No. 5 or 7. Should plant-
lice or the cucumber beetle appear on the foliage, spray thor-
oughly with No. 4, and cut out and destroy all stems infested
by the grub of the beetle ; or, use No. 65 ; but if the material
is convenient, and the vines seriously infested, No. 51 is prefer-
able.

Note. — For aphis. No. 5 or 7 is sufficient, and will not
destroy the natural enemies of these insects.

418 REMEDIES.

REMKDY NO. 112.

In cases where beetles attack potato and other vines, good
results have been obtained by placing a dish or pan under the
vines, and brushing the beetles off' of the vines into the pan,
dish, or tray; if a little kerosene is placed in the Vtottom it
will make short work of the pests.

See Remedies No. 7'.), 108, 112 and 123; also, No. 78.

REMEDY NO. 113.

Nos. ') an<l 7 mixed, one pound to two gallons of water;
spi'ay thoroughly at least once each week, from the tiine the
plants appear above the ground until the latter part of May.
If thoroughly sprayed, digging a trench along the plants is
unnecessary.

REMEDY NO. 114.

In many cases good results follow the capturing of butter-
flies and moths ; also gathering the pupa?. Placing jDieces of
boards, cabbage leaves, etc., under plants, so that the night
feeders take shelter under them, they can be easily captured
in the morning. This will also apply to the squash bug and
other species of plant bugs.

REMEDY NO. 115.

Great care should be taken in selecting peas, beans, and other
seeds for planting that are liable to be attacked by weevils.

By careful examination, infested seeds can be detected by a
small blotch on the skin of the jiea or bean a little darker in
color than the rest of the surface. If a pea or bean is broken
open, the grub, pupa, or beetle will be found under the discol-
ored place. It is claimed by some writers that dipping the
seed before planting, in boiling water, and letting it remain
from thirty to lifty-fivc seconds, that it will dcstrov anv insect

REMEDIES. 419

life in the pea or bean. Others claim that if the peas or l^eans
are put in water the infested ones will float. This is not cor-
rect in all cases. A general remedy would be for the farmers
in one locality not to plant any peas or beans for one season,
but keep the seed from the previous year in closed vessels, so
that any infested seed would mature the weevil, and the latter
must perish, thus giving clean seed.

REMEDY NO. 116.

When this species of aphis appears, cut off the infested tops
of stalks, and immediately destroy by burning or otherwise. In
small garden patches, use No. 19, or spray with No. 64 ; or No.
4, 5, or 7 will give good results; but No. 19 or 64 are prefer-
able ; or use No. 83 or 85.

REMEDY NO. 117.

By scattering buhach with a small bellows (price twenty-five'
cents) in a room it will destroy insects, such as mosquitoes,
house-flies, gnats, fleas, etc. ; and by dusting in crevices of
bedsteads, furniture, and cracks in floors, walls, or ceilings, it
will destroy bedbugs and the larvae of fleas, etc. Corrosive
sublimate will also destroy insect life in joints and cracks in
bedsteads, furniture, clothes-chests, and places where clothes,
etc., are kept ; it should be applied with a brush or feather.
Great care should be taken if corrosive sublimate is used or
kept around the house, especially where there are children, as it
is very poisonous.

See Remedies Nos. 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85 and 118.

REMEDY NO. 118.

By rubl)ing the parts of the body exposed, such as the
hands, face, etc., with the oil of pennyroyal, mosquitoes, gnats,
etc., will not bite the parts to which it is api)lied ; a few drops
will be sufficient.

See Remedies Nos. 80 to 85, and 117.

420 REMEDIES.

KKMEDV NO. ll'.K

To destroy weevils in coffee, rice, etc., fill into an air tight
vessel, leaving a little space for a lamp or candle inside ; when
the candle or lamp is lighted, fasten on the cover tight. If
perfectly air tight the lamp will l)urn up all the oxygen in the
vessel and will then go out, thus creating a vacuum in the
vessel; open in two days and all the beetles (weevils) will be
found on top dead. I noticed this in an English authority
sometime ago, and have tried several experiments with wheat,
rice, middlings, etc., and found it very effective.

Note. — A shipment of coffee was received in this city nearly
two vears ago seriouslv infested bv weevil.

REMEDY NO. 120.

When fiour or middlings, in sacks, are infested, place the
sack in the sun, and as the beetles gather upon the outside
sweep off and destroy.

REMEDY NO. 121.

Paris green dusted in and around infested places, etc., will
effectually destroy cockroaches. No. 81 will also be effective
if applied at intervals of twenty-four hours. Remember, great
care should l)e taken in using Paris green where there are
children, as it is a deadly poison. Tliis caution also applies
to the following : Arsenic mixed in corn meal and molasses,
enough to form a dough ; or arsenic mixed in mashed pota-
toes, laid in places that the roaches can readi, will effectually
destroy them if repeated at intervals.

REMEDIES. 421

REMEDY NO. 122.

A. — Various designs of hives have been made to prevent the
bee moth from entering, but, so far, all are more or less defect-
ive, and the best and surest remedy is to carefully examine
the hives that are infested once every week, and collect all
the nests, cocoons, etc., and destroy by burning ; this should
be done in the Spring and also in July and August.

B. — Professor C. V. Riley recommends that " a good way to
entrap the worms would be to raise the front of the hive on
two small wooden blocks, and put a piece of woolen cloth be-
tween the bottom board and the back of the hive. The worms
(larvae) find a cosy place of resort under the rag, where they
may be sought and killed from time to time."

C. — Professor G. H. French writes : " With only moderately
strong swarms of bees, vigilance, with properly constructed
movable frame hives, is the only way to obtain immunity from
their ravages."

I have witnessed the successful cleaning of hives seriously
infested as described above, but with C and D the work would
probably be still more effective.

D. — A loose band of cloth placed around the top of the hive
outside, is an excellent trap for the moths to hide under in
the daytime, where they can be easily captured.

REMEDY NO. 123.

1. — In using whale oil soap and sulphur, the opening in the
nozzle should be made a little larger than the opening used
for lye, etc.

2. — When buhach is used with any of the solutions recom-
mended, it should be placed in a perfectly tight vessel and hot
water poured on it and allowed to soak until the next day, or
until ready for use, then strain and mix in solution and apply
immediately. Calculation must be made so that only the
original quantity of water recommended is used.

3. — In all cases where buhach is applied in liquid form to

422 REMEDIES.

flowers, it should be strained before using, so as not to stain
the petals, etc.

4. — If possible, solutions for Summer use on trees, etc.,
should not be applied on very warm days, as it may injure the
foliage ; cloudy days and after sunset is the best time in hot
weather.

5. — By straining through a coarse cloth all liquids or solu-
tions to be used in spraying, will save time in application.

6. — Tobacco grown by fruit-growers is equal to so much
money saved, as it is far superior to any refuse tobacco they
can buy, and will make a solution fifty per cent, stronger ; or
in other words, one and a half gallons of water can be used to
each pound, instead of one gallon, as recommended.

7. — Vineyardists should use one pound of buhach to every
twenty })ounds of sulphur (or one pound to every ten pounds
if the vine-hoppers are numerous) when sulphuring their vines
early in the Spring season ; this will 1)e death to the vine-hop-
pers, etc. The first sulphuring should be done when the
shoots are from fifteen to twenty inches long.

8. — To those not acquainted with using the lye solutions, at
first there will be some inconvenience experienced, but it must
be remembered that serious diseases require serious treatment.

9. — If the owner of an orchard, vineyard, etc., cannot per-
sonally attend to the application of the remedies recommended,
it is an imperative necessity that only a reliable person be in-
trusted with the charge of the work. Only tliorough applica-
tion will i)roduce satisfactory results.

10. — P>o careful in using the remediesthat are poisonous, such
as arsenic, Paris green, London purple, corrosive sublimate,
etc., especially where children are around the premises. Under
no consideration are they to be a])plied to fruit, etc., that is to
be used as food, as serious results might follow.

11. — The soa]) and lye solutions recommended are excellent
fertilizers, and produce smootli, liealthy l)ark on the trees
washed or sprayed.

REMEDIES. 423

REMEDY NO. 124.

It must be admitted that ]iroper attention has not been given
in the past to the proper treatment of fruit trees, grapevines,
etc., as regards the fertilization of the grounds on which they
are phmted. Chemistry has demonstrated the elements of
which the earth is composed, and a list of over sixty is given ;
yet strange to say, the vegetable kingdom selects its food from
only a few of these elements. That the virgin soil of Califor-
nia abounded with the elements necessary for the food of
plant life, there can be no (question ; but the growing of con-
tinuous crops has deprived the earth of such ingredients as
are principall}- required for the food of plants, namely : pot-
ash, phosphorus, lime, ammonia, etc. When the supply of
either of these elements falls below a fixed limit, the plants
will not produce as heretofore ; and if attacked by insect pests
they will soon become worthless. Therefore the necessity of
using the best known means of restoring the necessary plant-
food to the impoverished ground. As fruit trees and graj^e-
vines require a large supply of potash and phosphorus, also
some ammonia and lime, these elements can be supplied by
using the remedies described in No. 35.

CONCLUSION.

The measurements throughout this work above one twentieth
of an inch, are given in inches and lines — a line being the
tAvelfth part of an inch. See illustrations in Chapters XXII,
XXIII, XLVIII, etc.

The insects are usually figured the natural size, and when
enlarged the natural size is generally indicated by a line or by
a cross.

The remedies given are mostly the results of personal expe-
rience ; in cases where remedies are recommended for insects
not found in this State, they are given from analogy of insects
belonging to closely allied species.

424 REMEDIES.

If now remedies are recommended, do not give up the use
of those herein recommended, unless you find by repeated
experiments that the new ones are more efficient. It is to be
hoped that fruit-growers and others will carefully experiment
with the remedies herein recommended, and give the results of
their investigations in some horticultural publication, such as
the Pacific Rural Press, Cultivator's Guide, etc., that others may
be benefitted by their experience.

In regard to beneficial insects, the reader is referred to my
forthcoming work entitled " Insects ; Injurious and Benefi-
cial; THEIR Natural History and Classification," which is
shortly to issue from the press.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I

Fig. 82. — (Iray Ikirk-euting \A'('(>vil — color, gray.

Fig. 40. — Yellow Canker Worms — colors, yellow and black.

Fig. 41. — Female Yellow Canker ^^^orm Moth — colors, white
and black.

Fig. 42. — Male Yellow Canker Worm .Moth — colors, yellow-
ish and brown.

Fig. 51o. — Bracon Fly — colors, black and yellow.

Fig. 64. — Red-humped Caterpillar — colors, yellow, white
and black.

Fig. 65. — Cocoon of Red-humped Caterpillar — color, wliitish.

Fig. 66. — Red-humped Caterpillar Moth — colors, light and
dark brown.

Fig. 74. — Ten-lined Leaf-eater (male) — colors, grayish-
brown and white.

Fig. 75. — Ten-lined Leaf-eater (female) — c(jlors, grayish-
brown and white.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 2.

Fig. 78. — Robust Leaf-beetle — color, brown.

Fig. 82. — Apple Maggot — color, white.

Fig. 83. — Pupa of Apple Maggot — color, brown.

Fig. 84. — Apple Maggot Fly — colors, black and white.

Fig. 92. — Branch bored by the Branch and Twig Burrower.

Fig. 93. — Grape cane bored by the Branch and Twig
Burrower.

Fig. 94. — Branch and Twig Burrower entering a branch.

Fig. 95. — Branch and Twig Burrower, enlarged — color, brown.

Fig. 106. — Peach Moth and Larva ; upper figure, the moth
— colors, gray and black ; lower tigure, the larva — color,
yellowish, tinged with pink.

Fig. 107. — Peach infested by the larva of the Peach Moth.

Fig. 110. — Red-bodied Haw-fly, enlarged — colors, reddisii-
brown and black.

Fig. 111. — Apricot Leaf-roller; upper figure, the moth —
colors, yellowish and brown ; lower figure, the larva — color,
green.

Fig. 112. — Striped Bud-beetle — colors, pale yellow and black.

Fig. 115. — Cherrv Worm — color, vellowish-white.
28

426

Fi<?. 32.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES, PAGE 425.

Ficr. 41.

Fig. -42.

For Fig«. 78, fc2, 88, 84, 93, 93. 94. 95, IOC, 107, 110, HI, 112 and 115, see Plate 2.]

Fig. 78.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES, PAGE 425. ^Ti

Fiff. 84. ^'ife'- 92. Fig. 93.

Fig. 82. Fig. 83. "^

Fig. 112.

Fig. 110.

Fig. 115.

428 EXPLANATWN OV FTGURES, PLATE 3.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 3.

Fig. 127. — Brown Strawlierrv Weevil — color, brown.

Fig. 14(5. — Male Cottony Cushion Scale-insect — color, brown.

Fig. 179. — Imported Grape Flea-beetle — color, black.

Fig. 182. — California Grape-vine Hopper — colors, pale yel-
low, orange and black.

Fig. 184. — Male Yellow IMite. highly magnified — color,
yellowish.

Fig. 18."). — Female Yellow Mite, highly magnified — color,
yellowish.

Fig. 220. — Branch bored by the Brown Chestnut-l)ud Beetle.

Fig. 221. — Brown Chestnut-bud Beetle — color, brown.

Fig. 231. — Weeping Willow Borer ^Foth — colors, Ijlack, yel-
low and brown.

Fig. 230. — Weeping Willow Borer — color, whitish.

Fig. 240. — Horned Flower Beetle — colors, brownish-yellow
and black.

Fig. 277. — Eggs of Clover-stem Borer — color, yelloAvish.

Fig. 278. — Larva of Clover-stem Borer — color, yellow.

Fig. 27V). — Piq)a of Clover-stem Borer — cok)r. yellow.

Fig. 280. — Clover-stem Borer— colors, l>hu'-black and dull red.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES, PAGE 428.

429

Fig. 146,

Fig. 179.

Fig. 182.

Fig. 184.

M

^dW"'

Fig. 185.

Fig. 221.

Fig. 230.

Fig. 220.

Fig. 246.

Fig. 277.

Fig. 127.

Fig. 27

Fig. 231.

Fig. 280.

Fif,^ 279.

430 EXPLAXAr/nX OF FIGURES, PLATE 4.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 4.

Fig. 297. — Melon Worm ; at the left, several of the worms
on some leaves — color of worms, yellowish-green ; at the
right, a moth — colors, black and white.

Fig. 310.— Small Potato-beetle (Xo. 1)— color, black.

Fig. 341. — Asparagus Beetle — colors, blue-black, yellow
and red.

Fig. 342. — Eggs of Asparagus Beetle on a stalk of asparagus
— color of eggs, blackish.

Fig. 343. — Larva of Asparagus Beetle — color, grayish.

Fig. 353. — Dried-fruit Moth— colors, whitish and rusty-brown.

Fig. 354. — Dried-fruit Moth — colors, gray and brown.

Fig. 355. — Grain Weevil — color, blackish.

Fig. 358. — Bran and Flour Bug — color, brown.

Fig. 371. — Wasp — colors, black, the wings reddish.

Fig. 370. — California Lad3'-l>ird — colors, reddish-brown,
black and white.

Fig. 372. — Mud nests of a wasp.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES, PAGE m).

Fiff. 297.

^M

Fig. 358.

432

CLASSIFIED ILLUS TEA T IONS— BEETLES.

BBS^1«&@.

Fig. 26.

Fig.,10;}.

Fig. 197.

CLASSIFIED ILLUSTRATIONS-BEETLES.

Fig. 156. Fig. 201.

/i

Fig. 178.

Fig. 150.

Fig. 181.

Fig. 204.

434

CLASSIFIED ILLUSTRATIONS— BEETLES.
Hg. 19513. Fig. 216.

Fig. 191.

Fig. 312.

CLASSIFIED ILL USTRA T IONS— BEE TLES.

436

Fig. 282.

Fig. 359.

Fig. 305.

Fig. 309. Fig. 313

436

CLASSIFIE D TLLUS TRA T IONS— BO T- FL TES.

Fig. 350. Fig. 374.

Fig. 373

*

Fig. 361. Fig. 362.

Fig. .'^61.

^^^

CLASSIFIED ILLUSTRATIONS— TRUE BUGS.

437

^^R.'CTE m^^mm.

Fig. 3fi.

Fig. 266.

Fig. 183.

Fig. 296.

Fig. 200.

Fig. 333.

Fig. 33.

3 *

4:«

CLASSIFIED ILLUtiTRA TIONS— PLANT-LICE.

Fig. 11.

Fig. 74.

CLABSIFIED ILLU8TRA TI0N8—PLANT~LI0E.
Fig. 152.

4S9

sc-^fSB*-??

Fig. 225.

440 CLASSIFIED ILLUSTRArroyS—SAW-FLIES.

Fiff. 384.

Pig. 340.

CLASSIFIED ILrMSTllATIONS-CATERPILLARs, ETC. ui

Figf. 52.

Fig. 55.

Fig. 27.

Fig. 58.

Fig. 37.

Fii,'. 4-i

442 CLASSIFIED ILLUSTRATIONS—CATERPILLARS, ETC.

Fig. 96.

FiiT. 148.

CLASSIFIED ILLUST RATION S— CATERPILLARS, ETC. 443

Fig. 157,

Fig. 163.

Fig. 160.

444 CLASSIFIED ILLUSTRATIONS— CATERPILLARS, ETC.

Fi". 167.

Fip. 172.

I«llipi^

CLASSIFIED ILLVSTRATfONS-^ CATERPILLARS, ETV. 145

Fig. 210.

Fig. 214.

Fig. 227.

Fig. 269.

Fig. 283.

Fig. 284.

446 CLASSIFIED ILLUSTRATIONS-CATERPILLARS, ETC.

Fig. 299.
Fig. 286. >— -^^

niAHSTFIED ZfJMSTE AT fON.'^--nUTTER FLIES, FTC. 447

Fip. 84S. Fig. 351.

Fig. 39. Fig. 48.

448 CLASSIFIED ILLUSTRATIONS— BUTTERFLIES, ETC.

Fig. 68. Fig. .56.

Fiff. ()8.

/^.

^■^

\ '

Fig. 60

Fig. 57.

.,W.:;^;Vvf.;,^

WA

Fig. 53.

CLASSIFIED ILLUSTRATIONS— BUTTERFLIES, ETC. 449

Fiff. 71.

450 CLASSIFIED ILWST RAriONS— BUTTERFLIES, ETC,

CLASSIFIED ILLUSTRATIONS— BUTTERFLIES. ETC. 451

Fiff. 162.

."^

Fig. 168.

Fig. 173.

r\v

r^

I \

452 CLASSIFIED ILLUSTRATIONS— BUTTERFLIES, ETC.

Fig. 177. Fig. 196. Fig. 199^

Fig. 228

Fig. 254.

i

CLASS fF/EB ILLUSTRATIONS— BUTTERFLIES, ETC. 453

Fig. 291.

454 CLASSIFIED ILLUSTRATIONS— BUTTERFLIES, ETC.

CLASSIFIED ILLUSTRATIONS— BUTTERFLIES, ETC. 455

Fig. 301.

Fig. 326.

Fig. 328.

Fig. 330,

Fig. 356.

456 CLASSIFIED ILLUSTRATIONS— BUTTERFLIES, ETC.

Tier. 331.

i

Fig. 368.

INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

Page.

Abraxias rhearia '^22

Acrobasis vebulo "-^

Adoxus vitis — Imported Grape Flea-beetle 194

.Egeria cucurbitacea — Squash-vine Borer 299

.Egeria exitiosa — Peach-tree Borer 126

^Egeria polistiformis — Grape-root Borer 168

.Egeria pyri — Pear-tree Borer 115

^Egeria rubi — Raspberry- root Borer 208

^Egeria tipuliformis — Currant Borer 216

Agrilus ruficolUs — Raspberry Borer 209

Aletia argillacea— Cotton Worm 297

Allorhinn nitida ^^^

Alypia ocfom a «/iak(— Eight-spotted Forester 186

Aiuphirenis (Bostrichus) bicaudatus 69

.4»a/f/>/mf/ar;'a;— Strawberry Crown-borer 228

Anarsia lineatella—VeSiCh Moth • 128

Anchylojyerafragarice—Stviiwhevi-j Leaf-roller 231

Anisopteryx Autumnata— Fall Canker Worm 75

Anisopteryx pometaria — Fall Canker Worm 75

Anisopteryx vernata — Spring Canker Worm 78

Anthomyia brassicx — Cabbage Maggot 321

Anthomyla ccparum — Onion Maggot 330

A))thomyia raphani — Radish Maggot 328

Aiithonomvs prunicida — Phun Gouger 1-13

Anthonomus quadrigibbus — Apple Cureulio 109

Anthrenus scrophnlarigp—CnYTpet Beetle 340

Aphis amygdali — Almond Aphis 236

Aphis avense — Grain Aphis ^81

Aphis 6ra.s.s-i'c«— Cabbage Aphis 327

Aphis diospyri — Persimmon Aphis 146

Aphis lanigera '-■*"

Aphis ona id is— Corn Aphis -96

Aphis maii— Apple-tree Apliis 98

458 INDEX TO SCTENTfFW NAMES.

Aphis iiudifolia — Apple-leal' Apliis 99

Aphis nerii — Oleander Aphis 255

Aphis pruni — Plum-tree A])his ]:-\U

Aphiti prunifulia 1 Ml)

Aphis rumicis — Bean Aphis ;^;^5

Aphix viburni — Snowball iVphis 202

Aplodes ruhivora — Raspberry Spanworm 210

Asopia costalis — Clover-hay Worm 2S9

Asp)i(liotus aurantii — Red Scale 15;!

Aspidiotus circidaris 112

Aspidiotus citrii 1 5;;

Aspidiotus citricola l(jl

Aspidiotus conchiforiiiis — Oyster-shell Bark-Iuuse 5iS

Aspidiotus convexiis — Willow Scale 248

Aspidiotus cydonin: — Quince Scale 124

Aspidiotus ficus — Red Scale of Florida 15()

Aspidiotus juglans-regix — Walnut Scale 2o2

Aspidiotus nerii — Lemon-peel Scale 1 5S

Aspidiotus ostresefonnis 112

Aspidiotus ortholohus — San Bernardino Willow Scale 244

Aspidiotus pergandi — Pergande's Orange Scale Kid

Aspidiotus perniciosus — San Jose Scale (lO

Aspidiotus perseiE — Red Bay Scale 25;*>

Aspidiotus pomorum 5<S

Aspidiotus pyrus-malus 5(S

Aspidiotus rapax — Greedy Scale ()o

Aspidiotus uVcV — ( }ra])e Scale 177

Baridius trinotatus — Potato-stalk Weevil o{)()

Bitovui opaculus — Decaying Wood liorers 17S

Blatt'.i Germanica — Cockroach o41

Blapstinus Lecontei 8()4

Bostrichus bicaudatus — Apple-twig Borer 69

Brachytxnia malana — Many-dotted Caterpillar 95

Bruchus faba' — Bean Weevil ."vvl

Bruclius obsoletits — Bean AVeevil o84

Bruchus j)isi — Pea Weevil 882

Burculatrix pomifoliella — Apple Huceuhitrix 97

Bythoscopus clitellariux — Plum Leaf-hopper 14<l

INDEX TO SCTENTIFW NAMES. 459

Page.

Calandra granan'a — Grain Weevil 344

Calandra oryzfe — Rice Weevil .... 345

(yantharis cinerea — Ash-colored Blister Beetle 310

Cantharis vittata — Striped Blister Beetle 312

Carpocapsa pomoncUa — Codlin Moth 102

Cassida aurichalcea — Golden Tortoise Beetle ... .316

Cassida hivittita — Two-striped Tortoise Beetle 316

Casdda (jnftata — Mottled Tortoise Beetle 316

Cassida nigripes — Black-legged Tortoise Beetle 316

Cecidomyia destructor — Hessian Fly 274

(lecidomyia (/rossularise — Gooseberry Midge 227

Ceresa bubal us — Buffalo Tree-hopper 71

C^atonia Inda — Indian Cetonia 130

(Jhserocampa pampivatrix — Hog Caterpillar 183

(liionaspis ortholobis — San Bernardino W^illow Scale 244

(Jhrysobothrus femorata — Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer 67

Chrysompludusficus 156

Clisiocampa Americana — Orchard Tent Caterpillar 83

Clisiocampa constricta — DeLong's Caterpillar 79

Clisiocampa sylvatica — Forest Tent Caterpillar 85

Clytus Robinise — Legless Locust Borer 240

Coccinella 5-notata var. Californica — California Lady-bird . 362

Coccotorus scutellaris 143

Coccus mali .56

Coccus pyri 114

Coccus vitis 176

Coeliodes insequalis — Grape Curculio 204

Conotrachelus crata'gi — Quince Curculio 124

Conotrachelus nenuphar — Pluni Curculio 140

(\)reus tristis—Sqnsish Bug 300

Corimela'ua. pulicaria — Negro Bug 212

(^otalpa lanigera — Goldsmith Beetle 101

Crioceris Asparagi — Asparagus Beetle 336

Croesia persicana — Peach Leaf-roller 129

Dactylopius adonidam — Mealy Bug 263

Dactylopius destructor — Destructive Mealy Bug 264

Dactylojnus longifilis — Mealy Bug with long threads 266

Dacus olese — Olive Worm 150

460 INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

Page.

Darapsa myron 183

Datana ministra — Yellow-neekud Caterpillar 89

Dcih'phila lincaia — White-lined Sphinx 184

Dermestes lardariua — Kawhide Beetle 84T

Desviia maculalis — Grape Leaf-folder 190

Diabroiica vittata — Striped Cucumber-beetle 802

Diabrotica 12-puncla — Twelve-Spotted Dibrotica 135

DIdspis ostrexformis — Oyster-formed Scale 112

Diplosis irilici — Wheat Midge 285

Diaspis rosae — Rose Scale 2o(i

Diai^pis carueli — Juniper Scale 251

Dicerca divaricata — Cherry-tree Borer 13(5

Dichaelia Californiana — Apricot Leaf-roller 1 33

Distoiiia hepaticnin — Liver Fluke 357

Disonyche limbicollia — Striped Bud-beetle 134

Dolenis tejonicus — Red-bodied Saw-fly 132

Doryphorn lO-lincdit — Colorado Potato Beetle 308

Eccopsispermundana 211

EJeodes qiiadricollis 365

Ellopia ribearia 222

Emphytus macidatus — Strawberry Worm 230

Epicauta vittata — Striped Blister-beetle 312

Epitrix cucumeris 303

Epitrix hirtipennis — Small Potato Beetle, No. 2 313

Epitrix subcrinita — Small Potato Beetle, No. 1 312

Eriococcus azalese — Azalea Bark-louse 254

Eriosoma lanigera 56

Eriosoma mali 56

ErytJioneura comes — California Grape-vine Hopper 197

Eudryas grata — Beautiful Wood Nymph 1 87

Evjitchia ribearia — Currant Span-worm 222

Eurytoma flavip)C» — Yellow-legged Barley-fly 279

Eurytoma hordei — Black-legged Barley-fly 279

Euryomia Tnda 130

Eurytoma secalis — Rye Fly 279

Eurytoma tritici — Joint Worm 278

Exartema pterumadana — Raspberry Leaf-Koller 211

Forficida auricxdaria — Earwig Ill

INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES. 461

Page.

Galeruca M^a^a— Striped Cucumber-beetle 302

Galleria cereana—Bee Moth 361

Gelechia cercalella—AnQoumoiB Grain Moth 346

Gortynn nit ela— Stalk Borer 307

Grapta interro(jationis--Semico\on Butterfly 271

Grapta progm—Pi-ogne Butterfly 223

GymnedH nitida— Green Fruit-beetle 131

Haltica chalybea—ih'a^e-yme Flea-beetle 192

Haltica cwcwmeWs— Cucumber Flea-beetle 303

Haltica vittata—Sixi^eA Flea-beetle -328

Haltica striolata ^^^

Heliothis armifyera— Corn-worm or Boll-worm 294

Hibernia tiliar la —Yellow Canker-worm " 77

Holocera glandulella— Acorn Moth 246

Hylastes trifolH—CAoyer-root Borer 287

Hylobius pales— Vsiles Weevil 248

Hypena /iimttZi— Hop-vine Snout Moth 270

Hyphantria textoi — Fall Web Worm 86

Icerya pv/rchasi— Cottony Cushion Scale 165

hosoma wiiis—Grape-seed Maggot 205

LacJvrwsterna que rcina— White Grub 293

Languria mozardi— Clover-stem Borer 288

Lecanium hemisphericum — Filbert Scale 2o7

Lecanium hesperldum— Soft Orange Scale 163

Lecanium olese — Black Scale 1^'

Lecanium pyri — Pear-tree Scale H^

Lecanium vitis— Cottony Grape Scale I'O

Lem.a ^riimeafa— Three-lined Potato Beetle 309

Leptostylus acidiferus—Frickly Bark-beetle • ^ 70

Leucania unipuncta— Army Worm ■ 282

Listronotus Nevadicus— Brown Strawberry Weevil 229

Loxotsenia cerasivorana — Cherry Tortrix 137

Loxotcxnia rosaceana — Greater Leaf-roller

r ,, ■ 310

Lytta cmerea

Macrobasis w/i/coZor— Ash-colored Blister Beetle 310

Macrodactylu,^ sub^plnosiis—Bose Chafer 195

462 INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

Macrosila CnroUnn — Toiiiatu Worm 318

Macrosila 5-macvlata — Tomato A\'orin 318

Mcgonra solani — Tomato Aphis 320

Microcentriim retinervis — Angular-winged Katydid 200

Micropus leucoptenis — Chinch Bug 280

Mytilaspiii citricola — Citrus Leaf and Fruit Scale 101

Mytilaspis ponwrvvi r)8

Myfihi><ph powicortiris r-t^i,

Myzorylus mali oi;

Myziix 2)er8icrT — Peach Apliis l;5()

MyzH:^ rihix — Currant A|)his 22-J

Nemntu!< — Pear-leaf Caterpilhir 120

Nematus ventrlcosvx — IiH])()r1ed Cm-rant Worm 21'.)

Nolophnna malann '.».">

Notodonta conciniid — Red-humped Caterpillai- 00

Motoxas monodon — Horned Flower Beetle 259

Nysiiis drstructoi — False Chinch Bug lOS

Ohcrni triptuirtatn — lilackberry Cane Borer 214

(Eranthiix iiiveus — Snowy Tree-cricket 203

(Ecant}tU!< latipoinls — (iray Tree-cricket 145

(J'Jdipddd (ifm.r — California Locust 2^4

(E.-<tni.-^ hon's—Ox Bot-lly 352

(ExtrtiK eqiti — Horse 15ot-fly 3)50

(Estru>< ovis — Sheep-Bot-tly .■)53

Orygia leurostigiiKi — Tussock Motli S7

I'lilrarritd rrnuitd 7''^

Pap'dio asterids — Parsley Worm .537

Pap'Uo turmix — Turnus ButterHy ".15

Parldtorid Pcrydndii — Pergande's Orange Scale KiO

Pelidnota punctdtd -Spotted Pelidnota 19(i

Pempelin. (p-nssaldri;i — (Tooseherry Fruit Worm 22(5

Pen) phi (J us pyri 5()

J'cnfhind ociildiid — Bud Worm '.>4

rhdCcUnrd hydJinitdlis — Melon Worm .JOl

PhaceUum nitidaJis — Pickh^ Worm 3(»4

Phildvipelix dchemon — AchenKjn Sphinx 1 7'.>

rhildtiiprH.'i j)(tiidnriis ISO

INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES. 463

Page.

Phildvi.pclis .^(tlcUitid — Satellite Sphinx 180

Phorodoit Jininitli — Hop Apliis 272

Pho.vopferit< fragurix 281

Phi/ritd nchiilo — Apple-leaf Cnuupler 98

PhyUophaga ./'(/. sea— White (J nil) 298

Phi/Uo.rcra r(i.<:tatri.c — Grape-root Louse 171

Plcr'ni protudice — Southern Cabbage Butterfly 821

Pieris rapiv. — Imported Cabbage Butterfly 828

Pissodes struhi — Pine Weevil 247

Pityophthorm piibipeanis — Brown Chestnut Bud Beetle . . .288

Plusia halluca — Hop-vine Plusia 269

Plusia hrtfisiav — Cabbage Plusia 824

Pceciloptera pruinosu — Frosted Leaf-hopper 225

Polycaon confertus — Branch and Twig Burrower 116

Polyphylla 10-lineata — Ten-lined Leaf-eater. 100

Prionus i^nbricornis — Tile-horned Prionus 171

Prionus laticollis — Broad-necked Prionus 169

Pristophora grossidarke — Native Currant Worm 221

Procris Americana — American Procris 189

Psenocerns super notat us — American Currant Borer 217

Psoroptis eqiii — Scab Mite 355

PsycJtomorj)}i(( epimenis — Grape-vine Epimenis 188

Psylla pyri — Pear-tree Psylla ll'i'

Pterophorus pcriscelidactylus — Grapevine Plume 191

Ptycholonia persicaiia 129

Pygivra ministra 89

Rhodites radicviii — Raspberry-root (Jail-fly 209

RhopalosipJium dianthi — Carnation Aphis 261

RhopalosipJivui tulipa' — Tulip Aphis 262

Saperda hirittata 6o

Saperda Candida — Round-headed Apple-tree Borer 65

Schizoneura lanigera — Woolly Aphis 56

Sciapternn robinia' — Weeping Willow Borer 242

Scolytvs pyri — Pear-tree Scolytus ll'">

Sclandria cerasi — Pear Slug 118

Selandria rosge — Rose Slug-worm 259

Semasia pruniana — Plum Moth 144

46* INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

Page'

Serica valida — Robust Leaf-beetle 101

Serica robusta 101

SUvanus qvadricoUix and S. surinamensis — Bran nn<l Flour

Bugs 347

Sinoxylon hasilknr — Red-shouldered (Irape-vine Borer .... 207

Sipha rubifolii — Blackberry Aphis 215

Si])hon()phora avensc — Grain Aphis 281

Siphonophora cucurbitae — Cucumber Aplii.'^ 304

Siphdiiophora lactuca' — Lettuce Aphis 331

Siphonophora pisi — Pea Aphis . . . . • 332

Siphonophoria rosie — Rose Aj)his 258

Sijihonophora rubi — Raspberry Aphis 212

Sijthonophora verbcnir — Verbena Aphis 261

Si phonophorn viticola — Grape-vine Aphis 1",)8

Spilonota ocvlana 94

Spilosoma Virginica — Yellow Bear 325

Sfrachia histrionica — Harlequin Cabbage Bug 326

Tnhdiitis alratuH — Black Horse-fly ."UO

Tetranychux lelarivH — Red Sjnder 234

Thricolepis simulator — Gray Bark-eating Weevil 71

Thyreus Abbotii — Abbot's Si)hinx 182

Tinea flavifrontella — Clothes Moth 338

Tinea gra/nella — Grain IMoth 346

Tinea tapetzella — Cari)et jMoth 339

Trypeta pomonella — Apple JNLiggot 108

TyroglypJivs rihi>i — (^urrant Mite 218

inderia aravcarhr — Norfolk Islnnd Pino Scale 248

Xyl('iit)ify robinim — Lciiged Locust Borer 239

INDEX TO COMMON NAMES.

Page.

Abbot's Sphinx — Thyreus Abbutii 182

Achemon Sphinx — PhilampeUs achemon 179

Acorn Moth — Holocera glanduIeUa 246

Almond Aphis — Ajjhis amygdali 286

American Currant Borer — Fseitocerus .^upernotatus. . . 217

American Procris — Procris Americana 189

Angoumois Grain Moth — Gelechia cerealella 346

Angular-winged Katydid — Microcentrum retinervis 200

Ants 366

Apple Bucculatrix — BuccuL.trix pomifoUeUa 97

Apple Curculio — Anthonomus quadriglbbus 109

Apple-leaf Aphis — Aphis malifolia 99

Apple-leaf Grumpier — Phycita nebulo 93

Apple Maggot — Trypeta povionella 108

Apple-tree Aphis — Aphis mali 98

Apple-twig Bovei'—Bostrichus bicaudatus 69

Apple Worm 102

Apricot Leaf-roller — Dichoelia CaUfoniiaaa 133

Arni}^ Worm — Leucania unipuncta 282

Ash-colored Blister Beetle — Cantharis cinerea 310

Asparagus Beetle — Crioceris Asparagi 336

Azalea Bark-louse — Eriococcus azalea' 254

Bean Aphis — Aphis rumicis 335

Bean Weexil—Bruchus faba 334

Beautiful Wood Nymph — Endrynx grata 187

Bee Moi\\—GaUeria cercana 361

Bees 364

Blacklierry Aphis — Sipha rid)ifolii 215

Blackberry Cane Borer — Obcrca tripunctata 214

Black lioYse-Ry—Tabanus atratus > 349

Black-legged Barley-fly — Eurytoma liordci 279

Black-legged Tortoise Beetle— Ca.s.su/o nigripes 316

466 INDEX TO COMMON NAMES.

Black Scale — Lecanhim oleaz 147

Boll Worm — Heliothis armigera 294

Bran and Flour Bugs — Silvanus quadricoUis and S. surl-

namenslH 347

Branch and Twig Burrower — Polycnon confertux 116

Broad-necked Prionus — Prionus laticollis 169

Brown Chestnut Bud Beetle — Pityophthorus pubipennis . . .233

Brown Strawherry Weevil — Listronotus Nevadicus 229

Bud Worm — Pcnthina ocidana 94

Buffalo Tree-hoj^per — Cercsa buhahis 71

Cabljage Aphis — Aphis brassicie 327

Cabbage Maggot — Anthomyia brassicas 321

Cabbage Plusia — Plnsin brassicx 324

California Grape-vine Hopper — Erythoneura comes 197

California Lad3'-bird — Coccinella 5-notata var. Calif ornica.SQ2

California Locust — (Edipoda atrox 284

Canker Worms 74

Carnation Aphis — Rhopcdosiphum dianthi 261

Carpet Beetle — Anthrenus scrophidaripe 340

Carpet Moth — Tinea tapetzella 339

Cherry-tree Borer — Dicerca divaricata 136

Cherry-tree Tortrix — Loxotsenia cerasivorana 137

Cherry Worm 137

Chinch Bug — Micropus leucoptertts 280

Cicada or Harvest-fly 72

Citrus Leaf and Fruit Scale — Aspidiotns citricola 161

Clothes Moth — Tinea flavifrontella 338

Clover-hay Worm — Asopia costalis 289

Clover-root Borer — Hylastes trlfolii .287

Clover-stem Borer — Languria mozardi 288

C'Ockroach — Blatta Germanica 341

Codlin Moth — Carpocajysa pomoncUa 102

Colorado Potato Beetle — Doryphora lO-Uncata. 308

Common Mealy Bug — Dactylopius adonidum 263

Corn Aphis — Aphis maidis 296

Corn-worm or Boll-worm — Heliothis armigera 294

Cottony Cushion Scale — Icerya purchasi 165

Cottony Grape Scale — Lcranium vitifi 176

INDEX TO COMMON NAMES. 467

Page.

Cotton Worm — Alctia ayf/iUacea 297

Crane Flies 273

Cucumber Aphis — Siphonophora cucurhitx 304

Cucumber Flea-beetle — Haltica cucumcris 303

Currant Aphis — Myzus rihis 224

Currant Borer — .Egeria tipuliformis 216

Currant INIite — Tyroglyphus ribis 218

Currant Span-worm — Eufitchia rihearia 222

Cut Worms 292

Decaying Wood Borers — Bitoma opaculus 178

DeLong's Caterpillar — CUsiocamjja constricta 79

Destructive Mealy Bug — Dactylopius destructor 264

Dried Fruit Moth 342

Earwig — Forficida auricularla Ill

Eight-spotted Forester — Alypia octomaculata 186

Elm and Locust Scale 245

Fall Canker ^\ ovm—Anisopteryx pometaria 75

Fall Web Worm — Hyphantria textor 86

False Chinch Bug — Nysius destructor 198

Filbert Scale — Lecanium hemisphericum 237

Flat-headed Apple-tree Borev— Chnjsohothrus fe mo rat a 67

Forest Tent Caterpillar— C/i.s/oca»yja sylvatica 85

Frosted Leaf-hopper— P(t'c?7oi>f era pruinosa 225

Golden Tortoise Beetle— C««.s«/(i' aurichcdcea 316

Goldsmith Beetle — Cotcdpa lanUjera 101

Gooseberry Fruit Worm — PempeUa grossidanse 226

Gooseberry Midge — Cccidomyia (jrossvlarise 227

Grain Aphis — Aphis avense 281

Grain Moth — Tinea yra,nella 346

Grain Weeyil—Calandra granaria 344

Grape Curculio— Ca^^iocles inxqualis 204

Grape Leaf-folder — Desmia viacuUdis 190

Grape-leaf Roller 206

Grape-root Borer — .Egeria polistiforniis : 168

Grape-root Louse — Phylloxera vastatrix 171

Grape Scale— ^sj>u/io^(^s■ uvse 1 ^ ^

468 INDEX TO COMMON NAMES.

Page.

Grape-seed Maggot — Isosoma citin 205

Grape-vine Aphis — Siphonophora viticola 198

Grape-vine Epimenis — Psijchomorpha epimenis 188

Grape-vine Flea-beetle — Haiti ca chalyhea 192

Grapevine Plume — Pterophorus periscelidactylus 191

Gray Bark-eating Weevil — Thricolepis simulator 71

Gray Tree-cricket — CEcanthus latipennis 145

Greater Leaf-roller — Loxotienia rosaceana 91

Greedy Scale — Aspidiotus rapax 63

Green Fruit-beetle — Gymneth nitkla 131

Harlequin Cabbage Bug — Strarhia histrionica 326

Harvest Fly 72

Hessian Fly — Cecidomyia destructor 274

Hog Caterpillar — Chxroccunpa pjampinatrix 183

Hop Apliis — Phorodon humuli 272

Hop-vine Plusia — Plusia halluca 269

Hop-vine Snout Moth — Hypena humuli 270

Horned Flower Beetle — Xotoxus monodon 259

Horse Bot-fly — (Estrus eqvi 350

Imported Cabbage Worm — Pieris rapie 323

Imported Currant Worm — Nematus ventricosus 219

Imported Grape Flea-beetle — Adoxus vitis 194

Indian Cetonia — Cetonia Inda 130

Joint Worm — Eurytoma tritici 278

June Bug — Lachnosterna quercina 293

Juniper Scale — Diaspis carucli 251

Katydid — Platyphyllum concacum 202

Lace-winged Fly 362

Legged Locust Borer — Xyleutus robini<e 239

Legless Locust Borer — Clytus Rohinise 240

Lemon-peel Scale — Aspidiotus nerii 158

Lettuce A})lns — Siphonophora lactvca' 331

Liver Fluke — Distoma hcpaticum 357

''Locust Carpenter Moth — Xyleutus rohinise 289

INDEX TO COMMON NAMES. 469

Page.

Many-dotted Caterpillar — Brachytsenia inalana 95

Mealy Bug with long threads — Dactylopius lonfiifiUa 266

Melon Worm — Phacelluria hyaJintalis 301

Millipedes 291

Mosquito 341

Mottled Tortoise Beetle — Cdsxida giitfatd 316

Native Ckirrant Worm — Prldophora yrussularui' 221

Negro Bug — Corimelsena pulicaria 212

Norfolk Island Pine Scale — Uhlen'a araucariir 248

Oleander iVphis — Aphis nerii 255

Olive ^^"orm — Dacus olese 150

Onion Maggot — Anthomyia ccparum 330

Orchard Tent Caterpillar — Clisiocampa Aineriaina 83

Ox Bot-fly— (E.s^r^.s hovis 352

Oyster-formed Scale — Dtaspis ostreieformis 112

Oyster-shell Bark-louse — Aspidiotus concJiiformis 58

Pales Weevil — Hylobius pales 248

Parsley Worm — Papilio asterias 337

Pea Aphis — Siphonophora phi 332

Peach Aphis — Myzus persicfe 130

Peach Leaf-roller — Crcesia persicana 129

Peach Moth — Anarsia lineateUa 128

Peach-tree Borer — ^Egeria exitiosa 126

Pear-leaf Caterpillar — Nematus 120

Pear Slug — Selandria cerasi 118

Pear-tree Borer — ^■Egeria pyri 115

Pear-tree Psylla — Psylla pyri 117

Pear-tree Scale — Lecanium pyri 114

Pear-tree Scolytus — Scolyfus pyri 115

Pea Weevil — Bruchus pisi 332

Pergande's Orange Scale — Aspidiotus pergandi 160

Pernicious Scale — Aspidiotus perniciosus 60

Persimmon Aphis — Aphis diospyri. 146

Pickle Worm — Phacellura nitidalis 304

Pine Weevil — Pissodes strobi 247

Plum Curculio — Conotrachelus nenuphar 140

Plum Gouger — Anthonomus prunicida 148

470 INDEX TO COMMON NAMES.

Page.

Plum Leaf-hopper — Bi/thoscopu.s cUteUarins 140

Plum Moth — Semaxia pruniana 144

Plum-tree Aphis — Aphis jrruni lo9

Potato-stalk Wcvyil—Bnridius trinotatus oO()

Potato Moth 313

Potato Worm — Macronla ■j-macuhita 31S

Prickly Bark-beetle — Lcjjtostijlus .acub'fer>i.-< 70

Proline Butterfly — Uraj)1<t pro<jne 223

Quince Curculio — Cojiotrdchcluii cratscgi J.24

Quince Scale — Aspidiotiis cydnnife 124

Radish Maggot — Authounjia raphani 328

Raspberry Aphis — Sijjhonophora ruhi 212

Raspberry Borer — Agrilus ruficollis 209

Raspberry Leaf-Roller — Exartema pcrmundana 211

Raspberry-root Borer — .Egeria ruhi 208

Raspberry-root Gall-fly — Rhoditcs radicum 209

Raspberry Spanworm — Aplodes 7-ubivora 210

Rawhide Beetle — Dermestes lardarius 347

Red Bay Scale — Aspidiotits persae 253

Red-bodied SaAV-fly — Dolrru.-; tcjoiucus 132

Red-humped ('ateri)illar — Xatodojita concinna 90

Red Scale — Aspidiotu-< axirantii 153

Red Scale of Florida — Aspidiotus Jicus 150

Red- shouldered Grape-vine Borer — Sinoxylon basilare 207

Red Si)ider — Tefraiiychus telarinx 234

Rice Weevil — Calaadra oryzse 345

Robust Leaf-beetle — Serica valida 101

Rose Aphis — Siphnnophora rosn- -^^''^

Rose Chafer — Macrodactyhis isubspinosus 195

Rose Scale — D I asp is rosw -^>0

Rose Slug-worm — Sclnndrid ros;v 259

Round-headed Apple-tree Borer — Saperda Candida 05

Rye Fly — Kvrytoma secali>i 279

San Bernardino Willow Scak — Aspidiotus oHhoIobus 244

San Jose Scale — Aspidiotus 2Jcr)iiciosus 00

Santa Cruz Scale — Aspidiotus rapax 63

Satellite Sphinx — Philampcli.-^ satcUitia 180

INDEX TO COMMON NAMES. 471

Page.

Scab Mite — PsorojAls cqui 355

Semicolon Butterfly — Grapta intcrroyatlonis 271

Sheep-Bot-fly-^ CE'sfrus ovis 353

Slugs or Snails 267

Small Potato Beetle, No. 1—Epitr!x svhrrinitd 312

Small Potato Beetle, No. 2 — Epitrix hlrtipcnuh 313

Snowball Aphis— .4p/ris viburni 262

Snowy Tree-cricket — CEcanthuH nivcus 203

Soft Orange Scale — Lecaiiium hcsperidum 163

Southern Cabbage Worm — Pieris protodice 321

Spotted Pelidnota — PeUdnota punctata 196

Spring Canker Worm — Anisopteryx vernata 78

Squash Bug— Coreus tristis 300

Squash-vine Borer — jEgeria cucurhit.T 299

Stalk Borer — Gortyna nitda 307

Steel-blue Flea Beetle— Halt lea chalyhea 192

Strawberry CYOwn-horeY—Analcisfragarla; 228

Strawberry Leaf-roller — Anchylopera fragarix 231

Strawberry Worm — Emphytus maculatus 230

Striped Blister Beetle — Canthari^ vlttata 312

Striped Bud-beetle — Disonychc UmbicoUis 134

Striped Cucumber-beetle — Diahrotlca vlttata 302

Striped Flea-beetle — Haltica vlttata 328

Ten-lined Leaf-eater — Polyphylla 10-lineata 100

Thousand-legged Worms 291

Three-lined Potato Beetle — Lema trillneata 309

Thrips 122

Tile-horned Prionus — Prlonus Imbiicornis 171

Tobacco Worm — Macrosila. Carolina 318

Tomato Aphis — Megoura, solani 320

Tomato ^^^orm — Macrosila Carolina 318

Tortoise Beetles 315

Tulip Aphis — Rhopaloslpjhum txdipse 262

Turnus Butterfly — Paplllo turnus 95

Tussock Moth — Orygla leucostigma 87

Twelve-Spotted Diabrotica — Diabrotica 12-punctata 135

T-v^o-striped Tortoise Beetle— Cass tcZa bivittata 316

472 INDEX TO COMMON NAMES.

Pa-c.

W-rlu'iia Ajthis — Siphonophora verbenas 201

^\'aluut Stale — Aapidluta^ juglans-re(iix 232

Wasps 863, 364

^^'llx Worm — (jdlkria cercana 361

Weeping Willow Borer — Sciapteron rohlnuc 242

Wheat Midge — Diplosis tritici '. . 285

White Grub — Lachnosterna quercina 293

White-lined Sijhinx — Deilcphila lineata 184

White Scale — Diuspis rosie 256

Willow Scale — Asjjidiotus convexn^ 243

Wire Worms 290

Woolly A})his — Schizoneura lanigera 56

Yellow Bear Caterpillar — Spilosoma Vir<jinica 325

Yellow Canker-worm — Hibernia tiliaria 77

Yellow-legged Barley-fly — Earytoma flavipe-s 279

Yellow Mite ."..." ^ 199

Yellow-necked Caterpillar — Datana ministra 89

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