INSECT PEST SURVEY BULLETIN

No. 14 Supplement No. 9

THE SPECIES .aND DISTRIBUTION' OF GRASSHOPPERS RESPONSIBLE

FOR THE I934 OUTBREAK

R» L. Shotwell, Assistant Entomologist, Division of Qereal and Forage Insect Investigations, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, United States Department of Agr i culture. j./

In connection with the grasshopper control campaign of 1934»" an adult grasshopper survey was made in the more heavily infested States during the latter part of. July and the month of August to determine the results of the poisoning operations and to locate areas where grasshoppers were still abundant and where eggs might be found during the fall egg survey. Considerable data were also obtained regarding the species responsible- for the outbreak and their relative abundance in some of the more common grasshopper habitats.

DOMINANT SPECIES IN MONTANA, NORTH DAKOTA, SOUTH DAKOTA, AND WYOMING

In Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming, specimens were col- lected in typical environment by State leaders and tlheir assistants. From 5 to 20 collections, representative of the grasshopper population of a certain habitat, were made in each county. The specimens were killed. in radiator alcohol and dried and preserved between sheets of paper toweling. A record was kept of the location and kind of environment. These -specimens were later identified and counted to determine the percentage of each species in the total number collected in each habitat. The collections from these > four States in- cluded 44»700 specimens. The data were then grouped according to the geograph- ical distribution and habitat.

•i/The writer is indebted to the following State leaders who cooperated in making the survey of abundance of adult grasshoppers or in furnishing infor- mation regarding dominant species in their States:" E. D. Ball, Arizona; Stewart Lockwood, California; S. C. lie Campbell, Colorado; Claude wakeland, Idaho; C. J. Drake, Iowa; G. A. Dean, Kansas; Ray Hutson, Michigan; A. G. Rug- gles, Minnesota; A. L. Strand, Montana; 0. S. Bare, Nebraska; G. C. Schweis, Nevada; J. R. Eyer, New Mexico; F. D. Butcher, North Dakota; D. C. Mote, Oregon; A. L. Ford, South Dakota; \u W. Henderson, Utah; E. L. 'Chambers, Wis- consin; C. L. Corkins, Wyoming.

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UBRARY STATE PLANT IOARD

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Each of the four States was subdivided into districts. This sub- division was based on a general knowledge of the difference in topography, crops, climatic conditions, plant associations, ana differences in the normal distribution of dominant species" of grasshoppers.

North Dakota

District 1. Eastern. Counties east of the 99th meridian. Prairie or tall- grass region.

District 2. Northern and western. Counties north of 480 latitude end west

of 99° longitude. Plains or short-grass region. 1 1

District 3.1 Southern and western. Counties south of 480 latitude and west of

99° longitude. Plains or short-grass region.

South Dakota

District 1. Northeastern. Counties east of 99° longitude, and north of 44»2° latitude. Prairie. or tall-grass region.

District 2.- Southeastern. Counties east of 99° longitude, and south of 44«2° latitude.. Prairie or tall-grass region.

District 3. Central. Counties between 99° longitude and 102° longitude. Short-trass region*

District 4« 'western. Counties west of 102° longitude. Short-grass and yellow pine .region, also Black Hills area.

Wyoming

District 1. Eastern. Counties east of the Big Horn Mountains and 107° longi- tude in the northeast, and east of the Laramie Mountains and 106° longitude in the southeast. Short-grass region*

District 2. Western. Counties west of district 1. Sagebrush region.

Montana

District 1. Western and mountain. Counties immediately east of the Conti- nental Divide to the ll8th meridian in the north, then south to the Missouri River, east to IO8.50 longitude, and south to the border. Short-grass and lodgepole pine area.

District 2. Northern and eastern. Counties north of the Missouri River from the 112th meridian east, ,' Short-grass region.

District 3.' Eastern. Counties south'of the Missouri 3iver and'east of IO8.50 longitude.

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TYPICiiL iiliVIP^NMLNTS IN" WHIOE COLLECTIONS WERE MADE

Collections were made only in the most common grasshopper habitats in each district. These were:

*

1. Small grain « — V.;heat, oats, rye, barley,

2. Legumes . — alfalfa,, sweetclover, peas, 3« Corn,

4* F.lax« ■

5» Roadside, — Native grasses, Russian-thistle (Salsola p.estifer), ragweed (AmbrosTa sp,)t wild lettuce (Lactuca sp,), lambsquarters ( Chenopodium sp,), sunflower (Helianthus sp.), pigweed (Ama ran thus sp,), gumweed (Grindelia squarrosa) , sagebrush (Art ernes i a sp.)

6, Weedy patches. — Native grasses and the same weeds as in roe dside ;en~ vironments.

7» Russian-thistle mats. — Mostly, pure stands,

8, Plains grassland (native grasses of the open range) . — Grama grass , (Bouteloua gracilis), buifalo grass (Bulbilis dactyloides ) , western wheatgrass ( Agropyron sr^i thi i ) , western neediegrass jStipja comata) , wiregrass (Aristida longiseta), nigger-wool (Carex filifolis), june- grass (Koeleria cristata) ,

*

9« Low-mountain grassland. — Mostly grama grass (Bouteloua gracilis) with an abundant admixture of nigger-wool (Carex filifolie. ) and junegrass Koeleria cristata) .

10, Pasture grassland. — Fenced and smaller areas of native sod, surrounded by cropped fields. Here are found the native grasses of the plains grassland and also some of the tall prairie grasses, bluestem bunch grass (^ndropogon furcatus), bluestem sod grass (A, scoparius ) , needle- grass (Stipa spartea ) , and slender wheatgrass (Agropyron tenerum) ,

The greatest differences are between the cultivated crop environments and the grassland habitats. There were two reasons for considering the crops separately: First, the species of grasshoppers show distinct preferences for certain crops. By separating the crops important preferences are emphasized. Secondly, crops vary in their importance and abundance from one district to another.

The grassland areas were divided into plains, low-mountain grasslands, and pasture grasslands. Plains and low-mountain grasslands include the open ranges and are kept separate because of their topography. The plains grass- lands occur in lower and more level regions, whereas the low-mountain grasslands are in the higher aid hilly regions. Pasture grassland consists of native sodlands, fenced into small units of less than 80 acres and surrounded by

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cultivated crops. These small areas oi' native sod pasture are bound to be influenced by adjoining crops. Therefore, they, are treated as distinct from open-range grasses, ; . •

Many collections were made along roadsides bordering two or more dis- tinct types of vegetation. These roadsides contain e. mixture of native grass- es and weeds, with somewhat similar flora throughout. Because of this* similari* ty, they are considered as a distinct habitat. Many farms contain waste land and weedy pastures covered with grasses and weeds. Those are also considered as a distinct environment and are called weedy patches.

Most of the crops in the drought-stricken areas were destroyed early by the lack of moisture. Such heavy stands of pure Russian-thistle had sprung up that the original crops .cquld not be recognized. There were thousands of acres' of Russian-thistle mats all over. the Dakotas. These were also treated as representing a separate •environmental "condition,

DISTRIBUTION BY STATES OF THE GRASSHOPPERS IN TYPICAL ENVIRONMENTS

The distribution for each State of the species in each of the ten en- vironments and the frequency, with which each specdes' occurs .are shown in' tables 1 to 10, The distribution is given in terms of percentage of the total number of specimens collected in each habitat. The species are listed and their rela- tive abundance given for each of the ten environments. ..in. all the districts.

Certain habitats are not listed. for all States and districts. In some habitats sucL as corn and flax environments, - the crop was of minor importance in certain regions. Practically no low-mountain grassland occurs in North Dakota and some of the other districts. In other places, collections were not made along roadsides and in pastures. Therefore, there are gaps for the dis- tricts where certain environments were not considered.

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-317-

DOMINANT SPECIES BY STATES

Only a few of the most important species, selected because of their greater abundance and economic importance, will be discussed.

North Dakota

The dominant and most important grasshoppers in this State were Melanoplus mexicanus Sauss. and Camnula pellucida Scudd. The former was abundant in the western part of the State, reaching its peak in the northwest- ern district (district 2) where it composed 64.8 percent of the total number of grasshoppers collected in small grain. It was also a major species in flax (27 to 41 percent), abundant in corn ( 14 to 26 percent), and numerous in grasslands ( 14 to 25 percent). Camnula pellucida was most abundant in eastern and northeastern North Dakota (district 1), where it formed over half the grasshopper population along roadsides (77«D percent) and in small grain (54 percent). Although abundant in the middle and western portions of the State, it constituted less than 10 percent of the total number of grasshoppers col- lected. Melanoplus femur-rubrum De G. was next in abundance in cropped fields. In alfalfa it composed from 15 to 36 percent of the total number of grasshoppers, in flax 20 to 25 percent, and was numerous in corn and small grain. M. packardii Scudd. and Ageneotettix deorum Scudd. were also fairly- abundant throughout the entire State.

Two species of grasshoppers of major importance in past outbreaks have now greatly decreased in numbers. These are Melanoplus bivittatus Say and M. differentialis Thos. M. bivittatus was most abundant in the eastern part of the State. M. differentialis, formerly numerous in the southern and south- western portions, has almost disappeared. This change is probably due to recent extreme heat and drought, Sggs of M, differentialis have been known to dry out under such circumstances, possibly because they are laid in the crowns of grass clumps close to the soil surface. Both of these species have a distinct preference for succulent food and can; ot live through extreme drought •

In the grasslands Ageneotettix deorum Scudd., Mestobregma kiowa Thos,, Opeia obscura Thos, , Fhlibostroma quadrimaculatum Thos. , Melanoplus infantilis Scudd,, and Encoptolorhus costalis Scudd. were abundant. Together with M. mexicanus and Camnula pellucida they were the species of economic importance in the range and pasture lands.

South Dakota

Most of the crops in South Dakota were destroyed by drought and were replaced by Russian-thistle. In the small grain that was left Melanoplus mexicanus was the dominant species, ranging from 24 percent of the total population in the northeastern part (district 1) to Go percent in the central part (district 3)» No other species was nearly so abundant. In alfalfa in the central part (district 3) and .the western part (district 4) » i-t constituted 79 percent of the total number. Melanoplus bivittatus and M. differentialis, which were responsible in 1931 *"or the destruction of crops in a ^0, 000- square mile area ran only from 2 to 8 percent in all but the southeastern part

-318-

(district 2). The great hordes of these grasshoppers have disappeared over the greater part of the State. Melanoplus differentialis was abundant, how- ever, in the southeastern 'district (district 2) in corn and weedy pastures and along roadsides. It comprised from 29 to 49 percent of the total num- ber of grasshoppers collected in these habitats. Over most of the State Ageneotettix deorum was much more abundant than either M. differentialis or M. bivittatus, ranking next to M. mexicenus. Melanoplus peckardii was fairly numerous and generally distributed. Camnula pellucida occurred in the northeastern district (district 1) and at the first of the season was abundant and dominant in the western (district "4)' or mountain areas. Vigor- ous control measures reduced its numbers by 80 percent in most of the western area. Melanoplus femur-rubrum did not occur abundantly and was found mostly in alfalfa. '

In the grasslands, Ageneotettix deorum, Mestobregma kiowa, Phlibostroma quadrimaculatum. and Drepanopterna femoratum Scudd. were most abundant. Melanoplus mexicanus was numerous in the central portion and Camnula pellucida was dominant in the low-mountain grassland. Mestobregma kiowa was dominant in the native sod pastures1, making up from 41 . to 5# percent of the total population. In pastures suffering from severe drought, where -the grass was burned up and overgrazed, this -species was fairly abundant (8 per square yard) even though the foliage seemed insufficient to support the most meager population. M. kiov/a has been called the pasture grasshopper and is rightly named.

In the thousands, of. acres of Russien-thistle M. mexicanus was by far the most abundant species, constituting from 43 ^ 67 'percent of the total grasshopper population. The next in abuncianoe here, was ageneotettix deorum making up from 4 "to 10 percent. *

* *

Y/yoming

In small grains Melanoplus mexicanus was dominant at l8 percent; fol- lowed closely by .ageneotettix deorum, at 15 percent; M. bivittatus- >13 percent| M. f emur-rubrum , 11 percent; and Aulocara elliotti Thos.,11 percent. Earlier in the season, Camnula pellucida was '"" abundant, especially in the north- er stern part. There was a terrific slaughter of this particular species, together with M. mexicanus and M. bivittatus, in the poisoned-bait campaigns. Observers recorded, time and again, the finding of countless numbers of dead grasshoppers on the ground. This disturbed the normal balance for the dif- ferent species here, as well as in all other districts where intensive control measures had been in force.

Alfalfa is an important forage crop in Wyoming. Melanoplus mexicanus was the species most numerous in this crop at 31 percent in the eastern dis- trict (district 1), and M. femur-rubrum- at 37 percent was dominant in the western district (district 2), Ageneotettix deorum ranked next, at 13 per- cent in the eastern part, and M.packsrdii at 22 percent in the western part. Camnula pellucida formed about 2 percent. of the population in the eastern part end jumped to 13 percent in the western district.

Wyoming is an important stock-raising State, and large grazing areas

.. •• -319-

have b«en seriously damaged by grasshoppers. a great deal of interest has been aroused regarding the control of grasshopppers and the kinds found in grazing lands. From collections made here, it seems that Ageneotettix deorum was most abundant, running from 28 to 44 percent of the total popula- tion in the open range of the plains and 27 percent in the pastures. Melanoplus mexicanus was the most abundant in the low-mountain grasslands at • 43 percent. Other important species of the grasslands were Camnula pellucida, M. packardii, M. infantilis, and Drepanopterna femora turn. ' Of course, there were numerous other kinds of lesser importance, but all contributed their part to the havoc wrought on the grazing land.

Montana

It was in this State, the old home of Melanoplus spretus Thos,, that M, mexicanus reached its greatest abundance and its highest rank over other species. In the great wheat areas it constituted from 47 "to 7^ percent of the total grasshopper population in small grains. The species next in rank were M. femur-rubrum and M, packardii, both at 4 "to 9 percent, M. infantilis was next, ranging from 2 to 5 percent. M. mexicanus was also the most abundant species in alfalfa and sweetclover, ranging from 30 percent in the counties bordering the mountains to 72 percent in the eastern counties south of the Missouri River. In these crops M, femur-rubrum ran from 12 percent of the total population in the eastern district (district 3) to 39 percent in the western district (district 1).

In the severe 1923 outbreak Melanoplus bivittatus was abundant in alfalfa and sweetclover all along the Yellowstone Valley. This year it com- posed only 0.5 percent of the populations in these crops. In the irrigated valleys of the mountain district it increased to 3*8 percent*

Montana, like Vivoming, has large grazing tracts, which have been severely damaged by grasshoppers. On these grazing lands, Melanoplus mexicanus was most numerous, ranging from 7 percent in the mountain counties to 45 percent of the total population in the eastern districts* Melanoplus infantilis was next in importance, its abundance ranging from 4 percent in the eastern part to 26 percent in the mountain district. Other abundant grasshoppers were Ageneotettix deorum, at 5 "to 9 percent; Drepanopterna femora turn, 2 to 12 percent; Mestobregma kiowa, 4 "to 13 percent; and phlibostroma qua dr ima cu la turn , 1 to 17 percent. The last was most abunaant on the grazing lands in the northern wheat district. Other species found were Opeia obscura, Phoetaliotes nebrascensis Thos,, Melanoplus packardii, and Encoptolophus costalls Scudd, Camnula pellucida was very abundant in the mountain dis- tricts, making up from 12 to 2b percent of the total number.

In Southeastern Montana Melanoplus confusus Scudd, was dominant on the range land early in the season. It had reached its maturity early in May and by the middle of July had practically disappeared. It must, hov/ever, be considered as an important range species.

-320-

SUMMARY Otf TEE DISTRIBUTION OF CRASSK0FPER3 FOUND IN ;" : TYPICAL ENVIRONMENTS

In table 11 is given the distribution of species by percentages of the total numbers collected in each of the 10 typical environments* This table summarises the distribution of the species through all.o.f the habitats* This facilitates the making of 'direct comparisons between these environments for any • one species.

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-323-

In order to shorten the discussion of the grasshoppers found in each of the environments selected in Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming, the most abundant species have been listed, together wi-th their per- centages of the total number of specimens, collected in. each environment. The percentages are expressed in round numbers.

Small grain

Legumes

Percent

1. Melanoplus mexicsnus 43

2» Camnula pellucida ■ 17

3« Melanoplus femur-rubrum 9

4» Melanoplus packardii 4

5» Melanoplus bivittatus 3

b. All others 24

Corn

1. Melanoplus mexicanus 27

2, Melanoplus femur-rubrum 11

3» Ageneotettix deorum 10

4* Melanoplus gladstoni 7

5« Melanoplus differential is-- b

6. All others ' 39

Roadside

1* Melanoplus mexicanus 32

2# Camnula pellucida l8

3» Ageneotettix deorum 8

4» Melanoplus differentials — 7

5« Melanoplus packardii b

b. All others 29 '

Russian- this tie

1# Melanoplus mexicanus 60

2» Melanoplus femur-rubrum 6

3» Ageneotettix deorum 5

4» Melanoplus packardii 5

E). Melanoplus angustipennis 4

b. All others '--- 20

Low-mountain grassland

1. Melanoplus mexicanus 2^

2» Camnula pellucida 20

3* Ageneotettix deorum-- lo

4« Mestobregma kiowa 4

5* Drepanopterna femoratum 4

b» Phi ibo stroma quadrimaculatum 4

7, All others 27

•: Percent

1, Melanoplus mexicanus 37

2, Melanoplus femur-rubrum- 25

3« M,elanoplus packardii — ' 7

4. Camnula pellucida ■ 5

5« Ageneotettix deorum 5

b. All others 21

»

I-. Melanoplus mexicanus 31

2. i\Telanoplus femur-rubrum 24

3. Camnula pellucida 21

4» Melanoplus bivittatus 5

5* Melanoplus packardii 4

b. . All. others 15

Weedy patches

1. Melanoplus mexicanus 39

2, Ageneotettix deorum 10

3» Phlibostroma quadrimaculatum 9

4* Melanoplus femur-rubrum . o

5» Phoetaliotes nebrascensis 5

0. All" others ~$1

Plains grassland

1. Ageneotettix deorum 23

2. Melanoplus mexicanus 14

3» Mestobregma kiowa 13

4. Phlibostroma quadrimaculatum 9

5. Drepanopterna femoratum 0

o* Oneia obscura 7

7. All others 2b

Pasture grassland

1« Mestobregma kiowa-- 4^

2. Ageneotettix deorum 29

3» Melanoplus mexicanus — o

4» Phlibostroma qua dr ;ma cula turn 4

5* Melanoplus femur-rubrum 3

b. Ill others lo

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• .. , .THE.. MAJOR SPECIES OF GRASSHOPPERS IN OTHER STATES

For all States other' than Montana, North Dakota', South- Dakota, and Wyoming, the .information ie "based on reports, in which only dominant and major species wore recorded either at each point of observation or for the State as a whole • . •

~ ■ -; Michigan

The report for this State was furnished by the State leader and was divided. into two parts, one. for the Upper Peninsula and the other for the Lower Peninsula counties* . In_ these, reports the one dominant species was re- corded at. each place surveyed. i These dominant species are .listed in order with the .number of times they eecli w.ere recorded as being the most abundant*

Upper Peninsula counties -.'.:.. ;.,•■._

1. Camnula pellucida 90

2* Melanoplus mexicanus -• S\2

' ■-■'.'/.•'

'-■'■■ Lower Peninsula counties

■ • • - - . . r \

.. 1* Melanoplus mexiaanus- ;-. — • :-■ — 115

2, Melanoplus femur-rubrum ■< 20. , ..

3» Camnula pellucida • 14 ,

4» -Arphia tenebrosa 4

5» Arfhia salphurea 1

"• Spharagemon sp.- 1

In the Upper Peninsula Camnula pellucida is dominant, whereas Melano- plus mexicanus is most abundant in the Lower Peninsula, with. C_» pellucida rank* ing third and M. femur-rubrum second* The Upper Peninsula is rugged mountain- ous "old land" not completely worn down by erosion, and the Lower Peninsula is a portion of the old coastal plain with the soil varying from a light sandy loam in the north-central part to a dark clay loam in the southwest and south- east* This may explain the difference between the dominant species found in the Upper ana the Lower Peninsulas*

' " ■ * *

. Wisconsin

In Wisconsin the State leader recorded the three major species in the order of their abundance at each point surveyed. These are listed below ac- cording to the number of times they ranked first , second, and third.

First in abundance

1. Canmule pellucida 295

2, Melanoplus- mexicanus 7

3* Dis.sosteira Carolina — ._---_-_- -

4* Melanoplus bivittatus

-72Ru.

25-

Second in abundance

1. Melanoplus mexicanus-- - • 196

2, Camnula pellucida < — ■■ — ----' 24

3« Dissosteira Carolina — .---- — ■ 9

At Melanoplus femur -rub rum 0

5» Melanoplus bivittatus--- 5

Third in abundance

1. Melanoplus bivittatus ■ ig

2. Dissosteira Carolina 9

3. Melanoplus mexicanus 4

4« Camnula pellucida 1

Camnula pellucida was by far the dominant grasshopper in this State,

California

The following information was obtained from a report made by C. C. Wilson, of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Sacramento, Calif. In California Camnula pellucida was the dominant species on grazing lands, with Oedaleonotus enigma ranking second, Melanoplus f emur-rubrum was most abundant in alfalfa and irrigated crops, with M. mexicanus next. In some sections M. differentialis and M. marginatus were numerous,

The important species for the States not previously mentioned are list- ed in the order of their abundance. These data are based on e report by B. M» Gaddis, of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, of the results of a questionnaire sent to each State:

Minnesota

1 . Camnula pellucida

2. Melanoplus bivittatus

3. Melanoplus mexicenus 4» Melanoplus packardii 1=1 • Dissosteira Carolina

0. Melanoplus femur -rub rum

Nebraska

1. Melanoplus -bivittatus

2. Melanoplus differentialis 3« Lie la nop lu 3 mexicanus

4» .aulocara elliotti

-326-

Idaho

1. Melanoplus mexicanus

2, Melanoplus bivittatus 3« Cannula peilucida

Colorado-

1. Mela nop lus differentia lis 2# Melanoplus mexicanus 3« Melanoplus femur-rubrum

Kansas

1* Melanoplus differentialis 2# Melanoplus bivittatus 3» Melanoplus mexicanus

Nevada

1. Melanoplus mexicanus ^* Camnnla peilucida

3» Melanoplus bivittatus

'Utah

1« Camnule peilucida

2. Melanoplus mexicanus

3« Melanoplus femur -rub rum 4. Melanoplus packardii 5» Melanoplus bivittatus b» Aulocara elliotti

Oregon

1 . Cannula peilucida

2. Melanoplus iemur-rubrum 3» Melanoplus bivittatus " 4« Melanoplus mexicanus

DISCUSSION

The survey indicates that Melanoplus mexicanus was the most widespread and destructive to crops of all the grasshopper species concerned in the out- break. Cannula peilucida came next. Even on the grazing lands, both these apecies were of great importance. C_. peilucida occurred in greatest abundance at higher elevations or in more northern latitudes. Two other species, Melanoplus bivittatus end M. differentialis, very important in past outbreaks, have all but disappeared in the areas of heavy drought. These two species began building up in 1928 in the States of North and Souta Dakota, and reached their peek of abundance and widespread destruction in the outbreaks of 133^ and 193^» During these years weather conditions, although somewhat hot and

-327-

dry, permitted an abundance of food in the form of succulent crops* As drought increased in 1933 and 1*334 anci crops were ruined, these two species decreased almost to the vanishing point. Native grasses in this drought- stricken area were better able to withstand dry conditions than cultivated crops. M. mexicanus and C_. pellucida withstood the drought because they are better adapted to feeding on dry native grass than are either M. bivittatus or M. differentials, which are more adapted to cultivated crops and build up in abundance in cultivatec areas. These changes greatly affect the method and extent of control measures • Melanoplus mexicanus lays its eggs over a much wider area than does either Cannula pellucida, M. bivittatus, or M. differ- entials. This means that larger areas have to be poisoned, involving more material and machine scattering to cover the ground. On the other hand, Camnula pellucida, Melanoplus bivittatus, and M. differentials localize their eggs along headlands, ditch banks, roadsides, and pastures ana for this reason can be more easily controlled.

Surveys to determine the species and distribution of grasshoppers are of great importance. Knowing the economic species and their preferred habitats, egg surveys can be concentrated where egrs are most likely to be found and, as a result, more accurate estimates can be made in regard to con- trol measures that will be needed the following year.

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