NUNC COGNOSCO EX PARTE

TRENT UNIVERSITY
EIBRARY

New York State Education Department

Nev York State Museum

John M. Clarke Director
Ephraim Porter P'elt State Entomologist

Memoir 8

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

BY

EPHRAIM PORTER FELT D.Sc.

VOLUME I

Preface . 3

Introduction . 5

Injuries caused by insects - - 5

Shade trees and adjacent property

affected . 7

Definitions and classification - 8

Important groups of insects affecting
forest trees - - - - -

Literature .

Transformations of insects - - ^3

Parasitic and predaceous enemies 20

General preventive measures - - 25

Birds ------ 25

Remedial measures - - - ■ 34

Selection and planting of trees • 46

Common shade trees and their prin¬

cipal insect enemies - - - 49-

More important shade tree pests - 50

Destructive borers - - - - 50

Destructive leaf feeders - - 105

Destructive sucking insects - - 172

The battle of the weak or interesting
facts about aphids - - - 241

More important forest tree pests - - 253

Enemies of deciduous trees - 256

Wood and bark borers - 256, 259

Leaf feeders - . - 258. 303

Sucking insects - - 258, 329

Explanation of plates - - a 333

Index . 3.435.

ALBANY

new YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

1905

STATE OF NEW YORK

EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

Regents of tEe University
With years when terms expire

1913 WniTELAW Reid M.A. LL. I). Chancellot'

1906 Sr Clair jMcKelway M.A. L.H.D. LL.D. D.C.L. Vice

1908 Daniel Beach Ph.D. LL.D. .

1914 Pliny T. Sexton LL. B. LL.D.

1912 T. Guilford Smith M.A. C.IL LL.D. - - - -

1907 William Nottingham M.A. Ph.D. LL.D.

1910 Charles A. Gardiner Ph.D. L.H.D. LL.D. D.C.L. -

1915 Charles S. P'rancis B.S. ------

1911 Edward Lauterbach M.A. LL.D. - . - -

1909 Eugene A. Philbin LL.B. LL.D. - - . -

1916 Lucian L. Shedden LL.B. ------

New York

Chancellor

Brooklyn

Watkins

Palmyra

Buffalo

Syracuse

New York

Troy

New York
New York
Plattsburg

Commissioner of Education

Andrew S. Draper LL.D.

Assistant Commissioners

Howard J. Rogers M.A. LL.D. First Assistant Commissioner
Edward J. Goodwin Lit. D. L.H.D. Second Assistant Co7nmissio7ier
Augustus S. Downing M.A. Third Assista7it Co77i77iissioner

Secretary to tlie Commissioner

Harlan H. Horner B.A.

Director of Libraries and Home Education

Melvil Dewey LL.D.

Director of Science and State Museum

John M. Clarke Ph.D. LL.D.

Chiefs of Divisions

Accounts, William Mason
Attendance, James D. Sullivan
Examinations, Charles F. Wheelock B.S. LL.D.
Inspections, Frank H. Wood M.A.

Law, Thomas E. Finegan M.A.

Records, Charles E. Fitch L.H.D.

Statistics, Hiram C. Case

Visual Instruction, DeLancey M. Ellis

PREFACE

This work was begun a number of years ago by the writer studying
various insects depredating on shade trees, and from that it was very
natural to give attention to those affecting forest trees. It assembles in one
volume the results of our studies for a series of years, together with a
summary of the more important literature relating to the subject. It is not
expected that this memoir will supersede the e.xceedingly valuable work by
Dr Packard on Forest and Shade Tree Insects, 5th Report of the United
.States Entomological Commission, but rather that it will be supplementary
thereto. It is hoped that the arrangement adopted will facilitate the identi¬
fication of the different species and aid materially in making the information
accessible to the general public. The writer at this time wishes to acknowl¬
edge his indebtedness to the assistants who have been associated with him
during the past six years, all of whom have aided more or less in the
preparation of this work. Particular mention should be made of the work
of Mr D. B. Young, now assistant entomologist, who during the last three
years, by collecting and otherwise, has secured much valuable data which
has been incorporated in this work. Through the courtesy of Dr L. O.
Howard, Chief of the Bureau of Entomology, United States Department
of Agriculture, a number of species were kindly determined by Drs Hop¬
kins and Ashmead. The former named most of the bark borers or Scoly-
tids and also generously gave the writer the benefit of his extended
experience in the study of forest Insects. Dr Ashmead is responsible for
the determination of most of the parasitic Hymenoptera, a group in which
he is a well recognized authority. The value of the work is also greatly
enhanced by the large series of original drawings by Mr L. H. Joutel
of New York.

This publication is essentially practical or economic in nature, and as
such, gives special attention to the more injurious species depredating
on shade and forest trees. A somewhat radical, though we hope none,
the less valuable, departure from the ordinary treatment in economic

4

rRKI'ACE

literature is found in the summarized accounts of some of the more inter¬
esting groups one meets in the study of forest entomology. These latter
are of special value in giving a general knowledge of the subject, some¬
thing which appeals strongly to those having a comparatively slight
knowledge of entomology, yet desirous of following in a general way, the
manifestations of insect life. Some original morphologic studies are also
included in the volume, since they are almost essential to the adequate
identification of certain very injurious species.

E. P. Felt

State Entomologist

•>

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

INTRODUCTION

The welfare of the human race is closely connected with that of our
trees, and any work looking to their better protection makes for the
advancement of mankind. 'Fhe value of our street and park trees is much
greater than the cost of their production, and a city or village blessed with
such has treasure which should be most jealously guarded, since these
magnificent growths have an important intluence in modifying climatic
conditions, besides adding materially to the beauty of the surroundings,
d'his is not only true in cities and villages but also in the country at large,
particularly in such resorts as the Adirondacks, where thousands go for
recreation and health. The trees in such places not only afford most
agreeable shelter from wind and sun, but the evaporation from the immense
leaf areas modifies the temperature and the exhalations from the coniferous
needles undoubtedly aid very much in healing diseased lung tissues.

The protection of shade trees is a serious problem, largely due to the
introduction into this country of certain very destructive species, such as
the gipsy moth, the elm leaf beetle, the elm bark louse, the leopard moth
and the San Jose scale, all exceedingly injurious and all, except the
gipsy moth, well established in New York State. It is only a (juestion
of time before the latter crosses our borders. The above are a few of the
important exotic species which aid such destructive native forms as the
white marked tussock moth, the bagworm, the fall webworm, the scurfy
and oyster scales and the cottony maple scale in their nefarious work.

Injuries caused by insects. It is very difficult for most persons to form
an adecjuate idea of the great economic importance of this group. They
are willing to admit that some injury is caused, but have no adequate con¬
ception of the enormous losses inflicted. For example, during 1854 to
1857, the wheat midge, Diplosis tritici F'itch, caused an estimated

5

t)

NEW YORK STATE MUSEVM

damage in New York, Ohio and Canada of at least $So,ood,ooo. The
chinch bug, Bliss us 1 e u c o p t e r u s Say, between 1S50 and 18S7, was
responsible for losses amounting to $350,000,000, while grasshoppers,
between 1874 and 1875, destroyed crops valued at $57 1,000,000. The
cotton worm. A 1 a b a m a a r g i 1 1 a c c a 1 liibn.. caused an estimated annual
loss of $15,000,000 during the 14 years following the Civil War according
to Dr Packard, that for 1875 being placed at $25,000,000. These records
afford only an approximate itlea of the damage caused by insect depreda¬
tions. Several authorities have attempted to estimate the total loss in the
United States due to such causes and have placed the amount at from
three hundred to four hundred million dollars annually. This estimate is
probably a fair approximation of the amount of damage.

Dr A. S. Packard has placed on record a statement that every spruce
tree west of the Penobscot was killed by insects in 1818, and that in 1874
the forests of spruce and fir in Maine, New Hampshire and New York
began to be destroyed by the wholesale,* which in large part was due to the
depredations of bark borers.

Prof. C. H. Peck, now state botanist, observed extensive injuries to the
spruce forests of the Adirondacks in 1876 by the spruce bark beetle,
Dendroctonus piceaperda Hopk. The trouble was so serious in
some places that in 1883 a correspondent of \ation stated that in one large
tract in Essex county he was unable to find i tree in 20 alive. The com¬
paratively recent outbreak of Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm. in
1891-92 covered an area of something over 50,000 square miles in West
Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania and probably New Jersey, as estimated
by Dr A. D. Hopkins, who has made a special study of this insect. The
infested area in West Virginia alone was estimated by him at 15,000 square
miles. There was in 1897 a serious outbreak of a bark beetle, identified as
Dendroctonus piceaperda, in northern New Hampshire and in
adjacent territory in \'ermont, Maine and Canada, as reported by Dr C. M.
Weed.

‘ U. S. Ent. Coni; 5th Rep’t. 1890. p. 811, 817.

IXSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

7

The abov^e figures make the following estimates prepared several years
ago by Dr Hopkins appear quite reasonable. He placed the annual loss
on timber as follows : bark beetles to pine and spruce, $5.000,000 ; bark
and timber beetles causing defective wood in felled timber, $1,000,000;
insects in timber injured by fires and other causes, $1,000,000; the Colum¬
bian timber beetle to standing and living timber, $1,000,000; timber and
carpenter worms in oak, $2,000,000; chestnut worm, $1,000,000; long¬
horned wood borers to standing timber, $2,000,000; the same to felled tim¬
ber and saw logs, $2,000,000; other wood borers to standing and felled
timber, $2,000,000; foliage-infesting insects to forests and shade trees,
$3,000,000; white pine weevil, plant lice, scale insects, etc. to young
growth, $1,000,000; powder post beetle to dry manufactured wood,
$1,000,000; miscellaneous insects not included in the above, $3,000,000,
making an enormous total of $25,000,000. To this should be added losses
in working up and disposing of defectiv'e wood, losses caused by use of the
same, and indirect losses caused by diminished forest area due to insect rav¬
ages, all of which, could it be estimated in dollars and cents, might be
placed at $75,000,000, making a grand total of $100,000,000 annually on
forests and forest products alone.

Shade trees and adjacent property affected. Aside from direct losses to
forest trees and their products, very great damage is inflicted by insects on
shade and ornamental trees throughout the country. This loss can not be
estimated in financial terms, since a tree destroyed can not be replaced
for a number of years, and its elTect on the value of adjacent propertv is
quite variable. The loss occasioned by the destruction of trees is usually
underestimated. To give an idea of the e.xtensive damage caused in this
way, we would call attention to the depredations of the elm leaf beetle,
Galerucella luteola Mull., a species which is well established in most
cities and villages along the Hudson river and bids fair to become destruc¬
tive in many other places in the State. It has caused the death of several
thousand trees in Albany and Troy alone since 1898, besides seriously

8

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

weakening many others. The leopard moth, Z e u z e r a p y r I n a Fabr., is
a ver) serious borer which has become established about New York city,
and has killed hundreds of trees and seriously damaged thousands. The
cottony maple scale, P u 1 v i n a r i a i n n u m e r a b i 1 i s Rathv., is another
very destructive pest affecting soft maples in particular, and the elm
bark louse, Gossyparia spuria Mod., is almost as injurious to elms.
In addition to these there is the San Jose scale, A s p i d i o t u s p e r n i c i o-
s u s Comst., a pest which thrives on a great number of trees and is a seri¬
ous menace to ornamentals. The gypsy moth, Porthetria dispar
Linn., has become well established in Massachusetts and in the course
of time will probably become a pest of prime importance in New York
State.

It is interesting in this connection to call attention to the fact that some
of the most destructive species have come to us from abroad, and this
is as true of those infesting shade trees as of the pests feeding on our fruit
trees and other cultivated crops. It is only necessary to recall that the elm
leaf beetle, leopard moth, the elm bark louse, the mottled willow borer,
.San Jose scale and others of that character have come to us from abroad.
The obvious deduction is that every possible precaution should be exercised
to prevent the introduction of other species which may become equally
injurious.

Definitions and classification. An insect may be defined as a six legged,
tracheate animal, with the principal body divisions, namely, head, thorax
and abdomen, separate. They may be distinguished from the closely
related spiders, by the latter having eight legs in the adult condition and
the head and thorax being fused into a compound cephalothorax. The
mites are normally eight legged when adult, and may be recognized
by the unsegmented abdomen being fused with the thorax. The large
number of legs possessed by the centipede and the millipede, together
with their elongate form, should prevent their being confused with insects
proper.

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

9

The head of the insect bears the principal sense organs — the eyes and
the antennae — and also those for the prehension and mastication of food.
These latter consist of the mandibles, the maxillae with their palpi, and
the lower lip or labium, which is also provided with a pair of palpi. The
thora.x bears the principal organs of locomotion : the wings and the legs.
I he former may be absent in some cases, as in the lowest order, the Thysa-
nura, in certain sexes and in some species of the higher orders. The hind
wings may be reduced to mere vestiges known as halteres or balancers,
as in the flies. The wings may be covered by protective shields, the
elytra of beetles, or partly thickened, like the anterior wings of the
Heteroptera, and to a still less e.xtent of certain Orthoptera. The modifi¬
cations existing in these organs are of great aid in classification. The
vestiture or absence thereof, relative length, number of veins, location of
veins, arrangement of cells and other differences are of great service to the
systematist.

The legs are normally si.x in number, though occasionally there are
species which have but four, the anterior two in some butterfiies being
reduced to mere rudiments. The principal parts of the leg are the trochan¬
ter, femur, tibia and tarsus. The first is the small segment close to the
body, the femur and tibia are usually of nearly equal length, the femur
being decidedly stouter, while the tarsus is rather slender and usually con¬
sist of from three to five segments, the terminal one bearing a pair of claws
or a sucking disk or both. There are considerable modifications in
each of these parts, and their relative development, length, clothing,
color etc. afford good characters for the separation of important groups
and species.

The abdomen has lo or fewer segments and is usually considerably
longer than the harder, more complex thorax. It is composed of a series
of very similar segments, the terminal ones bearing the sexual organs, which
are very diverse in different orders, families, and sometimes great differences
occur between species.

lO

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

The larvae of insects present marked divergences from the normal
structure and occasionally appear to lack important organs. The head is
usually present, the eyes are simple, sometimes absent, the antennae are
often very minute, the wings are wanting, as are also the true legs in many
families. The abdomen is relatively much longer, and in certain groups at
least is provided with false legs or prolegs, which are of material service
in locomotion. It may be stated as a general rule, that the larvae of some
of the highest developed insects are the most helpless, degraded forms,
being dependent on the mother to place the egg where food is of easy
access, or else they can attain maturity only with paternal aid, which in
some instances is bestowed by a nurse form. Larvae of the more lowly
organized insects are better able to provide for themselves, and those of
many species are relatively well equipped to meet the struggle for existence,
some being much more powerful in the immature than In the adult condi¬
tion. This is particularly true of the May flies, some species of which
develop into a very short lived, weakly organized adult.

Important groups of insects affecting forest trees. A great many insects
occur on or in our different native trees and shrubs, though comparatively
few of them are of much economic importance, and these in turn belong
to still fewer important groups which have certain distinguishing features.

The bee family or four winged insects, known as Hymenoptera, con¬
tribute two imjjortant groups, namely, the four winged gallflies or Cynip-
idae, and the sawflies or Tenthredinidae. The former are not easily
distinguished as adults, though the deformities they produce in various
plant tissues can be confuspd only with those caused by certain other groups,
and then, after a little experience, the galls of one group can easily be sepa¬
rated from those of another. The sawflies are, many of them, leaf feeders
and some, gall makers. They may be readily distinguished in the larval
stage because of the many legs, having in addition to the 6 thoracic or true
leg.s, 12 to 1 6 abdominal prolegs. Several sawfly larvae are very voracious
and defoliate large areas ; for example, the well known larch sawfly of the
Adirondacks.

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES i i

The two winged flies or Diptera include comparatively few species
which are injurious to forest or shade trees, and most of these are of slight
importance. The gall-making midges, Cecidomyidae, cause deformities in
various plants, but ordinarily they are of little commercial importance.
They are easily distinguished from other galls, if they contain inhabitants,
by the peculiar jumping larvae which by bringing the extremities together
and then suddenly straightening, propel themselves an inch or more.

The beetles or Coleoptera are a group which includes some of the most
important and destructive enemies of trees. The flattened, metallic Bupres-
tidae are frequently met with in bright daylight, and their legless, white
larvae are easily recognized by the enormous, flattened head and the more
or less flattened body segments. They usually make wavy, irregular
galleries.

The long-horned borers or Cerambycidae, are generally rather large
beetles, somewhat cylindric in shape and with long antennae ; in some cases
they are enormously developed. The white larvae are normally legless,
usually rounded, and with the head only slightly flattened, and as a rule they
make well defined galleries more or less circular in section. This family
includes a large number of very destructive borers.

The leaf feeders or Chrysomelidae are relatively abundant on various
trees, and some species are exceedingly numerous. The beetles present a
somewhat variable appearance both in color and shape, and the larvae are
ecjually diverse. The latter, normally, have six legs, with rounded body,
and frequently there is an anal proleg ; as a rule they are leaf feeders.

The weevils or Curculionidae may be easily recognized by the distinct
snout and hard shell or exoskeleton. The wood-boring grubs belonging to
this family are legless, curled and thickened anteriorly, and may work
either in bark or wood.

d'he bark or wood borers, Scolytidae, are all small species, usually some¬
what cylindric in shape and brown or black in color. Their wood-boring
larvae are legless, round, slightly thickened anteriorly and frequently smaller
than the crrubs of weevils.

XEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

I 2

The buttertly and moth family, Lepicloptera, contributes some injurious
groups, and in addition there are in certain families a number of destructive
species with no ecpially injurious close relatives.

I'he old group Bombycidae included some of our most destructive leaf
feeders, such as the white marked tussock moth, the fall webworm, the
imported gipsy moth and others.

The Cossidae are wood borers and include several rather destructive
forms, specially the carpenter worm and the leopard moth.

The Sesiidae are also a family of borers, some of which are rather
injurious to forest trees.

Certain species of the true bugs or Hemiptera are of considerable
importance because of their depredations on trees and shrubs. Possibly
the most injurious, though not usually considered so, are the plant lice,
which year after year make drafts on the vital duids of various plants and
some seasons cause very great injury. This was particularly true in 1898
and 1903. The scale insects belong here, and some of them cause serious
damage, not only weakening trees but in some instances killing them. This
is true of the cottony maple scale, P u 1 v i n a r i a i n n u m e r a b i 1 i s Rathv.,
and also of the San J ose scale, A s p i d i o t u s p e r n i c i o s u s Comst.,
which latter is very destructive to certain ornamentals.

Certain of the other orders contain species of some economic impor¬
tance, though most of them may be disregarded in this connection.

Literature. The American literature relating to forest entomology is
not very abundant. The pioneer in this work was undoubtedly Dr Asa
P'itch, practically the first state entomologist, who gave considerable space
to the subject in both his fourth and fifth reports, thereby leaving records
of great value. These publications were followed by Bulletin 7 of the
United States Entomological Commission, prepared by Dr Packard, who in
1890 extended that into the voluminous and valuable fifth report of the
commission, a work which is a veritable storehouse full of information. A
number of later writers have treated of certain phases of the subject, par¬
ticularly Dr flopkins, who is easily the American authority on the Scolyt-

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

13

idae. Several valuable biologic monographs treating of groups specially
injurious to trees have appeared, besides a number of bulletins giving
accounts of from one to several insects attacking various trees. The fol¬
lowing are some of the principal references to this grouj), particular atten¬
tion being giv’en to New York State publications:

1857 Fitch, Asa. Insects Infesting Evergreen Forest Trees. Ins. N. Y. 4th Rep’t,
P- 5-67-

1858 Insects Infesting Deciduous Forest Trees. Ins. N. V. 5th Rep’t, p. 1-74.
1881 Packard, A. S. Insects Injurious to Forest and Shade Trees. U. S. Ent. Com.

Bui. 7, p. 1-275.

1890 - Insects Injurious to Forest and Shade Trees. U. S. Ent. Com. 5th Rep’t,

P- 1-945-

1893 Hopkins, A. D. Catalogue of West Virginia Scolytidae and their Enemies. W. Va.
Agric. Exp. Sta. Bui. 31, p. 121-68.

1893 - Catalogue of West Virginia Forest and Shade Tree Insects. W. Va. .\gric.

Exp. Sta. Bui. 32, p. 17 1— 251.

1895 Packard, A. S. First Memoir on the Bombycine Moths. Nat. .\cad. Sci. 7:
291.

1896 Marlatt, C. L. Revision of the Nematinae of North .\merica. U. S. Dep’t Agric.
Div. Ent. Tech. ser. 3, p. 1-135.

1898 Felt, E. P. Insects Injurious to Maple Trees. Forest, Fish and Game Com. 4th
Rep’t, p. 367-95.

1899 - — Insects Injurious to Elm Trees. Forest, Fish and Game Com. 5th Rep’t,

P- 351-79-

1901 Beutenmuller, William. Monograph of the Sesiidae of America North of
Mexico. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Mem. 6, p. 217-352.

1901 Hopkins, A. D. Insect Enemies of the Spruce in the Northeast. U. S. Dep’t
.\gric. Div. Ent. Bui. 28, n. s., p. 1-48.

IQ03 Felt, E. P. Insects Affecting Forest Trees. Forest, Fish and Game Com. 7th
Rep’t, p. 479-534.

Transformations of insects. The wonderful changes accompanying the
development of insects add much to the interest attaching to their study,
and the great diversity between the different stages renders recognition of a
species in its various forms exceedingly difficult. The transformations of
insects are of interest not only to the biologist, but also to the economic

14

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

entomologist who seeks some method of controlling injurious species. A
knowledge of the life history and habits of an insect pest is almost essential
to a person attempting to control it, because there is usually some weak
point in its life history which may be taken advantage of in devising a
practical method of keeping it in check. The habits of insects are con¬
sequently of great practical importance.

Egg. All insects develop from eggs which present widely variable forms
in different species and are frequently of exceedingly beautiful design.
They may be placed in clusters, bunches or singly ; on or in leaves, bark,
food products, etc.; tucked in all manner of crevices, dropped at random in
the grass, or buried in the soil. They may be arranged in single or double
rows, placed in bands about a twig, left unprotected or covered with hairs
or scales or sheltered by a gummy secretion. A great many eggs are
nearly smooth and globular, but those of many butterflies and some moths
are somewhat elongated, delicately ribbed and with the surface broken into
innumerable smaller areas by minor ridges. The eggs of a number of true
bugs are nearly barrel-shaped and are crowned with a ring of small spines.
Certain- minute fruit flies (Drosophila) deposit theirs in decaying fruit and
were it not for the curious appendages extending on the surface of the
semiliquid nidus, the embryo would probably suffocate for want of air.
The lace-winged fly (Chrysopa) is of interest because of her peculiar stalked
eggs [pi. 20, fig. 1 8/5] placed in clusters on leaf or twig This curious
arrangement is believed to be for the purpose of preventing earlier hatching
individuals from devouring their undeveloped relatives. The eggs of a
Californian red spider, Tetranychus mytilaspidis, are remarkable '
for the umbrella handlelike stem projecting in the air, from the tip of which
strands of silk radiate and are attached at a little distance to the supporting
surface. This device probably affords more security on account of the
elastic fastening. Many insect eggs are deposited in masses and their form
is frequently modified by the supporting surface or surrounding eggs.
Some species, like the tussock moth and the tent caterpillar, protect their

' 1902 Wood worth, C. W. Cal. Agric. Exp. Sta. Hiil. 145, p. 5.

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES 1 5

ova with cementlike secretions. Others, like the gipsy moth and the brown
tail moth, cover theirs with scales or hairs from the body, and still others
depend on a protective resemblance and either oviposit in conspicuous
places or lay them so flatly, as in the case of the nearly transparent eggs of
some species of leaf rollers, that they escape all but the sharpest scrutiny,
even when on the exposed surface of a leaf. Those interested in ingenious
devices for concealing or protecting these delicate objects, or who are
attracted by beauty of form and sculpture, will find the study of insect eggs
a fascinating one. In certain cases the ova or eggs hatch within the body
of the parent, while from others young appear about nine months after
deposition. The larvae of a few species of insects are known to possess
the somewhat anomalous power of producing young under certain
conditions.

No metamorphosis. Members of the very lowest or simplest order of
insects, the Thysanura, which includes forms such as snow fleas, slides or
silver fish and their allies undergo no transformation, i. e. there is very
little or no difference, except in size, between recently hatched young and
adults.

Incomplete metamorphosis. Grasshoppers and other related insects have
what is known as an incomplete metamorphosis or transformation, which
means that there is a gradual development through a succession of active
stages to the adult. The immature individuals are frequently spoken of as
nymphs, and our best authorities confine this term to the young of forms
having an incomplete metamorphosis. The young grasshopper, as it
emerges from the egg, is a curious wingless little creature, bearing a general
resemblance to the adult, and one which can easily be recognized as a grass¬
hopper. The little fellow increases in size, and from time to time casts its
skin because the comparative inelasticity of the epidermis, or exoskeleton
permits of only a limited expansion. The wing pads become longer with
each molt, and in the final change the wing cases are slipped off and the
organs of flight are at liberty to perform their proper functions. The wing
pads may be nearly as long as the fully developed wings in the stage pre-

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

l6

ceding the full grown condition, but the two may easily be separated by the
position of these organs. The fore wings of the adult fold over and con¬
ceal the hind ones, while in the immature grasshopper the hind wing pads
are outside of the fore ones. Many insects like the cockroaches, walking
sticks, true bugs and dragon flies develop in this manner, though the earlier
stages of all do not resemble the adult so closely as do those of grass¬
hoppers. There are more marked differences between the nymphal stage
of the dragon lly and the adult than obtain in many insects having an
incomplete metamorphosis, and these insects are grouped with the others
because there is no resting period accompanied by marked changes such as
occurs in most insects undergoing a complete metamorphosis.

Complete metamorphosis. The most marked changes in development
are seen in insects such as moths, butterflies, flies, beetles etc., which undergo
what is known as a complete metamorphosis or transformation. Compara¬
tively few understand the relations existing between the voracious caterpil¬
lar, the quiet pupa or brightly colored chrysalis and the beautiful moth or
butterfly.

Larva. It is very convenient to distinguish between the young of those
insects having a complete and an incomplete metamorphosis and this term
is frequently limited to the young of the former class, which are commonly
known as grubs, maggots, caterpillars and frequently, though improperly,
as worms. The young caterpillar emerges from the egg and at once begins
feeding. This is the period of growth and most injurious insects commit
their depredations when urged by the voracious appetite of adolescence and
the several molts occurring during this period are largely to permit increase
of size. An impending molt is indicated by the caterpillar appearing dump¬
ish, neglecting its food, followed later by a retraction of the head from its
old case and a consequent swelling of the thoracic segments. Soon the old
integument splits over the newly developed head case, the caterpillar slowly
emerges from its old skin, leaving it in a collapsed, shriveled condition.
One of the readiest methods of ascertaining if a molt has taken place is to
look for the empty head case or to measure the width of the head, since a

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES 17

marked increase in size usually indicates a molt. Dr H. G. Dyar' has shown
that a nearly constant ratio exists between the widths of the head of a cater¬
pillar in its various stages. It is interesting to note in this connection that
some species of female lepidopterous larvae have an additional molt.
Ecdysis in forms having an incomplete metamorphosis is practically the
same as that described for a caterpillar except that it is usually accompanied
by a greater change in form or a nearer approach to the external appear¬
ance of the adult.

The larvae belonging to one order present many diversities of structure
but they may all be considered as developments from a more simple or gen¬
eralized form. A comparison of those belonging to various orders will
reveal certain analogies and it will be seen that those less highly developed
possess many features in common with the lowest or simplest insects, the
Thysanura. They all have, generally speaking, a distinct head, well devel¬
oped mouth parts, simple eyes, 6 thoracic legs and an abdomen destitute of
true legs. 'I'he membranous prolegs of hymenopterous, coleopterous and
lepidopterous larvae are secondary developments to meet the necessities of
existence and vary in number from a large anal one among many beetles to
1 6 in some sawflies. The same is also true of other structures, such as
spines, hairs and tubercles, for while these modify the appearance of the
bearer very much, they are of secondary importance.

The larvae of some of the more highly developed insects, such as bees
and flies, are legless, and have a very small head and poorly developed
mouth parts. The explanation of this may be found in the fact that these
larvae are not compelled to make any effort to obtain food. The young of
bees are fed by their parents and those of flesh flies and of many parasites
And themselves surrounded by sustenance. The same is true of species
living in decaying vegetable matter or in many vegetable galls. One of
nature’s laws is that useless organs must eventually disappear and the
degraded or apparently undeveloped condition of these larvae must be
regarded as the result of their manner of living. Bearing in mind this law,

’ Psyrlie. 1890. 5:420.

i3

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

it is easy to see how these legless, degraded forms could have been derivea
from the more common type through a reduction of their various organs,

d'he larval stage is frecpiently of prime importance to the economic
entomologist because it is while in this form that many insects commit their
greatest depredations. The young of our sawHies may be recognized by
their usually cylindric form and by their having 1 8 to 22 legs including the
6 true or thoracic legs, while caterpillars or larvae of butterllies and moths
are usually provided with from 8 to 16. The young of the more highly
developed bees and Hies, as previously stated, are footless, maggot-like
creatures and the young of most beetles possess the 6 thoracic legs and are
often provided with a fleshy appendage at the posterior extremity, though
in some, such as snout beetles and many wood borers, all the usual
locomotive appendages are wanting.

The larval stage of insects, like the others, may be met with under
very diverse conditions and in all seasons of the year, though its dura¬
tion in each species is usually somewhat closely limited. The caterpillar
Ipl- 7. fig. I ] sheds its skin when full grown and changes to a pupa, a
stage which is frequently subconical and often of a brownish incon-
sj)icuous color.

Pupa. The assumption of this stage is usually preceded by the larva
betaking itself to some sheltered place where a protective cocoon or cell
may be prepared. The cocoon may be very delicate and netlike as in the
clover leaf weevil, P h y t o n o m u s p u n c t a t u s P'abr. or with an outer net
and inner close woven cocoon as in Climacia or a more or less homo¬
geneous silken covering as in the common silkworm. Some native species
incorporate leaves or portions of them in their cocoons like the promethea
moth. The larvae of many moths construct very jjerfect earthern cells m
which to undergo their final transformations while others depend on the
partial shelter of a crevice or curled leaf. Many butterflies undergo trans¬
formations in exposed situations and their chrysalids present some interest¬
ing adaptations to surrounding objects. The angular protectively colored
chrysalis of the spiny elm caterpillar [pi. 10, fig. 10] is an exceedingly

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

19

interesting object and the daintily colored one of the monarch butterll)-,
though cons[jicuous when removed from its natural surroundings, is not
often detected in the field, d'he pupa is usually conical or subcon ical in
form with the rudimentary antennae, wings and legs closely appressed to
the breast. It may be concealed by the last larval skin which usually turns
brown, hardens and then is known as the pu[)arium, as in many flies. The
unsheltered pupae of many beetles are protectively colored or rendered
inconspicuous bj- morphologic resemblances. This stage is specially a
period of transformation and reorganization.

Adult. I he comparatively singde caterpillar changes into the delicate
highly organized moth or butterfly, which in due time emerges from the
shroudlike pupal case. 'I'his last stage, contrary to popular belief, is not
marked by growth. Mies of various sizes belong to different species ; the
larger are not parents of the smaller. Some species take no food in the
adult condition. A few moths are wingless and simply emerge, deposit
their eggs in a few days and die, but the majority consume enough to sus¬
tain life for a longer [)eriod and not a few winter in this stage. The main
object of the adult existence is to provide for the perpetuation of the
species and death usually follows soon after.

I his stage is marked by great diversity of form and the study of
perfect insects in jjarticular and the relation of one to another forms the
basis of systematic entomology. The elaborate classification now recog¬
nized is not the work of one man or even of a single generation, but repre¬
sents the combined efforts of many students from the time of Linnaeus and
others to the present.

1 1 ibcrnatioji. The winter is a period of comparative quiet and few
insects are seen in this latitude. The first inference is that most of them
have died or disappeared somewhere and the rigors of our climate undoubt¬
edly kill many, yet vast numbers pass the winter in safety and are readily
found alter a little searching. Some species, as previously stated, hibernate
in the egg stage. The tent caterpillars, the white marked tussock moths
and certain predaceous bugs are familiar examples of this method of win-

20

XEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

terini^. The half ^rown caterpillars or larvae of certain moths hibernate in a
dormant condition in the shelterinor o^rass and in the sprinjr resume feediipt]^
and complete their (growth. 'I'he partly thrown bud moth in its cleverly con¬
cealed silken case, sheltered by a protuberance on the twig, and the firmly
attached shelters of case bearers with their tiny occupants, are familiar exam¬
ples of insects wintering in the caterpillar or larval stage. Many species, pos¬
sibly the majorit}-, hibernate in the pupal stage, which, usually passed in
a secure and well hiilden retreat, naturally affortls much protection from the
elements, and as a consecjuence, hibernation in this form involves less risk
than wintering in some other. A large number of insects pass the winter as
adults in various sheltered i)laces. Examples of these are many bugs,
beetles and even delicate moths and butterflies can withstand the extreme
cold of our climate, and some forms are apparently able to survive the win¬
ter in either the larval, pupal or adult condition. It is not the degree of
cold that is fatal to Insects so much as repeated thawings and freezings or a
sudden change from one to the other. It is a well known fact that caterpil¬
lars may be frozen stiff and revived, but they perish after this is repeated
several times.

Parasitic and predaceous insects. I'hese two groups of insects are
exceedingly im|iortant in controlling insect outbreaks, and occasionally they
may be the j^rincipal agents in reducing the numbers of a serious insect
enemv.

The studies of Dr L. O. Howard* have thrown a flood of light on
the intricate relations which may exist between a notorious pest and its
insect enemie.s. The white marked tussock moth, H e m e r o c a m p a leu-
costigma Abb. 6c Sm., was exceedingly abundant in Washington and the
opportunity was seized by Dr Howard to make the above mentioned study.
He succeeded in rearing from this insect 15 species of primary hymenop-
terous parasites and listed three others as probably having the same habit.s.
He al so bred si.x primary dipterous parasites from this insect, making a total
of 21 and probably 24 species, which depend to a greater or less extent on

* 1897 ly S. Dep’t .Agric. Div. Ent. Tech. Ser. i. p. 1-57.

INSECTS AFFECTING I'AKK AND WOODLAND TREES 2 1

this leaf feeder for their sustenance, d'he relations existing between this
insect and its parasites were further complicated by the presence of 14
species of hyperparasites, some of which live on their associates, and were
therefore parasites of hyperparasites.

This study also resulted in the breeding of i i species of (lies from
cocoon masses of this pest. Insect enemies of this sjiecies were so abun¬
dant in Washington in the autumn of 1895 that they destroyed about go%
of the larvae, as estimated by Dr Howard.

The efficiency of the parasites of the forest tent caterpillar, M a 1 a c o-
soma disstria Hubn. has been brouorht to the writer’s attention on

o

several occasions in recent years. In one instance he found that from
90 to 95^ of the caterpillars in one locality had been killed by insect ene¬
mies. These two illustrations, and others might be cited, give some idea of
the importance of these forms. Insect enemies are also noticed in the fol¬
lowing accounts in connection with the species on which they prey, and
the reader, by consulting them, may easily note the number of species prey¬
ing on an Injurious form, and in most cases gain some idea of their habits.
The great value of insect enemies makes it very desirable to become some¬
what familiar with the general characteristics of the more important of
these groups.

Parasites, d'rue parasites are distinguished from the predaceous insect
by differences in habits, ddie parasites, in many instances, work internally
and are comparatively easy to breed from their hosts, while our evidence
regarding the value of predaceous forms rests very largely on their being
found in association with a species, or on their being observed depredating
on the pest. The true parasites belong to several families of Hymenop-
tera and to one in the Diptera. Many of our largest and most important
true parasites, such for example as species of Pimpla, Ophion, d halessa,
and others, belong to the Ichneumonidae, a very large family, the mem¬
bers of which are distinguished by their wasplike appearance and by their
having the abdomen usually flattened as though by pressure from above,
and with the first abdominal segment bent at nearly right angles. |

22

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Tlic HracoiiicliU' inchulc some viwy important j)arasitcs, special!) of
wooil-lioriiiL^ larval' aiul of a mimher of leaf feeilers. I his ^rovip may be
best reco'^ni/eil by such species as 11 rac on si m p 1 e x Cress., a form which
is well known to live on ;i number of borers, anil also by the tiny iMicro-
j^msters, minute species which freipiently occur in immense numbers in our
larijer leaf feeders, ami when maturity is attained, make their way out
through the body wall of their hosts and spin tiny, nearly cylindric, snow
white cocoons on the body of the victint, tis represented at i)late 44, figure 2.

'The b'.vaniidae or ensign Hies, as they are termed by Professor Com¬
stock, constitute a parasitic group which may be easily recognized by the
peculiar manner in which the abdomen is carried. 1 he latter is ijuite
slender, attached to the dorsum of the metathorax, and is carried in an
elevated position resembling a llag or ensign.

'I'he Chalcididae comprise an immense number of very small parasites,
some of which are exceedingly valuable agents in controlling our native
insects. A number of sjiecies are noticed in connection with theii hosts and
the gi'iieral characteristics of the grouj) may be learned by lefetence to
subseipient |)ages.

The Proctotrypiilae in spite of the long fatitily name, are smallei insects
than the preceding and a number of them are well known as important egg
parasites of some of our more injurious species.

Practically all of the dipterous parasites belong to the I achinidae, a
large family which comprises forms having much the appearance of the
common house ll)’. d'hese insects are more general in their food habits
than most of the hymenopterous parasites and frequently attack insects
belonging to very different groups. Occasionally members of this family
are I'xceedingly abunikint and have a very Important part in 1 educing the
numbers of some insect jiest. "I his is particularly true of the notorious
army worm, 1 1 e 1 i o p h i I a u n i p u n c t a 1 law. It has been recorded in
connection with this hitter insect that its parasites are sometimes so abundant
as to appear in swarms about their victims and it is by no means uncommon
to meet with an army worm bearing from 6 to 7 or even more pearly white

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES 2 T,

oval eggs, which are usually deposited just behind the head of the victim.
It was formerly considered that such larvae were doomed, but more careful
investigations have shown that if the eggs are laid shortly before the
bearer molts, the skin may be shed before the grubs can hatch and pene¬
trate the body of their prey.

Predaceous insects. These are also valuable allies in controllinp' some

o

of our more important insect pests. The large social wasps are known to
prey to some extent upon the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma
disstria Hiibn., and the solitary wasps, Eumenidae, also attack various
forms. A large group of beetles, known as the Carabidae or ground beetles,
are almost entirely predaceous in habit, and undoubtedly aid to a con¬
siderable extent in reducing the number of various insects, particularly of
those species which descend to the ground at sometime during their exist¬
ence. These beetles are very voracious and some of them are credited
with destroying many more insects than they can possibly devour.

The Clerldae or checkered beetles are exceedingly valuable allies of
the lumbermen, since they occur very commonly on forest trees, particularly
on those infested with various bark and wood borers. It is by no means
uncommon to find their reddish, brown-headed larvae in the burrows of
such beetles as Tomicus and related genera, and considerable numbers of
adults may be observed on logs and trees badly infested with these
insects. Both adults and larvae are exceedingly voracious and undoubt¬
edly accomplish much in controlling borers.

The lady beetles, or Coccinellidae, constitute another exceedingly valu¬
able group. The adults and the larvae are quite voracious, and are notable
for their fondness for various species of plant lice and scale insects. The
almndance of any members of these two groups is usually followed shortly
thereafter by the presence of a great many lady beetles and their young,
which feed on adults and young of the pests, and not infrequently do very
much toward reducing their numbers.

There are a few of the darkling beetles, Tenebrionidae, credited with
being predaceous in habit and as these are found In decaying wood, it is

24

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

very likely that they may render some service in checking the work of
injurious species in such situations.

Another group of predaceous insects which is of considerable impor¬
tance, is the dijjterous family of dower flies, Syrphidae. This contains a
large number of species and some are known to be exceedingly valuable
on account of their larvae preying on plant lice, d'he eggs are laid by
the female among prosperous colonies of these little insects and the young
hatching therefrom proceed to devour their victims, and when the flies are
at all abundant, the little pests are soon reduced to harmless numbers.

Certain Hemiptera belonging to the family Pentatomidae, are well
known because of their fondness for other insects. The species of Podisus
and Kuschistus, popularly known as soldier bugs, are sometimes present in
considerable numbers and undoubtedly render material aid in controlling
some injurious forms. The writer has observed Podisus placidus
LI hi., numerous in and about the nests of the apple tent caterpillar,
M a 1 a c o s o m a a m e r i c a n a P'abr. These little bugs were seen to
attack caterpillars five times their size and slay them. As many as six or
seven were found within one nest and a number in the near vicinity. The
presence of this or related species in such large numbers means the
destruction of a great many caterpillars.

d'here are some other predaceous insects in the north of less impor¬
tance than those mentioned above. A number of species belonging to
the Hemipterous family Reduviidae are well known on account of their
living on other insects, and several members of this family have come into
prominence because of occasional bites inflicted on man. Several mem¬
bers of the grasshopper order, Orthoptera, are beneficial on account of their
destroying various insects. Phe white flower crickets are common mem¬
bers of this family and while the adults are injurious because of the punc¬
tures they make in canes and small twigs, and holes in certain fruits, they
possess the valuable habit of devouring a great many small insects.

The southern praying mantis, S t a g m o m a n t i s Carolina Linn., is
a well known southern species which preys on a great many insects, and the

»>4

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

-"5

related Kuropean mantis, Mantis reli^iosa Linn., which has recently
become established in \ew \ ork .State, and has been distributed to se\'eral
localities through the eftorts of the writer, may occupy a similar position in
the northern states, should it prov'e able to withstand the severities of our
winters and become somewhat abundant, as appears very jirobable.

prf.ventivl mkasurks

The control of insect.s, particularly in forests, must be effected very
largely through the activity of natural agents, which should be encouraged
in every possible way. It is ordinarily impractical to attempt much in
either a preventive or a remedial way, in the forests of the United States.

Birds. Among repressive measures perhaps nothing is so effective in
forest entomology, as encouraging or protecting the natural enemies of
insects depredating on the trees, chief among which may be ranked our
native insectivorous birds. Considerable has been written on this subject
in recent years, and while it is undoubtedly true that there are two sides to
the question, it is cpiite certain that birds are exceedingly useful checks
on some of our more destructive insects. The recent widespread and
disastrous outbreaks of the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma
disstria Hubn., in New York may be charged, in part at least, to the
abnormal scarcity of birds. 'Fhe investigations of Dr William 1'. Hornaday
of the New York Zoological Society, show that in this State there has been
a decrease of about 48^ in the number of our birds during the past 15 year.s.
These figures, taken in connection with the enormous number of insects our
feathered friends devour, are very significant.

The following observations from Mr E. H. Forbush,' ornithologist to
the Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture, give an excellent idea of the
voracity of birds. •

Birds are remarkably active and energetic creatures, requiring a tre¬
mendous amount of food to sustain them in their efforts and to repair the
waste of the tissue.s.

Some of the smaller birds require only half an hour to an hour and

' 1904 N. J. State Hd. Agrie. 31st Rep’t 1903. p. 192-93.

26

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

one half to completely digest a full meal, and the stomach is filled many
times each day. The rapidly growing young need far more food in propor¬
tion to their size than the old birds. An adult crow will eat about eight
ounces of food daily. A young crow nearly Hedged requires at least lo
ounces.

Professor Treadwell found that a young robin needed one half its own
weight in solid beef or 48 more than its own weight in worms daily,
to secure its healthy growth and development. It is now well known that
to these remarkable appetites we owe the repression of many of our insect
enemies. The smaller land birds feed largely upon insects. Where insects
are numerous birds eat them with almost Incredible rapidity. My assistant,
Mr F. H. Mo.sher, saw a pair of tanagers eat 35 newly hatched caterpillars
in a minute. They continued eating these minute insects at this rate for 18
minutes ; so that, if Mr Mosher’s count is correct, they must have eaten in
this short time 630 of the little creatures. This would not make them a
full meal, as the entire number would hardly be equal in bulk to one full
grown caterpillar.

By carefully watching two Maryland yellowthroats and counting the
plant lice they ate, he estnnated that they destroyed 7000 within an hour, a
thing almost incredible, but still possible, when we consider the exceedingly
small size of the insects at the time, their .swarming numbers, the activity of
this warbler and its remarkably rapid digestion. Dr Judd speaks of a letter
received from Mr Robert H. Coleman, in which he says of a palm warbler,
that it must have killed 9500 insects in about 4 hours. These may be
extreme cases, but even if we halve the numbers given, they will still serve
to show the bird’s possibilities for good.

The remarkable appetites of the young birds keep their parents very
busy. The old birds usually carry to the young from i to 12 insects at
each visit to the nest, although some visits are made for other purposes. A
pair of vireos visited the nest 125 times in 10 hours. A pair of chippies
made nearly 200 visits to their young in a day, Martins have been seen to
visit their young 312 times in 14 hour.s. Rose-breasted grosbeaks made 436
calls at the nest in 1 1 hours. House wrens have been seen to enter the nest
from 30 to 71 times an hour.

In view of these facts we may, in time, come to give credit to the state¬
ment of Professor Wood that the daily food of a robin is equal in bulk to
an earth worm 14 feet in length. He tells us that were a man possessed of
proportionate food capacity he could consume each day 67 feet of a .sausage
9 inches in circumference.

The following facts recorded by Messrs Mosher and Kirkland' working
under the direction of Mr Forbush, are of great interest, since they give

*1899 Mass. Crop Rep’t. Sep. j). 31-32.

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

27

detailed information concerning the voracity of certain birds feeding upon
gipsy moth caterpillars, a species of much importance not only to Massa¬
chusetts but to the entire northeastern United States.

GIPSY MOTH CATERPILLARS EATEN BY BIRDS

May 12 A yellow warbler ate 15 caterpillars in less than 5 minutes.

May 12 A Nashville warbler ate 42 caterpillars in ^ hour, in the mean¬
time taking many more.

May 18 A scarlet tanager ate upwards of 30 caterpillars within 5 minute.s.

May 18 Two scarlet tanagers together ate small caterpillars at the rate of
35 a minute for 18 minutes.

May 20 A crow blackbird ate 40 caterpillars in a little over 3 minutes.

May 26 A Maryland yellowthroat ate 52 caterpillars while moving in and
out among trees. Time not taken.

May 26 A redstart ate 3 1 caterpillars while moving about. Time not taken.

A red-eyed vireo ate, in four brief visits to an infested tree, 37
caterpillars.

July 13 A yellow-billed cuckoo ate i every 2 minutes for 36 minutes.

A red-eyed vireo ate 73 in 40 minutes.

July 14 A yellow-billed cuckoo ate 81 in 48 minutes.

July 15 A towhee ate 7 pupae and 2 caterpillars in a very short time.
Exact time not noted.

These facts indicate that birds must be exceedingly effective checks on
outbreaks of such leaf feeders. This record is by no means exceptional as
may be seen in the following paragraph by Mr E. H. Eorbush

As showing the large numbers of these caterpillars eaten by bird.s, a
few notes from Mr Mosher’s observations will be of interest. A black-billed
cuckoo was seen to eat 36 forest tent caterpillars within 5 minutes. Red¬
eyed vireos (probably a pair) took 92 forest tent caterpillars from a tree
within an hour. They were also eating span worms and other larvae and
plant lice. A male Baltimore oriole went into a tree infested by these cat¬
erpillars, where he stayed 4 minutes, killing 18 caterpillars in that time;
coming a little later he stayed 7 minutes, and took 26 caterpillars, A pair
of blue jays came to the tree 24 times during 3 hours, taking 2 or 3 cater¬
pillars at each visit.

Those not familiar with bird life will be surprised to know how many
species prey on injurious insects. Mr Eorbush has recently published a

iQoo Mass. Crop Rep’t. July. p. 29.

28

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

list' of 46 species known to feetl on tlie t^^ips)' moth, Porthetria cl i s-
j> a r Linn. He has fouiul 25 feecliiiir on the imported brown tail moth
cateri)illar, K u ]) r o c t i s c h r y s o r r h o e a Linn., 25 feeding on the forest
tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria llubn., 32 feeding on the
apple tent caterpillar, M a 1 a c o s o m a a m e r i c a n a P'abr., and 5 i feeding
on cankerworms. Dr A. 1). Hopkins in a reccmt bulletin'' states that wood-
jieckers “are the most important enemies of spruce bark beetles, and ap])ear
to be of inestimable value to the spruce timber interests of the Northeast.”
Of many hundreds of infested trees e.xamined by him, he is confident that at
least one half of the beetles and their young had been destroyed by the
birds, and in many cases it was evident that even a greater proportion had
perished from this cause alone. He adds that estimating 100 beetles to the
square foot of bark, and an average of 60 square feet of infested bark, it is
possible for each tree to yield an average of 6000 individuals ; 100 trees,
600,000, and so on. It is therefore plain, that if one half or two thirds are
destroyed by the birtls and other enemies, the amount of timber the remain¬
der kills will be much lessened ; specially is this true because the beetles
must be present in great numbers before they can overcome the natural
resistance of the living trees to injury.

He also uives a list of the common and scientific names of the wood-

o

peckers of northern New England, prepared for him by Dr C. Hart Mer-
riam, chief of the Biological Survey, United States Department of Agricul¬
ture. It is to these birds that Dr Hopkins refers, though no evidence was
obtained at that time as to which species was to be credited with the largei
part of the beneficial work, d'he list follows :

Hairy woodpecker - - Dryo bates villosus

Downy woodpecker - - Dryobates pubescens medianus

Arctic three-toed woodpecker Picoides arctic us
Banded three-toed woodpecker Picoides a m e r i c a n u s
Y ellow-bellied woodpecker - S p h y r a p i c u s v a r i u s

*1900. Mass Crop Rep’t. July p. 34.

*1901 U. S. Dep’t .Vgric., Div. Ent. Bui. 28, n. s. p. 25-26.

IXSKCTS AFKKCTIN(; PARK AND VVOOUDANU TRICKS

29

l\i‘cl-heack'il woodpecker Mela n e r p e s e r y t h r o c e p h a 1 u s

1’ licker - - - - - C o 1 a p t e s a u r .'i t u s 1 u t e 11 s

Filc'ated woodpc'cker - - Ceophloeus pi leal us ah ie to rum

1 he acti\'ily and (dticicMicy of some of our native woodpeckers is strik¬
ingly shown 1))' the following' notes published by Mr I',. 11. I'orbush.' He
states that his friend, Mr C. bh Ikiih')’ observed a downy woodiiecker Mar.
28, 1899, make 26 e.xcavations for food between 9.40 a. m., and 12,15 P-
d he bird durino- this tiim' climbetl over and ins[)ected
in a <^reater or less dt'^rec' 181 trees. Most of these
e.xcavations e.xposed (galleries in trunks or hi_4^h branches
in which ants were hibernatinsr, and e.xamination of the
stomach of this bird disclosed one spider, one unidenti-
fu'd beetle, two scolytitl larvae, 22 ants, and a mass of
partly di<»’ested material which could not be identified.

Mr b'orbush continues the record ami states that another
downy woodjiecker was observed Mar. 31 taking larva
ami beetles from beneath the bark of oak trees. He
adds that the birtls seem to know the e.xact spot to drill
for eacli larva as it always cuts a small hole directly
over the insect ami invariably finds the prey. The
splintereil, bare piece of plum shown in figure i, only Fic;. I Work of woodpeckers

. f, 11*1 1 • t 11*11 plunitrce infested by fruit

a portion ot several limbs, yards in length, also illus- tr« b^irk i.eeti=
trates well tlu' industry of these birds.

Mr bk H. b'orbush,' in connection with various assistants, has given
considerable attention in recent years to the economic^value of a number of
our native birds, and has prepared a brief summary of the relative value of
certain families. His estimates are so valuable that they are given here in
the ho[)es that more may be led to recognize the importance of these forms
as checks on injurious insects, particularly in forests. The work had special
reference to the value of birds as checks on the gfpsy moth and other hairy
caterpillars. 1 1 is summary is [iractlcally a,s follows :

* 1900 Mass. Crop Rf|)’t. July. ]>. 31.

^ 1899 Mass. Croj) Rcii’t. Sej). p. 34-36.

30

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

CUCULIDA-E

Cuckoos

It is generally acknowledged that the cuckoos are an exception to the
usual rule that birds do not eat hairy caterpillars. There is no question as
to their value in this respect, and they feed mainly on medium sized and
larger caterpillars. The two common American species seem to prefer
hairy caterpillars to smooth ones, and their diet sometimes results in their
stomachs becoming lined with prickly hairs, the ends of which are imbedded
in the stomach walls. This, however, does not appear to inconvenience the
birds. Whether there is any other family that is as useful in this respect
as the cuckoos is still an open question. Our observations show that great
numbers are eaten by other birds.

F>ICIDAE

1 Voodpcckcrs

Wood])eckers certainly do not destroy as many hairy caterpillars as the
cuckoos. They appear to take them only when they come in their way, fre¬
quently maiming and killing without eating.

T Y i-e A rs n: ir> AE

Flycatchers

The flycatchers eat very few hairy caterpillars but destroy a great many
imagos of the diurnal species, two kingbirds having been observed to kill
about 250 male moths of P o r t h e t r i a d i s p a r in less than three hours,
and many female moths as well. Many moths are destroyed on the wing
by flycatchers.

CORYITDAE

Crows, jays etc.

This family is represented by the blue jay and crow, both species being
among the most useful in the destruction of medium sized and full grown
caterpillars. The observations on these birds made within the last three
years prove them to be more useful in this respect than was suspected.
They are continually feeding where outbreaks of hairy caterpillars occur,
eating both the caterpillars and pupae, and feeding them to their young.
These birds, because of their size and voracity, destroy large numbers of
larvae. Crows destroy fully as many pupae as larvae.

ICTERIDAE

Orioles

The Baltimore oriole and crow blackbird are exceedingly useful. As
the feeding habits of these birds have become better known their usefulness
in destroying hairy caterpillars has been recognized. They eat mainly
medium sized and larger larvae.

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

31

krixoilliuae:

Fhich and sparrow family

The finch and sparrow family is represented in Massachusetts by many
species, several of which do not appear in the list of those attacking hairy
caterpillars, but probably most sparrows eat such caterpillars to some extent.
The chipping sparrow, song sparrow, towhee and rose-breasted grosbeak
habitually feed on them. Several observers have seen the indigo bunting
attacking them. The sparrows eat both large and small caterpillars.

TAX AGRIDAB

Tanagcrs

The tanagers are potent enemies of hairy caterpillars wherever they
appear in numbers in the woods, feeding quite constantly on them. Our
later observations indicate that no bird is more useful in woodlands.

VIREOXIDAB

Vircos

The vireos or warbling flycatchers are persistent caterpillar hunters and
destroy many of these creatures. They do not feed so readily on the full
grown caterpillars as on the smaller, but none are safe from their attacks.

MXIOXILXID AE

Warblers

It was not till 1899 that the value of the warblers as caterpillar eaters
was fully established. As they are small birds and feed mainly on smaller
larvae, it is very difficult to determine by observation exactly what they
are feeding on.

A special effort was made during 1899 to secure accurate data in regard
to the destruction of the smaller hairy caterpillars by warblers. The result
has demonstrated that warblers are certainly among the most useful birds
in this respect, specially during the early part of the season, when most
larvae are small. They appear so fond of these larvae that they will even
climb about on the trunks of the trees to get them.

NiiNiixAE (subfamily)

Mockino- tli rnsli es

O

Represented by the catbird and brown thrasher. They are certainly
among the most useful birds. The catbird eats hairy caterpillars greedih',
destroying even those covered with spines, like the Euvanessa anti¬
op a, and feeds many caterpillars to its young. It eats full grown caterpil¬
lars about as readily as cuckoos, taking mainly those that have, perhaps,
escaped more arboreal birds by remaining in the shrubbery near the ground.

32

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

TKOOLODYTIDAK

lV?'c)is

The house wren is the only species that has been seen by our observers
to eat hairy caterpillars. It can hardly be called a common bird, and it has
only occasionally been seen to eat these caterj)illars.

Nuthatches and titmice

The chickadee, the common representative of the titmouse family, and
one of the most useful of all birds, is a great destroyer of hairy caterpillars.
Not only does it eat caterpillars of all sizes, feeding them to its young, but
it destroys all forms of these insects, except, perhaps, the eggs of some
species. Too much can not be said in favor of this most useful and harmless
bird. Both species of nuthatch take these larvae only as they come in their
way on the trunks of trees, and not always even then.

TUKOID AK

Thrashes

While the thrushes eat hairy caterpillars when they come in their way,
they do not, with the exception of the robin, appear to search them out.
d'he robin seems to be in this way the most useful of all thrushes. The
wood thrush and Wilson’s thrush occasionally visit localities infested by the
caterpillars and eat a few, but the robin visits them frecjuently and eats
many. The thrushes eat mainly the larger caterpillars.

The bluebird is useful in destroying most forms of these insects, but as
bluebirds are not plentiful in the infested region the opportunity for obser¬
vation has not been so good as in the case of some other species.

Prof. S. A. Forbes, state entomologist of Illinois, has made an extended
study of the food habits of different birds and he estimates that there are
about 10,000 insects per acre over the entire state, and on this basis con¬
cludes that if the operations of birds were sus])ended entirely for a period
of seven years, the entire state would be carpeted with insects, one to the
square inch. Professor Forbes gives this as an illustration, by no means as
a prediction, and it certainly is a graphic way of stating the high value he
places on bird life as a means of checking the depredations of insect pests.
Professor P'orbes has estimated that should the people of the state apply
appropriate measures to increase the efficiency of bird life in destroying
insects, even if it was no more than i^, the agriculturists of that state would
be saved $76,000 a year at the lowest, and probably five times that amount.

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

00

Mr E. H. Forbush in a recent publication' has made some recommen¬
dations which, if adopted, should result in increasing the number of useful
birds in woodlands:

Some practical lessons have been learned from studying the food of
wood birds. As birds go where they find food most abundant, many birds
of the swamp, field and orchard go from their usual haunts, ^ mile or more,
to the woods to feed on insects plentiful there. Thus the bobolink in the
meadow goes to the woods for aphids, and the oriole in the orchard and the
blackbird in the marsh go there for caterpillars. On the other hand, the
chickadee, blue jay, tanager and the warblers go from the woods to the
orchards and gardens for caterpillars. In an orchard near the woods we
noticed that the wood birds came frequently to those trees nearest the
woods, and by adding their work to that of those living in the orchard,
soon cleared the cankerworms from the trees nearest the woods.

All our experience thus far goes to show that a well watered country,
where the woodland is kept mainly in detached patches, with the rest of the
land more open, much of it well cultivated, with an occasional marsh or
swamp, is the best calculated to encourage the increase of the largest num¬
ber of species of birds. In such a country vegetation should therefore
receive better protection from birds than elsewhere. In view of these facts,
it is possible for a man owning from 30 to 100 acres of land to so select his
land and control the growth of vegetation upon it as to obtain conditions
attractive to an abundance and variety of birds. The first requisite is a
plenty of suitable food, and for this a variety of vegetation is desirable.
This provides not only a variety of fruit and seeds, but furnishes food for a
large variety of insects, which will attract the birds. It is especially desir¬
able to have both wild and cultivated cherries and grapes, and if the birds
take too large a proportion of the cultivated species, the earlier wild berries,
like the Russian mulberry, and the shadberry, should be planted to draw
the bird’s attention from the cultivated fruit. Winter food may be furnished
birds by planting mountain ash, sumach, bayberry and other berries which
cling to the trees or shrubs bearing them during the winter months. The
winter birds may be induced to remain in some numbers by hanging bones,
suet or portions of any carcass in sheltered places on the trees. These will
furnish food for them when the trees are covered with ice, and will keep
them in the neighborhood during the coldest weather. Sunflower seeds,
broken nuts and grain will sometimes attract winter birds.

Having secured food the birds must have shelter from the elements
and their enemies. This may be provided by planting thick evergreen
trees in groups and allowing a deciduous thicket here and there. Nesting
boxes should be provided for those birds which will use them and such

' 1900 Mass. Crop Rep’t. July. p. 38-39.

34

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

boxes will shelter many a bird from winter storms. Nesting material, such
as straw, feathers, waste string etc., should be hung on limbs during the
nesting season. It will soon be utilized. Having made a locality attractive
to birds they must be protected and fostered. Birds soon learn to love a
place where they receive a measure of protection from their enemies. W'e
may protect them :

1 By doing away with cats, so far as possible

2 By stopping promiscuous gunning

3 By suppressing bird-egging boys

4 By keeping hawks, crows and jays within bounds.

It is well not only to have a variety of trees in your woodland, but also
to have portions of it in different stages of growth. A small patch of
ground covered with young sprouts furnishes a desirable breeding place for
such birds as the indigo bird, brown thrasher, towhee and several warblers,
all of which may be very useful in adjoining woodland. If each farm,
wooded or otherwise, could be ideally situated and cultivated, with the pro¬
tection and accommodation of birds always in view. It is doubtful if paris
green and other insecticides would find a ready market in the commonwealth,
except, perhaps, in such cases as that of the gypsy moth, where a man dis¬
turbs the balance of nature by introducing a new pest from a foreign shore.

REMEDIAL MEASURES

The conditions under which trees grow along our streets and in our
parks are so very different from those obtaining in nature that methods of
value in one place could not be tolerated in thg other. The comparatively
high value of individual trees in streets and parks warrants much larger
expenditures or more labor than could be advised in the forest.

Street and park trees

The following paragraphs apply in particular to the more highly prized
trees of our roadsides, lawns and parks and the recommendations are not
intended for the forester.

Methods against biting and sucking insects. Practical considerations
compel the recognition of two classes of insects, the biting or devouring and
the sucking species. The work of the former is characterized by the
removal of more or less tissue from the part attacked, while the latter never
do this, though they frequently cause wilting and discoloring in the imme¬
diate, vicinity of the injury. Generally speaking, biting insects can be con¬
trolled by spraying infested plants with arsenate of lead, paris green, london

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

35

purple or other arsenical poisons. I he aim of such treatment js to cover
the plant so thoroughly with the substances used that it will be practically
impossible for the pest to feed without also consuming the deadly insecti¬
cide. Experiments have shown more than once that caterpillars will not
feed on foliage sprayed with poison till forced to do so by hunger, while
those placed on untreated leaves, with all other conditions the same, mani¬
fest no such hesitancy. Thus it is pretty safe to assume that insects will
not eat poisoned leaves unless obliged to do so or go hungry, and that only
the most thorough spraying will produce satisfactory results. Measures of
value against leaf devourers may not have the slightest effect on those spe¬
cies which obtain their nourishment by sucking, through a slender beak, the
fluids from the underlying plant tissues. Particles of paris green or other
such poison lying on the surface of the plant will not affect them and as it
is practically impossible to so change the vegetable fluids that an insect will
not or can not feed upon them and yet not damage the plant, we must
depend to a great extent on contact insecticides in fighting these pests.
The most satisfactory method of killing such insects as aphids or plant lice,
scale insects, etc. is by spraying them with kerosene emulsion, whale oil
soap solution or similar substances, which operate either by closing or
choking the breathing pores or spiracles along the sides of the insect- or
they may exert a paralyzing influence through these orifices. The applica¬
tions must be made directly to the insects themselves and the effectiveness
of the treatment will be proportional to the number actually hit. In short,
when fighting leaf-devouring insects, aim to cover the portions of the plant
liable to attack with some arsenical poison, while in controlling sucking
forms, it is essential to throw a substance, which will kill by contact, on
the Insects themselves.

The foregoing are general directions subject to many modifications.
Some pests are very resistant to poisons and require large doses before suc¬
cumbing, but as a rule the trouble is more apt to be lack of thoroughness in
the treatment than weakness of the insecticide. Many biting insects, like
leaf miners, twig, bark and wood borers operate in places where it is imprac-

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

36

ticable to put the poison. Others feed underground on roots and must be
fought in special ways. Sucking insects also present exceptional difficulties.
Some are cased with so resistant armor that it is nearly impossible to kill
them with substances that will not at the same time injure the plant. The
attacks of many plant lice cause the leaves to curl so that it is very difficult
to hit them with a spray. Small leaf hoppers sometimes occur in such large
numbers that, owing to their activity and resistance to insecticides, they are
very difficult to control. Others, like biting forms, may work beneath the
surface of the soil, and are therefore nearly inaccessible. Study has shown
that in the case of almost every injurious insect there is some point in its
life history where it is comparatively easyto keep the pest in check. A
little difference in cultural methods will sometimes accomplish much. As a
general rule, the wholesale destruction of insect life by the use of deadly
sprays is to be avoided. Prevention is the most successful method of antici¬
pating insect depredations. That is, avoid, so far as possible, offering con¬
ditions favorable for the development of insects in large numbers. Sup¬
pression and control, rather than extermination, should be the aim. The
latter is impossible, generally speaking, while the former is frequently our
only hope.

Useless retnedies. Avoid patent remedial preparations, specially those
that are advertised to kill most, if not all insects, and act as a fertilizer in
addition. A large corps of trained workers in experiment stations and other
public positions are at present engaged in searching for new insecticides
and in determining the best methods of applying them. Recommendations
from such sources can usually be relied on. Some of the preparations sold
in the markets are undoubtedly of value, but they almost invariably owe
their efficacy to well known substances and not to secret compounds.
The great objection to this class of insecticides is that the consumer pays
several times the value of the article, because it is in a disguised form, and
he is usually ignorant of its nature. There are other so called remedies
which are totally worthless, having no intrinsic value of themselves. One
of the most persistently advertised of these is the old trick of plugging a

IXSECTS AFFECTIXG PARK AXD WOODLAXD TREES

37

tree with sulfur or other substance in order to render the sap distasteful to
insects of all kinds. I his is a fascinating theory, but has absolutely no
basis in fact. 1 he safest way is to disregard all innovations till they have
been duly tested at experiment stations or are recommended by well known
authorities.

cid of cxpcyiDient . The following formulas comprise what are regarded
as the most reliable, but must be modified under varying conditions, to
meet the demands of the occasion. It should be borne in mind that in
many cases it is not so much the insecticide used as the manner of its
application, though in some cases the difference is due to a variation in
composition.

Forviulas for arsenical preparations. Arsenate of lead may be pre¬
pared as follows : Dissolve II ounces of acetate of lead (sugar of lead) in
four quarts of water and four ounces of arsenate of soda (50^ purity) in
two quarts of water, each lot in a wooden pail,and then add the solutions to
the required amount of water, which for most leaf-eating insects will be
about 50 gallon.s. This substance can be used in much greater strength
without danger of injuring the plants, provided it is properly prepared, and
though this poison does not act so rapidly as paris green and its allie.s,
it possesses superior adhesive powers, can be applied in much greater quan¬
tities and its white color renders its detection on foliage very easy. It is of
special value against the elm leaf beetle because of its adhesivene.ss — it fre-
quently'remains on the foliage nearly an entire season in spite of many
rains — and for this insect it is better to use the amounts given above in but
30 gallons of water. This poison has also been placed on the market in a
paste form ready for dilution with water. Thus prepared it has all the good
properties of the freshly made material and may be used with confidence.
The crystalline arsenate of lead can not be recommended as it is heavier
and does not adhere to the foliage as well as the other form.

Paris green or london purple, and also certain other arsenical prepara¬
tions, are used with great success in combating leaf feeders. One pound
of either of these poisons to 100 to 150 gallons of water is the proportion

38

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

usually advised. It is also well to employ an equal amount of recently
slaked lime (mix with considerable water and strain before adding) in order
to lessen the danger of burning the foliage. It is essential that either of
the above mixtures be kept well stirred in order to secure uniform results,
as the latter named poisons, in particular, sink rapidly to the bottom of the
tank.

Formulas for contact insecticides. Kerosene emulsion is one of the
most important contact insecticides, that is, those which must be actually
thrown on the insect in order to secure results. It may be prepared as fol¬
lows : dissolve one half pound of hard soap in a gallon of boiling water
and while it is still hot add two gallons of kerosene, and emulsify either by
stirring rapidly or by repeatedly forcing it through a pump and fine nozzle.
A white, uniform creamy mass which does not break up into oil and water
should be obtained and this can then readily be diluted with water, the
usual amount being nine parts water to one of the emulsion. A sour milk
emulsion should be used in limestone regions, two gallons of kerosene to
one gallon of sour milk, emulsify as described above and dilute. The
lO/^ mechanical kerosene emi^lsion can be used in a similar manner, pro¬
vided the pump can be depended on to give reliable proportions, which is
not often the case. One pound of whale oil soap to four gallons of water
is the strongest that can be used safely on foliage and one pound to six gal¬
lons is usually as effectual as the kerosene emulsion for similar purposes.

The above formulas are to be used on trees in foliage and can be
depended on to kill only the more tender insects. The abundance of cer¬
tain scale insects in recent years has shown the need of something more
effective and what are known as winter washes have been devised. These
are more penetrating corrosive or alkaline substances which can be applied
with safety to trees only while they are dormant, and are therefore more fatal
to insect life. The whale oil soap solution, 2 pounds to a gallon, comes
under this head and it may be applied either in the fall or spring for
the destruction of certain scale Insects. It has been used very success¬
fully against the San Jose scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst.

INSKCTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

39

This material has been found injurious to fruit buds of peach when applied
in the fall, and it is very likely that it might kill the more tender buds of
some other trees when used in similar way. Itarly spring applications, how¬
ever, do not affect butls of our fruit trees and this is probably true of orna¬
mentals. 1 his soap appears to be giving way to the more effective and
much cheaper lime-sulfur washe.s.

The lime-sulfur wash, or as it is more generally known, the lime-sulfur-
salt wash is rapidly becoming a favorite remetly for scale insects in the
Eastern states. It may be prepared in a number of different ways with
very diverse proportions of the various ingredients, and still be effec¬
tual. An old and very good formula consists of 40 lb lime, 20 lb sulfur
and 15 lb of ordinary salt to 60 gal. of water. Another calls for 15 lb
each of lime, salt and sulfur to 50 gal. water. Later experiments have
shown that these can probably be modified to considerable advantage and
the salt omitted. A very satisfactory combination is made by using 20 lb
lime and 15 lb sulfur to 50 gal. of water. The lime should be added to a
little hot water in a kettle, and as soon as slaking begins, put in the sulfur
and boil vigorously for at least 30 minutes, stirring constantly in order to
get a smooth mixture. Combination between the lime and sulfur is facili¬
tated by the use of an alkali such as caustic soda, and recent experiments
have shown that sal soda, 10 lb to the above named amounts, makes a very
good wash and obviates the necessity of boiling. Several pails of hot water
are put into a barrel, the lime is added, quickly followed by the sulfur, then
the sal soda, and the entire mixture is stirred vigorously till the reaction
has ceased sufficiently so as to allow the covering of the barrel with burlap,
and the mixture is then allowed to stand for at least 30 minutes, strained
and diluted with cold water to the requisite amount. It is sometimes neces¬
sary to add a little cold water to prevent the compound from boiling over
and care should be taken not to stir so much as to hinder the chemical reac¬
tion. This latter formula, while very promising, is still in the experimental
stage.

Fumigation. Scale insects can also be controlled very successfully by

40

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

fumig’ation with hydrocyanic acid gas. Fhis treatment should be given
in the winter time when the trees are dormant and is of particular value
where a large number of small trees must be treated. I he tents necessary
for fumigation are too expensive for moderate or large size trees. The proc¬
ess consists in covering the tree with a canvas tent and generating the gas
underneath it by applying diluted sulfuric acid to potassium cyanid. This
method is extensively used in California on citrus trees and has been
employed to some extent in the east. There are a number of different
tents which have been designed for this purpose by various investigators,
and those wishing to treat their trees may find it advantageous to consult
Professor Johnson’s FiL7}ngation A/cFiods.' Those who have only a few
trees and wish to employ the gas in a small way may find the following
directions of service. The trees should be exposed to the action of the gas
for 35 minutes at least, and one ounce of the cyanid (98^ purity) should be
used to every 75 cubic feet of space together with an equal amount, by

liquid measure, of the best commercial sulfuric acid (specific gravity 1.83)

✓

and three times that amount of water. Professor Johnson has advised using
lyi ounces of acid to 2^ ounces of water to each ounce of cyanid. The
cyanid should be placed in an earthenware crock near the trunk of the tree,
as distant as possible from the tent, and when everything has been prepared,
the diluted acid (which is prepared by turning the acid slowly into the water,
stirring constantly in the meantime) should be emptied into the crock con¬
taining the necessary amount of cyanid and the tent quickly made tight all
around. These materials are extremely dangerous to handle, the acid will
burn almost anything and causes very bad sores, while the cyanid is one of
the most deadly poisons known. The fumigated trees should be covered
with a tight tent which is usually made of 8 ounce cotton ducking thor¬
oughly coated with boiled linseed oil, paint or other material in order to
make it gas tight. The tent may be bell-shaped or rectangular and sup¬
ported by a frame or may even consist of a large sheet thrown over the
tree. The form supported by the frame is the better because of the ease

‘Orange Judd Co. 1902.

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

41

with which the cubic contents may be calculated. Several box tents covered
with canvas or even roofing paper have been devised. The.se are provided
with frames and either constructed with a flexible hood so that they can be
dropped entire over trees or else with a removable side which can be quickly
and tightly clamped to the frame.

Directions Jor spraying. In order to spray trees successfully, certain
rules must be observed. Apply the poison at the time the insects begin to
feed and where they must eat it if the tree is attacked. Early spraying not
only prevents much injury to foliage but it is likely to be fully as effective
because young caterpillars as a rule succumb more easily to poisons. In the
case of certain insects, it is best to throw the spray on the under surface of
the leaves so far as possible, as some young caterpillars and elm leaf beetle
grubs in particular, prefer the tender lower epidermis. Do thorough work,
that is, try to cover every leaf with the mixture and spray till the tree begins
to drip, but no more. The finer the spray, the better, as a more even distri¬
bution is insured. The poisonous mixture must be kept agitated while
spraying is in progress. Good work can be accomplished with hand
pumps, though a power spraying apparatus is the best and plenty of hose is
essential, as a fine spray can not be thrown far and it is therefore usually
necessary to do more or less climbing. Remember that very much depends
on the man at the nozzle and insist on having one who can be relied on.
It is the poorest economy possible to put a cheap man in this responsible
and somewhat disagreeable position. It is comparatively easy to give
directions but the man who faithfully and intelligently carries them out is
not often found, and he who will temper his work with judgment is a rarity.

Cost oj spraying trees. Several years ago we took some pains to ascer¬
tain the precise cost of spraying in the hope of encouraging those to
whom the expense seems a serious item, and it is pleasant to record that
it is much lower than had at first been supposed. Dr Smith, of the New
Jersey agricultural experiment .station, kindly supplied the following data in
1898. The elms on the college campus at New Brunswick are 50 to 75
feet high and were sprayed at odd times by the janitors, about an hour

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

42

being required by two men with force pump, tank and ladders to treat one
tree. The poison necessary for each spraying was worth about 6c. It will
thus be seen that the cost for each tree would be between 36c and 50c, vary¬
ing with the price of labor. In New Brunswick, N. J., the trees were
sprayed at a contract price of $i for the season, the understanding being
that they were to receive three treatments if necessary. The contractor
prepared the outfit, furnished the material, did the spraying at the price
mentioned and had a neat margin remaining.

The cost of spraying elms in Albany in 1898, aside from wear and tear
of the apparatus, was about i 5c a tree for each spraying. This average was
based on one or two days work and probably would not hold for the season.
It is very likely that it would have paid to give each tree a little more time,
which would have brought the average cost up somewhat. The elms of
Albany range from 20 to about 70 feet in hight, though most of them are
over 50.

The average cost of one spraying in Albany in 1900 was about 22c a
tree. The spraying was done with apparatus to be described later, and
under civil service regulations, which require men to work but eight hours a
day. Two power spraying outfits under one foreman’s direction constituted
the force. It would be possible in private work to reduce the force some¬
what and have one man serve both as motorman and driver. A little more
selection could also be exercised and possibly more efficient men secured
than can usually be obtained for such work under civil service regulations.

Mr H. W. Gordinier of Troy found that in contract work in the vfillage
of Lansingburg, where he sprayed all the trees, the average cost a tree for
each spraying was 23c. This figure, however, was raised considerably in his
work in Troy where the trees were sprayed at the expense of private par¬
ties and there was necessarily much running hither and thither ; under these
conditions it ranged from 50c to 60c a tree, the cost depending on the size
and the number in one locality. Large maples have been sprayed at a cost
of only 17^ cents per application, as stated below.

The saving in cost shown by the above figures, not to mention the

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

43

greater benefit to the public, jiarticularly in the poorer sections of a city
where shade trees are most needed and where they are usually neglected, is
a strong argument in favor of such spraying operations being done by vil¬
lages and municipalities. 1 he more general and thorough the work, the
more satisfactory are the results.

Proper apparatus. In order to do this work successfully one must
possess a force pump capable of throwing a stream some distance, a num¬
ber of feet of hose and a nozzle that will discharge a rather fine spray.
I here must also be something to hold the poisonous mixture and a ladder
facilitates the work of application greatly.

One of the best arrangements for hand work is most probably found in
a spraying outfit on wheels that can be readily moved from place to place
[pi. 2iJ. In most cases this takes the form of a box or barrel to which a
force pump is firmly attached, and is either provided with wheels or designed
to be placed in a wagon. It is necessary to have 25 to 50 or more feet of
^ or ^ inch hose when spraying tall trees, while the addition of a 10 to
25 foot metal extension adds materially to the value of the apparatius. It
is essential to have a nozzle that will produce a fine spray, not clog, and
which can be quickly adjusted to throw a coarse spray some distance if
desirable. Such an outfit is of great service to any individual having con¬
siderable spraying to do and it could undoubtedly be used to advantage by
those desiring to make a business of spraying in a small way, as for example
the treating of trees here and there for those in cities wishing their trees
sprayed and not willing to purchase the necessary apparatus.

Tn the extended work against Insects, specially the elm leaf beetle, con¬
ducted by cities and villages, it is desirable to have apparatus that will
admit of more rapid work. This at first led to the refitting of retired fire
engines and the designing of more or less cumbersome outfits for the pur¬
pose. In all cases these makeshifts have been successful, though they are
not so satisfactory in operation as those specially adapted to the purpose.
One of the best forms of apparatus yet designed for .spraying trees is that
constructed under the direction of Dr E. B. Southwick, entomologist of the

44

XEW YORK STATE MUSEUM •

department of public parks of the city of New York. This is the form used
in Albany. The whole outfit is represented on plate 21. It consists of a
Daimler tjasoline motor operating a Gould force pump. The motor and
pump, weighing but 300 pounds, can be placed in the bottom of a spring
wagon along with the 100 gallon tank containing the poisonous mixture.
This motor has the advantage of being almost noiseless in operation and is
scarcely noticed by passing horses. It is very inexpensive to operate, as a
gallon of gasoline is sufficient for a day, and it requires so little attention
that a tyro can run it. The smallest size Gould three-piston pump is the
one used with the motor, though Dr Southwick now recommends a larger
one in order to utilize the power more fully. A complete power spraying
outfit,- aside from horse and wagon, should not cost over $500, the price
naturally varying with market conditions and quality of materials used.
Four lines of hose can easily be supplied, though in most places in Albany
not more than two can be used to advantage.

Some other apparatus in addition to that usually supplied with spraying
outfits is necessary. Several ladders or some convenient arrangement for
getting up into trees is almost essential unless the spraying wagon has one
of the elevating platforms such as are used by electric car companies on
repair outfits. Two power spraying outfits constructed for the village of
Saratoga in 1899 were provided with these elevating towers and they were
found to be very effective and economical. The cost of spraying for the
forest tent caterpillar which, by the way, need not be done so carefully as
for the elm leaf beetle, was but \ a tree, and considerable of this saving
was attributed to the elevating towers. In this instance 5667 large maple
trees were sprayed and practically all in the village were treated, thus enab¬
ling the operators to save time in every- possible manner.

Hand collecting, etc. Hand collecting appears very slow, laborious,
and not at all adapted to present conditions. This is true in a great many
instances and yet there are cases where hand picking is one of the most eco¬
nomical methods of controlling certain injurious species. The white marked
tussock moth, Hemerocampa leucostigma Abb. & Sm., is a form

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

45

which can be controlled as readily by collecting its white egg masses as by
spraying. I hese latter are easily gathered, and the tree once cleaned, will
remain so for some time, or until the caterpillars can make their way from
adjacent trees. Several cities in New York State have found it an exceed-
ingly good investment to pay children a nominal amount for collecting the
egg masses. The weakness of this method is that it is ai)t to be spasmodic
and the rewards are offered only during times when the caterj)illars are
exceptionally injurious, hence the insect is allowed to increase at intervals
and periodically indicts considerable damage. The city of New York pays
an entomologist connected with the park department, who makes a practice
of collecting the egg masses of this insect. This should be done in other
cities where this species is a pest. This method can also be applied in a
measure to the collection of the cocoons of our larger moths, such as the
promethea moth, Callosamia promethea Drury and the Cynthia
moth, P h i 1 o s a m i a c y n t h i a Drury and others.

Borers. Hand labor is practically the only method of dealing with
certain borers. Dr E. B. Southwick of New York city has met with consid¬
erable success in controlling the notorious leopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina
Linn., a species which has become well distributed throughout that city and
which infests practically all kinds of trees. His men inject carbon bisul-
phid, carried in an engineer’s oil can, into all holes which give any indication
of being inhabited. The orifices are then closed with putty and other scars
on the trees are carefully treated. This method has also been applied with
a little variation in details in the case of the carpenter worm, P r i o n o x y s-
tus robiniae Peck, in the Buffalo parks by the late M. P'. Adams, who
preferred to stop the entrances with soap.

Prevention of attack by the application of a deterrent wash is fre¬
quently advised against these insects. The treatment consists in applying
a wash to parts liable to attack just before the egg-laying period, for the
purpose of driving the females away before they deposit eggs. One of the
best formulas is the following: i pt. of crude carbolic acid [)t. refined), i
gal. soft soap, thin with i gal. hot water, stir in acid, let it set over night, then

46

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

add 8 gal. soft water. Or to a saturated solution of washing soda add soft
soap to make a thick paint ; this is improved by i pt. of crude carbolic acid
and lb paris green to lo gal. of wash. Or in 6 gal. of saturated solu¬
tion of washing soda, dissolve i gal. of soft soap, add i pt. of carbolic acid,
mix thoroughly, slack enough lime in 4 gal. of water, so that when added, a
thick whitewash will result, then add yi lb of paris green, mix thoroughly.
The latter is probably the best. Valuable only to prevent egg-laying on
bark.

SELECTION AND PLANTING OF TREES

Something can be done along this line, in the case of shade trees,
toward preventing serious depredations by some pests. Rapidly growing
trees have vigor enough to withstand the attacks of some insects and
apparently they are ,not able to thrive on such trees. -This result can be
obtained only by providing the right conditions. Trees should be set in
congenial soil and placed where they will have no difficulty in securing an
adequate amount of nourishment, water and sufficient light. Requisite
space should be provided or crowding, followed by lowered vitality and
insect attack will probably result.

The abundance of serious insect enemies in the eastern United States
makes it advisable to consider the resistance of certain trees to insect
injury before setting them out. Some are very subject to such attacks and
while there are other important factors to be taken into account, this should
not be overlooked. Dr L. O. Howard in connection with some estimates
prepared by Dr B. E. B'ernow, then chief of the division of forestry in the
United States Department of Agriculture, prepared a rating representing
the comparative resistance of our more important shade trees to insect
enemies. Dr Howard, as entomologist of the federal government, necessa¬
rily considered the value of these species in all parts of the country, and
the following is a revision of a local comparative rating of our more impor¬
tant shade trees prepared by the Avriter at the request of Mr Frederick
Shonnard of Yonkers N. Y. It varies little from a similar estimate pre¬
pared by Dr Howard, and has been modified to represent more nearly our

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

47

estimate of the relative resistance of these trees to insect attack in New
York State, specially in the Hudson river valley. The fit^ure 3 has been
placed opposite trees which are jiractically immune from insect injury, 2.3
indicates some damage. Trees having one somewhat serious enejiiy are
rated at 2, and those having at least one notorious insect pest at 1.5.
Greater likelihood of injuries is indicated by i and still more by .3. The
species are arranged according to the comparative injury and the list follows :

Tulip tree - - - - .

- 3

Red maple - - -

- - 2

*Tree of Heaven - -

3

Honey locust - - -

2

Hardy catalpa - - -

- 3

European linden

- - 1-5

Gingko .

3

American linden - -

1-5

Red oak - - _ . .

- 2.3

Horse-chestnut - -

- - 1-5

Scarlet oak - . . .

2.3

Soft or silver maple -

1-5

Yellow oak - . . .

- 2.3

American elm - -

- - I

Oriental plane tree -

2.3

‘‘Hackberry - - - -

I

American plane tree -

- 2.3

European elm - -

- - -5

Sycamore maple - -

2.3

Scotch elm - - - -

•5

Norway maple - - -

2

Cottonwood - - -

- - -5

Sugar maple - - -

2

Balm of Gilead - -

•5 ■

White oak . . . -

2

Black locust - - -

- - -5

Bur oak -----

2

Those that are starred

have been

seen only in parks or

in such small

numbers that the rating can be regarded as provisional only.

Massing- of trees. It is not only advantageous to select trees possessing
relative immunity from insect enemies but it is also advisable to avoid plant¬
ing too many of one variety together. It is a well recognized principle
among agriculturists that large areas devoted to a single crop, specially for
a series of years, increase the danger from insect enemies and the same
applies in the case of shade trees set in parks and along our streets. It would
be much better could different varieties be alternated on the same street or
at least set in small groups, so that in case a few became badly infested by
such a species as the white marked tussock moth, Hemerocampa

48

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

leuco Stigma Abb. Sl Sm., or a scale insect like the elm bark louse,
Gossyparia spuria Mod., the pest would experience difficulty in
finding other trees to its liking. An alternation such as sugar and soft
maples. is very desirable because while the former finds a serious enemy in
the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hiibn., the latter is
comparatively exempt from its attacks, and wantlering caterpillars would
therefore not find an abundance of food near at hand, as would be the case
where an entire row was composed of hard maples. Maples and elms alter¬
nated would prove of service in checking the rapid distribution of such a
species as the elm leaf beetle, Galerucella luteola Mull., and
would be an advantge even in the case of an outbreak of the spiny elm cater¬
pillar, Euvanessa antiop a Linn. A number of other instances could
be mentioned. Care should be taken in setting trees not only to have
species side by side which are rarely affected by the same insect enemies,
but also varieties which will grow harmoniously and afford a pleasing
combination.

The following table of some of the principal insect enemies of our shade
trees should prove of considerable service in avoiding undesirable combina¬
tion from the standpoint of the economic entomologist. •

Common shade trees and their principal insect enemies

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

49

iniested

50

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

MORE IMPORTANT SHADE TREE PESTS
It is exceedingly difficult to draw a sharp line between insects of prime
economic importance and others. An attempt has been made to do this
simply for the purpose of making the contents of this work more accessible
to the general reader. Some of the species listed under this head could
almost with equal propriety be included with those affecting forest trees,
and as a matter of fact no sharp line can be drawn between the two, though
there are insects which are much more destructive by reason of their depre¬
dations upon certain forest trees used to adorn our streets and parks rather
than because of their injuries to the same species in a wild state.

UKSTIllIC'TIVE BORERS

This includes a number of borers affecting some of our more valuable
shade trees, and the different species may be identified by aid of the follow¬
ing tabular statement.

Key to destructive borers

Affecting living sugar maples only, making broad, shallow galleries in sapwood just under
the bark; a large, fleshy, legless grub

Sugar maple borer, Plagionotus speciosus, p. 51
Affecting hard and soft maples, causing deformities in the trunk and many small, brown¬
ish, powdery borings about the places injured. . . Maple sesian, Sesia acerni, p. 56
Boring in small twigs of maple and oaks, causing the tips of the branches to fall, the broken
ends having a large proportion smoothly cut

Maple and oak twig pruner, Elaphidion villosum, p. 59
Diseased or nearly dead maple, elm and other trees having medium, pencil-sized borings,
with frequently many galleries coming out at nearly right angles to the bark

Pigeon tremex, T r e m e x c o 1 u m b a, p. 61
A dark brown or black, rather stout, cylindric beetle about }i inch long makes circular
sometimes spiral galleries in the roots of underground stems of sugar maple, huckle¬
berry and a number of shrubs

Sugar maple timber beetle, Corthylus punctatissimus, p. 65
American elms with dead and dying limbs, usually with the sapwood badly scored by

rather large, flat, legless borers . Elm borer, Saperda tridentata, p. 67

A small, reddish beetle about ^ of an inch long and prettily marked with three yel¬
low, nearly transverse lines on each wing cover, may be bred from wood infested
by the elm borer . Neoclytus erythrocephalus, p. 71

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

51

American elms having mucli the same character as mentioned al)ove, I)ut with short,
curled, legless grubs in the smaller limbs

Black elm snout beetle, M a g d a 1 i s b a r b i t a, p. 73
I he reddish elm snout beetle, M a g d a 1 i s a r m i c o 1 1 i s is f requently associated with
t'le above .

Dead limbs projecting above leafy branches or broken and hanging in the midst of other¬
wise healthy trees . Leopard moth, Z e u z e r a pyrin a, j). 75

Very large, round, irregular borings in the trunk of different kinds of oak, maple and

locust . Carjjenter worm, B r i o n o x y s t u s r o b i n i a e, j). 79

A legless, flattened, white grub boring at the very base of thornapple, mountain ash, shad-

bush and fruit trees . Round-headed ap|)le borer, Saperda Candida, j). 84

A large-headed, flattened, legless, white grub making shallow galleries in various trees

Flat-headed borer, (1 h r y s o b o t h r i s f e m o r a t a, p. 86
Dead stumps or timbers in houses etc. may be irregularly mined by ants

White ants, T e r m e s f 1 a v i p e s, p. 87

Large black carpenter ant, C a m ]> o n o t u s h e r c u 1 a n e u s, p. 90

Lindens frequently have large, irregular galleries at the base of the tree

Linden borer, S a j) e r d a v e s t i t a, j). 9 1
Ash trees sometimes have moderate-sized galleries in the trunks, the work of a white,

sparsely haired caterjiillar . Ash borer, B o d o s e s ia f r a x i n a, p. 92

Our common native black locust is sometimes badly riddled by moderate-sized galleries.

Locust borer, C y 1 1 e n e r o b i n i a e, p. 93

Very large galleries in this tree

Carpenter worm, B r i o n o x y s t u s r o b i n i a e, p. 79
Poplars are very subject to the attack of a legless, white grub which makes large, irregular
galleries, and in midsummer piles of excelsiorlike shavings may be seen at the base of

infested trees . ; . . Boplar borer, Saperda c a 1 c a r a t a, p. 98

Willows and jioplars are fre(iuently severely injured by medium-sized, transverse galleries

usually at the base _ Mottled willow borer, C r y p t o r h y n c h u s 1 a p a t h i, p. 100

Lilac stems are frequently tunneled by a white, sparsely haired caterpillar, the branches
above wilting in midsummer . Lilac borer, Bodosesia s y r i n g ,i e, p. 104

, Sugar maple borer
Plagionotus spcciosus Say

Dead limbs among leafy branches or transverse ridges and dea!d areas on branches or
trunks of sugar maples are the most characteristic signs of the work of the large fleshy,
footless grub belonging to this species.

Sugar maples along the roadsides in the State of New York probably
have no more serious in.sect enemy than this pernicious borer. The attacks

52

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

of Other insects on our maples, specially the depreciations of the so called
maple worm or forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hiibn.,
are from time to time pictured in most glowing colors, and while these other
pests undoubtedly cause much injury, the fact remains that the sugar maple
borer is quietly and unobtrusively carrying on its deadly work and in a
series of years probably kills more of these popular shade trees than any
other insect pest. In almost every city and village where sugar maples
adorn the roadsides, evidences of the work of this borer are very apparent
and in many of these places dead or nearly ruined trees are by no means
scarce. The unthrifty condition of these maples is frequently attributed to
drought, fungous diseases, leaking gas, pavements impervious to water, etc.,
whereas, in fact, the true depredators are gnawing within the trees.

Character of the injury. Unlike many borers, this insect attacks trees
in full vigor. The powerful, legless grub confines its operations largely to
the inner bark and sapwood, and as it runs a burrow several feet long in one
season, and as one borer will frequently work transversely half around a tree
some 1 8 inches in diameter, the dangerous character of this pest is at once
apparent. The bark over the burrow, be it either a longitudinal or a trans¬
verse one, dies and the growing tissues forming underneath in the natural
process of healing push the dead bark out, cause it to break and in the
course of a year or two an ugly, naked scar is produced. A large, patch of
bark may be killed by several borers working near each other or possibly
by one doubling back and forth, and the result is a large, unsightly area of
exposed wood. The injury produced by a transverse burrow is shown at
figure 2, and a blasted area resulting from the doubling of a borer or of the
work of several near together is shown at figure 3. Two or three borers in
the same trunk are very likely to nearly girdle a tree, if they do not kill
it outright. Infested maples frequently have one or more large branches
killed by this pest. The base of the limb is girdled in the same way as the
trunk, the first intimation of trouble in this manner usually being a sudden
wilting of the foliage, followed by the leaves drying up and falling. This
borer displays a marked preference for the base of large limbs and
adjacent portions of the trunk.

IXSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

53

Description. 1 he parent insect is a beautiful stout beetle about one
inch long. It is black, brilliantly marked with yellow, as represented at
figure 4 of plate 2. The borer or larva is a whitish, flattened, footless grub
with brownish mouth parts. .Small ones [pi. 2, fig. 2], about Y2 inch long,
are found in September just under the bark and come from eggs laid ‘the
same season. The nearly full grown borer [pi. 2, fig. 3] is about 2 inches

Fig. 2 Injury produced by a trans¬
verse burrow in a sugar maple
about 18 inches in diameter

Fig. 3 Large dead area produced by the
intersection of several burrows. Tree
about 15 inches in diameter

long, white, with some rosy tints and in other respects closely resembles the
smaller ones.

Life history and habits. The parent insects or beetles occur from the
latter part of June till into August. Most of the eggs are probably laid dur¬
ing the latter two month.s. The place of oviposition [pi. 2, fig. i, i^rj may be
recognized by the irregular discoloration of the bark, caused in part by the
sap flowing from the wound and partly from the expelled frass or excrement,
the latter often hanging in small masses from the point of entrance. We

54

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

have found burrows about 30 feet from the ground, but most of them occur
in the trunk or near the base of the larger limbs. The latter seems to be a
favorite place for the deposition of eggs. The young borer passes the win¬
ter in a rather shallow excavation in the sapwood, the following spring
renewing operations with increased vigor. The boring of the second season
is largely just under the bark, the burrows being about ^ inch in width and
^ inch in depth, and running in almost any direction, though usually longi¬
tudinally or obliquely upward and partly around the tree. Sometime during
its life, probably in the second fall when the borer is about 16 months old,
a deep burrow is made, usually penetrating about 4 inches in an upward,
oblique direction toward the heart of the tree and then
running some distance parallel with the grain of the wood,
as represented in figure 4, which was drawn from a photo¬
graph. The larva transforms to a pupa and from that to a
beetle at the end of this deep burrow, the beautiful adult
emerging from the trunk through an oval hole [pi. 2, fig. 5]
about by ^ inch in diameter.

The only natural enemies observed preying on this
insect are woodpeckers. Dr Packard records having seen
them at work. Mr A. H. Kirkland has seen the hairy
woodpecker, the downy woodpecker and the dicker feeding
on white larvae taken from beneath the bark of infested
trees.

Associated insects. As previously pointed out, the
Fig. 4 Deep burrow in sugat maple botcr attacks trees in their prime. It is well

which the grub trans-

forms to the beetle known to studeiits of iiature that ail enfeebled plant invites
insect injury by presenting favorable conditions for their multiplication.
Trees suffering to any extent from the attack of the sugar maple borer are
usually infested with the pigeon tremex, Tremex columba Linn., a
species which assists materially in the destruction begun by the beetle and
which is noticed on page 59.

Remedies. Very badly infested trees should be cut and burned before

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

55

the following June in order to prevent the maturing of any insects they
may contain. It may be possible to prevent oviposition if the trunks of
shade trees are treated early in June with the carbolic soap wash described
on another page. This is simply a deterrent and is employed to render the
trunks so distasteful that the insects will not attempt to deposit eggs therein.
The most successful method of checking this insect, in case of valued trees,
is by careful examinations each fall and spring for characteristic signs of
borings. These are familiarly known as sawdust, and small comminuted
particles of wood or bark at the base of the tree or in bark crevices should
lead to a careful examination for their source. It will usually be found in a
burrow near the base of the limbs or in the adjacent trunk, and wherever
such injury occurs the borers should be carefully dug out, even though it
means much cutting, because the borers make extensive drafts on the sap
of the tree, on which they appear to live to a considerable extent. The
galleries are usually under perfectly smooth, apparently healthy bark and
within to an inch of the surface. They should be followed carefully,
and if a wire is used it may be possible to trace the gallery by cutting in
here and there without exposing its entire length, something of particular
importance when the boring has a transverse or oblique direction. It
should in any case be followed to its end and the offender destroyed. This
may seem like an extreme recommendation, but it should be remembered
that if the borer is not killed, the nefarious work will continue and much
more injury probably result than from the cutting, since in most instances
the bark immediately over the gallery soon dies and after a term of years
we have exposed wood and subsequent decay. The writer has seen a case
where extensive borings by this insect were carefully cut out and the grubs
killed. Several of the galleries had an oblique direction and it looked as
though the cutting would cause much injury to the tree, which was in a
sickly condition and the owner feared it was going to die. It is sufficient
to state that the tree began to recover immediately after the operation and
nearly three years later was the picture of health (though not so large as
uninjured associates) in spite of the severe .scars left after exposing the gal-

56

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

leries [jyt pi. 22, 23]. One of these galleries was partly transverse, extend¬
ing about of the distance around the trunk. This injury could probably
be helped by bridge grafting. In any event it is advisable to cover such
wounds with grafting wax or even fill the galleries with mortar, grafting
wax, or some other material to protect the wood from the elements. Occa¬
sionally much digging can be saved by injecting a little carbon bisulfid into
an inhabited gallery, but the objection to this procedure is that one can
never be certain of destroying the grub. We consider it better to expose
the gallery far enough, so that a sharp wire can be inserted and the borer
killed. A wound or two with sucli an instrument means its death and there
is no necessity of securing the grub itself.

Wounds made either by the borer or by a person looking for it, should
be cleaned and plastered with a cement of fresh cow dung and lime, in
order to hasten their healing.

In sugar maple groves, Mr Kirkland advises that the underbrush be left
as much as possible, as he has observed that the clearing up of the shrubbery
has repeatedly been followed by severe injury from this borer. The beetles
are known to be sun-loving insects and it is very probable that they would
place their eggs where the conditions were most attractive.

Bibliography

1896 Lintner, J. A. Ins. N. Y. 12th Rep’t, p. 238-48

1898 Felt, E. P. Fish, Game and For. Com. N. Y. 4th Rep’t, p. 386-92

1899 - X. Y. State Agric. Soc. Trans. 59: 277-78

Maple sesian
Sesia acerni Clem.

Deformed and frequently enlarged trunks of maples showing brownish powdery
borings near the surface, with here and there a small circular orifice, indicate the work of
this insect.

The riddling of new tissues around healing wounds on maples is usually
the work of this borer. The round holes through the injured bark and the
brownish, powdery borings are very characteristic of this caterpillar. It
has a special fondness for the tissues growing over wounds, though occa-

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES 57

sionally it may be found operating' on comparative!)’ smooth trunks. It
is generally distributed over the State and evidences of its work occur in
many localities. 1 rees wounded from any cause find great difficulty in the
comparatively simple process of covering exposed wood with bark, after
being attacked by this insect. I hus relatively insignificant wounds result
in scars constantly increasing in size and finall)’ in a badl)' disfigured, gnarled
maple. These creatures, when abundant, may nearly girdle a tree. Very
serious complaints regarding this pest have been made in Michigan, Mis¬
souri, and even in Buffalo N. Y., and it has been stated that this borer
annually causes much damage to hard maples. The distribution of this
insect has been given by Mr Beutenmuller as Canada, New England and
Middle States and westward to Nebraska.

Description. These beautiful, wasplike, red-tailed moths | pi. 4, fig. 16 1
are not often seen by the casual observer. An infested tree frequently
presents the appearance represented on plate 4. Near a partly healed
wound there may be found a number of round holes | pi. 4, fig. 12] and con¬
siderable brownish, powdery matter | pi. 4, fig. 17], the excrement or frass of
the borers. Empty pupal cases may frequently be seen in early fall pro¬
jecting from the trunk as represented at plate 4, figure 14. On cutting into
the injured wood, a whitish, brown-headed caterpillar [pi. 4, fig. 18] about
yi inch long may be found in the latter part of the summer. In the early
spring the silken frass-covered cocoons [pi. 4, fig. 15] occur in the burrows.

Life history and habits. The moths are most abundant at Buffalo N. Y.,
from May 20 to June 15, according to the observations of the late Dr T). S.
Kellicott. The males have been seen by Mr E. H. Joutel flying up and
down the trunks of infested trees looking for a partner in much the same
way as do the males of the lunate long sting, T h a 1 e s s a 1 u n a t o r Eabr.
The eggs are deposited on the bark of both soft and sugar maples, the
female preferring as a rule to place them on roughened areas, specially in
the vicinity of wounds, if one may judge from the injury inflicted. The
eggs soon hatch and the young borers commence operations in the bark and
sapwood. In the fall most of the caterpillars are about inch long and

58

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

can easily be found in their burrows. The cavities made by the borers are
nearly filled with frass. The caterpillar completes its growth in the spring,
eats its way nearly through the bark [pi. 4. fig. 13], then retires into its
burrow, spins a loose silken cocoon and changes to a pupa. Shortly before
the adult emerges, the pupa works its way partly out of the burrow, ruptur¬
ing the thin piece of bark covering the outlet of its retreat in the operation,
and the moth escapes, leaving the pupal case as represented on plate 4,
figure 14.

This pest attacks both hard and soft maples. In some localities it is
reported as most injurious to the former, in others to the latter. In Albany
its work is most evident on soft maples. Woodpeckers are efficient aids in
keeping this pest in check in forests, according to the late Dr Kellicott.

Remedies. As the parent moth shows a marked inclination to deposit
eggs on rough bark, the trees should be protected from injury by horses,
boys and other agencies and the trunks kept as smooth as possible. The
caterpillars bore near the surface and are easily dug out and destroyed.
Infested trees should be inspected the latter part of the summer and the
borers killed. The wounds in the trees should be carefully covered with
grafting wax, paint or other protective substance. A plaster made of fresh
cow dung and lime has been used for this purpose with excellent results.
The deposition of eggs could probably be prevented to considerable extent
by treating the trunks of the trees about the middle of May with a wash
prepared as follows : thin i gal. of soft soap with an equal amount of hot
water and stir in i pt. of crude carbolic acid pt. refined), let it set over
night and then add 8 gal. of soft water. Apply thoroughly to the trunk,
specially about all crevices and wounds, from the ground to about 6 or 8
feet high, and renew if necessary before the middle of June.

Bibliography

1898 Felt, E. P. Fish, Game and For. Com. N. Y. 4th Rep’t, p. 384-85

INSECTS AFFECTING I’AKK AND WOODLAND TREES

59

Maple and oak twig pruner
JilapJiidian villosuni r'abr.

Small, cleanly cut twigs of oak or maple falling during the summer are signs of tin's
insect’s work.

This insect probab'y attracts more attention than any other species
causing the same amount of damage. /Vs a general rule it is not very inju¬
rious, except possibly to shade trees on lawns and along roadsides where
symmetry and beauty are very desirable. Aside from damage to the trees,
the falling twigs are a source of annoyance and form the one sign of the
insect’s presence most commonly noted.

Description. This species, like some others, is most easily recognized
in connection with its work. A fallen twig is found to have its larger end
nearly eaten off, as represented on plate 2, the cutting being nearly as
smooth as that of a .sharp chisel. I he central burrow i.s plugged with saw¬
dust and if the twig be whittled, a large proportion of its interior will be
found eaten away and somewhere in the burrow there is u.sually a whitish
grub with brown jaws [pi. 2, fig. 7], our carpenter. The beetle is a rather
slender, grayish brown insect [pi. 2, fig. 9].

Life history and habits. The adult is said to deposit an egg in July
in one of the smaller twigs. The young larva feeds for a time on the
softer tissues under the bark, packing its burrow with castings and working
toward the base of the twig. Later it bores along the center of the limb,
making a more or less oval channel. In the early fall our borer quietly eats
away a large portion of the woody fiber, plugs the end of its burrow with
castings and waits for a high wind to break off the nearly severed branch.
In this manner the larva reaches the ground in safety. Late in the fall or
in the early spring the change to the pupa takes place and the transforma¬
tion to the perfect insect occurs in the spring, the beetles emerging from
the limbs in June and continuing abroad till September. Occasionally the
insect completes its changes in the portion of the limb remaining on the
tree ; it as a rule drops with the severed branch.

The reason for cutting off the limbs has been accounted for in different

6o

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

waj s by several writers. Professor Peck thought it was cut so as to permit
of the insect’s retreat being kept moist, as it would be if it lay on the
ground amid leaves and snow. This can hardly be the reason since it
is well known that this species is easily reared from very dry limbs. Mr
Chittenden has suggested the following, which appears to us to be the
most reasonable explanation. He states that most of the larvae in hard
wood cut their way nearly out before the final transformations take place.
The small portion of the bark remaining is left to protect the insect from
birds and other enemies. There are some species that have well developed,
strong mandibles in the adult condition and these can make their way through
solid wood, as for e.xample Monohammus. Many others, and among them
this species, are not thus favored and they would be utterly unable with
their weaker mouth parts to make their way through solid wood. These
exit channels are very frequently run at an angle to the axis of the wood, as
is well known, and since this twig girdler works in such small limbs that this
method of escape would be impracticable, the cutting off of the limb and
plugging of the free end with borings seems to be the easiest and most
natural way of getting around the difficulty. Dr P itch gives considerable
space to discussing the infallibility of this larva in cutting off the limbs but
such is hardly borne out by facts. Mr Chittenden states that this can
hardly be true and cites Dr P'itch who observed that at least ^ of the fallen
limbs contained no grub and an examination of these showed that the insect
must have perished at the time the limb was severed or before it had exca¬
vated any burrow upward in its center.

The life cycle of this species is probably completed under natural con¬
ditions in one year, though when breeding in dry twigs the period may
be considerably extended. Dr Hamilton states that in some cases 3 and
probably 4 years are required to complete the life cycle, and the writer is
inclined to agree with Mr Chittenden in accounting for this extended
period by the retarding influence of undue drying which may easily obtain
in breeding cages. The writer has reared a number of the beetles and
failed to observe any such prolonged life cycle.

INSECTS AI'FECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES 5i

Natural enemies. Mr F. W. Mosher, as stated by Mr Kirkland, records
the down) woodjiecker, the blue jay and the chickadee as preying’ on this
borer. Mr Kirkland adds to this list a .spider, T h e r i d i u m t e p i d a r i o-
rum C. Koch, wdiich he found feeding on the beetle.s.

Food plants. This twig primer not only attacks maple and oak, two of
Its favorite food plants, but has also been recorded from a number of others.
A few of the more important are: apple, pear, plum, peach, grape, quince,
orange, o.sage orange, hickory, chestnut, locust, sassafras and sumac.

Remedies. The fallen branches usually contain the larva and should
therefore be collected and burned sometime during the winter.

Bibliography

1892 Lintner, J, A. ins. N. Y. 91)1 Rep’t, j). 357-61

1898 Chittenden, F. H. u. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. hul. 18, n. s. p. 35-37
1898 Felt, E, P. Fish, For. and Game Com. N. Y. 4th Rep’t jj. 392-93

Pigeon tremex
Tronex cohiniba Linn.

A number of round holes, the size of a medium lead i)encil, in the diseased trunk of
maple, elm and other trees are (piite characteristic of this insect’.s ])resence. The large
grub works near the center of the trunk and may be recognized by its prominent spine on'
the posterior extremity.

d'his interesting insect attacks a number of forest and shade trees, but
so far as observed, its operations are confined almost entirely to diseased or
dying trees. It is a very common insect in or about Albany where it breeds
in the elms which have been w^eakened by successive attacks of the elm leaf
beetle, Ga lent cel la luteola Mull., and it also occurs in many sugar
maples which have been seriously injured by the sugar maple borer,

P 1 a g i o n o t u s s p e c i o s u s Say.

Description, d'he pigeon tremex is a magnificent four-winged fiy about
2 inches long, a wing spread of 2^ inches and w'ith a prominent horn at the
extremity of the abdomen. This latter appendage give ri.se to the common
name of horn tail, wdiich is frequently applied to this insect and its allies.
This species may be recognized by its cylindric dark brown abdomen wu’th

62

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

yellowish marking’s as seen in figure 5. 1 he larva or grub producing the

pigeon tremex may be recognized by its cylindric form, the possession of
6 legs on the three anterior segments and by the prominent horn at its
caudal extremity.

Life history and habits. Very little has been recorded concerning the
life history and habits of this conspicuous insect. The adults make their
way out of the trunk through a hole about the size of a common lead

Fig. 5 Pigeon tremex: a— larva showing the Thalessa larva fastened to its
side ; ^—head of larva ; pupa of female; male pupa; ^=adult female
— all slightly enlarged. (After Riley, Ins. Life, i, U. S. Dep’t Agric.)

pencil, and during the summer months they are frequently found on diseased
maples and elms, sometimes with the stout ovipositor bent at right angles
to the body as the female inserts it with a wriggling motion. She is often
unable to withdraw her ovipositor and perishes on the tree. Occasionally,
the remains of a considerable number may be found about a single trunk.
A number of eggs are apparently deposited near together as the writer has
uncovered groups of young larvae quite near each other. It is also well
known that this species usually occurs in some numbers, if at all, in an
infested tree. The eggs have been described by Harris as oblong oval.

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

63

pointed at each end and rather less than of an inch in length. It is
very jirobable that the life cycle is completed within 12 months, though no
observations on this jioint have been recorded to our knowledge.

Parasites, d'his large borer is a common [)rey of an exceedingly
interesting parasite known as the lunate long sting, d' h a 1 e s s a 1 u n a t o r
Fabr., which is a slender brown and yellow, wasplike insect about inches
long and with a delicate tail or ovipositor about inches hmg, whence its
common name of long sting. 1 his beneficial parasite is very cons[)icuous
and may be fre([uently seen with its long ovijiositor arched over the back
and the membrane of the terminal segments of its abdomen distended as
it forces its slender tool deep in the wood, in an effort to jilace its eggs in
the vicinity of a borer. 'I'he male is a much smaller insect than the female.
On splitting open a log containing numerous larvae, the white legless mag¬
gots of this parasite may be found with mouth parts inserted and sucking
the life fluids of its hai)less prey. I'lie-se parasites emerge from the trunk
of the tree through holes of a slightly smaller size than a common lead
pencil. The various stages of this in.sect are well .shown in figure 6.

Food plants. This insect works more commonly in maples and elms in
New York, probably because there are more of these trees offering condi¬
tions favorable for its development. It has also been recorded as attacking
apple, pear, beech, oak and sycamore.

Distribution. ' This sj)ecies has been recorded from Canada, and the
northern Middle States and Missouri by Norton.

Remedial measures. This insect is so rarely injurious in the United
States that active remedial measures will hardly ever be needed. It should
suffice in most instances if the trees are. kept in vigorous condition. It is
also advisable on the score of economy and beauty, if on no other account,
to cut and burn all trees badly infested by this insect.

Bibliography

1862 Harris, T. W. Insects Injurious to Vegetation. lul. 3, j). 536-38

1890 Packard, A. S. U. S. Ent. Com. 5th Rep’t, j). 379-81

1898 Felt, E. P, Fish, (lame and For. Com. N. Y. 4th Rejj’t, j). 389-90

64

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

65

Sugar maple timber beetle
CorfJiylus punctatissivnis Zimm.

A dark brown or black, rather stout, cylindric beetle about }i inch long, makes cir¬
cular sometimes spiral galleries in the rcots of underground stems of sugar maple, huckle¬
berry and a number of shrubs.

This species was met with by Dr C. H. Merriam in 1882, at which time
it caused very serious injuries to the undergrowth of sugar maples in Lewis
county. New \ ork. He states that a large per cent of the young trees
appeared to be dying, the leaves drooped, withered and finally shriveled and
dried, though they still clung to the branches. The majority of the trees
affected were from 3X16 to about ys inch in diameter and averaged from 3 to
6 feet in hight. On pulling up the affected trees they almost invariably
broke off at the level of the ground, and the ruptured portion showed that
it was perforated both vertically and horizontally by the peculiar channels
of this wood borer. During September and October Dr Merriam was
surprised to find that fully 10^ of the apparently healthy young maples were
infested by this beetle, and he concluded that they would all die during the
coming winter or next spring, so that hundreds of thousands of young trees
in Lewis county perished from the ravages of this borer during the summer
of 1882.

Description. The beetle is a dark brown or black,
cylindric, rather stout insect about inch long. It
may be recognized on comparison with figure 7 and
particularly by its characteristic work shown at figure 9.

.The galleries of this insect consist of a series of circular,
nearly horizontal borings just within the sapwood of the
affected tree. The different g-alleries are connected
either by vertical or nearly vertical passages as illus¬
trated in figure 9.

Life history. The life history of this insect in
huckleberry, has been carefully studied by Dr Schwarz.

Fig. 7 Corthylus puncca.
tissimus. (After Hubbard,
U. S, Dep't Agric. Div. Eut.
Bui. 7, D. s. p. 97)

66

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Fig, 8 Ambrosia of Corthylus punciatis*
simus. A detached dumb-belUshaped pair of
cells, greatly enlarged. (After Hubbard, U. S.
Dep*t Agric. Div. Ent. Bui. 7, n. s. p. gy}

He states that the entrance hole leads into a circular gallery, the far¬
thest end of which is always a little above or below the point of
attack. From this circular burrow a varying number of straight, short

galleries lead perpendicularly either upward
or downward. Sometimes the beetle exca¬
vates below from the point of entrance
and at other times above ; in some cases
there may be as many as three circular
galleries one above the other, and in almost
every instance they are at or below the
surface of the ground. Dr Schwarz calls
attention to a novel feature in that this
insect sometimes constructs a straight gal¬
lery through the core or heart of the root,
beginning at the top of the honeycombed portion and carrying it upward,
sometimes above the surface of the soil. This is believed to be a
hibernating gallery which the injects make in order to
secure a dry place, where they can spend the winter.

The small diameter of huckleberry roots as compared
with those of maple, makes it very difficult for the
insect to follow the usual plan, and as a consequence
the galleries are more or less irregular, having wind¬
ings similar to those of a corkscrew. The circular
galleries in any event have opening from them a
number of shorter brood chambers or grooves in which J ~ tj

the young are reared.

This species, like other timber beetles, feeds on
ambrosia, a fungus grown in the galleries. Mr Hub¬
bard states that this fungus consists of a confused mass
of rather large conidia heaped together like fish roe.

He states that the cells lose some of their spheric shape by pressure. The
general form and structure of this fungus is illustrated at figure 8,

Fig. 9 Galleries of C o r i h y-
lus punctatissimusin
huckleberry roots, enlarged.
(After Hubbard, U. S. Dep*t
Agric. Div. Ent. Bui. 7, n. s.
P.97)

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

67

Dr Schwarz states that this species is ([uite local in habitat and
apparently has a decided preference for shaded localities where the plants
g’row on a decayed loj^, or where the soil is covered with a thick layer of
leaves. He believes that this species is larj^ely siditerranean in habit, since
it is rarely met with except in its food plant, and he has observed that the
beetles appear to be perfectly at home in the soil, dij^j^ing’ through it with
astonishing rapidity. All stages of this insect were met with by Dr Ilo[)-
kins Aug. 18, in Wisconsin.

Food plants. I his insect was first discovered on sugar maple and later
found in considerable numbers in huckleberry roots, (iaylussacia
res i nos a. Dr .Schwarz states that he failed to find it in the two allied
species, V a c c i n i u m s t a m i n e u m and V. c o r y m b o s u m. Dr 11 op-
kins further records numerous hazel, sassafras and species of dogwood at
Dells Wis., which had been killed or were dying from the attacks of this
timber beetle, and adds that he has met with sjiecimens in living sassa¬
fras saplings over 2 inches in diameter, near Morgantown, two annual
growths having been formed over the entrance, showing that this species
does not always kill its food plant. Dr Hojikins has also taken this
species in water beech, C a r p i n u s c a r o 1 i n i a n a and ironwood, O s t r y a
V i r g i n i c a.

Bibliography

1890 Packard, A. S. U. S. Knt. Com. 5th Rej)’!, j). 389-90

Elm borer

Saperda tridentata Olivier

The unthrifty condition indicated by dead limbs or by dying Iiml)s and diseased or
dying areas of bark on the trunk of American elms is the most frecpient sign of the
presence of this insect. Most of the injury is caused by the white footless grubs working
under the bark.

This beetle is sometimes as injurious to the beautiful white elm as the
sugar maple borer, Plagionotus speciosus Say, is to the sugar
maple, and in places where this elm pest has become well established even
greater damage may result from its attacks. I his is probably due to the

68

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

jj^rcater i)rolificacy of the elm pest, which sometimes occurs abundantly
beneath' the bark, while the maple borer is usually present in much smaller
numbers. The infested elms are also attacked by other insects, as will be
shown in a subsecjuent paragraph, and the ultimate result is very disastrous
to the trees’.

Early history. The earliest record of injury by this insect is that given
by Dr Harris' in his report on insects injurious to vegetation. He states
that the trees on Boston common were found to have suffered considerably
from the ravages of this insect, several of them had already been cut down as
past recovery ; others were in a dying state, and that all of them were more
or less affected with disease or premature decay. Prof. S. A. Forbes,* state
entomologist of Illinois, records the rapid progress which this pest has made
among the elm trees within the last two or three years. He states that it
seems extremely likely that it will totally exterminate the elms unless it be
checked by general action. Dr J. A. Lintner, late state entomologist of New
York, in writing of this insect in 1893, characterized it as being destructive
throughout the state, and as one worthy of serious attention, if it were to
be prevented from causing serious injury. Prof. H. Garman, entomologist
of the Kentucky Agricultural PLxperiment Station, records a case of seri¬
ous injury by this pest to elms at Frankfort. Several trees were diseased
and a number of other valuable elms dying ; those affected being among
the largest and finest in the State. A more recent outbreak at Berlin Mass,
was brought to the writer’s attention in 1898, Several rows of young elms
were seriously injured by this insect, the associated M a g d a 1 i s a r m i c o 1-
lls Say and M. barbita Say, and a number of trees were killed [see
pi. 26]. It is probable that the two latter species were not unimportant
factors In making the trouble, though the elm borers were generally
present, and undoubtedly caused considerable injury. More recently. Prof,
A. F. Burgess has recorded serious damage by this Insect to the elms of
Columbus O.

‘ 1862 Harris, '1'. W. Insects Injurious to Vegetation. Ed. 3, p. 111-13
*1885 Forbes, S. A. Ill. State Ent. 14th Rep’t, p. 112-14

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

69

Distribution. This species has been recorded from the following locali¬
ties : Canada, Vermont, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio,
Michigan, \\ isconsin, Illinoi.s, and Iowa. It has in all probability a general
distribution at least throughout the northeastern United .States.

Characteristics of attack. It is difificult to detect this insect till it has
become well established and the first signs are usually seen in the lighter,
thinner foliage followed by a limb dying here and there. .Soon indications
of boring are apparent in the dark sawdu.st collected in crevices of the bark
and after the attack has progressed for some time, large portions of the
bark can be easily pulled from the tree, revealing a condition beneath very
much like that represented at figure 3 on plate 3. The inner bark and
sapwood are sometimes badly scored [pi. 27], and if the work has not
gone too far, numerous whitish, flattened, legless grubs may be found in the
channels they have eaten out. Mr L. H. Joutel is of the opinion that this
species normally works in dead or badly diseased tissues and from them
may invade the living bark. This is undoubtedly true in some ca.ses, at
least, and in others it certainly appears as though this species was the prime
cause of the trouble. The observations of Mr M. I'. Adams on a large
number of injured trees in the vicinity of Buffalo led him to blame the
primary injury on this species.

Description. The parent insect is a modest gray beetle about yi inch
long and marked with red lines and black spots, as shown at figure 4 of
plate 3. The specimen repre.sented is an unusually well colored individual,
the dotting with black and portions of the red lines being frequently quite
indistinct. The flattened, legles.s, whitish grub is shown curled in its
burrow at figure i and the same extended at figure \a. The pupa, within
its elongated pupal cell, is represented at figure 2. It is yellowish white,
about Yz inch long, and with slender antennae curled along either side and
bent back over the breast.

Life history. The time necessary for this insect to complete its life
cycle is unknown but after rearing it seems probable that it is one and
perhaps two years. The larvae that are to transform to beetles in one

70

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

season change to pupae sometime about the middle of May or earlier,
and the beetles begin to appear the latter part of that month and con¬
tinue to emerge for some time, examples having been taken as late as
Aug 24. The eggs are deposited on the bark in June, according to the
observations of Dr Fitch, but it would seem very probable that oviposition
may occur much later, as the beetles are abroad till into August. The
attack usually begins at the base of the tree. 1 he young grub works its
way under the bark and begins feeding on the tissues, making a serpen¬
tine burrow. The boring increases in size with the growth of the larva and
in the course of time the tree may be completely girdled and then it must
soon die. Dr Packard, writing in 1870, calls attention to finding three sizes
of larvae and the writer has found it comparatively easy to separate those
taken from a, badly infested piece of limb in a similar manner.

Food plants. This insect appears to infest the white elm almost exclu¬
sively, though Dr Fitch records it as breeding in the slippery elm. No
indications of its attacking either the English or Scotch elms have been
seen in Albany. There is a record of this species having been reared from
maple, but it would seem that the infestation must have been accidental.

Associated insects. Two species of curculionid or snout beetles may
frequently be observed working in elms attacked by this pest, but they
appear to follow and not to initiate an attack. M ag d a 1 i s a r m i c o 1 1 i s
Say and M. bar b i t a Say are both small beetles a little over inch long,

the former reddish, and the other black [pi. '3, fig. 5, 6, 6^?] and are

_ •

treated of on pages 71-73. The cocoons of a parasite, Melanobracon
simplex Cress., occurred in numbers under the bark where Saperda lar¬
vae were abundant, on which the ichneumon preys.

Another ally of Saperda, Neoclytus e r y t h r o c e p h a 1 u s Fabr.,
is less common than the two species of Magdalis. This is a small reddish
beetle about 3/s inch long and prettily marked with three yellowish, nearly
transverse lines on each wing cover. It usually follows Saperda attack in
much the same way as does Magdalis.

Remedies. Badly infested trees should be cut and burned before the

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES 7 1

beetles have had an opportunity to emerge in the spring, that is before the
latter part of May, in the latitude of New York. And in a like manner
infested portions of others should be cut away and burned. This latter
treatment was given a lot of 1500 elms at Buffalo N. Y., by Mr M. F.

Adams, who reports that the trees were benefited in a most gratifying

manner.

Protecting the trees during the period of oviposition with a carbolic
acid wash has been frequently recommended but it is of doubtful utility.
Where this insect is very abundant and its injuries correspondingly serioiLs,
it would do no harm to try the effects of a wash. One of the best may be
prepared as follows : thin a gallon of soft soap with an equal amount of hot
water and then stir in i pt. of crude carbolic acid, or ^ pt. of the refined,

and allow it to set over night. The next day add 8 gal. of soft water and

apply to the parts to be protected, which in the case of this insect would be
the trunk and base of the lower limbs. The bark should be kept moist
with this substance from the latter part of May through to the end of July.

Removing portions of the bark has also been recommended. The
badly infested portion should be cut away and the grubs destroyed and
where a few are working in living bark, it might be well to remove the .
upper layers till the grubs are nearly exposed and then brush over the
shaven surface with strong kerosene emulsion or whale oil soap solution,
finally covering the wound with a paste formed of a mixture of fresh cow
dung and lime or with a coat of cheap, red paint.

Bibliography

1896 Lintner, J. A. Ins. N. Y. 12th Rep’t, p. 243-48
1899 Felt, E. P. N. Y. State Agric. Soc. Trans. 59: 278-79
1899 - Fish. Game and For. Com. 5th Rep’t, p. 371-75

Neoclytus erythrocephalus Fabr.

A small, reddish beetle about inch long and prettily marked with three yellow,
nearly transverse lines on each wing cover, is rather frequently bred from elm, hickory,
and some other ^woods affected by borers.

72

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

This species is probably not injurious as a rule, though the larvae
undoubtedly hasten decay by running their galleries in dead and dying
wood. It is often associated with the much more injurious elm borer,
Saperda tridentata Oliv., and probably follows this species. It has
been bred by Dr Lintner, from elms infested by Saperda, 1 1 examples
emerging between April 29 and May 12, from a piece 3 inches long and
6 inches in diameter, and more were obtained from other sections on June 23,
and thereafter to July i. He has also reared it from .hickory, locust and
pear twigs infested with Xyleborus dispar Fabr. Dr LeConte has
reared it from hickory logs infested by S i n o x y 1 o n b a s i 1 a r e Say., and
states that its borings are much coarser than the last named species, and
that it exhibits a decided preference for the softer portions of the wood.
The exit gallery of the adult may be distinguished from that of Sinoxylon,
according to him, by its gradually approaching the surface instead of at
right angles as in the case of the latter. Mr Chittenden regards this insect
as having no favorite food plant, since he has obtained numerous specimens
in about equal abundance, from trunk and branch of Cornusfloridus,
tulip (Liriodendron tulipifera), locust (Robinia pseudaca-
cia), Cercis canadensis, hickory and grapevine. He has observed
the adults common on appletrees, usually pairing and in such abundance
that there was little doubt but what they bred in the trees. The beetles
occur in Washington from the last of April till toward the end of July.
Individuals were reared by him from locust twigs kept indoors two years.
He states that the larval galleries are very extensive in dogwood, the young
evidently passing a considerable portion of its time under the bark, after¬
ward penetrating the solid wood, which is still more extensively bored.
The pupal cell is often in the center of a large twig, and the exit is exca¬
vated before the final transformations occur.

We have bred this insect several times from elm limbs infested by the
elm snout beetles, Magdalis armicollis Say., and M. b a r b i t a Say.,
and Mr Hubbard has had a similar experience. Dr Riley records finding a
a gravid female near the root of a rosebush at Washington, and Mr Adams

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

73

Tolman of Concord, states that he took two specimens on pine. We are
inclined to believe that this latter was merely an accidental occurrence. A
small parasite, Bracon agrilli Ashm., has been reared from cocoons,
frequently occurring in the galleries and pupal chambers made by this insect
in hickory.

Black elm snout beetle

Magdalis barbita Say

Dying or dead limbs with the inner bark infested by short, white, curved, legless
grubs, or with the outer bark showing circular exit holes, are usually caused by the work
of this little black beetle.

This small insect represented on plate 3, figure 6, is only about ^
inch long, and together with the closely allied M. a r m i c o 1 1 i s Say., has
been reared from elm in considerable numbers. The adult of this species
is easily recognized by its jet-black color in connection with its occurrence
in elm. The difference between the other stages of this and related forms,
if any, are very slight. The method of work of this species is shown on
plate 3.

Life history. The larvae of this beetle transform to pupae in May, and
adults begin to appear, according to Mr M. F. Adams of Buffalo, about the
2ist, and from the 23d to the 30th, he obtained them in large numbers, a
few emerging as late as June 9. The beetles feed to some extent on the
foliage, as the writer took a specimen on the underside of a young elm leaf
where it had skeletonized a small patch. This species apparently requires
but one year to complete its life cycle. The burrows of the grubs are about
ij/^ inches long, running generally with the grain, and are confined very
largely to the inner layers of the bark. The final transformations to the
adult occur in oval cells just beneath its surface.

Food habits. This insect has been recorded by Mr W. H. Harrington,
as feeding on the bark of dead or felled hickories. He states that the
grubs live in great numbers between the bark and wood. Dr J. B. Smith,
state entomologist of New Jersey, records it from shell bark hickory and as
breeding in fallen hickories. It seems very probable that the above reports

74

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

are based on mistaken determinations, and that In reality they belong to a
very similar species, M. olyra Hbst. This elm borer was reared by us
in abundance from American elms growing at Berlin Mass., and in small
numbers by Mr M. F. Adams and the writer, from American elms in the
vicinity of Buffalo. These insects enter trees very shortly after injury, and
there are facts which go far toward showing that occasionally they may
attack trees in practically normal condition. It is sometimes very difficult
to decide whether this species or the elm borer, Saperda tridentata
Ollv., is the primary cause of the death of shade trees. It seems probable
that In most cases at least, the elms became sickly before being seriously
injured by either insect.

Distribution. The existence of this species in Canada, Pennsylvania,
Georgia and South Dakota, has been recorded by Dr Horn, and the records
given above show that It occurs in Massachusetts, New York and New
Jersey. This species probably has a somewhat general distribution over
the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada.

Parasites. Several species were reared from trees badly infested by
this borer, and smaller numbers of M. armicollls Say and by Sap¬
erda tridentata Oliv. The following parasites were in all probability
obtained from this borer : Brachistes magdalis Cress., E n t e 1 u s
o n e r a t i Fitch, Smicra microgaster Say, a pteromalid and a small
fly, Limosina crassimana Hal., all being determined by Messrs
Ashmead and Coquillett through the courtesy of Dr Howard.

Remedial measures. The most effective method of checking the devas¬
tations of this insect and its allies, is found in cutting the infested limbs
and burning them before the .appearance of the beetles in May. Thorough
work along this line will so reduce the numbers of the insect that they will
cause very little or no trouble. Prof. Pettit has suggested that in the case
of valuable shade trees, it might be well to cut poles of green elm and set
them nearby for the purpose of attracting the beetles. These poles should
be set the last of May and removed and burned sometime in July, provided

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

75

they are infested by the grubs. This method has been successfully employed
in Germany, for the control of beetles possessing similar habits.

Bibliography

1899 Felt, E. P. Fish. Game and For. Com. 5th Rep’t, p. 374

1899 Pettit, R. H. Mich. Agric. Exp. Sta. liul. 175, p. 362-63

1900 Felt, E. P. N. Y. State Mus. Bui. 37, p. 22

Reddish elm snout beetle

Magdalis arniicollis Say

This beetle may be distinguished from the preceding by its reddish
color. It has been reared in small numbers by the writer from American elms
growing at Berlin Mass., and in larger numbers from the same wood received
through Mr M. b. Adams of Buffalo. It has also been obtained from elms
by several other entomologists. Dr Horn states that this form occurs with
the preceding and this accords with experience of other entomologists. Its
life history, so far as known, is practically the same as that of M. barbi ta
Say, and the remedial measures of value against the preceding species would
doubtless prove of equal service in the case of this insect.

Leopard moth

Zcuzera pyrina Fabr.

Dead limbs, projecting above leafy branches or broken and hanging in the midst of
otherwise healthy trees are the most conspicuous signs of this insect’s work.

Dead limbs may frequently be seen projecting above the leafy masses
of many trees in New York city and vicinity. These and the sudden wilt¬
ing of living ones are, in many cases, the effects of the destructive work
of the leopard moth caterpillar. This is probably the worst insect enemy
of shade trees in the vicinity of New York city. It not only bores in slen¬
der twigs, but as the caterpillar increases in size, it enters larger limbs and
before attaining its growth frequently inflicts serious injury on the trunk.

Description. This insect is most easily recognized in connection with
its work. Boring within the smaller twigs, there may be found a pinkish or
white caterpillar about inch long, with numerous well defined, darker

76

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

spots or tubercles on its body, a brown head and thoracic shield and an anal
shield of nearly the same color. Short hairs grow from the tubercles and
are also found about the head and posterior extremity. The burrows in
the larger limbs and trunk may contain caterpillars over 3 inches long,
nearly white, and with larger, more distinct spots or tubercles than in the
earlier stages [pi. 4, fig. 4]. The beautiful white moths marked with blue
and black are well represented, the female, with wings folded at 2 and the
male with them expanded at 3, on plate 4. The salmon colored eggs are
about the size of a common pin head and in captivity are deposited in a
large mass. This borer’s work is shown on plates 28, 29.

History and distribution in America. This insect is another of the bad
pests accidentally introduced within recent years. The earliest authentic
record of its presence in America is the brief note given by Jacob Doll in
Papilio for February 1882, stating that he had taken a living example in a
spider’s web the preceding June at Hoboken N. J. Its destructive work
was observed in 1884 by Dr E. B. Southwick in Central Park, New York
city. It was taken In 1887 at Newark N. J., and In 1889 at Arlington and
Orange N. J. Colonel Pike, in 1892, after describing the widespread rav¬
ages of the Insect in Brooklyn, reported it as present at Astoria, New
Rochelle, Jamaica, New Lots and Flatbush, and at a later date stated that
the pest had made Its way to almost all parts of Long Island and had
extended Into Connecticut. In 1894, Dr Southwick characterized this pest
as “one of the worst insects we have to contend with.” Mr L. H. Joutel of
New York informed me recently that this species was present at Kensico,
Westchester county, some 25 miles north of New York city. It appears to
be confined very largely to cities and villages and apparently does not thrive
in the country. As this insect occurs in southern and central Europe and
possibly in southern Sweden, we may expect the pest to make its way farther
north. On this account, the last American locality given has exceptional
interest, showing, as it does, that this borer is working northward. It is yet
early to state how fast the pest will spread. At present the rate appears to
be slow, but it will certainly do no harm to keep on the watch for the appear-

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

ance of the insect in new localities in the State. Searching for indications
of the borers presence along the Hudson River, specially in cities and vil¬
lages, may result in its detection in several new localities.

Life history and habits. Moths may be taken from early June till the
latter part of September. European authorities state that the female places
her eggs in crevices of the bark in branches as well as the trunk. Since the
young caterpillars frequently enter the twigs at the base of a bud [pi. 4,
fig. 1 1^7], it seems quite probable that many of the oval, salmon colored eggs
may be thrust between the stem and bud or under a bud scale. Several
observers have noted the deposition of about 300 eggs by the female in con¬
finement and some writers estimate that she may deposit as many as 1000
eggs. When a young caterpillar enters a twig, it usually tunnels along the
pith, eating away the wood here and there almost to the bark. The expelled
frass at the base of the bud indicates the point of entry. As the caterpillar
works along the twig, it occasionally makes an opening for the expulsion of
its frass [see pi. 4, fig. 8]. These orifices, after they have served their pur¬
pose, are closed by a web of silk, as represented at figure 7 on plate 4.
This singular habit of closing these holes when no longer needed, probably
affords considerable protection from insect parasites and it would also tend
to prevent birds from finding the caterpillars so readily. The smaller twigs
frequently wilt and break as a result of the work of this borer. The latter
part of September caterpillars ^8 inch long were found, having probably
hatched from eggs laid the latter part of the summer, and the larger borers,
about one inch long, from eggs deposited earlier in the season. These
creatures have a habit of leaving their burrows, wandering to another part
of the limb or even to other branches, and commencing operations anew.
As they increase in size, larger limbs are attacked and nearly full grown
caterpillars are frequently found in the trunk. In the larger limbs and in
the trunk, these borers make very bad work. Sometimes a caterpillar will
nearly girdle a tree with a burrow just under the bark. Frequently several
burrows run side by side, as represented in figure 10, plate 4. Many of the
caterpillars will keep gnawing away just under the bark till an irregular

78

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

chamber the size of a man’s hand has been made. The bark covering
these large wounds soon dies, breaks away and the following season there is
an ugly scar, as represented at figure 9, on jrlate 4. In a short time small
trees harboring several of these creatures are quickly girdled. Two years
are required to complete the life cycle, according to most authorities.
The first winter is passed by the small caterpillar, usually less than an inch
long, in its burrow. The second winter it is nearly full grown [pi. 4, fig. 4].
The transformation to the quiescent pupa [pi. 4, fig. 5[ takes place in the
burrow, the bark having previously been eaten nearly through by the cater¬
pillar. Before the adult appears, the pupa works itself partly out of the
burrow [pi. 4, fig. 6] and the moth emerges, leaving the empty pupal case
as represented at figure i, plate 4.

This pernicious borer has been recorded as attacking 83 species of
trees and shrubs. According to the observations of Dr E. B. Southwick,
entomologist to the department of public parks of New York, the elms
and maples are most subject to attack, the horse-chestnut, Ohio buckeye
(Aesculus glabra), beeches, birches, dogwood, hickories, oaks, and
walnuts suffering in the order named. Almost every species of tree and
shrub in Central Park, except evergreens, was injured to some extent.

Remedies. Something can be accomplished by the destruction of the
rather sluggish females before eggs are deposited. This is of most value
where there are only a few small trees. In localities where this insect
occurs, trees should be examined three or four times a year. The wilting
of smaller twigs and the strings of expelled frass indicate the presence of
this borer. Smaller infested branches can be cut off and burned, and as the
caterpillars leave their burrows on slight provocation, their destruction
should not be delayed long after cutting. Limbs broken off by storms
should be collected and burned, as they frequently contain caterpillars of
this pest. The borers in larger branches or in the trunks should be cut out
and destroyed whenever possible. In some cases they may be killed in
their burrows with a flexible wire. Dr E. B. Southwick, who has had
considerable experience in fighting the pest in Central Park, New Yorlq

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

79

has found that it pays to use carbon bisulfid on the more valuable trees.
The insecticide is carried in an oil can and when a caterpillar can be
located, the chemical is injected in the burrow and the hole sealed with
putty. The deadly fumes soon make their way to the borer and kill it with
little or no injury to the tree. As the carbon bisulfid is very volatile, its
vapor inflammable and explosive, great care must be taken to keep it from
all fire. Mr M. h. Adams of Buffalo N. Y., who has tried some experi¬
ments in fighting borers, recommends the use of newly made hard soap
in the place of putty for plugging the holes after the carbon bisulfid has
been inserted.

Bibliography

1893 Lintner, J. A. Ins. N. Y. 9th Rep’t, p. 426-27

1898 Felt, E. P. Fish. Game and For. Com. 4th Rep’t, p. 380-84

Carpenter worm

Prionoxystics robiniae Peck

A large reddish white caterpillar boring large holes in the solid wood of different
kinds of oak, maple and locust belongs to this species.

This insect is a serious enemy of several of our native trees, though it
rarely causes their death because its operations are confined very largely
to the heartwood. It frequently produces serious deformities and thus
renders unsightly trees which should be an ornament to the landscape.
The writer’s attention was called to this insect in 1900 by Miss Mary B.
Sherman of Ogdensburg N. Y. Two pupal cases were sent June 16, with
the statement that they were projecting from the trunk of a maple tree
which was full of burrows, and July 2, a moth of this species was taken on
one of the infested trees. Examples of this insect’s work were subse¬
quently sent from Ogdensburg, and of the section of a tree about 15
inches in diameter was riddled with the large burrows of this wood borer.
Miss Sherman stated that it was so abundant as to ruin a number of fine
maples in that locality, over 20 of these caterpillars being taken from a
single trunk. About this time Mr M. F. Adams reported this insect as
quite injurious to ash trees in the parks at Buffalo, and through his

8o

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

courtesy the writer was enabled to examine a number of trees infested
by this species.

Early history. The work of this caterpillar was first brought to public
notice by Prof. W. D. Peck in i8i8, when the insect was brielly described,
and its injuries to locust trees in the vicinity of Cambridge Mass., recorded.
Professor Peck also states that he met with this species in black oak. Dr
Harris mentions the borer under the name of Xyleutes, and Dr Pitch gave
a detailed account of its work in 1858. He characterizes this species as by
far the most pernicious wood-boring insect, and adds that it wounds the
trees most cruelly. He observes that the stateliest oaks in our forest are
mined and probably ruined in every instance “where one of these borers
obtains lodgment in their trunks. It perforates a hole the size of a half inch
auger, large enough to admit the little finger and requiring 3 or 4 years for
the bark to close over it.” These holes run inward to the heart of the tree,
and admit the water from every shower, which causes the wood to decay and
soon ruins the trees. Dr Riley, writing of this insect in 1870, characterizes
it as a serious enemy to the locust in Iowa, and states that it aids the locust
borer, Cyllene robiniae Forst., in destroying locust groves through¬
out the country. Prof. C. W. Johnson in 1896 records this species as very
injurious to black oak at Bellville, Mifflin co.. Pa., and gives an instance of
its killing many trees in that neighborhood. This insect has also been
noticed by a number of later writers. Professor Lugger states that this
borer is not uncommon in Minnesota, and that it is frequently attracted to
electric lights. Professor Hillman records it as common in Nevada in
locust, elm and poplars. It is stated by Professor Buffum to be the species
which attacks cottonwoods in Wyoming, and Professor Gillette states that
it is confined almost exclusively to cottonwoods in Colorado.

Life history and habits. The moth may be found abroad in New York
during the greater part of June, and Dr Fitch states that it occurs in the
early part of July. This species was bred June 8, 1900, from infested ash
logs received from Mr M. F. Adams of Buffalo, and many more appeared
between the 20th and 2 2d, and one the 28th. Several moths were bred

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND VV'OODLAND TREES 8 1

from the same ash log the following spring, showing that the insect can live
for a considerable period in the dead, nearly dry tissues. This insect is
said to be a most prolific one by Dr Fitch, who obtained upwards of 300
from one female within a few hours after its capture. The discharge
of this large number was followed by a reduction in the bulk of the abdo¬
men of about A good sized female was dissected by the writer who
found 269 well formed eggs and about 133 partly developed, making a total
of 402. This large number filled the entire abdominal cavity, and more
could be developed only in the case of a somewhat prolonged adult stage
during which enough food must be taken to permit the development of the
ova. Dr Fitch states that more than 1000 eggs have been found on dissec¬
tion in the case of an allied European insect, and he concludes that a single
one of these insects is capable of ruining a whole forest of oak trees. Dr
F'itch’s observations led to the belief that in New York State at least this
species is more commonly met with in the oaks than in the locust, and this
conclusion is justified by the writer’s observations in more recent years.
The eggs of this insect are apparently stuck in crevices in the tree, and in
the case of a captive female, she did not hesitate to tuck a number in
the deserted burrow of the mottled willow borer, C r y p t o r h y n c h u s
lapathi Linn. The eggs are covered by glutinous matter which causes
them to adhere to any surface with which they come in contact and in the
case of the captive referred to above, they were carefully packed away in
what evidently appeared to be a suitable crevice. Examination of infested
trees seems to indicate that the eggs are deposited by preference in the
vicinity of some wound or scar, and after the insect has once obtained an
entrance, this place is a favorite point for the deposition of eggs in later
years. Dr J. B. Smith expresses the opinion that the eggs are laid about
such places, and that the young larvae continue the old burrows in the
heartwood, and that in time a series of galleries may be the work of several
generations, all entering at nearly the same point. The writer’s observa¬
tions would appear to bear out the statement of Dr Smith. The habit of
the larva has been described by Dr Fitch as follows: it feeds at first on the

82

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

soft inner bark, later penetrating the harder sapwood and finally resorts to
the solid heartwood, residing mostly in and around the center of the trunk,
boring the wood in a longitudinal direction, and moving backward and
forward in its ljurrows enlarging them as it increases in size. The entire
excavation is therefore of a nearly uniform diameter. Dr Fitch records
meeting fully grown and others but half grown in one tree, and adds that
the same oak had been extensively mined by preceding generations of this
insect, and was decayed. The writer has met with at least two very different
sizes of larvae in one tree at the same time. Dr Fitch records the fact
that none of the caterpillars were in decaying wood, but all were working in
tissues which were still sound, and adds that the insect evidently prefers the
healthy tree. Mr L. H. Joutel recently found two young larvae of this
species feeding on the pupae of C y 1 1 e n e r o b i n i a e Forst. and another
about to devour a pupa, indicating a willingness on the part of these cater¬
pillars to vary their diet. The life cycle of this species is believed to
occupy three years, and certainly extends over two at the very least. The
transformation to the pupal state occurs in oval cells made at the extremity
of the galleries. The free end of the burrow is packed with borings [pi. 5,
fig. 6]. The appearance of the adult is preceded by the pupa working
itself along the gallery and partly out of the entrance to the burrows [pi. 5,
fig. 5]. This permits the disclosure of the moth in the open air, and
thus avoids her being injured by crawling through rough and devious gal¬
leries. The duration of the pupal stage has been given by Dr Fitch as
probably two weeks or longer. See plate 30 for this borer’s work.

Description. The adult insect is a magnificent, grayish moth having a
wing spread in the female of about 3 inches. Her general color is a
dark gray mottled with a very light gray, and with traces of yellowish on
the hind wings. The males are considerably smaller, with a wing spread
of about 2 inches, and they may be quickly recognized by the large orange
red marking on the hind wing. The male is darker than the female, the
forewings being a very dark gray with a few light gray mottlings. The
anterior portion of the hind wings is nearly black, and there is a large

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

reddish blotch covering most of the posterior portion. The abdomen is
coal-black. The male ,may also be recognized by its more pectinate
antennae.

The pupa is about i^ inches in length, brownish in color, and with
the dorsal surface of the abdominal segments ornamented with conspicuous
rows of toothlike processes, as represented in plate 5, figure 6. The anterior
row on each of the .segments having two is much stouter than the po.s-
terior. The three terminal segments have but a single row in the
female, while in the male there is a second row on all except the last two.
This sexual character was first brought to attention by Dr Lintner in
his 2d report as state entomologist.

The full grown larva is a large white caterpillar about 2^ inches long.
The head is brownish, with mouth parts a very dark brown, and the well
developed thoracic shield is dark brown along its anterior margin. The
white body is frequently suffused with rose red, and bears on each segment
several minute brownish tubercles from each of which there springs a
hair. The spiracles are brownish. The young larvae resemble the nearly
matured ones very closely.

The eggs have a broadly oval form, and are about one half the size of
a grain of wheat, being yio inch in length, and about ^ that in diameter.
They are of a dirty whitish color, with one of the ends black, and when
highly magnified, the surface is seen to be finely reticulated or marked by
rows of slightly impressed dots [pi. 5, fig. 4(7].

Distribution. This insect is a rather common borer in Massachusetts,
New York and New Jersey, and has been recorded from as far south as
Texas. It is also regarded as quite injurious in the Western States. It
would thus appear that the insect has a general distribution in the states
east of the Rocky mountains, at least.

Food plants. The describer of this insect. Professor Peck, met with it
first in black locust, and subsequently observed the same species in black
oak. The insect is also known to attack ash and maples, which are injured
very seriously in New York at least, and in the Western States it is

84

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

rej^arclecl as a dangerous enemy of cottonwood. Dr J. H. Smith records
this insect as working in willow, j)oplars, and chestnut in addition to those
given above, and he adds that infested trees are of little value for any
other purpose than fuel.

Remedial measures. This moth’s habit of depositing eggs in crevices,
particularly about injuries caused by earlier attacks or j)Ossibly by other
borers, may be taken advantage of to protect trees to some e.xtent by
keeping the trunks smooth. Rough, wounded places should be carefully
dressed and in the case of a serious injury by earlier borings, it would pay
to cement and otherwise close these j)oints of entrance, and in some
instances the insects might lie killed by injecting carbon bisulfid.

It is very possible that this could be done even after the attack has
been in progress for .some years and a serious wound matle. A con¬
siderable amount of the insecticide should be used in such cases, and all
the orifices at the point of entrance covered and sealed with cement, putty,
or soap, so as to prevent the rapid escape of the fumes. The employment
of this insecticide might advantageously accompany the use of cement in
many cases.

Bibliography

i8i8 Peck, W. D. Mass. Agric. Rep. 5th Rep’t, p. 67-73
1859 Fitch, Asa. Ins. N. Y. 5th Rep’t, p. 4-10
1890 Packard, A. S. U. S. Ent. Com. 5th Rep’t, j). 53-58
1896 Johnson, C. W. Pa. Dep’t Agric. Rep’t, j). 353-55

Round-headed apple borer
Saperda Candida b'abr.

A round-headed, white, legless grub infests thorn apple, mountain ash and shadbush
as well as fruit trees, making large tunnels at the base of the trunk and freciuently killing
the trees.

There is no insect so well known as this species, which has become
notorious on account of its severe injuries to fruit trees, many of which
are killed before they have been in the ground more than three or four
years, and thousands are rendered comparatively worthless when not killed
outright.

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES 85

Life history. 1 he life history of this insect may be summarized as
follows. The young- borer on the approach of winter, descends as near the
ground as its gallery will allow and remains inactive till the following spring,
when it renews operations, and on the approach of the second winter it is
about half grown and still living in the sapwood. The most damage is
done at this period, because where four or five occur in a single tree they
almost girdle it. The next summer, when it has become
about three fourths grown, it cuts a cylindric passage
upward into the solid wood and having completed its
larval growth, continues this passage to the bark, some¬
times cutting entirely through a tree to the opposite
side and occasionally turning back at a different angle.

... - - . Fig. lo Round-headed apple

1 he injury is so severe that several borers in a tree borer, beetle

may fairly riddle its base. The upper end of the gallery is stuffed with
fine borings and the lower part filled with long wood fibers. The larva
remains unchanged in this cell through the winter, transforming to a pupa
the following spring, and the beetle appears sometime during the sum¬
mer, escaping through a circular exit hole.

Distribution. This species is a common pest in southern Canada and
the Eastern, Middle and Western States. It does not app*ear to have been
listed from the Pacific slope.

Description. The beetle is about ^ inch long and may be easily
recognized by its brownish color with two white bands joined at the front
and extending to the tip of the wing covers. The underside and front of
the head, white, and the antennae are light gray with legs lighter.

Natural enemies. A small parasite known as C e n o c o e 1 i u s p o pu¬
la t o r Say, has been reared from this insect, and the downy woodpecker
and the great golden woodpecker have been observed in infested orchards.
These two birds and probably others are undoubtedly of considerable
value in destroying the grubs of this pernicious borer.

Remedial measures. These are practicable only in the case of highly

86

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

valued trees, and coiisist in cutting out the borers or else in recourse to
protective bandages or offensive washes, .the former making it impossible to
deposit eggs where the parent insect desires, and the latter rendering the
base of the trunk unattractive to the insects.

Bibliography

1904 Felt, E. P. & Joutel, L. H. N. Y. State Mus. Bui. 74. p. 23-39

Common flat-headed borer

Chrysobothris finwrata babr.

A somewhat inconspicuous, metallic, grayish, flattened beetle about to inch
long, occurs oh various trees, and its legless, flat-headed grub makes shallow galleries in
the wood.

This, the common Hat-headed borer of the appletree, infests a number
of forest trees, and the term apple borer is hardly characteristic.

Description. The beetle ranges from ^ to about inch in length,
and is of an obscure metallic color. It may be recognized, according to
Dr LeConte, by the serrulate margin of the last ventral segment, the
irregular surface of the thorax, the acute median notch of the clypeus and
its somewhat circular outline on each side. The anterior tibiae of the male
are slightly dilated at the tip and with the inner side denticulate.

The grub is a slender-bodied, legless creature, with an enormously
dilated, flattened head.

Life history. The beetles appear from the end to the middle of May,
and may often be seen resting on the trunks of trees or flying around them
during the daytime. The eggs are deposited on the bark, probably in a
crevice. The young grub makes its way under the bark, and during its
early stages feeds on the sapwood immediately beneath. As it increases
in size, it gnaws into the more solid heartwood, forming somewhat dilated,
irregular flattened burrows quite distinct from the nearly cylindric ones
made by some of fhe long-horned borers. The winter is passed at some
depth within the wood. The larvae work toward the surface in the spring.

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES • 87

where the pupal cell is excavated and the adults emerge from the somewhat
elliptic burrow.

Food plants. This insect affects a number of trees, it having been
recorded from mountain ash, horse-chestnut, linden, box elder, beech, apple,
pear, plum, cherry, peach, oak, sycamore, chestnut, hickory and soft maple,
and we have taken specimens on spruce and hemlock.

Distribution. This species has a very wide distribution. Dr Hopkins
states that it occurs in Canada and in every state and territory in the United
States and extends into Mexico. He adds that the species is quite variable,
though in a large series, the specific identity of all forms is easily demon¬
strated. He comments briefly on some six forms which have been
characterized.

Natural enemies. .Several natural enemies have been reared from
the larvae. Dr Riley records obtaining Bracon charus Riley and
Cryptus grallator Say, besides a chalcid fly.

Remedial measures. Comparatively little can be done for any except
the more valuable fruit and shade trees. Some protection undoubtedly
results from coating the trunk and larger limbs of the tree with a
repellant wash such as the carbolic soap wash, frequently used against the
round-headed apple borer, Saperda Candida Fabr. Repeated inspec¬
tions in July and August should result in the detection of the borers, and it
is then comparatively easy to dig them out before much injury has been
caused.

Bibliography

1890 Packard, A. S. U. S. Ent. Com. 5th Rep’t, p. 64-69

White ants

Terrnes flavipes Kollar

White, wingless antlike creatures, occurring in dead stumps or in decaying or other
timbers of houses, are familiar to most peoi)le.

This species is an enemy of timber in houses, particularly in the
Southern States, and in the North it occasionally causes considerable
injury. This pest is met with somewhat commonly in hard pine stumps

88

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

and dead trunks are sometimes riddled by the insect. One small dead
hard pine had been tunneled by this species to the hight of 4 feet from
the ground. It was a somewhat common species in decaying hard pine

Fig. II Termes flavipes: adult male; ^—terminal abdominal segment of same from below;

<'’««samc of female; male somewhat inflated; e—side view of abdomen of female; y—tarsus showing
segments and claw; a, e are enlarged; by Cy / are greatly enlarged. (After Marlatt, U. S. Dep’t
Agric. Div. Ent, lUil. 4. n. s. 1896)

stumps near Manor L. I., in 1900. The principal effect the species has
in these situations is to hasten decay, and in the forest this can hardly
be counted undesirable. The insects, however, may make their way from

Fig. 12 Termes flavipes: <i«dorsal view of head of winged female; ^—ventral aspect of
same, with mouth parts open, greatly enlarged. (After Marlatt, U. S. Dep't Agric. Div. Ent.

Bui. 4. n. s. 1896)

decaying stumps outdoors into dwellings and their presence in such places
may be followed by serious injuries. Professor Webster has recorded this
species as quite injurious in Ohio, not only to buildings, but also to small
trees, and the writer has received several complaints in recent years of

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

89

their annoying operations in dwellings in Albany and vicinity. Dr A. S,
Packard has recorded this species as injuring a wounded ehn tree at Salem

Mass., and Dr Hagen cites an instance where
it attacked living maple trees. He states that
three trees more than 60 feet high and 2 feet
in diameter and apparently in good condition,
except fora splitting of the bark in some places,
were mfesteil. C^n removing portions of the
bark, living white ants were found and proved to
belong to this species. (Observations revealed
Fi,. T.,™.. . w the presence of small open gangways, covered .

view of newly hAiched larvA; ven- ^ k ^

tral aspect of same; c—ej;g, all enUrv:ed, i %

(After Marian, U. S. Uep l Agric. Uiv. X f

Ent. Bui. 4* s. iSqt>)

outside by the split bark, I

which ran along the tree
to a hight of 30 feet or
more. There were no
old rotten stumps near
by, except on some of the
adjacent estates. 1 he
infested trees were
remarkable for their
abnormally small leaves
and an examination
showed that the bark in
the vicinity of the gang¬
way had been extensively
bored by these miners.

The general facts con-

cerning the life history
of this insect and the different forms the species assnmes are so well known

that detailed descriptions of them iit this connection seem hardly necessary.

Kig .4 Terme* fUvipes: ..-queen; *-youttg ol wingetl female; ^-worker;
,f-»oldier, all enlarged. (After Marlatt. U. S. Uep t Agric. Uiv. Knt. Bui. 4. n. s.
i89b^

90

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Bibliography

1896 Marlatt, C. L. U. S. Dep't Agric. Div. Knt. Bui. 4. n. s. p. 70-76

Large black carpenter ant
Cat)ipo)iotus Jicrculancus Linn,

A large black ant may be observed running in and out of diseased trees and on
examination it may be found tliat a considerable proportion of the interior has been
honeycombed.

These insects are apparently unable to enter a sound tree and only
where a wouml lays bare the wood are they apt to effect an entrance. This
is specially true when the diseased area is near the ground. Plate 31,
figure 2 illustrates how thoroughly this species can honeycomb the
interior of an elm tree. The irregular method of work is probably to be
e.xplained by the fibers of this tree interlacing so closely that there is very
little or no difference in the texture of the wood made in the different
seasons of the year. Plate 31, figure i, illustrates the work of the same
species in balsam, and it will be seen that the method of operation is
entirely different.’ The wood has been excavated along well defined lines,
and that which is allowed to remain forms portions of large lamina. An
examination of the specimens revealed the fact that the ants had eaten out
the softer portion of the wood and left the harder parts formed towards the
end of the season, when growth was comparatively slow and the wood
correspondingly firmer. The work of this species in balsam was observed
by the writer in 1900 at several localities in the Adirondacks. In one or
two instances the trees were so honeycombed that they broke in heavy
winds and fell. One balsam, which at the time of observation, was badly
infested with T o m i c u s b a 1 s a m e u s Lec., had been entered by these
ants in large numbers and their galleries continued to a hight of 4 or 5
feet, rendering that portion of the tree worthless for anything else but
firewood.

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

91

Linden borer

Saperda vcstita Say

Large, irregular galleries at the base of the tree, inhabited by a white, legless borer,
are very likely the work of this species.

This insect is a rather common borer of the linden and is occasionally
cjuite injurious. It not only attacks full grown trees used for ornamental
purposes but sometimes occurs in the nursery, where it may cause consid¬
erable injury. - ■

Life history. The beetles appear toward the end of the summer and
feed on the bark and leaf stems and also the larger veins on the underside
of the leaves and on the green bark of the growing shoots, often killing
the tips of the branches. The injury by them is quite noticeable when the
insects are abundant. A female may contain as many as 90 eggs, which are
deposited two or three in a place on the trunk or branches, specially about
the forks in slight incisions and punctures made for their reception with her
strong jaws. The larvae mine the bark for a distance of 6 to 8 inches from
the place where they hatch and often penetrate the wood to a considerable
extent, according to Dr Packard, who states that this insect works at the
base of young lindens, gouging two parallel rings around the trunk and
forming annular .swellings. We have seldom found the work of this species
more than 12 inches above the ground, and in our experience it occurs very
largely in exposed roots and subterranean parts, though it has been taken
from the lower limbs of large trees \see pi. 6]. ‘Nothing is known con¬
cerning the time required to complete the life cycle.

Food plants. We doubt if this insect infests other than lindens,
though it has been recorded by some writers from poplar, elm and in apple.

Description. The beetle is black and so densely covered by an olive-
yellow pubescence, that, as a rule, only a few black spots are observable
near the middle of the wing covers [pi. 6, fig. 16].

Distribution. This species has been recorded from Canada south to
Pennsylvania and westward to Iowa. It is probably generally distributed
in the eastern United States, at least.

9^

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Remedies. It is impossible to control this insect on other than
valuable trees, and for such, digging out the borers, with possibly recourse
to the use of repellant washes is about all that can be done, and in the
majority of cases should afford considerable protection.

Bibliography

1904 Felt, E. P. & Joutel, L. H. N. Y. State Mus. Bui. 74, p. 54-58

Ash borer

Podosesia fraxini Lugger

Boring ash trunks, a white, s])arsely haired caterpillar.

rhis species is very closely allied to P. syringae and according to
Dr Lugger, its describer, is very common in the prairie regions of Min¬
nesota and South Dakota. It also occurs in Montana. It seriously
injures the ash and attacks that tree when it is grown for wind-breaks.
It is so destructive that, as a general rule, the trees are unable to
attain a large size before they begin to break down. All parts of the trees
are infested though the borers are more commonly found just below the
surface of the soil. The young trees succumb easily while larger ones may
survive the attack for many years.

Description. Male. Head black between the eyes ; face dirty whitish ;
palpi dull orange, mi.xed with some black hairs ; collar reddish orange in
front, yellow behind. Antennae rufous. Thorax blackish, with the patagia
becoming yellow posteriorly ; transverse mark at base of thorax yellow.
Abdomen black, with a yellow band at the posterior end of each segment, or
the last four segments a*re wholly yellow, or are marked with orange at the
side.s, sometimes extending almost over the whole surface of the last three.
P'ore wings opaque except a short transparent and orange brown basal
streak, with the discal mark heavier, veins at base sometimes stained with
red; underside golden yellow. Hind wings transparent, margin and veins
yellowish brown, underside stained with yellow.

Female. Similar to the male, but more robust and larger. Expanse :
male, 25-30 mm; female, 30-35 mm. BetUenmidler

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

93

Locust borer
Cyllenc robiniac Forst.

Irregular ugly scars opening into burrows about inch in diameter are very com¬
mon on our native black locust. This is the work of a black beetle, less than ^ inch
long, very prettily marked with golden yellow. May be found in considerable numbers
in the fall on golden-rod.

The work of this insect is very common on black locust trees in New
\ ork State, and the beetle occurs in considerable numbers each year. The
species is such a pretty one that it is not infrequently submitted to the
entomologist with an inquiry as to its name and habits. Its depredations
are so serious in some sections of the State as to mar the beauty of our
locust trees. Almost every row of any size may be recognized at a distance
by the large number of dead limbs projecting above the leafy branches, an
appearance which in most cases must be attributed to the work of this
borer. Its operations lower down, particularly in the case of small trees,
produce very unsightly scars which admit moisture and promote decay.

Early history. This species was observed by Dr Harris in Massachu¬
setts, who characterizes the pest as a most destructive insect. Dr Fitch,
in 1858, states that this borer is the greatest obstacle to the cultivation of
the locust tree with which the growers have to contend. He records an
instance in the city of Utica where one of the principal thoroughfares,
early planted with locusts, had been invaded by this borer, and the mag¬
nificent trees either killed outright or totally ruined. He states that
Micheaux records this species as so destructive 50 years before that many
were prevented from planting the locust. Dr Fitch adds that heretofore,
this borer appeared to have been a pest in the older settled section of our
country and that no doubt in time it will become equally destructive in the
newer districts. He considers this a native species though some of the
earlier writers thought it was an introduced form. It was noticed by
Mr S. S. Rath von in 1861, who records this species as one of the most
common and destructive to this tree, and incidentally he confuses this insect
with the hickory borer, Clytus pictus Drury.

94

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

This sj)ecies was noticed in 1866 by Dr Walsh who states that till 20
years before it was unknown in Illinois; shortly after it commenced its
depredations in Chicag’o, spreail to the south, southwest or west through
the state, sweeping the locust before it. In i860 it had destroyed most
of these trees in central Illinois, and in 1863 it was present in immense
numbers in Rock Island, and in the two following years nearly destroyed the
locust in that section. De states that it had crossed the river into Iowa in
1865, and in a note the following year records it from Lawrence Kan.,
where it had been observed by a correspondent in 1865.

Dr Walsh clearly distinguished between this species and the hickory
borer, Clytus p ictus Drury. Dr Fitch in 1858, states in reference to
the report that the insect had not yet made its appearance west of the
Mississippi, that he had received specimens year after year from Indian
Territory west of Arkansa.s, and that in all probability the species occurs all
over that portion of the country in which the locust grows.

This statement of Dr Fitch’s is confirmed by Messrs Walsh and Riley
receiving this borer from Omaha Neb., in 1868. Rev. C. J, S. Bethune
writing of this insect in 1877, states that it was first recorded in Canada in
1855, when some locust trees at Montreal were attacked and in 1862 it
began to be very destructive to these trees in Toronto, and was for several
years excessively abundant. He adds that it appeared in enormous num¬
bers at London Can. in 1873, and at the time of writing it appeared to be
generally distributed throughout the province. Dr A. D. Hopkins states
that many trees in and about Morgantown were in 1891 nearly killed or
dead as a result of this insect’s work. The bettles were brought to Prof.
M. F. Webster in 1888 by a florist who stated that they were in a green¬
house eating rose leaves and that in no case were they observed to molest
other plants. This observation has been questioned by Messrs Riley and
H oward.

Mr Philip Laurent has recorded injurious work by this borer in and
about Philadelphia in 1893. He states that in a grove of young trees
varying from 1 to 6 inches in diameter, there was not one of them that did

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

95

not show the destructive work of this insect. Many of the trees were
completely honeycombed by the larvae.

Description. I he adult insect is cylindric and ranges in length from a
trifle over ^ to about ^ inch. It is a dull black color, brightly marked
with golden yellow, as shown in plate 5, figure 3. The antennae and legs
are a dull yellowish.

The pupa is nearly ^ inch long, stout, flattened, yellowish and with
the dorsum of the head and anterior six abdominal segments dotted with
irregularly arranged chitinous points. There are two clusters, one on each
side of the median line, of three to six small hooks on the dorsum of the
seventh abdominal segment. A slightly larger hook occurs behind each of
tliese clusters and on the posterior half there is a transverse row of about
10 hooks. The eighth segment bears a smaller transverse row of about 5
hooks. The antennae extend to the second abdominal segment and the

o

wings and legs are appressed to the breast.

The larva is six or seven tenths of an inch long, somewhat flattened,
club-shaped, the thoracic segments being considerably broader than the
abdominal ones, but at the same time distinctly flattened above and below.
The head when extracted from the thorax appears almost circular and nar¬
rower than the prothorax. The latter is twice broader than long, rounded
anteriorly, flattened above and below, brownish yellow, covered, especially on
the sides and below, with a short golden pubescence. A deep, longitudinal
sinuated furrow is visible on each side, a short transverse furrow crosses its
posterior end. The upper disk is inclosed between two furrows beginning
at the posterior margin, and not reaching the anterior one ; a transverse
furrow parallel to the posterior margin, separates a narrow fleshy fold. The
anterior portion of this upper disk is irregularly punctured and wrinkled,
although shining ; in some specimens it has an indistinct,elongated, somewhat
oblique brownish spot on each side, about the middle ; the posterior portion
of the disk is opaque, covered with dense longitudinal wrinkles, among
which a straight impressed line is apparent in the middle. The ventral side
is irregularly punctured on the sides, and has a depression in the middle
which is less apparent in some specimens.

The other two thoracic as well as the two first abdominal segments
have, above and below, a transverse flattened opaque disk, limited on each
side by a furrow, and showing some indistinct furrows on its surface ; the
other abdominal segments have the usual protuberances, on the dorsal as
well as the ventral side, marked with wrinkles. The last segment is short

96

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

and divided in two halves by a transverse fold ; the latter half has the anal
opening at the tip. All these segments are beset with short golden hairs on
the sides. There are no feet, as in the La mi i. Ostcn Sackcn

The borings of this pest are very characteristic and are usually indi¬
cated externally by irregular areas of exposed dead wood, more or less
riddled by galleries about ^ inch in diameter. The inner portion of the
trunk of an infested tree is frequently nearly honeycombed by the larvae.
The galleries for the most part run longitudinally in the heartwood. The
galleries are terminated in some cases by a very characteristic upward
broad curve which extends down to the exit hole | pi. 5].

Life history and habits. The life history and habits of this insect
have been very well described by Dr Harris as follows :

In the month of September these beetles gather on the locust trees,
where they may be seen glittering in the sunbeams with their gorgeous
livery of black velvet and gold, coursing up and down the trunks in pursuit
of their mates, or to drive away their rivals, and stopping every now and
then to salute those they meet with a rapid bowing of the shoulders, acom-
panied by a creaking sound, indicative of recognition or defiance. Having
paired, the female, attended by her partner creeps over. the bark, searching
the crevices with her antennae, and dropping therein her snow white eggs,
in clusters of seven or eight together, and at intervals of five or six minutes,
till her whole stock is safely stored. The eggs are soon hatched, and the
grubs immediately burrow into the bark, devouring the soft inner substance
that suffices for their nourishment till the approach of winter, during which
they remain at rest in a torpid state. In the spring they bore through the
sapwood, more or less deeply into the trunk, the general course of their
winding and irregular passages being in an upward direction from the place
of their entrance. For a time they cast their chips out of their holes as fast
as they are made, but after a while the passage becomes clogged and the
burrow more or less filled with the coarse and fibrous fragments of wood, to
get rid of which the grubs are often obliged to open new holes through the
bark. The seat of their operations is known by the oozing of the sap and
the dropping of the sawdust from the holes. The bark around the part
attacked begins to swell, and in a few years the trunks and limbs will become
disfigured and weakened by large porous tumors, caused by the efforts of the
trees to repair the injuries they have suffered. According to the observa¬
tions of Gen. H. A. S. Dearborn, who has given an excellent account of
this insect, the grubs attain their full size by the 20th of July,^soon become
pupae, and are changed to beetles and all leave the tree early in September.
Thus the existence of this species is limited to one year.

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

97

This insect resembles the painted hickory borer very closely indeed,
and the two can be distinguished more easily by their food plants, and by
the locust borer occurring in the fall, and the species affecting hickory in
the spring, than by any structural characteristics or details in coloration.
The male of the hickory insect may also be recognized by its antennae being
longer than the body and quite stout, and by the wing covers being indented
at the base and tapering toward their tip, so that the two together equal the
basal width of one of them, as stated by Dr Walsh.

Destructiveness in New York State. Dr J. B. Smith includes this
insect in his list of species found in New Jersey and states that its presence
renders it impossible to raise decent trees in most localities. This seems to
be exactly the condition which prevails in many sections of New York
State. The locust tree is a rapid, vigorous grower and therefore does not
show the operations of a borer so quickly as do some others. It is a rare
thing to meet with uninjured trees and not infrequently many rows of locust
trees are from one quarter to two thirds dead as the result of this insect’s
work. Mr M. F. Adams in a recent communication, attributes the destruc¬
tion of nearly all the locust trees in the city of Buffalo to the work of this
species and the carpenter worm, Prionoxystus robiniae Peck, and
in 1899, the writer received from Poughkeepsie the trunk of a young locust
which had been literally riddled by this borer.

Remedial measures. Ordinarily it is impossible to do much to control
this species as the tree is hardly worth the attendant expense. Writers,
however, suggest applying to the trunks a repellant wash in the early fall to
prevent deposition of eggs, and this would probably help considerably in
avoiding infestation. It is also advisable to cut and burn badly infested
trees which may be done at any time during the winter. This species is a
sun-loving beetle and it appears to have a preference for trees with trunks
and branches exposed to the sun. Thick groves would therefore be more
likely to escape injury.

Bibliography

1859 Fitch, Asa. Ins. N. Y. 5th Rep’t, p. 50-52

1890 Packard, A. S. U. S. Ent. Com. 5th Rep’t, p. 355-58

98

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Poplar borer
SapeJ'da calcarata Say

Large, blackened, swollen scars on the surface of the trunk and limbs are very likely
the work of this insect.

This, the largest native species belonging to this genus, is of con¬
siderable economic importance on account of the serious injuries inflicted
on the trunks and larger limbs of poplars. These trees rarely attain any
size in New York State before showing the operations of this insect, and in
not a few instances very great damage is inflicted. This applies not only
to neglected trees along roadsides and in forests but also to magnificent
specimens grown for ornamental purposes. The poplars in Washington
Park, Albany, have been recently damaged to a considerable extent by
large numbers of these borers. Similar injury has also been observed in
New York city and Brooklyn.

The lombardy poplars in the vicinity of Cambridge Mass., were nearly
destroyed by this insect in the early 40’s, according to Dr Harris’ classic
report on insects injurious to vegetation. It was recorded as very Injurious
to poplars along the shores of Casco bay, Maine, in 1884, by Dr Packard,
and it had inflicted great damage on the silver poplars of Cincinnati O.,
in 1892, according to Charles Dury. Professor Riley, in his early writings,
states that this insect has been universally destructive to cottonwoods and
poplars in the Western States and Professor Bruner considers it as by far
the most destructive enemy of poplars and cottonwoods in the West, and
adds that it is almost impossible to obtain trees of any size in cities and
towns of Nebraska, away from the friendly care of birds and parasitic
enemies.

Description. The parent insect is a magnificent beetle about inches
long, grayish, diversified with patches of yellow [pi. 6, fig. 2]. There Is
an entirely brown variety of this species. The general characters of the
pupa and larva, together with the latter’s method of work, are so well
depicted on plate 6, figures 1-6, 26 that lengthy descriptions are

unnecessary.

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

99

Life history. Comparatively little has been published regarding' the
life history of this insect. The beetles occur on the trunks and branches
of various poplars in August and September. The most obvious signs of
infestation are the numerous blackened, swollen scars on the trunk and
limbs. These are sometimes open and in early summer large quantities of
borings are expelled from the galleries and frequently occur in considerable
amounts about the base of the tree. This is very evident during the latter
part of May and in early June. Pupae were found in large numbers about
Albany in early June, and adults appeared early the following month and
continued to emerge throughout July and were probably abroad during
August and into September. Full grown larvae were also met with in
early June, indicating that ‘there was not much uniformity in the time of
pupation. The pupal stage probably lasts three or four weeks, and the
chamber where the final transformations take place, is invariably located
near the center of the smaller limbs and at some distance from the surface
in trunks. The top is smoothly excavated, the other end is closely packed
with coarse fibers which are attached at one end to the side of the galleries
and the portion next to the pupa is packed with much finer borings and
then coated with very fine sawdust. This pupal chamber is probably made
the previous season, but final transformations do not occur till spring.
The young larva works in the inner bark and outer sapwood for a short
time and before the approach of cold weather sinks its burrow to a greater
depth. The galleries of the second year are very largely in the interior
of the wood, and during this stage the limb or trunk may be honeycombed
with very large, somewhat irregular galleries. The nearly full grown
larvae not infrequently excavate large, shallow galleries in the sapwood and
inner bark, and appear to subsist to a considerable extent on the sap
collected in such cavities. Three years are probably required to complete
the life cycle.

Food plants. This species appears to infest practically all poplars, and
it has been recorded from the lombardy poplar, the cottonwood and the
common aspen besides other species or varieties.

lOO

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Distribution, This borer ranges from Canada south to Texas and
entirely across the United States. It appears to be somewhat common in
most localities.

Remedies. It is manifestly impossible to control this insect on other
than valuable trees, and in such situations digging out the borers in early
fall, with possibly recourse to the use of repellant washes is about all that
can be done, and in the majority of instances should afford considerable
protection.

Bibliography

1904 Felt, E. P. & Joutel, L. H. N. Y. State Mus. Bui. 74, p. 39-44

Mottled willow borer
Cryptorhynchus lapathi Linn.

Willows and poplars are frequently severely injured by a footless, fleshy, white grub
which transforms in midsummer to a dark colored snout beetle, about % inch long, with
the posterior third of the wing covers a pinkish white.

The presence of this imported insect was first brought to public notice
by Mr Juelich,’ who records finding the beetle near West Bergen N. J., and
states that five years before he took a specimen of this insect on willows
near Williams bridge, at least 12 miles from the first named locality.
Mr Juelich expressed the opinion in the above notice that the species might
become la great scourge to the willow, and apparently his prediction is
being fulfilled.

History and distribution in New York State. Mr Ottomar Dietz found
this species on Staten Island in 1886 and it was next taken in New York
State by Mr Ottomar Reinecke in the vicinity of Buffalo in 1896. It was
brought to the writer’s attention in 1898, by Mr M. F. Adams of Buffalo,
who reported it as seriously injuring willows and poplars in that city. It
occurs about New York city and Albany in willow, and the writer has taken
it at Westfield N. Y., and received specimens from Newark and Rochester;
in the two latter places it has caused considerable damage to nursery stock.

* 1887 Juelich, William. Entomologica Americana. 3: 123.

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES lOI

Its reception the same year from Pike N. Y. indicates a general distri¬
bution in New York State, at least.

Work in Massachusetts. This species was studied by Mr J. G. Jack,
who stated in 1897, that it had been known to occur in Cambridge, Boston,
and vicinity for many years, and that for several it had proved destructive
to almost all species of willows growing in the Arnold arboretum. Mr
A. H. Kirkland, writing of this insect in 1899, states that in Massachusetts it
appears to be most injurious to the balm of Gilead. It had become so
abundant in Winthrop and Revere that there was hardly a sound balm of
Gilead at the time of his writing. He also found that the insect bred in
nearly all species of poplars and willows and had observed serious injuries
in many of the larger nurseries in eastern Massachusetts. , '

Distribution. This species, as stated by Professor Webster, is common
in Europe, ranging over Siberia and Japan, but whether it extends farther
south into Central Asia is not known. It occurs in the United States from
New Jersey, where it already had obtained a considerable distribution, to
Massachusetts and westward, through New York into Ohio, it doubtless
having made its way along the southern shore of Lake Erie. Later it was
found in Minnesota whither it had been shipped in nursery stock.

Description. The adult beetle or curculio is about toi^^ inch in
length. Its body is a dull black, with little spots or tufts of jet-black
scales or hairs on the thorax and wing covers. The posterior third of the
wing covers, the sides of the thorax, the base of the anterior femora and
portions of the middle and posterior femora are a pinkish white. The
beetle is represented on plate 16, figure 8. The delicate pupa is white,
about 3/s, inch in length, with a long snout, and when nearly mature begins
to show the coloration of the beetle. The full grown larva is about / inch
in length, fleshy, white and footless. The egg has been described by Pro¬
fessor Webster as oval, pale yellowish white and from 1.5 to .8 mm wide.

Life history. The adult beetles appear in midsummer. They ‘have
been observed by Mr M. E. Adams at Buffalo N. Y., July 5, 1900. Mr
A. H. Kirkland records their occurrence in infested sticks July 28, 1897, and

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NEW YOKK STATE MUSEUM

states that they were emerging freely on the 31st. July 30, 1898, he found
them abundant at Simingfield Mass., feeding on cottonwood along the
Connecticut river. Adults were numerous at Wdnthrop as late as Sep¬
tember 21. Professor Webster states that one adult was found by Pro¬
fessor Burgess at Ashtabula O. ovipositing Oct. 5, 1901, which is in all
probability exceptionally late. The lieetles may be .said to occur from
early in July through August and into September to .some extent. Ovi-
position presumably extends over a considerable jieriod, and in most
instances, the eggs are probably laid at the base of the buds, or small
branches.

Mr Burgess has observed this process and states that the female exca¬
vates ([uite a cavity in the corky bark, the process occupying about 40
minutes, and then deposits the egg, which appears to be protected by a
mucilaginous secretion. The burrows of the young grubs occur around
buds and at the base of small limbs, and frequently partly girdle the stem.
'I'he nearly full grown grubs or borers make galleries about inch in
diameter, and in the case of small trees it may frequently be carried nearly
half way around. The injury is indicated externally on willows by a purplish
discoloration of the bark on either side of the burrow.s, and by the drying
and shrinking of the thin bark directly over the gallery. The full grown
larva bores into the center of small stems, frequently for a distance of 3 or
4 inches. The pupal cell is found near the extremity of this burrow, the
pupa always being headed toward the exit. An examination of infested
nursery trees in April, 1900, showed that most of the grubs were in the
central part of the burrow, and apparently were full grown. There were
other small grubs working around the base of the buds and these probably
produce the late appearing beetles. The work of this species is repre¬
sented on plate 16, fig. 8, 9 and on plate 32. ]\Ir M. F. Adams observed
nearly the same thing May 23-25, 1900, taking many larvae; the smallest
being less than inch long, and the largest 5 times that size. The
burrows of these smaller grubs, as observed by us frequently nearly
encircle the bud, and produce a brownish discoloration, different from the

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES I03

purple color seen near the larger galleries. Infested twigs collected at this
time and placed in breeding cages were bored to a considerable extent by
the grubs, most of the galleries being in the central portion of the twigs.
No adults were obtained from this material, but a later sending received
July 18, contained a number of beetles within their burrows, and subse¬
quently many emerged. The duration of the pupal stage has been deter¬
mined by Mr Kirkland as about i8 days.

Food plants. This species has been recorded by various European
authors as attacking willows, alders, and birches. It has proved specially
injurious to willows and poplars in this country. Mr M. F. Adams of
Buffalo, states that he has taken this species from balsam poplar, balm of
Gilead, Carolina poplar, Lombardy poplar, Babylonian willow, heart-leaved
willow, Kilmarnock willow, and from the trunk of the new American weep¬
ing willow. He states further that he has never taken it from the golden
barked willow, laurel-leaved willow, silver poplar, or bollean poplar,
though a great many of these varieties were growing in the vicinity of
infested trees. Mr Kirkland has recorded it as occurring in the cotton¬
wood (Populus) and in the silver or bollean poplar.

Remedial measures. This insect, like many borers, is comparatively
inaccessible, and the most practical method of checking its ravages appears
to be cutting and burning all seriously infested wood in early spring. The
burrows of the larger grubs, at least, can easily be distinguished at this time
and probably the preceding fall. The work of the young grubs is very
difficult to detect, but with careful examination it should be possible to
recognize most of the infested wood.

Bibliography

1897 Jack, J. G. Garden and Forest. 10: 394
1899 Kirkland, A. H. Pysche. 8:371-72

1902 Webster, F. M. Ent. Soc. Ont. 33d Rep’t 1901. p. 67-73

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NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Lilac borer

Podoscsia syringae Harris

Boring lilac stems and ash trunks. A white, sparsely haired caterpillar.

This species is one of the more common pests of, the lilac and its work
may frequently be seen in stems of this shrub, a sign of its presence in
midsummer being the sudden wilting of a shoot. It has been found at
work in ashtrees in Brooklyn by the late Rev. G. B. Hulst and Prof.
Herbert Osborn observed it working in the young shoots of species of ash
at Ames la. The late Dr Kellicott of Buffalo states that It lives under the
bark of old trees, he having watched 20 or more issue from a single tree in
one day and found that often there were more than one hundred in one
tree. -

Professor Thomas, in writing of its work in Illinois, states that it may
be found during the latter part of the summer making its galleries through
both sap and heart wood of limbs even an inch in diameter. Moths were
bred at Carbondale Aug. 10 and cocoons were spun the following season
about the middle of May. The late Dr Kellicott found this species also
boring in mountain ash. Its recorded distribution has been given as New
England, Middle States westward to California and southward to Texas.

Description. Male. Head black, palpi chestnut red, black beneath.
Collar edged with chestnut in front. Antennae rufous, black above. Tho¬
rax deep brown more or less marked with bright chestnut red. Abdomen
black, or marked with chestnut brown, sometimes with a small yellow spot
on each side of the fourth segment, or with the segments banded with
yellow. Femora black, anterior pair of tibiae orange, tarsi yellow ; middle
and hind tibiae black with an orange band. Tarsi yellow, hind pair with a
black band above. Fore wings opaque, deep brown, with a violaceous
luster, usually with a rusty red dash at the outer part of the wing below the
costa. At the base is a short transparent streak, and marked with red on
the costa and inner margin. Underside washed with orange and yellow.
Hind wings transparent, yellowish, with an opalescent luster, ve’ns, discal
mark, and margin deep brown, sometimes tinged with red ; underside
marked with red.

Female. Similar to the male, but more robust and larger. Expanse :
male 25-30 mm ; female 30-36 mm. Beutemmdler

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

105

DKSTUUCTIVK I.KAF FEEDKKS

Certain species of leaf feeders have been exceedingly destructive to
shade trees in New \ ork State in recent years, and in making selections for
this group it is probable that some will be omitted, which, in the course of
a few years will attract notice on account of their depredations.

Key to destructive leaf feeders

Blue-headed caterpillars with a line of silvery diamond-shaped spots dovvm the middle of
the back, rest in masses on the sides of branches and trunks and defoliate maple and
other trees in midsummer. . Poorest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria, p. 106
Brownish caterpillars with blue and reddish warts, occur in masses on the sides of
branches and trunks of many trees in early summer

Gipsy moth, P o r t h e t r i a d i s p a r, p. 1 16
Curious baglike shelters containing caterpillars, occur in early summer on various trees
and shrubs in the vicinity of New York city

Bag worm, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis, p. 123
Light green, white marked caterpillars about 2 ‘inches long sometimes occur in immense

numbers on soft maples in early summer . X y 1 i n a a n t e n n a t a, p. 129

Red-headed, yellow and black tufted caterpillars defoliate in early summer horse-chestnut,
linden, maple and other trees

White marked tussock moth, Hemerocampa leucostigma, p. 132
Conspicuous web tents in July and August, inclosing foliage at the tips of branches, which
is soon skeletonized and turns brown

Fall webworm, H y p h a n t r i a t e x t o r, p. 142
Irregular, circular holes in elm leaves, particularly of European species, followed by
skeletonizing of the under surface of the foliage by grubs

Elm leaf beetle, G a 1 e r u c e 1 1 a 1 u t e o 1 a, p. 146
Cylindric, coiled, yellowish white worms with a black line down the middle of the back,
occur in midsummer on willow, elm, poplars and other trees

Elm sawfly, C i m b e x a m e r i c a n a, p. 155
Large, black, red-marked, spiny caterpillars 2 inches long, occur in June and August in
clusters and defoliate terminal branches of elm, willow, poplar and other trees

Spiny elm caterpillar; E u v a n e s s a a n t i o p a, p. 158
Circular, somewhat irregular mines occur in considerable numbers in the leaves of

European and American elms . Elm leaf miner, Kaliosyphinga ulmi, p. 162

Small web tents on tips of trees in midwinter

Brown tail moth, Euproctis chrysorrhoea, p. 163

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NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Curious brown, somewhat flattened cases on mined leaves of English and Scotch elm

Kim case bearer, C o 1 e o p h o r a 1 i m o s i p e n n e 1 1 a, p. 167
Red maj)le leaves folded in August or September, containing a long, tapering, blackish
tube, with the adjacent tissues on the underside skeletonized

Maple trumpet skeletonizer, T h i o d i a s i g n a t a n a, p. 168
Yellowish or brown larch needles with hollow a])ex and small circular hole on one side

Larch case bearer, Coleophora laricella, p. 170

Forest tent caterpillar: maple worm
MalacosoDia disstria Hiibn.

Hlue-headed caterpillars with a line of silvery diamond-shaped spots down the middle
of the back, fretpiently defoliate maple and other trees in early summer, and when not
feeding assemble in clusters on tlie sides of the larger limbs and trunks.

Stripping a large proportion of the foliage from maples has been a
marked characteristic of this species for the last four or five years in many
sections of New York, the climax being reached in 1898 and ^899. The
sugar maples of Delaware, Greene and Gtsego counties suffered most
severely from the attacks of this pest in 1897 and 1898, large areas being
left with hardly a green leaf. The destructive work of this caterpillar in
1899 was more general than in the preceding two years, there having been
complaints received from about half, the counties in the State, and in some
sections the depredations were worse than ever. This species appeared in
force in many cities and villages, threatening thousands of handsome shade
trees with defoliation, and had it not been for most energetic efforts on the
part of local authorities and private individuals, many maples along streets
and in parks would have been stripped of leaves. This native species is
generally distributed and its comparative abundance in a locality is there¬
fore due to natural causes, favorable or otherwise, and very rarely can it be
said that the insect has migrated to any extent, except in a very local and
restricted sense.

Early history in New York State. The earliest record of injury in this
State appears to be that of Dr Riley, who reported the species as being
(juite destructive in certain parts of western New York in 1857. Peter
P'erris 10 years later, states that this insect had been troublesome in western

INSECTS AFl'KCTINC I’AKK AND WOODLAND TREKS

107

New York for 12 or more years. A si.'rious outhrcjak at Kiiij^slmry, Wash¬
ington CO., was brought to the attention of Dr Lintner in 1S89. About 10
acies were defoliated at that time. I hese depredations, however, are insig¬
nificant compared with those occurring in 1897 and following years. Prof.
John Mickleborough states that this species was very cU^structive to ma|)le
and other forest trees at Jewett, (ireene co. in 1897. d'he depredations of
this species at Andes, Delaware co., were complained of, but the most
serious damage occurred in the vicinity of Margaretville in the same county
where the pest was abundant enough to defoliate large areas. It not only
attacked the hard maple, but turned its attention to apple, pear, plum, beech,
birch, poplar and other trees. I he ravages of 1897 were continued in 1898,
and considerable areas in .St Lawrence, Oneida, Otsego, Oreene and Warren
counties were seriously injured. In not a few instances, hundreds of
acres were stripped of their leaves, and this outbreak was followed in
1899 by .some very serious injuries. This was specially true in certain
cities and villages, and the local authorities of the infested places adopted
vigorous measures in many ca.ses and offered rewards for the collection of
caterpillars and cocoons. The pest was so abundant in portions of Otsego
county as to interfere with the operation of railroad trains. One corre¬
spondent reports that a train was stopped three times in passing between
two stations 8 miles apart. This pest caused less injury in 1900, though it
was very abundant in soni; orchards in (ireene and Columbia counties, and
in 1901, the injury was still less, though far from being inconspicuous.

Extensive depredations in other localities. I'his insect has been
extremely injurious in a number of other states, in some instances defo¬
liating hundreds of s{[uare mile.s. One of the earliest accounts is the
record of Abbot, whom Dr Riley ([notes, stating that it “ is sometimes so
plentiful in Virginia as to strij) the oak-trees bare.” In his 3d report \ scc
citation]. Dr Riley credits this species with completely strijiping the
“over-cup timber” on the overflow bottoms near Des Arc Ark., and
records extensive injuries by it in many parts of Missouri. In the 8th
Report on the Insects of Missouri, it is stated that this species stripped oak

io8

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

forests over hundreds of square miles in the Southern States, and that in the
vicinity of Memphis, in 1862, the larvae were so abundant as to frequently
stop trains going in and out of the city. In 1889 another instance of trains
being stopped was brought to the notice of the division of entomology.
United States Department of Agriculture \Inscct Life. 1889. 2:58].

This time the trouble was in Maine and was accompanied by serious injury
to forests and orchards. Two years later trains were stopped on the
Carolina Central Railroad near Lumberton {Insect Life. 1891. 3:477].

and hindrance to travel was accompanied by the defoliation of many trees
over large areas. This species was excessively injurious in the vicinity of
London Ont. in 1877, as recorded by William Saunders in the following
words: “There were millions upon millions of them, and so enormous were
their numbers and so persistent their attacks, that after fighting them
bravely for a week or two, many gave up the contest in despair, weary of
the slaughter. Many an orchard was rendered bare and leafless and in
some instances the woods were so void of foliage as to remind one of
winter.” In southern Illinois this insect “made a frightful inroad upon the
apple orchard, absolutely defoliating every tree in large districts in 1883.”
The damage of the last few years in New York State has been duplicated
to a great extent in Vermont and New Hampshire.

The caterpillars committed very extensive ravages in 1897 along the
Ottawa river, stripping the aspen groves of every leaf and seriously injuring
other trees {Ottawa Naturalist. 1898. 12: 13].

Distribution. The numerous records of serious injury by this insect
in the eastern United States and Canada indicate that it is widely and
generally distributed. It has been reported from Mississippi north into
Canada and from Maine westward to California. Dr Dyar states that M.
disstria extends throughout the range of M. americana and M.
pluvial is and also into California.

Description. This insect can be distinguished at once from the com¬
monly injurious tent caterpillar, Malacosoma americana Fabr., by the
fact that no conspicuous web tent is spun. This caterpillar [pi. 7, fig. 13]

INSF.CTS AFFECTING I’AKK AND WOODLAND TREES

109

has a row of somewhat tliamoncl-shaped whitish spots down the middle of
the back, while its close relative possesses a narrow whitish stripe in place
of the^dots. 1 he ei^g- belts | pi. 7, fig-. 12] encircling the more slender twigs,
are smaller, usually with one or two wrinkles or depressions in the brownish,
protective covering, anti the ends of the belts are more abrupt than are
those of the species usuall)' found on appletrees. An average sized egg
belt, collected in Albany, of the forest tent caterjiillar contained about 150
eggs. If an egg is opened in September or later, a well developed, nearly
black caterpillar with a few whitish hairs may be seen. The recently
hatched caterpillars are nearly black with whitish hairs and are found clus¬
tered together or traveling along certain silk-lined paths. After the second
molt, the characteristic row of whitish spots along the back appears and
as the caterpillars increase in size, the colors become brighter and more
distinct. The white or yellowish white cocoons [pi. 7, fig. 14] are spun in
leaves on the tree or lying on the ground, in crevices of the bark, under
stones, in fence corners and under almost any convenient shelter. Within
the cocoon is found the dark brown pupa [pi. 7, fig. 15 ]. The moths are
light, buff colored, active creatures [pi. 7, fig. 10, 1 1]. The male may be
recognized by his richer coloring, smaller size, and feathery antennae
[ pi. 7, fig. I ij.

Life history and habits. The winter Is passed by the well developed
larvae within the eggshell. On the appearance of warm weather, the young
caterpillars begin to emerge and if no food is at hand, await the unfolding
of the leaves. From eggs received in early spring, young caterpillars
emerged Ap. 1 7. There is considerable latitude in the time of hatching,
even in one locality, about a month as reported by the late Prof. V. H.
Lowe, and there is a corresponding variation in the time the caterpillars
attain maturity. As the young increase in size, they molt from time to
time, leaving their cast skins in small clusters on the bark [pi. 7, fig. 16].
When not feeding, the larvae may be found in clusters on the limb.s. They
also resort to such places when about to molt, an operation requiring at
least a day or two. A wind or jarring causes these creatures when small to

I lO

NEW VOUK STATE MUSEUM

drop and suspend themselves with a silken thread, a position very annoyinj^
to persons ohlij^^ed to pass under an infested tree, and as many shade
trees were attacked recently, this feature was painfully ajjparent. If the
shock is sutlden, the cateri)illars drop without spinning; a web. As they
become about half grown, they frecpiently form good sized clusters on the
larger limbs ami trunk of an infested tree. If the creatures are very
abundant, they may strij) the tree before full growth is attained and then
be forced by hunger to invade neighboring orchards, d'he maple trees
re[)resentetl on ])late 32 show well the work of this insect. Ordinarily, as
the caterpillars approach maturity, many of them forsake the tree and crawl
in all directions. 'I'lnis in obedience to a natural impulse, they may crawl in
numbers over walks, piazzas and swarm on sides of houses. This wan¬
dering, prior to jnipation, occurs about June i, the transformation to the
pupa taking ])lace from about the middle to the last of June. The insect
remains in the pupa state about two weeks, the moths aj)pearing the latter
l)art of June and during July, mostly in the latter month. 'I'he eggs are
deposited during July, a large proportion of them being laid on the lower
twigs, but many are found over 20 feet from the ground and numbers even
in the tops of tall trees.

Food plants. Like the common tent caterpillar, this insect can sub¬
sist on a large variety of plants. Its favorite species of oak in the .Southern
States, as given by the late Dr Riley, are those belonging to the. same
group as the black oak. In New York and adjoining states this insect is
reported more frecgiently as defoliating the sugar maple than any other
tree. I'his may be owing to the fact that lArge sugar orchards afford the
most favorable conditions for the cater])illars in the north, and as the
maples are of greater value than forest trees, complaints of attack are more
frecjuent. The caterpillars have been reported by various writers as feed¬
ing on the following trees and shrubs ; linden, maples, locust, [)each, plum,
cherry, rose, strawberry, apple, sweet gum ( L i cj u i d a m b a r styra-
c i f 1 u a), dogwood, “ black gum,” sour gum (Nyssa sylvatic a), ash,
elm, black walnut, hickory, walnut, oak, black oak, post oak, white birch,
gray birch, willow and poplar.

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

I I I

Natural enemies. Like its associates, this species has a number of
important natural enemies. A fungous disease is known to attack this
caterpillar, but at present little has been done in attempting to disseminate
it. One of the most fruitful methods of keeping the pest in check through
the aid .of its natural enemies, will probably be found in encouraging, and
protecting the native birds known to feed on it. Robins, orioles, chipping
sparrows, catbird.s, cuckoos, the red-eyed, white-eyed, and warbling vireos,
cedar birds and nuthatches have been observed feeding on forest tent cater¬
pillars by Miss Caroline G. Soule who writes: “The nuthatches would
stand by a patch of larvae lying close together below a tar band on a tree
and eat so voraciously and with such an entire abandonment of self-con¬
sciousness that I could go close and put my hand on them before they
would fly. This e.xperience was repeated several times.” Mr William
Saunders gives an instance in which a black-billed cuckoo was brought to
him with its crop filled with caterpillars. Mr E. H. Forbush, ornithologist
to the Massachusetts State Hoard of Agriculture, has kindly supplied me
with the following list of native birds observed by him feeding on forest
tent caterpillars : Baltimore oriole, black-billed cuckoo, yellow-billed cuckoo,
crow, blue jay, American redstart, white-breasted nuthatch, wood- thrush,
chewink, black and white creeper, red-eyed vireo, flicker and scarlet tanager.
He has since published a list including the following additional species:
yellow-bellied sapsucker, bronzed grackle or crow blackbird, chipping
sparrow, towhee, English sparrow, warbling vireo, white-eyed vireo, black
and white warbler, yellow warbler, catbird, chickadee, American robin and
cedar wax wing. Prof. V. H. Lowe has observed the black-capped chickadee
feeding on the eggs besides others mentioned above. Prof. C. M. Weed
states that the robin, chipping sparrow, yellow bird and English sparrow
feed on the moths.

The value of birds in keeping other pests under control is also strik¬
ingly shown in the experiment conducted by Mr P'orbush. In a typical
orchard at Medford Mass., a little trouble was taken to attract the native
birds, the nests of the P2nglish or house sparrow being destroyed. The

1 1 2

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

results were greatly in favor of protecting our indigenous forms. In the
nei'diborino- orchards it was evident that cankerworms and tent caterpillars
were very numerous, but in the orchard in question, the trees were seriously
injured in only one or two instances, though no attempt was made to con¬
trol the insects by spraying or other artificial means. The common toad
has been recorded by Mr Kirkland as feeding on this species, though from
this batrachian being confined to the ground and presumably occurring
more abundantly in cultivated fields, it is hardly probable that as a rule it
devours many caterpillars.

Parasites. Relatively few true parasites have been bred from this
insect. Dr Riley records the rearing of Limneria fugitiva Say, and

Fig. X5 Pimplaconquisitor:a«- larva ; ^ — head of same ; r — pupa ;
adult female — all enlarged. Lines beside figures represent natural
size. (After Howard, U. S. Dep't Agric. Div. Ent. Tech. Ser. 5. 1897)

Mr Saunders states that Pimpla pedalis Cress preys on this species.
Pimpla conquisitor Say was reared from several pupae collected in
Delaware county in 1897, the large proportion of the cocoons parasitized
indicated that it was very valuable in controlling this caterpillar. This
species was extensively parasitized about Albany in 1900, Pimpla
inquisitor Say, being the most efficient in many localities. T h e r o n i a

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

iulvcscens Hrulle, recorded as a secondary parasite of Pimplas, was
common at Slinj^erlands, and a considerable number were reared from
cocoons. Anomalon exile Prov. was reared in small numbers from
cocoons received frijin Lyons Palls and (ilens Palls. Pteromalus
vanessae llow. was also obtained from the latter place. The following'
dijiterous parasites have been recorded by Air Corjuillett : Ituphorocera
clarijjennis Maaj., P'rontina frenchii Will., Tachina mella
Walk. I his latter sjiecies was reared by us in sufficient numbers in 1900
to show that it was of considerable importance in a number of localities.

.Several predaceous insects [>rey on the caterpillars. One of great value
is C a 1 o so m a scrutator Pabr., a s[jecies which Idr Riley characterized
as most efficient. 1 he beautiful and equally ferocious Calosoma cali-
dum P'abr., is another valuable enemy, as stated
by William Saunders. Mr Burgess records that
Calosoma wilcoxi LeC. fed readily in con¬
finement on the larvae of this insect. Two pre¬
daceous hemiptera, P o d i s u s p 1 a c i d u s Uhler
and P. serieventris Uhler, as stated by Kirk¬
land, feed on the caterpillars. A mite, ? 'P r o in-
bid i u m sp., was discovered by William Saunders
destroying many clusters of eggs.

Whenever cocoons of the forest tent caterpiller are collected, they
should be placed in a box and covered with a rather coarse wire netting,
about i/i(j inch mesh, so as to confine the moths but allow the beneficial para¬
sites to escape.

Remedies. As a large proportion of the eggs of this species occur on
twigs within 20 or 30 feet of the ground, something can be accomplished in
winter by cutting off the infested twigs and burning the egg clusters,
specially if the trees are not very large. But in the case of good sized
maples, it is very doubtful if this could be done to advantage, and even
with moderate sized trees there would probably be enough inaccessible egg

Fig. 16 Fiery ground beetle,
C a 1 o s o m a c a 1 i d u m. (After
Riley)

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

I 14

belts near the top to stock the trees with a host of leaf consumers. At
best, the collection of eg^s can hardly be regarded as more than one of
several repressive methods, no one of which can be depended on by itself
to prevent serious injury. The egg belts can be seen best on a bright day
and if there is snow on the ground, it will be easier to find all cut twigs
dropped to the ground. The collection and burning of the eggs is nece.s-
sary in order to insure thorough work. A long handled pruning hook is of
great service in cutting off the infested twigs.

As soon as the presence of the young caterpillars (indicated by the
thinness of the foliage on the upper branches) is detected, much can be
accomplished by crushing them as they collect on the limbs or by dislodging
them with a brush or torch. If the latter is used, care must be exercised
not to injure the tree. Many caterpillars can be jarred from trees by
using a padded mallet, or even violent shaking will cause some to drop.
Ridding the trees of caterpillars by jarring or otherwise, must be fol¬
lowed up by some means of preventing their ascent. A band of cotton
batting 8 to 10 inches wide tied tightly in the middle around a tree and the
upper portion turned down over the string and allowed to hang loosely, is
a difficult obstacle for caterpillars to surmount, so long as it remains dry.
Wide bands of paper coated with tar or of sticky fly paper will also prevent
the pests from ascending for a time. A band composed of equal parts of
lard and sulfur is said to be an effective barrier. In one locality bands of
cottolene were used to prevent the caterpillars from climbing the trees.
It is safer to put lard, cottolene and similar oily preparations on close fit¬
ting paper bands rather than to apply them direct to the trunk. When
the pests are very abundant it will not do to depend entirely on shak¬
ing and bands, the dropping creatures must be collected on sheets spread
under the trees before they are jarred, and then killed, or crushed as they
collect under the bands. Nothing but the most vigorous measures will
protect a badly infested tree from severe injury. The masses of caterpillars
found on the larger limbs and trunk can be crushed in large numbers with
a stiff broom or thickly gloved hands. A more agreeable method is spray-

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

ing these clusters with kerosene emulsion, whale oil soap solution (i pound
to 4 gallons) — a tobacco whale oil soap is better — or pouring boiling water
over them, hor methods of preparing kerosene emulsion see page 36.

Thorough spraying with any one of the poisons described on a preced-
ing page and in the manner directed will kill these caterpillars very quickly.
If they are nearly full grown and many are crawling to the sprayed trees
from others, it is perfectly possible that all the foliage may be devoured
before the caterpillars have eaten enough poison to kill them, but under
most circumstances there need be little fear of the arsenical spray proving
ineffective. The cost attendant on this method will lead people to depend
largely on other means. Even a hand spraying outfit requires some outlay,
while if many trees are to be sprayed a power outfit, described on a preced¬
ing page, is the most economical in the long run.

After the damage has been done, many of the insects are within man’s
power and can be killed in their cocoons. From about the middle to the
last of June thousands of cocoons can be collected with little labor, and if
this is done, opportunity should be given the parasites to escape before the
cocoons are destroyed, as stated on a preceding page. Every healthy female
pupa killed means one less egg mass to produce its approximately 150
hungry caterpillars another spring. During the summer of 1899, many hun¬
dreds of cocoons were collected and destroyed. Local authorities in Glens
Falls, Saratoga Springs and several other villages offered the school
children 10 cents a quart for these cocoons. Glens Falls paid for 1350
quarts, Saratoga Springs 744, Mohawk 450 and other communities took
similar action.

Bibliography

1898 Felt, E. P. State Ent. i4tli Rep’t N. Y. State Mus. Bui. 23, p. 191-201

1898 - Fish. Game and For. Com. 4th Rep’t, p. 374-80

1899 Lowe, V. H. N. Y. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bui. 15, p. 33-60

1899 Slingerland, M. V, Cornell Agric. Exp. Sta. Bui. 170, p. 557-64

1899 Felt, E. P. N. Y. State Agric. Soc. Trans. 59 :275-76

igoi - State Ent. i6th Rep’t N. Y. State Mus. Bui. 36, p. 994-98

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

1 16

Gipsy moth

Port hct via dispar Linn.

Numerous brownish caterpillars with blue and reddish warts occur in large num¬
bers on the sides of branches and trunks of many trees in the early summer. The egg
masses are conspicuous and covered with buff colored hairs. An introduced species
which works very locally.

This species has attracted more attention in America in all probability
than any other imported insect with the e.Nception of the now notorious
San Jose scale and the cotton boll weevil. This is somewhat remarkable
considering its restricted range in this country, and yet it is not very sur¬
prising when due credit is given to the scientists charged with safeguard¬
ing the interests of the country. The presence of this insect in enormous
numbers at Medford Mass., was brought to the attention of Prof. C. H.
P'ernald in 1889, and a special bulletin calling attention to this dangerous
pest was issued by the agricultural experiment station at Amherst Mass., in
November of that year. A study of the situation convinced Professor Fer-
nald that it was not only possible but practicable to exterminate this species.
The closing decade of the last century witnessed a wonderful struggle
between man and nature, and, had the work received the support it should,
there is no doubt as to what the outcome would have been.

Not in New York. There is no occasion for extreme alarm. This
pest does not occur within the borders of New York State to our knowl¬
edge ; but as the commonwealth of Massachusetts has not only declined to
do more toward exterminating the pest but puts no efficient checks on its
distribution, it is only a question of time when the insect will invade our
borders. It is impossible to .say just when this insect will succeed in estab¬
lishing itself in New York State. Favoring circumstances may bring about
its introduction within a year or two or it may not occur for a number of
yeans. P'orewarned is forearmed and while the extermination of the pest in
America may now be placed among the impossibilities, it is of greatest
importance that it be kept under control, as it spreads over the country.

History in America. This species was introduced into Medford Mass.,

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

I 17

in 1868 or 1869 by Leopoltl Trouvelot, who imported it in the course of some
experiments on silkworms. Justice to Mr d'rouvelot compels the statement
that the insect escaped from him by accident, and that he did all in his
power to rejiair the mischief. Very little was seen of the pests for about
10 years, and then the caterpillars began to be abundant about the [dace
where they had become established, and from then on their numbers
increased till 1889, when Medford and vicinity were literally overrun with
hordes of voracious caterj)illar.s. The infestation bordered closely on a
plague. An act was passed in the winter of 1890 providing for the appoint¬
ment of a special commission and placing at its disposal $25,000, which sum
was subse(piently increased by an ecpial amount. The work of that year
showed the insect to be |)resent over a much larger territory than had been
supposed. A farther appropriation of $50,000 was made in 1891, and from
then till 1899 the appropriations ranged from $75,000 to $190,000 annually
for the purpose of exterminating this species, the total amount disbursed
by the commonwealth of Massachusetts for work against the gipsy moth
being $1,155,000. This is a large amount of money to be expended in
exterminating an insect, but it is very small compared to the loss we may
reasonably expect from the devastations of this pest. The work was hin¬
dered from time to time by delayed appropriations, and yet, in spite of this
and other obstacles, good progress was being made in the work of extermi¬
nation. Its abandonment in 1900 can hardly be regarded as other than a
grave misfortune. Personal examination of the infested territory in July
1904 showed that the insect had increased so greatly in parts of Malden,
Medford and Melrose as to completely defoliate the trees over considerable
areas. Previous to this the general results were most striking to a visitor.
Places, where in 1891 defoliated trees, crawling caterpillars and signs of
desolation had been prominent features, were in 1895 and 1898 seen to be
comparatively free from the pests, and the injuries to vegetation slight or
none. The checking of the insect over a large area was so thorough as to
lead many to forget its earlier destructiveness and to despise its powers.
At the close of 1899 the gipsy moth was known to be present in 34 cities

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

I l8

and towns in Massachusetts. Its presence in large numbers at Providence
R. I., was discovered in 1901 and other infested localities may be reported
from time to time.

Description. It is exceedingly important that residents of this .State
should know something about the appearance of this insect and what to
expect. Do not jump at conclusions and consider the specimen some form
of gipsy moth because it bears a general resemblance to the illustrations
given herewith. It is much better to .send the specimen to an entomologist
and secure an authentic determination. C'lenerally speaking, the statement
from a nonscientific person that the object in hand is a gipsy moth is of
little or no value and is (piite apt to be incorrect.

The eggs of this insect are deposited usually in round or oval patches
I pi. 9, fig. 1 5] on a piece of bark and then covered with the buff-colored
scales from the underside of the female’s abdomen. A comj)leted egg mass
looks very much like a small piece of sponge. The eggs may be found on
stones, in tin cans and in fact on almost any fixed object near at hand,
preferably on the undersurface, particularly of limbs and fence rails. The
nearly globular, pale yellowish or salmon-colored eggs are about V20 inch
in diameter, and there are usually 400 to 500 eggs in a cluster, though
occasionally 1000 may be found in an egg mass.

The young caterpillar is slightly over yio inch long just after it emerges
from the egg. It has a black head, the body is brownish yellow and well
clothed with long hairs. There is a prominent hairy tubercle on either side
of the segment next the head; this gives the caterpillar a peculiar broad
headed appearance, specially in its early stages. The markings become
plainer as it increases in size, and when full grown it is from 2 to 2^ inches
long. This caterpillar has a double row of conspicuous warts or tubercles
down its back, the eight anterior blue, the 12 remaining red, not counting
the four blue ones just behind the head. Similar tubercles also occur on
the sides [pi. 9, fig. i6|.

The somewhat conical, dark brown pupa ranges from ^ to inches
long and is well represented in figure 17 on plate 9. It is usually found

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES I IQ

lying among a few threads and securely attached to them by its terminal
spine.

The male and female moths differ markedly. The former, a slender
olive brown, black marked creature with featherlike antennae and having
a wing spread of about i]4, inches, may be seen flying in the late afternoon
and early evening in considerable numbers. It is represented with wings
expanded at figure 13, plate 9. The female is much heavier and lighter
colored. She has a wing spread of about 2 inches and is a white or buff
wTite color with more or less distinct black markings. The abdomen is
tipped with buff. The female in her characteristic resting position is well
shown at figure 14 on plate 9. The female moth does not fiy though she
apparently has well developed wings.

Life history. The winter is passed in the egg mass, which is remark¬
ably resistant to atmospheric and other agencies. Experiments have
shown that even when the egg clusters were broken up and freely exposed
to the elements, the eggs were apparently not harmed, and a normal
proportion of the caterpillars appeared at the usual time, which in the
vicinity of Boston is from the last of April to the middle of June. The
feeding period extends from the first of May to about the middle of July, a
caterpillar requiring from about 9 to 1 1 weeks to complete its growth and
enter the pupal stage. The young caterpillars remain on the egg clusters
from one to five or more days and then commence feeding on the leaf
hairs. Soon they eat out small holes in the leaves and, after the third or
fourth molt, about as many feed on the edge of the leaf as eat out holes.
The caterpillars are largely nocturnal, remaining in clusters on limbs and
trunk or hiding in some crevice during the day, and beginning between
7 and 8 o’clock in the evening leisurely to ascend the tree, where they
feed on the foliage at intervals during the night, descending about 3 o’clock
in the morning. Many of our farmers are familiar with the masses of
forest tent caterpillars so abundant in sections of New York the past two or
three years. The gipsy moth caterpillars assemble in just such masses, and
on badly infested trees they are as destructive as our native species.

120

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

The larvae transform to pupae during the month of June, the moths
appearing from the latter part of June till the latter part of July. In
exceptional cases these dates may be considerably extended. Males
emerge in advance of the opposite sex, and shortly after the females
appear, pairing takes place and egg deposition begins. The embryos are
frequently well developed within the egg in two or three weeks after
oviposition, but as a rule the caterpillars do not emerge till the next spring.
A case is on record of eggs hatching in early September of 1895 at
Woburn Mass., but the round of life was not completed, and in this northern
latitude at least, there need be little fear of two generations annually.

Food plants. One of the most dangerous features of the gipsy moth
is the exceedingly large number of plants on which its caterpillars thrive.
They will eat without hesitation almost all our native shrubs and trees and,
when hard pushed, they can subsist for a time, at least, on a number of
herbaceous plants. The common fruit trees, the elms, maples and oaks are
all eaten most readily, and, even were the list no greater, the pest would be
a most serious one to combat. It feeds on many other plants, as the list of
536, given in the exhaustive report on this insect in 1896, attests. It is
very true that the caterpillar feeds on some of these only when compelled
by starvation, and that it can not be considered an enemy of a number of
others, but, even after making most liberal allowance for these, the list is
still a very formidable one.

Destructiveness. Countless instances of serious injury by this pest
could be given, even if we did not go outside of America. It is well known
as a grievous pest in many parts of Europe, and its operations in this
country, when unhindered by man, have been appalling. Personal observa¬
tion of the infested area since 1891 leads me to consider this pest a much
worse insect enemy than the forest tent caterpillar. It defoliates forest
and other trees just as completely as Malacosoma disstrla, and
a series of disturbances such as those caused by this native pest may be
expected when the insect becomes well established in New York State.

Means of dispersal. One of the redeeming features about the gipsy

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

I 2 1

moth is the fact, previously noted, that the female moth does not fl)'.
This compels the insect to rely on other agencies to a great extent for its
distribution over the country, because, though the partly grown caterpillars
are good travelers, they can not, relying on their own efforts, cover great
distances. Experience with the insect has shown that people and vehicles
constantly passing from an infested area to a clean one are among the most
efficient carriers of the pest in the caterpillar stage. The insect can be
conveyed long distances in the egg, and it is rather surprising that such has
not occurred more frequently. Any hard object allowed to remain near an
infested tree during July, while oviposition is in progress, is very likely to
be infested with one or more clusters of eggs. The intelligent, energetic
officials, who were in charge of the Avork against the gipsy moth, took
special pains to prevent such dissemination, and now that nothing is
done, there is great danger of the insect being carried with household
effects to most distant points, specially if packed in boxes and barrels
which have been allowed to lie where females could deposit eggs on them.
Fortunately for New York State, this pest is most abundant north and
northwest of Boston, and with this area we have less direct railroad com¬
munication. Still as the badly infested area becomes greater along the
line of the Fitchburg railroad and extends to include the terminus of the
Boston and Albany line, the chances of the insect being brought into the
State will be very largely increased. This dangerous condition was empha¬
sized by finding egg masses in the summer of 1904 on freight cars
and while in many cases cars are not left where young caterpillars would
readily find suitable food, in some places this is true and no one can predict
where the pest will appear next.

Natural enemies. This insect has a number of natural enemies in this
country, but unfortunately none of them are aggressive enough to war¬
rant the placing of much dependence on them, though they should be
encouraged by all possible means.

Mr Forbush states that about a dozen native song birds are very useful
in devouring one stage or another of this moth and that about 29 other

122

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

species will feed on it to a slight extent, or more largely when their usual
food is rather scarce. The most useful birds are the yellow and black¬
billed cuckoos, Baltimore oriole, catbird, chickadee, blue jay, chipping
sparrow, robin, red-eyed and yellow-throated vireos and crow.

A number of predaceous and parasitic insects have either been reared
from this insect or observed preying on it, but none of them are of sufficient
importance to warrant special mention in this connection.

Recommendations. Investigate anything that arouses a suspicion that
it may be the gipsy moth, but be in no undue haste to identify the insect.
It will be much more satisfactory to submit the specimens to an entomolo¬
gist than to arouse unnecessary fears. There have already been several
false alarms occasioned by persons with more enthusiasm than discretion,
who have attempted to identify an insect with which they were unacquainted.

It would undoubtedly pay to exterminate a small colony, but in the
course of time this will be impracticable. We must learn to control it on
our own land. The inability of the female to fly and the conspicuousness
of the egg masses make this task relatively easy, unless the pest is allowed
to escape to the woods. There a private individual could hardly cope with
the insect. The point of establishment in this state is almost bound to
be near some dwelling, and therefore the species need not be allowed to
establish itself in wild land, at least for some years.

One of the most effective methods of keeping this pest under control
is the careful collection and burning of the conspicuous egg masses. This
can be done most effectually in the fall, during the winter and in early spring.
No ordinary fire running over the ground can be relied on to kill the eggs.
The only safe way is to put them in a stove or similar fire and burn them
up.- Creosote oil applied to the egg mass will soak in and kill the eggs.
Th«e following preparation was used in the work against the gipsy moth :
Creosote oil, 50^; carbolic acid, 20^; spirits of turpentine, 20^, and 10^ of
coal tar. The latter was added to color the compound and thus show at a
glance what clusters had been treated.

The caterpillars prefer to hide during the daytime, and advantage may

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

123

be taken of this habit to tie burlap bands in the middle around the tree
trunks and then turn the upper portion of the burlap down over the string.
The bands can be lifted daily and the caterpillars beneath killed. This
method proved of such great value in the work against the gipsy moth that
thousands of trees were banded during the latter part of the caterpillar
season.

The larva is quite resistant to arsenical poisons, and it requires a large
dose to kill it, specially when the caterpillar is nearly grown. There is
probably no better poison for this pest than arsenate of lead, using at least
5 pounds to every 50 gallons. The application should be made as soon as
the leaves are well grown, and then the caterpillars will be poisoned while
young and most susceptible to the insecticide.

Bibliography

A very complete and exhaustive account of this insect in America may
be found in the Gipsy Moth, a report of the work of destroying this insect
in the commonwealth of Massachusetts, together with an account of its his¬
tory and habits both in Massachusetts and Europe, by E. H. Forbush and
C. H. Fernald. Many of the facts given in the above account, which was
published in the writer’s i6th report,' have been taken from this valuable
work, which also contains a very complete bibliography of the insect. This
work renders a bibliography unnecessary in connection with the above brief
notice.

Bag or basket worm

Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis Haworth

Small caterpillars in curious baglike shelters are frequently found in early summer
defoliating trees and shrubs in the vicinity of New York city and further south. They
are particularly injurious to arbor vitae and other evergreens.

This insect is limited in our State to the southern portion of the
Hudson river valley and to the islands about New York. It has been
recorded as far north as Yonkers and Mt Vernon. It is a species of con¬
siderable economic importance to us despite its limited range in the State,

‘ 1901 Felt, E. P. State Ent. i6th Rep't, N. Y. State Mus. Bui. 36, p. 955-62.

124

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

and in New York city and vicinity it finds ample opportunity to inflict
considerable damage on valuable trees. It manifests a great liking for
certain evergreens and as these are usually killed with one defoliation, there
is need of watching them closely. A .study of the insect shows it to be one
of the most interesting forms in our native fauna.

The conspicuous larval cases or bags reveal the identity of the depre¬
dator or excite the wonder of the curious, and examples of these are
received yearly, .some with accounts of serious injury, and others with a
query as to the nature and origin of the curious structures.

Description. The larval case or bag of this insect is usually the first to
attract notice. It is a fusiform structure from to 2^ inches long and
in fall and winter it is firmly attached to a twig by a broad band of silk, as
shown at figure 10 on plate 8. The form of the bag is quite character¬
istic but as this shelter is covered with particles of bark, pieces of leaves,
leaf stems, etc., from the tree on which the larva feeds, its appearance may
vary considerably. A female case cut open in late fall or winter presents
the appearance shown at figure 1 1, plate 8. Within is the black pupal case
and inside that there is a soft yellowish down and a large number of
yellowish eggs, a few of which are shown enlarged on the same plate at
figure 12. The appearance of the young larva and the cases formed a little
later are exceedingly well shown at figures 13, 14 and 15 on plate 8.
Special attention should be called to the harmony in color existing between
the small cases and the portion of the twig on which they occur, due as
determined by Mr Joutel, to the larv'a gnawing particles from the bark to
attach to its tiny case. The full grown larva removed from its protecting
bag is shown at figure 16 and the creature’s method of carrying its appar¬
ently cumbersome retreat is represented at figure 17. The pupal cases of
the two sexes are shown at figures 18 and 21 and the wide difference
between the adult insects at figures 19 and 20. The female is almost
legless, wingless and nearly helpless, while the male is a small black moth
with well developed wings and beautiful feathery antennae.

Life history. The eggs survive the winter within the larval and pupal

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

125

cases of the female. A large number may be deposited by one female, as
1284 were taken from one bag collected at Jericho L. I. and 523 occurred
in one received from Everett Pa. ; while Mr A. Girault states that he has
obtained as many as 2000 and 3000 eggs from individual females. The
young appear sometime in May or early in June and begin by eating the
softer portions of the leaf. They repair to the stems when not feeding and
here it is that they sometimes cover their interesting shelters by biting off
pieces of the bark and attaching them to the case. This habit was brought
to my notice by Mr Joutel who, in the course of his studies of the insect,
found manv tiny brown cases on the older bark, grreen ones on the vouneer
bark and occasionally party-colored ones. The gnawed condition of the
bark showed where the color had been obtained. This is not the first
record of this interesting habit for the same thing was observed by Mr S. S.
Rathvon in 1867. He also mentions an instance of the young larvae of
this insect hatching in his office and in the absence of food escaping to the
floor where they proceeded to attach to their cases pieces of paper, leather,
straw matting and even scales of lime, in fact taking anything at hand.
The cases may also be constructed on the leaves. Dr Riley’s exceedingly
graphic account of this operation is as follows :

The way in which this bag is prepared is curious [fig. 17]. The young
larva crawls on a leaf and, gnawing little bits from the surface, fastens these
together with fine silk spun from its mouth. Continually adding to the
mass, the larva finally produces a narrow, elongated band, which is then

a h c d c f

Fig. 17 Young caterpillar making its case on a leaf: «— position as it begins operations; ^—beginning the case;
c— caterpillar under strip and upside down; (/—caterpillar after turning; e— case more enlarged; /—case com¬
plete. (After Riley. U. S. Dep't .Agric. Div. Ent. Bui. to)

fastened at both ends onto the surface of the leaf by silky threads. Having
secured itself from falling down by some threads, it now straddles this band
and, bending its head downward [fig. 17 d], makes a dive under it, turns a

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

I 26

complete somersault and lies on its back, held down by the band [fig. i 7 c~\-
By a quick turning movement the larva regains its feet, the band now
extending across its neck [fig. 17 d ]. It then adds to the band at each end
till the two ends meet, and they are then fastened together so as to form a
kind of narrow collar which encircles the neck of the worm. Far from
resting, it now busies itself by adding row after row to the anterior or lower
end of the collar, which thus rapidly grows in girth and is pushed further
and further over the maker [fig. 17 c]. The inside of this bag is now care¬
fully lined with an additional layer of silk, and the larva now marches off,
carrying the bag in an upright position.

The case is carried in an upright position for a time but as it becomes
heavier it is allowed to hang down | pi. 8, fig. 17]. Holes are eaten out of
the leaves [pi. 8, fig. 15] as the larvae increase in size and pieces therefrom
are attached to their protective covering. The cases are enlarged from
time to time to meet the requirements of the growing caterpillar. The
peculiar, ragged appearance produced by half grown bag worms is shown
on the leaf just below figure 22, plate 8. The caterpillars attain their full
size in July or August and in early September they become restless and
wander to other trees and shrubs. Next the bags are securely fastened to
twigs (sometimes the males attach their bags to leaves) by broad bands of
silk [pi. 8, fig. 10], and the caterpillars then transform to pupae and about
three weeks later assume the adult form. The males are on the wing
during September and October. Their appearance is preceded by the male
pupa wriggling itself partly out of the larval case, thus permitting the occu¬
pant to escape direct from his pupal case to the free air pi. 8, fig. 22].
The female does not leave hers till after ovipositing but works out of her
case far enough to permit pairing, returns, oviposits and then escapes from
the case and dies. The posterior portion of the pupal shell, which is the
upper part as it hangs, is filled with eggs, and the anterior or lower part
with the yellowish downy substance which is also intermixed with the eggs
to some extent. The eggs may be found the latter part of October and
the winter is passed in this form, as previously stated.

Food plants. This caterpillar feeds on a number of trees and shrubs.
It is most injurious to evergreens on account of their not withstanding

^ INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES 12/

defoliation during the growing season. This is specially true of arbor vitae
and red cedar. It has been recorded on the following trees, beside those
previously mentioned : apple, pear, plum, cherry, chokecherry, apricot, quince,
linden, catalpa, maple, locust, oak, elm, poplar, sycamore, osage orange,
willow, spruce, hemlock, larch and white pine.

Distribution in the United States. This species is stated by Dr Riley
to occur in the more southern portions of the middle states and in the
southern states, though it appears to be absent from the peninsula of Florida.
It occurs within these limits from the Atlantic to Texas and reaches the less
timbered regions west of the Mississippi. Professor Webster has recently
shown that this insect has established itself in Ohio within 25 miles of Lake
Erie.

Fig. 18 Pimpla inquisitor: grown summer larva ; hiber

nating larva; r=mouth parts of larva; adult female; ^—abdomen of
male from side — all enlarged ; greatly enlarged. (After Howard. U.S.

Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Tech. Ser. 5. 1897)

Natural enemies. This species is subject to attack by several natural
enemies. Pimpla inquisitor Say, P. c o n q u i s i t o r Say, and
Hemiteles thyridopterigis Riley, are among the more important
ichneumon parasites. The last named is more abundant than the two
preceding, and unfortunately, it is probably a hyperparasite preying on
the beneficial Pimplas. Chalcis ovata Say is a minute, four winged
fly which was reared from this species by Dr Lintner. Dibrachys

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

I 28

boucheaniis Rat/.., a common hyperparasite, was also reared from this
insect by Dr Lintner.

Remedies, d'he s])read of this insect is dependent almost wholly on
the wandering- of the lar\’ae, which must be very limited on account of their
cumbersome load. This, in connection with the eggs being deposited in a
stout, conspicuous case, which remains on the trees all winter and is easily
removed, renders the control of the insect by collecting the bags at this
time and burning them, comparatively easy. This caterpillar is a leaf
feeder and yields readily to arsenical poisons. Evergreens are quite suscep¬
tible to arsenic and therefore the arsenate of lead has been recommended.

Fir. 19 Chalcisovata: pupa; ^••parasilizcd pupa of Ilemerocampa:

r adult; r/^outlinc of same from side; ^'••pupal exuviae — enlarged.]
(After Howard. U. S. Dep*t Agric. Div. F.nt. Tech. Scr. 5. 1897)

Dr Smith advises the use of at least 1 5 ounces of the arsenate to 40 gal¬
lons of water for the purpose of securing the prompt destruction of the
pests.

Bibliography

1882 Lintner, J. A. Ins. N. Y. ist Rej)’!, j). 81-87

1SS7 Riley, C. V. U. S. Dej)’! .Agric. Div. Knt. Bill. 10, p. 22-28 ^ '

1899 Felt, E. P. Fish, Game and For. Com. 5th Reji’t, p. 359-63

I

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

I 2g

Xylina antennata Walker

Light green, white marked caterpillars about a inches long sometimes occur in
immense numbers on soft maples in the early summer.

The extensive defoliation of soft maples in 1S9S bv the larvae of this
species at Schenectady and presumably at other places in the State, is
another instance of how destructive comparatively unknown species may
become provided conditions are favorable.

Recent injuries. The numerous soft maples at Schenectady were
practically stripped of their foliag^e by hordes of lig^ht green caterpillars.
On June 20, many were to be seen on the affected trees, not infrequently =^0
to 100 on a single trunk. On the sidewalks, along the curbing and in the
roadway, larvae were crawling hither and thither. Even were one deprived
of sight, the peculiar odor arising from the thousands of larvae gave ample
evidence of their presence, and the abundance of the caterpillars called to
mind forcibly the numerous fields swarming with army worms in 1896. At
Albany, only 17 miles distant, there was no sign of injury to the soft
maples. A search at that time was not rewarded by a single caterpillar.
As far west as Herkimer, on the Mohawk river, on the Raquette river in
St Lawrence county, and in Schoharie county, many soft maples were
defoliated. In some cases this was probably the work of Xylina larvae,
though the forest tent caterpillar, M a 1 a c o s o m a d i s s t r i a H iibn., was
abundant and mav have caused the mischief. In Massachusetts a ereen
larva was quite destructive to soft maples, as stated by Mr R. H. Cooley,
This depredator may be the same species that proved so destructive in
Xew York. In a letter referring the larvae to Xylina, Dr Dyar states that
in 1897 they were quite common on maples at Bellport L. I., and less
abundant though plenty the following season.

Comparatively unknown. An examination of the literature relating to
this insect shows that it is comparatively unknown to economic entomology,
specially as a defoliator of maple or other trees, though Dr Riley, in his 3d
report on the insects of Missouri, states that for several years he had
known the larv’ae to be common on apple, poplar, hickory and some other

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

130

trees, the leaves of which they devour. This species, in conjunction with
Xylina laticinerea Grote and X. grotei Riley, was reported in
1896 by Professor Slingerland of the Cornell Agricultural E.xperiment
Station, as quite injurious to fruits in the State, more specially in the
western part. E.xtensive injuries to apples in Orleans county, N. Y., were
also reported to Dr Howard the same year. Previous to that, there had
been but one record of injuries in New York by this species and that was
in 1877. In other States there have been a few instances of these insects
attacking fruits. In 1870, Dr Riley received several complaints of injury
by the larvae of this insect to peaches and apples. In 1888, it was some¬
what injurious to apples and a bulletin by Prof. F. H. Hillman, of the
Nevada Agricultural E.xperiment Station, records serious injuries in 1890
to roses by the same insect.

Description. The larvae of this species are stout, smooth, light green,
cutworm-like caterpillars measuring from i to inches in length when
full grown. The head is pale yellowish green. There is a rather broad
yellowish white or white dorsal stripe along the body, a narrower white
subdorsal stripe, a broken, faint lateral stripe of the same color and an
irregular white stigmatal stripe.’ The tubercles are rather large and white,
and the skin is minutely spotted with the same color. Professor Slinger¬
land [see citation] states that in the larvae of X. grotei both edges of
the stigmatal stripe are well defined, while in those of X. antennata the
upper edge is much broken or indented. He finds that the subdorsal stripe
is more continuous in the latter, it being composed of three or four irregular
spots on each segment in X. grotei. He separates the larvae of
X. laticinerea from those of X. antennata by the position of the
stigmatal stripe, which is just above the spiracles, except the one at each
extremity, in the former species, while in the latter it is mostly below the
spiracles.

The moth [pi. 43, fig. 6] is ashy gray with indistinct, rather variable
markings. Sometimes it resembles X. laticinerea so closely that only
an authority on the family can separate the species. So close is the resem-

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES 131

blance between these forms, that at first the larvae depredating on the
maples were referred by Dr Dyar to X. grotei and X. laticinerea,
the determination being based on examples named by Dr Smith some years
The subsequent studies of the latter have somewhat modified his
views as to the limitation of these species, and have led to a renaming of
those at the United States National Museum. These forms are undoubt¬
edly very close to each other, though Professor Slingerland has found
differences in the male genitalia of X. antennata and X. grotei.

Life history. Usually the larvae are not observed till May or June.
They complete their growth by the middle of the latter month, enter the
ground and pupate an inch or more below the surface. They remain in the
quiescent stage till September, when most of them emerge. Though some
hibernate as pupae, the majority pass the winter as adults. It has been
stated that in the south, the eggs are deposited on the under surface of the
leaves. No record of the oviposition in the north has been made.

Food habits. Though comparatively little is known about the food
habits of this species, it is probably a somewhat general feeder. Dr Riley
records attacks by the larvae of X. antennata on apples, peaches, oak
galls, hickory leaves and those of other forest trees. Their feeding upon
rosebuds and maple foliage has already been mentioned. The extensive
defoliation of the soft maples would indicate, however, that the species
becomes abundant only when climatic and other conditions favor its rapid
development on some favorite food plant like the soft maple. In his
bulletin. Professor Slingerland adds peas, plums, currants and quinces to
the list of fruits injured and states that one grower had to watch the buds
on grafted pears to prevent their being destroyed. Further observations
may greatly extend the list of known food plants.

Natural enemies. Two hymenoptera, Mesochorus agilis Cres.
and Meteorus hyphantriae Riley, were reared from X. latici¬
nerea by Professor Slingerland. They would probably attack X.
antennata with equal readiness. The latter parasite is a very efficient
enemy of the fall web worm, Hyphantria textor Harr. In addition

132

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

to these, the writer has reared examples of the red-tailed tachina fly, \\ i n-
t h e m i a 4-p u s t u 1 a t a Fabr., a species which has frequently rendered most
valuable "aid in controlling the army worm, Heliophila unipuncta
Haw.

Remedies. Parasites and native birds will keep this species under con¬
trol in most cases. The outbreak chronicled in the preceding pages is out
of the usual order and may not occur again for years. In such event,
spraying the infested trees with one of the arsenical poisons is our best
remedial measure. If the application is made before the caterpillars are
more than half grown, serious injury to the trees may be averted. Many
of the descending caterpillars can be killed by inclosing the trunks of the
infested trees with a low overhanging barricade and then treating the
collected larvae with hot water, kerosene emulsion or other contact insecti¬
cide wherever spraying is impracticable. Small trees can be protected by
jarring the caterpillars from them, and if sticky bands are placed around
the trunk and properly guarded no larvae can ascend to continue their
destructive work.

Bibliography

1896 Slingerland, M. V. Cornell Univ. Agric. tlxp. Sta. 15ul. 123, p. 509-22
1898 Felt, E. P. State Ent. 14th Rep’t N. Y. State Mus. I3ul. 23, p. 207-12

White marked tussock moth
Ilemcrocampa leiicostignia Abb. and Sm.

Red headed, yellow and black tufted caterpillars may frequently be observed in
early summer defoliating horse-chestnut, linden, maple, elm and other trees.

This insect appears to thrive best in cities and villages and some
seasons proves a veritable scourge in certain localities. In Albany and
Troy, the horse-chestnuts are usually partly defoliated each spring and
occasionally stripped of all their leaves by the voracious caterpillars of this
moth. The lindens frequently suffer nearly as much, and the maples and
•elms come in for a goodly share of attention from year to year. The above
is probably true to a great extent of most of the cities and larger villages
in the State. The summer of 1898 was marked by the abundant presence

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES l -IT,

o o

of this insect, and the extensive defoliations which occurred at the time
aroused the people to the necessity of fighting the pest. This was done so
effectively that very little trouble with this caterpillar was reported in 1899.

Early history. This species was regarded in earlier years as a serious
enemy to appletrees in Ontario, for Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, writing in 1871,
stated that it was a serious pest and that in the Western States it had
defoliated some of the orchards, and even attacked the fruit. The late Dr
Lintner, in his second report, records several instances of severe injury to
fruit trees by this species. Serious depredations have also been reported by
Professor Lowe, entomologist of the State Agricultural Experiment Station.
He received many complaints in 1895, specially from Yates and Ontario
counties, where the caterpillars not only devoured foliage, but attacked
the fruit. He states in his report that one fruit grower estimated the loss
on his apple crop at 25 per cent.

A city pest. This insect is widely distributed over the country, but it
is one of those forms which are much more destructive in the cities and
towns than in the country. The cause for this is probably found largely in
the protection afforded by the English sparrow. It not only fails to feed
on this caterpillar but drives away many native birds that would. Dr J. L.
Le Conte has placed on record an interesting instance of the effect this bird
may have on our local fauna. He states that the English sparrow was
imported for the purpose of keeping in check the snow white linden moth,
Ennomos subsignarius Hubn., and that in Philadelphia, after the
sparrows had destroyed the Ennomos larvae, the white marked tussock
moth caterpillars found abundant food, and being unmolested by the spar¬
row on account of their irritating hairs, they soon became even worse pests
than the other species.

Other forms of Hemerocampa. There are several other species in the
country belonging to this genus, one of which, H. d e f i n i t a Packard, has
frequently been confused with H. leucostigma. As an aid to the
ready identification of these interesting larvae, the following table by Dr
Dyar is reproduced.

134

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Synopsis of the larvae of Hemerocampa

Head yellow, colors in general pale . definita

Head red

A distinct yellow subdorsal band . leucostigma

Hray marks predominate, the yellow band not noticeable . inornata

Head black

Warts crimson, brushlike tufts dark along the crest, the yellow lines
along the sides broken into spots

One black tuft in young larva . vetusta

Two black tufts in young larva . var. can a

Description. The full grown caterpillar has a coral red head, a pair of
long black plumes just over it, a single one at the opposite extremity of the
body, four delicate yellowish or white brushlike tufts on its back and just
behind them, separated only by a segment, two small, retractile, red eleva¬
tions. Along the back, except for the tubercles and tufts, there is a broad
black band bordered by yellowish ' subdorsal stripes. Each side is dark
gray, except the yellowish tubercles. A black line indicates the position of
the spiracles or breathing pores, and below this latter line it is yellow, the
legs usually being paler [pi. 7, fig. i]. This gives the general appearance
of the caterpillar after it has become half or two thirds grown, and at a
time when its depredations begin to be apparent. The recently hatched
larva is a pale yellowish or whitish creature with long, irregular hairs. As
it feeds, increases in size, and casts its skin [pi. 7, fig. 5] from time to time,
one after another of the characteristics of the full grown larva are assumed.

When maturity is reached, the larvae spin their thin cocoons in the
crevices of the bark [pi. 7, fig. 4], interweaving their long hairs, and within
this shelter transform to yellowish white pupae more or less shaded with
dark brown or black [pi. 7, fig. 7].

The difference between the sexes in the adult stage is strikingly shown
by comparing on plate 7, figure 2, an illustration of the male, with figure 3,
a representation of the female. The former is a beautiful moth with large,
feathery antennae, tufted legs, and the' wings and body delicately marked

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

J35

with several shades of j^ray and grayish white. On the other hand, the
female is a nearly uniform gray, with simple antennae, and but rudimentary
wings.

I he eggs are deposited on the empty cocoon under a consjiicuous
white mass of frothy matter [pi. 7, fig. 3], which soon hardens and forms a
very effective protection. The individual egg is nearly sjiherical, about
1/25 Inch in diameter, white or yellowish white, and with a light brown spot
surrounded by a ring of the same color.

Life history and habits. 1 he winter Is passed in the conspicuous,
white, easily removed egg masses, the young emerging about the latter part
of May' in this latitude. I hey' begin to feed on the more tender lower
epidermis of the leaf and soon devour all but the principal veins. While
young, the caterpillars frequently hang by a silken thread and with con¬
tinued jarring many may drop to the ground. The growth of the cater¬
pillars occupies a month or a little more, piqiation occurring the latter part
of June and early In July. In Albany' most of the larvae had pupated by
July 7 In 1898, and some recently deposited egg masses were to be seen at
that time. A few individuals spin up earlier than the mass and some do
not till numerous egg clusters indicate that most of the insects have already
completed the round of life.

brom 10 to 15 day's are passed in the pupal state. At the end of this
period, the wingless female emerges and crawls on Her cocoon, pairing takes-
place, and immediately afterwards deposition of the eggs begins, as stated
by Dr L. O. Howard. They are laid in masses as described above, the
eggs of a cluster ranging in number from 100 to 500, as given by several
writers. In what appeared to be a good sized mass collected in Albany',
there were 330 eggs. After her full complement has been dischargetl,
the female dies and drops to the ground. In Albany there is normally
one annual generation, but in New York city and vicinity and in Boston
Mass., there are two broods, while at Washington I). C., there are three
broods each y'ear, according to Dr Howard. Occasionally a few larvae
belonging to this species may be met with in Albany during August and

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

136

September though as a general rule they are scarce. One small tree was
observed in 1902 which had suffered severely from a second brood of this
insect and a number of nearly full grown caterpillars were present the latter
part of August.

The young larvae feed on the under surface of the foliage [pi. 7, fig. 6],
and as they increase in size more and more holes are eaten, till when full
grown all but the main ribs of the leaves, well represented in plate 7, are
devoured. A peculiar habit, recorded by the late Dr Lintner but not
observed by others outside of Albany, is the girdling of elm twigs by the
larvae of this insect. This is caused by their eating a portion of the bark
around the twig near the beginning of the season’s growth [pi. 7, fig. 8].
The affected tips soon die, break off, and fall in numbers to the ground.
The larvae drop from the trees readily, specially when young, suspending
themselves by silken threads; and then may be blown or carried consider¬
able distances. When nearly full grown, the caterpillars travel to a great
extent ; this is said to be specially true of the larger ones, females, and
more likely to occur if they are very abundant. At such times there may
be quite a migration to other trees. The cocoons are found very generally
on the trunks and particularly on the underside of the larger branches.

The wingless females, at the time they emerge from their cocoons,
attract large numbers of the opposite sex. Dr Lintner records an instance
of one attracting one hundred males within an hour. Collections at electric
lights in Poughkeepsie N. Y., by Dr Dyar, show that the males fly during
July and into August.

Food plants. This insect, though commonly destructive to compara¬
tively few trees, has been recorded as feeding on a number of others, as the
following list will show : linden, horse-chestnut, buckeye, maples (specially
the soft and Norway), box elder, honey locust, apricot, garden plum, wild
plum, garden cherry, chokecherry, rose, pear, apple, quince, ash, elm
(several species), sycamore or buttonwood, butternut, black walnut, hickory,
oak, birch, alder, willow, poplar, spruce, fir, larch and cypress.

Distribution. This native species “ranges from Jacksonville Fla., to
Nova Scotia on the eastern coast and extends west certainly as far as

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES j

Keokuk la., and probably farther,” according to Dr L. O. Howard. It has
been recorded as common in Nebraska, and reported as present in Oregon.

Natural enemies. This insect has so many efificient natural enemies,
that account of them should always be taken in any effort to check the
pest. It is probable that quite a number of birds prey on the caterpillars
of this species. A recent article by Mr E. H. Forbush, ornithologist to the
Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture, lists 47 species of native birds
which have been observed feeding on hairy caterpillars, and he states that

Fig. 20 Pimpla inquisitor: <x— shrunken tussock moth caterpillar bearing
parasite eggs in situ; ^=egg; eggs in situ; larvae, full grown, feeding on
spun-up caterpillar; ^cocoons of parasite within Hemerocampa cocooh;

<1^, slightly enlarged, c, still more enlarged, greatly enlarged. (After
Howard, from Yearbook, Dep’t Agric. 1895)

probably all of them will feed on this pest. It has been known for some
years that the robin, Baltimore oriole, black-billed cuckoo, and yellow-billed
cuckoo will feed on the caterpillars of this species, and to this Mr Forbush
adds the following by observation : whip-poor-will, chimney swift, phoebe,
blue jay, robin and English sparrow.

The insect parasites of this species are extremely valuable allies and
should be encouraged in every practical manner The extensive studies
by Dr L. O. Howard' have made valuable and very material additions

« U. S. Dep t .^gric. Div. Ent. Tech. Ser. 5. 1897.

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

138

to our knowledge of these interesting forms. His paper gives a very’
good idea of the inter-relations existing between the various species. His
studies show that there are 21 primary parasites of this pest and three
others that probably hold the same relationship. He obtained 14 hyper¬
parasites and 1 1 species were reared from dead chrysalids or cocoon masses.
He states that in Washington D, C., Pimpla i n q u i s i t o r Say and
Chalcis ovata Say [fig. 18, 19] are the two species most effective in con¬
trolling this pest, and that large numbers of the former insect hibernate as
larvae within the cocoons of the host, while in no instance was the latter
parasite reared from cocoons of Hemerocampa taken the previous winter.
He has also shown that when hymenopterous parasites are comparatively
scarce, certain tachinids may destroy large numbers of this pest, the more
important being Tachina mella Walk., Frontina french ii Will,
and Euphorocera claripennis Macq. Besides those mentioned
above. Dr Howard gives the following as primary parasites of this species :
Pimpla conquisitor Say, Pimpla annulipes Say, Amorphota
o r g y i a e H ow,, Meteorus com mu nis Gres., ]\I e t e o r u s h y p h a n-
triae Riley, Limneria sp., Limneria valida Gres., T heron ia
fulvescens Bridle, Apanteles delicatus H ow., Apanteles
hyphantriae Riley, Apanteles parorgyiae Ashm., Ptero-
m a 1 u s c u p r o i d e u s How., Gratotechus orgyiae Fitch, T e 1 e-
nomus orgyiae Fitch, P'rontina aletiae Riley, Exorista
g r i s e o m i c a n s V. d. W. and Winthemia 4-pustulata F abr. At
W'ashington these parasites became so abundant that in the autumn of 1895
about of the larvae were destroyed. In addition to the above named
parasites. Dr Howard records that Ichneumon subcyaneus Gres.,
Ichneumon coeruleus Gres, and Allocota thyridopterigis
Riley were all observed investigating recently formed Hemerocampa cocoons
and were apparently about to oviposit. The last, he states, is parasitic
upon Pimpla.

In his study of these parasites Dr Howard found that the conditions
were not uniform in all parts of the city of Washington, the parasitism being

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

139

more general in the vicinity of the grounds of the Department of Agricul¬
ture, where most of the observations were made, than in other portions of
the city. I he difference due to locality is also shown by the parasites' in
the state collection reared by the late Dr Dintner from this species, though
his study of them was by no means so extensive as that at Washington.
The one occurring most abundantly was Tachina mella Walk.
Pimpla hirticauda Prov., a species not reared at Washington from
this insect, was bred in greater numbers than any other of the larger
hymenopterous parasites. Most of the individuals belonging to this species
were reared In July, but two appearing in June and a few others in August.

Fig. 21 Dibrachys bouchcanus: ^—larva; ^=*pupa; ^^-aclult female — greatly enlarged;
head of larva; ^—antenna of adult — still more enlarged. (After Howard, U. S. Dep’t Agric,
Div. Ent. Tech. Ser. 5. 1897)

Pimpla inquisitor Say, P. c o n q u i s i t o r Say and P. a n n u 1 1 p e s
Brulle occurred in about equal numbers. Of the smaller primary parasites
P t e r o m a 1 u s c u p r o i d e u s How. and an unnamed species belonging to
the same genus were about equally abundant.

Though the list of primary parasites is long and includes some very
important species, many of these are in turn the victims of enemies. The
parasites breeding in those which prey on injurious forms must be classed
as enemies to man, since they indirectly protect a species injurious to his
interests by destroying large numbers of its parasites. One of the most

Determined through the courtesy of Dr L. O. Howard.

140

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

abundant of the hyperparasites reared by Dr Howard at Washington was
D i b r a c h y s b o u c h e a n u s Ratz, [fig 2 1], it being present in such force
as to almost kill off Pirn pi a inquisitor the latter part of 1896. This
species was also reared in large numbers by Dr Lintner in 1883. It is in
turn, as demonstrated by Dr Howard, preyed upon by Asecodes a 1 b i-
tarsis Ashm, The following is a list of the hyperparasites of H e m e-
rocampa leu costigma, as given by Dr Howard: Hemi teles
t o w n s e n d i Ashm., B a t h y t h r i x m e t e o r i H ow., B a t h y t h r i x
p i m p 1 a e How., Adistola americana How., O t a c u s t e s p e r i-
1 i t i Ashm., H a b r o c y t u s t h y r i d o p t e r i g i s Ashm., P e z o m a c h u s
insolitus How., Spilochalcis deb ills Say, Eupelmus lim¬
ner i a e H ow., D i b r a c h y s b o u c h e a n u s Ratz., P2 1 a c h i s t u s
cacoeciae How., Elasmus atratus How., Syntomosphyrum
e s u r u s Riley and Asecodes albitarsis Ashm.

A number of scavengers were reared by Dr Howard from the pupae
or masses of cocoons. The list is as follows : Helicobia helicis
Towns. Sarcophaga species, Phora nigriceps Loew, Phora
inci sural is Loew, Phora fasciata I'all., Phora agarici Lintn.,
Limosina species, Homalomyia scalar is P'abr., Gaurax
a n c h o r a Loew, Neoglaphyroptera bivittata Say and Dipl o-
s i s species.

In addition to these, a luilophid was reared in some numbers from the
cocoons of Hemerocampa by Dr Lintner in 1883 and 1884. A dermestid
beetle, Perimegatoma variegatum Horn, has been recorded in
hisect Life as a very effective destroyer of the eggs of Hemerocampa
in California. The wheel bug, Prionidus cristatus Linn., is said to
prey on the larvae in the Southern States, and in 1898 the writer observed
a mite, a species of Rhyncholophus,' eating the contents of many eggs.

Remedies. The simplest and most satisfactory remedy is found in
gathering and destroying the egg masses. Prizes were offered in Roches¬
ter N. Y., in 1894, to school children gathering the largest number of egg

' Determined through the courtesy of Dr L. O. Howard.

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES I41

masses, and most excellent results were obtained. In places where this is
practically the only shade tree pest, this system or the payment of a bounty
on the eijg masses would undoubtedly result in the pest being kept under
control at a comparatively small outlay. As the eggs are in a compact
mass which is readily torn from the supporting cocoon, either by hand or
some form of a scraper, the task is easily and quickly performed. Dr
Howard has recommended the use of creosote oil for the destruction of the
eggs, since each mass has only to be moistened with the substance. In
winter it is necessar)- to add some turpentine in order to keep the creosote
liquid. On account of the female being wingless, a tree once thoroughly
cleaned will not become reinfested very soon if larvae are not abundant
near by, and even then a band of loose cotton bound tightly near its middle
around the trunk and the portion above the string turned down, will pre¬
vent their ascending and a consequent reinfestation. It should be kept in
mind that only the eggs must be collected or destroyed, on account of the
beneficial parasites which may occur in cocoons not bearing egg masses.
This is specially true in the autumn and applies to a certain extent in the
spring, since it has been shown that some parasites hibernate as larvae
within the cocoons of the host, and if these are collected and destroyed, it
means the death of many beneficial forms. The egg masses are more
readily seen after the leaves have fallen and in localities like Albany, where
one annual generation is the rule, the gathering of the eggs may well be
deferred till autumn, or, better still, till early spring, since there will then
be less chance of destroying valuable parasites. As the young caterpillars
begin to hatch the latter part of May, collection of the egg masses can not
be delayed with safety after the middle of that month. In Boston, New
York city and more southern localities, it may be necessary to make a mid¬
summer collection of the eggs laid by the first brood of moths, and in case
it is impracticable to do this, dependence must be placed on spraying with
some arsenical poison. This is satisfactory if properly done early in the
season under favorable conditions. It is ver)' difficult to have the spray¬
ing properly done, and then there may be hindrances incident to several

142

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

days or a week of rain or other causes at the time the poison should be
applied.

Not a few wait till the trees show signs of serious injury and then ask
for some means of stopping the ravages. Resort may be had under such
conditions to spraying with a larger pro[)ortion of poison in order to kill
the caterpillars quickly or they may be shaken from the limbs, provided the
tree is not too large. The latter means will give a certain amount of relief
where practicable and should be supplemented by the use of cotton bands
or other measures for preventing the ascent of those shaken from the tree.

Bibliography

1885 Lintner, J. A. Ins. N. Y. 2d Rep’t, p. 68-89

1895 Howard, L. O U. S. Dep t Agric. Year Book, p. 368-75

1895 Lintner, J A. Ins. N. Y. iith Kep t, p. 124-26

1898 Felt, E. P. State Ent. 14th Rep’t N. Y. State Mus. Bui. 23, p. 163-76
1898 - Fish. Game and For. Com. 4th Rep’t, p. 368-74

Fall webworm

llyphantria text or Harris'

Conspicuous web tents in July and August inclosing skeletonized, usually brown
leaves on the tips of branches are the most conspicuous signs of the presence of this
insect, a species which feeds on a large number of trees and occurs commonly on the white
elm, willows and poplars in New York State.

'I'he conspicuous webs of this caterpillar are very familiar objects the
latter part of summer. They may^ be recognized at once by their inclosing
all the leaves of a twig or branch and if these features are kept in mind
there will be no danger of confounding this species with the common tent
caterpdlar, a pest which forms webs in early spring in the crotches of the
limbs and does not inclose leaves within its webs. The hairy fall web-
worms feed under their tent on the softer upper portions of the foliage
which soon dries. The beauty of the tree is seriously marred by the
unsightly nests and the brown, skeletonized foliage within them. Occasion¬
ally this insect is present in such large numbers as to devour most of the

‘ Discussed under Hyphantria cunea Drury in 5th report of Fisheries, P'orest
and Game Commission.

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES 1 43

foliage, and In southern cities entire rows of trees may have their leaves
destroyed by this pest.

Distribution. 1 his insect is an American species and occurs from
Canada to Georgia and certainly as far west as Montana and Texas. It
appears to be more injurious in some of the southern states like Kentucky,
where the development of a vigorous second generation is the rule, than it
Is farther north.

Description. The yellowish, globular eggs [pi. lo, fig. i j are deposited
in clusters of i to 300, usually on the underside of the leaf. The yellow
changes to a dull leaden hue, due to the developed caterpillar within, just
before the eggs hatch.

The recently emerged caterpillar has been described as pale )’ellow,
sparsely haired, with a black head and with two rows of black marks along
the body, but as there is considerable variation in the color of the larva
later in life, it would not be surprising to find the same more or less true of
its earlier stages. The hairy, yellowish, brown and black marked cater¬
pillars vary considerably in appearance. A half grown and two full grown
larvae are represented on plate 10, figure 2, a dorsal and a lateral view being
given of the latter two. The head is black and the whitish or brownish
hairs spring In clusters from the black and orange tubercles.

The oval cocoon Is thin and mixed with larval hairs or, where it is
spun at or just below the surface of the ground, particles of soil may be
entangled in its meshe.s. The brownish pupa may be recognized by the
swelling near its middle [pi. 10, fig. 3, 4].

The moth is very variable in appearance and ranges from a pure white
to a form much spotted with black. \Conipare fig. 5 and 6, pi. 10.]

Identity of the insect. The extreme variability of the adult has led to
the bestowal of a number of scientific names on the insect, which in its
larval state makes the conspicuous web above described. The studies of
Mr H. H. Lyman led him to conclude that two species have been confused
under the name of Hyphantrla cunea Drury. The web made by
the larva of the more common species in this State belongs to Hyp h a n-

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

144

tria t ex tor Harris and it is therefore noticed under its proper name,
thoug-h in a preceding paper the author refers it to Hyphantria
cunea Drury. This latter insect may also occur in the State to some
extent but appears to be rarer than the other species.

Life history. The moths fly from early in June till the middle of
August; at least, occurring in large numbers in the middle of June, the
early part of July and the first half of August, according to captures by Dr
H. G. Dyar at Poughkeepsie N. V. Records kindly placed at my dispo.sal
by Prof. G. H. Hudson of the normal school at Plattsburg, show that
moths appear in small numbers at that place from the 9th to the last of
May, that they are quite abundant throughout June, being most numerous
from the 8th to the loth and from the 14th to the 30th. They were also
present in small numbers throughout July, occurring in larger numbers on
the 3d and 4th, and one indivddual was taken August 2. The caterpillars
begin to be noticed the latter part of June or early in July and are most
abundant in August. They were observed a,t Annandale, Dutchess co.,
June 27, 1900 and at Buffalo, Erie co., July 3 in the same year. Thus in
the southern portions of the State the normal occurrence of at least a partial
second brooci can hardly be questioned, but so far north as Plattsburg it
would appear from the record given by Professor Hudson that but one
generation a year is the usual rule.

The yellowish or greenish eggs are deposited in clusters of several
hundred on the underside of a leaf and are frequently protected by adher¬
ing white scales from the mother’s body. They hatch in warm weather
in from 7 to 10 days, the young caterpillars beginning at once to spin a web
under which they feed. This protecting web is extended to include more
and more foliage till finally a considerable proportion of a branch may be
inclosed. The caterpillars feed only on the upper portion of the leaf,
devouring only the softer parenchyma. The skeletonized leaves within the
nest soon dry, turn brown and they with the frass and cast skins of the
caterpillars, render the nests very unsightly objects. Occasionally the
caterpillars may be forced to leave their webs on account of a scanty food

IXSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

145

supply but ordinarily this does not occur till they are nearly full grown,
which is usually about a month after hatching and then they wander in
search of a place to undergo their final transformations. The caterpillars
may spin their thin, semitransparent cocoons in crevices of the bark and in
similar shelters at or below the surface of the ground. The insect usually
hibernates in an underground cocoon but Professor Garman of Kentucky
has recorded an instance where the adults emerged in the fall and success¬
fully wintered. A recently issued moth was also taken in Washington
D. C., in early January of 1890. The first generation of caterpillars are
said to spin their cocoons above ground by preference.

Food habits. This caterpillar is a very general feeder as is attested by
a list of 120 food plants, comprising fruit, shade and ornamental trees, that
has been compiled by the Division of Entomology of the United States
Department of Agriculture. The white elm, willoAvs and poplars suffer
perhaps as much as any trees in New York State, though more complaints
are received of the depredations of this insect on fruit trees. This is
doubtless due to the fact that the injury to the latter is more generally
reported on account of the greater value of the trees.

Natural enemies. Fortunately this
insect is preyed on by a number of
natural enemies. A tiny egg parasite,

T e 1 e n o m u s b i f i d u s Riley, may
sometimes destroy most of the eggs
in a cluster. There is a record of
E r e m o t 1 u s g 1 a b r a t u m Say ha\’-
ing been reared from this insect.

Apanteles hyphantriae Riley
and L i m n e r i a p a 1 1 i p e s Prov. are

important parasites of this pest and Fig. „ Meteorus hyphantriae. female and cocoon.

1 . 1 1 1- T"* 1 (After Riley. U. S. Dep’t Aerie. Div. Ent. Bui. 10)

they in turn are attacked by b 1 a s m u s

at rat us How. Meteorus h y p h a n t r i a e Riley is another valuable
parasite of this insect. Its suspended cocoon may be recognized by the

1

146

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

accompanying figure. The spinecl soldier bug, Podisus spinosus
Dali, and the allied PLuschistus servus Say prey on the caterpillars.
The larvae of a Carabid beetle P 1 o c h i o n u s t i m i d u s 1 laid., have been
observed in Missouri within the nests in considerable numl)ers feeding on
the caterpillars. Calosoma scrutator I'abr., dragonflies and a species
of robber fly prey on the moths. 'Phe i)raying mantis. Stag m o m antis
Carolina Linn., and the wheel bug, P r i o n i d u s c r i s t a t u s Linn., are
two forms which attack caterpillars in the .Southern .States. A 'fungus,
Em pus a grylli, has been recorded as ver)’ destructive to this pest in
Kentucky in certain \’ears.

Remedies, d'he habit the caterpillars have of feeding under a large
web renders it comparatively easy to cut off the infested ])ortions of the
limb and kill the pests by crushing or burning, and where the insect is pres¬
ent in small numbers, this is j)robably the most satisfactory method. The
pests can also be fought by l)urning them with a torch while the wel) is still
on the tree, but many of the caterpillars may escape destruction, and unless
the work is very cautiously done, the fire may injure the tree seriously.
Spraying with arsenical poisons about the time the caterpillars appear is
most satisfactory where apparatus for such work is at hand.

Bibliography

1887 Riley, C. V. U. S. Dep’t Agric. l)iv, Ent. llul. 10, p. 33-53
1895 Howard, L. O. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Year Hook, p. 375-76
1899 Felt, E. P. Fish. Game and For. Com. 5th Rep't, p. 363-68

Elm leaf beetle
iialcr7icclla luteola Muller.

Irregular circular holes occurring in the leaves of elms, particularly of the European
species, followed by skeletonizing of the under surface of the foliage by the grubs and
subsecpient browning of the remaining tissues, are very characteristic features of this
insect’s presence.

This imported insect is in all probability responsible for more ruined
elm trees in the Hudson river valley than all other destructive agencies
combined. The above is a sweeping assertion, but a careful e.xamination of

INSECTS AFFECTIXC. PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

1-}/

conditions in various cities and villaj^es compels one to accept this conclu¬
sion as \eiy close to the truth. I he extensive aiul vij^orous means employed
in conti oiling’ this pest in .Mbany anti I roy X. \ have mitigated the injury
ver)' materially and have tlemonstrated the j)ossil)ility of keeping the insect
under control. 1 he results in Albany are evitlent to any observer, for
instead of a large proportion of the elms hax’ing their leaves skeletonized
and brown in midsummer, as was the rule in 1896 and 1897, the effects of
the work of this pest are seen onl\' here and there where trees ha\e nt)t
been thoroughly sprayeil or else eniireh' neglected, d'hese more local
injuries show that the [)est is still here with unabated vigor and warrants
the assumption that the improvetl condition of the elms is tlue largel)’ to the
extensive spraying operations.

Distribution. 1 his beetle, as stated by Dr Howard, is common over a
large part of luirope, but it is injurious only in the southern j)ortions of
Germany and h' ranee anti in Italy and Austria. It probably established
itself in this country about 1834, as it was very injurious to elms in Balti¬
more in 1838. Its southernmost range has been given by Dr Howard as
Charlotte N. C. and Prof. P'. M. Webster records finding it north of Salem
Mass. It occurs as far west as Kentucky at least anti is well established in
Ohio. The progress of this insect up the Hutlson river valley is interesting
to follow, indicating as it does, the distribution of the lieetles along the
lines of travel. The pest was abundant and destructive at Newburgh in
1879, and two years later it was reported from Poughkeepsie, in 1890 from
Hudson, in 1891 from New Baltimore, in 1892 it was known in Albany ami
Troy, in 1896 it was taken at Mechanicville, in 1900 it was located at Schu)-
lerville and Salem, anti in 1904 it was found in numbers at Glens P'alls, it was
abundant at Hoosick P'alls in 1899 anti it has also been taken at Oswego,
Hastings and Rochester. It occurs at Ithaca and is present in numbers
at Elmira, Chemung co. The above dates indicate approximately the
rapidity with which the insect has made its way from one place to another,
and show that it spreads much more readily along the Hutlson river than
east or west from its banks. The distribution of the species in this .State

148

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

may be given briefly as follows : the Hudson river valley north to Glens
Falls and westward to Schenectady, at least in the Mohawk valley and with
several colonies in the south and western central portions of the State.
These latter are of great economic importance as they indicate that the
species can exist in that section of the State, and gives rise to the fear that
in time it may become as destructive there as it now is in the Hudson river
valley.

This insect has spread over a large proportion of Connecticut and into
Rhode Island. It had made its way up the Connecticut river valley to
Springfield by 1891 and to Amherst by 1895. It has now attained a rather
general distribution throughout Massachusetts.

The above record indicates most clearly that this pest has not made its
way to all portions of New York State where it may be expected to thrive.
The climate of the upper austral life zone seems to agree with the insect,
judging from its abundance and the number of broods in Albany and
vicinity. Briefly, this area embraces Long and Staten islands, the valley of
the Hudson river north about to Saratoga and a large portion of the north¬
western and central part of the State adjacent to Lake Ontario and includ¬
ing Oneida, Cayuga and Seneca lakes and neighboring bodies of water.
The insect will probably make its way along the lines of travel to most of
the cities and larger villages lying within the above limits. The fact of its
having become established at localities not yet included within this zone
indicates that it may have a somewhat wider range, though climatic condi¬
tions will probably prevent its becoming destructive outside this area.

Recent injuries about Albany. The elm leaf beetle was recognized in
Albany by the late Dr Lintner about 1892, having probably made its way
here a year or two earlier. Its ravages became more and more serious
from that time till 1897, when most of the European elms along our streets
were completely defoliated in early summer. The second growth of foliage
was seriously injured the same year and some trees had their third set of
leaves attacked. It was estimated in 1898 that fully 1000 elms had been
killed within the city limits by this pernicious insect and many more would

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

149

have suffered a similar fate had it not been for the systematic sjirayin^
undertaken then and since continued. See plates 35, 36, and 37 for rep¬
resentations of the injury caused by this pest.

I he record of this insect in Troy has been even worse than in Albany.
It probably made its way to that city about the same time that it came
here, and up to 1898 practically no effort had been made to check its
ravages. At that time probably 1500 elms had been killed within the
corporate limits of d roy and since then many others have suffered a similar
fate, though not so many have died the last few years on account of the
large amount of spraying done in different parts of the city for private
parties. Even now it is possible to go into sections of the city and see
within two or three blocks 50 to 100 or more dead elms. These are not
aged trees that would have died irrespective of attack by insects, but are in
most cases elms which a few years ago were as thrifty and vigorous as any¬
one could desire.

The story of the city of Watervliet has been virtually that of Troy
except that less effort has been made to check the pest ; also, as a large
proportion of the elms in Watervliet were of the American or white variety
on which the beetle does not thrive so readily, the destruction was not
quite so rapid. It hardly seems possible, however, that fewer than 1500
magnificent trees have been killed or practically ruined by this insect in
W' atervliet.

Practically the same story has been repeated here and there in small
towns along the Hudson river valley where this pest has established itself
in force ; and, unless the insect is checked on its advent into a village, this
is likely to be the record wherever it makes its way.

Inaction means death to the elm. The defoliation of a tree in midsum¬
mer is a serious injury since the leaves are breathing organs, and if this
occurs for successive years, even once a season, the early death of the elm
may be expected, and when it occurs two or even three times in a summer,
it is very easy to see that the danger to the tree is increased manifold.

Such is the record of the elm jeaf beetle in this section. The time to

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

150

control this pest is not after it has become enormously abundant in a city or
village and has seriously weakened or nearly destroyed the majority of the
elms ; the work should be begun at the outset and the insect prevented from
establishing itself in large numbers in any uninfested city or village in Xew
York. X’illage improvement societies and public spirited individuals inter¬
ested in the welfare of a community where this beetle occurs would do well
to undertake at least an educati'onal campaign against it.

Description. 'I'he skeletonized, brown appearance of the foliage of an
infested tree in midsummer is very .striking and in the Hud.son river valley
cities and villages this condition is quite apt to be the work of this pest, but
in the western part of the .State one or more species of canker worms
occasionally strip a few American elms nearly as completely and its work
should not be confused with that of this imported elm in.sect.

The parent beetle may be recognized by the aid of the colored figures
[pi. 8, fig. 5, 6]. This insect is about ^ inch long with the head, thora.x
and margin of the wing covers a reddish yellow. The coal black eyes and
median spot of the same color on the hyad are prominent. On the thorax
there is a dorsal black spot of variable shape and a pair of lateral ovoid
ones. The median black line of the wing covers is separated from the
lateral stripes of the same color by greenish yellow. The wing covers or
elytra are minutely and irregularly punctured, bear a fine pubescence and at
the base of each wing cover there is an elongated black spot in the middle
of the greenish yellow stripe. The markings are fairly constant in the beetle
but the color is quite variable during life and changes more or less after
death. Many beetles emerging from winter quarters have the conspicuous
greenish yellow stripes of the wing covers nearly obliterated by black.
The antennae or feelers are golden yellow with more or less brownish mark¬
ings. ^ The legs are yellowish with the tibiae and tarsi marked with brown.
The under surface of the head and prothorax is yellowish, that of the meta¬
thorax and abdomen black.

The orange yellow eggs are usually deposited in irregular rows side by
side, forming clusters of from 3 to 26 or more on the under surface of

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES 151

the leaf. Each egg is somewhat fusiform, attached vertically b}' its larger
end, with the free extremity tapering to a paler, rounded point [pi. 8, hg. i,
icrj. Under a powerful lens, the eggshell is seen to be finely reticulated.

The recently hatched grub is about 1/20 inch long, with the head, thoracic
shield, numerous tubercles, hairs and legs jet black. The skin is dark
yellow but the tubercles are so large and the hairs so prominent that the
prevailing color of the larva at this stage is nearly black. As the grub
increases in size and molts, the stiff black hairs become less conspicuous
and the yellow color more prominent [pi. 8, hg. cj till the last stage, which
is represented at hgures 3, plate 8. The full grown larva is about
inch long, more flattened than in the earlier stages, with a broad yellowish
stripe dorsally and a narrower stripe of the same color on each side, the yellow
strioes being separated by broad dark bands thickly set witli tubercles bear¬
ing short, dark colored hairs. The dorsal yellow stripe is broken on each
side by a subdorsal row of dark tubercles, which increase in size posteriorly.
The lateral yellow stripe includes a row of prominent tubercles with dark
tips bearing short hairs of the same color. The under surface is yellowish.

The pupa is a bright orange yellow, about 1/5 inch long, and with a
very convex dorsal surface which bears transverse rows of stout, inconspicu¬
ous hairs [pi. 8, fig. 4].

Life history. The transformations of this insect are so rapid that a
man must know what to expect or in fighting the pest he will accomplish
practically nothing, because a substance effective against the beetles or
grubs may not kill the pupae, and, after the larvae have begun to descend
the trees, may be of no value.

The winter is passed by the beetles in attics, sheds, outhouses and in
other sheltered places. With the advent of warm weather in the spring,
they emerge from their retreats and may be found on the walks during the
sunny portion of the day or upon the windows of houses trying to escape.
The last of April or early in May, with the appearance of the elm leaves, the
beetles fly into the trees and eat irregular holes in the foliage [pi. 37, fig. 2,
pi 8, fig. 9]. Some time is occupied in feeding before the deposition of

152

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

eggs begin, a process which may continue over four and possibly for five or
six weeks. These prolific beetles consume a large amount of foliage during
this time, depositing clusters of three to 26 or more eggs every day or two.
Over half the total number of eggs may be laid within about 12 days at the
hight of the season, which in 1898 was from June 12 to June 23. One
female has been known to deposit 623 eggs and it is possible that under
more favorable conditions ar. even larger number might be produced.

The young grubs emerge from the eggs early in June, as a rule, or in
about live or six days after the eggs have been deposited, later in the season.
They soon begin to feed on the under surface of the leaves, producing the
familiar skeletonizing [pi. 8, fig. 7 and 8, and pi. 37, fig. i], which is caused
by their eating the softer under part, leaving the upper epidermis and the
veins. The results of their feeding is so marked that it is easy to detect
the presence of the grubs by the semitransparent patches in the foliage,
which latter soon dry and turn brown.

The grubs or larvae complete their growth in from 15 to 20 days in
summer (in cooler weather the time is extended), become restless, forsake
the leaves and descend the limbs and trunk to a great extent, seeking a
slight shelter under which to pupate. Seven days are spent in this state in
warm July weather, while in September it is extended to 12 days and in
October to 24. The descent of the grubs of the first brood usually occurs
in Albany the last of June or early in July. Some were observed descend¬
ing June 19 in 1896 and beetles of the second brood were to be found on
June 30. The oviposition of the second brood of beetles may begin by the
middle of July and from then till late in autumn it is possible to find all
stages of the insect in some part of Albany. The beetles of the second
brood are naturally attracted to fresh growths of foliage and consequently
more eggs are deposited on such trees, which are most frequently those
defoliated earlier in the season. Thus a tree is vury apt to lose two sets of
leaves in a season and may possibly have its third set badly marred by this
pest. The second brood of grubs may complete their growth about the
middle of August, transforrning to beetles the latter part of the month, and

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

153

if theie be an abundant supply of fresh leaves a third generation may be
produced in considerable numbers, d'his last brood rarely develops on the
second or third set of leaves, but is more freipiently found on nearby trees
which had not suffered much earlier in the season. It may be considered
the rule in Albany that a considerable second brood wall a[)pear with a
possible third-^^eneration in smaller numbers. This beetle attacks luiropean
elms by preference, though fre([uently it is very destructive to American
elms.

Natural checks. Many have thought that in the course of a few years
some natural agent might reduce this grievous jjest to comparatively harm¬
less numbers. This can hardly be expected for some time, at least, because
the beetle is still very injurious at Washington I). C., where it has been for
many years, and the same is true of other localities. Many of the beetles
are killed while hiding in damj) places by a fungus, Sporo trie hum
entomophilum Peck. The toad must devour large numbers of the
beetles if the following record be its normal habit. Pupils under the direc¬
tion of Miss Clara Russell of the State Normal College, Albany N. Y.,
observed one toad eat 50 elm leaf beetles within an hour. Though we have
seen nothing of the kind in this vicinity, one gentleman affirms most posi¬
tively that the Itnglish sparrow feeds on the elm leaf beetle larvae, having
repeatedly observed it picking them off the trunks of the trees. If the
sparrow has this habit, it offsets to a certain extent its many bad traits.

Several insects are known to i)rey on this pest, its pupa or its larva.
Three beetles, P 1 a t y n u s p u n c t i f o r m i s .Sa)', O u e d i u s m o 1 o c h i-
n u s Grav. and C h a u 1 i o g n a t h u s m a r g i n a t u s I'abr., feed on this
species as recorded by Riley. Ally, Cyrtoneura s tabula ns P'alk,
destroys many pupae in Washington. In this latitude the half grown nymph
of P o d i s u s s p i n o s u s Dallas has been observed with an elm leaf beetle
grub on its extended beak, and it probably preys extensively on the larvae,
since in Washington all stages are known to attack it. Unfortunately this
beneficial species is not abundant, though it is to be hoped that the large
food supply will lead to an increase in its number A small capsid, C a m p-

154

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

t () b I'O c h i f) ^ ra n cl i s Uhler, sucks the egj^^s. Larvae of lacewinir flies,
also called aphis lions, are frecjuently found on leaves with the youiiir of the
elm leaf beetle, and are reported by Riley to feed on both eggs and larvae.
Mites have been observed by the writer near egg clusters that had suffered
injury. This insect finds an enemy in the southern portion of its range in
the pra)'ing mantis. Stag m o m antis c a r o 1 i n a Linn. It is very prob¬
able that the IRiropean j)raying mantis. Mantis r e 1 i g i o s a Linn., recently
established in a number of localities in the state through the efforts of the
writer, will also prey on this injurious beetle.

Remedial measures. The secret of controlling an insect frecpiently lies
in a knowledge of some vulnerable place in its life history. It is practically
impossible to get at the insect while it is hiliernating but, if the leaves are
thoroughly .sprayed with an arsenical poison early in the sj)ring when the
beetles begin to feed, many of them will be poisoned. The disinclination
of this insect to fly a great distance is encouraging to the man who protects
his own trees, since it reduces the liability of their flying from neglected
trees near at hand. The local spread of this beetle is slow and the most
should be made of it by keeping the pest in check wherever it occurs, even
though the infestation be a small one and the injury at the time of little
importance. It is a mistake on the part of local authorities to wait till the
creature becomes destructive. It should be fought at the very beginning,
even before it has secured a fair foothold in a locality.

The grubs feed almost exclusively on the under surface of the leaf,
rarely occurring on its upper side. The attack usually begins on the upper,
more tender leaves, hence the tops of the trees need spraying most, and in
order to kill the grubs the poison must be thrown on the underside of the
leaves, and, as a rule, this treatment will be found most satisfactory. The
full grown larvae crawl down the trunks in great numbers and the golden
yellow pupae may be found in abundance in crevices in the bark and on the
ground about the trees. Large numbers of these insects can be killed at
this time by spraying them with a contact insecticide such as kerosene
emulsion, whale oil soap solution or by pouring boiling water on them.

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

155

1 hese palliative measures are advisable only when others can not be carried
out, and in order to secure the best result the grubs and pupae should be
destroyed every five days so long as the pests are seen in numbers. Bands
of tar, sticky Hy paper, cotton batting, etc., while they do no harm, can not
be considered as of much value in keeping the elm leaf beetle under control.
The relatively few grubs caught on a sticky band are but a drop in the
bucket compared with the mass which complete their transformations. It
IS worse than usele.ss to attempt to control this or any other insect by
boring a hole m the trunk of a tree and inserting therein a compound of
any nature. The tree is weakened and unless the chemical be powerful
enough to kill the tree, the insects are not affected.

Bibliography

1889 Lintner, J. A. Ins. N. Y. 5th Rep’t, p. 234-42
1895 - - Ins. N. y. 1 1 th Rep’t, p. 189-96

1895 Howard, L. O. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Year Book, p. 363-68

1896 Lintner, J. A. Ins. N. Y. 12th Rep’t, p. 253-64

1898 Felt, E. P. N. Y. State Mus. Bui. 20, p. 1-43

1899 - N. Y. State Agric. Soc. Trans. 59: 279

1899 - Fish. Game and For. Com. 5th Rep’t, p. 354-59

1902 - N. Y. State Mus. Bui. 57, p. 1-43

Elm saw fly

Cinibex amcricana Leach

A cylindric, coiled, yellowish white worm with a black line down the middle of its
back, may be met with in midsummer on willows, elms, poplars and other trees.

This species is a rather common one in New York State and is usually
met with in more or less numbers each year. It occurs with us mostly on
the willow and elm and is sometimes present in considerable numbers in
limited localities. It is not injurious as a rule in New York State, though
it might become so under unusually favorable conditions.

Early history. This species has been noticed in a more or less frag¬
mentary way by a number of entomologists. Dr C. V. Riley in 1885,
recorded a peculiar injury by this pest at Washington D. C. Admiral

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

156

Aminen called his attention to the work of the adult tly. The tops in a
plantation of imported willows looked as if fire had run over it and on
investigation it was found Uiat the mischief was due to their being gnawed
by the perfect fly, which made deep transverse incisions just below the dead
portion of the willow. The cut often extended more than half way around
the twicr or else there were a number of smaller incisions one after the other.

o

Professor Bruner writing of this species in 1888, states that this species
sometimes defoliates white willows growing as hedges in Nebraska, and
that it also infests the different native willows growing along the small
streams back from the timber belts bordering the larger water courses. He
adds that from upwards of 400 pupae collected he failed to rear a single
parasite. The cutting habit observed by Admiral Ammen was brought to
the attention of Prof. P'. M. Webster in June 1889 by a gentleman
residinof in Nebraska. He states that thousands of the adult sawflies were
to be found flying among the tops of the largest trees, and adds that the
insects cut a rough gash with their jaws almost completely around the limb,
seeming to kill the outer bark as far as they go. Mr E. D. Ball observed
this same injury in Nebraska, and states that in his experience the slits
always heal over and that the principal injury is caused by the feeding of
the larvae.

Life history. Dr Riley states that the eggs of this species are depos¬
ited between the epidermis and parenchyma of the leaf and that when the
plant is examined from above, the place of oviposition is hardly perceptible",
it appearing as a very slight blisterlike swelling and accompanied on one
side by a faint ferruginous line. These blisters are very plainly seen on
the under surface of the leaf since they are much paler than the rest of the
surface, and in an advanced condition show a reddish tinge. He states
that they are always on the face of the leaf, usually nearer to the outer
margin than to the midrib, never on or near the midrib and rarely extend¬
ing across one of the lateral veins. They may vary from one to nine or
more on a single leaf. He states that the young larva after hatching
remains for some time within the blister and finally leaves it through an

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES I 57

irregular slit at the middle of the epidermis and is at that time a bluish-
gray color. The recently hatched larvae are uniformally curled up on the
underside of the leaf. The sawtlies become full grown in New York State
during the latter part of July or in August, at which time they forsake the
leaves and spin a tough, coarse silken cocoon among the debris at the base
of the tree or just below the surface pf the ground. The insects remain
unchanged in this shelter till spring when they pupate and the perfect fly
appears in May.

Description. The egg when about to hatch has been described by Dr
Riley as oblong oval, somewhat flattened, and with a shell so thin and
pliable that it not only loses its regular shape with the slightest pressure,
but even by a slight movement of the embryo larva within. The shell is
perfectly clear and with no visible sculpture, except some fine, irregular
wrinkles and its surface is very sticky. At an earlier stage the egg is
elongate, nearly cylindric. The larva when full grown is about ^ inch
long, of a pale yellow color, with black eyes, a glaucous green body and
a black stripe along the middle of the back.' The head is large, rounded
and is as wide as the body. The legs are pale whitish green and there are
8 pairs of prolegs. The abdomen is rolled up like a helix when the insect
is at rest and the segments are finely wrinkled and the ridges bear small
flattened warts [pi. i6, fig. 4].

The adult sawfly has a shining black head and thorax and her oval
body is of a steel blue or deep violet color, with 3 or 4 elongate oval yel¬
lowish white spots on each side, which, in some specimens are much larger
than in others, and uniting within form continuous bands across the upper
side of the body. The antennae are short, knobbed, buff color, except the
basal segments which are dusky. The wings are semitransparent and smoky
brown in color. The legs are bluish black with yellowish tarsi [pi. 16, fig. 5].
The male may be recognized by his more slender, longer body.

Food plants. This species occurs more' commonly on the willow and
elm in New York State. It has also been recorded on poplar by Dr
Lugger, and on alder by Dr Packard, who found it on that bush at Pruns-

NEW YORK STATE MUSEE^M

158

wick Me. Dr J. A. Lintncr states thht he has received this species on
maple from Camden X. J., and Dr J. Ik Smith adds linden to this list,
thoujrh he states that the sj)ecies usually occurs in New Jersey on willow.

Parasites. This lari^e species has a number of natural enemies in the
Western States at least, though they appear to be somewhat scarce in the
East. Messrs Orcutt and Aldrich record rearing the following parasites
from this insect ; ( ) p h e 1 1 e s g 1 a u c o p t e r u s Linn., which they state to
be by far the most important parasite since it destroyed a large lot of the
sawtlies under observation. Eight or 10 examples of C r y j) t u s n unci ii s
Say were found in one cocoon by these gentlemen and about 20 specimens
of Limneria f e r r u g i n e i p e s Ashm., were obtained from smaller
cocoons inside those of Cimbex. Mesoc horns me Ileus Cress, was
reared in small numbers from a cocoon from lygan .S. 1)., and two specimens
of S a r c o p h a g a c i m b i c i s 'I'owns. were bretl from this .sawlly 'I'hree
small Hies, Phora cimbicis Aid., P. m i n u t a Aid., and P. set ace a
Aid., were also obtained from cocoons, but these small Hies in all probability
are not parasites and live on decaying vegetable matter.

Remedial measures. This species can easily be controlled by arsenical
poisons wherever they can be employed to advantage. Professor Bruner
also advises hand picking, since the large size of the larvae and their habit
of dropping at the least disturbance would prove of advantage. It is not
at all impossible that In cases where they were excessively abundant, it
might pay to destroy the cocoon collected at the base of the trees.

Bibliography

1885 Riley, C. V. U. .S. Dep’t Agric. Rep’t 1884. p. 334-36

1890 Packard, A. S. U. S. Ent. Com. 5th Rep t, p. 237, 474, 584-87, 633

Spiny elm caterpillar
Envanessa antiopa Linn.

Large black red marked spiny caterpillars about 2 inches long may be frequently seen
in June defoliating the terminal branches of elm, willow, poplar and several other trees.

The depredations of this in.sect attract considerable attention from time
to time. It' IS common in the butterfly form, though its connection with the

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

*59

spilled, black, red spotted caterpillars may not be known to many. This
insect was present in ^reat numbers in various sections of the State in 1899
when its depredations on elms led to considerable complaint. It not only
feeds on elms but occasionally it is so abundant as to literally strip acres of
poplars.

Description. The parent insect is a magnihcent dark maroon butterfly
with blue spotted, black and yellow bordered wings which have an expanse
of about 3 inches jil. 10, fig. 1 1 ]. The under surface of the wings
presents a striking contrast, being a dark bluish black and brown intermixed
with some yellowish gray. The yellow border of the upper surface is rep¬
resented by a brown specked gray with a little dull yellow. I'he color of
the under surface of the wings is somewhat variable but it is remarkable for
its jirotective value. The butterfly with its closed wings frequently appears
much like a scale of loosened moss or a bit of brownish or black vegetable
matter. The yellowish eight or nine ribbed eggs which soon turn reddish
and finally black just before hatching are deposited in a band or a nearly
complete one around a twig, as shown at figure 7 on plate 10, one egg much
enlarged being represented at figure 8. ,This shows not only the larger
ribs but the transverse markings between 1 them. The dot beside the egg
represents its natural size. The recently hatched caterpillars are brown,
black and hairy and as they increase in size the other characteristics shown
at figure 9 on plate 10 become more apparent. The full grown caterpillar is
about 2 inches long, black and armed with numerous short branched spines.
Along the back there is a row of somewhat diamond shaped red spots and
closer examination shows the caterpillar to be marked with transverse rows
of minute white spots. The abdominal prolegs are reddish. The chrysalis
is a peculiar, angular looking structure which is variable, in color and in
nature it usually harmonizes pretty closely with surrounding objects. It is
represented at figure 10 on plate 10.

Life history. Strange though it may seem, this apparently delicate
butterfly successfully withstands the rigors of our northern winters with no
better shelter than that afforded by a crevice among stones, a sheltering

i6o

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

board, a cavity in a tree or a similar place. It is one of the first butterflies
to come forth in the spring, frequently appearing before the snow has
entirely disappeared and occasionally it may be seen during unusually warm
weather in midwinter The over-wintered individuals are said to pair
about the middle of April but eggs are not laid till the first half of May.
I'he deposition of the eggs has been observed a number of times. They
are placed in somewhat alternating rows, the female requiring about 40
minutes to deposit 300 eggs, and as many as 450 have been recorded for
one cluster. The eggs require 12 to 15 days for hatching in the spring and
in midsummer but nine. The caterpillars are gregarious and when young
range themselves side by side with great regularity. They are more
frequently found near the top of a tree and as they increase in size, defoli¬
ated branches usually give the first indication of their presence. The cater¬
pillars are often found on a near-by partly stripped limb which frequently
bends under their weight. Their habit of feeding close together makes
their injuries more apparent than would otherwise be the case. The cater¬
pillars of the first brood attain their growth in New York State the latter
part of June or early July and butterflies from them may be seen oviposit¬
ing during July. The deposition of eggs was observed at Albany July 17
and nearly grown larvae were taken the latter part of August, Caterpillars
of this insect are much more abundant in June than later, and those
observed in August and September must be considered representatives of a
second brood. There is possibly a third generation some' years. The
relative scarcity of the caterpillars later in the season may probably be
explained by the increasing abundance of their natural enemies and It Is by
no means impossible that some butterflies of the first brood may hibernate
over winter as suggested by Professor Weed.

Common names. This butterfly has received a number of common
names. One widely adopted and perhaps best known in this country is the
mourning cloak, a translation of the German Trauermantel. It has also
passed under the names of antiopa butterfly and willow butterfly to a con¬
siderable extent, and the English designations of Camberwell beauty and

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES l6l

Grand Surprise are worthy of mention. The injurious caterpillar could
easily be designated as the larva of the mourning cloak or whatever com¬
mon name is preferred, but it is simpler for a person interested only in the
practical side of the subject to use a special name for the caterpillar and
therefore, following Dr C. M. Weed, we have employed the designation of
spiny elm caterpillar for this destructive larva.

Food plants. This insect is more frequently brought to notice on
account of its depredations on the white or American elm, though it, is also
very injurious to willows and poplars but the small value of the latter two
renders the damage of less importance. The caterpillars are also recorded
as feeding on the hackberry, Celt is o c c i d e n t a 1 i s, and the butterfly
has been observed depositing its eggs on white and canoe birch.

Distribution. Mr Scudder in his work. The Ihittcrjiies of New England,
writes that this insect “ is apparently distributed over the entire breadth of
the northern hemisphere below the Arctic circle as far as the thirtieth
parallel of latitude.” He further states that it is found in nearly equal
abundance throughout New England and flies to but does not breed on the
highest summits of the White mountains.

Natural enemies. There are several insects which prey on this species.
A minute, four winged fly known as Telenomus graptae How.
watches its opportunity to oviposit in the eggs of this butterfly. P t e r o-
malus fuscipes Prov., was reared in Albany last summer from this
insect. Three other Chalcids, P t e r o m a 1 u s v a n e s s a e How., P ter o-
malus puparum Linn, and Entedon anti op ae Pack., all minute,
four winged flie.s, attack the caterpillars, the former two sometimes in
large numbers. Several ichneumon ffies are parasitic on this .species in
Europe but no records of such rearings in America have been found. A
dipterous parasite, p: u p h o r o c e r a c 1 a r i p e n n i s Macq., has been reared
in this country from the caterpillars. A fierce ground beetle,' C a 1 o s o ni a
scrutator Eabr., is another enemy. This beneficial species is com¬
paratively rare however. Two predaceous bugs, I odisus placidus
Uhler and P. serieventris Uhler, prey on the caterpillars as recorded

i62

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

by Mr Kirkland, The yellow and black billed cuckoos feed on the spiny
caterpillars.

Remedies. The greirarious habit of the caterpillars may be taken
advantagfe of by cuttinfr off the branch on which they are clustered and then
they may be killed by crushing. They may be dislodged by shaking,
jarring with a padded mallet or by use of a torch and then crushed on the
ground. This species can also be controlled by spraying with an arsenical
poison and when the caterpillars are very abundant, this will probably be
the most satisfactory way of checking the insect.

Bibliography

1899 Felt, E. P. Fish. Game and For. Com. 5th Rep’t, p. 368-71
1899 Weed, C. M. N. H. .\gric. Exp. Sta. Bui. 67, p. 125-41

Elm leaf miner
Kaliosyphinga tilmi Sund.

Circular, somewhat irregular mines occur in considerable numbers in the leaves of
European and American elms.

This leaf miner was e.xceedingly abundant in Albany and vicinity on
European and American elms from 1895 to 1900. The larvae make very
irregular blotched mines, which are frequently fused together so that several
occur in a mine, and occasionally so much of the parenchyma is eaten out,
that from one half to two thirds or even three fourths of the leaf is destroyed.
This is particularly true of Camperdown elms, which are more liable to
attack than other species, and in several instances observed, over 90;;^ of the
leaves were very badly infested. The Avork of this leaf miner is more
apparent the latter part of the summer because the drying of the tissues
makes the old mines very conspicuous. The attack was first observed on
European elms and later it spread to American elnis. This species, as
stated by Cameron, mines the leaves of the Scotch and English elms, several
larvae living in the same leaf. It is said that there is but one brood in
England, where it is very common. The species is also recorded by Cam¬
eron from Scotland, Sweden, Germany, France and Russia.

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

163

Description. Cameron describes the larva as white, with a pale brown
head, darker at the sides j mouth reddish brown. Le^s encircled with
brown. Beneath on the second segment there is a black, oblong plate some¬
times with a dot on either side. There is a small, black central dot on each
of the following segments, though they are often absent on the posterior
one. Length when full growm, 5 lines. The adult has been described by
Cameron as follow's :

Black, shining. Antennae short, stout,
covered wdth a stiff pile ; two first joints
together equal in length to the third, wTich is
twfice longer than the fourth, the remaining
joints to the eighth shorter, the ninth joint
conical, longer than the preceding. Head a
little narrow^er than the thorax, scarcely pubes¬
cent, shining, smooth, sutures moderately dis¬
tinct ; labrum and mandibles piceous ; palpi
dark testaceous. Thorax shining, smooth,
glabrous ; tegulae black. Abdomen short, coni¬
cal, thick, smooth, semitruncated at the apex ;
blotch large, sheaths of saw' exserted. Legs :
femora, coxae and trochanters black ; apical
half of the tw'o anterior femora, knees, tibiae
and tarsi, dark testaceous. Wings faintly
smoky ; first radial cellule a little smaller than
the second, second cubital cellule more than
double the width of the base at the apex, angled
w'here it receives the recurrent nervure. Alale
similar, but wfith thicker and longer antennae,
the joints from the fourth being perceptibly
thicker than the basal ones. Length i^ lines.

Bibliography

1898 Felt, E. P. State Ent. 14th Rep’t, p. 257

Brown tail moth
Euproctis chrysorrhoca Linn.

Small web tents on the tips of trees in midwinter very likely belong to this species,
particularly if small caterpillars are found within.

This species does not at present occur in New' York State, but it is
only a question of time before it w'ill become established w'ithin our*borders,

164

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

since it is spreading rapidly in the adjacent commonwealth of Massachu¬
setts. It is a serious enemy of fruit trees such as pear, apple, plum and
cherry and promises to be a dangerous forest and shade tree pest, since
it thrives on oak, maple and elm in the order named, stripping many trees
in infested sections. Not only is this species injurious because of its defo¬
liating trees whenever abundant, but it is also very annoying to man, since
the hairs of the caterpillar are exceedingly irritating. This is so marked
that serious illness has resulted from persons being in the immediate
vicinity of large numbers of cocoons ; particularly is this likely to occur in
the case of those in delicate health.

Description. The male moths have a wing spread of about inches,
are pure white with a satiny luster on the fore wings and have a conspicuous
reddish brown tuft at the tip of the abdomen. Sometimes there are a few
black spots on the fore wings. The antennae are white and fringed with
pale yellowish hairs.

The females have a wing spread of about inches, are the same
color as the males, except that they have no black spots on the wings, and
the anal tuft is larger and lighter in color, while the antennae are shorter
and with shorter fringes.

The eggs, laid during July in masses composed of 200 to 300, are placed
usually on the underside of the leaves, where they are covered with brown
hairs from the tip of the abdomen. They hatch in a short time, and the
young feed during the rest of the season on the surface of the leaves, a few
days only being required to skeletonize them. The caterpillars begin to
make a nest in which they hibernate while still young. It is constructed on
the twigs and is made by drawing together a few leaves, lining them with
silk, and inclosing them with a mass of silken threads. These tents are so
firmly secured to the twigs that they can be removed only with considerable
force.

The young caterpillars emerge from their winter retreats before the
leaves begin to appear, often attack swelling buds and complete their
growth in the early part of June, when they transform to pupae. The full

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

165

grown caterpillars range from i inch to inches in length. The pale
brown head is mottled with dark brown and has reddish brown hairs
scattered over its surface. The body is dark brown or black with numerous
fine, dull orange or gray spots ovmr the surface, which are most pronounced
on the second, third and fourth segments. Long reddish brown, finely
barbed hairs arise from all the tubercles, and white branchino- hairs from
the upper side of the latter tubercles on segments 4 to 1 2 inclusive. These
white hairs form elongated white spots along each side and are one of the
most striking characteristics of this caterpillar. The subdorsal and lateral
tubercles on segments 4 to 12 inclusive are covered with fine, short spines
of uniform length. There is a bright red retractile tubercle on the top of
the loth, and also one on the nth segment.

The pupae are ^ inch in length, dark brown in color and with fine,
yellowish brown hairs scattered over the surface.

Life history. The winter, as previously stated, is passed by the partly
grown caterpillars in conspicuous webs on terminal twigs. They begin
work in the spring, feeding downward from the tip of the branches, leaving
the naked twigs and the gray tents at their extremities, conspicuous evi¬
dence of their presence. The entire leaf, except the midrib, is devoured,
except that in those like the sycamore maple, all the larger ribs are
untouched. The caterpillars when numerous may devour not only buds,
leaves and blossoms, but even green fruit. They are gregarious till nearly
full grown, when they disperse to some extent, and this spreading is more
marked when the food supply on a tree becomes exhausted. Several cater¬
pillars frequently pupate in a common cocoon within the leaves at the tip
of the branches, and sometimes in masses under fences, clapboards or on
the trunks and larger branches of trees. The webs of the brown tail moth
may be easily distinguished from those of the tent caterpillar or the fall
web worm. The tent caterpillar makes its webs in the forks of the branches,
whereas those of the brown tail moth occur at the tips. The fall web
worm rarely occurs on pear, which is a favorite food plant of the brown tail
moth, and the former usually makes a much larger, more open web than

i66

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

that of the brown tail moth. Moreover, it is never firmly attached to the
twigs by bands of silk as is the case with this species [pi. 44, fig. 3J.

Natural enemies. A number of parasites have been bred from the
pupae in this country. Professor Pernald records the rearing of Phaeo-
genes h e b e Cress., I ) i g 1 o c h i s o m n i v o r a Walk., Euphorocera
c 1 a r i p e n n i s Maccj. and a large number of unnamed dipterous parasites.
He states that the work of Diglochis is specially valuable and worthy of
commendation. He also records the destruction of the caterpillars by a
soldier bug, Podisus serieventris Uhl. and states that the Baltimore
oriole, black-billed cuckoo, crow, bluebird and English sparrow have also
been observed feeding on these insects, and quotes Mr Kirkland to the
effect that the birds eat not only the moths, but their young, adding that it
was no uncommon sight at Somerville to see flocks of 20 or more sparrows
collect the moths from a picket fence. In addition to the above mentioned
birds, Mr Pk H. P'orbush has recorded the robin, bluejay, black and white
warbler, the rose-breasted grosbeak, the chestnut-sided warbler, the scarlet
tanager, redstart, chickadees, red-eyed vireo, the yellow-throated vireo and
the male indigo bird as feeding on the caterpillars. The records given by
Mr P'orbush include the number of larvae eaten by each bird and the time
occupied. None ate less than 9, and one as many as 57 caterpillars, the
latter operation occupying 20 minutes. These observations show that our
native birds will undoubtedly prove very efficient aids in checking this
pest. Professor P'ernald has also recorded bats as feeding on the moths
at night, and he states that toads devour the caterpillars during the early
summer and the moths later in the season.

Remedial measures. The conspicuous hibernating nests are easily
detected, particularly in early spring, and can then be cut off and burned.
The species is also very amenable to spraying with arsenical poisons.

Bibliography

1902 Felt, E. P. State Ent. 18th Rep’t. N. Y. State Mus. Bui. 64, p. 94-99

1903 Fernald, C. H. & Kirkland, A. H. The Brown Tail Moth. Mass. State Bd

Agric. 1). 1-73

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

167

European elm case bearer

Colcophora liniosipciinella Dup.

Curious brown, somewhat flattened cases occurring in considerable numlmrs during
June and July on mined leaves of English and Scotch elms, probably belong to this insect.

The writers attention was called to the presence of this species in iqoi,
by IMr Ji. d. Schoonmaker of Cedar Hill, who submitted specimens of the
insect from the vicinity of New York city, d he statement wais matle that
the pest was so abundant as to be quite injurious to Eng^lish and Scotch
elms, and samples of the work corroborated the statement. Its depreda¬
tions weie also brought to our notice again m July iqo2. Accompanying
the latter sending were very badly mined leaves, and apparently this Euro¬
pean species is capable of causing a great deal of injury. Bred examples
appeared July 26, 1901, and were submitted to Dr Howard for identification.
A reply was received stating that it has been determined by Mr Busck, who
adds that it is in all probability a recent importation. It appears to have
become established in the vicinity of Brooklyn, it occurs at Oyster Bay,
and may make its way to other places in the State and prove a pest
of considerable economic importance.

Description. This species may perhaps be most easily recognized by
its work as shown in plate 34, figure i. It will be observed that the larvae
feed like other known species of this genus, by eating a circular hole
through the epidermis and then mining or eating away all the delicate ti.s-
sues within reach. The mined portions are evidently limited by the larger
veins of the leaf and consequently the brownish blotches are more or less
rectangular in shape. The holes through which the larvae do their feed¬
ing, are well shown in an enlarged representation of their work, plate 34,
figure 2. The case of this little insect is about ^ inch in length, with a
slight crook at the head end and with the posterior extremity somewhat
flattened and of a lighter brown color. The caterpillar has a light brown
head, a dark brown, well develoi)ed thoracic shield and with a heavily chit-
inized area on the dorsum of the second thoracic segment. The dorsal sur-

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

I 68

face of the last abdominal segment is protected by a dark brown, heavily
chitinized, subtriangular plate.

The delicate buff colored and gray marked moth has a wing spread of
nearly 3^ inch. The fore wings have a nearly white costal border and are
tipped with dark buff. Both pairs are beautifully margined with long, hair¬
like scales. The antennae are setaceous, white, ringed with brown. The
normal resting position of this moth is with the wings slightly diverging and
sloping a little from the median line, the antennae being appressed and
extended forward in a straight line.

o

Remedial measures. This species, like the more common cigar case
bearers on our fruit trees, should be easily controlled by early spraying with
an arsenical poison, making the application at the time the leaves begin
to start.

Maple trumpet skeletonizer
Thiodia signatana Clem.

Red maple leaves folded in August or Sei)teml)er, containing a long, tapering,
blackish trumpetlike tube, with the adjacent tissues of the underside skeletonized, are
very characteristic of this insect.

This species is one which has attracted comparatively little attention
in economic literature, though it seems to be a rather common form on the
red, and to a much smaller extent, on the sugar maples of Nassau N. \ .
It was also abundant on maples at Onteora N. Y. in 1904. This form is
probably overlooked as a rule because it appears on the trees so late that
the injury is very slight, even though the caterpillars be abundant. The
work of this insect is very characteristic. The larger leaves are invariably
folded to form an irregular, loose retreat with the under surface, on which
the caterpillar feeds, inside. The folded, partly skeletonized leaves can be
detected at a considerable distance, and on opening them there is a
conspicuous tapering, frequently crooked larval tube sometimes nearly
3 inches in length. This structure is composed of web with excrement on
the outside, and increases in size with the development of the caterpillar.

Description. The nearly full grown caterpillar is about 3^ inch in

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

169

lenj^th, head yellowish and body a variable lij^ht green. The mouth parts
are distinctly brown, the mandibles being tridentate with their apices dark
brown; eyes black. Body tubercles very much flattened, semitransparent,
two subdorsal and a lateral one upon each
abdominal segment, each bearing a slender,
nearly colorless hair. Tips of true legs dark
brown, well developed prolegs on the third
to si.Nthand loth abdominal segments. The
tube of this larva was first described by
Clemens under the name of Castastetra
aceriella. It was later referred by Dr
Dyar to Clemens’s species- originally named
lledyasignatana. Clemens’s descrip¬
tion of the adult follows :

Fore wings white, marked with dark
brown. The basal patch is distinct, dark
brown and consists of three or four angu-
lated lines, the exterior being the broadest.

The dorsal patch Is white, extended to the
costa, contracted in the middle of the wing
and is traversed by a few broken, indistinct,
brownish lines. The central fascia is dark
brown, rather indistinct, and contains three
black dashes o[)posite the ocelloid patch. Fig. 24 Trumpetlike tube of Thiodia signa-

which is white and rather indistinct. The t a n a in mapie leaf (original)

costa is marked with dark brown streaks and near the tip are three or
four geminated white spots, the dark brown streak which separates the
two nearest the tip of the wing is extended along the hinder margin to
the ocelloid patch. At the extreme tij) is a black semicircle in the cilia,
upon a dark brown ground. Hind wings dark fuscou.s.

Remedial measures. Arsenical poisons applied to the underside of the
leaves should check this species readily.

170

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Larch case bearer

ColeopJiora Icxricclla Hiibn.

Tips of larch needles sometimes turn yellon' or brown, and on investigation it is
found that the interior has been eaten away by a small, brown, black headed worm.

This insect is a European species, and its presence in this country
was first recorded by Dr Hagen, in 1886.' Specimens were sent him by
Mr Henry Watson of Northampton ISlass., who stated that it caused
considerable injury to a number of larches about 30 years old. This insect
has been known in this country for a number of years ; possibly earlier than
the above date, according to Mr J. G. Jack who, writing in 1896, stated that
the insect had been known for a good many years at the Arnold arboretum.
This species does not appear to multiply very rapidly in this country, and
though present in these two places, and probably others, for several years,
has not caused damage enough to arouse apprehension. It is not men¬
tioned in our economic literature, and while we have observed the species
for some years on larches at Albany, it has never inflicted much damage.

Life history. The delicate gray moths occur in June or July, and
according to Stainton, the recently hatched larva which appears in the
autumn doubtless contents itself with mining in a leaf, but as soon as the
mine is big enough to form a case, it cuts off a portion and proceeds with
this protection, to an adjoining leaf. The case is at first whitish but gradu¬
ally becomes gray, and the caterpillar renders it less transparent by lining it
with silk. The method of feeding is siirdlar to that of our native species,
and the larva when attacking a needle, first cuts a circular hole through
which its head, and later its body may extend into the interior. Its case is
attached to the edge of the orifice in the needle and the mine, as well as
the evidence of various observers, shows that it rarely gets far from its
domicile, evidently preferring the shelter of its silk-lined case to the protec¬
tion afforded by a mined leaf. The larvae retire to the large stems on the
approach of winter and hibernate, becoming active again in early spring

‘Can. Ent. 18:125-26

“Garden and Forest, 9: 269

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES I 71

and continue their feeding-. Stainton observes that at this time the
previously formed case is too small, and as the diameter of the larch leaf
is limited, the larva is forced to slit down its old case and add thereto a
piece of mined leaf, thus affording necessary space. He also states that
there is but a single generation, and this accords with our observations.

Description. I he adult insect can be recognized by reference to plate
18, figure 9. It will be seen that it is a modest, gray moth with no very
distinctive markings.

The caterpillar is brown with the head, thoracic shield, small spots on
the donsum and the anal jilate black [pi. i8, fig. 7]. The characteristic
appearance of a mined leaf, illustrating also the hole through which the
larva feeds, is shown at plate 18, figure 5.

The case resembles somewhat that of our cigar case bearer, C o 1 e o-
phora fletcherella Fern., being straight and nearly cylindric, though
close observation will disclose the ridges caused by the edges of the leaves
used in its construction. It is usually a light grayish color with the head
end obliquely truncate.

Distribution. This species is widely distributed, according to Stainton,
who lists it from a number of English and Scottish localities, and states that
it occurs throughout Germany and has been observed in Finland, Switzer¬
land and France. Professor Meyrick states that the larch is not indigenous
to Great Britain, and that this insect must have been introduced with its
food plant.

Remedial measures. The larch being frequently used as an ornamental
tree, is sometimes quite valuable, and wherever this miner becomes abnor¬
mally abundant, it can probably be controlled by thorough spraying in
early spring with an arsenical poison. This has been found very effective
in the case of allied case bearers affecting fruit trees. We suggest that
arsenate of lead be used, and that the application be made as soon as the
young leaves begin to appear, so as to poison the over-wintering caterpillars
before much feeding occurs. Otherwise, it will be almost impossible to
destroy the insects, since they do so much of their feeding within the leaf.

172

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

DESTIll'CTlVK SlICKIXG IXSECTS

The work of sucking insects is easily distinguished from that of other
classes because in no case is tissue removed. Their operations are usually
followed by shrinking, discoloration, and decay.

Key to destructive sucking insects

Small, many with limited locomotive powers
Leaves, species found on foliage only

Yellowisli green, brown marked aphids or ])lant lice occurring in clusters on the

underside of Norway maple . Chaitophorus aceris, p. 174

A pretty winged, red eyed, black and white marked plant louse, together with pale
yellowish, wingless young, may be found on the under surface of soft maple leaves,
specially on those near the tips

Painted maple aphid, D r e p a n o s i p h u m a c e r i f o 1 i i, p. 175
A slight, inconspicuous plant louse on the underside of American elm leaves

Elm leaf aphid, C a 1 1 i p t e r u s u 1 m i f o 1 i i, p. 176
Curled and gnarled leaves of white elm in June, with whitish pellets of honeydew
dropping from the tree

Woolly elm leaf aphid, S c h i z o n e u r a a m e r i c a n a, p. 177
Sugar maple leaves bearing numerous cottony masses protruding from under brownish

scales . Maple leaf scale, Pulvinaria acericola, p. 179

Cottony white insects on the under surface of sugar maple leaves and masses on the

trunk . Maple Phenacoccus, Phenacoccus acericola, p. 182

American elm leaves deformed by a peculiar cockscomblike gall in June.

Cockscomb elm gall, C o 1 o p h a u 1 m i c o 1 a , p. 186
Snow white, woolly plant lice on larch needles in May and June

Woolly larch aphid, C h e r m e s s t r o b i 1 o b i u s, p. 187
Somewhat cone-shaped, many-celled galls at the base of young spruce shoots

Spruce gall aphid, C h e r m e s a b i e t i s, p. 189
Small, yellowish white, jumping insects about '/lo inch long occur in swarms during

midsummer, on rose leaves . Rose leaf hopper, T y j) h 1 o c y b a r o s a e, p. 191

Bark, aphids or plant lice and scale insects on limbs or trunk

Species with more or less flocculent matter
Clusters of white woolly substance on elms and trunks of white elm

Woolly elm bark aphid, Schizoneura rileyi, p. 192
Patches of flocculent, downy matter on the smooth bark of white pine

Pine bark aphid, Chermes pinicorticis, p. 192

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

1/3

Conspicuous cottonylike bunches hanging from the underside of alder stems

Alder blight aphid, Pemphigus t e s s e 1 1 a t u s, p. 195
Underside of smaller soft maple twigs festooned with cottony masses protruding from
under a brownish scale, occurs on maples, elms, grape etc

Cottony maple scale. Pul v inaria innumerabilis, p. 196

Species with no flocculent matter except when very young
Small, hemispheric, reddish, black marked scale insects on the underside of the
smaller limbs of hard and soft maples

Black-banded scale, Eulecanium nigrofasciatum, p. 200
Under surface of elm leaves thickly clustered in summer, with reddish, woolly-bor¬
dered bark lice . Elm bark louse, G o s s y p a r i a s p u r i a, p. 203

American elms with whitish, irregularly oval scale insects on the bark

Elm scurfy scale, C h i o n a s p i s a m e r i c a n a, p. 207
Large, nearly hemispheric, brownish scale insects in clustered masses on the under

side of tulip limbs . Tuliptree scale, Eulecanium tulipiferae, p. 208

Brownish, oyster shell-like scale insects exceedingly abundant on ash, balm of Gilead

and also many other trees . Oyster scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi, p. 211

Dirty, blackish scale insects on Euonymus and Celastrus

Euonymus scale, Chionaspis euonymi, p. 213
Whitish, scurfy appearance on the trunk and limbs of Japanese quince and some other

trees and shrubs . Scurfy scale, Chionaspis furfur a, p. 214

Circular, grayish or yellowish scale insects very abundant on Japanese quince and

some other trees . San Josd scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus, p. 216

Circular or oval, dark gray or black scale insects about '/12 inch in diameter and with
a dark red cast skin or exuviae to one side of the center, may be met with in small
numbers on various native trees

Putnam’s scale, Aspidiotus ancylus, p. 226
Scurfy, whitish, irregular scale on alder and Cornus. Chionaspis lintneri, p. 227
Irregular, whitish scale insect on roses, blackberries and raspberries

Rose scale, Aulacaspis rosae, p. 228

Circular, snow-white scale on juniper . Juniper scale, Diaspis carueli, p. 229

Elongated, whitish scale insect on needles of various pines

Pine leaf scale, Chionaspis pinifoliae, p. 229

Large, freely moving species usually on trunks or limbs
A stout, large, black insect with membranous orange veined wings and red eyes

' Periodical cicada, T i b i c e n se p t e n d e c i m, p. 231

1/4

NEW YORK STATE MUSEE'M

A Stout, large, greenish insect with greenish veined wings

Dog day cicada or harvest fly, T i b i c e n t i b i c e n, p. 237
A blackish, red marked bug occurring on box elder, western in range

Box elder plant bug, L e p t o c o r i s t r i v i 1 1 a t u s, p. 239

Chaitophorus ? aceris Linn

A yellowish green, brown marked plant louse, with long hairy antennae and reddish
eyes, is frequently abundant throughout the greater part of the season on the underside of
Norway maple.

This species is present in Albany and vicinity and yearly causes con¬
siderable injury. It was exceedingly numerous in 1897, and several large
colonies were not uncommon on the under surface of many of the leaves.
The pest was abundant and such large amounts of honeydew were excreted
that walks under infested trees were usually damp in midsummer. Large
sticky masses on the surface of the foliage were not uncommon, and they
frequently dried into hard clear beads of considerable size. A great
many leaves dropped from the trees, probably due to injury by the plant
lice.

Description and habits. This plant louse is found in clusters usually
along the veins of the leaf, or near its base [pi. ii, fig. 5, 6]. The very
young are a pale greenish yellow, with red eyes, and the antennae are
about ^ the length of the body. As they increase in size, the antennae
become longer and are marked with brown near the tips, and brown mark¬
ings appear on the dorsum. There is a central brown area on the thorax
and anterior abdominal segments, and irregular markings on either side of
the median line near the posterior extremity of the body. The honey tubes
are short, ornamented with black at the tips. The markings become darker
as the insect increases in size, and in some wingless females may be almost
black and cover a considerable portion of the dorsum. The winged females
are relatively quite rare, and differ from the others only in the possession of
organs of flight.

Natural enemies. This species is fortunately a prey of other insects,
which undoubtedly do much in keeping it in check. One of the most active
of these is the common two-spotted ladybeetle, Adalia bipunctata

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

175

Linn., and its young. This species was very abundant at the time of the
outbreak in 1897, and its grubs were observed in considerable numbers
crawling about in the vicinity of infested trees. The larger 15-spotted lady-
beetle, Anatis ocellata Linn., w’as also associated w’ith the preceding
in feeding on this plant louse. It occurred in considerably smaller num¬
bers, and was therefore not so valuable, d he young of syrphus flies and of
lace-wmged flies were also observed on the infested trees, and undoubtedly
did much tow'ards checking the pest.

Remedial measures. Ordinarily, this species wdll be kept in check by
its natural enemies, and active remedial measures \vill not be necessary.
This pest is capable of causing very serious injury, and w'hen not kept
well in check by natural agents, it should be controlled by spraying with a
kerosene emulsion or a soap solution. Thorough treatment wnth either of
these substances, taking special pains to throw the insecticide on the under
surface of the leaves, will reduce its numbers materially.

Bibliography

1898 Lintner, J. A. Ins. X. Y. 13th Rep’t. 1897. p. 362

Painted maple aphid
Drcpa7iosiph2C))i acerifolii Thos.

A pretty winged, red eyed, black and white marked plant louse, together with pale
yellowish wingless young, may be found on the under surface of soft maple leaves, spe¬
cially on those near the tips.

This little plant louse appears to be generally distributed throughout
the State, and is usually present in small numbers on most of the soft
maples. Occasionally it is abundant enough to cause considerable injury.
This w^as true in and about Albany in 1897, at wTich time a number of
species of plant lice were unusually abundant. This form was observed
by the writer in early September, 1899, at Onondaga Valley, Syracuse,
where many of the leaves of the soft maple had fallen and those in the
upper portion of the trees were badly shriveled. Abundant honeydew' was
‘observed on the foliage and as the trees were badly infested with this plant

176

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

louse, it was doubtless partly responsible for their poor condition. Many
infested maples were seen at this time at Batavia, but the injury was not
as g^reat as at Syracuse. The work of this species was also observed at
Amsterdam and in Albany, and it doubtless caused serious injury in the
latter places. A few syrphid larvae were found on the infested trees.

Description. This is a small species, the winged adult measuring only
about Vio inch in length. The antennae are about twice the length of the
body and nearly colorless, except for the black tips of each segment. The
eyes are a brilliant red, and the dorsum is a variable brown, as is also true
of the thorax. The wing veins are heavily fringed with dark brown near
the tips. The dorsum of the middle abdominal segment is also marked
with dark brown, and that of the anterior and of the terminal segments is
frequently a grayish white. The long slender legs are nearly colorless.
The last thoracic segment and the second and third abdominal segments
bear paired black spines, one on each side of the median line, the middle
spines or tubercles being the highest. This species is somewhat peculiar in
that old adults may have the greater part of the abdomen broken off with¬
out apparently suffering much inconvenience. The wingless individuals
are a pale yellowish green color, the eyes are a bright red, and the tapering
antennae are dark at the tips. The honey tubes are short and capitate in
nearly full grown individuals. The middle tibia, tarsi, and the base of the
posterior tibiae are frequently dark. [Acr pi. 1 1, fig. 1-4]

Elm leaf aphid
Callipfcrus iilmifolii Monell

A very slight, inconspicuous plant louse frequently occurs on the underside of the
leaves of American elms during midsummer.

This delicate species was present on American elms in Albany in great
numbers in 1897. It caused considerable injury at that time and its work
was plainly indicated by the constant dampening of sidewalks with large
amounts of honeydew falling from the infested trees. The attack of that
year continued throughout July and August, when it was finally arrested
by heavy rains in conjunction with the efficient work of ladybugs and their
young. This species is one which is widely distributed throughout the
State and frequently causes considerable injury, though active measures for
its control will as a rule be avoided, largely on account of the attendant

t

expense.

INSECTS AFFECTING PARk AND WOODLAND TREES

177

Description and habits. The young and adults occur here and there
over the leaves, there being no clusters, such as are so characteristic of the
Chaitophorus occurring on the Norway maples. The winged adult is
yellowish green, and harmonizes very closely with the color of the veins
on the underside of the leaves. The very delicate antennae have each
segment tipped with black. The dorsum of the thora.x and of the anterior
abdominal segments is marked with inconspicuous brownish spots. There
are four small, black tijjped tubercles on the dorsum of the anterior
abdominal segments. The honey tubes are very short. The wings are
nearly colorless, except for the light brown and greenish shades along the
veins. The wingless individuals are nearly the same color as the adults,
and are even less conspicuous. The thorax is spotted dorsally with
very small light brown markings \scc pi. ii, fig. 12-14]. It frequently
happens that the best signs of this insect’s presence are the numerous
whitish exuviae cast by the growing young. These cling to the leaves for
a considerable time, and give a very good idea of the previous abundance
of the insect.

Remedial measures. Thorough spraying with a contact insecticide,
taking special pains to make the application to the underside of the foliage,
is a most efficient check on this species, though it is a costly method in the
case of large trees.

Bibliography

1898 Lintner, J. A. Ins. N. Y. 13th Rep’t. 1897. p. 362

Woolly elm leaf aphid
Schizoneiira aviericana Riley

Curled and gnarled leaves of white elm in June with whitish pellets of honeydew
dropping from the trees, are characteristic of this plant louse.

This insect is sometimes very abundant on American elms and fre¬
quently the first indication of its presence is the whitening of foliage under
the infested trees, a disfigurement caused by falling wa.x-covered pellets
of honeydew. An examination of the elm usually shows that one side of
the leaf has turned under the other, forming a cavity which is frequently

1/8

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

brimful of struggling plant lice and particles of whitened honeydew. It is
occasionally abundant enough to cause considerable damage, though as a
rule, the disfio-urement of the tree and the shrubs below constitute the
principal nuisance.

Life history. The life history of this species has been carefully worked
out by the late Professor Riley, who states that the over-wintering egg is a
minute, dull yellowish, ovoid object about ^50 inch long, which is deposited
in cracks and crevices of the bark during- the summer. This remains
dormant till the leaf buds begin to swell, at which time the young plant
lice issue, crawl to the terminal leaves and branches and settle on the first
tender leaflet they find. This is the first generation or stem mothers, and
they establish themselves on the under surface of the leaf and very soon
cause it to swell and curl, usually from one edge. The curl varies however,
depending somewhat on whether one or several stem mothers settle on the
same bud. The stem mother, at first pale yellowish red, with dark append¬
ages, increases rapidly in size, depending somewhat on the nourishment in
the leaf. In about 25 days young begin to appear at the rate of about one
to every six or seven hours, according to temperature. The colony
increases in numbers and early in June in this latitude, the affected leaves
may be literally overflowing with plant lice and the honeydew they produce.
In favorable years the lice soon become so abundant that the leaves do not
protect them, and are covered with multitudes of old and young, some
wingless and others with organs of flight. At this time the second genera¬
tion of wingless mothers are surrounded by smaller colonies, all of which in
turn acquire wings. Other generations are produced, as many as six
occurring in one season, the last depositing eggs in tl\e crevices of the bark
as mentioned above.

Dr Riley states that this species is very closely allied to the European
S. u 1 m i Linn.

Bibliography

1880 Riley, C. V. & Monell, J. U. S. Geol. Geog. Sur. Bui. 5, p. 4-9

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

179

Maple leaf scale

Pulvinaria . Walsh & Riley

Brownish scales, with cottony masses protruding from under them
the lea\es of the sugar maple. This form resembles the preceding very
This species, as
pointed out by Dr
Howard, was probably
observed by Dr IS. S.

Rathvon at Lancaster
Pa., at the time he
studied and character-
ized Pulvinaria " \ \

may be
much.

found on

innumerabilis

It a

Fig. 25 Pulvinaria acericola: rt=*larva of third stage of early hibernating
1 1 was figfured by Walsh female with tarsus and antenna at right, greatly enlarged ; <5=larva of third stage

O' on lower side of leaf, before migrating to twigs, enlarged. fAfter Howard.

and Rdey in the first Agric. uiv. Ent. bui. 22, n. s. 1900)

volume of the American Entomologist, and by later writers it was referred
to Dr Rathvon’s species. It was left to Dr Howard to point out in 1898
that two species had been confounded and that the very characteristic illus¬
tration published by Messrs Walsh and Riley was sufficient to carry the
name.

Description. The adult female, found on the leaves as described by Dr
Howard, is not so large as the corresponding- stage of P. innumer¬
abilis Rathv. and the secreted cottony mass is somewhat depressed,
faintly bilobed and transversly undulated. This species has been taken
only on the sugar maple and in this State it has been recorded from Ithaca.
It is also known to occur in Iowa, Alabama, Washington D. C. and New
Jersey. The paucity of records is probably due in part at least to its being
confused with our more common species.

Life history and habits. The following account of the life history and
habits of this species is based on Dr Howard’s work. Eggs received from
Kno.Nville Tenn. in 1898, began to hatch in June, while others from

i8o

XEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Dothan Ala. in 1899, bemoan to hatch the latter part of May, and a sending
front Kno.wille in the same year was unhatched June 6. The secretion of
the egg sac and the deposition of eggs in the mass of wax and fibers com¬
posing the sac began in Washington late in May and continued gradually
'till the middle of June, young beginning to hatch on the 13th, The
recently hatched larvae are a jiale yellowish color, with a slightly Itrownish
median line and dark purple eyes. July 31 the first molt occurred and the
young were still a very pale yellowish white color and almost transparent,
though a very few specimens were marked with a jiale purplish spot near
the e.xtremity of the body. The growth from this time till October, at
which time the second skin was cast in 1899, was very slow. The third
stage however was observed as early as June 26, 1898. The young had
deserted the leaves in 1899 by Oct. 15. They were at this time of a pale
brownish yellow color, somewhat darker along the median line, and were
characteristically marked with a large reddish, almost crimson, medio-dorsal
spot on the prothoracic segment, and with a similar one just in front of the
anal cleft. The eyes were minute, black, and nearly twice as large as
before. Most of the larvae had settled for hibernation on the trunk
by Oct. 21 and then the sexes could be distinguished. The females
are recognized by their more broadly oval shape. At about the time the
migration to the twigs began, late in October, the great majority of the
young were located along the ribs on the underside of the leaves, though a
large number were also found on adjoining twigs, generally in and about
the forks, in excrescences or near buds or other projections. They run
about quite actively at this time in search of suitable places for hibernation,
and a delicate layer of waxy secretion appears which gives the insect a
somewhat grayish appearance. Nov. i, 1898, all the young had settled for
hibernation, and were of a considerable darker color, harmonizing well with
the bark. There was little or no change in their condition in December
and the same was practically true at the end of the following March. Males
and females were found April 8 on potted trees. The latter were of a dark
purple color with a yellow median ridge. The first male transformed to a

INSECTS x\FFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

l8l

pupa April 22 and by the 28th the anal filaments had begun to protrude
and i\Iaj i the adult emerged. j\Iay 18 the females had increased greatly
in size, indicating that impregnation had taken place, and on the 2 2d they
began to move from the young branches out on the twigs and on the 23d
one had reached the underside of the leaf and had commenced to form its
ovisac. \\ ithin 24 hours the extruded white wax formed a nearly complete
circle about the insect, and 48 hours later it had reached a length of inch,
and was distinctly divided from the first secretion by a deeply impressed
line. The first wax extruded contained no eggs, but the real ovisac, com¬
prising the last 1,6 inch was full of eggs which hatched June 13, and thus
completed the life c)'cle.

26 Pulvinuria acericola: a»*-full grown female, from above, on leaf with 24 hours secretion
of egg sac ; same, with egg sac completed, from side; same, from above, enlarged. (After
Howard. U. S. Dep’t Agile. Div. Knt. Bui. 22, n. s. 1900)

Natural enemies. • The only enemy observed by Dr Howard at Wash¬
ington was a small ladybug, Hype rasp is sign at a Oliv., which was
received in the larval condition from Knoxville Tenn. The larva of this
little beetle is very interesting on account of its resembling the larva of a
mealy bug [fig. 27]. It, or an allied species, was met with by the writer in
1901. Prof. R. H. Pettit, who collected the insect at Jthaca in 1893, reared
six parasites which were determined by Dr Howard as follows : A p h y c u s
he derace us Westw., A p h y c u s f 1 a v u s H ow., C o c c o p h a g u s

i82

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

fraternus How., Pachy neuron altiscuta How., and C h i 1 o-

neurus albi-
c o r n i s How.,
and a small Hy,
Leu CO pis nig-
r i c o r n i s Pigger.
Professor Pettit
also obtained the
small ladybug
named above.

Remedial meas¬
ures. This species
is so closely allied
to the more
common cottony
maple scale, P u 1-

V inaria innumerabilis Rathv. .that measures of value against one
should prove of nearly equal service in the case of the other.

Bibliography

1900 Howard, L. O. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bui. 22, n. s. p. 16-23

Maple phenacoccus
Phenacoccus accricola Kin<j

Cottony, white scale insects occurring on the underside of sugar maple leaves, or
cottony, white, masses of pupae on the trunk may be those of this insect.

This species is a relatively rare form which has attracted very little
notice till recent years. It was apparently brought to the attention of the
late Dr Lintner but once during his long term of service as state entomol¬
ogist, and previous to 1901 had been sent to the writer only once. It was,
however, extremely abundant in 1901 on hard maples in Albany, and it
was observed on a great many of these trees at both Worcester and Spring-
field Mass. One tree in Albany was so badly infested that thousands of

rig. 27 Hyperaspis signata larvae feeding on Piilvinaria, natural size above, enlarged
below. (After Howard. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bui. 26, n. s. 1900)

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

183

the cocoons were to be seen on the t’'unk, lorming masses which could be
detected at a distance of several hundred feet. The leaves of the lower

branches were badly injured by the females, and examination in 1902

showed that many of the lower b -anches had been killed. The insect was
breeding rapidly Aug. 6, 1901, at which time many young were observed
on the leaves. Partly grown
individuals were assembled in
long rows on both sides of the
principal veins on the under
surface of the leaves, and a
marked subacid, not unpleas¬
ant odor was observed in con¬
nection with this species.

Early history. This spe¬
cies was first noticed in
America by Miss Emily A.

Smith of Peoria Ill. in 1880.

Miss Smith made a thorough
study of the insect and
observed it only on the sugar or
hard maple, and referred it to
Goeff roy’s Pseudococcus
aceris. That reference was
allowed to stand till 1902,
when it was described by Mr
G. B. King. This scale insect
must have been quite abundant in Illinois in 1880. It was not noticed
again till 1894, when Dr L. O. Howard gave a summarized account of
its life history and commented on its rarity. He states that since the
publication of Miss Smith’s article in 1880 and the preparation of his
account 14 years later, the species had not been sent to the division of
entomology. United States Department of Agriculture, a fact which estab-

Fig. 28 Phenacoccus acericola: /i^adult females on leaf;
-young females and males on bark. Natural size. (After Howard.
Insect Life. 1894. 7:235)

184

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

lishes its rarity. It was received by Dr Howard in 1894 from Mr John G.
Jack, who stated that the species was very abundant in some localities in
the vicinity of Jamaica. It was also sent him from other localities in
Massachusetts, and from Prof. \V. G. Johnson, then at the State Laboratory
of Natural History, Champaign III, to whom it had been sent on sugar
maple leaves from Mt Karner. Prof. L. P'. Kinney of the Rhode Island
Experiment Station, also sent specimens of the insect to Dr Howard
during that year. Since this latter date the species was not abundant
till 1901, as stated above, when it occurred in large numbers, not only

I*ig. 29 Phcnacocci\s a c e r I c 0 1 a : ^^aduic female, antenna greatly enlarged; antenna
of same still more enlarged; c»adult male, antenna greatly enlarged; r/— young larva, greatly
enlarged; ^—antenna of same still more enlarged. (After Howard. Insect Life. 1894. 7:237)

in New York State, but in localities in Massachusetts, and probably in
other sections of the country.

Life history. The life history of the insect, as given by Miss Smith
and Dr Howard, may be stated briefly as follows. The adult females occur
on the leaves in summer, and are about inch in length and a little less in
transverse diameter. The adults are concealed by an oval mass of powdery,
slightly stringy wax within which is the female and her eggs, the insect
occupying the anterior end and her body constituting about its bulk.

IXSI-XTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

185

She IS lij^ht yellow in color iintl iibout */r inch lonjj. I he lis/ht 'V'ellow e<’’'<’'s
are very ahniulant in the waxy secretion, anti measure about inch in
len^rth. The younir female is iKile yellow, eh)iy(ratetl oval, and tapers jrently
toward each entl. I he younsj;' male is retldish j'ellow, and the adult red.
The youn^ remain on the leaf after emeririn^- from the et^-f^.s, unless it is
too crowded, when they crawl down the i)etiole and seek food on a healthy
leaf. The males on attainino- full (growth, become restless and wander over
the trunks and limbs for from 7 to 10 days anti finally secrete themselves
beneath the roiio-her outer bark of the tree anti transftirm to pupae. The
white, oval male cocoons were present in thousantls on the liark of the hard
maples untler observation at Albany in igoi. 'I'he perfect insects appear
in about 15 days, and by this time the ftmiales have attainetl maturity, left
the leaves and are wamlerim;- abt)ut tin the limbs or trunk. 'I'he j^rowth of
the females is ra[)itl after pairiiii^ anti they soon settle on the untlersicie of
the leaf, seldom crtiwtlinsj^ each tither. Miss Smith states that not more
than three or ft)ur remain tin a leaf, while Dr llowartl recortls as many as
13 on the underside of a siipL^lc leaf, anti specimens collected at Albany
have borne nearly as many. 'I'he wax)' secretitin soon bectimes very tlense,
and the c^s>^s are pushetl tint intt) it, btith the secretit)n anti the number of
eggs increasing pro[)ortionally. One iiulivitlual may tleptisit over 500. Miss
Smith’s observations at Peoria showetl that there were three trenerations
each year, and that the winter is [lassetl by young in crevices of the larger
limbs and in that latitude they may be tjuite active tluring warm days.
I'he secontl brot)tl hatches in June, and the thirtl in August, the yt)ung of
the latter generation over-wintering. Dr 1 loward calls attention to the fact
that the young of all generations have the habit of migrating to the trunk
of the tree, in the earlier generations, however, they remain on the bark for
only a short period, while the young of the last, as previously stated, winter
on the trunk.

Natural enemies. Miss Smith succeeded in breeding a minute Chalcid
fly, Rhopus coccois Smith, which frecpiently deposits its eggs on the
female about the time of oviposition. Miss Smith also observed a syrphus

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

I 86

larva feeding on the young bark lice, while from the puparium of this larva
she reared another Chalcid, which she identified as a species of Eulophus.
Three lady beetles, H y p e r a s p i s s i g n a t a Oliv., C h i 1 o c o r u s b i v ni¬
ne r u s Muls., and A n a t i s _o c e 1 1 a t a Oliv., were observed by her feeding
on the bark lice, and a species of Chrysopa was engaged in the same work,
A syrphid tly, Baccha fascipennis Wied, was reared by Dr Hopkins
from Massachusetts si)ecimens and from the puparium of this fly he obtained
a species of Pachy neuron, which he thinks may possibly be the insect
referred to lAdophus by Miss Smith. The larvae of Hype rasp is
s i g n a t a were also observed feeding on sj^ecimens from Massachusetts.

Remedial measures. This insect coidd be easily controlled by an aj)pli-
cation of such contact insecticides as a whale oil solution or a kerosene
emulsion. The treatment will be more effective if performed at the time
when most of the young are crawling. Miss Smith found by experiment
that a wash composed of 3 gallons of water, yi pound of hellebore and i
teaspoonful of carbolic acid, put on with a whitewash brush during the early
spring, was effectual.

Bibliography

1880 Smith, Emily A. N. Am. Ent. i : 73-86

1881 Comstock, J. H. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Rej)’t 1880, p. 345
1894 Howard, L. O. Insect Life, 7 : 235-40

1902 King, G. B. Can. Ent. 34 : 211-12

Cockscomb elm gall
Colopka nlmicola P'itch

The leaves of the American elms are not infrequently more or less deformed by a
peculiar cockscomb-like gall which appears in June, and is the work of a small aphid
or j)lant louse.

This interesting gall is a very common one in the vicinity of Albany,
and occasionally is quite abundant. It Is sometimes so numerous as to pro¬
duce very serious deformations of the leaves, and a corresj)onding injury.
The young galls appear about the first of May as slightly elevated ridges
on the upper side of the leaf. Soon after, on the opposite side, elongated
openings appear, and on spreading these apart, a glossy olive brown plant

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

i8;

louse may be seen within the cavity. This insect is the mother of the
colony inhabiting the gall, hour to five weeks after the inception of its
growth and during the month of June, an examination of the interior of the
gall shows the adult jdant louse surrountled by numerous young in different
stages of growth. Within the gall, among the many occupants are small
glistening globules of a sweet licpiid or honeydew, excreted by the plant
lice. Later the opening into the gall spreads apart and permits the insects
to escape, and when the tree is badly infested, as stated by Dr Lintner,
there are almost showers of honeydew falling from the leaves on the trround
beneath. 1 he stones of the walks under the Infested trees in cities may be
kept moist and black by this copious excretion. The members of the
second generation, as stated by Dr Lintner, are wingless females, parents
of the gall-producing generation, from which, later in the season, sexual
individuals develop and deposit eggs in sheltered places beneath the bark.
The winter is passed in this stage and the stem mother appears the follow¬
ing spring.

Bibliography

1859 Fitch, Asa. Ins. N. V. 5th Rep’t, p. 63-64

1887 Lintner, J. A. Ins. X. Y. 3d Rep’t. 1886. p. 126-28.

Woolly larch aphid
Chernies strobilohius Kalt.

> Snow-white, wooly aphids or plant lice on larch needles in May and June and
masses of purplish eggs at the base of leaf fascicles may be this insect.

This species is somewhat common on the larches in Albany, and has
been under the writer’s observation for the past five years. It is occasion¬
ally exceedingly abundant, and the woolly masses excreted by this plant
louse are sometimes so conspicuous as to give a tree the appearance of
having been dusted with flour or starch. This was specially true the latter
part of June 1897 pi. 18, fig. i, 3, 4]

Life history. The life history of this insect as observed by the writer
in Albany is substantially as follows: May 3, 1897, the larches were alive
with females and eggs. Large masses of eggs were to be found at the

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

I 88

base of nearly every fascicle of leaves on some limbs. Over 200 were
counted in an egg mass of moderate size, while around the base of other
fascicles two to three times this number were to be found. The )oung
w'ere beginning to hatch on this date, and some had already settled on the
larch needles, at which time they presented a close resemblance to a grain of
black gunpowder. I he young increase in size in the course of a few' weeks,
and excrete an abundance of white wooly matter. The period w'hen the
insect is most conspicuous is during the latter part of June. Later in the
summer it is not nearly so abundant, though it can usually be found upon
the trees in smaller numbers up till September and possibly later. I he
life history of this species as worked out by I3r Cholodkovsky of Europe
is most interesting, comprising, as it does, a life cycle of 2 years duration
and involving fiv'e generations. It is as follow’s ; (gen. i ) wungless female
lice pass the w'inter at the base of young pine buds, produce gads ih the
spring and in them w'inged (gen. 2) females develop, part of which migrate
in August to the larches and lay eggs on the needles. From these eggs
emerge (geh. 3) young which hibernate in the crevices of the bark and the
follow'ing spring attack the base of the buds and produce the eggs w’hich
attract attention on the larches, and from w'hich the black (gen. 4) young
emerge, a portion eventually developing into winged females, and return¬
ing to the pines the latter part of May (probably later in this latitude, as
this generation is abundant on larches till the last of June), wdiere they lay
eggs producing (gen. 5) males and females, which in turn are parents to the
hibernating form first mentioned and thus the life cycle is completed.

The writer, so far as known, was the first to record the occurrence of
this species in America though doubtless it had been established in this
country for some years. The follow'ing synonyms are those given by Dr
Cholodkovsky; Chernies coccineus Ratz.? in part; C. laricis
Ratz., Koch in part ; C. g e n i c u 1 a t u s Ratz., in part ; C. h a m a d r y a s
Koch: C. at r a t u s Buckton ? ; C. lariceti Altum ?

Bibliography

1898 Felt, E. P. State Ent. 14th Rep’t. N. Y. State Mus. Bui. 23, p. 238

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

189

Spruce gall aphid
Che rn/es a/iie/is I. inn.

Somewhat cone-shaped, many-celled galls are formed at the bases of young spruce
shoots; later these dry, turn brown and open, thus allowing the inclosed plant lice to
escape. »

This species has heen observeil b)' us 011 spruce in Albany, and it also
occurs in other parts of the State. It is, accordinjr to Professor Cooley,
widely distributed in America, since it has been met with in New Pn^rland,
recorded by him from Canada, occurs as far west as W’ashinjrton, ami has
been received from a number of interveniiiL^ localities.

Description. The gall Is a somewhat conelike, many-celled structure
about ^ inch in length. It is at first entirely green or more or less rosy in
color, taking on a yellowish tinge in August, at which time the cavities
open slowly and the gall begins to dry uji and turn brown.

The eggs are deposited in small clusters, each attached to a leaf by a
slender stem. They are ellii)soidal in form, about ' (,0 inch in length, light
yellow when deposited, gradually turning darker. 'I'he newly hatched
young measure about J/co inch in length, are oval, tapering slightly toward
the posterior end. The full grown young are about '12 inch long, with the
head, thorax and all the appendages yellow, the abdomen rather redtlish
and the wing pads tinged with green In many individuals, though in some
they are light'brown. The winged female is from about to bio inch in
length, with a wing expanse of about ’/j inch. Recently emerged individu¬
als are a nearly uniform yellowish color, but with age darker markings
become apparent and the head and thorax are then a nearly uniform deep
brown, while the abdomen retains its yellowish color, the fore wings with
the stigma and costal cell are distinctly green. 'I'he jiosterior end of the
thorax is covered with a white, llocculent secretion, which extends along
the sides of the abdomen toward the thorax. The young of the winter
generation measure about ^60 inch in length. The dorsum of the head and
thorax and the spots on the dorsum of the abdomen are brown ; the
remainder of the body is yellowish brown.

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

190

Life history and habits. This account of the life history and habits is
based on that published by Prof. R. A. Cooley. The eggs are deposited
from the second week of INIay to about the time the spruces are putting
forth new shoots, and may be found at the base of buds enveloped in a
white, wooly mass. A cluster contains about 300 light yellow eggs, each
attached by a slender stem. The eetTS hatch in about a week, and in a few
hours the young venture out from the protecting wooly mass, crawl to the
tender, young shoots and nestle closely in the cracks at the base of the
leaves of young galls which have already begun to form. The starting of
the galls must therefore be attributed to the female rather than to the
young, though the latter undoubtedly have some influence on their further
development. There is nothing on the young gall to indicate that there
will ever be cavities to inclose the nymphs. It gradually grows over the
insects, the cavities slowly closing, leaving only a semicircular incision
surrounded by a grayish or pinkish pubescence. Late arriving nymphs
sometimes experience difficulty in finding a cavity open enough to allow
admission. Generally all the nymphs in one gall come from an egg cluster
laid by a female. After the cavities close, the space within enlarges, and in
a few days the young may be seen closely adhering to the sides, heads
directed toward the opening. The nymphs become full grown in early
August, at which time the galls begin to loose their dark green color, slowly
turning yellowish. The cavities gradually open and the nymphs emerge
one by one, molt, leaving the cast skins attached to the leaves, the wings
developing as they crawl along. The first winged specimens were observed
at Amherst Mass., Aug. 10, and most of the adults emerged before the
20th, but stragglers continued to appear for some time. About two days
after attaining maturity, the female begins laying eggs after having first
permanently attached herself to a leaf, generally near its tip, where she
remains, her dead body serving as a protection for the egg cluster. The
eggs do not all hatch at the same time, a period of about two weeks being
required. The young nymphs remain under the dead body of the mother
for a short time and then the young wingless females spread over the

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

I9I

nearby limbs, some attaching themselves to leaves, others locating in
crevices at the axil of leaves and at the base of buds, only a portion of
those at the base of buds surviving the winter. Minute young of this
generation are almost invisible, but as the winter approaches they secrete
from the dorsal pores a coating of coarse, white threads, which make them
more conspicuous. The old winter coat is molted in the spring, about the
third week in April, after which a more copious wooly coating is produced.
The first eggs were observed at Amherst Mass., May 9.

Natural enemies. This species is subject to attacks by several natural
enemies. The larva of the common lace-winged fly, Chrysopa arcuata
Say., feeds voraciously on the nymphs of this insect as they issue from the
galls. Protection of smaller insectivorous birds such as tits, the nuthatch
and golden-crested wren, has been recommended because they probably
prey on this plant louse to some extent.

Remedial measures. Thorough spraying of infested trees in April,
with a whale oil soap solution, i lb to 2 gal. of water, has proved very
'effectual in checking this insect. The galls may also be cut off and burned
in June, thus destroying the insects.

Bibliography

1897 Cooley, R. A. Mass. Agric. Col. 34th Rep’t, p. 91-99

Rose leaf hopper
Typhlocyba rosae Harris

Small, yellowish white, jumping insects about inch long occur in swarms during
midsummer, on rose leaves.

This is one of the common pests of rose growers and occasionally these
small leaf hoppers cause a great deal of injury. They winter under fallen
leaves and rubbish on the surface of the ground and appear on rose bushes
some time in May, occurring on the underside of the foliage, in all stages,
during the greater part of the summer. They draw the sap from the foliage
and thus produce whitish, discolored spots which, if the injury be severe,
results in the affected leaves turning yellow and dropping.

192

NEW YOKK STATE MUSEUM

This pest is most easily controlled by thorough spraying with a con¬
tact insecticide such as a whale oil soap solution or a kerosene emulsion,
taking special pains to hit the insects before they can jump out of harm’s
way. The adults are somewhat difficult to destroy and where thorough
work is necessary it may be advisable to knock them to the ground with a
weaker spray and then complete the work by drenching them Avith a stronger
solution. Thorough spraA’ing with a j^OAverful jet of Avater from a hose has
been found very effectiA'e in keeping this pest in check, and Avhere such
is available, recourse to the disagreeable insecticides Avill probably be
unnecessary.

Woolly elm bark aphid
ScJiizojieura rilcyi Thos.

Clusters of a white, woolly substance on limbs and trunks of white elms, accompanied
by a knotted, unnatural growth of wood, are A-ery likely the work of this species.

This insect is Avidely distributed in the State, and here and there badly
deformed trees are met Avith as a result of the operations of this plant louse.
It does not, as a rule, cause much injury. The lice are met Avith on the
trees in May, June and possibly later, and as they are easily seen it is not
difficult to control them, since they can be killed, according to Dr Riley,
Avith a Aveak solution of cresylic acid soap. It is \'ery probable that thor¬
ough spraying, particularly rf a forcible spray be employed, Avith either
Avhale oil soap emulsion or a carbolic acid and soap emulsion Avould destroy
them as readily.

Pine bark aphid
Che} mes pi)iico)'ticis Fitch

Patches of fiocculent downy matter may be observed on the smooth bark of white
pine and these will be found to conceal minute plant lice.

This insect appears to be a someAvhat common one on pine groAving in
parks and under someAvhat artificial conditions in Noav York State. The
Avriter has observ^ed the Avork of this species for a number of years in
Washington park, Albany, Avhere it has frequently been so abundant as to
literally cover the smooth bark of a considerable proportion of the trunks
of certain young Avhite pine. The presence of large numbers of this insect

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

193

reduces the vitality of a tree and apparently leads to a sickly condition,
which, in a few cases, appears to have eventually resulted in death. It is
impossible to say that this plant louse is the sole cause of the injury but
our observations indicate this to be probable in some instances.

Early history. This insect was noticed by Dr Fitch in 1856. He states
that it was more troublesome to ornamental trees and described its general
appearance and also the insect. It was noticed in 1883 by Air Saunders,
who records it as a species which is sometimes very destructive to the white
pine, and one which is preyed on by a number of natural enemies. In 1885
Dr Lintner gave a somewhat extended notice of this plant louse, presum¬
ably on account of its abundance on pine in the vicinity of Albany.
Dr E. B. Southwick, entomologist of the Department of Public Parks of
New York city, stated in 1894 that this insect gave him a great deal of
trouble and that he found a stiff spray was one of the best methods of
subduing it. Prof. Lawrence Bruner, in the same year, stated that he had
received reports of injuries by this species from several localities in
Nebraska. A detailed notice of this plant louse by E. L. Storment'
appeared in 1898, in which he states that this insect has been quite inju¬
rious in Illinois. This last writer lists the insect as occurring in a number
of Illinois, New York, Iowa and Maryland localities, and adds that it is
probably much more generally distributed than the few localities which he
has been able to find recorded, would seem to indicate.

Life history. The life history of this insect has not been worked out
in detail. The eggs commence to hatch early in May in favorable seasons,
at which time the young emerge in large numbers from their protective
balls of woolly matter and travel actively over the bark for a time. They
are so small as to be nearly invisible to the naked eye and in the early part
of May they are more abundant than at any other time. Traveling soon
ceases and they attach themselves to the tender bark of young twigs.
They increase rapidly in size, assume a dark reddish brown color approach¬
ing black, and the secretion from the body commences and soon hides them

‘ 1898. E. L. Storment. Ins. of Ill. 20th Rep’t, ap. p. 3-24

194

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

from view. Maturity is probably reached toward the last of May and the
wingless females deposit eggs for another brood. Winged females are
produced about the first of June. There are several broods during the
summer and the winter appears to be passed in some years, at least, by
wingless females which commence feeding toward the latter part of March
and begin to deposit eggs in early April. These hatch about the 15th and
young begin to attach themselves the 26th. The wingless females disap¬
pear about May i, and hatching ceases by the 7th ; winged adults appear
about the 9th, by the 17th all the young are attached, and by the 23d the
winged adults disappear. These latter records are based on observations
made by Mr Storment. He further states that this species may have an
alternative food plant which at present is unknown.

Description. The eggs occur in downy balls near the bases of the
needles and vary in number from 5 to 60 or more in each, usually there are
only a few. They are oval, dusky or reddish yellow, slightly ovate, about
.34 mm long and with a transverse diameter of .17 mm.

The young of the winged form, as described by Professor Osborn, are
oval in shape, flattened, yellowish or light brown. The antennae are three
jointed, the first short and thick, the second slightly longer and not so thick
and the third is three times as long as the first and half as thick, and set
with a few stiff hairs at the apex. As these young develop they become
darker in color, assuming a deep red or brown and finally become almost
black. The woolly substance is thick on the abdominal segments and also
on the meso- and meta-thorax, hiding the insect and changing its appearance
to that of a ball of white down.

The winged form, as described by Professor Osborn, is light reddish
in color, and the wings are very white, expand rapidly and become
transparent, while the body darkens till almost black. The antennae are
five jointed and short. The tarsi are one jointed, with a rudimentary first
joint and two claws. The forewings are folded rooflike over the body, the
anterior pair having a strong subcostal vein which is branched at the basal
third, the lower branch running parallel for a distance and then turning
obliquely toward the posterior margin. P'rom this branch there are two
oblique discoidal veins running to the posterior margin. The stigma is
indistinct. The wingless female is enclosed in a woolly mass which adheies
to the bark. The legs and antennae are persistent, small, the latter being
three jointed and the tarsi one jointed and terminated by a pair of claws.

IXSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

195

The body is elongated, pyriform during egg laying and contracts to a
globular or Hattened shape afterwards or in the winter.

Natural enemies. This species is subject to attack by a number of
natural enemies ; among the more important may be mentioned several
species of lad3'beetles, particularly the 1 5-spotted one, Anatis ocel-
lata Oliv., and the two-spotted form. Ad alia bi punctata Linn;
both species have been observed by the writer in considerable numbers
around infested pines in Washington park. The twice stabbed ladybeetle,
C h i 1 o c o r u s b i v u 1 n e r u s Muls., and the spotted ladybeetle, M eg i 1 1 a
maculata De G., have also been recorded as preying on this aphid:
Syrphid larvae and ant lions, Chrysopa and Hemerobius, are recorded
by Mr Storment as being ver}' destructive to this insect.

Remedial measures. This insect is easily reached by sprays, and as
previously noted Dr E. B. Southwick has found that very stiff sprays are
efficient in combating this pest. Mr Storment states that thorough spray¬
ing with kerosene emulsion in May proved ver\- efficient. The standard
emulsion was probably diluted with 9 parts of water. In case it was
undesirable to use kerosene emulsion, it is probable that the insect would
be equally susceptible to a whale oil soap solution, i pound to 4 gallons
of water, or even a forcible spray of cold water would wash off large
numbers of the insects. This latter could be used very well where a
nearby hydrant afforded sufficient head.

Bibliography

1856 Fitch, Asa. Ins. N. Y. ist Rep’t, p. 167-69
1885 Lintner, J. A. Ins. N. Y. 2d Rep’t, p. 180-87
1898 Storment, E. L. Ins. Ill. 20th Rep’t, ap.x. p. 3-24

Alder blight aphid
Pemphigus tcssellatus Fitch

Conspicuous cottonylike bunches hanging from the underside of alder stems, are
very characteristic of this insect.

This species is exceedingly abundant in sections of the Adirondacks
during July and August. It occasionally occu-s on cultivated alders in

196

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

parks, in which latter place it sometimes occasions considerable injury.
This species is preyed on by the caterpillar of the little orange butterdy,
Feniseca tarquinius Fabr., which deposits its eggs among or near
groups of the plant lice as observed by Miss INIorton. This caterpillar also
feeds on the related P. f r a x i n i f o 1 i i and P. i m b r i c a t o r.

The aphid can be controlled on cultivated trees by thorough spraying
with a contact insecticide, and where a good head of water is available, a
strong jet from a hose would probably be equally effective.

Cottony maple scale
Pulvimn'ia inmimcrabilis Rathv.

The smaller twigs of many soft maples are sometimes festooned on the underside
with cottony masses protruding from under a brownish scale. It occurs more sparingly
on other maples, elms and grapevines, as a rule.

This species is generally distributed throughout the greater part of the
State, and occasionally becomes excessively abundant, specially on the soft
or silver maple, one of its favorite food plants. This scale insect flour¬
ishes, particularly in certain seasons, on Long Island and in its vicinity.
Sometimes the trees are fairly festooned with masses of conspicuous
females. In 1890 it was so abundant in Brooklyn N. Y., as to lead Mr
A. S. Fuller to report that thousands of trees were dying from its attacks.
It was present in large numbers at Buffalo N. Y., the same year and
in 1898 many complaints of serious injury were received from wid-ely
separated localities.

Description. This pest, inconspicuous earlier in the season, most often
comes to notice after the females have attained their full growth late in
June or early in July and have excreted an abundant cottonlike substance,
which protrudes from under the scale covering the insect, as represented at
figure II, on plate 2. The entire under surface of limbs is frequently
covered with these insects with their cottony fibers full of minute eggs and
young. A recently hatched scale insect is represented very much enlarged
at figure 10, on plate 2. The young soon forsake the protecting filaments
of the mother, wander to the leaves, settle along the veins as a rule, secrete

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

197

a scaly covering and in the fall present the appearance shown at figure 12,
on plate 2.

Life history and habits. This species is very prolific. One female
rarely deposits less than 500 eggs and most frequently produces over 2000,
as estimated by the late J. 1). Putnam, who published an
e.xhaustive paper on this species in the proceedings of the
Davenport Academy of Natural Science, of Iowa. Certain
facts reg^ardinof the life historv of this insect are taken from

00

his treatise on this scale insect. The vouiiij leave the
mother in immense numbers about the latter part of July,
in the latitude of Albany N. Y., and establish themselves
along the veins and usuallv on the underside of the leaves.

Some may be found on the upper surface, and occasionally Fig. 30 Puivimria
attacking the more tender twigs. The breeding season in yourKhiLraIungfem.Je
Washington D. C., as stated by Dr Howard, extends from
the latter part of May or early June, into early July, and Lt%ui! n.T'g-^r
may last till August. He states that the young on the underside of
the leaves appear to grow more rapidly than those on the upper sur¬
face. The first molt occurs in the vicinity of Washington D. C., in about
a month. This is followed by the secretion of a homogeneous layer of
wax. The insects are yellowish for a period, the females showing deep
red markings about the time the delicate two winged males appear. They
later change to a brownish color, and migrate to the side of the twigs
shortly before the leaves fall. Mr Putnam found that the males appear in
Iowa, Aug. I to Sep. 15, pair and then die. Dr Howard records the
appearance of the males at Washington D. C., on Aug. 18, and states that
the full grown male scales may be easily recognized by their narrower
and more convex form. The females pass the winter on the underside
of the twigs, and in the spring increase rapidly in size and secrete large
amounts of honeydew, which gums the leaves and smears everything .
beneath the infested trees. The last of April or early in May, in the vicin¬
ity of Washington D. C., the insects begin to excrete the familiar cottony

198

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

matter in which the e^^s are deposited. The females are very noticeable
about Albany in Jvdy when present in numbers.

Food plants. This pest, as is well known, is most destructive in New
\ ork State to the s6ft or siK er maple, though it attacks many other plants,
such as sugar and Norway maples, elms and grajjevines. The above named
are the more important trees and vines injured by this scale insect.

Method of distribution. I he young of this sjjecies are carried from
tree to tree in about the same manner as allied forms. Birds, other insects
and even sjjiders frecpienting infested trees are often compelled
)| |-| to assist in the distribution of this jjest by the active young
crawling on them as they rest on the twigs. Once a young
scale is on a bird’s fo(»t or on an insect, there is a good
^ chance that it will be carried to another tree before it leaves
its host. Winds prol)ably aid somewhat in the dissemination
of the pest, and it is undoubtedly carried on infested trees
shipped to distant parts of the country.

Natural enemies. One would hardly suppose that a mouth¬
ful of wax would be very palatable, yet Dr Howard states that
he has often observed Knglish sparrows a|)i)arently feeding on
this insect. 1 his prolific species is preyed on by a number of
i“mcncing'^“[o beiieficial insects. The twice stabbed ladybeetle, C h i 1 o c o-
r u s b i V u 1 n e r u s Muls., is one of the more common insects
living on the pest in New York State, and in some localities,
at least, it appears to be a very efficient check. The 1 5-spotted
ladybeetle, Anatis ocellata Linn., H y p e ra sp i s s i g n a t a Oliv.,
and II. bigeminata Rand are allies of the above named in checking
this pe.st. The interesting Lepidopterous enemy, Laetilia coccidi-
vora Comst., was reared by Prof. J. H. Comstock from this scale insect.
The caterpillars of this very interesting form flourish on the scale infested
twigs, webbing its hosts together and working its way through the masses
from one scale to another. I hus one caterpillar destroys many scale
insects. Dr Howard is of the opinion that this insect alone caused the dis-

31 P u 1 V i n *
ari^ innumer*
a b t 1 i s : gravid
female, greatly

secrete egg sac in
the spring. (After
Howard. U. S.
Dep’t Agric. l>iv.
Knt. Bui. 32, n. s.
1900)

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

199

appearance of this scale insect from the Washington shade trees at the
close of 1879. The caterpillar is stated to not only destroy the old female
scale insects, but also the eggs and young larvae. A more important
species than the preceding, according to the experience of Dr Howard, is a
minute chalcid dy known as Coccophagus lecanii Fitch. Dr How¬
ard states that the activity of this parasite in 1898 made it almost impos¬
sible to carry the cottony maple scale through the season at Washington,
and that less than i,^ attained maturity. His observations show that this
parasite develops very rapidly, the life cycle occupying not more than 2 or
3 weeks. This permits a very rapid increase in its numbers and adds mate¬
rially to the value of the parasite. This little insect even gained access to
the breedincr casfes in the insectarv at Washiniiton and threatened the
destruction of all the insects.

Coccophagus fla-
voscutellum Ashm. is a
more southern species than
the preceding, and according
to Dr Howard, is almost
equally effective in the south¬
ern portions of this insect’s
habitat. Atropates col¬
li n s i How., is another
important parasite of this
insect which was reared by
Dr Howard from Brooklyn material. A single specimen of Eunotus
1 i v i d u s Ashm. was also reared from material sent from Brooklyn.
Two other parasites, Aphycus pulvinariae H ow., and C o m >• s
fusca How., are known to live on this species. Aphis lions or larvae
of lace-winged flies were observed by Dr Howard preying on the young of
this insect, and a species of harvest mite attacks the pest as stated by
Miss Murtfeldt.

Remedies. Brushing with a stiff broom will dislodge many insects.

32 Kunotus lividus, greatly enlarged, with male and female
antennae above still more enlarged and cocoons under old scale at
left, also enlarged. (After Howard. U. S. Dep't Agric. Div. Ent,
Bui. 22, n. s. 1900)

200

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

This should be done before the young scatter and would be more effective
if the brush was dipped frequently in kerosene emulsion or other insecti¬
cide. Prof. C. M. Weed states that this pest can be fought with a con¬
siderable degree of success by washing it from the tree with a stream
from a hose. Where there is a good head of water this might prove the
best method of controlling the pest. Otherwise, infested trees must be
headed in and sprayed with a lo to 12 per cent kerosene emulsion at the
time the young appear.

Bibliography

1890 Lintner, J. A. Ins. N. Y. 6th Rep’t, p. 141-47

1898 Felt, E. P. Fish. For. and Game Com. 4th Rep’t, p. 393-95

1900 Howard, L. O. U. S. Agric. Div. Ent. Bui. 22, n. s, p. 8-16

Black-banded scale
Enlccanmm nigrofasciat2im Perg.

A small, hemispheric, reddish, black marked scale insect may be met with in large
numbers on the underside of branches of maple and of some other trees.

This small species is somewhat common and^quite injurious to the soft
and sugar maples in certain cities and villages of New York State. It was
brought to the notice of the late Dr Lintner several years ago, because
of its remarkable abundance on sugar maples at Poughkeepsie, and the
writer has since had his attention called to its presence in several localities.
It is now a very common and destructive pest of both soft and sugar maples
in the city of Albany. Mr Pergande, its describer, states that he has
known the insect since 1872, when it was discovered on peachtrees at Hills¬
boro Mo., and that since then it has increased steadily and has been gradu¬
ally spreading over the peach orchards of the Middle, Southern and
Eastern States. He seems inclined to consider its original home as being
in the region south of New York and north of the Potomac river, and he
believes that it has been distributed from this region by means of cuttings
and young trees and to a lesser degree through the agency of birds and
insects.

Food plants. This scale insect was originally considered an enemy to

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

201

the peach, and Mr Pergande wrote of it under the common name of peach
Lecanium. In his account of this species, he has recorded it as occurring
on various kinds of plumtrees and also on the sugar maple, Norway maple,
a variety of the red maple, on apple, Crataegus, sycamore, Bumelia, linden,
benzoin, olive and on Vaccinium. The writer has met with it almost exclu¬
sively on hard and soft maples.

Life history. The life history of this scale insect has been studied in
detail by Miss Mary E. Murtfeldt of Kirkwood Mo., and the following is
taken from her account of the insect in that latitude. She observed the
species May 2 on a young Lombard plumtree, and at that time the twigs
and smaller branches were incrusted with the pest. The scales were filled
on the 20th with fully developed eggs, but the young did not appear till
June 10, and by July 15, hatching was completed. By this time the earlier
appearing individuals had nearly all become established on the leaves and
transformed to male pupae. July 22, winged males appeared in the rearing
jar, showing the pupal period to be about a week, and Aug. 22, hundreds
of them were to be met with as well as fresh pupae and active young, on
the leaves. The male appears to live about a week. Sep. 5, Miss Murt¬
feldt found that the males had disappeared and that the females had
attached themselves to the bark of such twigs as were still somewhat
vigorous.

The above account agrees very closely with our observations about
Albany. The young began to appear in 1901 about June 14, and by July
15 they were about V50 ii^ch in length. July 16, 1902, the young were very
abundant on the greener shoots near the base of the leaves and on the
base of the leaf petiole.s. They are frequently arranged along the larger
veins of the leaves on both the upper and lower surface, and they also
cluster on the younger twigs. The species appears to breed over an
extended period, since a few very young were found early in September,
1902, at which time honeydew was excreted in large amounts. Males were
also emerging then in considerable numbers, and the numerous empty
scales indicated that they had begun to appear some time before. The

202

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

male scales M-ere clustered largely on leaf stalks and along leaf veins. Sep.
1 5 the leaves were deserted by the insects and the males had probably all
emerged. Badly infested twigs have a sour, semiputrid odor due in all
probability to the decomposition of the large amount of honeydew excreted,
since stones beneath badly infested trees were kept moist with this sub¬
stance even on hot, midsummer days.

Description. The adult female, plate 12, figure 3, 1 1, is from ys to
about i/e inch in length by less than one half that in diameter. She is
slightly broadest posteriorly, hemispheric, highly polished, and when not
rubbed, is covered with a very delicate, transparent, glossy or waxy secretion.
There are apparently 12 or more distinct radiating ridges on each side,
which are most noticeable around the margin of the body but start at
some distance from the disk of the scale, those of the thoracic segments
being more highly developed. The disk or medial dorsal stripe is
smooth or faintly rugose. The general color is a light or dark red with
a broader or narrower, blackish, subdorsal band surrounding the disk
and composed of confiuent spots. There is also a marginal row of elon¬
gated, rectangular spots of the same dark color between the ridges.
These markings frequently extend to the subdorsal band and give the scale
insect a very pretty appearance. The scales are frequently entirely black,
with the exception of the median stripe, which is red, or they may be
entirely red with but faint traces of darker markings. The adult males are
brick-red, rather stout insects with nearly transparent wings and an elon¬
gated, rather thick style at the tip of the abdomen, plate 12, figure 10.

'I'hey are about '/zs inch in length. The recently hatched young, plate 12,
/

figure 4, are yellowish, about ^50 inch in length and with two peculiar,
knobby protuberances near the anterior third. The dorsum is flat in many
individuals and in others it is decidedly grooved. The posterior extremity
bears two slender, curved setae.

Parasites. This species is undoubtedly kept in check to a considerable
extent by natural enemies. Probably the most efficient are certain minute
parasitic Hymenoptera. We succeeded in rearing four species, kindly

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

203

determined through the courtesy of Dr Howard, by Dr \V. H. Ashmead,

as follows : A p h y c u s a n n u 1 i p e s Ashm., P a c h y n e u r o n a 1 1 i s c u t a
H ow., C o c c o p h a g u s 1 e c a n i i
I' itcli and H 1 a s t o t h r 1 X s e r 1 c e a
Dalm. I he first named, re[)resented
at figure 33 is a very strongly marked
though minute insect with remark¬
able antennae shown in side view at
figure 34. It will be noticed that the
second segment is enormousl)’ dilated
and that it and the terminal one are

jet black. All of these SptjCIGS WGTC 33 A p h y c u s annulipes, enlarged (original)

reared in some numbers and are presumably of nearly
ecjual value as natural checks u[:)on this pest.

Remedial measures. This species can probably
be controlled most easily by thorough spraying in
Fig. 34 Lateral view of the an- midsummer with either a whale oil soap solution or

tenna of A p h y c ti s a n n u’ . , . ,

1 i p e s, much enlarged kcrosenc eiiiulsion, care being taken to ripply the

insecticide in such a way as to drench all of the

delicate young.

Bibliography

1894 Murtfeldt, Mary E. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bui. 32, p. 42-43
1898 Pergande, Theo. U. S. Dep’l .\gric. T)iv. Ent. Bui. 18, n. s. p. 26-29

Elm bark louse
Gossyparia spuria Modeer

Underside of elm limbs may be thickly crowded in summer, with reddish, woolly
bordered bark lice, about '/,o inch long, and the stones beneath infested trees are
frecpiently moistened with the e.xcreted honeydew.

The elms of New York State are unfortunate in suffering from the
attacks of two imported insects. The elm bark louse has proved itself a
worthy second of its predecessor, the elm leaf beetle, and though It may not
of itself be (juite so injurious as this pernicious leaf feeder, still its constant

204

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

sappinjT of elms already weakened by repeated losses of their foliage is a
serious matter. The extent of this drain is hardly appreciated till one
observes the damp sidewalks, which even the heat of summer can not dry,
and the blackening fungus covering broad leaf expanses, indicating the loss
of an equal amount of moisture, all drawn by these little creatures from
the struggling elms. On bright sunny days in June it is very easy to see
the exudations of these bark lice falling in showers from infested trees.

Introduction and distribution. This insect, like many of our worst insect
pests, is an introduced species. It was first brought to notice in this country
in 1884 by Air Charles Fremd, of Rye, Westchester co., N. Y., who com¬
plained that thousands of elms in his nursery were infested. This species
was probably accidentally imported several years previous to its discovery.
It has now become established at a number of points in the Union, ha\’ing
been recorded from Vermont, Massachusetts, District of Columbia, Michi¬
gan, Nevada and California, besides localities in New York State. It is
known to occur on Long Island and in a number of places along the Hud¬
son river north to Greenwich, and it has been received from Ogdensburg,
St Lawrence co. Thus, if this pest has not already attained a general dis¬
tribution throughout the State, it is only a question of time before that will
occur.

Description. The adult females are by far the most conspicuous form
of this insect. They may be seen clustered along the underside of the
smaller limbs, usually beside a crack or crevice in the bark, and presenting
a general resemblance to a growth of lichens. The full grown, viviparous
females are about inch long just before giving birth to their young, oval
in outline and with slightly pointed extremities [pi. 3, fig. 16, 16^7]. Each
is surrounded with a white, wooly secretion, which also extends partly over
the insect and thus renders its segmentation more apparent.

The young are yellowish specks and may easily be recognized as they
move over the younger limbs and leaves [pi. 3, fig. 1 5]. They have an
elongated, oval form, rounded anteriorly and tapering posteriorly to a pair
of pointed processes, each bearing a long and a short seta. The body seg-

INSECTS AFFECTING PAKK AND WOODLAND TREES

205

nicnts a,rs nicirkecl by la.tcr<il spines iincl there is n row of six <irouncl the
anterior border of tlie liead and an irregular row down the middle of the
back. 1 he young soon become darker and finally assume a yellowish red
color. The dorsum becomes covered with sinny, wax secreting j>roce.sses,
and the general form of the young larva is retained [pi. 3, fig, 10, 13I.
The antenna of the female before impregnation is composed like that of
the young, of 6 subequal .segments, the .second and third being the longest
and the fourth and fifth shortest. The antenna of the immature mah; has 6
nearly equal segments and a longer seventh.

The oval cottony cocoon of the male is well shown at figures i i, 12,
plate 3. I he presence of the jierfect insect within may be known by the
two long, protruding anal filaments. 'I'he male is not .seen without sjiecial
search. It is a delicate, two winged, reddish in.sect with rath(;r large
antennae, and a pair of white anal filaments nearly twice the length of its
body [pi. 3, fig. 18 [. It moves slowly over the limbs in a clumsy way, is
not easily disturbed and rarely takes wing, A most interesting feature is
the occurrence of two forms. The normal one has already been described,
but 10 days earlier than its occurrence there may be fountl large numbers
of males which are characterized by the jiossession of wing pads but no
wings. These are known as pseudimagos and one is represented at figure
17, plate 3. The reason for the existence of two forms of males is
unknown.

Life history. This in.sect is most conspicuous during the months of
April, May and June, at which time the females are preparing to give birth
to their young, which make their appearance in the latitude of Albany early
in July. The new born insects move readily over the bark for a time and
then settle along the veins of the leaves, jirincipally the midvein, and in
large numbers on the greener tips of the twigs. Occasionally a twig will
be almost yellow from the large number of young nearly covering it.
Others establish themselves in crevices among the old female.s, d'hey
remain in these positions till into .September or later and then those on the
leaves migrate to the twigs. Some do not take this [irecaution soon

206

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

enough and are carried away on the falling leaves and scattered by the
winds. The winter is j)assed as partly grown insects which are quite
well protected by a waxy secretion from the dorsal and lateral processes,
d'he first warm weather in spring brings signs of activity. Early in April
the females molt and the males form their cocoons. At this time many
travel considerable distances before establishinii' themselves ; this is
specially true of the males, which are quite apt to spin cocoons on dead
twigs. Moneydew is excreted by the females in very large quantities
from this time till the young appear in July. This is evidently the period
when the insect is most injurious. The wingless males or pseudimagos
were present in large numbers May lo, 1900, while the perfect males were,
not abundant till May 21 and there was a time between these dates when
no males could be found. .Soon after pairing there is a marked difference
in the appearance of the female. Her form changes from eliptic [pi. 3,
fig. 14] to oval [pi. 3, fig. 16] and the secretion of the wa.x is much more
copious and is mainly from the lateral spines instead of from both lateral
and dorsal, as occurred in the fall.

This bark louse, like the elm leaf beetle, appears to thrive best on the
European species of Ulmus, specially the .Scotch elm.

Means of distribution. This insect can be carried long distances on
young trees and it is undoubtedly in this way that it has succeeded in
establishing itself at the widely separated points named above. Its rapid
dissemination throughout a city is probably due to the agency of birds,
particularly the English sparrow. There appears to be no other adequate
explanation of the general occurrence of this pest throughout Albany and
Troy. It is also possible that the young falling with the leaves are blown
to new localties and succeed in establishing themselves on uninfested trees.
Th is latter means is so uncertain, compared with birds which habitually fly
from tree to tree, that it can not be considered as a source of much danger.

Natural enemies. It is very probable that a number of ladybeetles in
both adult and larval condition feed to some extent on the young of this
insect. The two spotted ladybeetle. Ad alia bipunctata Einn., has

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

207

been seen in considerable numbers about infested trees in Albany but it
was not observed feeding on the pest. Many flies and other insects are
attracted to infested limbs by the abundant honeydew.

Remedies. .Spraying with a contact insecticide, kerosene emulsion or a
whale oil soap solution, is probably the best remedy for this insect. This
treatment will be most effective if given early in the spring just after the
hibernated forms have molted or soon after the young make their appear¬
ance. A solution four times the normal strength is necessary to kill the
insects late in the fall. Small trees have been effectuallv cleaned bv
going over them with a stiff brush and this would be more effective
were it done in early spring and the brush kept well wetted with kerosene
emulsion or whale oil soap solution. A good stream of cold water would
be much better than nothing and when directed against the masses of
females could hardly fail to wash off large numbers. This latter method is
advisable only where a good head of water and hose is convenient.

Bibliography

1896 Lintner, J. A. Ins. X. Y. 12th Rep’t, p. 292-9S

1898 Felt, E. P. X. V. State Mus. Bui. 20, p. 10-18

1899 - Fish. Game and For. Com. 5th Rep’t, p. 375-79

Elm scurfy scale
Chionaspis amcricana Johns.

A whitish, irregularly oval insect, about yi inch in length, and with a yellowish speck
at the slightly elongated anterior point, may frequently be observed on American elms.

This species appeared to be a very common one in Xew York State,
for all that it was not characterized till 1895. The reason for this is that in
all probability it has been confused with the exceedingly common, widely
distributed scurfy scale, Chionaspis furfurfa Fitch.

This species sometimes becomes very abundant and is destructive to a
certain extent, but in Xew York State at least we have met with very few
trees which showed serious injury as a result of its presence.

Life history. The insect passes the winter in the egg stage, the young

2o8

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

appearing at Amherst Mass., according to Professor Cooley, about the
middle of May and all emerging within a very short lime. Professor John¬
son’s observations show that the insect is tw(j brooded and that the females
confine themselves to the bark of the tree, and may be found from the
trunk to the very tips of the twigs, d'he males occur both on the bark and
on the underside of the leaves. The female is stated to lay about 70 eggs
as a rule, but the number varies from a very few Kj about 85.

Distribution. This is a native American species and aj^pears to ha\e a
wide range, it having been recorded from a number of eastern and western

states.

Description. The eggs are about ' 12 inch in length, ellipsoidal and pur¬
plish in color. The young are about > 5 inch in length, oval in outline,
broadest posteriorly, reddish, and with distinct anal filaments, about as long
as the width of the middle of the body. The female scale is usually
broadest near the middle, about ys inch in length, conve.x, moderately thick
and white, though often coated by black particles from the bark. The
exuviae are long, brown, frequently almost completely hidden by the adher¬
ent coatings.

Natural enemies. Professor Johnson has reared two parasites from this
insect, P e r i s s o p t e r u s pulchellus How. and Physcus vari-
cornis How. He has also observed the young and adults of the twice
stabbed ladybug, Chilocorus bivulnerus Muls., feeding on it.

Bibliography

1899 Cooley, R. A. Mass, .\gric. E.xp. Sta. Spec. Bui. p. 41-43

Tuliptree scale

Eulccanium tulipiferae Cook

Large, nearly hemispheric brownish scales occurring in clustered masses on the
underside of the limbs of tuliptrees.

The tuliptree is commonly unaffected by insects, but in this large
species of Eulecanium it finds an enemy that occasionally causes con¬
siderable injury. Several twigs from a tuliptree, showing a very bad con-

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

209

dition of affairs [ pi. 12, fijr. 6|, were received Oct. i i, 1898, from Mr Alfred
Pell, of Mighland P'alls N. Y., with an incjuiry as to the nature of the
attack. T he insects were so crf)wded on jjortifms of the hark, that the old
scales were huddled toj^ether and badly deftmined. Und(;r a lens it was
seen that thousands of younjr ]iad established themselves in the immediate
vicinity of their parents, almost coverin^^ the bark in many places, while a
few occurred alonjr the veins of the leaves, d'he young were still issuing
from the parents, as a number of paler individuals were to b(^ seen crawling
over the twigs. P)ranch(;s of M ag n 1 i a soul a n ge a n a badly infested
by this species have also been received recently from b'ishkill.

Earlier injuries by this species. In 1878 this .scale insect was men¬
tioned by Professor Cook as (me that frecpiently destroys tuliptrees in
Michigan, lie states it was so abundant in 1870 on the crdlege grounds at
Lansing Mich., that some of the trees were killed outright and others much
injured. In the Rural Nezo Yorker of May 10, 1890, a more serious
outbreak of this species is recorded at River Iulg(;, Pergen co., N. J
Three years before, the tuliptrees in that vicinity were attacked by this
scale insect, and at the time the notice was written, not only had trees in
front yards been rendered worthless, but the lower branches of those grow¬
ing wild had been killed. .Severe injuries to tuliptrees in 1896 at Hartford
Ct., have been reported by Dr .Sturgis of the Connecticut Agricultural
Experiment Station, and Dr J. P». .Smith of New Jersey, observed a serious
attack by this insect the same year in his .State.

Description. The adult females are among the largest of those belong¬
ing to the genus | pi. 12, fig. 6|. .Some received measured 3/.0 inch in
diameter. The scale is light brown, mottled with dark brown, and very
convex. The under surface is concave, and in the examples before the
writer, there are two jiairs of ventral, transverse, white lines composed of
short cottony filaments, one on each side near the middle and the oblique-
pair nearer one extremity, probably the anterior. Poth are interrujjted in
the middle. The young [pi. 12, fig. 8, 9] at this time [October] range in
color from a light brown to almost black. The abdominal segments are

2 10

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

sharply defined, the caudal extremity is notched, and from the tips of the
last sc'^'ment there extends a pair of delicate filaments. I he young have a

general resemblance to tiny trilobites.

Life history. No signs of eggs were to be seen, though Professor

Cook describes them as small, yellow and oval. On examining the adults,
a number of young were found underneath. Apparently the species is
viviparous in this latitude, as recorded of it farther south by Dr Riley. In
Florida all stages have been observed during the winter, and it hibernates
as larvae at Washington I). C., according to Dr Riley. The numerous
young on the branches and those still issuing would indicate that the larvae
must hibernate in New York. The only observed difference in October
between those which had issued some time before and those emerging, was
In the color. The older ones still retained the larval form, but they had
turned black, were closely applied to the bark and attached by a slender
thread. In this condition they were apparently ready for hd^ernation, since
on being disturbed there was no effort to move off, as in the case of
younger individuals.

There is probably but one annual generation in this latitude, as there
is little chance that young would be produced earlier here than in Mich¬
igan, where they appear late in August as stated by Professor Cook.

This insect produces a large amount of honeydew, which has a nau¬
seating odor. A parasite, Coccophagus f 1 a v o s c u t e 1 1 u m Ashm.,
has been reared from this scale insect, as recorded by Dr Howard.

Remedies. In case of a bad infestation, it would be well to scrape all
the old insects from the branches in the autumn, and then treat the infested
limbs with either whale oil soap or kerosene emulsion. This, if undertaken
before many young have emerged, should nearly free the affected trees.

Bibliography

4th Rep’t. N. Y. State Mus. Bui. 23, p. 213-16

1898 Felt, E. P. N. Y. State Ent. i

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

2 I I

Oyster scale

Lcpidosaphcs iilnii Linn.

A brownish oyster shell-like scale, about inch long, may be found on a consider¬
able number of food plants though usually more abundant on ash and balm of Gilead.

This is one of our more common scale insects, well known to many
fruit growers because of its occurring on apple, pear and other trees pro¬
ducing valuable fruits. It is also occasionally quite abundant on some of
our forest trees and the writer has observed a number of cases where ash
saplings of considerable size have become literally incrusted with this
insect and died. It is sometimes nearly as abundant on balm of Gilead
and some poplars, though these trees do not as a rule succumb so readily to
attacks by this insect. This species has been noticed so many times that
only a brief summary of its life history and habits is advisable in this
connection.

Description. The adult female scale is about inch long, usually

slightly curved and widening from a slender tip to a broad rounded pos¬

terior end. The scale has at its anterior end a yellowish very small pel¬
licle, the hrst cast skin of the young, and the small scale three times its
size attached to it. There is usually a larger or second cast skin, to which

is attached the largest or chief part of the scale which is of a variable

brown color marked with curved, transverse lines or wrinkles. The female
is found beneath the scale, and when alive is a yellowish, legless, wingless,
eyeless form about |,(2 inch in length. The female scale turned over in
winter will be found to contain a large number of minute whitish eggs, and
near its anterior end the shriveled yellow or brown body of the female
may be detected. The recently hatched young are very minute, yellowish,
and to the naked eye appear like specks [see pi. 13, fig. 9-14]-

Life history. This insect produces but one generation annually in the
northern states though in the south there may be two. The winter is
passed in the egg under the protecting scale of the female, and the young
appear from the middle of May to early June, and in the case of badly
infested trees, parts of the twigs may be literally yellow because of their

2 I 2

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

jiImiiiiUiih'u. I'rofossi^r I^owc 1k\s olisorvctl tlicin cit OGnc\3. \ <is C3.rlj
as May 7. Tlu'y soon suitlo in a i)lacc aiul beorin sucking nourishment
from the uiHlorlying bark tissues, ainl in tibout 2 ila\s, white wax^ filaments
('xtmul from the back of llie young, ami when numerous, the infested
branches are adorned with patches of white woolly matter. This excre¬
tion m.its down and soon forms a iwotective covering which is supple-
immted later by the cast skins of the insect. Fully developed females may
be finind about the first of August and egg laying begins soon after and is
completed by the latter part of the month or early in September. One
bunale deposits from 50 io 100 eggs.

Food plants- This
species is of economic
importance chiefly on
account of its depreda¬
tions on some of our
more valuable fruit trees
as previously pointed out.
It also occurs on ash and
poplars in considerable
numbers and has been

Kl*. 35 A»|iUlioiij>l»aK>i» cit rintis Craw., Krratly enlarged. (After Howard.

iiKcct Life. 13.M- recordcd on willow’, lin¬

den, horse-chestnut, elm, sugar ami swamp maple.

Natural enemies. A small hymenopterous maggot was observed by
Dr Fitch to live on the eggs of this pest. What was in all probability the
same parasite w’as described by Dr Le Baron some years later as A p h e 1 i-
n u s m y t i I a s p i d i s, w’hich he found had destroyed from about ^0% to
of the scales. .\phelinirs fuscipennis How’, is recorded as a
most efficient parasite of this scale in California. A s p i d i o t i p h a g u s
citrinus Craw’. has been reared from this pest in that state. The
accomiianying figure will give a good idea of the appearance of these tiny
Chalcids. The best evidence of their work is the small circular holes in
the dead scales, orifices by which these little friends have escaped.
Aphelinus ab norm is How’. is another parasite of this bark louse.
Anaphes gracilis How. and Chiloneurus diaspidinarum
How. have also been reared from this insect.

INSIXTS AFFECTING I’AKK AND WOODLAND TREES

213

Coccinc'llid or ladyhectic* larvae prey'^ on this si^ccies, and certain mites,
like I y r o 1 y'' p h u s ni a 1 ii s Shinier, are also credited with this habit. A
brench inv'esti^ator has apparently shown that this I y'ro^lyphus does
not feed on .the e^jrs, but a species is described under the name of H emi-
sarcoptes coccisugu.s Lig^n., which does valiant service in destroying
them.

I hree J’.uropean birds, the blue tit, the long tailed tit and the tree
creepe-r are known to feed on this insect.

Remedies. I he* hatching of the young the latter part of May* renders
it practicable to control this insect by^ a[iply'ing a contact' insecticide about
June I in order to kill the young scale insects before they are protected by
a thick scale.

Bibliography

1856 Fitch, Asa. Ins. X, Y. ist Rej>’t, p. 31-38

1894 Howard, L. O. U. H. Dep’t .Vgric. Year hook. 1894. p. 254-59
1901 Felt, E, P. X. Y. .State .Miis. llul. 46, p. 297-300

Euonymus scale
Ckionaspis euonynii Comst.

Ilirty blackish scale insects, aljout '/,6 inch in length and with one or more yellowish
specks at the smaller end, may be found on Kuonymus and Celastriis associated with large
numbers of small snow-white tricarnate scales, on one end of which is a yellowish oval
cast skin.

This insect is evidently a southern species, which ranges as far north
as New York, city, and extends u[) the Hudson river valley for a short
distance. It has been brought to the writer’s attention on several occasions
because of its great abundance on bmonymus. This species appeared to be
specially numerous in 1899, when it was received by the writer from
b'ishkill, where it occurred on biuonymus ; from Great Xeck N. Y., where
it abounded on lilac, and from Irvington, where it thrived on Prunus
pissardi and was stated to be present on other shrubs. It was also
received in 1900 from Blauvelt N. Y,, where it infested Celastrus
scan dens. [See \)\. 14, fig, 10-13 colored figures of this pest and
its work]

214.

XEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

This species has received very little attention at the hands of economic
entomologists, though our experience in this State Avould appear to show
that at times it may become very abundant and correspondingly injurious
to the plant. Professor Comstock records this insect as having been found
in trreat numbers by Dr Howard on orange trees in Louisiana and he
states that he has received it from Havana, from which place he thinks it
may possibly have been imported into this country. Prof. T. D. A.
Cockerell has recorded the reception of this species on plants imported
from Japan, indicating that the insect has an extended distribution.

A single parasite, Aphelinus fuscipennis How., has been
reared at the United States Department of Agriculture from this insect.

Remedial measures. Experiments conducted by Dr C. L. Marlatt
against this insect have demonstrated that the young could be killed with a
standard kerosene emulsion diluted with 9 parts of water, and that in order
to destroy the adults it was necessary to employ an emulsion of four times
that strength, or the standard emulsion diluted with but 2}^ parts of water.
He states that owing to the hatching period of this insect extending over a
number of weeks and the intermingling of broods later in the season, it is
difficult to control.

Bibliography

1881 Comstock, J. A. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Rep’t 1880. p. 313-14

Scurfy scale

CJiionaspis furfur a P itch

A whitish, scurf)’ appearance on the trunks and limbs of certain trees may be due to
the presence of large numbers of this scale insect. The female scale is irregular, oval,
with a yellowish point and about ’ do inch in length. The male scale is three ridged,
snow white, with a yellowish point at one extremity.

This exceedingly common species is of interest in this connection
largely on account of its occurring so abundantly on the Japanese quince.
It is sometimes present in such large numbers that the bark is nearly
covered with dirty white, scurflike patches and it is from this that the pop¬
ular name of the insect has been derived.

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

215

Description. The fresh female scale is irregularly oval in outline,
about i/io inch in diameter, and with a slight prolongation tipped with a
yellow speck, which latter is the early cast skin. The male scales are
elongate, narrow, and consist of a small yellowish pellicle on one end of a
much larger, tricarinate white scale. The turning over of an adult female
scale in late winter will usually uncover a mass of purplish eggs. The young
are active, reddish, and to the naked eye appear as small, snowy specks.

Life history. The winter is passed by this species as eggs underneath
the protective scale of the female, and the young appear from about the
middle to the last of ]\Ia3\ They' soon establish themselves at favorable
points on the bark of the trunk
and branches, and begin drawing
nourishment from the underlying
tissues. Occasionally they settle
in numbers on the fruit, in which
case they may be surrounded by
an irregular reddish area. The
young grow rapidly, pass through
several molts, and in the latter
part of August or early in Septem¬
ber, 30 to 75 purplish eggs may
be found under the scale. There
is but one veneration in the

o

Northern States, though it is
stated that two and possibly three may occur in one season in the
Southern States.

Food plants. This species, has a special fondness for Japanese quince.
It has been recorded by' Dr Iloward as so abundant on mountain ash in
the Catskill mountains, that hardly a twig or branch was uninfested. Aside
from cultivated fruit trees, it is known to occur on the following food
plants : chokecherry, wild red cherry, shad bush, cherry currant, wild flower¬
ing currant, black walnut and black alder (C 1 e t h r a a 1 n i f o 1 i a). It is

Fip. 36 Ablerus clisiocampae, female greatly enlarged.
(After Howard. Insect Life. i8g4. 7 ; 7)

2I6

XEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

possible that more than one species may have been confused, though
Mr King has recently compiled a list of 23 food plants on which this form
is said to occur.

Distribution. This species is common over a large proportion of New
York State, and has been recorded from most of the Eastern and some of
the Western States, and also from Ontario, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and
Prince Edward Island.

Natural enemies. One hymenopterous parasite, A bier us clisio-
campae Ashm., has been bred from this scale insect by Dr Howard.
Two Coccinellids, H y p e r a s p i d i u s species and C h i 1 o c o r u s b i v u 1-
ner u s Muls., the twice stabbed ladybeetle, prey on this pest. The latter
is stated to be a specially valuable enemy.

Remedies. The recommendations for controlling this insect are the
same as those advised for the oyster scale, to which the reader is referred.

Bibliography

1856 Fitch, Asa. Ins. N. Y. 3d Rep’t, p. 34-35

1894 Howard, L. O. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Year Book, p. 259-61

1901 Felt, E. P. N. Y. State Mus. Bill. 46, p. 300-4

San Jose scale

Aspidiotiis pcrniciosics Comst.

A circular, grayish or yellowish scale insect, about y,6 inch in diameter, and
frequently surrounded by large numbers of much smaller, nearly black scales having a
central nipple and one or two grayish rings.

This introduced species has become so well known to fruit growers
that we commonly think of it as depredating almost entirely on fruit trees.
Such is not the case as this species occurs on a large number of other trees
and may be very abundant on the flowering quince in particular. It also
thrives on a number of other plants grown in parks for ornamental purposes
and a brief account of this species is therefore included in this work.

Description. This species is more readily recognized by its effect on
the tree or shrub than by the characteristics of the individual. Trees which
have been badly infested for some time have a rough bark covered with

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

2 I 7

dark gray scurfy [)atches, and if this be rubbed with the oblique edge of a
knife or even with the fingernail, an oily yellowish substance will be
crushed from the living insects under the scales. I his species breeds so
rapidly that it is not uncommon to find a large number on trees previously
comparatively free. 1 heir presence under _such circumstances is indicated
by a peculiar granular look and those familiar with the normal appearance
of the bark know that something is wrong. 1 he plant tissues immediately
under the living scales are almost sure to have a reddish discoloration, and
the fruit leaves and green twigs are usually marked by red blotches
encircling the scales | pi. 13, fig. 5].

The adult female is usually about Yic, inch in diameter, nearly circular,
and with a central dark nipple, and one or more well defined yellow rings.
The young scales are nearly black, have a central nipple, and one or two
grayish rings. The largest scales are just about the size of the head of an
ordinary pin, while the small ones are .mere dots and resemble black specks
on the twig [ pi. 13, fig. 6, 7 and 8 |. The full grown female under one of the
larger scales is yellow, usually somewhat kidney-shaped, and without legs,
eyes or wings. .She is, however, provided with a very long, slender pro¬
boscis which is used to draw nourishment from the underlying plant tissues.

Life history. The winter is passed by this insect in a partly grown
dormant condition. Vital activities are resumed with the approach of
warm weather, and the first outward indications of life are seen in the
appearance of winged males and later of the crawling young, the latter
appearing in this latitude toward the last of June. The females produce
young for a period of about six weeks according to Dr Howard, averaging
about 400, or from 9 to 10 every 24 hours. The eggs develop within the
mother and the young are born alive. They may be seen as tiny yellow
specks escaping from under the maternal scale from which they wander in
search of a favorable place to establish themselves. This pilgrimage is
limited to a few hours, a little over 27^ hours as determined by Professor
Lowe. The young soon establishes itself, inserts its slender proboscis
in the bark and begins to feed. The development of the scale begins even
before the young has selected its feeding place, as very minute waxy fila-

2lS

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

merits, wliich sj)rin^ from all parts of the body rapidly, become thicker and
slowly mat down to form the circular white scale with a depressed ring and
central elevation. 1 his gradually darkens and in a few days is black or
dark gray with one or more lighter rings. .Se\'eral molts take place and the
males attain maturity in from about 24 to 26 days from birth, according to
Dr Howard, while the females recpiire from 33 to 40 days in the latitude of
Washington. I his species breeds in the vicinity of Albany from the latter
part of June through October and appears to develoj) three generations
normally with the possibility of a fourth under e.xceptional circumstances.

Food plants. This siiecies is able to e.xist on a large number of food
plants, as is evidenced by the recent list ' prejiareil by Prof. \V. L. Britton,
state entomologist of Connecticut. Professor Britton has gone to consid¬
erable trouble in preparing this, consulting entomologists throughout the
country, and the bare list of plants is re[)roduced below.

List of hardy trees, shrubs and vines commonly or badly infested

Acacia sp.

A k 0 1) i a s[). New York.

A k e 1) i a (] u i n a t a 1 )ecaisne.

A 111 e 1 a n c li i e r c a n a d e n s i s Medic.

and other sjiecies. .Sliadbiish, Junelierry.
Citrus t r i f o 1 i a t a Linn.

Corn us alba Linn. var. s i 1) i r i c a
Lodtl.

C o r n u s bailey i Coult N' Kvans.

(' o r n u s s a n g u i n e a Linn.

C o t o n e a s t e r sp?

C o t o n e a s t e r vulgaris Lindl.
Crataegus sj). Hawthorn.

Crataegus c o r d a t a Soland.
Crataegus o x y a c a n t h a Linn., Eng¬
lish hawthorn.

Crataegus c o c c i n e a Linn.
Crataegus c r 11 s-g a 1 1 i Linn.

(’ y d o n i a vulgaris Lers. Quince.

C y d o n i a j a p o n i c a Pers. Jajianese or
dowering <|uince.

E a g u s s y 1 V a t i c a Linn. var. p u r j) u-
rea Ait. European jnirple-leaved beech.

J u g 1 a n s s i e b o 1 d i a n a Maxim. Jaiian-
ese walnut.

L i g u s t r u m vulgare Linn. Privet.

P o p ulus sp. Poplar.

' 1903. llritton, \\'. E. Ct. State Ent.

P o p u 1 u s d e 1 t o i (1 e s Marsh. Carolina
])oplar.

Pop ulus nigra Linn. var. italica
Du Hoi. Lombardy pojilar.

J* r u n u s a m y g d a 1 u s Stokes. Almond.

Prunus armeniaca Linn. Apricot.

Prunus avium Linn. Sweet cherry.

P r u n u s ]) u m i 1 a Linn.

J’ r u n u s p u m i 1 a var. b e s s e y i Waugh.
Sand cherry.

Prunus c e r a s i f e r a Ehrh. var. atro-
]) u r ]) u r e a Dip]). (P. ])issardi)
Purple-leaved ])lum.

P r u n u s d o m e s t i c a Linn. PEiropean
]>lum.

Prunus hortulana Bailey. Wild
goose plum.

Prunus j a ]) o n i c a Thunb. P'lowqring
almond.

Prunus maritima Waugh. Beach
l)lum.

Prunus ]) e r s i c a Sieb. & Zucc. Peach.

Prunus triflora Roxbg. Jaj)anese
l)lum.

Prunus serotina Flhrh. (dierry.

Prunus Virginian a Linn. Choke-
cherry.

2d Rei)’t. 1902. p. 132-37

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

P tele a trifoliata Linn. Hoptree.

P y r u s communis Linn. Pear.

Pyrus sinensis Lindl. Sand pear, in¬
cluding Kieffer.

Pyrus l)accata Linn.

Pyrus malus Linn. Apple.

Pyrus sp. Crab apple.

Kibes o.xyacanthoides Linn. Goose¬
berry.

Kibes aureum Pursh. Missouri or
flowering currant.

Kibes rubrum Linn. Currant.

Kibes nigrum Linn. Black currant.

K o s a sp. Kose.

Kosa Carolina Linn.

Kosa lucida Ehrh.

Kosa V i r g i n i a n a Mill.

Kosa rugosa Thunb.

S a 1 i X sp. AVillow.

S a 1 i X lucida Muhl.

Salix i)entandra Linn. Laurel
leaved willow.

Salix vitellina Linn.

Salix babylonica Linn. Weeping
willow.

Salix h u m i 1 i s Marsh.

Salix i n c a n a Schrank.

S o r b u s sp. Mountain ash.

Sorb us americana Marsh. Ameri¬
can mountain ash.

Sorb us aucuparia Linn. European
mountain ash.

Sorbus melanocarpa C. Koch.
(.\ronia nigra Koehne.) Black
chokeberry.

S y m p h o r i c a r p u s r a c e m o s u s
Michx. Snowberry.

Syringa vulgaris Linn. Lilac.

Syringa per.sica Linn. Persian lilac.

T i 1 i a sp. Basswood, Linden.

Tilia americana Linn. American
linden or basswood.

T o X y 1 o n [) o m i f e r u m Kaf. Osage
orange.

U 1 m u s sp. Elm.

U 1 m u s americana Linn. American
elm.

U 1 m u s c a m p e s t r i s Smith. English or
European elm.

Occasionally or rarely infested

Acer sp. Maple.

Acer saccharinum Linn. Silver
maple.

219

Weir’s cut
Norway
p o 1 y-
Linn.

Com-

Sieb.

Acer saccharinum.
leaved maple.

Acer platanoides Linn,
maple.

Actinidia arguta Mig. {A.
g a m a).

A e s c u 1 u s h i j) ]) o c a s t a n e u m
Horse-chestnut.

A 1 n u s sp. Alder.

A m ]) e 1 o p s i s q u i n q u e f o 1 i a Michx.
Virginia creeper.

B e t u 1 a sp. Birch.

Be tula alba Linn. Cut leaved white
birch.

B u X u s sp. Box.

C a s t a n e a americana Kaf. Chestnut.

C a t a 1 p a sp.

Catalpa bignonoides AValt.
mon catalpa.

Ceanothus americana Linn.

Celtis occidentalis Linn.

C e r c i d i p h y 1 1 u m j a p o n i c u m
& Zucc.

Citrus a u r a n t i u m Linn.

Corn us alternifolia Linn.

Corn us stolonifera Michx.

Corn us circinata L’Herit.

Corn us amomum Mill.

C o r n u s c a n d i d i s s i m a Marsh.

Cornus florida Linn.

Corn us florida. Ked flowering cornus.

D e u t z i a sp.

D i o s p y r o s v i r g i n i a n a Lin n. Per¬

simmon.

E 1 a e g n u s sp.

Elaegnus longipes Gray. Silver
thorn.

Eucalyptus sp.

E u o n y m u s sp.

Ficus carica Linn. Fig.

F o r s y t h i a sp.

I’ r a X i n u s sp. Ash.

Fraxinus americana Linn. White
ash.

Gleditschia trican th os Linn. Honey
locust.

Hibiscus syriacus Linn. Shrubby
althea.

Hicoria pecan Britt. Pecan nut.

Juglans nigra I.inn. Black walnut.

Juglans regia Linn. Persian or Eng¬
lish walnut.

Kalmia latifolia Linn. Mountain
laurel.

220

NEW VORK STATE MUSEUM

Kerri a japonica DC. Globe flower,
Japanese rose.

L i g u s t r u m o v a 1 i f o 1 i u m Ilassk.
California privet.

Lonicera sp. Honeysuckle.

Morns sp. ^lulberry.

Morns sp. Tea’s weeping mulberry.

Physocarpns opulifolius Maxim.

Picea alba Link. White spruce.

Prunus cerasus Linn. Sour cherrv.

Photinia villosa DC.

Rhodotypos kerrioides Sieb. iS:
Zucc.

Rhus sp. Sumac.

Rhus cotinus Linn. Smoke bush.

Robin ia sp. Locust.

Rub us strigosus Michx. Red rasp¬
berry.

Rubus nigrobaccus Bailey. (R. v i 1-
1 o s u s). Common blackberry.

Rubus villosus Ait. (R. canaden-
s i s). Dewberry.

S a m b u c u s sp. Elder.

Sassafras officinale Xees. Sassa¬
fras.

Sorbaria sorbifoliaA. Braun. (S p i-
raea sorbi folia L.)

Spiraea sp.

Thuya occidentalis Linn. Arbor
vitae.

V i b u r n u m sp.

Viburnum cassinoides Linn.

Viburnum opulus Linn.

V i t i s sp. Grapes.

Not infested

Ailanthus glandulosa Desf. Tree
of Heaven.

A morph a fruticosa Linn.

Andromeda sp.

Aralia spinosa Linn. Hercules' club.

Aristolochia macrophylla Lam.
Dutchman’s pipe.

Asimina triloba Dun. Papaw.

Baccharis h a 1 i m i f o 1 i a Linn.
Groundsel tree.

Benzoin o.d o r i f e r u m Nees. (Lindera
Benzoin Blume.) Spicebush.

B e r b e r i s (all species). Barberry, includ¬
ing Mahonia.

B i g n o n i a sp. Trumpet vine.

Calycanthus floridus Linn. Caro¬
lina allspice, sweet scented shrub.

Carpinus sp. Hornbeam.

C e d r u s sp. Cedar.

Celastrus scandens Linn. Bitter¬
sweet.

Cephalanthus occidentalis Linn.
Buttonbush.

Cercis canadensis Linn. Judas tree.
Redbud.

C h a m a e d a p h n e c a 1 y c u 1 a t a
Moench. (Cassandra.) Leather leaf.
Chionanthus virginica Linn.
Fringetree.

Cladrastis tinctoria Raf. Yellow-
wood.

Clethra a Ini folia Linn. Sweet pep-
perbush.

Corylus sp. Filbert. Hazelnut.
Daphne m e z e r e u m. Linn.
Diervilla sp. Weigela.

Dirca palustris Linn. Leathen\-ood,
moosewood.

Exochorda grandiflora Lindl.
Pearl bush.

G a y 1 u s s a c i a sp. Huckleberry.
Genista tinctoria Linn. Dyer’s
greenweed.

Ginkgo biloba Linn. Maidenhair-
tree.

Gymnocladus canadensis Lam.

Kentucky Coffee tree.

Halesia tetraptera Linn. Silver
bell. Snowdrop tree.

Hamamelis virginiana Linn.
\\'itch-hazel.

Hedera heli.x Linn. English ivy.
Hicoria sp. (Excepting H. pecan
Britt.) Hickory.

Hydrangea (all species).

Hypericum moserianum Andre.

Gold flower.

Ilex sp.

Itea virginica Linn. Virginian willow.
Jasminum nudiflorum Lindl. Yel¬
low jasmine.

Juglans cinerea Linn. Butternut.
Juniper us sp. Juniper.
Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm.
Varnish tree.

Laburnum vulgare Griseb. Golden
chain.

L a r i X sp. Larch.

Liquidambar styraciflua Linn.
Sweet g-um.

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

221

L

iriodendron tulip

i f e r a

Linn

Tuliptree.

L

ycium hall mi folium Mill.

Matri

mony vine.

M

a g n o 1 i a (all species).

M

yrica cerifera Linn.

Wax

myrtle

Xyssa sylvatica Marsh. Tupelo,
Pepperidge, Black gum. Sour gum.

Ostrya virginica Wild. Hornbeam,
Iron wood.

Paulownia imperialis Sieb. &: Zucc.

Phellodendron sp.

Philadelphus coronarius Linn.
Mock orange, syringa.

P i n u s sp. Pine.

Platan usoccidentalis Linn. Amer¬
ican plane. Buttonwood.

Potentilla fruticosa Linn.

Quercus (all species). Oak.

Retinispora (all species). Japan
cypress.

R h a m n u s sp. Buckthorn.

Rhododendron sp.

Sciadopitys verticillata Sieb. &
Zucc. Umbrella pine.

S h e p h e r d i a sp.

S m i 1 a X sp.

Sophora japonica Linn. Japanese
pagoda tree.

Staphylea sp. Bladder nut.

Stephanandra flexuosa Sieb. &
Zucc.

Sty rax japonica Sieb. & Zucc.

T a m a r i X sp.

Taxodium distichum Rich. Bald
cypress.

T a X u s sp. Yew.

Tecoma radicans Juss. 'I'rumpet

creeper.

Tsuga canadensis Carr. Common
hemlock.

V a c c i n i u m sp.

Wistaria sp.

Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge.

Xanthoxylum americanum Mill.
Prickly ash.

The above list shows a very wide range of food plants, and it will
undoubtedly prove of considerable value to parties setting out trees in
sections where this pest occurs, since it may be possible in many instances,
to select species not liable to serious injury, a procedure which might
result in material saving in the course of a few years. It is also well to
call attention in this connection to the limited means of dispersal possessed
by this species, and on large estates in particular, it would probably be
advantageous to have the surrounding trees, so far as possible without
interfering with more important plans, largely of species unfavorable
to the development of the scale. This would materially lessen the danger
of its being brought on the place, and the likelihood that control work
would be marred by the indifference of adjacent landowners would be
much diminished.

Means of dissemination. The method of spread is of considerable
importance, particularly in places where this scale has not become estab¬
lished. It is conveyed long distances almost entirely by nursery stock and
there is very great danger in budding from infested stock, since this scale
insect has a marked tendency to gather about buds and other rough portions

222

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

of the bark. Aside from this, the pest can be spread only by the crawling
young being carried either by birds, other insects or animals. The first
three can hardly be controlled. Great care should be taken during the
breeding season not to allow men and teams which have been working
among infested trees to go directly to uninfested ones, since the scale is
easily conveyed in this manner.

Distribution. This species has now attained a wide distribution in this
country ; though it is still unknown in certain states, and in many is con¬
fined to more' or less restricted localities. It appears to be particularly
abundant about some of our larger eastern cities, such as New York.
Recent investiirations of Dr C. L. Marlatt seem to have established the fact

O

that the original home of this species is in northern China.

Natural enemies. A number of true parasites have been reared from
this scale insect. A n a p h e s gracilis How. was obtained from infested
twigs taken in Charles county (Md.) and A s p i d i o t i p h a g u s c i t r i n u s

Craw, was bred from the San
J ose scale in California. A p h e-
1 i n u s m )• t i 1 a s p i d i s Le
Baron and A. f u s c i p e n n i s
How. have been reared from
scales taken in a number of
localities in Maryland by Prof.
\\h G. Johnson. The latter
species was bred in large num¬
bers by Prof. Johnson and
promises to become an impor¬
tant aid in controlling this pest.

f'ig- 37* Pcntilia misella: rt—bcetle; larva; pupa; blos¬
som end of pear showing scales with larvae of Pentilia feeding on
them, and pupae of Pentilia attached within the calyx, all greatly
enlarged. (After Howard, U. S. Dep't Agric. Div. Ent. Bui. 3.
n. s. 1896)

A very small black lady
beetle, Pentilia misella
Lee., an American species feed¬
ing on the San Jose scale, was
found by us in considerable

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES 2 2''

^ O

numbers in an infested orchard near Albany. The beetle, in its \’arious
stages, is represented in the accompanying figure. It is quite conve.x in
shape and only ' ,5 inch long. The twice stabbed lady beetle, C h i lo¬
co r u s b i V u 1 n e r u s Muls., is another native form known to feed on this
pest. The beetle may be recognized by its jet black color relieved by two
red spots on its wing covers. Several lady beetles introduced into California
were colonized on trees infested with San lose scale, and of these, three
have since been discovered feeding on the pest. They are Ore us
c h a 1 )• b e u s, O. a u s t r a 1 a s i a e and S c y m n u s 1 o p h a n t h a e.

There is another interesting natural enemy known as the Chinese lady
beetle, C h i 1 o c o r u s s i m i 1 i s Rossi, which has been recently introduced
by agents of the United States
Department of Agriculture,
and may prove a valuable ally
in controlling this pernicious
scale insect, particularly in the
Southern States. It closely
resembles our natiye twice
stabbed lady beetle, C h i 1 o-
corus biyulnerus Muls.,
presenting appreciable differ¬
ences only in the laryal stage.

Its general appearance and
habits are well shown in
figures 38 and 39. Seyeral
attempts haye been made to
introduce this species in New
York State, and while it bred
freely seyeral seasons, it does
not appear to haye withstood
our severe winters and it is
very doubtful whether material benefit will result from its presence. It

fig. 38 Chinese lady beetle. Oviposition and early stages: a-*bcctle
thrusting egg beneath scale; scale slightly raised showing egg
underneath; c— scale elevated showing attachment of egg to its inner
surface; </“egg within the scale; c— egg much enlarged to show
sculpturing; y—eggs under flap of bark; ^e^same, natural si*e;
A, /•^dorsal and lateral views of recently hatched larvae; y*— same,
feeding on young and mature scales; all enlarged except jf, (After
Marlatt. V. S. Dep’i Agric. Year Book igoa)

224

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

seems to jiossess a greater fondness for scale insects than our native species
and may, in the course of years, prove of some service in checking these
pests.

A fungus disease, .S p h a e r o s t i 1 1:) a c o c c o p h i 1 a I uL, attacks this
pest, and in some localities it has killed a considerable number of the scales.
Prof. P. H. Rolfs credits this organism with practically exterminating the
pernicious scale in one P'lorida orchard and with reducing by considerable

the numbers of the
pest in others. It is
undoubtedly a native
of P'lorida, as it is very
common on Chry-
s o m p h a 1 u s o b-
scurus Comst. This
fungus was cultivated,
and new colonies of
scales infested, but un¬
fortunately, like other
fungi it is very depend¬
ent on favorable cli¬
matic conditions, and
this limits its usefulness
, , , , seriously. Fungus-in-

Kig. 39 Chinese lady beetle. Latter stages: second larval stage; cast skin ^

of same; c""full grown larva; (/“pupa within split larval skin; r -newly emerged SCalcS Were SeUt

adulj; /—same, fully colored; all enlarged to same scale. (After Marlatt, U. S.

Dep’t Agric. Year Book 1902) j-q other StUteS, aild tllC

disease was at least temporarily established in .several places. After the
disease has consumed the insect, an orange colored protuberance forms at
the base of the scale or breaks through it, ljut, as this is only from P40 to
inch in hight, it is not very apparent.

Remedial measures. This insect is very difficult to control because of
its exceeding prolificacy, its resistance to insecticides, and particularly because
of its extended breeding season. It is a sucking insect and since it draws

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

225

its nourishment from underlying tissues, it can be controlled only by the use
of some substance powerful enough to penetrate the covering scale and
destroy the underlying insect. A large number of materials have been
employed for this purpose. The nearly naked crawling young are unpro¬
tected and on that account easily killed. The great difificulty of attempting
to check the insect in this stage, is that young are produced during an
extended period and therefore the best results have been obtained by the
use of materials powerful enough to penetrate the sheltering scale of the
adult, and such materials are so strong that they can be applied to decid¬
uous trees only when in a dormant condition. The best results, as a rule,
have been obtained by early spring applications, preferably deferring the
treatment till shortly before the buds begin to open.

A wide variety of materials have been employed, prominent among
which may be mentioned whale oil .soap solution, kerosene emulsion, crude
petroleum and its emulsions and the lime-sulfur washes. The whale oil
soap solution at the rate of 2 pounds to i gallon of water, is fairly effective
though costly, and in commercial orchards, has quite generally given way
to other materials. Both kerosene and crude petroleum in pure and
mechanical emulsions, have been employed to a considerable extent, but
in most cases they likewise have been displaced by the cheaper, safer
lime-sulfur washes which, as a rule, have been most successful. There
are many formulas for these latter, some of which have been used for years
and others developed within 12 months. The formulas for several excellent
washes and methods of preparing the same, have been given on page 39,
to which the reader is referred for further details. It is well to bear in
mind when fighting this insect, that thoroughness is absolutely essential, and
that it lies within the power of the man at the nozzle to make or mar the
entire work. It is advisable, before spraying, to cut the trees back as much
as possible, and in sections where this scale is prevalent, low heading will
doubtless become popular because of the greater ease in fighting this pest.
Another important point is to spray with the wind wherever conditions
permit, making the application on the other side of the trees when the wind

226

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

is blowing in an opposite direction, since it is almost impossible to thor¬
oughly spray a tree, particularly a large one, without the aid of a favorable
breeze. Spraying outfits are rather expensive, and a man with a few trees
will undoubtedly find it much cheaper to hire his spraying done, and in
some cases at least, cooperative neighborhood work will prove the most
economical and satisfactory method of controlling this dangerous pest..
The species has such a range of food plants that only in exceptional cases
is it advisable to attempt the extermination of the species in a locality.

Bibliography

1896 Lintner, J. A. Ins. N. Y. iith Rep’t, p. 200-33

1896 Howard, L. O. & Marlatt, C. L. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bui. 4, n. s

p. i-8o

1897 Lowe, V. H. N. Y. Agric. E.\p. Sta. Bui. 136, p. 571-602

1898 Howard, L. O. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bui. 12, n. s. p. 1-32

1900 Felt, E. P. State Ent. i6th Rep’t. N. Y. .State Mus. Bui. 36, p. 967—88

1901 - N. Y. State Mus. Bui. 46, p. 304-23, 336-42

1902 - State Ent. 17th Rep’t. N. Y. State Mus. Bui. 53, p. 761-75

Putnam’s scale
Aspidiotus ancylus Putr.

Circular or oval, dark gray or black scale insects about *12 inch in diameter, and
with a brick red cast skin or exuviae to one side of the center, may be met with in small
numbers on various native trees.

This is one of our most common native species of Aspidiotus and occa¬
sionally it occurs in such large numbers as to be somewhat destructive, but
ordinarily natural agents of one kind or another keep it in check.

Description. This species may be more easily recognized by its dark
gray or black color and by its brick red cast skin or exuviae which is a little
to one side of the center. The full grown scale insect is about Aii inch in
diameter. The young scales remain white or jnnk for a considerable
period, and usually have a well developed nipple and an inconspicuous ring.
A twig badly infested by this species has a dark gray or almost black color,
relieved here and there by the reddish exuviae. [See pi. 14, fig. 5-9]

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES 22/

Life history. 1 his insect passes the winter in a partly grown con¬
dition. There is but a single generation. The studies of Mr Putnam, in
Iowa, show that the males appear there the latter part of April, and that
the female deposits from 30 to 40 eggs in the late spring or early summer.
The crawling young of this species may be seen during most of July, in
the latitude of Albany, indicating that the hatching of the eggs extends
over a considerable period. Professor Johnson states that this species
may cause a purplish tinge in green tissue, but it is not so marked as with
the San Jose scale. This discoloration has not been observed in New York
State.

Food plants. This species has been recorded on a number of plants
aside from fruit trees. Professor Comstock has found it on ash, beech,
bladdernut, hackberry, linden, maple, oak, Osage orange, peach and water
locust. It has also been recorded on elm and willow. Professor Johnson
attributes the killing of an English oak in Illinois to this scale insect. It
has been received from this State by Dr Howard on pin oak and hemlock,
and it also occurs on mountain ash, pear. Ilex verticillata. Ilex
laevigata, white birch, P r u n u s and American elm.

Distribution. This species is probably widely distributed in the United
States and is an exceedingly common species in New York, where it has
been recorded from a number of localities.

Natural enemies. A single parasite, Physcus varicornis How,,
has been reared from this species.

Bibliography

1901 Felt, E. P. N. Y. State Mus. Bui. 46, p. 326-30

Chionaspis lintneri Comstock

This species has been recorded as occurring within the bounds of the
State and is known to live on alder. Viburnum 1 a n t a n o i d e s,
Hetula papyrifera. Corn us alternifolia, C. stolanifera,
and a species of willow. 1 1 ha.s also been found on Lindera odorifera
and C o r y 1 u s a m e r i c a n a.

228

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Distribution, This species has a somewhat extended range as it has
been recorded from Prince Edward Island, Canadian localities, and several
places in Buffalo.

Bibliography

1899 Cooley, R. A. Mass. Agric. Exp. Sta. Spec. liul. p. 22-23

Rose scale

A ulacaspis rosac Bouche

Patches of irregular white objects, sometimes scurfylike in character, on roses,
blackberries and raspberries, are very likely this species.

Fig. 40. Rose scale on blackberry

Fig. 41. Male, female and young rose scale, very
much enlarged

This scale insect occurs In sparing numbers in the southern portions of
New York State and occasionally becomes somewhat abundant on rose,
raspberry and blackberry bushes. It begins to breed in Pennsylvania about
the middle of May, and in New York the young may be expected the
latter part of the month and for several weeks thereafter. Thorough
spraying with a kerosene emulsion or whale oil soap solution should be
effective in checking this scale insect whenever it is at all abundant. [.SW’
pi. 14, ng. 1-4 for colored illustrations of this species]

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

229

Juniper scale

Diaspis carucli Targ.

A circular, snowy white scale, about '^5 inch in diameter, with nearly central yel¬
lowish exuviae, may be found on juniper.

This species was brought to the writer’s attention in September 1898,
when it occurred on Irish juniper at Ossining N. Y. The specimens accom¬
panying the inquiry showed that the insect was quite abundant. This
species has been recorded by Professor Comstock as very common at
Washington D. C., where he found it infesting several species of juniper
and arbor vitae.

Description. The female scale is circular, whitish, about V25 inch in
length, and with a central or nearly central yellowish exuviae. The male
scale is white, slender, and about 1/25 inch in length. It has a prominent
median ridge and at the smaller or anterior end there is the oval yellowish
exuviae.

Bibliography

1881 Comstock, J. A. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Rep’t. 1880. p. gio-ir

Pine leaf scale
Chionaspis piiiifoliae Fitch

An elongated, whitish scale on the needles of various pines.

This pest is somewhat abundant on the needles of hard and Austrian
pines in New York .State, and has come to the writer’s notice repeatedly in
recent years.

Early history. This insect was brought to the attention of Dr Fitch in
1855, and his second report contains an extended account of the species.
He states that this scale is more apt to occur on transplanted pines and this
agrees with our experience. Its abundance on Austrian pines in Washing¬
ton park, Albany, was brought to the attention of the late Dr Lintner in
1889. He states that millions of the peculiar white scales of this destruc¬
tive species had attached themselves to the leaves, almost as thickly as they
could rest, nearly whitening the trees, and almost obscuring its natural

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

230

green. Hundreds of scales could be counted on a single leaf, and the
attack was so severe that a number of the trees were very nearly killed.

Description. The scale of this insect is oval, elongated, snow white in
color, and with the small, yellow cast skins at the smaller ends. This
species can be easily recognized by reference to plate 19, figure 9.

Life history. This insect is recorded as passing through two genera¬
tions annually in the northern United .States. Hibernation occurs in the
egg stage, 20 to 27 eggs being found under each scale, according to Mr
Cooley, who states that he has seen the egg hatch at Amherst Mass.,
May 25, while we have observed the young in Albany May 12. Dr
Le Baron has recorded them hatching May 10 to 25, and Dr Riley, as
early as April 25. Dr Le Baron states that the first eggs which hatch
proiluce only male insects, while the later individuals are females. The
young crawl about over the leaves for two or three days, then come to rest
and begin feeding. The latter author states that the young males settle
entirely on the old leaves, while ihv. females usually migrate to the tender
needles at the ends of the twigs. Mr Cooley states that this does not
seem to be a fi.xed habit since, after watching this insect, he did not observe
this marked difference in the place of settling of the two .sexes. The
male requires about 10 days for the development of its scale, and the
female, three weeks. The male develops much more rapidly than the
female and he matures at the time the latter is pa.ssing through her second
molt, immediately after which pairing takes place. Mr Cooley states that
it is impossible to separate the two broods of this insect, as the time of
hatching extends over so long a period that scales in all stages of develop¬
ment can be found any time during the summer. He adds tliat he is not
at all sure there are not three broods in the latitude of Amherst Mass.
Dr Le Baron states that females complete their development and commence
laying eggs in July which begin hatching the first of August, and continue
till the middle of September. These produced the second brood of
young and the adult females resulting therefrom lay eggs which remain in
that stage through the winter and give rise to the first brood the following

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

231

season. The protracted laying period makes the development of the second
brood very irregular and no precise dates can be given. Mr Cooley states
that he has seen living females at Amherst which were just completing egg
laying December 6.

Natural enemies. Two small hymenopterous parasites, Perissop-
terus pule hell us H ow. and A p h e 1 i n us m y t i 1 a s p i d i s Le H.
have been reared from this scale insect. The beneficial twice stabbed
ladybeetle, C h i 1 o c o r u s b i v u 1 n e r u s M uls., has been repeatedly
recorded as feeding on this scale insect. Other species observed feeding
on this pest are Cybocephalus nigritulus Lee., Scymnus species,
Ilarmonia picta Rand and Chrysopa species.

Bibliography

1856 Fitch, Asa. Ins. X. V. 2(1 Rep’t, p. 255-62

1889 Lintner, J. A. Ins. X. Y. 5tli K.ep’t, p. 266-67

1899 Cooley, R. A. Mass. Agric. E.\p. Sta. Spec. Bui. p. 30.x— 34

Periodical cicada
ribiccn scptcndccim Linn.

A stout, large black insect with four membranous orange veined wings and red eyes,
frequently oviposits in the twigs of many trees, causing them to wither and fall.

This insect is one of the most interesting species occurring in the State.
Its presence in enormous numbers from time to time, and its e.xtremely long
life cycle, excites great popular interest. This species can hardly be con¬
sidered of much economic importance, though frequently exceedingly
abundant in some localities, since most of its operations are confined to
forest trees, where the loss of a great many twigs is not a serious matter.
Occasionally, this insect appears in enormous numbers in young orchards or
on grounds set with choice trees, and by ovipositing in them inflicts great
loss. These latter instances, however, are relatively rare.

Life history. This insect presents an extraordinary life cycle, requiring
17 years in the Northern States to complete its final transformations,
though the adult existence is relatively extremely short. What is believed
to be the same species has a life cycle of only 13 years in the Southern

23^

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

States. The first cicadas appear in this latitude about the latter part of
Mayor in earl)’ fune, and continue till July. An enormous brood which
api^eared in the Hudson river valley in 1894 had entirely disappeared by
luly 20. The pupa emerg;es from a circular hole or burrow about yi inch
in diameter and climbs the nearest supports. Here it fi.xes itself firmly and
prepares for the final transformation. The skin soon splits along the back
and the creamy white adult, with its red eyes and the black spots on its
thorax, works itself slowly out of the old case. It is soft just after
emerging, and as it dries the parts harden and assume the size and
color of the perfect insect. The cicadas may be found resting on branches
or twigs throughout the day or engaged in ovipositing. There has been
s'onie question as to the adult feeding, but this has recently been settled
beyond all question by Prof. A. L. Ouaintance, who has demonstrated that
the insects insert their beaks into plant tissues, draw nourishment there¬
from, and that the dicrestive tract is continuous and functional. The
cicadas, however, require so little nourishment during their brief existence
that very little or no harm is done in this manner. The principal injury
is caused by the insects gouging the tender twigs for the purpose of insert¬
ing their eggs. This operation has been described by Mr Ira H. Lawton
as follows :

After finishing one fissure the female moved slowly forward about two
steps, depressed her ovipositor about 45°, and setting her saws in motion,
first alternately and then simultaneously, rapidly penetrated the bark, but the
ovipositor was soon elevated to 25°. After penetrating to the full length of
her ovipositor and filling that chamber with eggs, she swung a little to one
side and through the same hole in the bark excavated the opposite chamber
and filled it with eggs. The making of each chamber occupied a little over
20 minutes or a total of 45 minutes for the whole. During the cutting of
a fissure, the saws made about 80 strokes to the minute, and after making
four, the female would rest for a time. The head of the cicadas were
directed, in the main, from the tree but not invariably so, as some worked
with their heads toward the trunk of the tree.

As many as 50 of these fissures may be made by the female in a twig,
provided it is suitable, and after depositing her complement of eggs, which
is said to be from 400 to 500, she drops from the branch and dies. The

IXSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

233

period required for hatching has been given by various authors at from 52
to 42 days down to 14. The recently hatched cicadas are slender grublike
creatures, about ^/lo inch long. They are as lively as ants, and after run¬
ning about on the tree for a short time, drop to the ground and bury
themselves. Their strong forelegs are well adapted for digging, and are
undoubtedly of great service in searching for the tender succulent rootlets
on which they feed. The young grow so slowly and require so little food,
that but slight injury to trees or shrubs results from their presence. They
remain at a moderate depth, specially during the earlier and latter portions
of their existence, though at times they have been found a number of feet
below the surface. There is little change during the lapse of 16 years,
except in size, between the newly hatched nymph and its full grown form.
Towards the latter part of this period, there may be noticed four scalelike
appendages, the rudimentary wings. The nymph makes its way to the
surface in the spring of the 17th year, by boring a smooth, firmly com¬
pacted gallery with a channel just large enough to allow the insect to pass.
This gallery may even be made through a firmly compacted pathway or
around stones and other objects which can not be pierced. The pupa
remains in the upper portion of this gallery till the time comes for it to
forsake the earth and undergo its final transformation. Under certain con¬
ditions, the nymphs construct curious chambers over the mouths of their
burrows, and prior to 1894, these structures were regarded as exceedingly
rare, but investigations by Dr Lintner in that year revealed their presence
in numbers in many localities in the Hudson river valley. Mr Benjamin
Lander of Nyack, found one tract of land of about 60 acres in extent
which had from 5 to 22 of these structures to the square foot. These inter¬
esting chambers were also found at Upper Nyack, South Nyack, Grand \dew
on Hudson, Piermont, and on the top of the Palisades near Alpine. A
number were found at West Point, and Miss Emily G. Morton observed
them in the grass at New Windsor. They were seen at Marlboro, occurred
in the sandy soil along the river at Poughkeepsie and were found under
the leaves in the woods at Bangall, were met with at Athens, and

234

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Avere also observed at the Rural cemetery near Albany and at Bath-on-
Hutlson. These peculiar structures are made by the nymi)hs bringing up
pellets of earth and depositing them about the mouths of their galleries.
Mr Lander observed one repairing its injured chamber. 'Fhere have been
a number of theories atlvanced to account for these peculiar structures,
but as they were built under such very diverse conditions, no explanation
appears to be entirely satisfactory.

Kig. 42 Map showing the distribution of the broods of the 17 year race. (After Marlatt, U. S.
Dcp’t Agric. Div. Ent. Eul. 14, n. s. 1898. p. 26)

Description. The perfect insect may be easily recognized by its black
bodv and the bright rt?d eves, and the red veined winy-s, in connection with
plate II, figure 17. A smaller variety, described by Dr b'isher as
T i 1) i c e n c as s i n i i, occurs in connection with the large form.

Distribution, d'he general distribution of the 1 7 year broods is graphi¬
cally represented in the accompanying map prepared by Dr C. L. Marlatt.
It will be seen, in connection with the one showing the distribution of the
broods of the 13 year race, that these latter overlap those having a longer
developmental period only to a limited extent.

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

235

Broods in New York State. The life cycle of this insect is com])letecl
in 1 7 years and yet it a[)pears in some portions of New York State at
much more frequent intervals. The reason is found in the fact that
several broods occur in the State. The adults of each emerge in
different years. These appearances have been very closely followed by
entomologists during the latter half of the last century at least, and some
records include much earlier dates, so that the periodicity of this insect is
established beyond all question. Dr bitch in 1856, records 9 broods as

43 Map shf)winK the distribution of the broods of the 13 year race. (After Marlatt, U. S.
I)cp*t Agric. Div. Knt, I5ul. 14, n. s. 1898. p. 25)

occurring in the different parts of the United States, and mentions 3 as
appearing within the borders of New York. Dr Lintner stated in 1885
that 5 broods were known to occur within the bounds of this State.
Dr C. L. Marlatt in 1898 records 6 broods, one of these being based on a
doubtful record. The several broods which have been recorded from New
York State are briefly as follows :

NEW YORK STATE Ml'SEUM

236

Brood 8.’ This is no. 6 of Messrs Whilsli and Riley and Avas the one Dr
Fitch confused with the 13 year brood which occurred in 1855. It has
been recorded only from Lon^^ Island. It is due to appear in 1906.

Brood 12. rhis is one of the best recorded broods since it occurs
very largely in the thickly populated regions of the Eastern .States. This
facilitates its observations very much. It is the brood which occurred
in New \Trk .State and was very closely studied by Dr Lintner in 1894. It
is Dr b'itch’s no. i, and Walsh and Riley’s no. 8. It has been recorded
from Albany, Columbia, Dutchess, Greene, Grange, Putnam, Richmond,
Rensselaer, Rockland, Saratoga, Ulster, Washington and Westchester
counties and from Long Island, It appears ne.xt in 1911.

Brood 17. This is no. 7 of Dr F'itch’s, and no. 12 of Messrs Walsh

and Riley. It was recorded from Richmond and Westchester counties in

1898, and it will therefore not be seen again till 1915.

Brood 19. This brood was founded by Dr Riley on the records of Dr
Smith’s register which runs back to 1797. It is recorded as appearing in
Cayuga, Kings, Livingston, Madison, Monroe, Onondaga, Ontario, Rich¬
mond, .Schenectady, W'^yoming and Yates counties, and is due to appear in
1916.

Brood 20. This is Dr LItch’s second brood and no. 14 of Walsh and
Riley. It is due to appear next in 1917. It has been recorded in New
York State, so far as known to us, from only one locality in the extreme
southwestern portion of Chautauqua county.

Brood 22. This is one of the largest broods which occurs in the

United States. It appeared in New York in 1902. It has been recorded

from Kings, Monroe, Niagara and Richmond counties. A recent report
from Chester Young states that this brood appeared in 1902 in localities
in Nassau and Suffolk counties. It probably occurs also in Queens county.
It is not due again till 1919.

Natural enemies. This insect occurs in such large numbers that it fre-

' The comprehensive numbering of Dr Marlatt has been adopted as being more
likely to be i)ermanent.

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

237

quently attracts the attention of vertebrates, such as cats, clogs, skunks,
ground hogs, and even gray scjuirrels feed on them. Domestic fowls of all
kinds relish them, and in some places they remain in the woods all day
during “locust time.” The adults are eaten by most birds, and the English
sparrow has been recorded as possessing a special fondne.ss for this insect.
Robins are said to prefer them to strawberries, and the crow eats them
readily. Other birds recorded as feeding on them are as follows : cuckoo,
kingbird, oriole, sparrow, catbird, thrushes, ground birds, and even the com¬
mon land turtle has been known to feed on the nymphs. Ants attack
cicadas, but they probably do not molest living, healthy individuals. A
fungus, Massospora c i c a d i n a, has proven fatal to many insects in
widely separated local itie.s.

Remedial measures. It is practically impossible to prevent these insects
from emerging, and the best known method of protecting trees, consists in
inclosing them with fine netting, this course being practical only in the case
of highly valued ones. Agriculturists may prevent damage to a consider¬
able extent by not setting trees for two or three years before a large brood
is'expected in the localit)'.

Bibliography

1856 Fitch, Asa. Ins. N. Y. ist Rep’t, j). 38-49
1885 Lintner, J. A. Ins. N. V. 2d Rep’t. p. 167-79

1889 Ins. V. 5th Rep’t, p. 276-78

1891 Ins. N. V. 7th Rep’t, p. 297-301

1897 Ins. N. Y. i2th Rep’t. 1896. p. 272-89

1898 Marlatt, C. L. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Knt. Bui. 14, n. s. p. 1-148

1901 Macgillivray, A. D. Can. P>nt. 33 : 78

1902 Lowe, V. H. N. Y. Exp. Sta. Bui. 212, p. 3-16

Dog day cicada or harvest fly
Tibiccji tibicen Linn.

This species is rather common in July and August in many sections of
the State and may be readily recognized by its large size and peculiar form
[pi. 45, fig. i], as well as by its shrill call so frequently heard. The body

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

of the insect is nearly triangular when viewed from above and measures
almost 1 inches in length, while the wings spread nearly 2 inches. This
species maybe readily distinguished from the 17 year cicada, Tibicen
septendecim Linn., by its stouter form, its yellowish and greenish
markings on the head and thorax and the green veins of the wings.
A single specimen was taken by the writer on hard pine at Karner, July 19,
1901. It is much more frequently met with on other trees, particularly
maple, oak and horse-chestnut. It is said that two years are required to
complete its life cycle.

The ugly clay-colored nymph of this insect may be met with in mid¬
summer as it forsakes the earth and crawls on a tree to cast its skin and
appear in the adult form. This operation is an extremely interesting one
and requires only a few hours for its completion. The pupal skin cracks
over the thorax and the insect gradually works its way out by a series of
irregular jerks and during the process presents to the observer’s eye very
delicate and beautiful shades of pink and green. The bright pink simple
eyes, or ocelli, and the alternating dark and brass-colored markings on the
head and prothora.x make an admirable combination, which is further
enhanced by the delicate yellow on the costal margin of the wings and the
bright green of most .d the veins. The tarsi or feet are reddish at this
stage. The irregular jerking continues and the limp legs and wings are
slowly dragged from their cases by the weight of the backward bending
body and are moved only after a lapse of five to 10 minutes and then but
feebly. The fully extended wings are a delicate green with traces of yellow
at the outer third of the costal margin. This latter color disappears soon
and the fully emerged insect is then a beautiful object with its delicate pea-
green organs of flight. The entire time occupied by this transformation is
about an hour, though the insect does not fly readily for several hours.

This species is rarely present in sufficient numbers to cause serious
injury, though its large size makes it an object of special interest.

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

-39

Box elder plant bug
Lcptocorus trivittatjis Say

This western blackish red marked bug is specially fond of the box-elder.

This insect is not known to occur within New York State, but it has
been makintr such rapid projrress eastward that its advent within our bor¬
ders may not be far in the future.

Its northward and eastward spread. Dr Lintner states that in 1888,
this species had not been recorded nortli of Missouri. It was reported
in 1891 from the southeast corner of the state of Washincrton, where it
had appeared the jireceding year, and was then destroying large cjuantities
of plums, peaches, apples and some grapes. The same year Professor
Osborn listed it among the Hemiptera of Iowa as common in the western
part of the state. .Soon thereafter it had increased to such an extent as
to appear in myriads in some localities anti command popular attention.
It was found in 1894 in such immense numbers in North Dakota as to
excite considerable interest. It reached the Mississippi river at McGregor
la. in October 1895, and since that date has become established in Illinois.
In view of the rapid progress this species has been making northward and
eastward, it would not be sur[)rising if, in the course of time, it becomes
established within our bounds.

• Distribution. This insect, as stated by Dr Lintner, presumably occurs
in each state and territory west of the Mississippi river. It extends south
into New Mexico and Me..#co. Northward it is known in Iowa, Nebraska,
North Dakota, South Dakota, Idaho and Washington, and, as previously
stated, it has since become established in Illinois.

Habits of the insect. This species has been closely studied by Profes¬
sor Popenoe of the State Agricultural College of Kansas, and the following
account is by him.

‘The species has been known in this locality for over 10 .years as a
tree pest, appearing at times in great numbers on the bo.x-elder, and occa¬
sionally attacking the ash. During the winter the adults are hidden in
sheltered nooks and corners' everywhere, but are especially abundant in

240

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

crevices of stone walls and the anj^les of stone buildings, on the south sides
of which they appear, singly and in clusters, every warm day during the
season. As soon as the increasing warmth of spring allows, they leave
these shelters and seek the trees attacked by them, hrom the time of their
scattering in the spring until the aj^pearance of the first adults after mitl-
summer they are much less conspicuous, and are not likely to be noticed
e.xcept upon search directly for them. It is at this time, however, that their
eggs are laid, and the numerous young are hatching and beginning their
work on the trees. After midsummer their gregarious tendency is again
manifested in the fiocking of the bugs of all sizes and in great numbers in
lines up and down the trunks and lu'anches of the trees. Not infrequently
they may be seen crowded in a broad line extending from the ground to the
secondary branches, the company including nymphs of all sizes, and fully
matured individuals. This habit persists more or less com[)letel\' until
October and November, or untd the trees are bare. During the warm days
of Indian summer the bugs tly everywhere, tlocking to the warm sides of
the buildings and entering houses where, though otherwise luwmless, they
become troublesome through their abundance and through their propensity
to fall clumsily into pails of water, crocks of milk and other articles of food
left uncovered.

I'hey are principally found, as stated, upon bo.x-elder trees, but obser¬
vations show them to be much more general in their selection of footl plants.
They feed also on the ash, and I have observed them in al)undance sucking
the sap from the Ampelojjrsis clinging to the south side of a stone building.
Into the greenhouse many make their way during the autumnal flight, and
such are specially fortunate, for they find there not only the desired shelter,
but abundance of food as well. They are not slow to test the cjualities of
the juices of the plants growing in the house, and we have seen them with
beaks inserted in the stems of geraniums, cactuses, lilies. Coleus, Ageratum
and other plants.

Remedial measures. This pest like many suctorial species can be con¬
trolled only by the employment of contact insecticides such as kerosene
emulsion or a soap solution. When abundant at the base of trunks of trees
the bugs can be killed with kerosene emulsion or hot water.

Bibliography

1895 Lintner, J. A. Ins. N. Y. loth Rep’t.

1894. p. 432-39

INSECTS AKFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

241

THE BATTLE OE Till- WTTAK

OR

INTERESTING B'ACTS ABOUT ABIIIDS
The Aphiditlae or plant lice comjjrise an exceedingly inlcrestin^- jrroup
and illustrate in a most admirable manner the means by which some of tlu^
weaker forms of life are able to exist. d'he general characteristics of
aphids, or plant lice, are familiar to almost every p(;rson, since the)’ are
e.xceedingly common on almost ever)' plant, not exc(!ptini^ those j.^rown in
houses. \\ e all know that they are frail creatures, some with and some
without wing’s, and so tender that it is extremely difficult to take one up
without inflicting serious injury. These nearly helple.ss, practically defense¬
less forms are nevertheless repre.sented in North America by about 325
specie.s, as given by Profes.sor Hunter in a recent list. It is jiatent to all
that some of these species are occasional!)’ enormously abuiulant, so that in
spite of their almost ab.solute helplessnes.s, there .seems little danger of the
forms becomine- extinct.

Summarized life cycle. The life history of these interesting insects
may be briefly summarized as follows. Many of the species pass th(* winter
in what we know as the winter egg, which is usually deposited in crin’ices
of the bark or at the base of buds or branches, where it remains tluring the
winter. The young hatch therefrom in some cases at least at about the
time the foliage begins to develop and in other instances not till well
toward midsummer, establish themselves at some favorable situation and
begin to draw nourishment from the unfokling tissues, d'hese young are
all females and in the language of science are known as “stem mothers.”
They usually begin to produce young in a few days after hatching from
the egg and these are also females and in turn produce others. 'I'his
method of reproduction is what is known as agamic or asexual and differs
from the ordinary in that males have no jiart in the process. A number of
generations may be produced in this way, the adults being wingless and
after a time, usually at the end of a certain number of generations, winged

242

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

females develop. These latter forsake the original, usually by this time
crowded, food plant and either fly to similar ones in the neighborhood or,
as in the case of some species, betake themselves to entirely different plants,
where another series of wingless agamic or asexual generations are brought
forth. This may continue for sometime and after a certain number of
generations the plants again become crowded, winged females are produced
and there may be a return migration to the original food plant, where one
or more generations may be produced and ultimately perfect males and
females, which latter pair and deposit eggs in crevices of the bark or other
shelters, as stated above, and remain unhatched over winter.

Economic importance. Aphids or plant lice are of considerable eco¬
nomic importance and the literature of the subject abounds with notices of
considerable injury inflicted on important crops by these comparatively
insignificant, defenseless creatures. Our grains are occasionally seriously
injured by species of aphids or plant lice, while the damage inflicted by
those occurring on apple and cherrytrees is well known to almost every one
at all familiar with plants. The species affecting appletrees are sometimes
so abundant and injurious in western New York State as to necessitate the
carrying over by nurserymen of thousands of young appletrees stunted in
growth by these little pests, which are at rarer intervals numerous enough
to seriously injure larger trees. Recent years have witnessed grave losses
on our pea crop, particularly in Maryland and adjacent Atlantic states,
caused by a species which has been so injurious as to lead to the almost
entire abandonment of late varieties and has compelled growers to raise
the earlier peas or go out of business. The species occurring on the hop is
another familiar form. It occasions considerable loss from year to year and
is sometimes exceedingly destructive, thereby having a material effect on
the value of this important crop of central New York.

Natural checks. Aphids or plant lice are defenseless creatures, subject
to a number of adverse agencies of one kind or another, which reduce their
numbers very materially and prevent what would otherwise be exceedingly
serious outbreaks. Among the most effective natural agencies are cold

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

243

rains occurring in early spring just as the insects are beginning to develop
and before the foliage is abundant enough to afford adequate shelter. Such
inclement weather undoubtedly destroys larjje numbers of these delicate
insects, and severe continued rains later in the season may also be quite
injurious, not only by washing the insects from the leaves or removing pro¬
tective coverings from them, but also because the damp weather favors the
development of bacterial or fungus diseases.

There are also a number of insect enemies which are ver\’ effective in
controlling these forms. Among the most important and certainly the most
conspicuous are our well known lady beetles or ladybugs, which may be
obser\'ed in practically every portion of the countn.', and are usually found
in numbers wherever plant lice are abundant. These little insects comprise
an entire family of beetles, most of them feeding ver)' largely on plant lice
of various species. Their general form and appearance is so familiar that
no description is necessary in this connection. The flower or syrphid flies
are also veiA' efficient checks on the increase of plant lice, and a number of
species may be found about plants where aphids are numerous. The eggs
of these insects are whitish, oval, very delicate affairs with the surface of
the shell marvellously chased. The maggots or young of these flies may
be easily recognized by their somewhat conical appearance and usually
bright colors. The slender, pointed head of the creature is extended to its
victim and the fluids rapidly drawn from one plant louse after another.

The aphis lions, or young of the delicate green, golden eyed lace¬
winged flies, are also well known enemies of plant lice and are frequently
met with on bushes where these pests are numerous. The exceedingly
voracious young have a somewhat oval, depressed body with a flattened
head. They may be at once distinguished by the enormous foiAvard pro¬
jecting mandibles with incurved points meeting at the tip. The little
creature approaches a plant louse, grasps it between its enormous mandibles
and draws the nourishment from its struggling victim. Certain small four
winged parasitic flies, known as Chalcids, are also exceedingly beneficial
species and are important factors in keeping these insects in check. The

244

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

abundance and almost universal presence of plant lice is strikingly illus¬
trated by the fact that an entire sul)family, the Aphidiinae, of these small,
parasitic flies are dependent, so far as known to scientific men, entirely on
these little insects for sustenance. There is another exceedingly interest¬
ing enemy of certain plant lice which deserves notice because of the
remarkable divergence in food habits from its allies. It is the caterpillar of
a small butterfly, F e n e s e c a t a r (} u i n i u s Fabr., which may be found
feeding on masses of the cottony plant lice. Pemphigus tessellata
Fitch, sometimes so abundant on alders, and better known as the alder
blight.

Honeydew and its value to plant lice. The above outlines briefly some
of the factors with which aphids or plant lice must contend in the battle for
life. They are, as previously stated, comparatively helpless and fall ready
victims to all of these agents, and one unfamiliar with nature might wonder
why the entire group had not been exterminated long ago. The fact is
that aphids, or plant lice, are able to exist on account of no defensive
powers of their own, but must rely on other means. We will discuss
briefly a few of the factors which enable this interesting and e.xtensive
group to hold its place in the world of nature. Most, if not all, species
of plant lice excrete a substance known as honeydew which undoubtedly
serves indirectly as a method of protection, since it is eagerly sought after
by various species of ants which are ever ready to afford more or less
protection to the producers. Some ants are very energetic in defending
these little plant lice and whenever a leaf bearing them is approached by
an enemy, they will endeavor to protect the little honeydew producers so
far as possible. This is apparent when a leaf bearing a few of the aphids
is picked and their protectors at once turn and undertake to give battle to
the venturesome fingers. There are a species of ants which carry this pro¬
tection even further and tenderly care for the eggs or the plant lice them¬
selves during the long winter and establish them on the roots of proper food
plants in the spring, in order that later they may reap the desired harvest of
honeydew. This excretion not only attracts certain species which render a

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

245

direct service by intentionally driving away various enemies of one kind or
another, but it also draws wasjis and bees, insects which, while they may not
intentionally render a service, in all probability aid to some extent in scaring
away parasites which might otherwise be attracted to the leaves in search
of prey.

The honeydew is a disadvantage in certain respects, since it occa¬
sionally collects on the trees in immense quantities and may become the
medium for the growth of a black sooty fungus which clogs the leaf pores
and interferes with the growth and development of the tree, something
which can hardly be considered favorable to the aphids. Occasionally
this honeydew is excreted so copiously that it collects in large drops on the
leaves, evaporates and forms semisolid gelatinous masses. This has been
repeatedly observed by the writer on Norway maples in particular, infested
by a species of Chaitophorus.

Protective devices. Plant lice or aphids resort to a number of protective
devices of one kind or another. Not a few species are covered with a
whitish, powdery matter which is evidently an excellent shelter from the
wet, since it is almost impossible for moisture to penetrate this excre¬
tion. This is of the greatest value perhaps to the inhabitants of galls,
where the insects are overcrowded and there is considerable dampness
resulting not only from the excretions from the plant lice themselves but
also from the interior walls of the gall. These particles of moisture
become coated with this powdery matter and roll about among the crowded,
struggling plant lice and yet do not wet the individuals because of the
enveloping excretion. This is undoubtedly of very great importance to gall
inhabitants since it is a fact well known to collectors that almost any insect
placed in an empty corked vial will soon become stuck to its sides by the
accumulated moisture and perish much sooner than if placed in one with a
piece of grass or other footing on which it can sustain itself and prevent
contact with dampness. In other words, the constant presence of moisture
on the bodies of the insects is certainly very unfavorable to life and may
result in speedy death, either from suffocation or possibly by development

246 XEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

of bacterial or other diseases. In other species of plant lice this protective
device is carried to an even greater extent, and the whitish powdery
matter is secreted copiously from more highly developed glands as long
woolly filaments. Such protection is very common and one has only to
refer to such species as the woolly apple aphid, Schizoneura 1 a n i-
gera Hausm., the -w^oolly alder aphid, e iri phigus tesellata bitch,
frequently known as alder blight, and also in the case of such leaf-feeding
species as the beech leaf aphid, Phyll aphis fagi Linn. This woolly
matter undoubtetlly affords considerable protection from inclement weather
and also from parasites and predaceous enemies. The unj^rotected parts of
the plant louse are those near the legs or head where it would be compara¬
tively eas)- for the insect to frighten away the small parasite and the
presence of the woolly filaments jirobably renders Its bearer distasteful to
such predaceous forms as the lady beetles or their young. The economic
or practical entomologist is well aware of the jirotective value these fila¬
ments possess, since it is very difficult to kill such plant lice by the applica¬
tion of ordinary contact insecticides. There are many other species which
Illustrate different protective devices and among these we may include the
leaf curlers. It is a well known fact that most of our species of plant lice
feed to a considerable extent upon the underside of the leaves where they
are largely protected from inclement weather and this shelter is immensely
increased whenever the insects are abundant enough that their attack
results in more or less irregular curling of the leaves. This curling is the
mechanical result of the abstraction of fluids from the underside of the leaf
and is very marked in attacks by the common cherry aphid, Myzus
ce rasi Fabr., where the leaves are frequently so deformed that it is almost
impossible to hit the insects within with any kind of a spray. Aphids are
almost invariably more abundant near the center of the curled leaf where
protection is most perfect. This curling affords shelter from inclement
weather and probably wards off, to a considerable extent, attacks of para¬
sitic and predaceous insects. Leaf curling is carried further in some
instances and we may have, as in the case of a species, Hamamelistes

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

247

spinosus Shinier, occurring on birch, the formation of what are known
as pseudo-galls, which are nothing more than depressions in the underside
of the leaf and corresponding elevations on its upper surface. These
gradually become more and more marked till the lateral veins nearly
coalesce and form admirable shelters.

This may be continued further as in the case of the cockscomb elm
gall, Colopha ulmicola Fitch. Here we have eventually a beau¬
tiful cockscomblike structure on the upper surface of the leaf, while beneath
there is only a longitudinal slit marking the edges of the orifice. These
galls are sometimes so abundant as to deform the leaves very seriously and
they mark a more advanced stage of leaf curling. There are a number of
plant lice which make more or less defined galls, many of them being simply
abnormal growths from the leaf stalk or developing bud. The species.
Pemphigus p o p u 1 i - 1 r a n s v e r s u s Riley, making a gall on the leaf
stem of our common poplars is rather abundant in the vicinity of Albany.
The abnormal growth is very characteristic, being about the size of a
walnut, and on examination there wiil be found a conspicuous transverse
.scar on one surface. The growth of this gall is in all probability substan¬
tially as follow.s. The parent insect establishes herself about the middle of
the developing leaf stalk, begins to draw sustenance therefrom and her
operations excite an enormous development of tissue which gradually rises
over and finally incloses the insect and her young. A still more advanced
stage is exhibited in the gall of the hickory gall aphid. Phylloxera
c a r y a e c a u 1 i s P'itch, the orifice of the gall being closed.

Another very interesting gall is that produced by Pemphigus
rhois Fitch, on sumach, another. Pemphigus ulmifusus Walsh,
ecpially unique, occurs on slippery elm. The galls of plant lice may be
distinguished from those of hymenopterous gall flies by the external orifice,
though it may be much obscured by the abnormal growth. This opening
is a necessity because aphids never lay eggs within plant tissue.s.

Prolificacy. The protective devices of one kind or another enumerated
above would never be sufficient for the maintenance of so many of the.se

248 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

defenseless insects, were it not for the fact that they were exceedingly pro-
lihc. This subject early attracted the attention of naturalists, and we have
the record of Reaumer’s experiments which show that a single j)lant louse
might in one year of uninterrupted breeding under favorable conditions
become the progenitor of the enormous number of 5,904,900,000 individuals.
This immense number is beyond the ready grasp of most persons and we
may perhaps appreciate it a little more by the following calculation. The
average length of most plant lice would be appro.ximately ys inch, but if we
call it yio, which is certainly a very moderate estimate, and group this host
of individuals in a column of four, which is the ordinary military formation,
and bring each file closely behind the other, we will have an army long
enough to encircle the globe at the equator and enough would remain to
stretch across this continent, or in other words we would have an army
27,952 miles in length, all possible descendants from a single plant louse in
one season. This almost passes credibility, yet the same thing has been
figured out by another competent naturalist, namely Huxley, who estimated
that from the uninterrupted breeding of 10 generations from one individual,
there would result a mass of organic matter equal to the bulk of 500,000,000
human beings, or about the population of the Chinese Empire, d'he enor¬
mous number of these insects occurring on a tree is shown by the calculation
of Dr Fitch, who estimated that on one small cherrytree there were over
12,000,000 aphids. Such facts as these illustrate the possibilities and show
in no uncertain manner the immense value of the natural checks enumerated
above.

Short life cycle essential to prolificacy in plant lice. This startling pro¬
lificacy is not brought about by the production of immense numbers by any
individual, but, as is the case with many other animals, is accomplished by
the extraordinary rapidity with which the life cycle is completed. This is
admirably illustrated by the hop aphis, P h o r o d o n h u m u 1 i Schrank.
The cold season is passed in what is known as the winter egg and the young
insect hatching therefrom, known as the stem mother, begins to produce
young when two or three days old, bringing forth from two to seven daily,
and each of these in turn begins to produce young in about eight days. It

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

249

will thus be seen that multiplication instead of being arithmetic is really
geometric, and this accounts for the immense number of descendants which
may result from one individual in a single season, provided there is an ade¬
quate food supply. This very rarely or never occurs in nature and it is
extremely fortunate that such is the case. The hop aphis, to refer to this
species again, normally produces three generations on the plum, about eight
on the hop and then migrates back to its original food plant, so that the
production of 10 generations in a single season is normal for certain species.
The immense rapidity with which the life cycle is completed is rendered
possible by the development of generation after generation of agamic or
asexual individuals. This means that there is a nearly continuous produc¬
tion of females, each of which begins producing young very early in life, so
that reproduction is exceedingly rapid. It is interesting to note in this
connection that there appears to be some relation existing between the
defensive powers of an insect and its prolificacy. There is apparently, if
one may use the term, a certain amount of vital energy in each species
which may be used in several ways. Prolificacy may be sacrificed for the
development of efficient, aggressive weapons, for a substantial defensive
armor, or these may be sacrificed in turn for prolificacy and immense
numbers of comparatively defenseless individuals produced. This latter is
true of plant lice and is accomplished mainly through successive genera¬
tions of asexual or agamic individuals. The limit of asexfial reproduction
has never been reached. Kyber in 1815 had the rose aphis under obser¬
vation for a period of four years and during that time failed to detect the
presence of a single male. Practically the same thing has been done by
Professor Slingerland ‘ in later years with an aphis, probably Myzus
achyrantes Monell, on Achyranthes (I resine), and in this latter instance
there was no possibility for doubt, since the experimenter carefully isolated
several young on the day they were born and as soon as they produced
young their descendants were isolated and this continued uninterruptedly
for two years and ten months, during which the insect was carried through
62 generations.

'1893. Science. Jan. 27. 21:48-49

NEW YORK STATE MUSEl'M

250

Value of alternate lood plants. The ability of plant lice to hold their
own is much increased by the habit possessed by certain species of living on
alternate footl plants, d'his means that a usually somewhat definite number
of generations is j)roducetl on one food plant and then migration occurs to
another ami a second series of generations is passed followed by a return
migration to the original footl plant. I'his latter ma)’ occur the same year
or the following season, and after the development of one or more genera¬
tions completes the life cycle. This migration is undoubtedly of value to
the species since it aftonls, in the case of those completing the life cycle in
a single year, an opportunity to feed on practically fresh foliage three times
during the year. This occurs when the stem mothers hatch from the
winter eggs ami attack the presumably vigorous foliage in early spring.
The second opportunity is when the insects forsake the original food plant
ami establish themselves on the other, which presumably has not suffered
materially from insect enemies earlier in the season, and the third comes
after the return migration, the original food plant having had an oppor¬
tunity to rejuvenate itself while its enemies were feeding on the secondary
ln)st. This change is undoubtedly of value and another factor is that at
each migration the aphids escape for a time from such natural enemies as
ladybugs, syrphitl flies and aphis lions and in the case of forms breeding so
rapidly as do our plant lice, this is of considerable importance and affords
the species an opportunity to reestablish itself in numbers before its
enemies tliscover it in the new location. This latter method of escaping
from natural enemies would in all probability be accomplished equally well
if the insects migrated simply to uninfested plants of the same species, but
the chances of timling such at hand are not nearly so great as are those of
securing an entirely different food plant practically free from aphids.

Alternation of generations. Breeding on alternate food plants is some¬
times accompanied by a true alternation of generations, as is exhibited in
two species, the life histories of which have been worked out by Mr Theo¬
dore Bergande of the United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of
bmtomology. The life histories of these two species is given in detail

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

251

elsewhere but for the sake of convenience may be summarized in this
connection. One species, Hormaphis hamamelidis Fitch, produces
a pecular conical gall on witch hazel, which begins to develop at Washing¬
ton D. C. about April 15. The winter egg is deposited near the base of
the buds or leaf scars and resembles those of the ordinary apple aphi.s.
The stem mothers are black, fringed and adorned with waxy rods and
appear about April 15, become full grown by the middle of May and
produce young for three or four weeks. The second or migratory genera¬
tion completes its development in -6 to 20 days, is winged and flies from
the last of May to the last of June and later to the birch, where a third
generation is developed on the underside of the foliage, which in the fourth
and last stage resembles an Aleuroydes, being oval, flattened and fringed
or adorned with waxv rods. The fourth and fifth g-enerations are like the
third and also occur on the birch. The si.xth, however, is more like the
normal plant louse. It is clothed in its second to fourth stages with a
dense, evenly shorn waxy secretion and matures into normal appearing
aphids, which migrate back to the witch hazel from the last of August
to early October, where the .seventh or se.xual and wingless generation
develops on witch hazel, each female producing from five to 10 eggs. It
will be noted in this species that there is a marked difference in form in the
third to fifth <jenerations, the insect for some reason or other mimickin<r
Aleuroydes.

The other form, H a m a m e 1 i s t e s s p i n o s u s Shimer, has in some
respects a more remarkable life history than the preceding. The earlier
generations sulisist on witch hazel buds, which gradually develop into
conspicuous .spiny galls, and two years are required for the completion of
its life cycle. I he winter egg is deposited between the middle and the last
of June and hatches about the last of May or early the following June,
nearly ii months being spent in this form. These eggs are commonly
placed between or near the crotches formed by the twigs and petioles of
the flower buds or scars of. flower buds or seed capsules. 'I'he stem mother
settles on the side of the young bud against the twig, the opposite side
grows rapidly and soon arches over and finally incloses the plant louse,

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

252

leaving a transverse scar and a small opening. The gall is at first rosy,
then green and is adorned vith large curved spines. The second genera¬
tion develops within the gall and early in July, about si.\ weeks from the
birth of the stem mother, the winged adults migrate to the birch and
continue there till late in the fall. The third generation is developed on
the leaves and later wanders to the twigs and branches. The young are
Coccidiform and resemble a young Lecanium and in the early stages are
fringed with short waxy rods. They hibernate on the twigs and on the
stems, where they attain full maturity. The fourth generation returns to
the leaves, forms pseudo-galls by sucking the fluids from the under portion
and causing an arching up of the areas between the lateral ribs. The
young in the second stage bear conspicuous tufts of a white waxy secretion
on the sides of the posterior segments of the abdomen. The adults of
these produce the fifth or migratory generation which returns to the witch
hazel from early in July till about the middle of the month. It is much
like the preceding in character and is remarkable in the production of
accessory wingless females, parents of a secondary migratory generation,
which in turn flies to the witch hazel. The young of these migratory
generations, wingless males and females, pair and produce the winter eggs
which, as previously stated, are deposited between the middle of June and
early July. This latter life history is fully as remarkable as that of the
preceding and, as noted above, it will be seen that not only is there an
alternation of food plants and alternation of generations but there is also a
prolonged life cycle and an extended period of nearly 1 1 months passed in
the winter egg.

These two species illustrate some of the remarkable features about
aphids or plant lice and it is very probable that further investigations would
reveal other hitherto unsuspected relationships. It Is not at all impossible
that some of the 325 species supposed to be distinct, may in reality be only
different forms. Our knowledge of the Aphididae is altogether too limited
to permit the drawing of many general conclusions and the study of this
family both from the systematic and the biologic aspect affords a very
enticing field for the earnest conscientious worker.

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

253

MORE IMPORTANT FOREST TREE PESTS

This division is more or less arbitrary and is adopted solely because of
its convenience. It is exceedingly difficult to distinguish between the more
and less important species, and the following separation is undoubtedly
influenced somewhat by personal opinion. It must not be forgotten that
most of the species listed as important enemies of shade trees, also feed, as
previously pointed out, on forest trees, and that sometimes these earlier
noticed forms may be exceedingly destructive in forest land. Our fall
webworm, Hyphantria textor Harr., for example, is occasionally
very abundant on forest trees and causes a considerable amount of injury.
The spiny elm caterpillar, Euvanessa antiopa Linn., lives by pref¬
erence on willows and poplars, occasionally defoliating extensive areas,
and the depredations of the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma
d i s s t r i a Hiibn., are too well known to require more than mention in this
connection.

Conditions are such in this country that we must rely very largely on
natural agents of one kind or another to prevent serious injury to forest
trees. This will ordinarily be accomplished through the activities of
various predaceous and parasitic forms, which rarely attract attention
because of their abundance. P'ungous diseases and unfavorable climatic
conditions also play an important part in checking insect ravages. vSome
of our native species, in spite of these checks, are occasionally very injurious
over large areas. One of the most striking cases is that of the forest
tent caterpillar, a species which feeds very largely on hard maples, and at
irregular and rather widely separated intervals becomes so enormously
abundant as to defoliate e.xtensive areas year after year, spreading there¬
from to our shade trees.

The dangerous nature of introduced species has been generally recog¬
nized and it is well known that a considerable percentage of the more
serious enemies of general agricultural crops have come to us from abroad.
It is fortunate that comparatively few destructive forest pests have been

254

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

brought into the country. The two most important at the present time are
the gipsy moth, P o r t h e t r i a cl i s }> a r Linn, and the brown tail moth,
Euproctis chrysorrhoea Linn. Inability to fly on the part of the
first named makes it a local species, dangerous only because of its voracious
appetite and the large number of food plants subject to attack. The latter
species flies readily and within recent years has shown a marked tendency
in America to spread into woodland.s, particularly white oaks, large areas of
which have been defoliated. It is nearly as destructive to hard maples and
as a consequence both species are serious menaces to our woodlands. It is
obviously impractical to advise extensive spraying of forests with poison,
the general collection or destruction of egg masses in woodlands or similar
measures, because of the enormous expense involved. It is most sincerely
to be hoped that either native parasites or introduced forms, some of which
have already been imported, will prove adec[uate checks on both of these
dangerous species and obviate the necessity of employing more expen¬
sive methods for checking these pests. Experience with the larch sawfly,
L y g a e o n e m a t u s erichsonii Hartg., is not encouraging, since this
species has for a number of years defoliated larches over wide areas in the
Adirondacks and is still a serious pest.

It will probably be some years before our forests are managed with the
same care as those in Europe, and for a time, at least, methods for the con¬
trol of insects in woodlands must be of a more or less makeshift character.
It is obvious that dead trees, whether infested by dangerous insects or not,
should be removed as soon as possible if anything of value is to be gotten
therefrom. The problem of adequately controlling insects in forest areas
is very difficult at best and in most cases one can hardly expect at present
to secure the adoption of anything more than the least costly of preven¬
tive measures. Our present system of lumbering is wasteful not only on
account of the large amount of valuable material left upon the ground but
because this refuse affords an almost ideal breeding ground for certain
species which, under such conditions, may become excessively abundant
and correspondingly injurious to adjacent trees. A more careful working
up of forest products would reduce this danger very considerably and at

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

255

the same time lessen the_ chances of destructive fires following lumbering
operations. This work may be continued farther and under certain con¬
ditions it may be practical, in case serious damage is threatened by some
borers, to girdle trap trees and destroy them before the insects attracteil
thereto and breeding within can escape and cause e.xtensive injury over
large areas. This method has a limited application and in the case of
voracious leaf feeders the prospects are even less hopeful, except in parked
woodlands where wholesale treatment with arsenical poisons or some other
cheap method may prove advisable. It must be confessed that remedial or
control measures in forest entomology are still in their infancy, but it is
most sincerely hoped, in view of the great value of our lumber interests
and their increasing importance, that adequate means will be devised in
the near future, so that the more serious insect outbreaks can be pre¬
vented or controlled.

The importance of adequately protecting our forest areas, comprising
about 26% of the entire acreage of the State, can not be overestimated.
This is particularly true when it is remembered that forest products are
rapidly becoming more valuable with the increased difficulty of securing an
adequate supply. This alone justifies a most careful husbanding of these
immense natural resources. Statistics show that the maximum output,
544,234,207 feet, compiled by the Forest Preserve Board, was attained in
1898. It is doubtful if this record will again be equaled. A farther idea
of the importance of this interest to New York may be gained by reference
to work already done by the State. Through its P'orest, Fish and Game
Commission, a general supervision is exercised over the forests, and a com¬
prehensive plan for the creation of extensive forest preserves is being
carried out. These latter, situated in the Catskills and Adirondacks, now
amount to nearly a million and a half acres and will prove of inestimable
value to future generations. This immense area is carefully protected from
the depredations of lumbermen, and recent years have witnessed an earnest
endeavor to reforest some of the barren sections through the establishment
of forest nurseries in the Catskills and Adirondacks and the setting out of
the product therefrom. The recent establishment of a state college of

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NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

forestry with an experimental tract of 30,000 acres, is another evidence of
the importance of our forest resources. I he general interest in forest
exploitation, using the term in a strictly economic sense, is attested farther
hy the fact that the demand for competent foresters by both federal and
state governments and private individuals, is far in excess of the supply,
I'he trend of the times points to a more scientific, careful administration of
forest areas, and it logically follows that the insect enemies of our trees
should be the subject of more extended investigations for the special
purpose of ascertaining some practical methods of controlling the more
dangerous species on wild land. This work, in bringing together many
scattered records, should prove of great value in all subsequent studies
along these lines.

KNE.MIES OF DKCIDFOFS TKKK.S

Wood and bark borers

Broad, irregular, shallow galleries in the inner bark and outer sapwood of oak, hickory and
several other trees, may be the work of this species

Rustic borer, X y 1 o t r e c h u s c o 1 o n u s, p. 259

A slender grub ^ inch long and not quite '/:,o inch thick, bores in the solid wood of white

oak, changing to a weevil with a rather prolonged, thick snout

Northern Brenthian, Kupsalis m i n u t a, p. 261

A blackish, golden marked beetle about ^ inch in length, is frequently bred from hick¬
ory logs . Painted hickory borer, C y 1 1 e n e p i c t u s, p. 264

A brownish beetle about ^ inch in length, may be found on cut hickory the latter part
of May, the large, fleshy grubs making irregular, longitudinal burrows in the wood

Banded hickory borer, C h i o n c i n c t u s, j). 267
Large, creamy yellow grubs excavating large holes lengthwise in the inner bark and
sapwood of living hickory, oak, and possibly some other trees

Tiger hickory borer. Cl o e s t i g r i n a, p. 268
A large, white, legless grub making good sized galleries in bark and sapwood

Hickory Saperda, Saperda discoidea, p. 269
(lirdled and occasionally severed twigs and branches of hickory and various trees, may
be the work of a thick bodied beetle measuring from a little over to nearly ^
inch in length, the wing covers of the male being irregularly dotted with faint, tawny

spots . Twig girdle, O n c i d e r e s c i n g u 1 a t u s, p. 27 1

A black, long snouted beetle about Y,6 inch in length, breeds commonly in dying and
dead hickory limbs . Hickory snout beetle, M a g d a 1 i s o 1 y r a, p. 274

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

257

Small, brown or black beetles about >'5 inch in length, making longitudinal burrows
from which small, legless grubs excavate galleries at nearly right angles. 'I'he
beetles also work in the leaf petioles and on the young twigs, causing the wilting of
the foliage in midsummer

Hickory bark borer, S c o 1 y t u s q u a d r i s p i n o s u s, p. 275
Logs of black ash and dying trees are frequently seriously injured by borers making
numerous holes in tlie wood, also attacks elm and hickory

Banded ash borer, X e o c 1 y t u s c a p r a e a, p. 279
A white, flat headed grub makes very tortuous, interlacing burrows under chestnut and

oak bark . Two-lined chestnut borer, .-\ g r i 1 u s b i 1 i n e a t u s, p. 280

Oval swellings with 4 to 5 longitudinal scars occurring on the small limbs and stems of

wild thorn . Thorn limb liorer, Saperda fayi, p. 283

A flattened, whitish, rather delicate grub about ^ inch in length, with a large, flattened
head, may be found boring the inner bark of white and other birches

Bronze birch borer, A g r i 1 u s a n x i u s, p. 284
Small, pinholelike perforations in elm, particularly the diseased bark, may be the work of
a minute cylindric, dark brown beetle about '/,o inch long

1 )ark elm borer, H y 1 e s i n u s o p a c u 1 u s, p. 288
A small, brownish, rather stout, cylindric beetle bores commonly in freshly cut ash

Ash timber beetle, H y 1 e s i n u s a c u 1 e a t u s, p. 288
A minute, reddish brown, cylindric beetle about 1/^2 inch in length, sinks small, cylindric
galleries in dead beech, spruce and other trees

Apple wood Stainer, M o n a r t h r u m m a 1 i, p. 289
A light brown, nearly black, cylindric beetle about yi inch long, frequently enters the

exposed wood of beech, oak and other trees . X y 1 o t e r u s po 1 i t u s, p. 292

Similar species of about the same general appearance, boring in white, paper and yellow
birch and poplar . Xyloterus (several species), p. 293

A minute, slender, dark brown beetle about '/(e inch long, sometimes riddles the dead
inner bark of red oak

Minute oak bark beetle, P i t y o p h t h o r u s m i n u t i s s i m u s, [>. 295
Similar species working in dead black birch . Pityophthorus sp.. p. 296

Specif s nsnally working in seasoned wood

Fine, white, dustlike borings and numerous minute holes in well dried hard woods

Powder post beetle, L y c t u s u n i p u n c t a t us, p. 296
Dried birch and maple wood is sometimes infested by a small, dark brown beetle about y'l^
inch long, with bright, rufous antennae

Small red horned borer, P t i 1 i n u s r u f i c o r n i s. p. 298

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

258

Forming galls on or killing willow shoots
European willows are attacked by a small, black midge which produces irregular, some¬
what fusiform galls inhabited by yellowish jumping larvae

European willow gall midge, R h a b d o p h a g a s a 1 i c i s, p. 299
Sudden wilting of terminal shoots may be caused by a sawfly girdling the twigs after
depositing her eggs . Willow shoot sawfly, Janus integer, p. 302

Leaf feeders

Reddish, white striped or black, white haired caterpillars from ^ to inches in length,
feed in large clusters in midsummer on black walnut and other trees

Black walnut caterpillar 1) a t a n a i n t e g e r r i m a, ]). 303
A large, bluish green caterpillar with four conspicuous hornlike projections on the thoracic
segments and a number of smaller ones, occurs in September on hickory and other

trees . Hickory horned devil, Citheronia r e g a 1 i s, p. 305

Black spiny caterpillars with 4 orange yellow stripes on the back and 2 along each side,
frequently strip the foliage from scrub and other oaks in August

Yellow striped oak caterpillar, A n i s o t a s e n a t o r i a, p. 306
Small, black, spiny caterpillars occur in early summer, feeding in company on the leaves
of various oaks, particularly in swampy ])laces

Buck or maia moth, H e m i 1 e u c a m a i a, p. 310
Snow white, black dotted, black tufted caterpillars occur in clusters during July, August
and September, on the tender leaves of hickory and other trees

Hickory tussock moth. H a 1 i s i d o t a c a r y a e, p. 314
Leaves of white birch are sometimes skeletonized by a small, pale green caterpillar. The
foliage turns brown the latter part of the summer, and the small, brownish yellow,
ribbed cocoons serve to identify the depredator

Birch leaf skeletonizer, Bucculatrix canadensisella, p. 315
Yellowish beetles or blackish grubs about ^ inch in length, frequently defoliate willows
and poplars, specially in the Western States

Cottonwood leaf beetle, M e 1 a s o m a s c r i p t a, p. 3 1 7
Greenish black sawfly larvae about ®/,o inch long and with heart-shai)ed, yellowish spots
on each side, defoliate willow and poplar

Yellow-spotted willow slug, P t e r o n u s v e n t r a 1 i s, p. 322
Blisterlike spots or eroded, skeletonized areas on honey locust leaves

Locust leaf miner, Odontota dorsalis, p. 325

Sucking insects

A circular, convex, bright yellow or golden scale insect about ’/16 inch in diameter, some¬
times occurs on oak twigs in very large numbers

Golden oak scale, Asterolecanium variolosum, p. 329

I.V.SIXTS AJ'J-KCTING I'AKK AM> WOOl^LANIJ TREES

259

Gall insects

Uulletlike, hollow, gre(?n {'alls of a leathery texture, may occur oti hickory shoots in June,
turnin(4 hlack the latter [jart of the month or early in July, and somewhat resemble
the black knot of jdum . . 1 1 ickory gall ajdiid, 1' h y 1 1 o x e r a c a r y a e c a u 1 i s, i>. 331

Rustic borer

Xylolrcchtis colon us I'abr.

I'road, irregular, shallow galleries in the inner bark and outer sa|>wood of oak,
hickory and several other trees, may be the w'ork of this species.

Our attcntiftn was call<;<l in 1903, lo a niajrnificent hickory tree sornt;
15 inches in diamttter, which was badly infested by this insect, so much so
that over 600 beetles were brt;d from two .sectirms of
the trunk, most of them appearitijr in .May. d'he tree
stood by itself, and as it had evidently b(;en recently
infested by lar^e numbers of the insects, we are inclined
to the belief that they attacked it while living and pos¬
sibly while in perfect health; certainly their galleries
were so numerous that the trunk was entirely girdled,
and as the tree was living the preceding year, no other
conclusion aj^pears j^ossible.

Description. The larval galleries of this insect are
very irregular, shallow [\A. 38, fig, i J, about ^ to *4
inch in diameter, and in our specimen, are so numerous ng. 44 R..».ic w-rr. much
that it is impossible to follow the course of any one urged < ^ngma^

larva. The pupae appear to lie from to i inch below the surface of the
wood, the galleries penetrating no deeper. The exit holes are slightly oval
and a little less than ^ inch in diameter.

The adult beetles are blackish, variegated with yellowish or slate white
markings, and range in length from a little less to a little over j4 inch.
The species may be recognized, according to .Mr Wickham, by the unspotted
prothorax, sometimes fa.sciated with pubescence, and by the absence of an
apical and basal pubescent band, the elytral bands being about as broad as
other intervals. Mr Leng states that the markings are very variable, but
the yellow waved line running from the suture and forming the included
mark, seems to be constant and peculiar to the s[jecies.

26o

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

The full grown larva is about 3/^ inch in length, rather stout, legless,
and with dark brown mouth parts. The pupa is about ^ inch in length,
possesses the shape and general characters of the adult, and with the
dorsum of the penultimate segment ornamented along its posterior margin
with a nearly transverse row of four stout spines, a pair just in front of
these, one on each side, and smaller ones on the anterior margin of the
same segment. The terminal segment bears a single row of four rather
small, curved spines on its dorsum.

The various stages of the insect have been minutely described by
Dr Packard.

Distribution. This species is probably widely distributed in northeast¬
ern United States, since Dr Packard reports it as a common form, and it
has been listed from Mt Washington, by Mrs Slosson, and from Ohio and
southwestern Pennsylvania, by Messrs Hamilton and Dury, while Mr Ulke
reports it as very common in the District of Columbia.

History. This insect is a common species and has been brought to the
attention of economic entomologists, at various times, and occasionally
it must be abundant, though it rarely causes apprehension on account of
its killing trees.

Life history. Nothing very definite has been recorded concerning
the life history of this insect, though it is probable that the trans¬
formations are completed in one year. The larvae and pupae were
taken by us in April and May, and beetles appeared in large numbers
throughout the latter month. The eggs are probably deposited in
crevices of the bark.

Food plants. Dr Packard has named this insect the oak Clytus because
it appears to infest this tree most frequently, though as stated above, we
have bred it in enormous numbers from hickory. It has been met with by
Mr Hunt, under the bark of sugar maple in the Adirondacks, and Dr Hop¬
kins reports it as infesting logs and dead trees of black oak, white oak,
hickory, chestnut, ash and elm. Dr Smith, in addition to those named
above, lists it from chestnut and “other trees.” Mr Young took a beetle at

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

2b I

Hii:f Moose, Jvily 6, 1903. on hemlock where it was probably about to
oviposit.

Associated species. Several other beetles were bred from the hickory
trunk infested by this species. X e o c 1 y t u s e r y t h r o c e p h a 1 u s b'abr.,
was obtained in small numbers, the beetles appearini]^ at the same time as
Xylotrechus. A few specimens of T o m o .\ i a 1) i d e n t a t a Say, were
reared from the more decayed portions of the tree and appeared in early
June. I'he common flat headed borer of the apple, Chrysobothris
fe mo rat a Fabr., was also bred in small numbers, the beetles emeri^ini^
from the wood in early June. A cucujid, Cato^enus rufus Fabr.,
was obtained in small numbers the latter part of May and early in June.
I'his species undoubtedly occurred under the deatl bark and in no way
assisted in the destruction of the tree. A horn tail, probably the pigeon
tremex, Tremex columba Linn., was at work in some of the more
decayed portions of the trunk, accompanied by its parasite, the lunate long
stiniT, Thalessa lunator Fabr.

Parasites. This species was rather extensively parasitized by the com¬
mon enemy of many wood borers, Melanobracon s i m p 1 e .x Cress.,
most of which emergeil in the month of May. .V few specimens of a large
Ichneumon, A rotes decor us Say, were bretl out in early June.

Bibliography

1888 Lintner, J. A. Ins. X. V. 4th Rej/t, jc 93-94 (brief notice)

1890 Packard, A. S. S. Knt. Com. 5th Rep’t, p. 77-79 (Brief notice with detailed
descriptions of different stages)

Northern brenthian
Jzupsalis miuuta Drury

.\ slender grub inch long and not ijuite ‘Ao inch thick, bores in the solid wood of
white oak, changing to a weevil with a rather prolonged, thick snout.

This is one of the most peculiar beetles found in New York State.
The female is remarkable not only on account of her slender proportions,
but because the beak is prolonged into a long snout which, unlike that of

262

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

most snout beetles, extends almost directly forward. The male is larjjjer
and instead of a slender beak, lias enormously developed mandibles, which
are probably of considerable service in excavatinj^ the bark preparatory to

egg laying and also in the fierce bat¬
tles individuals of this sex are said to
wage, d his species is generally dis¬
tributed in New ^'ork State, though
rarely met with in numbers, probably
liecause of its retiring habits, d his
insect may be easily nxognized by
reference? tf) the accomjianying illus¬
tration.

Description. I'lie larva and juipa
have been described by Dr Riley as
follows ;

Fig- 45 Northern hrenthian. male and female, enlarged (original) r i ,i *1

Larva. Length, .55-75 men;
diameter in middle of body, .05 inch. Body almost straight, cylindrical,
12 jointed, with a few faint hairs only on prothorax and around anus;
thoracic joints short, bent a little forward, swollen and broadly and deeply
wrinkled, with two especially prominent swellings on toj> of joints 2
and 3, converging towards head, and having each a granulated rufous
spot; the other joints with about three dorsal transverse wrinkles;
joints 5-9 subecjual, as long as 1-3 together, twice as long as 4 ; 10-12
diminishing in length, slightly swollen, the anus retracted ; six very
small, 3-jointed thoracic legs, the terminal joint being a mere bristle ;
stigmata quite distinct and brown, the first pair much the largest, between
the fold of joints 2 and 3; the others on anterior fifth of joints 4-1 i,
the last pair more dorsal than the rest. Head j^ale yellow, darker around
mouth; rounded, more or less bent over the breast, with sjjarse, stiff,
pale hairs springing from elevated points; ocelli, none; antennae not
visible, unless a dusky prominence lying close between mandibles and
maxillae be called such ; labium small, with two depressions and other
inequalities, the margins slightly angular, allowing the jaws to closely fit
around it ; jaws stout, triangular, the inner margin produced at middle into
a larger and smaller tooth, and wnth a slight excavation near tip ; maxillae
long, with but a short, horny cardinal piece ; the palpi apparently 2 jointed
and with difficulty resolved, on account of three or four other prominences

INSECTS AEEECTINC. PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

263

around tlu'in ; oj'arnislKul on the inside witli a close row of stiff hairs and on
the outsicU' with two stouter hairs ; labium lar^^e, ohoval, the jialpi placed in
front ami 2 jointetl.

yV/.L Av('ra_i^e lent^th .40 inch, with the antennae curled back over
tile thorax, tlu' si‘\en or ei^ht terminal joints each with a more or less dis¬
tinct, forwardly directed, brown thorn ; the snout lyinq- on the breast and
varyiiij^ accordino- to sex; abdominal joints with a more or less distinct row
of small thorns on the posterior dorsal edj^e, the last joint with a more
prominent thorn directed backwards in a line with the body.

Life history. 'Flu; e^^s, acconlino- to Dr Rile}', are laitl durinir the
months of May ami June. I'he female bores a cylindric hole in the bark
with Ikm' slender snout ami pushes an to the bottom. I'lie operation
has been described by 1 )r lloward. as follows:

It reipiires about a ila}' to make a puncture anil ile|)Osit the e_i»'s»'.
I)urin4’ the time the puncture is beins^ made, the male stamls j^uard, occa-
sionallv assistint:^ the female in extractint;; her beak; this he does b}'
stationins4 himself at a ri^^ht anj^le with her body, and by jiressing his
heavy jirosternum against the tip of her abdomen ; her stout forelegs serv¬
ing as a fulcrum and her long body as a lever. When the lieak is extracted,
the female uses her antennae for freeing the pincers or jaws of bits of wood
or ilust, the antennae being furnished with stiff hairs and forming an excel¬
lent brush. Should a strange male approach, a heavy contest at once
ensues, and continues until one or the other is thrown from the tree. The
successful party then takes his station as guard.

Dr Riley is of the opinion that the larva lives but a single year, though
larvae of different sizes occur in midwinter with the beetles.

Food plants, d'his insect evidently attacks recently dead and dying
trees, preferably oak, though it has been recorded by Dr Hopkins from
chestnut, beech, elm, cypress and most other species of deciduous forest
trees. He states that the larvae excavate extensive galleries in the solid
wood.

Distribution. 'I'his species probably has an extended distribution in
the northeastern United .States, having been recorded by various writers,
from New York, New jersey. District of Columbia and Minnesota.

264

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Painted hickory borer
Cyllcnc pic t us Drury

A blackish, golden marked beetle, about ^ inch in length, is frequently bred from
hickory logs.

'I'his species is somewhat common in New York State, and occurs
rather fretiuently in hickory, it bein^r brought to notice occasionally on
account of the beetles emerging in midwinter or early spring from firewood
and appearing in houses. This species in the adult condition resembles
very closely the insect so common on black locust, and the two beetles may
be easily sejtarated by the fact that the hickory borer is rarely abroad,
excei)t in the spring, while the locust borers commonly occur in large num¬
bers in the fall. The two forms were confused in earlier days and for a
time it was believed that they both belonged to the same species. The
demonstration that these two beetles were really distinct species was largely
the work of Dr Walsh and to him we owe a carefully tabulated list of
differences between the two forms.

Early history. This borer is recorded by Dr Walsh as being rather
rare in Illinois in 1866, and he adds that during 17 years’ steady collecting
he had met* with but three specimens. He states that it appeared to be
(juite common near Philadelphia, where it was said to inhabit the walnut as
well as the hickory.

This borer has been recorded by Dr Packard as occurring not only
In hickory but also in black walnut, and Dr Lintner in 1893, added
butternut to the list of food plants. Prof. Lawrence Bruner writing in
1893, stated that the hickories of Nebraska are very subject to attacks
by this species, and Dr A. 1). Hopkins records this species in dead
branches and small mulberry and hickory trees in West Virginia. He
obtained adults Ap. 9 and 14, pupa and larva Ap. 9, and in 1894 he
found a fully matured pupa Sep. 24, evidence that this beetle may emerge
in the fall. Messrs Webster and Mally have recorded the presence of
this borer in Osage orange posts, i feet in length and 4 inches in

IXSICCTS AFFECTING FARE AND WOODLAND TREKS 265

diameter. .A laroe number of individuals were bred (,lurin<^ the months
of bebruary, March anil April 1897. Dr Lintner, in the same year,
called attention to the abundance of these beetles in a house where they
bred from firewood, a fact which has been previously recortled. 1 le
states that this species is usually rarer than the locust borer. Dr J. H.
Smith records this insect as common throui^hout New )ersey where it
breeds in hickory and is often rather injurious.

Life history. I he life history of this species has been practically given,
so far as known, in the preceding reconls. The beetles commonly ap[)ear
in the spring in New York State, oviposit shortly thereafter, and the young
bore in the trunk during one season and possibly longer. The winter may
be passed in the pupa state as recorded by Dr Hopkins and jiossibly in the
larval form. The characteristic work of this species is shown on plate i 5,
figures 7-12.

Description. The larva of this species has been described by Dr .A. .S.
Packard as follows ;

Larva. Body thick ; mouth parts black ; head reddish behind the
antennae. Prothoracic segment (first behind the head) large and broad,
being one half as long as broad ; fiat and broad above, the ujiper surface
being lower than that of the succeeding segment ; the anterior edge
thickened, being slightly corneous ; a mesial deejily impressed line, esjie-
cially on the hinder two thirds, where it becomes a broad, deep, angular
furrow, dividing the tergum into two quadrant-shaped halves; the outer
edge of the segment rises above the flattened tergal portion, which is
sparsely covered with hairs, the latter thicker along the sides of the body.
The body contracts in width behind the fourth abdominal segment ; the
upper side of each of the first six abdominal segments (correspomling to
those segments in the beetle) is raised into blisterlike swellings, especially
on the fifth and sixth segments, which are much narrower than the four
preceding segments, d'hese dorsal swellings are smooth and free from fine
hairs. Abdominal segments seven to nine convex above, not swollen, and
the abdomen is narrowest between the fifth and sixth .segments. A pair of
large spiracles on the mesothoracic segment, and a pair on each of the first
eight abdominal segments.

Antennae three jointed ; the two basal joints being of the same length ;
the basal one being one third stouter than the second ; the third joint fili¬
form, and one half as long as the second joint, and ending in two or three

265

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

hairs. The thin membranous labrum is divided into two parts, the basal
solid, the terminal portion forming a movable flap, overlapping and reach¬
ing nearly to the end of the mandibles Avhen closed; the basal portion is
shorter than broad, being broadly trapezoidal and smooth ; the outer
division is broader than long, the edges being rounded so that it is almost
broatlly ovate (transversely) and smooth, covered with long hairs. It is
l)ale membranous with a testaceous hue. Mandibles black, very thick and
stout, with obtu.se, rounded edges; they are almost as long as the base is
broad. Maxillae membranou.s, flattened, maxillary palpi two jointed.
Labium membranous, with a transverse chitinous band near the insertion of
the two jointed palpi ; both joints short ; second one half as thick as the
first ; edge hairy, the hairs reaching to the ends of the palpi. Length of
the body .50 inch; breadth of prothoracic segment, 4.2 mm; breadth of
head, 3.2 mm.

I he adult beetle is about ^ inch long, jet-black in color and rather
prettily marked with golden yellow lines as in figure. The antennae
are a dark brown and the legs a light brown. Dr Walsh states that this
species may be distinguished from the closely allied locust borer by its
relaxed antennae extending beyond the tip of the wing covers by the entire
length of the terminal segment, by the greater robustne.ss of these organs
and by the terminal or eleventh segments being fully one half longer than
the penultimate and composed of two portions connected by a suture. The
wing covers of this species are widened at the base and taper toward their
tips, and the second or W-.shaped band is whitish instead of yellowish
as in the locust borer [pi. 15, fig. 10].

Natural enemies. Dr A. 1). Hopkins records Hemirhipus fa.s-
c i c u 1 a r i s babr. as attacking the larva of this borer in mulberry and Air
I\ H. Chittenden states that Brae on e r y t h r o g a s t e r Brulle was
reared from hickory wood infested almost exclusively by this beetle.

Bibliography

1890 Packard, A. S. U. S. Ent. Com. 5th Rep’t, p. 287- 88, 329
1893 Lintner, J. A. Ins. N. Y. 8th Rep’t, p. 175-76

INSECTS .\fit;ctin<; pakk and WOODI.AND tkees

2()7

Banded hickory borer
Chion ctin/iis l)rury

A browni'h ])eetle ahnnt i itu h in Irnutli, may lie (mind on i iit liickory tlit* latter
jiart ot May, the large, fleshy larvae or grubs making irregular, longitmlinal burrows in
the wood.

riiis species is more or less common wherever hickory jryows, thoiij^h
it seems to have received comjiaratively little attention from eniomolojrists.
It works more particularly on cut timber, and wood that has lain for a year
or two after fellinjr^ is fre(|nently so full of j^r.iUcrics that its value, (;ven
for firewood, is jrreatly diminished, while it is entirely worthless for other
purposes.

Description. I he adult, accordint; to Professor ( )sborn, is a j^rayish
brown beetle about i inch lonj.j, commonly with a yellowish, obliipie band
on each winj.^ cover, a mark somidimes absent. I he thorax is cylindric,
with a sharp sjune at each side and there are two at the extremity of isich
wing. The antennae of the female are about as long as the body, while in
the male they are twice the insect’s lengtli.

The full grown grub is fleshy, yellowish, with the thoracic segment
somewhat swollen, 'I'here are three pairs of very minute thoracic legs.
The boring is elliptic in cross section, and in some cases has a longer
diameter of inch, and may extend for 3 or 4 inches with tlut grain of the
wood.

Life history and habits. The adult beetles issue about the latter jiart of
May, according to Professor Osborn, single females containing as many as
93 ^ in.sects display marked preference for cut timber. Phe

young grubs commence boring the wood at once and the lif<* cycle is prob.
ably completed within two or three yiNirs, though instanc«:s an* on record
where beetles have issued from furniturt!, carriages t!tc., sonur y<*ars after
manufacture. This prolonged larval existence is probably abnormal. 'I'he
transformation from grub to pupa takes place the laltitr part of the witUer
or in the spring, occasionally as early as the first of January. I'lnr gallery
before and behind the insect is loosely filled with chips prior to the change.

268

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

'rhis form is usually recortlcd as a hickory borer, though Mr Chittenckm
cites an instance where he reared this species from plum branches badly
infested by the fruit tree bark beetle, S c o 1 y t u s r u g u 1 o s u s Ratz. He
also reports it as injurious to all kinds of oaks. Dr Lugger records it from
apple, and Dr Hopkins has listed it from chestnut.

Distribution. This species appears to be widely distributed though not
abundant in the northeastern United States, having been recorded from
Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, District of Columbia, Ohio and
Minnesota.

Preventive measures. I'his borer displays a marked preference for
felled timber, and Professor Osborn states that if the wood be cut in the
fall or early winter, so that it becomes thoroughly dry before the beetles
appear the following summer, there is much less danger of injury. Peeling
the bark is also believed to afford considerable immunity, though this has
not been established by experimental evidence. The above statements are
based largely on Professor Osborn’s account of this insect in Garden and
Forest for May i888, p. 148.

Tiger hickory borer
Goes tigrina I )eG.

The large creamy yellow grubs of this species may make large holes lengthwise in
the inner bark and sapwood of living hickory, oak, and possibly some other trees.’

This species has been characterized by Dr Packard, as perhaps the
most common borer in hickory and walnut in the Southern States. The
young larvae, according to Dr P'itch, live at first on the soft outer layers
of the sapwood, mining a shallow cavity about the orifice. The overlying
bark dies and turns black. With increase in size and correspondingly
stronger jaws, the larva gnaws into solid wood from the upper part of the
burrow, boring obliquely inward and upward, all the lower portion being
commonly packed with sawdustlike chips. P'inally, when the grub has
attained full growth, the upper end of the burrow is extended outward to
the bark, in order that the adult may readily escape from its burrow.

Description. The adult has been characterized by Dr Fitch, as a long-

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

269

horned beetle about i inch lon^, brown, covered with an incumbent, short,
tawny, gray pubescence, more dense on the wing covers, which latter have
a broad, dark brown band beyond their middle and another on their base.
The thorax has an erect blunt spine on each side, and the antennae are
pale yellowish except for the dark brown first joint.

Food plants. This species has been recorded by Dr Hopkins, as
mining the inner bark and sapwood of living hickory and oak, while Mr
Beutenmuller states that it works in the solid wood of hickory, oak and
walnut, seeming to prefer white oak. I his species is probably more
destructive south of New York.

Hickory saperda
Saperda discoidea b'abr.

\ large, white, legless grub, making good sized galleries in bark and sapwood, is very
likely to be this insect.

This species is a rather common borer in hickory, though ordinarily it
does not cau.se a great deal of damage. It frequently follows the work of
the destructive hickory bark borer, Scolytus quadrispinosus Say,
and is occasionally so abundant that a piece of bark 6 inches square may
contain a dozen or more larvae. It is remarkable in having the sexes so
unlike that one unacquainted with it, would certainly consider them distinct
species. There are individuals to be found having the same color and
markings as the females, and some very poorly developed specimens of the
latter entirely lack the characteristic markings of the sex.

Life history. The beetles occur abroad the latter part of June and in
July. The larvae feed partly on the bark and partly on the wood, and on
approaching maturity enter either the bark or the wood and transform to
beetles. Nothing is known concerning the duration of the life cycle or
method of oviposition.

Food plants. This species has been recorded from the walnut as well
as hickory. It does not appear to infest other trees.

Description. The female is about ^ and the male about Yz inch in
length. The former may be recognized by the yellowish thorax and the

.NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

270

yellowish markings on the brownish wing covers, while the latter has a
black head and thorax and uniform gray wing covers.

Distribution. This species has been recorded from Canada south to
Louisiana and as far west as Nebraska. It is probably generally distrib¬
uted in the northern United States, at least.

Remedial measures. As in the case of other borers, it is manifestly
impossible to do much except for the more valuable trees. The attack may
be prevented to a large e.xtent by keeping the trees in thrifty condition, as
this insect e.xhibits a marked preference for unhealthy or diseased tissues.
Digging out the borers may possibly be of some value.

Bibliography

1904 Felt, E. P. & Joutel, L. H. N. V. State Mus. Bill. 74, p. 52-54

Red-edged saperda
Sapcrda la/c'ral/s Fabr.

This species is about the same size as the common elm borer, S. tridentata Oliv.,
and like it occurs in the elm. Its principal food plant is hickory, it being partial to injuries
near the roots and infests the base of sprouts on recently cleared lands.

The beetles occur in June in northern localities, and like most Saperdas
feed on the bark and stems of leaves at the ends of shoots. We have
bred this species from hickory stems in which the larvae lived at the junc¬
ture of dead and living bark. They have also been recorded as inhabiting
the base of dead shoots. Dr Packard states that he has reared this species
from alder, but this habit seems to be e.xceptional. It rarely causes serious
injury.

Description. The adult is a black beetle with the wing covers, thorax
and head margined by a broad red line and a central one along the suture.

Distribution. This species ranges from Canada southward to Pennsyl¬
vania and westward to Nebraska. It appears to be widely distributed in
the northeastern United States.

INSECTS AFFECTING FAKK AND WOODEAND TREES

271

Bibliography

1904 Felt, E. P. & Joutel, L. H. N. Y. State Miis. Ihil. 74, p. 59-62

Twig girdler

Oncidcrcs cingiilatiis Say

Clirdled and occasionally severed twigs and Ijranches of various trees, may be the
work of a thick bodied, long horned beetle measuring from a little over to nearly ^
inch in length, with the wing covers of the male irregula’-ly dotted with faint, tawny spots.

This beautiful species was described by Say in 1826, who stated that
it was not common and occurred on hickory. It was noticed by Dr I'itch in
1859, as a hickory insect, d'he work of this interesting girdler in hickory,
was brought to the attention of Messrs Walsh and Riley in 1868, who were
at first unable to identify it, and afterwards recognized the depredator as
this species, and on looking over the literature, they ascertained that its
curious method of operation had been previously discovered by Haldeman.
This insect has been rejieatedly noticed in various parts of the country,
specially because of its curious method of operation, and particularly in
the Southern States, where it ajipears to be more abundant and destructive
than farther north.

Description. The egg has been characterized by Professor Parrott, as
white, elongate, oval in shape, with the ends obtusely rounded, indented
with slight longitudinal depressions, and about '/u inch long by one fourth
as wide.

The newly hatched larva has been described by him as a soft, fleshy,
legless grub slightly covered with light colored hairs. It is about Vio inch
long, somewhat shiny, white, with its mouth parts slightly tinged with
brown. When full grown it is about ^ inch in length, nearly cylindric in
form, tapering a little posteriorly and swollen at the anterior extremity,
within which the small head may be retracted. The mandibles are then
light brown, shading to almost piceous at the tip. The other mouth parts
are yellowish, except for some brownish colored notche.s. “ On the upper
and subdorsal portion of the epicranium, near anterior margin, is a row of
short, parallel, chitinous ridges, interrupted at the middle by the dorsal
suture. Upon the dorsal surface of each segment of the mature larva, com¬
mencing with the third and ending with the tenth, and on the ventral side

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

of each segment, commencing with the second and ending with the tenth,
appears a slight swelling containing a double, transverse row of toothlike
projections, from twelve to eighteen in number, sometimes with a few odd

ones in front of each row.” [Arc pi. 9, fig. 12) _ / • 1 •

fie has described the pupa as yellowish white and about ^ inch in
length: “The antennal sheaths arise from the notch on the inner, upper
half of the eyes, and crossing them, pass down along each side of the back,
over the wing sheaths and just above the sheaths of first and second pairs
of legs, and then turning inward, pass back toward the mouth parts, where
they turn outward, forming a circle over the sheaths of first^ pair of legs,
d'he first and second pairs of legs are above, and the third pair with
exception of tarsi are below the wing sheaths. On the inner and upper
margin of the base of the antennal sheaths is a short, slightly curved, horn¬
like protuberance, pointing backward and outward. Small, brownish, sharp
points occur on the following parts of abdomen : the swellings which appear
on the side of each abdominal segment with exception of the first, the
upper surface, and posterior margin of anal segment, which is thickly
fringed with sharp, excurved points.”

The adult insect, as previously stated, ranges in length from a little
over to nearly ^ inch. It may be easily recognized by reference to
plate 9, figure 6.

Life history. Tfie first contribution to the life history of this insect,
was by Professor Haldeman, as mentioned above, but it is to Alessrs \\ alsh
and Riley that we owe our first illustration of the insect and its work, and
a somewhat detailed discussion of its life history. I he adult beetles occur
in Pennsylvania, according to Haldeman, during the last two weeks in
August and the first week in September, feeding on the bark of the tender
branches of young hickories. Phis insect has been the subject of close
studies in Kansas, by Messrs Scheffer and Parrott, who worked independ¬
ently. Professor Parrott has observed the girdling of the twig, and states
that the female selects a twig seldom more tl. . inch in diameter, and
does not make a complete circle at once but cuts section by section, as if
cutting as deep as the edges of the groove will permit her. One section
after another is thus cut till the twig is girdled, the entire operation taking
12 hours in some cases. These gentlemen state that the eggs are deposited
beneath the bark of the girdled branches and just at the base of side shoots
or aborted buds. Usually there is but one in a shoot, but in case the latter

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

273

is large there may be two or three. Professor Parrott states that often
two, sometimes four or five eggs are deposited, and in a number of
instances they are placed at the side of and above the offshoot. A dozen
or more may be found on a single branch. Mr Scheffer states that the egg
protected with a gummy cap, is deposited in a puncture which has an oval
aperture. It lies just under the bark, or in some cases between the layers
of the bark. He also states that no punctures were found on side shoots,
while Professor Parrott has observed a number. There appears to be no
fixed rule regarding places where eggs may be deposited. They hatch in
from three to four weeks after the branches drop, the young appearing as
very small, cream-colored, footless grubs, which do not increase much in
size before winter. Professor Parrott states that a few of the insects pass
the winter in the egg, and that the larvae make little growth during this
time. With the approach of warm weather they commence to eat and grow
rapidly. The grubs become full grown about the middle of July, according
to Professor Parrott, at which time they make a pupal cell at one end of
the channel. This stage lasts about two weeks and the adults appear in
Kansas between July 18 and Aug. 3. The characteristic work of this
species is shown in plate 9, figures 6-12.

Injuries. Occasionally this species becomes quite destructive, as was
the case in Kansas In 1894 to 1898, at which time elms in certain sections
of the State suffered very severely. Professor Atkinson, in 1889, stated that
this species attacks hickories and elms particularly in North Carolina, and
that in some seasons it causes much Injury. Serious damage to hickory,
pecan and persimmon have also been reported from Mississippi.

Food plants. This borer has been known as the hickory and also as the
elm twig girdler, these c ...i..bn designation.s indicating the trees most likely
to suffer from its Injuries. It has a considerable range of food plants, and
in the South is injurious to the persimmon, oak, pecan, and is known as a
depredator on apple, pear, quince, peach and orange trees. It has also
been observed girdling rosebushes.

Distribution. This insect has been recorded from most of the eastern

2/4

.NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

and central United States, though it appears to be rare in Minnesota and
some of the northern states, while in the South its work is more abundant.
Dr J. B. Smith has listed it from several New Jersey localities, where it is
recorded as girdling twigs of oak, hickory, persimmon and a number of fruit
trees.

Remedial measures. It is comparatively easy to control this insect,
because the winter is passed in the twigs lying on the ground, and in
the case of valuable trees on lawns and in similar localities, it would not be
difficult to collect and burn them at any time during the winter or early
spring.

Bibliography

1890 Packard, A. S. U. S. Ent. Com. 5th Rep’t, p. 288-90

1895 Scheffer, T. H. Insect Life. 7:345-47

1898 Parrott, P. J. Kan. Agric. Exp Sta. Bui. 77, p. 56-62

Hickory snout borer

Magdalis olyra Herbst.

A black, long snouted beetle about j/e inch in length, breeds commonly in dying or
dead hickory limbs.

Examples of this species were bred from hickory limbs taken at I lion
N. Y., in August 1902. The tree was badly infested with a gnarly growth
and presumably in poor condition. We have also met with it in large
numbers in recently cut hickory limbs.

Description. The beetle is about inch in length, jet-black, with the
thorax angulated anteriorly, coarsely punctured ; wing covers deeply
grooved by nearly confluent series of punctures. The grub is a short,
white, fleshy larva closely resembling that of the pine weevil and of other
species of Magdalis.

Life history. This species appears to confine its attacks very largely
to diseased and dying trees and is sometimes present under the bark in
enormous numbers, at which time the inner bark and sapwood may be
almost riddled by the many irregular, anastomosing galleries.

Food plants. This species is credited by Dr Packard with boring in

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

275

oak as well as in hickory. It appears to prefer limbs from 4 to 6 inches in
diameter, though it has also been bred from small twio's.

t>

Distribution. Dr Horn states that this insect has the same distribution
as M. barbita Say, which latter he records from Canada, Pennsylvania,
Georgia and Dakota, and adds that this form is rare in the Southern
States. This weevil is common in the northeastern states, since it has been
recorded in a number of local lists, most of them also stating that it breeds
in hickory.

Bibliography

1890 Packard, A. S. U. S. Ent. Com. 5th Rep’t, p. 80-81

Hickory bark borer

Scolytiis qjiadrispinoszis Say

Small brown or black beetles, about inch in length, make longitudinal burrows
from which small legless grubs excavate galleries at nearly right angles. The beetles
work also in the leaf petioles, and on the young twigs, causing the wilting of the foliage
in midsummer.

The hickories of the Genesee valley were very seriously injured and
many succumbed in 1901 to the deadly work of this bark borer. The
damage was brought to public notice by Hon. \V. Austin Wadsworth,
formerly president of the New York State Fisheries, Forest and Game
Commission, whose handsome estate of over 5000 acres is adorned with a
large number of hickories, many of which have already been killed by this
insect. The trouble was first observed on Mr Wadsworth’s estate in 1898
and 1899 at which time many trees died; others perished in 1900 and large
numbers in 1901. A personal investigation late in the fall of 1901 con¬
vinced us that 90 to 95^ of the hitkories in one woodland of about 200
acres in question had been killed by this borer. In fact so many of these
trees had been destroyed that it was difficult to find one uninjured. This
attack extended at least two miles north and south of the village and it is
not improbable that a much larger area may have been seriously affected
by this pest.

An examination by Mr M. F. Adams of Buffalo, Aug. 16 and 17, 1901,
showed that nearly every hickory was more or less infested or had been

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

276

killed, that the beetles were mostly dead at that time and that the
secondary galleries made by the grubs were from i ^ to 2 inches long.
He also observed that the females entered green living tissues by preference
and that a large proportion of the hickory foliage had been destroyed at
that time by the beetles burrowing the leaf petioles and twigs. Black
walnut twigs had also suffered to some extent.

Earlier injuries. The outlook for hickories in that section of New York
State is not very encouraging if we may judge from the previous records
of this insect. The attention of the late Dr Rilej' was called in 1867 to
the very destructive work of this insect about Princeton TIL, where it had
destroyed hickory trees for the previous 10 years and in 1872 the injuries
caused by this beetle in Washington county, Mo., were brought to his
notice. This pest is recorded as having caused considerable damage about
Newark N. J. from 1891 to 1894, at which latter date general alarm was
felt on account of so many trees dying. It was reported as quite injurious
about Crafton, Alleghany co.. Pa. in 1894. The next year or two it must
have caused considerable mischief as the trouble was noticed in the report
of the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture for 1896 and there this
insect was characterized as the most destructive bark beetle in Alleghany
county where it had caused the death of a large number of hickories.

Mr C. W. Johnson observes in this report that the borer was most
destructive in woods where the underbrush had been trimmed out and it
may be well in this connection to notice that practically the same condi¬
tions obtain among the infested hickories at Geneseo.

Professor Osborn records considerable injury to hickory and walnut
trees in Iowa about this time, the leaves of all being cut off more or less
and some 8 inch shell bark trees killed.

Life history and habits. The life history of this borer may be summa¬
rized as follows. The beetles appear from the last of June to the last of
July and may be found in New York State up to the middle of August,
They bore young twigs, terminal buds and green nuts, evidently for foc^d,
and in this manner they frequently cause the wilting of leaves and the

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

277

death of twigs. 'Fhey attack the liark of the trunk and the larger branches
in July, each female making a vertical gallery an inch or more in length and
along the sides of which she deposits in small notches 20 to 40 or 50 eggs.
The parental galleries are frecjuently very regularly placed on the tree one
above another. The eggs soon hatch and the grubs work in the tissues at
hrst at nearly right angles to the primary galleries but those at the extremi¬
ties soon diverge from the others till they run nearly parallel with the wood
fibers. 'I'he larval galleries rarely cross each other. Whnter is passed by
the grubs in a nearly full grown condition. They transform to pupa the
last of May and the beetles appear about
a month later. [ See pi. 39, fig. 4 for
method of work in trunks]

Prof. J. H. .Smith of New Bruns¬
wick has expressed the opinion that
two broods of this insect may occur in
Pennsylvania but no other writer has
observed anything which indicated more
than one annual generation and the lat¬
ter seems to be true in New York State
at least.

Description. The adult insect is a small brown or black
beetle about V5 inch in length. This species is more easily
recognized by its characteristic work in hickories as the differ¬
ences between the adults of the various forms are not very
apparent to other than experts. The grubs are about inch
in length, white with brownish heads and powerful dark
colored jaws. The structure of the antennae is shown at
plate 67, figure 15.

Signs of injury. The preliminary signs of injury are
exceedingly important because they frequently tell of the
trouble before it has passed the remedial stage. Wilting
leaves and dead twigs in midsummer are the principal indications of the

Kig. 46 Hickory bark borer from above and side view of
the posterior extremity of the male (original)

Fig. 47 Middle tibia
of hickory bark
borer (original)

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

beetle’s work though this is not usually observed till the trees begin to die
at the top from no apparent cause. Examination of the infested bark may
reveal parental galleries i to inches long with diverging, dilating larval
galleries and if the brood has completed its transformations, portions of
the bark will be dotted with holes, such as might be made with no. 8 buck¬
shot, through which the beetles have escaped.

Natural enemies. This insect has a number of natural enemies but
unfortunately in the case of the Geneseo outbreak they appear to be rela¬
tively scarce. There are three very small four winged flies which breed on
the grubs in their galleries. They bear the scientific names of S p a t h i n a
trifasciata Riley, .S. unifasciatus Ashm., and Lysitermus
scolyticida Ashm. We obtained examples of the Spathius from
infested wood from Geneseo. Another four winged fly known as Brae on
scolytivorus Cress, also breeds in this insect and appears to be one of
the forms we reared. A predaceous bark beetle, C 1 e r u s i c h n e u m o n e-
us Fabr., preys on this species and is probably the form we found in
association with this borer.

Remedial measures. Previous records indicate that such attacks may
extend over a series of years and result in the death of a very large propor¬
tion of the trees in a locality, and nothing but the prompt execution of
drastic measures over the entire infested area would avail much when the
pest is abundant over large areas. It has been shown that the insects
spend most of their lives boring the inner bark and outer sapwood and
are therefore mostly within the tree and hence inaccessible to attack unless
the trees are cut and the infested bark removed. It is not enough to simply
cut the trees. The removing of the bark will cause the death of most of
the borers but more thorough work will be accomplished by burning the
infested limbs and trunks before the beetles emerge in June. Thoroughly
infested trees and affected portions of others are doomed and therefore it
can hardly be considered a loss to cut them at once while a great risk is
taken if they be allowed to remain, thus rearing hosts of beetles which
may be expected to attack other trees the following summer. The more

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

2/9

valuable trees should have all their infested branches cut away and burned.
It might pay in the case of highly prized individuals on lawns to spray
them about the middle of May with arsenate of lead, using one of the
prepared paste forms at the rate of 6 to 8 pounds to 50 gallons of water
and taking special pains to cover the twigs and base of the leaf stalks with
the insecticide. The object of this is to kill the beetles as they begin to
gnaw their way into the twigs and leaf stalks. Similar treatment of the
limbs and trunk might aid to a considerable extent in preventing the
entrance of the beetles though it would require very thorough work, as the
insects usually enter the tree from under some projecting scale of bark, a
place where it would be very difficult to put the poison. Our principal
dependence must be in the destruction of the infested trees.

Bibliography

1869 LeConte, J. L. Synopsis of the Scolytidae of America north of Mexico. Am.
Ent. Soc. 'I'rans. 2: 165

1890 Packard, A. S. U. S. Ent. Com. 5th Rep’t, p. 294-95

1895 Smith, J. B. N. J. Agric. Exp. Sta. Rep’t, j). 465-73

1896 Johnson, C. W. Dep’t Agric. Pa. Rep’t, p. 360-61

1896 Osborn, Herbert. la. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bui. 33, p. 594-95
1902 Felt, E. P. Country Gentleman, Ap. 3, 67: 291

Banded ash borer
Ncoclyiiis capraca Say

Logs of black ash and dying trees are frequently seriously injured by borers belong¬
ing to this species.

This insect has been known for years, and Dr Riley has placed on
record an instance of serious injury presumably by this species. Mr Shelln’
Reed of Scottsville N. Y., in 1880 referred briefly in the American linto-
mologist, to a widespread destruction of black ash forests in his vicinity by
an insect which was probably this species. The beetle may be recognized
by the following description :

Dark browmish purple, head and thorax darkest ; eyes nearly circular,
behind them a narrow^ yellow border; thorax barrel-shaped, deep purple.

28o

XEW YOKK STATE MUSEUM

surroundetl by three very narrow yellow lines, one at each end and one in
the middle ; scutel yellow ; wing- cases crossed by three yellow bands ; first,
a semicircular band from the scutel running backwards and round up to
each shoulder; then another of similar shape about the middle, with the
circle reversed; then a straight band, and a strong spine at the tip of each ;
length, j/2 inch ; width, 1/7 inch.

It is separated, according to Professor Wickham, from allied forms, by
the femora not being spinose, its falciform antennae and the many strongly
elevated, though more or less confused transverse ridges on the thorax, in
connection with its apically rounded elytra and the yellowish, transverse
bands forming an oval ficrure at the base of each, behind which are two
slightly oblique fasciae. This species is reported as rare in New Jersey.
It has been listed from the District of Columbia, where the adults were
found on flowers and trees, and Dr Hopkins has taken it in West Virginia.
'I'he latter reports it as very injurious to dying trees and sawlogs of black
ash, the larvae makincf numerous holes in the wood. Mr Beutenmuller, in
addition to the food plants given above, records it also from the limbs and
trunk of elm and hickory.

Two-lined chestnut borer

Agriliis bilineatus WTber

This white, flat headed grub makes very tortuous interlacing burrows under chestnut
and oak bark.

This species was brought to the writer’s attention in November 1901,
because of severe injury to oaks at Geneseo. Several large trees had been
killed by the work of this borer and examination of the infested bark
showed that the inner layers were very badly riddled by the interlacing
galleries of this insect.

Early history. Phis species is com[jaratively unknown to economic
entomologists. It was recorded by Dr Packard as occurring under the
bark of an oaktree at Providence R. I. He found pupae May 30, and
beetles were common on the leaves. Mr Adams Tollman of Concord
Mass., reports taking over 100 specimens of this beetle on white oak June
15, 1885, and Dr A. I). Hopkins, writing of this insect in 1894, states that

INSECTS AFFECTING FARK AND WOODLAND TREES

281

different species of oak in and around Madison Wis., were seriously affected
by this borer which caused the death of isolated trees and groups of trees.
He also noted what appeared to be the same trouble at different points
through Ohio, \\ isconsin and Indiana, and later in West Virginia observed
a number of trees dying in the same manner. He found the larvae mining
the inner bark and outer sapwood and from his observations was led to
believe that the insect was capable of attacking and killing healthy oak and
chestnut trees. Two years later he states that this species was responsible
directly or indirectly for the death of a great quantity of oak and chestnut
timber not alone in West Virginia, but in different sections of the country
between there and the Mississippi river. Prof. C. W. Johnson in 1896,
found that the red oak near Natrona, Allegheny co.. Pa., were dying at the
top, and examination showed that the bark of the living portion of the tree
near the top was a complete network of Agrilid burrows, probably this
species, scores of larvae being found in the inner bark. Mr W. H. Har¬
rington in the same year, records taking this insect on beech, and expresses
the belief that it infests this tree. This beetle was the subject of an
extended notice by Mr P'. H. Chittenden in 1897, and from his account
many of the following facts are taken. He records injury to chestnut trees
by this species in Botetourt co., Va. in 1891, and the following year to
chestnut in the District of Columbia. His attention was called in 1893, to
serious injuries in Virginia in the vicinity of Washington D. C., and inve.s-
tigation showed that this insect had indicted considerable loss. He states
that the chestnut was almost universally infested and that the majority of
the trees had been recently killed. The damage was estimated at about
50^ and Mr Chittenden further states that a similar condition existed in
neighboring forests of the surrounding region.

Life history and habits. This species operates just under the bark of
the tree, making galleries which run mostly across the grain, and when
completed are from 6 to 10 inches in length. The result is that a tree
seriously infested is very quickly girdled. The larval galleries were
observed by Mr Chittenden from the base of the tree well upward toward
the top.

282

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

The life history of this insect has been summarized by him as follows ;
The adult beetles appear in the District of Columbia during May and the
early j)art of June, their emergence varying according to season and locality.
Eggs are dej)Osited on the tree and the larvae work under the bark in the
manner described above. The following spring they construct a chamber
which in living trees, so far as observed, is always in the bark, and in the
case of small dead trees in the wood. The final transformations take
place in cells thus formed. The pupal stage lasts about two weeks and
then the beetles appear. Mr Chittenden records this species as infesting
the white, scarlet and yellow oaks.

Description. The beetle is nearly ^
inch in length, elongate and subcylindric
in shape. It is black with a more or less
greenish tinge, and the thorax is clothed
with a light golden yellow pubescence, and
the wing covers are each marked with a
stripe of the same color. The larva or
borer is long, slender, considerably flattened,
and a milk white or yellowish color, except
the mouth parts and the peculiar anal forks
which are dark brown. The pupa is white
like the larva.

Distribution. This species is a native
insect and has been recorded as occurring from Maine and Massachusetts,
southward to Texas and westward to the Rocky mountains.

Natural enemies. A single parasite, S p a t h i u s s i m i 1 1 i m u s Ashm.,
has been bred from this insect in considerable numbers. Mr Chittenden
states that it was exceedingly abundant in the District of Columbia during
the two years this borer was destructive. Another parasite was reared but
has not been identified.

Preventive or remedial measures. An infested tree can not be saved
and for the sake of others it should be cut before the appearance of the

Fig. 48 Agrilus bilineatus: rz-*adulc
beetle, enlarged ; antenna of same, enlarged ;
$ —claws of posterior tarsi of female, some¬
what enlarged; i '-same of male, somewhat
enlarged ; larva, enlarged ; pupa, enlarged.
(After Chittenden, U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent.
Cir. 24, 2 scr. ’97)

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

283

beetles, and the bark at least destroyed by burninj;^. Clean culture, which
in this instance would mean the removal of dyinj^ or dead limbs or injured
trees, would do much towards preventing injury, as it will naturally tend to
reduce the numbers of this pest.

Bibliography

1897 Chittenden, F. H. IJ. s. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Cir. 24, 2 ser. p. 1-8
1897 - U. S. Dep't Agric. Div. ICnt. l!ul. 7, n. s. ]). 67-71

Thorn limb borer
Saperda fayi Bland

Oval swellings with four to five longitudinal scars occurring on the small limbs and
stems of wild thorn, are the work of this species.

This little borer is local and badly infested thorntrees may be only a
short distance from others entirely free from attack. It appears to be
widely distributed in New York State, and should this species, like its
allies, acquire a taste for cultivated fruit trees it would probably not be a
dangerous enemy, as its galls Indicate the presence of the borer and they
■could easily be cut off In time to destroy the contained insects.

Life history. I'he beetles appear during the last week in May or the
first of June at Allegheny Pa., the males preceding the females by three or
four days. They do not appear to eat and are short-lived, the whole brood,
excepting stragglers, emerging and disappearing within about 10 or 12
days. The Insects fly but little and usually oviposit on the same tree they
inhabited as borers and drop to the ground and conceal themselves when¬
ever disturbed. Oviposition probably occurs at night, and limbs from
to I inches in diameter are selected. Three to six longitudinal Incisions
about inch long, e([ually distant and jiarallel one to another, are made
through the bark and an egg placed in each, d'he larva bores underneath
the outer layer of the wood for a distance of perhajjs y inch and uses this
as a retreat from which it feeds on diseased wood caused by the incision.
The gnawing of the larvae results in an increased flow of sap and the
development of the gall. The borers are about inch in length at the

2^4 YORK STATE MUSEUM

b(;jrinning of the winter, at which time they retire a little further into the
wood and close the openintj;- of the burrows. When in thick limbs two or
three bore obliquely till they reach the center or near it, and then proceed
uj) it two or tliree inches, the galleries of different burrows being parallel
but not communicating. Dr Hamilton calls attention to the fact that
larvae near the center are larger, and he believes that only they attain
maturity, though in our experience the different sizes indicate the sexes and
unless parasitized all emerge. The larvae feed the second summer and
hibernate in pupal chambers near the center and emerge the following
spring. This insect and its work is shown on plate 6, figures 20-25.

Description. The beetle is a cinnamon brown, white marked insect with
one elongated spot near the middle of the wing covers and a nearly circular
one toward the aj)ex.

Distribution. This species has been recorded from Canada, New York,
New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Ohio, and appears to be limited in its range
to the northeastern United States.

Natural enemies. Infested limbs are frequently investigated by wood¬
peckers and undoubtedly many larvae perish owing to the activity of these
beneficial birds.

Remedial measures. It should be comparatively easy to keep this insect
in check by cutting away the galls and burning them before the insects have
an opportunity to escape. The only objection is that this procedure would
be likely to mar the symmetry of the tree.

Bibliography

1904 Felt, E. P. & Joutel, L. H. N. Y. State Mus. 15ul. 74, p. 62-66

Bronze birch borer
.'Igrt/us auxins Gor)'.

A flattened whitish rather delicate grub, about ^ inch in length, with a large flattened
head, may be found boring the inner bark of white and other birches.

The work of this destructive borer was brought to the writer’s attention
in 1898, because of its serious injuries to white birches at Buffalo. Numer-

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

285

ous specimens of the insect and its work, together with observations
regarding its habits, were received from Mr M. V. Adams of that city in
1899 1900, and injury to cut leaved birches was reported from Roches¬

ter. A serious difficulty at this time with white birches in .St Lawrence
county, was considered as probably the work of this species.

Early history. This insect was till recently comparatively unknown to
economic entomologists. The first record concerning its habits is that
given by Dr Lintner, in his report as state entomolo¬
gist for 1883, [lublished in the 37th annual rejiort of
the State Miuseum. Dr Lintner states that he met
with this insect on some cut poplars piled by the way-
side. The beetles were observed alighting from flight
in the bright sunshine and running actively about.

62 specimens were taken at the time, and Dr Lintner
adds that the larvae is probably a borer in poplars.

Dr Fred Blanchard in 1889, records the taking of a
few specimens of this insect on the summit of Mt
Washington N. H., where they had flown from below,
and states that the form described occurred in Massa¬
chusetts on poplar sprouts and trunk.s. Prof. G. C.

fig. 49 Bronze birch borer; <i -fe-

Davis records this species as making galls in branches -s-first abdominal

segments of male from below;

of the willow, Salix discolor. Prof. Davis ^-larva from above, all enlarged

... 1 1 1 • 1 • 1 1 about 3}^ times. (After Chitten-

describes those made by this birch borer as an oval den, u.s. Dep’t Agrk. oiv.F.nt.

Hul. i8, n. s.)

swelling on the stem, very similar to the one made

by Saperda concolor, found at work on the same trees. He states
that the latter insect remains mostly within the swelling and makes its exit
from it, while this species excavates an oval gallery downward from the gall,
sometimes in the pith, but oftener indiscriminately through the wood and
emerged therefrom, frequently ^ inch below. Mr IL A. Schwartz men¬
tions this species as injuring birch in connection with Xyloterus poli-
tus in 1890, and Mr J. G. Jack in 1896 records injury to birch trees in the
Arnold Arboretum, by what is probably this insect.

286

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Description. The adult beetle is moderately robust, olive brown, and
is from to nearly ^ inch long. The general form of the insect is well
represented in the accompanying illustration. The white pupa is about
inch in length, rather slender, and tapering to tip of the abdomen. The
grub or larva is nearly ^ inch in length, creamy white in color and with
dark mouth parts. It will be observed that the flattened head is only
slightly wider than the abdominal segments. The tip of the larva is armed
with a pair of linear, serrate chitinous bars.

Distribution, d'he distribution of this insect as given by Mr Chitten¬
den is as follows*: Mt Washington, Boston, and Jamaica Plain Mass. ;
Adirondacks, Elke Lake and elsewhere In New York; Alleghany Pa.;
Lake Superior, Marquette, Detroit, Agricultural College and Port Huron
Michigan ; Stony Creek Va., and Province of Quebec near Ottawa.

Life history and habits. The larvae or borers winter under the bark.
They begin to transform to pupae in the early part of May. Mr Adams
states that larvae had straightened out though none had assumed the pupal
form May 5, 1900, and that on the 27th some had changed color. Most of
the pupae were a pure white on this later date, though a very few had
commenced to color. June 3, no beetles had emerged, and more of the
pupae had assumed a dark color. May 29, 1899, removed some adult
beetles from birch, and found many pupae, and few larvae. June 2, beetles
began to Issue from dry sticks, and on July 14, he found some young larvae
about inch in length at work in the cambium layer, at which time they
had traveled some distance. The presence of this insect may be detected
by the reddish discoloration of about inch in width, caused by the
exudation of sap and the ejection of excrement. The dying of the tops
of infested trees is another characteristic [pi. 40, fig. i |. The borer
first attacks the tops, killing the upper limbs, while the lower branches
remain green. Its presence is also indicated by uneven, wavy appearances
on the bark, showing more or less regular spiral ridges on the smaller
branches. The burrows of this insect are very irregular and interlace in a
most perplexing manner. Plate 40, figure 2, is a photograph taken by

IXSrXTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODl.AND TREES 287

Mr M. r. Adams, and represents the intricate manner in which this insect
operates. I he larva enters the wood in the fall and constructs a cavity
which probably serves the purpose of a pupal cell, where it underg-oes its
final transformation in late spring or early summer. This insect, so far as
observed by Mr Adams, deposits no eggs in branches smaller than ^ or ^
inch in diameter.

Food plants. This species has been recorded by Mr Adams as
infesting the black birch, yellow birch, and the cut-leaved birch, and as
previously noted. Dr Lintner has observed it on poplars and Professor
Davis has recorded it from willow.

Natural enemies. One of the common woodpeckers, probably the hair)'
woodpecker, Dryobates villosus, feeds quite extensively on the
larvae of this pest. This bird is said to select a place on the trunk of the
tree in which the larvae are concealed, and makes an incision in the baik
such as that made by a penknife driven straight into the tree. This it does
till it locates the borer, when it proceeds to pick open the bark and remove
the grub.

Preventive measures. It seems very probable that a portion of the
injury is due to carelessness in failing to remove the lower part of the
trunks of infested trees. Mr Adams states that in some instances the upper
portion of the tree was cut, and about 6 feet of the trunk was allowed to
remain as a support for flower vases or for some other purpose. The
leaving of such a trunk would be very favorable for the pest, and undoubt¬
edly results in the breeding of large numbers. Nothing better can be
suggested than cutting and burning the infested trees, or portions of the
same, before the beetles appear in the summer. The application of an
insect lime such as dendroleon would hardly be advisable in the case of a
light colored tree like the birch. It may pay to band more highly prized
trees with paper during the latter part of May, allowing the wrapping to
remain for a period of two or three months.

Bibliography

1898 Chittenden, F. H. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bui. 18, n. s. p. 44-51

288

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Dark elm bark borer
Hylcsitius opaculus Lee.

Making small, pinholelike i)erforations in elm, jiarticularly diseased bark in August
and September, a minute, cylindric, dark brown bark beetle about ‘/lo inch long, its wing
covers marked with deeply impressed, ])unctured furrows and bearing short hairs.

This species mines under the green bark of elms, particularly those in
a sickly or dying condition. It is not, as a rule, injurious.

Description, d'his beetle has been described by Dr LeConte as follows :
“ Cylindrical, brownish black, oj)aque, thinly clothed with short stiff yellow
hairs; antennae and feet ferruginous; head convex, thickly punctured;
prothorax nearly as long as wide, narrowed in front, side subsinuate near
the tip ; densely but not finely punctured, with a very narrow faint dorsal
Carina ; elytra with striae composed of deep subcpiadrate punctures, inter¬
vals narrow, rough with transverse rugosities.” The antennal structure is
shown on plate 67, figure 6.

This species has been recorded from the Middle States and Pennsyl¬
vania by Dr LeConte, and Dr Smith lists it from Ne'v Jersey, where it is
said to mine the green bark of elms.

Ash timber beetle
Ilylcsiiuis a c It lea i Its .Say

A small, brownish, rather stout, cylindric beetle bores commonly in freshly cut ash.

This species is our most common ash borer, and specimens may be
found wherever ash posts have been split in the spring of the year. The
main adult burrow is usually excavated in the inner bark and sapwood by
two females working in opposite directions from the entrance point, which
latter is usually indicated by a slight notch. The compound main gallery
is from about i inch to nearly 4 inches in length, and eggs are deposited at
short intervals on each side, young larvae making their gradually dilated
burrows at approximately right angles to the parental groove. The lateral
burrows are from about to nearly 2 inches in length.

Descriptioiio This beetle has been described by Zimmerman as follows :
“Of the same form as the European H. fraxini but smaller; blackish
brown, thickly clothed with very short ashy squamiform hairs; antennae

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WDODEANI) TREES

289

and feet ferrug'inous ; a lar^e spot on the mkklle of the prothorax and the
side margins are blackish In'own ; upon tlie elytra the fifth interval from
the base to the middle is blackish brown, the color is then divided into two
branches, anti prolonged oblicgiely to the suture ; the humeri are
ferruginous; the rows of small acute elevations' on the intervals
of the elytra have suggested the name of this sjiecies.” Dr
LeConte states that in well preservetl specimens, beside the two
oblique bands behind the middle, there is a third one very near
the tip and with the sides of the elytra also dark colored.

Distribution. Zimmerman records this species from the
Northern States and LeConte from Massachusetts to Texas, ''’‘*^■5"
Kansas and Oregon. Dr Smith states that it is common in New "y

n 11 s a c u 1 e*

Jersey on cut ash and that it mines under <yreen bark. atusmuch

^ enlarged

(orii^inal)

Apple wood Stainer
Mo)iart/irum viali b itch

.4 minute reddi.sli brown, cylindric beetle, aliout inch in lengtli, sinks small cylin-
dric galleries in dead beech, spruce and other trees.

This little borer was taken by the writer Aug. 21, 1900, at Floodwood,
in a fallen beech which had begun to decay. It was also found by hiin on
the 22d at Axton, working in the stump of spruce 6 or 8 weeks after cutting.
This species was met with by Dr Fitch in 1855, working in young thrifty
appletrees. He states that the attack is characterized by the trees putting
forth their leaves in the spring and then suddenly withering, as though
scorched by fire, the bark becoming loosened from the wood, and soon after
numerous pinlike perforations appearing in the bark of wood, from each of
which emerges an example of this beetle. He adds that he knew of the
insect only by specimens recently received from Middlefield Mass., from
Lawrence Smith, who states that he took them July 6 from the trunk of an
apple tree 10 inches in diameter, which was badly riddled by the burrows of
this insect. It is probable that the effects described above were the result
of some other agency since this species operates almost entirely in the
wood. Mr E. A. Schwartz has observed this species at work in red
oak at Washington D. C., and Dr LeConte states that it ranges from
Lake Superior to Florida.

290

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Description. The parent beetle is a minute reddish-brown, cylindric
insect, about 3/32 inch long. The shape of the antennal club,
the puncturing of the prothora.x and the linear dotting of the
elytra are well shown in figure 51. Structural details of the
first are shown on plate 67, figure i. The elytral declivity is
slightly e.xcavated and marked by two rather inconspicuous
teeth on each side.

This insect enters the dying or dead tree vertically
for a distance of about ^ inch and from that point
inward branches may diverge at oblique angles. The
brood chambers are nearly inch long and extend vertically above
and below the main branches [see fig. 53]. "^Middfe

Food plants. Mr H. G. Hubbard states that this species attacks 'mo”!
oaks, hickory, beech, maple, aspen, apple and orange, and that the m'
list might be extended to include hard wood timber. Dr A. I). ZVch
Hopkins has recorded this insect as occurring in West Virginia in
pine, white oak, black oak, red oak, jack oak, elm, beech, maple, chestnut,
bass wood, honey locust, yellow poplar or tulip, buckeye, morello cherry,
red cedar and hemlock.

Fig. 51 Monar-
thrum mail
(After Hubbard,
U. S. DcpT Agric.
Div. Ent. Bui. 7,
n. s. 1897)

53 Galleries of Monarthrum m a 1 i in maple. (After Hubbard, U.
Dcp’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bui. 7, 1897)

Life history. Mr H. G. Hubbard has made some interesting observa¬
tions on the life history of members of this genus. He states that the

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

291

males assist the females in forming new colonies, and that the young are
raised in separate pits or cradles which they do not leave until maturity is
attained. The galleries constructed by the female beetle, extend deeply
into the wood with their branches mostly in a horizontal plane, figure 53.
I he mother beetle deposits her eggs in circular pits which she excavates in
the galleries in two opposite series parallel with the grain of the wood.
An egg is deposited in each and the cavity packed with chips taken from
the fungus bed on which ambrosia had begun to grow. I'he } oung grubs
eat the fungus and eject the refuse from their cradles. At first they lie
curled up in the pit made by the mother, but as they grow larger they
deepen the cradles with their own jaws till when full grown they slightly
e.xceed the length of the fully extended grub. The young swallow the
wood which they excavate. It passes through the body unchanged in
texture and is excreted in pellets stained
a yellowish color. A portion of the excre¬
ment is evidently utilized to form the
fungus or food bed. The mother beetle
is constantly in attendance on the young
during their developmental period and
guards them with jealous care. The
mouth of each cradle is closed with a
plug of the food fungus and as fast as

this is consumed fresh material is sup¬

plied. The grubs perforate the plug
from time to time and clean out their
retreats by pushing the pellets through
the opening. They are removed by the fig. 54 Ambrosia of M o n a r t h r u m mail, greatly

enlarged. (After Hubbard, U. S. Dcp’t Agric. Div.

mother, and the opening again sealed F.nt. bui. 7. n.s. isq7)

with ambrosia. The transformation to the adult occurs in these lateral

galleries or cradles.

Mr Hubbard states that the habits of Monarthrum fasciatum

Say and those of this insect are identical and that they feed on the same

1

2g2 STATE MUSEUM

fungus and are commonly associated in a tree, not seldom occupying galler¬
ies having a common entrance. ■ He adds that both species are known to
attack wine casks and that they probably breed only in dying trees.

]) Hopkins has recorded this, among other species, as being
attracted to a freshly painted geenhouse evidently by the odor of
turpentine.

Natural enemies. Only one natural enemy so far as known to the
writer, has been recorded. Ur .4. U. Hopkins states that he found the
predaceous beetle, C o 1 y d i u m 1 i n e o 1 a Say, with this species in jack oak.

Bibliography

1856

1890

1893

1897

1899

1903

Fitch, Asa. Ins. N. V. 3d Rep’t, p. 8-9 •

Packard, A. S. U. S. Knt. Com. 5th Rep’t, p. 94
Hopkins, A. D. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bui. 32. p. 177, 208
Hubbard, H. G. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bui. 7. n. s. p, 27-28
Hopkins, A. D. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bui. 36, p- 347. 442
Felt, E. P. For. Fish & Game Com. 7th Rep’t, p. 517-18

Xyloterus politus Say

A small light brown to nearly black, cylindric beetle, about }4 inch long, frequently
enters the exposed wood of various trees.

This is apparently the more common species of this genus in Nev'
York State. It was taken by the writer at Floodwood, Aug. 21, 1900, in a
fallen beechtree which had begun to decay, and also on Aug. 23 in the
stump of a recently fallen soft maple at Axton. Newly transformed pupae
were present in the brood chambers in the latter instance. This insect has
been recorded by Dr Hopkins as occurring in the following trees: beech,
black oak, white oak, red oak, hemlock, sugar maple, red maple, chestnut,
magnolia,’ elm, hickory, ash, birch and black spruce. Mr E. A. Schwartz
has also recorded this insect as infesting ash-leaved maple and box elder,
N e g u n d o a c e r o i d e s. It will be seen by the above that this species is
not closely limited in its selection of trees, and it appears ven/ probable
that the condition of the trunk has much to do with its being attacked.

This borer is stated by Mr Hubbard to infest the sapwood of deciduous

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

293

as well as coniferous trees. He atlcls that it has a wide distribution in the
diversified forest rey^ion of the eastern United States, and adds that it is a
dangerous enemy to smooth barked trees whenever they become weakened,
injured or shaken by storms.

Description. 'I'his beetle is more slender and a little smaller than
Xyloterus bivittatus Kirby. It varies in color
from light brown to almost black, is cylindric in shape,
about inch long. The form of the antennal club, and
the sculpturing of the cior.sal surface is shown in figure 55.

This species and the following have divided eyes, the
two divisions being some distance apart and connected
only by a narrow, dark strip, best seen in recently trans¬
formed, lieht colored individuals. The ijalleries of this
insect may extend to some ilepth in the wood, lateral
burrows beine iriven off at intervals and the brood
chambers occurring very close together, almost like
the cells of a honeybee. The walls of the galleries
and brood chambers are a deep black as in the case of
allied species. The antennal structure is shown on plate 70, figure 4.

Natural enemies. predaceous beetle, C o 1 y d i u m 1 i n e o 1 a Say,
has been recorded by Dr Hopkins as occurring in the burrows of this

species. Another small beetle, Ips s a n g u i n o 1 e n t u s Oliv., has been

found by Dr Hopkins in association with this species feeding on the sap of
sugar maple.

Bibliography

1891 Schwartz, E. A. Ent. Soc. Wash. I’roc. 2: 77-78
1893 Hopkins, A. D. W. Va. Agric. Exj). Sta. hul. 32, p. 176, 179, 210

1897 Hubbard, H. G. U. S. Dep’t .Vgric. Div. Ent. Bui. 7, n. s. p. 28-29

1899 Hopkins, A. D. W. Va. .\gric. Exp. Sta. Bui. 56, p. 444

Xyloterus .sp.

A beetle belonging to this genus was met with by the writer at
Saranac Inn, Aug. 20, 1900, in white birch, where it was working in partly
dead wood.

Fig. 55 Xyloterus po¬
ll 1 11 s. (After Hub¬
bard, U.S. Dep't Agric.
Div. Ent. Hill. 7, 11. s.
iSq?)

294

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Fully developed beetles were found In many of the side galleries,
while numbers were empty.

The burrows of these beetles are about medium size, and the brood
chambers are placed less than their diameter apart, in the specimens
examined.

Xyloterus sp.

This rather stout species was taken Aug. 20, 1900, from the trunk of
a partly decaying paper birch at Saranac Inn. There were many fully
developed beetles in the brood chambers. The same insect, in all proba¬
bility, was found Aug. 23 working in the dead, nearly dry limb of a yellow
birch at Axton.

Description. The head, prothorax and ventral surface of this beetle are
black. The wing covers are a dark, sooty yellow bordered with black.
It is a rather stout species a little over 's inch in length. The legs var)
from an amber to a black, the tarsi usually being amber.

The burrows of this species penetrate, like others, some little distance
before branching. The brood chambers are alternating and about
inch apart.

Xyloterus sp.

The work of a member of this genus was met with by the writer at
.Axton, Aug. 23, 1900, in a dead limb of a yellow birch. I he tree was
nearly dry when it was discovered. I he burrow’s of this species are of a
medium size and the brood chambers in the specimen examined w’ere
placed at a distance greater than their diameter from each other.

Xyloterus sp.

A cylindric, stout browmish black beetle, makes somew’hat large gal¬
leries in stumps of poplar, P o p u 1 u s g r a n d i d e n t e.

This species was met with by the writer in August 1900, at Axton,
w’here it was running galleries in a stump of a tree cut about a year ago.
This species is a large, rather stout one, and its galleries of a corresponding
size, being nearly 3/32 inch in diameter.

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

295

Minute oak bark beetle

PityopJitJiorus mimitissimiis Zimm.

A miriUte slender, dark brown beetle, about 7,6 inch long, sometimes riddles the dead
inner bark of red oaks.

1 his species was found by the writer in great numbers at Manor, Oct.
3, 1900, mining the bark of piled red oak cord wood which was probably
cut the preceding winter. Dr A. D. Hopkins has recorded this species as
infesting black oak, white oak, jack oak, chestnut oak and dogwood, and he
has observed a chalcid fly attack the adults. This species has also been
recorded by Dr Riley as mining the dry oak bark.

Description. The adult is a small, rather slender dark brown beetle,
about 1/16 inch long. The head is ornamented with two bunches of yellow¬
ish, curved hairs. The prothorax is rather coarsely tuberculate and the
wing covers or elytra are very finely striated. Certain structual details of
this beetle are shown on plate 67, figure ii, and its method of work on
plate 39, figure i.

The beetle runs its galleries transversely to the bark fibers, depositing
eggs on either side, the young hatching therefrom work at nearly right
angles to the parental grooves and therefore nearly parallel to the grain of
the wood. This insect, when present in numbers, soon riddles the bark and
as the numerous exit holes allow ready access to moisture, decay soon fol¬
lows. This can hardly be considered a species of much importance, except
as it aids in hastening the decay of the wood, since it apparently confines
its operations to dead bark.

A small beetle, Silvanus surinamensis Linn., was reared from
a piece of infested bark, and it was evidently living on either decaying
vegetable or animal matter, rather than preying on this bark borer.

Bibliography

1893 Hopkins, A. D. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bui. 32, p. 208, 228

296

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Pityophthorus sp.

A dead piece of black birch was found I)y the writer Aug. 5, 1900,
which showed the work of this interesting species. The central chamber,
as in the case of some allied species, opens into primar\- or egg galleries
which run in the sapwood across the grain and are directly opposite each
other. The specimen in hand, a twig about inches in diameter, was
half girdled by one pair of these galleries which are less than ' '32 inch in
diameter. The larval galleries are near together, dilate gradually, are
somewhat tortuous, follow the grain of the wood, and may attain a length
of inches. They lie largely in the inner bark toward their e.xtremity
and the wood is scored somewhat.

Powder post beetle
Lyctus nnipiinctatns Herbst.

Fine, white dustlike borings and numerous minute holes in well dried hard woods
are good indications of the ])resence of this little brown insect ^ inch long.

This species is well known as destructive to seasoned woods and occa¬
sionally it makes its appearance in very une.xpected localities. The writer’s
attention was called to this beetle in June, 1899, on account of its
operations in some boards forming part of a carriage. Prof.
G. C. Davis, formerly connected with the Agricultural College
of Michigan, records this insect as infesting floorings in the col¬
lege hall which had been laid two years before. He states that
the beetles issued from the sapwood only and were probably
Fig. s6 Powder Ih it at tlio time the lumber was sawed, and Dr J. B. Smith has

much enlarged noted an instance of this species emerging from a seasoned man-
(original) whicli had been varnished. This insect is much better

known as a pest of such well seasoned articles as wheel spokes and tool
handles. The beetle has been bred from the branches of several species of
oaks and from hickory, and Dr Hagen records it as injuring supple jack, a
vine imported from Jamaica. Dr J. B. Smith states that it occurs in dry
wood often after the latter has been manufactured into furniture or trim-

beetle.

INSECTS AEFECTINC I’AKK AND WCJDDEAND IKKES

297

iiiinj^ and Mr I). W. Cf)(juill(;tt has found this Insect in dis'id ^ra|)(;vincs and
obtained it from an oranj^ctn;!- which had been cut down two years |U'(;-
viously. lie has also bred it from dry sycamore wood. Dr A. 1). Hopkins
states that this species infests, in addition to those ^iven above, scsisoiktI
locust and wild cherry, and he likewise ritcords It as Injurious to stored han¬
dles, s[)okes and hoops. Prof. 1'. M. Webster states that in 1S91 his atten¬
tion was called to a peculiar condition of affairs In western Ohifc A ci>m-
plaint was made that the borer was (sitinj^ not only shop floors of a manu¬
facturer of agricultural ImjdenKmts but also the pf>sts that sui^pr^rtiTl the
floors of the different stories. Professc^r WebstiT was able to trace the
origin of the trouble to a lot of oak timber that had been piletl In the
yards for the purpose of seasoning and ascertained that the insect had
been brought into the building as the wood was carried inside for the jjur-
pose of working it ujc He states that the borer appeared to attack only
the sapwood of the open floor, and would riddle this no matter where it was
located, whether it was in the floor of a storeroom where it was quiet, or in
portions that were constantly shaken by the rumble of machinery. A
thin paper covering was left untouch<;d on the jjost, while all of the sajjjiy
part within was soon reduced to powder. Profe.ssor Webster states that
the larvae apjjear to burrow usually parallel with the grain of the wood
and that they pupated in a chamlxtr without forming a cocoon. He bred
from this insect a little honey yellowish parasite, llecabolus lycti
Cress., in large numbers.

Remedial measures. Various n;medial measures w(;re recommended
and tried with varying success. Professor Webster summarizes the
results as follows :

Kerosene applied to the posts had little effect, and in the paint shop
the frequent rubbing of paint brushes over tin; surface of posts did not
appear to inconvenience the borers. The only place where they did not
apj>ear to depredate was in the basements, which were of necessity more or
less damp. On the floors kerosene oil was effective for a time, but later
investigations have shown that in time this would all evaporate and tint
beetles would then attack the wood a second time. The only application
that was thoroughly effective, and also a |>rolection from subseiiuent injury.

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

298

was a very thin mixture of turpentine and asphalt, or coal tar. This was
applied to the posts and pillars by boring small holes obliquely inward and
downward and then filling them with the mixture, which would quickly
penetrate the powdery mass in the burrows, not only killing all life with
which it came in contact, but also carrying with it the asphalt, thereby
rendering the uneaten portion permanently distasteful to the insects.

Bibliography

1896 Webster F. M. (')hio Agric. Exp. Sta. Rul. 68, p. 47-48

Small red horned borer
Piiliniis ruficoriiis Say

small dark brown beetle, about ^,5 inch long, with bright rufous antennae, may be
found boring in wood of various kinds.

This species was brought to the writer’s attention July 1 1, 1900, by the
receipt of a number of examples from Saranac Inn N. Y., accompanied by
the statement that birch and maple floors were severely injured in some of
the cottages.

This beetle also infests trees where the wood has been exposed, and it
has even been found in kindling wood. Mr W. H. Harrington states that

he has seen great numbers of these insects issuing from
maple trees which had been riddled with small holes.
He states that these beetles are very common and
attack various trees, both living and dead. He adds
that when a tree, such as an oak, hickory or maple has
been injured by blazing or peeling off the bark, this little
beetle may frequently be seen boring into the exposed
Fig. 57 Small red-horned wood, or if the injury be an old one, possibly numbers

borer, much enlarged

(original) luay be found emerging.

Mr W. L. Deveraux is said by Dr Packard to have found larvae of
this insect in great abundance in timber, logs and cord wood. He states
that it deposits its eggs in the summer in which the tree is cut and that
many generations follow each other for a number of years in the same log.
Dr A. D. Hopkins records this species as infesting dead or dry wood where

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

299

the bark has been removed on living trees, logs and stumps of beech, wild
cherry, cultivated cherry, maple and ironwood, and states that he has met
with the adults in February, April, June and July.

The adult insect is a dark brown beetle, about inch long and
with bright rufous antennae, which are remarkable in the male because
of the extremely long lamellae or pectinations, those of the female
being strongly serrate. The immature stages have not been met with by
the writer.

Bibliography

1890 Packard, A. S. U. S. Ent. Com. 5th Rep’t. p. 388-89
1893 Hopkins, A. D. W. Va. Agric. E.xp. Sta. Bill. 32, p. 189
1897 Harrington, W. H. Ent. Soc. Ont. 27th Rep’t 1896, p. 71

European willow gall midge
Rhabdophaga salicis Schrk.

European willows are attacked by a small black midge which produces irregular,
somewhat fusiform galls inhabited by yellowish, jumping larvae.

This is another imported species which has apparently become well
established in this country, it having been found in considerable numbers
in the vicinity of Rochester N. Y. during the last four years. It was
brought to the writer’s attention by Mr H. C. Peck, a nursery inspector,
sending infested willows with an inquiry as to the cause of the trouble.
Repeated efforts to ascertain the identity of the species met with failure,
till early spring of 1902, when living material was sent to Prof. J. J.
Kieffer, a well recognized authority in this group, who kindly determined
the insect.

Injuries. This pest produces many celled galls in the stems of small
willows which are grown by nurserymen for the purpose of tying stock into
bundles. These abnormal growths make the willows brittle and conse¬
quently unfit them for binding purposes. This species may eventually
prove a very serious, pest to growers of willow for basket purposes, as
infested shoots could not be used in this industry any more than for tying

trees.

300

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Introduction. This insect was doubtless introduced with imported
nursery stock. Some infested willows were probably used to bind imported
trees into bundles, and this is borne out by the fact that the locality where
the flies were found is in close pro.ximity to a place where an importer
had been in the habit of unpackin^r stock.

Life history. Adults were bred from infested galls colhxted early in
the season, from May 22 and onward. (Dther specimens received directly
from the held, June 3 were disclosing Hies, showing that in nature the adult

issues at this time. Fhe pupa, like those of
many Cecidomyiids, wriggles partly out of the
gall before disclosing the adult, and so many
may emerge from a gall that it presents a some¬
what peculiar appearance after the flies have
escaped because of the numerous white, project¬
ing pupal cases.

The reddish orange eggs were deposited by
captive flies on the leaves in irregular clusters

Fig. 58 Two antennal segments of European Or grOUpS of thrCC tO SIX Or mOrC. The dura-
willow gall midge; a—male; 3— female; • r 1 1 r i 1 1 •

both much enlarged tiou of the egg Stage and of the larval existence

was not determined. It seems probable that there is but one annual
generation.

Description. The small black or dark brown flies are about inch in
length. The eyes are black, finely granulated, emarginate anteriorly,
confluent in the male and nearly so in the female. The male antennae are
17 jointed and are about the length of the insect and the female antennae
are about half her length. The interesting structures occurring on the
segments of the male and female antennae are shown in figure 58. The
thorax is ornamented with two converging rows of silvery hairs, and a short
row of smaller ones occurs on each humeral angle. The metathorax is
tipped with a transverse row of the same vestiture. 'Fhe venation of the
wings, which are sparsely covered and well fringed with dark hairs, is repre¬
sented in figure 59. The balancers or halteres are slender and tipped with

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

301

yellow. The legs are very slender and long, claws bifid, toothed, and with
well developed empodium. The distended abdomen of the gravid female is
dark red with its load of eggs. 'I'he abdomen of the male is nearly black
and the claspers are tipped with very short, minute teeth. The puparium
is subconic, about inch long, with the anterior two thirds dark straw color,
and the posterior third dark rufous. The antennae and
prominent dorsal processes of the pupa are represented
in figure 60. The pupal mandibles are four toothed, k;,, wing of Eumpc.n
tipped with light brown, chitinous, and the ventral tooth
is nearly twice the size of the one next to it, which in turn is larger than
the others, all curve some and taper to acute points.

The larvae is stout, orange red, with 1 1 easily distinguished segments.
It is b4 inch long, and the “breast bone” or sternal spatula is nearly black,
enlarged slightly at both extremities, and two toothed anteriorly.

The reddish orange eggs are lanceo-elliptic in outline, and are about
'/75 inch in length.

The gall occurs on the smaller shoots of the willow, and is a
more or less irregular enlargement about yi inch in length [ pi. 50,
fig. 4]. The bark from the infested portions turns brown or black
before the insects appear, and the pupal case remains protruding
from the empty gall.

Fig. 60 Pu- Parasites. Several parasites were reared by the writer from this
Eu'rope"an°^ spocios aiid tlioy have been kindly identified by b)r Ashmead,
through the courtesy of Dr L. O. Howard, as follows : T r i d y m u s
larged s a 1 1 c 1 s N OGs, a species not previously known to occur in America ;
Tridymus metal licus Ashm. was bred in small numbers from galls
received in the spring of 1 902, and P o 1 y g o n o t u s s a 1 i c i c o 1 a Ashm.,
was reared in considerable numbers. The presence of several parasites,
and the abundance of at least one, leads to the hope that natural agents will
soon control this pest.

Remedial measures. There is apparently no better method of check¬
ing this insect than by cutting and burning the infested shoots in early

302

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

spring. If this is thoroughly done for a few years it should result in
reducing the number of this pest materially.

Bibliography

1902 Felt, E. P. State Ent. 17th Rep’t, 1901. N. Y. State Mus. Bui. 53, p. 741-44

Willow shoot sawfly

Ja7nis integer Nort.

Sudden wilting of terminal shoots may be caused by this insect girdling the twigs
after depositing her eggs.

This species has been known for some years in New York State as an
enemy of currants, on account of its girdling habit, causing the tender

terminal shoots to wilt. This
sawdy has been recorded as
inflicting considerable damage
to both willow and poplar in
W ashington D. C., and in Mary¬
land. The attack begins near
the tips of the young shoots,
causing them to hang down,
turn brown and dry during the
day. In one instance an entire
field was so severely injured
that it looked as though it had
suffered from severe frost or as
if a fire had run over it, and the
insect was so abundant that by
fall large numbers of the shoots
had been killed down close to the ground. Similar injury has been
observed by Mr \\\ F Hubbard to basket willows in portions of the states
of Kentucky, Indiana and Ohio, and it would not be surprising were the
species to become more or less destructive in this way in New York State,
though up to the present no report of such damage has been received.

Fig. 6i Willow shoot sawfly; a— egg; larva, dorsal view; same,
side view; </, e»two views of burrow; twig showing damage;

adult — all enlarged except f—h, antenna, still more enlarged
(After Riley>

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

303

Description. The adult insect is a rather slender, four winged wasplike
creature with a wing spread of nearly i inch and a body length of a little
more than ^ inch. It is black, excepting the broad orange band at the
base of the abdomen. The larva or borer is about ^ inch long when full
grown, legless, white, and with the thoracic segments slightly thickened.

Life history. The adult is abroad in early spring, and after deposit¬
ing her eggs in a shoot, the female proceeds to girdle the stem below
the point of oviposition, in order to prevent its further growth and thus
protect the eggs from being crushed. The larvae gradually work their
way downward through the pith a distance of two feet or more, and by
the beginning of November have completed their growth and filled the
lower ends of their burrows with frass or castings. They then gnaw a
passage to the bark through one side of the shoot a little above where the
pupal cell is to be formed. Within the latter they construct a delicate,
transparent, cylindric cocoon in which they winter. The transformation to
the adult occurs the following spring.

Remedial measures. The wilting shoots are an early sign of injury,
and where the expense is not too great, the insect can be easily controlled
by cutting them off below the injured point and allow them to drop to the
ground. This procedure prevents the further development of the insect
and affords parasites, if present, an opportunity to escape.

Bibliography

1904 Chittenden, F. H. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Bur. For. Bui. 46, p. 68-70

Black walnut caterpillar
Datana intcs[crrima Grote & Robinson

Reddish, white striped or blackish, white haired caterpillars, from ^ to i ^ inches
in length, feed in large clusters in midsummer on black walnut, butternut and other
trees.

This species is the more common one of the genus found in New York
State on black walnuts and hickories. It has been brought to the writer’s
attention a number of times during recent years, and in 1902 he observed

304

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

that the caterpillars were quite abundant on the black walnuts and butter¬
nuts in and about Westfield. It was so numerous as to threaten the entire
defoliation of many trees, and from statements made by residents it would
appear that this is a not unusual condition. The work of the same species
was observed in 1901 in and about Barker’s N. Y.

Description. The eggs are deposited on the underside of the leaves in
closely packed masses of 300 and over. They are rather small, elongate,
hemispheric approaching cylindric and with the apex somewhat flattened.
The color is a dull white and the surface somewhat roughened and with
regular markings. Diameter less than ^35 Inch.

The recent hatched larva has been described by Dr Packard as
about inch In length, with a brick-red body, having a faint subdorsal
and a lateral yellowish stripe along the body and a diffuse spiracular
yellowish line. The head, the distinct prothoracic shield and the true legs
are black. The third stage has been described as nearly ^ inch in length,
of a deeper reddish color, and with the yellowish lines more distinct, while
the spiracular line enclosing the distinct black spiracles is a pale lilac.

The stage preceding the final one has been described by Mr Beuten-
rniiller as follows :

Dead and cervical shield jet-black. Body deep reddish brown, with
three very fine narrow, sordid white stripes along each side, and a broader
one below the spiracles, which are black, and another stripe along the
middle venter. Thoracic feet, extremities of abdominal legs and anal legs
jet-black, shining. The body is covered also with sordid white hairs.
Length 32mm.

The same writer’s description of the last stage is given herewith.

Body wholly jet-black, and covered with very long flosslike, sordid
white hairs, becoming yellowish as the larva undergoes its changes to the
pupa. Thoracic feet black, shining. Abdominal legs black outside and
reddish brown on the inner side. Length 55mm.

These two descriptions agree entirely with the larvae observed by us
in such numbers on black walnut and butternuts.

The adult insect is a brownish gray moth, having a wing spread of
from about i ^ to 2 inches, and with the forewings marked by a series of

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

305

curving transverse lines. The prothora.x bears a conspicuous mass ot long
scales bordered laterally and posteriorly with light gray [pi. 15, hg. 4J.

Life history. The life history of this species is about as follows. The
are deposited in early August and the larvae may be observed during
that month and September. They enter the ground after attaining full
growth and transform to pupae within oval cells in the earth. The moths
are stated by Dr Packard to appear in May and August, and this apparently
indicates two broods, which may be true in the more southern portions
of this insect’s range but we have failed to note any signs of more
than one generation in New York State.

Food plants. This insect prefers the black walnut. It also feeds on
butternut, hickory and walnut, and has been recorded on beech, oak,
willow, honey locust, thorn and apple.

Distribution. This species has apparently a wide range in the eastern
United States at least, and has been recorded from Maine south to West
Virginia, and westward to Kansas and Arkansas.

Bibliography

1890 Packard, A. S. U. S. Ent. Com. 5th Rep’t, p. 150-51

1S95 - First Memoir on the Bombycine Moths. Nat. Acad. Sci. p. 120-22

Hickory horned devil
Citheronia rcgalis Fabr.

A large, bluish green caterpillar, with four conspicuous hornlike projections on the
thoracic segments, and a number of smaller near by, occurs in September on hickory and
other trees.

This, one of our largest native caterpillars, is a rare species in New
York State. It feeds on hickory, also black walnut, and butternut, and
has been recorded as occurring on persimmon and sumac.

Description. The full grown caterpillar is a magnificent creature, and
may measure 5 inches when extended in its crawling attitude. Its general
color is green with a yellowish cast. On the thoracic segments there are
eight serrate horns, four small and black and the other four quite long,
orange brown or red with black extremities. The adult moth Is one of our

3o6

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

most magnificent insects and may have a wing spread of about 6 inches. It
is reddish brown with bright brick red markings and may be recognized by
reference to plate 43, figure 3.

The larva is generally feared and in \’irginia it is known as the hickor}’
horned devil, an appellation which does not appear to be limited to that
section of the country. The appearance of the caterpillar renders people
very timid in handling it, though as a matter of fact, it is harmless. The
pupa IS black, short and thick, and may be found under ground. The
moths appear during the last half of June. This species is very rarely
abundant enough to cause material injury.

Bibliography

1890 Packard, A. S. U. S. Ent. Com. 5th Rep’t, p. 301, 331

Yellow striped oak caterpillar
Anisota scnatoria Abb. & Sm.

.\ black spiny caterpillar with four orange yellow stripes on the back, and two along
each side, frequently strips the foliage from scrub and other oaks in August.

This insect is extremely common on the scrub oaks at Karner,
where it annually causes considerable injury. It is not unusual to see
from one half to two thirds of these oaks stripped of foliage the latter part of
August, or in early .September, and more or less dead sprouts occur in that
section as a result of this insect’s work. The two scrub oaks, Ouercus
i 1 i c i f o 1 i a and Q. prinoides have very little commercial value, and
the abundance of the insect in this localit) can not be regarded as a serious
evil. This pest however, attacks valuable oaks, as observed by the writer
in 1900 on Long Island, and its depredations on such may cause consider¬
able loss.

Early history. The attention of Dr I'itch was attracted to this insect
in the latter part of August 1858, when he observed large numbers of the
caterpillars in a cemetery at .Saratoga where they had stripped most of the
leaves from the oaks, and were at that time descending the trees probabh'
in search of food elsewhere as few of them appeared to have attained full

IXSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

307

size. They were observed by him crawling on the surface of the light,
sandy soil, and on the sides of monuments. Dr Lintner in 1889 records
this species as being very abuntlant annually at Karner up to within recent
vears. The cause for their being fewer then was attributed to the destruc-
tion of their food plants liy extensive fires. An earlier abundance of this
insect was brought to Dr Lintner’s attention by Dr James Eights, who
stated that on one occasion the caterpillars were so exceedingly numerous
on and about the railroad tracks between Albany and Schenectady, that
the rails had to be sanded before the trains could run. This species was
very abundant at Livingston, Columbia co., in 1882, as recorded by Mr
Clarkson, who states that the caterpillars appeared the latter part of June,
and before the middle of August had consumed all the leaves of young oaks,
and had injured many of the older trees in lawns and on the borders of
forests. The report of the United States Commissioner of Agriculture for
1869 contains the statement that “for 3 years the oaks near Kalamazoo,
Michigan, have been entirely deprived of their leaves, and nearly all the
trees attacked have died.” Professor Claypole records great injury by this
insect at New Bloomfield Pa., in 1882. He states that he had seen hill¬
sides which looked as if fires had passed over them. Caterpillars were
found crawling over almost every square inch of ground, and lying dead in
dozens in every pool of water.

Life history. The moths appear in the latitude of New York State
about the second week in June. The eggs are placed in large irregular
clusters on the underside of the leaf. As many as 500 or more may occur
in a single cluster as stated by Dr Lintner, though in our own collections,
clusters between 200 to 300 were more commonly met with. The color of
the eggs may vary from a clear white to a dull coral red. They hatch in
from about a week to 10 days, and the yellowish caterpillars with their
prominent black spines just behind the head, feed side by side in closely
massed clusters. July 19, 1901, the writer observed many of these cater¬
pillars feeding on oaks at Karner. Their presence at this time could easily
be detected by the partly stripped branches, and also by the fine brownish

3o8

XEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

excrement on the foliage below. They were so abundant that leaves
covered with the little pests were easily found. The portion of the foliage
on which the eggs were laid was usually untouched though everything
else, and the adjacent leaves had been eaten. The small caterpillars at this
time were about inch long, and larger, darker ones, about ^ inch in
length, were also observed. A lot of these latter were placed under obser¬
vation and July 23, another molt occurred. The caterpillars were then coal-
black, with bright red longitudinal stripes, and the thoracic horns consider¬
ably longer than in the preceding stage. July 27, caterpillars in at least
three different stages were easily found at Karner, entire shoots had been
defoliated and the younger caterpillars were frequently clustered on the
under surface of the leaves. The larger larva at this time measured about
I inch in length. Sep. 6, practically all the larvae had transformed to
pupae. Dr Lintner has given the following as a summary of the life history.
He states that they molt four times, the average period between each being
about 9 days. Oviposition extends over a period of 3 or 4 weeks, conse¬
quently larvae may be found in several stages. Notes made by him in 1869
show that on Aug. 20, the larvae were small, some passing through their
fourth molt and others in their last stage. Aug. 27 some were full grown,
Sep. 8 mature larvae were found wandering prior to pupation, on the 14th,
full grown larvae were still abundant, and on the 30th a few were seen.
He states that the larger number probably enter the ground for pupation
during the second and third weeks of September. They bury themselves
to a depth of 3 or 4 inches and make a simple cell in which the final
transformations take place.

Description. The moth is a bright reddish yellow color, with its front
wings specked with black dots, and a large white spot near the middle.
The female has an expanse of about inches, and the male about i}4.
The latter is darker in color, and has the antennae broadly pectinated for
more than half their length.

The following description of the larval stages is taken from Dr Lint-
ner’s account.

IXSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

309

The very young larvae are black, pale yellow in color with a few short
hairs, and on the second segment there are two straight subcylindrical black
horns arising from a green base, and with a slight enlargement at the apex,
which bears two black diverging setae about two thirds the length of the
horns.

I he larva in its second stage is an obscure green with seven dark
lines of which the dorsal and the stigmatal are narrower, and the subdorsal
ones each include a row of short spines. The thoracic shield, the anal
segment and the true legs are black and the prolegs with a black spot
laterally.

The third stage larva is about inch in length, head and thoracic
shield glossy black, horns slightly spinose, enlarged at the tip and usually
with apical spines. The abdominal stripes are black, with yellow brown
between. The terminal segment is spinose and glossy black.

The fourth stage larva is about ^-o inch in length, glossy black and
with eight yellow stripes. The horns are slightly tapering, clubbed at the
tips, and P5 inch in length.

The fifth stage larva has the head, thoracic shield, horns, anal shield,
and legs shining black, and the body is covered with minute elevated
points.

The full grown .larva is about 2 inches long, about the thickness of
a lead pencil, cylindrical, and of a coal-black color, with orange yellow
stripes. It may be recognized by the aid of plate 17, figure 4.

Natural enemies. This species is the prey of a number of natural
enemies. Its spines probably protect it somewhat from insectivorous birds,
though Prof. A. J. Cook has recorded the robin and blue jay as feeding on
it. One Hymenopterous parasite, Limneria fugitiva Say has been
bred from this insect. Dr Lintner records the rearing of another parasite
from this species, but unfortunately did not identify it. A young soldier
bug, Podisus placidus Uhl., was observed feeding on the eggs of
this pest.

Distribution. This species is recorded as far less abundant in the
Southern States than in the North. Its eastern range is apparently from
Canada to Georgia and westward. It has been reported from Wisconsin,
Mi-ssouri, Kansas, and California. It is a rather local insect and Dr Fitch
states that he never met with it at Salem, where he resided, when it was
very abundant only 25 miles distant. Dr Lintner adds that during many
years collecting he had never seen it numerous in any other locality than at

310

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Karner. The writer met witli this insect in considerable numbers at
Manor, Long Island, in 1900, but aside from that has not seen it in any
other place than the above mentioned locality.

Bibliography

1859 Fitch, Asa. Ins. X. V. 5th Rep’t 1858, p. 43“44
1872 Lintner, J. A. Ent. Contrih. 2: 155-56

1889 - Ins. X. V. 5th Rep’t, p. 192-200

1890 Packard, A. S. U. S. P^nt. Com. 5th Rep’t, p. 124-25
1903 Felt, E. P. For. fish & Game Com. 7th Rep’t, p. 524-25

Buc’k or Maia moth
Hcinilciua maia Drur)-

.Small black spiny caterpillars occur in early summer feeding in company on the
leaves of various oaks, particularly in swampy places

I his interesting species is one of the rarer forms met with in New
\'ork State. It was observed by Dr Lintner in early May 1869, at Karner,
where he found a belt of eggs encircling a small twig of the bear or black
scrub oak, and a colony of the insects were discovered by the writer in the
same locality in 1902. The habit the larvae possess of feeding in com¬
pany for a time and their large size as they approach maturity, makes the
species a conspicuous one. The handsome moths are counted desirable
adtlitions to a collection.

Early history. This species was noticed in the early half of the last
century by Dr Harris, who records it as a very rare moth in Massachusetts.
It is stated to be more abundant in Illinois and Missouri, where it is called
the buck or deer moth because of its flying late in autumn when deer
run. I he range of this species is given by Dr Packard as from Maine to
(leorufia, and westward to Kansas. It has also been rarely found west of
the Rocky mountains at Dayton Nev., flying about willows in August. Dr
I’ackard states that it occurs in California. Specimens from this latter
place apparently agree, as stateil by Dr Riley, with those reared by Dr
Lintner in New York.

Life history. The life history of the insect may be summarized as

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

3II

follows. The moths begin to issue from the ground late in .September and
early in October in the Central or Eastern States. The males almost
always appear first, as stated by Dr Riley, and in some instances emergence
has been retarded a whole year. The eggs are deposited in small masses
encircling twigs, the smallest number in one being 70 and ranging from that
to 200. The deposition of the egg has been described by Dr Riley as
follows :

Holding fi’-nily by all her feet, the female stations herself upon a twig,
with her head usually toward the end. She then stretches her abdomen to
its fullest extent and fastens the first egg ; another is then attached by its
side, and so on, the body reaching round the twig without letting go the
feit. In this manner, governed by the thickness of the twig, an irregular,
somewhat spiral ring is formed and others added, until toward the last the
abdomen is raised and the ovipositor brought up between the legs. The
lower or first deposited ones incline so as to almost lie on their sides.

Dr Lintner states that the eggs are firmly united to one another and
to the twig by a glutinous matter in which they are enveloped. This sub¬
stance forms rings of black around the points of attachment of the eggs to
the twig, and at the places of union between the eggs it assumes a reddish
color. The young larvae hatch the latter part of May. Dr Lintner records
the appearance of some on the 27th in 1869, and adds that their escape from
the shell was, without a single exception, from the apex through a regular
elliptic opening eaten by the larvae. The translucent or brownish yellow
egg shells remain on the stems. The caterpillars feed ravenously. Those
reared by Dr Lintner attained maturity July 17, entered the ground soon
after and by the 2 2d, one had transformed to the pupa and the last by
Aug. I.

Food plants. This species has been recorded by Dr Riley as feeding
on the leaves of our different oaks, and he adds that the larvae “are some¬
times quite abundant on the young post, black and red oaks along the Iron
mountain region.” He also found them almndant on the scrub willow,
Salix hum ills in Northern Illinois and on a rosebush, and he states
that it occurred on the common hazel, while Glover has recorded it as
living on the wild black cherry. Dr Lintner states that this species prob-

312

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

ably feeds on most, if not all, of our oaks and that the larvae were readily
changed from one species of oak to another.

Description, d'he moth is a beautiful blackish insect | pi. 17, fig. 9J
with wings so thinly scaled in places that they appear semitransparent.
They are ornamented with creamy white bands which are broadest on the
hind wings. The male may be recognized by its broader black antennae
and the smaller abdomen tipped with a large tuft of red hairs. The egg
belts [pi. 17, fig. 10], range in length from ^ to a little over yi inch,
as stated by Dr Lintner, and contain from 70 to 200 eggs. The egg is
about V20 inch long, obovate, compressed on the sides, and at the apex red¬
dish brown above and yellowish white below, as described by Dr Riley.
The following description of the various stages is abbreviated from Dr
Lintner’s account.

The recently hatched larva is at first reddish and then changes to
nearly black and is about inch long. It is adorned with five to eight
rows of glossy black spines, each bearing four diverging spinules and a
curved, ciliated bristle nearly double the length of the spine.

The young larva after its first molt is about yio inch in length, has a
shiny black head and a few black hairs. The body is black, and when
highly magnified is minutely granulated. The spines are glossy black,
with three or more branches, in the truncated tip of which is inserted a
bristle about the length of the spine. The spines of the two anterior
segments are longer than the others. On segments 3 to 7 inclusive in the
two superior rows, the main spine (which is trifid on segment 3, bifid on
segment 4, and simple on segments 5 to 7) is acutely terminated, while its
branches have the termination and armature of those elsewhere.

The larva in the second molt has a rufous head, and a fuscous body
with obscure red stigmatal spots sprinkled with rufous granulations, of
which there is a larger one laterally on each segment below the subdorsal
row of spines. The spines and their branches are fulvous, those of the two
superior rows tipped with a bristle, often black and numerously branched ;
the lateral spines less branching are tipped with longer fulvous bristles.

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

313

The leg’s and prolegs are rufous, and three hours after the molt the larva
had changed to a uniform reddish brown color.

I he caterpillars after the third molt are about i inch in length, of a
fuscous color, and with the spines on the two superior rows on segments 3 to
10, and the median one on segment 1 1, red, with their terminal third black,
simple, fasciculate, thickly radiating from a black, slightly elevated tubercle,
the other spines are glossy black, branched and whitish near their tips.
Spiracles linear and tawny.

The caterpillars after their fourth molt are about I’/io inches long, and
on emerging from the old skin, the head and all the spines are pale red.
After a few hours the head becomes a reddish brown and the spines their
normal color. The body is black, with numerous small whitish, oval
papillae, each bearing a short black hair.

The larva after the fifth molt is about 1^2 inches in length and the
superior spines on segment 2 have fascicular tawny, black tipped spinules,
like those of the two dorsal rows, encircling their base. On segments 3 to
II the lateral row of spines have similar fascicular spines bordering the
upper half of their base, as have also the two ante-superior spines of seg¬
ment 12 at their anterior basal half.

The full grown larva | pi. 17, fig. 8j measures from to 2^ inches
in length. The head is red, round and bears a few short brown hairs.
The cervical shield is glossy and bordered anteriorally with four of the
eight spines with which the first segment is armed. The body tapers
moderately to the extremities, is fuscous and sometimes black, and is
sprinkled with numerous whitish ovoid spots, each bearing a short fuscous
hair. 'I'he two superior rows of spines on segments 3 to 10 inclusive are
fascicular, spreading over the anterior half of the segment, 30 to 40 in each
fascicle, cylindric, tawny colored, tapering near their apex to an acute black
spine. The spines of the lateral row, the substigmatal and the ventral are
twice the length of the superior spines, of a glossy black color and tapering
trunk, with about 12 lateral cylindric branches of nearly ecpial length. The
spiracles are red, the anal plate a deep red, and with pitted surface and

314

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

short hairs, the legs are glossy black with black hairs. The prolegs are
red, with black hairs. There is a median line of brown red spots on the
middle of each of segments 5 to 1 1.

Distribution. This species, as stated by Dr Lintner, is known to occur
from INIaine to Georgia and it has been reported from Indiana, Illinois,
Missouri, and Iowa.

Natural enemies. The caterpillar is Avell protected with spines but
these do not suffice to secure immunity from natural enemies. Dr Lintner
states that eight out of 30 individuals he reared were parasitized by a small
Ichneumon fly which proved to be Limneria fugitiva Say. He
observed that this species spins a cocoon which was found under the
elevated central portion of its victim’s body, which was clasping a stem by
its two extremities. 25 specimens of an undetermined species of Micro-
gaster were also reared from the larvae of this insect. Dr Lintner states
that their small white elongate, oval cocoons were spun on the outside of
the larva and that after a few days the imagoes appeared. The same
sp<‘cies was probably bred by the writer in 1902.

Bibliography

i<S72 Lintner, J. A. Ent. Contrib. p. 5-21

1890 Packard, A. S. U. S. Ent. Com. 5th Rep’t, p. 162-65

1903 Felt, E. P. For. Fish and Game Com. 7th Rep’t, p. 525-27

Hickory tussock moth
Halisidota caryae Harris

Snow white, black dotted, black tufted caterpillars occur in July, August and Sej)-
tember, on the tender leaves of hickory and other trees.

This caterpillar is rather common in New York State, and is a some¬
what general feeder, though it shows a decided preference for walnut,
butternut, and sumac, and is said to be common on elm, ash and linden.
Dr Fitch states that he has seen clusters of this caterpillar on the larch and
tamarack. It is occasionally present in such large numbers as to cause
considerable injury to forest trees in limited localities.

INSECTS AFFECTIXC I'ARK AND WOODLAND TREES

315

Description. The hill grown larv'^a has been described by Dr Harris
as follows:

W'h ite, covered with white hairs in short spreading tufts, a row of eight
black tufts along the back ; two long, black, pencil-like tufts on the fourth
and tenth segments; four white on the second and third, two on the iith
and 1 2th. ffead, prothoracic legs and surface of the body are covered
with minute black tubercles and a transverse black line between each
segment.

The cocoon is oval, ash gray.

1 he pupa is short, thick and rather blunt, not rounded at the hinder
end and not downy, and the moth emerges during the month of June.

The adult insect has a wing spread from a little over inches to
about 2 inches. It has light brown forewings which are irregularly spotted
with silvery white and with the veins indicated by darker lines of color.
The thorax is a light brown with dark brown at the base of the patagia,
and the abdomen is a darker brown, d'he male may be recognized by its
smaller size and the more pectinate antennae.

Life history. The life history of this species has been given by Dr
Harris substantially as follows.

The caterpillars when young, feed in company on the leaves and when
not engaged in eating bend down the head and bring over it the long hairs
on the forepart of the body. They are inches long and when full

grown, in the latter part of September, forsake the tree, and secrete them¬
selves under stones or in crevices of walks, spinning oval, thin hairy
cocoons.

Bibliography

1S56 Fitch, Asa. Ins. X. Y. ist Reji’t, p. 159-63

1890 Packard, A. S. U. S. Ent. (^nn. 5th Rep’t, p. 299-300

Birch leaf skeletonizer
Jhiccuhitrix canadctisisella Chamb.

Leaves of white birches are sometimes skeletonized by a small pale green caterpillar.
'I'he foliage turns brown the latter i)art of the summer, and the small brownish yellow
ribbed cocoons serve to identify the depredator.

This species was exceedingly abundant in New York State in 1901,
and skeletonized the foliage of white birch over large areas. It was so

3i6

XKW YORK STATE MUSEUM

jjiT'valent in the vicinity of Alban)-, that parties desirous of collecting
the leaves for medicinal j)urposes experienced great difficulty in finding
uninjuretl ones. .V similar condition obtained over a considerable portion
of .Massachusetts, d'his attack is by no means unprecedented, though it is
of more than usual interest on account of the large territory involved,
d'his si)ecies was reported to Dr Lintner as very prevalent about Scotts-
ville, Monroe co. in 1886, and in 1891 it seriously injured birches about
Ausable I'orks N. Dr james Fletcher, entomologist of the Central

Experimental barms, Ottawa Can., stated in 1892, that for the previous
three years birches of all kinds in the vicinity of Ottawa had been severely
damaged by this insect. Dr Packard calls attention to the general occur¬
rence of this species in Providence R. I., and in adjoining portions of
Massachusetts, during the same year.

Description. The delicate little moth has been described by Dr
b'letcher as follows.

Moth, small, wings expanding 3/^ of an inch. General color, bright
brown, the wings crossed with silvery white bars, three of these run from
the outer edge about half way across the wings obliquely towards the apex,
and there two shorter subtriangular blotches on the inner margin of each
forewing. These latter, when the wings are closed, form two white dorsal
saddles, the anterior of which is slightly the larger, and is followed closely
by a tuft of raised black scales. .'\t the extremities of the forewings are
also several raised black scales, a few of which are separated into an apical
spot by an irregular narrow white band. The cilia of the fringes are pale
brown. Head white; frontal tuft dark brown in the center; antennae
brown, slender, about of an inch long. Thorax brown with margins
including the bases of the forewings, white. Leg and body pale fuscous,
silvery.

I'he full grown caterpillars measure less than inch long, are very
slender in form and taper considerably at each extremity. Deep incisions
divide the body into well marked, rounded segments. The head is long,
slightly bilobed, and of a pale brown color, body light green or yellowish
green and bears short hairs on small tubercles. The caterpillar walks
slowly, and when disturbed, drops from the leaf and susjjends itself by a
thread. The molting cocoon has been described by Dr Packard as being

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

3>7

about yi2 inch in diameter, and of white silk. The caterpillar is curled
up within.

I he yellowish brown cocoon is about inch lonj^, with a number of
well marketl ridg^es and is attached to any convenient object, such as
bark and leaves.

Life history and habits. Little is known concerning the life history
and habits of this insect. The eggs of the moth and the mining operations
of the larvae have not been observed. The larvae occur the latter part of
August or in early .Sejitember, feeding on the soft parenchyma of the leaf
and skeletonizing it thoroughly. At this time, small oval whitish, circular
cocoons may be observed here and there on the leaves. These arc spun as
shelters during a molt. The true cocoons are interesting, brownish yellow,
ribbed structures about ks inch in length. These latter may be so abun¬
dant as to give color to portions of infested leaves, d'hey are spun
during the latter part of September, and the insect passes the winter
within.

Distribution. This insect has been recorded from Canada, New Eng¬
land States, New York, and as stated by Dr Lintner, it will undoubtedly
be found to have a wide distribution.

Bibliography

1890 Packard, A. S. U. S. Ent. Com. 5th Rep’t, p. 507-8

1892 Fletcher, James. Central Rlxperimental Farms (Canada), Rep’t, p. 14-16

1892 Packard, A. S. Insect Life. 5 : 14-16

1893 Lintner, J. A. Ins. N. Y. 8th Rep’t. 1891. j). 133-40

Cottonwood leaf beetle
Mclasoma scripta babr.

Yellowish beetles, about inch in length, variably marked with elongated black
spots or blackish grubs about inch in length, frequently defoliate willows and poplars,
specially in the W estern States.

This insect is a well known pest of willow, cottonwood and poplar
in the Western .States, where it occasions very serious injury at times.

XE\V YORK STATE MUSEUM

318

specially to young trees. This beetle also occurs in the eastern United
States, though it is rarely credited with causing much damage.

Injuring European willows. This species has proved a very serious
enemy of the European osier or basket willow, grown in Onondaga,
Cayuga, Seneca and adjoining counties, where many are raised for basket
purposes. The small village of Liverpool, Onondaga co., depends almost
entirely on the basket industry for its existence. W illows are grown there
in large quantities, most of the inhabitants are basket makers, and nearly all
the members of each family have a part in transforming the willow shoots
into finished baskets. The extent of this industry is further evidenced by
the fact that over 3000 tons of willows were grown about this village
in one year.

Early injuries in New York State. This pest was known as early as
1875, and according to Dr Lintner. 57 acres of willows were destroyed in a
swamp in Clay, Onondaga co. This discouraged the growers and for a
time, fewer willows were raised. Dr Lintner’s attention was next called to
the insect by a gentleman who collected some of the beetles in 1887, and
from that time up to 1894, it had increased in numbers steadily, and in the
latter year caused so much injury as to attract general attention. The
ravages of this insect in 1894 were serious enough to reduce the yield by
lOCKD tons. One grower raised 65 tons in 1894, and was able to secure only
25 the following year. Many fields were abandoned at this time and
ploughed up and others were cut only in hopes that a better yield would be
secured another season. The insect has been more or less abundant from
1895 to the present, 1902, and has been prevented from inflicting serious
loss only by active measures.

Life history and habits. The beetles appear in the early spring with
the development of the leaves and begin feeding at once. The most
serious damage is done at this time, since they show a decided preference
for the tender shoots, and by eating them make the willows branch very
early, thus rendering them nearly useless for market purposes. After feed¬
ing for a time, oviposition occurs, and the yellowish or reddish eggs are

INSECTS AFFECTING I'AKK AND WOODLAND TREES

319

placed on end side by side in clusters on the under surface of the leaf,
riie nearly black grubs hatch from the eggs and feed for a short time in
company on the underside of the leaves, then separate more or less. 'I'he
young grubs skeletonize the under surface of the foliage, and after increas¬
ing in size, eat out ragged holes, d'he grubs when alarmed, exude small
drops of a milky white fluid which can be withdrawn at the pleasure of the
insect. This process of ex[)ulsion and retraction may easily be observed by
alternately alarming the grulis and allowing them to remain quiet. They
also have a peculiar habit of elevating the abdomen and distending the anal
jiroleg when alarmed. I'he exudation above described and the threatening
movements are probably defensive means against native enemies. Pupa¬
tion occurs in the jiartly cast larval skin which is firmly attached to the
leaves by the prolegs, d'he pupae are known to growers as “ hangers,” and
the adult beetles are called “hard shells.” Professor Snow states that 15
ilays are rec[uired in August for this insect to pass through its immature
stages, thus indicating that in the West, five broods may occur, though
most writers credit the species with only three or four. There are said to
be three annual generations of this insect in New York State, and it is very
probable that with the advance of the season, there is more or less over¬
lapping of the broods. July 23, 1902, it was possible to find all the stages
of the insect. 'I'here were few eggs, more recently hatched grubs, many
nearly full grown larvae, some pupae, and a few beetles. Adults, pupae
and older grubs belonged to the second generation and the eggs and
newly hatched larvae to the third. Most of the insects are said to dis¬
appear from the willows about Aug. i.

Food plants. I'liis species, according to Dr Riley, has long been
known to feed on the leaves of different species of willows, and he states
that it is never abundant or injurious on these trees. He adds that it also
occurs on several species of Populus, and that its great liking for cotton¬
wood appears to be a recent development. The species of willow suffering
most severely from this insect in New York State, is the osier or basket
willow of Europe. S a 1 i x v i m i n a 1 i s. A German willow is also grown

320

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

to a limited extent. This is a more vi^rorous plant, produces a larger
yield, and is not so subject to insect attacks. It has a smaller market value
as it is adapted only for the heavier bottoms of baskets.

Description. The adult beetle is cjuite variable in its marking.s. The
black thora.x is bordered with yellow, and the yellowish or yellow green
wing covers are marked with three more or less interrupted lines of black
spots. These markings are quite variable in their size and extent. The
full grown larva or grub is about ^ inch in length, yellowish white, with
black thoracic legs, and lighter colored prolegs. There are two rows of
tubercles laterally, and four dorsally. The outer ones are glandular, and
exude a pungent liquid referred to above. The eggs are about inch in
length, are deposited side by side in clusters of lo to over loo. They
vary in color from a light to a dark orange, and .some have been observed
of a yellowish white color. See plate i6, figures 14-20 for illustrations of
the insect in its various stao^es and its work.

Distribution. This species is common in many of the Western States
and ranges as far south as Louisiana. It has been recorded from Pennsyl¬
vania, is present, though not common, on native willows in New York
State, according to Dr Lintner, and is common throughout New Jersey
on willows and poplars, as recorded by Dr J. B. Smith. It probably
occurs on willows and poplars throughout most of the northern United
States.

Natural enemies. This species is subject to attacks by .several natural
enemies. Dr Riley observed adults of Megilla maculata DeG.
feeding on the larvae and pupae of this pest. Prof. Conway McMillan
states that besides Ichneumon and Chalcid flies, he has observed some
predatory insects attacking this species, chief of these being the lady-
bugs. He adds that tiger beetles and ground beetles both feed on this
insect, and that he observed a reddish yellow mite clinging to the under
surface of the abdomen of the beetles.

Remedial measures. Spraying with arsenical poisons has proved some¬
what effective in controlling this species, and some experimental work con-

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

321

ducted by Professor Lowe has shown that fairly satisfactory results could
be obtained by the use of these com[)ounds. The smooth surface of the
willows mars the efficiency of this application because the poisoned lic[uid
has a tendency to roll from the foliage and collect in drops. The habits
of the beetles and grubs of feeding on the under surface to a great extent,
makes it difficult to put the poison where they must eat it or go hungry.
In all probability, a heavy application of arsenate of lead very early in the
season, would give the best results. Despite the fact that spraying is
cheaper than collecting the beetles,' the willow growers have come to
depend largely on the latter method of preventing injury. Several
ingenious devices for the collection of these insects by hand or horse power,
have been constructed. They are known as “ bug catchers ” to the willow
growers, and consist essentially of a wooden trough about 20 inches broad
and 4 feet long, on runners and with the sides and ends 8 inches high.
Plough or other handles are fastened to the posterior end of the machine,
and two divercrinor arms extend forward and outward at acute angles.
These arms are designed to catch the tops of the willows, and bend them
over the trough, the bottom of which is water-tight and contains kerosene
and water. The arms for bending the willows over can be adjusted to
various hights so as to accommodate willows at all stages of growth. The
splashing of oil and water is prevented by several transverse and longi¬
tudinal partitions in the bottom of the bug catcher. The hand machine is
pushed over the field and the tips of the willows are caught by the diverg¬
ing arms, bent and the agitation shakes the insect off. The hand device is
more'efficient than that drawn by a horse, simply because the animal pre¬
cedes the machine and frightens the insects so that many fall before the
bug catcher can be brought under the willows. The former is difficult to
operate and is employed only on smaller patches. It would seem possible
to construct one considerably lighter than either of the forms described,
and in that event the larger and improved apparatus might be operated by
hand with comparative ease.

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

^ 2 2

Bibliography

189 Lintner, J. A. Ins. N. Y. nth Rep't, p. 181-89

1896 Lowe, V. H. N. Y. Agric. Exp. Sta. i4tli Rep’t, ]>. 554-58

1890 Packard, S. A. U. S. Ent. 5th Rep't, p. 428-33

Yellow spotted willow slug
Pteronus vcntralis Say

Greenish black sawfly larvae dbout incli long and with heart-shaped, yellowish
spots on each side, defoliate willow and poplar.

This species is considered one of the worst enemies of basket willows,
particidarly in the South because of its producinsr several generations
annually, and even in the North Dr Harris has recorded two broods as
occurring in Massachusetts. All kinds of willow with the exception per¬
haps of the weeping willow and sjtecies developing into tall trees are
injured by these slugs according to Dr Howard, d'he species and varieties
of white willow appear to be preferred, and young poplars growing in prox¬
imity to these trees are also damaged, though their older and tougher
leaves escape attack. The greatest injury is inflicted on young growth and
as a consequence the species may be controlled with arsenical poisons.
One of the serious features of injury by this insect is that the willow, after
defoliation, produces leaves on side shoots, thus destroying the commer¬
cial value of the product for basket purposes, since the shoots should be
of nearly uniform size throughout their length.

Description. The early stages of this insect have been described by
Dr Dyar as follows :

Eggs [see Insect Life, i : 36]. In large clusters of flat, semicircular saw-
cuts under the lower epidermis, i x 2 mm in size.

ist stage. Head round, shining black; width .55 mm. Thoracic feet
long, spreading, black except at the joints ; segments indistinctly 4-annulate,
abdominal feet small, on joints 6-1 1, 13. Body slightly shining, blackish
green, subtranslucent ; anal prongs concolorous.

2d stage. As before. Head .75 mm wide. Body smooth, greenish
black, anal prongs black.

3d stage. Head shining greenish black; width i mm; eyes and jaws
black. Body scarcely annulate, smooth, shining, obscure blackish olive.

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES '’2'J

anal fork black tipped. Thoracic feet blackish, marked with black. Hotly
unicolorous, immaculate, or the orang-e s[)ots of the next stage partly
present (another brood).

4th stage. Head shining black, the front with four grooves and two
dents above the clypeus ; sutures arountl the mouth brown ; width 1.4 mm.
Thoracic feet large, pale olive,
niarked with black ; abtlominal
ones small, on joints 6-1 1, 13, pale
green. Body smooth, irregularly
5-annulate, the crea.ses like slight
folds ; shining blackish, olivaceous,
with a series of lateral pale orange
spots, distinct only centrally. The
spots are above the subventral fold
on annulates 2 and 3.

Larvae vary in shade, some
are blacker than others, and the
orange spots vary in distinctness.

The larvae scratch the leaf with
their anal prongs and make a rasp¬
ing sound.

5th stage. Width of head
1. 4-1. 6 mm. As before, slaty
black, except the feet ; lateral
orange patches on joints 3-12;
the two median annulates have
somewhat corneous, dorsal, trans¬
verse areas, shining, but concolor-
ous with body. Feet all pale watery. Two days after molting the larvae
began to turn shining and livid and with a pale dorsal streak anteriorly and
entered the ground to spin their cocoons.

The adult insect is brownish, black, marked with yellowish white and
measures about ^ inch in length.

Life history. The first indications of the presence of these slugs on
willow, according to Dr Howard, is seen in peculiar blisterlike swellings on
the upper surface of the foliage, which sometimes give it a wavy or
crumpled appearance. Investigation shows that these swellings are occa¬
sioned by the presence of oval, whitish eggs partially inserted in the under
surface of the leaf substance. Black spots and streaks appear about the
time hatching begins, four to eight days after oviposition, the effect of

Fig. 6a Pteronusveniralis Say. ^i^Iarva in feeding posi¬
tion; larva much enlarged; c— cocoon, enlarged; adult,
enlarged, (.-\fter Howard, Insect Life, 1888, 1:33)

324

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

numerous wounds made in the leaves. The young slugs commence to gnaw
small holes as soon as they hatch, those on one leaf usually feeding in close
proximity to each other, though they are hardly gregarious. The entire
leaf is devoured and the plant soon denuded, leaving only the thicker
midribs untouched. No effort is made toward concealment and they can be
easily distinguished by their black color and filthy moist excrement. Their
peculiar curved position is very characteristic of the group, the posterior
segments usually being turned so that they extend forward and not infre¬
quently under a portion of the leaf on which the slug rests. The larva is
full gr^m in from lo days to three weeks, at which time it descends to the
ground and forms a shining dark brown cocoon, apparently composed of a
gluelike material. It changes within this retreat to a yellow pupa, and in
the course of a week the winged sawfly appears. Eggs are deposited in
the District of Columbia from May till the middle of October. This
species has been recorded by Dr Packard, as feeding on wild cherry foliage.

Natural enemies. The eggs, according to Dr Howard, are frequently
destroyed by a small calcid, Trichogramma, which becomes very numerous
when the second brood of females is ovipositing. An ichneumon fly.
Ichneumon subcyaneus Cress., has also been reared from this
species, and the wheel bug. Prion id us cristatus Linn., is a very
efficient enemy of this species in the Southern States.

Remedial measures. This species should be easily controlled by the
application of an arsenical poisOn, preferably arsenate of lead, wherever it
is abundant enough to warrant the expense.

Bibliography

1895 Dyar, H. G. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 22 : 304

1896 Marlatt, C. L. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Tech. Ser. 3, p. 50-51
1904 Chittenden, F. H. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Bur. For. Bui. 46, p. 70-72

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

325

Locust leaf miner
Odontota dorsalis Thunb.

Blisterlike spots or eroded skeletonized areas on honey locust leaves, may be due to
the work of the larvae and adults of this insect.

Dr bitch describes the work of this leaf miner in his 5th report,
briedy characterizes the larva, and states that he has never met with it in
the eastern section of New York. This insect was also brouorht to the

o

attention of Dr Lintner at various times, though he never found it in his
extensive collections in Albany and Schoharie counties. It is very abun¬
dant, however, on Long Island and has been met with by the writer in
Chautauqua county, where its work was very common in and about West-
field Aug. 15, 1902.

Injuries. This insect is occasionally so abundant that a large propor¬
tion of the foliage on the honey locust is ruined. The larvae form large
blisterlike spots under the lower epidermis. The adult beetles feed on
the under surface of the leaves, eating away the more delicate portion
between the larger veins [pi. 45, fig. 2]. Dr H. G. Dyar, writing to Dr
Lintner Aug. 31, 1896, stated that this insect was so abundant at Yaphank
L. I., as to injure the trees very seriously, and cause a considerable propor¬
tion of the foliage to drop. Mr Chittenden records an instance where this
species was exceedingly destructive in Fairfax county, W. \T., where all the
locust trees over an area of several square miles Avere apparently dead,
looking as though a fire had swept over the country. On one tract of 300
acres, on which were many locusts, not a tree could be found, either young
or old, that was not in bad condition.

Description. The adult beetle is about ^ inch long, Avith the head,
appendages and under surface and a median triangular area, Avidening
posteriorly on the Aving covers, coal-black, the remainder of the Avings and
the dorsum of the thorax are an orange red. The thorax is irregularly and
deeply punctured and the Aving covers strongly ridged and ornamented Avith
deep, nearly confluent, thickly set roAvs of punctures.

XEW YORK STATE Ml'SEl M

3-^

Tile full iiTown larva is a trifle over inch long, with the head,
thoracic shield, true legs and ana! shield, coal black, and the remainder of
the body a yellowish white. I'he seirmentatlon is very distinctly marked
and the abdominal segments bear conspicuous lateral tubercles, those on
the second to the seventh are tipped with black and bear a black chitinous
point. The brown spiracles are circular.

The egg of this species has been described by Mr Chittenden as short,
oval in outline and flattened on two sides. He states that its color when
freshly laid is milky white and that the shell is extremly thin, pliable, and
with a very fine netlike sculpture, visible only with a strong magnifying
ijlass.

Life history. I'he life history of this beetle in West X'irginia, has
been given by Hr Hopkins, as follows:

I'he adidts probably appear in May or June and deposit eggs on
the under surface of the leaves. The small irrubs hatching therefrom
burrow in and feed upon the delicate parenchyma, fonning blisters near the
edges which usually extend to the midrib. They transform within the
blister to the pupa and the beetles soon emerge and feed upon the remain¬
ing unaffected leaves.

Mr Chittenden states that the beetle makes its first appearance in the
vicinity of Washington soon after the leaves of the locust tree have fully
developed, usually about the beginning of May. and from then it may be
found continuously throughout the summer till the first half of September,
it being quite abundant from the first week of July till nearly the middle of
.\ugust. He states that the beetles of the first spring generation began to
develop July 7 in 190.: and had transformed for the most part by the 12th.
He adds that the beetles are usually seen apparently motionless on the
surface of the leaves but close inspection will show that they are feeding.
Early in the season the adults eat small oblong holes in the leaves, but
later the lower half is left intact and the upper portion finely skeletonized.
The injury done by the beetles, even when they are very numerous, is
trifling when compared with the work of the larvae. Mr Chittenden states
that during rainy weather, at night time and while ovipositing the beetles

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

may be met with on the underside of the leaves. He finds that the eggs
are deposited by the female at intervals of about two minutes, the act of
oviposition itself reipiiring only a fraction of a second. On the completion
of oviposition the beetle makes a sudden movement forward, sweeping the
upjier side of the egg mass with the tip of her abdomen and covers it with
a large ipiantity of tluid, dirty yellow fecal matter which soon hardens and
darkens. He adds that there are never more than five eggs in a mass.
Mr Chittenden states that the young larvae invariably break through
the eggshell on the underside and begin gnawing through the epidermis
of the leaf without leaving the protection of the egg mass. They then
proceed to devour the softer parenchyma, thus forming what is known as
a tentiform mine. There is but a single entrance to the mine, the later
hatching grubs availing themselves of the hole eaten by the earliest indi¬
vidual, therefore from 3 to 5 young grubs usually occur within a mine,
which is rapidly enlarged by their united efforts. The mine in one leaf
rarely occupies more than ]/, or ^ of its area, and this means that in from
• two to four days after hatching the grubs forsake the original retreat, wan¬
der along leaf stems to other leaves and begin operations anew. This time
each grub works by itself. The injury inflicted by the adults and the larvae,
particularly the latter, causes the leaves to turn brown, wither and fall. The
writer found mostly deserted mines and very few larvae at Westfield Aug.
15, 1902, indicating that the main portion of the brood had completed its
transformations. Apparently there is but one generation in this latitude,
specially since Mr Chittenden states that wdiile the insect appears at Wash¬
ington in May, a month earlier than in Massachusetts, and may be found in
all stages throughout the summer till early in August, he has seen no
evidence of a second generation being produced.

Food plants. This species prefers the locust. It also has been
recorded as attacking the young leaves of red oak, and Dr Hopkins has
found it on white oak, beech, birch and hawthorn 4n West Virginia. Mr
Chittenden records the beetle as feeding on red clover, hog peanut and
soja beans.

328

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Parasites. Several small Chalcis flies have been reared from this
insect. They are as follows : ,S p i 1 o c h a 1 c i s (Smicra) odontotae
Howard, was reared from the pupa. S y m p i e z u s u r o p 1 a t a e Howard
feeds externally on the larva within its mine. Trichogramma
odontotae Howard, is an egg parasite issuing in July. Deros-
tenus primus Howard was reared from the leaf mine of Odontota.
Dr Howard thinks it may be a secondary parasite, preying on either of
the first two species.

Natural enemies. In addition to the parasites named above, Mr Chit¬
tenden states that at Washington the wheel bug, P r i o n i d u s c r i s-
tatus Linn., is particularly attracted by the presence of this leaf miner
and the young of the wheel bug may be frequently observed walking
slowly over the leaves till they have found an inhabited mine, when it
deliberately thrusts its beak through the epidermis of the leaf into the
Odontota larva. The beetles are attacked by this insect when met with
and at once lifted in the air on the tip of the bug’s proboscis.

Distribution. Dr Horn has given the distribution of this insect as *
“ Middle and Southern States.” Dr Packard records it from New England,
Middle and Western States and Professor Webster has mentioned serious
injuries by it in southern Ohio and the adjacent parts of Kentucky. In
addition, Mr Chittenden states that it is known to occur in Massachusetts,
Connecticut and Canada, though it does not appear to have ever been
taken in Michigan, a State rather thoroughly collected over by Messrs
Schwarz and Hubbard. He adds that the insect appears to be rare in
Missouri and concludes that its southern range is practically limited by the
States of Virginia and Kentucky, while Missouri defines' its southwestern
distribution.

Remedial measures. This beetle, like some other species, drops to the
ground when alarmed and Dr LIntner has expressed the opinion that this
habit might be taken advantage of In the case of valued shade trees. The
insects could be jarred on a sheet, collected and destroyed. Mr Chittenden
states that the beetles are susceptible to arsenical sprays and suggests the

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

529

use of paris green. In all probability arsenate of lead would be more
effective.

Bibliography

1897 Lintner, J. A. Ins. X. Y. I’tli Rep’t 1896, p. 264-67

1902 Chittenden, F. H. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bui. 38, n. s. p. 70-82

Golden oak scale

Astcrolccaniuvi variolosiini Ratz.

This circular, conve.x, bright yellow or golden scale insect, about 'Ae inch in
diameter sometimes occurs on oak twigs in very large numbers.

This introduced species has become established in several localities
within the State, and on account of its injuries and abundance has been
brought to the writer’s attention on several occasions. It was received on
white oak twigs from Yonkers N. V., .Sep. 16, 1900, at which time many of
the branches were literally covered in places with this insect.

Early history. This species was first recognized in this country in
1880 by Professor Comstock, who records it from imported oaks on the
Department of Agriculture grounds at W'ashington I). C. He adds that
the species is not a common one in luirope, though it is occasionally quite
destructive to individual trees. Dr L. O. Howard, writimy of this insect in
1889, states that it occurred at that time on the grounds of the Department
of Agriculture at Washington, almost entirely on American oaks. This
species was recorded on an old white swamp oak at Elizabeth N. J. in 1891,
by Dr J. B. .Smith, who states that a small branch was densely covered by
the scales of this insect, and that the entire tree was badly infested. This
attack was first observed in 1890. This species is characterized by the
editor of Gardening \x\ 1895, as the greatest enemy of the golden oak and
the statement is made that most of these oaks appear infested by this pest.
Mr A. S. P'uller in Gardening for the same year, states that he observed the
species about 1889, and adds that many smaller twigs and branches of
infested trees died as the result of attack. The following sjiring, however,
he was unable to find any specimens. Mr Fuller records this scale insect as

330

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

occurring rather widely on the English oak. This species was first reported
from New York State by Professor Lowe who found the insect in 1894 very
abundant on oaks at Geneva. He states that the species was present in
threat numbers and that two trees at the northern end of the row were
nearly leafless and apparently dying. They were badly infested with the
scales from the highest branches to nearly the base of the trunk, and the
next two trees were apparently succumbing to the pest, since most of the
lower limbs had not produced leaves and some of the smaller branches were
dead. Prof. W. C. Sturgis records the presence of this insect on English
oak at New Haven in 1895, and this species was brought to Prof. C. H.
P'ernald’s attention in 1897, when it was found on golden oak at Worcester
Mass.

Description. This scale may be easily recognized by its bright
yellowish golden color, its circular convex form, and by the deep oval
depressions it makes in the twig. It is, as previously stated, about 1/16 inch
in diameter. See plate 12, figure 5.

Life history. The
young of this insect
begin to appear in the
latitude of Washing¬
ton D. C., about the
first of May, and at
Geneva N. Y., they
were first observed
May 29, 1895 by Pro¬
fessor Lowe. Profes-

. Fig. 63 Habrolepis d a I m a n 11 i» dorsal view of female. (After Howard, U. S.

SOr otUr^lS rGCOrclS Dep’t Agric. DIv. Ent. Hul. 17. 1898)

their appearance in April under laboratory conditions, and states that
this is probably at least two weeks earlier than normal. The insect evi¬
dently passes the winter in the adult or nearly full grown condition.

Natural enemies. Nothing had been recorded concerning the natural
enemies of this species in America prior to 1898, when Dr Howard called

INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES

331

attention to the very beautiful European Habrolej)is cl a 1 m a n n i
W estw., an accidental introduction into this countr)', and states that he
received a large series of this parasite from Mr A. H. Kirkland who had
reared it from this insect which latter has become common on the oaks
throughout the Middlesex Felis. Dr Howard is of the opinion that the
parasite was probably brought over with the original importation and that
this scale insect has become thoroughly established in that section. This
beautiful parasite is illustrated at figure 63.

Mr R. H. Newstead of England states that he has seen the blue tit
and the long tailed tit feeding on this and certain other scale insects. It
would seem very probable that some of our native birds would feed on this
insect to some extent, and it is likely that some of our common predaceous
insects may learn to subsist on this pest.

Remedial measures. The experiments of Dr C. L. Marlatt show that
the recently hatched young can be killed with a kerosene emulsion prepared
according to the standard formula and diluted with 13 parts of water. This
application should be made at the time the young are most abundant,
which can be easily determined by a little observation about the middle
of May or later.

Bibliography

1880 Comstock, J. H. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Rep’t, p. 330

1890 Packard, A. S. U. S. Phit. Com. 5th Rep’t, p. 102

1897 Lowe, V. H. N. Y. Agric. Exi). Sta. Bui. 136, p. 586-87

1902 Felt, E. P. State Ent. 17th Rep’t, N. Y. State Mas. Bui. 53, p. 746-48

Hickory gall aphid
Phylloxera caryaccauUs Fitch

Bulletlike, hollow green galls of a leathery texture, occur on hickory shoots in June,
turning black the latter part of the month or early in July, and somewhat resemble the
black knot of plum.

These peculiar growths on the terminal limbs of hickory are brought
to the writer’s attention almost annually by the receipt of more or less
deformed twigs with inquiries as to the cause of the trouble.

332

NEW* YORK STATE MUSEUM

This species was noticed and described by Dr Fitch in his first report.
He states that the insect is of frequent occurrence in New York and our
ol)servations accord with his. Dr Fitch described the excrescences on the
limbs at the time of nut-gathering, as black, ragged, leathery, cup-shaped
and as having a marked resemblance to some species of fungi.

Life history. Dr I'itch stated that this species probably winters in the
egg and that early in the season females station themselves either on the
midvein of one of the leaflets, on the leaf stalk or still further down on the
green succulent twigs and cause a profuse flow of sap. It is probable
that the insects so irritate adjacent tissue as to cause this abnormal growth
and as the gall increases in size, young are brought forth and they in turn
draw nourishment from its juicy walls. The galls are globular in shape
and range in size from that of a pea to an ounce ball. They are attached
to the side of the stem the whole length of their base and often cause a
bend or distortion, specially when two or three are contiguous and conflu¬
ent. The walls of the galls are about ^/lo inch thick with a fleshy texture,
white on the inside and green on the outside. The inside of the gall at
this time is literally covered with minute shiny lice of different ages and
sizes and as Dr b itch aptly states, it resembles the geode of the mineral,
the surface of which is lined with a multitude of minute crystals whose
sparkling points are everywhere glistening in the light. The dusky cast
skins of the lice are also visible in the gall as well as numerous round black
grains and smaller globules of honeydew. The black grains are the excre¬
ment of a larva, ])robably that of a weevil which lives within the galls.
One would think that insects within such a retreat would be free from insect
enemies, but Dr Fitch records meeting with four larvae, probably the young
of a Syrphus fly, in one of these galls.

Bibliography

1856 Fitch, Asa. Ins. N. Y. ist Rep’t, p. 155-59

EXPLANATION OF PLATES'

PLATE 1

'Plates 1-20 executed frdm nature, under the author’s direction, by L. H. Joutel.
Plates 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 17, 19 and 20 reprinted from the 4th, 5th and 7th reports of the N. Y.
Forest, Fish and (kime Commission, plate 10 lithographed from the original published in
the sth report of the commission.

a 333

/ / ‘

Insect galls

1 Phylloxera caryaecaulis P'itch j^all on hickory leaf stem

2 Side view of same

3 Undetermined black stalls alon^ midrib of hickory leaf

4 C e c i d o m y i a h o 1 o t r i c h a O. S. g'alls on underside of leaf

5 Undetermined Phylloxera gall on hickory

6 Appearance of same on upper surface of leaf

7 Witch-hazel cone gall, U or m aphis hamamelidis. Pitch on

witch-hazel leaf

8 Dipl os is caryae O. S. gall on underside of hickory leaf

9 C e c i d o m y i a p e r s i c o i d e s O, S. gall on underside of hickory leaf

10 Hickory tube gall, C e c i d o m y i a t u b i c o 1 a O. S. gall on underside

of hickory leaf

1 1 Bladder maple gall, P h y t o p t u s q u a d r i p e s Shinier galls on

underside of soft maple

12 Spotted maple leaf galls, Sciara ocellar is O. S.

13 Galls of Cecidomyia verrucicola O. S. on linden

13a Opening of linden mite gall on underside of leaf more enlarged
i‘4 Linden mite gall, P h y t o p t u s a b n o r m i s Gann.

15 Undetermined Phylloxera gall, probably same as shown at 5

1 6 Oak pill gall, Cecidomyia p i 1 u 1 a e Walsh galls on underside of

oak leaf

I 7 Galls of the same species on upper side of oak leaf

18 Saclike galls of Cecidomyia e rube see ns O. S.

19 Hickory button gall. Phylloxera foveola Perg., on underside of

hickory leaf

20 Undetermined Phylloxera galls on underside of hickory leaf

2 1 Hickory seed gall, Cecidomyia c a r y ae c o 1 a O. S. galls on under¬

side of hickory leaf

a 334

PLATE 2

a 335

Ll

Sugar maple borer, Plagionotus specious Say

1 Place where egg was laid.

la Another more than normally discolored and showing excrement or
borings thrown out by borer

2 Borer or grub in September from egg laid the same season

3 Nearly full grown borer

4 Adult or beetle

5 Hole through which the beetle escaped from the trunk

6 Sawdust or borings packed in burrow

Maple and oak twig pruner, Elaphidion villosum Fabr.

7 Grub or borer in its burrow, a portion of the twig being cut away to

show its work.

ya Small twig with only a thin shell of bark, the wood being nearly all
eaten

8 Pupa in burrow. The base of both twigs represented has been nearly

eaten off by the larva

9 Adult or beetle

t

Cottony maple scale, Pulvinaria innumerabilis Rathv.

10 Active or recently hatched young

11 Adult females, many eggs can be found in the woolly masses

12 Leaf with many young scales on its underside

a 336

PARK AND WOODLAND INSRC'I'S.

MAPLE BORERS AND COTTONY MAPLE SCALE

I

4

PLATE 3

Elm borer, Saperda tridental a Oliv.

1 Larva or grub within its burrow just under the bark, natural size
\a Larva or grub extended, natural size

2 Pupa within its cell just under the bark, natural size

3 Burrows of the grub as exposed after removal of the bark, natural size

4 Adult beetle, line beside it shows its natural size

Elm snout beetles, Magdalis sp.

5 Adult of Magdalis armicollis Sa'y, line beside it represents its

natural size

6 Adult of Magdalis barbita Say, line beside it represents its

natural size
6a Side view of same

7 Larva of same, side view, natural size

8 Pupa of same within its oval cell just beneath the bark, natural size
8a Phupty pupal cell of same, natural size

9 Burrows of Magdalis barbita Say as exposed after removal of

the bark, natural size

pa Holes in the bark through which the beetles escape, natural size
9^ Showing how bark is loosened by the burrows of this insect, natural size

Elm bark louse, Gossyparia spuria Mod.

10 Group of partly grown bark lice as they appear in early spring, natural.

size

1 1 Group of male cocoons, natural size

12 Group of male cocoons, much enlarged

13 Group of virgin females, much enlarged

14 female, much more enlarged

15 Recently hatched young, very much enlarged

16 Mature female, much enlarged

1 6a Matured females on a twig, enlarged

17 Pseudimago or wingless male, much enlarged

18 Winged male, much enlarged, note also the long, white, anal filaments

a 338

Memoir 8, N. Y. State Museum.

ro

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X

ELM BORERS AND ELM BARK LOUSE

PLATE 4

a 339

Leopard moth, Z e u z e r a p y r i n aj I'abr.

1 Empty pupal case from which female moth has emerged

2 Female moth at rest on the bark

3 Male moth with wings expanded

4 Nearly full grown caterpillar, probably a female

5 Male pupa in its burrow

6, Exit holes covered by a loose piece of bark which the pupa will

push off as it partly emerges

7 Hole made for the pushing out of excrement and then closed by a silk

web

8 Same as above, but In use with particles of excrement dangling by

silken threads

9 Work of caterpillar a preceding season
lO Work of caterpillar the present season

!i Young twig eaten by larva, point of entrance at a

Maple borer, Scsia aceriii Clem.

12 Hole from which pupal case has fallen

13 Bark nearly eaten through ready for the pupa to push out

14 Empty pupal skin

15 Two cocoons as spun

16 Moths expanded and at rest

17 Excrement of caterpillars

18 Caterpillar in its burrow

a 340

I'ARK AND WOODLAND INSF.d'S.

LEOPARD MOTH AND MAPLE BORER

N

h' -

PLATE 5

a 341

■ •

Locust borer, Cyllene robiniae Forst.

( Pupa in its cell

2 Plug of wood fibers closing the free end of the pupal cell

3 Beetle at rest

lo Eggs deposited in crevices of the bark

4

4^.

5

6

7

8

9

Carpenter worm, Prionoxystus robiniae Peck
Female at rest on the bark

Dark colored eggs deposited loosely in the crevices
Pupal case partially projecting from the burrow
Pupa within its cell

Full grown larva with its head protruding from a burrow
Young larva at work in a small twig
Irregular borings of the full grown caterpillars

a 342

PARK AND WOODLAND INl ErT.*;.
Memoir 8, N. Y. State Museum.

Plate 5

L. H. JouUl, ISO*;

LOCUST BORERS

PLATE 6

a 343

A

Poplar borer, Saperda calcarata Say
Piece of poplar showing work of this insect

1 Work of young larva

2 Adult

3 Orifice in bark through which borings are expelled

4 Oallery leading to orifice shown at 3

5 Peculiar excelsiorlike borings made by larva

6 Pupa in its chamber with one end stopped by excelsiorlike borings
26 P'ull grown larva .

Linden borer, S ap e r d a v e s t i t a Say
H Portion of base of linden showing the work of this species

7 Expanded gallery under bark made by larva

8 Gallery in wood extending under bark to 7

9 Sawdust packed in the larval gallery

10 Ciallery leading into heart of the tree

C A piece of linden root with portion cut away to show operations of the
grub

1 1 Larval galleries in cross-section

12 Circular exit hole of the beetle

13 Wound made by borer

14 b rass ejected by larva

15 Adult beetle on the bark

16 A portion of the bark cut away showing the borer in its gallery'

Woodbine borer, Saperda puncticollis Say
D Piece of woodbine showing work of this species

17 Larval gallery in section

18 Pupa in its chamber showing orifice

19 Larva and its work under the bark
24 Adult beetle

a344

PAPK AND \\v>(^ ALAND INnR; V:^.

Memoir 8, N. Y. State Museum. Plate 6

L. H. Joot«l '90*1

POPLAR, WOODBINi AND THORN BORERS

Cyi 0-)

A

1

Thorn limb borer, S a per da fayi Bland

E Thorn limb showing workin^js
20 Section of gall illustrating operations of larva
2 1 Undeveloped gall due to premature death of inmate
2 2 Fully developed gall
Circular exit of adults
Adult beetle

a34S

1

,r. ■

w. -

White marked tussock moth, H e m e r o c a m p a 1 e u c o s t i g m a Abb. & Sm.

1 Side view of full grown caterpillar

2 Male moth at rest

3 Female moth laying eggs on her recently vacated cocoon

4 Several cocoons

5 Cast skins of caterpillars

6 Work of young caterpillars on under surface of leaf

7 Male pupa

8 Branch girdled by caterpillar

9 End of branch broken off at the point where it was girdled

Forest tent caterpillar: maple worm, Malacosoma disstria Hubn.

10 Female moth with wings expanded

11 Male moth with wings expanded

12 Egg belt encircling twig

13 Side view of full grown caterpillar

14 Cocoon in a leaf

1 5 Pupa

16 Cast skins of caterpillar

a 348

PARK AXI) W (R)!)!. AM) INSf-XTS.

PLATS 3

a 349

. **

*

Elm leaf beetle, Galerucclla iuteola Miill.

I Cluster of eggs much enlarged

1 a Side view of single egg, still more enlarged

2 Dorsal view of recently hatched larva or grub, much enlarged

3 Dorsal view of full grown larva or grub, much enlarged

4 Pupa, much enlarged

5 Overwintered beetle, much enlarged

6 Fresh, brightly colored beetle, much enlarged

7 Under surface of leaf showing -eating of larvae or grubs and a few

holes eaten by beetles, eggs in clusters, cast larval skins and full

grown larvae, natural size

8 Leaf nearly skeletonized by grubs or larvae and on it three cast lar\ al

skins, natural size

9 Leaf showing holes eaten by beetles, natural size

Bag or basket worm, T h y r i d o p t e r y x e p h e in c r a e f o r m i s Haw.

10 Bag or larval case as seen in winter, natural size

1 1 Same as preceding but cut open to show the pupal case and the eggs

1 2 Several eggs, very greatly enlarged

13 Side view of recently hatched larva, greatly enlarged

14 Cases of young larvae on twig, natural size. Notice that the dark

ones are on the dark bark and the light ones on the green bark.

14a Leaf eaten by young larvae, natural size

15 Older larvae in their bags which are ornamented with pieces of leaves,

one is on the leaf, another hanging from the edge and a third
dangling by a thread, natural size

16 Full grown larva removed from its case, natural size

17 Full grown larva walking with its case, natural size

18 Male pupa, natural size

19 Wingless female moth, natural size

20 Male moth with wings spread, natural size

a 350

Memoir 8. N. Y. State Museum.

00

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CA

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ELM LEAF BEETLE AND BAG OR BASKET WORM

2 1 Female pupa, natural size

2 2 Bag of male hanging from a leaf and with the empty pupal case j)ro-
truding from its lower extremity, natural size. The leaf in front of

the bag shows the work of half grown larvae.

a 351

PLATE 9

a 353

Beautiful hickory borer, Goes pulchra Hald.

1 Adult

2 Mxit hole of same in trunk

3 Partially healed wound caused by young larvae

4 Work of same the year after the eggs are laid

5 Characteristic feeding of adult and also of the hickory twig girdler,

() n c i d e r e s c i n g u 1 a t a Sa)'

Twig girdler, Oncidcres cingulata Say

6 Adult ofitdlin^ a branch

7 Ciirdling operations partly finished

8 Ciirdling operations of the preceding year

8^r Characteristic scratchings on the bark in the vicinity of the girdled area

9 A completely girdled twig

10 Punctures at base of branch where eggs are laid

1 1 An early girdled twig ; a portion of the branch beyond containing the

larva has broken off and fallen to the ground

12 Larva in its burrow

Gipsy moth, P o r t h e t r i a d i s p a r Linn.

13 Male with wings spread

14 P'emale moth at rest on the bark

15 Characteristic egg masses

16 Side view of full grown larva

17 Pupa of same and cast larval skin in the characteristic scanty webs

Hickory horned devil, Citheronia regalis Fabr.

18 Side view of partly grown larva

354 a

PARK AND WOODLAND INSFX'l'S.

Memoir 8, N. Y. State Museum. Plate 9

L. H. JouUl. )90S.

GIPSY MOTH AND HICKORY INSECTS

PLATE 10

Fall web worm, Hyphantria textor Harr.

1 Cluster of eggs, natural size

2 Dorsal views of full and partly grown larvae and also a side view of a

full grown caterpillar

3 Pupa, natural size

4 Pupa, more enlarged

5 White form of moth in resting position, natural size

6 Spotted form of moth with wings expanded, natural size

Figures 2, 5 and 6 are on a small web showing within the partly
skeletonized, discolored leaves and the frass or excrement of the
caterpillars.

Spiny elm caterpillar, Euvanessa antiopa Linn.

7 Cluster of eggs on a leaf stem, natural size

8 One egg, much enlarged

9 Caterpillar feeding, natural size

10 Chrysalis hanging from a leaf stem, natural size

1 1 Butterfly with wings spread, natural size

The figures of the egg and caterpillar are on a twig of elm repre¬
senting the characteristic work of the caterpillar.

a 356

PARK AND WOODLAND INSFXTS.

FALL WEB WORM AND SPINY ELM CATERPILLAR

* .

".41

T *

\

PLATE 11

a357

F

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Aphids or plant lice

Painted maple aphid, Drepanosiphum acerifolii Thos.

1 Infested leaves of silver maple

2 Adult winged specimen very much enlarged

3 Nearly full grown nymph very much enlarged

4 Younger nymph very much enlarged

Chaitophorus ? aceris Linn.

5 Infested leaves of Norway maple

6 Wingless female very much enlarged

Two-spotted lady beetle, Adalia bipunctata Linn.

7 Larva

8 Pupae

9 Adult

Woolly beech leaf aphid, Phy 11 aphis fagi Linn.

10 Infested beech leaf

11 Nymph much enlarged

Elm leaf aphid, Cailipterus ulmifolii Mon.

12 Infested elm leaf

13 Nymph very much enlarged

14 Winged female very much enlarged

Transverse poplar stem gall. Pemphigus populi-transversus

15 Galls

16 Section of one showing plant lice within

Periodical cicada, Tibicen septendecim Linn.

I 7 Side view of adult

18 Twig showing oviposition scars

a 358

Riley

PARK AND WOODI.AND INSErTS.

Plate 1 1

Memoir 8, N. Y. State Museum.

L. H. Jouttl, 190S.

APHIDS OR PLANT LiCt

Wi

PLATE 12

a 359

'li:

Scale insects

Maple phenacoccus, Phenacoccus acericola King

1 Clusters of male cocoons on sugar maple bark

2 Females and young on underside of leaf

Black-banded lecanium, Eulecanium nigrofasciatum Perg.

3 Badly infested soft maple twigs

4 Young along sides of leaf veins

10 Male very much enlarged

11 Full grown female scales showing characteristic markings much enlarged

12 Young very much enlarged

Golden oak scale, Asterolecanium variolosum Ratz.

5 Infested oak twig

Tuliptree scale, Eulecanium tulipiferae Cook

6 Badly infested tulip branch

8 Recently hatched young very much enlarged

9 Young scales very much enlarged

White flower cricket, Oecanthus sp.

7 Oviposition scars

a 360

1’ AXi ■ W = ;m1 )i \ V|) 1 .

Memtur 8. N. Y. Slate Museum.

.1

MAPLE AND OTHER SCALE INSEC'S

San Jose and other scale insects
San Jose scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst.

1 Badly infested piece of thorn. Scurfy scale, Chionaspis furfura

Fitch also present, natural size

2 Male San Jose scale very much enlarged

3 B'emale very much enlarged

4 Group of female and young much enlarged

5 Young white and black scales on green twig, showing the surrounding

purplish discoloration

6 Cherry twig badly infested with young, some in the white and many in

the black stage

7 Young very much enlarged, a number of white, one grayish and a black

scale

8 Group of young in the black stage very much enlarged

Oyster scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi Linn.

9 Infested twig, natural size

10 Female very much enlarged

11 Underside showing whitish eggs

12 Male scale very much enlarged

13 Group of old female scales, one with hole from which parasite has

emerged and three half grown scales

14 Female of oyster scale

Scurfy scale, Chionaspis furfura Fitch

15 Group showing females and males, much enlarged

16 Female scale very much enlarged, with a portion torn away showing

the purplish eggs beneath

17 Male scale very much enlarged

18 Group of old scales somewhat enlarged

a 362

PARK AND WOODLAND INSECTS.

Plate 1 3

Memoir 8. N. Y. State Museum.

L. H 190S

S*N JOS^ AND OTHER SCALE INSECTS

# ■. " •

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PLATE 14

a 363

Rose and other scale insects
Rose scale, Aulacaspis rosae Sandb.

1 Stem of rose badly infested, males predominating, slightly enlarged

2 Stem of rose showing clusters of scales somewhat enlarged

3 Cluster of female scales and young very much enlarged

4 Two male scales very much enlarged

Putnam’s scale, Aspid iotas ancylus Putn.

5 Piece of mountain ash infested with Putnam’s scale

6 Portion of same very much enlarged, showing young which had settled

under the old scales

7 P'emale scale very much enlarged

8 Male scale somewhat enlarged

9 P'emale scales on birch, showing their close connection with the outer

bark, the scale being almost continuous therewith

Euonymus scale, C h i o n a s p i s e u o n y m i Comst.
ic Euonymus stem thickly incrusted with scales

1 1 Green stem badly infested with young scales

12 Under surface of leaf thickly dotted with young and male scales and a

few females

13 Upper side of leaf showing discoloration

14 Male scales very much enlarged

15 Male scale partly broken, showing insect beneath, very much enlarged

16 Pull grown female scale, very much enlarged

17 Group of male and female scales, much enlarged

18 Winged male, very much enlarged

19 Crawling young, very much enlarged

a 364

L. H Jouttl. 190^

ROSE AND OTHER SCALE INSECTS

PARK AND WOODl.ANI: INSECTS.

Memoir 8, N. Y. State Museum. Plate 1 4

PLATE 15

a 365

I

Hickory insects

Black walnut caterpillar, Da tana intcgerrima Gr. & Rob.

1 Ijiinch of cast skins

2 Side and dorsal views of full grown larvae

3 Silk si^un by larvae on molting place

4 Parent moth

Hickory tussock moth, Ilalisidota caryae Harr.

5 .Side view of full grown larva

6 Parent moth with expanded wings

Painted hickory borer, Cyllene p ictus Drury

7 Piece of hickory showing work

8 Larval galleries in sapwood

9 Pupal chamber containing pupa
LO y\dult

1 1 .Sawdust stopping exit from pupal chamber

12 Exit hole. This pierces the bark in nature.

a 366

PARK AND WOODLAND INSECTS.
Memoir 8, N. Y. State Museum.

Plate 1 5

L. H. Jout*!, 1905.

HICKORY INSECTS

V

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PLATE 16

a 367

Ol

Poplar and willow insects
Poplar tent maker, Melalopha inclusa Hiibn.

1 Larva on its nest

2 Moth of same

Elm sawfly, Cimbex americana Leach

4 Larva

5 Adult of same

6 Cocoon

Mottled willow borer, Cryptorhynchus la pat hi Linn.

7 Portion of willow branch cut to show work

8 Adult, dorsal aspect

9 . Shrunken, discolored area over larval galleries

Puss moth, Harpyia sp.

10 Side view of larva

1 1 Eggs

12 Cocoon from which moth has emerged

Sesia albicornis Hy Ed.

13 Pupal cases

Cottonwood leaf beetle, Melasoma scripta Fabr.

14 Eggs
Full grown larva

16 Group of larvae

17 Young larvae

18 Beetles or “hard shells” showing variation in marking
Pupa or “ hanger ”

Badly eaten leaves showing characteristic method of feeding

a 368

19

20

PARK AND WOODLAND INSECTS.

Memoir 8, N. Y. State RJuseum. Plate 1 6

L. H. Jo»rt«l, 1905.

POPLAR AND WILLOW INSECTS

PLATE 17

a 369

'A

f]

Archips fervidana Clem.

Yellow striped oak caterpillar, A n i s o t a s e n a t o r i a Abb. .Sm.

I Kgg mass on underside of oak leaf
'y Egorshells on partly eaten leaf

' Le^f stalk hearing shrunken larvae infested by parasite and showing
the characteristic feeding of nearly full grown caterpillars

. Side view of nearly full grown larvae , , ,

5 Recently hatched larvae feeding side by side and showing the ske e-

tonizing in the earlier stages

6 Male, natural size

7 Female depositing eggs

Buck or Maia moth, Hemileuca maia Drury

8 Side view of full grown larva

9 Male, showing wings of one side only

lo Kgg' mass

II Adult, enlarged

,2 Nest composed of partly eaten, curled leaves

Serica trociformis Burm.

13 Beetle on leaf, natural size

14 Same enlarged

Two spotted tree hopper, Enchenopa bi no tat a Say

I c Side view of adult i u u

5 Archasia galeata habr.

1 6 Side view of adult of a peculiar tree hopper

Thelia acuminata Fabr.

1 7 Side view of another tree hopper

Dog day cicada or harvest fly, Tibicen tibicen Linn.

1 8 Side view of adult in resting position

Acorn weevil, Balaninus nasicus Say

19 Adult on twig, natural size

20 Same enlarged

a 370

1‘AKK AXI) WOODI.WM) INSI^C'TS.

Memoir 8, N. Y. State Museum. Plate 1 7

L, H. 190.

OAK INSECTS

PLATE 18

3371

I

Larch insects

Woolly larch aphid, Chermes strobilobius Kalt.

1 Young on leaf, showing the cottony filaments and near by the egg of a

predaceous syrphus fly, very much enlarged

2 Young aphid, very much enlarged

T, Woolly females on leaves, natural size

4 at base of a whorl of leaves, very much enlarged

Larch case bearer, Coleophora laricella Hiibn.

5 Mined tips of larch needles, showing hole through which the caterpillar

feeds, much enlarged

6 Caterpillar partly out of its peculiar case, much enlarged

7 Larva very much enlarged

8 Cocoon much enlarged

9 Moth much enlarged

10 Case bearers on the leaves, natural size

Larch sawfly, Lygaeonematus eric h son ii Hartg.

1 1 Larvae on foliage, showing characteristic positions

a 372

I

PARK AND W'OODLAND INSKCTS.

Memoir 8, N. Y. State Museum.

Plate 18

L. H, Joutel, 1905.

LARCH INSECTS

PLATE 19

3 373

r’ ■

• r^

White pine insects , f ^

Imperial moth, Basilona i ni p c r i a 1 i s Drury

1 Side view of nearly full grown larva

Pine bark aphid, Chernies pinicorticis Fitch

2 Masses on the stem of a young pine |

White pine weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck

3 Pupal cells under bark of pine log

4 Burrows of larvae in bark

5 Portion of dead shoot killed by the insect, showing the circular exit

holes, the borings of the insect in the upper part and the shrunken
area extending down on the affected portion of the twig

6 Pupal cells of white pine weevil within the wood, showing method of

escape and also a few exit holes in the shrunken affected bark

7 Adult weevil, enlarged

LeConte’s sawfly, Lophyrus lecontei P'itch

8 Larvae in resting position on needles, showing below the stubs of

devoured foliage

Pine leaf scale insect, Ch ion asp is pinifoliae Fitch

9 Numerous scales on pine needles

*374

r

1\‘\RK AND \\:)(;DLAND IN:'
Memoir 8. N. Y. State Museum.

r;

Plat 1 9

WHITE PINE INSECTS

j

Insects affecting hard pine
Pitch twig moth, Evetria comstockiana hem.

, Pitch mass with pupal shell protruding theretrom in one case ; the
Other shows old and recent pitch.

1 Adult, enlarged

Pitch midge, C e c i d o m y i a r c s i n i c o 1 a O. S.

2 Pitch mass showing protruding pupal cases

Nantucket pine moth, Evetria trust ran a Scudd.

3 Infested shoot showing the abortive growth

Pine needle gall fly, C e c i d o m y i a p i n i - r i g i d a e Pack.

4 Needles deformed by this insect

4^7 Work on needles of the previous year

Pine leaf miner, Paralechia pinifol iella Chamb.

5 Affected needles, note the brown tips
23 Adult, enlarged

Fir sawfly, Lophyrus abietis Harr.

6 Larvae in natural position on the needles ; below are stubs of eaten

foliage

6a Cocoon of same at base of pine needles

Pine chrysomela, Glyptoscelis pubescens P abr.

7 Adult, much enlarged

Pales weevil, Hylobius pales Herbst.

8 Adult, much enlarged

Chrysobothris pusilla Lap. & Gory

9 Adult, much enlarged

Chrysobothris floricola Gory

10 Adult, enlarged

a 376

PARK A.\I) \\->(;l)LANl- 1N;'E^ i':'.

H too?,

HARD PINE INSECTS

Chrysobothris dentipes Genu.

1 1 Adult, much enlarged

Light loving grapevine beetle, A n o m a 1 a 1 u c i c o 1 a Fabr.

12, 13 and 14 Varieties of this beetle, a species very abundant on hard
pines, much enlarged

Pilophorus crassipes Uhl.

1 5 Adult, much enlarged

Magdalis alutacea Lee.

16 Adult, much enlarged

Magdalis perforata Horn.

17 Adult, much enlarged

Lace-winged fly, Chrysopa sp.

18 Side view of adult
Cocoons of .same on needles
Stalked eggs of lace-winged fly

Pine tip moth, Pinipestis z i m m e r m a n i Grote

19 Adult

20 Work in a shoot, showing its abortive character and the peculiar small

pitch mass near its base

Spittle insect, Aphrophora parallela Say
2 2 Adult, enlarged

a 377

g',« ,.r

j.tX|v. ,^.'-4v«f*fil<[*-

, . “ T .>I.U

O • • ■

- SE iSKSSL 'a/-^ A - .^:v; c *

PLATE 21

Power spraying outfit at work in an Albany park

a 380

Memoir 8 N. Y. State Museum Plate 21

Power spraying outfit in operation

■irA«

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■ ■ V «;

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m,

PLATE 22

Sugar maple borer, P 1 a g i o n o t u s s p e c i o s u s Say
Maple in leaf showing dead branches killed by the borer
Maple in winter showing broken tips of branches killed by the borer

PARK AND WOODLAND INSECTS

Work of sugar maple borer 2 Nassau

0

PLATE 23

3383

SugaT maple borer, Plagionotus speciosus Say

1 Ridges of bark formed over recent borings

2 Exposed dead area showing the conspicuous grooves made by the grubs

3 Ridging and cracking of bark over a badly wounded area

4 Section of dead trunk showing borings and exit holes of the pigeon

Tremex, Tremex columba Linn, and the smaller holes of its

parasite, the lunate long sting, Thalessa lunator Fabr.

a 384

Memoir 8 N. Y. State Museum

Work of sugar maple borer

PLATE 24 1

* Figures i, 2, from plate 24 and figure i from plate 25 from photographs taken
June 28, 1904, by Dr W. W. Williams, Hilton N. Y. '

a 385

Sugar maple borer, Plagionotus speciosus Say
I Portion of trunk of living maple, showing recent galleries which have
been exposed by cutting
Upper portion of galleries more enlarged

a 386

2

PARK AND WOODLAND INSECTS

Memoir 8 N. Y. State Museum

Plate 24

1

Work of sugar maple borer in living trees

2

Hilton N. Y. 1 90 1

Sugar maple borer, Plagionotus speciosus Say

1 Lower portions of galleries shown on plate 24, figure i, more enlarged

2 Portion of exposed trunk badly scored by the grub. The overlying

bark died, cracked and fell off, exposing the wood to the weather

and decay

a388

i

PARK AM) WOODLAND INSECTS

Memoii' 8 N. Y. State Museum

Plate 25

1

Work of sugar maple borer in living trees

2

Hilton Y. 1904

A -

PLATE 26

Elm borer, Saperda tridentata Oliv.

Two young elms in a long row, killed by the elm borer in associ¬
ation with the elm snout beetles Magdalis armicollis Say and
M. b a r b i t a Say

Photograph taken June 1903, by J. A. Otterson, Berlin Mass,

a 390

PARK. AND WOODLAND INSECTS

Memoir 8 N. Y. State Museum

Plate 26

Berlin Mass. June 1903

Work of elm borer and elm snout beetles

t

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I

I

it.

!

Elm borer, Saperda tridentata Oliv.

1 Section of badly infested limb

2 Wood surface of badly infested limb

a 392

I

PARK AND WOODLAND INSECTS

Memoir 8

N. Y. State Museum

Plate 27

Work of elm borer

I

Leopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina Fabr.

1 Row of soft maples badly injured by this pest

2 A single tree showing limbs broken as a result of weakening by the

borers. Both from Astoria L. I., 1900

a 394

Memoir 8 N. Y. State Museum Plate 28

Work of leopard moth 2 A-itoria I,. I. igoo

1

PLATE 29

a 395

Leopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina Fabr.

1 Portion of trunk of soft maple, showing the large scars made by this

borer

2 Another stump exhibiting a more advanced stage of the work of the

same insect

3 Trunk of a soft maple, illustrating the tendency of affected trees to

throw out suckers at the base, and also showing masses of borings

lodged in the young growth. All from Astoria L. I., 1900 ,

a 396

^ A

Memoir 8 N. Y. State Museum Plate 29

Work of leopard moth

PLATE 30

a 397

I

A

Carpenter worm, Prionoxystus robiniae P eck
Work of same in ash, showing a very large dead area with numerous

irregular galleries

3398

PARK AND WOODLAND INSECTS

Memoir 8 N. Y. State Museum

Plate 30

Work of carpenter worm in ash

PLATE 31

a 399

I ' «

• ■’•w

Large black carpenter ant, Camponotus herculaneus Linn.

1 Work in balsam, showing the regular galleries, probably modified by

the alternate hard and soft lamellae in the wood

2 Work of the same insect in elm, showing the extremely irregular

character of the galleries

a 400

I’ARK. AND WOODLAND INSECTS

Memoir 8 N. Y. State Museum

Plate 31

Operations of large black carpenter ant

>

i

PLATE 32

a 401

-Wi

'•tv ■*

Mottled willow borer, Cryptorhynchus lapathi Linn.

1 Small Carolina poplar twigs showing the work of this insect

2 A more advanced stage of the same, with two twigs sectioned to

illustrate the character of the galleries

a 402

Work of mottled willow borer

PLATE 33

a 403

11

Forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hubn.
Defoliated sugar orchard in Arkville, Delaware county, photographed

J uly 8, 1898

a 404

Memoir 8 N. Y. State Museum Plate 33

Work of forest tent caterpillar

PLATE 34

a 405

European elm case bearer, Coleophora limosipennella Dup.

1 Elm twig with leaves, showing the irregular rectangular mined areas

2 Portion of leaf much enlarged, illustrating the character of the skele¬

tonizing and the circular hole through which the larva eats out the

3406

tissues

Memoir 8 N. Y. State Museum Plate 34

‘r4'.

JL

. ¥

Elm leaf beetle, Galerucella luteola Miill.

Work on Elm street, Albany; Photographed June 15, 1898

3408

PARK AND WOODLAND INSECTS

Memoir 8 N. Y. State Museum

Plate 35

Photo, June 15, 1898

Work of elm leaf beetle on Kim street, Albany

PLATE 36

a 40Q

yvJ

Elm leaf beetle, Galerucella luteola Mull.

Work on Jacob street, Troy. Photographed June 15, 1898

a4io

Memoir 8 N. Y. State Museum Plate 36

Work of elm leaf beetle on Jacob street, Troy Photo, June 15, iSyS

4

PLATE 37

a.411

Elm leaf beetle, Galerucella luteola Miill.

1 Leaf badly skeletonized by grubs

2 Leaves showing holes eaten by beetles

a4i2

4

i

PARK AND WOODLAND INSECTS

Memoir 8 N. Y. State Museum

Plate 37

2

Elm leaf beetle work

1

r

% .

Rustic borer, Xylotrcchus colon us Fabr.

1 Work in hickory trunk about 15 inches in diameter

Obrium rubrum Newm.

2 Work in ash

3414

rAKIC AM) WOODLAND INSECTS

Memoir 8 N Y. State Museum

Plate 38

Work of wood borers

I

%

4

■ I '

Minute oak bark beetle, P i t y o p t h o ru s m i n u t i s s i m u s Zimm.

1 Work in red oak, upper part showing galleries, the lower exit holes

Eyed Elater, Alans oculatus Linn.

2 Adult

Large carpenter bee, Xylocopa virgin ica Drury

3 Work in siding, the yi inch galleries being made in a ^ inch board.

The enlargements in the gallery represent cells and the e.xit is seen
at the upper part of the under portion.

Hickory bark borer, Scolytus quadnspinosus Say

4 Work in hickory, the upper portion showing the scored wood, the

lower part the exit holes

a4i6

TAKK AM) WOODLAND IN’SKCTS

Memoir 8 N. Y. State Museum

Plate 39

Wood borers and their work

Bronze birch borer, Agrilus anxius Gory

1 Dying tree

2 Section of limb showing anastomosing galleries in inner bark.

from photos by M. F, Adams

1418

Both

Memoir 8 N. Y. State Museum Plate 40

Work of bronze Ijirch borer

V

PLATE 41

a4i9

Female

Imperial moth, B a s i I o n a i m p e r i a 1 i s
Luna moth, Tropaea Itina Linn.

Male

PARK AND WOODLAND INSLCTS

Memoii' 8 N. Y. State Museum Plate 41

1

2

Parents of leaf feeders

PLATE 42

Polyphemus moth, Telea poly

Male

Cecropia moth, Sarnia c e c

Male

a 422

h e m u s Cramer
o p i a Linn.

PARK AND WOODLAND INSECTS

Memoir 8 N. Y. State Museum

Plate 42

Parents of leaf feeders

1%,

a

»t ' '

I

*

.-4.. ' «

PLATE 43

a 423

f

« • V -I

>

v.\ *

lo moth, A u t o m e r i s io Fabr.

1 Female

2 Male of same

Regal moth, Citheronia regalis Fabr.

3 Female

Promethea moth. Callosa mia promethea Drury

4 Male

3424

Memoir 8 N. Y. State Museum Plate 43

Parents of leaf feeders

r r

Cossus querciperda Fitch

1 Female, reproduced from a photograph of the type

Tomato worm, P h 1 e g e t h o n t i u s celeus Hiibn.

2 Larva bearing numerous parasitic cocoons

Hickory tussock moth, Halisidota caryae Harr.

3 Male

Pale tussock moth, Halisidota tessellaris Abb. & Sm.

4 Female

Buck or maia moth, Hemileuca maia Drury

5 Male

Xylina antennata Walk.

6 Female

Harpyia cinerea Walk.

7 Male

Black walnut caterpillar, Datana integerrima Gr. & Rob.

8 Female moth

' a 426

PARK AND WOODLAND INSKCTS

Memoir 8 N. Y. State Muse\\m

Plate 44

Americai.i Lcpidoptcra

PLATE 45
a 427

f.

1 Work of sawfly on willow leaves

Locust leaf miner, Odontota dors

2 Work of beetles

Brown tail moth, Euproctis chryso

3 Two characteristic nests

Pitch-mass borer, P a r h a r m o n i a

4 Pitch mass with empty cocoon protruding

a 428

1 i s Thunb.

rhoea Linn.

i n i Kell.

I’ARK AM) WOUDLAM) INSKCTS

Memoir 8 N. Y. State Museum

Plate 45

LH JouTfL

P.rown tail moth nests and otiicr insect work

tA nJ4i

Dog day cicada or harvest fly, Tibicen tibicen Linn.

1 Adult

Periodical cicada, Tibicen s e p t e n d e c i m Linn.

2 Adult

Alder blight aphid. Pemphigus tessellata P’itch

3 Portion of alder twig badly infested

4 Twig infested with young

a 430

• ^

4

PARK AND WOODLAND INSECTS

Memoir 8 N. Y. State Museum

Plate 46

3 4

Cicadas and alder aphids

Gouty oak gall, Andricus punctatus Bass.

A red oak at Loudonville badly infested

3432

rARK

AM) WOODLAXI) INSECTS

Memoir 8 N. Y. State Museum

Plate 47

Red oak l)earin<r numerous fjouty oak jjalls

Loudonvillc, Photo, April 1902

I

u

I--

PLATE 48
a 433

Oak fig gall, B i o r h i z a f o r t i c o r n i s \V alsh

1 Infested leaves and twig

2 Same more advanced and largely on twigs

Pine cone oak gall, Cynips strobilana O. S.

3 A gall at the end of a twig

Gouty oak galls, Andricus punctatus Bass.

4 Badly infested twigs

a 434

PARK AND WOODLAND INSECTS

Msmoir 8 N. Y. State Museum

Plate 48

3

Insect galls

INDEX

The superior figures tell the exact place on the page in ninths; e. g. 216® means page 216, beginning
in the third ninth of the page, i. e. about one third of the way down. .\ fuller index apjiears at the end
of V. 2, including names of persons.

abietis,^ Chernies, 172’^, i89*-9C.

Ablerus clisiocampae, 216®.
figure, 215.

abnormis, Aphelinus, 212^.

acericola, Phenacoccus, 49, 172”, i82'-86'*.

acericola, Pulvinaria, 172'*, i79*-82'’.

aceriella, Castastega, 169'*.

acerifolii, Drepanosiphum, 172'*, 175“- 76°.

aceris, Chaitojihoriis, 49, 172''’, i74“-75''’.

acerni, Sesia, 49, 50'’’, 56^-58®.

achyrantes, Myzus, 249*^.

aculeatus, Hylesinus, 257''’, 288'’-89^.

Adalia bipunctata, 174®. 195“, 206®.

Adistola americana, 140®.

agarici, Phora, 140®.

agilis, Alesochorns, 131*.

agrilli, liracon, 73^.

Agrilus auxins, 257’‘, 284*^-87®.

bilineatus, 257-'’, 28o'-83®.

Alabama argillacea, 6®.
albicornis, Chiloneurus, 182'.
albitarsis, Asecodes, 140®, 140'*.

Alder, insects injurious to:
aphid :

alder blight aphid, I73\ 195®.
borer :

willow borer, mottled, 103®.
leaf feeders:

elm saw fly, 157®.
tussock moth, white marked, 136®.
scale insects :

Chionaspis lintneri, I73^ 227®.
scurfy scale, 215®.

Alder blight aphid, 173', i95®-96®.

alctiae, Frontina, 138^.

Allocota thyridopterigis, 138®.
alni folia, Clethra, 215®.
altiscuta, Pachyiieuron, 182^ 203k
americana, Adistola, 140®.
americana, Chionasjiis, 173'*, 207®-8^.
americana, Cimbex, 105®, ISS’-SS’’.
americana, Alalacosoma, 24''’, 28®.
americana, Schizoneura, 172®, i77’-78®.
•Amorphota orgyiae, 138'’’.

Ampelopsis, box elder jilant bug injuring,
240".

Anaphes gracilis, 212®, 222'*.

Anatis ocellata, 175®, 195®, 198^.

oculata, 186®.
anchora, Caurax, 140®.
ancylus, Aspidiotus, 173^, 226^-27®.

Anisota senatoria, 258'*, 306^-10®.
annulipes, Aphycus, see Aphycus annulipes.
annulipes, Pimpla, 138®, 139^.

Anomalon exile, 113®.
antennata, Xylina, 49, 105®, i29'-32®.
antiopa, Euvanessa, see Euvanessa antiopa.
antiopae, Entedon, 161".

Ants, large black carpenter, sP, 90®.

white, 5i'‘, 87^-90'.
anxius, Agrilus, 257'*, 284^-87®.

Ajianteles delicatus, 138®.
hyi>liantriae, 138®, 145®.
jiarorgyiae, 138®.

Aphelinus ahnormis, 212®.
fuscipennis, 212^, 214®, 222®.
mytilas])idis, 212'^, 222®, 231®.

Ajihids, see Plant lice.

a 435

a 436

\E\V YORK STATE MUSEUM

A])his lions. 154'.

Aphycus annuli])es, 203^
figures, 203.
flavus. i8i^
hedcraclus,
pulvinariae, 199^

Apple borer, flat-headed, 261.^
round-headed, 51'*, 84'-86-.

Apple te t caterpillar, 24''’; birds feeding
on, 28-.

Apple wood Stainer, 257*’’, 289'*-92^.
Api)letree, insects injurious to:
aphids, 242^
borers :

apple wood stainer, 289*^, 290®.
flat-headed borer, common, 86'*, 87^.
hickory borer, banded, 268-.
linden borer, 91^
maple and oak twig primer, 61^.
Xeoclytus crythrocephalus, 72®.
pigeon tremex, 63®.
twig girdler, 273^*.
box elder plant bug, 239'*.
leaf feeders :

bag or basket worm, 127^.
black walnut caterpillar, 305^.
brown tail moth, 164*.
forest tent caterpillar, 107'^, no®,
tussock moth, white marked, 133^ 136®.
Xylina antennata, 129®, 130^, 130®,
131®.

scale insects :

black-banded scale, 20i“.
oyster scale, 211^.

Apricot, insects injurious to:
bag or basket worm, 127'.
tussock moth, white marked, 136®.

A.rbor vitae, bag worm injuring, 123®.
arcuata, Chrysopa, 191®.
argillacea, Alabama, 6®.
armicollis, Magdalis, see Magdalis armi-
collis.

Army worm, 22®, 132^.

Arotes decorus, 261®.

Arsenate of lead, 34®, 37^.

Arsenical poison, 35*.

Arsenical preparations, formulas for, 37^-
382.

Asecodes albitarsis, 140®, 140^.

Ash, insects injurious to:
borers :

ash borer, 51®, 92®.

banded, 257% 279'’^-8o®.
ash timber beetle, 257®, 288®.
carpenter worm, 79®, 83®.
lilac borer, 104®.
rustic borer, 260®.

Xyloterus politus, 292®.
box elder plant bug, 239®, 240®.
leaf feeders :

forest tent caterpillar, no®,
hickory tussock moth, 314®.
tussock moth, white marked, 136®.
scale insects :

oyster scale, 173®, 211^.

Putnam's scale, 22y*.

Ash, mountain, see Mountain ash.

Ash borer, 51®, 92®, 92®.

banded, 257®, 279^-80®.

Ash timber beetle, 257®, 288®-89^.

Aspen, insects injurious to:
apjfle wood stainer, 290®.
poplar borer, 99®.

Aspidiotiphagus citrinus, 212®, 222®.
figure, 212.

As])idiotus ancylus, 173’^, 226®-27®.

perniciosus, 8'*, 12®, 38®, 173®, 2i6®-26®.
Asterolecanium variolosum, 258®, 329®-

31^-

atratus, Chermes, 188®.
atratus, Elasmus, 140'*, 145®.

Atropates collinsi, 199®.

Aulacaspis rosae, 173®, 228®.
australasiae, Orcus, 223®.

INDEX

^437

Baccha fascipennis, i86^.

Bag- worm, 105^, i23'-28’'.

Balm of Gilead, resistance to insect attack,

4f\

insects injurious to:
oyster scale, 173^’, 21 1“.
willow borer, mottled, loi®, 103'*.
Balsam, large black carpenter ant injuring,
90^.

Banded ash borer, 257-, 279^-8o''’.

Banded hickory borer, 256", 267^-68®.
barbita, Alagdalis, sec Alagdalis barbita.
Bark beetle, 7^.

spruce, birds feeding on, 28^.

Bark borers, 6^, 1 1^, 35^, 256'‘-57”.

Basket worm, i23'-28*’.

Basswood, apple wood Stainer injuring,
2go'\

Bathythrix meteori, 140^.
pimplae, 140''*.

Battle of the weak, 241^-52®.

Bee family, 10".

Beech, insects injurious to:
borers :

apple wood stainer, 257®, 289®.
brenthian, northern, 263*.
chestnut borer, two-lined, 281®.
flat-headed borer, common, 87^.
leopard moth, 78“.
pigeon tremex, 63*^.
red horned borer, small, 299^.

Xyloterus politus, 257**, 292^
leaf feeders :

black walnut caterpillar, 305^.
forest tent caterpillar, 107^
locust leaf miner, 327®.
scale insects :

Putnam’s scale, 227^.

Benzoin, black-banded scale injuring, 201^.
Betula papyrifera, Chionaspis lintneri injur¬
ing, 227®.

bidentata, Tomoxia, 261*.

bifidus, Telenomus, 145^.
bigeminatus, Hyperaspis, 198®.
bilineatus, Agrilus, 257^, 280^-83^.
bipunctata, Adalia, 174®, 195^ 206®.

Birch, insects injurious to :
borers :

bronze birch borer, 257'*, 284®.
leopard moth, 78''’.

Pityophthorus sp., 257*, 296^.
red horned borer, 257®.
small, 298^.

willo,v borer, mottled, 103^

Xyloterus, 257”.
politus, 292®.
gall insect :

Hamamelistes spinosus, 246®-47h
leaf feeders :

birch leaf skeletonizer, 258®, 315®.

elm caterpillar, spiny,

forest tent catjrpillar, 107^, no®.

locust leaf miner, 327®.

tussock moth, white marked, 136®.

Birch, white, insects injurious to:

Putnam’s scale, 2^7®.

Xyloterus sp., 293®.

Birch, yellow, Xyloterus sp. injuring, 294^,
294®.

Birch leaf skeletonizer, 258^, 3 15*- 17^.

Birds, relative value of certain families,
29^-32® ; feeding on gipsy moths, 27^,
122^ ; feeding on forest tent caterpillars,
iii^. III®; feeding on hairy caterpillars,
137®; how to increase number, 33^; insect
enemies, 25^-34®; probable results if in¬
sect depredations were not checked by,
32^; results of increasing efficiency of,
32®; value in keejiing other pests under
control, III®: voracity, 25*- 26®.

bivittata, Xeoglaphyroptera, 140®.

bivulnerus, Chilocorus, r86^ I95^ 198®,
208^, 216®, 223*, 231®.

Black-banded scale, 173®, 200^-3'^.

a 438

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Black elm snout beetle, 73^-75".

Black gum, forest tent caterpillar injuring,
no®.

Black walnut, insects injurious to:
forest tent caterpillar, 1 10®.
tussock moth, white marked, 136®.

Black walnut caterpillar, 258®, 303*-5®.

Blackberries, rose scale injuring, 173*,
228®.

Blackbird. 33®.
crow, 27®. 30®, III®.

Bladdernut, Putnam’s scale injuring, 227^*.

Blastothrix sericea, 203'.

Blissus leucopterus, 6®.

Blue jays, 27®, 33®, 6P, iii®, 122®, 137®,
166®, 309®.

Bluebird, 32®, 166®.

Bobolink. 33®.

Bombycidae, 12®.

Borers, 256^-57®; remedies, 45^-46®.
destructive, 50'*; key to, 50^-51®, 256-57.
large, 257®.
long-horned, ii®.
smaller, 257®.

See also Bark borers.

boucheanus, Dibrachys, see Dibrachys
boucheanus.

Box elder, insects injurious to:
box elder plant bug, 174^ 239®.
flat-headed borer, common, 87®.
tussock moth, white marked, 136®.
Xyloterus politus, 292®.

Box elder plant bug, 174®, 239^-40®

Brachistes magdalis, 74®.

Bracon agrilli, 73®.
charus, 87'*.
erythrogaster, 266®.
scolytivorus, 278'*.
simplex, 22®.

Braconidae, 22h

Brenthian, northern, 256®, 26i®-63®.

Bronze birch borer, 257'*, 284®-87®.

Brown tail moth, 105®, i63®-66®, 254^ ; birds
feeding on, 28h

Bucculatrix canadensisella, 258^, 3 15*- 17^-
Buck moth, 258®, 3io®-i4".

Buckeye, insects injurious to:
apple wood stainer, 290®.
tussock moth, white marked, 136®.

Bud moth, 2oh

Bumelia, black-banded scale injuring, 201®.
Buprestidae, ii®.

Butterflies, i6'‘, 18®.

Butterfly family, I2h
Butternut, insects injurious to:
borer :

hickory borer, painted, 264®.
leaf feeders:

black walnut caterpillar, 303®.
hickory horned devil, 305®.
hickory tussock moth, 314®.
tussock moth, white marked, 136®.
Buttonwood, white marked tussock moth
injuring, 136®.

cacoeciae, Elachistes, 140^
calcarata, Saperda, 49, 51®, 98^-100®.
calidum, Calosoma, 113'*.

Callipterus ulmifolii, 172'*, i76®-77^.
Callosamia promethea, 45®.

Calosoma calidum, 113'*.
figure, 1 13.

scrutator, 113*, 146®, 161®.
wilcoxi, 1 1 3®.

Camponotus herculaneus, 51“*, 90®.
Camptobrochis grandis, i53®-54h
canadensisella, Bucculatrix, 258", 3I5®-I7C
Candida, Saperda, 51®, 84’'^-86®.

Cankerworm, birds feeding on, 28®.
capraea, Neoclytus, 257®, 279'^-8o®.
Carabidae, 23'*.

Carbolic soap wash, 55®.

Carbon bisulphid, 45®.

Carolina, Stagmomantis, 24®, 146®, 154®.

INDEX

a 439

Carpenter worm, 7^ 12^, 45C 51 3, 51”,
79-‘-84‘.

carueli, Diaspis, 173®, 229^.
caryae, Halisidota, 258'*, 3 14'^- 15'^.
caryaecaulis, Phylloxera, 247'^, 259*, 331®-
32".

Case bearers, 20^.
cassinii, Tibicen, 234®.

Castastega aceriella, 169^.

Catalpa, bag or basket worm injuring, 1273.
Catalpa, hardy, resistance to insect attack,
473.

Catbird, 31®, iii3, 1222, 237®.

Catogenus rufus, 26i3.

Cecidomyidae, iih
Cedar, red, insects injurious to:
apple wood stainer, 290®.
bag or basket worm, 127^.

Cedar birds, 1 1 1®.

Celastrus, Euonymus scale injuring, 173®,
2136.

Cenocoelius populator, 85®.

Ceophloeus pileatus abietorum, 293.

Cerambycidae,

cerasi, Myzus, 246’’^.

Chaitophorus aceris, 49, 172®, 1743-75®.
Chalcididae, 22®.

Chalcis ovata, 127®, 138®.
figure, 128.

chalybeus, Orcus, 223®.
charus, Bracon, 87'*.

Chauliognathus marginatus, 153*

Checkered beetles, 23®.

Chermes abietis, 172®, 189^-91®.
atratus, 188®.
coccineus, 188®.
geniculatus, 188®.
hamadryas, 188®.
lariceti, 188®.
laricis, 188®.

pinicorticis, 172®, i92'^-95®.
strobilobius, 172'^, i87®-88®.

Cherrytree, insects injurious to:
aphids, 242®.
borers :

flat-headed borer, common, 87®.
red horned borer, small, 299^
leaf feeders :

bag or basket worm, 127^
brown tail moth, 164^
forest tent caterpillar, 1 10®.
tussock moth, white marked, 136®.

Cherrytree, morello, apple wood stainer in¬
juring, 290®.

Cherry aphid, 246^.

Cherrytree, wild, insects injurious to:
buck moth, 311®.
powder post beetle, 297®.
red horned borer, small, 299^.
scurfy scale, 215®.

Chestnut, insects injurious to:
borers :

apple wood stainer, 290®.
brenthian, northern, 263®.
carpenter worm, 84^.
chestnut borer, two-lined, 257®, 280®.
flat-headed borer, common, 87®.
hickory borer, banded, 268®.
maple and oak twig primer, 61®.
rustic borer, 260®.

Xyloterus politus, 292®.

Chestnut borer, two-lined, 257®, 28o®-83®.

Chestnut worm, 7'*.

C hewink, in®.

Chickadee, 32®, 33®, 6P, iiP, 122®, 166®.
black-capped, iiC.

Chilocorus bivulnerus, 186^, 195®, 198®, 208^^,
216®, 223', 231®.
similis, 223'*.

Chiloneurus albicornis, 182^.
diaspidmarum, 212®.

Chimney swift, 137®.

Chinch bug, losses caused by, 6®.

Chion cinctus, 256^, 267^-68®.

a 440

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Cliionaspis americana, 173'*, 207^-8'^
euonynii, 173'’’, 213^-14'^.
furfura, 173“. 2i4’-i6*'.
lintncri, 173”, 227^-28".
piiiifoliae, 173", 229*'-3i®.

C'liip])ios, 26".

Chokeclicrry, insects injurious to:
bag or basket worm, 127k
sctirfy scale, 215’-'.
tussock moth, white marked, 136®.
Clirysobothris femorata, 51'*, 86^-87^, 261^.
Chrysomelidae, iik
Chrvsopa, 14”, lOS'k
sp., 1 86% 231k
arcuata, 191^.

chrysorrhoea, Euproctis, 28k 105®, 163^-66®,
254* •

Cicada, dog day, 174k 237^-38®.

])eriodical, 173®, 231^-37®.
cicadina, Massospora, 237^.

Cigar case bearer, 171'*.

C imi)ex americana, 105®, 155^-58^.
cimbicis, Phora, 158®.
cimbicis, Sarcophaga, 158'*.
cinctus, Chion, 256’, 267‘-68®.
cingulatus, Oncideres, 256®, 27i--74'‘.
Citheronia rcgalis, 258®, 305^-6'*.
citrinus, Aspidiotiphagus, see Aspidioti-
phagus citrinus.

claripcnnis, Euphorocera, see Euphorocera
clari])ennis.

Cleridae, 23k ,

Clerus ichneumoneus, 278®.

Clethra alni folia, 215®.

Climacia, i8k

clisiocampae, Ablerus, see Ablerus clisio-
campae.

Clover, red, locust leaf miner injuring,
327®.

Clover leaf weevil, i8k
coccidivora, Laetilia, 198®.

Coccinellidae, 23^.

coccineus, Chernies, 188®.
coccisugus, Hemisarcoptes, 213k
coccois, Rhopus, 185®.

Coccophagus davoscutellum, 199k 210k
fraternus, i8i®-82k
lecanii, 199^, 203k
coccophila, Sjihaerostilba, 224k
Cockscomb elm gall, 172®, i86’^-87®, 247k
coeruleus. Ichneumon, 138®.

Colaptes auratus luteus, 29'.

Coleophora fletcherella, 171k
laricella, io6“, 170^-71®.
limosipennella, io6k 167^-68^.

Coleoptera, ii®.
collinsi, Atropates, 199k
colonus, Xylotrechus, 256®, 259^-61’^.
Colopha ulmicola, 172®, i86'-87®, 247®.
columba, Tremex, see Tremex columba.
Colydium lineola, 292®, 293®.
communis, Meteorus, 138®.

Corny s fusca, 199®.

conquisitor, Pimpla, see Pimpla conquisitor.
Contact insecticides, 35®; formulas for, 38®-

39"

Cornus, Cliionaspis lintneri injuring, 173®,
227®.

Corthylus punctatissinius, 50®, 65^-67®.
Corvidae, 30®.

Corylus americana, Cliionaspis lintneri in¬
juring, 227®,

Cossidae, 12®,

Cotton worm, losses caused by, 6®.
Cottonwood, resistance to insect attacks,
47®.

insects injurious to:

carpenter worm, 80®, 84k
cottonwood leaf beetle, 317®.
poplar borer, 98'^, 99®.
willow borer, mottled, T03®.
Cottonwood leaf beetle, 258^^, 3i7®-22k
Cottony maple scale, 8®, 12®, 173k 196®, 200'*.
crassiniana, Liniosina, 74”.

INDEX

a 441

Crataegus, black-banded scale injuring,

_ o

201-.

Cratotechus orgyiae, 138'*.

Creeper, black and white, 1 1 C.
cristatus, Prionidus, see Prionidus cristatus.
Crows, 30'*, III'’, 122”, i66'\ 2372 ; voracity,
262.

Cryptorhynchus lapathi, 49, 51^, ioo'*-3®.
Cryptus grallator, Sj''*.
nuncius, 1582.

Cuckoos, 30’, iiC, in'*, m*’, 122’, 137®,

237''’.

black-billed, 27", 166®.
yellow-billed, 27''’.

Cuculidae, 30k

cunea, Hyphantria, 142®, 143®.
cuproideus, Pteromalus, 138'’, 139k
Curculionidae, 1 1®.

Currant, insects injurious to:
scurfy scale, 215®.
willow shoot sawfly, 302'*.

Xylina antennata, 131k
Cybocephalus nigritulus, 231®.

Cyllene pictus, 256'’, 264’-66®.

robiniae, 49, 51'’, 93^-97®.

Cynipidae, 10^.

C ynthia moth, 45'’.

C)nthia, Philosamia, 45®.

Cypress, insects injurious to:
brenthian, northern, 263®.
tussock moth, white marked, 136®.
Cyrtoneura stabulans, 153®.

dalmanni, Habrolepis, 330, 33 P.

Darkling beetles, 23®-24’.

Datana inteogerrima, 258®, 303®-5®.
debilis, Spilochalcis, 140'*.
decorus, Arotes, 261®.

Deer moth, 310®.

definita, Hemerocampa, 133®, 134k
Definitions, 8®- 10®.
delicatus, Apanteles, 138k

Dendroctonus frontalis, 6®.

piceaperda, 6®, 7’.

Derostenus primus, 328®.
diaspidinarum, Chiloneurus, 212®.

Diaspis carueli, 173®, 229k
Dibrachys boucheanus, i27®-28k 140k 140k
figure, 139.

Diglochis omnivora, 166®.

Diplosis sp., 140'’’.

tritici, 6®.

Diptera, i P, 21®.

discoidea, Saperda, 256®, 269'‘-70^.
dispar, Porthetria, see Porthetria dispar,
disstria, Alalacosoma, see Alalacosoma dis-
stria.

Dog day cicada, 174k 237®-38®.

Dogwood, insects injurious to:
borers :

leopard moth, 78®.

Neoclytus erythrocephalus, 72k
oak bark beetle, minute, 295®.
sugar maple timber beetle, 67^.
leaf feeder :

forest tent caterpillar, no®,
dorsalis, Odontota, 258®, 325^-29®.
Dragonflies, 146®.

Drepanosiphum acerifolii, 172“’, i75®-76®.
Drosophila, 14'’.

Dryobates pubescens medianus, 28®.
villosus, 28®, 287^.

Eggs, 14^-15^-
Elachistus cacoeciae, 140^.

Elaphidion villosum, 49, 50^, 59’-6i®.
Elasmus atratus, 140'*, 145®.

Elm, American, resistance to insect attack,
47"-

insects injurious to: 49.
aphids :

elm bark aphid, woolly. 172®, 192^.
elm leaf aphid, 172^, 176^.
woolly, 172®, 177®.

a 442

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Elm, American, insects injurious to :
borers :

ant, large black carpenter, 90*.
white, 89^

apple wood Stainer, 290®.
ash borer^ banded. 257-.
brenthian, northern, 263*.
carpenter worm, 80®.
elm borer, 50®, 67®.
dark, 257®, 288-.

elm snout beetle, black, 51^ 73*.

reddish. 51-, 75^.
leopard moth, 78®.
linden borer, 91®.

Neoclytus erythrocephalus, 71®.
pigeon tremex, 50", 61®.
rustic borer, 260®.
saperda, red-edged, 270®.
twig girdler, 273".

Xyloterus politus, 292®.
gall insect :

cockscomb elm gall, 172®, 186".
leaf feeders :

bag or basket worm, 127^.
brown tail moth, 164^.
elm case bearer, 106^, 167".
elm caterpillar, spiny, 105®, 158®.
elm leaf beetle, 105", 146®.
elm leaf miner, 105®, 162®.
elm sawfly, 105®, 155®.
fall webworm, 142®.
forest tent caterpillar, no®,
gipsy moth, 120^.
hickory tussock moth, 314®.
tussock moth white marked, 132^,
136®.

scale insects :

elm bark louse, 8®, 173®, 203®.
elm scurfy scale, 173^, 207".
maple scale, cottony, 173®, 196^, 198^.
oyster scale, 212®.

Putnam’s scale, 227^, 227®.

Elm, English, insects injurious to, 49.

Elm, European, resistance to insect attack,

.-5
4/ •

Elm, Scotch, resistance to insect attack, 47® ;

insects injurious to, 49.

Elm, slippery, insects injurious to:
elm borer, 70®.

Pemphigus ulmifusus, 247®.

Elm bark aphid, woolly, 172®, 192^

Elm bark borer, dark, 288^

Elm bark louse, 8®, 8®, 48^, 173®, 203^-7®.

Elm borer, 50®, 67'-7i®.
dark, 257®.

Elm case bearer, European, 106^, 167^-68*.
Elm caterpillar, spiny, 48^, 105®, i58®-62^,

253^-

Elm gall, cockscomb, i86’-87®.

Elm leaf aphid, 172^,
woolly, 172®, i77'^-78®.

Elm leaf beetle, 7®, 8®, 37", 43®, 48®, 105'^,
i46‘-55®.

Elm leaf miner, 105®, 162^-63®.

Elm sawfly, 105®, i55"-58^

Elm scurfy scale, 173'*, 207®-8^.

Elm snout beetle, 72®.
black, 51 S 732-752.
reddish, 512, 75®.

Elm twig girdler, 273®.

Empusa gr}'lli, 146®.

English sparrow', in’’, in®, 133®, 137®,,
166®, 206’^, 2372.

Ensign flies, 22®.

Entedon antiopae, 161’^.

Entelus onerati, 74®.

ephemeraeformis, Thyridopteryx, 49, 105®,
123^^-28®.

Eremotylus glabratum, 145^.
erichsonii, Lygaeonematus, 254®.
erythrocephalus, Xeoclytus, see Neoclytus
erythrocephalus.
erythrogaster, Bracon, 266®.
esurus, Syntomosphyrum, 140^.

INDEX

a 443

Eulecanium nigrofasciatum, 49, 173^,

200'‘-3’.

tulipiferae, 173'*, 2oS**-io®.

Eumeniclae, 23®.

F.iinotus lividus, 199®.
figure, 199.

euonymi, Chionaspis, 173^ 2i3®-i4®.
Euonymus, Euonymus scale injuring, 173®.
Euonymus scale, 173^ 213^-14®.

Eupelmus limneriae, MG'*.

Euphorocera claripennis, 113^ 138^, 161®,
1664

Euproctis chrysorrhoea, 28^ 105®, 163^-66®,

254^-

Eupsalis minuta, 256®, 26i®-63®.

European elm case bearer, 167^-68'*.
European willow gall midge, 258^, 299^-
3024

Euschistus sp., 24*.
servus, 1464

Euvanessa antiopa, 31®, 484 49, 105®, 158®-
624 2534
Evaniidae, 22®.

Evergreens, bag or basket worm injuring,
123®, 126®.

exile, Anomalon, 1134
Exorista griseomicans, 138^.

Fall webworm, 124 105®, 131®, 142^-464

253"-

fasciata, Phora, 140®.

fascicularis, Hemirhipus, 266®.

fascipennis, Baccha, i864

fayi, Saperda, 257®, 283®-84®.

femorata, Chrysobothris, 514 86®-874 261®.

Eeniseca tarquinius, 1964

ferrugineipes, Limneria, 158^.

Einch family, 3i4
Eir, insects injurious to:
bark borers, 6®.

tussock moth, white-marked, 136®.
Flat-headed borer, common, 514 86®-87‘^
flavipes, Termes, 514 87®-9o4

flavoscutellum, Coccophagus, 199^, 210^.
flavus, Aphycus, 181®.

Flea beetle, ISC'*,
fietcherella, Coleophora, 171^.

Flicker, iii®.

Elies, 1 6'*.
lace-winged, 14®.
two winged, iP.

Flower flies, 24®.

Flycatchers, 30®.

Forest products, value, 255®.

Forest tent caterpillar, 23®, 25®, 484 524
105®, 1 06®- 1 5®, 253®; birds feeding on,
28'; parasites, 21®, Ii2®-I3'^; remedies,
444 1 13®- 15^-

Forest tree pests, 253^-332®.
borest trees, groups of insects affecting,
10®- 1 24

b'orests, annual losses caused by insects, 74

fraternus, Coccophagus, i8i®-824

fraxina, Podosesia, 51®, 92®.

fraxinifolii. Pemphigus, 1964

frenchii, Frontina, 113®, 1384

Fringillidae, 314

f’'ontalis, Dendroctonus, 6®.

Frontina aletiae, 1384
frenchii, 113®, 1384
Fruit flies, 14®.

Fruit trees, insects injurious to:
appleborer, round-headed, 51®.
fall webworm, 145®.
gipsy moth, 120®.

fugitiva, Limneria, 1124 3094 314*.
tulvescens, Theronia, 11 2®- 13^, 138®.
Fumigation, 39®-4i4
furfura, Chionaspis, 173®, 214^-16®.
fusca. Corny s, 199®.

fuscipennis, Aphelinus, 2124 214®, 222®.
fuscipes, Pteromalus, 16 1®.

Galerucella luteola, 84 48®, 49, 105^, 146®-

55“

Gall insects, 1724 259'.

a 444

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Cialltlies, four winged. io‘.

Galls on willow shoots, insects forming,

Gaurax anchora, 140'*.
geniciilatus, Chernies, 188**.

Gingko, resistance to insect attack, 47'*.
Gipsy moth. 8'‘. 12'-, IQS'*, ii6'-23", 254C
birds feeding on. 27-, 28', 29''*.
glabratum, Eremotylus. 145’.
glaucopterus. Opheltes, 158^.

Goes tigrina, 256*^, 268'’-69^.

Golden oak scale. 258’', 329-'’-3i'.

Gossyparia spuria, 8''’, 48', 49, 173^ 203**7^
gracilis, Anaphes, 212**, 222'*.

Grackle, bronzed, in''*,
grallator, Cryptus, 87^
grandis, Camptobrochis, i53°-54^.
Gra]ievine. insects injurious to:
borers :

majile and oak twig primer, 6i^
Xeoclytus erythrocephalus, 72®.
powder post beetle, 297^.
box elder plant bug, 239"*.
leaf feeder :

brown tail moth, 164^.
scale insect :

maple scale, cottony, 173-, 196^, 198^.
graptae, Telenomus, 161®.

Grasshoppers, losses caused by, 6®; incom-
jilete metamorphosis, i5®-i6'‘.
griseomicans, Exorista, 138^.

Grosbeaks, rose-breasted, 26^, 31^ 166®.
grotei, Xylina, see Xylina grotei.

Ground beetles, 23'*, 320*.

Ground bird, 237®.
grylli, Empusa, 146®.

Habrocytus thyridopterigis, 140®.
Habrolepis dalmanni, 33 ih
figure, 330.

Hackberry, resistance to insect attack,

47'’.

blackberry,

insects injurious to:

elm caterpillar, spiny, 161*.

Putnam’s scale, 227'*.

Halisidota caryae, 258®, 314^-15'^.
liamadryas, Chernies, 188®.
liamamelidis, Hormaphis, 251b
Hamamelistes spinosus, 246®-47b 251'^.
Hand collecting, 44®-45-’’.

Harmonia picta, 23 C.

Harvest fly, 174', 237^-38®.

Hawthorn, locust leaf miner injuring, 327®.
Hazel, insects injurious to :
buck moth, 31 1®.
sugar maple timber beetle, 6y*.
hebe, Phaeogenes, i66“.

Hecabolus lycti, 297^.
litderaceus, Aphycus, 181®.

Hedya signatana, 169'*.

Helicobia helicis, 140®.

Heliophila unipuncta, 22®, 132b
Hemerobius, 195®.

Hemerocampa, synopsis of larvae, 134^.
definita, 133®, 134b
inornata, 134b

leucostigma, 20®, 44®, 47®-48b 49, 105®,
1 32®-42-’'’.
vetusta, 134®.

Z’ar. cana, 134®.

Hemileuca maia, 258®, 310^-14'^.

Hemiptera, 12^, 24®.

Hemirhipus fascicularis, 266®.
Hemisarcoptes coccisugus, 213b
Hemiteles thyridopterigis, 127®.

townsendi, 140®.

Hemlock, insects injurious to:
borers :

apple wood Stainer, 290®.
flat-headed borer, common, 87b
Xyloterus politus, 292®.
leaf feeder:

bag or basket worm, 127b

INDEX

a 445

Hemlock, insects injurious to:
scale insect :

Putnam’s scale, 22y-\
herculaneus, Camponotus, 51^, 90^.
Hibernation, i9®-20'’’.

Hickory, insects injurious to:
borers :

apple wood Stainer, 290^
ash borer, banded, 257^
elm snout beetle, black, 73®.
flat-headed borer, common, 87“.
hickory bark borer, 257^ 275''’.
hickory borer, banded, 256'^, 267-.
painted, 256'’, 264^.
tiger, 256', 268“.
hickory snout beetle, 256**, 274^.
leopard moth, 78'^.
maple and oak twig pruner, 6H.
Neoclytus erythrocephalus, 71®, 72^,

72*\

powder post beetle, 296^’.
red horned borer, small, 298^.
rustic borer, 256^, 259^.
saperda, hickory, 256*^, 269'*.

red-edged, 270”.
twig girdler, 256”, 271^.

Xyloterus politus, 292*.
gall insect :

hickory gall aphid, 259^ 331*.
leaf feeders :

black walnut caterpillar, 303®.
forest tent caterpillar, 1 10”.
hickory horned devil, 258^, 305^^.
hickory tussock moth, 258®, 314®.
tussock moth, white marked, 136®.
Xylina antennata, 129®, 131®.

Hickory bark borer, 257^,

Hickory borer, banded, 256^, 267*-68'''.
painted, 256'*, 264^-66®.
tiger, 256*, 268'’’-69^.

Hickory gall aphid, 247", 259*, 331^-32®.
Hickory horned devil, 258®, 305^-6^.

Hickory saperda, 256^ 269'‘-70'‘.

Hickory snout borer, 256®, 2y^'-y^‘.
Hickory tussock moth, 258®, 3I4'^-I5h
hirticauda, Pimi)la, 139®.

Hog peanut, locust leaf miner injuring,
327®.

Homalomyia scalaris, 140®.

Honey locust, resistance to insect attack,
47®.

Honeydew, 244'‘-45‘‘.

Hop ai)his, 248^

Hops, a])hids injuring, 242^

Hormaphis hamamclidis, 251'.
Horse-chestnut, resistance to insect attack,
47'-

insects injurious to: 49.
cicada, dog day, 238®.
flat-headed borer, common, 87^.
leopard moth, 78®.
oyster scale, 212®.

tussock moth, white marked, 105®, 132'^,
1368.

Huckleberry, sugar maple timber beetle in¬
juring, 508, 65®.
luimuli, Phorodon, 248®.

Hydrocyanic acid gas, 4oh
Hylesinus aculcatus, 257®, 288®-89®.

opaculus, 257®, 288*.

Hymenoptera, 10'^, 218; parasitic, 202®.
Hyperaspidius sp., 216®.

Hyj^craspus bigeminata, 198®.
signata, 181®, 186', 186®, 1988.
figure, 182.

Hyphantria cunea, 142®, 143®.

textor, 49, 105®, 13 1®, I42®-46\ 253®.
hyphantriae, Apanteles, 138®, 1458.
hyphantriae, Meteorus, 131®, 138®, 145®.

Ichneumon coeruleus, 1388.

subeyaneus, 138®, 324®.
ichneumoneus, Clerus, 278®.

Ichneumonidae, 21®.

a 446

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Icteridac, 30®.

Ilex laevigata. Putnam’s scale injuring,
227'.

Ilex verticillata, Putnam's scale injuring,
227\

imbricator. Pemphigus. iy6*.
ir.cisuralis. Phora. I40''’.

Indigo bird, 166'*.

Indigo bunting, 31-.

Injuries caused by insects, 6^-/'.
innumerabilis, Pulvinaria. see Pulvinaria
innumerabilis.

inornata, Hcmerocami)a, 134".
inquisitor, Pimpla, see Pimpla inquisitor.
Insects, adult, 19®; definitions and classifi¬
cation. hibernation, 19^-20''’’; lar¬

vae, 1 6'''- 1 8"; inconq)lete metamorphosis,
1 5”- 16'*; no metamorphosis, IS*"; complete
metamorphosis, i6'‘-i9^; parasitic and
predaceous, 2o'’-25*; pupa, 18^-19’; trans¬
formations, I3®-20''’.
insolitus, Pezomachus, 140®.
integer, Janus, 258^, 302^-3^.
integerrima, Datana, 258®, 303^-5®.

I])s sanguinolentus, 293".

Ironwood, insects injurious to:
red horned borer, small, 299b
sugar maple timber beetle, 67®

Janus integer, 258-, 302^-3^

Jays, 30®.

Juniper, juniper scale injuring, 173®, 229b
Juniper scale, 173®, 229b

Kaliosyphinga ulmi, 105®, 162^-63’^.
Kerosene emulsion, 35®, 38®.

Key, to borers, 50^-51®, 256-58: gall insects,
258b 259; leaf feeders, 105^-62, 258;
sucking insects, 172^-74'-, 258.

Kingbird, 237b

Lace-winged flies, 154^ 175®. 191®, 199®.
Lady beetles, 23'^, i86b 206®, 243®.

Lady beetles : black, 222®.

Chinese, 223®.

figures, 223, 224.

15-spotted, I75^ 1952, 198®.
spotted, 195®.

twice-stabbed, 195®, 198®, 208", 216'*, 223’,
231®.

two-spotted, 174®, 195®, 206®.

Ladybugs, 320®.

Laetilia coccidivora, 198®.

Land turtle, 237®.

k.pathi, Cryptorhynchus, 49, 51’^, 100^-3®.
Larch, insects injurious to:
aphid :

larch aphid, woolly, 172’, 187b
leaf feeders:

bag or basket worm, 127®.
hickory tussock moth, 314®.
larch case bearer, 106®, 170®.
tussock moth, white marked, 136®.
L.arch aphid, woolly, 172^, i87®-88®.

Larch case bearer, 106®, 170^-71®.

Larch sawfly, 10®, 254b
laricella, Coleophora, 106®, 170^-71®.
lariceti, Chermes, 188®.
laricis, Chermes, 188®.

Larval stage, i6®-i8®.
lateralis, Saperda, 270^-71 b
laticinerea, Xylina, sec Xylina laticinerea.
Leaf feeders, ii®, 37®, 105^-71®, 258®; keys
to, io5®-6®, 258.

Leaf hoppers, 36®.

Leaf miners, 35®.
lecanii, Coccophagus, 199®, 203b
Leopard moth, 8®, 8®, 12®, 45®, 51®, 75®-
79b

Lepidosaphes ulmi, 49, 173®, 21 P-13®.
Leptocoris trivittatus, 174®, 239*-4o”.
Leucopis nigricornis, 182®.
leucopterus, P)lissus, 6®.
leucostigma, Hemerocampa, sec Hemero-
campa leucostigma.

INDEX

a 447

Lilac, insects injurious to:

Euonymus scale, 213®.
lilac borer, 51®, 104b
Lilac borer, 51®, 104^.

Lime-sulfur wash, 39®.

Limneria sp., 138®.
ferrugineipes, 1 58'*.
fugitiva, 112^ 309L 314®.
pallipes, 145®.
valida, 138®.

limneriae, Eupelnius, 140'*.

Limosina sp., 140®.
crassimana, 74".

limosipennella, Coleophora, io6\ 167^-68'*.
Linden, resistance to insect attack, 47^.
insects injurious to : 49.
borers :

flat-headed borer, common, 87®.
linden borer, 51®, 91^.
leaf feeders :

bag or basket worm, 127®.
elm sawfly, 158k
forest tent caterpillar, no®,
hickory tussock moth, 314®.
tussock moth, white marked, 105^,
132k 136®.
scale insects :

black-banded scale, 201®.
oyster scale, 212®.

Putnam’s scale, 227'*.

Linden, European, resistance to insect at¬
tack, 47® ; insects injurious to, 49.

Linden borer, 51®, 91^-92®.

Lindera odorifera, Chionaspis lintneri in¬
juring, 227®.

lineola, Colydium, 292®, 293®.
lintneri, Chionaspis, 173®, 227®-28®.
Literature relating to forest entomology,

I2‘-I3®.

lividus, Eunotus, 199*.

L.ocust, insects injurious to: 49.
borers :

apple wood stainer, 290®.

Locust, insects injurious to:
borers :

carpenter worm, 51®, 79®, 83®.
locust borer, 51®, 93k
maple and oak twig pruner, 61®.
Neoclytus erythrocephalus, 72®, 72®.
powder post beetle, 297®.
leaf feeders :

black walnut caterpillar, 305'*.
bag or basket worm, 127®.
forest tent caterpillar, 1 10®.
locust leaf miner, 258®, 325®.
tussock moth, white marked, 136®.
Locust, black, resistance to insect attack,
47®.

Locust, water, Putnam’s scale injuring,
227'*.

Locust borer, 51®, 93^-97®.

Locust leaf miner, 258®, 325^-29®.

London purple, 34®-35^ 37^-

Long sting, lunate, 63®, 261® ; figure, 64.

lophanthae, Scymnus, 223®.

Lunate long sting, 63®, 261® ; figure, 64.
lunator, Thalessa, 63®, 64, 261®.
luteola, Galerucella, see Galerucella luteola.
lycti, Hecabolus, 297'.

Lyctus unipunctatus, 257®, 296'*-98®.
Lygaeonematus erichsonii, 254®.

Lysitermus scolyticida, 278'*.

maculata, iMegilla, 195®, 320'.

Magdalis armicollis, 49, 51®, 70®, 72®, 74®,

75^-

. barbita, 49, 51k 7°^ 7^®, 73‘-75^-
olyra, 256®, 274®-75®.
magdalis, Brachistes, 74®.

Magnolia, Xyloterus politus injuring, 292®.
maia, Hemileuca, 258®, 31 o'*- 14k
IMaia moth, 258®, 3 10®- 14k
Malacosoma americana, 24®, 28®.

disstria, 21®, 23®, 25®, 28®, 48®, 49, 52*,
105®, io6®-i5®, 253®.
mali, Monarthrum, 257®, 2Sg*-g2^.

a 448

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

malus. Tyroglyphus, 213^

Mantis. European. 25*.

southern praying. 24®.

Mantis religiosa. 25'. 154^

Maple, insects injurious to:
borers •

ants, white. 89^.
apple wood stainer, 290^
carpenter worm. 51^, 79®, 83®.
leopard moth. 78'’'.
maple sesian, 50**, 56*, 58^.
maple twig primer. 50'’, 59^.
pigeon tremex. 50”, 61®.
red horned borer, 257®.
small. 298'^, 299^
leaf feeders:

bag or basket worm. 127^.
brown tail moth, 164^, 254®.
elm sawfly, 158*.

forest tent caterpillar, 105®, 106®, no®,
253**-

gipsy moth, 120*.

maple trumpet skeletonizer, 106®, 168®.
tussock moth, white marked, 105®,

132^

scale or sucking insects :
black-banded scale, 173®, 201®.
cicada, dog day, 238®.

Putnam's scale, 227^.

Maple, ash-leaved, Xyloterus politus injur¬
ing. 292®.

Maple, Norway, resistance to insect attack,
A?"'-

insects injurious to :

black-banded scale. 201^.

Chaitophorus aceris, 49, 172®, 174®.
maple scale, cottony, 198®.
tussock moth, white marked, 136*.
Maple, red, resistance to insect attack, 47®.
insects injurious to:
black-banded scale, 201®.

Xyloterus politus, 292®.

Maple, soft, resistance to insect attack, 47*.
insects injurious to: 49.
aphid :

maple aphid, painted, 172^, 175'^.
borers :

Hat-headed borer, common, 87®.
maple sesian, 50®, 58®.

Xyloterus politus, 292^.
leaf feeders:

forest tent caterpillar, 48®.
tussock moth, white marked, 136®.
Xylina antennata, 105®, 129®.
scale insects :

black-banded scale, 173®, 200®.
maple scale, cottony, 8®, 173“, 196'*.
Maple, sugar, resistance to insect attack,
47®

insects injurious to: 49.
borers :

maple borer, sugar, 50®, 51®.
pigeon tremex, 54®, 61®.
rustic borer, 260®.
sugar maple timber beetle. 50®, 65®.
Xyloterus politus, 292®, 293^^.
leaf feeders :

forest tent caterpillar, 48®, 52*, iio'^.
maple trumpet skeletonizer, 168®.
scale insects :

black-banded scale, 200®.
maple leaf scale, 172'’, 179®.
maple Phenacoccus, 172“, 182^.
maple scale, cottony, 198®.
oyster scale, 212'’’.

Maple, swamp, oyster scale injuring, 212®.
Maple, sycamore, resistance to insect attack,
47®.

: Maple and oak twig pruner, 50^, 59^-61®.

I Maple aphid, painted, 172^, 175^-76®.

Maple borer, sugar, 50®, 5i®-56^.

Maple leaf scale, 172®, 179^-82®.

Maple Phenacoccus, 172®, i82"-86®

Maple scale, cottony, 173®, i96®-200^.

INDEX

a 449

Maple sesian, 50", 56‘-58®.

Maple trumpet skelctonizer, 106^, i68'‘-69®.
Maple worm, 52^ io6'’-i5®.
marginat -s, Chauliognathus, 153*.

Martins, 26'.

Massospora cicadina, 237'*.

Megilla maculata, iqs'*, 320'.

Melaner])es erythrocephalus, 29k
Melanobracon simplex, 70', 261®.

Melasoma scripta, 258', 3i7’^-22“.
mella, Tachina, ii3-'*, 138'*, 1392.
melleus, Mesochorus, 158'*.

Mesochorus agilis, 13 1**.
melleus, 158'*.

metallicus, Tridymus, 301®.

Metamorphism of insects, 13^-20®.
meteori, Bathythrix, I40'*.

Meteorus communis, 138®.
hyphantriae, 131®, 138®, 145®.
figure, 145.

microgaster, Smicra, 74”.

Microgasters, 22-.

Midges, gall-making, iik
Miminae, 31*^.

minuta, Eupsalis, 256”, 261^-63®.
minuta, Phora, 158®.
minutissimus, Pityophthorus, 257^^, 295P
misella, Pentilia, 222®.

Mniotiltidae, 31®.
molochinus, Quedius, 153^^.

Monarch hutterfly, 19P
Monarthrum mali, 257“, 289’‘-92®.

Mottled willow horer, ioo'‘-3®.

Mountain ash, insects injurious to;
apple horer, round-headed, 51®, 84®.
flat-headed borer, common, 87®.

Putnam’s scale, 227®.
scurfy scale, 215®.

Mourning cloak hutterfly, 160®.

Mulberry, j)ainted hickory borer affecting,
264®, 266®.

mytilaspidis, Aphelinus, 212’^, 222®, 231^.

\\^ mytilaspidis, Tetranychus, 14®.

Myzus achyrantes, 249®.
cerasi, 246^.

Neoclytus capraea, 257®, 279'’'-8o®.

erythrocephalus, 50®, 70®, 7i®-73^ 261^.
Neoglaphyroptera bivittata, 140'’.
nigriceps, Phora, 140®.
nigricornis, Leucopis, 182®.
iiigritulus, Cybocei)halus, 231®.
nigrofasciatum, Eulecanium, 49, 173®,

2oo*-y.

Northern Brenthian, 256®, 26i®-63®.
mincius, Cryptus, 158®.

Nuthatches, 32®, in®, in®, ipi'*.

Nymphs, use of term, 15’'.

Oak, insects injurious to:
borers :

apple wood stainer, 290®.
brenthian, northern, 256®, 261®.
carpenter worm, y*, 51®, 79®, 83®.
chestnut borer, two-lined, 257®, 280®.
flat-headed borer, common, 87®.
hickory borer, banded, 268®.

tiger, 256''^, 268®.
hickory snout borer, 275h
leopard moth, 78®.
oak bark beetle, minute, 295®.
oak twig pruner, 50®, 59®.
pigeon tremex, 63®.
powder post beetle, 296®.
red horned borer, small, 298^.
rustic borer, 256®, 259®.
twig girdler, 273®.

Xyloterus politus, 257®, 292®.
leaf feeders:

bag or basket worm, 127®.
black walnut caterjiillar, 305'*.
brown tail moth, 164’.
buck moth, 258®, 310'*.
forest tent caterpillar, 107®, no®,
1 10”.

gipsy moth, 120^.

a 450

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Oak, insects injurious to:
leaf feeders :

locust leaf miner, 327**.
oak caterpillar, yellow striped, 258'*,
306®.

tussock moth, white marked, 136®.
Xylina antennata, 131®.
scale or sucking insects :
cicada, dog day, 238®.
golden oak scale, 258®, 329^.

Putnam's scale, 227'*.

Oak, burr, resistance to insect attack, 47®.
Oak, English, Putnam’s scale injuring, 227®.
Oak, pin, Putnam’s scale injuring, 2.2f'.
Oak, red, resistance to insect attack, 47^ ;

oak bark beetle injuring, 257’.

Oak, scarlet, resistance to insect attack,
47^-

Oak, white, resistance to insect attack, 47'*;

brown tail moth injuring, 254®.

Oak, yellow, resistance to insect attack, 47'*.
Oak bark beetle, 257’^.
minute, 295k

Oak caterpillar, yellow striped, 258^, 306^-
10®.

Oak twig pruner, see Maple and oak twig
primer.

ocellata, Anatis, 175^, 195^ 198^.
oculata, .-knatis, i86n
Odontota dorsalis, 258®, 325^-29^
odontotae, Spilochalcis (Smicra), 328k
odontotae, Trichogramma, 328-
Ohio buckeye, leopard moth injuring, 78®.
Olive, black-banded scale injuring, 201^.
olyra, Magdalis, 256®, 274^-75®.
omnivora, Diglochis, i66k
(')ncideres cingulatus, 256®, 271^-74'*.
cnerati, Entelus, 74®.
opaculus, Hylesinus, 257®, 288^.

Opheltes glaucopterus, 158®.

Ophion, 21®.

Orange butterfly, 196k

Cdrange tree, insects injurious to:
borers :

apple wood stainer, 290®.
maple and oak twig pruner, 61®.
powder post beetle, 297k
twig borer, 273®.
scale insect :

Euonymus scale, 214^.

Orange, Osage, insects injurious to:
bag or basket worm, 127^.

Putnam’s scale, 227'*.

Orcus australasiae, 223®.

chalybeus, 223®.
orgyiae, Amorphota, 138®.
orgyiae, Cratotechus, 138®.
orgA'iae, Telenomus, 138®.

Orioles, 30®, 33®, iii®, 237®.

Baltimore, 27®, 30®, iii®, 122®, 137®,
166®.

Orthoptera, 24®.

Otacustes periliti, 140®.
ovata, Chalcis, 127®, 128, 138®.

Oyster scale, 173®, 21 P-13®.

Pachyneuron sp., 186®.

altiscuta, 182k 203k
Painted hickory borer, 256®, 264^-66®.
Painted maple aphid, 172^, i75®-76®.
pallipes, Linmeria, 145®.

Palm warbler, 26®.

Parasites or natural enemies, 20®-25® ; of :
bag or basket worm, 127®.
black-banded scale, 202®-3^.
black elm snout beetle, 74®.
brown tail moth, 166®.
buck moth, 314®.
chestnut borer, two-lined, 282®.
cottonwood leaf beetle, 320’^.
cottony maple scale, i98®-99®.
elm borers, 70".
elm leaf beetle, 153^.
elm sawfly, 158k

INDEX

a45i

Parasites or natural enemies;
elm scurfy scale, 208'*.

Euonymus scale, 214^.

European willow gall midge, 301^
fall webworm, i45'’-46'‘^.
forest tent caterpillar, 21®, 112^-13''^.
golden oak scale, 33o'-’-3i'‘.
locust leaf miner, 328k
maple leaf scale, 181**.

Xeoclytus erythrocephalus, 73k
oak caterpillar, yellow striped, 309®.
oyster scale, 212k
pigeon tremex, 63“.
pine bark aphid, 195k
pine leaf scale, 231k
Putnam’s scale, 227^.
round-headed apple borer, 85®.
rustic borer, 261®.

San Jose scale, 222'*.
scurfy scale, 216®.
spiny elm caterpillar, i6i®-62k
tuliptree scale, 210k

tussock moth, white marked, 20®-2ik

137®

willow slug, yellow spotted, 324®.

Xylina antennata, 131®.

Faridae, 32k

Paris green, 34®, 37®.

parorgyiae, Apanteles, 138®.

Peachtree, insects injurious to:
borers :

flat-headed borer, common, 87^.
maple and oak twig primer, 61®.
twig girdler, 273®.
leaf feeders :

brown tail moth, 164^.
forest tent caterpillar, no®.

Xylina antennata, 130®, 131®.
scale or sucking insects :
black-bandcd scale, 200’^.
box elder plant bug, 239'*.

Putnam’s scale, 227'*.

Peartree, insects injurious to:
borers :

flat-headed borer, common, 87®.
maple and oak twig pruner, 61®.
X’eoclytus erythrocephalus, 72®.
pigeon tremex, 63®.
twig girdler, 273®.
leaf feeders :

bag or basket worm, 127k
brown tail moth, 164k
forest tent caterpillar, 107®.
tussock moth, white marked, 136®.
Xylina antennata, 13 1®.
scale insects :

oyster scale, 211k
Putnam’s scale, 227k
Peas, insects injurious to:
aphids, 242.

Xylina antennata, 131'’^.

Pecan, twig girdler injuring, 273®.
pedalis, Pimpla, 112®.

Pemphigus fraxinifolii, 196k
imbricator, 196k
populi-transversus, 247k
rhois, 247'’’.

tessellatus, 173k i95®-96®.
ulmifusus, 247®.

Pentatomidae, 24®.

Pentilia micella, 222®.
figure, 222.

periliti, Otacustes, 140®.

Perimegatoma variegatum, 140'^.

Periodical cicada, 173®, 231^-37®.
Perissopterus pulchellus, 208®, 2312.
perniciosus, Aspidiotus, , Aspidiotus per-

niciosus.

Persimmon, insects injurious to:
hickory horned devil, 305®.
twig girdler, 273®.

Pezomachus insolitus, 140®.

Phaeogenes hebe, i66k

Phenacoccus acericola, 49, 172®, i82'^-86®.

a 452

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

IMiilosamia cvnthia, 45^

riiocbe. l37^

I'hora afjarici, 140”.
cimbicis, 158^
fasciata, 140**.
incisuralis, 140"’.
niinuta, 158’’.
iii"riceps, 140"’.
sctacea. 158’’.

Phorodon liumiili, 248^.

Phylloxera carvaecaulis, 247", 259^ 331’^-
32*'.

Phvscus varicornis, 208'’, 227".

Pbytonomus punctatiis, 18'.
jiiceaperda, Dendroctonus, 6^, 7*.

Picidae, 30''’.

Picoides americanus, 28*'.

arcticus. 28'-*.
picta, Harmonia, 23 1"*.
j-iictus, Cvllene, 256*’, 264^-66®.

Pigeon tremex, 50’, 54''', 6u'’-64, 261'*.
pileatus abietorum, Ceophloeus, 29“.

Pimpla, 21®.
annulipes. 138®. 139P
conquisitor, 112®, 127®, I38''’, 139'.

figure, 1 12.
hirticauda, 139®.

inquisitor, 112®, 127®, 138-, 139’’, 140^
figures, 127, 137.
pedalis, 112®.

pimplae, Bathythrix, 140®.

Pine, insects injurious to:
borers :

ants, white, 87".
ajjple wood Stainer, 290’’.
bark beetle, 7®.

Xeoclytus erythrocephalus, 73^.
leaf feeder :

bag or basket worm, 127-.
sucking insects :

cicada, dog day, 238®.
pine bark aphid, 172®, 192®.

Pine, insects injurious to:
sucking insects ;

j)ine leaf scale, 173®, 229”.

Pine bark aphid, 172®, i92’-95®.

Pine leaf scale, 173*’, 229*’-3i’\

Pine weevil, white, 7'\

I)inicorticis, Chernies, 172”, i92’-95®.
pinifoliae, Chionaspis, 173*’, 229“-3C.
Pityophthorus sp., 257®, 296'.

minutissimus, 257^, 295'.
jilacidus, Podisus, sec Podisus placidus.
Plagionotus speciosus, 49, 50''’, 5C-56'.
Plane tree, American, resistance to insect
attack, 47'’’.

Plane tree. Oriental, resistance to insect
attack, 47^.

Plant lice, f, I2^ 35®, 362, 172’, 2412-52®.
Platynus punctiformis, 153^.

Plochionus timidus, 146k
Plumtree, insects injurious to:
borers :

flat-headed borer, common, 872.
hickory borer, banded, 268*.
maple and oak twig primer, 61®.
box elder plant bug, 239'*.
leaf feeders:

bag or basket worm, 127k
brown tail moth, 164k
forest tent caterpillar, 107®, no®,
tussock moth, white marked, 136®.
Xylina antennata, 13C.
scale insect :

black-banded scale, 201k 201®.
Plumtree, wild, white marked tussock moth
injuring, 136®.

Podisus sp., 24k
placidus, 24'k 113®, 161®, 309k
serieventris, 113®, 161®, 166®,
spinosus, 146', 153®.

Podosesia fra.xina, 51®, 92'®.

syringae, 51®, 104k
politus, Xyloterus, 257®, 292'''’-93®

INDEX

a 453

Polygonotus salicicola, 301®.

Poplar, insects injurious to; 49.
borers :

bronze birch borer, 287®.
carpenter worm, 80®, 84^
linden borer, 91®.
poplar borer, 51®, 98^
willow borer, mottled, 5P, lOC*.
Xyloterus sp., 2^j~, 294®.
gall insects :

Pemphigus populi-transversus, 247®.
willow shoot sawfly, 302'''.
leaf feeders :

bag or basket worm, 127-.
cottonwood leaf beetle, 258’, 317®.
elm caterpillar, spiny, 105®, 158®.
elm sawfly, 105®, 155".
forest tent caterpillar, 107'*, no®,
tussock moth, white marked, 136®.
webworm, fall, 142®.
willow slug, yellow spotted, 258®, 322®.
Xylina antennata, 129®.
scale insect :

oyster scale, 211^.

Poplar, yellow, apple wood Stainer injuring,
290®.

Poplar borer, 51®, 98^-100®.
populator, Cenocoelius, 85®.
populi-transversus. Pemphigus, 247^.
Porthetria dispar, 8^*, 28^, 30®, 49, 105^, 116^-
254k

Powder-post beetle, 7®, 257®, 296^-98®.
Praying mantis, 146®, 154®.

European, 154®.
southern, 24®.

Predaceous insects, 20®-25“.
primus, Derostenus, 328®.

Prionidus cristatus, 140®, 146®, 324'^, 328®.
Prionoxvstus robiniae, 45', 49, 51®, 51®, 79'*-
84k

P'roctotrypidae, 22®.

P’romethea moth, 45^.

promethea, Callosamia, 45®.

P’runus, Putnam’s scale injuring, 227®.
Pteromalus cuproideus, 138®, 139*.
fuscipes, 1 61®.
puparum, 161’.
vanessae, 113®, 16P.

Pteronus ventralis, 258®, 322^-24®.

Ptilinus ruficornis, 257®, 298®-99®.
pulchellus, Perissopterus, 208®, 231®.
Pulvinaria acericola. 172®, 179^-82®.

innumerabilis, 8®, 12®, 49, 173®, i96®-200'‘.
pulvinariae, Aphycus, 199®.

I'unctatissimus, Corthylus, 50®, 65^-67®.
punctatus, Phytonomus, 18'.
punctiformis, Platynus, 153".

Pupal stage, i8®-r9k
puparum, Pteromalus, 16 1".

Putnam’s scale, 173', 226®-27®.
pyrina, Zeuzera, sec Zeuzera pyrina.

quadripustulata, Winthemia, 132k 138^.
quadrispinosus, Scolytus, 257®,

Quedius molochinus, 153".

Quince, insects injurious to:
borers :

maple and oak twig pruner, 61®.
twig girdler, 273®.
leaf feeders :

bag or basket worm, 127k
brown tail moth, 164k
tussock moth, white marked, 136®.
Xylina antennata, 13 1".
scale insects :

San Jose scale, 173®, 216®.
scurfy scale, 173®, 214®.

Raspberries, rose scale injuring, 173®, 228®.
Red-edged saperda, 27o®-7ik
Red-horned borer, small, 257®, 298®-99®.

Red spider, Californian, 14®.

Reddish elm snout beetle, 75®.

Redstart, 27k 166®.

American, in®.

a 454

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Keduviidae, 24'.

reg’alis, Citlieronia, 258^, 305"-6*.

rclig-iosa. Mantis, 25*, 154^.

Remedies and preventives for :

apple borer, round-headed, 85’’-86^.

bag or basket worm, 1284

biting and sucking insects, 34^-464

black-banded scale, 203'*.

borers, 45'’-46^.

box elder plant bug, 240*.

bronze birch borer, 287'’’.

brown tail moth, 166*^.

carpenter worm, 45", 84^.

Chaitophorus ? aceris, 175^.

chestnut borer, two-lined, 282^-834

cicada, periodical, 237'*.

cottonwood leaf beetle, 320^-214

Cynthia moth, 45'*.

elm bark louse, 2074

elm borer, 70^-714

elm leaf aphid, 1774

elm leaf beetle, 374 43®, i54'‘-55®-

elm sawfly, 158''.

elm snout beetle, black, 74®.

Euonymus scale, 214'*.

European case bearer, 168®.

European willow gall midge, 301^-24

fall webworm, 146'*.

flat-headed borer, common, 87'’.

forest tent caterpillar, 44’, Ii3®-I54

forest tree pests, 254®.

gipsy moth, 122^-23^.

golden oak scale, 331®.

hickory bark borer, 278^-794

hickory borer, banded, 2684

larch case bearer, 1714

leaf feeders, 37®

leopard moth, 45®, 78^-79®.

linden borer, 924

locust borer, 97^.

locust leaf miner, 328®-29^

maple and oak twig pruner, 61®.

Remedies and preventives for:
maple borer, sugar, 54^-56®.
maple leaf scale, 182“*.
maple phenacoccus, 186'*.
maple scale, cottony, i99®-200®.
maple sesian, 58'*.
maple trumpet skeletonizer, 169*.
oyster scale, 213®.
pigeon tremex, 63'^.
pine bark aphid, 195^.
plant lice, 35®.
poplar borer, ioo4
powder-post beetle, 2gy'^-g8^.
promethea moth, 45'*.
rose leaf hopper, 192^.
rose scale, 228®.

San Jose scale, 38®, 224®-26®.
saperda, hickory, 270®.
scale insects, 35®, 39®, 39®.
scurfy scale, 216'*.
spiny elm caterpillar, i624
spruce gall aphid, 191®.
thorn limb borer, 284®.
tuliptree scale, 210®.

tussock moth, white marked, 44®, i40®-42®.

twig girdler, 274®.

willow borer, mottled, 103®.

willow shoot sawfly, 303®.

willow slug, yellow spotted, 324''^.

Xylina antennata, 132®.

Remedies and preventives for insect depre¬
dations :

arsenate of lead, 34®, 37'*.
arsenical poisons, 35^.
birds, 25'‘-344
carbolic soap wash, 55®.
carbon bisulphid, 45®.
contact insecticides, 35®, 38®-39®.
fumigation, 39®-4i®
hand collecting, 44®-45®.
hydrocyanic acid gas, 4o4
kerosene emulsion, 35®, 38®.

INDEX

^455

Remedies and i)reventives for insect depre¬
dations ;

lime-sulfur wash, 39^.
london purple, 34^-35'. 37’'-
paris green, 34*', 37^.
spraying, 4i2-44«.
useless, 36'*-374
whale oil soaj), 35**, 38®.

Rhabdophaga salicis, 258^, 299®-302^.
rhois. Pemphigus, 247'^.

Rhopus coccois, 185’*.

Rhyncholophus sp., 140*^.
rdeyi, Schiz6neura, 172^*, 192“*.

Robber fly, 146^.

robiniae, Cyllene, 49, 51**, 93*-97’'.
robiniae, Prionoxystus, sec Prionoxystus
robiniae.

Robins, 32'''*, iii^, iii’’, iii®, 122^ 137^^, 166'^,
237^. 309“; daily food, 26^; voracity, 26^
rosae, Aulacaspis, 173^, 228^.
rosae, Typhlocyba, 172*, 191^-92^.

Rose leaf hopper, 172®, 191^-924
Rose scale, 173®, 228^.

Rosebushes, insects injurious to:
borer :

twig girdler, 273®.
leaf feeders :

brown tail moth, 164^.
buck moth, 311”.
forest tent caterpillar, no®,
tussock moth, white marked, 136®.
Xylina antennata, 130'*.
sucking insects :

rose leaf hopper, 172®, 191^
rose scale, 173®, 228®.

Round-headed apple borer, 84'^-86®.
luficornis, Ptilinus, 257®, 298^-99®.
rufus, Catogenus, 261®

Rustic borer, 256®, 259*-6i’^.

salicicola, Polygonotus, 301®.
salicis, Rhabdophaga, 258®, 299^-302^.

salicis, Tridymus, 301^
sanguinolentus, Ips, 293'^.

San Jose scale, S'*, 8", 12®, 38®, 173®, 216®-
26®.

Saperda, hickory, 256®, 269-‘-70'‘.

Saperda, red-edged, 270^-71*.

Saperda calcarata, 49, 51®, 98^-100®.

Candida, 51®, 84'^-86®.
discoidea, 256®, 269'*-7o‘‘.
fayi, 257®, 283®-84®.
lateralis, 270‘'’-7ib
tridentata 49, 50®, 67’^-7i®, 74®.
vestita, 49, 51®, 9 P-92®.

Sapsucker, yellow-bellied, in®.

Sarcophaga sp., 140®.
cimbicis, 158'*.

Sassafras, insects injurious to:
maple and oak twig primer, 61®.
sugar maple timber beetle, 67^.

Sawflies, 10^, 258®.
larch, 10®.

scalaris, Homalomyia, 140®.

Scale insects, 7®, 12®, 35®, 172®; remedies,
39^ 39“-

Schizoneura americana, 172®,
rileyi, 172®, 192^.
scolyticida, Lysitermus, 278'*.

Scolytidae, n®, I2®-I3h
scolytivorus, Bracon, 278'*.

Scolytus quadrispinosus, 257®,
scripta, Melasoma, 258^, 3i7®-22®.
scrutator, Calosoma, 113'*^ 146®, 161®.

Scurfy scale, 173®, 2i4'^-i6®.

Scymnus sp., 231®-.

lophanthae, 223®.
senatoria, Anisota, 258^ 3o6®-io®.
septendecim, Tibicen, 173®, 23 P-37®
sericea, Blastothnx, 203^,
serieventris, Podisus, 113®, 161®, 166®.
servus, Euschistus, 146’.

Sesia acerni, 49, 50®, 56^-58®.

Sesiidae, 12®.

a 456

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

sctacea, Phora, 158'’’.

Shad bush, insects injurious to:
apple borer, round-headed, 51®, 84®.
scurfy scale, 215-'.

Shade tree pests, more important, 50*-240®.
Shade trees, annual losses caused by insects,

si^nata, Hyperaspis, see Hyperaspis signata.
signatana, Hedya, 169'*.
signatana, Thiodia, io6“, 168^-69’’.
Silkworm, i8~.

Silvanus surinamensis, 295®.

Silver fish, I5'\

similis, Chilocorus, 223'*.

simillimus, Spathius, 282®.

simplex, Bracon, 22^.

sim])lex, Melanobracon, 70^. 261®.

Smicra microgaster, 74®.

odontotae, sec Spilochalis (Smicra)
odontotae.

Snow fleas, 15®.

Soja beans, locust leaf miner afifecting,

^ 327'’-

Soldier bug, 166®, 309^.
spined, ia6^.

Sour gum, forest tent caterpillar on, no®.
Sparrow, 237®.

chipping. III®, iii^, III®, 122®.

English, iii‘, III®, 137®, 166®, 206^^, 237®;
effect on local fauna, 133®.

Sparrow family, 31^

Spathina trifasciata, 278®.

unifasciatus, 2/S*.

Spathius simillimus, 282®.

Sphaerostilba coccophila, 224®.
speciosus, Plagionotus, 49, 50®, 5i®-56^.
Sphyrapicus varius, 28®.

Spilochalcis debilis, 140'*.

(Smicra) odontotae, 328^
spinosus, Hamamelistes, 246®-47\ 251'^.
spinosus, Podisus, 146^ 153®.

Spiny elm caterpillar, 18®, 48'*, 105®, 158®-
62*, 253-‘.

Spraying, proper apparatus, 43^-44® ; cost
of, 4i®-43®; directions for, 41®.

Spruce, insects injurious to:
borers :

apple wood stainer, 257®, 289®.
bark borers, 6®, 7®.
flat-headed borer, common, 87®,
gall insects :

spruce gall aphid, 172®, 189®.
leaf feeders :

bag or basket worm, 127®.
tussock moth, white marked, 136®.

Spruce, black, Xyloterus politus affecting,
292®.

Spruce bark beetle, 6'; birds feeding on,
28®.

Spruce gall aphid, 172®, 189^-91®.

spuria, Gossyparia, 8®, 48^ 49, 173®, 203®-
7®.

stabulans, Cyrtoneura, 153®.

Stagmomantis Carolina, 24®, 146®, 154®.

strobilobius, Chermes, 172^, i87®-88®.

subeyaneus. Ichneumon, 138®, 324®.

Sucking insects, destructive, 1 72^-252®,
258®; key to, i72®-74®.

Sugar maple borer, 50'’’, 5i®-56’^.

Sugar maple timber beetle, 50®, 65^-67®.

Sumac, insects injurious to:
hickory horned devil, 305®.
hickory tussock moth, 314®.
maple and oak twig pruner, 61®.
Pemphigus rhois, 247®.

Supple jack, powder post beetle in, 296®.

surinamensis, Silvanus, 295®.

Sweet gum, forest tent caterpillar on, no®.

Sycamore, insects injurious to:
borers :

flat-headed borer, common, 87®.
pigeon tremex, 63®.
pow'der post beetle, 297^
leaf feeders :

bag or basket worm, 127®.
tussock moth, white marked, 136®.

INDEX

‘^457

Sycamore, insects injurious to:
scale insect :

black-banded scale, 2oi“.

Sympiezus uroplatae, 328-.
Syntomosphyrum esurus, 140^.
syrini^ae, Podosesia, 51®, 104k
Syrphidae, 24-.

Syrphus flies, 175-.

Tachina fly, red-tailed, 132k
Tachina mella, 113^ 138^, 139^.

Tachinidae, 22'^.

Tamarack, hickory tussock moth on, 314®.
Tanagers, 3r'', 33^; voracity, 26'^
scarlet, 27-’, in*’, 166®.

Tanagridae, 31^
tarquinius, Feniseca, 196k
Telenomus bifidus, 145'^.
graptae, 161”.
orgyiae, 138k
Tenebrionidae, 23^-24^.

Tent caterpillar, 14'’, 19®.

Tenthredinidae, lok
Termes flavipes, 51k 87^-90^
tessellatus. Pemphigus, 173^, 195^-96®.
Tetranychus mytilaspidis, 14k
textor, Hyphantria, see Hyphantria textor.
Thalessa, 21®.

lunator, 63^, 64, 261®.

Theronia fulvescens, 112^-13^ 138®.

Thiodia signatana, io6k 168'* -69k
Thorn, insects injurious to:
black walnut caterpillar, 305'*.
thorn limb borer, 283®.

Thorn, wild, thorn limb borer in, 257®.
Thorn limb borer, 257^^, 283^-84®.
ITornapple, apple borer, round-headed in,
51k 84®.

Thrasher, brown, 31®.

Thrushes, 32^, 237®.
mocking, 31®.
wood. III®.

thyridopterigis, Allocota, 138®.

thyridopterigis, Habrocytus, 140®.
thyridopterigis, Hemiteles, 127®.
Thyridopteryx ephemerae formis, 49, 105®,
1 23 '-28’'.

Thysanura, 15®.

Tibicen cassinii, 234®.

septendecim, 173®. 23i®-37®.
tibicen, 174', 237®-38®.

Tiger beetles, 320®.

Tiger hickory borer, 236®, 268®-69®.
tigrina. Goes, 256®, 268®-69®.

Timber, losses caused by insects. 7®.
Timber beetles, 7®.

sugar maple, 50®, 65’-67'’.

Timber worms, y*.
timidus, Plochionus, 146k
Titmice, 32k
Tits, 191'*.
blue, 213®, 331®.
long tailed, 213®, 331®.

Tomicus, 23®.

Tomoxia bidentata, 261k
Towhee, 27®, 31®, mk
townsendi, Hemiteles, 140®.

Transformations of insects, i3®-20®.

Tree creeper, 213®.

Tree of Heaven, resistance to insect attack,
47®.

Trees, selection and planting, 46®-49 ; re¬
sistance of certain to insect injury, 46®;
massing of, 47^-48®.

Tremex columba, 50^^, 54®, 6H-64, 261^.
Trichogramma odontotae, 328®.
tridentata, Saperda, see Saperda tridentata.
Tridymus metallicus, 301®.
salicis, 301k

trifasciata, Spathina, 278®.
tritici, Diplosis, 6®.

trivittatus, Leptocoris, 174®, 239^-40®.
Troglodytidae, 32k
Trombidium sp., 113®.
tulipiferae, Eulecanium, 173'*, 2o8®-io®.
Tuliptree, resistance to insect attack, 47®.

a 45S

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Tuliptree :

insects injurious to:
apple wood stainer, 290®.

Xeoclytus erythrocephalus, 72®.
tuliptree scale, 173'*, 208®.

Tuliptree scale. 173'*, 2o8*-lo®.

Turdidae, 32^.

Tussock moth, white marked, I2~, 14®, 19®,
20®. 44®, 47®, 105®, I32®-42®.

Twig borers, 35®.

Twig girdler, 256®, 271^-74^.

Typhlocyba rosae, 172®, 191^-92®.
Tyrannidae, 30®.

Tyroglyphus malus, 213k

ulmi, Kaliosyphinga, 105®, 162^-63'^.
ulmi, Lepidosaphes, 49, 173®, 211^-13®.
ulmicola, Colopha, 172®, 186^-87®, 247®.
uimifolii, Callipterus, I72’‘,
ulmifusus, Pemphigus, 247®.
unifasciatus, Spathina, 278'*.
unipuncta, Heliophila, 22®, 132^.
unipunctatus, Lyctus, 257®, 296^-98®.
uroplatae, Sympiezus, 328®.

Vaccinium, black-banded scale on, 201^.
valida, Limneria, 138®.
vanessae, Pteromalus, 113®, 161^.
varicornis, Physcus, 208®, 227^.
variegatum, Perimegatoma, 140'^.
variolosum, Asterolecanium, 258®, 329®-

31^-

ventralis, Pteronus, 258®, 322^-24®.
vestita, Saperda, 49, 51®, 91^-92^.
vetusta, Hemerocampa, 134®.

Viburnum lantanoides, Chionaspis lintneri
on, 227®.

villosum, Elaphidion, 49, 50'^, 59^-61®.
Vireonidae, 3P.

Vireos, 26^, 31'*, lii®, in'^, 122^.
red-eyed, 27^, 27®, 27'^, 166®.
yellow-throated, 166®.

Walnut, insects injurious to:
borers :

hickory borer, painted, 264®.

tiger, 268’.
leopard moth, 78®.
saperda, hickory, 269®.
leaf feeders :

black walnut caterpillar, 305*.
forest tent caterpillar, no®,
hickory tussock moth, 314®.

Walnut, black, insects injurious to:
black walnut caterpillar, 258®, 303®.
hickory borer, painted, 264’^.
hickory horned devil, 305®.
scurfy scale, 215®.

W’arblers, 26®, 31®, 33®.
black and white, m^, 166®.
chestnut-sided, 166®.

Nashville, 27^.
yellow, 27®,

Wasps, 23®.

W'ater beech, sugar maple timber beetle in¬
juring, 67®.

W'^axwing, cedar,

Webworm, fall, 12®, i42®-46", 253®.

W'eevils, ii®.

WTale oil soap, 35®, 38®.

W’heat midge, losses caused by, 6®.

W'heel bug, 140®, 146®, 324'^, 328®.

W'*hip-poor-wills, 137®.

WTite flower crickets, 24®.

White marked tussock moth, 12®, 14®, 19®,
20®, 44®, 47®, 105®, I32®-42®.

WTite pine weevil, 7®.

wilcoxi, Calosoma, 113®.

Willow, insects injurious to: 49.
borers :

bronze birch borer, 285^, 287®.
carpenter worm, 84^.
willow borer, mottled, 51^, 100*.
gall insects :

European willow gall midge, 258^ 299®.
willow shoot sawfly, 258®, 302®.

INDEX

a 459

Willow, insects injurious to:
leaf feeders :

bag or basket worm, 1272.
black walnut caterpillar, 305^.
buck moth, 31 1®.

cottonwood leaf beetle, 258^, 317^.
elm caterpillar, spiny, 105^, 158*'.
elm sawfly, 105*, I55\
forest tent caterpillar, 1 1&.
tussock moth, white marked, 136®.
webworm, fall, 142^'.
willow slug, yellow spotted, 258^, 322''*.
scale insects:

Chionaspis lintneri, 227*.
oyster scale, 212'’'.

Putnam’s scale, 227*.

Willow, European, cottonwood leaf beetle
on, 318*.

, Willow borer, mottled, 8^', 51^, 100^-3®.
Willow shoot sawfly, 258^, 302^-3’.

Willow slug, yellow spotted, 258*, 322^-
24®.

Winthemia 4-pustulata, 132*, 138^.

Wood borers, f', li®, 35®, 256^-57®,
long-horned, y*.

Wooflpeckers, 28^, 30*, 54**, 58^ 85", 284®,
287* ; activity, 2(/ ; common and scien¬
tific names, 28''.
downy, 6i‘.

Woolly elm Ijark aphid, 172®, 192*.

Woolly elm leaf aphid, 177^-78®.

! Woolly larch aphid, 172^, i87’’-88®.

W'ren, 32’.
golden-crested, 191*.
house, 26®.

Xylina antennata, 49, 105®, 1 29^-32®,
grotei, 130^, I30^ 131*, 1312.
latidnerea, 130*, 130**, 131*, 131®.

Xyloterus sp., 257^, 293®-94®.
politus, 257^, 292^-93*.

Xylotrechus colonus, 256^, 259*-6i^

j Yellow bird, in*.

Yellow-spotted willow slug, 258*, 322^-24®.

Yellow striped oak caterpillar, 258*, 306*-
10®.

Yellowthroat, Mar)-land, 26*, 27^
j Zeuzera pyrina, 8^, 45“’, 49, 512, 75‘*-79^

Date Due

1

- i

- i

CAT. NO. 23 233 PRINTED IN U.S.A.

4

0

'ilVERS TY

164 0024492 1

f SB7G1 .F35 V. 1
Felt, Ephraim Porter

Insects affect in park and
woodland trees

date

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