y ne: ee oo i. 5 an ne | at is We 4 A, iy vu ‘ : me amy err ake ek aay nee [AUTHOR'S EDITION.] End | See ART MENT OF AGRICULTURE. DIVISION GF ENTOMOLOGY. . INSECTS ws AFFECTING THE DRANG E REPORT ON THE INSECTS AFFECTING THE CULTURE OF THE ORANGE AND OTHER PLANTS OF THE CITRUS FAMILY, WITH PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS FOR THEIR CONTROL OR EXTERMINATION, MADE, UNDER DIRECTION OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST, BY Bo G. ELV BBAED. sor WITH PLATEHS AND WOOD-CUTS. > <- inch). Under the name Aphelinus aspidioticola, Mr. Ashmead (Orange In- sects, page 7) describes another parasite of the Long Scale, which has a reddish brown or dusky body, yellowish legs, and clear wings. It is 725 inch in length. According to Mr. Howard, this insect is not an Aphelinus, but belongs to an unknown genus of another family. These parasites attack the female Long Scale insect about the time of her impregnation, and their egg is deposited, not simply beneath the scale, or, as some writers have affirmed, among the eggs of the Coccid, but within the body of the Coccid itself. The presence of the parasite within her body destroys the fecundity of the Scale-insect and she ~ finally dies without reproducing her kind. So effective are the attacks of these internal enemies, that not less than 25 per cent. of the scales are destroyed by them, and at times their numbers increase to such an extent that colonies of Long Scale are reduced almost to extermination. Observations made at various seasons of the year indicate a greater abundance of the parasites in fall and winter, but they are unfailing attendants upon every brood of the Scale-insect. The result of twenty- five detailed examinations in early spring gives an average of 76 per cent. of the scales destroyed by Hymenopterous parasites. Ten exam- inations during the summer months give an average of 35 per cent., or one-half that of spring. Fifteen observations in autumn and the be- ginning of winter give an average of 40 per cent. of scales parasitized. The activity of these insects is not perceptibly diminished by cool weather, which on the other hand greatly retards the development of. the Scale insect. It is not therefore surprising that three-quarters of the winter brood perish from the attacks of these enemies. Geographical Distribution. First appearance in the United States.—The Long Seale is supposed to have originated in China, and to have spread thence to the orange groves of southern Europe and the United States. According to one authority * it made its appearance in Florida in 1838 t *Brown’s ‘‘ Trees of America,” cited by Glover, Rept. Commissioner Patents for 1855, Agriculture, p.117. See also Report for 1858, p. 266. +t Ashmead (Orange Insects, p.1) gives the date 1835. : THE LONG SCALE OF THE ORANGE. 25 at Mandarin, on the Saint John’s River, and was first seen in the grove of Mr. H. B. Robinson, upon trees purchased in New York from a ship from China. ; In 1840 it was carried to Saint Augustine on trees obtained at Man- darin, and spread rapidly through the groves of that vicinity. Fifteen years later the same author records the spread of the pest throughout all the groves then existing in the State, and says: “ Most of the culti- vated orange trees in Florida have also been injured by them, their tops and branches having been generally destroyed. Their roots and stems, it is true, remain alive and annually send forth young shoots, only to share the fate of their predecessors.” The disastrous results of this invasion, which, twenty-five years ago, brought ruin to the orange industry, and seemed likely to end in the extermination of the Orange in this country, were due no doubt to the almost complete absenve of parasites at the first advent of the Scale- insect, and for some years after it had obtained a foothold. Glover, writing in 1857 an account of the ravages of this Scale-insect in Florida, notes the complete absence of parasites, although flies belonging to the family of the Chalcidide were found to do efficient service in destroying Bark-lice of other and indigenous species.* At the present day, although this Scale-insect is everywhere dissemi- ~nated in the groves of Florida and Louisiana, and likewise infests the wild orange trees, however remote from cultivated plantations, the de- structive hordes are held in check by the effective attacks of parasites everywhere accompanying the Bark-lice, and increasing with their in- crease, So that no general onslaught of the Long Scale at least is likely ever again to occur in this country, and only local irruptions of the pest need be feared. *Report of Commissioner of Patents for 1858, Agriculture. CHAPTER IL DLASPIN AtA—Continued. PURPLE SCALE. (Mytilaspis citricola, Packard.) [Plate III, Fig. 1, la, 1b, 1e.] Scale of Female.—The scale of this species is larger than that of the Long Scale. Large females exceed 3™ (12; inch) in length. The form is broadly trumpet-shaped, increasing in width behind, sometimes curved, like a cornucopia, but never with the sides parallel. The sur- face is smooth and even glossy, and the color varies with age from light to dark red-brown and purple. The molted larva skins are very plainly indicated; they are browned by the sun so as to appear scorched. Scale of Male.—The scale of the male is less than half as long as that of the female (1.4™" = ;%> inch); it is also more linear in shape, and uniformly dark purple in color. The thin hinge is always indicated by a iine of lighter color across the upper surface of the scale, near the outer end. The purple color of the male seales gives the mass of scales in the aggregate a characteristic hue, which readily distinguishes this species from all others found upon the Orange. Female. ~The insect within, as well as its outer covering, has a broader and less linear form than the Long Scale. The two species also differ in the number and structure of the microscopic plates and spines, with which the margins cf the last two joints of the body are armed. The number of excreting pores and spinnerets is greater in M. citricola than in M. gloverii. Mature females of the Purple Seale are 1.3™™ (;35 inch) in length, and occupy less than half the space within their completed scales. The color is white, tinged with yellow at the extremities. Male.—The male and also its pupa are pale amethyst in color. The perfect insect is about 1™™ (;é5 inch) in length, and, excepting in its somewhat stouter form, hardly differs from the male of the preceding species. Egg.—The eggs are pearly white, never amethystine, 0.2™ (~5 inch) long, elongate oval, often somewhat distorted in shape by crowding. They are laid usually in four rows, but the eggs at the outer end are 26 THE PURPLE SCALE OF THE ORANGE. 27 irregularly disposed, and sometimes the whole arrangement is confused. The number laid by a single female greatly exceeds that of the Long Scale; it-varies from twenty-five to seventy, with a probable average of forty-five. Young Larva.—The newly-hatched young is irregularly oval in shape, 0.3™™" (;}é0 inch) in length, and of a transparent. white color, with a tinge of yellow at the extremities. The antenne are stout, six-jointed. The eyes are minute, and of so fiery red a color that they resemble graius of cayenne pepper. The two bristles at the end of the body are almost invisible by reason of their fineness. Life-history.—The metamorphoses of this species are exactly paral- leled by those of the Long Scale, and are undergone in about the same periods of time. The broods of one species are sometimes in advance and at other times slightly behind those of the other. Habitat.—Like the Long Scale, this species is found upon the twigs and branches, but has a somewhat stronger tendency to overrun the leaves and fruit. It is apt toinfest the Lemon, Citron, and those varie- ties of Orange which have large oil cells (Tangerine, etc.). Altbough it is most at home upon the Orange and its kind, this scale is not exclu. sively confined to plants of this family, but is probably a general feeder upon plants of the order Rosacew, which includes nearly all of our fruit trees. Origin and Spread.—The Purple Scale must be a common pest in most countries where the Orange is grown, for it is very frequently seen upon imported plants and upon foreign fruit in the northern markets. In Florida it is fortunately not as common as the Long Scale. It is, how- ever, more abundant in the northern than in the southern portions of the orange belt. It is frequently associated with the Long Scale, and orange-growers do not readily distinguish the two species. The introduction of the species into this country probably took place at an early date, but no certain knowledge of its first appearance exists. Mr. Ashmead (Orange Insects, p. 26) and Professor Comstock (keport Commissioner of Agriculture for 1880, p.323) both give Glover as authority for the statement that this scale was imported into Jackson- ville, Fia., in 1855, on some lemons sent from Bermuda, but in the citation given Glover refers to an entirely different scale, less than half the size of Mytilaspis citricola, of a different shape and habit, and which from his imperfect description appears to be the Chaff Scale, Purlatoria pergandii Comstock. Parasites.—The parasites of Mytilaspis citricola and M. gloverii are identical, and the mode of attack is in both cases the same. Descriptions of several species will be found in the Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for 1880. 28 - INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. RED SCALE OF FLORIDA. (Aspidiotus jficus, Ashmead.) (Figs. 4 and 5.] The following account of this species is given in the Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for 1880, page 296: “ Scale of Female. —The scale of the female is circular, with the exuviae nearly central; the position of the first skin is indicated by a nipple- like prominence, which in fresh specimens is white, and is the remains of a mass of cottony excretion, beneath which the first skin is shed. The part of the scale covering the second skin is light reddish-brown ; the remainder of the scale is much darker, varying from. a dark red- dish-brown to black, excepting the thin part of the margin, which is gray. When fully grown the scale measures 2™™ (,08 inch) in diameter. In some specimens the part covering the exuviae is depressed, and when the scale is removed from the leaf and viewed under a micro- scope with transmitted light, the exuviae, which are bright yellow, show through this part, causing 10 to appear as described by Mr. Ash- mead. This scale is represented in Fig. 5, natural size; Fig. 5a, en- larsed ye i tae “¢ Hgg.—The eggs are pale yellow. “6 Seale of Male.—The scale of the male is about one-fourth as large as that of the female; the posterior side is prolonged into a thin flap, which is gray in color; in other respeets the scale appears like that of the female. (Fig. 5), enlarged.) ‘“« Male.-(Fig. 4.) The maieis light orange-yellow in color, with the tho- racic band dark brown and the eyes purplish-black. It very closely re- sembles the males of A. aurantii, but differs from that species in being Fig. 4.—Aspidiotus fieus (Ashm.), male. (After Comstock.) a smaller insect, with shorter antenne, longer style, wider thoracic band, and with the pockets of the wings for the insertion of the hair of the poisers farther from the body. “« Development of the Insect and formation of the Scale——The development of this insect from the egg to the adult state was followed through five generations. I give, however, only the substance of a part of the notes THE RED SCALE OF FLORIDA. 29 taken on a single brood—the second one observed—as that will be sufii- cient for our purpose. The observations were made upon specimens which were colonized on small orange trees in pots in my office in Wash- ington. The rate of the development of the insects was probably slower than would have been the case in the open air in Florida. “ April 12, 1880, specimens of orange leaves infested by this scale were received from Mr. G. W. Holmes, Orlando, Fla. At.this date males were found both in the pupa and adult state. The females also varied in size, and some of them were ovipositing. Eggs were placed on an orange tree for special study. “ April 13, the eggs began to hatch. The newly-hatched larva (Fig. 04 dbl ( Fig. 5.—Aspidiotus ficus (Ashm.). 5, scales on leaves of orange, natural size; a, scale ot female enlar: ged; b, scale of male, enlarged; c, young larva; d, e, and f, different stages in the formation of the scale. (After Comstock.) 5e) is broadly oval in outline and yellow in color. The antennz are five-jointed ; the three basal joints are very short and nearly equal in length ; the fourth and fifth joints are each longer than the three basal joints together. The fifth joint is strongly tuberculated at tip so as to appear bifurcated. The eyes are prominent and of the same color as the body. The young larve are quite active, but they settle soon after hatching. Some settled the same day that they hatched. “April 14, it was found that the young lice, although only twenty-four hours old, had formed scales which completely concealed them from 30 INSECTS. AFFECTING THE ORANGE. sight. These scales resembled in appearance the fruiting organs of cer- tain minute fungi. They were white, circular, convex, with a slightly depressed ring round the central portion (Fig. 5d); their texture was quite dense, and they were not firmly attached to either the insects or the leaf, a slight touch being sufficient to remove them without disturb- ing the larve. The larve had not changed in appearance, and were able to move their legs and antenne. “ April 15, the lice had not changed perceptibly. The scales had be- come higher and more rounded. ‘‘ April 16, the lice had contracted considerably, being now nearly cir- cular, at least as broad as long; in other respects there was no apparent change. The scales were found to vary somewhat; those most advanced having the central portion covered with a loose mass of curled white threads. (Fig. 5e.) ‘¢ April 17, there was apparent no further change in the larva; but the mass of threads covering the central part of the scale was found in some specimens to have greatly increased in size, equaling in height three or four times the width of the scale. This mass is cottony in appearance, and in those specimens where it is largest is more or less in the form of a plate twisted into a close spiral (Fig. 5f). ‘¢ April 19, not much change was apparent in the larva, but the mass of cottony excretion upon some of the scales had increased enormously ; so that in some cases it extended in a curve from the scale to a point five times the width of the scale above the leaf and down to the leaf. * April 20, no important change was observed either in the larve or scales. “ April 21, it was observed that the larvee had become more or less transparent, and marked with large irregular yellow spots near the lateral margin of the head and thorax, and with a transverse row of similar spots across the base of the abdomen; the tip of the abdomen is very faintly yeliow. “ April 22, no important change was noted. “ April 23, it was observed that the scales appeared faintly reddish in color with the center white; the reddish color, however, was due in part to the body of the larva, which is now orange-red, showing through the scale. It should be noted that in only a part of the specimens did the cottony mass become enlarged as represented in Fig. 5f. The greater part of the scales remained until this date of the form shown in Fig. 5e, and the cottony spirals have now disappeared, probably having been blown away. ; “ April 24, some of the larve had become deep orange in color. “ April 26, most of the scales had become deep orange in color with the central part white; some had at the center a small nipple-like protu- berance; others still preserved a short tuft of a cottony excretion. This tuft is either removed by wind or otherwise, or it becomes com- THE RED SCALE OF FLORIDA. 31 pact, melted, as it were, to form the nipple-like projection referred to above. “ April 28, the insects appeared as they did two days ago; the scales had become very tough, and it was with difficulty that they could be _ removed from the insect. “ April 30, the insects still remained apparently unchanged. Some of the scales were only about one-half as large as others, and still remained perfectly white; thése proved to be male scales. All the seales at this date had an elevated ring on the disk with a central nipple. “May 3, many of the larve began to show that they were about to molt, the form of the next stage being visible through the skin of the insect. ‘May 5, nearly all of the larve had molted; they were now orange- yellow, with the end of the body colorless. The last abdominal segment now presents the excretory pores which are represented in the drawing of the corresponding segment of the adult female. (Fig.5.)* The molted skin adheres to the inside of the little scale, and therefore cannot be seen from the outside. The scales are now pink, or rose colored, with the center white. “May 14, the insects had become a somewhat paler yellow, with the anal segment slightly darker. Most of the scales were now dark pur- ple. On removing an insect a very delicate round white plate was ob- served adhering to the leaf where the mouth parts were inserted. “* May 18, the male scales were fully grown. At this stage they were dark reddish brown in color, with the center white, and the posterior side, which is elongated, gray. At this date some of the males had transformed to pup; others were still in the larva state; these larve were covered with roundish, more or less confluent yellow spots, leaving only the margin colorless ; the end of the body was pale orange. The newly-transformed pup resembled in markings the larve just described. None of the females had yet molted the second time; their color was deep orange. “May 21, nearly all of the males had changed to pup. It wasobserved that the last larval skin is pushed backwards from under the scale, to the edge of which it frequently adheres. ** May 24, none of the male pup had transformed to the adult state. “May 29, it was found that during the five days previous more than one-half of the males had issued, and the remainder, though still under the scales, were in the adult state. It was now forty-seven days from the time the larve hatched. “ June 2, no males could be found ; the females were about one-half grown, and were whitish with irregular yellow spots. “ June 9, eggs were observed within the body of a female. “June 17, it was found that one of the females had deposited nine eggs, of which six had hatched. This is sixty-six days from the hatching of * This figure reference is to the original report and not to Fig. 5 of this report. 32 INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. the egg, and probably about twenty days after impregnation of the — female. “The insects of this brood continued to oviposit until July 1. “ Number of generations per year.—This insect, living on orange trees in a room on the north side of a building in Washington, passed through five generations in less than one year; the average time occupied by a single generation was a little less than seventy days. It is probable that in the open air in Orange County, Florida, there are at least six generations each year. . ‘* Habitat.— Although I have carefully explored many orange groves in Florida and California, and have had an extensive correspondence with orange-growers, I have been unable to find this species in the last- named State, and have found it only in a single grove in Florida. This is the grove of Messrs. Holmes and Robinson, near Orlando, in Orange County. The insects were first observed here in the spring of 1879 on a sour-orange tree which was brought from Havana, Cuba, in 1874. On learning these facts I sent specimens to a friend at Havana in order to ascertain if the species occurred there. He at once returned me other specimens with the information that it is a very common pest in public gardens of that city. ‘This species infests the limbs, leaves, and fruit indiscriminately. In the grove of Messrs. Holmes and Robinson it has spread slowly. The large trees which are infested do not seem to suffer much from it, but the young trees are greatly injured by it; Mr. Holmes considers the dis- figuring of the fruit as the worst feature of the pest. The insect has multiplied to such an extent upon the trees upon which I colonized it in my breeding-room, that nearly all of them have been destroyed. The species is certainly one that is greatly to be feared, and there is no doubt that it would be a good investment for the orange-growers of Ilorida to eradicate the pest, even if in doing so it is found necessary to purchase and destroy all infested trees. This could be done now easily, but if delayed a few years the species will doubtless become per- manently established.” Since the publication of the above by Professor Comstock, the Red Seale of Florida has made its appearance at San Mateo upon the St. Johns River. Its transportation was accomplished in 1851 or 1882 by means of infested fruit (Lemons), sent from Orlando, and packed for shipment at San Mateo. From the packing-house the pest escaped to orange trees in the vicinity, and soon obtained a foothold in the sur- rounding groves. RED SCALE OF CALIFORNIA. (Aspidiotus aurantie Maskell.) [Fig. 6.] This very destructive pest of the Jrange is known as yet only from California ; its introduction into Florida upon imported plants is how- THE RED SCALE OF CALIFORNIA. 33 ever greatly to be feared. The following discussion of the species is found in the Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for 1880, p. 293: “ Scaleof Female. --Thisseale resembles that of Aspidiotus ficusin shape, ‘size, and the presence of the nipple-like prominence, which indicates the position of the first larval skin; but it can be readily distinguished from the scale of that species as follows: It is light gray, and quite translucent; its apparent color depending on the color of the insect be- neath, and varying from a light greenish yellow to a bright reddish brown; the central third (that part which covers the second skin) is as dark, and usuaily darker than the remainder of the scale; and when the female is fully grown the peculiar reniform body is discernible through the scale, causing the darker part of the outer two-thirds of the scale to appear as a broken ring. (Fig. 6b.) * * * Fic. 6.—Aspidiotus aurantii Maskell. 6, scales on leaves of orange, natural size; a, adult male, much enlarged; b, scales of female, enlarged; ¢, scale of male, eularged. (After Comstock.) “« Hgg.—I have not seen the eggs of this species, excepting those taken from the body of the female. And as I have repeatedly found young larve under the scales I am led to believe that the species is vivipar- ous. ‘‘ Scale of Male.—The scale of the male resembles that of the female, excepting that it is only one-fourth as large; the posterior side is pro- longed into a flap, which is quite thin; and the part which covers the larval skin is often lighter than the remainder of the scale. * Male.—The male is light yellow, with the thoracic band brown, and 6521 o 1-——3 34 INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. the eyes purplish black. The outline drawing, Fig. 6a, represents the. shape of the various organs. ‘« Habitat.—I have observed this species in several groves at San Ga- briel and Los Angeles, Cal. At the first-named place, where it is very abundant, it is said to have first appeared on a budded orange tree which was purchased by Mr. L. J. Rose, at one of the hot-houses in San Fran-. cisco. At Los Angeles it appears to have spread from six lemon trees which were brought from Australia by Don Mateo Keller. ‘‘ At first 1 considered this an undescribed species, as I could fiud no description of it either in American or European entomological publica- tions. I therefore described it in the Canadian Entomologist under the name of Aspidiotus citri. Afterwards I obtained copies of the papers “On some Coccide in New Zealand,’ by W.M. Maskell, published in the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, and found that he had deseribed an insect infesting oranges and lemons im- ported into New Zealand from Sydney which was either identical with or very closely allied to the red scale of California. I at once sent to Mr. Maskell for specimens of the species described by him. These have just been received and prove to be specifically identical with those in- festing citrus trees in California. Thus the question as to source from which we derived this pest is settled beyond a doubt. “ [have found Aspidiotus aurantii only on citrus trees. It infests the trunk, limbs, leaves, and fruit. The infested leaves turn yellow, and when badly infested they drop from the tree. This species spreads quite rapidly ; and from what I have seen of it, I believe that it is more to be feared than any other scale insect infesting citrus fruits in this country. As illustrating the extent of its ravages in Australia, Dr. Bleasdale told me of a grove of thirty-three acres which nine years ago rented for £1,800 per year, and for which three years ago only £120 rent could be obtained. ‘Specimens of this insect colonized on orange trees in the breeding room of the Department passed through their entire existence in a little more than two months; hence it is probable that in the open air in Southern California there are at least five generations each year, and possibly six. The mode of the formation of the scale in this species very closely resembles that of A. ficus, described at length in this re- port. The ventral scale, however, reaches a greater degree of develop- ment in A, aurantii than in A. ficus. At first it consists of a very del- icate film upon the leaf; when the second molt occurs it is strengthened by the ventral half of the cast skin, the skin splitting about the margin of the insect, the dorsal half adhering to the dorsal scale and the ventral half to the ventral scale. Later, after the impregnation of the female, the ventral scale becomes firmly attached to the dorsal scale and to the insect; so that it is almost impossible to remove an adult female from her scale.” THE WHITE SCALE. 35 THE WHITE SCALE. (Aspidiotus nerii Bouché.) [Fig. 7.] Although this species has not yet been reported from orange groves in Florida, it is known to occur upon various plants, within the limits of the State. Professor Comstock, in the Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for 1880, p. 301, gives the following account of its appear- ance and habits: “Scale of the Female —The scale of the female is flat, whitish, or light gray in color, and with the exuviae central or nearly so (Fig. 7e). Exu- viae dull orange yellow; the first skin usually showing the segmenta- tion distinctly, the second skin more or less covered with secretion, often appearing only as an orange-colored circle surrounding the first skin. Ventral scale a mere film applied to bark of plant. Diameter of fully- formed scale, 2" (.08inch). * * * “ Hggs.—The eggs are very light yeliow in color. “Scale of Male.—The scale of the male is slightly elongated, with the larval skin nearly central; it is snowy white with the larval skin light yellow; longest diameter, 1™" (.04 inch) (Fig. 7 0). “‘Vale.—The adult male is yellow, mottled with reddish brown, central part of thoracic band reddish. . Other characters represented in Fig. 7a. “* Habitat.—This is a very common European species which infests many different plants, and it is spread throughout our country from the Fic. 7.—Aspidiotus nerii Bouché. 7, scales on leaves of acacia, natural size; a, adult male, en- larged; 0b, scale of male, enlarged; c, scale of female, enlarged. (After Comstock.) Atlantic to the Pacific, and from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico. I have found it more abundant on acacias in California than elsewhere, 36 INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. and for a time believed that it had been introduced from Australia with this tree. Many trees were found the leaves of which were completely covered with the scales, appearing as if they had been coated with whitewash. Leaves of magnolia were received from Mr. C. HU. Dwinelle, Berkeley, Cal., which were infested toa similar extent. The following is a list of the plants upon which Ihave studied this species: Acacia, Magnolia, oleander, maple, Yucea, plum, cherry, currant, and Melia (Melia azederach) in California; oleander in Utah; English ivy in a conservatory at Ithaca, N. Y.; ivy and ‘‘China tree” from Dr. R-S. Turner, Fort George, Fla.; grass and clover growing in pots with orange trees upon which I was rearing the scale at this Department; lemons imported from the Mediterranean by a San Francisco dealer; and lemons forwarded to me by Mr. Alex. Craw from the grove of Mr. Wolf. kill, at Los Angeles, Cal. ‘“ The scales upon magnolia from Berkeley, Cal., and upon oleander from Salt Lake City appear somewhat different from those on acacia and other plants. But aftera very careful study of the different forms from each plant, [am unable to point out any character which will distinguish those on magnolia and oleander from others. ‘“ Specimens of infested lemons from Europe were forwarded to me at Washington by the editor of the Riverside Press and Horticulturist, who had received them from a correspondent in San. Francisco, who had imported them from the Mediterranean. Notwithstanding the great distance (once across the Atlantic and twice across the continent) which this fruit had been transported, the insects infesting it were alive and in a healthy condition. This illustrates the ease with which these insects may spread from one country to another, and the dangers attending the introduction of foreign fruit and nursery stock. “The appearance of this pest upon citrus fruits in Southern California is greatly to be regretted, for the species is already so common on other plants that it may be difficult to keep the orange groves free from it. The fact, however, that it infests acacia, oleander, and other plants to such a great extent, and has been observed but few times in this country on citrus fruits, may be taken as an indication that it is not liable to multiply to any great extent upon oranges and lemons. “Tn the specimens which I have seen the leaves of the lemon were not infested, but the scales were very abundant on the fruit. “The young of this insect which were found on ivy in Florida were colonized on an orange tree in the breeding-room of the Department. When. one day old the larvee had settled and commenced excreting a covering ; when four days old this covering was quite dense; on the twentieth day some larve molted, and on the twenty-eighth day the second molt occurred. It was observed that this molt was accomplished by a splitting of the skin at the sides of the body, so that the dorsal half of the skin became attached to the scale and the ventral half to the leaf. Soon atter this molt all the specimens died. This was an indica- tion that this species could net mature upon the orange. But a very THE CHAFF SCALE OF THE ORANGE. aye careful study of the form from Florida has failed to reveal any character by which it can be separated from that living on lemon in California. “ Although I failed to ascertain the time occupied by asingle genera- tion, the following notes indicate that there are at least two each year, and probably more. On the 13th of April, 1880, specimens of magnolia leaves were received from Berkeley, Cal., infested by this insect. The eggs were hatching from this date till27th April. During this time (22d April) leaves of ivy were received from Florida, upon which were scales and newly hatched young of this species. On the 21st of May other Specimens were received from Florida; of these the females were about one half grown, and the males were in the pupa state. “On the 24th of August I observed again at Los Angeles, Cal., the eggs of this species. “During Apriladult malesemerged in my breeding-cages from both the California (Berkeley) and Florida specimens. And during August the males were again flying at Los Angeles, Cal. “In conservatories there is apparently no regularity in the periods of this insect; for specimens of all stages, from the egg to the adult, may be observed at the same time.” CHAFF SCALE, (Parlatoria pergandit Comstock.) [Plate V, and Figs. 8 and 9.] Scale of Female.—This is a thin, light colored scale, less than half as long as either of the Myti- laspis scales. It is more or less circular, usually somewhat pointed, and less curved upon one side than upon the other. The first larval skin is a little darker in color than the rest of the scale; it is dis- | F'S. 8.—Parlatoria | per. : ‘ ; gandit Coms. a, scale of tinct, and forms a circular shield, placed near the female, enlarzed; b, scale of male, enlarged. (After edge and on the side opposite the point. Beyond Comstock.) and partly underneath the first larval skin may be distinguished the larger but less distinetly visible shield of the second molt. In well de- veloped scales several faintly elevated lines or ridges are marked upon the upper surface, which radiate from the point of beginning of the scale, aud are partly obliterated where they are covered by the molted skins. A structure somewhat similar to this of the Chaff Scale is seen in many sea shells, such as the limpet and the oyster. The female scale is light straw color, 1.4™™ to 1.6™™ (0.06 inch) long. Scale of. Male.—The male scale is slender and of nearly equal width throughout. The material of which it is composed is very thin and white in color; the larva skin at one end covers about one-third of the surface, is darker than the rest of the scale, and has a greenish tinge, or a dark green center. Length, 1™™ (0.04 ineh). Female.—The female has the form of a thickened disk, nearly cireular in outline. The edges of the last four or five joints are serrate, with minute tooth-like lobes and plates. The color, at first waxy white, 38 INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. becomes dark purple at maturity. The serrated hind margin is thin aod tinged with yellow. The mature females do not entirely fill their scales. When gravid with eggs, their bodies, although much thickened, are reduced in cir- cumference, and in laying they surround themselves with a nearly com- plete circle of eggs. Length of mature female 0.6™™ (0.02 inch). Hggs.—The eggs are as large or larger than those of the Long Seale, and resemble them in shape and color. They are nearly 0.2" (0,008 ineb) in Jength, and are more or less amethystine in color. Young Larva.—Vhe migrating larva is very broadiy oval, and mottled with purple. It differs from the larva of related species only in minute cetails. ; Male. (Fig. 9.)\—As soon as it be- gins to form its permanent scale, the male insect becomes distinguishable from the female by its more elongate form, and it soon turns to a dark pur- ple-red color, The skin of the second molt is pushed toward the mouth or thrown out of the seale. After shed- stan aval ehsp oe e ok ba aA a ding this skin the male insect becomes Comstock ) a pupa of dark red or purple color, and has the form of the fly with members folded or abbreviated. The perfect insect emerges from the thin outer end of its seale, which, Jhowever, has no hinge or flap. The fly is very similar to those of the genus Aspidiotus, but is shorter and stouter, and has larger eyes than the species of Mytilaspis. The color is purple, mottled, and somewhat paler upon the large shield of the upper surface. Length to the tip of the stylet about equal to that of its scale, 0.6™™ (0.02 inch). Life-history.—The young Chaff Scale repeats with slight variations the history of the species already mentioned. After wandering a few hours, it chooses a fixed position, very often underneath a pile of old, dead seales, and in a few days covers itself with a circular shield of white tissue, so thin as to be quite transparent. This covering disap- pears before the time of the first molt. After the molt the females con- struct a circular and the males a linear scale. The number of eggs laid is variable. Professor Comstock records in one instance twenty-seven eggs. The average number is sixteen.. Number of Generations.—The earlier metamorphoses take place at about the usual intervals of twenty days, but the later periods vary with the seasons, and are greatly accelerated by hot weather. The Chatf Scale appears to have one more brood than the Long Seale. There are four summer generations, but these broods are so greatly confused by unequal development in the females that the limits of each cannot be exactly defined. The first brood in spring and the last brood THE CHAFF SCALE OF THE ORANGE. 39 in fall may be assumed to be approximately contemporaneous with those of the Long Scale. They occur in March or April and in September or October. These months are therefore the proper ones for treatment with remedies. Habitat.—The Chatt Scale infests by preference the trunk and larger branches, and to these it generally confines itself until every portion of their surface is thickly coated, and the young Bark-lice can no longer find places to plant themselves. It is also frequently seen upon the fruit, occupying the pit-like depressions of the rind. This habit, combined with its light color, renders it inconspicuous upon the fruit. Upon the trunks of trees, also, its resemblance to the bark causes it to escape notice, so that many persons whose groves are suffering from the at- tacks of this scale are unaware of its presence. Food-plants and Origin.—It has been found upon various plants grow- ing near infested orange trees. Japonicas and similar thick-leaved plants sometimes suffer severely from its attacks. It is not known to infest any native wild plants, and is not found apon the Wild Orange, except in the immediate vicinity of cultivated plantations. It cannot, therefore, be considered a native insect, nor is anything known with eertainty concerning its introduction. Professor Glover, in his report to the Commissioner of Patents for the year 1855, mentions the introduction in that year of a Scale- insect, which he says was imported into Jacksonville, Fla., on some lemons sent from Bermuda. This Scale-insect has been stated to be Mytilaspis citricola. From the brief description given by Glover, it is not possible to determine with certainty the species referred to, but the small size and shape of the female and the white color of the male scales agree closely with the species now under consideration, and render it probable that the Chaff Scale, and not the Purple Scale, was the insect in question. : Parasites.—Iin addition to many external enemies, a single Hyme- nopterous parasite attacks this scale, and is a very efficient destroyer of the species. It is a larger insect than those found in the seales of My- tilaspis, and its larva does not live within the body of the Coecid, as is usual with these minute parasites, but originates from an egg deposited beneath the scale and among the eggs of the Scale-insect, which is al- ways of adult size when attacked. The grub of the parasite makes room for itself as it grows by eating first the eggs of its host and then her body. Sometimes, indeed, the eggs alone of the Coccid appear to suffice for its support and the mother Bark-louse is not molested. The pupa of the parasite is formed under the seale, and although without cocoon or coverings .of its own, is surrounded by the dry skin and egg-shells of the Bark-louse. The fly issues through a round hole which it eats in the top of the scale. - 40 INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. The perfect insect is a four-winged fly, 1.2™" (0.05 inch) long, honey- yellow in color, and with dark brown eyes. The antennze have appar- ently six joints, but the last three joints are closely united into an elongate club, and the real number of joints is therefore eight. The abdomen is rather broadly oval, and in the female bears on the middle | of her under side the sharply-pointed egg-drill. The larva is a yellowish-white, naked grub, so thick and short as to be almost spherical. It is without visible members, even the head being withdrawn out of sight into the body. The body is plainly ringed, in- dicating the joints, and the dark intestinal contents are seen as a red or brown cloud through its walls. Length 0.5™™ (0.02 inch). The pupa is twice as long as wide, flattened, oval, and has a tinge of yellow color. It shows the form of the perfect insect throngh the trans- parent envelope.* THE ORANGE CHIONASPIS. (Chionaspis citri Comstock.) A new Bark-louse of the Orange has been described by Professor Comstock, in the Second Entomological Report of Cornell University, as follows: “ In the Report of the Department of Agriculture for 1880 I described a species of Chionaspis which differed from all other species of that genus known at that time by the color of the scale of the female, which is black. This species was found on Huonymus latifolia. at Nor- folk, Va. I stated in my account of this insect that it occurred also on orange trees in Louisiana and Cuba. A re-examination of the speci- mens on orange has convinced me that they are specifically distinet from those on euonymus. I therefore propose for that form the specifie name of citri. The species can be recognized by the following characters: “Scale of Female.—The seale of the female is of a dirty blackish brown color with a gray margin; the exuviae are brownish yellow. There is a central ridge from which the sides of the scale slope like the roof of a house. The greater prominence of this ridge, and the more elongated form of the scale are the principal differences between this scale and that of the temale of Ch. ewonymi. There is no danger of its being mis- ‘taken for any other known species. ‘“Female— * * * This species may readily be distinguished from Ch. euonymi by the following characters: There are no groups of spin- nerets; the mesal lobes are larger and more distinctly serrate than in ‘Oh. euonymi; and in the last-named species the plates are in twos, while ‘in Ch. citri they occur singly.” According to observations made by Mr. L. O. Howard, the Orange Chionaspis is the especial pest of orange groves in Louisiana. Ithas been found by him at Pattersonville, Saint Mary’s Parish; at Woodville, 50 * This parasite is evidently an Aphelinus, but the only specimen in Mr, Hubbard’s collection is too poor for specific determination. —C. V. BR. ee ~ |" \ PEE ORANGE CHIONASPIS, — - 41 E miles below New Orleans; on the Mississippi River above Algiers, and on the east side of the river in the New Orleans cemeteries. dbare & . Fic. 10.— Chionaspis ewonymi Comstock. 10, scales on Enonymus, natural size; a, scale of male, en- larged ; b, scale of temale, cularged. (After Comstock.) Fig. 10 represents Chionaspis euonymi Comstock, to which the above species is very closely allied. CHAPTER IIT. DIASPIN 4—Continued. RAVAGES OF THE ARMORED SCALES. Bark-lice omnipresent in Orange Groves.—In the foregoing pages an ac- count has been given of all the species of Diaspinze known to attack citrus plants in this country. The appearance, distinguishing char- acters and habits of each have been set forth with sufficient clearness, it is hoped, to render recognizable by orange-growers the different mem- bers of this group of insect pests, the most destructive and formidable with which they have to contend. It remains to consider the nature and extent of the injuries they inflict and the conditions under which the plant becomes liable to attack. It may be premised that in all countries where the Orange is exten- sively cultivated Scale-insects exist, and not seldom make their pres- ence known through the losses they occasion the fruit grower. From time to time there may be sudden irruptions of Scale-insects, which, like an epidemic, are wide-spread in their effects, and overrun a great extent of territory. Such an invasion, as has already been shown, oc- curred in Florida upon the supposed introduction of the Long Seale. In southern Europe also, where the Orange and the Lemon have been culti- vated for centuries, the occurrences of scale epidemics have been re- corded, one of which, in the first decade of the present century, prevailed throughout the entire district along the shores of the Mediterranean, from Italy to Spain, and spread consternation among the inhabitants, who were dependent upon the g peaduce of their lemon and orange groves for support. At the present day, however, owing to a better knowledge of these pests, the use of cheap and effective insecticides, and of effective mstru- ments for applying them, such wide-spread devastation by Seale-insects need not be feared. The omnipresence of the pest, however, compels the orange-grower to be ever upon the alert if he would avoid loss of growth in the young or of productiveness in the older trees. In Florida the greater part of these losses are caused by three Dias- pinous scales: Mytilaspis gloverii, the Long Scale; Mytilaspis citricola, the Purple Seale, and Parlatoria pergandii, the Chaff Scale. These three insects are so universally distributed that it is safe to say no bearing orange tree exists in southern and eastern Florida upon which one or the other cannot be found. — 42 RAVAGES OF THE ARMORED SCALES. 43 The Long Scale is the most destructive, while it is the most readily de- stroyed. Few if any localities in the State are free from its presence. The Purple Seale, being stouter and thicker than the Long Scale, is more difficult to kill. It is not less injurious to the trees which it infests, but is less widely distributed. The Chaff Scale is hardly less common than the Long Seale, and is very frequently associated with it. Of the three it is decidedly the most difficult to exterminate, owing, in part at least, to its habit of piling or lapping ove over the other. Except upon very young trees it seldom does permanent injury, and is much less to be feared than the other two species. Its thinner scale renders it liable to the attacks of enemies to a greater extent than the Mytilaspis scales, and they sometimes cause its complete disappearance from a tree. A fourth scale of this group, Aspidiotus ficus Ashm. has been men- tioned as recently introduced, and there are still others awaiting im- portation from California and elsewhere. Agencies which assist their Distribution.—During the migratory age the restless habit of the young Bark-lice impels them to crawl actively about,.turning aside for no obstacles, but mounting every object met with in their path. The instinct of self-protection being entirely want- ing in these degraded creatures, they make no distinction between dead and living objects, and crawl without hesitation upon the bodies of other and larger insects. The latter, impelled by the annoying presence of the intruders, fly away, bearing with them the scale larve, and thus assist in distributing them upon surrounding plants. Some insects, however, do not notice, or at least do not resent, the liberties taken by the crawling lice. Thus the Lady-bird beetles (Coccinellidz) are frequently seen quietly feeding while several young Bark-lice, evidently attracted by their shining backs, are coursing in all directions over their bodies. It can- not be doubted that even these enemies of the Scale-insect bear with them in their flights this seed of the destroyer and scatter the pest from tree to tree. Doubtless very many flying insects, and also birds, with their sweeping tail-feathers, aid in disseminating Seale-insects. But spiders, more than any other animals, must be considered efti- cient instruments in this mischievous work. Not only do they trans- port the lice—and it is an observed fact that the movements of the latter upon their hairy backs do not incommode the spiders—but they also harbor them under their webs in folded leaves, ete., where, safe from the attacks of parasites and enemies, they increase and multiply inor- dinately. The nest web of a spider will most frequently be found the starting point from which the lice swarm forth as from a hive and cover the surrounding parts. Other webs, at a distance from the infected one, will be occupied in time, but only as the tide of scales reaches their vicinity, for it is not the habit of the migrating Bark-lice to wander far 44 INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. in search of such lurking places, however readily they accept the pro- tection when found. : Theobserved fact that Scale-insects spread mostrapidly in the direction of prevailing winds has often been verified, and has led to the belief in direct transportation by the winds, as the most important agency in their dissemination. This popular theory is thus stated by a writer: ‘ Now, in the spring and fail, just when the insects are hatching and most numerous, we have our heaviest storms. * * * During one of these storms I have often seen leaves, twigs, and sometimes | whole branches taken up and carried whirling through the air for a quarter of a mile or further. How easy, then, would it be for these microscopical insects, buta few atoms in weight, to be carried for miles.” * The gentle southeast trade-winds of Florida and the storms which are occasional, and, fortunately, somewhat rare visitants, are very different phenomena. While the influence of the former is sometimes seen in the more rapid spread of the Scale-insects towards the north- west. it has never been observed that a sudden extension of the pest has followed any of the violent or long-continued wind storms on record. That tempest-borne branches and leaves might carry the niection to a distance cannot of course be denied, but the dissemination of Scale- insects, continues without interruption at all seasons and in all parts of the State, a process of such constaney and regularity, cannot be attributed in any great measure to the fitful agency of occasional storms. Nor can it be by direct transportation that the trade-winds assist in spreading Scale-insects, for winds of moderate force are not competent to dislodge the young lice from the plants. Of this any one may be convinced by trial with a bellows or with the breath. Minute and in- significant in weight though they are, tauey cling with tenacity to the bark, and the pressure of air upon their thin bodies only serves to press them into closer contact with the surface. It is rather to the indirect action of the wind, to the influence which it exerts upon the flight of insects and other winged animals which transport Scale-insects, that we must look for an explanation of the ob- served phenomena. And particularly is this inflnence of the wind felt in the case of spiders, most of the species of which are dependent upon the wind in their mi- grations. For, although wingless, they are enabled by means of tbe buoyancy of their web and the power which they possess of reeling it out upon the wind to bridge long gaps from tree to tree, and even to copy the flight of winged animals. The gossamer spider makes its aerial voyages by clinging to a light tangle of web, on which, as by a parachute, it is borne to great distances by the wind. Many species have this habit of the gossamer. Some, however, use, instead of a tangle, long lines of web which are cast out upon the wind to a distance of several hundred feet, until their buoyancy becomes * Ashmead, Orange Insects, page 3, RAVAGES OF THE ARMORED SCALES. 45 sufficient to sustain the weight of the little aeronaut, or until in its sweep it becomes entangled in the branches of a distant tree or shrub, and forms a bridge upon which the spider readily crosses. The warm ascending curreuts of spring, the southeast trade-winds in Florida, excite multitudes of spiders to set out upon their travels, speeding them on their way and directing their course. At this season of the year, when the migrations of insects are at their height, and all nature is in restless activity, Scale-ivsects also are most abundantly pro- ductive, and the leaves and branches of infested trees swarm with their young. Thus it is that in spring especially the Spiders, aided by the winds, carry the Bark-lice in numbers and to great distauces. Conditions fuvoruble to their Increase.—There is good reason to believe that Bark-lice, like many other destructive insects, do not, as a rule, originate the disorders which follow their attacks. Au enfeebled con- dition of the plant, from whatsoever cause it arises, is generally neces- sary to provoke an invasion. Thoroughly healthy trees, even when in- fected, may remain uninjured for years. The Scale-insects upon them thrive only upon the lower or inside branches, and are held in cheek by their natural enemies and parasites. An unfavorable atinospheric con- dition, such as long-continued drought, the impoverishment of the soil, neglect of cultivation, aud the many obscure or utterly unknown causes which produce “ die-back,” yellow and streaked foliage, or other indi- cations of vegetable indigestion, if such it may be ealled, all tend to foster Scale-insects and favor their rapid increase. In explanation of these facts, it may be conjectured, although it is not, perhaps, susceptible of proof, that peculiar conditions of the sap are especially favorable to the development of Seale-insects, and affect the reproductive functions, stimulating the females to greater produe- tiveness. Observations show that the number of eggs deposited varies considerably, and that the maximum number is produced, not by soli- tary females upop vigorous p'ants, but by individuals of the advancing brood taken from portions of the plant plainly affected by their attacks. Usual course of the Pest.—If it be true that outbursts of Scale-insects commonly owe their origin to some disturbance in the condition of the plant, it is no less a fact that their ravages not only aggravate the original trouble, but entail others, it may be, far more serious in their consequences. The countless throng of Bark-lice not only weaken the plant by sapping and diverting its vital juices and depriving it of uour- ishment, but they also strangle the parts which they infest by coating the surface and clogging its pores with their myriad bodies. Their long, hair-like sucking beaks pevetrate and thread the cellular tissues of the growing bark, breaking through and altering its strueture so that the tender bark of the twigs and younger shoots is destroyed, while the thicker bark of the trunk and larger limbs hardens and be- comes, as it is popularly termed, ‘ hide-bound.” In this condition healthy growth is impossible. If uegleeted and al lowed to be overrun by the pest, the growth of the tree is checked; 46 INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE the infested twigs and branches die; often the entire top is lost. The~ roots and trunk, however, survive, and the tree endeavors to repair the injury by throwing out shoots from below. When the tree reaches this impoverished condition matters usually begin to mend. The Bark-lice upon the dead or dying branches perish by starvation, the parasites reassert their sway, and slowly the tree re- gains its health and vigor, but seldom its pristine beauty. The opinion is often expressed that the tree will ‘* throw off the scales,” or that they will ‘‘disappear in time at the ends of the branches.” The facts upon which this belief is founded are simply that the young lice, when the branches become crowded, wander off and on to new growth; their course is, therefore, naturally upward and outward. When the advancing army reaches the ultimate branches, the insects crowd upon the smaller twigs and leaves, killing them rapidly and involving them- selves in the common destruction. ‘The tide of scales is then checked, while the enemies thrive and multiply, feeding upon the dead and starv- ing Coecids. There then occurs one of those sudden oscillations of the balance which are familiar enough to entomologists; the unseen ene- mies increase and the scales visibly diminish. The tree meantime has rest and may under favorable circumstances recover its vigor, in which case the trouble for the time being is over, and the lost branches are quickly replaced. More frequently, however, the new growth, which always pushes out rapidly in such cases, will, as soon as it hardens, be overrun by the crawling seale-larvie, newly hatched from eggs which were not involved in the destruction of the mother insects, and after an interval a new brood will be found again in possession. This process may be repeated many times in the tops of full-grown trees, and the orange-grower at each ebb in the tide will perhaps flatter himself with the delusion that the scales have in some mysterious manner disappeared at the ends of the destroyed branches. Well-grown trees may submit again and again to these vicissitudes. They may even permanently recover without the aid of applied remedies, but very young Grange trees do not possess the powers of resistance of adult trees; their tops being small and their branches short, they are usually entirely overrun in a single sea- son, and, if not attended to, sustain irreparable-injury, resulting, in the case of budded trees, in the destruction of the budded portion. Influence of Ciimate.—The retarding ation of cold weather upon tie development of Seale-insects,.and the aceeleration produced by the higher temperature of the summer months, has already been mentioned. The influence of a warm climate is shown in the increased number ot -annual generations. The species of Diaspinz found in the Northern States have all, or nearly all of them, a single generation, occupying the summer months. The same species have in the warmer portions of the United States at least two broods, and in the extreme South those species with which orange-growers have to contend produce not less than three and some of them more than four generations. RAVAGES OF THE ARMORED SCALES. 47 _ The long-continued heat of summer acts as a check upon the advance southward of those species which inhabit the North, and is probably a more important factor in determining the geographical distribution of many species than the frosts of the northern winter, Indeed the notion that Seale-insects are destroyed by frosts is entirely erroneous. Their eggs withstand any ordinary degree of cold, and the insects themselves survive a freezing temperature that kills the plants upon which they feed. The winter climate of a land in which the open culture of the Orange is possible cannot be sufiiciently rigorous to kill even the young of Bark-lice. In Florida the coldest weather merely serves to retard their development.* Natural Checks.—The parasites of Bark-lice, some of which have al- ready been mentioned, and the numerous enemies to be considered here- after, are similarly affected by climatic conditions. Their broods in- crease in number as they extend southwards, and in the main their activity keeps pace with that of their prey. Ordinarily, therefore, the various checks upon their increase are sufficient to prevent the spreading of Bark-lice to an injurious extent, and, as we have seen, it is only at times that they increase so rapidly as to entirely outstrip their enemies and overrun the plant. *Mr. Joseph Voyle, in a reportmade to Professor Riley, and published in Bul- letin No. 4, United States Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology, gives the results of an elaborate series of experiments made by subjecting Scale-in- sects, with their young and eggs, to the action of low temperatures for varying lengths oftime, In these experiments the Coccids were placed in a small tin cylinder and surrounded with a freezing mixture of ice and salt. The time of exposure was never less than one nor more than sixteen hours, and the temperatures ranged from 16° to 36° I’, Eggs were killed when the minimum fell below 25° and were not killed at higher temperatures; the young Bark-lice were killed in every experiment. It is to be remarked, however, that an average time of nine days was allowed to elapse before the results obtained were considered tinal. As Mr. Voyle himself suggests, ‘‘ Some- times larve retain for several days an apparently natural appearance, leaving it donbtful whether their final death is the result of the temperature or want of food.” In regard to the eggs also it is probable that certain conditions not noted and not taken into account in these experiments vitiated the results, since they do not cor- respond with what takes place in the open air during severe frosts. On this point Mr. Voyle himself gives evidence when he says: ‘‘ During the past winter, 1832-83, by some special observations, positive evidence was obtained that often very little damage was done to scale insects by cold that killed the tender orange shoots. On the morning of December 16, 1882, the thermometer was reported at va- rious figures, from 19° to 25° F. My own lowest reading was ¥5°. On this morning I cut orange branches incrusted with scale insects, and found young migratory larve of Mytilaspis running about quite lively.” This discrepancy is remarked by Mr. Voyle, and the following explanation is sug- gested: ‘There are conditions practically unattainable artificially, where the coccids ure protected from the effee’s of such temperature as under favorable conditions would be fatal to them. The leaves of the tree, the warm current rising from the ground around the trunk of the tree, and the initial heat of the tree itself perform au important part in modifying temperature for these insects. In a still atmosphere this might become a perfect protection against a temperature much lower than would prove fatal in other conditions.” CHAPTER IV. _LECANINA—TOE NAKED OR WAXY SCALES. General Characters and Life-history.—The Bark-lice of this subfamily make no true scale. They are either naked or possess waxy coats ad- hering more or less closely to the body of the insect, but not fastened permanently to the bark. The development from the larva to the adult female is apparently one of simple growth, and no molts have been ob- served. The change in form takes place gradually and is due to the swelling of the body as it becomes filled with eggs or young, or to the accumulation of the covering of wax. Eggs are deposited in a cavity beneath the body of the mother, or are retained within her body until hatched, in those species which bring forth their young living. The young change their position upon the plant at will, and this freedom of movement is retained until near the end of their lives. The insects, however, become more sluggish as they grow older, and at last, in the incubating period, the legs and other external members of the larva wither and the body becomes adherent to the surface of the plant. No males have been discovered in any of the species of the group which come within the scope of this treatise. The newly-hatched young of the Lecanine closely resemble those ot the Diaspine. They are active, six-legged creatures, with thin bodies, ovalin form. They feed in the same manner, by plunging their sucking beaks into the cellular tissues of the plant, but the beak never grows very long, and while active life remains the insect has power to remove it and to reinsert it in afresh place. ; Two genera of Lecanine fall within the scope of this work. In the genus Lecanium the insect makes no covering for itself or its eggs, but the skin becomes more or less toughened with age, and finally presents the appearance of a parchment-like scale. The species belong- ing to the genus Ceroplastes excrete a thick coating of wax, which wraps the body of the insect above, but is easily removed from its surface. Underneath the wax the skin of the Coccid is thin and tender. THE TURTLE-BACK SCALE—BROAD SCALE. (Lecanium hesperidum, Linn.) [Fig. 11.] Descriptive.—The full-grown Coccid is 3™™ to 4™™ (0.12 to 0.16 inch) long, broadly oval, more or less swollen, and convex upon the disk, sur- rounded by a thin, flat margin with two shallow notches on each side 48 appear are the antenne and the - THE TURTLE-BACK SCALE, 49 and one deeper indentation behind. The color changes with age from transparent yellow in the young to deepening shades of brown in the adult. Individuals attacked by parasites turn black. Until it becomes gravid and swollen with young, the insect is exceedingly thin and trans- parent, the green color of the leaf or bark showing through the body so that the very young Coccid is well nigh invisible. The surface is smooth and shining, with faint, seattered punctures on the disk. The six slender legs are concealed beneath the dilated margins of the body. The male, although for many years Ciligently sought, both iu this country and abroad, still remains undiscovered. Young Lerva.—The new-born insect has the usual oval form of young Bark-lice. It is yellowish in color, and has a pair of six- jointed antenne, and two long bristles at the anal extremity. Metamorphoses.—The metamor- phoses which take place in this species are very simple, and con- sist in a flaiteuing and broaden- ing of the form of the larva, and in the gradual loss of external or- gans by disuse. The first to dis- anal bristles; lastly, but not until the body becomes swollen with young, the legs become useless, and are imbedded in the exere- tions, which finally cement the insect to the surface of the plant. The body of the mother in this last stage of her existence be- comes 2 casket filled with the young live. These in due time Frio. 11.—Lecanium hesperidum (Linn.) Adult fo swarm forth, together and distri- nales, ou Orange, natural size, (Aficr Comstock.) bute themselves over tlie plant. Restrictim to young Growth.—The young lice invariably settle upon the bark and Jeaves of tender growth. Even the adult insects do ncé appear able to pierce with their beaks the tissues of the plant when hardeved by age, and ouly the gravid and incubating females are found upon parts which have completed a season’s growth. Gregarivus Habits.—There is a tendency in the young to ke. p together, and at seasons when the Orange is in active growth, when the p'ant is pushing out an abundance of shoots, the swarming larvae do not need to wander far in search of food. The progeny of each female then set- tle down together, and extensive colonies are formed. These colonies 6521 0 1——4 ~ 50 INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. . never long outlast the growing season. If not sooner exterminated by the attacks of enemies and parasites, the hardening of the tissues of the bark and leaves gradually puts an end to their existence, and the young of later generations must seek elsewhere for their support. Brood Periods.—Thus, in spring and early summer, when the Orange renews its foliage and new growth is abundant, the increase of this in- sect:is most rapid, and the number and extent of its colonies often be- come alarming. The month of June is generally the time of greatest activity in this species. Later in the season the colonies dwindle and become reduced to a few gravid individuals. Theyoung are obliged to wander far in search of bark sufficiently tender to be penetrated by their beaks. This can be found only upon the solitary shoots and vig- orous leaders, which the tree in summer sends upwards from the trunk or main branches below. It is not surprising, therefore, that very many of the young lice hatched in summer perish from hunger, being unable to find a spot penetrable by their beaks, or they fall a prey to numerous enemies in their wanderings over the plant, and in fall and winter, as a rule, only solitary individuals are met with. Excretion of Honey.—From minute pores upon the sides-of the bodies of these insects exudes a colorless nectar. This liquid may also be ejected by them with considerable force, so that it falls upon the leaves and parts of the plant at some distance away, and forms a sticky coat- ing; but it is never in sufficient quantity to form drops, as sometimes happens in the case of other sucking-bugs which produce honey-dew. If not lapped up by other insects, the nectar attracts a black sugar fungus (Capnodium citri), and the plant becomes coated with “ smut.” Attended by Ants.—Like all sluggish nectar producing insects, the Lecanium hesperidum is attended by troops of ants, which feed upon the sweet excretions, and not only clean the surface of the leaves about the Bark-lice, but also lick the insects themselves, and with caressing strokes of their antenne induce them to give out the liquid more freely. Ants, therefore, are not enemies of this Bark-louse; on the con- trary they are its friends, and afford it more or less protection from the attacks of certain enemies. The extent of their services to the Bark- lice has been greatly exaggerated, however, and they cannot prevent their destruction by internal parasites. As indicators of the presence of this Bark-louse, ants become useful to the observing cultivator, for if a tree is in the slightest degree infested, and long before the colonies of Lecanium become destructive or even noticeable, the tell-tale stream of ants ascending and descending its trunk gives an infallible indication of the impending evil and guides the eye to the secret lurking places of the pest. PARASITES.—Colonies of the Turtle-back Scale are, however, seldom allowed to dwindle and dissipate themselves solely by the action of their own laws of growth and existence; they are subject to the attacks of internal parasites which greatly biasten their dissolution. These para- THE -TURTLE-BACK SCALK, - : 51 sites are, as usual, minute Hymenopterons flies belonging to the family of the Chalcidide. The destruction which they work upon colonies of the Bark-louse is so great that frequently it appears an accident due to oversight on the part of the parasites if among the throng an occeasional individual Coceid escapes. Among scattered and solitary individuals of Lecanimn the destruction by parasites is less complete and many escape. If it were to remain strictly gregarious at all seasons of the year this now common Bark Jouse would no doubt speedily become a rarity. The following four species of these parasites lave been observed to prey upon Lecanium hesperidum : Coccophagus lecanii (Fitch).—In this species the general color of the body is black, the crescent-shaped shield on the back between the wings is lemon-yellow in the female and brown in the male; eyes dark- red brown; antenne light brown, with the tip of the elub darker ; wings clear, with dark-brown veins; thighs brown, yellow at the ex- tremities, the remainder of the legs light yellow, with the last joint of the tarsi brown. The/ength varies from 1" (0,04 inch) in the female to 0.5% (0.02 inch) in the male. This parasite lives upon several species of Bark-lice, and is found in all parts of the United States. In Florida it is the most conmon para- site of Lecanium hesperidum, and is seldom absent from its colonies. With rare exceptions a solitary speciinen of Coccophagus occupies the body of each parasitized Lecanium. The Coccids are always attacked before they attain full growth. In dying they turn black and adhere firmly to the bark. The bloated and hardened skin of the Bark-louse forms a casket in which the parasite undergoes its transformation to a pupa of dark color, and from which it emerges in time as a perfect fly through a round hole eatenjn theshell. If there are any distinct broods they coincide with those of the Bark-louse, and with the colonies of the latter the numbers of the parasite increase or diminish. Coccophagus cognatus Loward (Fig. 12) isa somewhat larger species than the preceding, rather lighter (dark brown) in color. In the female the shield upon _ the back is orange-yellow ; in the male the corresponding parts are tipped with light yellowish-brown. The front legs are fuscous, the middle and hind pairs darker; all the tarsi are whitish, with the last two joints dusky. Length of female 1.2™™ (0.05 inch), of male 0.G™™ (Oc cnieh),. Lis apeeies, first noted — 1 %—Voedapinque. ougnatun. (attar and described by Mr. Toward (Report of Commissioner of Agriculture for 1880, p. 359), was bred from Lecan- dum hesperidum on orange trees in the orange house of the Department of Agriculture at Washington. 52 5B. INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. The foregoing parasites, belonging to the genus Coceophagus, have eight-jointed autennew. In the genus Comys the antenne are eleven- jointed, the shield upon the back (scutellum) terminates in a tuft of long, stiff hairs, and the fore wings are clouded with brown. Comys bicolor Howard (Fig. 13) is the largest parasite of Lecanium hes- peridum. It has dark-brown, eyes, head and face yellowish brown, col- lar shining black, remainder of tho- rax yellowish-brown, with black hairs; abdomen shining black. The first and second pairs of Jegs are respectively dark and light brown, - with the thighs white below, fuscous above; the hind legs dark, with silvery white tarsi; length 1.75™™ (0.07 inch). This parasite is found in company with Coccophagus lecanii. Being larger it inhabits the full-grown scales, while the Coccophagus attacks only those which are partly grown. The Bark-lice which contain pup of this parasite turn black as with the preceding species. Eneyrtus fluvus Howard (Figs. 14 and 15).—In this spe- cies the antenne are eleven- jointed, but the scutellum is lustrous and without the tuft of hairs. The sexes are very dissimilar. Jemale, general color ocher-yellow; eyes brownish; eyelets carmine; antenne brownish, - or yellowish at base, three intermediate joints brilliant white, club at the end black; the fore-wings Re g dusky, clear at base, with a clear z band across the middle, and two triangular clear spaces on the outer third. Length, 1.2™™ (0.05 inch). Male, color shining me- tallic green, with bronze tinge on the back; legs light yellow, dusky at tips; antenne dusky, yellow at base, the joints covered with f long hairs, Length, 0.85™™ (0.03 Fia. 15.—Encyrtus flavus, female. (After Howard.) inch \ Geographical Distribution and Food Plants.—Lecanium hesperidum Fic. 13.—Comys bicolor. (After Howard.) Fia. 14.—Encyrtus jlavus, male. (After Howard.) o a te 24 a -_ 7 at, c ~ TIE, BLACK S¢ ALE OF CALIFORNIA. : 53 (Linn.) is one of the best known and most widely distributed species of Bark-louse.. For centuries it has been transported from one country to another, until it has become thoroughly cosmopolitan and a common pest in green-houses throughout the world. In mild climates, like those of southern Europe and the southern United States, it thrives in the open air. It is a general feeder, and althoneh found most constantly upon plants of the citrus family, others in great variety are attacked. Marked preference is shown for plants with smooth bark and thick or glossy leaves; thus the Ivy, Oleander, and Japonica suffer equally with the Orange from the depredations of this Bark-louse. THE BLACK SCALE OF CALIFORNIA. (Lecanium olee Bernard.) [Fig. 16.] The following account of this scale is found in the Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for 1880, p. 336: : “Adult Female.—Dark brown, nearly black in color; uearly hemispheri- Fic. 16.—Lecantwm olees Bernard. 16, adult females on Olive, natural size; a, female, enlarged. (Atter Comstock.) cal in form, often, however, quite a little longerthan broad; average lengih from 4™" to 5"; average height 5™, Dorsum with a median longitudinal carina and two transverse caring, the latter dividing the ‘ LY. is INSECTS AFFECTING THE CRANGE. body into three subequal portions; frequently the longitudinal ridge is more prominent between the transverse ridges than elsewhere, thus forming with them a raised surface of the form of a capital H. The body is slightly margined; outer part of the disk with many (18-30) small ridges which extend from the margin half way up to center of dorsum. Viewed with the microscope, the skin is seen to be filled with ovalor rowad cells cach with a clear nucleus; the average size of the cells being from .05™™ to .06™™ in length, while the nuelei average .02™™ in diameter. The antenne are long and § jointed, the two basal joints short; joint 5 longest, joints 4 and 5 equal and shorter, joints 6 and 7 equal and still shorter, joint 8 with a notched margin and almost as long as joint 3. Legs rather long and stout, the tibiz being about one fifth longer than the tarsi. The anal ring seems to bear six long hairs. “Tre Hygg.—Long oval in shape, 0.4™™ in length, yellowish in color. - - % Newly-hatcred Larve.—There is nothing very characteristic about the young larve; they are flat, and their antenne are only 6 jointed. “The black scale is stated by Signoret to be properly in France an olive scale, sometimes, however, becoming so common as to occur on all neighboring plants also. In California we find it infesting the greatest varicty of plants, and becoming a very serious enemy to orange and other citrus trees. I have found it at Los Angeles on orange and all other citrus plants, on olive, pear, apricot, plum, pomegranate, Ore. gon ash, bitter sweet, apple, eucalyptus, sabal palm, California coffee, rose, cape jessamine, Hubrothmus elegans ; and elsewhere upon an Aus- tralian plant known as Brachacton, and also upon a heath. It preferably attacks the smaller twigs of these plants, and the young usually settle upon the leaves. * The development of this species is very slow; and it seems probable that there is only one brood in a year. Snecimens observed by Mr. Alexander Craw at Los An- geles, which hatched in June or July, began to show the characteristic ridges only in November. Mr. Craw has seen the lice, even when quite well grown, move from twigs which had become dry and take up their quarters on fresh ones. ‘“ Although carefully looked for, the males, like those of so many other lecanides, have never been found. A dark brown bark-louse has been sent me from Florida, on live oak, holly, oleande:, orange, and one or two unknown plants, by Dr. I. 8. Turner, of Fort George, which appears to be identical with Lecanium Fic. 17.—Tomocera californica, male. (After Howard.) THE HEMISPHERICAL SCALE. 5b olee. It is, however, by no means as abundant or injurious in that State as in California. — “ Natural Lnemies.—Enormous quantities of the eggs of the black scales are destroyed by the chaicid parasite Tomocera californica, de- seribed on p. [368] of this re- port. [Fig. 17, male; Fig. 18, female.| Particulars as to the work of this parasite are given at the same place. Upon one occa- sion (August 25, 1880), I found within the body of a full-grown female a lepidopterous larva, which was very similar in appear- ' ance to the larve of the species of Fic.18.—Tomocera californica, female. (After Dakruma described in my last re- Boe port as destroying bark-lice. The specimen, however, was lost, and no more have been found since, ‘“ A number of beetles of the genus Latridius were found under scales which had been punctured by the Zomocera, but probably would not destroy the live insect. Many mites were found feeding upon the eggs and young. The infested trees were also swarming with the different species of lady-bugs (Coccinellid@).” THE HEMISPHERICAL SCALE. (Lecanium hemisphericum Targioni.) [Fig. 19.] Professor Comstock, in the Report of the Commissioner of Agricult- ure for 1580, p. 354, thus treats of this Bark-louse: “ Adult Female.—Shape approaching hemispherical with the edges flattened. Average leugth, 3.5™"; width, 3™™; height,2™™. The shape and proportions vary somewhat according as the seale is formed upon a leaf ora twig. Upon the rounded twig it loses something of its hem- ispherical form, becomes more elongated, and its flattened edges are bent downwards, clasping the twig. In such cases, of course, its height becomes greater and its width less. The color varies from a very light brown when young to a dark brown, occasionally slightly tinged with reddish when old. The oval cells of the skin vary in length from .01™™ to.04™™, and each cell contains a large granular nucleus. The antenne are 8-jointed with joints 1 and 2 short and thick; joint 3 is the longest, and the succeeding joints decrease gradually in length to joint 8, which is longer than the preceding. Occasionally a specimen is found in which joint 5 is longer than 4, and I have seen individuals in which this was the case with one of the antenn# while the other was normal. The legs are long and rather slender; the bristle on the trochanter is long; the articulation of the tarsi is very well marked. (This fact has sug- 56 7 INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. gested to Signoret that the insects of this series are less f xed than their congeners.) The tarsal digitules are, as usual, two long and two short, those of the claws spreading widely at summit, and very stout at the base. The anal-genital ring (more easily seen than in the other species we describe) is furnished with eight long hairs. The anal plates are tri- angular with rounced corners, and are furnished with two long hairs upon the disk, and three much shorter ones at the tip. * The Egg.—The egg is ellipsoidal in form, and 0,15™" in length. In color it is whitish with a yellowish tinge, and is smooth and shining. “Thenewly-hutehed Larva.—Thean- tenn are only 7-jointed, and the — tarso-tibial articulation is hardly marked. “This bark-louse was first notieet in the orangery of the Department upon the leaves and twigs. It was also noticed upon various green- house plants, Disipyrus, Clryso- phyllum, sago palm, and Croton va- riegatum. Shortly after being found - here it was received from corre- spondents in California as infesting orange and oleander. During my AS » Mare ie Fra. 19. —Lecanium hemisphericum Targ. i ele a ; r adult females on Orange, natural size; a, Aa visit to California I found it upon a female, enlarged. (Alter Comstock.) single orange tree in the yard of Mr. Elwood Cooper, near Santa Barbara. “ Actual observation shows the sutanise of Signoret as to the locomo- tive powers of this insect to have been correct. We have seen the adult insects when remove: frcin their positions crawl back with ap- parent ease.” Thi WAX SCALE—WHITE SCALE. (Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock.) [Fig. 20.] Descriptive—The adult insect with its covering is from 2™™ to 3™™ (0.08 to 0.12 inch) in length; oval in form, convex above, flattened or concave beneath. The upper surface presents a rounded central prom- inence, and on the margins six or eight smaller prominences surround. ing the central one, and separated from it by a well marked depression. Near the posterior extremity, at the bottom of a deep pit, is seen the open end of a tube projecting from the body of the insect. The excreted THE WAX SCALE OR WHITE SCALE, : 57 covering is a soft wax, very similar to the white wax of commerce. The color is white, rendered impure by surface accumulations of dust and dirt. A faint tinge of pink is sometimes given to the semi-transparent wax by the red color of the insect beneath. When the covering of wax is removed the naked body of the insect is disclosed to view. This has the form of an almost globular sack, with thin and delicate walls, in- closing dark red liquid contents, or eggs of similar color. The up- per surface of the body bears six prominent tubercles, three on each side, and a short anal tube, the end of which, as has been seen, penetrates the covering of wax. Beneath the flattened ven- tral surface nay be discovered the disused, but not wholly discarded, legs and antenne of the larva. The under surface also usually shows the marginal notches, more plainly seen in Lecanium, and which indicates the three struct- ural divisions of the body. From these notches radiate streaks of chalky white exudation, which at a hasty glance have the appear- ance of legs, but probably serve as a cement attaching the scale more firmly to the bark. \ Larva. — The newly-hatched Fic. 20.—Cer-plastes floridensis Comstock. 20, aduit aud young females on tlex, natural size; a, louse has the usual oval, flat- young jemal-, enlarged; b, adult female, enlarged. (After Cotustock.) tened form. Color pale ruddy brown, with the members yellowish; antenne 6 jointed, tipped with long hairs. The caudal bristles are very long. Eggs 0.25™ long, elliptical, having the color of sherry wine. Tife-history.—The eggs, to the number of seventy-live or one hun- dred, are deposited under the covering of the mother, and are simply transterred from the inside to the outside of her body, which becomes excavated below, and is more aud more depleted as the process of lay- ing goeson. At last, entirely collapsed, it forms a mere lining to the walls of the waxen casket, beneath which the eggs are brought to ma- turity and hatched, The young, escaping from beneath the scale, scatter in all directions over the tree, and soon attach themselves, by their beaks, to the sur- faces of the leaves. After they have begun to feed aud to excrete wax, 58 INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. © they are rarely seen to move by day, but at night they frequently change their position. Finally they desert the leaves, and at maturity the greater number will be found upon the bark of the twigs and smaller branches. ‘The excretions of wax exude from minute orifices called spinnerets, placed in groups upon various parts of the body, but chiefly upon the margins. At first the wax forms in ridges, which unite and form a crown around a central tuft. Smaller tufts to the number of a dozen or fifteen arise about the central elevation, and the young louse, when about a week old, appears as an oval white star upon the leaf. The wax gradually spreads over the surface of the insect, and for a time forms distinct plates ; six of these, three upon each side, are‘large and dis- tiuct; the three remaining plates are small; they are situate one at each end and one in the center. After the insect has attained two- thirds its adult size, the plates are found to have coalesced, and form i thick, continuous sheet of wax, from which arise at least as many tufts as there were plates. The tufts, which are merely exfoliations of wax, marking the spots where the material is most abundantly given off, slowly but constantly melt into the surrounding mass. At full maturity, when the production of wax entirely ceases, these eruptive centers become obliterated, or are marked by a few projecting frag- ments which gather dust and dirt and cause discolorations and spots which have been variously described by different authors. The honey-dew produced and given off by these insects attracts ants and other insects, and, as in the case of Lecanium, these lap the nectar from the bodies of the Coccids and from surrounding objects. Broods.—The development of this insect is not very rapid, and ex- tends over three or four months. The principal broods are in spring (April and May) and in midsummer (July-and August). A third brood occurs in October or November. Habitat and Food Plants.—This Bark-louse is found in all parts of the peninsula of Florida, but is not known to occur elsewhere. Its prin- cipal food plant is the Gall-berry (llex glabra), a plant which grows abundantly in the sterile “ flat woods” and in low ground about ponds. In these waste places, often far removed from cultivated plantations, the insect may be found in such abundance that the stems of the gall-berry bushes are loaded with them in dense clusters, while the leaves and all surrounding objects are coated with the black smut which always ae- companies crowded colonies of this and other nectar-yielding Coccids. Such infested patches of Gall-berry sometimes cover acres in extent. Although the insect lives and thrives upon many other plants, and particularly upon such fruit trees as the Quince, Apple, and Pear, which in Florida do not find suitable climatic conditions, and are not thrifty, yet in cultivated orchards it is seldom destructive. Upon the Orange it occurs every Where in numbers usually insignificant, but at times suf- ficient to excite apprehension. The white color and striking stellate * oun THE BARNACLE SCALE. 59 form of the young, dotted over the glossy surfaces of thu leaves, fre- quently attract attention, but their numbers are always so greatly re- duced during growth that only three or four per cent. reach the adult age. The thinning-out is not alone the work of enemies and parasites, bat is also due to the fact that the lice, when they become gravid, cannot main- tain their hold upon the smooth surface of the leaves. They fall to the ground and perish, being in the latter portion of their lives ineapable of free movement and, therefore, unable to reascend the trees. The Orange is not, therefore, adapted to this species of Seale-insect, and is never subject to long-continued or very damaging attacks by it. The occurrence of this Bark-louse upon wild plants, in portions of Florida very remote from cultivation, seems to indicate that it is indigen- ous, and not imported as supposed by Mr. Ashmead, who, however,con- siders it identical with Ceroplastes rusci (Linn.), a common European species. Professor Comstock, who has carefully compared the Old World species with our own, remarks that C. floridensis “ presents sev- eral marked differences; the most easily -noticeable being the small size of the central plate, and its entire disappearance so early in the life of the insect.” Parasites—A small Hymenopterous fly has been bred from Cero- plastes floridensis. It is similar in appearance and habits to Lneyrtus flavus Loward, previously mentioned as preying upon Lecanium hes- peridum.* In his paper on parasites of the Coccidie (Report Comm. Agric. for 1850, p. 369), Mr. Howard notices the occurrence of an allied parasite, a species of the genus Tetrastichus, which also remains unde- scribed.! THE BARNACLE SCALE. (Ceroplastes cirripediformis Comstock.) [Fig. 21.] The following account of this somewhat uncommon scale is given by Professor Comstock (Report Commissioner of Agriculture for 1880, - -p. 333): “Adult Female.—Average length 5™™; width, 4™™; height,4™"". When naked the color is dark reddish brown; the shape sub-globular, with a strong spine-like projection at the anal end of the body. The waxy covering is dirty white, mottled with several shades of grayish or light brown, and even in the oldest specimens retains the division into plates, although the form is more rounded and the dividing lines by no means as distinct as at an earlierage. There are visible a large convex dorsal plate, and apparently six lateral, each with a central nucleus; the anal *This may be Aphycus ceroplastis Howard, described in Bulletin 5, Bureau of En- tomology, as bred from Ceroplastes artemesie Riley MSS., from Silver City, N. Mex. 60 INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. plate, however, is larger, and shows two nuclei, and is evidently two plates joined together. Antenne 6 jointed, and proportioned as with C. Floridensis. Legs long; tibiz nearly twice as long as tarsi; digitules of the claw very Jarge. The other tarsal pair very long and slender, but with a very large button. The skin is seen in places to be furnished with many minute, round, transparent cellules, prob- ably spinnerets (indicated and so called by Signoret in his description of C, Vinsonii), and along the border are small groups of the constricted arrow-sh:ped tubercles men- tioned in the last species; but the bristle- Shaped spinnerets seem to be wanting, as in C. Fairmairti Targ. “ The Eggs.—Length, 0.35", rather slen- der, little more than a third as thick as long. Color light reddish brown, rather darker than the egg of C. Floridensis. ‘* Young Larva.— Very slender; dark brown in color; legs and antenne as with C. Floré- densis. ‘Growth of the Insect.—The growth of the insect and the formation of the waxy cover- ing seems to be very similar to that of the last species. Soon after the larva settles the same two dorsal ridges of white secre- tion make their appearance, but soon split ; up into transverse bands. Examined on i ase a ag cates ha the nfth da y after hatching, a larva showed siz; @, female, enlarged. (After seven distinct transverse bands, the ante- Comstock.) s : : 1 rior one being in the shape of a horseshoe. At the same time the lateral margin of the body was observed to be fringed with stiff spines, seventeen to a side. At nine days the small horse shoe-like mass had extended so as to nearly cover the thorax, and the transverse bands had lengthened and widened until they presented the appearance of a nearly complete shield to the abdomen, serrate at the edges. Lifteen Jateral tufts, such as were noticed in C. Floridensis, and such as Targioni figures in the larva of C. rusct (Stud. Sulle coc- ciniglie, Plate 1, Fig. 6) had appeared, though still small. “ At this stage of growth, as with the last species, all development seemed to stop, although the specimens lived on for months, the tem- perature in the breeding-room probably not being favorable to the for- mation of the plates. “The smallest specimen inthe collection with the plates already formed measures 2" Jong by 2™ wide and 1™ high. The color is light brown, aud the wax has a somewhat translucent appearance. The dorsal plate se a ee ” GENERAL REMARKS UPON THE LECANINA, — 61 is seven-sided; it is truncate anteriorly and pointed posteriorly. From each angle radiates a suture to the lateral edge, thus forming seven lateral plates, of which a single one is above the head, while above the anus is the suture between two. Through this suture projects the anal spur. Each plate has a dark brown patch in its center, aud in the cen- ter of each brown patch is a bit of the white secretion. “ Habitat and Food plants.—Yound at Jacksonville and in Volusia County, Florida, on orange, quince, and on a species of Lupatorium, often in company with with C. Lloridensis, although it was by uo meaus so common a species.” > GLIUERAL REMARKS UPON THE LECANINE, Extentof Injurics.—The Bark-lice of this groupare less injurious to trees and woody plants than their hard-shelled relations, the Diaspinz. Of the five species of Lecanine which have been known to attack citrus plants, the widely-distributed Lecaniwm hesperidum (Liun.) is most com- mon in Florida, and is generally recognized and somewhat feared by orange-growers. It is known to occur also iu the orange districts of Cali- fornia, where, however, it does not appear to be destructive. The deci- mation which this unprotected seale suffers through the attacks of para- sites and enemies. and the consequent short life. of its colonies, effect- ively limits its destructive powers. Very frequently the orange-grower will become aware of its presence only to find it in its decadence and the life of the cotony virtually extinguished through the activity of his in- visible friends. This fortunate condition will be suffciently indicated by the black color of the scales which are blasted by the presence of parasites. Iixten ive invasions of Lecanium hesperidum have never been known to occur, in this country at least. The injuries which it inflicts in orange groves are confined for the most part to nurseries or young trees before they have become fully established. Upon older trees only limited portions, and particularly shoots in process of hardening, are usually found to be infested. Rarely indeed does this scale occupy the entire top of a grown orange tree. Still more rarely is an entire orchard overrun by it. The species of this group having soft bodies, which dry up and shrivel after death, become loosened or washed by rains from their attachment to the bark, and soon disappear from trees. They do not, as in the case of the Diaspinew, remain and form a permanent coating upon the bark, clogging its pores aml exercising 2 baletul inflnaence upon the health of the tree lone-after life iu tbe insects themselves has become extinct. The Black Scale of California, Lecanium olew Bernard, is, as its name indicates, an olive scale. In California, however, it is quite injurious to the Orange aud its kindred, and is said to be spreading upou decidu- 62 INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. ous. orchard trees in the more northern portions of the State. It is not distributed in Florida, but has certainly been introduced ani is ocea- sionally seen upon imported plants, particularly upon the Olive. Lecanium hemisphericum Targioni, according to Professor Comstock, has been found upon the Orange in California. It is not known in Florida. Of the two species of wax scales, both of which are confined to Florida, Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock is by far the more abundant. C. cir ripediformis is found in certain localities, but is rare or unknown through- out a large part of the orange district. Serious injuries rarely, if ever, result from the attacks of the wax scales on orange trees, although the young of the first named species are frequently sufficiently numerous to attract attention and excite alarm. They invariably disappear, how- ever, or become reduced toa few solitary individuals, whose numbers barely suffice to perpetuate their race. Smut.—The attacks of the various species of Lecanium or Ceroplastes are frequently accompanied by the appearance of the sugar fungus, Cap- nodium citrt Berk. and Des., of which mention has been made in the introductory chapter of this work. The soot-like coating of the fungus covers leaves and bark, and even the Coccids themselves, feeding evi- dently upon the nectar which these insects have the power to eject to a considerable distance, and not upon the juices of the plaut. In proof of this fact it may be mentioned that a similar black coating appears at times upon objects when smeared with the nectar produced by flowers, and it is always found upon sugar-eane, where the joints are not too much exposed to the light. Not only does smut mask the operations of Scale-insects, so that it is not unfrequently mistaken for the cause of the ruin which they work, but it ean hardly be doubted that it is itself directly injurious in elog- ging the pores and stifling the vital action of the growing parts of the plant. inch). The strength of the little insect is apparently not sufficient to pene- trate the hard scales of some of the Diaspine ; it is not often seen to attack either the Long Scale (J. gloverii) or the Purple Seale (M. citricola), but appears most frequently upon trees infested with Chaff Scale (P. per- gandii). Even here it does not seem able to bite through the upper shell, but inserts its thin, wedge-shaped head and jaws between the Scale-insect and the bark and eats into it from below. The perfect in- sect, and to some extent the larva also, devour the young of any species of Bark-louse, but have not been observed to attack Aphis or any other insect. The young hatch in spring, from eggs laid in patches among the scales. EPITRAGUS TOMENTOSUS; family Tenebrionide. (Fig. 36.)—This is about half an inch in length, regularly oval in form, and convex above. The body is dark brown, densely sprinkled with ash- gray pubescence. The habits of the perfect insect are similar to those of the Lady-birds, and it is very com - monly found upou orange trees, engaged in feeding up- on Scale-insects of all kinds. It tears the scale from the bark and devours the contents, and sometimes the substance of the scales also. Its early history is un- known, but the larva probably lives upon the ground among oak leaves. The beetle isalso found abundantly upon scrubby oaks, where it feeds also upon Bark-lice. Mulching the trees with eak leaves is very certain to piihasitonis oe attract these beetles, and they do good service in “™”” checking the increase of Scale-insects, although they are seldom pres- ent in sufficient numbers to effectually clean the trees. 76 INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. PREDATORY LEPIDOPTERA. : THE CoccrD-EATING DAKRUMA (Dakruma coccidivora Con.1.). [Plate VI, Fig. 3: a, egg; b, larva; c, pupa; d, moth; e, moth resting ma Bark- louse.|—The predatory habits of this little moth were first ma le known by Professor Comstock (North American Entomologist, I, p. 25), who found its larva eating various species of Bark-lice. It is also v, ry com- mon in the spring of the year on orange trees infested by the soft bodied Coccids, Lecanium, Ceroplastes, &c., and does incalculable service it clear- - ing them of these pests. It, however, does not attack the Dia ‘vine unless compelled by hunger to do so, and seems to experience some (iffi- culty in biting through their hard scales. Several larve live together socially in silken galleries, with wh ch they cover twigs and branches infested with Scale-insects. Undcr- neath the covering of web the caterpillars of Dakruma move back an 1 forth, actively engaged in removing the Bark-live from the bark ani suspending them in the investing web. Nothing could be more thor ough than their work. Branches incrusted with Lecanium seales are very quickly cleared of the lice,and the Dakruma larve do not cease te extend their operations until every individual Coccid in the colony has been lifted from its place and securely fastened in the web above. While constructing their galleries the caterpillars stop occasionally to feed upon the Cocvids. At such times they seldom finish their repasts, but, like busy workmen, as they are, hastily snatch a bite or two by way of lunch, and suspend the half:devoured fragments in their web. When the entire scale colony has been secured within its net, the Dakruma larva rests from its labors and feeds at leisure upon the Coecids sus- pended inits larder. It devours not only the eggs and young and the softer parts of the Bark-lice, but even to some extent their harder skin or scale. The result of its operations upon Lecanium and Ceroplastes scales is to utterly annihilate the colonies of these insects which they attack. Larva.—A rather slender caterpillar, nearly half an inch in length, very dark green, almost black in color; the body bears a few long hairs arising from pale brown spots. Pupa.—The chrysalis is formed within the galleries of the larva, and is loosely wrapped in a cocoon of silk. It is slender, tapering to the anal extremity, of varying shades of brown, darkest on the back and lighter on the belly and wing-pads. Imago.—A small, dark-colored moth, one-third of an inch in length. The body is GauCntoen above and gray beneath; the forewings are light gray, with markings of brown and black; the eyes are black and ‘distinctly faceted. Lgg.—White, oval, the surface covered with a network of raised lines, the neshes forming irregular hexagons. Aistory.—The eggs are laid singly among the Coccids; they hatch in five or six days; the caterpillars, if food is abundant, attain their full LEPIDOi fERA PREDATORY ON BARK-LICE. 77 growth in ten or twelve days; their pupa stage lasts about the same length of time, unless belated in June or July, in which case they re- main in pupa until the heat moderates in August or September. The caterpillars are first seen in March, but are not common until April or May. The moths are most abundant in June, but disappear in mid- summer and appear again in the fall. .There are at least two, and pos- sibly three, broods in the spring and early summer, and one in the fall. . The pup and a few belated larve may be found in winter at any time. THE PALE DAKRUMA (JD. pallida Comstock).—Anothet species, closely resembling the preceding and haying similar habits, is described by Professor Comstock (Rept. Comm. Agric. for 1879, p. 243) from gall-like Coccids on Oak. From its similarity of habit this species may be ex- pected to feed upon Orange Scale-insects, although it has not been actu- ally observed to do so. Itis known from the first species by its lighter color in both the adult and larval stages. SCALE-EATING TINEID. (Fig. 57.)—The caterpillars of a Tineid moth with habits very similar to Dakruma, are found eating various Coce- cids, and have also been observed to feed : upon the common Long and Chaff Scales on Orange. Several specimens of the moth were bred in winter from larve inhabiting tightly-rolled dead leaves in- volved in the webs of a social leaf-eating caterpillar (Anceglis). The leaves thus F!. 37.—Scale-eating Tineid. (Original.) occupied had been infested by Scale-insects, and the scales within the retreat of the larvee were all gnawed and partially devoured. In summer the same species is found forming silken galleries like those of Dakruma upon orange branches infested with Diaspinous scales. The following observations of the habits were made upon several larve placed upon a twig of Orange covered with Long Scale (Mytslas. pis gloverti). The larve began at once to make a tangle of web in a fork of the twig, which was afterwards extended into a gallery along the branch. From time to time a larva reached out and tore a scale from the bark. Sometimes it devoured the whole scale, with the contained insect; again it turned the scale over and ate the contents, eggs and mother Coccid, retreating finally to its gallery and taking with it the empty shell, which it fastened in its web. Occasionally the caterpillars detached from the bark and fastened in their web scales with their liy- ing contents-untouched.* From the frequent additions made to it, the retreat of the caterpillars soon became entirely coated with fragments, _and could with difficulty be distinguished from the surrounding bark, * The contents of these scales were, however, sooner or later devoured. The laryie also frequently gnawed into a scale at one end and pulled ont and devoured the in- sect, leaving the empty seale still attached to the bark. They also ate sparingly the gummy exudations of the bark. —_ — 78 _ INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE, These fragments consisted in great part of half-eaten scales, from which the eggs and the Coccids had been extracted. Larva.—The caterpillars are about one-fourth inch long, dark purple — in color, with lines of lighter color in fine blotches along the sides. Pupa.—The chrysalis is sometimes formed upon the branches within a cocoon of silk densely covered with scales, and sometimes concealed in a dead, rolled leaf, or otherwise protected under fragments lodged in spider-webs, &c. 1t is dark brown in color, and of the usual form, with- out striking peculiarities. Imago.—The moth is less than one-third inch in length, with rather long wings; head and thorax are ashen gray; the upper wings are lus- trous lead color, with silvery scales intermixed; they are marked each with a single distinct black spot near the base and a pair of faint dots near the tip. The under wings are silvery gray, with the membrane showing iridescent blue between the scales in the middle of the wing; the antenna in one sex has the third joint thickened and curiously ex- cised, the excavatiou covered with a tuft of long seales. | History.—The larvee of this species have been observed only in the fall and winter months, and the number of broodsis not known. It may be assumed to have three or four broods. Moths appeared in thirteen or fourteen days from pup formed late in September. In December and January they remained twenty days in pupa. e Two other moths of this family ( Zineid@) have been noted* as feeding upon Coccids in Florida, but they were bred only from gall-like Bark- lice found upon Oak, and never occurring upon orange trees. INSECTS OF THE ORDER HEMIPTERA. THE SPIDER-LEGGED SOLDIER-BuG (Leptocorisa tipuloides, Latr. ; Plate VI, Fig. 4.)—This is a slender, long-legged bug. The color of the body is orange-yellow, with a rounded spot of black upon the thorax ; the legs, antenne, and tip of the beak are black; the wings in the adult have a band of black across the middle and an oval spot of black covering the terminal half; the legs are covered with almost in- visible, short, stiff hairs, which canse small light objects to adhere to them. The bodies of the young especially are covered with fragments, consisting in great part of the pellicles of insects which have been emptied of their contents by the bug. Length of the adult, 5 inch. The habits of this bug are sluggish, but it flies readily when adult. It is found, often in great numbers, upon the Orange and other plants when they are infested with the common Lecanium Scale (Lecanium hes- peridum, Linn.). The bug sucks the juices of these soft-shelled Bark- lice, but has never been observed to puncture the hard scales of the Diaspinz. Unfortunately the, Leptocorisa does not discriminate be- tween friends and foes, but destroys many predatory and useful insects. * Rept. Comm, Agric. for 1879, p. 244. HEMIPTEROUS INSECTS PREYING UPON BARK-LICE. (fe It has been observed to capture and suck the juices of ants and of the ‘larves of the Lace-wing flies, and also to empty of their contents the eggs of other insects. Eggs.—The eggs are long, vial-shaped objects, brick-red in color; they are deposited upright, in small masses, aglutinated with a viscid, frothy substance, which dries very slowly and remains sticky long after the eggs have hatched. The eggs hatch in about one week after they are deposited. ~ Life-history—The number of broods is indefinite; solitary individuals are found at all seasons, but become more numerous in spring and fall, upon plants infested with Lecanium Scale, which also breeds most rap- idly at these seasons. The young suck the juices of plants for a short time after hatching, but afterward feed exclusively upon insects. They change their skins frequently, gradually acquiring fully-developed wings and other characters of the adult; the process occupying, accord- ing to the season and temperature, from three weeks to two months. This species is much more gregarious in its habits than most predatory Soldier-bugs. Not only the young, but also the adult insects are fre- quently found in large colonies. Parasite—The only enemy known to attack this bug is a minute Proctotrupid fly, belonging to the genus Telenomus,? which is bred within, and destroys ics eggs. The parasite is black, with yellow legs. A single fly issues from each egg of the bug, leaving a round hole eaten in the side of the shell. Two small bugs (Hemiptera) prey upon the Mealy-bug (Dactylopius destructor). Specimens of the young bugs were sent to the Department of Agriculture, from Florida, on leaves of Orange infested with Mealy- bugs, and were observed to suck the eggs and young lice of the Mealy- bug. In the young of one species the color is deep red, with brown eyes; an- tenn and legs pale reddish or yellowish white, with the thighs slightly dusky ; the antenne four-jointed, the fourth joint longest; the proboscis short, rather stout; from each side of the abdomen, near the tip, projects a pair of long bristles. Length, when adult, about 5™™ (,2, inch). The other species is a smaller insect than the preceding. The young bugs are coral-red, the shanks and tips of the legs white, the antenne also parti-colored, having the third joint and tip of the terminal (fourth) joint white; the proboscis is white, and reaches beyond the middle of the body; the body and members are covered with short, pale hairs. The adult is purple-brown, with lighter eyes, and has parti-colored legs and antenne; the wings are ornamented with a large chocolate. brown spot edged with white or pale red, and situate at the base of the membranous portion, near the tip of each wing-cover; the body and surface of the wings are thinly covered with silvery hairs, giving a hoary appearance to the insect. Length 2.2™™ (;§, inch). The egg is long and slender, vase- shaped, pearly white, with a tinge of pink, and has a white rim; it is 80 INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. deposited singly, lying upon its side, in any situation where the female may find a lurking place.‘ This little bug is one of a number of insects often associated with the Orange Web-worm, Aneglis demissalis. (See Chapter X.) INSECTS OF THE ORDER NEUROPTERA. LACH-WINGS. CHRYSOPA. (Fig. 38, adult fly and eggs of Chrysopa oculata.)—There may frequently be seen, moving rapidly about upon the trunk and branches of the orange tree, little floc- culent masses, grayish in color, nearly hemispherical, and of about the size of SS + asplit pea. When one of these mossy Ree Ee ee bunches is examined closely it is found to be an insect, whose back is covered with a nondescript coliection of fragments, consisting chiefly of the dried skins and broken remains of insects. This is the young of a Chrysopa, or Lace-wing fly, and the cov- ering with which its soft body is protected, and which renders it less conspicuous upon the bark, is formed from the accumulated remains of the victims whose juices have served the animal for food. The Lace-wing feeds to a great extent upon Bark-lice, tearing loose the scales from the bark, and after devouring the soft contents adding a portion of the débris to the load upon its back. Plant lice and many other small insects are also eaten. The activity and rapacity of the larva is remarkable; it wanders restlessly over all parts of the tree in search of food, and although insignificant as to numbers in comparison with the swarming millions of its prey, it yet exercises an appreciable influence in holding them in check. Larva.—The body of the larva, divested of its extraneous covering, Is somewhat broadly oval, divided into joints, from the sides of which arise branching spines. These spines serve to hold in place the loose, dry materials which are piled upon its back. The Jegs are quite long and slender, adapted to rapid movements, and the jaws are sickle-shaped, Jong and keenly pointed, projecting beyond the ambuscade under which the insect moves. Pupa.—When prepared to pupate, the larva forms an almost globular cocoon by drawing together with strands of silk the loose materials it bears upon its back, and constructing beneath it a spherical cell of thin but strong parchment, pure white in color. Within this the pupa lies curved like an embryo. The pupa has the form of the perfect insect, barely masked by a transparent envelope, and with the wings and other members contracted and closely applied to the body. It gradually changes in color from white to pale green, and finally issues by pushing outward a cireular cap which forms one end of its cell. Imago.— The perfect insect is a four-winged fly, of a delicate-pea-green color; eyes a resplendent copper bronze. The wings are large, closely veined, hyaline with a violet reflection; when at rest they meetin a MITES WHICH DESTROY SCALE-INSECTS. 81 ridge like the peak of a roof. The antennie are black, paler outwards. Head porcelain-white; the enlarged first joint of the antenne, and also a triangular spot on the head at the base of each antenna purple red; a band of the same color ou each side of the thorax. Eggs.—The eggs are laid upon various parts of the tree, often near a colony of Plant-lice, in groups of five to fifteen, each supported on the end of an erect, bristle-like stalk, about 0.4 inch in length. The object of this device is said to be the preservation of the egg from the young of its own kind, for such is the rapacity of the larva that those first hatched would immediately devour the remaining eges if they were de- posited within reach upon the surface of the plant. . Life-history.—The development of Chrysopa is quite rapid in hot weather, and is greatly retaided by cold. There are apparently but two broods each year, in spring and fall. Eggs are seen as late as the middle of July, but the larve only are abundant in midsummer. In winter both larve and eggs are found, but the perfect insect is not common except in early summer and late in the fall. There are said to be several species of Chrysopa frequenting the Orange, which, however, are with difficulty distinguished froin each other, and have identical habits. One of these has been described as new by Ashmead under the name Chrysopa citri. Parasites (Perilitus sp.)°—A four-winged parasite destroys the Chry- sopa, and issues from its cocoon. It is of slender form, with the abdo- men stalked; color beneath light yellow, above black, with yellow mark- ings; the legs yellow, the antenne dark, the face yellow; eyes, ver- tex, and back of the head black; the rings of the hind-body are alter- nately black and yellow. Length, 3" (2, inch). HEMEROBIUS.—Several species of this genus, which is closely allied to Chrysopa, exist upon orange trees and feed upon the young of Bark- lice, and to a still greater extent upon Plant-lice (Aphis). They have nearly the same habits as Chrysopa, but the larvie do not protect them- selves with a covering of fragments. The larve are mottled with gray, brown, and dull red, aud are more slender than those of the preceding _ species. The pupa is formed in a globular cocoon of white parchment, not covered with fragments. The perfect insect is much smaller than Chrysopa; the wings are less transparent, and are covered with down of light-brown color. MITES—ACARINA. Next to their internal parasites, Mites constitute the most important enemies of Scale-insects, and exert a constant and very powerful influ- ence in checking their increase. They are at all times present wherever Scale-insects exist, and in numbers limited only by the food supply. They cannot penetrate the hardened shells of mature Scale-insects, but 6521 0 1 6 82 INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE.. they destroy great numbers of the young lice, as soon as the latter have fastened themselves to the bark, and while their scales are still soft and thin. They also creep into the open end of scales which have begun to hatch, and destroy a portion of the eggs. The scales vacated by para- sites, in which have been left convenient open doorways, furnish the Mites with secure retreats and places of deposit for theireggs. Usually the dry and distended skin of the Coccid is left by the parasite, nearly filling the seale, and with a minute exit hole immediately opposite that in the outer shell. Thus the Mites or their young and eggs are provided with a double envelope separated by layers of confined air, and nearly impervious to liquids. It is, therefore, not astonishing that applica- tions sufficiently penetrating to kill Seale-insects do not reach the Mites and their eggs thus protected. In fact the latter very frequently in- crease enormously after an effective application, because the loosening of the scales by the wash enables them to penetrate to and feed upon the dead or dying Bark-liee, and the supply of food is for a time largely increased. To cause a marked increase in the number of the Mites, it is some- times sufficient to loosen the scales here and there upon the trunk and branches which are most thickly encrusted with them, by scraping the bark with a stick or knife blade. This gives the Mites an increased sup- ply of food, and stimulates them to active breeding. The result is often to effectively check the progress of the Scale-insects for the time - being, although they cannot be exterminated in this way. The method is not advanced as a practicable remedy, and cannot be made to replace the proper application of insecticides, but from its simplicity it is fre- quently useful as a means of gaining time, when remedies are not at hand. GLOVER’S ORANGE MITE (Tyroglyphus ? gloverii Ashmead). [Plate VI, Fig. 5.|—This is the commonest species found among Orange Scale- insects; it is also the smallest species and the most active and rapid in its movements; it is somewhat longer than bread, slightly flattened ; in color it yaries from pure white to yellowish, and often a pale pink or flesh-color. This color-variation is due to the varying nature of its in- testinal contents, seen through the semi-transparent body. Length about 0.1" (-;4;5 inch).* The eggs are white, and are deposited either singly orin small groups, under a tangle of spider’s web, among dead scales, &e.; lurking places in which the white, six- legged young congregate and undergo their trans- formations. > The form in most soft-bodied Acarina is very changeable, depending upon the con- dition of the animal, whether full-fed, or depleted by fasting. The figure of this species on Plate VI represents the shape commonly seen. Whet emaciated, the sides of the body become deeply sinuate or lobed, deep pits are formed upon the upper sur- face in front, and several transverse folds in the skin appear to divide the abdominal portion into segments. In plethorie individuals, the distention of the body into an oval sack obliterates every trace of fold or depression upon its surface. ~ MITES WHICH, DESTROY SCALE-INSECTS. 83 This species certainly feeds upon the eggs of Coccids, and probably also upon their young, and sucks the juices of the adult Bark-lice, when- ever it can get at them. ‘ THE HAIRY ORANGE MITE.'—Probably the next in point of abund- ance is a larger mite, dark red in color, covered with pale hairs, broadly oval in form, and with several irregular indentations upon the back. This mite is also very rapid in its movements, and is certainly predatory upon Scale-insects or their eggs. The eggs are sherry-brown in color, quite large and globular, and are usually deposited singly upon the leaf among scales, or strung like amber beads upon strands of spider’s web, which harbor the mites and their young. The six-legged young are spindle-shaped, of a lighter, ruby-red color, the extremities pale, and have an eye-like prominence on each side of the anterior body. The length of the adult is 0.3™™ (;4%, inch). THE SPEAR-HEAD MITE.7—Another not uncommon Red Mite seems to be predatory upon Scale-insects. It is rather larger than the preced- ing; dull, opaque red, not hairy; the body is distinctly diamond or spear shaped, somewhat flattened, with a sharp median ridge upon the -back, having on each side a longitudinal depression; a band of pale brown is sometimes seen across the middle of the back. Length, 0.35™™ (<3é5 inch). This species is sluggish and solitary. The eggs are deep red, globu- lar, and are deposited singly among scales. There are numerous species of Mites found about and among Scale- insects, of which a few only appear to be dependent upon them for their subsistence, or peculiar to the orange tree and its kind. Some of these mites are undoubtedly merely scavengers, living about, if not upon, the dirt and débris that collect where the plant is fouled with Scale-insects, - but never appearing to attack the insect itselfin any stage. Possibly they feed upon the excrement or excretions of other insects, or upon molds that accompany such ejected matter. The predatory Mites are usually active, running hither and thither restlessly, occasionally stopping to examine the sealed edge of a scale or to pry into a vacant and deserted shell. The young of Mites frequently differ entirely from the adults in form and coloration; they have, moreover, but three pairs of legs, while the adults have four pairs. The life-history of many species is imperfectly known. THE SpPoTtTeD Mire.’—This is a rather large, egg-shaped or pear- shaped Mite, with a very plump, smooth, shining, and pellucid body, either white or honey-yellow in color, and provided witb a few very long and fine bristle-hairs; the division of the body into two parts is barely indicated by a fine line; in adult specimens the body behind is more or less clouded with red-brown, forming sometimes a distinct spot; a large round spot on each side, upon the declivities of the hind-body, 84 INSECTS AFFECLING THE ORANGE. varies in color with the age and condition of the individual, from sulphur- yellow to brick-red and dull brown. Length, 0.38"™ (;}s inch). The Mite is slow in movement, and gregarious. White, elongate eggs, and the six-legged young are found in groups of three or four to twenty upon scale-infested orange leaves. While this Mite may with some probability be considered a scavenger, feeding upon dead vege- table and animal matter, it is almost certain that it does also suck the eggs of Scale-insects, with which it is very closely associated. A species of Rhizoglyphus (?),° similar to but distinct from the preceding, was sent by Professor Comstock from Florida. It was found in allstages from egg to adult on orange leaves infested with RNS the Long Seale and the Common Mealy-bug. Fig. Fic. 39.—Orange Mite. (Origi- 99 represents the mite, after a drawing by Mr. Se Th. Pergande; the following are his notes upon the species: ‘These Mites were especially numerous around the Mealy-bugs, and they were noticed to suck and destroy the eggs of that insect; the eggs of the Mite were deposited between the egg-masses of the Louse and also on the leaf itself; the eggs are white, perfectly oval; the Mites are white, almost transparent, the full-grown ones slightly yellow, with one or sometimes three pale brownish spots; when there is only one spot it is generally situated on the pos- terior portion of the abdomen, but when there are three spots they are arranged as shown in the fig- ure—the front one is largest and the two posterior spots are small and rather indis-tinct. The male is shorter and stouter than the female.” FIG. ste ae os malt. Associated with the foregoing is a Mite [Fig. 40] with a more flattened form, concerning which the following notes are given, with the figure here produced: “A single specimen of a second species of Mite was also found on an orange leaf sent by Professor Comstock, from Sanford, Fla. This Mite is quite different from the preceding; it is smaller, more yellow, and there are small and very distinet eyes ; the legs, especially the first pair, are quite differently formed, It is not as hairy and not as slender as the Fic. 40.—Orange Mite. (Original.) MITES WHICH DESTROY SCALE-INSECTS. 85 other species. This Mite also evidently preys either on the Mytilaspis or the Dactylopius.” A very long-bodied Mite, without spots, is found occasionally in empty Mytilaspis scales; it has the same habits as the Spotted Mite. This species may be identical with Tyroglyphus malus Shimer, which preys upon the Oyster-shell Bark-louse of the Apple. The figures of the lat- ter, from Riley’s Fifth Missouri Report, are here reproduced. [Fig. 41.] THE ORBICULAR MITE.—This is the largest Mite found among Seale- insects; it is nearly circular, or slightly oval, in outline; the body is thick and somewhat flattened, covered with a pol- ished, horny shell of brown color, surmounted by a few fine bristles. The shell or carapace is turned under at the sides and ends, so that the short, stout legs are concealed beneath it as the animal walks, and only the tip of the head and beak pro- ject beyond the front margin. Length, about 0.4™™ (548, inch). This is an active, wandering Mite, undoubtedly predatory upon Seale-insects, but found also suck- FUT eee atte ing the eggs of many other insects. Its eggs are laid, and transformations undergone, under loose bark and in crevices, where the early forms are mingled with those of numerous other Mites, from which they have not been clearly distinguished.* A variety of other Mites are found from time to time wandering over scale-infested leaves and branches, but the forms above indicated are believed to include those most closely connected with orange pests. * This may be the Nothrus ovivorus of Packard, Fig. 42, which is found sucking the eggs of the Canker-worm. CHAPTER VII. MBANS OF DEFENSE AGAINST SCALE-INSEOTS—REME- DIES. INTRODUCTION OF SCALE-INSECTS ON IMPORTED PLANTS. In the wide range of insect life tew forms possess a greater vitality than is found among the Bark-lice, and none are more readily trans- ported upon plants from place to place, and from one country to an- other. Whenever orange plants are imported from infested districts, Seale-insects will be brought with them, and their introduction and spread in regions where they were before unknown are inevitable. Even the soft and unprotected Coccingz sustain without injury an as- tonishing amount of rough handling, and exist for long periods of time without food or moisture. During the winter of 188283 living specimens of the Common Mealy- bug (Dactylopius adonidum, Linn.) were sent to the writer, through the mails, from Italy and also from Morocco, inclosed with a few orange leaves in common letter envelopes. Although the orange leaves were entirely dry, and some of the insects were crushed between their sur- faces, many, even of the adults, were found to be uninjured, and young_ lice had even been produced in transit. The scale-covered Diaspine, it may well be supposed, are even better able to sustain long voyages than their soft-bodied relatives, and their eggs are not affected by long-continued drought, nor by sudden changes of temperature. It can hardly be doubted that all the common Bark-lice found upon the Orange in Europe have been many times imported into Florida upon living plants. In this way, in the year 1835, it is supposed, the com- mon Long Scale (Mytilaspis gloverit) was introduced, first at Jackson- ville, and subsequently at Saint Augustine, from whence it spread de- vastation over all the groves then in the State. In 1855, according to Glover, a new scale, probably the Chaff Scale (Parlatoria pergandii), was introduced into Florida on some lemons sent from Bermuda. More recently a new and very destructive scale has made its appearance at Orlando, in Orange Oounty, Florida, and is slowly but surely spreading to other parts of the State. This is the Red Scale of Florida (Aspidiotus {Chrysomphalus] jficus Ashmead). It was first observed in a grove near Orlando, in the spring of 1879, upon a sour-orange tree brought from Havana, Cuba, in 1374. Professor 86 REMEDIES AGAINST SCALE-INSECTS. 87 Comstock received specimens from Havana, and’ learned that it was a very common pest in the public gardens of that city. In California, owing to the very direct communication with China and Japan, and frequent importations of plants from these countries, many destructive species of Bark-lice have been introduced upon fruit and shade trees. Some of these are the most serious pests of their kind; many have a wide range of food-plants, including also the Orange, and one at least, the Red Scale of California, is peculiar to citrus plants. It was introduced into California from Australia. Professor Com- stock believes this to be the most destructive species known to in- fest citrus plants in this country. Its introduction into Florida, to- gether with others now ravaging the groves of California, is greatly to be feared, and is probably only a question of time, as the interchange of plants between these two States increases annually. Not only plants of the citrus family, but many other trees and shrubs, and notably the Olive, may cause the introduction of Scale-insects, some of which have, besides the Orange and its kind, a great variety of food-plants. It would be well for the horticultural interests of Florida if some system of inspection of imported fruit-trees could be adopted and vigor- ously enforced by the State. This would, no doubt, be difficult of accomplishment, and, perhaps, impracticable. Individual importers should, however, be made fully aware of the danger which exists of in- troducing other destroyers more serious than those already at hand, and should be on their guard. Living plants received from foreign countries ought to be carefully cleaned upon their arrival, and all in- sects found upon them destroyed. It is not easy to estimate the extent of the damage that would be occasioned should any of the Aspidiotus scales now ravaging the groves and orchards of California be permitted to obtain a permanent foothold in Florida. PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES. Infection from nursery Stock.—W hat has been said as to the danger of introducing exotic Scale-inseets by importations from abroad will apply as well to the spreading of domestic species by the exchange and sale of nursery stock. It must be acknowledged that many of the leading nurserymen are fully alive to the necessity of establishing and maintaining a reputation for painstaking care, and rarely send out infested plants. Others exer- cise less care and frequently scatter insect pests by means of the befouled plants they distribute. Close planting in the nursery is a most frequent cause ot the appear- ance of Scale-insects in destructive numbers. Young orange trees are planted a few inches apart in rows, and are often left for years in close ranks, with their branches interlocking, and affording easy passage for 88 INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. the migrating young of Bark-lice, so that if they effect a lodgment upon any plant, the entire row, and even the whole nursery, is quickly over- run by them. The crowding of the plants prevents free and vigorous growth; they are stunted, and for want of nourishment, as well as lack of light and air, they are thrown into a condition in which they are particularly liable to the attack of Scale-insect. In common parlance, “they breed scale.” In the existing almost universal distribution of the pest, those nurser- ies only can be kept from becoming foul in which a reasonable amount of space is allowed to each plant for its growth and cultivation. At least 18 inches should intervene between the plants, and the rows should be not less than 3 feet apart. Experience teaches that it is easier to keep clean and uninfested a large, well-ordered nursery than it is to remove the Scale-insect from a single orange tree of moderate size when once the pest has become fully established. No part of the grove is so liable to suffer neglect as the nursery, and it is unfortunately a very common practice to allow seedling plants to erow up without attention in neglected corners, and frequently to become so foul with scale as to become a source of infection to the groves and nurseries in the vicinity. To this neglect, undoubtedly, is due the fact that the advance of insect pests has fully kept pace with that of the orange industry in the recently occupied districts, both in Florida and California. Protection afforded by Hedges and Forest Trees.—It is a serious evil, and one as yet hardly appreciated, that in Florida, in removing the forest to make way for the advancing orange groves, every tree is generally sacrificed. Not even in the lanes and roadways has the ax spared an occasional pine to serve as a wind-break against the sweep of storms. In many districts, once well ciothed with timber, the naked land for many miles now lies exposed to the destructive force of gales, which, by whip- ping and thorning the fruit, will, when the groves begin to bear, occasion severe losses. The pines of the original forest, from their great height, serve to break the force of upper currents, and a single giant tree extends its protecting influence overa wide area. If cut, the loss is well-nigh irreparable; many generations must elapse before its place can be satisfactorily supplied by the lower and more spreading oaks and pines of second growth. But a discussion of this subject, though of sufficient importance to horticul- turists, would be out of place in the present treatise, were it not for the great value of wind-breaks as an. aid in isolating and preventing the spread of Scale-insects and other pests of fruit-trees. From the time of their first appearance it has been remarked that Seale-insects spread most rapidly in the direction of prevailing winds. This phenomenon is now known to be due to the influence of the wind in guiding thé flight of other inseets which transport the minute, crawl- ing young of Bark-lice upon their bodies. REMEDIES AGAINST SCALE-INSECTS. 89 The feet and tail-feathers of birds are also invaded by the crawling lice, which are thus borne with them in their flights to be scattered over new plantations. : : The leaves and branches of shrubs and trees standing to the windward of a grove protect it by receiving these pest-laden visitors, and detain- ing them long enough to relieve them of the scale-larve they bear upon their bodies. It is, therefore, a great protection to leave narrow belts of timber be- tween adjoining groves, allowing the undergrowth to spring up and form a natural sereen, or else to replace this with cultivated plants. Fences _ may usefully be replaced by thorny hedges, which will aid in maintain- ing an effective quarantine against invasions of Scale-insect and other minute pests. To be of value the screen or hedge should, of course, be composed of such plants as are not themselves subject to the attacks of orange insects; otherwise it may first become infested and afterward prove a source of danger, in place of a safeguard. For example, the Oleander is not desir- able in the neighborhood of orange trees, because of its liability to the attacks of certain soft Seale-insects (Lecanium.) On the other hand, pines, cedars, and other coniferous plants, having very few insect ene- _ mies in common with other plants, are absolutely safe, and are also admirably adapted to form wind-breaks. CLEANLINESS. Beneficial action of Light.—It is with plants as with animals, a rule to be borne in mind that foulness breeds vermin. The growing bark as well as the leaves has its pores and its respiratory functions, for the proper performance of which it needs exposure to light and air. from the lack of these conditions for healthful growth, the inside branches of orange trees dwindle and lose vitality, becoming breeders of Seale- insects, which thrive best when the plant has lost its vigor. Pruning and opening Tops to Light and Air.—Upon trees of consider- able size and which have formed dense heads, Bark-lice usually make a start upon the devitalized inside branches, and from thence they may spread over a portion or the whole of the tops. It may be doubted if any bearing orange tree entirely free from scale can be found in Florida. Somewhere under the canopy of leaves there will always be a twig or stifled branch upon which the enemy lurks in concealment, latent, but ever present, and waiting for favorable condi- tions to swarm forth in destructive numbers and possess the tree. The careful cultivator needs not to be warned of this source of danger, and will not allow dead and dying branches to remain and accumulate until they become a menace to the health of the tree and breeders of insect pests. He will frequently examine his bearing trees, and at least once each year remove the unfruitful and devitalized inside growth from their tops. 90 INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. Clearing off Webs.—Young trees, while they require less pruning than the old, will well repay the time and care that may be expended in keeping them free from entangling moss and from the webs of insects. These not only befoul and injure the trees, but directly foster Scale- insects by sheltering and protecting them from the attacks of many very active enemies and parasites. The webs and lairs of spiders in particular may be regarded with suspicion, and will very frequently be found to harbor the foe when it can be found nowhere else. Scrubbing the Trunks.—Accumulations of Seale-inseet, living or dead, us well as of lichens and other fungi, upon their trunks affect most in- juriously the health of trees, and their removal from the bark always causes a marked improvement in condition. The inerustations upon orange trees formed by Chaff Scale are particularly hurtful. This spe- cies continues to accumulate for many generations, piling its scales over each other as long as it is possible for the young to finda crevice through which to insert their sucking beaks. There results a dense crust, which remains for years, and becomes still further consolidated and converted into a tough, fibrous coating by the threads of the peculiar fungus, which, as has already been mentioned, feeds upon the débris of this Bark-louse. To partially cleanse the trunks of orange trees, without entirely de- stroying the life that always remains in scale-crusts, no matter of how long standing, is to expose the plant to fresh incursions of Scale-insects by clearing away the obstructions to their spread. Therefore it is im- portant not only that the clearing should not be neglected, but that, when undertaken, the work should be thorougly done. For scrubbing the trunks properly a brush stiff enough to remove the scales is required, and to insure the destruction of any insects or eggs that may escape, hidden in unseen crevices, it should be dipped in cleansing liquids, such as the dilute kerosene and soap emulsions recom- mended in the following pages for spraying the trees, or very strong solutions of lye may be used, and will be more effectual in destroying fungi than the kerosene washes. Solutions of whale-oil soaps are very _commouly employed and with good effect; butif the solutions are thick and strong, as indeed they need to be in order to kill the insects, the trunks should be rubbed down before they dry with clear water, to re- move the film of soap, for this, if allowed to remain, has a tendency to harden the bark by clogging its pores. Palmetto Brushes.—A better implement than the common domestic scrubbing-brush, usually employed in cleaning tree-trunks, may be made in a few moments out of a bit of saw-palmetto root (root-stalk) by pounding the ends until the fibers separate and form a brush. For the removal of scales and dead bark nothing better than this rude brush can be devised. In Florida the material is always at hand and costs nothing. In use the palmetto brush wears away slowly, but never wears out so long as any portion of it remains. REMEDIES AGAINST SCALE-INSECTS. — 91 POPULAR METHODS AND REMEDIES. Cutting back infested Trees.—The utter inadequacy of nearly all the washes hitherto used has led many fruit-growers to despair of obtain- ing permanent benefit from the application of remedies, and a common practice has been to cut back badly infested trees, leaving only the main trunks, or in the case of well-grown trees, a portion of the main branches, and to scrub thoroughly every part of these with solutions of soap or lye, using a stiff brush, and as far as possible removing every scale. This, however, involves great care and considerable labor, and the complete extermination of the pest is rarely accomplished in this way. The loss of branches is indeed replaced with extraordinary rapid- ity, but the Scale-insects reappear. as if by magic, and in one or two years become as bad as before. Fumigating.—Various plans have been proposed for destroying Seale- insects with pungent vapors of various kinds. The difficulties in the way of applying vapors to trees growing in the open air are very great, and appear to have been overlooked by the advocates of this method. Tobacco smoke has been very frequently tried in inclosed green-houses, _but although it will destroy Plant-lice (Aphis), it 1s found to have no effect upon Scale-ivsects, which are far too well protected by their tightly sealed scales to be reached by vapors, except those of a corrosive na- - ture. Sulphur has been recommended, evidently on theoretical grounds only, as its fumes are not less destructive to vegetable than to animal life. The chlorophy! of the leaves and plants is bleached and the life of a plant destroyed by a short exposnre to any gas containing sulphur. Actual trial of fumigation upon the Orange was made by covering a young and vigorous plant with a barrel and exposing it for ten minutes to the fumes produced by burning one ounce weight of sulphur. The leaves were completely bleached and the plant killed. The Scale-insects upon it (Long Seale) were uninjured by the sulphur vapor, and survived until the bark became entirely dead and dry, perishing finally from want of food and moisture. Applications to the Roots.—No results of any value have been attained by attempts to kill Seale-insects through the juices of the plaut by making applications to the soil with the expectation that they will be taken up by the roots. Many nostrums are advertised and sold as insecticides, which it is claimed act in this way. ‘There are also in the market not a few combined fertilizers and insect-exterminators, so- called, to which is assigned a double action, beneficialin the case of the plant, but deadly to the insect life which it supports. These claims are based upon the assumed power of the plant to appropriate and mingle with its juices unchanged the substauces which have insecticide prop- _ erties—an assumption wholly at variance with the known laws of vege- table physiology. In fact an insecticide, if it could be introduced into 92 INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. the circulation through the roots of the plant, would be far more likely to injure the plant itself than the Bark-lice upon it. Inoculating with Poisons.—For the same reason it has been found im- possible to reach and destroy insect pests by inoculating the bark or — wood of the trunk or branches. The attempt has usually been made by boring into the trunk of the tree, introducing the article to be tested, and tightly closing the hole with a plug. Numerous experiments of this sort are recorded. Of the long list of substances which have been thus tried, and which incindes many mineral and vegetable poisons, as well as sulphur and other sub- stances possessing insecticide properties, none have proved effective. Popular Fallacies.—Thereis a widespread and apparently well-founded opinion that vigorous trees are in little danger from attacks of Seale- insects, but if from any cause a tree becomes enfeebled, its investment is only a question of time. Many persons therefore reject the aid of insecticides, and when a tree becomes infested, rely upon a liberal use of fertilizers to restore its lost vitality and force itinto vigorous growth, believing that in this way it will rid itself of the pest. It cannot be de- nied that this course of treatment is often successful, at least for a time, but the Scale-insect is never entirely eradicated, and its return at some future time may be expected.- Indeed, overstimulation by means of fertilizers is apt to defeat its object, and reaction follows in unfavorable seasons. In fighting Scale with fertilizers, therefore, success may be said to depend upon conditions unknown or beyond our control. When these are favorable, the system may be found to work well; otherwise failure is inevitable, and by adhering to it valuable time will be lost, and the pest will perhaps be allowed to spread until it can with difficulty be controlled. EFFECTIVE REMEDIES. Kerosene.—This is without doubt the most effective insecticide for use against Seale-insects, and it is almost the only substance known which will with certainty kill their eggs without at the same time destroying the plant. The difficulty of diluting it, and the danger to the plant of applying it undiluted, have long prevented its extensive use. Easy methods of emulsifying the oil and rendering it miscible with water are now known, and have recently been set forth by Professor Riley in his official reports. Milk and Kerosene Emulsions.—The method of emulsifying kerosene with milk, as given in a preliminary report on Seale-insects in the Be- port of the Commissioner for the years 1881 and 1852, remains the best and simplest, where milk can be easily and cheaply obtained. The milk should first be heated nearly to the boiling point, and then mixed with kerosene in the proportions one part of milk to two parts st eas REMEDIES AGAINST SCALE-INSECTS. i 93 of kerosene. The mixture requires to be very violently churned for a period, varying with the temperature, from five or ten minutes to half an hour. If the mixture is quite hot the emulsion és very easily and quickly formed. It is quite thin while warm, but thickens on cooling. If cold, the process is delayed, but after continued agitation the emul- sion forms suddenly, as in butter making, and becomes at once an ivory- white glistening paste, or jelly. To form a perfectly stable emulsion more violent agitation is re- quired than can be effected by hand stirring, or by dashing in an ordi- nary churn. The particles of oil and milk are more readily driven into union by passing the mixture through the spray-nozzle of a force- pump. The aquapult pump (Fig. 43), which is also one of the most effective in- struments for spraying trees, may be satisfactorily used for this pur- pose. The pump is inserted ina pail or tub containing the mix- ture, and this is pumped back into the same receptacle through the flexible hose and spray-nozzle until the emulsion is formed. From 3 to 5 gallons of emulsion may be churned at one time by means of the ordinary hand form of this pump. For larger quan- tities a larger pump or some form of druggist’s churn will be re- quired. The emulsion, if well made, is permanent, provided it is not ex- posed to the air, which causes in time a partial separation of the oil. The union of the ingredi- ents is purely mechanical, and the presence of the kerosene does not prevent the fermentation of the milk, which will become sour and curdle without, however, separat- ing from the oil. For fresh milk may be substituted an equivalent of condensed milk and water, or of sour milk. If sour milk is used no subsequent curd- ling of the emulsion takes place, and it is therefore preferable to sweet milk. The milk emulsions may be diluted in water to any extent, and if cold require to be thinned at first with a small quantity of water. One part of emulsion to nine or ten parts of water will be found to make an effective wash. Fic. 43.—The aquapult. 94 _ INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. Soap and Kerosene Emulsions.—The difficulty of obtaining fresh milk in Florida, and the cost of condensed milk, have made a cheaper substi- tute desirable. This is found in a solution of soap, which forms with kerosene an equally good emulsion. The quantity of soap used in so- lution need not exceed one-quarter of a pound to one gallon of water, but stronger soap solutions are required to form a permanent emulsion. The percentage of kerosene may also be varied greatly. But emulsions containing over 80 per cent. of the oil have too light a specific gravity and are not readily held in suspension in water. On the other hand, in the process of emulsification, kerosene loses a portion of its value as an insecticide, and emulsions containing Jess than 30 per cent. of the oil, although they do not at all, or only very slowly, rise to the surface when diluted with considerable quantities of water, are nevertheless too much weakened for effective use against Scale-insects. The following formula is considered the best for general use. It gives a wash of sufficient strength to kill the eggs of those species of Scale-insect which are commouly found in Florida, although in dealing with some of the Aspidiotus scales a somewhat stronger emulsion may be required. FORMULA: WKerosenec cee PRG ETL E 2 gallons=67 per cent. Common soap or whale-oil soap . $ pound =33 per cent. AW ater eas cies RRR aye ee Cee a 1 gallon Heat the solution of soap and add it boiling hot to the kerosene. Churn the mixture by means of a force-pump and spray-nozzle for five or ten minutes. The emulsion, if perfect, forms a cream, which thick- ens on cooling, and should adhere without oiliness to the surface of glass. Dilute before using, 1 part of the emulsion with 9 parts of cold water. The above formula gives 3 gallons of emulsion and makes when diluted 30 gallons of wash. Necessary precautions in the use of Kerosene.—A reckless use of any penetrating oil upon plants cannot fail to prove detrimental. Kero- sene is, however, much less injurious than the lighter oils, naphtha, benzine, &c., with which, in a crude state, it is associated. The refined oil, such as is commonly used for illuminating purposes, is safer, and Should always be used in preference to the lower grades, which contain a large admixture of other oils exceedingly deadly to vegetation. Effect of Kerosene upon the Orange.—A\though the action of kerosene proves more injurious to some plants than to others, a healthy orange tree is but slightly affected by it, and will even support without serious injury applications of the undiluted oil if judiciously made, 7. e., applied in fine spray and avoiding exposure of the plant to hot sunshine or to frost before the oil has evaporated. Unhealthy trees and trees suf- fering from the attacks of Scale-insects receive a shock more or less REMEDIES AGAINST SCALE-INSECTS. ieee: ae severe, according as their vitality is more or less impaired. Young, tender shoots, budding leaves and blossoms, are not much affected by kerosene, and may even be dipped in the pure oil with impunity. The heat of the sun increases to an injurious extent the action of kerosene, and applications of very strong solutions or undiluted kero- sene, if used at all, should be made on cloudy days or at evening. Milk or soap emulsions containing 60 or 70 per cent. of oil and diluted with water ten times are more nearly harmless to the Orange than any other insecticide capable of killing the Scale-insect. Nevertheless the plant receives a shock, imperceptible when the tree is in good condition, but sufficiently severe when it is infested and injured by Seale to cause the loss of the old, devitalized leaves. Complete defoliation and the death of moribund twigs and branches may be expected to occur in ex- treme cases. The shock is invariably followed by a reaction, and in ten to fifteen days new growth appears. This growth is healthy and nat- ural, and if the application has been sufficiently thorough to destroy the Scale-insect, results in permanent benefit. Enough has been said to show that kerosene is a powerful remedy, perfectly eftective and safe if used in moderation, but hurtful in strong doses; that its use undiluted is attended with danger, is entirely un- necessary, and cannot be recommended. In Appendix II will be found an examination of results obtained in experimental applications of kero- sene, together with other insecticides, arranged in tabular form for con- venience of comparison. The most favorable season for applying kerosene washes is undoubt- edly early spring or as soon as all danger of frost is past. The shed- ding of the last year’s leaves, which takes place naturally after the orange tree has renewed its foliage in spring, is often accelerated by the action of the oil, which is thus made to appear very severe. But the loss of old and devitalized leaves is of slight consequence, and in the case of badly infested trees is a positive advantage, as the leaves in fall- ing carry with them the scales most difficult to reach with insecticides. Whale-oil Soap.—This has long been considered one of the best inseeti- cides known, and is extensively used as a remedy for Bark-lice. [Ex- periments show that very strong solutions kill the Coccids but have little or no efféct upon their eggs. Solutions of one pound of the soap to three gallons of water failed to kill the adult Bark-lice or their eggs, and did not destroy all the young. The strongest solution used, one pound of the soap to one gallon of water, killed all the Coecids and few or none of the eggs. This solution solidifies on cooling, and must, therefore, be applied hot. The effect upon the trees is about equal to that of effective kero- sene emulsions; badly infested trees are somewhat defoliated, but new growth and vigorous trees are not appreciably affected. As the eges are not killed, several applications at intervals of four to six weeks will be required to clear a tree of scale. (See Appendix II, table 2.) 96 INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. Whale-oil soap is sold in Eastern Florida at 10 to 12 cents per pound. The cost of an effective wash is therefore much greater than emulsions of kerosene. For scrubbing and cleansing the trunks of orange trees this soap may be recommended. A solution of 1 ponnd to 4 gallons will probably be sufficiently strong for this purpose. Potash and Soda Lye.—These substances have been recommended as remedies for Scale-insect in California. According to reports promnul- gated by the State Horticultural Commission, solutions as strong as 14 pounds to the gallon of water are deemed necessary to exterminate the pest, and are said to have been used with good results upon Peach, Pear, and other deciduous fruit-trees. Although these caustie solu- tions burn and partially destroy the bark, it is said to be soon restored, and no loss of fruit results if applied in winter while the trees are dor- mant. Experiments made in Florida upon the Orange with caustic soda and potash lyes show that solutions of 1 pound to 2, 25, and 3 gallons» were of little or no practical benefit as regards the extermination of Scale-insects, while the effect upon the trees was more severe than with applications of pure kerosene. Unlike kerosene, lye is injurious to the tender portions of the plant, and new growth is destroyed at onee by strong solutions. Solutions of 1 pound to the gallon severely cauterize the leaves and tender bark, and kill back the smaller branches, but fail to destroy all the Bark-lice, and have hardly an appreciable effect upon their eggs. (See Appendix II, table 3.) Concentrated potash is somewhat stronger than soda lye, but the re- sults attained with it are also unsatisfactory. In the strongest appli ations, made with a solution of two pounds of potash to one gallon of water. the trees were burned as by fire, the leaves were charred with- out falling from the branches, all the growth under two years old was destroyed, and the main trunks alone remained alive. The Scale-insects perished with the cauterized bark and foliage; nevertheless, a very large percentage of their eggs escaped destruction, and continued to hatch. and domicile until it has completed all = gs its changes. Then it eats its way out, "i es making a ragged hole in the shell, and opt emerges as a perfect four-winged fly like its parent. The fly is 0.3"" (;45 meb) AN long, clear yellow in color, with ruby a #. ‘ eyes and iridescent, hyaline wings, re. 1 —Tesbhaghoraiing minuta. (After which are delicately fringed with hairs. parey) It has been bred from the Tortrix eggs in March and also in September. Fig. 72 represents Trichogramma minuta, a closely-allied species, which differs from Trichogramma pretiosa only in color and the form of the small joints of the antenne. Miotropis platynote Howard.”—A slender hymenopterous fly has been bred from the larva of the Orange Leaf-roller. It is honey-yellow; head lemon-yellow, with dark eyes and antenne. The head is mueh wider than long, and bears above three dark-colored, simple eyelets (ocelli), The wings are hyaline. Three or fourmaggots of the parasite are found living within a single caterpillar of the Tortrix, which is at last almost completely devoured by them. The parasites form naked pupe, loosely disposed within the tubular web of, the destroyed Leaf- roller, and in about nine days change to adult flies by casting the thin, transparent skin of the pupa. The flies were obtained in September. Polysphincta albipes Cresson.—Cocoons of slightly yellowish, ovarse silk, loosely spun, were found by Professor Comstock on an orange leaf, at Rock Ledge, Fla. The flies issued in February. They have been described by Mr. Cresson in the Report of the Commissioner for 1879, p. 208. The body is dull red, smooth and polished; head blaek, with white mandibles; wings hyaline, and legs white. Length 7™™ (%3, inch). This insect is somewhat doubtfully considered a parasite of Tor- trie rostramt,. Goniozus n. sp.3'* family Proctotrupida.—A minute parasite is bred from the caterpillar of the Leaf-roller. It has a shining, black body, with yellow legs and antenne, and hyaline wings, with a dark-brown sugmal spot. Length 2.5" (,4 inch). Four or five of the parasites are found ina single caterpillar. They spin oval cocoons of whitish silk within the tubular web of the Tortrix. The parasites issued Octo- ber 1. 154 INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. THE SULPHUR-COLORED TORTRICID. (Dichelia | Tortrix] sulphureana, Clem.) The caterpillars of this widely-distributed Leaf-roller are very general feeders. In the northern States they are frequently injurious to Clover; in the South the long list of their food-plants includes Cotton, Straw- berry, Grape, and Orange; upon the latter they are somewhat rarely found, and it is probable that the thick leaves of the citrus family are not well adapted to the needs of this species. The caterpillar bears a close general resemblance to that of Platynota rostrana, but is somewhat smaller, and the head and thorax are pale yellow. The pupa is dark mahogany brown, almost black. The moth is sulphur-yellow above; the upper wings are marked with red-brown, or purple-brown. The markings vary greatly in different individuals, forming a double letter Y or an X upon the folded wings, but are sometimes reduced to a series of dots, representing only the terminal and intersecting points of these letters. The under wings are varying shades between yellow and brown. Length from the tip of the beak to the extremity of the folded wings, 11" (oo Inch). The life-bistory and habits of this species in Florida are prob- ably the same as Platynota rostrana. Inthe Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for 1880 will be found an account of both species. 7. sulphureana is there said to have three generations in a year in the lat- itude of the District of Columbia, and probably only one in middle and northern Maine. . LARGER LEAF-ROLLER. ( Tortrix?) This is a somewhat larger insect than Platynota rostrana, from which, however, the larva differs only in minute details. The pupaalsois sim- ilar to that of P. rostrana. The moth is rust-red, with three oblique bands of maroon-red upon the upper wings, and their anterior (outer) edge is sinuate. The habits of this species are precisely the same as the foregoing, but the larva being larger is more destructive, and often half cuts off small twigs of tender growth, the leaves of which it folds and binds together longitudinally, and feeds without preference upon the wilted leaves within its retreat, or upon the fresh leaves of surrounding branches. WEB-MAKERS. THE ORANGE-LEAF NOTHRIS. (Nothris citrifoliella Chambers.) The caterpillars of a minute moth have been reported from the ex- treme southern portion of the orange district, as doing injury in the groves. The following account of it is found in the Annual Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for 1879, p. 205: ‘“‘ Specimens of this insect were last summer received from Brevard WEB-MAKERS ON ORANGE 155 County, Florida. We do not know enough of its habits at present to do more than describe it and its methods of work. ‘“ According to Mr. H. 8S. Williams, of Rock Ledge, the larve have been very injurious to the orange trees in his vicinity. They infest the young leaves of the new growth. These they web together by a deli- cate white silken web, and feed upon the bud, entirely stopping the growth of the shoot. If disturbed, the worm drops by a thread. It is very active, and when removed from its web runs quite quickly. “The full-grown larva measures about 12"" (§ inch) in length. It is yellowish in color, with the head and first thoracic segment black and somewhat polished. The posterior margin of the black thorax is pale- yellow. The anal plate and legs are polished yellow, with the scattered hairs upon the former blackish; all other hairs are yellow. The first pair of legs is black and the rest yellow. ‘* When ready to pupate, the larva rolls a leaf around itself and spins a delicate silken cocoon, in which it transforms to a rather stout, dark- brown chrysalis. There is nothing so characteristic about the chrysalis as to merit description. The moths emerged from August 25 to Sep- tember 5.”* THE ORANGE WEB-WORM. (Aneglis demissalis Led.) [Plate XIII, Fig. 1, 1a, 10.] The caterpillars of this interesting little moth are not uncommon upon orange trees, but so remarkably well protected are they by their form, color, and surroundings, that the skill of the collector will be taxed to the utmost in discovering them. They surround themselves with a tangle of web, involving several twigs and small branches, together with their leaves. (Plate XIII, Fig. 1.) Caterpillars of different ages will be found in each web, which they occupy in joint proprietorship with a small spider. Between this spi- der and the Anzglis there exists the most perfect harmony. In fact, so close is the association of these allies, that the Web-worm is never seen except in company with the spider, and the webs of the latter are sel- dom without the presence of the caterpillars. It must not be supposed, however, that the Web-worm is a mere pen- sioner upon the bounty of the spider. Both are web-makers ; the spi- der toils by day, its companion is active at night. During the day time the caterpillars remain suspended here and there in the web, and feign death. Their slender bodies, slung in all sorts of positions, are rigidly extended, and the head is bent sharply upwards at the neck, as if in rigor mortis. No amount of disturbance can induce the insect to betray * The original description of the moth will be found in Prof. Comstock’s Report (Report of Commissioner of Agriculture for 1879, p. 205). 7 156 INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. itself by a movement, and it will even suffer itself to be crushed with- out exhibiting any signs of life. The color of the caterpillar—a cinnamon-brown—and its flattened, wrinkled form give it an extraordinary resemblance to a shriveled bit of twig or leaf. The deception is rendered perfect by the presence in the web, whether by accident or design, of dry fragments and petioles of orange leaves which have fallen from the surrounding branches. In these web-tangles not only the spider lives sociably with others of its kind, hanging their egg-sacks in the net, and raising their young, sometimes in numerous colonies, but two other insects unite in the re- markable confederation, and form for mutual protection a sort of ento- mological happy family. These are a small tree Cockroach and a coral- red bug (Hemipteron), both of which breed and lurk in the tangles, passing with facility over and between the meshes of the net, and evi- dently feel perfectly at home there. The bug is, however, known to be a predatory species, and feeds upon the eggs and young of the Mealy-bug (see Chapter VI). The caterpillar of Anewglis (Plate XIII, Fig. 1, a) is long, slender, and somewhat flattened, in color rusty or cinnamon-brown, with a faint tinge of green; beneath, dull green. The body is finely wrinkled and speckled with minute white dots and with a row of bristles on each side, having a large white dot at the base of each. The second joint and last joint of the body paler. Head mahogany-brown. Length, 19 to 207" (3, ineh). Pupa clear brown, finely and densely speckled with darker brown, the intermediate shades producing a dark mahogany color; the breath- ing pores on the sides are prominent and jet-black in color. Terminal point (cremaster) red-brown, furnished with six or eight rather long hooklets. It is usually suspended, like the larva, in a more or less hori- zontal position in the thicker parts of the web; sometimes naked, but generally with a light, loose tangle of web ana bits of excrement gath- ered about it. The length is less than half-that of the larva. The imago is a dainty little moth, with silver-gray wings, marked with a broad band and several wavy lines of purple-black, and with parti- colored legs. It has the triangular form characteristic of the Pyralide sometimes called Deltoides, from the outline assumed by the wings when at rest, which is that of the Greek 4. The eyes are large, prominent, and black. The rather heavy antenne curving backwards, and the pointed maxille directed upwards like horns, instead of forward in line with the head, give an air of alertness to the insect. The egg is laid singly upon a strand of the web, either of the larva or the spider with which it is associated. It is spheroidal, pearly, yellow- ish white, and adorned with-a microscopic pattern, consisting of elevated points, from each of which five pairs of raised lines radiate to the five surrounding points. HEMIPTEROUS INSECTS ON ORANGE. 157 ' Broods.—As in the case of the Leaf-rollers (Tortricid@), there are many broods during the year.. The moths have been bred in February, March, April, June, July, September, and October, und caterpillars of all ages are found at any time during the summer. In December and January, however, only the pupa is obtainable. Remedies.—The extent of direct injury done to the Orange by these Web-worms is slight. It is, however, desirable to remove them from the trees, as the tangles of web harbor Scale-insects, and by protecting them from enemies foster their increase. -In many cases Seale-insects will be found tohave made their appearance; brought there, in all probability, by the spiders. It is therefore a wise plan to cut away the infested portion, usually comprising only a small inside branch. If this cannot be done without too much mutilation—as, for example, on young plants—after removing the web from the branches they should be sprayed with one of the washes recommended in the treatment of Scale-insects. : INSECTS OF THE ORDER HEMIPTERA. THE ORANGE APHIS. (Siphonophora citrifolii Ashmead.) [Plate XIII, Fig. 3 a, b, ¢, and d.] The history of the common Plant-louse of the greenhouse and gar- den has often been written and, briefly stated, is as follows: In the autumn eggs are deposited singly in sheltered places; from these hatch in the spring only wingless females, which do not Jay eggs, but are vi- viparous and produce young without the appearance of males. During the summer one generation follows another with an astonishing rate of increase; each brood consisting solely of wingless agamic females. Finally, the last brood in the fall consists of winged males and females, by whom the winter eggs are produced and the perpetuation of the spe- cies secured in the ordinary manner. The Aphis of the Orange (Plate Xill; a, wingless female; b, winged females) is a dark green Plant-louse, from 1.5 to 2” (;¢ to 435 inch) in length, and hardly distinguishable in a popular description from some of the species common everywhere in greenhouses and gardens. It has parti-colored legs and garnet-red eyes. The hue of the body varies with age, from light yellowish-green or rusty green in the very young, to dark green in the adults. The winged individuals are of so dark a green as to have been described as black, and the young of this form are distinguishable at an early age from those destined to remain wingless, both by their darker color and more prominent tubercles upon the upper surface of the body. Two pairs of these prominences | gradually develop into wing-pads, and after the final molt become well- formed and transparent wings. 158 INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. The development of this southern Aphis differs from that of its north- ern congeners, in that the winged and the wingless individuals occur together at all seasons, and both forms produce their young living. The males remain undiscovered, and it is entirely possible that they rarely make their appearance, perhaps only at intervals of several years. In the warm climate of Florida the cold is never sufficiently severe to kill winged females, and the Orange not being deciduous a supply of food is nearly always at hand. A winter egg is not, therefore, a neces- sity, as in the North, and it may be that none are deposited in ordi- nary seasons. The late fall broods consist in great part of the winged females, while in spring, and especially in midsummer, the wingless form predominates. In the act of birth, the hinder end of the young Aphis appears first. The young is slowly protruded from the body of the mother, until only the tip of the head remains unexpelled. During the process and for a few minutes after, all motion outwards ceases, the larva remains im- movable and with its members rigidly applied to its body. Soon it dis: engages first one leg, and then another, until all are widely extended. The antenne are then raised and brought forward. This movement severs the contact with the mother, and the new-born young drops upon its feet, in the full possession of its faculties (which it makes no delay in putting to the test). Within ten minutes from the time when its ex- pulsion from the mother began, it is quietly feeding by her side, its sucking beak inserted in the tender tissues of the leaf, and its body rapidly becoming distended with the juices of the plant. In less than a week after its birth, the plant-louse has become adult, and begins in its turn to produce young. Destructive powers.—The Orange Aphis attacks the tender new growth; it checks the growth of young shoots, and curls the tender leaves. With such a direct and rapid method of reproduction, and with a winged form of female ever present to spread the pest, it will be seen that this insect presents a truly formidable aspect as a destroyer. Were it not held in check by numerous enemies and parasites, it would soon ruin the trees by destroying the new growth, and render the culture of the orange for profit an impossibility. The work of enemies.—Such, however, is the activity of its enemies that not a single individual Aphis escapes destruction, or is allowed to exert to the full its reproductive powers. Colonies rarely attain great size, and, in fact, are frequently exterminated in their very beginning, and Beton e any appreciable injury has been done. The parasite—The principal agent in accomplishing this result is a parasite, whose larva, feeding internally upon the Plant-louse, finally kills it. In dying the body of the Aphis becomes distended to the utmost, assumes a globular shape, and turns to a dingy yellow color. In drying it adheres firmly to the plant. (Plate XIII, Fig. 3, c.) Within the body-cavity of its victim, the space within which it nearly ~ HEMIPTEROUS INSECTS ON ORANGE. 159 fills, the larva of the parasite, a little, white, footless grub, lies concealed, curled up, with its head touching its tail. In a few days it becomes a pupa, and six or seven days later it emerges through a large hole eaten in the dry shell of the Aphis, as a slender, black, wasp-like fly. with yellow legs. This fly is, of course, very minute, being ;4, inch in length. It is Trioxys testaceipes Cresson.* (Plate XIII, Fig. 4.) Its work can always be seen where the Orange Aphis has been colo- nized for a week or more, in the numerous bloated remains of the Aphis, some of which may still contain the parasite, and others exhibit the round hole through which it has made its exit. (Plate XIII, Fig. 3, ¢ and d.) Although only a single fly is bred from each individual of the plant- louse, the numbers of the parasite increase more rapidly than those of its victim, and as every Aphis is in time parasitized, no colony long es-. capes extermination. Were it not for the facility with which new colo- nies can be started ata distance, through the flight of the winged females, this species of Aphis and some others which are similarly attacked would suffer complete extinction in a single season.t Other enemies.—Numerous other enemies combine to thin the numbers of Plant-lice. Those which have fallen under observation as destroying the Orange Aphis are discussed in the chapter on Predatory Insects. Among the number are three species of two-winged flies (Diptera), whose larve subsist exclusively upon Plant-lice, and several species of Lady-birds (Coccinellide) which, both as larvee and as perfect beetles, rely to a very great extent upon this source for their food supply. Remedies for Aphis.—Moderately strong applications of whale-oil soap, or the kerosene washes recommended for Scale-insect, are perfectly effective in killing the Orange Aphis, and will not injure the young growth upon which they are found. THE GREEN SOLDIER-BUG. (Raphigaster hilaris, Fitch.) [Fig. 74.] A large green Plant-bug is sometimes observed to suck tender shoots of Orange, causing them to wither and die. The same insect is, to a certain extent, predaceous, and has been reported as sucking Cotton Worms and other insects, for which reason it has usually been classed among beneficial insects. The full-grown bug is bright green in color, with a very fine yellowish line around the entire margin of the insect, and a black dot at the outer angles of each abdominal joint. The form * Described in Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for 1879, p. 208. tMr. Ashmead has described another minute, black parasite, which he bred from the Orange Aphis, and to which he gives the name Stenomesius (?) aphidicola. (Orange Insects, p. 67.) Three of the flies issued from the body of a single Aphis, avd it may be a secondary parasite, preying upon the Trioxys. 160 INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. is broadly oval, the legs slender and of the same color as the body. Length, 17"™™ (,&3; inch). The following account of ravages committed by the Raphigaster is from a correspondent in Florida. It affords a good example of the sudden rise into importance as a pest of an insect which is ordinarily a quite insignificant enemy of the Orange. * * * “You also request observations on the Green Soldier-bug. I forward by same mail twigs of the orange tree injured by the bug. The insects are coupling now. The females will soon lay the eggs in ee nen cluster on a leaf, straddling over them while laying. iglants. (After The young appear in the latter part of February or the first part of March. As observed by the eye the young are black, with white spots, which color they retain until nearly full grown, when they acquire wings and change to a bright green. How this is done I do not know. They mature very quickly, and increase with surprising rapidity, continuing to breed until November. In the spring and early summer they confine their attacks principally to garden vegetables and succulent weeds. ‘They are particularly abundant on tomato-vines, egg-plants, turnip-tops, and mustard, sel- dom doing much damage to orange trees at this season. When pea- vines are well grown, about or a little before the time of blossoming, they abandon nearly everything for the pea-vines. Last year they to- tally destroyed my garden. Not one tomato came to perfection. Where the insect had inserted its sucking-tube a reddish-yellow spot ap- peared. When cut the fruit was full of lumps and totally devoid of flavor. The tomato-vines grew so enormous a crop that the ground was almost covered by the fallen fruit. Last year I had 35 acres planted in cow-pea vines, which bore an enormous crop of peas; but not enough sound peas could be gathered to plant 5 acres additional land. Later it was impossible to find a sound pea. I attempted to turn under the vines, but so Juxuviant was the growth that it could not be done. To- wards the end of August the pea-vines were dead or dying, when the bugs swarmed to the orange trees, killing nearly all the new growth. Immense numbers were killed by keeping men constantly going over the grove, shaking the trees, and killing all that fell on the ground. The wingless individuals were readily killed, but the larger number of the mature insects saved themselves by flight. This method of de- struction was kept up until the middle of December, by which time very few were found. On very cold days the winged insects were nearly dormant and could not fly. I have the trees frequently searched now, but rarely find the bug. The number of the insects is incredible. When thoroughly shaken, the ground under the trees would be alive with the falien insects, and two days later just as many would be found. I despaired of getting rid of them until the cold weather commenced, ° : HEMIPTEROUS INSECTS ON ORANGE. 161 when I found the number rapidly decrease until their nearly total ex- tinction. “As to the damage. The bug first attacks the latest growth, which wilts and droops while the bug is sucking; in a few days the shoot is dead; the same eye soon sends out another shoot which shares the fate of its predecessor, and so on until the eye has the appearance of a large bunch, as you will see on twigs sent. After all the tender growth has been destroyed the bug inserts his sharp sucking tube in the previous growth which has nearly hardened. Here I can only give you the facts and my theory; itis a fact that the insect sucks such wood, hut the damage does not follow so quickly; but very soon after, on such wood known to be sucked, numerous bumps appear, which crack and exude a sticky sap, white at first, but soon a rusty red, and hard. Later on - the insects suck the juice from fully-matured wood (an inch or more in diameter); on this wood the bumps do not appear, but the same kind of sticky sap exudes in tears, which soon harden and redden and are what I understand by “red rust.” That the cause and effect are strictly true I can only surmise, but this much I and my men have seen: the in- sects sucking the sap as stated and the branches where sucked having the appearance described. In the winter months I have found clusters of the bugs on the stocks of the buds, twoinches in diameter, andalways an exudation of sap at these places, which I have never observed to redden as in the instances stated above. Why this is so, and why the insect leaves the more tender bud above to suck the sap from harder wood nearer the roots, I can offer no suggestion. At first I was strongly inclined to think that red rust was caused by soil-poisoning, but if so, why is it that trees have grown for so many years on the same soil and never had this disease until the introduction of the Green Bug? To illustrate: When I bought this place ten years ago there was a field of five acres which had been in partial cultivation several years, and on which grew spontancously the tomato and mustard plant, the two plants on which the insects thrive the best. (At present I can only find the insect on the mustard.) Since my purchase I have kept this field constantly growing pea-vines, as well as the forty other acres which I have in orange trees, thus giving every encouragement to the in- crease of the pest. Adjoining this old field was a wild orange grove in a dense forest. Many of the sour stumps had large sweet buds, neither the buds nor sour trees giving any signs of the red rust until the winter following the clearing, and after a crop of pea-vines had been grown among the trees. Now the trees in this wild grove are just as much damaged as in the old field adjoining. Another case I will men- tion, and not trespass further on your patience. Five miles distant is the grove of L. Merritt, a wild grove budded. The buds are six years old and ought to be bearing heavy crops, but an occasional bloom is all. The trees have been in an unhealthful and “die back” condition for sev- eral years. When visiting his grove in the fall of 1881, I told him I haa 6521 0 T——11 162 INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. some trees in the same condition and was inclined to think the Green Bug was the cause. Since that time he has persistently hunted the bug, whipping it out of the large trees with poles, and killing wherever found; also he stopped planting peas. I have just visited his grove and found but two twigs damaged, and could not find a specimen of the bug. The trees have changed so remarkably in this grove that it was past recognition. Instead of a dense crop of dead twigs all over his grove, as at a previous visit, the trees had nearly.doubled in size, and had a very large, healthy growth of branches in place of the dead twigs. I hear his trees are now in profuse bloom. I do not think that washes will do much damage to the bug. Very strong whale-oil soap rarely kills. Whale-oil soap, 1 pound; kerosene oil, 1 pint; water, 12 pints; sometimes kills when sprayed over them, nearly always when immersed. Pure kerosene kills, but not always instantly. “The Green Bug hasa parasite. I donot know what, but I frequently find their shells with the inside devoured. Last winter I buried a num- ber to see if plowing under would kill them. In ten days none were dead ; in three weeks 20 per cent. were dead, nothing remaining but the shells; in six weeks all but one were dead, empty shells remaining. The living insect I put in a bottle with a little earth over it, hoping to find the parasite, but unfortunately in about ten days the bottle was broken, the Green Bug was dead, the shell empty as in the other in. stances. ‘‘ At present the insect is very rare here; if found at all, generally on the mustard plant or weed locally known as nightshade. Yesterday, while showing a lemon tree to some visitors, I found some of the twigs drooping and remarked it looked like the work of the Green Bug. One was found under a leaf close to his work. I send you one of the shoots. If at any time you may consider the subject of suffiient importance to send a trained observer in the field, I will be happy to see him here and place every facil- ity at his disposal.”.—[JAMES FRANKLIN, West Apopka, Fla., January 31, 1883, THE THICK-THIGHED METAPODIUS. (Metapodius femoratus, Fab.) [Figs. 74 and 75.° A large dark-brown bug, emitting an un- pleasant odor when handled, is addicted to sucking the juices of the Orange, attacking either the succulent shoots, the flowers, or Fic. Te ee Iara the fruit. It has a heavy, clumsy body, with projecting angles to the thorax; the thighs of the hind pair of legs are swollen and spiny, and the shanks of the same pair are flattened with jagged edges. The adult bug is nearly one HEMIPTEROUS INSECTS ON ORANGE, 1638 inch long. Although sluggish in habit, it takes wing when disturbed, and flies heavily with a loud, buzzing noise. The eggs have the form cf an oval casket, triangular in section, and are quite large; 3™" (;\75 inch) in length. They are laid singly upon the leaves of plants, and are very beautiful objects, opalescent, and gleaming like a drop of molten gold. ~ Figs. 76 a and b show the egg with the exit hole of lies CO’ the larva. Fic. 75.—Egg of Met- The young make their exit through a large hole Gone face eaten in the end. The young bugs are brightly va- riegated with red and black, and their bodies bristle all over with spines. They grow more somber in color with each casting of the skin, and gradually approach the adult in form and color. OTHER SUCKING BUGS. Metapodius terminalis Dallas.—This species can, with difficulty, be distinguished from the preceding, and the same account may be given of its life and habits. Both species of Metapodius vary greatly in size, but WM. terminalis is usually the larger and heavier of the two. J. fem- oratus is the commoner species in the cotton-growing States, and M. terminalis is more abundant in the orange districts of Florida. Like the Green Soldier-bug (Raphigaster hilaris), the species of Meta- podius are known to prey upon other insects, particularly upon cater- pillars, which are filled with the juices of plants, and there may be often a doubt as to whether they are injurious or beneficial. Euthochtha galeator (Fab.). (Fig. 77).—This is another foul-smelling bug, having the general shape and appearance of Metapodius. It is however a smaller and lighter-col- ored insect; and the shanks of the hind legs are slen- der. The color is rusty-brown, and the length of the adult insect is 16" (,°45 ineh). The eggs of Luthochtha galeator resembles those of Metapodius, but are only one-third as large, and are laid in irregular clusters on leaves or stems of plants. Their color is a ruddy gold. The young bugs are purple-black, with orange heads and erimson abdomens. Their bodies are rary Ani v Fic. 76.—Euthochtha gal- very Spiny. eator. (Original.) The habits of this bug do not differ from those of Metapodius. It is a very common and often a very destructive insect. Other species of plant-sucking bugs will be found doing occasional damage to tender growth on Orange, but the above are the largest and best known of this class of offenders. CHAPTER XI. INSECTS AFFECTING THE BLOSSOM AND FRUIT, AND SCAVENGER INSECTS. INSECTS AFFECTING THE BLOSSOMS. During the season of blooming, insects of many species are seen flit- ting about the trees, attracted thither by the fragrance of the blossoms, and feeding upon the nectar, which they secrete in abundance. The greater number of these visitors are not only harmless to the plant, but are even of the greatest service, in securing the fertilization of the flow- ers, which could not otherwise be accomplished. In fact, it is a fair inference that its fragrance and its sweets serve no other purpose in the economy of the flower than to call to its aid friendly insects which, in their restless movements from flower to flower, bear with them and distribute widely the fertilizing pollen dust. A few injurious insects, however, frequent the blossoms. These are all sucking-bugs, and they cause the buds to blast and the flowers to fall prematurely, by tapping the juices from their stems and other parts. Among the most injurious are the Green Plant-bug, Raphigaster hilaris - Fitch, mentioned in the preceding chapter, and the Leaf-footed Bug, Leptoglossus phyllopus (Linn.), an insect which will be considered among those especially injurious to the fruit. THRIPS TRITICI (?) Fitch. [Fig. 77.] By far the most common insect found in orange blossoms is a little yellowish bug, whose slender body measures but 1™" (>> inch) in length. The color of the eyes is dark red or brown; all the other parts are clear honey yellow. The adults have narrow wings fringed with hairs. These hairs are characteristic of the family, and replace the membranous parts of the wing of most other insects. Notwithstanding the rudimentary structure of their wings, these in- sects are capable of active flight, and they also have the power of leap- ing. The Orange Thrips inhabits all sweet-scented flowers. In Lilies and Roses, as well as in orange blossoms, they sometimes swarm in countless numbers, and do great damage whenever they become unduly abundant. From orange blossoms they are seldom wholly absent. They appear however to feed for the most part upon the stamens and petals, from 164 THE COTTON STAINER OR RED BOG. 165 which they suck the bland and fragrant oil. In the Orange, these parts of the flower are naturally deciduous, and the effect of the attacks of the Thrips is to hasten their fall; for the most part leaving uninjured the fruit-producing pistil, which moreover will not fail to have been fructified with the pollen which these active midgets distribute over every part. Figure 5 on Plate XI shows an orange blossom infested with these in- svets. The Orange, being a profuse bloom- er, commonly sets more fruit than it can nature, and is constantly throwing off the _ surplus from the time when the buds begin to open until the branches are relieved of their’: burdens at the harvest. A large share of the energy of the tree is expended’ uselessly in the fruit which falls to the ground prematurely, and is lost. The operations of the Thrips are confined , to the flowers and therefore tend to antici- 2 ENT pate and prevent this waste, by thinning PRPS een FO ED out the superabundant bloom at the outset. larged, drawn from living speci- For this reason the insect is more often a agin {Original.) fabled friend than a foe to the plant, and were it not, for the fact that its numbers sometimes increase inordinately and to such an extent as to effect injuriously the forming crop, it could not be classed among the insect enemies of the Orange. The Orange Thrips is frequently an annoyance to persons occupied in flower gardens where Lilies and Roses are in bloom. It settles upon the hands and face, and bites sharply, although without poisonous irrita- tion. Remedies.—A moderately strong solution of whale-oil soap, one pound to four or five gallons of water, will suffice to destroy this insect if sprayed upon the flowers in fine spray. Applications of pyrethrum will also effectively reduce their numbers. It is best used in liquid, de- livered in fine spray upon the flowers. One ounce of the powder in each gallon of water is sufficient to destroy the Thrips. ‘The powder must be kept suspended by frequent agitation of the liquid. Ys IS INSECTS AFFECTING THE FRUIT. THE COTTON STAINER OR RED BUG. (Dysdercus sutureilus Herrich-Sch.) [Plate XI, Fig. 4.] This Soldier-bug, well known to cotton-growers in Florida, as occa- sioning great loss by puncturing the cotton-bolls and injuring the fiber, has recently been found destructive to oranges by puncturing the rind 166 INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. and causing the fruit to drop from the trees and rot rapidly. Attention was first called to this new habit of the bug by letters to the Depart- ment of Agriculture from South Florida, in December, 1879. Since that time numerous reports have been received of excessive injuries done, especially in cases where cotton is raised among or in close proxim- ity to the orange trees. The Cotton Stainer may be distinguished from all other Soldier-bugs, some of which resemble it superficially, by its rather oval form, deep coral-red color, and white markings, which form a collar-ring behind the head, and a border upon each joint of the body. The wings of the young are mere pads of black color, but in the adult they cover the body, and are crossed with narrow lines of white, forming the shoulder- straps, from which these insects take the name ‘“ Soldier-bugs.” ~ Broods, Habits, &c.—There are many broods during the warm months and even in mid-winter the young may often be found. The principal food of the bug is the oil of cotton seed, to obtain which it punctures the hard seed-coats. It also feeds upon the seeds of other Malvaceous plants, although the precise species attacked have not been ascertained. In winter the Red Bug may be found gathered in vast numbers upon the heaps of waste cotton seed about the gin houses. The eggs are oval in shape, amber-colored, with a pearly luster, and present, under a lens, a pattern of closely reticulated lines. They have been sent to the Department of Agriculture from the Indian River, Fla., in April, “laid in a group of twenty-one upon the under side of an orange leaf.”* That this disposition of the eggs is normal may be some- what doubtful. In winter at least, and around gin houses, the eggs are dropped loosely in the sand, and among the heaps of cotton seed upon which the bugs are feeding. Attacks upon the Orange.—In January and February, if the weather is mild, the Red Bugs desert the fields where they have lingered upon the dead trash and waste of the cotton, and suddenly make their ap- pearance in the orange groves. Usually this takes place only in groves adjoining fields that have been planted in cotton, but, as they are strong flyers, the bugs not unfrequently migrate in considerable num- bers to a distance even of several miles. At first, only adults are seen; these at once attack the fruit upon the trees. A week or ten days later, the wingless young appear; always upon the ground, clustering upon the fallen fruit. If the trees are not stripped and the fruit harvested before the young brood become adult and acquire wings, the entire crop will be lost. Even the packing-house is not safe from invasion, and fruit is apt to be destroyed after it has been gathered and stored in the bins. In puncturing the orange, the bugs insert their slender sucking beak, often its entire length, and although the oil of the rind forms their principal food, they, nevertherless, frequently regale themselves with * Report of the Commissioners of Agriculture for 1879, p. 204. THE COTTON STAINER OR RED BUG. 167 draughts of juice from the pulp within, and are sometimes seen to suck the juices from the surface of split or injured fruit, tapping it with the tips of their probosces, after the manner of flies. The sucking-tube, having the fineness of a hair, leaves no visible wound upon the outside of the fruit, and within no indication of its passage. An orange which has been attacked therefore shows no out- ward sign of injury ; nevertheless, a single puncture causes it to drop in a few hours from the tree, and to decay in one or two days It is quite useless to pack for shipment to a distance the fruit from a grove which is attacked by Red Bugs, since the unsound fruit decays in the packages and soon ruins the whole. Geographical distribution —The Cotton Stainer is an inhabitant of warm Climates. It is foundin great abundancein the Bahamas, where, according to Mr. E. A. Schwarz,* it annually destroys a large part of the cotton crop. From the Bahamas or other West India islands it may have been introduced into the extreme southern portions of the cotton belt, in the United States. In Florida it has not been reported as occurring north of Gainesville, in Alachua County, and itis unknown to cotton-planters in the northern part of that county, although a famil- iar insectin cotton fields everywhere south of Gainesville. The taste for oranges appears to have been recently acquired. Mr. Glover, in the Agricultural Report for 1875, gives an account of the in- sec! and its depredations upon cotton, but does not mention it among the insects noted as injurious to the Orange. It should, however, be ° remarked that at the date of Mr. Glover’s observations comparatively few bearing orange groves existed in the more southern portion of the State. Jn 1879 the insect first attracted the attention of orange-growers, and the crop of that year was injured by it in several widely separate portions of the fruit belt. In various parts of the State it has since be- come a well known and much dreaded pest, and has occasioned very se- rious losses. Freedom from Attacks of Enemies.—The Red Bug is one of those showy insects which are probably possessed of an acrid flavor, disagreeable to other animals, and are in consequence not much preyed upon by ene- mies. Certain it is that the Red Bugis not eaten by fowls or other birds, nor has any enemy of its own class been hitherto observed to at- tack it. The eggs-will very probably be found to have parasites, as is the case with most other Hemiptera, but none have as yet been discov- ered. Remedies and remedial Measures.—In default of aid from predatory animals it remains for man alone to combat this pest. Its extermina- tion, in view of its gregarious habits, would not be a matter of great difficulty, if concerted action over wide areas could be secured. As was “Report upon Cotton Insects, Department of Agriculture. 1879. Appendix I, p. 347. ; 168 INSECTS AFFECTING TI¥E ORANGE long ago suggested by Mr. Glover, in his report above mentianed, the bugs may be attracted to small heaps of sugar-cane trash, with which Paris green or some other poison should be mixed; or the bugs, when collected upon piles of cotton seed in winter, may be destroyed by drenching them with boiling-hot water. The experience of several cot- ton-planters with this last method has shown it to be practicable, but to be effective it must be thoroughly carried out. As the eggs cannot all be reached and destroyed by the hot water, the operation needs to be repeated several times at such frequent intervals that the bugs are not allowed to reach maturity and deposit fresh eggs. In the orange grove effective traps may be made with refuse oranges, orange peel, &c., and the bugs, when thus collected, may be destroyed with the kerosene washes used for Scale-insects. The kerosene solu- tions will also be more effective than hot water in reaching and killing the eggs. ; The Red Bug can never become permanently attached as an enemy to the orange tree, since the fruit which alone supplies it with food lasts only a few weeks, and during the balance of the year the insect must seek its subsistence elsewhere. It is therefore an enemy to be dreaded only in the vicinity of cotton fields and gin houses, in districts where cotton is largely planted, or lastly, and with less probability, in case thickets containing numerous wild Malvaceous plants furnish the bugs with a supply of food during the months when the Orange is not in fruit. In South Florida, at least, the planting of cotton in the vicinity of orange groves will necessarily be abandoned. Throughout the orange district the acreage planted in cotton has never been large, and it is for many reasons likely to diminish rather than to increase. With the abandonment of cotton planting, the Red Bug may be expected to dis- appear from this region. THE LEAF-FOOTED BUG. (Leptoglossus phyllopus Linn.) [Fig.-78. | This is a chocolate-brown bug, three quarters of an inch in length. It has the shanks of the hind legs very broadly flattened, and the edges jagged, resembling a tattered leaf fragment; hence its popular name. The markings, a white bar across the folded wings, and a small spot of the same color on each of the leaf-shaped shanks, are very character- istic, and render this species easily distinguishable among other bugs of the same family. The young bugs, with undeveloped wings, show the brighter red color of the body, and do not acquire the peculiar flat- tened hind shanks until nearly adult. The eggs are golden brown in color, and are laid in a single row o1 chain, along a stem or the leaf rib of a plant. They are cylindrical, THE MEXICAN FRUIT WORM. 169 flattened on the under side and at the ends, and are closely applied end to end, forming a stiff, cylindrical rod in which each egg appears as a joint or cell. The young issue through a large hole eaten in the upper side of the egg. The normal food of this bug in the South is a lange Thistle, upon the heads of which young and old may be found clustering and sucking the juices of the plant. The young bugs are rarely found in Florida except upon the Thistle, or similar succulent plants, but the adult bugs, being strong on the wing, make excursions to very great distances, and enter the orange groves at the time of blooming, to suck the opening buds or tender shoots. Again they may be found attacking the ripen- ing fruit, and causing it to drop in con- sequence of their punctures. The dam- age done in this way is often very con- siderable, and in some reported cases has amounted to an almost total loss of the crop. Like many bugs of this family, they are particularly active in hot weather, and it is then very difficult to get within reach of the adult insects, as they take wing readily and fly away. But in cool or cloudy weather they are more sluggish and may easily be found and killed by hand-picking, or by knocking them into a bag or net with a stick. Where Thistles are abundant this bug is sure to prove a serious pest, as the Thistles form a propagating ground from which they spread toadistance. A single large patch of Thistles has been known to infect a wide area, but when these were cut down and destroyed, the bugs in time disappeared from the groves in the neighborhood and gave no fur- ther trouble. é Fic. 78.—Leptoglossus phyllopus. (Original.) THE MEXICAN FRUIT WORM. An unknown worm, of perhaps an inch in length, is said to be very destructive to oranges in Mexico. It penetrates the fruit to the core, and feeds upon the pulp, both fresh and after it has begun to rot in con- sequence of the attack. A few years ago a very large percentage of the oranges sold in the markets at Vera Cruz contained these worms, and were entirely uneat- able. It is said that no mark upon the outside of the fruit reveals the presence of the worm within. In the absence of any definite knowledge in regard to this inseet, it is only possible to point out the danger of its introduction first into the 170 INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. groves of Louisiana and then into Florida by means of oranges im- ported from Mexico at the port of New Orleans.* SCAVENGER INSECTS. INSECTS FEEDING UPON DEAD WOOD AND BARK. TREE-INHABITING ANTS. » Several species of ants which live in trees make their nests in the dead wood of the Orange, more especially in twigs and smaller branches which ® have been killed by frost The wood of these winter-killed shoots being —S corky and easily excavated, they are frequently hollowed out by ants, and serve as places of deposit for their eggs and young. Cremastogaster lineolata (Say). [ Fig. 79.| This is one of the commonest of the species which have the above habit. It is jet-black, shining, and has a broadly triangular abdomen, which it elevates in a threatening manner when excited. The species is very abundant upon Oak and other forest trees. It at- tends the various honey-producing insects found upon trees and feeds upon their honey-dew without doing any violence to the insects them- selves. Its presence upon the orange tree, therefure, is of very slight im- portance either for good or evil. Other species of ants which have been observed to make their nests in Fic. 79.—Cremastogaster lineolata: a,b, worker Die wey Dees pcb 2 eae bee at are, ee LR aac e, wing; habits, and if not positively beneti- cial, certainly do little harm to the tree, and none of them gnaw or do injury, to the growing Pe *An retrain moth, Gpniien ea ftonion (L.), is ae to pierce oranges with its pro- boscis and suck the juices of the pulp. In an article entitled “Les Lépidoptéres a Trompe Perforante, Destructeurs des Oranges,” M. J. Kiinckel describes and figures the proboscis of this insect, and shows its special adaptation to this end. (Comptes Rendus des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris, 30 Aoat 1875.) INSECTS FEEDING ON BARK AND DEAD WOOD. 171 THE ORANGE SAWYER. (Elaphidion inerme Newman.) This insect has been described in Chapter VIII, and is there shown to be injurious, under a careless sys- tem of pruning, in which the ends of branches are left untrimmed, with sufficient dead wood to at- tract the parent beetle, but not enough to support the larvie; so that the latter are driven by hun- ger to enter and feed upon the liv- ing wood. It appears, therefore, that under natural conditions this beetle is merely a scavenger. Its grub feeds upon the wood of many trees, and, like most members of the Longicorn family, thrives only upon diseased and devitalized tis- sues, or upon wood which, though dead, has not entirely parted with its sap and become hard and dry. — ric. 80.—£laphidion parallelum: a, larva from Fig. 80 represents the larva of Sevej,?, trum beneath; 4, leula like process, E. parallelum, a closely allied spe- ma’, mentum ; ant, antenna. (After Packard.) cies, having the same habits as the Orange Sawyer, but which lives in the Oak, &e. THE ORANGE FLAT-HEADED BORER. (Chrysobothris chrysoela Il.) [Plate XIV, Fig. 8.] Dead twigs and branches of Orange are frequently found, upon which the bark is cracked and loosened, so that it comes off at a touch. bring- ing away with it considerable dust from the wood lying immediately beneath, a thin layer of which has been reduced to powder. When the loose bark and sawdust are removed, the surface of the branch presents an eroded appearance, indicating the path of an insect. The edges of the track form a succession of semicircular curves, as if made by the sweep of a miniature scythe. It is, in fact, the gallery of an extremely thin- bodied grub or sawyer, made partly in the bark and partly in the wood, and always filled with comminuted wood, which has passed through the digestive organs of the grub, and has been voided and deposited be- hind it as the insect made its way through the wood. The cell in which the pupa is formed is excavated in the solid wood. It lies parallel with but beneath the gallery, with which it 1s connected at one of its ex- LIZ INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. ? tremities. The short passage connecting the pupa-cell with the gallery is carefully filled with wood dust, firmly packed in place, so that even when the bark is removed and the gallery exposed to view, the mouth of the cell remains concealed, and is only disclosed upon the exit of the beetle. The cell is then found to be broad and shallow, oval in outline, and lined with a silken layer that is almost invisible by reason of its delicacy. The Beetle.—In spring or early summer there issues a very handsome little beetle, broadly oval in form, and about 8™™ (;'¢5 inch) in length. The colors of the body are metallic bronze, greenish below and purple above. Upon the wing-cases are ten large spots of brilliant emerald green. The Larva.—The form of the larva is characteristic of the family. It has the second joint greatly enlarged, forming a broad, flattened disk, into which the first joint and the small head are sunken, only the black tips of the jaws appearing beyond the cleft in the anterior border. The succeeding joints form a tail-like body, which is less than half as wide as the enlarged joint. In life the body is usually curved strongly to one side or the other, giving it still more the appearance of an appendage. The large joint is covered upon both of its flattened faces, with minute, horny denticulations, which serve to hold the body firmly against the smooth walls of the burrow while the jaws are forced into the wood. The body of the lava is naked, or with scattered and nearly invisible hairs, soft, white, and without legs. It moves but slowly in its gallery, ‘and only by means of the contraction and expansion of the enlarged flattened joint. The pupa presents no especial peculiarities, and merely outlines the form and members of the perfect beetle. Habits and Life-history.—The eggs are laid upon the bark of dead orange branches, and probably also on Hickory and other close-textured woods. The branches attacked are invariably dead and quite dry, but still retaining their bark. The larva never penetrates the living parts of the tree, and will perish of hunger if the supply of dead wood and bark is not sufficient for its support. The larvee of different ages are found during the latter part of summer. Some of them change to pupe in the fall, while others, after excavating their pupa cells, occupy them during the winter as larve, and undergo their transformations in the spring. Of those which pupate in the fall, some become perfect insects before cold weather, and beetles will be found in the cells as early as January; they do not, however, leave their retreats until summer weather has begun. The beetles continues to appear as late as May and June. As a scavenger, assisting in the return to earth and air of the dead and useless material that has been assimilated by the plant, this can only be considered a useful insect, and certainly one that is incapable of do- ing any injury to the orange tree, either by causing disease or by direct loss of wood or bark, INSECTS FEEDING ON BARK AND DEAD WOOD. Lis THE CYLINDRICAL BARK-BORER. (Hypothenemus eruditus Westwood.) [Plate XIV, Fig. 1.] This minute beetle is frequently an object of suspicion from its pres- ence in great numbers in twigs killed by dieback. It is 1.6™™ (85 inch) in length, dark brown in color, cylindrical, and obtusely rounded at both ends. Under a lens it has a hoary appearance, owing to the short, stout hairs with which all parts of the body are clothed. On the wing- cases these stout hairs are arranged in numerous longitudinal rows, and the interspaces between the rows of hairs are deeply and coarsely pitted or punctate. The head is directed downwards and is not seen from above. The declivity of the thorax above the base of the head is covered with minute tooth-like asperities. The larva as well as the beetle itself feeds upon dry corky wood and bark of various trees, and upon plants having soft or porous tissues, such as are found in the Grape and many other vines. They riddle the dead wood and bark with galleries, and quite rapidly reduce it to powder. In the Orange their galieries are seldom found in solid wood, but in- variably oceur in the bark and in small twigs when from any cause they have been deprived of life and become dry. Succulent shoots killed by frost or disease attract the beetles in great numbers as soon as they become dry and brittle; but no part of the tree is attacked as long as it retains its sap.or remains moist. The insect is therefore en- tirely harmless in its operations, and beneficial rather than injurious to vegetation. Life-history.—The larva of Hypothenemus is a minute white grub, with a thick and stout cylindrical body, strongly curved, and without legs or other organs of locomotion, save that by the contractile move- ments of its body joints, it is enabled to crawl slowly through its bur- rows. The head is small, and all the parts surrounding the mouth, with the exception of the pair of stout jaws, are so minute that they can be discerned only after careful dissection upon the stage of a microscope. The family Scolytide, to which this beetle belongs, number in the United States at least two hundred species,* divided among numerous genera. Allof them have wood boring habits, and members of the same group resemble each other closely. The larve of the different species are for the most part indistinguishable ; the points of difference, if any exist, are so minute that they have escaped observation. The pupa is formed in a little cell, walled off from the galleries made by the larva. It shows the form of the beetle, and is white, turning brown as it approaches maturity. The eggs are white, oval in shape, and are scattered by the mother either singly or in little groups at random in the galleries which she excavates. *About one hundred and seventy species haye been described, 174 INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. Broods.—There does not appear to be any definite number of broods. - The beetles are rather more abundant in spring and early summer, and the larvee in midsummer and winter; but the insect propagates at all seasons, and its development is only interrupted by frosty weather.* OTHER BEETLES BORING IN ORANGE WOOD, In addition to the species hitherto mentioned, which are so frequently found in the wood of the Orange that may properly be considered a part of the regular fauna of the tree, there are numbers of other wood. eating Coleoptera, which are less obviously connected with the plant, but occasionally feed upon it, and have been bred from the dead limbs and twigs. mS sgh . f Fic. 83.—Bavcha ba- convex; the color varies from dirty white to dull yel- “vista puparium: low, and there are more or less distinct cross-shaped — * ,40'sil Wews markings upon the back; the spines of the larva shrink = (Ori!) to minute prickles on the puparium. The eggs are elongate-oval, brilliant white, the surface marked with diamonds by obliquely intersecting engraved lines. They are deposited by the parent fly singly upon the leaves among Plant-lice. Parasites. Se Chalcid Se prey upon the Syrphus larva, bd This very common species has been de wevinad by Mr. Ashmead under lia name Conops? quadrimaculata. (Orange Insects, page 69.) 184 INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. and issue from the puparium, in numbers varying from six to eighteen, through a number of small holes which they gnaw in its top and sides. They are from 1™™ to 2™™ in length, and have the dark bronze and inetallic colors with hyaline and iridescent wings so common in this family (Chaleidide). THE DUSKY-WINGED APHIS-FLY. (Baccha lugens Loew.) [Fig. 84.] Another species of Baccha, scarcely less common than the preceding, has a more leechJike larva, in form flattened and dilated behind, but with the anterior joints lengthened into a very mobile and extensile neck. The surface of this larva is nearly smooth, without the spines or velvet hairs of the first species. In color the larva is dark, inclining to purp’e when not feeding, with cream-colored blotches, tinged with pink. The length in repose is about 8™™ (533; inch). The puparium (Fig. 84) is dull brown, Fic. 84 — Baccha lugens, puparium. gourd-Shaped ; the anterior portion greatly (Original.) : - inflated and behind suddenly flattened and contracted to form a sort of handle. The terminal spiracles of the larva are seen at the tip of the handle-like abdomen, where they form a pair of wart-like prominences. 'The fly does not differ greatly in form from the preceding; it has eyes of brighter red, and the wings are distinetly clouded with spots of brown; the thorax less shining, dark bronze; the shield (metathorax) dark bronze, like the thorax; abdomen thicker, less broadly dilated at the end, uniform brown in color. The size of the imago varies greatly, from 8mm (22, inch) (small males) to 12™™ (43; inch) (large females). The egg is indistinguishable from that of Baccha babista. THE RUDDY APHIS-FLY. (Baccha cognata Loew). A third species of this genus is found in company with the preced- ing species preying upon Aphis, sometimes upon Orange, but more fre- quently upon different kinds of Plant-lice found on herbaceous plants and weeds of the garden. In this species the form of the fly and its larva approach closely to that of B. lugens, but they are somewhat more slender and smaller than either of the preceding species. In the per- fect fly the color of the eyes is mahogany-brown; the thorax black, not shining; the wings densely clouded with red-brown; the abdomen dull red, and very slightly dilated at the tip. INSECTS PREYING ON THE ORANGE APHIS. 185 Larva.—The maggot has the form and smooth surface of B. lugens, but is more transparent and lighter in color, yellowish-green and white predominating. THE PRUINOSE APHIS-FLY.* [Figs. 85 and 86.| A very common enemy of the Orange Aphis is a small two-winged fly. Its young is a greenish, slug-like maggot, 3°” (,\°; inch) in length ; the body is flattened beneath, convex above, with two deep longitudinal furrows on the back; the joints of the head and neck are small and tapering, as in the larva of Syrphus, and can be greatly extended or entirely withdrawn into the body; the body behind is rather broadly rounded; from the upper surface near the hind margin arises a pair of diverging appendages like the horns of a snail; the ends of these appendages are open pores, and the apparatus constitutes the principal spiracles, through which the animal breathes; the surface of the larva is roughened with minute knob- like excrescences. oF i elle When ready to transform into pupa, the larva glues it- ree eae self to the surface of the leaf by means of a black gum. larva. (Orig- The body of the larva shortens and thickens, becomes oval ner in shape, and assumes a golden-brown color, the breathing tubes are now very prominent, the lateral furrows of the larva are not obliter- ated, but divide the*puparium into longitudinal lobes, and appear as broad bands of darker color upon the surface of the casket. When vacated by the fly the puparium splits in a ring near the an- terior end, releasing the tip in the form of a conical cap the cap also splits across the middle, dividing into two valve-like halves, only one of which is usually thrown off by the fly in its exit. The fly (Fig. 86) is a small, thick bodied insect, about 2" (;35 inch) in length, with deep purple eyes, transpa- rent wings, and particolored legs; the body is bluish-white (pruinose), with sparsely placed black hairs ; the upper : “41. Fig. 86.—The Pruinose Aphis-fly, (Orig- surface of the thorax is marked with 7% %—The Pruinose Aphis-fly. (Orig four longitudinal stripes of umber- brown. The egg is white, elongate oval, with fine longitudinal lines; it is fastened to the surface of the leaf among the living Aphis. Transformations.—W hat has been said of the habits and transforma- *Dr. S. W. Williston writes concerning this species: ‘‘They are evidently An- thomyids, but I cannot place them in any of the European genera. I am acquainted with a number of the Anthomyid genera, but this species differs from any I know in the few bristles on the head and face,” 186 INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. tions of the Aphis-eating Syrphus-flies will apply equally to this insect, and it is found in company with them not alone upon the Orange, but among various species of Aphis on other plants as well. Parasite—A minute Hymenopterous fly (a Pteromalid) attacks the larva and issues from the puparium through round holes eaten in its side. Twospecimens of the parasites were bred from a single puparium of the fly. They issue in September. OTHER PREDATORY INSECTS FREQUENTING THE ORANGE. PREDATORY WASPS. POLISTES AMERICANUS (Fabr.). [Figs. 87 and 88.] This large red wasp is fond of making its home under the dense foliage of the orange tree, and suspends its comb of paper to the branches. It is a large species, and its sting is equal in severity to that of the-white-faced hornet. Fortunately, itis not an irritable wasp, and is little inclined to use its weapon, except when its nest is attacked. Like most insects of its kind this wasp is carnivorous, and to a great extent preys upon caterpillars and soft-bodied insects. With these it feeds its young, first masti- Bigs Sit clays emer ants.” (Atters cating the 100d into-a pulpy dll, soronden that it may readily be swallowed by its young, which are not provided with horny jaws, and then presenting it to the latter in their cells in much the same fashion that a bird feeds its nestlings. Notonly the grubs are fed in this way, but also the young wasps which have recently issued from the pupa, and which do not for some time leave the nest or take part in the labors of the colony. The nest consists of a single comb or layer of cells, which is increased in size by the addition of new cells around the edges until it sometimes attains the diam- eter of 10 or 12 inches. The comb is not protected by a covering of paper, as in the nest of a hornet, but Be eas tio, oe the cells are built with the mouth downwards, and an apring. (After the back of the comb is made very thick and strong, : so that it sheds water. The wasps make their comb of wood masticated toa pulp. They may be seen gathering for this purpose from fence rails and unpainted wood surfaces the fibers beaten out by the action of the weather. The leaf- rolling caterpillars which injure the buds and tender shoots of the Or- ange form a very considerable portion of the food of all colonies of Pol- PREDATORY INSECTS FREQUENTING THE ORANGE. 187 istes which have established themselves in the vicinity of orange groves. Numerous other insects are also destroyed by them. The orange-grower should not, therefore, be concerned to find them building their nests in his orange trees, and it is greatly to his interest to allow them to remain. The ordinary operations of cultivating and pruning rarely disturb these insects, who pay no attention to the methodical movements of the hor- ticulturist, and only resent a direct attack. Before the time for gather- ing the oranges the nests are usually deserted by the wasps and the colonies dispersed, for they do not continue to breed during the winter months even in Florida. THE VASE-MAKER WASP. (Eumenes fraterna Say ) [Fig. 89.] This is also a useful predatory wasp, and is never known to use its sting unless caught and held in the hand. It is ;8; inch in length; the color is black with white markings. The abdomen is borne ona slender stalk or peduncle, and forms a rounded knob, prolonged at the extrem- ity in a rather blunt point, Each side of the swollen portion of the abdomen is marked with a white spot. The female of this wasp is sol- itary and makes single cells of mud and sand, which she attaches to various plants, and not infre- quently to the twigs of orange trees. These mud cells are almost spherical, about three-fourths inch Fic. 89.—a, the Vase-Maker Wasp; b, nest; c, nest in diameter; the walls are thin showing interior stored with caterpillars.’ (After and fragile; they have an opening - which is provided with a projecting lip or ring and the structure re- sembles a globe-shaped flask, with a very short neck. Within the cell the female deposits a single white egg. She then packs it with small caterpillars, each of which is paralyzed and rendered helpless by a stab from her sting, and seals the opening with soft mud. Each female constructs a number of cells, but scatters them about, seldom placing more than one or two in the same place. When filled and sealed up they are abandoned. The grub of the wasp feeds upon the caterpillars stored for its use; when all are consumed it forms its pupa within the cell, and in due course of time issues as a perfect in- sect, removing with its jaws the earthen stopper of its doorway. Broods.—There are broods in spring and fall. The summer months are passed as pupx, and the winter as perfect insects. 188 INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE Parasites.—This wasp, in common with many other cell-making Hy- menoptera, has an enemy which destroys the grub and. occupies its place within the cell, issuing in its stead through a round hole made in its side. This parasite is a brassy-green Cuckoo-bee belonging to the genus Chrysis. It is remarkable for its bright metallic green or blue color, hard texture, and coarsely pitted surface, and the peculiar form of the abdomen, which is abruptly truncate behind and hollowed from the under side and is capable of folding over upon the head and breast, protecting the members in its hollow under surface, and making of the insect almost a compact ball. This position the insect is apt to assume when captured or disturbed. The perfect insect is 11™™ in length (445 inch) when fully extended.” Other parasitic Hymenoptera have been bred from the cells of this wasp, but some of them (Braconide) are parasitic upon the caterpillars stored as food by the wasp, and not upon the young of the wasp itself. The eggs of these parasites existed in the bodies of the caterpillars be- fore they were captured and placed in the cells by the mother wasp, and it is noteworthy that such parasitized caterpillars are not eaten by the wasp-grub; probably because they are soon destroyed by their in- ternal enemy, and their bodies rapidly become too hard and tough for the weak jaws of the wasp-grub. It is also to be remarked that the poisoned sting of the wasp while paralyzing the caterpillar, does no in- jury to its internal parasite, but the latter completes its transformations as well shut up within the tightly sealed cell of the wasp as under nor- mal conditions in the open air. The parasite fly, having cut its way out of the hardened skin of the caterpillar, finds itself still inclosed within the wasp cell, the walls of which it is unable to penetrate, and it therefore remains imprisoned until released by the exit of the wasp, for the presence of the caterpillar parasite in its cell in no way inter- feres with the transformations of the latter. THE CAMEL-CRICKETS OR SOOTHSAVERS. — These are large insects, with attenuated bodies and long, slender legs, the first pair of which are elbowed and provided with sharp spines and hooks for capturing and holding their prey. The latter consists of insects of any sort, not protected by too hard a shell or other covering, but chiefly of flies and soft-bodied active larve. The camel-crickets do not molest Bark-lice, or other sedentary insects, and do not prowl about or spy into hidden places in search of food, but lie in wait for their prey, taking only that which comes within their reach; or they creep cautiously and slowly upon any small moving object which their keen and watchful eyes discover in their vicinity. When within reach of their prey, they seize it with the rapidity of lghtning, and hold the struggling victim firmly clasped between the spines an? grappling hooks of their fore legs. PREDATORY INSECTS FREQUENTING THE ORANGE. 189 Their manner of feeding is very unlike that of other insects, and re- minds one of a monkey eating fruit; they appear to masticate their food very deliberately before swallowing, biting off a piece from time to time, while they hold it in their claws. The head swings upon a very mobile neck, and can be turned so far to the side as to look almost direetly backwards over the shoulders. Their quick movements betray an alertness, in striking contrast with the feigned sluggishness of habit. This evidence of watchfulness, while the insect, with fore-arms folded, and claws clasped in the attitude of prayer, remains motionless and apparently absorbed in meditation, gives an irresistably comic air of hypocrisy to its actions. These pecu- liar habits were well known to the ancients, for the group is represented by numerous species in many parts of the world, and they early received the name Mantis (prophet, or soothsayer). MANTIS CAROLINA. [Figs. 30 and 91.] This, the largest of our species, is not very abundant in Florida, but is Sometimes seen upon orange trees, catching every moving insect that comes within the reach of its claws. It is yellowish green in color, and Fic. 90.—Mantis carolina: a, female; b. male. (After Riley.) about two ipeches in length. It has wings in the adult state, which somewhat resemble folded leaves ; each fore-wing bears a brown spot; in some exotic species the center of this spot is transparent, and resem- bles a hole eaten in the leaf by some insect. There is but one brood each year. The young hatch in early summer and complete their growth in the latter part of the season, The large egg-masses are glued to the 190 INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. twigs of trees; they are elongate, irregularly oval, about an inch in length, and contain forty or fifty eggs. The eggs (Fig. 91) occupy flat- tened cells placed in two ranks, alternating with each other; the cluster of cells has a braided or woven appearance, but consists simply of a con- tinuous ribbon of mucus folded in close flutings, and having an egg deposited in the bight or angle of each fold. The eggs are deposited simultaneously with the deposition of this ribbon by the mother insect, and the whole mass is at first soft and flexible, but rapidly hardens by exposure to the air. MANTIS MISSOURIENSIS ? In this species the body, though over two inches long, is but little thicker than a darning needle; the legs are very long and so slender that they seem hardly compe- tent to sustain the weight of even so meager a body. The extreme attenuation of all its parts, and the light brown color of the insect, afford it protection from en- emies, and enable it to advance unnoticed upon its prey. Its ghost-like form is difficult to detect upon plants, and it has the appearance of a straw caught in spiders’ webs, an illusion which the insect with apparent design strengthens by frequently giving to its body a swaying motion as if vibrated by air currents. This species is very common, and is frequently seen upon the Orange as well as upon other plants. It has a spring and fall brood. The egg-masses are brick-red in color, about half an inch long, and flattened upon the ee a. aes ie sides. They are usually deposited between the folds of Mantis carvlina. & Ary leaf or in crevices of the bark. The structure is (After Riley.) ; - D the same as in the preceding species, but the cells are more distinct and regularly placed. The food of this Mantis consists chiefly of small flies, and neither this nor the preceding species are of much importance to the cultivator of plants, since they do not at all dis- criminate between his friends and foes, and do not seek out or destroy the more insidious enemies which lurk in hiding places, or those which protect themselves with a covering or scale. SOLDIER-BUGS. Among the true. bugs (Hemiptera) are numerous predatory species, of which not a few frequent the orange trees. It is not easy to distin- guish the predatory from the plant-sucking kinds, and, indeed, in some instances, the same bug has both habits. The most noteworthy in- stance of this is in the ease of Raphigaster hilaris, already noticed in Chapter IX. This species, on occasion a very destructive pest of the plant, is at other times a useful insect, killing and sucking the juices of PREDATORY INSECTS FREQUENTING THE ORANGE. 191 plant enemies, particularly the leaf-eating caterpillars. Others of the Soldier-bugs feed upon the juices of the plant for a short time after hatching, and afterwards live exclusively upon insects. The most rapacious of the bugs belong to the family Reduviide, and have the head well separated from the body by a more or less slender neck ; they possess a stout, curved beak and long legs, well fitted for rapid movements. Many of these species bristle with spines, especially in the younger stages, and the usual colors are dark brown variegated with red. THE SPIDER-LEGGED SOLDIER-BUG. (Leptocorisa tipuloides Latr.) [Plate VI, Fig. 4.] This species has already been discussed among the enemies of Bark- lice (see Chapter VI). It is very commonly seen upon the Orange, and frequents, often in great numbers, trees infested with Lecanium Seales, and not only sucks the juices of the Bark-lice, but also captures ants and other insects which are attracted by the lice. This predaceous bug should not be confounded with the plant-sucking Red bug (Dysdercus suturellus), which dces injury to the fruit. In Lep- tocorisi the form is slender; the body seven-tenths of an inch long and the legs longer than the body; the colors are orange and black. The stouter form and deep-red color of the Red-bug render the two species distinguishable at a glance. Leptocorisa must be classed among beneficial insects, since it feeds to some extent upon Plant-lice and Bark-lice ; but, like many predatory bugs, it captures and destroys indiscriminately the friends as well as the foes of the plant. Possibly at times it subsists almost entirely upon the honey-dew ejected by Plant-lice. Acids as well as sweets appear to be suited to its taste, and it is one of the few insects known to prey upon ants, the juices of whose bodies are strongly flavored with formic acid. The following soldier-bugs form part of a great army of predaceous insects which frequent the orange tree, but have no very close connection with the plant or its especial fauna. THE RAPACIOUS SOLDIER-BUG. (Sinea multispinosa, De Geer.) [Fig. 92.] Fic. 92. —Sinea mul- Colors brownish, with a red stripe along the upper _ tispinosa. (After : Glover.) surface of the abdomen. The body is slender, but less so than Leptocorisa. The young bugs are said to feed upon Plant-lice ; the adults, however, attack insects of large size. 192 INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. THE WHEEL-BUG. (Prionotus cristatus, Linn.) [Fig. 93.] Fic. 93.—Prionotus cristatus. (After Glover.) This large bug is not uncommon in orange groves. Its body and legs are covered with a coat of very fine, close down, giving it an ash-gray color; the thorax rises in a semi-circular ridge, which is provided with short, projecting spines, regularly placed, like the teeth of a cog- wheel ; the head is small, but is armed with a powerful beak, which is capable of giving a poisonous stab, more painful to man than the sting of a hornet. Mr. Glover, in the Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for 1875, gives an extended account of this insect, and shows that it is very voracious in all its stages; the young prey upon Aphis and other small or soft-bodied insects, and after paralyzing them with their deadly sting suck and empty them of their juices. The eggs are urn-shaped, as shown in the figure, and are deposited in large clusters, firmly cemented to each other, and placed in all sorts of situations, but usually upon some firm support, such as the trunk of a tree or the side of a building, or fence rail. The young wheel-bugs are bright red with black markings. The Green Soldier-bug (Raphigaster hilaris Fitch), the two species of Metapodius (1. femoratus, and M. terminalis), with the closely allied species, Huthochtha galeator Fabr., have already been noticed as partly plaut-feeding, but with rapacious habits also, INNOXIOUS INSECTS FREQUENTING THE ORANGE. 193 INNOXIOUS INSECTS. CASE-BEARERS ON ORANGE. The trunks of orange trees are favorite feeding-grounds for the larve of several small moths of the family Tineida, which protect their bodies with cases formed of fragments of their food material. In the case of those species which are met with upon orange-tree trunks the food con- sists of lichens or other minute cryptogams found growing upon the bark. A very common species belongs apparently to the genus Coleophora, Its case is dull white, about the size and somewhat the shape of a grain of oats; it is rather smooth outside, and seems to be formed of finely comminuted bark. THE ORANGE CASE-BEARING TINEID. (Coleotechnites citriella Chambers.) This species was first made known in the Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for 1879, which contains the following account of its habits. Mr. Chambers’ descriptions of the genus and species will be found in the same report, page 206: “At Manatee, Fla., in the latter part of April, I found upon the trunk of an orange tree the case of a Tineid larva. This case was rather slen- der, 11™™ (.43 inch) long, and rather pointed at the hinder extremity. It was dark gray in color, resembling the bark upon which it was found, and was apparently composed of small bits of lichens and excremental pellets, with much gray silk. The moth issued March 6, and upon be- ing referred to Mr. Chambers proved to be a new species representing a new genus.” BARK CLEANERS. Among the host of harmless insects that from time to time make their appearance upon the orange tree, there is a group of scavengers that frequent the trunks and assist in cleansing the bark, by devouring the fungi, molds, or excreta of other insects that befoul its surface. Of these the most conspicuous examples are certain nerve-veined insects (Neuroptera) belonging to the genus Psocus. Psocus VENOSUS Burm. The adult of this species is smoky-brown; head dark bronze; an- tenn dusky, lighter at the base, densely hairy in the male; thorax mar- gined with yellow ; fore-wings almost black, the three basal veins yellow, 194 INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. with a triangular spot of yellow color (pterostigma) near the margin toward the tip; hind-wings smoky, hyaline ; feet yellowish, with dusky tips; length 5™™ to 8™™ (-75 to ;3; inch). These little animals are seen upon the trunks of orange trees in flocks numbering from a dozen to forty or fifty individuals. They feed in companies and browse upon the lichens which they cleanly remove from the bark, leaving a clear space behind them. The colonies consist of one or more families and include individuals of all ages, the wingless young herding with the adult insects. The adults, although winged, do not readily take flight. When alarmed the troop huddles together for mutual protection like sheep, but if directly attacked, or when seized with a sudden panic, they scatter in every direction and run nimbly over the bark, with which their drab colors harmonize so closely that they are not easily distinguished upon its surface. If left undisturbed, the herd in a short time reassembles and quietly resumes its methodical attack upon the lichens. The eggs are oval, glistening white; they are laid upon the bark in batches of 15 to 30, deposited on end in several rows obliquely overlap- ping each other, and the batch is protected by an oval, convex shield of comminuted wood which surrounds and adheres closely to the eggs. The females watch their eggs, and as soon as they are hatched lead their young ones forth to pasture. This delicately organized insect is fond of shade and moisture and is most commonly seen in densely-shaded groves and old gardens. It is not restricted to the orange, nor is it compelled to live upon plants alone; it may thrive on walls or fences, wherever lichens grow. The smooth bark of the orange, when conditions favor the growth of fungi, affords excellent pasturage to this Psocus and it frequently becomes very abundant. It is hardly necessary to point out that to the extent of its feeble powers this is a useful insect, and its presence should excite no alarm. Psocus venosus is more distinctively a northern than a southern insect and does not inhabit the extreme southern portion of the orange dis- trict in Florida. The adult insects hibernate and begin breeding early in the spring. THE ORANGE PSOCUS. (Psocus citricola Ashmead.) This is a smailer species than the preceding. Length 2.5™™ to 3™™ zoo to = inch). The color is white or pale yellow; the adults have very transparent, hyaline wings. At all ages the semi-transparent body shows the color of the intestinal contents, which varies consider- ably with the condition and nature of the food. This consists of the wax and other soft excretions of Bark-lice, of honey-dew, and probably INNOXIOUS INSECTS FREQUENTING THE ORANGE. 195 - also of minute fungi or their spores, which germinate on leaves and bark infested with insects. The eggs are pearly-white and are laid in hollows upon orange leaves, in clusters of ten or twelve, tightly covered with a shield of black ex- erementitious matter. Over this is stretched a light canopy of web, in which are entangled a few minute black grains of excrement. The ex- treme transparency of the egg envelopes’as well as of the animal itself affords an unusually favorable opportunity for the study of the changes that precede its birth. Just before hatching the embryos lie with their backs to the surface of the leaf and are not curled in the egg, but the head only is bent over upon the breast. As the egg-shell is absolutely transparent and the embryo very nearly equally so, all internal changes of form can be plainly seen. In hatching, the first movement seen is the formation of air bubbles, which pass in rapid succession between the mouth organs aud collect in a larger bubble within the head of the embryo. From time to time this larger bubble passes through the constriction of the neck and dis- appears in the body cavity. The head of the embryo gradually swells, elongates, and distends the elastic egg-shell at the end, until this finally bursts and the young insect protrudes its body, curving upwards and forwards. Air continues to pass through the neck into the abdomen, which be- comes greatly distended and elongated, showing the segments. A mus- cular movement not connected with the passage of the air bubbles is seen in the frontal part of the head and the occiput is frequently drawn inwards, forming a deep depression. The bursting of the first larval skin was not witnessed, but it evidently takes place soon after the abdomen is fully distended. The larva re- mains for many hours in an erect position, with the tip of the body clasped by the egg-shell and the cast larval skin. The head, at first elongate, becomes transverse and there is a general contraction and change of form in all the parts. After the larva has freed itself from the egg-shell and envelopes, the abdomen is gradually contracted by the exertion of considerable and long-continued muscular effort and changes from a cylindrical to a cor- date form. The process of hatching occupies several days, and the young, as we have seen, make their entrance into the world, like a marsupial, in a somewhat rudimentary condition. The Orange Psocus lives chiefly upon the leaves of plants, associated in small flocks or families. It passes the greater part of its life hiding under the canopies of web erected over the egg-clusters. Here the mother awaits the appearance of her brood, and here the young insects cluster, sallying forth from time to time with the adult in search of food. 196 INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. The species breeds continuously in summer and some eggs are hatched even in winter. The adult insects hibernate in protected places, but are more delicate than their northern relative and probably do not extend beyond the region in which the Orange is grown. The operations of this Psocus are apparently of trifling importance; it is, however, one of the commonest of orange insects and as such at- tracts considerable attentions APPENDICES. APPENDIX I. THE MEALY BUG AT ORANGE LAKE, FLORIDA. [Extracted from a letter by Jos. Voyle, Gainesville, Fla., June 12, 1884. Reprinted from Bulletin 4, Division of Entomology, U. 8S. Department of Agriculture, p. 85. ] Having business near Orange Lake during the past week, I visited several orange groves. I found all of the Florida varieties of Scale-insects in abundance. Oranges are already rusty, and the Rust-mite in many places, on both leaves and fruit, in such large numbers as to give a distinct coloration, distinguishable at a distance of ten feet. But the most destructive insect, at present absorbing all the attention of the orange- growers there, is the Mealy-bug, Dactylopius destructor. This insect causes the fruit to rot under the colonies. A favorite place of lodgment is at the stem, under the calyx; the result is, the fruit drops. I staid there three days to examine methods used and experiment in their destruc- tion. The cotton y armor repels all watery solutions. The methods used are: spraying each separate colony with pure kerosene by means of bellows atomizers; and mechanical action—rubbing or pinching each separate colony (by colony I mean the little clusters consisting of from ten to several hundred individuals); this is done by the fingers. I examined the trees that had been treated with the kerosene spray and found both the leaves and fruit spotted yellow. Iwas also informed that fruit saved in this way two years ago was useless, having absorbed the odor of kerosene. The effective progress made by the means used is trifling, ir consideration of the work to be done. I tried experiments with solutions of murvite sprayed on, but with no good result ; then tried kerosene butter, using thick, milky solution of murvite, which combines in exactly the same way as with cow’s milk, and found that an effective emulsion could thus be made, After using and watching the action of this for some time, I saw that the interior in- sects of a dense mass were protected by the exterior ones; further experiments were made to meet this difficulty. By watching the men at work I saw that nearly every infested orange was handled to turn all of its sides to the eye; that wherever a large colony found lodgment in a fork of twigs or in a depression of the bark they were handled, also that the bunches of Spanish moss (Tillandsia) formed formidable breed- ing places. All of these require force for their dislodgment. A strong stream of water was tried and proved effective, but laborious, and the in- sects falling to the ground were not killed. Experiments with solution of murvite, made under a microsocope, showed that in all cases where the solution came into actual contact with the skin of the insect the bug was instantly killed. Acting upon this and the knowledge gained by previous observation and experiment, I tried the effect of a fine, solid stream issuing under pressure, using a solution of murvite, one part, to water two hundred and fifty parts. 197 198 INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. The results were excellent; the solution being forced into the colonies broke them up, and coming into contact with the insects killed them, the method of working being one man at the pump, another to guide the stream. The apparatus improvised be- ing badly adapted to the purpose is very awkward. The work, although about four times as fast as with the bellows atomizer, is not adequate to the economical require- ments. This method has the meritof no loss by damage to fruit or leaves by the ma- ~ terial used; the waste, falling on the leaves and branches, will exterminate both scale- insects and rust-mites, these being plentiful, but neglected in the presence of the more pressing necessity of saving the growing crop from destruction by the Mealy-bug. APPENDIX If. EXPERIMENTS WITH INSECTICIDES. {In part a reprint of matter published in the Report of the Entomologist, Annual Re- port of the Commissioner of Agriculture for 183182, pp. 120-126. ] TABLE I.—KEROSENE EMULSIONS. In Table I are given the results of seventeen experiments with kerosene in milk emulsions of varying strength. When the percentage of Coecids killed is given, this was obtained by cutting twigs, leaves, and portions of infested bark from all parts of the tree, and examining microscopically in the laboratory large numbers of the scales uponthem. Under the head of young Coccids are included all those which have _well-formed scales but have not begun to lay eggs. The youngest Bark-lice, or those which have not yet molted, were almost invariably killed, and are not included in the enumeration. The percentage of young Coccids killed is given separately, including under this head all ages between the formation of the permanent scale and the appearance of eggs, but no larve before the first molt; the latter were in nearly every case all killed. Of scales-which contained eggs three classes were examined and the percentage of each obtained: (1) Scales in which a portion only of the eggs were destroyed; (2) Seales in which all the eggs were killed; (3) Scales in which no eggs were killed. Purple Scales ( Mytilaspis citricola) were not abundant, but appear to be somewhat less readily destroyed than Long Scale. All the experiments were made upon young orange trees from three to six years old. An Aquapult pump of medium size was used, and in each case the trees were sprayed from the ground and on four sides. Where the trees were more than eight or ten feet in height the upper branches did not receive the spray with sufficient force, and show in some cases 5, smaller percent- age of Bark-lice destroyed than the lower portions of the same tree. For full-grown trees a larger pump is needed, and the apparatus should be placed in a cart or other- wise raised above the ground when used. The emulsions used were made as follows: No. 2. Kerosene, 1 pint; sour cow’s milk, 2 fluid ounces, dashed with a ladle; 2 drachms of powdered chalk were first added to the milk, and 2 ounces water during the stirring. An imperfect emulsion, not readily suspended in water. No. 3. Kerosene, 1 quart; solution of condensed milk, 3 parts; water, 5 parts, 12 fluid ounces. Emulsion made by spraying through the Aquapult pump and back into the pail. Stable, and readily suspended in water. No. 9. Kerosene, 1 quart; condensed milk, 12 fluid ounces, diluted with water, 36 ounces; emulsified with the Aquapult. No. 10. Kerosene, 25.6 fluid ounces; condensed milk, 4.8 fluid ounces; water, 14.4 ounces; emulsified with pump. No. 11. Kerosene, 2 quarts; condensed milk, 12 fluid ounces (1 can); water, 20 ounces; with pump. No. 13. Kerosene, 2 quarts, 4 fluid ounces; condensed milk, 12 fluid ounces; water, 24 ounces; with pump. : 199 INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. 200 *PpUNOF OS[V BIO O[VOG PRyO Furaly OT B SIM] oMUS Oy} UM ‘seyouvaq roddn mousy Stay v uodn punoj §pld000 SuLAl] Moy W “o[ROg HaoT jo uoyvurwie}xo ojojdmoo ysoumpy "IOV sfup anoy uoeordde puoseg ‘FZ ON UI SB OMIeS 94} JnogGR gINSIIy *palIDy e[Bog SuoT MoZ AIBA “QOoTo OU AOS sopouRAg AuvyT “gue wynsur Apoayquoe pordde ysea jo gunome ynq ‘oo1} [[vUIsg QOLOF WTA yonys Avads oj ors ATMO pay[ry seywog uInIuRdeT “CZ ‘ON 09 [unbS qnequ o[vog SuoyT uo yooya ‘posn YSvar JUoToOIgMs Jou ynq ‘eoa} [[vuIg ‘uoryewordde Yono10g} 10F posn probit ‘sjjmse1 ood 9aIs soqouviq omos ‘e[qviae A “a1 qR -HIVA PUB BATJIOIO ssoy APBWSIS 10 ‘pZ “ON UL SB OMIRS OY} JNOGeR 4NSOIy qsnous you AyUOpIAy *YSBA OT} JO YOM OT9 pojoTduroo A[qeqoid oavy pur so[vos prop oY} Jopun UIVAS SOUT ‘PpUNoF oq ULO DDO IO pI9000 Suraty % JOU !UOIVUIMIeXS posuojoOIg ‘s}1vd [[e WOIZ SoAvO] pure ‘sdIm} ‘Ye “s}[used O[QPLIVA DAIS SoyOUvIq 1oddgQ ‘squITT 190, JO Yareq poysozur je ed *Sp10000 9.1njvM 10 sSse uodn yooye o[qurooidde oN ‘soqouviq 1oddn Wo OAl[e puNos [BOS PIAvAs [LUOISBD -00 ue ATWO ‘servos Jo Gad} 9G} pervero AToaoayo uoTjeolydde puodesg | *peqozey Apjueded soso WiOIJ SuLuLIOJ sopeos Sunod Moj v OSTR ‘SaLATy TS soyeuey plavis Moy B ‘YT JoqMeAOoN ‘soyouriq seaddn wow su10qy, *SOTOUBIG IOMO] JO SST} pue ‘soavoyT ‘Yareg *syIVUOy | cE c secess rad wee eee ee See ee bene ewes npeeelineieinetiee soso 9 | 8 62 =| Sb ge | 0 ae 4 Ss) a | Fe hall Rees elt Nea sesseelseeee | got [e-22#*) o0T Sonne negens pre-sspr ol @pallcap = |spat | Ts Sean 7 S| as me | @ g : = an S : = eens F S| geisp ss Sel pakl= iene a | ea a “330 ‘s5S0 | SULUTBIWOD SaTBOg Surareyuoo seyeag | *(upunbsad +7) 9[B0S BeyO | *(224000)6 “F) aTBog FuoT "SU0Is)NUWA BUd80OY—'T ATAV I, y “GOT or “99M 6T AON | 8ST “AON 61 “AON | 61 “AON, |g A0N 93 00d | 6T AON $3 200 LT “AON ee “90 66 “PO “MOTNVULGIeXe Jo oFVCT | | 0 ‘00d | 6 g ‘00d | 9 | IT'AON | 2 | PEAON | € | | TLAON | > | | FI AON | 9 | IT ‘AON | 9 “FL'AON | 9 2% °300 | 9 | PIAON | 9 — ‘390 | oT 810) i) > = 5 S I Se et Se lees = = 3 =a coh oe S i =] Z 4 . i—a & oj 4 ee = | 91931 | ¢9 | €I | ge 910311 ¢9 | er! ge 9194T | 19 ee 9% 91OT | 29 | It | Te 9101 | 29 | IT | 2 91OT | 29 | TL} gz 9109T | 49 | IL | ¥ #6031 | 29 | IL | 62 90T |e, 1 | IL 91931 | 29 | IL | or 9T%LT} 08 | 2 | Or 87D | "40°40 & A | a) E @ |s'|¢e S S ° ° Zz, 3 aoe S s |e |e = B |e) ¢@ =a + 2. ee ed eae clas = ° i= = 5 3 B | & i=} oie ao is) 5 201 APPENDIX II. Splod09 [Te MOS SoAvaT Poysosut ouIog ‘poanfatan yavd ysour O44 OJ ssiq ‘s19q}0 UO paT[ty JOU pUL SoqoULAG OOS TO poT[LY 9[BOG Sao'T JO SunoxX *10}BA PUB ILO 04} Jo Salpoayuryoossod ut 07 Surao penboun Ags uonvoyddy ‘10zvA sjrenb 9 puB ‘H[LOI posmopuod (j) "Zo plug Zr ‘oes -o10y JO Jud J[ey-ouo 1oq}e50} Surainyo Aq opvar wors;na qoojaroduiy |----~* *YoURY 0} STUMAoq poorq MON “POYSIUTMIp 1oW posva1oNt 19q}10u sey SOTVOS Dual] JO ToquNN “Jooyo ou JO IY] pey svy moneorddy |--"""* PETIA ICE fe ICIS alqu -poiddy Ljoorw0s sopeos uo qooyg “ATMO oTwog Yvyy WTA poysozur ar *poorq AO B odn Fut19} U9 pov osvatoUl 0} SuaUTseq ofvog FeyO puvopeog su0'y JRO] ODIV[ OLDUIS VW *po}un09) jou {popoage sso] o[wog Feyg ‘soyouvaq urea Jo aed, mB ‘SDTANY Soave Ge uy addn jo ¥,. “poyooZe S89] YONAT o[CoS BVA) 5 Bi at daa ot resid acer *OSvOIOUL OF ae Lt MOOS TTA O[BOG PRyDQ 001} oN} Furiwopo ur oayoaye you uoryvorddy “PaT[LA Jou wnprsadsay wrwundaT "400} -X9 OM10S 0} POTTY e[Vog ZuoT “pojoaye Alqurosiddy you opvog Yugqg “SATATT [[S8 oTvOS SuOT eMlOg ‘UIeS¥ OsvOLOUL 0} Furanwseq oyvog Yryg ‘sopvos jo paavolo gou yng ‘poaordmt qonul worjIpuoo pue ATIOMILOF UV} PoJSefUl Sse] 9e1T, *PelIPy [18 Ajqvou Seavey amos ug = “4ysts Aros opvog Yoyo uodu woop “SBA OY} JO Joao T[NF AoYS 0} UOvor[dde 1ojyv WoOS 00} opLvUt UoONVUIMIExXG ‘9013 of} JO sqyuud yuotoyip uodn [wnhavy f304 nonDy ees eee ee ed we ewee| an eee e| ene ee eens ene leeeeee|eoneee|-=-==+! 9001.67 TT ‘AON og “TRL e OT “AON go “ave TL “AON OT AON 6 ‘AON 6 ‘AON og ‘wee OT AON og “uve OT AON 6 “AON “AON "AON "AON "AON “AON “AON OFT IT FT 8 OT 9T OFT 9T OFT OF OF OF Lg Lg or ot 6I 91 02 8T 202 INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. Cost of kerosene wash.—The following is the estimated cost for a standard wash of whale-oil soap and kerosene emulsion containing 67 per cent. of oil, and diluted 1 to 9: Kerosene, 2 gallons, retail at 20 cents..--.. ---- 22+ seen ee ene eee cee e ee cen eee $0. 40 Soap, 4 pound, retail at 10 cents’. -- -- 1. cee occ os conn ese enn ee s- = sawsees= 5 Water rallon (202s. 25-cic soe aes Se Se ae cee seme miele se te et ae 0 Pmralsion, S gallons x o-6. co c- 2. Ae oan ane aeons ane == ie n= =e 45 At wholesale rates, 18 cents for kerosene and 8 cents for soap, three gallons of emul- sion cost 40 cents=13} cents per gallon. One gallon of emulsion = 10 gallons of diluted wash; cost, 15 cents. Cost of wash per gallon, 14 cents. With the ‘“‘Aquapult” pump and ‘‘Cyclone” nozzle, four gallons of wash is suffi- cient for thirty nursery trees of one and two years from the bud. Cost per tree, two- tenth cent. Trees which have been transplanted and have made two years’ average growth in the grove (3 or 4 years from the bud) require about two-thirds of a gallon of wash. Cost, 1 cent per tree. Bearing trees of full size will require from 5 to 10 gallons of wash. Cost, 7 to 15 cents; average about 10 cents per tree. TABLE 2.—WHALE-OIL SOAP. In Table 2 are given the results of experiments with solutions of whale-oil soap applied in fine spray to all parts of the trees by means of the aquapult pump. The solutions were all applied hot, being either solid when cool or too thick for spraying through the pump. 203 APPENDIX II. *poyooye Uaoq OABT OF JOU UI08 pe[surarrezar opeog YeyO oyu faoneoydde yHnosoy: ‘9013 ypeug *pal[AT Sprooo0o oyu -OF PIAVIS OW {Satay TB ‘dees oywog YeyOQ Moy ve f4jnpe oO} gout qsig possed Woy Sproo0d opnypour uaats suonaodoad oy) * polOy Ye O1¥ FOUL ASI OG} poyordmMoo jou oaRy WoupA ofwog SaoT ! oop [[eag “DULAT] ‘}ULO0 dod Z 10 [ ‘seqouvaq euros uo OATTY punoy o[vog Buoy Teupltatpar Moy y “PEEL T[® JOU Spr9909 oTealey 4[upe ‘ pIMbry WIL c9A09 0} gMOTIp | 00} [BL *apeos JO Spury TIO 10 OMO TYITA poysoayur Ajo vsLopour [TNS oav puw ‘Say},OM Ysno10y} podvosa oavy WAOMOY ‘SDLA} [VLVAOY ‘9013 OG} JO Siaud Tv Ajwvou uodn pozearaiiezxe Apojojdui09 o[eog yeqg par suo7T qjog “UNS O49 UL UOON Ww SMoLoldde yFnor04) Aa9A £9011 T[VUIg *‘sjaed oulos HO snorouNt ‘y~npe Ajreou 10 SanoXk Ye Apron ‘opeog Yugo Sarat ‘soya Aq pavous -ap Ajqeqoad Sunos pue s350 ! poyvaratiejxo Apayotdmoo epvog suo7y *pasn pinbiy [snoue you !osae, JOTI 9013 ‘pornfaran AyoynpoOsqe sopeos qjoq Jo sdxo toate TUS gTvog Feyo Moz AdOA ¥ ! poy[ry ‘Sano’ puu po ‘proo0s Aaoao Apwou fevog Yeyg poesezjwos Moy V puL a[wog SuoyY YIM poysoyul oeay, ‘syvMey “poy[ry oun ‘sa5g7 rd & oR 03 9 a3 2 2 2 | 5 wi | B i iat a ct Bu aR ’ = = is} ~ "S000 *Sura1e} M09 sorwag ojwog Beqg ()0 (1) 66 - ‘(upunbuad +7) qo 4d *paT[ry Sptov00 Sunoz | 00T “poT[L] otow ‘Saag 90°40 | 994d | “PeTIMT 1B ‘so0q | ‘parry gaed ut ‘soog / SULUIV}WOD SoTwaG | | | OOL youd yo 4d | | } | | | *(wan076 Fir) pRog Baoy ae: | o ieee tae ‘corjeortdde Jo ayeq | *porTEy Spt9000 FunoxX | “MOT}LAIIS(O JO 9 DOS 40-2)0Y Jf —"% ATAV], “yoy pord -dv el 9 | ZI ‘40u pond -de sjien ‘oq pad -de sjivnb g -dv ea 9 ‘yor, pord -de sjavnb §p *smoTjNpOS dvos [To-oTByY AL on 0s | s mLiedxe Le ge = oe] 70-08 | “quo 204 INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. TABLE 3.—LYE SOLUTIONS. The following is a synopsis of experiments with potash and soda in caustic solutions: Experiments with potash.—Experiment No. 90.—Solution, 14 pounds potash to 1 gallon water. Applied in fine spray to two thrifty young trees, about four years old. Leaves and tender shoots wilted visibly and changed color during the application, showing, a few minutes later, spots of brown. ‘lwo days after the application all the leaves were dead and dried up as if by fire, and remained adhering to the branches. Young growth entirely killed and pitted with holes. Three weeks later all branches under one inch in diameter were found to be_entirely killed, the bark of larger branches partly destroyed, the bark oftrunk blackened and hardened, but not destroyed. Upon the latter buds had begun to appear. Upon those portions of the tree where the bark was entirely destroyed the insects themselves were destroyed, but one-tenth of the scales upon the dead bark contained living eggs. Where the bark was not entirely destroyed half of the Coccids and more than half of their eggs escaped. The tops of both trees were killed and their shape and symmetry ruined. A 40 per cent. kerosene emulsion would have been as effective in destroying the Scale-insect, and would have had no appreciable effect on the tree. A 67 per cent. emulsion, which would have exterminated the insects, would have partially defoliated the most thickly infested branches, without affecting the vigorous portions of the tree. Experiment No. 91.—Solution, 1 pound potash to 1 gallon water. Applied to two small trees very badly infested with Scale-insects. Owing to the enfeebled condition of the trees, the effect of the lye was as severe as in the preceding experiment. Five weeks later one of the trees was recovering, the other dying, and Scale-insects in both cases increasing. Experiment No. 94.—Solution, two-thirds pound potash to 1 gallon water. Applied to several young trees. Nearly all the leaves dropped and many branches killed. Experiment No. 92.—Solution, one-half pound potash to 1 gallon water. Applied to two small trees badly infested with Long Seale. Both trees badly, one completely, defoliated. Tender bark and smaller brancbes killed. Four or five weeks later the trees were recovering, but young brood of Scale-insect had thickly coated all the living branches. Experiment No. 95.—Solution, four-tenths pound potash to 1 gallon water. Applied to a tree of medium size and in good condition. Great injury to foliage and tender bark. One month later the trees were recovering, but Scale-insect increasing. Experiment No. 93.—Solution, three-tenths pound potash to one gallon water. De- vitalized branches completely defoliated ; other portions less severely affected. Bark blackened and hardened. One month later trees recovering ; Scale-insect not dimin- diminished in numbers. Experiment No. 96.—Solution, one-fourth pound potash to 1 gallon water. Applied to a vigorous tree. Tree not severely defoliated. Four weeks later Scale-insect in- creasing. Experiment No. 86.—Solution, one-sixth pound potash to 1 gallon water. Applied to a tree rather badly infested, but still vigorous. Tree slightly defoliated. Scale- insect not checked and no eggs killed. Experiments with soda lye.—The strongest application of soda lye, two-thirds pound to 1 gallon water, was not more severe in its effects upon the tree than one-half this amount of potash applied in Experiment No. 93. The bark was blackened, but not destroyed, and the tree was severely defoliated. The application had no permanent effect in removing the Seale-insects, but these were afterwards destroyed by an application of kerosene emulsion, and the tree in consequence fully recovered its vigor. The remain- ing experiments with soda lye—1 pound to 2, 1 pound to 24, and 1 pound to 3 gallons of water, respectively (Nos. 43, 44, and 45)—failed to check the increase of the Scale- insect. One year later these trees had lost instead of adding to their growth, and ap- peared to be in dying condition, the continued presence of the insects having prevented a recovery from the effects of the lye. The Scale-insects were subsequently removed by applications of kerosene, and the trees began to improve rapidly. 205 APPENDIX II. ‘Q00H90N ‘O[BvOg SuOT JO poorqd MoU Y}IA paiecod oad, ‘Duryoyey ssoq “per[ty sano0d Moy VW ‘ooge erqemoidde ON “SUISVATOTI SaTBOG *poer[M{ Sdz0 Od Io Mo} ‘pouraExo Sa]BIg DUOT MOT ‘eLOJaq Se PRq SB STVOG ‘SUMOAODaT S901} F A[NE “pay[Ly Jou y8[wog PeyoO jo soyemag “pal[ey quvd ofvog Suoy jo soremey gyupy ‘OAT[B [[B SdOq ‘“poiooge AppWoys A19a opvog Yeyo “QATPOATO JOU uoyeoyddy ‘ajvog SuoT Jo poorq Sarcax0f YATA poywood ATHONY} Soyoaviq Saravy ‘“Satwaooas ‘19A9 Moy ‘saoa} ‘ORG Pe} Sse] 10 o10uI soTOURIq ‘so017 OMT, “fF ANE ‘Teuboun sqyusey ‘seedy [v1eAeg ‘a[VOS JO poord MOM TILIA Patorcoo 10}}8[ 94} ‘Youvsiq Saray ouo puv yanI} OF poonpes 9o.1q, *SOTIULAG L951vT OF You pels, pue povertorep Ajayoytdui0o ‘poanfar A[Tpeq 9e17, QAT[E [[G SHH VAVT SOTVOS 9} JO ‘quod aed g poforysop {[.10}70 St ane e1oy A suorjiod aodg = ‘spnq SNONQueApe quo Sarqsnd ‘padorysop jou ynq ‘peuepieq pue pouing yun Jo yaeq ‘peT[Iy seqouvaq [TRUS [TV ; ‘od “IOAG}VTA J[USEI ON *.10]}950} O[BOG Fry puv suoT ‘4lusar ofqviooidde oN “ATWO e[vog Sao'T *QAT[V WOT} Jo [[v ‘ pourmexe sepwog Peg Aros v ATWO “SY IVULIyY 90 4 |"99 “4d |"70 *4|\ "90 “4d | * & te & kK ty & is] OE) 09 9 ° a8 a9 ie 09 ie og S| 79 ie a9 we 2 4 i=] Zz ee 2 ‘ a9 5 se 2 x o 2 5 =) I=) g S = 5 5 me | x z B » | 2 = 5 g. = = ry. = 3 Bi a S| Ge = alt wale he lei aerate Oo s se Be ry : | | & = : "S000 ‘S550 SULUIe}UO9 Sayvog Cupunbiead +7) SULATB}MOD SaTBOG ‘eB Heqo ao Oi + PPTL] Sploo00 Suno x *(u.san0)6 “JT) oywog SuO'TT *suoynjos aliTJ—'e ATAV ¢ Aine L Avy 6r Stn eg ¢ Aine 9 oune g sing g oune Aja Ayne Ayn oun oune oun oe uel Ute 6 Wee Oz “URE AD Xo Jo oyu 2 peULULY “OL oan pf | 83D 9T 0} ‘ql T ‘AA, YSvjog TEAv | | syb Fer 07 “qT T ‘OAT Ysejog eo4iue | ¢ | ¢ | “s9b of 03 ‘ql 1 ‘AT Ysvjog teAv | * 86 *syb 8 OL ‘Gq, T ‘a4, YSRIOg 9 03 “qT ‘eA, YSRIog FO) “Q[ T ‘vAT YSRjIOog £3 0} ‘QL 1 ‘OAT YSBIOgT aI 0} “ql T ‘eT Bpog Of OF “qT [ ‘AT Bpos g o} ‘ql T ‘eX, Bpog 9 0} ‘qT T ‘eA, Bpog “uornpos ay) fo ysbuans eceunfr |) st | ¢g *s3b i] Te AvIT | F I | *s}b | | stdvN + | Fr | ‘syd 2 ueri9 | § ‘sb Z ‘uve |G § | *s7b q Uses Te) 4-830: C YoY @ ft a [ed ue a | ‘93D | sq? | | | wos | ~ - = a Banal > | = | Bs | = 5 B | o s = =r A apes 5 : ° | — tac) Rg = lesa | eos a a s = == a |e lee s | & | 83 "3 Bs tale = | | i=} a | =) es 2, ores P| @ elt *10)BM TEPLAL painitip AAT poyeaymeou0g ¢ Avy | 9 ¥ "s}D #Z 0} “QL T ‘OS, YSBIOg 98 eoeun | > ¥ 96 £6 66 66 16 ‘yuourtiedxe jo 1equin yy | 206 “INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. TABLE 4.—CRUDE CARBOLIC ACID (OIL OF CREOSOTE). In Table 4 are given results of experiments with carbolic acid in solution and com- bined with other substances. In experiment No. 27, 9 fluid ounces of carbolic acid was applied to a single tree about five years old. The tree, which was badly infested with Long Scale, and had many branches dead and dying, was severely defoliated, and lost some moribund branches, but recovered in six weeks and pushed out new growth in midwinter. In experiment No. 30 a pint measure of crumbled carbolic soap was applied. The actual amount of acid contained in this soap did not exceed 2 fluid ounces. The ex- termination of Long Scale was complete. The tree, which was very badly infested and in poor condition, was almost completely defoliated and lost half its branches, but recovered very rapidly and pushed out new leaves within thirty days. (January 25.) In experiment No. 21 the other substances added to the carbolic solution increased the injury to the foliage of the tree and it was very severely checked, but entirely re- covered and was stimulated to vigorous growth ata time when all surrounding trees were dormant. In the remaining experiments, 13, 14, 15, and 12, the quantity of carbolic acid used was not sufficient to kill the Scale-insects. The effect upon the trees was also very slight. 207 APPENDIX II. (-Ayao oyemrxoadde sv uoAts suorj10doid oaoqe pus ‘pozeurrjso uoryer1oduao Aq ssoy ‘SurIoq ponurjuos Saoy q payipros) -aumyoa Aq “yae0 sod g ‘10zvai Souunqoa Aq “gue0 sod QZ ‘oA[ payva}moom0s + ouNTOA Aq “qaeo zed 9g ‘[10 pawl fourmjoa Aq ‘4a90 sed ZI ‘0}0800T0 y “poy [18 A[wvou seyeog MAINTUBOe'T = “peT[hT q 03 awodde wdnd £ Ajao ‘10}}R[ Of) JO SOIANy OMOSUQ ‘a[VOG HLTH GITA poisefal (Z) :O[BIG Sao] ILA poysofat ([) | poyseasooag [[EUs OMT, | OOT *paqooy je {ysis ssoq ‘eas pro000 te Ad Vv “SUISvALOUT AOU pas ‘poxoayo AT TSI[S yng g[vog FLyOQ “peyeuras)xo {jw o[vog Sao'T “popooyU oT Jug ssdq “valye oie twoy} Satddypicao sioqyo Aq pozoojord 89/808 § pa] [ty] Too OAV OpIS}NO WO Salwog FeyO | ¢g *punoj oq Uv S50 40 p19900 Sarary ols -UIS B JOU ‘WONLUIMIeXe [NZoIvd pUL OyNUTT UO “ATCO aTeOG SuUOT “poy [[e SoTeUley pravsry “BUIATL QUa0 Jod g OATS SMOLIOd.19qIO “OAT[e sa[vos Ou 10 AOF AXVA SaqOULIG posodxe UO ‘DULUIOF OLB DUNO’ soorid Moy B UL ‘“sjaed qgsour uodn po}euraisoyxo ATsyordui0d sepBog |-""""" 9043 oY Jo SuOTQAOd paysazUl ssa[ WIOI, S9AVAT |-**""* “DULAP [[S SOTBOS IOP[O. “po}e “19MIN JOU PUL pa||TY 91v Y[NOU YSIy 10ZOq servos [TV ‘sano [[v ATavou pue ‘poorq 4yseT 30 SO[VOS TPL poJSoJUT JOOS SNOIODSIA JO Yicg aqIt 9350 0d puv Sunof seyA10 AQ “ATO ane ae : 40°40 |" “paT[Ey oud ‘ssoq “‘SyIVUIO 0 0 GP cs va &T 96 | [2 UBe | OL “aee | 9 ak ane s-Irs==--1 08 |0 | 08 | +66 [9T ‘00d | 9 ood | 9 SS en eee weeeee[eeeeee|eneeee|eneeesleeeees! 2 -qouy F | IL 09 6 8P €P OOL | 16°WeL | OT‘UBe | 9 Baio een Aree we eeee[eneees|eneeee|----=-loz me partes “-**-1 Gp | 63 | 9% | OOL |9T°20C| ¢ ‘00d | 9 SB pce degacelecearollsodican alec] |os6op -|lbaeHae og une sterrs|sccees|eneese 19 SI IZ LL |T@ AON) * edger eects a | Lt «| Te 6} m6) | TSAON Seat SECIS OG OCI III ON dCs ra) OAC LPa) qo 4d 904d 40-4 99-4 |"90 ud 994d 990 Ad 97D fa le ee eevee ico} Ge eee el We elec eB Blceh SB dp ie 8 8 Z ; 08 : i) ° 2 Bb 2) 5 Ph 7 5 Pisin el @aleciieate dee arene ag) e a. 8 8 ® F B 3 2 S aa = + = an =| + = 8 = a 2 am a = 8 om a = sl = 7 m. = a z 5 3 =] : = ‘an @ : = ‘a 2 gt + ry 2; a ® Es =F ro) 2 = : 2 =| a g 7 2 ie 4 *s330 “8830 & Bupare}a0o selvog Sura} W09 sopeog a 3 = (‘upuvbiad * gq) = ‘eT890S HVAO "(4100016 “‘F) oye0g Suo'T F713) “LOPE YITA pozni "SO DIOE SF: oP at a as PI |'z0 prop -+€ | 9F ‘ZO prop p'g"" "°°" py [°° 20 pup T | Ge ODIO Goa ceca Pr |20pwp Yt! LF ‘20 PING ‘91 —,dvos oy0s001K |--zo prug z | og “quid [ ‘1098 Jo ‘ fsoounoz ‘duos ur poajossiq, |" zo pmy 6 | Lz FLOGIV Rvs 2 g TOB-O P ‘ . “uorvorddy posn yunoue UIs UT CS) '930808.10 {0 110 40 pw 0Y0guv0 apnN4g—'f AIAV INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. 208 IOAOJVYM JOOION ‘apwog FeyO puw Suoy "poli S850 OU puL so[vuley o1nyvut ON “PeT[IY so[vos Sano’ oq} Jo yuo sz9d 0g JOAO JON ‘“poyooge AysSs Asa o[vog SuoT ‘qoayo otqeroordde oN ‘o[Bog Suo0'T ‘salvos 043 uodn qoayzo oT q ‘Q[LOG SUOT Y}IA po}sofUL GILT, *SULULIOT so[vos Mou On ! poyoayo ATAIOAOS Sa[BIG “OATTV TQS sesvo Xuvul UL Splo000 JaqQoUL + petty [lv 10 Ayjaed ove sS50 oy} So[vos Auvu Uy ‘ens “Sl 0} o[qvun ynq ‘uornvordde 9dUIs peyoyey OAVY TOMA BAe, peap jo [nj sopeos Aueyy ‘TTB 78 Jou evs BeyO | poyxoeqo ApySys epeog SuoT ‘80014 qYjoq WO puNoj so[vos Sunod pu so50 SULATT ~erooidde oT “SHIVA semen 40 *4d\"99 *4d)\"70 *4d\*}0 “40 “pol [Ly] oon ‘ssoq SULULBJWOD BETBOG tI & eae 2 | 2 $9 ist iS) B a Lo] = = o PIE © = "85090 “pope Spro000 Suno x 66 tPF 0 9¢ 16 40 *Ad\"70 “4d |"79 *4d\"70 *ud tS ico ce! ia 09 79 re) ° ne} 08 i) = sad 2 2 =} jas 53 5 E 5 g eal tate assed ars ia ie = c= Ga ES 2 es Sad eae B at = ra) = a ® = "s550 SUIULB}W0D SBTVIG *(upunbsad *Z) a[vog BETO *(naan076 FZ) e[Bog Buoy Z‘AON | $2390 G*AON | 18390 ‘g ‘aon | 18390 TE 390 | 92 °390 6T AON OL AON L°AON IE Gey ees aes clea oe oO a1 D> 5 = 2. ee = ot i) et. 3 5 4 “pion 0109.0 )—'f ATAVL a +g +¢ -pordde ysva poynyrp Jo yunoury | & “10VUA YIM poz “1098 Jaenb T Ul Suwoj[y pav visou -DBUL “1d ‘ZO Z IA 0408 -0010 ‘20 "YY [T SUtyeingt1y Aq opeur ‘1078 WT WOryNTOS *qocad Hp 7 qiyar Fo spanyy eusso10y TIO ‘yo ad $["""""" "93080919 [IO ‘Spano YITUL Inos Jo ‘zo ping F9'°2 puw ouaso1oy JO ‘ZO pnp LZ TILA dJoyjeso} poyis~ug ‘q0 ‘ad zg ‘oyosoo10 0} ‘40 ‘ad gy ‘y[TUr pesuep -100 INOS YITA popis~nug ‘ZO T ‘10}VAN $°ZO “EE F ‘HTLOL pPesuepnod YIM papIspnUMg 20 ‘ff L ‘euLin ‘ se0mN0 ZT ‘19yBA\ ! S90UNO "A ET ‘Bpos Jo oPBorIs TTA sJoqjes -0} ‘s00UN0 ZI ‘10o9vA JOT {se0uno zg ‘dos Ur poaossiqy +eeeeeeeees---*> [ponutyT09] ‘20 plug $ | cae, “po ) “20 °E €1' “°Z0 PINE. noruorddy opsurs UI posn gunoue ‘prow o1poqre9 as ct PE &T APPENDIX II. 209 TABLE 5.—BISULPHIDE OF CARBON. In table 5 are given the results of several experiments with this insecticide. The emulsion, of which the ingredients are given in the table, was formed by beating to- gether with a spatula the carbon and lard oil and then adding the milk and water, and emulsifying in the same manner. The trees in experiments 40 and 41 were very severly checked, although not seriously injured, and all subsequently recovered. In experiment 39 the mixture was applied during a rain, and was entirely without effect upon the tree or scale. INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. 210 -StoI0UL salvos {s}pnser oes oavS cz Luen -URP WONVUUIeX| "pally Sproooo Sunod ow ATjuoivdde pur ‘soso oN ‘uorjeortdde 410} -oujsiyes v joa !Avp ‘para wo urea ur paddy ‘Tp ON Uv? qono10Yy G10uL uorjeorddy ‘soqzisevird yo pre oy} Aq yaed Ul o[Zos JO poivepo A[iBeu S017, “oqo -0J [BOS Yryg pues opwog Suo7T yar paysoy “ur yjoq ‘yjems Aros emo ‘potvads seal} OMT, “OAITL S50 4nq ‘pay|E{ Sprlooo0o | pourarexe e[wog yeygg Moy V ‘pete, [fe efeog suo jo soremoy pravry SOTIAVAG LOMO] WOLF SSI} PUL ‘SMIO} ‘SoAvaT ‘ajvog SaoT ‘soqodvaqasoddu wou usogy, (v) -odvosa sd00 Jo uorjs0doid odur[ v yng ‘ounod SULAly Jo pasvalo Ajaitjaa waoq VAvY dad} , jo syivd a9q1Q9 ‘oale sddo [ve A[iwou pue punoX oulos ‘sy[nset SuTMrvA saats ! pat{vads Ajqsno10qy you sayouviq aaddn puv Ap Aputa @ uo opeut woyvorddy e041} [[e} Ai A ‘SyIVULOY | Seana ie oe SU aia SIS ia | baat te Pee ors tl ee meal et Gent22216 GLC ERGY a GUY g |*-°77-Zo pray g ‘uorsjume uy |‘zopmy +¢ 1 “UBe| 1g ‘09d | @ i Hecht ‘ ; 3 a 86 0 L6 T 96 6 oor§ Izuep|{eoeq| F 9 ZO pny OT ‘UoIs[NUle UT |*z0 ping g’¢ aes “|| ase ieiete ea ews OG &F ce | OOT | | } } alle era el en lige emal ROOM siR0 0 12@ 9 fg | ----zo pm gf ‘uorstnme uz |--zopmp 6 9 "4d\ 79 “4d, 9 "Ad “ya “ud *}0 | 494d, "yo 4d “49 4d) OZ UeL| Te70eq | ‘870 | “810 | | | | cel ty ca) S| & > Bee le kale ie ele te) = |e |e : a G 5 a a 5 5 ) © g EL S BY alike say | ete || oe SiS aS 5 5 Be eres 5 5 = cl Se lkrse (pet secs $ g f ° 4 ° See ee leven \ooeel) Eoalaghe lee) |hiae re ro if eet ee = x EB | 4 ee + = teal pete 5 =a & = Sa Er ee ilenre a || elsl) Bini eter alice | Solin ae. s | &| 4 Se 2 : = on = 6 g oe 2 st + 3 ay = a is ® = 2 Ss 5 o + ap [Pana oeer e | § Peat eau lene B= lr eso —--—- a ~ a z i+} S ° } . = se D =] (| es 8559 "S050 =a ° @ DUIUIB}U0d soTBIG Surmre}uo0o sapeog iS 2 é eases = SOR ee ED ee CAB PRs eee Se aS | 2 3S aS “paT[oy qavd ur ‘ssoq oe ON wn See s Se “poTTET Spr900o SunoA | | : S St 3 = ae se 2 = A= | ‘pel[by ouou ‘sseq | |. a ecaies e a San a Sat te = > 5 20 “PaO Te ‘s88q |S " © of & BS 5 mae = AS ~ ae a $ -_ (0) col a =) ” @ | 8 | pena qed uy ‘53g = | WM a I Ja) ef Sa g BI “paT[| Sprov00 Sanox |. ~* 4 | g a 2 a “MOTVULUIBXE JO 99R(T B ke A ie) “moreor[dde jo 03vq b 5, Sic) *pordde seam poyutip Jo yunoULy = 2 el OG ' st LOYBA TILA pol | Sy Co ea si a ri =) ie) ia oS La] ° 7 eM ° | se. ao Be a S i=} uornvordde opsurs Ur pasn gunowy 3 i=! i=) re quowlri0dxe Jo 1equIn yy a APPENDIX III. THE COITION OF BAG WORMS. The following is an extract from an account of certain Australian Bag-worms, by William W. Saunders, as read before the Entomological Society of London, February 1, 1847.” ‘August 30.—On this day I first observed a yellowish white substance protruding at the lower end of the largest cases, which upon close examination proved to be a por- tion of the females in the imago state, one-third of their bodies being exposed. About an hour afterward, examining the cases again, I found the females had receded, and in opening a case the female moth became evident within, and thus they emerge and recede as occasion may require. The female isa large apterous moth, with a very little of the ordinary appearance of an insect of the moth kind. The length is about 1% inches, diameter full half an inch, color yellowish white, fawn, or buff; head and three first segments of the body naked and glossy on the upper part; feet very short. Antennx none, or at least not visible to the unassisted eye; anal segment of the body clothed all round with a dense covering of silky down [42] of a deeper color than the rest of the body ; ovipositor well developed. “September 5.—Examined som4 of the females, no males having yet appeared. Two or three were dead; one nearly so, having deposited a great number of ova in the pupa case, which were enveloped in a short silky material. When the female has de- posited all her ova, she is literally nothing but thin skin, which scon desiccates, leay- ing room for the young larve to pass. I have examined other species of Oiketicus, and find all the females are apterous. “September 20.—A male imago appeared this morning. It had been in active opera- tion a good while, as evinced by its wings, being much broken at the tips and other- wise much abraded. It is an insect of very peculiar construction, and seems to have some affinity with Zeuzera. It has the extraordinary power of extending the abdo- men to 2 inches in length, and of turning and twisting it in all directions. When in this state it has alternate rings of black and yellow, with a curious appendage at the extremity. The male appears very eager to accomplish the grand object of nature, namely, the continuation of its species, as its existence appears to be of short dura- tion. The large fat or rather distended females have not room to turn their bodies so as to present the generative organs conviently to the male, consequently the immense development of the abdomen in the males is of the greatest importance ; but it appears very extraordinary that the head of the female should be inverted, when it is known that she never emerges from the case unless by accidentally falling therefrom, which position obliges the male when in the act of coition to stretch his abdomen all along the side of the female full 13 inches. This peculiarity appears to me to be the design of the all-wise Creator, in order to afford a secure place for the defenseless larvx, viz, that of the pupa-case of their parent, from which they emerge after the disappearance of their mother’s body, and immediately form themselves silken cases covered with small pieces of anything. they can procure, arranged in every respect like the larger ones.” * Remarks on the habits and economy of a species of Oikeficus found on shrubs in the vicinity of Sydney, N. S. W., by W. W. Saunders, esq., F. L. S., &c. Drawn up from notes furnished by W. Stephenson, esq. Transactions of the Entomological So- ciety of London, Vol. V. 1847-1849. pp. 40-33. fan 214 INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. Recently Professor Riley has given a more detailed and exact account of the man- ner by which the act of coition takes place. Fic. 94.—THYRIDOPTERYX EPHEMERA- FORMIS: a, Follicle cut open to show the manner in which the female works from her puparium and reaches the end of the bag, natural size; b, female extracted from her case, enlarged. (After Riley.) A portion of his article which was published in the Scientific American Supple- ment of April 3, 1878, and republished in the Proceedings of the Biological Society of Wash- ington, Vol. ii, 1882-4, p. 81, is here reproduced: “We have seen that, by means of the partial elongation of her puparium and her partial ex- traction therefrom, the female is able to reach with her head to the extreme lower end of her follicle, causing, in doing so, the narrow elastic portion of the follicle to bulge, and the orifice to open more or less, as it repeatedly did while the larva was yet feeding, whenever the excre- ment had to beexpelled. Fig. 94, a, shows a fol- licle cut open so as to exhibit the elongated pu- parium, and the female extended from it as she awaits the male; b represents this degraded fe- male more in detail. A cursory examination of the male shows the genital armature, which is always exposed, to consist of (1) a brown, horny, bilobed piece, broadening about the middle, narrowing to and notched at tip, concave, and furnished with a tuft of dark hairs at tip inside; (2) a rigid brown sheath, upon which play (3) the genital hooks or clasps, which are also con- cave inside, strongly bifid at tip, the inner finger furnished with hairs, the outer Fic. 95.—TMYRIDOPTERYX EPHEMERZFORMIS: produced to an obtuse angle near tip, and generally unarmed (Fig. 95, e). In re- pose, this armature appears as in Fig. 95, c, from beneath, and as at d, from above, and is well adapted to prying into the opening of the follicle. The male abdo- men is telescopically extensile, while the tip easily bends or curves in any direc- tion, but most naturally beneath, as at b, where it is represented enlarged about six times, and with all the genital parts expanded; k, the fixed outer sheath; f, the clasps; g, a pale membranous sheath upon which the praeputium (h) plays, as on the finger of a glove; i, the fleshy elas- tie penis, armed with retorse hairs, and capable of extending to nearly one-fourth of an inch; j, showing the end still more fully enlarged. With this exposition of details, not easily observed or generally b, The end of male abdomen from the side, show- ing genitalia extended; c, genitalia in repose, ven- tral view; d, do., dorsal view ; e, tip of bifid clasp ; j, tip of penis; allenlarged. (After Riley.) understood, the act of fecundation is no longer a mystery.” « NOTES. Note 1 (p.59).—Mr. Howard states that this Tetrastichus has never since been bred, and that the material is too poor for determination. April 18, 1885, I bred two addi- tional species of parasites from the Florida Ceroplastes at Crescent City, which were de- termined by Mr. Howard as (1) Coccophagus vividus Howard (see Bulletin 5, Division of Entomology, U. S. Dept. Agr., page 24, species 37) which I had previously bred from Lecanium hesperidum, on Orange, at Crescent City. (2) A species of Pncyrtus repre- sented by one g¢ which was mounted in balsam and so badly crushed as to admit only of a generic determination. NoTE 2 (pp. 69 and 77).—In looking up the saved material in order that this species might be determined, but a single crippled and inferior specimen was found, and Professor Riley prefers not to describe it for the present from this unsatisfactory specimen. Note 3 (p. 79).—This parasite was handed to Mr. Howard, who has given me the following concerning it: ‘“While at first glance I determined the Leptocorisa egg-parasite for you as a species of Telenomus, a more careful subsequent study, and a comparison with a number of Mayr’s types of this genus, show that it belongs rather to the allied genus Hadronotus of Foerster. The great majority of the species of the subfamily Scelionin, to which these two genera belong, are egg-parasites. This species may be described as fol- lows: ‘““TIADRONOTUS LEPTOCORIS Ni. sp. . “Female.—Length, 1.4™™; expanse, 2.5", Head and face evenly covered with small round punctures, except in the facial impression, which is transversely striate; anten- nex subclavate; lateral ocelli nearly touching the margins of the eyes. Mesonotum a trifle smoother than the head and furnished with a very fine white pubescence. First segment of the abdomen dorsally longitudinally striate; remaining segments closely covered with fine round punctures; ventral surface sparsely punctate. Color, black; scape, brown; all coxx, black; all{trochanters, femora, tibia, and tarsi, light brown; mandibles and wing-veins, light brown. Male.—Length, 1.3™™; expanse 2.5™™", Antenne filiform. In other characters re- sembling the Q.” ““Described from many ¢ and 2 specimens, bred from the eggs of Leptocorisa tipu- loides, at Crescent City, Fla., by H. G. Hubbard.” Norte 4 (p. 80).—These bugs belong to the genus Rhinacloa, but the species is un- determined. Norte 5 (p 81).—This species is so far undetermined. It is a beautiful and well- marked species, the prevailing color being brown. The mesoscutum has two yellow stripes converging posteriorly, the mesoscutellum is entirely yellow, the metascutel- lum is marked with yellowish, and the abdomen has yellow rings. Just as these notes are going to press, Iam able to add the following concerning this species, received from Mr. Cresson : ‘¢The specimen arrived minus its abdomen, but judging from what is left it seems to belong to the genus Hemiteles. I have looked over the material belonging to that 215 26 INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. : genus in the society’s collection, and do not find anything there agreeing with your specimen. I do not.think it has been described, but as I have never worked up the genus, I cannot say definitely that it is new.” ; Notes 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 (pp. 83 and 84).—These mites were mounted in balsam for subsequent study by Professor Riley, with a view of possible determination. He has kindly examined them and furnished the following notes and descriptions: ‘‘The so-called ‘Hairy Orange Mite’ (Note 6) is one of the ‘ Harvest-mites’ belong- jng to the section Lupodide and comes nearer to Penthalodes Murray than to any other defined genus, having 6-jointed legs of about equal length. It may be described as follows: ‘“(PENTHALODES MYTILASPIDIS n. sp. Average length, 0.8"™™. Broadly oval; ab- domen tapering to a point. Color dark red, with pale hairs. Head distinctly sep- arated, narrow, elongate, conical. Mandibles scissor-like, projecting. Palpi inserted at apex of cephalothorax, close to the head, stout, 4-jointed, the first joint stoutest, first and second of about equal length, third shortest, the fourth ending in a stout, curved claw at the base of which an elongate oval thumb is inserted. Eyes barely discernible near the side of the cephalothorax between the first and second pairs of legs. Cephalothorax rounded in front, merging posteriorly into the abdomen, so as to leave no distinct division except in shrunken specimens.. Surrounded by rather long and stout bristles, about 8 on each side, and with two rows of similar bristles dor- sally. Legs about equal in length, the first pair very slightly longest; third joint longest. Claws 3, much curved at tip, the middle one curved upwards. ‘Of the ‘Spear-head Mite’ (note 7) the mounted specimens are unfit for study and no determination can be made of them. ‘‘The so-called ‘Spotted Mite’ (note 8) is also represented by such poor specimens from the Orange Coccidx that they could not be used for determination, but I have obtained a closely-related species from twigs containing the eggs of Cicada septendecim, and have thus been able to make out its characters. 1t belongs to the Beetle-mites or Oribatide, and the one-clawed section; but it cannot strictly be placed in any defined genus. AsI would not care to erect anew genus in these fragmentary notes, the species may be described under the genus Hermannia, to which it approaches nearest structurally, though bearing no great resemblance to the commoner species of that genus. ‘“HERMANNIA (?) TRINEBULOSA n. sp.—Length, 0.38™™, Color whitish, pellucid. Pyriform, surface apparently smooth and polished; three dusky abdominal patches, one large and central, and one at each lower side with a central, elongate-ovoid cor- neous plate; two dorsal rows of rather long hairs, with a few others at sides, a rather stouter one on each shoulder, and three anal pairs, the intermediate or second pair longest—all very minutely barbed. Cephalothorax broadly conical, bluntly rounded in front, separated from the body by a distinct transverse suture; on each side towards the base is a conspicuous, strongly clavate bristle. Palpi 6-jointed, the 2nd joint as long as the others together. All legs of about equal length, 6-jointed ; terminal joint longest, tapering quite suddenly from about the middle to the end, especially in the posterior pair of legs. Claw simple, large, and strongly curved. All legs sparsely beset with rather long, simple bristles, which are most numerous on the terminal joint. “Of figs. 39 and 40 (notes 9 and 10) the slides are not to be found, but, judging from the figures, the former is a Tyroglyphus, the species of which are very commonly found preying on animal matter, and the latter a Sejus, one of the Gamasid genera. I should not care to describe them by name without study of the specimens.” . Note 11 (p. 98).—Prof. H. W. Wiley, chemist, U. S. Department of Agriculture, gives the following reactions of sulphur upon lime, treated with boiling water. ‘Depending on the proportion of sulphur used, the products may be considered as follows: 3 CaO + S.—2 CaS oft CaS,03 Calcium disulphide + Calcium thiosulphate Or, with a greater amount of sulphur, 3 CaO + Sp=2 CaS; +Cas.03 Calcium pentasulphide + Calcium thiosulphate. “Tn fact, probably both reactions go on at once, and even more complicated ones, NOTES. 217 ‘‘The reaction of lime in the act of slaking on sulphur would probably be small, owing to the short time during which the heat would continue.” . Nore 12 (p. 153.)—The specimens of this parasite were turned over to Mr. Howard, | who has given me the following description : ‘““MIOTROPIS PLATYNOTZ N. sp. “‘FKemale.—Length, 1.65™™; expanse, 3.0™™, Head broader than thorax; vertex broad; ocelli very close together; scape reaching almostto vertex. Proandmesoscutum somewhat rugose ; mesoscutellum nearly smooth ; metathoracic carina well marked. Hind cox with an external longitudinal groove. Abdomen moderately long oval, - flattened. Color uniform honey-yellow (in dry specimens; Mr. Hubbard, in-his gene- ral description, says: ‘‘ Honey yellow; head, lemon-yellow ”) ; eyes and ocelli, dark red; tip of scape, dorsal surface of pedicel, and all of flagellum, dusky; two large occipital dark spots, sometimes confluent ; abdomen brownish at lateral border and with a brownish central spot varying in size; legs, light honey-yellow. ‘* Male.—Slightly smaller than female ; abdomen widening from base to near ex- tremity. Face with two converging black streaks from insertion of antenne to mid- dle ocellus; hind tibiz with a distinct dusky tinge near extremity; abdomen more _ distinetly edged with brown and with a central translucent spot. “* Described from 5 ?, 19; bred from larva of Platynota rostrana, at Crescent City, Fla., in September, by H. G. Hubbard. ‘* This species will probably ultimately form a new genus, as in the structure of the thorax at least it differs from the descriptions of Miotropis. It is, however, more nearly related to this genus than to any other Elachistid genus, and I therefore place it here temporarily. ” Note 13 (p. 153).—This species was also referred to Mr. Howard, who describes it as follows: “‘GONIOZUS HUBBARDI 0. sp. “ Female.—Length, 2.4™"; expanse, 4.4™™, Face and notum very sparsely punctured and furnished with fine white pile; also delicately shagreened in addition to the round punctures. Abdomen very smooth and shining and ovate-acuminate in form ; somewhat pilose, especially towards tip. Wings clear; stigma brown, with a hya- line spot at its center; stigmal cell nearly complete. Color black; all legs, inelud- ing cox, honey-yellow ; mouth-parts and antennie honey-yellow. ‘Described from 19 specimen, bred in October, from the larva of Platynota rostrana, at Crescent City, Fla., by H. G. Hubbard, for whom I have named the species.” NOTE 14 (p. 154).—This is evidently a dark form of Cacecia obsoletana Walk. which Professor Riley has bred from oak, but it doubtless’ has several food-plants, as it is allied to the wide-spread and polyphagie Cacacia rosaceana Harr., which feeds on rose, apple, peach, cherry, yellow birch, plum, cotton, clover, honeysuckle, bean, straw- berry, Negundo aceroides, Cornus stolonifera and Cralagus spp. Note 15 (p. 178).—The single specimen of this species preserved is badly damaged and minus all the head parts. It appears to be a Blastobasis, like the species which immediately. precedes it. ; Nore 16 (p. 156).—This parasite was referred to Mr. Howard, who has given me the following: ‘*PACHYNEURON ANTHOMYILZ DN. sp. “‘Female.—Length, 1.4™™; expanse, 2.6™™; greatest width of fore wing 0.56™™, Head, face, and thorax delicately shagreened; antenns inserted at the middle of the face; scape reaching to the first ocellus; club flattened, oval. Petiole of the abdomen slightly punctured. Abdomen flattened, oval. Subcostal vein of fore wing with seven strong forward-directed bristles. Mesoscutellum not especially prominent. Rear coxie with four or five bristles above at tip. Color, very dark metallic green; scape of antenn:e honey-yellow ; pedicel dark above, yellow below; flagellum light brown ; all legs honey-yellow; front and middle cox brownish above, verging upon metallic green at base; hind cox meétallic green; all femora brownish in the middle, honey- yellow at either extremity ; wing veins dark brown. Male. —Length, 1.1™™; expanse, 2.5™", Antenne slenderer than in the 2 and markedly pilose. Abdomen flattened, spatulate in form. Color, metallic green, lighter and more brilliant than in the female; legs of a brighter, nearly lemon, yel- low ; femora without the brownish central band. 218 INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. ‘Described from 1 ¢, 1 9 specimen bred by Mr. Hubbard at Crescent City, Fla., September 6, from the puparium of an undescribed Anthomyid fly, called by Hub- bard ‘the Pruinose Aphis-fly.’ “This species may be at once distinguished from P, altiseuta Cook, the only other described American species of the genus, by its smaller size, its less prominent scutel- lum, more oval abdomen, and by the coloration of its legs and antennex. “Pachyneuron altiscuta is said by Professor Cook* to have been bred in large num- bers from a scale insect on basswood, probably Lecanium tilie Fitch, and, as he there quotes me as saying, the only other recorded instance which I can find of the breed- ing of Pachyneuron is the ease of P. aphidis, bred from an Aphis by Reinhard. It is not at all likely, however, that species of this genus infest both Hemiptera and Dip- tera, and as Professor Cook found a Syrpbhus larva feeding upon the eggs of his Le- canium, it seems probable that P. altiscula comes from this dipterous larva. The same may be the case with P.aphidis. The circumstantiality of Mr. Hubbard’s notes leaves no doubt as to the breeding of P. anthomyie from the puparium of the Anthomyid.” ‘Note 17 (p. 188).—This species has since been determined as Chrysis fasciata Fabr. * Notes on injurious insects. Entomological Laboratory, Michigan Agricultural Col- lege [1884]. EXPLANATION TO PLATES. ~ PLATE I, YOUNG ORANGE TREE, HEALTHY AND DISEASED. (From photographs.) Fic. 1. Young Orange tree in healthy condition. | Fic. 2. Young Orange tree in diseased condition. PLATE II. DIE-BACK OF THE ORANGE. , E (Original.) Fie. 1. Die-back of the Orange, natural size and | Fic. 2. Bark fungus on twigs of Orange infested slightly enlarged. with Long Scale, natural sizeand slightly enlarged. PLATE III. COMMON ARMORED SCALES OF THE ORANGE. (From Comstock’s Report for 1880.) Fic. 1. Mytilaspis citricola (Pack.): 1, scales on { Fic. 2. Mytilaspis gloverii (Pack.): 2, scales on Orange, natural size; 1a, scale of female, Orange, natural size; 2a, scale of female, ; dorsal view; 1b, scale of female with dorsal view; 2b, scale of male; 2c, scale ventral scale and eggs; 1c, scale of male, of female with ventral scale and eggs, enlarged. enlarged. Fic. 3. Parlatoria pergandii Comst.: 3a, scale of female; 3b, scale of male, enlarged. PLATE IV. TWIGS OF ORANGE INFESTED WITH LONG SCALE. (Original.) Fia. 1. Larger branch sparsely covered. | Fic. 2. Twig thickly covered. PLATE V. CHAFF SCALE OF THE ORANGE. (Original.) PLATE VI. ENEMIES OF BARK-LICE. Fic. 1. Aphelinus mytilaspidis: a, the parasite; | Fie. 3. Dakruma coccidivora: a, egg; b, larva; ¢, b, antenna; c, larva, enlarged. (After pupa; d, moth, enlarged; e, moth at rest Riley.) upon a bark-louse, natural size. (After Fic. 2. Hyperaspidius coccidivorus: a, larva, en- Comstock.) ) larged; b, head of larva, much enlarged; | Fic. 4. Leptocorisa tipuloides, slightly enlarged. c, side of head, showing eyes and an- (Original.) tenna, still more enlarged; d, beetle. | Fic. 5. Roseate Orange Mite, greatly enlarged. (Original.) (Original.) PLATE VII. APPARATUS FOR SPRAYING ORANGE TREES. (From a photograph.) (219) 220 Fia. NIG: Fig. Fic. Fie. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fia. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fia. EXPLANATION TO PLATES. PLATE VIII. ORANGE RUST. (After Hubbard.) PLATE IX. KATYDIDS ON ORANGE. (After Comstock.) =" > . Microcentrum retinerve: 1, adult; la,eggs; | Fic. 2. Bupelmus mirabilis: 2, female; 2a, male, 1b, young, natural size. enlarged; 2b, eggsof katydid from which E. mirabilis has emerged, natural size. PLATE X. ORANGE DOG. (Original.) 1. Papilio eresphontes, adult. hic. 4. Papilio cresphontes, head of full-grown 2. Papilio cresphontes, full-grown larva, nat- larva with horns extended, from the ural size. front, natural size. 3. Papilio cresphontes, head of full-grown | Fic. 5. Papilio ecresphontes, chrysalis suspended larva with horns extended, from the on twig, natural size. side, natural size. PLATE XI. MISCELLANEOUS ORANGE INSECTS. : (Original.) 1. Papilio cresphontes, twig of orange, show- | Fic. 3. Empretia stimulea, full-grown larva, nat- ing eggs and young larva, natural size. | ural size. 2. Papiliocresphontes, larva,one-third grown, | Fic. 4. Dysdercus suturellus, enlarged one-third. natural size. Fic. 5. Thrips tritici on Orange blossoms, natural | size, PLATE XII. BAG-WORMS AND PARASITES. 1. Thyridopteryx ephemereformis: a, larva; | FIG. 3. Hemiteles thyridopterigis: a, male; b, fe- b, pupa of male; ¢c, adult female; d, adult male; ¢c, sack of bag-worm cut open, male; e, sack of female cut open, show- | showing cocoons of parasite, natural ing pupa-case and eggs; /, larva carry- size. (After Riley.) ing case; g, sacks of voung, natural size. Fic. 4. Pimpla conquisitor, slightly enlarged. (After Riley.) V8 (After Comstock.) 2. Young Bag-worms (QOiketicus), forming Fic. 5. Cryptus inquisitor. (After Riley.) their sacks, a to e; f, sack of young | : completed, enlarged. (Original.) PLATE XIII. MISCELLANEOUS ORANGE INSECTS. (Original.) 1. Aneglis demissalis, web-tangle of the | Fic. 2. Aphis of the Orange: a, wingless female; caterpillars and spider, natural size: a, b, winged female; ec, parasitized female, larva; b, moth, slightly enlarged. greatly enlarged; d, colony on leaf, all parasitized, slightly enlarged. Fic. 3. Trioxys testaceipes, greatly enlarged. PLATE XIV. MISCELLANEOUS ORANGE INSECTS. (Original.) 1. Hypothenemus eruditus, enlarged. Fie. 5. Oarpophilus mutilatus, enlarged. 2. Leptostylus biustus: a, beetle, enlarged; b, | Fic. 6. Epureea estiva, enlarged. work and cocoon cell, natural size. Fic. 7. Pomace-fly of the Orange: a, adult fly; 6, 3. Hyperplatys maculatus, enlarged. larva; c, puparium, all enlarged. 4, Midas clavatus, natural size. (Re-drawn | Fic. 8. Chrysobothris chrysoela, enlarged. from Harris.) REPORT ON INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE PLATE | YOUNG ORANGE TREE HEALTHY AND DISEASED THE ORANGE TING APEEE INSECTS REPORT ON Sl ee ——- —_—_ vo or rom ORANGI: gta ne LOK ACK YY, > | ir te) We ee Meat + ih 2 Sea phy affecting the Orange. i eport on sects Tue COMMON ARMORED SCALES OF THE ORANGE. . A eke ee ‘Zee | i rt var 4 ys } hun a M4 i erSe.i? ‘) 9 b iy { ‘ i OD A i. 5 ¥ / : |e . Ie. @ a ' 7 ‘ ; Nha. : » ay ; i . 4 i ‘ e - * af : le 4 - a> ¢ , - gr * ny, . ‘ h ee oD a 7 a" FA. gy x . if a “4 *< ne 7 a i i A a ee ax oer F ay A ed we OT mF My A MS ce te , ’ be 4 J i Pe Waa 7 > Bae ed +4 ‘) . ge ~ <3 2) Baten q ; tha, : ‘ae ; ‘ a i me a » ah 4 5 J iW wh 9 i ¥ a : P F a ’ " . S « is i : , . - i" Ml f 7 et ‘ of Mie Pry ove ot TWIGS OF ORANGE FECTING THE O Sull 1 ! ulh ne “CHAFF SCALE” OF THE ORANGE. ‘ Report on Tuseots affecting the Orange. . PLATE VI. ENEMIES OF BARK-LICE. Report on Insects affecting the Orange. PLATE VII. YC NN i} Wh! HH ie Wi APPARATUS FOR SPRAYING ORANGE TREES. (From a photograph taken in the field.) PLATE IX. Al 90 en ae ed Report on Insects affecting the Orange. KATYDIDS ON ORANGE. REPORT ON INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE EME “ORANGE REPORT ON INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE os ae am ee oy MISCELLANEOUS ORANGE INSE GTS. Plate XI ay ee i" x ath att eet tel ut ~ Report on Insects affecting the Orange. a < im | BaG WORM AND PARASITES. REPORT ON INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE PLATE Xill Figs ISAAC FRIEOENWALO LITH BALTO MISCELLANEOUS ORANGE INSECTS REPORT ON INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE PLATE XIV | a A ; ; hi Wa a pain fig C MISCELLANEOUS ORANGE INSECTS od 19 8 a Acarina feeding on Scale-insects, 81. Acridiidsw injuring the Orange, 136. Acridium alutaceum, 136. americanum, 136. obscurum, 136. Aletia xylina, 9. Ammonia as a remedy for Scale-insecta, 99. Amaurorhinus nitens, 175. Anzglis, 77. demissalis, 80, 155. Angular-winged Katydid, 134. Injury to the Orange, 134. Life-history, 134. Parasite, 134. Anthomyid fly preying upon Aphis, 185. Antigaster mirabilis,, 134. Ants attracted by honey secretion of plant-lice, 8, 130. Fruit-eating species, 177. indicating presence of injurious insccts, 8. Injuries caused by, 129. preying upon Scale-insects, 70. Remedies end preventives, 130. sucked by Leptocorisa, 191. Tree-inhabiting species, 170. Aphelinus aspidioticola, 24. fuscipennis, 24. mytilaspidis, 70. Aphis, the Orange, 157. Aphis-fly, Dusky-winged, 184. Four-spotted, 183. Pruinose, 185. Ruddy, 184. Aphycus ceroplastis, 59. flavus, 24. Apparatus for spraying trees, 101. Apple Scale, 70. Appendix I, 197. II, 199. IM, 213. Aquapult pump, 93. Areocerus fasciculatus, 178. Armored Scales (see Diaspine). Artace punctistriga, 150. Cocoon, 150. Moth, 150. Parasite, 150. Artipus floridanus, 133. Ashes as a remedy for Rust-mite, 120. Ashmead, W. H., quoted, 44, 133. Aspidiotus aurantii, 28, 32. citri, 34. ficus, 28, 34, 43, 86. nerii, 35. Baccha babista, 183. cognata, 184. lugens, 184. Bag-wormas, 144. Coition of, 213. Common Bag-worm, 144. Cylindrical Bag-worm, 148. Northern Bag-worm, 147. Orange Basket-worm, 148. Unnamed species of, 149. Bark-cleaners, 193. Bark-fungus, 2. Bark-lice (see Scale-insects). Barnacle Seale, 59. Adult female, 59. Development, 60. Egg, 60. Food-plants, 61. Geographical distribution, 61. Young larva, 60. Basket-worm (see Bag-worm). Beneficial insects, general habits of, 6. Birds transporting Scale-insects, 43. Bisulphide of carbon as a remedy for ants, 130. for Scale-insects, 99. White-ants, 124. Table of experiments with, 209. Black Scale of California, 53. Adult female, 53. Development, 54. Eggs, 54. Food-plants, 54. Geographical distribution, 54. Natural enemies, 55. Young larva, 54. Blastobasis citricolella, 178. ap., 218. Blood-red Lady-bird, 73. Habits, 73. Larva, 73. Pupa, 73. Brachys ovata, 132. Braconid# bred from cells of Eumenes, 188. Broad Scale, 48. Caccecia rosaceana, 217. Calotermes castaneus, 125. Camel-crickets, 188. Food, 188. Habits, 189. Capnodium citri, 4, 50, 62, 63. Carbolic acid asa remedy for Rust-mite, 118. Scale-insects, 97. Table of experiments with, 206. 221 222 Carpophilus mutilatus, 176. Habits, 176. j Larva, 176. Case-bearers on Orange, 193. Caution in applying penetrating insecticides, 120. Ceroplastes artemisia, 59. cirripediformis, 59, 62. fairmairii, 60. floridensis, 56, 60, 61, 62. rusci, 59, 60. vinsonii, 60. Chaff-Scale, 2, 37, 42, 75, 86. Eggs, 38. Female insect, 37. Food-plants, 39. Introduction, 86. Habitat, 39. Life-history, 38. Number of generations, 38. Origin, 39. Parasites, 39. Scale of female, 37. male, 37. Winged male, 38. Young larva, 38. Chelcis robusta, 139, 141. Chalk, a band of, as 2 barrier for ants, 131. Chapin, Dr. 8S. F., quoted, 67. Chilocorus bivulnerus, 71, 72, 180. Chiloneurus dactylopii, 66. Chion cinctus, 121. Chionaspis citri, 40. euonymi, 40, 41. Chrysis parasitic on Eumenes fraterna, 188. fasciata, 218. Chrysopa, 7, 69. Larva feeding on Scale-insects, 80. citri, 81. oculata, 80. Chrysobothris chrysoela, 171. Chrysomphalus ficus, 86. Cicada septendecim, 216. Coccid-eating Dakruma, 76. Earlier states, 76. Habits of larva, 76. Natural history, 76. Coccidz of the Orange tree, 13. Coccine, A subfamily of Coccida, 14. General characteristics and habits, 63. Coccinellidw (see Lady-birds). Coccophagus cognatus, 51. lecanii, 51. vividus, 215. Coccus hesperidum, 4. Cockroach associated with Orange Web-worm, 156. Coition of Bag-worms, 213. Cold, Effect of, on Scale-insects, 46. Coleoptera injuring the twigs and leaves, 132. preying upon Scale-insects, 71. Coleopterous borers, 121, 125. Coleotechnites citriella, 193. Common Bag-worm, 144. Larva, 144. Life-history, 145. Male moth, 145. Maternal instinct, 145. INDEX. Common Bag-worm. Parasites, 146. Process of forming the bag, 146. Mealy-bug, 61, 86. introduced on living plants, 86. Orange Sawyer, 125. Beetle, 126. Injuries, 127. Larva, 125. Precautions, 127. Remedies, 127. Comstock, Prof. J. H., quoted, 18, 28, 33, 35, 40, 53, 55, 59, 64, 154, 178, 193. Comys bicolor, 52. Conops? quadrimaculata, 183. Cork-colored Orange Tortricid, 152. Larva, 152. Life history, 152. Moth, 152. Parasites, 153, 217. Remedy, 152. Cossonidw, Food-habits of, 175. Cost of Kerosene wash, 202. Cotton Stainer, 165. Attacks upon the Orange, 166. Effect of its puncture, 166. Egg and oviposition, 166. Food-habits, 166. General characteristics, 166. Geographical distribution, 167. Not a permanent enemy of the Orange, 168. Not subject to attacks of enemies, 167. Remedies, 167. Cotton Worm, 9. Cottony Cushion Scale, 66. Food-plants, 67. Life-history, 67. Male, 68. Number of broods, 68. Ravages, 67. Crematogaster lineolata, 170. Creosote, Oil of, as a remedy for Scale-insects, 97. Table of experiments with, 206. Crude Carbolic Acid, Table of experiments with, 206. Cyclone nozzle, 100. Cycloneda sanguinea, 73, 180. Cylindrical Bag-worm, 148, Cylindrical Bark-borer, 173. Appearance of the beetle, 173. Gallery made by the larva, 173. Life-history, 173. Dactylopius, 2, 4. adonidum, 68, 86. destructor, 14, 63, 64, 79. longifilis, 64. Dakruma coccidivora, 76. pallida, 77. Destructive Mealy-bug, 64. Adult female, 64. Eggs, 64. Food-plants, 64, 66. Life-history, 65. Male, 64. INDEX. Destructive Mealy-bug, Natural enemies, 66. Young larva, 64. Diasping, a subfamily of Coccida, 14. Agencies assisting their distribution, 43. Conditions favorable to their distribu- tion, 45. Generally present on Orange trees, 42. Growth of the scale, 16. Influence of climate, 46. Larva, 15. Life-history, 15. Male and its development, 17. Natural checks, 47. Nature of the scale covering, 18. Ravages, 42. Usual course of the pest, 45. Dichelia sulphureana, 154. Die-back, 1. Dropping of fruit, 5. Dusky-winged Aphis-fly, 184. Chrysalis, 184. Imago, 184. Larva, 184. Dysdercus suturellus, 165, 191, Egg-parasite of Katydid,134. Orange Leaf-roller, 153. Elaphidion inerme, 125, 171. parallelum, 126, 171. Empretia stimulea, 140. Cocoon, 142. Larva, 141. Moth, 142. Parasite, 142. Encyrtus, 215. artaces, 150. flavus, 52, 59. inquisitor, 66. Epitragus tomentosus, 75. Epurea estiva, 176. Eumenes fraterna, 187. Eupelmus wirabilis, 134. Euphoria sepulchralis, 175. Europs pallipennis, 177. Euthochtha galeator, 163, 192. Exochomus contristatus, 72, 180. Habits, 72. Larva, 72. Experiments with Insecticides, 199. Farlow, Dr. W. G., on Orange smut, 4. Flat-headed Borer of the Orange, 171. Beetle, 172. Gallery made by the larva, 171. Habits and life-history, 172. Larva, 172. Pupa cell, 171. Foot-rot of the Orange, 3. Remedies, 3. Forest trees affording protection against Scale- insects, 88. Four-spotted Aphis-fly, 183. Chrysalis, 183. Egg, 183. Imago, 183. Larva, 183. Parasite, 183. Franklin, James, on Green Soldier-bug, 160. 223 Fruit-eating ant, 177. Fruit Worm, The Mexican, 169. Fumago salicina, 4. Fungus diseases of the Orange, 1. Bark-fungus, 2. Die-back, 1. Foot-rot, 3. Smut, 3. Fur, A band of, as a barrier for ants, 131. Glover's Orange Mite, 82. Changes in shape of body, 82. Eggs, 82. Goniozus hubbardi, 153, 217. Gossamer spiders transporting Scale-insects, 44. Gossyparia mannipara, 13. Grasshoppers injuring the Orange, 9, 135. Grass-worm, 150. Green Soldier-bug, 159, 190. Appearance in immense numbers, 159. Food-plants, 159. Nature of damage done, 161. Predaceous habits, 190. Hadronotus leptocorise, 215. Hag-moth caterpillar, 142. Hairy Orange Mite, 83. Description, 216. Egg, 83. Young, 83. Hedges as a protection against Scale-insects, 88 Hemerobius feeding on Scale-insects, 81. Larva, 81. Hemiptera injurious to the Orange, 157. Predatory species, 78, 190. Preying upon Scale-insects, 78, 79. Hemipteron associated with Orange Web-worm, 79, 156. Hemispherical Scale, 55. Adult female, 55. Egg, 56. Food-plants, 56. Geographical distribution, 56. Locomotive power, 56. Young larva, 56. Hemiteles thyridopterygis, 146, 147. sp., 215. Hermannia trinebulosa, 216. Hesperobznus sp., 175. Hippodamia convergens, 73, 180. Larva, 73. Parasite, 74. Pupa, 74. Homalotylus obscurus, 74. Howard, L. 0., Description of Hymenopterous para- sites, 215, 216, 217, 218. Hymenoptera preying upon Scale-insects, 70. Predatory species, 186. Hymenopterous parasites of Bark-lice, 70. Hyperaspidius coccidivorus, 69, 75. Hyperplatys maculatus, 174. Hypothenemus eruditus, 173. Icerya purchasi, 63, 66. Ichneumon concitator, 148. Injurious insects, General habits of, 6. Seasons of greatest activity, 9. Shade favorable to their in- crease, 8. Innoxious insects, 7, 193.. 924 Insecticides, Apparatus for applying, 100, 101. Application of liquid, 100. Caution in applying, 120. Experiments with, 199. Insect-fauna of the Orange, Summary of, 5. Beneficial insects, 6. Distinguishing friends from foes, 7. Injurious insects, 6. Tnnoxious insects, 7. Insects affecting the blossoms, 164. fruit, 165. root and crown, 121. trank and branches, 126. twigs and leaves, 132. feeding upon dead wood and bark, 170. decaying fruit, 175. found in dry fruit, 178. wounds and foot-rot sores, 175. Predatory, 80. preying upon Aphis, 180. Bark-lice, 69. Katydid, Protective resemblance of, 5. The Angular-winged, 134. Kermes, 14. Kerosene as a remedy for Rust-mite, 118. Scale-insects, 92. White ants, 124. Kerosene emulsion, Best season for applying, 95. Effect of, upon the Orange, 94. Formula for improved, 94. Mode of applying, 100, 101. preparing, 93. Precautions in the use, 94. Table of experiments with, 199. Lace-wings, 7, 69. Eggs, 81. Habits, 80. Imago, 80. Larva, 80. Life-history, 80. Pupa, 80. Parasite, 80. Lady-birds, 7. preying upon Aphis, 180. Scale-insects, 69, 71. transporting Scale-insects, 43. Lemophleus, 175. Lagoa opercularis, 140. Cocoon, 140. Larva, 140. Life-history, 141. Moth, 141. Parasites, 141. Laphygma frugiperda, 150. Chrysalis, 151. Egg, 150. Larva, 151. Moth, 151. Larger Leaf-roller, 154, 217. Lathridius, 175. Leaf-eating ant, 132. Leaf-footed bug, 168. Attacking the Orange, 169. Characteristics, 168. Eggs, 168. INDEX. Leaf-footed bug. Habits, 169. Normal food-plants, 169. Prevention, 169. Leaf-rollers injurious to the Orange, 151. General characteristics, 151. Life-history, 151. Lecanine, a subfamily of Coccida, 14. Extent of injuries, 61. General characteristics, 48. Life-history, 48. Lecanium hemisphericum, 55. hesperidum, 14, 48, 78. oles, 53, 61. tiliw, 218. Lepidoptera injurious to the Orange, 137. preying upon Scale-insects, 76. Leptocorisa tipuloides, 78, 191, 215. Leptoglossus phyllopus, 164, 168. Leptomastix dactylopii, 66. Leptostylus biustus, 174. Beetle, 174. Larva, 174. Limacodes scapha, 140, 143. Cocoon, 144. Larva, 143. Lime as a remedy for Rust-mite, 120. Liquid insecticides, 100. Fineness and force of spray, 100. Means of applying, 10). Proper seasons for applying, 102. Several applications necessary, 101. Locusts injuring the Orange, 135. Long Scale, 14, 42, 75, 77. Brood periods, 22. Eggs, 21. Female insect, 20. Geographical distribution, 24. Growth of the Scale, 19. Introduction into Florida, 25, 86. Life-history, 21. Parasites, 23. Scale of female, 20. male, 20. Winged male, 20. Young larva, 21. Lubber Grasshopper, 135. Absence of enemies, 136. Life-history, 135. Remedies, 136. Wandering habits, 135. Lye Solutions, Table of experiments with, 204. Manna produced by a Scale-insect, 13. Mantis carolina, 189. Characteristics, 189. Egg-mass, 190. missouriensis, 190. Characteristics, 190. Egg-mass, 191. Food, 191. Mealy-bug, 2, 4, 14, 79. at Orange Lake, Florida, 197. The Common, 63, 86. Destructive, 64. Mealy-bugs Food-plants, 63. General characteristics, 63. INDEX. Mealy-bugs, Habits, 63. Metapodius femoratus, 162, 192. terminalis, 163, 192. Mexican Fruit Worm, 169. Microcentrum retinerve, 134. Microgaster parasite of the Bag-worm, 147. Midas clavatus, 175. Miotropis platynote, 153, 217. Mites preying upon Scale-insects, 69,81. Glover's, 82. Habits, 82. Hairy Orange, 83, 216. Importance, 81. Orbicular, 85. Rhizoglyphus, 84. Spear-head, 83, 216. Spotted, 84, 216. Undetermined, 84, 216. Monomorium carbonarium, 132. Mytilaspis citricola, 26, 39, 42, 75. gloverii, 14, 19, 42, 75, 77, 86. pomorum, 15. Naked Scales (see Lecaning). Naphthaline for ants, 130. Neuroptera preying upon Scale-insects, 80. Northern Bag-worm, 147. Nothris citrifoliella, 154. Nothrus ovivorus, 85. Notolomus basalis, 133. Odontota rubra, 133. Oiketicus abbotii, 144. Oil of creosote as a remedy for Scale-insects, 97. Table of experiments with, 206. Oncideres cingulatus, 128. Ophideres fullonica, 170. Orange Aphis, 157. ' Birth of the young, 188. Descriptive, 157. Enemies, 180. Influence of climate on development, 158. Injuries, 159. Natural history, 157. Parasite, 158. Remedy, 159. Basket-worm, 148. preying upon Scale-insects, 69. Case-bearing Tineid, 193. Chionaspis, 40. Abundant in Louisiana, 40. Scale of female, 40. male, 40. Dog, 5, 137. Descriptive, 137. Food-plants, 138. Life-history, 138. Parasites, 139. Protective resemblance, 5. Remedies, 139. Orange-cating Tineid, 178. Flat-headed Borer, 171. Leaf-notcher, 133. Orange leaf Nothris, 154. Mites, 81. Psocus, 194. Sawyer, 171. 225 Orange Thrips, 164. Beneficial rather than injurious 165. Injury done to the blossoms, 165. Remedies, 165. tree, enfeebled condition of, fosters Scale- insects, 45. How affected by Scale-insects, 45. Organic diseases, 1. Systems of cultivation, 8. Web worn, 155. Descriptive, 156. Earlier states, 156. Number of broods, 157. Other insects associated with it, 155, 156. Protective resemblance, 155. Remedies, 157. The web, 155. Organic diseases of the Orange, 1. Bark-fungus, 1. Die-back, 1. Dropping of fruit, 5. Foot-rot, 3. Smut, 3. Splitting of fruit, 4. Oyster-shell Bark-louse, 15, 85. : Mode of growth, 15. Pachnzeus opalus, 133. Pachyneuron altiscuta, 218, anthomyia, 218. aphidis, 218. Pale Dakruma, 77. Palmetto brushes for scrubbing the trees, 90. Papilio cresphontes, 137. Parasites, General importance of, 7. Parlatoria pergandii, 2, 37, 42, 75, 86. Penthalodes mytilsspidis, 216. Pergande, Th., Notes on Orange Mites, 84. Perilitus, 81, 215. Phobetrum pithecium, 140, 142. Cocoon, 143. Larva, 142. Moth, 143. Pimpla conquisitor, 147. inquisitor, 147. Plateceticus gloverii, 69, 148. Platynota rostrana, 152, 154, 217. Polistes americanus, 186. Habits, 186. Nest, 186. Polysphincta albipes, 153. Pomace-fly of the Orange, 176. Life-history, 177. Potash as a remedy for Ruat-mite, 119. Scale-insects, 96. Predatory insects, 180. Lepidoptera, 76. Wasps, 186. Prionotus cristatus, 192. ‘ Pruinose Aphis-fly, 185. Imago, 185. Larva, 185. Parasite, 186, 218. Puparium, 185. Psocus citricola, 194. 226 INDEX. Psocus venosnus, 193. Rust-mite of the Orange. Psyche confederata, 148. Wandering habits, 107, 109. Unknown species, 148. Sacium, 175. Purple Scale, 26, 42, 75. Saddle-back Caterpillar, 141. Egg, 26. Female, 26. Life-history, 27. Male, 26. Origin and spread, 27. Parasites, 27. Scale of female, 26. male, 26. Young larva, 27. Pyrethrum as a remedy for ants, 180. Rust-mite, 119. White ants, 124 Rapacious Soldier-bug, 191. Raphigaster hilaris, 159, 163, 164, 190, 192. Red Bug (see Cotton Stainer). Red Scale of California, 32. Distribution, 34. Formation of Scale, 34. Scale of female, 33. male, 33. Red Scale of Florida, 28, 86. Development, 28. Introduction, 86. Number of annual generations, 32. Origin and distribution, 32. Scales of male and female, 28. Winged male, 28. Young larva, 29. Rhinacloa sp., 215. Rhizoglyphus preying upon Scale-insects, 84, 216. Riley, Prof. C. V., descriptions of mites, 216. on coition of bag worms, 214. Romalea microptera, 135. Ruddy Aphis-fly, 184. Rust of the fig, 105. Orange, 105. Discoloration of the fruit, 105. not influenced by soil and cultiva- tion, 113. preventive measures, 114. remedies, 113. the rust-mite its cause, 106. rings of rust on the fruit, 110. rusty oranges superior to bright fruit, 112. Rust-mite of the Orange, 107. Confined to the Citrus family, 112. Description of the eggs, 108. mite, 107. Distribution, 113. Effect of attacks upon the foliage, 112. fruit, 107, 110. Food, 109. Influence of weather, 111. Life-history, 108. Modes of spreading, 111. Numerical abundance, 109. Periods of increase, 113. Preference for half shade, 110. Rapidity in development, 115. Transported by birds and spiders, 111. Uncertainty as to its origin, 113. Sap-beetles, 175. Sap-feeding insects, 175. Sawyers, 121, 125. Scale-devouring Hyperaspidius, 75. Habits, 75. Larva, 75. Pupa, 75. Scale-eating Tineid, 77. Earlier states, 78. Habits of larva, 77. Moth, 78. Number of broods, 78. Scale-insects affecting the Orange, 13. Agencies assisting their distribution, 43. Characteristics, 13. Conditions favorable to their increase, 43. Division into subfamilies, 14. Enemies, 69. Generally present on Orange trees, 42- Infection from nursery stock, 87. Influence of climate, 46. cold, 46. Insect enemies, 69. Introduced on imported plants,86. Oscillations in numerical increase, 46. Parasites, 47. Precautionary measures, 87. Protected by Spider-webs, 43. Ravages, 42. Remedies, 91. Effective remedies, 92. Popular fallacies, 91. Secretions, 13. Spreading, 87. Scavenger insects, 170. . Scolytidz, General habits of, 173. Scymnus bioculatus, 66. caudalis, 180. Larva and habits, 180. Various species preying on Aphis, 180. Sejus sp., 216. Silicate of soda as a remedy for Scale-insects, 99. Table of experiments with, 211. Sinea multispinosa, 191. Siphonophora multispinosa, 191. Skiff-caterpillar, 143. Slug-caterpillar, 140. Smicrips hypocoproides, 177. Smut of the Orange, 3, 62, 63. Soda lye as a remedy for Scale-insects, 96. Soldier-bug, The Green, 159, 190. Soldier-bugs as predatory insects, 190. Solenopsis xyloni, 129. Destroying their colonies, 130. Habits, 130. Preventive measures, 131. Soothsayers, 188. Spear-head Mite, 83. Spider associated with Orange Web-worm, 155. Spider-webs protecting Scale-insects, 43. Spider-legged Soldier-bug, 78, 191. Eggs, 79. very INDEX, Spider-legged Soldier-bug. Food-habits, 78, 191. - Life-history, 79. Parasite, 79. Spiders transporting Rust-mites, 111. Scale-insects, 43. Splitting of fruit, 4. Spotted Mite, 83, 216. Description, 216. Stenomesius (?) aphidicola, 159. Stinging caterpillars, 14v. Sulphate of iron as a remedy for Scale-insects, 99. Sulphur as a remedy for Rust-mite, 116. Scale-insects, 91. Sulphur-eolored Tortricid, 154. Sulphurated lime as a remedy for Scale-insects, 98. Sulphuric acid as a remedy for Scale-insects, 99. Syrphus, 7, 181. Syrphus-fly larvey, 181. Characteristics, 181. Change of color, 181. Mode of feeding, 181. Number of broods, 181. Rapid development, 181, Transformations, 181. Tachina-fly parasitic on Orange Dog,.139. Tap-root borers, 121. Telenomus, 215. Termes flavipes, 122. Termites (see White ants). Tetrastichus, 59, 215. Thick-legged Metapodius, 162. Egg, 163. Insectivorous habits, 163. Young bug, 163. Thrips tritici, 164. Thyridopteryx ephemerzformis, 147. Coition of, 214. Tineid, Case-bearing, on Orange, 193. larvex preying on Scale-insects, 69, 77, 78. The Orange-eating, 178. Scale-eating, 77. Tomocera californica, 55. Tortricidx injurious to the Orange, 151. Tree cockroach associated with Orange Web-worm, 156. Tree-inhabiting ants, 170. Trichogramma minuta, 153. pretiosa, 153. Trioxys testaceipes, 159. Turtle-back Scale, 14, 48, 61. Attended by ants, 50. Brood periods, 50. Excretion of honey, 50. Food-plauts, 52. Full-grown insect, 48. Geographical distribution, 52. Gregarions habits, 49. Injury, 61. Metamorphosis, 49, Parasites, 50. 227 Turtle-back Scale. Young larva, 49. Twice-stabbed Ladybird, 71. Habits, 72. Larva, 71. Pupa, 72. Twig-girdler, 128. Food-plants, 128, Natural history, 128. Remedies, 129. Typhlodromus oleivorus, 107. Tyroglyphus (?) gloverii, 82. mali, 84, 85. sp., 216. Vase-maker wasp, 187. Cell, 187. Habits, 187. Parasites, 188. Voyle, Jos., on effect of cold on Scale-insects, 47. on Mealy-bug, 197. . Wax Scale, 56. Adult female, 56. Eggs, 57. Food-plants, 58. Geographical distribution, 58. Life-history, 57. Natural checks, 59. Nature of waxy covering, 58. Number of annual broods, 58. Parasites, 59. Young Larva, 57. Waxy Scales (see Lecaning). Web-makers injurious to the Orange, 154. Whale-oil soap as a remedy for Rust-mites, 115. Scale-insects, 95_ Table of experiments with, 202. Wheel-bug, 192. Characteristics, 192. Tggs, 192. White ants, 3, 6, 9, 121, 178. Found in the fruit, 178. Habits, 121. Injuries, 122. Nature of their galleries, 123. Precautionary measures, 123. Remedies, 124. White Scale, 35, 56. Distribution, 35. Food-plants, 36. Number of annual generations, 37- Scales of male and female, 35. Winged male, 35. Wiley, Prof. H. W., on reactions of sulphur om lime, 217. Williston, Dr. S. W.,on an Anthomyid fly, 185. Wine Fly of the Orange, 176. Life-history, 177. Winter-killed branches, 5. Wood-lice (see White ants). Yellow-banded Ichneumon, 147. _ 7 : a — 7 ; : in “ _—— Ss i en an ; sal i - i a ate 2 ad meal . Pie AE eg ae bya ee te : VR. 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