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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR.

‘sy UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

ak

eae BULLETIN No. 7

' INJURIOUS TO:

‘D SHADE TREES.

7 WASHINGTON: ©
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1881.

A. 8. PACKARD, Jr., Secretaryy
Providence, R. I

sae i ie %
CYRUS THOMAS, Disbursing dees an
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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

INTRODUCTION.

The design of this bulletin is to give to the public, especially those
persons interested in forestry and the planting and cultivation of shade
trees, a brief summary of what is up to this time known of the habits
and appearance of such insects as are injurious to the more useful kinds
of trees. It is hoped that such a compendium will be found useful, and
lead the reader not only to refer to the works of Harris, Fitch, Walsh,
Riley, Le Conte, Horn, LeBaron, Saunders, and others of our entomolo-
gists who have contributed to this neglected branch, but induce him to
make careful observations on the habits of destructive forest insects and
to carry on experiments as to the best remedies against their insidious
attacks. The writer has added some notes of occasional observations
made during the past twenty years in the forests of Maine and the
woods of Massachusetts, as well as in Colorado, Utah, Montana, and
on the Pacific coast, with a few original engravings; but the aim has
been not so much to present original matter as to bring together from
numerous entomological works, reports and journals and to present in
a summary way, all that is of most importance to the practical man,
It will be seen that really our knowledge of the subject is very scanty,
and that the pamphlet is largely a simple list of the insects which live
upon our more important forest trees. But the work may serve as a
convenient synopsis, a starting-point, or handy book of reference for the
use of future observers, and it is hoped that it will call the attention of
the public to a neglected subject and stimulate entomologists and
practical foresters and gardeners to do what they can to add to our
knowledge of this department of applied or economic entomology.

The preservation of our forests and of old and valued shade trees in
our cities and towns is a subject of pressing importance, and it is to be
hoped that the government will foster private work and research in this
direction. Next to the wanton destruction of forests by unthinking
settlers and shiftless farmers, as well as fires caused by the sparks of
locomotives, the attacks of injurious insects are most widespread and
far reaching.» Our forest and shade trees are yearly growing more
valuable and indispensable, and at the same time the ravages of in-
sects are becoming more widespread and noticeable. The diffusion of

n.
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4 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

_a moderate amount of information upon the subject at the present time
will attract the notice of the public and lead owners of land to pay a
little attention to the subject and do something towards checking the
ravages of noxious insects.

In France and Germany private persons, entomologists such as Per-
ris in France, and especially Ratzeburg in Germany, have published
beautifully illustrated general works of very great interest and value
upon forest insects, and their works have done immense service in those
countries, where an enlightened government and an intelligent people
have felt the importance of building up schools of forestry and of
making laws compelling due efforts towards repressing the more injuri-
ous forest insects.

Kaltenbach, in his work entitled ‘Die Pflanzenfeinde aus der Klasse
der Insekten,” or the Insect-enemies of Plants, has enumerated, in a
closely-printed volume of 848 pages, the species of insects preying upon
the different trees and plants of all sorts of Central Europe. The num-
ber of insects found upon some kinds of forest trees is astonishing, though
it is to be remembered that all kinds are not equally destructive, the
most injurious and deadly forms being comparatively few.

Kaltenbach enumerates 537 species of insects injurious to the oak,
and 107 obnoxious to the elm. The poplars afford a livelihood to 264
kinds of insects; the willows yield food to 396 species ; the birches har-
bor 270 species; the alder, 119; the beech, 154; the hazelnut, 97, and
the hornbeam, 88. Coming to the coniferous trees, as the pine, spruce,
larch, firs, etc., the junipers supply 33 species, while upon the pines, larch,
spruce, and firs, collectively, prey 299 species of insects. In France
Perris has observed over one hundred species either injurious to, or
living upon without being especially injurious to, the maritime pine.
These are described in an octavo volume of 532 pages, with numerous
plates.

The number as yet known to attack the different kinds of trees in the
United States may be seen by reference to the following pages. It is
sufficiently large to excite great fears for the future prosperity of our
diminished forests, unless the government interposes, and through the
proper channels fosters entomological research in this direction. Our for-
ests, moreover, are much richer in species of trees than those of Europe.
We have, without doubt, on the trees corresponding to those of Europe as
many destructive species asin Europe. But we have many more shade and
forest trees of importance in the Eastern United States alone, and when
we add to these the forest trees of the Western Rocky Mountain pla-
teau and of the Pacific coast, and when we look forward to the atten-
tion which must be given in the immediate future to the planting of
Shade and forest trees on the great plains and in California, the subject
of forest entomology assumes still more importance.

The author has here arranged the forest trees in the order of their
importance, beginning with the hard-wood or deciduous trees, the oak

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE OAK. o

heading the list, and ending with the coniferous trees; and under each
tree he has first described the habits of the insect on the whole most
injurious, often merely giving a list of those insects found to be regula?
parasites of the tree but not specially injurious ; but it should be borne
in-mind that any species of insect may at certain seasons so abound as
to prove destructive.

This bulletin will be sent to entomologists and others who are inter-
ested in insects preying upon our shade and forest trees, or who are en-
gaged in rearing coleopterous or lepidopterous larve, with the hope that
they will aid the author by the communication of notes and specimens ;
or send the results of their discoveries for publication to some entomo-
logical journal. Insects in the larva and pupa stages may be put into
alcohol, while the adult beetle or moth may be pinned, or enclosed in a
tin box and the latter sent by mail; alcoholic specimens accompanied
with the wood or bark or fruit infested, could be sent by express. Spe-
cimens showing the mines or burrows, or pressed and dried leaves con-
taining the mines of leaf-borers, or twigs injured by twig borers, would
be welcome. For purposes of full description and illustration coleopte-
rous larve, as well as caterpillars, should be placed at first in weak alco-
hol, and after forty-eight hours transferred to alcohol of full strength.
It is the writer’s hope that the government may be ultimately induced
to order the publication of an extended report, with the necessary illus-
tration, upon forest insects, and any aid rendered in the preparation of
such a volume would beappreciated and fully acknowledged. Theauthor
will be thankful for the correction of errors or omissions in this work.
For valuable information regarding the food-trees of a number of beetles
hitherto unpublished he is indebted to Mr. George Hunt, of Providence,
kh. I., and for aid in collecting specimens he would acknowledge the as-
sistance received from Mr. Edwin ©. Calder, assistant instructor in
chemistry, Brown University, and Mr. H. C. Bumpus, a member of the
sophomore class of Brown University.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE OAK.
(Various species of Quercus.)
AFFECTING THE ROOTS.

The roots of various species of oak are, without much doubt, more or
less injured by the attacks of the seventeen-year Cicada while in its
preparatory state; as it is known that this insect, so abundant in the
central and southern States of the Union, remains for over sixteen
years attached by its beak to the rootlets of the oak and probably other
forest trees, where it sucks the sap, thus in a greater or less degree
injuring the health of the tree. Observations as to the subterranean life
of the seventeen-year locust are few and obscure, and it is quite uncer-
tain how much injury is really done to trees by this habit. They have
sometimes been found sucking the sap of forest trees, notably the oak,

6 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

and also of fruit trees, such as the pearand apple. According to Riley
(First Report, p. 24), the larvee are frequently found at great depth,
sometimes as much as ten feet below the surface. It has been claimed
by Miss Margaretta H. Morris, in an account published in 1846, that
pear trees have been killed by the larvie sucking the roots. This has
been denied by the late Dr. Smith of Baltimore, who says:

The larva obtains its food from the small vegetable radicals that everywhere per-
vade the fertile earth. It takes its food from the surface of these roots, consisting of
the moist exudation (like animal perspiration), for which purpose its rostrum or snout
is provided with three exceedingly delicate capillaries or hairs, which project from
the tube of the snout and sweep over the surface, gathering up the minute drops of
moisture. This is its only food. The mode of taking it can be seen by a good glass.—
Prairie Farmer, December, 1851.

Mr. Riley adds that Dr. Hall, of Alton, Ill., has often found them firmly
attached to different roots by the legs, but never found the beaks in-
serted. He remarks as follows:

The fact that they will rise from land which has been cleaned of timber, cultivated,
and even built upon for over a dozen years, certainly contravenes Miss Morris’s state-
ment, while their long subterranean existence precludes the necessity of rapid suc-
tion. Itis also quite certain that if they thus killed trees we should oftener hear of
it, and I have captured a gigantic but unnamed species of Cicada on the plains of Col-
orado, 50 miles from any tree other than a few scattering willows.

We would add that in June, in Idaho Territory, we have seen numer-
ous Cicadie which had just appeared above the surface of the earth in a
desert region with scattered sage bushes, upon whose roots, which it
is known descend to a great depth, the young may feed. While, then,
the Cicada may seldom do marked injury to the oak, the reader is re-
ferred to page 35 for a further notice of the injury done by this insect
to the twigs and smaller branches of the oak and other trees.

_In Europe the roots of oaks are affected by a small wingless gall-fly,
which punctures the root and inserts an egg into the hole. The irrita-
tion thus set up causes the root to swell until a tumor or gall is formed,
in the center of which lies the white footless larva or maggot of the fly.

Fitch has found similar wingless flies in this country, but they will
always remain objects rather of a scientific than economic interest. He
has described them under the names of Biorhiza nigra, Cynips (Philo-
nix) fulvicollis and nigricollis. They are wingless, and occur in forests
in November and December, often walking on the snow in company
with other snow insects, such as Boreus and Chionea.

AFFECTING THE TRUNK.
1. THE LOCUST CARPENTER MOTH.
Xyleutes robinie Harris.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; Family BOMBYCID®.
Boring large holes and galleries in the trunk ; a large livid reddish caterpillar, nearly
three inches long, greenish beneath, and the head shining black; the body somewhat

flattened, and with scattered long fine hairs. The chrysalis also in the burrow, and
transforming to a large thick-bodied moth in June and July.

In different parts of New England, from Maine to Rhode Island, and

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- INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE OAK. 7

southward to Texas, oak lumber and cord wood is commonly seen to be
often honeycombed by the large black burrows of this common and des-
tructive borer. It is the most directly injurious of all the insects prey-
ing on this noble tree, since it sinks its tunnels deep in towards the heart
of the tree in the living wood, and is a difficult insect to discover until
after the injury is done. It may be found in the autumn and winter
months, of different sizes, showing that at least there is an interval of
one year between the smaller and larger sizes, and that consequently
the moth is two years in attaining maturity.

The female moth, without doubt, lays her eggs in the eracks and
interstices of the bark of the oak or locust, in the latitude of Boston,
about the middle of July.

I have taken the larvie and chrysalis from the red oak in Maine, and
the insect occurs westward to the Mississippi Valley and southward to
Bosque County, Central Texas. At Houston, Texas, I have found adozen
or more of the cast chrysalid skins projecting from a stump of the pin
oak; one pupa was alive early in April. It is said by Fitch to be more
common in the southern and southwestern States than in the northern. It
is also an inhabitant of California, and may be found to occur in nearly all
the United States wherever the black, red, and white oak or locust
trees grow. The habits and metamorphoses of the moth were first dis-
covered by Peck,* who bred it from caterpillars found in the locust, but
Harris afterwards discovered that it “‘ perforates the trunks of the red
oak.”

The following account of its habits and transformations is copied from .
Fitch:

Of all the wood-boring insects in our land this is by far the most pernicious, wound-
ing the trees the most cruelly. The stateliest oaks in our forests are ruined, probably
in every instance where one of these borers obtains a lodgment in their trunks. It
perforates a hole the size of a half-inch auger, or large enough to admit the little
finger, and requiring three or four years for the bark to close together over it. This
hole running inward to the heart of the tree, and admitting the water thereto from
every shower that passes, causes a decay in the wood to commence, and the tree never
regains its previous soundness. t

This is also a most prolific insect. The abdomen of the female is so filled and dis-
tended with eggs that it becomes unwieldy and inert, falling from side to side as its
position is shifted. A specimen which I once obtained, extruded upwards of three
hundred eggs within a few hours after its capture, its abdomen becoming diminished
hereby to nearly half its previous bulk; and in the analogous European species more
than a thousand eggs have been found on dissection. It hence appears that a single
one of these insects is capable of ruining a whole forest of oak trees. This calamity,
however, is prevented, probably by most of the eggs being destroyed, either by birds
or by other insects, for these borers are by no means so common in our trees as the fecun-
dity of their parents would lead us to expect.

Our moth comes abroad, as already stated, in June and the forepart of July. It flies
only in the night time, remaining at rest during the day, clinging to the trunks of

_—

*Mass. Agr. Report and Journal, vol. v, p. 67, with a plate, 1818.

i We have observed that the old burrows are lined by a dark layer, consisting of a mealy débris about
as thick as pasteboard; this detritus is probably composed of the castings of the larva, forming a
paste which in drying strongly adheres to the sides of the gallery.—A. S. P.

8 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

trees, its gray color being so similar to that of the bark that it usually escapes notice.
In repose its wings are held together in the shape of a roof, covering the hind body.
From observing her motions in confinement, I think the female does not insert her
eggs into the bark, but merely drops them into the cracks and crevices upon its outer
surface. They are coated with a giutinous matter which immediately dries and
hardens on exposure to the air, whereby they adhere to the spot where they touch ;
and if the short two-jointed ovipositor be not fully exserted as the egg is passed
through it, so as to carry the egg beyond the hair-like scales with which the body is
clothed, some of these touching adhere to it, their attachment to the body being so
slight.

The eggs are of a broad oval form, and about half the size of a grain of wheat, be-
ing the tenth of an inch in length and three-fourths as thick, of a dirty whitish color
with one of the ends black. When highly magnified their surface is seen to be retic-
ulated or occupied by numerous sl-ghtly impressed dots arranged in rows like the
meshes in anet. From the fact that several worms of the same size are sometimes
met with in a single tree, indicating them all to be the progeny of one parent, if ap-
pears that the female drops a number of eggs upon each tree that she visits, and prob-
ably disposes of her whole supply upon a very few trees. The size of the eggs doubt-
less renders them a favorite article of food to some of our smaller birds. And a bird
in discovering some of these eggs will be incited thereby to search for others in the
same vicinity, which search being successful, will be perseveringly continued so long
as an egg can be found upon that or any of the adjacent trees. Thus it may be that
of the whole stock of eggs which a female deposits, scarcely one escapes being picked
up and devoured. This appears the most probable cause of so few of these worms
being met with, although the females are so prolific.

The worm on hatching from the egg sinks itself inward and feeds at first on the soft
inner bark, till its jaws acquiring more strength it penetrates to the harder sap-wood
and finally resorts to the solid heart-wood, residing mostly in and around the center
of the trunk, boring the wood here usually in a longitudinal direction, and moying
backwards and forth in its burrow, enlarging it by gnawing its walls as it increases
in size, whereby the excavation comes to present nearly the same diameter through
its whole length. In an oak in which I met with two worms fully grown and several
others but half grown, the whole of the central part of the trunk had been exten-
sively mined by preceding generations of this insect and was in a state of incipient
decay; and I thus had an opportunity to notice the fact that none of the worms were
lying in the decaying wood, all being outside of this, where the wood was still sound.
Hence it is evident that it is living healthy trees which this insect prefers, and not
those which are sickly and decaying, which latter are preferred by the European
Cossus, some authors say, though perhaps their observations have not been exact upon
this point, for in the instance here alluded to it would have been said on a first glance
that these worms preferred decaying wood, since the diseased heart of the tree was
everywhere traversed with their burrows, and the sound wood showed few of them;
and thus no doubt in many other cases we mistake. the cause for the effect, and on
seeing semi-putrid wood filled with worm-holes we suppose the worms have preferred
wood of this character, when in truth it is these holes which have caused the decay
of the wood.

These worms are probably three vears in obtaining their growth. They cast off
their skin several times, and after the last of these moultings their color becomes
different from what it has previously been.

The larva previous to the last change of its skin is of a rose-red or a pale cherry-
red color, often with a faint yellowish stripe along the middle of its back, on all
except the three anterior rings. It is of a cylindrical form, slightly broadest ante-
riorly and a little flattened beneath. It is divided by transverse constrictions resem-
bling broad shallow grooves into twelve rings, which are twice as broad as long. On
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giving out a pale-brown bristle. Four of these pimples are on the back, placed at the
angles of an imaginary square or a trapezoid having its hind side the longest, the two
hinder pimples being larger. Small white dots confluent into broken lines may also
be perceived, forming a transverse square in which the two anterior pimples are
inclosed, and other dots less regularly placed, surrounding the two hind pimples
except upon their hind side. Above the breathing pores on each side is also a large
pimple, which, upon the four rings bearing the pro-legs, has a white dot in its lower
edge, which dot does not appear in the corresponding pimples of the other rings. A
minute pimple is also seen forward of the upper end of each breathing pore, below
which all the under side of the worm is greenish white. The breathing pores are oval
and light yellow, with a rusty brown oval spot in their center and a dark purple ring
around their outer edge. Below them the skin bulges out, forming a longitudinal
ridge, or rather two parallel ridges divided by a deep intervening furrow. Upon the
upper one of these ridges near the middle of each ring is a round cherry-red spot in
which are two small pimples, and on the lower ridge is a single one, placed farther
back, whilst four others, equally minute, may be seen farther down and around the
anterior base of the pro-legs. The second and third rings are shorter, each with four-
teen pimples of different sizes, the larger ones forming a single transverse row. ‘The
first ring or neck is polished and of a dark tawny brown color on its upper side, with
a white line in its middle disappearing anteriorly in a black two-lobed cloud. The
head is but half as broad as the body, and is of a shining black color, tinged more or
less with chestnut brown in its middle, with scattered punctures from which arise fine
hairs. The antenne are chestnut brown, conical and three-jointed, the last joint
minute, with a bristle beside it given out from the apex of the second joint. The
palpi are similar, with two small processes from the summit of their second joint,
the outer one of which ends in a minute fourth joint. Of the eight pairs of legs, the
three anterior are conical and end in a single chestnut-colored claw. The others are
short, thick, and retractile, with their soles surrounded by a blackish fringe-like ring
-composed of a multitude of minute hooks, the last pair, however, having these hooks
only around the anterior and outer half of their soles. Placed in a glass or tin vessel,
this worm is perfectly helpless, being unable to cling with these hooks to a hard
smooth surface.

With the last change of its skin it loses its bright-red color, and is then white,
tinged with green at the sutures, and with a pale-green stripe along the middle of its
back, which disappears at the sutures. The pimples are of a pale tawny yellow color
with black centers. The head is ight tawny yellow varied in its middle with green-
ish white, its anterior edge blackish and the jaws deep black.

As the moth into which this worm changes possesses no jaws or other implements
by which it is possible for it to perforate the wood, it is necessary’for the worm to pre-
pare a way for its future escape from the tree; and the provisions which it makes for
this end are truly interesting, indicating that the worm has aclear perception of what
its future condition and requirenrents will be, both in its pupa and its perfect state.
This is the more surprising when we recur to the fact that since its infancy this crea-
ture has been lying deeply bedded in the interior of the tree, the only act of its life
having been to crawl lazily around in its cell and gnaw the wood there when impelled
by hunger. How does it now come to do anything different from what it has been
doing for months and years before? But, having got its growth and the time draw -
ing near to have it change into a pupa or chrysalis, we see it engaging in a new work.
It now bores a passage from the upper end of its cell, outward through the wood and
bark till only a thin scale of the brittle dead outer bark remains. It is usually at the
bottom of one of the large cracks or furrows in the bark that this passage ends,
whereby the hole inside is less liable to be discovered by birds. The worm then dili-
gently lines the walls of this hole with silken threads interspersed with its chips and
forming a rough surface resembling felt, as it withdraws itself backwards for a dis-
tance of about three inches, thus placing itself beyond the reach of any bird or other

10 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

enemy outside of the tree, should its retreat be discovered ; and it here incloses itself in
a cocoon which it spins of silk, of a long oval form, having the end towards the outer
opening much thinner and its threads more loosely woven. In this cocoon it throws
off its larva skin and then appears in its nymph or pupa form.

The pupa is an inch and three-quarters long and half an inch thick, of a dull chest-
nut color, the rings of its abdomen paler, and on the back near the anterior edge of
each ring is a row of angular teeth, resembling those of a saw, of a dark brown color
and all of them inclining backward, these rows of teeth extending downwards upon
each side below the breathing pores or about two-thirds of the distance around the
body. On the middle of each ring is also a much shorter row of little tubercular points.
Finally, upon the under side of the last segment are about four stouter conical teeth,
the tips of which are drawn out into sharp points which are curved forward, so that
when this last segment, which is tapering and smaller than the others, is bent down-
wards, these curved points will catch and hold the body from moving forward.

The pupa lies perfectly dormant in its cocoon probably a fortnight or longer. It
then awakes from its slumbers and begins to writhe and bend itself from side to side.
By this motion the rows of little teeth upon the rings of its abdomen, which incline
backward as above described, catch in the threads of the cocoon, first upon one side
and then upon the other, and thus move the body forward, whereby its head presses
upon the loosely woven end of the cocoon, more and more firmly, until it forces its
way through it, and the pupa works itself forward out of its cocoon. And the same
writhing motion being continued, the teeth now catch in the threads with which the
sides of the hole are lined, and thus, though destitute of feet, the pupa moves itself
along till it reaches and breaks through the thin scale of bark which hitherto has
closed the mouth of its burrow, and pushes itself onward till about three-fourths of its
length protrude from the tree, when by curving the tip of its body downward the
four little hooks thereon catch in some of the threads and hold it from advancing
further and falling to the ground. By so much motion of the pupa the connections
of the inclosed insect with its shell become sundered and the sutures of the shell are
probably cracked open, so that the moth readily presses them apart and crawls out
therefrom, leaving the empty and now lifeless shell projecting out from the mouth of
the hole, with a small mass of worm-dust surrounding it.

The male moth is of a gray color from white scales intermixed with black ones. The
head is furnished upon the crown, or vertex, with longer or hair-like scales. The
antenne are tapering and many-jointed, their basal joint thickest and covered with
black and gray scales, the remaining joints being naked, shining, coal-black, each
joint bearing two branches on its front side, forming two rows of coarse teeth like
those of a comb, the teeth being six or more times as long as thick, and all of the same
length except at the base and tip, where they become shorter, all of them ciliated with
fine hairs. The feelers are appressed to the face and reach as high as to the middle
of the eyes, and are cylindric, clothed with short appressed scales, the separation of
the terminal joint being slightly perceptible. The thorax has the shoulder-coyers
black, forming a stripe of this color along each side, which anteriorly curves down-
wards and is continued backward upon the upper side of the breast. Its base is
clothed with larger scales, forming tufts upon each side. The abdomen is conic and
equals the tips of the wings inits length, and is but slightly covered with scales except
along each side, where they form a broad stripe, the under side being entirely de-
nuded; it is black and shining, with the sutures dull yellowish. At its tip are three
appendages, longer than the last rings of the abdomen. The two lower ones are broad,
thick, flattened processes of a dull brownish yellow color, with their tips rounded and
slightly bent inwards towards each other. The upper one is a slender, black, shining
hook or claw of the same length, its tip sharp-pointed and curved downward. Aboye
these appendages and hiding them from view is a brush of black hairs, forming a con-
ical tuft at the end of the abdomen, blunt at its apex. The legs are more or less
denuded of scales, black and shining, with the hind shanks thicker towards their tips

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE OAK. we

and with two pairs of spurs, the forward shanks having only a single spine, which is
placed on the middle of their inner sides, the same as in other moths; and the feet are
compressed, and five-jointed, with the basal joint longest and the following ones suc-
cessively shorter. The fore wings are black, with groups of whitish scales forming
gray spots or clouds which are netted with black lines, varying greatly in different
individuals. Often a transverse gray spot is situated towards the base and another
on the anal angle, the outer and hind margins being gray alternated with black. The
hind wings are black, with their posterior half of arich marigold yellow color bordered
with a black line upon the hind margin, the yellow color being irregularly notched
on its anterior side and narrowed to the inner angle, and not extended to the outer
angle, the two outer cells being black. The outer or anterior margin, except at its
base and tip, is usually gray alternated with transverse black streaks and blotches,
and inside of this is a large ash-gray spot occupying the outer anterior part of the
disk. The under sides of both wings is similar to their upper surface.

The female would not be supposed to pertain to the same species with the male, her
size is so much larger, her colors so much paler gray, and her hind wings being wholly
destitute of the bright yellow coloring which forms so conspicuous a mark in the
other sex. The branches of her antenne are also shorter, being but about four times
as long as thick. The ground color of her fore wings is gray, variously netted with
black lines dividing the gray in places into small roundish spots and into rings hay-
ing black centers. The black color usually forms a broad irregular band across the
middle of the wings parallel with the hind margin, and another between this and the
hind edge, chiefly on the outer half of the wing, the hind edge and fringe being whitish
alternated with black spots placed on the tips of the veins. The hind wings are dusky
gray and towards their bases blackish, their posterior half being freely transparent
and faintly netted with darker lines. The body is densely coated with gray scales,
its under side hoary white; and the legs are gray, with black bands on the shanks,
and black feet, with gray rings at their articulations.

REMEDIES.—We have but a single suggestion to make upon the subject of remedies
against this truly formidable though fortunately rare enemy. It is probable that soft
scap applied the fore part of June to the bodies of trees will be equally efficacious
against this and other borers as it is against that of the apple tree. This remedy may
well be resorted to, to protect the locusts and oaks which we value as ornamental
trees ; and scarce and valuable as timber is becoming in all the older settled sections
of our country, I doubt not it will be found to be good economy to bestow similar
attention upon the more valuable trees standing in our forests.

It should also be observed that whenever a hole made by a borer is discovered in
the trunk of a tree, it should be immediately closed by inserting a plug therein, to
exclude the wet which will otherwise be admitted hereby to the interior of the tree
and produce a decay of the surrounding wood.

2. THE OAK COSSUS.
NXyleutes (Cossus) querciperda Fitch.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; Family BOMBYCID.

Another and rather smaller borer, but belonging to a closely allied
species, was found by Mr. J. A. Lintner resting upon the trunk of an
o aktree in Schoharie, N. Y. It probably ranges all over the Eastern
States and Mississippi Valley, since a species, either this or closely al-
lied, is reported to us by Mr. G. W. Belfrage to inhabit Central Texas.
Dr. Fitch thinks it probable that it bores into the oak. He describes it as
a moth smaller in size than XY. robinia, with thin and slight transparent

12 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

Wings which are crossed by numerous black lines, the outer margin only
of the forward pair being opaque and of a gray color; the hind wings
of the male are colorless, with the inner margin broadly blackish and
the hind edge coal-black.

3. THE RED-OAK FLAT-HEADED BORER.
Chrysobothris dentipes Germar.
Order COLEOPTERA; Family BUPRESTID.¥.

Eating a slender, winding, broad, shallow burrow between the bark and sap-wood
of newly-felled oak trees; a white, footless grub, with the fore part of the body enor-
mously large, circular, and flattened, inclosing the small head in front.

This singularly-shaped borer is often found under the bark of newly-
felled oaks, or those which have been prostrate for a longer time. The
one here roughly figured occurred with others under the bark of the red
oak at Salem, Mass., early in May, in company with more numerous
individuals of Magdalis olyra, a small weevil also common in the Northern
States, under the loosened, partly decayed bark of the oak.

It will be seen by the form of this singular borer that it is adapted for
a life under or next to the bark of diseased trees, as it is quite unfitted ,

by reason of the enormously swollen front rings of the body,

pruner (Stenocorus putator). With its short, powerful jaws it

can eat its way on either side in front of it, after hatching from

the egg which is probably laid by the parent beetle in some

crack in the bark. Its head is rather small and partly sunken

within the segment next behind the head. This segment,
destined to be the prothorax of the beetle, is remarkably broad,
eee nearly three times as much so as the hinder segments, and
posed lar- fully as broad again as it is long, while the surface above is
a flat and more or less rough or pitted in the middle. With this
enlarged, UNUSUAL form it can eat its way in a serpentine course under
—From the bark, deriving its nourishment from the sap-wood next to
Packan’- the bark. Owing to the form of its body in front, the burrow
is Shallow and broad, in transverse outline oval cylindrical. The body of
this as well as most other borers is provided with fine, delicate, scattered
hairs, projecting on each side of each segment. Judging by analogy,
these hairs are probably provided each with a fine nerve (though this
remains to be proved), and probably are endowed with a delicate sense
of touch, useful to the insect as it moves to and fro in its gallery. The
Buprestid larvie are blind, without simple eyes, since living as they do
in total darkness and never coming to the light they do not need even
the simple eyes present in many other larvee, and which are probably
chiefly of use in enabling the insect to distinguish light from darkness.
The larvee of the Buprestidae and the breeding habits of the beetles

for boring very far into the living fresh wood, as is the case
* with the oak-boring caterpillar of Vyleutes robinie, or the oak

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE OAK. 13

have not as yet been carefully studied in America, and for any exact
knowledge we have to go to French and German authors.

According to Perris, the Buprestids couple in the usual manner, the
male mounting upon the back of the female, the act of copulation not
being of long duration.

The form of the eggs and their size in our species are unknown, or
have not been stated in print. It is most probable that the female lays
them in the bottom of cracks in the bark, or under the partly loosened
bark at least, where the larva upon hatching may find itself next to or im-
mediately in contact with the bast or the sap-wood, which probably forms
the greater part of its food, though Ratzeburg has found that the ‘frass”
or excrement is colored by the bark, which indicates that the larve feed
both on the bast and bark. As tothe number of eggs laid by the female
we have no information. The eggs are deposited in fissures or cracks
by means of the extensile end of the body. As Westwood states, ‘‘ The
abdomen appears to be composed of only five segments. The remainder
are, however, internal, and constitute in the female a retractile, corneous,
conical plate, employed for depositing the eggs in the chinks of the bark
of trees within which the larvie feed.” Perris, however, says that ‘the
eggs are deposited in the interior of the bark, the outer layers of which
the ovipositor of the female penetrates.”

It has been claimed by Ratzeburg and also by Reifsig* that the
European larve of Buprestis and the numerous allied genera, such as
Chrysobothris, Chaleophora, &c., attain their full size in two years; but
according to Perris the time required for transformation is but a single
year, as may be seen by the extracts from his work further on.

As regards the habits of the larve we have no direct observation on
the young of this family in this country, though much needed in connee-
tion with the use of remedial measures.

Mr. E. Perris, in his invaluable work, entitled “Insectes du Pin mari-
time,” says of the larva of the European Ancylocheira flavomaculata :

The larva of the 4. flavomaeulata lives in the wood of old pines recently dead, and
especially in the larger branches and the large twigs (picuxc). It is, indeed, under these
two last conditions that they oftenest occur. It does not stop in the bark, because it
is in the interior of the bark that the female lays its eggs, by means of its oviduct,
and after its birth it plunges into the wood to the depth of about a centimeter [nearly
two-fifths ofaninch]. It follows the longitudinal fibers of the sap-wood while making
a gallery elliptical in section, which it leaves behind it completely filled and packed
with excrement and detritus. When the time of its metamorphosis approaches it
goes towards the surface of the sap-wood, perforates it to the bark, sometimes makes
a small incision into the latter, stops up the gallery with a plug made entirely of
small, compacted chips; then it retires backward a little into a cell scooped out in the
wood, and this is where it transforms into a pupa.

The following extract from Perris refers to the habits of Chrysobothris
_solieri, which alsolives on the maritime pine in France. The habits of

*Ratzeburg’s Die Waldverderbniss, &c., ii, p. 360.

14 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

our C. dentipes of the oak, and C. femorata of the oak and different fruit
trees, and C. harristvi of the white pine are probably quite similar.

According to my observations the Chrysobothris only lays its eggs onthe trunks of
pines from five to fifteen centimeters in diameter at the base, and on the branches of
old trees. I have never found it on an old trunk, and when a large prostrate pine is
deprived of its branches it is on them that it lives, and not on the trunk. I have
already said that the larva lives at first under the bark; it there busies itself, some-
times attacking very plainly the sap-wood, sometimes boring a sinuous gallery, which
it leaves behind it filled with white chips and excrements of a brownish red; but at
the approach of winter it burrows into the wood, where it gouges out a gallery ellip-
tical in section, the dimensions of which increase as its body grows larger. When
the moment of transformation has arrived it returns into its gallery, and undergoes
its metamorphosis sometimes more than two centimeters from the surface, because I
have found some pup and perfect insects at this depth.

Perris calls attention to the fact that though the Buprestid beetles
stand quite high in the Coleopterous series, yet their larve have an
organization inferior to that of all other Coleopterous larve known.
Thus, they have neither feet nor eyes, and there are no other Coleopte-
rous lary which, as in the Buprestids, have very rudimentary labial
palpi, and which consist of less than two joints.

The burrows of the Buprestid larve may nearly always be distin-
guished, says Perris, by their tortuous course, and by the fact that the
excrement and detritus, instead of being accumulated in the gallery
without order, are there disposed in small layers forming concentric ares,
whose opening is turned away from the larva, and of a regularity not
less remarkable than characteristic.

This symmetrical arrangement has as its primary cause the dimensions of the gal-
lery, which are out of proportion with the abdomen of the larva. The latter, because
of the size of the anterior portion of its body, is obliged to give to its gallery a size
sufficient for the posterior part to execute freely movements of advance and retreat,
which have as their natural result the disposition en arc of the rejected material be-
hind. On the other hand, the larva, in consequence of the dimensions of its gallery,
in order to have points of support is obliged to bend the posterior part of the body
on itself. It is, indeed, ordinarily found in this attitude, which allows it to press
against the walls, so as to push itself ahead ; but in this condition the abdomen forms
an are which, propping itself from the convex side on the detritus, causes the conecay-
ity of the successive beds. * * *

We have seen that some Buprestid larvee undergo their metamorphoses in the inte-
rior of the bark, others in the thickness of the wood. It is, moreover, in this that the
wisdom of nature is revealed, for it is not capriciously and without motive that things
happen as I have described. We know, indeed, that if those larvee which do not at-
tack the young trees, as those of Ancylocheira 8-guttata, of Chysobothris soliert, and of
Anthaxia morio and of several species of Agrilus, should live under the bark they
would not be sufficiently protected, because the bark is not thick enough and would
easily separate from the wood. When, however, on the contrary, they live under the
hard and thick bark of old trees, as Melanophila tarda, Chrysobothris affinis, Agrilus
biguttatus, and 4-guttatus, and others, they do not hesitate to take refuge in the bark,
because they are there well sheltered, and because they save the beetle from making
a long and difficult journey in order to make its exit. * * *

What is the duration of the life of the larvee of the Buprestide? Ratzeburg is

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE OAK. : PD

inclined to believe that it is two years. M. Levaillant, whose observations are repro-
duced by M. Lucas in his notice of Chalcophora, is also disposed to think that those
of this insect pass two years in the wood. The reason which he gives, and which is
drawn from the size of the larve found from December to August, does not seem to
me conclusive, because the female of Chalecophora is capable of laying eggs during
almost the entire year. As to M. Ratzeburg, he has not, apparently, made careful
observations in this respect.

As to myself, numerous facts authorize me to say that,in general, these larve only
live one year. For example, some pines, poplars, and willows which I have cut down
in the spring time with the design of obtaining Buprestids, have afforded me often
very numerous perfect insects in May and June of the year following.

Some logs of oak, eut in January, 1847, and which lay during a whole year in the
open air, furnished me in June and July, 1848, more than three hundred Chrysobothris
afinis. The trunks of some large, very rigorous pines, cut down at the beginning of
one year, contained pupe of Ancylocheira in the following May. Finally, as regards
all the species that I have here described, and for a number of others, I have, from
my own experience, the certainty that the larve live only one year.

I admit that, without doubt, among these larvae there are some which, not placed in
conditions sufficiently favorable to complete during this period all the phases of their
existence, and which, from one cause or another, may be retarded some months, for
a year,even. I moreover accept the more willingly this fact, because I have had good
occasions for observing this in larve which I have raised in my cabinet; but, this is
the exception, and the rule is that a single year suffices, in our country, for the devel-
opment of the larve of the Buprestidi.

The Buprestids in the perfect state love the daylight and sunshine. Before storms,
when the air is calm and heavy and the sun is hot, they have an extraordinary activity ;
and when the weather gradually becomes cloudy and the wind rises they disappear
from our sight. We know but little as to the nature of their food. Chalcophora ma -
riana devours the young shoots of pines, Anthaxia morio and chevrierii eat, the first the
petals of buttercups, the second those of Cissus alyssoides. Other Anthaxie, also, as
well as Trachys, frequent different flowers. Aphanisticus emarginatus occurs on rushes
(joucs), and I have sometimes taken Acmaodera teniata on the flowers of carrots: AJl
these facts lead me to think that the Buprestids are phytophagous; but it appears
that certain species are, accidentally at least, carniverous. This appears from a com-
munication made by M. Léon Fairmaire to the Société Entomologique, in its session
of January 10, 1849, relative to the subject of Chrysobothris solieri.

Regarding our oak borer (C. dentipes), Harris states that it completes
its transformations and comes out of the trees between the end of May
and the first of July. This applies to Maine and Massachusetts. In
New York, according to Dr. Fitch, the beetles are “often fouad bask-
ing in the sunshine on the bark of the trees in June and July.”

‘We have found the mines of a Buprestid borer under the bark of the
hemlock, with exactly the arrangement in concentric ares of the castings
described on p. 14.

The beetle-—This insect is so named from the little tooth on the under side of the
thick fore legs. It is oblong, oval, and flattened, of a bronzed brownish or purplish-
black color above, copper-colored beneath, and roughlike shagreen, with numerous
punctures; the thorax is not so wide as the hinder part of the body; its hinder mar-
gin is hollowed on both sides to receive the rounded base of each wing-cover, and
there are two smooth elevated lines on the middle; on each wing-cover there are
three irregular, smooth, elevated lines, which are divided and interrupted by large
thickly-punctured impressed spots, two of which are oblique; the tips are rounded.
Length from 4 to ;'; of an inch. (Harris. )

16 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.
4, THE APPLE FLAT-HEADED BORER.
Chrysobothris femorata Fabricius.
Order COLEOPTERA; Family BUPRESTID.®.

Boring under the bark and in the sap-wood of the white oak, and in the Gulf States,
the pin oak; a pale-yellow flat-headed grub, closely resembling the preceding species

This pernicious borer of the apple tree, as stated both by Harris and
Fitch, originally infested the white oak, but since the settlement of the
country has abounded in the apple and sometimes in the peach, though
it may still be found to injure the white oak.

Fig. 3 will fairly represent the “ mine” or gallery made under the bark
of a stump of the white oak, as it occurred at Providence, Rk. 1. The
worm soon after hatching made the mine as is seen on the right of the
figure, where after a sinuous course it opens into a broad shallow cell,
and then after pursuing an irregular direction dilates on the left into a
broad shallow cell two-thirds of an inch wide, the oval black spot in
the upper right corner representing the hole made by the larva for the
exit of the beetle. In this hole the beetle was found. The large cell is
for the repose of the pupa.

At Houston, Texas, I found the larva and pupa in abundance, April
2, 1881, under the bark of large pin oak stumps, and of dead trees. The
burrows were like those represented in Fig. 3, being irregular winding
shallow burrows, not nearly so definite in outline as those made by
longicorn borers. The mine is about + inch wide, and terminates in a
broad irregular oval cell 14 inches long and 4 to 3 inch wide. In this
cell the pupa spends the winter and early spring. One end of this cell
lies toward the outer side of the bark, so that even if there is not a
clearly defined oval opening as in Fig. 3, the beetle on emerging from
the pupa state can with little difficulty extricate itself from its cell and
make its way out of doors by pushing aside a thin barrier of bark. In
the case of one mine in the pin oak there was a quite regular oval cell
built up by the larva between the wood and the bark, the partition con-
sisting of a composition of fine bark dust, thus forming a rude cocoon,
The insect occurred at Providence in the larva, pupa, and beetle states
May 20, though the farvie were the most abundant.

Harris says of it from his observations in Eastern Massachusetts:

Its time of appearance is from the end of May to the middle of July, during which
it may often be seen, in the middle of the day, resting upon or flying round the trunks
of white-oak trees and recently-cut timber of the same kind of wood. I have re-
peatedly taken it upon and under the bark of peach trees also. The grubs or laryie
bore into the trunks of these trees.

The following extracts from Dr. Fitch’s first report will further serve
to characterize the habits and appearance of this formidable pest of our
most valuable forest, shade, and fruit trees. It will appear that Dr.
Fitch has been the first to discover an ichneumon parasite in the larva

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of this beetle, no European Buprestid beetle being, so far as we know,
infested by internal parasites:

Another insect, which has not heretofore been noticed in our country as a borer in
the apple tree, pertains to the family Buprestidae, or the brilliant snapping beetles.
Mr. P. Barry, of the Mount Hope nurseries, Rochester, has
forwarded to us sections of the body of some young apple
trees, which were sent to him from a correspondent in Hills-
borough, in Southern Ohio, who states that in that vicinity
the borer, which is contained in the specimens sent, is do-
ing great damage to the apple trees, and that he has had
peach trees also killed by this same worm. From an exami-
nation of these specimens, it appears that this insect is
quite similar to the common apple-tree borer in its habits.
The parent insect deposits its eggs on the bark,from which
a worm hatches, which passes through the bark and during
the first periods of its life consumes the soft sap-wood im-
mediately under the bark. But when the worm approaches
maturity and has become stronger and more robust, it
. gnaws into the more solid heart-wood, forming a flattish, FIs. 2.—a, The apple flat-

: 5 Seite headed borer; b, pupa; ¢c, un-
and not a cylindrical hole such as is formed by most other der side of head and thoracic
borers, the burrow which it excavates being twice as broad "88; 4, beetle.—After Riley.
as it is high, the height measuring the tenth of an inch or slightly over. It is the
latter part of summer when these worms thus sink themselves into the solid heart_
wood of the tree, their burrow extending upwards from the spot under the bark where
they had previously dwelt. On laying open one of these burrows I find it is more
than an inch in length, and all its
lower part is filled and blocked up
with the fine sawdust-like castings of
the worm. Thus, when the worm is
destined to lay torpid and inactive
during the long months of winter, it
has the forethought, so to speak, to
place itself in a safe and secure retreat,
within the solid wood of the tree, with
the hole leading to its cell plugged up
so as effectually to prevent any ene-
my from gaining admission to it.

Still, this worm is not able to secure
itself entirely from those parasitic in-
sects which are the destroyers of so
many other species of its race, and
which, as is currently remarked, ap-
pear to have been created for the ex-
press purpose of preying upon those
species, in order to prevent their be-
coming excessively multiplied. We
should expect that this and other bor-
ers, lying as they do beneath the bark

LS

Fic. 3.—Mine or furrow made by the apple flat-headed or within the wood of trees, were so

borer, (C. femorata), nat. size. —Packard del. ge curely shielded that it would be im-

possible for any insect enemy to discover and gain access to them, to molest or destroy

them. But among*the specimens sent me by Mr. Barry is one where the worm has

been entirely devoured, nothing but its shriveled skin remaining, within and upon

which are several minute maggots or footless little grubs, soft, dull white, shining, of

a long egg-shaped form, pointed at the tip and blunt in front, their bodies divided into
2 RIL

18 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

segments by very fine transverse impressed lines or sutures. They are about one-tenth
of an inch long and 0.035 broad at the widest part. These are evidently the larve
of some small Hymenopterous or bee-like insect, pertaining, there can be little doubt,
to the family Chalcidide, the female of which has the instinet to discover these
borers, probably in the earlier periods of their life when they are lying directly be-
neath the bark, and piercing through the bark with her ovipositor, and puncturing
the skin of the borer, drops her eggs therein, which subsequently hatch and subsist
upon the borer, eventually destroying it. These minute larvie were forwarded to me
under the supposition that they were injurious to the apple tree, whereas, by destroy-
ing these pernicious borers, it is evident they must be regarded as our best friends.
This fact illustrates how important it is for us to be acquainted with our insets in the
different stages of their lives, that we may be able to discriminate friends from foes,
and know which to destroy and which to cherish.

The larva.—The form of this borer is quite singular, and bears some resemblance to
that of a tadpole or a battledoor. It consists of a very large, round, flattened portion,
anteriorly, which is suddenly tapered into a long cylindrical tail or handle-like por-
tion. The broad anterior part of this worm is about two-tenths of an inch in diam-
eter and the narrow posterior part is but half as wide. Its length is about 0.65. It
is soft, flesh-like, and of a pale-yellow color. In front two short robust jaws of a deep
black color and highly polished are slightly protruded. When these are spread apart
the tips of the feelers and between them the lips are perceptible. The head is black-
ish-brown and polished, and is deeply sunk into the second segment. Near each outer
angle of the head is a small, pale-yellow, bead-like protuberance, which is probably
the antenna. In Dr. Ratzeburg’s figure, above alluded to, this slight protuberance is
represented, probably incorrectly, as arising from the second segment. The second
segment is deeply sunk into the third, and like all the remaining segments is pale-
yellow and clothed with short minute hairs. The third or large segment is rather
more broad than long, and is round and flattened above and beneath. Its upper side
is occupied by a large, callous-like, transverse-oval elevation, the surface of which is
flat and covered with numerous brown raised points, and in the middle are two smooth
impressed lines, which diverge from the anterior to the posterior margin. Between
these, on the middle of the basal edge, is a more faintly-impressed line, running for-
ward, but becoming effaced before it reaches the center. On the under side is also a
callous-like elevation, similar in all respects to that on the upper side, except that in
place of the impressed lines it has in its middle a single channel or furrow, which does
not extend to the posterior nor quite to the anterior margin. The fourth segment is a
third narrower than the preceding, and has an impressed transverse line in its middle.
In the deeply-impressed suture which divides this from the third segment, on each
side is a smooth, crescent-shaped, elevated spot of a chestnut-brown color, resembling
a little tick adhering in the fold of the skin. The nine remaining segments are of
nearly equal length and diameter, except the two last, which are successively nar-
rower. They are separated from each other by suturés which are strongly constricted.
Along the middle of the back is a smoothish faintly-marked line, and on each side of
each segment is an irregular triangular indentation, from the inner angle of which a
faint impressed line extends inwards. On each side, beneath, is an impressed, longi-
tudinal line. There are no conical projecting points at the apex of the last segment.

These borers, sent to me as above stated, have not yet completed their transforma-
tions; but they will in all probability remain in their present cells in the wood and
be changed to pup:ze the coming spring, from which the perfect insects will issue the
latter part of May and during the month of June. And there can be little doubt that
they will prove to be the species named by Fabricius Buprestis femorata, which species
pertains to the modern genus Chrysobothris. This insect may be met with in all parts
of our country. The natural place for its larva is in the white oak, and it is probable
that, being deprived of a sufficient supply of this wood in which to deposit its eggs,
in consequence of our forests being so rapidly and extensively cut down, this insect

pags at
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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE OAK. 1

has been obliged to resort to the apple and peach trees. Dr. Harris speaks of meeting
with it upon and under the bark of peach trees, and I have captured it upon the
apple tree. Professor Kirtland, of Cleveland, Ohio, doubtless alludes to this species
(Downing’s Horticulturist, vol. ii, p. 544), when he says, ‘‘Our apple trees are often
injured by the larve of the Buprestis, which will girdle out extensive portions of the
bark and young wood.” This, moreover, is in all probability the beetle of which a
wood-cut illustration is given in the Ohio Cultivator, vol. x, page 242. Although no
description of the insect or its larve is given, the figure presents more points of re-
semblance to C. femorata than to any other common American species. The following
interesting particulars there stated sufficiently indicate that this beetle will be liable
to do great damage in our orchards. The editor says, ‘‘The late Dr. Barker, of Mc-
Connellsville (Morgan County, Ohio), called our attention to the injury done to his
apple trees, by the beetle represented above, several years ago. It was in the month
of July, and large numbers of these beetles were seen running up and down the trunks
and branches of the trees, while beneath the bark extensive ravages of the larve
were found. We observed, however, that these injuries seemed in nearly or quite all
cases to have commenced where the bark had previously been killed from some other
cause, and were almost invariably on the south side of the trees. We have since
found occasional marks of these insects in other orchards, but never where the trees
appeared to have been in perfect health previous to their attacks.” This beetle,
however, is by no means limited to old and decaying trees, as the observations of the
editor of the Ohio Cultivator leads him to infer. The sections of wood sent me by
Mr. Barry are from young and thrifty apple trees, and it occurs in oaks also of this
character, as well as those which are aged and perishing.

The. beetle.—Like other species of its family, the thick-legged Buprestis is variable
in size, measuring from four to five-tenths of an inch in length, and about two-thirds
in width. It is of a black or greenish-black color, polished and shining, with the
surface rough and uneven. The head, and sometimes the thorax, and the depressed
portions of the elytra are of a dull coppery color. The head is sunk into the thorax
to the eyes, is densely punctured, and is clothed in front with fine white hairs, whick
are directed downwards. Upon the middle of the top of the head is a smooth raised
black line, with a narrow impressed line through its middle, a mark which serves to
distinguish this from some of the other species which are closely related to it. The
thorax is much more broad than long, and is widest forward of the middle. Its sur-
face is covered with dense, coarsish punctures, which run into each other in a some-
what transverse direction. It is also somewhat uneven, with slight elevations and
hollows, but has not two smooth raised lines on its middle and anterior part, which
are met with in another species very similar to this, the tooth-legged snapping-
beetle (Chrysobothris dentipes Germar). The elytra or wing-covers present a much
more rough and unequal surface than any other part of the insect. Three smooth and
polished raised lines extend lengthwise of each wing-cover, and the intervals between
them are in places occupied by smaller raised lines, which form a kind of net-work,
and two impressed transverse spots may also be discerned more or less distinctly,
dividing each wing-cover into three nearly equal portions. These spots reach from
the inner one of the three raised lines nearly to the outer margin, crossing the two
other raised lines, and interrupting them more or less. They are commonly of a
cupreous tinge, and densely punctured, but are smoother than the other portions of
the surface. A smaller and more deeply impressed spot may commonly be found in
the space next to the suture and forward of the anterior spot, of which it is, as it were,
a continuation. The wing-covers are rounded at their tips, so as to present a slight
notch at the suture when they are closed, and the outer margin towards the tip has
several very minute projecting teeth. When the wing-covers are parted the back
is discovered to be of a brilliant bluish-green color, and thickly punctured, with a
row of large impressed spots along the middle, one on each segment, and half way
between these and the outer margin is another row of smaller impressed dots, having

20 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

their centers black. The under side of the body and the legs are brilliant coppery,
the feet being deep shining green, their last joint and the hooks at its end black.
Here also the surface is everywhere thickly punctured, the punctures on the venter or
hind part of the body opening backwards. The last segment has an elevated line in
the middle at its base, and its apex is cut off by a straight line, in the middle of which
s commonly a small projecting tooth. The anterior thighs are remarkably large,
from which circumstance this species has received its name, and they have an angular
projection on their inner sides, beyond the middle. The tibiw, or shanks, of these
legs are slightly curved. (Fitch.)

Remedies.—We extract the following suggestions from Fitch:

The remedies for destroying this borer must necessarily be much the same with
those already stated for the common borer or striped Saperda. They consist essen-
tially of three measures: First, coating or impregnating the bark with some substance
repulsive to the insect; second, destroying the beetle by hand-picking; and third,
destroying the larva by cutting into and extracting it from its burrow. ;

As it is during the month of June and fore part of July that the beetle frequents
the trees for the purpose of depositing its eggs in the bark, it is probable that white-

wasbing the trunk and large limbs or rubbing them over with soft soap early in
June will secure them from molestation from this enemy. And in districts where this
borer is known to infest the apple trees the trees should be repeatedly inspected dur-
ing this part of the year, and any of these beetles that are found upon them should
be captured and destroyed. It is at midday of warm, sunshiny days that the search for
them will be most successful, as they are then most active and show themselves abroad.
The larye, when young, appear to have the same habit with most other borers, of
keeping fee burrow clean by throwing their castings out of it through a small ori-
fice in the bark. They can, therefore, be discovered probably by the new sawdust-
like powder which will be found adhering to the outer surface of the bark. In Au-
gust or September, whilst the worms are yet young, and before they have penetrated
the heart-wood, the trees should be carefully examined for these worms. Wherever,
from any particles of the sawdust-like powder appearing externally upon the bark,
one of these worms is suspected, it will be easy, at least in young trees, where the
bark is thin and smooth, to ascertain by puncturing it with a stiff pin whether there
is any hollow cavity beneath, and if one is discovered, the bark should be cut away
with a knife until the worm is found and destroyed. After it has penetrated the
golid wood it ceases to eject its castings, and, consequently, we are then left without
any clew by which to discover it. Hence the importance of searching for it seasonably.

5. THE GREEN-HEADED BUPRESTIS.
Buprestis chlorocephala.
Order COLEOPTERA ; family BUPRESTID.

Probably boring under the bark of the white oak, with habits similar to those of
other flat-headed borers of the oak, a Buprestid beetle.

(Observed by Mr. George Hunt laying its eggs on the bark of the white oak at
Providence, in June).

6, THE NORTHERN BRENTHIAN.
Eupsalis minuta Drury.

Order COLEOPTERA; family BRENTHID.

Boring into the solid wood of the white oak, forming a cylindrical passage, a slender
grub # inch long and not quite 0.05 inch thick, changing to a weevil with a large,
very thick snout.

The habits and transformations of this beetle were first described by
Mr. Riley, the original account given by Dr. Harris proving erroneous,

Abe

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wr
be: aie

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE OAK. 21

his larva being that of a Tenebrionid beetle, as stated by Riley. This
interesting weevil may be found on the trunk and under the bark of
the white oak in June and Julyin New England, or in May and June in
New York and Missouri, having then assumed the imago or beetle con-
dition. Riley states that it is equally common on the black, red, and
post oaks, that it bores in all directions through the heart-wood, and is
found most commonly in stumps or in felled trees the year after they
are cut.

The beetle differs from other weevils in that the snout projects straight
out in front, not being curved downwards as in weevils in general. In
the male the snout is much broader
and flatter than in the female, but
varies considerably, especially in the
males, both in length and breadth. It
is of a mahogany brown, the thorax
smooth and highly polished, and the
wing-covers strongly furrowed, shaded
with deeper brown, and marked with
narrow tawny-yellow spots. Itis from
4 to a little over $ an inch in length.
The males are, contrary to the general
rule in insects, almost invariably the Fic. 4.—Northern Brenthian: a, larva; b, pu-
larger. The males of the Brenthians 2j,6, yeti. female PE rei
are known to fight desperately for the bead-/—Atter Riley.
female, and as has been remarked by Mr. A. R. Wallace,* it is in-
teresting “as bearing on the question of sexual selection, that in this
case, as in the stag beetles, when the males fight together, they should
be not only better armed, but also much larger than the females.”
(Riely.)

According to Riley, in Missouri the eggs are deposited during the
months of May and June. The female bores a cylindrical hole in the
bark with her slender snout, and pushes an egg to the bottom of the
hole.

It requires about a day to make a puncture and deposit the egg. During the time
the puncture is being made the male stands guard, occasionally assisting the female
in extracting her beak; this he does by stationing himself at a right angle with her
body, and by pressing his heavy prosternum against the tip of her abdomen; her
stout fore-legs serving as a fulerum and her long body as a lever. When the beak is
extracted, the female uses her antenne for freeing the pincers or jaws of bits of wood
or dust, the antenne being furnished with stiff hairs and forming an excellent brush.
Should a strange male approach, a heavy contest at once ensues, and continues until
one or the other is thrown from the tree. The successful party then takes his station
as guard. (W. R. Howard, in Riley’s 6th Report. )

*The Malay Archipelago, p. 482.
tThe line by the side of the insect in this and other cuts indicates the length of the
insect, most of the sketches being enlarged views.

22 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

Riley thinks that the larva lives but a single year, although larve of
different sizes occur in midwinter with the beetles.

The larva.—Length, 0.55-0.75 inch; diameter in middle of body, 0.05 inch. Body
almost straight, cylindrical, 12-jointed, with a few faint hairs only on prothorax and
around anus; thoracic joints short, bent a little forward, swollen and broadly and
deeply wrinkled, with two especially prominent swellings on top of joints 2 and 3,
converging towards head, and having each a granulated rufous spot; the other joints
with about three dorsal transverse wrinkles; joints 5-9 subequal, as long as 1-3 to-
gether, twice as long as 4; 10-12 diminishing in length, slightly swollen, the anus
retracted; 6 very small 3-jointed thoracic legs, the terminal joint being a mere bristle ;
stigmata quite distinct and brown, the first pair much the largest, between the fold
of joints 2 and 3; the others on anterior fifth of joints 4-11, the last pair more dorsal
than the rest. Head pale yellow, darker around mouth; rounded, more or less bent
over the breast, with sparse, stiff, pale hairs springing from elevated points; ocelli,
none; antennie not vislble, unless a dusky prominence lying close between mandibles
and maxillie be calied such; labium small, with two depressions and other inequali-
ties, the margins slightly angular, allowing jaws to closely fit around it; jaws stout,
triangular, the inner margin produced at middle into a larger and smaller tooth, and
with a slight excavation near tip; maxille long, with but a short, horny cardinal
piece, the palpi apparently 2-jointed and with difficulty resolved, on account of three
or four other prominences around them; garnished on the inside with a close row of
stiff hairs and on the outside with two stouter hairs; labium large, oboval, the palpi
placed in front and 2-jointed.

Pupa.—Average length 0.40 inch, with the antenne curled back over the thorax,
the seven or eight terminal joints each with a more or less distinct, forwardly-directed,
brown thorn ; the snout lying on the breast and varying according to sex ; abdominal
joints with a more or less distinct row of small thorns on the. posterior dorsal edge,
the last joint with a more prominent thorn directed backwards in a line with the
body. (Riley.)

7. THE GRAY-SIDED OAK WEEVIL,

Pandeletius hilaris Herbst.
Order COLEOPTERA ; family CURCULIONID#.

Making a smaller burrow than that of the Northern Brenthian, a worm like that ot
the plum weevil and changing to a gray weevil found on the leaves from May to Sep-
tember.

Beyond the fact stated by Harris that the larva lives in the trunks of
white oaks, on which the beetles occur from late in May to September,
we know nothing of this insect.

The beetle.—A little pale-brown beetle, variegated with gray upon the sides. Its
snout is short, broad, and slightly furrowed in the middle; there are three blackish
stripes on the thorax, between which are two of a light-gray color; the wing-covers
have a broad stripe of light gray on the outer side, edged within by a slender blackish
line, and sending two short oblique branches almost across each wing-cover; and
the fore legs are larger than the others. Length from 4 to} of aninch. (Harris.)

8. Tuk QUERCITRON BARK-BORER.

Graphisurus fasciatus De Geer.
Order COLEOPTERA ; family CERAMBYCID.

Feeding upon and destroying the quercitron bark of newly-felled trees, forming
large tracks filled with worm-dust, a white, footless grub about 0.60 inch long, and
with a transverse oval tawny-yellow spot on the middle of each wing above and be-

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE OAK. Zo

low; in June transforming to a long-horned beetle about 4 inch long, of an ash-gray
color sprinkled with blackish spots and punctures, and back of the middle of its wing-
covers an irregular oblique black band; the female with a straight awl-like ovipositor
nearly + inch in length. (Fitch.)

The bark called quercitron, of the Quercus tinctoria, is highly valued
as a dye, and is much worm-eaten by this insect.

The parent of the worm differs remarkably from all the other beetles of this group
in that the female is furnished with a straight awl-like ovipositor nearly a quarter
of an inch in length, projecting horizontally backwards from the end of her body.
The importance of this implement becomes manifest when we observe the thickness
of the bark of the black oak, with its outer layers so dry and hard that they form, as
it were, a coat of mail, protecting the trunk of the tree against the attacks of its
enemies. Equipped as she is, however, the female of this beetle is able to perforate
this hard outer bark and sink her eggs through it, placing them where her young
will find themselves surrounded with their appropriate food. The worms from these
eges mine their burrows mostly lengthwise of the grain or fibers of the bark, and
the channels which they excavate are so numerous and so filled with worm-dust of
the same color with the bark, that it is difficult to trace them. The eggs are de-
posited the latter part of June, and the worms grow to their full size by the close of
the season, and will be found during the winter and spring, lying in the inner layers
of the bark, in a small oval flattened cavity about an inch in length, which is usually
at the larger end of the track they have traveled.

The larva is divided by transverse constrictions into twelve rings, the last one
being double. The head is small and retracted more or less into the neck, its base
white and shining, and its anterior part deep tawny yellow, and along each side black.
The neck or first ring is much longer as well as thicker than any of the others, the
two rings next to it being shortest. From the neck the body of the worm is slightly
tapered backwards to the middle, from whence it has nearly the same diameter to the
tip, where it is bluntly rounded. Upon the upper side of the neck, occupying the
basal half of this ring, is a large transverse tawny-yellow spot, rounded upon its for-
ward side, but no corresponding spot appears on the under side of this ring. On the
middle of all the other rings, except the two last, both above and below, is an ele-
vated, rough, transverse, oval spot of a tawny-yellow color.

The beetle, like other species of the family to which it pertains, varies greatly in
its size, specimens before me being of all lengths, from 0.35 to 0.58. It is of an ash-
gray color from short incumbent hairs or scales, which have a faint tinge of tawny
yellow except along the suture of the wing-covers. It is also bearded with fine erect
blackish hairs which arise from coarsish black punctures which are sprinkled over
the thorax and wing-covers, several of which punctures are in the centre of small
black dots, which in places are confluent into small irregular spots. The head is of
the same width as the anterior end of the thorax, and has a deep narrow furrow along
its middle its whole jength, and on the crown is an oval blackish spot on each side of
this furrow. The face is dark gray, and the antenne are black with an ash-gray band
occupying the basal half of each of the joints. The thorax is narrower than the
wing-covers, more broad than long, and thickest across its middle. Upon each side
slightly back of the middle is an angular projection or short broad spine, blunt at its
tip. Onthe middle of the back, between the centre and the base, is a short im-
pressed line, and on each side of this, extending the whole length of the thorax, is a
wavy blackish stripe, which is suddenly widened towards its hind end, and is some-
times interrupted in its middle. Often, also, there is a blackish spot between the an-
terior ends of these, stripes. extending from the centre of the thorax to its forward
end. The scutel is ash-gray in its middle and black upon each side. The wing-cov-
ers almost always show a large oblique and irregular triangular spot of black on their
outer side forward of the middle, and always behind the middle is an irregular black
oblique band, which seldom reaches to the suture, and which has a notch in the mid-

24 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

dle of its anterior side, and opposite to this on its hind side a large angular projection

extending backward. Immediately back of this band is an irregular spot of a

paler black color, which is sometimes confluent with the band; and there is also a

small blackish spot on the outer side of the tips. The tips are cut off, sometimes

transversely in a straight line, but usually concavely, and sometimes presenting a

slight tooth-like projection on each side. The legs are ash-gray, the thighs with two

black spots on their upper side, and the shanks with a black band at their base and
another at their tip, these bands being more broad on the hind pair.

On elevating the loose bark of fallen trees the fore part of June, these insects wily
be found therein, lying in the cavities already mentioned, some of them being still in
their pupa state, whilst others are changed to their perfect form, ready with the stout
Jaws and sharp teeth with which they are furnished to gnaw their way through the
bark and come abroad.

This species occurs throughout the United States and Canada. Different specimens
of it, however, vary greatly in their aspect. Even when newly born, among the in-
dividuals in the bark of the same tree, considerable diversities in size and markings
may be noticed. And the beetles found in this situation have their colors so much
brighter and their spots and bands so much more distinct and clearly defined, that I
supposed them to be a different species from fasciatus for several years, and until spec-
imens came to hand showing a gradual transition from these to the older individuals
which we usually capture abroad, and meet with preserved in cabinets, in which the
colors have become faded and dim and the marks obscure and partially obliterated.
In the shape of some of its parts, also, different specimens are liable to vary. (Fitch.)

9. THE Oak LEIOPUS.
Leiopus querci (Fitch. )
Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCID 2.

A very small, long-horned beetle, which I am unable to refer to any of the de-
scribed species, I am assured lives at the expense of the red and white oak, from
meeting with it upon those trees standing apart from others in fields. As the larve of
kindred species burrow in the bark of trees, this will probably be found in the same
situation in oaks. The beetle is met with upon the leaves of these trees early in July.
It is very closely related to the Facetious Leiopus.

It is 0.20 inch long, and black, with ash-gray wing-covers, which are punctured and
marked with a large black spot on the base of their suture in the form of a cross, and
a broad black band slightly back of their middle, which is angulated, somewhat re-
sembling an inverted letter W, this band often having a small ash-gray spot placed
in it near its outer ends. Forward of this band are two black dots or short lines on
each wing-cover, and sometimes a third dot back of it. There is also a dusky spot»
usually on the tips of the wing-covers, and their deflected outer margin is black, The
wing-covers are rounded at their tips. The thorax sometimes shows three faint gray
stripes above. It is narrowed anteriorly, and on each side slightly forward of the
base is a short, broad, sharp-pointed spine, from the tip of which, forward, the sides
are straight. The long, thread-like antenn are dull yellow, with a slight duskiness
at the end of each joint. The legs are blackish, with the bases of the thighs, and
frequently of the shanks also, pale dull yellow, the hind thighs being less thickened
towards their tips than the four forward ones. (Fitch.)

10. Tork THUNDERBOLT BEETLE.

Arhopalus fulminans (Fabr.).
Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCID2.
Excavating a burrow in the soft sap-wood, about three inches long and 0.20 inch
in diameter, a worm like the apple-tree borer, which changes to a long-horned beetle:

This beetle is said by Fitch to infest the oak, excavating a burrow in

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE OAK. 25

the soft sap-wood about three inches long and 0.20 inch in diameter,
this burrow having the shape of a much bent bow ora letter U. It
changes to a pupa in the same cell, the beetle appearing in July. We
have also learned that it bores in the chestnut, and for a description and
figure of the beetle would refer the reader to the account of insects in-
festing the chestnut.

11. THE WHITE OAK PHYMATODES.

Phymatodes variabilis (Fabr.).

Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCID.

Boring the trunk and branches of the white oak, a narrow longicorn larva, chang-
ing to a reddish thick-bodied longicorn beetle.

Numerous specimens of this beetle were taken by Mr. Alfred Poorfroma
white-oak stick, June 20. It is undoubtedly closely similar in its habits.
and in the form of the larva to the grape Callidium figured in our first
report on the injurious insects of Massachusetts. This is the Phymatodes
variabilis, and is one of our more common species of the genus. It is
closely allied to P. amenus, but is larger, and less coarsely punctured,
while the antenn are more reddish; the scutellum is concolorous with
the wing-covers. The body, legs, except the femora, which are blackish
in the middle, and antenne, are reddish, the tips of the joints of the
latter dark, and on the back of the prothorax are two black spots, often
confluent. The head is black. The wing-covers are Prussian blue,
smooth, finely punctured, with rather thick, fine, black hairs, bent
downwards. Specimens recently changed from the pupa state are
brown, and the species is exposed to considerable variation, as its name
indicates. The male is just half an inch long, the female .60 inch.

The foregoing description is taken from our second report on the in-
jurious insects of Massachusetts. We add the following description of
the larva of a closely allied species, P. amenus, Fig. 5, which injures
the trunk of the grape.

The larva of the Grape Phymatodes.—Several years ago I received from Dr. Shimer, of
Illinois, specimens of the larva, pupa, and adult of this pretty insect (Callidium amenum
of Say), which is not uncommon in our own State. So much alike are all the borers
of this family of long-horned beetles, that long and prolix descriptions and carefully-
drawn figures of the mouth parts (wherein most of the differences lie) are absolutely
necessary for their identification.

The larva (Figs. 5, a; 6, head seen from above; c, seen from beneath) has a small head,
which is a little more than half as wide as the prothoracic segment. This latter, be-
ing the segment immediately succeeding the head, is half as long as broad, with a
distinct median suture and four chitinous patches; the two middle ones transverse
and irregularly oblong, being about twice as broad as long, the outer spots being lon-
gitudinal to the segment, and oblong in form, or about twice as long as broad. The
three segments succeeding are of nearly equal length and width, being about half as
long as the prothoracic segment, and not much narrower. The body decreases in
width toward the posterior half, which is of equal width throughout, the end sud-

26 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

denly rounding off; the terminal three segments are indicated by very slightly marked
sutures, and together form a straight cylindrical portion nearly as long as the three
segments in advance of it taken collectively. The body is slightly hairy, with a few
fine, pale hairs on the top of the segment next behind the head. The basal portion
of the head (epicranium) is broad and smooth, with a few hairs on the edge. The
eyes are two small black dots, each situated a little behind the base of the antenn,
and in a line with them. The frontal piece (clypeus) is very small, about three times
as broad as long, while the minute upper lip (labrum) is two-thirds as long as broad;
they together form a somewhat triangular portion resting on the inner edge of the
a cen mandibles, which are broad
and short, the ends broad
and square, and blackish
incolor. The antennz are
not quite so large or as long
as the maxillary palpi;
they are four-jointed; the
first joint being thick, the
second joint a third shorter
than the third, while the
fourth jointis filiform, and

Fia. 5.—Grape Phymatodes: a, larva; b, upper side, ¢, under side of 2bout as long as the second
head of larva much enlarged.—From Packard. joint. The under side of

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the head is chitinous, with a mesial subtriangular fleshy area. The chin (mentum) is
square, not much longer than broad. The under lip (labium) is one-half as long as
broad. The labial palpi are three-jointed, the basal joint being one-half as long as
the second; the third joint is minute, short and hairy. The maxillary palpi are four-
jointed, the first joint being twice as thick as the third, the second and third are of
nearly equal length, while the fourth is slender and nearly as long as the second
or third. The maxillary lobe is large and broad, reaching out to the labial palpi
and as far as the end of third joint of the maxillary palpi; there are a few hairs on
the end of it.

On the upper side of the segments behind the prothoracic is a faint, transverse im-
pressed line, with two or three short creases radiating from each end. On the eighth,
ninth, and tenth rings these creases become much longer and are parallel to the median
line of the body, while the transverse crease disappears.

There are nine pairs of stigmata, one pair on the mesothorax, the remainder on the
first eight abdominal segments. There are three pairs of rudimentary thoracic feet,
represented by very minute two-jointed tubercles, the basal joint consisting of a simple
chitinous ring. The under side of the body is more hairy than above. On the under
side of the prothoracic segment is a pair of round, smooth, very slightly chitinous
spots, which are succeeded on each of the other rings by a pair of short, impressed
oblique lines.

It is nearly half an inch (.45) in length.

It may be readily recognized by the four chitinous patches on the prothorax, and
by the very minute clypeus and labrum. The upper side of the prothorax is inclined
downward towards the head, but not so much as in Clytus.

The pupa.—It is white, with the wing-covers reaching to the end of the second
abdominal segment. The antenne are not much curved, reaching to the end of the
third abdominal segment, and resting above the legs. The prothorax is swollen just
behind the middle, and is just as long as broad. The maxillary palpi are long, reach-
ing nearly to the end of the cox. The labial palpi reach a little beyond the middle
of the maxillary palpi. The two anterior pairs of legs are folded at right angles to
the body, the third pair obliquely. The first pair of tarsi reach to the base of the
second tarsi; the second pair of tarsi reach to the cox of the third pair of legs. It
is a third of an inch (.33) in length.

—

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE OAK. at

The beetle.—Ph. amenus has a reddish body, with Prussian-blue wing-covers. The
prothorax is just as long as broad, with the sides moderately convex, and broadest
just behind the middle. The antennw and tibize are blackish brown, the tarsi being
dull red, the hind pair being darker than the others, and the femora are reddish. The
prothorax is distinctly punctured, while the elytra are very coarsely punctured. The
scutellum is pale reddish. It is a quarter of an inch in length. A single specimen
received from Illinois.

12. THE WHITE-BANDED PHYMATODES.
Phymatodes varius (Fabricius).
Order CoLEopTERA; family CERAMBYCIDZ.

A black long-horned beetle, 0.25 in length, or slightly less, and about a third as
broad, somewhat flattened, clothed with fine erect gray hairs; its wing-covers with
two distinct slender white bands which do not reach the suture, the anterior one
more slender than the hind one and curved; the antennze and slender portions of the
legs usually chestnut colored.

Several specimens of this beetle were met with a few years since, the last of May,
on the trunk of a black oak, in which, it is probable, their younger state had been
passed. It is closely related to the black varieties of P. varius Fab., but is a third
smaller, with the white bands much more slender, and the surface of the wing-covers
are perceptibly more rough than in my specimens of that insect, notwithstanding
their smaller size. Its thorax is densely punctured, with a short smooth stripe be-
tween the center and the base. One of the specimens varies in having the posterior
white band wholly wanting. (Fitch.)

1 have found near Providence several of these beetles, of both sexes,
running in and out of a pile of oak cord-wood in the forest, May 30, which

was cut the previous winter.
13. THE COMMON OAK CLYTUS.
Clytus colonus.

Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCID.

Mining between the bark and the wood of the oak, up-and down the trunk, and
making a broad, shallow, irregular groove about 5™™ wide; the larva, pupa, and
beetle occurring late in May and early in June.

I have found, in company with Mr. Calder, the larve of this pretty
beetle in abundance mining under the bark of a fallen (probably white)’
oak, near Providence, May 26; several pupz also occurred, one trans-
forming to a beetle May 27. The mine extends up and down the trunk,
and is of the usual form of longicorn mines, being a broad, shallow, ir-
regularly sinuous burrow, and extending part of the way around the
trunk, the diameter near the end of the burrow being 5™™.

Mr. George Hunt has found the beetle under the bark of an old sugar
maple tree in Northern New York, among the Adirondacks.

Larva.—Head broad; prothoracic segment large and broad, much wider than long,
with two transverse chitinous portions in front, and one continuous band behind, —
Body behind rather stout and broad; no callous or fleshy bunches either above or
below. Length, 13™™; diameter of head across the thorax, 44™™.*

* This description, to be of much value, should be comparative, but I have at pres-
ent no other larve of the genus with which to compare those of this species.

28 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

Pupa.—Prothorax well rounded as in Clytus beetles; antenne slender, curving
backwards, and reaching to the distal end of the middle femora. Femora much swol-
len, but the legs beyond slender, as in the beetle. (It will not be difficult to distin-
guish the genus from the peculiar form of the thorax, the swollen femora, and the
slender legs and antennz.) Abdomen short; end of hind femora extending to the
third segment from the end of the abdomen. Length, 12-13}™™,

14. SMODICUM CUCUJIFORME (Say).
Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCID#.

Boring in the larval stage under the dry bark of the live oak (Florida), the beech
in Michigan, and the hackberry in Texas. (E. A. Schwarz. )

15. THE HORN-TAIL BORER.
T remex columba (Linn:eus).

Order HYMENOPTERA ; family UROCERID®.

This insect is known to infest the oak, but oftener bores into the maple, under
which head the insect will be deseribed.

16. MALLODON DASYSTOMUS (Say).

Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCID®.
; y

Boring in live oak, hackberry, pecan; attacking trees in healthy condition, and
often greatly injuring them, but preferring trees which have already suffered from
some cause; the beetle issuing from April till August, in Florida and Texas. (E. A.
Schwarz. )

17. MALLODON MELANOPUS (Linn.).

Boring in the box elder (Acer negundo) in Texas, and boring in the roots of oak
shrubs at Cedar Keys, Fla., the beetle appearing in June; boring in Celtis texana, near
Columbus, Texas. (E. A. Schwarz.)

18. THE OAK-BARK WEEVIL.
Magdalis olyra (Herbst).
Order COLEOPTERA ; family CURCULIONID®.

Boring under the bark of the oak, probably after it has been loosened by the flat-
headed borers, a curved fat footless grub, with the head freer from the body than in the
larval pine weevil; occurring in all stages under the bark in May, and probably pro-
ducing a radiating track, as in Fig. 7; transforming into a black weevil with the sur-
face of the body punctured, the thorax with a lateral tubercle on the front edge, while
the tarsi are brown, with whitish hairs; } inch long. (Fig. 6).

Fig. 7 represents the mines probably made by this weevil. The orig-
inal specimen of the bark was taken from the same tree, as numerous
individuals of the beetle occurred in different stages of growth, and no
other weevils or Scolytide were present. The beetle which makes the
burrow must have been a weevil by the shape of the burrow, which is
long, narrow, and deep, being about four inches long. It will be seen
by reference to the illustration that the parent weevil laid at least seven
eggs in an opening in the bark; when the larva hatched they mined

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE OAK. 29

the bark and scored the wood in directions radiating on one side of the
place of oviposition; in one case a mine went directly across the one
next to it.

The following beetles are not known with cer-
tainty, but supposed by Harris and also by Fitch,
from their frequent occurrence on the oak, to in-
jure that tree:

19. THE Sitky TIMBER-BEETLE.

Lymexylon sericeum (Harris).
Order COLEOPTERA; family LYMEXYLONID.

Boring small long cylindrical burrows in the
wood of the oak, probably, and other trees; a
slender odd-looking worm with six legs placed
.on its breast, a prominent hump upon its neck,
and a leaf-like fleshy appendage at the end of its
back; changing into a long narrow chestnut-
brown beetle, 0.50 long, bearded with short, shin-
ing, yellowish hairs, giving it a silky luster; its
eyes large and almost meeting together above
and below, and its wing-covers tapering and
shorter than the body. See Harris’ Treatise,
p. 51. (Fitch.)

20. THE AMERICAN TIMBER-BEETLE.

Hylecetus americanus (Harris).

Order COLEOPTERA; family LYMEXYLONID&.

A worm very similar to the preceding, but with
a straight sharp-pointed horn at the end of its

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Fic. 6.—a, larva; a, pupa, and adult of the oak Fic. 7.—Track probably made by Magdalis
bark weevil, M. olyra (from Packard). olyra (from Packard).

back in place of a leaf-like appendage; changing into a pale brownish red beetle
0.40 long; its wing-covers, except at their base and its breast, black, its eyes small,
and a glassy dot on the middle of its forehead resembling a small eyelet.

(See Harris’ Treatise, p. 51.)

This and the preceding are very rare insects, and their larve have never been de-
tected, but are inferred by Dr. Harris to inhabit oaks and to have the singular forms
above indicated, from the analogy of the perfect insects to two European species,
Foreign writers, Lsee, are misled by Dr. Harris’s account, into supposing that it is
authentically ascertained that our insects coincide in their larva state with the Euro-
pean species. (Fitch).

30 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.
21. Tok FEEBLE OAK-BORER.

Goes debilis (Leconte).
Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCID2®.

A cylindrical long-horned beetle, which has recently been described by Dr. Le
Conte, under the above name, is so uniformly found upon white oak trees in July and
August, that I doubt not its larva is a borer in the trunks of these trees, perforat-
ing the wood, probably, in a manner similar to that of the marked pine borer,
and the worm resembling that in-its appearance. This beetle is half an inch long
and scarcely a third as broad, of a black color, its wing-covers chestnut red, its sur-
face having a marbled appearance, produced by short prostrate hairs of a dull ochre
yellow color, except on the anterior half of the wing-covers, where they are gray, and
are here followed by a tawny brown spot destitute of these paler hairs. It has only
been found, as yet, in the State of New York, in the northern sections of which it is
not rare. (Fitch.)

22. THE BROWN PRIONUS.

Orthosoma brunneum.
Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCID®.

The larve of this beetle has been found in rotten walnut and oak
stumps by Mr. Hunt near Providence, but as it is more commonly met
with in pine logs the reader is referred to the account of it given under
pine insects.

AFFECTING THE LIMBS AND TWIGS.
23. THE OAK PRUNER.
Elaphidion villosum (Fabr.).

Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCID&.

Cutting off the branches of the white and black oak (each containing a larva,
which fall late in summer to the ground), longicorn larvie, which become beetles in the
next midsummer, and lay their eggs near the axilla of a leaf stalk or small stem.

In walking under oak trees in the autumn one’s attention is often di-
rected to the large number of oak limbs and twigs lying on the ground.
Upon examination they will be found to have been partially gnawn off

Fic. 8. Oak Pruner: a, larva; b, side view of the same; c, pupa.—From Packard.

by worms, the wind having further broken them off. This is the work
of the grub of the oak pruner. The insect’s purpose in cutting off the

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. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE OAK. aL

limb, whether conscious or not of any design in the matter, is probably, as

Peck first suggested, to afford the grub a sufficiently moist retreat to

live in during the winter. He supposed that the limb thus wounded

would become too dry for the maintenance of the soft-bodied larva, .
hence it must be felled to the ground, where in the wet and under the

snows of winter it would remain sufficiently moist for the existence of

the insect, which completes its transformation within.

Mr. C. A. Walker has brought us the insect in its different stages cut
out of oak branches, which occurred in abundance at Chelsea, Mass.,
but, as seen by the following extracts, we are indebted to Dr. Fitch for
the most detailed information regarding this curious longicorn.

The severed limbs are usually but eighteen inches or two feet in length, but Profes-
sor Peck states that limbs an inch in thickness and five feet in length are sometimes
found. I have seen a limb cut off by this insect which was ten feet in length and an
inch and a tenth in thickness, and have repeatedly met with them seven and eight
feet long and usually an inch, but in one instance an inch and a quarter, in thickness.

The parent beetle seems aware that her progeny in their infancy will be too feeble
to masticate the hard woody fibers of the limb. She, therefore, selects one of the
small twigs which branch off from it, which is not thicker than a goose quill, with its
base composed of soft wood, the growth of the last year, all the remainder of the twig
being the green succulent growth of the present year. She places her egg near the
tip of this twig, in the angle where one of the leaf-stalks branch off from it. The
young worm which hatches therefrom sinks himself into the center of the twig and
feeds upon the soft pulpy tissue around him until it is all consumed, leaving only the
green outer bark, which is so thin and tender that it withers and dries up, and ere
long becomes broken. By the time this green tender end of the twig is consumed the
worm has acquired sufficient size and strength to attack the more solid woody portion
forming its lower end. He accordingly eats his way downward in the center of the
twig, consuming the pith, to its base, and onward into the main limb from which this
twig grows, extending his burrow obliquely downward to the center of the limb, to a
distance of half an inch or aninch below the point where the lateral twig is given off.

The worm being about half grown, is now ready to cut the limb asunder. But this
is a most nice and critical operation, requiring much skill and calculation; for the

’ limb must not break and fall while he is in the act of gnawing it apart, or he will be
crushed by being at the point where it bends and tears asunder, or will fall from the
cavity there when it breaks open and separates. To avoid such casualties, therefore,
he must after severing it have time to withdraw himself back into his hole in the
limb and plug the opening behind him before the limb breaks and falls. And this
little creature accordingly appears to be so much of a philosopher as to understand
the force of the winds and their action upon the limbs of the tree, so that he can bring
them into his service. He accordingly severs the limb so far that it will remain in its
position until a strong gust of wind strikes it, whereupon it will break off and fall.

But the most astonishing part of this feat remains to be noticed. The limb whieh
he cuts off is sometimes only a foot in length and is consequently quite light; some-
times ten feet long, loaded with leaves, and very heavy. A man by carefully inspect-
ing the length of the limb, the size of its branches, and the amount of foliage growing
upon them could judge how far it should be severed to insure its being afterwards
broken by the winds. But this worm is imprisoned in a dark cell only an inch or two
long in the interior of the limb. How is it possible for this creature, therefore, to
know the length and weight of the limb and how far it should be cut asunder? A man,
moreover, on cutting a number of limbs of different lengths, so far that they will be
broken by the winds, will find that he has often miscalculated, and that several of the
limbs do not break off as he designed they should. This little worm, however, never

32 ‘INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

makes a mistake of this kind. If the limb be short it severs all the woody fibers»
leaving it hanging only by the outer bark. If it be longer a few of the woody fibers
on its upper side are left uncut in addition to the bark. Ifit be very long and heavy
not more than three-fourths of the wood will be severed. The annexed figures repre-
sent the several ends of limbs of different sizes, the coarsely dotted parts of the two
first indicating the ragged broken ends of the woody fibers, the remainder being the
smooth surface cut by the worms, and the large black dot representing the perfora-
tion leading up the limb to where the worm lies. The first of these figures was taken
from the limb already spoken of as ten feet in length, and here it will be noticed that
a portion of the stouter wood towards the center of the limb was preserved, as though
the worm had been aware that the weaker sappy fibers outside next to the bark could
not be relied upon for sustaining a limb of this size, as they are where the limb is
smaller. With such consummate skill and seemingly superterrestrial intelligence does
this philosophical little carpenter vary his proceedings to meet the circumstances of
his situation in each particular case! But by tracing the next stage of his life we
shall be able to see how it is that he probably performs these feats which appear so
much beyond his sphere.

Having cut the limb asunder so far that he supposes it will break with the next
wind which arises, the worm withdraws himself into his burrow, and that he may
not be stunned and drop therefrom should the limb strike the earth with violence
when it falls, he closes the opening behind him by inserting therein a wad formed of
elastic fibers of wood. He now feeds at his leisure upon the pith of the main limb,
hereby extending his burrow up this limb six or twelve inches or more, until he at-
tains his full growth—quietly awaiting the fall of the limb, and his descent therein
to the ground. It is quite probable that he does not always sever the limb sufficiently,
in the first instance, for it to break and fall. Having cut it so much as he deems
prudent, he withdraws and commences feeding upon the pith of the limb above the
place where it is partially severed, until a high wind occurs. If the limb is not
hereby broken, as soon as the weather becomes calm he very probably returns and
gnaws off an additional portion of the wood, repeating this act again and again, it
may be, until a wind comes which accomplishes the desired result. And this serves
to explain to us why it is that the worm severs the limbs at such an early period of
his life. For the formidable undertaking of cutting asunder such an extent of hard
woody substance, we should expect he would await till he was almost grown and had
attained his full strength and vigor. But by entering upon this task when he is but
half grown he has ample opportunity to watch the result, and to return and perfect
the work if he discovers his first essay fails to accomplish the end he has in view.

Thus the first part of the life of this worm is passed in a small twig branching off
from the main limb. This is so slender and delicate that on being mined as it is by
the worm and all its green outer end consumed, it dies and becomes so decayed and
brittle that it is usually broken off when the limb falls, whereby it has escaped the
notice of writers, hitherto. The remainder of his larva life is passed in the main
limb, first cutting off this limb sufficiently for it to break with the force of the winds,
and then excavating a burrow upwards in the center of the limb, both before and
after it has fallen to the ground, feeding hereon until he has grown to his full size.

It is most frequently the limbs of the red and the black oak that I have met with,
severed by the oak pruner, though it is not rare to find those of the scarlet oak (Q.
coccinea) and of the white oak lopped off in the same manner. Limbs of the beech
and chestnut not unfrequently, and those of the birch, the apple, and probably of
other trees, are sometimes similarly severed. Mr. P. Weter, of Tirade, Walworth
County, Wisconsin, informs me that the peach in his vicinity suffers in a similar
manner, and to such an extent some years, that the severed limbs, varying from a few
inches to two feet in length, are seen lying under almost every tree. We have in our
country several species of beetles very closely related to the oak pruner, but no at-
tempts have yet been made to ascertain their mode of life. It is very probable that

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE OAK. 33

they all have this same habit of cutting off the limbs of trees, one perhaps preferring

the wood of one kind of tree, another, another. This is the more probable, since
there is considerable diversity in their operations, as shown by an examination of the

fallen limbs. Thus the scarlet oak, instead of having a hole bored in the severed end

of its limbs, commonly has half the wood ate away on one side of the limb for the
length of an inch or more, with the cavity thus formed under the bark packed with
worm dust, and a cylindrical burrow from the upper end of this cavity running up-
wards in the center of the limb, the same as in other cases.

It further appears that the female, when ready to drop an egg, is not always able
to find a small twig with a green succulent end adapted to her wants. She then con-
signs her progeny to the bark of the main limb, and the young worm subsists on the
soft pulpy matter between the bark and the wood, excavating a shallow irregular
cavity which is packed with worm dust, till it has acquired sufficient strength to
gnaw the wood, when it cuts off the limb as in other cases. It may, however, be a
different species from the common oak pruner, which cradles its young thus beneath
the bark instead of in a lateral twig. It is usually in the fallen limbs of the beech,
though scmetimes in those of the oaks also, that I have met with these worm tracks
under the bark.

The bark of the beech, it will be recollected, is quite thin and very brittie, so that
it will illy serve to hold the limb in its place if the wood underneath is cut off in the
usual manner. And accordingly a remarkable modification of this operation will be
noticed in the amputated limbs of this tree. The worm eats its way down the limb
beneath the bark until it has acquired sufficient strength to sever the woody fibers.
It then passes transversely around the limb beneath the bark, girdling it by cutting
off all the softer outer fibers and leaving the harder ones in the middle of the limb
uncut, whereby the limb is sustained until the wind strikes it. How surprising that
these little creatures have such intelligence given them as enables them to vary their
operations to such an extent, according to the circumstances of their situation in each
particular case! I should be inclined to think the beech pruner a different species
from that of the oak, as it dwells beneath the bark instead of in a lateral twig, and
cuts off the outer instead of the inner wood of the limb; but the worm is identical
with that of the oak in its external appearance, and one of these worms which I
placed in a cage, falling from its fractured burrow in the beech limb, forsook this
wood and commenced boring into an oak limb lying beside it.

Not only the limbs but small young trees, at least of the white oak, are sometimes
felled by these insects; in which cases the worm, instead of cutting the wood off
transversely, severs it in a slanting or oblique direction, as though it were aware the
winds would prostrate a perpendicular shoot more readily by its being eut in this
manner.

The larva grows toa length of 0.60, and is then 0.15 thick across its neck, where it
is broadest. It tapers slightly from its neck backwards, the hind part of its body
being nearly cylindrical. It is asoft or fleshy grub, somewhat shining and of a white
color, often slightly tinged with yellow, its head, which is small and retracted into
the neck, being black in front. It is divided into twelve rings by very deep, wide,
transverse grooves. The neck or first ring is much the largest, and shows two very
pale tawny yellow bands on its upper side, the anterior one slightly broken asunder in its
middle, and on each side beyond the ends of these bands is a spot of the same color
The two or three rings next to the neck are shorter than the others, and less widely
separated from each other. A faint stripe of a darker color may be discerned along
the middle of the back, widely broken apart at each of the sutures. The last ring is
much narrower and more shining than the others, and is cut across by a fine trans-
verse line, dividing it into two parts, of which the hinder one or tip is bearded with
small blackish hairs, and a few fine hairs are perceptible upon the other rings. The
two last rings are retracted into the ring which precedes them, at the pleasure of the
animal, whereby this ring becomes humped and swollen; and it appears to be chiefly

3 RIL |

34 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES. |

by thus enlarging the end of its body that the worm holds and moves itself about in its .

cell, its feet being so weak and minute that they are scarcely perceptible and can be
of little service. It has three pairs of soft conical jointed feet, resembling its an-
tenn in their size and shape. The first pair is placed on an elevated wrinkle of the
skin in the suture between the first and second segments of the thorax, more distant
from each other than are those of the second and third pairs, which are situated on
the middle of the elevation of the second and third segments.

Some of the worms enter their pupa state the last of autumn, and others not till
the following spring. Hence in examining the fallen limbs in the winter, a larva
may be found in one, a pupa in another. Preparatory to entering its pupa state, the
larva places a small wad of woody fibers, sometimes intermingled with worm-dust,

below it, in its burrow, and sometimes another wad above it if the burrow runs far.

up the limb, thus partitioning off a room one or two inches in length in which to lie
during its pupa state. The shriveled cast skin of the larva will be found at the upper
end of this cell, after it has changed to a pupa.

Usually those insects which undergo a complete metamorphosis, remain at rest,
lying dormant and motionless during their pupa state. The oak pruner, however, is
aremarkable exception to this. Whenever its cell is opened it will be seen moving
from one end of it to the other with quite as much agility as it shows in its larva
state. The sutures of its abdomen have the same deep transverse grooves as in the
larve, admitting the same amount of motion to this part of its body that it previously
had. And lying onits back, it uses the tip of its abdomen as though it were furnished
with a proleg, the little sharp points with which it is covered being pressed against
the rough walls of the cell, and the body pushed forward or drawn backward hereby,
step after step, at the will of the animal.

The pupa is of much the same size with the larva and of a yellowish white color.
Its eyes are sometimes white, sometimes blackish brown. The antenna-sheaths arise
in the notch upon the inner side of the eyes and, passing directly across the surface
of these organs, extend down along each side of the back above the sheath of the
fore and middle pairs of legs, then curving inward they pass back to the eye along
the inner side of the same legs, their ends being placed upon the eye slightly inside
of their origin. The knees of the hind legs protrude far out ‘from under the upper
sides of the wing-sheaths forward of their tips, whilst the feet of these legs occupy
the space between the tips of the wing-sheaths. The back of the abdomen shows a
‘distinct pale brown stripe along the middle, on each side of which the surface of the
segments is furnished with numerous small erect sharp points of a dark brown color,
those on the apical segment being double the length of the others.

The beetle.—They are usually from 0.50 to 0.55in length and 0.12 broad, of a slender
cylindrical form, of a dull black color, tinged more or less with brown on the wing-
covers, more evidently so towards their tips, whilst the antennze are paler brown, and
the under side and legs chestnut colored, sometimes bright, sometimes dark and
blackish. The surface is everywhere clothed with shortish prostrate gray hairs, and
on the wing-covers these are in places more dense, forming small gray spots, and on each
side of the thorax, in the middle, is a whitish dot, formedin the same manner. Some-
times also on the base of the thorax, on each side of its middle, a short gray stripe
formed by these hairs, is very obvious, whilst in other individuals no traces of these
stripes can be discerned.

The scutel also is densely covered and gray from these hairs. The surface, above,
is occupied by numerous coarse round punctures, those on the thorax being of the
same size with those on the wing-covers, but more crowded, many of them running
into each other. Towards the tips of the wing-covers these punctures become per-
ceptibly smaller.

In at least three-fourths of the fallen limbs no worm is to be found; and an exam-
ination of them shows that the insect perished at the time the limb was severed, and
before it had excavated any burrow upward in its center, no perforation being present

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE OAK. 35

except that leading into the lateral twig. It is probable that in many of these in-
stances the limb broke when the worm was in the act of gnawing it asunder, either
from its own weight or from a wind arising whilst the work was in progress. And
even though the worm may have withdrawn into its hole and plugged the opening
behind it, it is frequently discovered here, probably, and devoured by birds. After a
violent wind in the summer season, some of our insect-eating birds may always be
noticed actively in search of limbs and trees that have thereby been broken, their
instinct teaching them that this breakage usually occurs from the wood being weak-
ened by the mining operations of worms therein, Whose lurking places are now opened
tothem. And they will be seen industriously occupied in picking around the fractured
ends of the wood, and feasting upon the grubs which they there find. Numbers of
our wood-boring larvee are thus destroyed, and the oak pruner, notwithstanding the
precautions it takes to secret itself, doubtless frequently falls a prey to these sagacious
foragers.

Remedies.—These insects will undoubtedly at times occur in such numbers as to
render it important that they be destroyed, at least where they resort to the peach
or other valuable trees. And this may readily be effected by gathering and burning
the fallen limbs in the winter or the early part of spring.

24. THE SEVENTEEN-YEAR LOCUST.
Cicada septemdecim Linn.
Order HEMIPTERA; family CICADARLE.

Stinging the terminal twigs of the oak and other forest trees and of varions fruit-
trees, the seventeen-year locust, which deposits its long slender eggs in a broken line
along the twig.

Without attempting to recapitulate the history of this famous insect,
we would only say that the eggs are deposited from the end of May
through June (Fig. 9, d, e,) in pairs in the terminal twigs of the oak, &e.
The larve (Fig. 9,7,) hatch out in about six weeks after they are depos-
ited, and drop to the ground, in which they live, sucking the roots of
trees, &c., for nearly seventeen years, the pupa state (Fig. 9, a, b) last-
ing but a few days.

The following remarks on the habits of this insect are taken from our
Third Report on the injurious Insects of Massachusetts :

As regards the kinds of trees stung by the Cicada I may quote from a communication
from William Kite in the American Naturalist, vol. ii, p. 442, as confirming and add-
jag somewhat to Dr. Harris’s statements: ‘‘ Seeing in the July number of the Naturalist
a request for twigs of oak which had been stung by the so-called seventeen-year
locust, I take the liberty of sending you twigs from eleven different varieties of trees
in which the females have deposited their eggs. I do this to show that the insect
seems indifferent to the kind of wood made use of as a depository of her eggs. These
were gathered July 1, in about an hour’s time, on the south hills of the ‘Great Chester
Valley,’ Chester County, Pa. No doubt the number of trees and bushes might ,be
much increased. The female, in depositing her eggs, seems to prefer well-matured
wood, rejecting the growing branch of this year, and using the last year’s wood and
frequently that of the year before, as some of the twigs inclosed will show. An or-
chard which I visited was so badly ‘stung’ that the apple trees will be seriously injured,
and the peach trees will hardly survive their treatment. Instinct did not seem to
caution the animal against using improper depositories, as I found many cherry trees
had been used by them, the gum exuding from the wounds, in that case sealing the
eggs in beyond escape.

4

36 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES. .

“The males have begun to die, and are found in numbers under the trees; the
females are yet busy with their peculiar office. The length of wood perforated on
each branch varied from one to two anda half feet averaging probably eighteen
inches; these seemed to be the work of one insect on each twig, showing a wonderful
fecundity.

“The recurrence of three ‘locust-years’ is well remembered in this locality—1834)
1851 and 1868. There has been no variation from the usual time, establishing the
regularity of their periodical appearance.”

As regards the time and mode of hatching, Mr. 8. 8. Rathvon, of Lancaster, Pa., con-
tributes to the same journal some new and yaluable facts, which we quute: ‘‘ With
reference to the eggs and young of the seventeen-year cicada, your correspondent from
Haverford College, Philadelphia, is not the only one who has failed to produce the
young by keeping branches containing eggs in their studios. I so failed in 1834 and
1851, and indeed I have never heard that any one has succeeded in that way, who has
keptthem forany great lengthoftime. Inthe brood of 1868, the first cicadas appeared
here in a body, on the evening of the second day of June. The first pair in coitu, I ob-
served on the 21st, and the first female depositing on the 26th of the same month.
The first young were excluded on the 5th of August. All these dates are some ten
days later than corresponding observations made by myseJf and others in former years,
On the 15th of July I cut off some apple, pear, and chestnut twigs containing eggs.
and stuck the ends into a bottle containing water, and set it ina broad, shallow dish
also filled with water, the whole remaining out of doors exposed to the weather, what-
ever it might be. The young continued to drop out on the water in the dish for a full
week, after the date above mentioned. Icould breed no cicadas from branches that were
dead and on which the leaves were withered, nor from those that from any cause had
fallen to the ground, and this was also the case with Mr. Vincent Bernard, of Kennet
Square, Chester County, Pa. After the precise time was known, fresh branches were
obtained, and then the young cicadas were seen coming forth in great numbers, by halfa
dozen observers in this county. As the fruitful eggs were at least a third larger than
they were when first deposited, I infer that they require the moisture contained in living
wood to preserve their vitality. When the proper time arrives and the proper con-
ditions are preserved, they are easily bred, and indeed I have seen them evolve on
the palm of my hand. The eyes of the young cicadas are seen through the egg-skin
before it is broken.”

Mr. Riley, in an interesting account of this cicada in his First Annual Report on
Noxious, beneficial, and Other Insects of Missouri for 1869, has shown that in the
Southern States thirteen-year broods of this insect are found. He remarks: ‘It was
my good fortune to observe that besides the seventeen-year broods, the appearance of
one of which was recorded as long ago as 1633, there are also thirteen-year broods,
and that, though both sometimes occur in the same States, yet, in general terms, the
seventeen-year broods may be said to belong to the Northern and the thirteen-year
broods to the Southern States, the dividing line being about latitude 38°, though in
some places the seventeen-year brood extends below this line, while in Illinois the
thirteen-year brood runs up considerably beyond it. It was also exceedingly grati-
fying to find, four months after I had published this fact, that the same discovery
had been made years before by Dr. Smith, though it had never been given to the
world.”

Mr. Riley predicts that in Southern New England a brood will appear in 1877 and
1855. Probably the Plymouth brood, which appeared in 1872, will not appear again
for seventeen years, namely, in 1889, the two broods noticed by Riley appearing west
of this town. As regards its appearance in Plymouth, Mass., Harris states that it
appeared there in 1633. The next date given is 1804, ‘‘ but, if the exact period of
seventeen years had been observed, they should have returned in 1803.”

Mr. B. M. Watson informs me, from his personal observation, that it also appeared
in 1838, 1855, and 1872. In Sandwich it appeared in 1787, 1804, and 1821. In Fall
River it appeared in 1831, in Hadley in 1818, in Bristol County in 1784, so that, as re-

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r INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE OAK. oT

~ marked by Harris and others, it appears at different years in places not far from each

other. So that while in Plymouth and Sandwich we may look for its reappearance
in 1889, in Fall River it will come in 1885, or four years earlier.

There are three species of Cicada in the Northern States, and, in order that they
may not be confounded in studying the times of appearance of the different broods of
the seventeen-year species, I add a short description of each form, so that they may
be readily recognized in the winged and immature states.

Fic, 9.—The seventeen-year Cicada and pupa; (a,b), d, position of eggs (e); f, larva.—After Riley.

The two larger species are the seventeen-year locust (Cicada septemdecim) and the
dog-day cicada (C. pruinosa). Fig. 9, copied from Riley’s report, gives a good idea
of the former species: a represents the pupa, 6 the same after the adult has escaped
through the rent in the back, ¢ the winged fly, d the holes in which the eggs e are in-
serted. Fig. 9, f represents the larva as soon as hatched. The adult may be known
by its rather narrow head, the black body, and bright red veins of the wings. The
wings expand from two and a half to three and a quarter inches.

The pupa is long and narrow, and compared with that of C. pruinosa the head is
longer and narrower, the antenne considerably longer, the separate joints being
longer than those of the dog-day locust. The anterior thighs (femora) are very large
and swollen, smaller than in C. pruinosa, though not quite so thick, with the basal
Spine shorter than in that species, while the snag or supplementary tooth is larger and
nearer the end; the next spine, the basal one of the series of five, is three times as
large as the next one, while in C. pruinosa it is of the same size, or, if anything,
smaller. The toe joint (tarsus) projects over two-thirds of the length beyond the end
of the shank (tibia), while in the other species it only projects half its length. The
terminal segment of the body is rather larger than in C. pruinosa. The body is shin
ing gum-color or honey-yellow, with the hinder edge of the abdominal segments
thickened, but no darker than the rest of the body. Length, one inch (.90-1.00);
width, about a third of an inch (.35), being rather smaller than that of C. pruinosa and
much larger than that of C. rimosa.

25. THE WHITE-LINED TREE HOPPER.
Thelia univittata Harris.
Order HEMIPTERA; family MEMBRACID®,
Common upon oak limbs and twigs, puncturing them and sucking their juices.
This tree hopper is found on the oak in July. It is about four-tenths

38 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

of an inch in length; the thorax is brown, has a short obtuse horn ex-
tending obliquely upwards from in front, and there is a white line on
the back extending from the top of the horn to the hinder extremity.
( Harris.)
26. THE OAK BLIGHT.
Eriosoma querci Fitch.
Order HEMIPTERA ; family APHID.

A species of blight, or a wooly aphis upon oak limbs, puncturing them and exhaust-
ing them of their sap.

This blight is very like a similar insect upon the basswood. The
winged individuals are black throughout, and slightly dusted over with
an ash-gray powder resembling mold. The fore wings are clear and
glassy, with their stigma-spot dusky and feebly transparent, their rib-
vein black, and their third oblique vein abortive nearly or quite to the
fork. It is 0.16 long to the tips of its wings. (Fitch.)

27. THE WHITE OAK SCALE-INSECT.
Lecanium quercifex Fitch.
Order HeMiIprEeRA ; family Coccip 2.
Adhering to the smooth bark of the limbs of the white oak, in June, an oval,

convex, brownish-black scale, about 0.30 inch long and 0.18 wide, its margin paler
and dull yellowish. (Fitch.)

28. THE QUERCITRON SCALE-INSECT.
Lecanium quereitronis Fitch.
Order Hemiprera ; family Coccipz.

On the small limbs of the black oak, a scale like the preceding but smaller, and ot
a nearly hemispherical form ; its color varying from brownish-black to dull reddish and
pale dull yellow, with a more or less distinct stripe of paler yellow along the middle
of its back, and the paler individuals usually mottled with black spots or stripes.
Length, 0.20; width, 0.16 inch. (Fitch.)

These scales are parasitized by Platygaster lecanii Fitch.

29. 'THE OAK-TUMOR GALL-FLY.
Cynips quercus-tuber Fitch.
Order HYMENOPTERA ; family CYyNIPID”.

On or near the ends of the small limbs and twigs of the white oak, hard irregular
swellings thrice as thick as the twig below them, the bark upon them of a brighter
cherry-red color than elsewhere, and their substance internally corky and woody ;
produced by the stings of a small black gall-fly with dull pale yellow antennx, mouth

and legs, its hind shanks and its antennwe towards their tips being dusky, its length
0.08 and to the tips of its wings 0.13. (Fitch.)

30. THE OAK-TREE GALL-FLY.
Cynips quercus-arbos Fitch.
Order HYMENOPTERA ; family CYNIPID2.

Swellings similar to those above described, growing on the tips of the limbs of aged
and large white-oak trees; producing a small black gall-fly having all its legs and

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE OAK. 39

antennex of a bright pale yellow color, and one more joint in the latter organs than
in the preceding species in the males, which sex is 0.06 in length, and to the tips of
its wings 0.10. (Fitch.)

31. THE OAK-POTATO GALL-FLY.
Cynips quercus-batatus Fitch.
Order HYMENOPTERA ; family CYNIPIDA.

A large, hard, uneven swelling, three-fourths of an inch thick and twice or thrice
as long, resembling a potato in its shape, growing on white-oak twigs more distant
from their ends than the oak-tumor; producing a small black gall-fly with the basal
joints of its antenne and its legs dull pale yellow, its thighs and hind shanks black,
and its middle shanks often dusky, the antenne in the female with thirteen joints,
and the length of this sex 0.09. (Fitch.)

32, THE OAK-BULLET GALL-FLIES.
Callaspidia quercus-globulus Fitch, and Cynips oneratus Harris.

Order HYMENOPTERA ; family CYNIPID&.

Smooth globular galls the size of a bullet, growing singly, or two, three or more in a
cluster, upon white-oak twigs, internally of a corky texture, each containing in its
center a single worm, lying in an oval whitish shell resembling a little egg 0.15 in
length ; producing sometimes a black gall-fly with tawny-red legs and the second
veinlet of its wings elbowed or angularly bent backwards, its length 0.15; sometimes
a smaller fly (C. oneratus) of a clear pale yellow color, almost white, with a broad
black stripe the whole length of its back, which color in the males is more extended,
reaching down upon the sides, its length 0.12. (Fitch.)

These species are parasitized by two chalcid flies, Macroglenes querci-
globuli Fitch, and Pteromalus onerati Fitch.

33. THE OAK-FIG GALL-FLY.
Cynips quercus-ficus Fitch.
Order HYMENOPTERA ; family CYNIPIDA.

Surrounding the twigs of white oaks in a dense cluster, resembling preserved figs
packed in boxes, each molded to the shape of those pressing against its sides, hollow
bladder-like galls of the pale dull yellow color of a faded oak leaf, each gall produc-
ing a small black fly with the lower half of its head, its antenne and legs pale dull
yellow, its hind shanks dusky and its abdomen beneath reddish-brown, its antenne
with fifteen and in the female thirteen joints. Length 0.06, females 0.10, and to the
end of their wings 0.14. (Fitch.)

34. THE WOOL-SOWER GALL-FLY.
Cynips seminator Harris.
Order HYMENOPTERA; family CYNIPIDZ.

A round mass resembling wool, from the size of a walnut to that of a goose egg,
growing on the side of or surrounding white-oak twigs in June, of a pure white color,
or tinged or speckled with rose-red, and in autumn the color of sponge; producing
small shining black gall-flies with bright tawny yellow legs and antenne, and in the
female the head and thorax cinnamon-red; their antenne of fifteen and fourteen
joints; length 0.08, and females 0.11 inch. (Fitch.)

AO INSECTS INJURIOUS ‘TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

INJURING THE LEAVES.

35. THE FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR.
Clisiocampa disstria Hiibner; (Clisiocampa sylvatica Harris).
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family BOMBYCID 23.

A caterpillar like the apple-tree tent-caterpillar, but differing from it in having a
row of oval white spots instead of a white stripe along its back; the colony spinning a
cobweb-like nest against the side of the tree; spinning a whitish cocoon, the moth
appearing early in July.

The nests of this caterpillar, unlike the prominent tents of C. americana,
so abundant in wild-cherry trees and neglected orchards, are seldom
seen, as they are of so slight a texture and are so much less conspicuous
objects than the tent-like whitish nests of OC. americana; but the cater-
pillars are not infrequently met with. After spinning, about the middle
of June in the Northern States, a dense oblong cocoon, the caterpillar
lies in it about twenty days, the moth appearing the early part of July.
It occurs in the Atlantic and Southern States. Fitch states that it also
occurs on the apple and cherry, the walnut, and other trees. Mr. hiley
informs me that this is as destructive as any caterpillar to the foliage of
the oak in the Southern States, being far more injurious than stated by
Fitch, who quotes with disapproval Abbot’s statement (Insects of Geor-
gia, p. 117) that they are ‘sometimes so plentiful in Virginia as to strip
the oak trees bare.”

The caterpillar.—Pale blue, sprinkled over with black points and dots. Along the
middle of the back is a row of ten or eleven oval or diamond-shaped white spots; be-
ly hind each of these spots is a much smaller white spot, occupying the
middle of each segment. On the hinder part of each wing are three
crinkled and more or less pale orange-yellow lines, which are edged
with black. On each side also is a continuous and somewhat broader
stripe of the same yellow color,
similarly edged on each side
with black. Lower down on
each side of the body is a paler
yellow or cream-colored stripe,
the edges of which are more
jagged and irregular than those
of the one above it. Length
1.50 inches. (Fitch.)

The male moth usually measures
1.20 across its spread wings. Its
UH | \ thorax is densely coated with soft
Fic. 10.—Caterpillar; b, female moth; ¢, d, egg of the oak tent- hairs of a nankin-yellow color.

caterpillar.—A fter Riley. Its abdomen is covered with
shorter hairs, which are light umber or cinnamon brown on the back and tip and paler
or nankin yellow on the sides. The antenne are gray, freckled with brown scales, and
their branches are very dark brown. The face is brown with the tips of the feelers pale
gray. The fore wings are gray, varied more or less with nankin yellow, and they are
divided into three nearly equal portions by two straight dark brown lines, which cross
them obliquely, parallel with each other and with the hind margin. Thespace between
these lines is usually brownish and darker than the rest of the wing, being quite often

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE OAK. 4}

of the same dark brown color as the lines, whereby they become wholly lost. Some-

times the hind stripe is perceptibly margined on its hind side by.a pale yellowish line,

The fringe is of the same dark brown color with the oblique lines, with two whitish
alternations towards its outer end. But sometimes it is of the same color with the
wings and edged along its tip with whitish. The hind wings are of a uniform pale
umber or cinnamon brown, sometimes broadly grayish on the outer margin, and across
their middle a faint darker brown band is usually perceptible, its edges on each side
indefinite. The fringe is of the same color with the wings or slightly darker and is
tipped with whitish. The under side is paler umber brown, the hind wings often gray,
and both pairs are sometimes crossed by a narrow dark brown band, which on the
hind wings are curved outside of the middle. All back of this band on both wings
is often paler, and more so near the band.

The female is 1.75 in width, and, in addition to the shortness of the branches of her
antenne, differs from the male in her fore wings, which are proportionally narrower
and longer, with their hind margin cut off more obliquely and slightly wavy along its
edge. Hence, also, the dark brown lines cross the wings more obliquely, the hind one
in particular forming a much more acute angle with the outer margin. And all the
wing back of this line is sometimes paler or of a brownish ashy color. And the fringe
of these wings has not the two whitish alternations which are often so conspicuous
in the male. The head and fore part of the thorax is cinnamon brown. The abdomen
is black, clothed with brown hairs, though very thinly so on the anterior part of each
segment, where these hairs are intermingled with silvery gray scales. (Fitch. )

36, THE CALIFORNIAN TENT CATERPILLAR.
Clisiocampa californica Packard.

.

Feeding on the scrubby oak, in abundance near San Francisco, a tent-caterpillar
with a black head and a double rusty black dorsal line, appearing from the middle of
March till the middle of April.

“This species,” says Mr. Stretch (in Papilio, vol. i, No. 5), “is exceed-
ingly abundant in the neighborhood of San Francisco, and is probably
widely distributed.” Near San Francisco its favorite food-plant is a
species of scrubby oak, Q. agrifolia, but it is sometimes found on the
blackberry (Rubus) and other shrubby plants. Its depredations do not
seem to have extended to the orchards. The nests may be seen in warm
localities as early as the middle of March, while in those more exposed
they are not seen till the middle of April; but both these dates are suf-
ficiently early to protect the orchards. The larve pupate in about six
weeks from the egg, and the imago appears in about a fortnight.

Larva.—Head black, legs black; abdominal feet pale testaceous. Body black,
faintly dusted with rusty, which forms an exceedingly broken and indistinct lateral
line, and a more complete double dorsal line. Each segment carries a lateral, trans-
verse, very faint linear dot, above the lateral line. The dorsal and lateral hairs are
alltawny. The general appearance of the larva is tawny brown. Length about 1.40
inches.

Cocoon.—Constructed in the crevices of bark or in the angles of masonry, where ac-
cessible, and consisting of a loose, white web, in which is suspended the long ovate
cocoon of dense papery consistency, thickened with a yellowish powdery gum.
(Stretch.)

37. THE PACIFIC OAK TENT CATERPILLAR.

“ Clisiocampa constricta Stretch.
Feeding on the leaves of the Sonoma oak of California, a tent-caterpillar, with an
irregular black dorsal stripe and transforming at the end of May, the moth appear-

ing late in June.

A2 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

The following descriptions of larva, chrysalis, and cocoon of this moth
is copied from Mr. Henry Edwards’s account in the Proceedings of the
California Academy of Sciences, vol. v, 1874, p. 368.

Larva.—Head slate-gray, with black spots; mouth-parts black, tipped with dull
yellow. Body slate-gray, covered laterally with fine black speckles. Along the middle
of the dorsal region is an irregular black stripe, marked on its sides with waved orange
lines, and surmounted at the union of the segments by a double tuft of chestnut-
brown hairs. On the second and third segments, in the middle of the notched black
line, is a stripe of dull white. From the base of the orange-brown tufts spring a few
scattered black hairs, longest anteriorly, and from the forepart of each segment arise
lateral tufts of white hairs. The stigmata are orange, with black central points.
Above the base of the feet is a black interrupted line, out of which spring other white
hairs, irregularly disposed. Under side dull velvety black, with the anterior portion
of each segment whitish. Feet and prolegs black, yellow at their tips. Length 1.85
inches. Food-plant, Quercus sonomensis Benth.

The larva is frequently attacked by a species of Ichneumon, the eggs of which are
visible on the head and anterior segments.

Chrysalis—Chestnut-brown, with few hairs along the base of each segment.

Cocoon.—Ovo-lanceolate, very silky, yellowish white, with some portions glued in
compact mass, and whiter than the remainder. Chrysalis only imperfectly seen
through the web. Larva May 22, changed to chrysalis May 29. Imago, June 16.

The caterpillar of a species of Clisiocampa, which differs from the
two Californian species just described and from the eastern ones, the
moth of which we did not obtain, was abundant at Virginia City and
Helena, Mont., on the leaves of the wild rose so common near those towns,
its conspicuous tents readily attracting the eye. <A half-grown larva,
found, June 16, at Virginia City, measuring 0.75 inch in length, had a blue-
black head. The body was blue on the sides, with dark spots; a black
subdorsal spot rudely resembling a St. George’s cross occurred on each
side of each ring. The median dorsal line is pale blue, interrupted by
the sutures between the segments. On each side of the line is a brown
ochreous patch. The hairs are ochreous brown; the long ones paler.
When fully grown it is about the size of the Eastern tent-caterpillar (C,
americana), i. é., an inch and a half. The mature larva found at Helena,
June 21, was described from life in my notes, as follows:

Head grayish brown; body pale, grayish-blue on the sides, speckled with black,
with a large black squarish patch, extending above into the subdorsal broad longi-
tudinal band, which is mottled with bright ochreous brown, short wavy lines. <A pale
bluish distinct longitudinal broad median dorsal stripe interrupted by the sutures
between the segments. Hairs long, pale brown. Body blackish beneath.

At this date the caterpillars had begun to be full ted, and one cater-
pillar had spun a cocoon under a stone.

This caterpillar differs from that of C. americana in having a broad
blue dorsal stripe instead of a white one, and there is no broad longitu-
dinal black stripe, as in the Eastern caterpillar. The moth probably
differs from any of the Pacific coast species, the larva being quite unlike
that of Clisiocampa californica Pack., which is closely allied to C. ameri-
cana. It also differs decidedly from the ecaterpiilar of C. constricta
Stretch, the dorsal stripe being blue instead of black.

lb sok ily {ms thedoip ‘Te ia ae

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE OAK. 43

38. THE CALIFORNIAN LAPPET-MOTH.

Gastropacha californica Pack.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family BOMBYCIDZ.
Feeding in California on the oak as well as apple and pear trees, and spinning thin
and irregular webs over the branches.

The larva, and pupa and cocoon have as yet not been described. I
extract the following notice of its habits, by Mr. Henry Edwards:

The moth lays its eggs in June, and they must remain unhatched until the folowing
spring. Just when the young shoots of the oaks (Quercus agrifolia Nee) begin to appear,
the larvee make their appearance also, spinning thin and irregular webs over the
branches of the trees. In these webs they house mostly during the heat of the day,
but sally forth in the evening and at night for food. In this way they will soon strip
a tree of its leaves, though it is well to say that the oaks do not seem to be perma-
nently affected, as they soon send forth fresh shoots, and toward the time that the
caterpillars undergo their change to the chrysalis they are green and gay again. The
larvee retain the shelter of their web until after the third molt, when they wander
away singly, are found everywhere, becoming sometimes a complete nuisance in gar-
dens and fields. They feed in their more mature stages upon many plants besides the
oak, eating with avidity willows, ash, Dsculus californica, Phatinia arbutifolia, Arbutus
menziesii, as well as apple and pear trees. Toward the end of May they spin their
cocoons, seeming to have no choice of locality, but fixing themselves wherever they
may chance to be, either on walls, palings, trunks, or branches of trees, stems of
grapes, or among the leaves of herbaceous plants. The time in the chrysalis state is
about eighteen to twenty-one days, so that the moths emerge and are in the greatest
abundance about the middle of June. They come very readily to light, and are a pest
to the entomologist in his nocturnal rambles. I regret that I cannot now send you

‘descriptions of the larva and chrysalis.

39. THE CALIFORNIAN PHRYGANIDEA.
Phryganidea californica Pack.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family ZYGNIDX.

Very destructive to young oaks, a naked, yellowish-white caterpillar, striped with
black and white, with a large head, wandering incessantly over the bushes and feed-
ing very rapidly; spinning no cocoon, but the chrysalis, yellowish and black, attached
by the tail to fences, &c.

This is, by its numbers and familiar habits, one of the best known and
most destructive insects of California. The following account has been
furnished me for Hayden’s Report by Mr. Henry Edwards.*

This insect is also very destructive to our young oaks, the caterpillars, which are
perfectly naked and with the head almost monstrous in size, making their appearance
about the same time as those of Gastropacha. They are
restless little creatures, wandering incessantly over the ,
trees, and feeding very rapidly. They spin no cocoon, but 4
hang by the tail, like the larva of Vanessa, &c. The
change to the chrysalis is undergone in April and May,
and the moths appear in about fifteen or sixteen days.
There is a second brood of these insects, the imagos of
the latter appearing in September and October. Indeed, pyc, 11,—Californian Phrygani-
fresh specimens are now upon the wing, though the second dea.—From Packard.
brood is by no means so abundant as the first. I have observed that Phryganidea and

*A.5S. Packard, jr., Report on the Rocky Mountain Locust, &c. Hayden’s Report U. Goological .
Survey of the ‘lerritories for 1875.

44 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

Gastropacha never associate upon the same tree, and I think that the former has
always the mastery. This is perhaps owing to some excretion from its body which is
unpleasant to the Gastropacha ; but of course I do not speak with certainty as to this
fact. It is, however, sure that they are never found in large quantities on the same
tree. I am inclined to think that Phryganidea is more destructive to the oaks than
the other species, as it feeds solely upon Quercus, while the other, as I have said, is
not so particular in the choice of its food. I inclose my published description of the
eges of Phryganidea. I quote Mr. Edwards’s description of the egg and larva:

The egg is spherical, a little flattened above, shining, yellowish-white at exclusion,
attached in clusters of about ten or twelve to the upper sides of the leaves. The
third day the apex of the egg assumes a dull orange hue, afterwards changing to a
bright reddish-purple and gradually to a duller shade as the young larve emerge.
The eggs were laid by a female in my possession on July 5. In the young larva the
head is very large, almost monstrous, pale olive-brown, with a narrow black line at
base; body pale canary-yellow, with four rows of black spots arranged longitudi-
nally in lines.

The larva is slender, with the head prominent, globose; last segment but one
humped; head pale brown; body black above, dirty green below, with a broad dorsal
line of dirty greenish, divided by three narrow black lines, and the sutures faintly
marked with same color. There is also a narrow, broken, stigmatal line of dirty
greenish, and a similar line above each of the abdominal legs. Tip of the last seg-
ment horny, the segment not being used to assist in progression, but usually slightly
elevated; body smooth, transversely wrinkled. Younger specimens chiefly differ in
the disproportionate size of the head. Length 0.90 to 1.00 inch.

Pupa, naked, suspended by the tail, greenish white, with black markings; all the
sutures of the head, thorax, legs, and antenn lined with black. The mesothorax has
a central black line; the abdomen has a dorsal row of black points on the front edge
of each segment, and a lateral row blending into each other towards the anal seg-
ment, which is black; below with two sublateral series of black transverse spots
nearly blending into two longitudinal bands. Length 0.75 inch. (Stretch.)

Mr. Behrens, of San Francisco, writes me that three generations of
the Phryganidea appear in a year. “In 1875 it, with the larva of the
Gastropacha californica, ate our evergreen oaks to broomsticks. You
could hear the caterpillars eat and their manure drop, the latter cover-
ing everything; it could be swept together by the bushelful. In the
wake of both followed ichneumon parasites.”

This singular insect was originally, from a study of the moth alone
referred by me to the Psychine, but Mr. R.H. Stretch, with a knowledge
of its transformations, has shown that I was in error, and has placed it
very properly in the Zygaenide, in his valuable work entitled ‘ Illus-
trations of the Zygaenide and Bombycide of North America” (1873).
Having recently received specimens of the larvee and pup from Mr:
James Behrens, it was atonce evident on a cursory examination that the
early stages show all the characteristic features of Alypia and Eudryas
and the other higher members of the Zygaenide. The venation of the
moth is, however, aberrant, and this together with the dull-brown color-
ation and semi-hyaline wings misled me into placing it near Psyche.

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE OAK. 45

40, THE ORANGE-STRIPED OAK-WORM.

Anisota senatoria Hiibner.

Order LEPIDOPTERA; family BOMBYCID&.

In August, sometimes stripping the trees, a spiny black caterpillar, with four orange-
yellow stripes on the back and two along each side, with two black prickles above and
two on each side, changing the following June to a large ocher-yellow moth, with a
large white dot on the fore wings.

These prickly caterpillars, during certain years, as [ have noticed at
Amherst, Mass., so abound as to nearly strip large oak branches of their
leaves, and is perhaps the most destructive of all our caterpillars to the
foliage of the oak. The spines, if they happen to penetrate the skin, as
Fitch and others have observed, sting like nettles. This species is the
more injurious in the Northern States, while A. stigma is most destruct-
ive in the Southern, Mr. Riley informs me. According to Riley, Mr.
Bassett has bred a small ichneumon fly (Limneria (Banchus) fugitiva
Say) from this caterpillar. Riley has also bred it from the larva of
Anisota stigma, as well as other caterpillars.

41. THE SPECKLED SPINY OAK-WORM.

Anisota stigma Hiibner.

Eating the leaves in September, in the Southern States especially, a worm like the
preceding, but of a bright tawny or orange color, with a dusky stripe along the back
-and dusky bands along the sides, and with its prickles lengthened into thorn-like
points.

This worm is said by Mr. Riley to be nearly as destructive in the
Southern States as A. senatoria is in the Northern.

Full-grown larva.—Average length, 50™™. General color pale tawny-red, inclining to
orange. The whole surface covered with bright yellow, almost white papille of dif-
ferent sizes, giving a speckled appearance; the usual medio-dorsal narrow line; a broad
subdorsal longitudinal stripe of a paler color and having a dingy carneous hue; a
narrower sub-stigmatal stripe of the same hue. Horns and spines black and marked
with white papille, and with a tendency to branch, especially toward the tips; the
longer horns on joint 2 being blunt-pointed, and also with white papille at the base.
Head uniformly gamboge-yellow; cervical shield, anal plate, and plates on anal pro-
legs of the same yellowish color as head. A pale medio-ventral line; the thoracic
legs pale, the prolegs with pale papille outside on a dark ground.

The species is at once distinguished from the other species of the genus by the longer
spines, their tendency to furcation and being speckled with white papille, and by
the less distinct striping. (Riley.)

42, THE ROSEY-STRIPED OAK-WORM.
Anisota pellucida Hiibner.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family BOMBYCID%.

Eating the leaves in July, in New York, a two-horned prickly worm of an obscure
gray or greenish color, with dull brownish-yellow or rosy stripes, and its skin rough
from white granulés.

This species has been said by Fitch to have been common for many
years in Salem, N. Y., where A. stigma has seldom been seen. The worms

>
4G INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES. 7

mostly enter the ground to transform into the pupa early in August,
though some remain on the trees as late as the middle of September.

The following description is copied from Prof. G. H. French’s Report
of the Curator of the Museum of the Southern Illinois Normal Uni-
versity, 1880. They occurred on different species of oak during the
middle and last of September, most of them pupating by October 2d in
the soil.

The caterpillar.—Length about 1.25 inches. General color pale dull green, striped
with fine red substigmatal, subdorsal, and dorsal stripes, the last very pale, so as to be
almost obsolete. Head with a slightly yellowish tinge. On each segment there are
six short black thorns or sharp points, the two on the back of the second segment
behind the head being about + inch long, but the rest much shorter.

We add also the following description furnished by Mr. Riley, who
has compared it with the caterpillar of Anisota stigma:

Pellucida comes nearest to A. stigma in general appearance, but the spines are shorter,
more pointed, uniformly black; the color is darker, being almost black, so that the
papille, which are rather denser, give the dark portion a bluish cast; the subdorsal
and stigmatal lines are of a more intense red inclining to pink, and the stigmatal
line is rather broader than the subdorsal. The average length is somewhat less and
the larva more slender than in stigma; the shorter, blacker spines, deeper colors, and
stronger contrast between the lines at once separating it from stigma. (Riley. )

43. THE OAK TUSSOCK CATERPILLAR.
Halesidota maculata Harris.

Order LEPIDOPTERA; family BOMBYCID #.

Feeding in September, a black, very hairy caterpillar, with yellow and black tufts
and yellow on the sides of the body; the worm spinning late in September a yellow-
ish gray oval cocoon, constructed of silk, with the hairs of the caterpillar inter-
woven; the moth appearing the first week in June.

The larva.—Cylindrical; 1.30 inch long. Head large, slightly bilobed; black, with
a faint white streak down the front as far as the middle, where it becomes forked.
Body above black, thickly covered with tufts of bright yellow and black hairs. On
the second, third, and fourth segments the hairs are mixed, yellow and black; those
of the second and third segments, overhanging the head. From the fourth to the
eleventh segments, inclusive, is a dorsal row of black tufts, the largest of which
are on the tenth and eleventh segments; the fourth and eleventh segments have
also a black tuft on each side near the base. The hairs on the sides of the hody,
from the fifth to the tenth segments, inclusive, are all bright yellow, while those on
the sides of the twelfth and thirteenth are mixed with black. On the third, fourth,
eleventh, and twelfth segments are a few long, spreading, yellow hairs, much longer
than those elsewhere. (Saunders. )

The moth.—Light ocher-yellow, with large irregular light-brown spots on the fore
wings, arranged almost in transverse bands. It expands nearly an inch and three-
quarters. (Harris. )

44. THE OAK HETEROCAMPA.
Heterocampa pulverea Grote and Robinson.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family BOMBYCID ©.

Feeding on the red and scarlet oaks in southern Illinois a large bright-green cater-
pillar, the body deeper than broad, tapering a little from the middle to the head, but
more behind, variously marked with purple and orange. (French.)

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE OAK. AZT

- Professor French has reared this caterpillar, which occurred in Union
County, Illinois, June 30th; July 6th it went into the dirt of the breed-
ing-cage to pupate, the moth appearing August 6th.

The caterpillar.—Length, 1.25 inches. General color bright green, head gray, first
segment behind the head with’two dark purplish black dorsal Warts; from these a
purplish-brown line extends backward. This purple-brown color extends over the
back part of the sixth segment, the whole.of the seventh, and most of the eighth.
On the third segment begins a dorsal orange-patch, which reaches back to the sixth
segment, filling the space between the purple lines. On the ninth segment is another
orange-patch. The tenth segment has no purple and only a little orange below the
stigmata. There is also a faint yellowish dorsal line. The eleventh segment has
purple-brown subdorsal lines with orange on the back. These lines unite on the
twelfth segment and form a broad dorsal line. Feet and legs purple. (French.)

45, THE SIX-FLAPPED SLUG WORM.
Phobetrum pithecium Smith and Abbot.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family BOMBYCIDA.

A singular dark-brown short, broad, ovate, flattened caterpillar, with six long
oD 7 b) b l r] 3?
tongue-like, slender, fleshy lateral appendages, sometimes feeding on the oak.

This singular caterpillar, usually found on the plum, cherry, and
apple; changes to a brown moth with very narrow wings. In the male
the antenne are very broadly pectinated, and the remarkably long nar-
row fore wings are partly transparent. Mr. Lintner has bred it from
the oak. ‘

46. Cosmia orina Guen.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family NocTuIp#.

A smooth yellowish-green larva, ;;inch long, body cylindrical, above pale yellow-
ish green, with a dorsal line of yellow, less distinct on the anterior segments, and
covered with fine dots and short streaks of yellow, less numerous on the second and
terminal segments. Head rather smooth, flattened in front, slightly bilobed, pale
whitish-green. One specimen, which entered the chrysalis state on the 24th of June,
produced the imago on the 18th of July. (Saunders. )

47. THE POLYPHEMUS SILK-WORM.
Telea polyphemus Hiibner.

Feeding on the leaves in August and September, a large, fat, pale-green worm, as

large as one’s finger, with pearly red warts, with an oblique white line between the

_ two lowermost warts; the head and feet brown, and a brown V-shaped line on the
tail.

The American silk-worm, not uncommonly met with on the oak, may
be artificially reared in great abundance on the oak, and the silk, reeled
from the cocoons, can make a durable and useful cloth. The large, thick,
oval cocoons are attached to the leaves and fall with them to the ground
in autumn. The eggs are laid in June, when the moths may be seen

48 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FORESL AND SHADE TREES.

flying at night. It is one of our largest moths, expanding from five to
six inches, and is dull ocherous-yellow, with a large transparent eye-

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Fic. 12.—American silk worm, natural size.—From Packard.
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like spot in the middle of each wing. It is not common enough to be
destructive.
48. Catocala fratercula Grote and Robinson.

Order LEPIDOPTERA; family NOCTUID®.

Living on the live oak in early spring in Florida, remaining in the pupa state two
weeks. (A. Koebele, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soe. I, p. 44.)

49, THE SINGLE-DOTTED PARAPHIA.
Paraphia wnipunctaria Haworth.
Order LErIpOPTERA; family PHALNIDE.

Eating the leaves early in June, a gray span worm 1.40 inch long, sprinkled with
blackish dots and short lines, its head and neck a little thicker than the body, each
ring with a small squarish white spot above on its hind edge and with two blackish
parallel lines on each side of this spot.

This moth ranges from New England to Texas; it is said by Fitch to
feed on the oak, and by Abbot (in Guenée) to live on the “elm, oak,
cournouiller,” &e. The Amilapis triplipunctata of Fitch is undoubtedly
synonymous with Haworth’s species, originally described as an English
species.

The moth.—Of a uniform clear fawn-color, without the usual spots and speckles
present in other species of the genus; a basal, brown hair-line bent outward acutely
on the median vein; a broad, diffuse, dark median band common to both wings. The
extradiscal line is dark, finely scalloped, curved outward below the costa, and sweep-
ing inward below the first median yenule; beyond this line both wings are deeper
fawn-color. At a little distance below the costa, and nearer the extradiscal line than
the outer edge of the wing, is a conspicuous angular, clear, white spot. Fringe dark,
the scallops filled with whitish scales. Hind wings like the anterior pair, though the
extradiscal line is not sinuous, but curved regularly outward. Beneath, paler than
above; the median band is distinct, and the extradiscal line more or less so; the tints
are much as above. The wings expand 1.40 inches.

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE OAK. 49

49, THE HARLEQUIN OAK GEOMETER.

Aplodes mimosaria Guenée.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family PHALZNID®.

Feeding upon the leaves of the oak, a cylindrical brown geometric caterpillar, its
back with singular curved lateral appendages, covered with short, velvety hairs,
changing to a pale yellowish browner pupa, with a simple caudal spine, nearly 4 an
inch long. (Walsh).

The moth.—Male antenne moderately pectinated, body and wings pea green, the wings
broad, the hinder pair well rounded, less angulated than usual, anal angle square;
head and antenne white; front of the head bright rose-colored, except along the
front edge. Palpi white, end of second joint and under side of the third joint roseate.
Both pairs of wings crossed by linear, slightly-waved white lines. Inner line on the
fore wings very near the base, regularly curved; outer line straight, waved, parallel
with outer edge. Costa narrowly edged with white. Fringe white on both wings.
Outer side of the fore femora green, of tibix dull red; two posterior pairs of tibie
white. Abdomen white, green above at base, with a conspicuous white spot at base.
Expanse of wings, 14 inches. Ranges from New England to the Middle and Western
States.

50. THE LARGE SCALLOPED WINGED GEOMETER MOTH. 2

Stenotrachelys approximaria Guenée.

In the Southern States feeding on the oak a large geometer whose body is ash gray,
washed with brown, wiih a dorsal series of white lozenges, lined with black and tray-
ersed in their middle by a twin, interrupted black vascular line. Found in March
and April, the moth remaining in the chrysalis.

This caterpillar, according to Abbot (in Guenée), lives in Georgia on
Similax rotundifolia and laurifolia, and, according to Abbot, on Quercus.
This species is known to inhabit North Carolina as well as Georgia.

The moth.—It may be recognized by the deeply scalloped wings, and the large head,
which is rather swollen in front. It is whitish gray, the wings clear, not bordered
with brown. The fore wings with two distinct, heavy, black lines, the inner very
near the base of the wing, regularly curved, alittle pointed on the costa. Outer line
bent at right angles on the basal third of the first median vein, the line thence going
straight to the costa, though zigzag in its course; from the rectangular bend, the line
follows a course subparallel to the median line, where it again turns rectangularly,
ending on the middle of the inner edge of the wing. An inner reddish-brown line is
parallel and near it below the median vein, and above passes just within the faint
discal dot. Beyond this line the wing is speckled with transverse short, linear spots.
A scalloped marginal, distinct black line. Expanse of wings, 1.90 inches.

51. THE TWO-LINED OAK GEOMETER MOTH.

Endropia bilinearia Packard.

A geometric caterpillar feeding on the oak; becoming a chrysalis early in July,
emerging as a moth two weeks later.

The moth.—Clear fawn-brown ; wings much darker and less spotted than in the other
species of Endropia. Body and wings concolorous ; front edge of the fore wings paler
than the rest of the wing and spotted finely, especially on the edge, with brown
specks. Two brown hair-lines, the inner situated on the basal, and the outer on the
outer third of the wing; the inner line bent on the front edge of the wing. Outer line
a little curved outward in the middle of the wing. Half-way between this line and
the outer edge of the wing is a diffuse, interrupted, faint grayish band with a few
dark seales, often wanting, and connecting with an oblique apical patch, also con-
<olorous with the front edge of the wing. Outer edge of the wing deeply notched,

4 RIL

50 . INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES

the eight acute points (including the apex, which is very acute) tipped with a few
black scales, the fringe being whitish between. Beneath, body and wings ocher-
yellow, especially in the middle of the wings. Both wings marked alike with a basal>
diffuse, broad brown line, and an outer much curved brown hair-line. An outer row
of dark patches forming a faint broken line. An apical, oblique, whitish patch.
Hind edge of fore wings with darker spots and patches than elsewhere. Expanse of
wings, 1.30-1.65 inches. This fine moth occurs all over the United States and on the
Pacific coast from California to Oregon.

52. THE THREE-TOOTHED OAK GEOMETER MOTH,
Endropia pectinaria Guenée.

Living on the oak and other trees a large gray measuring worm, transforming to a
large Endropia, with three sharp teeth in the hind wings.

The transformations of this moth have been observed by Abbot in
Georgia, who found it living on the oak and poplar in April. It changes
to a chrysalis at the beginning of May, and the moth appears at the
end of the same month.

Larva.—Pale green, with the sutures and sides reddish, a double angle bordered
with reddish on the second segment, another more salient on the sixth, and finally
another on the tenth; the fifth has on each side a small pointed tubercle. Head and
feet concolorous.

Moth.—The hind wings with a large tail and toothed; the fore wings angular;
sickle-shaped. Body and wings pale whitish-ash. Wings thickly covered with fine
speckles. Fore wings with three lines, the usual inner and outer line, and a third
wavy submarginai hair-line. The two inner lines distinct, of even width, a little
oblique, not waved; the innermost line situated exactly on the inner third, the onter
line on the outer third of the wing. Front edge of the fore wings stained with red-
dish on the end of the outer line. Submarginal hair-line wavy, sinuate, reddish,
situated half-way between the outer line and the edge of the wing, and disappearing
below the second median venule, scalloped between each venule, much more distinet
below than above. On the hind wings a single brown line, and traces of a submargi-
nalwavy line. Beneath, paler than above, with the lines reproduced beneath, and dull
colored; the third submarginal line on both wings partly obsolete, but clearer than
above; fringe reddish. Expanse of wings 1.50inches. Ranges from Maine to Missouri-

The parent of this caterpillar, which is found in the United States,
north and south, and west as far as Kansas, may be known by the
three well-marked teeth on the apical half of the hind wings, by the
clear border of the wings, and the dark clear lines on the under side.

The caterpillar lives in Georgia on the oak and other trees, according
to notes left after his death by Abbot, and is of a pale yellowish gray,
with a dorsal lozenge-like mark. The 4th segment is darker, and on
the back of the 8th, 9th, and 10th are also two obscure marks bifid
anteriorly on the first, and carrying a blackish angle on each extremity
of the second. The head and feet are concolorous. It is found in
Georgia in May and June, and the moth is disclosed towards the end of
this last month. A second generation enters the chrysalis state towards
the middle of July to appear as moths in the beginning of August. In
the Northern States the species is undoubtedly only single-brooded.

Besides these geometric caterpillars, that of Metrocampa perlaria
Guenée should be looked for on the oak, as its closely allied European
congener (J. margaritata) feeds on the elm, hornbeam, birch, and oak.

sear Simin! tr hl

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE OAK. - 5

’

53. THE GREEN AND RED OAK SPAN WORM.

Metanema quercivoraria Guenée.
_ Feeding on the oak, a pale green span worm, marked with red, changing to a
brownish gray chrysalis, from which a beautiful sickle-winged moth comes,
54. THE LEAF-ROLLING WEEVIL.
~ Attelabus bipustulatus Fabr.

Rolling up the leaves of the red, post, and laurel oak (Q. imbricaria), late in April,
forming compact, cylindrical cases containing a single egg; the case dropping to the .
ground, the larva after hatching feeding on the food around it, and finally transforming
into a long-snouted weevil. A second brood of larve in July. (Murtfeldt.)

This beetle has the curious habit of rolling up a leaf, trimming and |
tucking in the lower ends with her beak. The egg is first deposited near
the tip of the leaf, and a little to one side; the blade of the leaf is then
cut through on both sides of the midrib, about an inch and a half be-
low; a row of punctures is made on each side of the midrib of the sev-
ered portion, which facilitates folding the leaf together, upper surface
inside, after which the folded leaf is tightly rolled up from the apex to
the transverse cut, bringing the egg in the center; the concluding oper-
ation is the tucking in and trimming off the irregularities of the ends.
A few days after completion the cases, first observed the latter part of
April, drop to the ground ; by May 15 several larve hatched and fed on
the dry substance of their nest, and by the end of May they pupate
within the nest; this state lasted from five to seven days, the first
beetles issuing by June 2, while a second brood of larvee may be found
early in July. (Murtfeldt.)

The larva.—Average dorsal length, 0.22 inch; diameter on abdominal segments, 0.06
inch, tapering anteriorly from fourth segment. Yellowish white; thoracic segments
slightly depressed on the back and smaller beneath; abdominal segments convex
above and flat beneath, each one divided into three irregular shallow transverse folds,
lateral surfaces with a double row of smooth polished oval tubercles, most symmetrical
in form and position from segments 4 to 11 inclusive ; above the tubercles on each seg-
ment is a deep depression. Head horizontal, rounded, small, about half the diameter
of segment next behind, into which it retreats ; white, the mandibles and other mouth
parts reddish brown, surrounded by long hairs.

The pupa is cream white, 0.12 inch long ; abdominal segments sharply ridged ; pos-
terior extremity terminates in a pair of bristly points, white, tipped with brown.

The beetle is a small, highly polished black weevil, with two large orange-red spots
at bases of the wing-cover. (Miss Murtfeldt.)

I have also found, May 30, on the leaves of the oak near Providence,
the rolls made by a species of Attelabus, apparently, but they were
’ slenderer than those of the Attelabus found upon the alder.

I have also found on the leaves of the oak at the end of May, near
Providence, Cryptorhynchus bisignatus Say. It may prove to live at the
expense of this tree.

55. THE WHITE BLOTCH OAK-LEAF MINER.
® Lithocolletis hamadryadella Clemens.
Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family TINEID-©.

Making a whitish blotch-like mine upon the upper surface of the leaves of different
‘oaks, a minute, flat, horny, footless, active, brownish-yellow larva, which transforms
within the mine in a delicate disc-like cocoon. (Comstock. )

‘

52 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

Several species of oak are injured by this leaf miner, which ranges
from New York to Washington. Sometimes each leaf will contain on
an average four or five miners, and young shade trees are thus weakened
by their attacks in June. There are in Washington five or six broods of
moths. The best remedy is to collect and burn the fallen leaves in the
spring, since they contain the worms in their final stage before trans-
forming.

The moth has white front wings, with three broad irregular bronze bands across

each one, each band being bordered with black on its inner side. The hind wings are
silvery. The wings expand 0.28 inch. (Comstock. )

56. Brachys wrosa Melsheimer.
Order COLEOPTERA ; family BUPRESTID#&.

T have found this small Buprestid upon the leaves of the oak early in
summer in Maine, and late in May near Providence, R. I. It most pro-
bably mines the leaves of the oak, but its habits are not yet known.

(We introduce a cut of B. eruginosa, much enlarged, to illustrate a
larva of this genus.)

57. FITCH’S OAK-LEAF MINER.
Lithocolletis fitchella Clemens.
Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family TINEID2®.

Forming a tent-like mine on the under surface of the leaves of different species of
oaks, a minute, nearly cylindrical, white larva. (Comstock.)

The mine is visible on both sides of the leaf, while that
of LD. hamadryadella is to be seen only on the upper side.
The insect hybernates in the pupa state within the leaves,
so that the same general remedy of gathering and burning
the leaves will apply to this as to the preceding leaf-miner.

The moth has pale reddish saffron fore wings, with a slight brassy hue.
Along the front edge (costa) are five silvery-white costal streaks ; on the
inner margin are two conspicuous silvery dorsal streaks, while the hind

wings are grayish fuscous. (Comstock. )

58. THE OAK-LEAF PHYLLOXERA.

PAS larva Phylloxera vileyi Lichtenstein.
of Brachys

weruginosa.— 7 : : ea
From Pack. Forming a yellow circular spot on the under side of the leaf, but show-

ard. ing plainly above, of the white and post oak; the species of small size
and unusually slender, and with long tubercles in the pupa. (Riley.)

INJURING THE SEED (ACORNS).
59, THE ACORN WORM.
Balaninus rectus Say.

Order COLEOPTERA ; family CURCULIONIDE.

A erub like the chestnut borer, boring into the acorns and transforming into a simi- .
lar beetle, which is ‘‘easily distinguished from FP. nas’eus by the finer, more rectilinear

Awe
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ee INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE OAK. . ia 0)
rostrum, and it always differs from B. nasicus in having no bands or vitte, the elytra
being uniformly spotted, as in sparsus Schoen. This ig
. the species I breed from acorns, and I believe it also in-

fests hazel-nuts.” (Riley.)

60. THE ACORN MOTH,

+ =-———-—4

Holcocera glandulella Riley.

Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family TINEIDZ.

fies

Occupying the deserted holes of the acorn weevil, a 6 f 3
narrow-winged moth which drops an egg in the hole, py. 14—Acorn weevil. Balaniv
from which hatches a slender grayish white or yellowish nus rectus.—After Riley.
worm with 16 il and blue black dorsal marks, with a light brown conical shieldand
Kam dusky anal plate. The moth with
<= im || Silvery-gray fore wings, marked with
: $/ dull reddish; two distinct dark dis-
cal spots; a pale transverse stripe
@ across the basal third of wing, slight-
Z ly bent inwards at the middle; this
stripe is well relieved behind by a
dark shade, which generally extends
from the bend to the costa above the

es Ki “oe : discal spots, forming a more or less
1G. 15.—Acorn moth (f.); a, b, acorns containing the j._,: A : a io is
worm; ¢, front end of the worm; d and e, side and top distinct triangular shade in the an-

view of a segment.—After Riley. terior middJe portion of the wing.
Hind wings brownish gray. Expanse of wings, 0.50-0.80 inch. (Riley.)

The following insects are also known to prey upon the oak:

LEPIDOPTERA.

=
ie

The banded hair streak butterfly. Thecla calamus (Hiibner).

62. Red spotted purple butterfly. Basilarchia astyanax (Fabr.).

63. Viceroy butterfly. Basilarchia archippus (Cramer).

64. Tiger swallow-tail. Papilio glaucus Linn.

65. Sleepy dusky-wing butterfly. Thanaos brizo Bard & Leconte.

66. Juvenal’s dusky-wing. Thanaos ennius Scudd. Burgiss.

67. The oak tussock moth. Halesidota tessellaris. Basswood (Walsh).

68. The hickory tussock moth. H. carye Harris.

69. Clinton’s tussock moth. Parorgyia clintonii G. & R. (Coquillet in
Can. Ent., xii, 44).

70. The Io moth. Hyperchiria io (Fabr.).

71. The Maia moth. LHucronia maia (Drury).

72. Heterocampa pulverea G. & R. (French, Can. Ent.,; xii, 88.)

73. The oak slug worm. Huclea monitor Packard.

74. BHuclea querceti (H. Sch.).

75. Huclea quercicola (H. Sch.). Allied to these is Callochlora chloris
H. Sch., Fig. 16, the larva of which may be found on the oak.

76. Hdema albifrons (Gm.-Abb.). (Harris’ Correspondence, p. 304.)

77. Nadata gibbosa (Gm.-Abb.)? (Harris’ Correspondence, p. 308.)

54 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

78. Orgyia guloso H. Edwards. (Edwards in Papilio, I, p. 61.)

79. Catocala coccinata Grote. (Coquillet in Papilio, I, p. 56.)

80. Nematocampa filamentaria Guenée. (Figured in Packard’s Guide.
81. Therina endropiaria Packard. (Goodell, Can. Ent., xi, 194.)

82. Dakruma pallida Comstock.

83. Oak-leaf Tortrix. Argyrolepia quercifoliana Fitch, 5th Rep., p. 826.
- eee, 84. Psilocorsis quercicella Clemens.

85. Blastobasis coccivorella Chambers.

86. Exartema inornatana Clemens.

The following Tineidea are said by Chambers to live

Fic. 16.—Callochlora chlo- >j ~ 7] ue
aa cae ly on various species of oak:

Leaf-miners of the upper surface.

87. Lithocolletis cincinnatiella Chamb. Yellowish blotch mine.
88. Lithocolletis hamadryadella Clem. Whitish blotch mine.
89. Lithecolletis tuliferella Clem. , Mines as to form somewhat like the
90. Lithocolletis bifasciella Chamb.' track made by a drop of water.
91. Lithocolletis bicolorella Chamb. Yellowish blotch mine, like that of
I. ulmella in elm.
92. Lithocolletis unifasciella Chamb. ) Irregular yellowish blotch mines,
93. Lithocolletis bethaneellaChamb. smaller than that of cincinnatiella,
94. Lithocolletis castanewella Chamb \ and usually in red or black oaks
95. Tischeria zelleriella Clem.
96. Tischeria pruinoseella Chamb.
97. Tischeria castanewella Chamb.
98. Tischeria badiiella Chamb.
99. Tischeria quercivorella Chamb.
100. Tischeria quercitella Clem.
101. Tischeria citrinipennella Clem.
102. Tischeria complanoides Frey & Boll. (Doubtful species.)
103. Tischeria concolor Zeller. (Food plant uncertain.)
104. Tischeria tinctoriella Chamb.
105. Nepticula platea Clem. ) Imagounknown. Larve of bothin crooked,
106. Nepticulaauguinella. § linear mines.
107. Nepticula quercipulchella Cham.
108. Nepticula quercicostanella Chamb, ¢ Larvee in crooked, linear mines.
109. Nepticula saginella Clem. \
110. Coriscium sp. Imago unknown.
111. Coleophora querciellaClem. Imagounknown. Larva lies in a ease,
which it attaches to the leaves.
112. Catastega timidella Clem. Imago unknown.

Leaf-miners of the under surface.

115. Lithocolletis quercitorum Frey

y & Boll.)
114. Lithocolletis fitehella Clem. S

-Tentiform mines.

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“INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE, OAK. 55

415. Lithocolletis basistrigella Clem.
— 116. Lithocolletis wriferella Clem.
117. Lithocolletis quercipulchella Chamb.
118. Lithocolletis quercialbella Chamb.
119. Lithocolletis fuscocostella Chamb. > Tentiform mines.
120. Lithocolletis albanotella Chamb.
121. Lithocolletis obstrictella Clem.
122. Lithocolletis hagenit Frey & Boll.
123. Lithocolletis argentifimbriella Clem.
124. Lithocolletis intermedia Frey & Boll. Doubtful species.
125. Lithocolletis mirifica Frey & Boll. Doubtful species.
126. Ornix quercifoliella Chamb. Under edge of leaf turned down.
127. Coriscium albanotella Chamb. Large tentiform mine.

The following species either roll, fold, or sew the leaves together:
128. Ypsolophus querciella Chamb.
129. Gelechia querciella Chamb.
130. Gelechia quercinigreella Chamb.
131. Gelechia quercivorella Chamb.
132. Gelechia quercifoliella Chamb.
133. Cryptolechia quercicella Clem.
134. Machimia tentorilerella Clem. Larva in a web.

The following species feed in galls:
135. Ypsolophus quercipomonella Chamb.
136. Gelechia gallegenitella Clem.
137. Hamadryas bassettella Clem.

a

Coleoptera.

138. Synchroa punctata Newman. ‘They live in rotten oak stumps,
thriving best in the white. The pupa requires about one week to
perfect itself.” (Horn.)

159. Centronopus calearatus Fabr. ‘ Inhabits black oak stumps. It
remains in pupa two weeks.” (Horn.)

140. Centronopus anthracinus Knoch. May be taken in company with
the preceding species. (Horn.)

141. Acanthoderes 4-gibbus Say. Bores in dead twigs of oak. (Schwarz.)

142. Bostrichus bicornis Web. Under bark of white oak posts. (McBride.)

143. Elaphidion atomarium (Drury), according to Schwarz, bores in dry

twigs of Quercus virens in Florida. (Riley.)

144. Hlaphidion mucronatum Fabr., with the preceding. (Schwarz, in Ri-

ley.)

145. Elaphidion parallelum Newman. Boring in oak, ete. (Riley.)

146. Tragidion fulvipenne Say. Bores in oak. (Riley.)

147. Arhopalusyfulminans Fabr. Red oak. (Fitch & Hadge.)

148. Leptura zebra Olivier. The larva and pupa inhabit the black oak.

(Dr. Horn.)

56
149,

150.

List

». Cynips

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

The Dominican case-bearer, Coscinoptera dominicana (Fabr.)

cording to Riley.

Mordella 8-punctata Fabr. Found in old oak stumps.

HYMENOPTERA.

?

(Riley.)

ac-

of the species of North American Cynipide which live on the various

species of oak, by R. Osten Sacken, 1865.
LIVING ON THE WHITE AND CHESTNUT OAKS.

. Cynips strobilana O. S.
» Cynips globulus Fitch.
3. Cynips centricola O. S.
. Cynips tubicola O.S.

. Cynips clavula Bassett.
. Cynips (Andricus) seminator Harris.

7. ae Andricus) petiolicola Bassett.

)

Cynips (Andricus) fusiformis O. 8.
Reynins Andricus) futilis O.S
)
)

. Cynips (Andricus) flocei Walsh.

(
(
(
. Cynips (Andricus) papillata O. S.
(
2. Cynips (Teras) pezomachoides O. 8.
(

. Cynips (Teras) forticornis Walsh.

. Cynips (Ter a hirta Bassett.

. Cynips (Teras) fulvicollis Fitch.
. Cynips (Teras) nigricollis.

7. Cynips (Biorhiza) nigra Fitch.

. Cynips nov. gen. (allied to Spathegaster Hartig).
9. OCynips irregularis O. 8.
» Cynips majalis Bassett.

. Cynips batatus Bassett.

2. Cynips verrucarum O.S.

LIVING IN THE RED, BLACK, AND WILLOW OAKS.

ens Harris).

. Cynips (nov. gen.) quercus-coccinee O.S,
(nov. gen.) inanis O. S. (C. confluens Fitch, not Harris).
. Cynips (nov. gen.) coelebs O. S.
i. Cynips (nov. gen.
8. Cynips (nov. gen.
(
(
(

ilicifolie Bassett.

. Cynips (noy. gen.) formosa Bassett.
. Cynips (nov. gen.

sculpta Bassett.

)
) singularis Bassett.

. OCynips (nov. gen.) ostensackenii Bassett.
)
)

. Cynips (nov. gen.) spongifica O. S. (C. aciculata O. S., and C. conflu-

rs

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE OAK. . 5E

GROUPS WHICH WILL PERHAPS CONSTITUTE AS MANY GENERA.

The following species may belong’ to new genera:

182.

183.
184.

185.
186.

189.
190.
ton,
192.

193.

(). phellos O.S.
similis Bassett.
* * * * *
Q. nigre O. 8. /
tumifica O. S.
nodesta O. S.

* * sa * *

operator O.S.

* * * * *

ventricosa Bassett.
* * * * *

cornigera O. S.

* on * * ES
punctata Bassett.
podagre Walsh.
scitula Bassett.

* € * * ¥*

(). palustris O. S.

The following additional species of Cynips living on the oak have been
described by Mr. H. F. Bassett. (Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XIIT,.

p. 92.)

194, Cynips tenuicornis. Arizona.

195. Cynips bella. Arizona.

196. Cynips minuta, On Quercus alba. Connecticut.

197. Cynips vesicula. On Quercus alba. Connecticut.

198. Cynips pattoni. On Quercus alba. Connecticut.

199. Cynips polita. On Quercus obtusiloba. New Jersey, Maryland.
200. Cynips rugosa. On Quercus prinoides. Connecticut.

201.
202.
203.
204.
205.
206.
207.
208.
209.
210.
211.
212.
213.
214.

Cynips cicatricula. On Quercus alba. Connecticut.
Cynips capsula. On Quercus bicolor. Connecticut.
Cynips afinis. On Quercus prinoides. Connecticut.
Cynips gemula. On Quercus prinoides. Connecticut.
Cynips pigra. On Quercus tinctoria. Connecticut.
Cynips ignota. On Quercus bicolor. Connecticut.
Cynips papula. On Quercus rubra and Q. tinctoria. Connecticut..
Cynips noxiosa. On Quercus bicolor. Connecticut.
Cynips corrugis. On Quercus prinoides. Connecticut.
Cynips cinerosa. Texas.

Cynips floccosa. On Quercus bicolor. Ohio.

Cynips coxiit. On Quercus sp. Arizona.

Cynips suttonii Bassett. California.

Cynips batatoides Ashmead. Live oak in Florida.

58 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ELM.
AFFECTING THE TRUNK. .
1. THE COMMON ELM-TREE BORER.
Saperda tridentata Olivier.
Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCID&.

Perforating and loosening the bark and furrowing the surface of the wood with
‘their irregular tracks, flat white longicorn borers, changing to beetles in June and
July; the beetles flat, dark brown, with a longitudinal three-toothed red stripe on
the outer edge of each wing-cover.

This is the most destructive borer of the elm in the Northern and
Eastern States, often killing the trees by the wholesale. Great num-
bers of the larve of different sizes have been found boring in the inner
bark and also furrowing with their irregular tracks the surface of the
wood, the latter being, as it were, tattooed with sinuous grooves, and the
‘tree completely girdled by them in some places. The elms on Boston
Common have in former years been killed by this borer, and valuable
trees, we have been informed, have been killed by them in Morristown,
N. J. Fitch remarks that it consumes the inner bark of the slippery
elm (Ulmus fulva), especially in dead and decaying trees. According
to him, ‘the beetle deposits its eggs upon the bark in June, and the
young larvie therefrom nearly complete their growth before winter, and
Soon after warm weather arrives the following spring they pass into
their pupa state.” We have found the larvee in abundance in the early
spring in Providence in old dead elms.

The larvaa—White, subcylindrical, a little flattened, with the lateral fold ot the
body rather prominent; end of the body flattened, obtuse, and nearly as wide at the
end as at the first abdominal ring. The head is one-
half as wide as the prothoracic ring, being rather large.
The prothoracic segment, or that next to the head, is
transversely oblong, being about twice as broad as
long; there is a pale dorsal corneous transversely ob-
long shield, being about two-thirds as long as wide,
and nearly as long as the four succeeding segments ;
this plate is smooth, except on the posterior half, which
is rough, with the front edge irregular and not extend-
ing far down the sides, Fine hairs arise from the front

ic. 17,--Tarva (from Hife) ‘and adult edge and side of the plate, and similar hairs are scat-
of the elm-tree borer.—F rom tered over the body and especially around theend. On
meek gre. the upper side of each segment is a transversely oblong
ovate roughened area, with the front edge slightly convex, and behind slightly areu-
ate. On the under side of each segment are similar rough horny plates, but arcuate
in front, with the hinder edge straight.
It ditrers from the larva of Saperda vestita Say in the shorter body, which is broader,
more hairy, with the tip of the abdomen flatter and more hairy. The prothoracic seg-
‘ment is broader and flatter, and the rough portion of the dorsal plates is larg>r and
Less transversely ovate. The structure of the head shows that its generic distinctness

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ELM. ot

from Saperda, originally insisted on by Mulsant, may be well founded, as the head is
smaller and flatter, the clypeus being twice as large, and the labrum broad and short,
while in Saperda vestita it is longer than broad. The mandibles are much longer and
slenderer, and the antenne are much smaller than in Saperda vestita.

The beetle is a rather flat-bodied, dark-brown beetle, with a rusty-red curved line
behind the eyes, two stripes on the thorax, and with along red stripe on the outer

edge of each wing-cover, with three long points projecting inwards; 0.50 inch in

length.
". THE LATERAL SAPERDA-BORER.

Saperda lateralis Fabricius.

Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCID 2.

Mining the inner bark of dead trees and logs of the common elm, a grub very sim-
ilar to the foregoing, and about the 1st of June producing a similar beetle, but difter-
ing in wanting the transverse teeth or points arising from the marginal stripe on the
wing-covers. (Fitch.) :

3. THE SIX-BANDED DRYOBIUS.

Dryobius sex-fasciatus Say.

Order CoLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCID®.

A similar but larger grub than that of Saperda tridentata, but found with it, pro-
ducing a black beetle of nearly similar form, with the edge of the thorax yellow, and
also its scutel, with four yellow equidistant oblique bands on its wing-covers, the
last one situated at the tip. Length 0.70 inch. (Fitch.) It also occurs on the beech
according to C. G. Siemens.

4, THE ELM BARK-BORER.
Tomicus (Phloiotribus) liminaris Harris.

Order COLEOPTERA; family SCOLYTIDAE.
Making smali perforations like pinholes, appearing in the bark, especially of dis-

eased elms, from which, in August and September, issues a minute cylindrical bark-

beetle of a dark-brown color; its wing-covers with deeply impressed punctured fur-
rows and short hairs; its thorax also punctured. Length 0.10 or less. (Harris.)

5. THE DARK ELM BARK-BORER.

Hylesinus opaculus Leconte.

Living under the dry bark of the elm and ash trees, a stout pitchy-black timber
beetle. (Riley.)

The beetle.—Stout, opaque, - -
when mature of a uniform pice- Zi
ous-black color. Head punctu-
late, not narrow in front, without
transverse impressions in front
of the eyes. Epistoma (Fig. 18, dD)
truncate or very slightly and
broadly emarginate. Labrum
visible. Antennal club very
large, oblong-oval, the first two
joints shining and _ pubescent

only at apex. Thorax wider
than long, very densely punctate ; Fic. 18.—The dark elm bark-borer.—After Riley.

pubescence moderately thick and short. Elytral strive (Fig. 18, d) evidently impressed
and regularly, coarsely punctate; interstices very distinct, each with a regular row of
small tubercles, which become more acute toward the apex and the sides. Pubescence
very coarse and short. Tibi (Fig. 18,¢) hardly dentate. (Riley’s Rep. Ent. Dep. Ag.
1879, p. 45. The other figures illustrate H. trifolii.)

60 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.
6. THE SHORT-LINED DULARIUS.
Dularius brevilineus Say.
Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCID®.

Boring in partly dead or dry elms, the larva of a pretty longicorn, with deep pur-
plish-blue wing-covers with three short white lines in the middle.

This beetle was first bred from the dry wood 6f the elm by Riley,
the larve occurring in Ohio. It was also known, by the late Mr. G. D.
Smith, to inhabit this tree, probably in the vicinity of Boston; it was
noticed in our 2d Mass. Report,
p. 18. Mr. George Hunt has ob-
served this beetle on the bark of
an elm at Plymouth, N. H., in
the middle of July, inserting its
eggs in the crevices of the bark.
It is a singular-looking beetle,
with a round, flattened protho-
rax, and wing-covers contracted
in the middle, and not covering
the tip of the abdomen, while
the thighs are unusually swollen.
The antenne are about two-
thirds the length of the body,
flattened towards the end, and
somewhat serrate. The body
above is velvety black, and brown-black beneath. The head is black
and coarsely punctured, and the prothorax is covered with short, dense,
black hairs, like velvet. The wing-covers are Prussian blue in color,
bent, corrugated, with an interrupted ridge just outside of the middle of
each cover. They are covered with fine, black hairs, bent over. There
is a pair of parallel, short honey-yellow lines in the middle of each
wing-cover, with a third one a little in front, making in all six streaks.
The legs and feet are black. It is a little over eight-tenths of an inch
in length.

Fic. 19.—Elm-tree borer—From Packard.

6. Neoclytus erythrocephalus Fabricius.
Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCID.
Boring in dead elms in Michigan (Hubbard); also raised from hickory-wood (Horn).
7. THE TREE CRICKET.
(Ecanthus niveus Serville.
Order ORTHOPTERA; family GRYLLID®.

Boring into the corky bark of the elm in the Southern States, inserting its eggs
irregularly, not in regular series as when it oviposits in the stems of the blackberry,
raspberry, grape, &c.; a slender pale-green cricket, with white wings and a large
ovipositor; the males shrilling loudly.

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The eggs of the tree cricket begin to develop as soon as they are laid
in the early autumn, and the embryo partially develops, so that the
rudimentary limbs may
be seen, as well as the
mouthparts; the insect “e
completes its develop- Fic. 21.—Female tree-cricket, natural
ment in the early part of size.—A fter Harris.
the following summer, appearing early in August.

AFFECTING THE LEAVES.

Fic. 20.—Male tree- 8. THE CANKER WORM.
cricket.—A fter Har- :

ris.
Anisopteryx vernata Peck.

Order LEPIDOPTERA; family PHALEZNIDZ.

Very injurious to the elm in the Eastern States, stripping the trees; a dark-striped
measuring worm varying in color to pale green, transforming from the middle to the last
of June in the earth to a pupa, some appearing in the autumn but most abundantly in
March; the female grub-like, the male winged.

Originally confined, as an injurious insect, to New England, it is now
destructive in the Western States (Illinois and Missouri), and must
originally have occurred all over the United States east of the Missis-
sippi, as I have received it from Texas.

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¥y1c. 22.—Canker worm; ), egg; ¢, Fic. 23.—a, female canker-worm moth; b, male; ¢,
side; d, back of asegment.—A fter antenn joints of female; d, one of female abdomi-
Riley. inal segments; e, ovipositor.—After Riley.

About the Ist of May, at the time when the leaves of the apple are
unfolding, the young canker worms break through the eggs, which have
been laid earlier in the season, in March and April, in patches on the
bark of the trunk and limbs. They may be soon found clustering on
the terminal buds and partly unfolded leaves, and are then about a line
jn length, and not much thicker than a bit of thick thread. Fortunately,
owing to the want of wings, the female is exceedingly sedentary, and
year after yearthe apple and elm trees of particular orchards and towns
are defoliated and turned brown, while adjoining orchards and towns
searcely suffer. By the 20th of June, in Essex County, Massachusetts,

- the orchards or shades elms infested by them look as if a fire had run
through them. At that date the worms are fully fed, and they then
descend to the ground, letting themselves down by a silken thread. At
this time I have destroyed thousands by jarring the tree and collecting
those which fall down. I have watched old and young robius busily

62 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

engaged in eating them, and from the number of toads in my garden,
gathered under the trees, I feel confident that they eat multitudes of
them. .

The worms at once enter the ground, change to chrysalids several
inches below the surface, near the trunk of the tree, and there remain
until the early days of March and April, when the wingless females
ascend the trees, and the winged males may be seen fluttering about.

I took pains one spring, in the middle of April, to count the number
of these moths on my apple trees, fourteen in number, averaging from
six to seven inches in thickness, besides three elms. They were more
abundant on the apple trees than on the elms. But on those seventeen
trees there were counted, adhering mostly to the tarred paper, one thou-
sand males and two hundred females. The spring of 1875 was coid and
backward, and few moths were seen before this date. From these data
we can ascertain approximately the relative numerical proportions
between the sexes, which seems to approximate five males to one female.

The species I havereferred tois the spring moth, the Anisopteryx vernata
of Peck, but not of Harris. A. autumnata is much less abundant
in the adult condition, and only appears in the autumn. The wings are
thicker than those of vernata, and the caterpillar has an additional
pair of prop-legs, though so short as to be useless. I find that most of
the damage is done by the caterpillars of vernata. On June 15, 1875,
I collected five hundred and fifty-seven caterpillars from the apple trees
in my garden. Of these, five hundred and twenty were vernata, and
twenty-seven were the young of the autumn species. Peck, in his
account published in 1795, states that vernata does the principal dam-
age.

Remedies.—The use of printer’s ink laid on tarred paper is the cheap-
est, though the ink should be applied every day or two. The use of
tin troughs of oil surrounding the tree is almost sure to stop the ascent
of the females, while wooden troughs of oil built around the bottom of
the trunk is almost equally efficacious. Care and attention, and, above
all, co-operation among those suffering from these worms will enable us
to check their ravages.

9. UNKNOWN MEASURING WORM.

Feeding on the leaves May 30 and June 1, at Providence, a reddish-green obscurely
striped larva, much like the canker worm in form and size, but a little stouter.

10. THE ELM SPAN-WORM.
Bugonia subsignaria (Hiibner),
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family PHALNID2E.

Hatching from the eggs as soon as the leaves unfold and living unobserved for a
week or two on young shoots in the tree tops, measuring or span worms, resembling
the twigs of the elm in color, with a large red head, and the terminal ring of the body

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WS INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ELM. 63°

bright red; pupating towards the end of June, and during July and August transform-
Ing into a snow-white moth.

This insect is widely spread. I have

Maine in August, and it is common in
the Middle States. It is very destruc-
tive to the elms in New York City and
Philadelphia, though not known to be
destructive in the country. The moth |
may at once be recognized by the snow-
white body and wings, the anterior pair

Fic. 24.—Elm span-worm moth, natural
> . . — a 0 ny
being angular and the hinder pair Ss els

slightly notched. It is, according to Fitch, still more destructive to
the linden than to the elm.

11. THE NOVEMBER MOTH.
Epirrita dilutata (Hiibner).
Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family PHALH NID.

Feeding on the leaves in spring ; a dirty-green measure-worm, beneath paler bluish
white, its breathing pores forming a row of orange-red dots along each side, where is
sometimes also a yellow line; entering the ground in summer, the moth appearing in
November. (Fitch.)

In our monograph of the Phalenide we had overlooked the fact that
Fitch had observed this moth in New York, flying slowly in forests in
November. It appears to be more abundant in subarctic regions than
in New England, as we have received numerous specimens of it from
Newfoundland, and it has also been obtained in Labrador. It is proba-
ble that it will rarely occur in injurious numbers on elm trees in New
England. In Europe, according to Newman, “it feeds on white-thorn,
black-thorn, horn-beam, sloe, oak, and almost every forest tree, and is
full-fed in June.” Our species in British America, probably like H. cam-
bricaria, will be found feeding on the mountain ash, a common tree in
Labrador and Newfoundland.

The moth.—A much larger species than 2, cambricaria, which is more common, and
which also occurs in Northern Europe. It may always be distinguished from the
other species of the genus by the simple not pectinated male antenne. The body and
wings are pale ash-gray; fore wings with eight well-defined sinuous or scalloped
blackish lines, most distinct on the costa and veins; the basal line is heavy, and bent
rectangularly between the subcostal and median veins; the next line, rather remote
from the basal, curves inward on the subcostal vein, and outward on the median
space; the two lines beyond are approximate, but less sinuous; the fourth line from
the base of the wings is broad, diffuse, twice as broad on the costa as the three others ;
beyond this line is a clear median space, in the middle of which is the distinct discal
dot; beyond are four more or less distinct lines, of which the outer (or submarginale
is most distinct and regularly scalloped ; a marginal row of twin black dots; fring.
whitish. Hind wings with traces of fourscalloped lines, the marginal one the heaviest
Expanse of wings, 1.60 inches.

‘

64 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES. »
12. THE ELM GALERUCA.
Galeruca calmariensis (Linnieus).
Order COLEOPTERA ; family CHRYSOMELID ®.

Thick, cylindrical, blackish, six-footed grubs, often wholly defoliating the trees,
-and changing into an oblong oval beetle a quarter of an inch long, of a grayish yellow
color, with three small black spots on the prothorax, a broad black stripe on the outer
edge of its wing-covers, and a small oblong spot near their base. (Fitch.)

13. THE LADDER CHRYSOMELA.
Chrysomela scalaris (Le Conte).
Order COLEOPTERA ; family CHRYSOMELID&,

Feeding on the leaves throughout the season, ashining, hemispherical, bottle-green
beetle, with silvery-white wing-covers, on which are several bottle-green spots, and a
broad jagged stripe on their suture ; its wings rose-red and its antenne and legs
rusty yellow. Length, 0.30 to 0.40. More common on willows, and especially the alder.
‘The larva is thick and fleshy, with a row of black spiracles along the side of the body
and a dark prothoracic shield.

14. THE AMERICAN CIMBEX SAW-FLY.
Cimbex americana (Leach).

Order HYMENOPTERA; amily TfENTHREDINID®.

A cylindrical, glaucous, yellowish-white worm, coiled and marked like a snail’s shell,
having a broad black line along the back; when disturbed ejecting a watery fluid
from pores situated above the spiracles; transforming into the largest species of saw-
fly we have, with stoutly-knobbed antenn ; appearing earlyinsummer. It also feeds
-on the birch, linden, and willow.

15. THE ANTIOPA BUTTERFLY.
Vanessa antiopa (Linnzus).

Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family PAPILIONID®.

Sometimes occurring on the elm, but more common on the willow ; a stoutly-spined
caterpillar, with a black body spotted minutely with white, with a row of eight dark
brick-red spots on the back; changing to a dark brown chrysalis, with large tawny
spots around the tubercles on the back. The butterfly purplish brown above, with a
broad buff-yellow border in which is a row of pale blue spots. Flying from March
till June, and again from the middle of August until late autumn.

16. THE GREAT ELM-LEAF BEETLE.
Monocesta coryli (Say).
Order COLEOPTERA; family CHRYSOMELID.2.

Occasionally destructive to the red or slippery elm in the Middle States; a pale yel-
Jowish beetle more than half an inch long, with the wing-covers twice spotted with
vlue; laying its yellow eggs in a cluster on the under side of the leaf in June, the
erub appearing a week later, being brown or yellowish brown, and eating the leaves

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ELM. - 65

into rags ; towards the end of July or early in August entering the ground, forming an
oval cavity a few inches below the surface ; assuming the pupa state a week before
they appear as beetles in June. (Riley.)

Fic. 25.—The great elm-leaf beetle. a, b, eggs; d, larva; g, h, head and'‘mouth parts of the same; 7,
pupa; j, beetle.—After Riley.*

15. THE INTERROGATION BUTTERFLY.
Grapta interrogationis (Fabricius).
Injuring the foliage of the elm as well as linden tree and hop-vine, a caterpillar, with
reddish black, bilobed head, and black body covered thickly with streaks and dots

*This and several other cuts have been loaned by the permission of the Hon. George B. Loring,
Commissioner of Agriculture.

5D RIL

66 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

of yellowish white, transforming into our largest species of Grapta, and marked on
the under side of the dull hind wings with a golden semicolon.

The larva is an inch and aquarter long. The head is reddish black, flat in front and
somewhat bilobed, each lobe tipped with a tubercle emitting five single black pointed

5 spines. It is covered with many small

white and several blackish tubercles. The
body is cylindrical, black, thickly covered
with streaks and dots of yellowish white;
the second segment is without spines, but
with a row of yellowish tubercles in their
place; the third segment has four branch-
ing spines, all black, with a spot of dark
yellow at their base; and on the fourth
segment are four spines, as there are on all
the others, excepting the terminal, which
has two pairs, one posterior to the other.
The spines are yellow, with blackish branches, excepting the terminal pair, which is
black; and there is a row of reddish ones on each side. The under surface is yellow-
ish gray, darker on the anterior segments, with a central line of blackish, and many
small, black dots. (Saunders.)

The chrysalis is ash brown, with the head deeply notched ; and there are eight sil-
very spots on the back. The chrysalis state lasts from twelve to fourteen days.

Fic. 26. Grapta progne.—From Packard.

16. THE SILVER-C GRAPTA.
Grapta progne (Cramer).

Late in June, eating the leaves, a more common spiny caterpillar than the preceding,
being white mottled with gray, the butterfly smaller than the foregoing and marked
with a reversed silver c or comma in the middle of the hinder wings; but one brood
of butterflies appearing in July.

The larva is gray, mottled with whitish; head white, with two black prickles. The
two upper long-branched prickles upon the second ring black; no spines on the pro-
thoracic segments; those on the succeeding rings white, tipped with black; their
branches white, toward the forward end of the body becoming more and more tipped
with black. (Fitch.)

17. THE COMMA BUTTERFLY.
Grapla comma (Harris).

Another caterpillar closely resembling that of G. pregne, but differing in being of a
brownish-red color in front and white or pale yellow behind.

The half-grown larva is black, with a yellowish stripe along the side from the third
segment to the tail, and with yellow stripes across the back, and spots of the same
color at the base of the dorsal spines, which are yellow, tipped with black. The
mature caterpillar is white, mottled or striped with gray or ashen, and with red
spiracles (W. H. Edwards). It differs from the larva of G. progne in its brownish-red
face, and in being more yellowish on the abdominal segments.

The chrysalis is brownish-gray or white, variegated with pale brown and ornamented
with gold on the tubercles.

The butterfly differs from the Progne in the hind wings having a black spot on their
center, as well as two others toward their base, and on their under sides a central sil-
very curved mark like the letter c. Expanse of wings about two inches. It appears
in May, and a second brood in July, August, and September. This caterpillar is more
common on the currant and hop.

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ELM. 67

18. THE FOUR-HORNED SPHINX CATERPILLAR.
Ceratomia quadricornis (Harris).

Order LEPIDOPTERA; family SPHINGID 2.

Occasionally eating the leaves, a stout green worm with a large horn on its tail and
four shorter horns just behind the head, and seven oblique white lines on each side
of the body.

This worm not unusually occurs from Maine southward on the elm,
becoming fully fed early in September, when it descends into the ground
and pupates, the moth appearing the following May and June. I have
taken it in Maine as early as May 24. The moth is a large broad-winged
sphinx, with gray or ashen body and wings, the anterior pair with a
large white dot near the front edge.

19. THE FALL WEB WORM.

Hyphantria textor (Harris).

Order LEPIDOPTERA; family BOMBYCID2.

Disfiguring in August and early in September the branches of the elm with their
unsightly webs in which they live socially; slender, greenish-yellow caterpillars, dotted
with black, with rather sparse, silken, whitish hairs, and transforming into a pure
white moth.

The fall web worm should not be confounded with the American tent
caterpillar, being about half the size of the latter, and appearing late
in summer, when the tent caterpil-
lar has disappeared. It is abund-
ant and unwearying in its attacks
on different fruit and shade trees.
It is omnivorous in its taste and
one of the most abundant pests in
the Southern as well as Northern
States, being abundant in Maine,
and ranks with the canker-worm as
a general nuisance. The webs can ses RU A !
be removed by hand or by the use figure) ; For (2). BO ON oe
of mops dipped in a solution of carbolic acid or kerosene oil; or the
branch with the web may be cut off. It occurs on fruit trees, as well as
the hickory, black walnut, and sometimes the oak.

The larva when young is pale yellow, with the hairs quite sparse, and with two rows
of black marks along the body; the head is black.

When fully grown it is pale yellowish or greenish, with a broad dusky stripe along
the back and a yellow stripe along the sides. It is hairy, the rather long whitish hairs
springing from black and orange-yellow warts. It is very variable as to depth of
coloring and markings.

The moth is stout-bodied and entirely white. The female deposits her eggs in a
cluster on a leaf generally near the end of a branch, the eggs hatching during the
months of June, July, and August, earlier or later, according to the latitude. Each
worm begins spinning the moment it is born, and by their united effort they soon cover

the leaf with a web, under which they feed in company, devouring only the pulpy
parts of the leaf. (Riley.)

ctr eidp
Fury WES

68 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

20. THE ELM GALL-LOUSE.
Colopha ulmicola (Fitch).
Order HEMIPTeRA; family APHID.

Making in June a large excrescence like a cock’s comb on the upper side of the leaf,
the gall about an inch long and a quarter of an inch high, compressed, and its sides
wrinkled perpendicularly, with its summit irregularly gashed and toothed, of a paler
green color than the leaf and more or less red on the side exposed to the sun; opening
on the under side of the leaf by a long slit-like orifice; inside wrinkled perpendicularly
into deep plaits and oceupied by one female and a number of her young, which are
minute oval yellowish white lice 0.02 inch long, with blackish legs; the female more
or less coated with white meal on her back, 0.07 long, oval and pale yellow, with
blackish legs and antenne. By midsummer the galls dry up. (Fitch.)

21. THE WOOLY ELM-TREE LOUSE.
Eriosoma Rileyi (Thomas).
Order HeMiIpTERA; family APHID.

Clustering on the limbs and trunks of the white elm, causing a knotty unnatural
growth of the wood, small aphides covered with an intense white wool-like substance,
the limbs at a distance appearing like snow. (Riley.)

In Illinois and Missouri, late in May and in June, the white elms in the
larger cities are apt to become infested with these conspicuous and
curious insects. Riley finds that by washing with a weak solution of
cresylic acid soap they will be instantly killed.

The adult is dark blue, the wings clear, three times as long as wide,
and more pointed at the ends than in H. pyri. Costal and subcostal
veins, and that bounding the stigma behind robust and black. Length
to tip of closed wings, exclusive of antenne, 0.12 inch.

The young lice are narrower and usually lighter colored than the
adults, varying from flesh to various shades of blue and purple. (Riley.)

The following insects also prey on the elm:
HEMIPTERA.

22. Common elm aphis. Schizoneura americana (Riley).
23. Yellow elm louse. Callipterus ulmicola Thomas. (VIII, 111).

COLEOPTERA.

24, The grape-vine flea beetle. Graptodera chalybea Mlliger.
25. The goldsmith beetle. Cotalpa lanigera (Linn.).
26. Magdalis armicollis Say. (Inhabits the elm, Lebaron., 4th Rep).

LEPIDOPTERA.

27. Anthaxia viridicornis Say. (Psyche II, 40.)

28. Synchroa punctata Newman. (Psyche II, 40.)

28. The American silk worm, Telea polyphemus Hiibner.
29. The Emperor moth, Hyperchiria io (Fabricius).

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE HICKORY. 69

31. The vaporer-moth caterpillar, Orgyia leucostigma Sm.-Abb.

32. Tolype velleda (Stoll).

33. Acronycta ulmi Harris. (Corr. 312.)

34. Paraphia unipunctaria (Haworth).

35, Metanema quercivoraria Guenée.

36. Nephopteryx undulatella Clemens.

37. Nephopteryx? ulmi-arrosorella Clemens.

38. Bactra? argutana Cl. (also on sumach, witch-hazel, and black-thorn).

39. Lithocolletis argentinotella Clem. Larva makes a tentiform mine in
the under side of the leaves; rarely in the wpper side. (Chambers.)

40. Lithocolletis ulmella Chamb. Larva makes a flat mine in the upper
side of the leaf. (Chambers.)

41. Argyresthia austerella Zeller. This moth, I am convinced, feeds in
some way on it; and in latter May and in June the imago may be
found about the trees.” (Chambers.)

HYMENOPTERA.

42. The horn-tail borer, Tremex columba (Linn.).
43. Elm saw-fly, Cimbex americana var. Oimbex laportet.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE HICKORY.
(Carya alba and tomentosa.)

INJURING THE TRUNK AND BRANCHES.
1. THE COMMON HICKORY BORER.

Goes tigrinus (De Geer).
Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCIDZ.

Boring large holes lengthwise in the solid wood, a cream-colored grub, with the first
segment behind the head flattened, pale tawny-yellowish, changing to a pupa in its
burrow, and in summer appearing as a long-horned brown beetle an inch long, cov-
ered with a close gray pubescence, the wing-covers with a broad dark brown band
beyond their middle and another on their base, the thorax with an erect blunt spine
on each side; the antenn pale yellowish, with their first joint dark brown. (Fitch.)

This is perhaps the most common borer in the hickory and walnut in
the Northern States. According to Fitch the young worm lives at first
upon the soft outer layers of the sap-wood, mining a shallow cavity all
around the orifice in the bark, and the bark dies and turns black as far
as this burrow extends. Its jaws having at length become sufficiently
strong, it gnaws its way into the solid wood from the upper part of its
burrow under the bark, boring obliquely inward and upward, all the
lower part of its burrow being commonly packed with its sawdust-like
chips. Finally, having completed its growth, it extends the upper end
of its burrow outward again to the bark.

2. THE BEAUTIFUL HICKORY BORER.
Goes pulcher (Haldeman).

Similar to the preceding. ‘Scarce, but a few are found every season in the shag-
bark and pignut hickory, June and July.” (Dr. T. Hadge, Buffalo, N. Y., Amer.
Ent., iii, p. 270.)

70 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

3. THE BELTED CHION.
Chion cinctus (Drury).
Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCID.

A worm like the preceding and with similar habits, forming long galleriesin the trunk
in the direction of the fibers of the wood, producing a more flattened
long-horned beetle from two-thirds to a little over an inch long, of
a hazel-brown color, with a short dull straw-yellow band placed
obliquely forward of the middle of each wing-cover, and with a
small sharp spine on each side of the prothorax, and two slender
ones on the tips of each wing-cover; the antenne of the males
more than twice the length of the body. (Harris. )

4. THE DISCOIDAL SAPERDA.

Fic, rae belted Saperda discoidea (Fabricius).

Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCID.

A similar but much smaller worm than the foregoing, changing to a cylindrical
long-horned beetle of a black or blackish-brown color, clothed with ash-gray pubes-
cence which is less dense above and commonly forms three gray stripes upon the thorax,
and a band or crescent upon the middle of the wing-covers, its legs yellow or reddish.
Length 0.40 to 0.60 inch. (Fitch.)

5. THE COMMON HICKORY BORER.
Cyllene picta Drury.

Boring in the trunk of the hickory, a whitish worm, one-half an inch long, the
beetle appearing in June. (See Locust-tree borer.)

We have received this insect in all its stages from Mr. H. Gillman, of
Detroit, who several years ago found several of them in a hickory log
March 10th. From these living specimens the following description
was drawn up:

Larva.—Body thick ; mouth-parts black; head reddish behind the antenne. Pro-
thoracic segment (first behind the head) large and broad, being one-half as long as
broad; flat and broad above, the upper surface being lower than that of the suc-
ceeding segment; the anterior edge thickened, being slightly corneous; a mesial
deeply impressed line, especially on the hinder two-thirds, where it becomes a
broad, deep angular furrow, dividing the tergum into two quadrant-shaped
halves; the outer edge of the segment rises above the flattened tergal portion,
which is sparsely covered with hairs; the latter thicker along the sides of the
body. The body contracts in width behind the 4th
abdominal segment; the upper side of each of the
first six abdominal segments (corresponding to those
segments in the beetle) is raised into blister-like
| swellings, especially on the 5th and 6th segments,
which are much narrower than the four preceding
segments. These dorsal swellings are smooth and
¥ie, 30.—Common hickory borer; male, free from fine hairs. Abdominal segments 7-9 con-

ee ele a, larva; b, pupa.—From vex above, not swollen, and the abdomen is narrow-

‘ est between the 5th and 6th segments. A pair of
large spiracles on the mesothoracic segment, and a pair on each of the first eight
abdominal segments. .

Antenne 3-jointed; the two basal joints being of the same length; the basal one

being one-third stouter than the 2d; the 3d joint filiform, and one-half as long as the

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2d joint, and ending in two or three hairs. The thin membranous labrum is divided

into two parts, the basal solid, the terminal portion forming a moveable flap, overlap-

ping and reaching nearly to the end of the mandibles when closed; the basal portion

is shorter than broad, being broadly trapezoidal and smooth; the outer division is
broader than long, the edges being rounded, so that it is almost broadly
ovate: (transversely) and smooth, covered with long hairs. It is pale
membranous, of a testaceous hue. Mandibles black, very thick and

7 stout, with obtuse, rounded edges; they are almost as long as the base
is broad. Mavxille membranous, flattened; maxillary palpi 2-jointed.
Labium membranous, with a transverse chitinous band near the inser-
tion of the 2-jointed palpi; both joints short; second one-half as thick
as the first; edge hairy, the hairs reaching to the ends of the palpi.
Length of body 0.50 inch; breadth of prothoracic segment, 4.2™™;

breadth of head, 3.2™™.
Fic. 31.—Lar-

vainjurious Fig, 31 represents a larva which probably preys on the

to hickory : . p </as

insects. © young of this and other hickory insects, as it is not uncom-
mon under the bark of the hickory in Massachusetts. It belongs to the

family Nitidulide.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE HICKORY. 71

6. THE HICKORY TWIG GIRDLER.

Oncideres cingulatus (Say).
Order COLEOPTERA ; family CERAMBYCIDA.

Girdling and occasionally cutting off the twigs and branches, a thick-bodied, lon-
gicorn, dark gray beetle 0.60 inch long, with its wing-covers sprinkled over with faint
tawny yellow dots.

This singular beetle, which
inhabits the Eastern United
States, appears in Pennsylvania
from the middle of August until
the middle of September. Fig.
32 represents the beetle and the
incision it makes, and Fig. 33,
from a drawing sent us by the
late Prof. Haldeman, shows how
the beetle may
injure several
adjoining twigs.
The editors of
the American
Entomologist (I,
p. 76) state that
they have count-
ed in a persim-
mon branch not
more than two
feet long, »as
Wiivie girdles ay Many as eight 4... 43_Tree cut by the twig girdler._From Hayden's

ter Riley. eggs, placed one por
under each successive side-shoot, while they have found seven eggs all
crowded together in a small hickory branch only three incheslong. Prof.

72 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

Haldeman states that “both sexes are rather rare, particularly the male,
which is rather smaller than the female, but with longer antennze. The
female makes perforations (Fig. 32, b) in the branches of the tree upon
which she lives, which are from half an inch to a quarter of an inch
thick, in which she deposits her eggs (one of which is represented of
the natural size at Fig. 32, e). She then proceeds to gnaw a groove, of
about a tenth of an inch wide and deep, around the branch and below
the place where the eggs are deposited, so that the exterior portion dies
and the larva feeds upon the dead wood.” In the case noticed by Prof.
Haldeman, the tree attacked was the shag-bark hickory (Carya alba)
and the incisions were so shallow as not to break off until after the
larva had matured within it, or nearly a year after the girdling. But in
most of the cases observed by Messrs. Walsh and Riley upon pear and
persimmon trees, “the twig was girdled so deeply that it broke off and
fell to the ground with the first wind, and while the eggs that had been
laid in it by the mother-beetle were still unhatched. Even in a girdled
hickory twig 0.35 inch in diameter, which we have now lying before us,
but a third part of its diameter is left in the middle ungnawed away, so
that in spite of the superior toughness of this timber the twig could
scarcely have stood a high wind without breaking off and falling to the
ground.”
7. THE SLENDER-FOOTED DYSPHAGA.
Dysphaga tenuipes (Haldeman).

Asmall grub, in the dead limb and twigs, producing in May a small black longi-

_corn beetle with rough wing-covers but half as long as the abdomen and tinged with

paler yellowish at their bases, its head having a furrow in the middle and its thorax
cylindrical. Length 0.25inch. (Fitch).

8. THE LURID DICERCA.
Dicerca lurida (Fabricius).
Order COLEOPTERA ; family BUPRESTID&.

Boring in the trunks and limbs of the pig-nut hickory, a flat-headed grub of a yel-
lowish-white color, changing to a flattened, hard-shelled beetle with short slender
antenne, of a lurid dull brassy color above, and bright copper beneath, with the wing-
covers lengthened into diverging obtuse points.

The larva is of a yellowish-white color, very long, narrow, and depressed in form,
but abruptly widened near the anterior extremity. The head is brownish, small, and
sunk in the fore part of the first segment; the upper jaws are provided with three
teeth, and are of a black color; and the antenn are very short. The segment which
receives the head is short and transverse ; next to it is a large oval segment, broader
than long, and depressed or flattened above and beneath. Behind this, the segments
are very much narrowed and become gradually longer; but are still flattened, to the
last, which is terminated by a rounded tubercle.or wart. There are no legs, nor any
apparatus which can serve as such, except two small warts on the under side of the
second segment from the thorax. (Harris.)

The beetle is of a lurid or dull brassy color above, bright copper beneath, and thickly
punctured all over; there are numerous irregular impressed lines, and several narrow
elevated black spots on the wing-covers, the tips of each of which ends with two little
points. Length 0.60-0.80 inch.

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE HICKORY. 73

9, Stenosphenus notatus (Olivier).
Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCIDZ.

Boring in the hickory tree, a specimen having been cut froma hickory tree in March.
(C. V. Riley, Amer. Ent., vol. iii, p. 239.)

10. Neoclytus erythrocephalus (Fabricius).
Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCID.

Boring in hickory wood ; nothing farther known regarding its habits.

This beetle has been raised from hickory wood by Dr. G. H. Horn.
(Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, vol. 1, p.
29.) It has also been found boring in a dead elm by Mr. H. G. Hubbard,
of Detroit, Mich., and a gravid female was found near the root of a rose-
vush in Washington, D.C. (Riley).

11. Dorcaschema nigrum (Say).
Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCIDZ.
Bores in the hickory, according to Dr. F. Hodge, Buffalo, N. Y.

12. THE HICKORY BARK-BORER.
Scolytus 4-spinosus (Say.)
Order COLEOPTERA; family SCOLYTID.

Undermining the bark and making long slender tracks radiating from a primary
larger vertical chamber; a white footless grub, becoming a small cylindrical wéevil-
like beetle.

This very destructive bark-
borer affects the bitter-nut,
shell-bark, pig-nut hickory and
probably the pecan (Carya
oliveformis). According to
Riley the beetle issues the
latter part of June and early
part of July. “Both sexes
bore into the tree—the male ,
for food, and the female mostly (
for the purpose of laying her
eggs. In thus entering the j Mf I
tree they bore slantingly and *# faa |aam
upward, and do not confine |
themselves to the trunk, but
penetrate the small branches
and even the twigs. The en-
trance to the twig is usually
made at the axil of a bud or
leaf, and the channel often < ; :
causes the leaf to wither and, 7% *4—Hickgr bark-borer. 1, 2 ite ley bee
drop or the twig to die or break off.

‘The female, in depositing, confines herself to the trunk or larger
limbs, placing her eggs each side of a vertical chamber, as described by

74 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

Mr. Bryant.* Here she frequently dies, and her remains may be found
long after her progeny have commenced working. The larve bore their
cylindrical channels, at first, transversely and diverging (Fig. 34, 1), but
afterwards lengthwise along the bark (Fig. 34, 2), always crowding the
widening burrows with their powdery excrement, which is of the same
color as the bark. The full-grown larva (Fig. 34, 4, natural size and en-
larged) is soft, yellowish and without traces of legs. The head is slightly
darker, with brown jaws, and the stigmata so pale that they are with
difficulty discerned. It remains torpid in the winter, and transforms to
the pupa state about the end of the following May. The pupa (Fig. 34,
5) is smooth and unarmed, and shows no sexual differences. The per-
fect beetle issues through a hole made direct from the sap-wood, and a
badly infested tree looks as though it had been peppered with No. 8 shot.
The sexes differ widely from each other, the male having spines on the
truncated portion of the abdomen, not possessed by the female. The
eggs are deposited during the months of August and September, and
the transformations are effected within one year, as no larve will be
found remaining in the tree the latter part of July.

Two ichneumon parasites, according to Riley, prey upon this insect,
and after killing the grub spin little pale cocoons. They are Spathius
trifasciatus Riley, and Bracon scolytivorus Cresson.

The beetle—Male entirely black, or black with brown wing-covers; the head above
flat, concave towards tip; thorax very little longer than wide, and narrowing in
front but slightly. Elytra with about 10 striz confused at the sides, but regular
above, and composed of small, deep, approximate punctures; interstitial spaces with
a single row of minute and nearly obsolete punctures. The female differs in having
the head rather shorter, more rounded, less hairy, and the venter unarmed. Length
0.15-0.20 inch. (Riley.)

13. Sinoxylon basilare (Say).

Order COLEOPTERA; family PTINID®.

Inhabits hickory wood, in which it bores to a considerable depth, preferring the
hard central wood. Its borings are very fine, and firmly compressed. After full
development is attained it makes its way out almost at a right angle and emerges
through a circular opening in the bark of the hickory. (Horn.)

14. RED-SHOULDERED APATE.
Apate basilaris (Say).
Order COLEOPTERA; family SCOLYTIDA.

Boring deep, small, straight holes to the heart of the tree, which is entirely killed by
this insect, and transforming at the bottom of the hole.

The beetle is deep black and punctured all over; thorax very convex and rough in
front; the wing-covers not excavated at the tip, but sloping downward very sud-

*The mode of operation appears to be as follows: Boring through the bark, the insect forms a ver-
tical chamber next to the wood, from half aninch to an inch in length, on each side of which it depos-
its its eggs, varying in number from twenty to forty or fifty in all. The larye, when hatched, feed
on the inner bark, each one following a separate track, which is marked distinctly on the wood. Some
trees contain them in such numbers that the bark is almost entirely separated from the wood. In
many cases the upper part of the tree is killed a year or two before the lower partis attacked. (Riley’s
Fifth Annual Report Inj. Ins. Missouri, p. 104.

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE HICKORY. 75

denly behind, as if obliquely cut off, the outer edge of the cut portion armed with
three little teeth on each wing-cover, and on the base or shoulders a large red spot
0.20 inch in length. (Harris.)

The following Coleoptera are also said by Dr. J. L. Leconte to affect
the trunks and branches of the common hickory (Carya tomentosa).*
15. Lyctus striatus Melsheimer. Family BITOMID A.

16. Anthaxia viridifrons Gory. Appeared April 10. Family BUPRES-
TID 2.
17. Agrilus egenus. April 21. Family BUPRESTID &.
18. probably n. sp. April 8. Family BUPRESTID &.
19. Phyllobenus dislocatus. Family CLERID A.
20. Chariessa pilosa. April16. Family CLERID &.
Sinoxylon basilare. Family PTINIDa. (See p. 74.)
21. Heterachthes quadrimaculatus. Family CERAMBYCID &.
22. Phyton pallidum. May 20. Family CERAMBYCID &.
23. Molorchus bimaculatus. Family CERAMBYCID &.
Cyllene picta. (Seep. 70.) Family CERAMBYCID A.
Neoclytus erythrocephalus. Family CERAMBYCID &.
24. Tillomorpha geminata. Family CERAMBYCID &.
25. Acanthoderes quadrigibbus. Family CERAMBYCID&.
26. Liopus cinereus. April 24. Family CERAMBYCID &.
27. Hcyrus dasycerus. April 21. Family CERAMBYCID&.
‘ WSaperda discoidea. (See p. 70.) Family CERAMBYOID &.
Oncideres cingulatus. (See p. 71.) Family CERAMBYCID &.
28. Tribolium, n. sp. March. Family TENEBRIONIDZ&.
29. Lemosaccus plagiatus. Apriland August. Family CURCULIONID &.
30. Xyleborus celsus. Family SCOLYTID A.
31. Thysanoés fimbricornis. Apriland May. Family ScOLYTID&.
32. Chramesus hicorie. Apriland May. Family SCOLYTID&.
33. Hupogonius vestitus Say. Bred from hickory. (Riley.)

AFFECTING THE BARK.
34. THE HICKORY-BARK LOUSE.
Lecanium carye (Fitch).
Order HEMIPTERA; family CoccID&.

Fixed to the bark of the small limbs, a large, very convex oval scale of a black
color fading to chestnut brown, in May dusted over with a white powder. Length
often 0.40 by 0.25 inch in width. (Fitch.)

. 35. THE HICKORY BLIGHT.
Eriosoma carye (Fitch).
Order HeMIPTERA; family APHID.

Forming a flocculent down coating the under side of the limbs, especially of bushes
and young trees in shaded situations, multitudes of wooly plant lice.
The winged individuals are black, with the head, scutel, and abdomen covered with

* See American Entomologist, vol. iii, p. 236.

16 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

a white cotton-like substance, the fore wings with an oval salt-white spot near the
tip of their outer margin; the veins being obsolete. Length to the tip of the wings
0.12 inch. On walnut bushes in Illinois. (Fitch.)

36. THE HICKORY APHIS.
Lachnus carye (Harris).
Order HeEmMriprerA; family APHID.

Living in clusters on the under side of limbs of the pig-nut hickory early in July,
very large plant-lice + inch long, with no terminal stylet and very short horney tubes;
body covered with a bluish white bloom or down, with four rows of little transverse
black spots on the back; top of thorax and veins of wings black, as are also the
shanks, feet and antennie, while the thighs are reddish brown. (Harris.)

AFFECTING THE LEAVES.
37. THE LUNA SILK MOTH.
Actias luna (Linneus).
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family BOMBYCID&.

Devouring the leaves in August, a large thick-bodied caterpillar, about three inches
long, apple green, each segment with six small bright rose-red elevated dots, and low
down along each side a pale yellow line running lengthwise immediately above the
lower row of dots, from which line at each of the sutures a pale yellow line extends
upward upon the sides. Spinning a large oval cocoon, which is found among the fal-
len leaves; the moth, one of our largest insects, appearing late in May and during
June; pale green, with eye-like spots in the center of each wing, the hinder pair pro
longed into two long, broad ‘‘ tails.”

38. THE REGAL WALNUT CATERPILLAR.
Citheronia regalis (Hiibner).
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family BOMBYCIDA.

A spiny caterpillar five inches long, our largest species, green, with a red head and
tail, and stout, sharp, black and red spines, and black and red feet; not spinning a
cocoon, but the larva enters the ground in September to transform to a chrysalis,
which in July changes to a very large bright orange-red moth, with the fore wings
pale olive spotted with yellow, the veins stained reddish, and the hind wings orange-
red.

This is our largest caterpillar; it is harmless, though so formidable in
appearance, and easily recognized by its size and by the four long horns
on the segments just behind the head. It feeds on the black walnut,
butternut, hickory, persimmon, and sumach, and is very rare north of
New York, and is scarce in the Middle and Southern States.

39. THE HICKORY TUSSOCK MOTH.
Halesidota carye (Harris).
Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family BOMBYCID&.

In July and August and early September, eating the tender leaves at the ends of
the branches, snow-white caterpillars, over an inch long, with rows of round black

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE HICKORY. 7%

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spots, and along the back 8 black tufts of converging hairs and two black pencils of
longer hairs near each end of the body; spinning in sheltered corners and crevices
ash-gray oval cocoons ; the moth appearing the following June. (Fitch.)

In certain years this caterpillar may be quite numerous ; it is quite
social, feeding in companies and is a general feeder, and, while preferring
_the walnut, butternut, and sumach, is common on the elm and ash, and
Fitch says he has seen clusters of the caterpillars upon the tamarack or
larch ; he adds, what has been observed by ourselves, that as they ap-
proach maturity they separate and stray off to other trees, and may then
be seen on rose bushes, on the apple, oak, locust, &c., the same indi-
vidual often remaining several days in one place. It ranges from Maine
to the Southern States.

The moth is very light ochre yellow ; the long narrow-pointed fore wings are thickly
sprinkled with little brown dots, and have two oblique brownish streaks passing back-
wards from the front edge, with three rows of white semi-transparent spots parallel
to the outer hind margin; hind wings very thin, semi-transparent, and without spots.
The wings expand about two inches. (Harris. )

40, THE SKIFF CATERPILLAR.
Timacodes scapha Harris.
Order LuriporTera ; family BoMBYCID.

A singular boat-shaped triangular caterpillar, green, spotted above with brown
pale beneath, the sides raised and the dorsal surface flattened ; forming in the autumn
a tough rounded oval cocoon, covered by an outer thin envelope.

The moth appears in June ; it is light cinnamon brown; on
the fore wings the costo-median region is filledin with a large
tan-brown triangular spot, ending on the tip of the wing, and
is lined externally with silver.

A number of other Bombycide allied to Lima-
codes, Notodanta, Halesidota, &c., also inhabit the y,,. 35.

: : ; Limacodes sca
hickory; besides these, the American silk worm a

sometimes occurs on the hickory, as well as the goldsmith beetle,
which, according to Fitch, feeds on the leaves.

41. THE WALKING STICK.
Diapheromera femorata Say.
Order ORTHOPTERA ; family PHASMID#.
Sometimes stripping the leaves of the hickory, white oak, locust, &c., causing the
timber to appear seared and leafless, a singular insect which would be mistaken for
the smaller twigs or leaf-stalks, as the body is very long and slender, wingless, nearly

four inches long, cylindrical, and an eighth of an inch in diameter.

A large number of Hemiptera, such as gall-lice, tree-hoppers, “c.,

78 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

puncture the ping causing them to wither or raising galls upon them.

iA The following species

have been noticed by
Fitch:

42. THE HICKORY-STEM GALL-
LOUSE.
Phylloxera caryecaulis (Fitch).
Forming bullet-like galls,
hollow, green, and of a leath-
ery texture, upon the leaf-
stalks and succulent young
} shoots, with the walls of the
‘W) cavity inside covered with
, minute white and yellow lice.
43. HICKORY-VEIN GALL-
LOUSE.
» Phylloxera caryevene (Fitch).
Forming plaits in the veins
of the leaves, which project
up from the surface in an ab-
ruptly elevated keel-like
ridge upon the upper side of
the leaf and with a mouth
opening ou the under side,
the lips of which are woolly
and closed. The wingless fe-
males minute, pale yellow,
broad in front, and tapering
behind to an acute point;
antenne and legs short and
tinged with a dusky hue.

44, THE HICKORY LEAF-WITH-
ERER.
Phylloxera caryefolice Fitch.

Forming small conical ele-
vations on the upper surface
of the leaf of Carya alba, each
haying an orifice in its sum-
mit; a very small black plant-
louse with a pale abdomen

Fic. 36.—The walking stick. a, b, eggs; ¢, young just hatching; and legs and smoky wings
d, male; ¢, female.—From Riley. ' Jaid flat on its back, and hay-

ing only three veins in addition to the rib. Length, 0.06 inch. (Fitch.)

45. THE SEED-GALL HICKORY PHYLLOXERA.
Phylloxera carye-semen (Walsh).
Forming fuscous, minute, subglobular, seed-like galls on the leaves of Carya glabra,
the galls opening in a small nipple on the under side. (Walsh.)
46, THE HICKORY ROUND-GALL.
Phylloxera carye-globuli Walsh.

Forming hemispherical galls about 0.25 inch diameter on the upper surface of the leaves
of carya glabra and alba, the galls rather flat below, where they open ina slit. (Walsh.)

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INSECTS INJURIOUS- TO THE HICKORY.

47, THE HICKORY SPINY GALL.
Phylloxera spinosa (Shimer).

Forming large, irregular galls, covered with spines, on the petiole of the leaf of
Carya amara, the galls opening beneath in an irregular, sinuate slit. (Shimer. )

48. Phylloxera carye-septa (Shimer).

Forming flattened galls with a septum, on the leaves of Carya alba, the galls open-
ing both above and below. (Shimer.) Probably, according to Riley, only an abnor-
mal form of P. carye-globulis. ,

49. Phylloxera forcata (Shimer).

Forming galls much like those of P. caryw-semen.

50. Phylloxera depressa (Shimer).

Forming depressed galls on leaves of Carya alba, the galls opening below with a
constricted mouth fringed with filaments. Daktylosphera coniferum Shimer is, in all
probability, Riley claims, the same. (7th Rep. Ins. Mo., p. 118.)

51. Phylloxera conica (Shimer).

Forming galls similar to those of P. depressa, but without the fringe. (Probably the
same, Riley claims. )
. Phylloxera carye-gummosa Riley.

Forming pedunculated ovoid or globular galls on the under side of Carya alba; the
gall white, pubescent, and gummy or sticky, opening below in a fibrous point.

The eggs are almost spherical, pale, and translucent. Larva, mother-louse, and pupa
quite pale, the red eyes and eyelets strongly contrasting. (Riley, 7th Rep. Ins. Mo.,
p- 118.) .

53. Phylloxera carye-ren Riley.

Forming numerous more or less confluent mostly reniform galls on the petiole and
leaf-stems of Carya glabra; the galls varying from 0.2 to 0.7 inch in diameter, pale green
and densely pubescent, and opening in a slit the whole of their length, transversely
with the axis of the petiole. (Riley.)

54. Phylloxera carye-fallax Riley.

Forming conical galls thickly crowded on the upper surface of the leaves of the
Carya alba. Strongly resembling P. carye-foliw, but the height one-third greater
than the basal diameter, and opening below, instead of above, in a circular fuzzy
mouth. (Riley.)

55. THE HICKORY GAY-LOUSE.

Callipterus? caryellus Fitch.

Scattered upon the under side of the leaves, a small pale-yellow plant-louse with
white antenn# alternated with black rings and pellucid wings laid flat upon its back,
its abdomen egg-shaped, somewhat flattened, and with only minute rudimentary
heney-tubes. (Fitch. )

56. THE DOTTED-WINGED GAY-LOUSE.

Callipterus? vunctatellus Fitch.

A plant-louse like the preceding, but with black feet and a black dot on the base
and another on the apex of each of the veins of its fore wings. The stigma is salt-

80 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

white, with a brown streak at each end; the second vein is wavy, and at its tip is
curved towards the tip of the first vein; the third vein arises from the basal extremity
of the stigma, and forward of its furcation curves perceptibly towards the apex of the
wing; the fourth vein is longer than the second fork. (Fitch.)

57. THE SPOTTED-WINGED GAY-LOUSE.
Callipterus? maculellus Fitch.

Differs from C.? caryellus in having only a slender black ring at each articulation of
the antenne, the feet and a band near the tips of the hind thighs blackish; the stigma
salt-white, its base black; its apex dusky; fourth vein with a black dot on its base
and a dusky one on its apex; the first vein, apical third of the second vein, and the ‘
first and second forks broadly margined with smoky brown;. second vein wavy and
parallel with the third vein till near its tip where it curves towards the first vein, its
base a third nearer the third than it is to the first vein; third vein arising from the
anterior extremity of the stigma, with a dusky spot on its apex. (Fitch.)

58. THE SMOKY-WINGED GAY-LOUSE.

Callipterus fumipennellus Fitch.

Similar to the preceding, of a dull yellow color with blackish feet and the wings
smoky with robust brown veins, the rib-vein much more distant from the margin of
the first half of its length than in the other species, and from its middle to the stigma
approaching the margin; the fourth vein equalling the stigma in length. (Fitch.)

59. THE BLACK-MARGINED GAY-LOUSE.
Callipterus marginellus Fitch.

Pale yellow; antenn white, their bases and the four bands black; a coal-black
band in front between the eyes and continued along each side of the thorax to its
base; fore wings pellucid, stigma with the outer margin and rib-vein coral black,
first vein with a black dot on its base; fourth vein slender, black, the other veins
colorless; outer margin of hind wings black. (Fitch.)

60. THE FRECKLED LEAF-HOPPER.
Jassus inoratus Say.

A cylindrical oblong white leaf-hopper closely inscribed and reticulated with slender
black lines and small dots which form irregular spots along the margins of the wing-
covers; its legs white dotted with black. Length, 0.25 inch.

61. FOUR-STRIPED LEAF-HOPPER.
Diedrocephala quadrivittata (Say).

A flattened oblong leaf-hopper of a light-yellow color, varied on the thorax with-
orange, red or dusky; its fore wings olive green, each wing with two bright red or
orange stripes, the tips margined with black. Length,0.35 inch. (Fitch.)

62. THE WALNUT SWORD-TAIL.
Uroxiphus carye Fitch.

A dull brown tree-hopper with the terminal portion of its fore wings obscure ash-
gray; its abdomen and a ring on its shanks pale yellowish, and its breast mealy white.
Length of male, 0.30; female, 0.37. (Fitch.)

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE HICKORY. 8l

63. THE YELLOW TREE-HOPPER.
Telamona unicolor Fitch.

A tree-hopper of a uniform dull ochre-yellow, somewhat like a beech-nut in shape
and size, with a prominent hump jutting up on the middle of its back, highest ante-
riorly and descending with a slight curve to its hind angle, which is very obtusely
rounded and but little prominent; its anterior angle also rounded and with only a
slight concavity below it at the forward end of the hump, while at its posterior base
is a strong one, the whole surface with close coarse punctures and showing a few
elevated longitudinal lines low down on‘each side and towards the tip; the upper
edge of the hump black and also the tip of the abdomen on its under side; fore wings
glassy, with a black spot on their base and tip, and their veins margined with slender
black lines. Length, 0.45 inch; height, 0.25 inch.

64. THE BANDED TREE-HOPPER.
Telamona fasciata Fitch.

Like the preceding species, but smaller and of a tawny yellow color, its head and the
anterior edge of the thorax and the under side paler cream-yellow or straw-colored ;
with a single small black dot above each eye; its thorax in front and at tip blackish,
and also an oblique band across the hind end of the dorsal hump longer than high,
longer at its base than above, highest anteriorly, with a stronger concavity at its an-
terior end than at its posterior, and at its anterior base compressed and forming hereby
a shallow indentation upon each side. Length, 0.38; height, 0.20 inch. (Fitch.)

65. THE SHORT-HORNED TREE-HOPPER.
Ceresa brevicornis Fitch.

Very like Ceresa bubalus on the apple and wild thorn, but differing in having the
horns much shorter, while the sides of the thorax, when viewed in front, are not grad-
ually curved outwards, but are straight or rectilinear, with the horns abruptly pro-
jecting from the corner at the upper end of this line. The acute spine at the tip of
the thorax is also longer and slenderer. The thorax between the horns is slightly con-
vex. The dried specimen is of a pale dull yellow color speckled with faint pale green
dots and with a paler straw-colored stripe, quite distinct, upon the angular sides of
the thorax from each eye upward to the horn and from thence te the summit of the
thorax. Length, 0.36 inch. (Fitch.)

66. THE FACE-BANDED CIXIUS.
Cizius cinctifrons Fitch.

A small four-winged hemipter of a white color, varied with blackish brown, and
with three elevated lines upon the face and thorax; its face snow-white, crossed by
two black bands, the outer raised lines dotted with white in these bands; the thorax
black, tawny yellow on each side beyond the raised lines; neck white with a row of
blackish dots upon each side; fore-wings smoky brown, their veins dotted with black
in places, their basal edge, an oblique band and a spot in the middle of the outer
margin white, their membranous tips white and somewhat hyaline, with a brown
band across the transverse veinlets, and the hind margin blackish, interrupted by the
snow-white tips of the veins; hind wings black and transparent ; under side yellow-
ish white with two blackish bands on each of the four forward shanks. Length, 0.18

inch.
67. THE CLOUDY-TIPPED CIXIUS.

Cizius colepeum Fitch.

Rarely found on the leaves, a small four-winged homopter of a coal-black color,
with clear, transparent wings having a large smoky-brown cloud on their tips; fore-
6 RIL

82. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TEEES.

wings transparent, their veins dotted with black, the dots on the outer margin larger ;

an irregular and somewhat broken band of a smoky-brown color extending across for-
ward of the middle and a broader one beyond the middle, having a black spot or
stigma on the anterior corner of its outer end; between these bands a smoky-brown
spot on the inner and a smaller one nearly opposite it on the outer margin; thorax
with three raised lines; face black with the raised lines brown; legs dull whitish,
Length, 0.22 inch. (Fitch.)

68. AMYOT’S OTIOCERUS.
Otiocerus amyotii Fitch.

A light yellow homopter; the wing-covers pale sulphur-yellow, with a brown stripe
from the base to the middle of the inner margin and thence to the outer tip; a row of
blackish dots on the hind edge alternating with the ends of the apical veins, and
about six dots forward of the innermost of these, placed on the tips of the subapical
and on the bases of the apical veins; three brown stripes on the thorax; an orange-red
stripe on each side of the head, from the eye to the forward edge below the apex.
Length, 0.25; expanse of wings, 0.70 inch. (Fitch.)

69. THE LARGE GREEN TREE BUG.
Rhaphigaster pensylvanicus (De Geer).

A large flattened grass-green bug (hemupter) edged all around with a light yellow
line, interrupted at each joint of the abdomen by a small black spot, its antennie
black beyond the middle of their third joint, with a pale yellow band on the first half
of the two last joints. Length, 0.60 and 0.70 inch. (Fitch.)

70. THE WALNUT LEAF-ROLLER.
Tortrix rileyana Grote.
Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family TORTRICID®.

Drawing together the leaves of the black walnut and hickory in May, a colony of
small yellow caterpillars; late in the month changing to honey-yellow chrysalids, the
moths escaping by the middle or last of June. The latter expands an inch, and is
deep ochreous, the fore-wings broad, evenly washed with purplish, with dark velvety-
brown small spots, of which there are three at the base, two in the middle of the wing,
and one on the edge, while near the apex is a curved row of four or five spots. The
hind wings clear bright deep ochreous yellow. (Riley. )

71. THE WALNUT CASE-BEARER.
Acrobasis juglandis Le Baron.
fq Order LEripoprTeRA; family PYRALIDA.

Drawing two leaflets together and
constructing a black case, a small dark
/ greenish worm, changing to a gray nar-
row-winged small moth. (Fig. 20.—
Riley IV, p. 42.)

We have observed at Provi-
dence, June 1st, between the fold.
ed leaves of Carya porcina, a simi-
Fic. 37.—Walnut case-bearer; a, case between two lar Case, but in the form of a long,

leaves; b, case; c, A nebulo; d, A. ‘uglandis; e, jag- wz
pele eae se; c, A nebulo; d, uglandis; ¢ J¢9- ander black cone.

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE HICKORY. 83
72. PIG-NUT LEAF WEEVIL.

Conotrachelus elegans Say.
Order COLEOPTERA; family CURCULIONID®.

While engaged in laying its eggs sometimes cutting off the leaves of the pig-nut
hickory, a weevil of moderate size, closely resembling the plum weevil.

We have observed this weevil at Providence, busily engaged the last
of May laying its eggs in the partly rolled-up leaves of the pig-hickory
(Carya porcina), and during the process cutting off the leaves, which
hang down, wither, and turn black.

73. THE PIG-HICKORY SLUG-WORM.
Selandria sp.

A pale-green slug-worm, resembling in form the naked larva of Selan-
dria carye, with several rows of short, forked white hairs; quite abun-
dant at Providence May 30th, eating roundish holes in the leaves of the
pig-nut hickory.

74, THE HICKORY SLUG CATERPILLAR.

Thecla calanus (Hiibner).

Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family PAPILIONID 2%.

Feeding on the leaves of the pig-hickory at Providence May 50th and
later, a pale-green, flattened, long, oval, cylindrical caterpillar, flat be-
neath ; the body rounded above and covered with short hairs ; changing
to a delicate small butterfly, with the hind wings tailed.

AFFECTIVNG THE FRUIT.
75. THE HICKORY-SHUCK WORM.

Ephippophora caryana Fitch.
Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family TORTRICID®.

Mining the shucks whichenvelope the nuts, causing them tobe abortive and many to
fall from the tree prematurely, a slender white sixteen-footed caterpillar about three-
eighths of an inch in length.

The moth is sooty black, the fore-wings with reflections of tawny yellow, blue and
purple ; their outer edge black with oblique triangular whitish streaks placed at equal
distances apart. A very oblique faint silvery blue streak extends inwards from the
points of two of these white streaks, namely, the fourth and sixth ones from the tip
of the wing; while the usual white spot on the inner margin of the wings is wanting.
Expanse of wings, 0.60 inch. (Fitch.)

76. THE HICKORY-NUT WEEVIL.

Balaninus nasicus Say.

Order COLEOPTERA ; family CURCULIONID&.

A worm like the chestnut borer transforming into a long-snouted beetle closely like
B. rectus, but with a darker, thicker, more curved rostrum, and with the antennz
springing from its middle in the male and from its basal third in the female. Two

84 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

thoracic paler bands are seen on the thorax, and there is always a pale transverse

band behind the middle of the elytra, and a sutural band. In the male the beak is

equal to three-fourths the length of the body ; inthe female to five-fourths. It breeds

entirely on hickory nuts. (Riley.)

The following insects also occur on the hickory :

77. The Luna moth, Actias luna. (Linn.)

78. The hickory leaf roller, Tortrix (Lophoderus) juglandana Fernald.
(Can. Ent. XI, 155.)

79. Eburia quadrigemina Say. Issuing from hickory trees in July, com-
mon. (McBride.)

The following Tineide feed on the hickory according to Chambers :

80. Lithocolletis caryefoliella Clem.

81. Lithocolletis caryealbella Chamb. Larva in a tentiform mine in the
under surface of the leaves.

82. Aspidisca lucifluella Clem. Larva in a small blotch mine, from which
it cuts out its pupal case.

83. Coleophora caryefoliella Chamb. (and Clemens ?). Larva feeds in a
cylindrical case attached to the under surface of the leaves.

84. Nepticula caryefoliella Clem. Imago unknown. Larva in a linear
crooked mine on the upper side of the leaves.

85. Ypsolophus caryefoliella Clem. Larva sews together the leaves.

86. Gracilaria sp. (probably G@. blandella Clem.) Imagounknown. The
larva when young makes a linear whitish mine in the upper sur-
face of the leaves.

87. Phycita nebulo (juglandis). A pyralid living on the walnut.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE BLACK WALNUT.
(Juglans nigra.)
AFFECTING THE TRUNK.

The chief enemy of this tree is the hiekory and locust tree borer,
(Cyllene picta). Fitch states that the beetles which are reared in this
tree appear to constitute a distinct variety of a larger size than usual
and with their yellow marks changed more or less to a white color.

AFFECTING THE LEAVES.
1. THE BLACK WALNUT SPHINX.
Smerinthus juglandis Smith-Abbot.
Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family SPHINGID 2.

A large pale blue-green caterpillar with a long caudal horn; head small, and the
body attenuated before and behind, and with seven oblique white bands. When dis-
turbed it makes a creaking noise by rubbing together the joints of the fore part of
the body. It enters the earth to finish its transformations. (Harris. )

The moth is very gray, dark or dusky brown; wings indented on the outer edges ;
fore-wings with a dusky outer margin, a short brownish dash near the middle, and
four transverse brown lines converging behind and enclosing a square dark brown

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3 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE BUTTERNUT. 85

spot adjacent to the middle of the inner margin; hind wings with two narrow trans-
verse brown lines between two brownish bands; thorax with a central brown line;
abdominal segments plaited and prominent at the sides. The wings expand from 2+
to 3inches. The females are much larger and of a lighter brownish gray color than
the males, with the square spot on the fore-wings less distinct. Ranges from Massa-
chusetts to Florida and Georgia. (Harris. )

2. THE RED-TAILED ATTELABUS.
Attelabus analis Weber.

Order COLEOPTERA ; family CURCULIONID®.

Rolling up the leaves of the oak and black walnut, a weevil a quarter of an inch
long, with a long, slender, cylindrical head and short, broad, thick body. The antenne,
legs, and middle of the breast deep blue-black ; the thorax, wing-covers, and abdomen
dull red; the wing-covers, taken together, nearly square and pitted in rows.

According to Harris, this pretty weevil is found on the leaves of oak
trees in June and July. Mr. George Hunt has observed it on the walnut
in May before the buds open, at Providence.

The following insects also occur on the black walnut:

3. Walnut leaf-roller, Tortrix rileyana Grote.

4, Walnut case-bearer, Acrobasis juglandis Le Baron.

5. The Luna moth, actias luna (Linn).

6. Conotrachelus juglandis (Lec). Larva taken from walnuts, Mt.
Carmel, Illinois, H. Shimer, Mus. Peab. Acad. Science, Salem,
Mass. (See Harris, p. 77.)

The following leaf-miners are enumerated by Mr. Chambers, with the
notes appended :

7. Lithocolletis caryefoliella. WUarva in irregular blotch-mine in upper
surface of leaves.

8. Gracilaria blandella Clem. Larva when small in a linear whitish mine
in upper surface of leaves, afterwards feeding and pupating under
the turned-down edge.

9. Gracilaria juglandinigreellaChamb. Larvaatfirst mining theleaves
beneath, afterwards feeding and pupating under the turned-up
edge.

10. Aspidisca juglandiella Chamb. Larva in a very small blotch-mine,;
from which it cuts out a case in which it pupates.

11. Nepticula juglandifoliella Chamb, (and Clemens?) Larva in small,
linear crooked mines; sometimes many in a leaf. Mine in upper
surface.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE BUTTERNUT.
(Juglans cinerea.)
AFFECTING THE TRUNK AND LIMBS.
1. THE SPOTTED LEPTOSTYLUS.
Leptostylus macula (Say).
Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCID.

Under the bark of old decaying trees a longicorn larva, changing to a pupa in its
cell and early in July giving out a small thick long-horned beetle of a brown or chest-

86 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

nut color with the sides of its thorax and a band on its wing-covers ash-gray, the
latter sprinkled over with coarse punctures and large blackish dots, the thorax on
each side of its disk with a black stripe interrupted in its middle. Length, 0.25 inch.

Dr. Fitch, in his third report, states that the bark of old trees will
sometimes be found everywhere filled with these grubs, which in the
month of June may be seen changed to short thick pale-yellow pup,
with a few perfect insects that are newly hatched and have not yet left
the tree.

2. THE MUSCLE-SHAPED BUTTERNUT BARK-LOUSE.
Aspidiotus (Mytelapis) juglandis Fitch.
Order HEMIPTERA; family Coccip2&.

Fixed to the bark of the twigs, minute pale brownish scales, like those of the apple
bark-louse, but smaller and not curved; preyed upon by a minute chalcid fly. (Fitch. )

3. THE HEMISPHERICAL BUTTERNUT SCALE INSECT.
Lecanium juglandifex Fitch.

Adhering to the bark on the under side of the limbs, a hemispherical dull yellowish
or black scale about 0.22 inch long and 0.18 broad, notched at its hind end, frequently
showing a paler stripe along its middle and a paler margin and transverse blackish
bands. (Fitch.)

The males, according to Fitch, are long and narrow, delicate two-
winged flies, measuring 0.05 inch to the tip of the abdomen and a third
more to the ends of the wings. They are of a rusty reddish color, the
thorax darker and the scutel and head blackish, this last being sepa-
rated from the body by a narrow pale-red neck. The antenne are
slender and thread-like, half as long as the body and eight-jointed.
Two slender white bristles as long as the body are appended to the tip
of the abdomen. This description will apply to most of the males of
other species of Lecanium.

AFFECTING THE LEAVES.
4. THE BUTTERNUT WOOLY WORM.
Selandria carye Norton.
Order HYMENOPTERA; family TENTHREDINID ©.

On the under side of the leaves companies of saw-fly larvie covered with long dense
snow-white wool standing up in flattened masses entirely concealing the green worm,
eating the leaflets from the outer edge inward, often leaving nothing but the mid-
ribs.

These remarkable objects occasionally, though rarely, appear on the
butternut in July. The worm presents the appearance (as described in
our “Guide to the Study of Insects,” from which the following descrip-
tion and figures are taken) of an animated white woolly or cottony mass
nearly an inch long and two-thirds as high. The head of the larva is

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE BUTTERNUT. 87

rounded, pale whitish, and covered with a snow-white powdery secretion,
with prominent black eyes. The body is cylindrical, with eight pairs of
soft fleshy abdominal legs; the segments are transversely wrinkled, pale
pea-green, with a powdery secretion low down on the sides, but above
and on the back arise long flattened masses of flocculent matter
(exactly resembling that produced by the wooly plant lice and
other homopterous insects), forming an irregular dense cottony
mass, reaching to a height equal to
two-thirds the length of the worm, and
concealing the head and tail. On the
27th and 28th of July the larve molt-
ed, leaving the cast skins on the leaf.
They were then naked, a little thicker
than before, of a pale-green color, and ads

Fic. 38.—The butternut wooly worm and the
their indies were curled upon the leaf. — same deprived of its coat.—From Packard.
The worms eat out the edge of the leaf. Some time during August
two cocoons were spun between the leaves, but I did not succeed in
raising the saw-flies. On describing the larve in a letter to Mr. E.
Norton, our best authority on this hymenopterous family, he kindly sent
me alcoholic specimens of the larvee (without the woolly substance, which
dissolves and disappears in alcohol) found feeding on the hickory, which
are, apparently, from the comparison of alcoholic specimens, identical
with the butternut Selandria. The adult fly he named Selandria carya,
and his descriptions are given below.

Previously to this and without my knowledge, Dr. Fitch, under the
name of Selandria? juglandis, had apparently briefly described in his
third report the same insect, but he was unacquainted with the perfect
insect, and was in doubt as to whether the larva was a Selandria or not.
Under these circumstances we retain Mr. Norton’s name. From his
account it would appear that the insect also feeds on the hickory (Juglans
Squamosa).

Female.—Color shining black. The pro and meso-thorax and scutellum rufous, the
apex of the latter black; the nasus and legs white; with their tarsi blackish; the base
of cox and a line down the upper side of the legs black. Antenne short; the second
joint as long as the first; the four final joints together not longer than the two pre-
ceding. Nasus slightly ineurved. Claws of tarsi apparently bifid. Wings subvio-
laceous; lanceolate cell petiolate, the first submedian cell above it with a distinct
eross-vein, Under wings with one submarginal middle cell (all other species have
this cell discoidal), the marginal cell with a cross-nervure, and all the outer cells
closed by an outer nervure, which does not touch the margin. The submedian cell
extended nearly to the margin. Length, 0.25 of aninch. Expanse of wings, 0.40 of
an inch.

The male resembles the female, but the under wings are without middle cells.

The larva feeds upon the leaves of the hickory (Juglans squamosa). They are found
npon the lower side of the leaf, sometimes fifteen or twenty upon one leaf, which they
eat from the outer extremity inward, often leaving nothing but the strong midribs.
They cover themselves wholly with white flocculent tufts, which are rubbed off on
being touched, leaving a green twenty-two-legged worm, about 0.75 inch in length

88 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

when fully grown; darkest above, and with indistinet blackish spots upon the sides.
The head is white, with a small black dot upon each side. Specimens were taken
upon the Jeaves July 4. Went into the ground about the 20th of July. The cocoon
is formed near the surface of the ground of a little earth or sand drawn together-
Four specimens came forth about August 22, all seemingly very small for so large
larvee. (Norton in Packard’s Guide to the Study of Insects. )

5. THE TWO-MARKED TREE-HOPPER.
Euchenopa binotata Say.
Order HEMIPTERA; family MEMBRACID®.

Puncturing the leaves and extracting their juices from July till the end of the
season, a small rusty brown or black tree-hopper, with two bright pale yellow spots
upon its back, which part is prolonged forward and upward into a compressed horn
rounded at its tip and giving the insect a resemblance to a little bird with an out-
stretched neck, and the four forward shanks broad, thin, and leaf-like. Length, 0.25
to 0.30 inch. (Fitch.)

6. THE BUTTERNUT TREE-HOPPER.
Ophiderma mera Say.

Belonging to the same family as the preceding, a greenish-gray tree-hopper, shaped
like a half cone, with its apex bright chestnut-red, and behind its middle a black
band which is sometimes interrupted on the summit of the back, and with a blackish
spot on the tips of the hyaline fore wings. Length 0.36 inch. (Fitch.)

7. THE OBTUSE CLASTOPTERA.
Clastoptera obtusa Say.

A short thick almost circular leaf-hopper of a gray color, with fine transverse

Wrinkles and three brown bands anteriorly, its fore wings clouded with tawny brown

with streaks of white and a coal-black spot near their tips. Length 0.22 inch,
(Fitch. )
8, THE BUTTERNUT TINGIS.
Tingis juglandis Fitch.

Puncturing the leaves and sucking their juices, a small singular bug, resembling a.
flake of white froth, its whole upper surface composed of a net-work of small cells»
an inflated egg-shaped protuberance like a little bladder on the top of the thorax and
head, the sides of the thorax and of the fore wings, except at their tips, minutely
spinulose; the fore wings flat and square with their corners rounded, a large brown
or blackish spot on the shoulder, and a broad band of the same color on their tips,
with an irregular whitish hyaline spot on the inner hind corner; the body beneath,
small and black, the antennz and legs honey-yellow. Length 0.14 inch. (Fitch.)

Fitch remarks that this insect becomes common on the leaves of the
butternut in May, and continues through the summer and autumn. It
may sometimes be met with also on the birch, willows, and other trees.
We have found it in abundance on the butternut at Brunswick, Me.,
late in August in all stages of growth.

9, THE VIRGINIA TIGER-MOTH.
Spilosoma virginica (Fabricius).
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family BOMBYCID®.

Occasionally devouring the leaves of the butternut, a very hairy, deep yellow cater-
pillar, with a black head and body, the latter mottled with black; changing to a.
thick chrysalis within a cocoon, where it remains until the following June, when it
appears as a white moth.

This omnivorous caterpillar, commonly called “the yellow bear,” is

known to feed on the butternut, grape vine, current, gooseberry, grasses,

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RUTTERNUT. 89

and various garden vegetables, and we have found it from the first to
the middle of September in Maine feeding on the buckthorn and also
the pitch-pine. According to Harris there seems to be two broods of
caterpillars and two of the
moths. The caterpillars, he
states, “are to be found of f
different ages and sizes from
the first of June till October.
When fully grown they are
about two inches long, and
then creep into some conven-
ient place of shelter, make
their cocoons, in which they
remain in the chrysalis state
during the winter, and are
changed to moths in the Fic. 39.—c, Virginia tiger-moth; a, its caterpillar; b, chrysa-
months of May or June fol- lis, all nat. size.—After Riley.

lowing. Some of the first broods of these caterpillars appear to come
to their growth early in summer, and are transformed to moths by the
end of July or the beginning of August, at which time I have repeat-
edly taken them in the winged state; but the greater part pass through
their last change in June.” I have observed the full-grown caterpillar
at Brunswick, Me., the first and second weeks in August; they spin
trom the middle of August till September. The following description
of the caterpillar is taken from my notes:

The caterpillar.mHead of moderate size; body cylindrical, rather short and not very
convex; each segment with four tubercles above, two smaller median ones being
situated in front of and between two latero-dorsal larger ones; three tubercles on
each side of each segment, all giving rise to dense verticils of long uneven fox-yellow
hairs; most of the hairs are as long as the body is thick, while others on the back
are twice as long, so that in outline the larva is an elongated ellipse, the head and
tail being alike concealed by the spreading hairs. The body and head is black or
yellowish mottled with black. The hairs are tawny yellow, while the short hairs on
the sides of the thoracic rings are black.

The moth.—Snow white, with a black dot in the middle of the fore wings and two
on the hind wings; a row of black spots along the back of the abdomen and a row
along the sides, between the latter dots a longitudinal deep yellow stripe; the basal
joints of the fore legs are yellow. The wings expand about two inches. The eggs
are said by Harris to be golden-yellow, and to be laid in patches on the leaves of
plants.

Besides this moth the following Lepidoptera occur at times on the
butternut :

10. The hickory tussock moth, Halesidota carye, Brunswick, Maine.
11. The vaporer moth, Orgyia leucostigma.

12. The fall web-worm, Hyphantria textor. (See p. 67.)

13. The Luna moth, Actias luna (Linn.). (See p. 76.)

14. The Cecropia moth, Samia cecropia. ,

90 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

45. The American silk worm, Telea polyphemus. (See p. 47.)

16, The black walnut sphinx, Smerinthus juglandis. (See p. 84.)

17. The butternut leaf-miner, Lithocolletis caryefoliella Clem.

18. The locust or hickory borer, Cyllene picta (Drury). (See p. 70, 95.)

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CHESTNUT.
(Castanea vesca.)
AFFECTING THE TRUNK AND LIMBS.

1. THE CHESTNUT TREE BORER.

Making a zigzag burrow under the bark, and sometimes descending nearly 2 inches
towards the heart of the tree where it may spend the winter, a longicorn larva nearly
# inch long, dirty white, of much the appearance of the hickory or locust tree borer,
and transforming in its chamber into the beetle state.

Although the chestnut has been supposed to be remarkably free from
borers, we have found that in Rhode Island the trunks are quite liable
to the attacks of a borer, which we have not yet traced to the beetle,
but which will probably prove to be the species next mentioned (Arho-
palus fulminans), since this beetle, which is known to inhabit the chest-
nut, is closely allied to the locust borer in its form, while the larva
is also closely like that of Cyllene picta and the different species of
Clytus. The burrows in outline are flattened, cylindrical, being adapted
to the broad flattened front part of the body of the larva. The burrows
begin as small zigzag galleries about a line in width and 4 inches long,
making about three turns at nearly right angles in this space; they are
filled with the castings of the worm; as the larva grows larger it sinks
deep in towards the heart of the tree, when the burrow in the deepest
part becomes packed with large, long, curved chips, apparently bitten
off by the grub for the purpose of forming a chamber, the partition of
chips possibly serving to keep out the cold during its winter’s sleep.

2. THE BROWN CHESTNUT BEETLE.
Arhopalus fulminans (Fabricius).
Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCID.

Boring into the trunk, a grub like the foregoing, if not the same insect, which
transforms into a dark brown beetle with dark blue reflections, and the wing-covers
crossed by four zigzag fine gray lines.

The following notice of this beetle is taken from my Second Report on
the Injurious Insects of Massachusetts (1872) :

My attention has been called by Mr. R. B. Grover, a student in the State Agricul-
tural College, to the fact that the Arhopalus fulminans Fabr. (Fig. 40, enlarged twice),
one of the family of longicorn beetles, bores in the trunk. I know nothing further

concerning its habits nor of the appearance of its grub. The beetle itself is blackish
brown, with slight dark-blue reflections; the legs and antenn are of the same color,

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CHESTNUT. . oe

the latter being scarcely longer than its body. The top of the head and the sides of
the prothorax and under side of the body
are covered with a pale-gray pile, while cer-
tain silver markings on the wing-covers are
composed of. similar close-set, fine hairs. The
hairs on the sides of the prothorax inclose a
conspicuous black spot, while the top is black,
and more coarsely punctate than the wing-
covers. The latter are each crossed by four
acutely zigzag lines, composed of microscopic
hairs, forming W-like bands on the elytra, the
basal lines being less distinctly marked than
the others. The ends of the wing-covers are
also tipped with gray, especially on the inner
side of the end. The legs are pitchy brown
with light hairs, and with a reddish tinge on Fis. 40.—Chestnut Borer. —From Packard.
the terminal joints (tarsi). It is a little over half an inch long.

3. THE NOBLE CHESTNUT BORER.
Calloides nobilis (Say).

A longicorn borer, probably depredating upon the chestnut, and transforming to a
large, handsome, black brown beetle, nearly an inch long, marked with three broken
yellow lines and a pair of large round yellow dots on the wing-covers.

Mr. George Hunt informs us that he has found this noble Clytus under
the bark of the chestnut at Providence; hence it occurs as a borer of
this tree. Its food-tree has not heret ofore been known.

4. THE TWO-TOOTHED SILVANUS.
Silvanus bidentatus (Fabricius).
Order COLEOPTERA; family ATOMARIID2.

Under the bark of logs and decaying trees, probably loosening the bark from the
wood, a minute, narrow, flattened beetle, of a light chestnut-brown or rust-color, its
thorax longer than wide, slightly narrowed towards its base and with a small tooth
projecting outwards at each of its anterior angles. Length, 0.10to00.12inch. (Fitch.)

Fitch observes that this is an European insect, which, like a kindred
species, the Surinam Silvanus, has now become perfectly naturalized and
as common throughout the United States as it is in its native haunts.
On stripping the bark from recently cut logs of chestnut and of oak,
this minute beetle, which is so flattened and thin that it can creep into
the slightest crevices, will be found frequently in considerable numbers.

The beetle.—The head and thorax often of a darker shade than the wing-covers ; the
latter with rows of close punctures with a slightly elevated line between each alter-
nate row. Its thorax also is densely and confluently punctured, and commonly shows
a very faint elevated longitudinal line in its center. The angles at its base on each
side are obtuse, and from these angles forward to the projecting tooth the latera]

edges are crenate-dentate, having sixteen little elevated tubercles or minute teeth
jutting ont at equal distances along the margin. The poinrt of the lage anterior tooth

.

92 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

forms a right angle. Upon each side of the head behind the eye is also a minute tooth
of the same size with those along the sides of the thorax. The surface is slightly
clothed with minute inclined bristles. (Fitch. )

5. THE NOTCHED-WINGED GEOMETER MOTH.

Eugonia alniaria Hiibner.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family PHALNID#.

Feeding on the chestnut, a bluish-green caterpillar, with wrinkles, and on the
eleventh segment two little warts tipped with brown; transforming to a light ochre-
yellow moth with wings deeply notched.

This caterpillar was found by Mr. L. W. Goodell on the chestnut at
Amherst, Mass., August 20; on the 21st it drew a few leaves together,
and spun a thin, silky, pear-shaped cocoon; became a chrysalis the 24th,
and was transformed to a moth September 15.

Larva.—Body two and three-tenths inches long, the body largest near the tail, and
tapering to the head; bluish green, with a thick wrinkle on each ring, those on the
fifth and eighth thickest and light-brown; on the back of the eleventh ring two little
warts tipped with brown. (L. W. Goodell. )

Pupa.—One and two-tenths inches in length, bluish-white, ending in a flattened
tail, tipped with black, and on each edge three small black spines, each ending with
a minute hook. (Goodell.)

Moth.—Short bodied, quite hairy; male antennie heavily pectinated, wings deeply
scalloped; delicate ochre-yellow, with a reddish tinge towards the edge of the wings,
and on the head and front of the thorax. Fore wings with two lines, often inter-
rupted, or only developed on the costa; inner line on the inner third of the wing; the
curved outer line, beginning near the inner, diverges and follows a sinuate course,
ending much nearer the apex than the inner line, the distance varying; both wings
speckled, sometimes thickly, with unusually large spots; outer edge of both wings
deeply excavated, especially opposite the second median venule. Hind wings with
no lines, only an obscure discal dot. Expanse of wings two and two-tenths inches.

This moth ranges from Maine to Missouri. The larvais also described
by Mr. 8S. H. Seudder as living on the black birch. But his description
given inmy Monograph of the Phalenide (p. 530) is so different from Mr.
Goodell’s that I fear it refers to a different insect.

AFFECTING THE LEAVES.
6. THE CHESTNUT TREE-HOPPER.
Smilia castaneew Fitch.
Order HemMIpTeRA; family MEMBRACID2.

Puncturing the leaves and extracting their juices in July, a triangular tree-hopper,
shaped much like a beechnut, of a blackish color, tinged with green more or less when
alive, its head and the anterior edges of its thorax and all beneath bright yellow, its
fore-wings clear and glassy, with a blackish spot on their tips and another on the base,
which is often prolonged along the middle of the wing and united with the hind spot.
Length of male, 0.25; female, 0.30 inch. (Fitch.)

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CHESTNUT. 93

7. THE UNADORNED TREE-HOPPER.
Smilia inornata Say.

A tree-hopper of the same size and shape as the preceding, but of a light green color
fading to light yellow, with a slender black line along the upper edge of its back, and
a very slight duskiness on the tips of its glassy wings. Common on chestnuts and
oaks from July to the last of September. (Fitch.)

8. THE CHESTNUT GAY-LOUSE,
Callipterus castanee Fitch.
Order HEMIPTERA; family APHID.

On the under sides of the leaves, puncturing them and sucking their juices in August
and September, a small sulphur-yellow plant-louse, with black shanks and feet, its
antenne also black except at their bases and as long as the body, its wings pellucid,
their first and second oblique veins and the tip of the rib-vein edged with coal-black,
and its thighs straw yellow. Length, 0.09; expanse of wings, 0.15 inch. (Fitch.)

9, THE CHESTNUT PHYLLOXERA.
Phylloxera castanee (Ha: mi

In August and September, on both sides of the leaves, puncturing them and extract-
ing their juices and causing them to curl, a very small louse-like fly of a bright sulphur-
yellow color, with a black thorax, breast, and eyes, its feet and antenne tinged with
blackish and its wings translucent. The wingless individuals associated with it are
entirely yellow, with red eyes. (Haldeman.)

AFFECTING THE FRUIT. 7
10. THE CHESTNUT WEEVIL.
Balaninus caryatrypes (Boheman).

Eating large cavities in the meat of the chestnut; a soft, white, footless grub, attain-
ing its full size when chestnuts are ripe, and remaining in the nuts through the winter ;
transforming into a weevil with an exceedingly long and slender beak.

The chestnut is often infested by a large white maggot (Fig. 10, larva
of Balaninus and chestnut infested), with a yellowish head, which
attains its full size at the time the nuts drop. It is found in nuts sent

Fic. 41.—Chestnut Maggot. a, a second, better drawn, view; b, head.—From Packard.
to market, and it is probable that while some of the maggots gnaw their

way out, and enter the ground in the autumn to transform, others delay
until the spring. The worm devours nearly a third or one-half of the
interior of the nut, part of the cavity being filled with the castings of

94 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

the worm. As the grub is white it is liable to be overlooked and eaten
with the chestnut; it makes its exit through a round hole in the shell.

The larva is about a third of an inch long, cylindrical, and of nearly
the same thickness from the head to the tail. It is completely footless
as are nearly all nut-inhabiting larve. It is very difficult to rear this
insect, as I have found after successive trials, and I am indebted to Mr.
G. Mooney, of Providence, Rhode Island, for a fresh male and female
beetle reared by him from chestnuts collected in Providence. On send-
ing one of the specimens to Dr. G. H. Horn, he kindly identified it as
Balaninus caryatripes.

Dr. LeConte, in his work on “ The Rhynchophora of America,” remarks
that the beak of these weevils ‘“‘ attains in length and attenuation the
greatest development; in the male it is rarely shorter than the body;
in the female it is frequently twice the length, and is used to make the
perforation into which the egg is subsequently introduced. The great
thickness of the husks of the fruits (chestnuts, walnuts, hickory nuts,
&e.) depredated on by these insects necessitates a very long perfora-
ting instrument to reach the kernel, upon which the larva feeds.”

11. THE CHESTNUT CATERPILLAR.

Devouring the inside of chestnuts the larva of a moth which grows to more than
half an inch in length, and is cylindrical and thick, of a dirty white color, with a
tawny yellow head, and sixteen feet. It eats the meat of the nut mostly at its tip
and on its gonvex side, the cavity which it makes being filled with little brown and
whitish grains; and asmall hole is perforated upon one side of the nut at its tip, out
of which a portion of these grains is protruded. (Fitch).

Besides the chestnut grub or weevil, Dr. Fitch gives an account of
this larva of a moth which he has found in chestnuts, but which he did
not rear.

The following insects also prey upon the chestnut:

12. The larva of the American maple moth, Apatela americana Harris.

13. The American white ant (Termes frontalis Haldeman) sometimes
mines and wholly consumes the interior of chestnut fence posts
and stakes, while the outer surface remains entire. It also mines
old elm, pine, and other decaying trees, as well as the sills of
houses.

14, Lithocolletis castanewella Chamb. Larva in a blotch upper-surface
mine in the leaves.

15, Lithocolletis sp. Image unknown. Larva in tentiform mine in under
surface of leaves.

16. Bucculatrix trifasciella Clem. ‘The larva probably feeds on it.

17. Tischeria castanewella Chamb. Larva mines the upper surface of
the leaves.

18. Nepticula castaneefoliella Chamb. Larva in crooked, linear mines
in the upper surface.

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE LOCUST. 95

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE LOCUST.
(Robinia pseudacacia.)
AFFECTING THE TRUNK.

1. THE LOCUST BORER.

Cyllene picta (Drury).

Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCID #.

Boring a hole + inch in diameter under the bark and upwards, deep into the wood,
and ejecting the dust through the orifice in the bark, a longicorn larva, which trans-
forms to a pupa in its burrow, and late in summer appears as a brown beetle, striped
and banded with golden yellow, and with a W on its wing-covers; often abundant on
the flowers of the golden rod early in September, when they lay their eggs in crevices
in the bark of the locust.

This is by far the most destructive pest of the locust, one of the most
beautiful and valuable of our shade trees. In New England there is
scarcely a tree which does not show the marks of its attacks, and in many
localities it has practically been exterminated. Inthe Western States it
is also very destructive; but from observations we have made in Ken-
tucky the noble locust trees in that State grow so luxuriously as to
apparently escape or overcome the insidious attacks of this borer. It
occurs throughout the United States east of the Plains.

The operations of the grub or larva may be detected by a mass of
sawdust-like castings at the mouth of its gallery.

The beetles are abundant, feeding on the flowers of the golden rod
(Solidago), early in September, when we have taken them in Cambridge,
Mass., and Providence, R. I. So wide are the deep yellow spots and
bands that the beetle is nearly all of the shade of deep golden yellow
peculiar to the flowers of the golden rod, and thus the insect is an
interesting case of ‘protective mimicry,” being protected from the
attacks of birds, &c., by its liability to be confounded with the yellow
heads of the golden rod.

The best account of these insects has been given, as follows, by Harris:

In the month of September these beetles gather on the locust-trees, where they may
be seen glittering in the sunbeams with their gorgeous livery of black velvet and gold,
coursing up and down the trunks in pursuit of their mates, or to drive away their
rivals, and stopping every now and then to salute those they meet with a rapid bow-
ing of the shoulders, accompanied by a creaking sound, indicative of recognition or
defiance. Having paired, the female, attended by her partner, creeps over the bark,
searching the crevices with her antenne, and dropping therein her snow-white eggs,
in clusters of seven or eight together, and at intervals of five or six minutes, till her
whole stock is safely stored. The eggs are soon hatched, and the grubs immediately
burrow into the bark, devouring the soft inner substance that suffices for their nourish-
ment till the approach of winter, during which they remain at rest in a torpid state.

In the spring they bore through the sap-wood more or less deeply into the trunk, the
general course of their winding and irregular passages being in an upward direction

96 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

from the place of their entrance. For a time they cast their chips out of their holes
as fast as they are made, but after awhile the passage becomes clogged and the burrow
more or less filled with the coarse and fibrous fragments of wood, to get rid of which
the grubs are often obliged to open new holes through the bark. The seat of their
operations is known by the oozing of the sap and the dropping of the sawdust from
the holes. The bark around the part attacked begins to swell, and in a few years the
trunk and limbs will become disfigured and weakened by large porous tumors, caused
by the efforts of the trees to repair the injuries they have suffered. According to the
observations of General H. A. 8. Dearborn, who has given an excellent account* of
this insect, the grubs attain their full size by the 20th of July, soon become pupz, and
are changed to beetles and leave the trees early in September. Thus the existence of
this species is limited to one year.

As is well known, this species also attacks the walnut and hickory, and occasionally
the honey-locust, but those individuals living in these trees, unlike the locust brood,
evolve the beetle in June, according to Walsh, who has claimed that the males of the
hickory-brood differ from those of the locust-brood in having “much longer and stouter
legs and much longer and stouter antenne, and in having [their bodies] tapered be-
hind to a blunt point”; on the other hand the females are not distinguishable, nor the
larve. On this aceount Mr. Walsh regarded the locust and hickory broods as represent-
ing two distinct species, a view not now entertained. He gives, however, some inter-
esting facts in the Practical Entomologist, vol. i, p. 29, regarding the appearance of this
insect in the Western States, as follows:

The history of this species is very curious, and as it has only recently been eluci-
dated by myself, and some additional details can now be added, may be briefly summed
up as follows: About a hundred years ago this insect was well known to Forster to
inhabit the locust in the State of New York. Twenty years ago, although the best
Illinois botanists agree that the locust grows wild in the Southern part of Illinois, it
was still unknown in that State. Shortly afterwards it commenced attacking the
locusts in the neighborhood of Chicago, and thence spread gradually in a south-south-
west and west direction through the State, sweeping the locusts before it wherever
it came. In 1860, it had pretty well destroyed all these trees in Central Illinois.
Rock Island lies on the Mississippi River 180 miles south of west from Chicago. In
1862 it had reached a point 20 miles east of Rock Island. In 1863 it burst forth sud-
denly in great swarms from all the locusts in Rock Island, and the two following
years about completed their destruction. It has now (1865) crossed the river into
Iowa, and no doubt will continue its travels westward as long as it finds any locust
trees to prey on.

Lest it should be supposed that, agreeably to the belief of all the older writers, the
species that inhabit the hickory is identical with that which inhabits the locust, it is
proper to add here, that I myself split the hickory insect out of a stick of hickory
wood, as much as eight years ago in Rock Island; that abundance of hickory grows
in the woods within half a mile of that city, and yet that our locust trees were never
attacked by borers until 1863, when they were suddenly attacked in the manner men-
tioned above. Professor Sheldon, of Davenport, Iowa, has also repeatedly, for many
years before 1863, split the hickory insect out of hickory wood in Davenport, although,

*Dr. Horn, who has observed this borer in the hickory, states (Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil.,
i, 30) that its excavations are immediately subcortical. ‘Unlike the Clytus erythro-
cephalus, which also bores in the hickory, its course is not in a line, but it bores in
every direction, making extensive excavations. Its borings are coarse and sawdust-
like, and are packed with considerable firmness. When about to become a pupa the
larva bores for a slight depth into the wood, and for a distance of about three inches.
The aperture is closed with some very coarse splinter-like borings, and after having
turned its head in the direction of its previous subcortical dwelling, it undergoes its
transformation, and requires about two and sometimes three weeks for becoming a
perfect insect.”

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE LOCUST. 97

so far as he is aware, the locusts in Davenport had not been attacked by borers up to
1863. Now, if the hickory-borer is identical with the locust-borer, why did it not
attack the locusts in Rock Island and Davenport before 1563 and 1864? And why,
when it did attack them, did it appear suddenly in great swarms?

The larva is six or seven-tenths of an inch long, somewhat flattened, club-shaped,
the thoracic segments being considerably broader than the abdominal ones, but at the
same time distinctly flattened above and below. The head when extracted from the
thorax appears almost circular and narrower than the prothorax. The latter is twice
broader than long, rounded anteriorly, flattened above and below, brownish yellow,
covered, especially on the sides and below, with a short golden pubescence. A deep
longitudinal sinuated furrow is visible on each side, a short transverse furrow crosses
its posterior end. The upper disk is inclosed between two furrows beginning at the
posterior margin, and not reaching the anterior one; a transverse furrow, parallel to
the posterior margin, separates a narrow fleshy fold. The anterior portion of this
upper disk is irregularly punctured and wrinkled, although shining; in some speci-
mens it has an indistinct, elongated, somewhat oblique brownish spot on each side,
about the middle; the posterior portion of the disk is opaque, covered with dens-
longitudinal wrinkles, among which a straight impressed line is apparent in the mide
dle. The ventral side is irregularly punctured on the sides, and has a depression in
the middle which is less apparent in some specimens.

The other two thoracic as well as the two first abdominal segments have, above
and below, a transverse flattened opaque disk, limited on each side by a furrow, and
showing some indistinct furrows on its surface; the other abdominal segments have
the usual protuberances, on the dorsal as well as the ventral side, marked with wrin-
kles. The last segment is short and divided in two halves by a transverse fold; the
jatter half has the anal opening at the tip. All these segments are beset with short
golden hairs on the sides. There are no feet, asin the Lamii. (Ostensacken. )

The pupa has numerous pointed granulations onthe prothorax ; similar granulations
ending in sharp points are placed in a row on the dorsal segments of the abdomen,
near the posterior margin; the same segments have, more anteriorly, a few similar
sharp, horny projections. On the penultimate segments these projections are larger
and recurved anteriorly at the tip; there are six in a row near the posterior margin,
and two others more anteriorly. The last segment has four similar projections in a
row. (Ostensacken. )

The beetle.—Body velvet-black, and ornamented with transverse yellow bands, of
which there are three on the head, four on the thorax, and six on the wing-covers, the
tips of which are also edged with yellow. The first and second bands on each wing-
cover are nearly straight; the third band forms a ‘‘V,” or, united with the opposite
one, a ‘‘ W,” the fourthisalso angled, andruns upwards on the inner margin of the wing-
cover towards the scutel; the fifth is brokenor interrupted by a longitudinal elevated
line; and the sixth is arched, and consists of three little spots. The antennz are
dark brown, and the legs are rust-red. These insects vary from six-tenths to three-
fourths of an inch in length. (Harris.)

Remedies.—An excellent way to save a valuable shade tree from the
attacks of this borer is to thoroughly soap the trunk late in August, so
as to prevent the beetle from laying its eggs early in September. All
insects breathe through little holes (twenty in all, ten on each side);
now, if a film of soap or grease or oil of any kind closes the openings of
these breathing pores, the air cannot enter the respiratory tubes which
ramify throughout the interior of the body and the insect dies by
asphyxiation—i. é., drowns. Harris states that whitewashing and cov-
ering the trunks of the trees with grafting composition may prevent

the female from depositing her eggs upon isolated trees. Also, young
7 RIL

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98 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

trees might be headed down to the ground, so as to destroy the grubs
boring in them, and also to promote a more vigorous growth. An ex-
cellent preventive remedy is to collect these beetles early in September
when engaged in eating the flowers of the golden rod; children could
perform this labor.

AFFECTING THE LEAVES. :

2. THE LOCUST DEPRESSARIA.

Depressaria robiniella Packard.

Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family TINEID®.
Occasionally late in June defoliating the branches, a small green larva with a thick

body, black head, and transforming late in July to a light brick-red moth, spotted
irregularly with yellow.

The following account of this destructive moth is taken from our |

‘‘ Guide to the Study of Insects.” The moths of the Tineid genus De-
pressaria comprise rather large species, in which the fore wings are
unusually hard and oblong. The abdomen is flattened above, with pro-
jecting scales at the sides. The larve are extremely active and feed on
a variety of substances; some in rolled-up leaves of composite plants,
some in the leaves and others in the umbels of the umbelliferous plants.
Many of the worms descend from the plant on the slightest agitation,
so that considerable caution is necessary in attempts to collect them.
The full-fed larvee descend to the ground and change to pupe among
the fallen leaves. The perfect insects have the peculiarity of sliding
about when laid on their backs.

During the summer of 1868 a large locust tree overhanging our gar-
den in Salem, Mass., was attacked by the present species to such an
extent that some of the branches were nearly stripped of their leaves.
This moth we described under the name of Depressaria robiniella
(Guide to Study of Insects, Pl. 8, fig. 14). The larva is thick-bodied,
with a black head, and is green, the cervical shield being green. It de-
vours the leaves, drawing them together by threads, and it also eats the
flower buds. It was most abundant in the last week of June. It turned
to a chrysalis July 8, and in about two weeks the moth appeared.

The moth.—The head, palpi, and fore wings are light brick-red, spotted irregularly
with yellow, and the antenni are slate-brown. The fore wings are a little darker in
the middle, especially towards the inner edge. There is a submarginal darker brown
band near the outer edge, which does not reach the costa, and on the outer edge is a row
of minute black dots. The hind wihgs and abdomen are of a pale slate-gray, and of
the same color beneath, while the legs are of a very pale straw-yellow. It differs
from most of the species of the genus in having the apex of the fore wings less rounded
than usual, and in this and other respects it is allied to the European D. laterella.

3. THE LOCUST LEAF-MINER.
Parectopa robiniella (Fitch).
Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family TINEID®.

Mining the leaf in July, making a blotch on the upper surface of the leaf, with a
number of lateral galleries running out from it, on each side, a flattened pale green

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE LOCUST. i

worm which passes the chrysalis state in the leaf, the latter falling to the ground,
and the following June giving out a minute moth.

This is a common leaf-miner of the locust in the New England as well
as the Middle States. Out of the seventeen leaflets which form the
locust leaf, usually two or three and often more make the blotches. The
mines are not tenanted, Clemens states, at the time the leaf is mined by
Lithocolletis robiniella (Clem. Proc. Phil. Acad., 1860).

The larva makes a pale yellowish mine, usually on the midrib, with
lateral branches running out from it. It pupates in a small nidus on
some object on the ground.

The moth.—Fore wings fine brown, somewhat golden, shaded with dark brown.
Along the costa are three oblique silvery streaks; on the inner margin are three sil-
very dorsal spots, placed opposite the spaces between the costal streaks. Near the tip
of the wing is a transverse narrow curved silvery line, passing from the costa to the
inner angle. (Clemens.)

4, THE GREATER LOCUST-LEAF GELECHIA.
Gelechia pseudacaciella Chambers.
Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family TINEID £.

From eggs laid on the under surface of the leaf hatches a green larva with reddish
head and thoracic plate and six longitudinal dusky stripes; spinning a slight web
between two leaves ; changing toa moth in late spring, whose wings expand 0.63 inch.
It is sombre in color, the fore wings dark slate, flecked with brown and white; the
hind wings pale slate, whitish towards the base.

5. THE LESSER LOCUST-LEAF GELECHIA.
Gelechia robiniefoliella Chambers.

Spinning two locust leaves together and feeding between them, leaving the outer
surface and the larger ribs untouched, a minute, greenish white slender larva, which
transforms to a chrysalis in the same situation, the moth differing from its closely allied
species in the palpi being slender and rather long, while the hind wings are emargin-
ate beneath the apex. (Comstock and Chambers. )

6. THE AUTUMNAL LOCUST LEAF-MINER.
Lithocolletis robiniella Clemens.

Mining the underside of the locust-leaf late in September and early in October (in the
Middle States) a cylindrical larva, with a pale brown head and the body greenish
white, sometimes spotted with yellow; the chrysalis contained in a white silken
cocoon within the mine, and transforming late in October and early in November into
a minute moth with narrow pointed fore-wings, which are golden yellow along the
costal edge and with a spot at the tip.

The species of Lithocolletis are known by their small size, the narrow,
pointed fore wings, the tuft on the top of the head, and the simple, not
ciliated antennze. The larvee mine the upper and under side of leaves
and usually transform within a silken cocoon in their burrows. The
present species is one of the best known of the genus.

The larva.—Body cylindrical, the head pale brown; the body pale greenish white,
with a red median dorsal line from the 5th to the 9th segment; on the 9th segment
are two irregular chrome-yellow patches, which are sometimes wanting. (Clemens. )

The moth.—Antenne dark brown; front of head silvery white, the tuft dark brown

100 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

mixed with grayish; thorax dark brown; fore wings golden yellow above the fold,
and dark cinereous, somewhat dusted with blackish beneath it. About the middle of
the wing is an oblique silvery costal streak, black-margined on both sides, extending
to the fold; another beyond the middle, meeting nearly in the center of the wing at
an angle, a dorsal streak from the inner margin, the former black-margined on both
sides, extending to the fold; another beyond the middle, meeting nearly in the center
of the wing at an angle; a dorsal streak from the inner margin, the former black-
margined on both sides, the latter internally; another costal streak near the tip with
an internal circular black margin opposite to a dorsal streak of the same hue, and
joined or nearly joined to it. Just behind the apical spot is a straight silvery streak,
black-margined internally. A black round spot at the tip of the fore wings. Hind
wings shining dark gray. (Clemens.)

7. THE LOCUST SKIPPER BUTTERFLY.
Eudamus tityrus Fabricius.

Drawing the leaves together in July, a large pale green caterpillar about 2 inches
long, with a red neck and large red head, with a large yellow spot on each side of the
mouth, feeding by night, sometimes pupating between the leaves, and transforming
into a stout-bodied, brown butterfly with a skipping, rapid, strong, low flight, and
antennie flattened and bent over at the end. (Harris.)

These voracious worms sometimes strip the leaves of the common
locust and especially the viscid locust (Robinia viscosa), which is eulti-
vated in New England as an ornamental tree. According to Harris, the
females lay their eggs singly during June or early in July on the leaves,
the caterpillars hatch in July, and when quite small conceal themselves
under a fold of the edge of a leaf, which is bent over their bodies and
secured by means of silken threads. When they become larger they
attach two or more leaves together, so as to form a kind of cocoon or
leafy case to shelter them from the weather, and to screen them from
the prying eyes of birds. One end of the leafy case is left open, and
from this the insect comes forth to feed. They transform to chrysalids
either among the leaves or desert the tree and seek some retired place,
where they spin a slight loose cocoon, within which they remain through
the winter, appearing in the imago state by the middle of the following
June.

The butterfly is brown, the fore wings are brown with a transverse semi-transparent
band across the middle, anda few spots towards the tip of a honey-yellow color; hind
wings with a short rounded tail on the hind angles, and a broad silvery band across
the middle of the under side. The wings expand from 2 to 2} inches. (Harris. )

Remedies.—Nearly all the insects which prey upon the foliage of the
locust can be gotten rid of by hand-picking and by collecting the leaves
in autumn and burning them; in this way cherished shade trees can be

protected.
8. THE LOCUST HISPA.

Odontota scutellaris (Olivier). Hispa suturalis Harris.

Order COLEOPTERA ; family CHRYSOMELID.®.

In July, blister-like spots appearing upon the leaves, within which is a small flat-
tened, whitish worm, with three pairs of feet; a quarter of an inch long, tapering

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE LOCUST. 101
|
from before backwards, with projections along each side like the teeth of a saw; re-
maining a week in the pupa state within the leaf, about the middle of August it issues
as a small flattened black beetle with the prothorax and wing-covers,
except along their suture, tawny yellow. (Fitch & Harris.)
Harris states that in Massachusetts these beetles may be observed the

middle of June pairing and laying eggs on the leaves of thelocust tree.

While this species of leaf-mining betle is meet with in the
New England States and New York, by information received ?

diate 4 : es aes - Fie. 42.—Lo-

from Kentucky it is at times quite injurious to locust trees in oustieaapae

that State, but can always be kept under by hand-picking. EY Ea

9. SAY’S WEEVIL.
Apion rostrum Say.
Order COLEOPTERA; family CURCULIONID®.

From June until September, eating numerous small round holes in the leaves, a lit-
tle black weevil with a slender projecting beak, its thorax with close coarse punctures
and an oval cr longitudinal indentation back of its center, and the
furrows of its wing-covers with coarse punctures; its length 0.09, and
to the end of the beak 0.12 inch. (Fitch.)

Dr. Harris states that the grubs of this little weevil live
in the pods of the common wild indigo bush (Baptisia tine-
toria), devouring the seeds. He adds, ‘‘A smaller kind, some- |
what like it, inhabits the pods and eats the seeds of the lo- ates
cust-tree, or Robinia pseudacacia.” Fitch regards the insect ‘7 °°"
as very variable, and as most probably destructive to the seeds of both
the plants here mentioned.

10. THE BLACK LOCUST MIDGE.
Cecidomyia pseudacacie Fitch.
Order DipTERA; family CECIDOMYIAD#.

In July and August, the tender young leaflets near the tip of the stem folded together
like a little pod, the cavity inside containing from one to three small milk-white mag-
gots, which descend below the surface of the ground, remaining there in the pupa
state about ten days, and then appearing as a small blackish midge. (Fitch.)

According to Fitch, before the small young leaflets, which put forth
along the opposite sides of the main leaf-stalks at their tips become ex-
panded, they are closed together like two leaves of a book; and it is
probably at this time that the female midge inserts her egg in the cleft
between them, the irritation from which and from the small maggots
which hatch from them, keeps the leaflet permanently closed; a slight
cavity forming within, in which the worms reside, the leaflet hereby
comes to resemble in its shape a small bivalve shell with a more or less
wavy edge. The surface remains unchanged outside, but within it
assumes a pale greenish yellow color. The attachment of the leaflets to
the stalk becomes so weakened when infested by these worms that prob-

102 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

ably they are generally broken off by the wind, and the worms are thus
carried to the ground, instead of crawling down the stalks by night, as
is the habit of the wheat midge.

The female.—A small blackish midge, the base of its thorax tawny yellow, its abdo-
men pale yellowish with the tip dusky and clothed with fine hairs, as is also the neck ;
its legs black with the thighs pale except at their tips; its wings dusky, feebly hya-
line, with the fringe short; its antennze with thirteen short cylindrical joints sepa-
rated by short pedicels; its length 0.065 inch to the tip of the body.

11. THE YELLOW LOCUST MIDGE.
Cecidomyia robinie Haldeman.
Order DipTERA; family CECIDOMYIAD A.

In July and August a portion of the edges of the leaves rolled inwards on their under
sides and thickened, inclosing one or two very small white maggots which are varied
more or less with orange-yellow ; producing a pale orange midge with the sides of its
thorax and often three oval stripes on the back and the wings dusky; its antennie
blackish and of fourteen joints in the females, twenty-four in the males; its length
0.12 inch. (Fitch and Haldeman. )

Professor Haldeman, who described this two-winged gall fly in Em-
mows Journal of Agriculture and Science, October, 1847, says that it,
in conjunction with the Hispa already mentioned, had been so numerous
in southeastern Pennsylvania the two preceding summers as to kill the
leaves upon the locusts, the trees in August appearing as though they
had been destroyed by dry weather.

This insect may be detected by the margin of the leaflets being rolled
inwards upon their under sides for a length varying from over a quarter
to a half inch, the upper side showing a concavity or rounded hollow at
this point. ‘This rolled portion,” says Fitch, “‘is changed in its color to
a paler yellowish green, and its texture is thickened and succulent.”
The same leaf sometimes has two or more of these folds along different
parts of its margin.

The larva is colorless or watery when young, becoming, as it approaches maturity,
opaque and milk white, varied more or less with bright yellow. It is long oval,
broadest in the middle and tapering thence to a sharp point anteriorly, the opposite
end being bluntly rounded, and is divided into thirteen segments by transverse im-
pressed lines. (Haldeman.)

12. THE LOCUST SAW-FLY.
Nematus similaris Norton.

Order HYMENOPTERA; family TENTHR EDINID®.

Eating the leaves of the black locust, a small, soft, green worm + inch long, with
20 legs, and a brownish head; appearing in Washington, D. C., late in August until
October; transforming in a dark-brown oval cocoon, and two or three weeks later
issuing as a saw-fly nearly 4 inch long, of a dirty yellow color, with a squarish black
patch on top of the head, the sides and front of the thorax black, and a transverse
band on top of each abdominal segment. (Comstock. )

This saw-fly inserts its irregularly semi-ellipsoid eggs in a crescent-
haped cut made in the under surface of the leaf by the “saw.” In a

Bet.

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE MAPLE. 103

few days the larva hatches. Professor Comstock thinks there are two

and possibly tlree broods in a season, and that the insect may hibernate

both in the adult and pupa stages.
The following insects also feed
on the locust:

13. Spermophagus robinie (Fabri-
cius), Family Bruchide
(see Horn, Trans. Amer.
Ent. Soce., iv, 311).

14. Sciapteron robiniew H. Ed-
wards. (Destructive to lo-
custs in Virginia City,
Nevada. Bull. Brooklyn
Ent. Soc., iii, 72.)

15. The Io moth, Hyperchiria io
(Fabricius). (See p. 111.)

16. The hickory tussock moth,
Orgyia leucostigma. i

17. The locust goat moth, Xyleutes
robinie, which more com-
monly affects the oak. (See
p. 6.) Pe

18. Clisiocampa erosa Stretch. Fic. 44.—Locust saw-fly. a, eggs; b, c, worms; d, tail
Oregon. (Papilio, i 67.) of the same; e, cocoon; f, fly.—After Comstock.

19. Gelechia pseudacaciellaChamb. Larva feeds externally on the leaves
and also in the mines of Lithocolletis robiniella (Chambers).

20. Xylesthia clemensella Chamb. Larva bores in dead locust-timber
posts, ete. (Chambers.)

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE MAPLE.

(Acer saccharinum and Acer rubrum.)

1. THE SUGAR-MAPLE BORER.
Glycobius speciosus (Say).

Boring into the solid trunks of healthy sugar-maple trees, often killing them, a
rather large, footless, cylindrical, whitish grub, changing in July to a large, beautiful,
yellow-striped beetle, marked with a golden W on the wing-covers.

Although the question as to whether longicorn larve will bore into
healthy solid wood is by some regarded as undecided, there is no doubt
but that the present larva bores for several inches into the trunks of
healthy trees, both young maples as well as trees ten or twenty inches
in diameter. The following case fell under our own observation. On
the grounds of Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me., for two successive
years (1873~74) a number of fine sugar or rock maples, nearly a foot in

104 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

diameter, and which had been set out for thirty or forty years, suddenly
died, and on being cut up into fire-wood were found to be deeply per-
forated in all directions by larvee referable to this species by its large:
size and resemblance to the locust borer. More than one larva and one
burrow were found in the same tree. There seemed little cause to
doubt but that the grubs were the cause of the sudden death of the
tree.

In the summer of 1881, I noticed that one tree in the College Campus
was partly killed by these borers, and that other trees in different parts
of the town had been bored by them. One tree, over one foot in thick-
ness, had about twelve holes in the trunk, from which the beetles had
issued a year or two previous. The leaves during the past summer
were small and curled up, and the tree was evidently in a sickly condi-
tion. The few Aphides and Psoci, observable on the leaves in July and
August, were not sufficiently numerous to occasion the trouble, and we
attribute it to the effects of the borer. Another somewhat larger sugar
maple in the same yard, the age of which was about forty-five years, had
but two holes in it, made by the same borer, probably in 1878 or 1879;
the tree was nearly healthy, with fully developed leaves. A red maple
close at hand had not been affected by the borer, and we could not
learn that this species (A. rubrum) had ever been attacked by this borer.
It seems to us that these are clearly demonstrated cases, where healthy
trees have been killed by borers.

The first observer to notice this borer, and the fact
that it destroys living maples, was Rey. L. W. Leon-
ard, who gave an account of its habits to Harris. His
attention was called, in 1828, to some young maples.
in Keene, N. H., which were ina dying condition. He
discovered the insect in its beetle state under the
loosened bark of one of the trees, and traced the re-
cent track of the larva three inches into the solid wood.
In the course of a few years these trees, upon the cul-

Bra. 45.—Giycobius sPe- tivation of which much care had been bestowed, were

—From Saunders.

nearly destroyed by the borers.

This beetle was said by Mr. E. B. Reed, in 1872, to be gradually de-
stroying the sugar maples at London, Canada, and in the Report of
the Entomological Society of Ontario, for 1878, Mr. Saunders states
that the destruction was spreading rapidly in the streets of the same
city. To this society we are indebted for the use of the figure of the
beetle.

The beetle, according to Harris, lays her eggs on the trunk of the
maple in July and August. The grubs burrow into the bark as soon as
they are hatched, and are thus protected during the winter. In the
spring they penetrate deeper, and form, in the course of the summer
long and winding galleries in the wood, up and down the trunk.

The beetle is black with a yellow head, with the antenne and the eyes reddish.
black; the thorax is black, with two transverse yellow spots on each side; the wing-

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE MAPLE. 105

covers for about two-thirds of their length are black, the remaining third is yellow,
and they are ornamented with bands and spots arranged in the following manner: a
yellow spot on each shoulder, a broad, yellow, curved band or arch, of which the yel-
low scutel forms the keystone on the base of the wing-covers, behind this a zigzag
yellow band forming the letter W, across the middle another yellow band arching
backwards, and on the yellow tip a black curved band and spot; legs yellow, while
the under side of the body is reddish yellow, variegated with brown. Nearly an inch
in length. (Harris.)

Remedies.—This, like some similar borers, should be looked for in the
spring, when it can be detected by the dust it casts out of its burrow,
and when it can be cut out of the tree with a knife, or killed by inserting
a stiff wire, or by the injection of kerosene oil into the hole.

2. THE HORN-TAIL BORER.
Tremex columba (Linnzeus).
Order HYMENOPTERA; family UROCERID.

Boring in the trunk and making large round holes, a large white grub, with a promi-
nent spine on the end of the body, and transforming in the late summer into a large
clear-winged saw-fly, with a long, large ‘‘saw” on the tail of the female.

This interesting insect bores indifferently in various forest and shade
trees, attacking the elm, oak, sycamore, and perhaps more commonly the
maple. The holes of this borer may be recognized by their large num-
bers within a given space, and by their regular, evenly-cut shape, being
about the diameter of a lead-pencil. We remember seeing some years
ago a tree at Saratoga Springs, in the trunk of which, where the bark
had been removed, were a dozen or more of the round, even holes made
by these insects, who seem to work somewhat in concert. Isolated
shade-trees along roads and in streets are favorite places of resort:
Harris says that an old elm tree in his vicinity used to be a favorite
place of resort for this saw-fly, numbers of them collecting about it
during the months of July, August, and the early part of September.
‘Six or more females might frequently be seen at once upon it, employed
in boring into the trunk and laying their eggs, while swarms of the
males hovered around them. For fifteen years or more some large but-
tonwood trees in Cambridge have been visited by them’ in the same
way. The female, when about to lay her eggs, draws her borer out of
its sheath, till it stands perpendicularly under the middle of her body,
when she plunges it, by repeated wriggling motions, through the bark
into the wood. When the hole is made deep enough, she then drops
an egg therein, conducting it to the place by means of the two furrowed
pieces of the sheath. The borer often pierces the bark and wood to
the depth of half an inch or more, and is sometimes driven in so tightly
that the insect cannot draw it out again, but remains fastened to the
tree till she dies. The eggs are oblong- iy pointed at each end, and
rather less than one-twentieth of an inch in length.” Harris adds, what
has been observed frequently by others since his time, that these larvee

106 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE 'l'REES.

are often destroyed by the maggots or larvee of two singular ichneumon
flies (Rhyssa atrata and lunator). These are the largest known ichneu-
mon flies; they are provided with long, slender borers or ovipositors from
three to four inches in length, which they thrust into the deep holes
made by the Tremex borers, in the bodies of which they insert an egg,

(We have, however, observed one of these Rhyssw engaged in ovipos
iting in an elm tree infested with the larvie of Compsidea tridentata. )

The following description of the larva is copied from our report ‘On
the Insects affecting the Cranberry, with remarks on other injurious
Insects.”*

The larva.—A long, white, cylindrical worm, with the segment behind the head of
the same width as the twelfth segment from the head; the thirteenth much narrower,
regularly rounded behind, with a deep crease above, leading backward
and a little downward to a small, sharp, terminal, dark-reddish horn. The
horn is acute, with three teeth above, near the base, and two smaller ones
on the under side. Each of the three last rings bulges out on the under
side. The head is white, and about half as wide as the segment behind,
into which it partially sinks. It is rounded, smooth, with the antennie
represented by small rounded tubercles, ending in a minute horny spine;
should the spine be regarded as indicating a joint, then the appendage is
three-jointed. The clypeus is broader than the labrum by a distance equal
to its own length. The labrum is a little more than twice as broad as long,
with the front edge slightly sinuous. The large, powerful mandibles are
four-toothed on one side and three-toothed on the other. The maxillx are
three-lobed, the lobes unequal, ending in spines, the middle lobe with two
spines, the outer lobe much smaller than the others. The labium or under
Vic. 46.— lip is rather large, rounded, with a spine projecting on each side. The pro-

Pane ie thorax or segment next behind the head is twice as long as the one behind

columba, it, divided into two portions by asuture behind it. There are three pairs of

oo8 abies small, soft, unjointed feet, of which the first pair are considerably the lar-

Packard. oest; they do not project straight out but are pressed to the body and di-
rected backward. There are ten pairs of spiracles, one pair on the hinder edge of the
prothorax, twice as large as the others; the second pair between the second and third
rings, and the eight others on the eight basal abdominal segments. Length, 2.25
inches; greatest thickness, .28 inch.

The larvee from which the above description was taken were found at
Amherst, Mass., early in October, in a tree containing several of the
adult insects, which had not left their holes and seemed likely to be
destined to pass the winter in the tree. Clementi has in Ontario, Canada,
taken several of the imago with the larvie from the oak in March, so
that it undoubtedly hibernates as an imago.

3. THE SIXTERN-LEGGED MAPLE-BORER.
Dgeria acerni (Clemens).
Order LErIpOPTERA; family AAGERIAD®.

Following the work of the flat-headed borer, burrowing under the bark of the soft

By F. V. Hayden, U.S. Geologist. Washington, 1878.

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE MAPLE. 197

ning a cocoon of silk covered with its castings; the moths issuing from the tree late in
May and thence through the summer, the worms occurring under the bark through the
summer and winter. (Riley. )

This borer is sometimes very destructive to soft and sometimes to
sugar maples, especially young trees, in Ohio, Illinois, and Missouri, the
moths sometimes emerging in great numbers
from the trunks of the trees. Mr. G. R.
Pilate states that the red maple trees in
Dayton, Ohio, were greatly infested by this
borer, in consequence of which a large nun-
ber of those shade trees are dead or dying.
(Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Club, vol. i, 20.) Mr.
Riley says he has always found the worms
in such trees as have been injured either by
the work of the flat-headed borer, by the rub-
bing of the trees against a post or board
or in some other way. ‘* Where the bark is
kept smooth they never seem to trouble it,
the parent evidently preferring to consign
her eggs to cracked or roughened parts.
For this reason the worm is not found in
the smoother branches, but solely in the
main trunk. Whether the soap applica- Fic. 47.—e, Hgeria acerni; a, caterpil-

; b, cocoon; d, pupa cases —Af.er
tions will prevent the moth from depositing’ oc
her eggs is not known; judging from analogy, probably not. Yet it will
tend to keep the bark smoother, and in ‘being used to shield the tree
from the other borer, it will indirectly shield it from this one. Mr.
Gennadius recommends whitewashing the trunks, and filling up all
holes and fissures with mortar, so as to render the bark as smooth as
possible.”

The moth.—Head and palpi deep, reddish orange, thorax ochreous yellow; abdomen
bluish black varied with yellow, with a deep reddish terminal tuft. Fore wings with
the edges and median vein bluish black dusted with yellowish; a large discal bluish
black patch; end of the wing ochreous yellow, with a blackish subterminal band,
and the veins blackish. Hind wings with a blackish discal patch. Body beneath
ochreous yellow, with a bluish black patch on each side of the second abdominal seg-
ment. Middle and posterior tibiz ringed with bluish black; the fore legs blackish,
with the cox (or hip joints) touched with reddish orange; expanse of wings about
0.80 inch.

The larva is a little over half an inch long, livid white, the head small and yellow,
with 16 legs, all of which are reddish. (Clemens.)

4. THE FLAT-HEADED APPLE-TREE BORER.
Chrysobothris femorata Fabricius.

In the Mississippi Valley, sometimes riddling soft maples through and through, con-
Aning itself mostly tothe inner bark, causing peculiar black scars and holes in the
trunk, a flat-headed grub, transforming to a flat, hard-shelled beetle. (Riley. )

While this beetle more commonly infests the oak (p. 16) and the apple,
it threatens in the Western States, according to Riley, to impair the
value of the soft maple for shade and ornamental purposes.

108 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

5. THE PEACH AND CHERRY FLAT-HEADED BORER.
Dicerca divaricata Say.
Order COLEOPTERA; family BUPRESTID.S.

Boring in red maple stumps a flat-headed borer whose prothoracic segment is not so
wide in proportion to the two following segments as in Chrysobothris larvie.

Although Fitch says that the beech is undoubtedly the original resi-
dence of this borer, now destructive to cherry and peach trees, and
that ‘‘wherever a dead tree of this kind occurs some of these beetles
will almost always be found upon it on sunny days in midsummer,” we
have found several of the fully and half-grown larve, with the dead
beetle, in a partly rotten stump of the swamp maple at Providence,
June 1. The hole for the exit of the beetle is oval cylindrical, 8™™ in
its longer diameter and 4"™ in its shorter. The following description of
the larva was drawn up from the larger specimens; that of the beetle
is quoted from Harris:

Larva.—Prothoracie segment moderately broad, not so long as wide, but not so wide
in proportion to the two succeeding segments as in Chrysobothris; the second thoracic
segment trapezoidal, narrower than the first by two-thirds of its length ; third thoracic
segment a little narrower and a little longer than the second. All the abdominal seg-
ments about two-thirds as wide as the third thoracic, and round and thick. The ter-
minal segment a little over one-half as wide as the one before it. Prothoracic seg-
ment with a large broad rough chitinous surface, with an inverted narrow Y with
long slender arms to the Y. On the under side of the segment the rough surface is
divided into two by two nearly parallel, longitudinal smooth lines. Length of body,
35™™; length of prothoracic segment, 5™™; breadth, 7™™; width of metathoracic seg-
ment, 5™™; width of an average abdominal segment, 4™™.

The beetle.-—Wing-covers much elongated and spreading widely apart at the end;
the insect copper-colored, thickly covered with liftle punctures; the prothorax slightly
furrowed in the middle; the wing-covers marked with numerous fine irregular im-
pressed lines and small oblong square elevated black spots; middle of the breast fur-

rowed ; the male with a little tooth on the under side of the shanks of the middle pair
of legs. Length, 18mm_93mm_

6. THE QUERCITRON BARK BORER.
Graphisurus fasciatus (De Geer).
Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCID-%.

This beetle, more commonly found on the oak, has been found in the
pupa as well as adult stage under the bark of the sugar maple in North-
ern New York by Mr. George Hunt; and we have reared the beetle
from a pupa found under the bark of the red or swamp maple, at Provi-
dence, June 1. The cell made by the larva for the repose of the pupa
is about an inch long, one-third of an inch wide, and one tenth deep.
(See, also, p. 22.)

7. Xyloterus politus Say.

Order COLEOPTERA ; family SCOLYTID®.

In this species, according to Leconte, the elytra have ill-defined dis-
tant rows of punctures, with interspaces equally strongly punctured,

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE MAPLE. 109

pubescence erect and abundant. He has received specimens from Mr.
J. A. Lintner, said by him to depredate on maple trees. “It is easily
known,” adds Leconte, “ by being more hairy than the other species,
with the interspaces of the elytra sparsely punctured, so that the rows
of punctures appear confused.”

8. Stenoscelis brevis Boheman.
Order COLEOPTERA ; family CALANDRID#.

This beetle occurred in a partly rotten stump of the red maple in a
swamp at Providence, June 1, in company with Dicerca divaricata and
Xestobium affine. All these beetles were submitted to Dr. Leconte for

identification. The mine is irregular, sinuous, 1.5-2™™ in diameter, and
were quite numerous.

9. Nestobium affine.
Order COLEOPTERA; family PTINID A.

Several specimens of this beetle occurred June 1 in a rotten stump,
with the larve, which closely resembles those of Ernobius. It makes a
sinuous mine 4"™ in diameter, and opening externally by a round hole
3™™ in diameter; the burrows being filled with fine excrement.

Larva.—Body cylindrical, white, soft, very full and rounded at the end, a little the
thickest at the thoracic portion; 3 pairs of thoracic, 3-jointed rather siender feet.
Head rather large, more than half as thick as the body. End of abdomen covered
with rather dense yellowish hairs. Length, 10™™; thickness of body, 3.1-4™™, Fig. .
441 of Hrnobius mollis in my Guide to the Study of Insects well represents the general
appearance of this larva.

AFFECTING THE LEAVES.

10. THE GREEN-STRIPED MAPLE WORM.
Anisota rubicunda (Fabricius).

Order LEPIDOPTERA; family BOMBYCID#.

Sometimes nearly stripping soft maples of their leaves, large smooth worms longi-
tudinally striped with pale and darker green lines, and recognizable by two anteriorly-
projecting black horns on the second segment behind the head, and transforming to a
pale, ochre-yellowish, thick-bodied moth, tinged, especially on the fore wings, with a
rosy hue, and expanding a little over two inches.

Althongh in the Eastern States this insect, especially the moth, is
not common, yet we have observed it as far east as Brunswick, Me.,
where it feeds on the maple, the moth there appearing the middle of
June; in the Western States, Illinois, Missouri, and Kansas, it proves
during certain years very destructive, entirely or nearly stripping the
soft or swamp and sometimes the silver maple of its leaves, and dis-
couraging people from planting this tree along roadsides. It is known
to feed on the oak.

110 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

According to Riley, the eggs are deposited in patches of thirty and
upward, on the under side of a leaf. Each is about 0.05 inch long, sub-
oval, slightly flattened, translucent, and pale greenish.

In Missouri and Kansas the worm is double-brooded, the first brood
of worms appearing mostly
during June and giving forth
the moths late in July, while
the second brood of worms ap-
pears in August and Septem-
ber, wintering in the chrysalis
state, and not appearing as
moths until the folowing May.
The caterpillar molts four
times, becoming fully fed with-
in a month, and then entering
the ground to pupate.

Larva.—In the first stage, yellow,
Fic. 48.—The rosy forest caterpillar. b, pupa; ec, female. pene danse black “head jae

—After Riley. forming little black tubercles of
nearly uniform size. In the second stage the head is browner, and the spines and stripe
of the full-fed larva more apparent. In the third stage like the caterpillar in its fourth
or last stage, but smaller. The fully-fed caterpillar is an inch and a half long; pale
yellowish-green longitudinally, striped above alternately with eight very light yel-
lowish-green lines and seven of a darker green, inclining to black, with two slender
black spines on the second segment behind the head, and two lateral rows of sharper,
shorter spines. Head copal yellow; segments, 10 and 11 a little dilated and rose
colored at the sides.

The chrysalis.—Rough and pitted, nearly black, with curved horns about the head
and thorax, and the movable joints provided with a ring of sharp conical teeth
around the anterior edge. (Riley.)

The moth.—Fore wings rose-colored, crossed by a broad pale-yellow band; the hind
wings pale yellow, with a short rosy band behind the middie; the body is yellow, the
under side and legs rose-colored (Harris). In Western specimens, the yellow predomi-
nates, the rose-color being but faintly visible, according to Riley, who has also had
specimens which were almost white or colorless. The wings expand about two inches.
The male antenne are broadly pectinated like feathers.

Remedies.—A tachina parasite, Tachina ( Belvosia) bifasciata Fabr., and
an ichneumon fly prey upon the caterpillars, and thus reduce their num-
bers. Riley recommends searching for and destroying the moths and
eggs late in May, while the worms, when about to leave the trees, ‘‘may
be entrapped by digging a trench either around the individual tree or
around a groye or belt. The treneh should be at least a foot deep, with
the outer wall slanting under. Great numbers of worms will collect in
it, or bury themselves in its bottom, and may easily be killed.”

11. THE GREEN STINGING IO CATERPILLAR.
Hyperchiria io (Fabricius).
Order LeprpopTEeRA; family BOMBYCID.®.

Sometimes feeding late in summer on the maple, a large, greenish, thick caterpillar,
with fascicles of irritant, radiating, sharp spines over the body, spinning a thin silken

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE MAPLE. BB!

cocoon among the leaves, and transforming the following May or June into a large,
stout-bodied moth; the males yellow with a very large eye-like spot on the hind wings,
and the females purple-brown, the wings of the latter expanding nearly three inches
Although this large cater-
pillar is a general feeder,
devouring in the Southern
States the leaves of the In-
dian corn, as. well as the
sassafras, black locust, the
false indigo, wild black
cherry (Prunus _ serotina),
and the willow, currant, cot-
ton, clover, elm, hop vine,
balsam, poplar, balm of Gil-
ead, dogwood, and choke
cherry, we have found it in
Maine, where it is a rare Fic. 49.—Green stinging io caterpillar.—After Riley.
moth, feeding on the rock or sugar maple, and hence refer to it under
this head. The eggs are top-shaped, attached by the smaller end, in
patches of about thirty, on the under side of leaves. The caterpillars
in the Western States begin
to hatch about the end of
June, getting their growth
in two months, after molt-
ing five times. The spines
are poisonous to the fingers
and the caterpillar cannot
be handled without causing
some pain and irritation.

The larva.—About two inches
long, of a pea-green color; the
spreading, slender spines deeper
yellow and often tipped with
black. A lateral white line, edged.
above with lilac.

Fig. 50.—Male of io moth.—After Riley. The moth.—Males deep ochre-
yellow marked with purple brown, with a large, round blue spot, bordered with black,
with a central white dash. The fore wings of the female are purple brown, the
hind wings as in the male. In Massachusetts the moths appear during June or early
in July.

12. THE MAPLE DAGGER-MOTH.
Apatela americana Harris.
Order LepmporTERA; family Nocruip#.

In September, a rather large greenish-yellow caterpillar, with long hairs ornamented
with four pencils of long hairs, and a single pencil on the eleventh ring, spinning a
dense cocoon under the bark or elsewhere, and transforming into a whitish moth the
next summer.

This is not uncommon on maple trees late in the autumn, and its

112 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

habits are described by Harris, who says that it also feeds on the elm,
linden, and chestnut. We have often noticed it in Maine.

13. FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR.
Clisiocampa sylvatica.

A colony of the worms not fully fed were found June 6, collected in a
mass near the ground on the trunk of the maple at riaewiee Me.; at
this time they were molting for the last time.

14, THE MAPLE SLUG MOTH.
Lithacodes fasciola H. Sch.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family BOMBYCID2.

According to Clemens, the larva is elliptical, somewhat pointed behind ;
body thickest in the middle, flattened, with the sides curving from a
central ridge; this Pies has a vertical elevation at its
sides above the body, growing less and less before and
behind, terminating in front in a rounded margin, and
behind in an obtuse, short spine. The body is smooth,
er 31-—Mayostug with no distinct spined papule, but the edges of the

Pakeard. ridge and the outline of the body are thrown into sub-
crenated folds.

15. THE LESSER MAPLE SPAN-WORM.
Stegania pustularia Guenée.

Feeding on the leaves early in June, a bluish-green looper striped with whitish and
yellowish, producing the moth in July. (Saunders. )

This is a common insect and has been raised by Mr. W. Saunders, who
says that the caterpillar is full grown about the middle of June, enters
the chrysalis state within a few days after, and produces the moth early
in July. We have found it in the woods of Northern Maine in August,
and it is common in August in the Northern and Western States.

The larva,—Body cylindrical, about 2 inch long, head medium sized, rather flat in
front, slightly bilobed, pale green. Body above bluish-green, with thickly set longi-
tudinal stripes of whitish and yellowish. A double whitish dorsal line, with border-
ing lines of yellowish white, neither of which are unbroken, but are formed of a suc-
cession of short lines and dots. Below these, on each side, are two or three imperfect
white lines, made up of short streaks, and much fainter than those bordering the
dorsal line; spaces between the segments yellowish. The skin all over the body is
much wrinkled and folded. (Saunders. )

The moth is exceedingly pretty and may be recognized by its white body and wings
and four deep golden-ochreous costal spots, with two lines running across the wings,
these lines sometimes wanting. It expands an inch.

16. THE LARGE MAPLE SPAN-WORM.
Lutrapela transversata Packard.

Feeding on red maple in July, a large slender-bodied span-worm, the body thickened
behind, carinated on the sides; of a dark purple-brown mixed with reddish; a dorsal

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE MAPLE. Ls

freddish-gray crescent-shaped spot on the middle of the seventh segment, behind which
is a pair of low kidney-shaped tubercles, and a pair of dorsal pointed black ones on
the eleventh; second ring swollen on the sides. Length, crawling, 46™™. Changes
to a pupa the end of July in rolled leaf, the moth appearing August 10. (Goodell.)
The moth is large, dull ochre-yellow, and the hind wings are tailed. We have taken
it resting on red maple leaves in Maine.

17. Tite AMERICAN SILK-WORM.
Telea polyphemus Hiibner.

According to Mr. E. B. Reed, this insect “frequently attacks maples,
and from the enormous size of the caterpillar and its voracious appetite
a great deal of damage is often done.” (Report Ontario Ent. Soc. for
1872, p. 39.) ‘

18. THe CreCROPIA CATERPILLAR.

Platysamia cecropia (Linn).

This caterpillar, larger than the foregoing, also sometimes occurs on
5 : : =>)

Fic. 52.—Caterpillar of the Cecropia silk moth, nat. size.—After Riley. =
the maple. It is about fcur inches long. and pale green, ornamented
with large tubercles colored green, blue, yellow, and red.

19. THE MAPLE SEMI-LOOPER.
Ophiusa bistriaris (Hiibner).
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family NocTurip.®.

Late in July feeding on the silver maple, a brownish gray caterpillar 1.40 inch long,
with the first pair of prolegs small, the worm having a semi-looping gait.

When about to go into chrysalis it cuts through a portion of a leaf of
the tree on which it has fed, and turning it over constructs a snug little
case, fastening it up closely and carefully with silken threads, and in
this completes its transformations. After remaining in the pupa state
about two weeks, the moth appears. (Saunders.)

The larva is 1.40 inch long, somewhat onisciform. Head medium sized, flatteued,
bilobed ; color, pale ashen gray with streaks of pale brown appearing under a magni-
fying lens as a fine network; a dark brown, nearly black, stripe on each side, and a
few short gray hairsscattered over its surface. Body above brownish-gray, with
numerous streaks and dotsof palebrown. A double irregular dorsalline ; other broken
lines composed chiefly of dots, none of them continuous. A subdorsal row of whitish
dots. On the hinder part of the 12th segment is a’raised crescent-shaped line edged
8 RIL

114 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

behind with black, and on the terminal one two whitish dots, with a small black
patch at their base. Spiracles pale oval, edged with black. Under surface palerand
greenish, feet greenish, prolegs bluish-green dotted with brown. The moth is rather
large, with broad triangular fore wings, and is uniformly brown, with two oblique
darker bands.

20. THE MAPLE LEAF-CUTTER.

Incurvaria acerifoliella (Fitch).
Order LupmpopTerRA ; family TINEID.

Cutting round holes in the leaves and consuming their pulp in rings and semi-cir-
cular spots, and using the round pieces to hide the small white worms between them
and the leaf, forming a broad round case adhering to the surface of the leaves.

This larva with its singular case has been described by Fitch, and
we have received specimens of maple leaves and cases from Vermont.
Early in August the leaves of forest trees begin to wither, and holes
appear in them, the orbicular pieces being taken by the little worm to
form a broad scale concealing it. The worms fall with the leaves to the
ground in the autumn, and there remain transforming in their cases,
and late in the spring appear as moths.

The larva.—Nearly a quarter of an inch long; slender, cylindrical, soft, and eon-
tractile; dull white; head flattened, and, like the three succeeding segments, pale
rusty brown.

The moth with long narrow pointed wings ; the fore pair brilliant steel-blue, the hind
wings smoky brown, with purplish reflections. Between the antenue a dense tuft of
erect bright orange-yellow hairs. (Fitch.)

The following insects also infest the maple:

21. Gastropacha americana Harris. (Lintner, Contr. iii.)

22, Nadata gibbosa Sm.-Abb. (Lintner, Contr. iii, 150.)

23. Nematocampa jilamentaria Guen. (Lintner, Contr. ili, 165.)

24. Amphidasys cognataria Guen. (Lintner, Contr. iii, 166.)

25. Heterophelps triguttata H.-Sch. (Saunders in Packard’s Monogr.
Phaleenide. )

26, Lithocolletis aceriella Clemens. Larva ina flat blotch mine in upper
surface of leaves.

27. Lithocolletis lucidicostella Clemens. ) Larvee in tentiform mines in un-

28. Lithocolletis clemensella Chamb. § der surface of leaves.

29. Gracilaria packardella Chamb. Larva rolls the leaf downward into
a conical figure.

30. Catastega aceriella Clems. Larva only known. It at first mines the
leaf, and afterwards constructs a case of its frass. (Does not
belong to Tineide ?)

31. Xylotrechus colonus (Fabricius). Found by Mr. G. Hunt under the
bark of an old sugar maple in Northern New York.

HEMIPTERA.

32. Psylla annulata Fitch. Occurs on the sugar maple.
33. Siphonophora acerifolie Thomas. On soft maple, Acer dasycarpum,
Iowa, Hlinois, and Missouri.

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE COTTONWOOD. 145

34.. Aphis aceris Linn. Occurs on Acer pensylvanica (Fitch).
35. Lecanium acericola Walsh and Riley. (Amer, Ent. i, 14.) Also on
box elder (Thomas).
36. Lecanium acericorticis Fitch. On silver maple, Washington, D. C.
(Glover, Sm. Rep. 1876. See Thomas vii, 120; American Natur-
alist, xii, 655, 808.)
DIPTERA.

37. Cecidomyia aceris Shimer. On Acer dasycarpum. (Trans. Amer.
Ent. Soce., i, 281.)

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE COTTONWOOD.

(Populus monilifera.)
AFFECTING THE TRUNK AND BRANCHES.

1. THE POPLAR BORER.
Saperda calcarata Say.
Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCID£.

_ In the Western States, including Colorado, causing widespread injury and destruc-
tion to the cottonwood trees. (Riley. See the poplar borer, p. 117.)

2. Hyperplatys aspersus Say.

Boring in dry twigs at Columbus, Tex.; the perfect insect to be found throughout
spring and summer, according to Schwarz. (Riley.)

3. Oberea schaumii Leconte.

The larva burrowing in the twigs, making a very smooth cylindrical burrow, the
perfect insect appearing in the middle of June at Saint Louis, Mo. (Riley.)

4. Oberea mandarina Fabr.

The larya boring in the thin twigs at Saint Louis, Mo., the imago issuing in the
middle of April. (Riley.)

5. Dorytomus mucidus Say.

Running on and flying about cottonwood trees early in April and again in August.
In October it is found under dead bark of trees in winter quarters. Common. IIli-
nois. (A. 8. McBride. Can. Ent. XII, 106.)

6. Eros coccinatus Say.

Found in April in Illinois in the cottonwood, under logs in the woods. (McBride,
loc. cit.)

AFFECTING THE LEAVES.

.7. THE STREAKED COTTONWOOD BEETLE.
Plagiodera scripta (Fabricius).

Order COLEOPTERA; family CHRYSOMELID®.

An abundant beetle, infesting the leaves of the cottonwood and other species of
Populus and of willows througheut the West to Colorado, and south to Louisiana,

116 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

destroying vast groves; three annual broods; the larva peculiar from emitting from
‘ the tips of its tuberculous spines a pun-
Ifo] off larva skin; the beetle usually black
Wada 7 on the prothorax, with the sides yellow

sy b zs and the wing-covers yellowish, with three

ter Riley. It may be destroyed by syringing the trees
with a wet preparation of London purple or Paris green. (Riley, Amer. Ent. iii, 159.)

gent milky fluid; transforming on the leaf,

Fic. 53.—Streaked cottonwood beetle: a, beetle, interrupted lines of black or bluish spots.
di] i
Hh ;

the pupa remaining in the partially cast-
normal form; b, ¢, d, e, showing variations.—Af-
Hl ) )} i a)
: mn ai )
I =

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dh

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SAWS me VAR aI i e
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ahi

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Fig. 54.—Grub of streaked cottonwood beetle: a. eggs; 6, one enlarged; c, newly
hatched larve; d, d.d, larvw of different ages; e, pupa, nat. size; f. one of the
middle segments of the body of larvaseen from above, showing tubercles, enlarged.
Atter Riley.

&. THE COTTONWOOD DAGGER-MOTH.
Acronycta populi Riley (lepusculina Guen, ?)

Devouring the foliage and not unfrequently stripping the tree, a caterpillar which
rests curled around on the leaf, and is easily recognized by its body being covered
with long, soft, bright-yellow hairs, and along pencil of black hairs on top of segments
4,6,7, 8, and 11. (Riley.)

This caterpillar is sometimes
destructive to the foliage of the
cottonwood in Missouri. There
are two broods of these worms

ach year; the first brood ap-
pearing in June and producing

moths by the last of July, the second brood appearing the last of Au-

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE POPLAR. Le

gust and throughout September, and passing the winter in the ¢chirysalis
state. Itis attacked by several parasites, 7. e., a Microgaster, an Ophion,
and a Tachina fly.

The chrysalis is dark shiny brown, and endsin an obtuse point furnished with several
forked bristles. It is formed within a pale yellow cocoon of silk interwoven with the
hairs of the caterpillar and is generally spun in some sheltered ules as in a chink in
the bark of a tree, etc.

The moth.—Fore wings white-gray near the anal angle between veins 1 and 2, a
large and conspicuous spot like a Greek letter psi, placed sidewise, and from this spot
a somewhat zigzag line runs parallel with the posterior border, forming a large dart-
like spot between veins 5 and 6. (Riley.)

9. Smerinthus modesta Harris.
Larva on cottonwood in Illinois. (C. E. Worthington, Can. Ent., x, 16.)
10. Pemphigus populi-transversus Riley.

Forming a gall upon the petiole near the base of the leaf of Populus monilifera and
P. balsamifera. Missouri, Southern Texas, and Colorado. (Riley.)

11. Pemphigus populi-monilis Riley.
On the narrow-leaved cottonwood in Colorado.
12. Pemphigus populi-ramulorum Riley.
13. Pemphigus pseudobyrsa Walsh.

Occurs on Populus angulata. (Thomas viii, 151.)

14. Pemphigus vagabundus Walsh.

Produces a large irregular gall on the tips of the twigs of certain cottonwoods.
(Thomas viii, 151.)

15. Pemphigus populicaulis Fitch. (Le Baron.)

Also occurs on the aspen (Populus tremuloides) in Wisconsin. (Thomas viii, 149.)

16. Chaitophorus populicola Thomas.

Found in July at Carbondale, Ill., and early in September on the under side of
young sprouts of Populus angulata (cottonwood).

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE POPLAR
AFFECTING THE TRUNK.

1. THE POPLAR BORER.
Saperda calcarata Say.
Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCID.®.

Often destroying the Lombardy poplar, a yellowish-white grub, nearly two inches
long, and changing to a gray longicorn beetle, irregularly striped with yellow ochre,
the wing-covers ending in a sharp point, flying in August and September.

Harris states that this borer, with the grubs of the broad-necked
Prionus, almost destroyed the Lombardy poplars in his vicinity (Oam-
bridge, Mass.), and that it also lives in the trunks of the native poplar.

118 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

The beetles rest on the trunks and branches of various kinds of poplars
in August and September, and also fly by night, sometimes entering the
open windows in the evening. According to
Riley this borer is universally destructive to the
cottonwood in the Western States.

The larva,—About two inches long ; the body very thick,
rather larger before than behind; the segments full and
rounded. The first segment broad, sloping obliquely
downward to the head. On the upper side of the broad
segment (prothoracic) containing the head is a large
square yellowish horny area, succeeded by rough oval
areas on the tops of the succeeding segments. These
rasps serve as legs, which are wanting in the grub.

The beetle is called the spurred Saperda (calcarata) from
Fic. 56.—Poplar borer: a, natural the spine-like ends of the wing-covers. The body is

el nppe and eer ee covered all over with a short and close nap, which gives

ment enlarged.—From Packard. jf a fine blue-gray color; it is finely punctured with
brown, with four ochre-yellow lines on the head and three on the top of the thorax;
the scutel is also ochre-yellow, and there are several irregular lines and spots of the
same color on the wing-covers; it is 1} inch in length. (Harris.)

2, THE LESSER POPLAR BORER.
Saperda mesta Leconte.

Boring in the poplar and balm of Gilead, selecting the smaller branches, in many
places not more than an inch or two apart, and situated chiefly at the base of the
buds, the whole length of the excavation not much exceeding an inch; pupating
early in May and becoming beetles by the end of May.

The larva.—Nearly cylindrical, tapering a little posteriorly, and about half an inch
in length. Head very small, dark reddish brown in front, pale behind. Body deep
yellow. Second segment deeper in color and more horny than the other segments ;
terminal segment a little more hairy than the others. (Saunders. )

3. THE POPLAR GIRDLER.
Saperda concolor Leconte.

Girdling the trunks of sapling poplars, by carrying a mine around the trank, which
causes a swelling often nearly twice the diameter of the tree.

Our attention was first directed to this borer and the marked effects
of its work by Mr. George Hunt. In his company we have found nu-
merous saplings of the common poplar in the woods about Providence,
with the unsightly swellings around the trunk. The beetle is uniformly
gray approaching the color of the downy under side of the poplar, with
no spots, while the antenne are black, stained with gray at the joints.
Length 10™.

4, THE BROAD NECKED PRIONUS.
Prionus laticollis Drury.
Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCID2&.

Boring in the wood of the trunks and roots of different poplars, a white soft grub ag
thick as one’s thumb, producing an oval moderately convex black long-horned beetle
0.90 to 1.50 long and less than half as broad, its wing-covers rough from confluent
irregular punctures and with two or three raised lines, its thorax with three irregular

: ee
Brose

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE POPLAR. 119

teeth along each side, and its antenn of twelve joints resembling little conical cups
placed one within the other and projecting upon their lower side like the teeth of a
saw; appearing abroad in July. (Fitch.)

Though of late years injurious to the apple, grape-vine, and pine, this
beetle may originally have been >
confined to the poplars, espe- )
cially as Harris does not enu-
merate the above- mentioned
trees, but says that it lives in the
trunks and roots of the balm of
Gilead, Lombardy poplar, “and
probably in those of other kinds
of poplar also. The beetles nay
frequently be seen upon, or fly-
ing around, the trunks of these
trees in the month of July, even
in the daytime, though the other
kinds of Prionus generally fly Fic. 57.—Broad-necked Prionus and pupa.—a fter Riley.
only by night.” Prof. 8. J. Smith, in his report as Entomologist to the
State Board of Agriculture of Connecticat, for 1572, remarks: “I have
noticed it in logs of poplar, bass-wood, and oak, and in the trunks of
old, decaying apple trees, and Professor Verrill has collected it in great
numbers, at New
Haven, in chest-
= nut railroad ties,”
= p. 346. It seems
to us most prob-
able that this bor-
== —S=—= == er also infests the

Fic. 58.—Larva of broad-necked Prionus.—After Riley. pitch-pine, since

we have seen these beetles flying at noon in abundance in the middle of
July on the sandy plains of Brunswick, Maine, among pitch-pines, two
or three miles away from any poplars; and have captured them among
pines at intervals for twenty-five years past.

5. THE XYLEUTES BORER.
Xyleutes populi Walker.

Nothing is known to us concerning this moth, except that the specific
name indicates that it occurs on the poplar. The habitat mentioned by
Walker, is St. Martin’s Falls, Albany River, Hudson’s Bay, the original
specimen described by Walker being in the British Museum.

6. THE POPLAR GOAT-MOTH.
Cossus centerensis Lintner.
Order Leprporrera; family BOMBYCID®.

Perforating the trunks of Populus tremuloides, a worm similar to, but smaller than,
the oak caterpillar (X. rebiniw), the moth issuing from the trees during June. (Bailey.)

Usually trees less than a foot in diameter are attacked by this worm,

ee \
120 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

a number occurring in the same tree, according to the account of Mr:
J.S. Bailey. (Can. Ent. XI, p.1.) The eggs are laid by the long ovi-
positor of the female in the deep crevices of the bark of the poplar.
When hatched, 7.e., during the summer, they bore into the tree, neverappa-
rently ceasing to eat, and extending their tunnels through solid wood,
first in the alburnum and then through the heart, the burrows increas-
ing in size with that of the larve, until the latter are completely grown.
In consequence of the innumerable tunnels cut in feeding, many trees
are destroyed. The burrows made by the larvee are about 15 millimeters
in width, and terminate in the pupating cell, which is about 40™™ long,
and smooth; the extremity toward the opening is closed by a wad of
finer and then coarser filings of the wood. The coarser splinters are not
detached entirely from the wood, but are split up by the larva all around
the top of the cell and project like bristles. These splinters make a firm
wad. Against them are piled a quantity of finer chips or thin filings,
which are loose, but pressed together.

The cell is about 40" from the outer bark of the tree, and the
chrysalis makes its exit through the burrow by means of the teeth on
the segments and the spinous process on the front, by which it forces
itself by stretching and contracting the abdomen through the wood
serapings which close the cell until it comes to the end.

The larva is supposed to live two years, and attains maturity in Octo-
ber, the moth issuing from the trees the following June and July, leav-
ing the empty shell of the chrysalis sticking out of the hole. It is preyed
upon in the larva state by an ichneumon fly. (Pailey.) It occurs near
Albany (Bailey) and in Michigan (Kellicott).

The larva is 45™™ long, of a pale flesh color. The first segment behind the head is
blackish-brown above, the dark color edged with a dirty orange shading. Head ma-
hogany brown; along the sides of the body a row of brown dots above the reddish
stigmata, and a row of similar dots, two to a segment, on each side of the dorsal line,
from each of which a hair arises.

The pupa is about 30™™ lone, narrow brown-black, shining, rugose. ‘On the elypeus
pu} Ss) ) sg, tug )

is a strong broad spinous process, supported at base by lateral projections. The
abdominal segments are provided with teeth on the back, and the anal segment is
provided with two unequal sized terminal teeth on each side of the vent.

The moth, says Mr. Bailey, seems to belong to the genus Cossus Fabr., and not to be
congeneric with Nyleutes robinie. The head is short, eyes naked, labial palpi small,
oppressed, scaled. The thorax is thickly scaled, and is squarer in front than Xyleutes,
and not so long or high. The male antenne are bipectinate ; those of the female ser-
rated. It is allied to the European Cossus terebra, while alar ger insect. It differs from
C. querciperda by the absence of any yellow on the male hind wings, and by its darker
color and closer reticulations. In color it is black and gray; fore wings covered with
black reticulations. The ground color is blackish over nearly two-thirds from the
base of the fore wings, and outwardly gray. Beyond the cell is a transverse contin-
uous line, broader than the rest, and outwardly bent over the median veins. Hind
wings rounded in both sexes, with blackish hairs at base, pale and sub-pellucid, with
short gray fringe, before which there is a narrow blackish edging. Abdomen black-
ish. Male smaller than the females; the smallest male expanding about 40™™, the
largest female over 60™™, (Bailey. )

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE POPLAR. Lot

6. THE POPLAR AZGERIA.
_Egeria tricineta Harris.

Boring in Populus candicans in winterand spring, the moth perhaps placing her eggs
in the deserted burrows of Saperda mwsta. They inhabit the branches, suckers, and
small trunks in New York, on the smaller stalks raising galls. The larva dull white,
head light brown, otherwise much as in other Agerian caterpillars. (Described by
D. S. Kellicott in Can. Ent. XIII, 3.)

AFFECTING THE LEAVES.
7. THE STOUT POPLAR SPAN WORM.
Biston uraaria Walker.
Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family PHALENID2.

In some seasons, during July, partially defoliating the Lombardy poplars in Mon-
treal, Canada, large drab or dingy purple span worms, at the evd of July burying
themselves in the earth, the moths appearing during the last week in April and the
early part of May.

According to Mr. G. J. Bowles (Can. Ent. VIII, p. 7) this span worm
abounds year after year in the Lombardy poplars in the city of Mon-
treal. ‘In some seasons the trees are partially defoliated by the larve,
and during the last week of April and the first of May the moths are
to be found in great numbers.” On the 6th of May the moths laid glob-
ular eggs .04 inch in diameter, depositing them some days before the
leaves expand. May 29th the larve began to hatch out just as the pop-
lars were throwing out their leaves. The larvee change but little during
growth. At the end of July they descend and bury themselves in the
earth, changing in a few days to pup, without forming any cocoon.

The larva is from 2 to 24 inches long, of a drab or dingy purple; head of a lighter
shade and spotted with black. First segment behind the head bordered in front with
a yellow line, indented behind; fourth to eighth inclusive, each with six very small
yellow tubereles, two on the back, one behind and one below each spiracle. Body
striped from head to tail with twelve reddish lines, each bordered on both sides by an
irregular narrow black line; six of the reddish lines are on the back and sides, one
(interrupted) through the spiracles, and four on the abdomen. Anal segments spotted
with black, as also first, second, and third segments. Mouth pinkish, legs pink-
spotted with black; spiracles dark. (Bowles.)

The moth.—This genus may be known by the large heavy body and rather small
wings; the fore wings have the costa straight, the tip subrectangular; the male an-
tenn with long pectinations. This species is dark granite-gray, the fore wings with
three transverse, obscure, dusky lines, represented in rubbed specimens by black spots
on the costa and veins. First line well curved; second and third lines near together.
Half way between the third line and the outer edge of the wingis a faimter band than
the others, represented by a costal square spot, and a black spot on the inner angle.
Hind wings with three transverse diffuse bands. The fore wings expand 1.55-2.00
inches.

&. THE WAITE-S CLOSTERA.

. Ichthywra albosigma Fiteh.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family BOMBYCIDX.

Early in July, eating the leaves and reposing in a cavity formed of leaves drawn
ogether like a ball, a large black caterpillar with white and yellow dots and stripes:

122 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

and a hump on the back of its fourth and eleventh rings; its pupa lying in a cocoon
attached among the leaves, and in ten days giving out the moth the latter part of
July; the moth grayish-brown, its fore wings crossed by three faint paler streaks, the
two first parallel, the hind one with its outer half silvery white and strongly waved
in shape of the letter 8; width, 1.50. \
9. THE AMERICAN CLOSTERA.

Ichthyura Americana Harris.

Consuming the leaves in summer, a pale yellow caterpillar with two little black
warts close together on the back of its fourth and eleventh rings, three slender black
lines on its back and three in a broad dusky stripe along each side, its pupa passing
the winter in a cocoon under leaves or rubbish on the ground, the middle of June
giving out a pale grayish moth more or less varied with brown, its: fore wings with
three whitish bands, the first transverse and dislocated, the second oblique and giy-
ing off a transverse branch from its middle which runs to the inner margin, uniting
with the third band, the two thus forming a letter V, a faint whitish band across the
middle of the hind wings; width about 1.35. (Harris. )

10. V-MARKED CLOSTERA.
Tchthyura vaw Fitch.

A moth which is very similar to the preceding, but darker colored and smaller, with
the bands more slender and distinct, may be readily distinguished from that species
by its having the first band not dislocated, but in its middle strongly curved back-
ward, the apex of the curve usually forming an acute point. The last band also is
much more strongly undulated near its outer end, curving backwards almost ina
semicircle, and is of a much more vivid white color, and broadly bordered on its hind
side with bright rust-red. Its hind wings also are destitute of the paler band across
their middle. Its width is about 1.20.

Tam unacquainted with its larva, but, like the other species of this genus, it doubt-
less feeds on the poplars and willows. Though quite rare in my own vicinity, it is
oftener met with than the two other species. (Hitch. )

11. THE POPLAR-STEM GALL-LOUSE.
Pemphigus populicaulis Fitch.

Forming imperfectly globular galls the size of a bullet at the junction of the leaf
with its stalk, these galls having a mouth-like orifice on their under side, and a large
cavity within, crowded with small dull white lice and their white cast skins, and with
winged lice of a blue black color, their antennie reaching beyond the base of their
wings, the rib-vein of their fore-wings black, thick, much thicker at its apex along
the inner margin of the stigma, and the short veinlet bounding the anterior end of
this spot more slender than the rib-vein; its length 0.10, and to the tips of its wings
0.15. (Fitch.)

12. THE POPLAR GALL-LOUSE.

Pemphigus popularia Fitch.

Late in autumn, wandering up and down the trunk of the balsam poplar, a gall-
louse closely like the preceding, but its abdomen green, its antenn short, reaching
but two-thirds the distance to the wing sockets, and the rib-vein of its wings not
thicker along the inner margin of the stigma; its length 0.13 to the tip of its wings.

The female black, slightly dusted over with a glaucous gray powder; the abdomen

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE POPLAR. 123

duli green with a small coating of white flocculent wool, its opposite sides parallel
and its tip abruptly rounded; the antenn short, thick, and thread-like; the wings
dull hyaline, their rib-vein black and the oblique veins slender and blackish with the
basal third of the third vein abortive and the fourth vein perceptibly thicker towards
its base; and the small branch of the rib-vein bounding the anterior end of the
stigma having nearly the same thickness with the rib-vein. (Fitch.)

13. THE POPLAR-BULLET GALL-LOUSE.
Pemphigus populi-globuli Fitch.

In July, on the leaves of the balsam poplar slightly above their base, an irregular
globular apple green gall the size of a bullet, projecting from the upper surface of
the leaf, with a curved mouth-like orifice on the under side, the cavity within con-
taining numerous small pale green and smaller dusky lice with the end of their bodies
covered with short white cotton-like threads, and larger winged ones which are of a
black color, with the abdomen dusted over with white meal and with thin white woolly
fibres on the, back, and their antenn reaching the base of the wings, which are clear
hyaline, their veins slender and white or colorless, except the outer marginal vein,
which is black to the end of the stigma, and also the rib-vein, which is much thicker
at its apex; their length 0.07 and to the tip of their wings 0.11.

14. THE POPLAR-VEIN GALL-LOUSE.
Pemphigus populi-vene Fitch.

In July an oblong compressed excrescence like a cock’s comb, of a light red color
varied with pale yellow, growing from the midvein of balsam poplar leaves on their
upper side with an orifice on the opposite under side; a cavity within containing a
multitude of lice and their white cast skins, interspersed with a whitish meal-like
powder ; those with wings being black, with coarse thread-like antenne reaching to
the base of the wings, which, with their oblique veins, are pellucid and colorless, the
coarse rib-vein being blackish and more thick at its tip along the inner margin of the
stigma, and the vein of the outer margin being blackish and somewhat coarse from
its base to the stigma; its length 0.05 and to the tip of the wings 0.08.

Other insects occurring on the poplar are the following :—

15. Saperdavestita Say. On poplar in July, Providence (G. Hunt, p. 124).
16. Xyleutes robine Harris. In Populus candicans. (Kellicott Bull.
Buffalo Soc. Nat. Se., iv, 30.)
17. Hgeria tibiale Harris. Found in New Hampshire on P. candicans
Harris. (Amer. Journ. Sc., xxxvi, 1839, 309.)
18, Limenitis misippus (Lintner, Contr., ii, 166).
19, sLemenites disippus B.-Lec., Lintner, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., 1866).
20. The prickly caterpillar, Hyperchiria io (Fabricius). On balsam pop-
lar and aspen (Lintner, Coutr., ii, 146.)
The prickly black caterpillar, Vanessa antiopa (Linn).
Elm measuring worm, Lugonia subsignaria Hiibner.
Notodonta dictea Linn. On aspen (Lintner, iv, 77).
Cossus undosus Lintner (Contr., iv, 130). At Green River, Wyoming,
probably on P. balsamifera).
25, Smerinthus modesta Harris. On aspen (Kellicott).
Tephrosia cribrataria Guenée, Larva on Populus tremuloides and P.
JSastigiata (Guenée).

Bear

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23

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124 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

The following Tineid occur according to Chambers on the poplars,

aspens, &e.:

27. Cemiostoma albella Chamb.

28. Batrachedra salicipomonella Clems.

29. Batrachedra preangusta Haworth.

30. Batrachedra striolata Zeller.

31. Aspidisca sp? makes a minute mine in aspen leaves in Oregon. Pos-
sibly it is A. splendoriferella Clems.

32. Gracilaria populiella Chamb. Larva roils aspen leaves in the Rocky
Mountains.

33. Gracilaria purpuriella Chamb. Larva mines leaves of silver-leaf
poplar.

o4. Lithocolletis populiella Chamb. Larva in a tentiform mine in under
side of leaves of silver poplar.

3). Appis populifolic Fitch. On under side of leaves of Populus gran-
didentata (Thomas, viii, 102).

36. Chaitophorus candicans Koch. Balin of Gilead.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE LINDEN TREE.

AFFECTING THE TRUNK.
1. THE LINDEN BORER.
Saperda vestita Say.
Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCID.E.

Boring in the trunk, undermining the bark for six or eight inches in sinuous galleries,
or penetrating the solid wood an equal distance, rather slender grubs, with three pairs
of thoracic feet, transforming into a greenish snuff-yellow longicorn beetle, with six
black spots near the middle of the back.

The beetles, according to Dr. Paul Swift, as quoted by Dr. Harris,
were foundin Philadelphia upon
the small branches and leaves
May 28, and it
is said that they aa a
come out as ear-
ly as the first of
the month, and
continue to
make their way
through the
bark of the
trunk and large

: Fic. 59.—The Linden borer, beetle of nat. size. a, upper. b. under, side of head
branches dur- “ and three thoracic segments; c, side view of head of grub; d, top view of two
ing the whole of enous showing the oval spots; e, the grub, slightly enlarged.—(From
the summer. They immediately fly into the top of the tree, and there
feed upon the epidermis of the tender twigs and the petioles of the

leaves, often wholly denuding the latter, and causing the leaves to fall.

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE LINDEN. 125

They deposit their eggs, two or three in a place, upon the trunk or
branches, especially about the forks, making slight incisions or punct-
ures for their reception with their strong jaws. As many as ninety
eggs have been taken from a single beetle.

AFFECTING THE LEAVES.

2. THE LIME INCH-WORM.
Hibernia tiliaria Harris.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family PHALZNID&.

In May and June, defoliating the branches, a bright yellow looper or measuring
worm with a rust-
colored head, and
ten crinkled black
lines along the
back, descending
at the endof June
to the ground and
pupating three or
four inches under
the surface of the soil; ap-
pearing as moths with their
buff-brown wings in October
and November.

teint

While this worm is
often found on apple and
elm trees, the lime or
linden is its proper food-
tree. The females are
wingless: and grub-like, much larger than the female
canker-worm moth, white, marked with two dorsal rows
of black patches ; they lay their eggs in little clusters
in crevices in the trunk or in the branches, and in the
spring when the leaves begin to unfold they hatch.
Their habits are similar to those of the canker-worm, Fic. 60.—The lime
and the best means of protection against them are those ¢h worm. —From
employed against the canker-worm, ti. ¢., the use of tarred paper
daubed over with printer’s ink or troughs of oil around the trunk of
trees to prevent the females from ascending the trees to lay their eggs.

>.

The male.—Pale ochreous, with light brown specks and bands. Head, body, front
or costal edge of th@fore wings and transverse band on the wings concolorous, being
pale brown. Fore wings with a point, curved, sinnate, diffuse inner line; outer line
dark brown, slightly sinuate, with a large obtuse angle in the middle of the wing; it
is shaded externally with a broad pale-brown band, which breaks up into flecks on
the outer edge ; a well-marked discal dot. Hind wings without any markings, some-
what paler than the fore pair. Expanse of wings 2 inches.

126 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.
3. THE LINDEN LEAF-BEETLE.
Chrysomela scalaris Leconte.
Order COLEOPTERA ; family CHRYSOMELID.®.

Injuring the leaves, a stout-bodied beetle with silvery wing-covers spotted with
green, laying eggs on the leaves in the spring, from which fat, thick-bodied white
grubs develop, with a lateral row of large black dots, which also prey on the
leaves.

While this beautiful and abundant beetle is more common on the
alder, it also occurs on the lime-tree and elm. They may be found on
these trees in April, May, and June, and a second brood in September
and October. We have taken them in coitu on the alder in Maine the
middle of May. The grubs are hatched from eggs laid by the beetles
on the leaves in spring and come to their growth towards the end of
June in Massachusetts, according to Harris, who believes that they go
into the ground to turn to pupe.

The beetle is about three-tenths of an inch in length, the body almost oval, hemis-
pherical; head, thorax, and under side of the body dark green, the wing-covers silvery
white, ornamented with small green spots on the sides, and a broad jagged stripe
along the suture or inner edges; the antenne and legs are rust red, and the wings
rose-colored.

The larva is short and thick, the back curving up in the middle about six-tenths of
an inch long, white, with a black line along the top of the back, and a row of small
square black spots on each side of the body; the head is horny, and of an ochre yel-
low. (Harris. )

Since the foregoing account was prepared, we have during the past
summer observed this beetle in all its stages. At Brunswick, Maine,
during July and August, 1881, it was very abundant on the numerous
linden trees in the campus of Bowdoin College, eating rounded holes in
the leaves and causing them to turn yellow and unsightly, as if to pre-
maturely fall. Nearly every tree and, in some cases, nearly every leaf
ona tree was infested by the disgusting pale grubs, while scattered
patches of eggs occurred on the under side of the leaves; and during
the first to last of August the beetles were found not uncommonly upon
the leaves. The trees could be protected by showering the leaves with
London purple in water when the grubs first appear latein June. From
these specimens the following descriptions were drawn up:

Lyg.—Rather large, oval cylindrical, yellow, several together attached by one end;
about 1.5™™ in length. :

Larva.—Body very thick, curved up like that of the grub of the Colorado potato-
beetle, being much swollen behind the thoracic segments, while the tip of the abdo-
men is curved down. Head honey-yellow, darker over the jaws; antennz bluish,
except at base; eyes black. Prothoracic shield blackish in the young before the last
molt; in full-grown individuals not all black, but pale, with four irregularly square

black spots. Body behind dirty white, with a row of dorsal and lateral dusky spots.
Legs pale, spotted with black at the joints. A pair of meso-thoracic spiracles. and 8

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE LINDEN. LAG

pairs of smaller abdominal ones. Low down, on the sides of the second and third
thoracic segments a curvilinear black spot. Length, 8-9™™,

Pupa.—Body pure white; prothoracic shield, with long scattered hairs around the
edge and in two groups on the back; antennwe curving around between the eyes and
jaws, and with the ends resting on the tips of the elytra. The insect undoubtedly
descends into the earth to pupate.

The beetle.—Head, prothorax, and under side of body dark coppery green, with scat-
tered pits. Antenne palpi and legs pale pitchy yellow; elytra coppery green and
whitish, the green forming a broad median stripe, sending prolongations outwards
toward the middle of the elytra, the first pair of branches nearly parallel to the band,
the second becoming more and more at right angles to the band, the last short and broad
near the tip of the body. Eleven rounded dark-green spots in the whitish field; the pair
near the shoulders gourd-shaped; two of the spots behind the middle of the elytra
touching each other. The pits or punctures near the sutures of the elytra arranged
in three lines parallel to the median line of union of the body; elsewhere they are
arranged irregularly. ;

The following insects also occur on the linden:

4. Selandria tilie Norton (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., i, 250).
5. The swallow tail, Papilio turnus Linn (Ent. Soe. Ontario).
6. The semicolon butterfly, Grapta interrogationis (Fabricius).
7. Ceratomia amyntor Uiibn. (Lintner i, 188).
8. Acronycta hastulifera (Sm. Abb.), Lintner (Contr. iii, 158).
9. Apatela americana Harris.
10. Sciapteron robinie H. Edwards. Destructive to Populus alba in
Nevada (Edwards, Bull. Buffalo Ent. Soc., iii, 72).
11. Hugonia alniaria Hiibn. (Harris).
12. The elm measuring worm, Hugonia subsignaria (Hiibner).
13. The maple moth, Acronycta americana Harris.
14. The leaf-miner beetle, Hispa quadrata Fabr. Mines the leaves.
(Chambers.)
15. Prionus brevicornis Fabr. In logs of bass wood (Smith, Rep. Ent.
Conn. 1872, 346).
16. Parandra brunnea Fabricius (in stumps, Schaupp, in letter).
17. The Linden dipterous gall-fly, Cecidomyia (tiliw) verrucicola Osten-
sacken. Massachusetts and New York (Ostensacken).
18. Lithocolletis lucetiella Clems. Larve in tentiform mine on under
surface of leaves. (Chambers.)
19. Lithocolletis tiiwella Chamb. Larvie in tentiform mine on upper sur-
face of leaves. (Chambers.)
20. Coleophora tiliefoliella Clems. Larva only known. It lives in a
case and feeds on the under side of leaves. (Chambers.)
21. Cecidomyia citrina O. Sacken.
22. Lachnus longistigma Monell. St. Louis, Mo.
23. Drepanosiphum tilie Koch? (Monell-Thomas).®

128 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES,

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE BIRCH.

(Betula lenta, ete.)

AFFECTING THE LEAVES.
1. THE TRIPLE-ROWED SYNETA.
Syneta tripla Say.

Order CoLeorTEerRa; family CHRYSGMELIDAS.

In May and the fore part of June, eating the leaves of this and various other trees,
an oblong chestnut-brown and closely punctured beetle, with wing-covérs usually
pale dull yellowish except on their suture, and their punctures forming about three
rows between each of the three raised lines; its length 0.25 and about a third as wide.
A common insect in New York. (Fitch.)

2. THE VARIABLE LEAF-HOPPER.
4 Athysanus variabilis Fitch.
Order HEMIPTERA; family CERCOPID A.

Puncturing the leaves and succulent shoots and extracting their juices, from the
middle of June till the middle of July, an oblong oval leaf-hopper of a sulphur yel-
jow color, its wing-covers commonly with an oblique black stripe, their tips hyaline;
its thorax and scutel often tawny yellow or black; its length 0.20. (Fitch.)

This insect may every year be met with in numbers upon birch trees
and also upon alders. It was once found literally swarming upon a
white birch standing apart from other trees. (Fitch.)

3. THE SMALLER LEAF-HOPPER.

Athysanus minor Fitch.

From the middle of June till the middle of August, a similar leaf-hopper to the pre-
ceding, but of a cinnamon color, including its face, and having a colorless hyaline
spot on the middle of its wing-covers and a larger one on their tips; itslength 0.18 to
0.20. (Fitch.)

4. THE WINDOWED LEAF-HOPPER.

Athysanus fenestratus Fitch.

From the middle of June till the last of July, a leaf-hopper resembling the forego-
ing species, but with blackish wing-covers with similar hyaline spots and a smaller
third one placed on the middle of the inner margin, and its forehead black with a
pale yellow band between its eyes; its length 0.20 inch. (Fitch. )

The following insects also occur on the birch* :—

5. Chrysobothris 6-signata Say. Beetle and pupa found in the yellow

birch June 1, Providence.

In Europe Rheumaptera hastata (Hiibner) and Operophtera boreata Hubner live upon
the birch; these are common insects in the Northern United States, but their habits
have not yet been observed. :

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE BEECH. 129

6. Tylonotus bimaculatus Hald. Under bark of white or paper birely,
Northern New York. (G. Hunt.)
7. Bellamira scalaris (Say). Beetle and pupa found under the bark of
the yellow birch in July, Northern New York. (G. Hunt.)
8. Cresus latitarsus Norton. Saw-fly. (Bred by Walsh. Trans. A.
Ent. Soc.,i, 84.)
9. The black-birch borer, Yiphidria attenuata Norton. Inhabits the
black birch. Patton. (Can. Ent. XI, 15.)
10. Tremex columba Linn. In yellow birch at Providence.
11. Gastropacha americana Harris. On Betula lenta. (Lintner Contr.,
i, 193, iii, 154.)
12. Brephos infans Moeschler. Lintner, Contr., iv.
13-14. Telephorus cordinus and fravini occurred in Maine June 2, the
former in coitu, on the leaves of Betula populifvlia.
15. Callaphis betulella Walsh. Abundant in Illinois on Betula nigre.
Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., i, 301.
16. The spruce leaf-hopper, Athysanus abietis Fitch.
17. The butternut tingis; Tingis juglandis Fitch.
18. Callipterus betule Koch? The birch aphis.
9. Callipterus betulecolens Thomas. Saint-Louis, Mo.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE BEECH.
(Fagus ferruginea.)
1. THE BEECH SPAN-WORM.
Hyperetis nyssaria Abbot.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family PHALH NID.

Feeding on the leaves the middle of September, a dark brown span or Ppa nine
worm, changing tv a beautiful delicate thin-winged moth.

According to Mr. W. Saunders two larve were found by him on the
beech, the 10th of September, in London, Canada. Two of them entered
the chrysalis state on the 19th of September, having formed a rude case
in which to secrete themselves by binding two leaves together with.
threads of silk. Oneof them, he says, produced the imago on the 18th,
the other on the 21st of May following.

The caterpillar is dark brown, the body cylindrical andaninch long. Head medium
sized, bilobed, dark brown, with the bluish-white lines in front. Body above dark
brown, with a row of dull white dots on each side, one or two on each segment most
prominent from fifth to eighth segments inclusive, less distinct towards each extrem-
ity. On the posterior part of ninth segment are two rather prominent roundish
black tubercles, with a few whitish streaks in front at their base. Terminal segment
of a bluish tint, flattened and spreading. (Saunders.)

The moth.—The moths of the genus Hyperetis have long rather narrow fore wings
with the apex acute, bent on the outer edge, which is sinuous. The species is pale
whitish ash, dusted over with black specks. On the fore wings is an inner curyed

9 RIL

130 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

pale brown line, wider on the costa, and an outer line making a great bend in the mid-
elle of the wings. Beyond the outer line the wing is brown, either reddish or umber
lhrown, with dark cross specks, and two diffuse spots near the middle; one near the
Ieead of the outer line and another near the tip of the wing. The hind wings are
sinuous on the outer edge; the wings expand from aninch to an inch and a half.

2. THE BEECH LEAF-MINER.
Brachys wruginosa Gory.
Order COLEOPTERA; family BUPRESTID®.

Mining the leaves of the beech, a whitish flattened larva, changing to a small flat-
tened hard-shelled beetle.

Dr. Harris has given in his “ Treatise” an account of the larva of
Hispa which mines the leaf of the apple tree, eating the pulpy
substance between the upper and under surface of the leaf.
The insect of which we now treat belongs to the family of
Buprestids, several species of which, as we have seen, do
much injury to our fruit and shade trees in the grub state.
They are footless grubs and recognized by the broad, rounded,
flattened segment just behind and partially enclosing the
head. The young of Brachys, ete., depart somewhat from
this typical form owing to their peculiar leaf-mining habits.
The first of these is the young of the Brachys wruginosa, which
has been found by V. T. Chambers, Esq., of Covington, Ky.,
eee mining the leaves of the beech tree, and I am indebted to

beech leaf. him for a specimen of the larva here figured (Fig. 603).
miner, Muc

enlarged — I may remark here that a closely allied beetle (B. termi-—
rom acK- c . . :
ard, nans) is often to be seen in Maine resting on the leaves of

the oak and beech. The beetles of this genus are flattened, angular
ovate, and less than a quarter of an inch in length, and the scutellum
is small, as Leconte observes, while the shanks (tibice) are linear. In
the succeeding genus, Metonius, Leconte says that the body is triangu-
lar, while the scutellum is large, and the shanks are dilated.

Larva.—The body of the larva is rather long, with the segments very deeply cut, be-
ing flattened, and produced laterally into a triangular projection, giving a serrate out-
liimwe to the body, the teeth being obtusely rounded. The segment next behind the
lhead is the widest, the succeeding segments gradually decreasing in width and in-
creasing slightly inlength to the end. The terminal segment is about half as wide as
the body in its widest portion, andis somewhat triangular, with the sides parallel,
cand the tip obtusely pointed. The prothoracic segment or the one next the head is
broader than long, and has a fleshy projection on each side at the base of the head.
On the upper side of this segment is a large, square, slightly horny area. The head
is anteriorly pale honey yellow, with two dark longitudinal parallel lines; the horny
portion is about as long as broad, much flattened, subtriangular. The antenne are
wery minute, slender, three-jointed, with the joints nearly equal in length. The jaws
and palpi are so minute that a description will be of no practical use here. The body
is finely shagreened, with afew fine scattered hairs. Itis whitish, with a slight green-
ish tinge, and a quarter (.25) of an inch long, and less than a tenth (.07) of an inch
road. It was sent to me alive in September.

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INSECTS: INJURIOUS TO THE TULIP TREE. 131

The following insects also occur on the beech:
. Dicerca divaricata Say. (Fitch; and Schaupp in letter; observed by

Mr. George Hunt laying its eggs in the bark in July. See Fiteh,
3d Report, 48.)

. Scolytus fagi Walsh. (Pract. Ent., ii, 58.)

. Parandra brunnea Fabr. (Schaupp in letter.)

. Osmoderma scabra Beauv. (Schaupp in letter.)

. Actias luna (Linn.). (Saunders Can. Ent. vii, 33.)

. Smodicum cucujiforme Say. (See p. 28.)

9. Dryobius 6-fasciatus Say. (C. G. Siewers.)

. Goes pulverulentus Haldeman. ‘The insect is very destructive to

living beech trees. It bores into those branches which are about
three inches in diameter. The length of the channel is about eight
inches.” (Horn.)

. Acanthoderes 4-gibbus Say. Bores in dead twigs of beech. (Schwarz.)
. Hoplosia nubila Leconte. ‘Larva boring in dry beech twigs. De-

troit, Michigan, Schwarz.” (Riley.)

. Cryptolechia faginella Chamb. The larva sews together the leaves

in August and iater. (Chambers.)

. Schizoneura imbricator Fitch. Beech tree blight.
15.

Schizoneura fagi (Linn.).

The following deciduous trees mentioned in their botanical order are
affected by the insects enumerated below, and which for the most part
feed upon the leaves:

ie)

TULIP TREE (Liriodendron tulipifera).

Order LEPIDOPTERA.

. Callosamia promethea, var. angulifera Walker. (Akhurst in Riley,

Bull., vi, 55.)

. Samia cynthia Hiibner. (G. D. Hulst, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soe. i, 91.)
. Bronchelia hortaria Guenée. (Abbot MS. in Guenée.)
. Phyllocnistis iriodendrella Clem. Makes a long, winding linear mine

on either surface of the leaves. (Chambers Bull., Hayden’s U.S.
Geol. Surv., 1878, iv, 108.)

Order COLEOPTERA.

. Acanthoderes morrisii Uhler. (Leconte, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. viii,

me XEN: )
Order HEMIPTERA.

. Siphonophora liriodendri Morell. (Saint Louis, June and July, Morell.)
. Lecanium tulipifere Cook. (American Naturalist, xiii, 324.)

Order DipTERa.

. Cecidomyia liriodendri O. Sacken. (Monogr., i, 204, on leaves.)
. Cecidomyia tulipifere O. Sacken. (Monogr.,i, 202.) °

132 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

MAGNOLIA (Magnolia umbrella, and probably other species).
Order LEPIDOPTERA.

The larva of Phyllocnistis magnolieella Chambers makes a long,
winding linear mine on either surface of the leaves. The imago is
unknown, and it may prove to be P. liriodendronella Clem. (Chamb.
Bull., Hayden’s U.S. Geol. Surv., 1878, iv, 108.)

PApaw (Asimina triloba).

—

. Sphinx hyleus Drury. (Proc. Amer. Ent. Soc., iii, 434.)
2. Amphalocera cariosa Lederer. (Larva described by French, Rep. Cu-
rator S. Llinois Normal Univ., 1880, 46.)

PRICKLY ASH (Zanthoxylum americanum).
Order COLEOPTERA,

1. Liopus xanthoryli Shimer. (Trans. A. E. Soe. ii, viii. Described in
full by Packard in 1st Rept.
Ins. Mass., Boston, 1871, p.
13. Fig. of larvaand adult.)

2. Micracis suturalis Leconte (Shi-
mer, l. ¢.).

Order LEPIDOPTERA.

3. Papilio cresphontes Cramer.
Larva found chiefly on
prickly ash, Z. fraxineum,

Fic. 61—Liopus Xan- Fis. 62.—Liopus facetus.— and on Dictamnus fraxinella
thoxylii—From Pack- F Packard. .
ard.” fae ait in Canada West. (Saunders

in Rept. Ent. Soc., Ontario, 1880.) In Texas on Z. carolinianwm
(Boll. Psyche, ii, 289.) In Southern Illinois prickly ash is its
usual food. (rench.)

TREE OF HEAVEN (Ailanthus glandulosus).
Order LEPIDOPTERA.

1. Samia cynthia Hiibner. (Imported.)
2. Oeta compta Clemens. (Riley’s 1st Report.)

BUCKEYE OR HORSE-CHESTNUT (dYsculus glabra).
Order LEPIDOPTERA. -

. Orgyia leucostigma (Sm. Abb.).
. Acronycta hastulifera (Sm. Abb.). Also feeds on linden. (Lintner,
26th Rept. N. Y. State Mus., 158.)

3. Protosteras esculana Riley. (Trans. St. Louis Acad. Se., iv, 321.
‘‘Larve boring the tender terminal twigs of buckeye and maple in
Missouri.”)

4, Buckeye stem-borer, Sericoris inscrutana Clemens.

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE BOX ELDER, ETC. 133

5, Tortrix larva.* |
6. Lithocolletis guttifinitella Clem., var. wsculisella Chamb. Larva in
flat, blotch mine in upper surface of leaves. (Chamb., /. ¢.)

Box ELDER (Negundo aceroides).
Order LEPIDOPTERA.
1. Gracilaria negundella Chamb. Larva curls down the edge of a leaf.

Order HEMIPTERA.

2. Pulvinaria innumerabilis Rathvon. (Comstock, N. Amer. Ent., i, 25
. Chaitophorus negundinis Thomas. (In Illinois in June, Miss Smith,
Thomas, 8th Rept. Ill., 103.)

co

Order COLEOPTERA,

4. Chrysobothris femorata (Fabr.).
MESQUITE (Prosopis).

Order COLEOPTERA.

heed

. Chrysobothris octocola Leconte. (Texas, Arizona, and Colorado
River of California; lives in species of Prosopis. Leconte, Rev. of
Buprestide of U.S. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 1859, 230.)

. Cyllene antennatus White. (“Lives in the mesquite wood,” Arizona,
Horn. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., viii, 135.)

3. Bruchus uniformis Leconte. (Colorado Desert. Abundant in the
pods of Prosopis and Strombocarpus. Leconte.)

. B. prosopis Leconte. (Found with the preceding. Leconte.)

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i

HONEY Locust (Gleditschia triacanthus).
Order LEPIDOPTERA.

1. Heterogenea shurtlefii Packard. (Shurtleff in Packard’s Synopsis
of Bombycide.)

2. Anisopteryx vernata Peck. (Feeding on the leaves in Providence,
May and June. Packard.)

3. Laverna? gleditschivella Chamb. Larva burrows in the thorns.
(Chambers, I. ¢.) .

4. Helice pallidochrella Chamb.

5. Agnippe biscolorella Chamb. The larve of these species no doubt
feed in some way on this tree. A larva (of one of them?) feeds in
the ‘‘ honey” inside the seed-pods. (Chambers, I. ¢.)

*Several Tortricid larve occurred on the leaves of the horse-chestnut at Salem,
Mass., August 20-27, of which the following isa brief description: Palereddish brown,
curiously mottled with pale green, forming much interrupted, very irregularly-edged
brown lines. Beneath, grass-green. Head greenish, irregularly speckled with brown.
A dark green dorsal line. It spun a cocoon of silk, with very fine bits of leaves
woven in.

134 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.
Order COLEOPTERA.
6. Bruchus sp, (Hentz in Harr. Corr., 39.)
Order DIPTERA.

7. Cecidomyia gleditschie O. Sacken. (Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vi, 219,
Newport, Rh. I.)

WILD CHERRY* (Prunus serotina).

Order HYMENOPTERA.

1. Abia cerasi Fitch.
2. Cresus latitarsus Norton. (Aug. 16, Norton, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc.,
i, 84.)
Order LEPIDOPTERA.
3. Papilio turnus Linn. (Lintner, Contr., iii, 131.)

i

. Smerinthus myops Harris. (See also Hulst in Bull. Brooklyn Ent-
Soe., iii, 99.)

. Smerinthus exceecatus (Smith). (Lintner, iv, 188.)

. Hyperchiria to (Fabr.).

Callosamia promethea (Drury.)

» Samia cynthia Hiibner. (Feeding in freedom. P. E. Nostrand, Bull.

Brooklyn Ent. Soc., ii, 77.)
9. Clisiocampa americana Harris.

10. Cerura borealis Harris. (French, Can. Ent. xiii, 145.)

11. Catocala ultronia Guenée. (Florida, Koebele in Bull. Brooklyn Ent.~
Soe., i, 44.)

12. Apatela radcliffei Harvey. (R. Thaxter in Psyche ii, 121.)

13. Tortrix cerasivorana Fitch. (N. Y., Fitch; Maine, Packard.)

14, Lithocolletis crategella Clem. (Larva in tentiform mine in under
surface of leaves. Chambers, /. c.)

15. Aspidisca splendoriferella Clem. (Larva in a minute, flat mine in
August, and later cuts out a case in which it pupates. Also
occurs on P. coronaria. Chambers, 1. ¢.)

16. Ornix prunivorella Chamb. (Larva at first in a tentiform mine in
under surface of leaves, at the margin; leaves the mine to pu-
pate. Chambers, l. ¢.)

17. Coleophora pruniella Clem. (Imago unknown; the larva lives in a
case which it attaches to the leaves. Chambers, l. ¢.)

18. Nepticula? prunifoliella Clem. (Insect unknown. Dr. Clemens
gave the name to an unknown larva, possibly Dipterous, which
makes a crooked, linear mine on the upper surface of the leaves.
Possibly it is identical with the next species. Chambers, l. c.)

19. Nepticula serotinwella Chamb. (Larva makes a red, crooked linear

mine in the upper surface of the leaves. Chambers, l. ¢.)

DV os Ot

* The list of insects affecting the wild cherry and wild red plum, service-berry, and
thorns is confessedly very imperfect.

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CHOKE CHERRY, ETC. 135
20. Machimia tentoriferella Clem. (Imago unknown; the larva lives In
a web on the under side of a leaf. Chambers, /. c.)
Order DIPTERA.

21. Cecidomyia serotine O. Sack. (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soe., ii, 346.
New York. Osten Saeken.)

Order COLEOPTERA.
22. Dicerea divaricata Say. (Harris, etc.)
CHOKE CHERRY (Prunus virginiana.)
Order LEPIDOPTERA.

1. Celodasys unicornis (Sm. Abb.). This interesting caterpillar feeds
not only on the hazel, but also the choke cherry, according to Mr.
Lintner. It also occurs on the apple and plum. It is to be found
in August.

2. Hyperchiria io (Fabr.).

Order COLEOPTERA.

3. Uroplata rosea Weber. (Harris.)

Order HEMIPTERA.

4. Aphis cerasifolie Fitch. (June, Sauk City, Wisconsin, Bundy., Thomas
8th Rept., 93.)

RED WILD PLUM (Prunus americana).

Order LEPIDOPTERA.

fn

Lithocolletis crategella Clem. (Larva as in Prunus serotina; also om
P. coronaria. Chambers, /. ¢.)
2, Anarsia pruniella Clem. (Larva feeding in woody excrescenees -
Chambers, J. ¢c.)
3. Hvippe prunifoliella Chamb. (Larva feeds under the tip of the leaf
turned down. Chambers, l. ¢.)
4, Xylesthia pruniramiella Clem. (Larva feeds in woody excrescences.
Chambers, l. c.)

Order COLEOPTERA.

ot

Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst.). (Plum weevil, on wild plana,
Canada. Saunders, Rept. Ontario Ent. Soc., 1880.)

Order HEMIPTERA.
6. Mytilaspis conchiformis (Gmelin).
JUNE OR SERVICE BERRY (Amelanchier canadensis).

Order LEPIDOPTERA.

se

Ornix quadripunctella Clem. (Larva ina tentiform mine in the leaves.
Chambers, I. ¢.)

136 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

2. Nepticula amelanchierella Clem. (Larva makes a linear, crooked mine
in the leaves; imago unknown. Chambers, lI. ¢.)

Order COLEOPTERA.

3. Saperda bivittata Say. Apple tree borer.
4. Uroplata rosea Weber. (Harris, 120.)

MOUNTAIN ASH (Pyrus americana.)

1. Acronycta occidentalis G. & Sh.

2. Chrysobothris femorata Fabr. (Harris Correspondence, 311.)
3. Saperda bivittata Say. Apple tree borer.

4. Mytilaspis pomicorticis Riley.

PEAR OR BLACK THORN, HAWTHORN, ETC. (Crataegus different species).
Order LEPIDOPTERA.

1. Papilio turnus Linn. (Brunswick, Me., Sept. 5; larva.)
2. Thecla falacer Godart. (Harris, 276.)
3. Celodasys unicornis Sm. Abb. (On thornbush at Brunswick, Me.,
Sept. 5.)
4. A notodontian allied to the foregoing. (Maine, Sept. 5.)
5. Spilosoma virginica Fabr. (On buckthorn, middle of September,
Maine.)
%. Orgyia antique (Linn.). (Injuring thorn hedge in Rhode Island.
Miss Dix, Amer. Journ. Se., xix, 1st series. Harris, 369.)
7. Lithocolletis crategella Clem. (Larva and mine as in P, serotina:
Chambers, I. ¢.)
& Aspidisca splendoriferella Clem. (Larva and mine as in P. serotina.
Chambers, I. ¢.)

9. TLischeria malifoliella Clem. (Larva in a flat, trumpet-shaped, yellow-

ish mine in upper surface of leaves. Chambers, l. ¢.)

DQ Orniv crategifoliella Clem. (Larva in tentiform mine on under side

of leaves. Chambers, l. ¢.)

1. Ornix inusitatumella Chamb. (Larva in white, fat mine, speckled
with “frass,” in upper surface; pupates in the mine. Cham-
bers, l. ¢.)

Nepticula crategifoliella Clem. (Larva in a crooked, linear mine in
upper surface of leaves; imago unknown. Chambers, l. ¢.)

bad

jo

Order DIPTERA.

#3. Cecidomyia crategi-bedeqguar Walsh. (Can. Ent., i, 179; Proc. Ent.
Soc. Phil., vi, 266, on Crategus tomentosa. In the same paper
Mr. Walsh mentions galls on Crateegus, which he calls crategi-
plica, limbus and globulus, without giving any further descrip-
tion. Osten Sacken, Cat. Dip.)

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE SWEET GUM, ETC. 137

Order COLEOPTERA.

. Saperda bivittata Say. On hawthorn.
Conotrachelus crategi Walsh. (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ix, 1863,
311.)

3. Xylotrechus convergens Leconte. Bred from branch of an undeter-

mined Crateus, locally known as Red Haw. Iowa. (Leconte,
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soe. viii, xxiv.)

7. Gaurotes cyanipennis Say. In spring on thorn blossoms and later in

the season pairing and ovipositing on butternut. (Caulfield,
Can. Ent. 1881, 60.)

Order HEMIPTERA.

. Aphis crategifolii Fitch. (On leaves of C. punctata. Fitch.)
. Siphonophora crategi Monell. (July, Saint Louis, Monell.)

SWEET GuM (Liquidambar styraciflua).
Order LEPIDOPTERA.
Actias luna (Linn.).
Callosamia promethea (Drury).
_Hacles imperialis Hiibner. (Smith-Abbott.)
Phyllocnistis liquidambarisella Chamb. (Larva in a long, winding,
linear mine in upper surface. Chambers, l. ¢.)

Order COLEOPTERA.

We have found Buprestid and longicorn borers in a dead sweet gum

tree at Houston, Texas, in April.

5.

ho

Mytilaspis pomicorticis Riley ?

GUM TREE (Nyssa multiflora).

. Darapsa cherilus (Cram.). (G. D. Hulst, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc.

is 0.)
PERSIMMON (Diospyros virginiana.)

Order LEPIDOPTERA.

. Orgyia leucographa Walker. (Larva described by French, Rep. Cura-

tor 8. I. Normal Univ., 1880, 44.)

. Aspidisca diospyriella Chamb. (Larva in a minute blotch mine, from

which it cuts out a case in which it pupates. Chambers, l. c.)
Order HEMIPTERA.
Aphis diospyri Thomas. (8th Rep., Ill., 5.)

CALIFORNIAN BAY OR LAUREL (Laurus).

. Ptilinus basalis Leconte. (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soe. viii, xxiii.)

bo

. Micracis hirtella Leconte.

138 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

#9:

i,
2.
3.
4,
5.

6.

a

ASH (Fraxinus americana, pubescens, sambucifolia, ete.).

Order LEPIDOPTERA.

. Sphine kalmice Sm.-Abb. (Lintner, Contr. i, 188.) ‘
. Sphinx chersis G. & R. (cinerea Harris.) (Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila-

iii, 655.)

. Sphine gordius Cramer. (Black ash.)
. Daremma undulosa. (Black ash, Lintner, Contr. ii, 128.)

Smerinthus geminatus Say. (Psyche, li, 72.)

. Aigeria denudatum Harris. (Can. Ent. xiii, 8.)

. Callosamia promethea (Drury.)

. Hyperchiria io (Fabr.).

. Halesidota maculata (Harris). (Corr. 290.)

. Clisiocampa sylvatica Harris. (Can. Ent. ix, 159; Riley, 5d Rt. 126.)
. Apatelodes angelica Grote. (Lintner, Contr. iii, 150.)

. Anisopteryx vernata Peck. (Black ash, John Sears in Packard’s

Monograph of Geometrid Moths, 404.)

Order COLEOPTERA.

. Neoclytus caprewa (Say). (Thomas Ins. Hlinois, vi, 151.)
. Tylonotus bimaculatus (Hald.). (Riley in Amer. Ent. iii, 239, also in

‘‘tulip poplar.”)

. Hylesinus opaculus Leconte. (Riley, Ag. Dept. Rt. 1879, 45.)
. Thysanocnemis fraxini Leconte. (Rhyncophora, 214.)
. Hylesinus aculeatus Say. (Rhyneophora, 379.)

Order HEMIPTERA,.

. a. a oe e . ae
. Pemphigus fraxinifolii Thomas. (On ash, June, Wisconsin, Bundy

in Thomas Rt. viii, 146.)
Order DIPTERA.

Cecidomyia peller O. Sacken. (Galls on leaves of Fraxinus ameri-
cand.)
SASSAFRAS (Sassafras officinale).

Order LEPIDOPTERA.
Papilio troilus Linn. (Harris Corr., 271.)
Callosamia promethea (Drury).
Samia cynthia Hiibner. G. D. Hulst, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soe. i, 91.)
Hyperchiria io (Fabr.).
Coscinoptera dominicana Fabr: (Riley.)
Gracilaria sassafrasella Chamb. (Larva, when very young, mines
the leaves ; when older, rolls them downwards. Chambers, /. ¢.)

SYCAMORE (Platanus occidentalis).
; Order COLEOPTERA.

Cyllene crinicornis Chevr. On Platanus in Texas, Dr. Brous. (Le-
conte in Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. viii, xxiv.)

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE HAZEL AND HORNBEAM. 132

Order LEPIDOPTERA.

. Kacles imperialis Hiibner.

. Halesidota tessellaris (Sm.—Abb.).

. Anchylopera platanana Clemens.

. Lanthaphe platanella Clemens.

. Nepticula platea Clem.

. Nepticula maximella Chamb.

- Nepticula clemensella Chamb. (Larva of these three species in the

upper surfaces of the leaves. See Can. Ent., v,125. Chambers.)

. Cirrha platanella Chamb. (Larva feeds on the under side of the

leaves, and pupates in a tube composed of silk and the dowrm
from the leaves. Chambers.)

HAZEL (Corylus americana).

Order LEPIDOPTERA.

. Apatela brumosa Guenée. (August, Ill., Coquillet, “‘ Papilio,” i, 56.)
. Zerene catenaria (Drury.) (July, Aug., Ill., Coquillet, ‘‘ Papilio,” i, 56. )
. Lithocolletis coryliella Chamb. Larva in a nearly circular blotch mine

in the upper surface.

. Nepticula corylifoliella Clem. Imago unknown. Larva in a linear,

crooked mine in the upper surface.

. Gelechia coryliella Chamb. Imago unknown. Larva in the male cat-

kins in autumn.

. Hyale coryliella Chamb. (Larva in a web on under surface of the

leaves. Chambers, l. c.)

Order COLEOPTERA.

. Balaninus nasicus Say. (Eating the nuts. Harris, 74.)
. Attelabus rhois Boh? Rolls attached to the drier leaves like those of

A. rhois on the alder.
HORNBEAM, IRONWOOD (Ostrya virginica).

Order LEPIDOPTERA.

. Smerinthus juglandis Sm. Ab. (Taken fully grown Sept. 5, N. Y-.

Lintner. )

. Lithocolletis obscuricostella Clem.
. Lithocolletis ostryefoliella Clem. (Larve of both species in tenti-

form mines in under side of leaves. Chambers, I. c.)

. Lithocolletis coryliella Chamb.
. Inthocolletis triteniaella Chamb. (Larva in roundish blotch mine in

upper surface of the leaves.)

. dea ostryeella Chamb. (Larva in a flat mine between two ribs, with

a row of “frass” on each side. Chambers, l. ¢.)

. Aspidisca ostryefoliella Clem. (Imago unknown. Larva ina minute

blotch mine in upper surface of leaves, from which it cuts out
its pupal case. Chambers, I. ¢.)

140 (INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

10.

1A.

Nepticula ostryefoliella Clem.

Nepticula virginiella Clem. (Imago of both species unknown. Larve
make linear, crooked mines in upper surface of leaves. Cham-
bers, J: ¢.)

Gracilaria ostryeella Chamb. (Imago unknown. The larvee when
very small makes a linear, whitish mine in the upper surface of
the leaves. Chambers, l. ¢.)

Coleophora ostrye Clem. (Imago unknown. The larva lives in a

case and feeds on the under surface of the leaves. Chambers, l. ¢.)

Order HEMIPTERA.

. Psylla carpini Fitch.

WATER BEECH, HORNBEAM (Carpinus americana).

Order LEPIDOPTERA.

1. Lithocolletis coryliella Chamb.

Order DirptERA.

2. Cecidomyia pudibunda O. Sacken. (On the leaves, District of Colum -

bia. O.Sacken.)

ALDER (Alnus serrulata, ete.).

Order HYMENOPTERA.

. Nematus sp. (A rather large, dirty yellowish false-caterpillar, in

clusters on the leaves. Brunswick, Me., Packard.)

Order LEPIDOPTERA.

. Hacles imperialis Hiibner. (G. D. Hulst, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soe.,

ii, 77.)

. Acronycta sp. (Common on the leaves in August and September,

Maine, Packard.)

. Acronycta acericola Guenée. (Feeds on birch and alder. Riley, Rt-

ii, 121.)

. Lithocolletis alnivorella Chamb.
. Lithocolletis alnifoliella Hiibner.
. Lithocolletis auronitens Frey and Boll. (Lhe larve of these three

species live in tentiform mines in the under side of the leaves.
Chambers, l. ¢.)

Gracilaria alnicolella Chamb.

Gracilaria alnivorella Chamb. (When very young the larve of these
two species mine the leaves; when older, they roll them down-
ward; alnicolella from the tip, alnivorella from the side. Cham-
bers, l. ¢. )

. Lyonetia alniellaChamb. (The larva makes a large, brownish blotch

mine in the leaves. Chambers, 1. ¢.)

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re
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fait 2°),

10.

16.

eh.
18.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ALDER AND WILLOW. 141
Order DIPTERA.

Cecidomyia serrulate O. Sacken. (District of Columbia, on Alnus
serrulate. O. Sacken. Monogr., i, 198.)

Order COLEOPTERA.

. Dichelonycha elongatula (Schinhen). (In coitu, June 10, Brunswick,

Me. Packard.)

. Calligrapha scalaris Leconte. (Maine, Packard.)
. Attelabus rhois Boh. (Rolling up the leaves into cylinders in June

and July, depositing an egg in the center. Orono, Me., Packard.
Memoirs Peabody Academy of Science, Salem, iii, 1872, 7.)

. Saperda (Mecas) inornata Say. (Making temporary galls in sap-

lings of Salix longifolia.)

. Saperda lateralis Fabricius. (Mr. George Hunt has found this beetle

attacking the alder in Rhode Island.)
Pogonocherus mixtus Hald. Abundant. (Can. Ent., iii, 1881, 60.)

Order HEMIPTERA.

Lachnus alnifolie Fitch.
Schizoneura tessellata Fitch. (Alder blight. Common in Maine.)

WILLOW (Salix various species).

Order HyMENOPTERA.

The following list of saw-fly larve, producing galls on different spe-
cies of willow, is taken from Walsh, Proceedings of the Entomological
Society of Philadelphia, v, 284.

i,
. Huura 8S. gemma Walsh. . (On Salix humilis.)
3.
4,
5.
6.
hs
8.
9.
10.

11.
12.

13.

Euura orbitalis Norton. (Galls on Salix humilis Walsh.)

EHuura 8. ovum Walsh. (On Salix cordata.)

Huura 8S. ovulum Walsh. (On Salix humilis.)

EKuura 8S. nodus Walsh. (On Salix longifolia.)

Nematus S. pomum Walsh. (On Salix cordata and very early on S.
discolor.)

Nematus S. desmodioides Walsh. (On Salix humilis.)

Nematus 8S. pisum Walsh. (On Salix discolor.)

Nematus inquilinus Walsh. (Guest, bred from Cecidomyidous gall
S. rhodoides.)

Nematus hospes Walsh. (Guest, bred from Cecidomyidous gall
S. rhodoides.)

Nematus mendicus. (Guest, bred from gall of N. s. pomum.)

Nematus fur Walsh. (Guest, bred from gall of C. s. batatas on Salix
humilis.)

Pristiphora sycophanta Walsh. (Guest, in gall of C. s. brassicoides.)

142 ~=INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

Order LEPIDOPTERA.

. Vanessa antiopa (Linn). (Brunswick, Me., June ; Providence, June,

Packard.)

. Limenitis misippus Fabr. (Lintner, Contr., ii, 166.)
. Apatelodes torrefacta Sm. Ab. (Eats willow leaves. Harris, Corr.,

307.)

. Notodonta dictwa (Linn). (September, N. Y., Lintner, Contr., iv, 76.)

Smerinthus geminatus Say. (Psyche ii, 72.)

. Smerinthus excecatus Harris. (Can. Ent. x, 16.)
. Actias luna (Linn).
. Samia cynthia (Linn). ‘ Feeding voluntarily in freedom.” P. E.

Nostrand (Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soce., ti, 77.)

. Hacles imperialis Hiibner. G. D. Hulst (Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soe.,

an; ETT.)

. Hyperchiria io (Fabr.).

Pheosia rimosa Packard. Larva on willow. (F. Tepper in Bull.
Brooklyn Ent. Soe., ii, 3.)

. Cerura borealis (Boisd.). (August and September, N. Y., Lintner,

Contr., iii, 151.)

. Cerura multiscripta Riley. (F. Tepper in Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soe.,

i, 4.)

. Cerura occidentalis. (Larva described by French, Can. Ent., xiii, 144.)
. Euchronia maia (Fabr.). (Wescott, Can. Ent., 1877, 220.)

Xyleutes robinie Harris. (Kellicott, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Se. iv, 30, 1881.)

. Acronycta americana Harris MS. (Trouvelet, Lintner, Contr., iii,

136.)

. Acronycta salicis Harris. (August, Harris, Corr., 315.)
. Scoliopteryx libatrix (Linn). (Lintner, Contr., iii, 164; Illinois, Aug.

Coquillet.)
Catocala parta Guen. (Lintner, Contr., iii, 164.)

. Catocala concumbens Walker. (Saunders, Proc. Amer. Ent. Soc., ii,

29.)

. Homoptera salicis Behr. (On willows in California. Behr. W. A. E.

Soe., iil, 28.)

. Metrocampa perlaria Guenée. (Saunders, Can. Ent., ili, 226.)
. Hydria undulata (Hiibner). (In Europe feeds on the willow; not

yet observed in United States.)

Cymatophora pampinaria Guenée. (Larva noticed, French in “ Pa-
pilio,” i, 82.)

Frapholitha gallesaliciana Riley. (Trans. St. Louis Acad. Se., iv,
320. ‘Bred from galls on willow twigs.” Riley.)

. Lithocolletis salicifoliella Chamb. (and Clem?). (Larva in a tenti-

form mine in the under surface of leaves. Chambers, l. ¢.)

. Gracilaria salicifoliella Chamb. (Larva in a blotch mine in upper

surface of the leaves. Chambers, l. c.)

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE WILLOW. 143

. Gracilaria purpurilla Chamb. (Larva rolls the leaves from the tip.)
. Cemiostoma albella Chamb. (Larvee in large blackish blotch mines.

Chambers, 1. ¢.)

. Aspidisca saliciella Clem. and Chamb. (Larva in a minute blotch

mine, from which it cuts out its pupal case. Chambers, I. ¢.)

. Nepticula fuscotibiwella Clem. (Larva in a linear mine bent back

in itself. Chambers, l. c.)

.47. Nepticula. Two unknown species make narrow, linear, crooked

mines, one of which is in the upper and the other in the lower
surface of the leaves. (Chambers, l. ¢.)

. Marmara salictella Clem. Larva burrows in young twigs. (Cham-

bers, /. ¢.)

. Batrachedra preangusta (Haworth.) —
. Batrachedra salicipomonella Clem.
. Batrachedra striolata Zeller. (The specific distinctness of these three

species seems to me not sufiiciently established. B. salicipomo-
nella was bred from galls made by other insects on willows. The
mode of feeding of the others is not satisfactorily determined.
Chambers, l. c.)

. Gelechia salicifungella Clem.
. Gelechia fungivorella Clem. (Larve of these two species in galls

made by Cynips. Chambers, l. c.)

. Gelechia sp.? Imago unknown. The larva sews together willow
o r=]

leaves at great elevations in the Rocky Mountains.

Order DIPTERA.

The following gall-flies occur on the willow, according to Walsh, who
gives a synopsis of cecidomyidous galls of the genus Salix in Proceed-
ings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, iii, p. 575.

55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
. Cecidomyia S. cornu Walsh. (On 8. humilis.) ;

. Cecidomyia S. siliqua Walsh. (On S. humilis, S. cordata?, and 8. dis-

Cecidomyia 8S. brassicoides Walsh. (On Salix longifolia.)

Cecidomyia 8. strobiloides Osten Sacken. (On 8. cordata.)
Cecidomyia S. strobiliseus Walsh. (On SN. rostrata and 8. discolor.)
Cecidomyia S. gnaphalioides Walsh. (On 8S. humilis and S. discolor.)
Cecidomyia S. rhodoides Walsh. (On S. humilis.)

Cecidomyia S. coryloides Walsh. (On 8. discolor? and S. discolor.)

color.)

. Cecidomyia S. nodulus Walsh. (On 8. longifolia.)
. Cecidomyia 8. triticoides Walsh. (On S. cordata.)
. Cecidomyia S. hordeoides Walsh. (On S. humilis.)
. Cecidomyia 8. batatas Walsh. (On 8S. humilis, S. cordata?, and S. dis-

color ?)

(. Cecidomyia 8. verruca Walsh. (On 8S. humilis and S. discolor.)

144. 1NSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

63.

69.

=] ~J «] «J
bo

moh

89.
9),
oil
92.
93.

es

Guest or inquiline galls.

Cecidomyia albovittata Walsh. (On galls of C. s. strobiloides ands.
strobiliscus.)

Cecidomyia orbitalis Walsh. (On galls of C. s. batatas and Tenthre-
dinidous, gall s. ovulum.)

C. cornuta Walsh. (In willow stems bearing galls of C. s. brassi-
coides.)

Diplosis atrocularis Walsh. (In gall of C. s. strobiloides.)

. Diplosis atricornis Walsh. (In gall of C. s. strobiloides.)
. Diplosis annulipes Walsh. (In gall of C. s. strobiloides.)
. Diplosis septem-maculata Walsh. In gall of C. s. brassicoides and C.

q. ficus.)

. Diplosis decem-maculata Walsh. (In gall of C. s. strobiloides.)
. Lonchea? (Raising blisters on twigs of willow. Figured and de-

seribed in Packard’s Guide to Study of Insects, 412.)

Order COLEOPTERA.

. Cotalpa lanigera (Linn). (Brunswick, Me., June 23, Packard.)
. Hoplia trifasciata Say. (Brunswick, Me., June 23, Packard.)

Dichelonycha elongatula Schibnh. (Brunswick, Me., June 23, Pack -
ard.)

. Buprestis fasciata Fabricius. (Mr. George Hunt informs us that he

has found an elytron of this beautiful beetle under the bark of the
willow in Northern New Yorkin July. We have taken it in North-
ern Maine, and have always supposed that it inhabited the pine.)

. Chrysomela bigsbyana Kirby. (Brunswick, Me., June 23, Packard.)
. Chrysomela spiree Say. (Brunswick, Me., June 23, Packard.)

Phyllodecta vulgatissima (Linn). (Brunswick, Me., June 23, Packard.)

. Galerucella sagittarie Gyllenhal. (Brunswick, Me., June 23, Pack-

ard.)

5. Plectrodera scalator (Fabr.). (On small swamp willows in August.

Can. Ent., xii, 107.)

}. Pachybrachys livens Leconte. (Colorado River, California, on Salix,

Leconte, l. ¢., p. 84.)

. Rhynchites eratus Say. (Brunswick, Me., June, Packard.)
. Rhyncolus angularis Leconte. (Under willow bark at New River,

Colorado Desert. Leconte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., March,
1858, p. 81.)
Order HEMIPTERA.

Tingis hyalina. (Maine, Packard.)

Capsus sp. (Also on alders. Maine, Packard.)

Hvacanthus orbitalis Fitch. (Brunswick, ee , July 22, Packard.)

Bythoscopus sp. (Branswick, Me., July 22 eee ld

Chaitophorus salicicola Monell. (is it ueehwae salicicola Uhler 2
Thomas, 8th Rep., 105.)

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PINE. 145

94. Chaitophorus viminalis Thomas. (On young twigs and leaves of
Salix lucida and S. babylonica. Thomas, 8th Rep., 200.)

95. Lachnus salicicola Uhler. (Aphis salicti Harris. Thomas, 8th Rep.,
113.)

96. Lachnus salicetis Fitch. (Thomas, 8th Rep., 119.)

97. Rhopalosiphum salicis Monell. (On under side of leaves of Salix
lucida, S. nigra, and S. babylonica. Monell.)

ACARINA.

98. Acarus? semen Walsh. (Producing galls on Salix nigra Walsh, ~
Phila. Entomol. Soc., Phila., v.)

99. Acarus? enigma Walsh. (Producing galls on Salix nigra Walsh,
Phila. Entomol. Soc., Phila., v.)

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PINE.
Pinus strobus, P. rigida, ete.
AFFECTING THE TRUNK.

1. THE LARGE PINE FLAT-HEADED BORER.
Chalcophora virginiensis (Drury).

Order COLEOPTERA; family BUPRESTID&.

Boring in the sap-wood and girdling the tree, a flat-headed, white grub; the track
beginning as narrow and shallow grooves on the surface of the wood, forming irregu-
lar wavy or serpentine tracks, which gradually increase in width as the larva grows,
ending in a large hole where the grub pupates; the beetle occurring on the leaves in
spring and autumn.

The habits of this beetle in its preparatory stages are probably much
like those of Chrysobothris femorata, which infests the oak, and the gal-
leries which it makes under the bark are much like those of the oak
buprestid. No thorough observations have been made upon the natu-
ral history of this beetle. It appears in the Northern States toward the
end of May, and through the month of June, as Harris states, while
we have observed it in Maine on pine trees the middle of July, and
Fitch states that they occur upon the leaves of the pine in autumn.
Harris says that in the larva state it bores into the trunks of the differ-
ent kinds of pines, and is oftentimes very injurious to these trees.

‘The beetle—Oblong oval, brassy or copper-colored, sometimes almost
black, with hardly any metallic reflections. The upper side of the body
is roughly punctured; the top of the head is deeply indented; on the
thorax are three polished, black elevated lines; on each wing-cover are
two small square impressed spots, a long elevated smooth black line
near the outer, and another near the inner margin, with several short
lines of the same kind between them; under side of the body sparingly
covered with short, whitish down. Length 0.8 to 1.10 inch. | (Harris.)

10 RIL

146 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.
2. THE LIBERATED BUPRESTIS.
Chalcophora liberta Germar.

Very similar to the Virginian Buprestis, but always smaller sized, measuring from
0.75 to 0.90 in length, with the second raised line of the wing-covers broader than the
first or inner line, and totally obliterated where itis crossed by the posterior impressed
spot, its middle portion between the two impressed spots usually showing a few
scattered punctures. (Fitch. )

This species is much more common in Eastern New York than the
Virginian Buprestis, the beetle appearing upon the leaves of pines
throughout the summer and autumn. From a small grove of young
pines only a few rods in extent, upwards of a hundred specimens were
taken the middle of last September, one or two being found upon
almost every tree and bush; whilst only four individuals of the pre-
ceding and two of the following species were found in company with
them. They had probably been bred in the numerous stumps of larger
trees which had been cut down the year before by the side of this grove.
They stationed themselves at the tips of the limbs, clinging to the leaves
with their feet, with their heads inwards, their position, shape, and
size giving them a close resemblance to the young aments or fruit
cones which were growing from the same points on several of the
limbs; and they appeared to be eating the young buds, which are prob-
ably the food on which all these beetles subsist after arriving at their
perfect state. (Fitch.) This Buprestid is also found in Maine, but
after several years’ attempts,we have not been able to clear up the
habits of either species of Chalcophora, or to detect the larvie.

3. THE OREGON BUPRESTIS.
Chalcophora angulicollis Leconte.

A beetle intimately related to the preceding species I met with in a
collection of insects nade at The Dalles, on Columbia River, many years
since, by Rev. George Gary, of the Methodist Episcopal Chureh, and
presented to me by the late Dr. Skilton, of Troy. Its close relationship
to the species above described renders it altogether probable that its
larva is similarly pernicious to the pine timber of the region where it
abounds. And as no insect of this genus has hitherto been recorded
as an inhabitant of that vicinity, that Iam able to discover, I herewith
submit a short account of its distinctive marks. (Fitch.)

The beetle slightly exceeds an inch in length, with the elevated smooth lines and
spots, black and for the most part broader than the rough intervals between them,
which are burnished brassy, tinged with coppery red. Its sculpture is very similar to
that of the species last described above. The elevated line on the middle of the
thorax is here twice as broad as in that species and at each end is rapidly, but not
abruptly widened to double the breadth which it has in the remainder of its length,
these widened portions having a few scattered punctures. Both at the apex and the
base this widened portion is confluent with the irregular elevated stripes which are
placed upon each side of the middle. The smooth pyramidal spots on the base oppo-

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PINE. 147

site the middle of the anterior end of each wing-cover are here larger and more promi-
nent than in either of the foregoing species and each of these spots has the shape of
a right-angled triangle, the line bounding its outer side running directly forward in-
stead of obliquely inward and forward, each spot being also more broad than long,
The rough depression which’ extends forward from these spots to the anterior angles
of the thorax has in its middle a well marked, elevated, smooth spot, which is oblong
and placed obliquely, with an oblique groove on its onter side separating it from a
smooth and somewhat triangular spot on the outer margin, which is more distinet in
this than in either of the preceding species, and produces a slight undulation of the
outer edge, this edge being almost rectilinear with the opposite sides, parallel with
each other two-thirds of their length, and then abruptly or anguiarly inclining inwards
to the anterior angles. The wing-covers have the elevated lines much broken and
irregular, resembling those of the preceding species, though on a particular exami-
nation several differences will be noticed. (Fitch.)

This insect has also been found by Dr. Leconte, at Sacramento, Cal.
4, THE TOOTH-LEGGED BUPRESTID.
Chrysobothris dentipes (Germar).

Though usually occurring in oak trees, occasionally living under the bark of the
white pine, where it makes a flat, shallow burrow, sometimes half an inch broad and
ending in an oval cell, in which the larva occurs in autumn, winter, and early spring.

We have already noticed this Buprestid among oak borers. We have
found, May 20, at Providence, R. I., the dead beetle in its burrow under
the bark of a white pine stump.

5. HARRIS’S BUPRESTIS.
Chrysobothris Harrisii Hentz.
Order COLEOPTERA ; family BUPRESTID®.

Appearing on the trees in May and becoming most common about the middle of
June, a small beetle 0.32 long, of a brilliant blue-green color with black antenne and
feet, and in the male the sides of the thorax and the thighs copper-colored, its sur-
face punctured, with a groove on the middle of the thorax and two indentations near
the base of each wing-cover, slightly separated by a raised line, the inner one running
into a groove which extends along the suture to its tip. Its larva living under the
bark of young trees and small limbs. (Fitch.)

According to Leconte this beetle inhabits the twigs of the white pine:
Mr. George Hunt also informs us that it inhabits the white pine in Rhode
Island, where he has collected it late in June and during July.

6. Chrysobothris trinervia Kirby.

As this beetle occurs in the pine forests of Colorado, it is most proba-
ble that it bores in pine trees. It is a rather small, short,
broad species, dull blackish, with faint metallic reflec-
tions. Surface of the body, especially the wing-covers,
with irregular ridges, the inner one parallel to the inner
edge of the wing-cover; wing-covers with smooth, ele-
vated areas, between which the surface is minutely
pitted with dense golden punctures. Body clothed Wes eee alt Lonalaono
neath with short, coarse hairs. Length, 0.45 inch. (Le- LE he ie

4 ; tage : olorado. — Fron
conte.) We collected a specimen on the Divide, Colo- Packard.
rado, July 12. Prof. F. H. Snow has taken it at Santa Fé, N. Mex.

148 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.
7. THE GOLDEN BUPRESTIS.
Buprestis striata (Fabr.).
Order COLEOPTERA ; family BUPRESTID.E.

Appearing upon pine and spruce trees in May and June, a brilliant and sparkling
copper-red beetle, 0.55 to 0.70 long, its wing-covers marked with a broad brilliant
blnish-green stripe on each and with four elevated smooth lines in which are several
deep punctures, the two outer lines nearly or quite united at their hind ends and the
exterior middle one a fourth shorter, the depressed spaces between these lines twice as
wide as the lines and rough from coarse confluent punctures ; its thorax with a wide
shallow groove aiong the middle, which is sometimes very slight, the surface covered
with coarse punctures which become dense and confluent along the sides, as they are
upon the head also, which has a slender elevated line along its middle; the under
side brilliant coppery. (Fitch. )

Like most of the other insect borers in the pine, it appears to be the
dead wood of logs and stumps which this species prefers to living trees.
T. B. Ashton informs me that he once found the fragments of one of
these beetles in the interior of a pine log. I have met with it, in two
instances, stationed at the tips of the limbs of young spruce trees in my
yard, and it is probable that in its perfect state it feeds upon the tender
young buds of the pine and the spruce. (Fitch.)

Mr. George Hunt tells us that it occurs on the white pine and yellow
pine (P. rigida) in Northern New York.

Leconte states that it inhabits the Middle States, Canada, and the
Lake Superior region. It varies in brilliancy of color; the male is nar-
rower than the female, and has the tip of the abdomen more distinetly
truncate, or, rather, more broadly rounded.

Allied to this species is Buprestis lauta (Leconte), which is abundant
in Washington Territory and Oregon; while we have received it from
Utah, through Mr. J. L. Barfoot, curator of the Salt Lake Museum. It
has also been detected by Prof. F. H: Snow at Santa Fé, N. Mex. The
male is a little narrower, says Leconte, than the female, but the tip of
the abdomen is somewhat truncate in both.

Buprestis radians (Leconte) also inhabits Oregon. It is shaped like
the male of B. lauta, but may be known by the very hairy front and
prosternum. The tip of the abdomen is somewhat truncate.

Nearly allied to the two last named is B. adjecta (Leconte) from Ore-
gon. Itis said by Leconte to be broader even than the female of B.
lauta, with intermediate elevated ridges on the elytra; the tip of the
latter is distinctly bidentate, while the abdomen is less strongly pune-
tured and scarcely truncate.

8. THE ULTRAMARINE BUPRESTIS.
Buprestis ultramarina Say.

This species has been found by Fitch in the middle of July in a forest
of pines and other trees, and is probably a pine insect. It is said by
Leconte to be a broader form than B. decora Fabricius, to which it is

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PINE. 149

allied, with the intervals of the elytra less irregularly punctured,
especially towards the suture, with the tips rounded, or hardly
truncate, not bidentate as in that species. The abdomen is broadly
rounded at the apex. The following description is quoted from Fitch’s
Fourth Report:

The Ultramarine Buprestis is half an inch long and of a brilliant green color tinged
with golden yellow, the sides of the thorax being pure golden, with also astripe along
the middle where is a very slight wide groove, scarcely obvious. The wing-covers
are brilliant blue, which color is margined on each side and at the base with golden
yellow tinged with green, the suture and outer margin being burnished coppery red.
On each wing-cover are about eight rows of large deep punctures placed closely to-
gether, and some of them united or confluent, and between each of these rows is a
series of smaller round punctures. Their tips are cnt off transversely, and on the side
next to the suture is a minute projecting tooth. The scutel is circular, deeply concave,
and green, with its sides blue. The thorax is covered with close, deep, coarse punct-
ures, which are more dense and confluent on each side. The head is rough from simi-
lar confluent punctures, with a slender, smooth elevated line in its middle. The
antenne are black with the basal joints coppery red. ‘The under side is burnished
coppery with the sutures of the abdomen green. (Fitch.)

9. SPOTTED-WINGED BUPRESTIS.
Buprestis lineata Fabricius.

_ A shining brassy-black beetle, sometimes blue-black or dark bottle-green, of the
same shape with the preceding and 0.45 to 0.65 long, each wing-cover with from three
to six pale tawny yellow spots of irregular shape and very variable, the mouth and
throat often and sometimes the face of same color, and also a spot on each side of the
last segment of the abdomen beneath, the wing-covers with several impressed lines
and a row of punctures on each of the interstices between them, the thorax with
coarser close punctures and a single large one on the middle of its hind edge. (Fitch.)
I have met with this beetle, in July, on pines growing at a distance
from any other trees, an evidence that it had been bred from them. The
spots on its wing-covers are extremely variable, being alike in no two
specimens.

The more usual form is slightly larger, measuring 0.60 to 0.75 in
length, and the wing-covers with two tawny orange stripes on each, the
inner one of which is widest at its base and does not reach to the tip.
Here also the last segment of the abdomen, beneath, has a tawny orange
spot on each side, and the throat, mouth, and face, and a stripe on each
side of the thorax are yellow, varied in places with red. (Fitch.) It
occurs not infrequently in the Middle and Southern States according to
Leconte. I have found, in company with Mr. Calder, the elytra of this
beetle under the bark of the white and pitch pine, in Providence, R. I.

10. Buprestis rusticorum Kirby.

This is an abundant insect in the pine woods of Oregon and Wash-
ington Territory, and appears to range eastward into British America.
We have found it in pine woods at Manitou, Colorado, July 16th, while
it is not uncommon in New England, Mr. George Hunt finding it at

150 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

Providence, R. I. The body is brown, with an olive-green tint. Head
and thorax punctured. Each wing-cover with five ridges, four of them

well marked and smooth, the interspaces with scattered
punctures. On the head between the eyes are five yellow
spots; two simple dots, two long spots on the orbits, send-
ing two projections outward, and a line in front sends three
projections upwards. Two unequal yellow spots under the
eyes. Labrum and labium yellow. Fine orange-yellow
Fic. 65.—Bup- Spots on each side of the end of the abdomen beneath.

restis ruatee” Length 0.65 to 0.92 inch. Leconte also adds that this species

aatom Pack is nearly allied to Buprestis maculiventris, which occurs in

the northeast from Pennsylvania to Newfoundland.

11. YELLOW-DOTTED BUPRESTIS.
Melanophila fulvoguttata (Harris).

Appearing upon pines ia June, a more flattened beetle than the fore-
going, 0.30 to 0.43 long, of a brassy black color with three pale yellow:
dots on each wing-cover placed towards the hind part and equidistant
from each other, the hindmost ones nearest to the suture and the middle
ones farthest from it; the fore ends of the wing-covers moderately
rounded and fitting into corresponding concavities in the base of the
thorax; the whole surface covered with shallow rough punctures run-
ning together transversely and somewhat resembling the grained side
of morocco leather, and the thorax having an indentation on the mid-
dle of its base like the impression of the head of a pin. (Harris’s Trea-
tise, p. 44.)

12. DRUMMOND’S BUPRESTIS.
Melanophila drummondi Kirby.

This species, with Buprestis rusticorum, Chrysobothris trinervia, and
Dicerca prolongata, we have collected in the pine timber of the mountains
of Utah, in the American Fork Caton, late in July, and it
is probable that all will be found to inhabit the trunks of
coniferous trees. It also inhabits Oregon and Washington
Territory as well as Alaska and New Mexico, (Santa Fé,
Snow.) Leconte describes it as being densely punctured,
» Shagreened, with shining, metallic colors, especially on the
Hie. 68.—Dram- prothorax, with three bright yellow spots on the posterior

lanophila.Col- two-thirds of each wing-cover, the anterior spot being the

orado.— From

Packard. larger. Length 0.40 inch.

13. THE PITTED BUPRESTIS.
Dicerca punctulata Schonherr.

Occurring mostly upon the pitch pine (Pinus rigida) ; an obscure cop-—
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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PINE. 151

its wing-covers tapering, and this narrowed portion more lengthened
than in any of the foregoing species, their surface occupied with close
fine punctures and double rows of coarse ones, the narrow spaces be-
tween these rows often elevated in places, the elevations forming smooth
oblong spots or irregularly interrupted ribs ; the thorax with coarser con-
fluent punctures and with four elevated smooth stripes, the outer ones
narrower and interrupted by a slight depression in the surface back of
their middle ; and finally, a smooth transverse elevation upon its front,
extending from one eye to the other, is a mark whereby this species may
be readily distinguished from most of those related to it. (Fitch.) I
have found a dead beetle under the bark of the pitch pine in the same
stump with Buprestis lineata in May, 1881, at Providence, Rk. I.

14. THE TUBERCULATED BUPRESTIS.
Dicerca tuberculata Laporte.

Another beetle which is met with upon the pitch pine, and resembles
an individual of the preceding species of a more brassy tint and having
all its marks more coarse, rough, and irregular; but the rows of coarse
punctures on its wing-covers are at equal distances from each other
instead of being in pairs, the intervening spaces having many irregular
elevated black polished spots, and the elevated transverse line upon the
front is interrupted and less prominent, and its size is rather larger,
being about 0.60 inch long. (Fitch.)

15. THE SLENDER DICERCA.

Dicerca prolongata Leconte.

Although originally recorded by Leconte from Lake Superior, Wiscon-
sin, and Nebraska, we have found this Buprestid among the pines and
poplars in the mountains of Colorado, and are disposed to
regard it as a pine beetle, though our specimen was found on
a poplar tree. :

It is described by Leconte as being coppery gray, often
pruinose; the width of the thorax twice its length, sides well
rounded in front, behind somewhat sinuous, punctate, fur-

: - 5 : ; - Fic. 67.—Di-

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covers with deeply impressed lines; apex rounded, the Colorado.—

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16. THE PINE DICERCA.

Dicerca tenebrosa Kirby.
Mining under the bark of the white pine, the beetle occurring in October. (G.
Hunt.)
Leconte describes this beetle as follows: ashy-bronze or obscurely
bronze, the prothorax dilated on the sides, which are rounded in front,
sinuous behind, coarsely punctured; behind broadly excavated on each

152 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

side, with apical and basal shining smooth rugosities; a definite dorsal
deep furrow with smooth sides, somewhat interrupted in the middle ;
elytra densely punctured, with alternate oblong, raised, shining inter-
stitial spaces, prolonged entire to the apex; length, 0.57 to 0.75 inch.
Male with the pectus broadly sulcate, villose; the intermediate tibize
armed with an internal acute tooth; the last ventral segment truncate-
emarginate. Female with the pectus smoother, less sulcate; the last
ventral segment tridentate; the intermediate tooth obtuse, defined by
minute incisions.

Abundant at Lake Superior; according to Kirby found in latitude
65° and in the Rocky Mountains. In addition to the characters given
above, Leconte adds that the under surface is copper-colored, coarsely
and densely punctured on the sides, abdomen and prosternum, less
densely on the metasternum and middle of the first segment of the ab-
domen; the divided portions of the mesosternum are coarsely and tol-
erably densely punctured. The outer coste of the thorax are interrupted
so as to form on each side an apical and basal callosity. A female from
Newfoundland differs by the epipleurz being green, the under surface of
the prolonged extremity of the elytra blue, and by the incisures between
the anal teeth being more widely separated. (Leconte.)

Mr. George Hunt has found this beetle under the bark of the white
pine in the Adirondack Mountains, New York, in October.

17. THE COMMON LONGICORN PINE-BORER.

Monohammus confusor Kirby.
Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCIDE.

Boring a hole,in outline round and regular, deep in the wood of sound, though
usually in decaying, trees, and doing much injury to pine timber; a large, soft, white,
fleshy, nearly cylindrical grub, the segment next the head larger than the others,
flattened, horny and inclined obliquely downward and forward, the succeeding rings
very short, with a transverse oval rough space on the middle above and below, pupat-
ing inside in the wood, the beetle emerging from a round hole half aninch in diameter ;
the beetle one of our largest longicorns, with very long antennie; the body brownish-
gray, the wing-covers spotted with black and white; length 1.20 inch.

Nothing was known of the habits of this borer by Harris, in the third
edition of whose treatise the beetle is well figured. In 1860, Dr. Fitch
gave an excellent account of the habits, and a brief description of the
larva and pupa and adult, in his Fourth Report on the Noxious Insects
of New York. The following description of the larva and pupa is based
on specimens obtained at Brunswick, Me., and compared with some
received from Mr. F. C. Bowditch, who published in the American Nat-
uralist, August, 1873 (p. 498), an account of the habits and transforma-
tions. He sent me a block of pine wood split off, containing the ter-
minal portion of the cell, stuffed with large chips arranged quite regu-
larly. In the museum of the Peabody Academy of Science, at Salem,
is a piece of planed plank, which had been sawn so as to uncover part

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PINE. 1538

of the hole, with the beetle within, as seen in Fig. 69. Fitch states that
this and Monohammus scutellatus and marmoratus are the most common
and pernicious borers which oceur in the pine timber of New York.
On a still summer’s night as wellas in the day-time the peculiar grating
or crunching noise which the larvee make in gnawing the wood may be
distinctly heard at a distance of eight or ten rods. ‘That the insect does
not open a passage out of the wood, whereby to make its exit, until it
attains its perfect state, I infer from the fact that several of these bee-
tles gnawed their way out of one of the pillars of the portico of a newly-
built house in my neighborhood some years since, the noise being heard
several days before they emerged, and while they were still some dis-
tance in the interior of the wood.” (Fitch.)

Mr. Bowditch found, June 9, at Brookline, Mass., this species in Pinus
mitis, the yellow pine, in which were several holes about the size of a
pencil. He makes the following statement in regard to its habits:

On removing the bark I found an adult insect already free—the heads of several
others appearing through the wood. On further investigation during the next few
weeks I obtained from the tree no less than eighty of these beetles in all stages of
development, which, considering the size of the tree, was a large number. I observed
that the largest beetles were near the foot of the tree. * * * After remaining in
the pupa state during a space of time, which varies according to circumstances, it is
transformed to a beetle, and after a short time gnaws its way out, appearing from the
first of June to the middle of July.

I have found numbers, at least twenty of these larvie under the bark
of the white pine (Pinus strobus), at Brunswick, Me.,* in the early part
of June, but no pup: or beetles, though most of the larve were fully
grown. Some were one-half an inch long and had, without much doubt,
hatched from eggs laid in the preceding June or July, so that the larvie
must live nearly two years before transforming. My attention was
called to their presence in the tree by the creaking sound made by the
larve, the noise being heard a rod from the tree. Some of the larve
were molting. In this process the entire head of the tegument about
to be cast is pushed off anteriorly, while the thin skin of the rest of the
body peels off from the prothorax backwards.-

Mr. A. C. Goodell, of Salem, Mass., presented the museum of the
Peabody Academy with an adult of this species which came from a pine
bureau about the year 1875. The bureau had been in his house for
about fifteen years previous, being newly made when purchased, The
family had heard the creaking noise for some time before the insect
appeared; and, after inquiring into the circumstances, I have no doubt
but that the insect had lived in the bureau for fully fifteen years.

This longevity is probably due to the fact that the insect had not
coupled, it being well known that continence in insects leads to the pro-
longation of lifefar beyond their natural term of existence. Further
observations and experiments on this point are greatly needed.

*T have also fonnd the cells under the bark of the white pine at Providence, R. I.

154 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

_ Apropos of this interesting subject I quote the following observations
of Dr. Fitch:

The wood of the apple tree was formerly highly valued for cabinet work in this
country. In 1785, a son of General Israel] Putnam, residing in Williamstown, Mass.,
had a table made from one of his apple trees. Many years afterward the gnawing of
an insect was heard in one of the leaves of this
table, which noise continued forza year or two,
when a large long-horned beetle made its exit
therefrom. Subsequently, the same noise was
heard again, and another insect, and afterwards a
third, all of the same kind, issued from this table-
leaf; the first one coming out twenty and the last
twenty-eight years after the trunk was cut down.
These facts are stated
more fully in the His-
tory of the County of
Berkshire, published
at Pittsfield, in 1829, p.
39. This, I believe, is
the longest period of
an insect remaining
alive in timber of
which we have any
record, and it is desira-
ble to ascertain, if pos-
sible, what insect this
was. John J. Putnam,
esq., of White Creek,
N. Y., was a young
man residing at his
father’s when these
remarkable incidents

Fic. 68.—Larva of Monohammus confu- Lae Fic. 69.—Monohammus confu-
sor; a, top, b, side view, nat. size; d, occurred. On showing sor, the beetle in its cell ina

upper, ¢, under side of the head; e, side, . P : > piece of planed plank.—A fter
and f under side of pupa.—From Pack- to him specimens of Packard.
ard in Hayden’s Survey. all the larger long-
horned beetles of this vicinity, he points to Cerasphorus balteatus as being the same
insect, according to the best of his recollection, but is not certain but it might have

been the Callidium agreste.

“This testimony, in connection with what President Fitch, of Williams
College, says of the insect in the notice above referred to—‘its color
dark glistening brown, with tints of yellow’—releases us from all doubts
upon this subject, as the agreste is of a uniform brown, whilst the bal.
teatus commonly presents traces, more or less distinet, of an oblique
yellowish spot or band, near the middle of the wing-covers.”

Larva.—Body soft, white, long, nearly cylindrical, being but slightly
flattened, entirely footless, all the abdominal segments of the same width,
except the minute smallone. From the firstabdominal segment (or fourth
from the head), the body increases in width, being widest on the pro-
thoracic segment (or the one next to the head). This segment is trans-
versely oblong, being as wide in front as behind; it is a little more than
twice as wide as long. The head is large and square, not narrowing

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PINE. 155

in front, but as wide anteriorly as posteriorly. When the head is forei-
bly pulled out it is found to be as long as broad; anterior one-fourth of
head, deep mahogany red, becoming blackish on the. edge. Clypeus
very short and broad, about four times as broad as long. Labrum
rather wide, not much contracted at base, rounded in front, with very
stout bristles on the margin. Mandibles gouge-like, the ends oblique,
hollowed out, with the outer edge produced into a point. Antenne
very minute, three-jointed, the second and third joints about as long as
the basal. The maxille form a basal joint, throwing off a three-jointed
palpus, and an inner lobe armed with stiff bristles, reaching to the end
of the second joint of the palpus. The two-jointed labial palpi reach
to as far as the middle of the brush-like lobe of the maxille ;_ the second
joint is about as long, but half as wide, as the basal. The middle of each
segment, especially the third to the seventh above and below, with a
transverse callous spot. The upper side of the first abdominal segment
has a very narrow oblong square area impressed uponit. The callous
spot is best marked on the fifth segment, consisting of an area about
one third as long as broad, with a square, shallow sinus posteriorly,
and with the sides projected inwards ; it consists of tto series of callous
spots, the outer forming the limits of the area as above described, and
the inner series forming a simple transverse, narrow, lanceolate, oval
spot. The callous spot onthe under side has a sinus in front, but
slightly rounded behind. The one on the seventh segment (below) is
but little more than one-half as wide, with a broad sinus on the hind
edge, and with the sides directed obliquely inwards. Terminal segment
very sinall, half as wide, and one-fourth as long as penultimate segment.
Nine spiracles, the first on front edge of second thoracic (mesothoracic)
segment. Length when fally grown, 15 inches.

This larva may be kuown from that of Rhagium lineatum by its Jack
of any thoracie feet and by its much longer, more cylindrical body, and
differs at once by the long, square head, that of Rhagium rounding in
front; by the wider clypeus, and proportionately wider and shorter
labrum. The palpi and antennie do not differ much. The callous spots
on the abdominal segments are smaller and otherwise different from
those in Rhagium.

Pupa.—The pupa is far advanced, being nearly ready to change to a
beetle, the body becoming dusky and horn-colored, while the character-
istic dark spots have already appeared on the wing-covers. The antenne
are coiled up three and a half times at the end between the fore and
the middle pairs of legs, and the genus may be recognized by their
great length and the deep excavation in the head between them, as
well as by the lateral short spine on the prothorax.

The wing-covers in my single specimen reach to the third abdominal
seginent, and are’pressed obliquely to the side of the body. The salient
portions of the upper side of the abdominal rings with fine spines. End
of the body sinuate.

156 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

In the absence of another pupa of this genus for comparison, addi-
tional characteristics cannot now be given. Length, ? of an inch.

Mr. George Hunt has taken both this species and MW. scutellatus ‘‘com-
ing out of the white pine” in July in northern New York and in Rhode
Island. Prof. F. H. Snow records it in the seventh volume of the Trans-
actions of the Kansas Academy of Science as occurring in the Baptist
chureh in Lawrence, Kans., ‘where repairs had been made with pine
lumber.”

15. MARBLED PINE-BORER.

Monohammus marmoratus Randall.

A large white grub very similar to the last preceding one, and boring in the interior
of the wood, often in the same trees and logs withit. The beetle coming abroad in
July and very similar to the preceding, but always smaller, measuring 0.75 to 0.90 in
length, and distinguished from it by having the short hairs coating the base of the
spine on each side of the thorax of an ocher yellow color instead of white, the thorax
with numerous confluent punctures across its middle, its wing-covers ash gray marbled
with tawny brown cloud-like spots, and punctured like the preceding species, but the
punctures here becoming much more dense towards the base and running into each
other, the antennie inthe females with an ash-gray band at the base of each joint,
their length in the two sexes as in the preceding species. (Fitch. )

This is not a particularly common insect, though more closely allied
to the foregoing species than the following better known one.

16. THE WHITE-SCUTELED PINE-BORER.
Monohammus scutellatus Say.

A large white grub closely like the foregoing and boring in the wood in a similar
manner, in the mouth of June producing a beetle of similar form but of a shining
black color, its wing-covers having small patches of short hairs here and there, resem-
bling spots of white mold, their surface rough from coarse confluent punctures and
the thorax similarly punctured across its middle, its base and apex with irregular
transverse wrinkles, and its sides with a conical spine which is not clothed with hairs,
the scutel coated over with white hairs, and the antenne double the length of the
body. in the males, and in the females with a gray band on the base of each joint, its
length varying from 0.60 to 0.75. (Fitch. )

This is a common and sometimes abundant beetle in Maine and North-
ern New England generally, and especially in the lamber regions of Lake
Superior, whence I have received it in large numbers. It also occurs
in the pine forests of British America and in Washington Territory and
Oregon along the Pacific coast. Though I have taken it on the white
pine (Maine) in July, I cannot relate more concerning its habits and
larval forms than is contained in Dr. Fitch’s brief account given above.

17. THE PINE-EATING GAY-BEARD.
EHupogonius pinivora Fitch.
Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCID.®.

A small grub resembling a young apple-tree borer, mining the wood of the pine, and
in July becoming a small eylindrical long-horned beetle, which is found upon the
leaves, 0,25 long and about a third as broad, clothed with numerous erect black hairs

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PINE. 157

on the body and antenn, and gray ones on the legs; its color shining pale chestnut,
with irregular oblique and transverse spots and streaks of gray on the wing-covers,
which are coarsely punctured, the punctures dense on the base and fine on the apex;
its thorax narrower, slightly darker colored, closely punctured, having a very small
tooth-like point on each side and along its middle a gray line which is widely inter-
rupted in the center, the sides and also the head with thin gray pubescence; its
antenne shorter than the body, coarse, and the joints becoming suddenly shorter after
the fourth; its under side blackish brown, the legs pale chestnut.

This species is of the same color with 2, tomentosus of Haldeman, which, however,
is larger, with gray hairs instead of black, and the wing-covers with ocher-yellow
spots and streaks. (Fitch.)

18. THE COMMIXED LEPTOSTYLUS,
Leptostylus commixtus Haldeman.
Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCID#.

A small long-horned beetle occurring on the leaves of the pine in July, its appear-
ance and shape closely like that of the prickly Leptostylus No. 4, Plate 1, Fig. 4, and
its larva probably having similar habits and the same form; the beetle 0.25 to 0.36
long, its thorax closely punctured, blackish obscurely varied with ash-gray and with
elevated black dots placed symmetrically, the sides convex and with a small angular
tooth back of their middle; its wing-covers coarsely and closely punctured, dull and
gray varied with paler gray and with black clouds and dots, two faintly elevated ribs
on each wing-cover of a slightly paler gray tint alternated with black dots, the inner
rib having an elongated black spot near its base, another beyond the middle, and a
third one farther back, formed by obscure dusky transverse clouds which cross the
ribs at these places; the sides black, alternated with a whitish cloud-like spot near the
base, and a smaller one near the middle. (Fitch.)

19. Tur LESSER PINE-BORER.

Asemum mastum Haldeman.
Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCID©.

Perforating the trunk of the white pine in all directions and sinking into the heart
of the tree, making a flattened cylindrical hole or mine when seen in outline; a rather
small larva, which emerges late in May through
oval holes in the bark, especially around the base
of the trunk; the beetle blackish brown with short
antenne and legs.

The transformations of this common
borer, which apparently attacks the tree
in health as well as in disease, like the
species of Monohammus, were first briefly
described and figured in our “Guide to the

. : Fic. 70.—a, Larva; b, pupa and beetle
Study of Insects” from specimens found ~ (enlarged twice) of the lesser pine-
in all stages under the bark of the oak ?™—?rem Packard.
early in May at Salem, Mass. I have also received a larva of this
species from Dr. Shimer, which was found by him boring in the grape-
vine. Since then Mr. Riley has bred it from the Scotch pine, and Mr.
Schwarz has found the pupa under the bark of pine stumps in Florida

158 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

in March. During the past May I have found, in company with Mr.
Calder, at Providence, the perfect beetles, and also the pupa in deep
burrows or mines in white-pine stumps. I have heretofore regarded the
holes made by this borer as probably those of Chalcophora virginiensis, but
they are regularly oval cylindrical, less flattened oval than those made
by a Buprestid, and exactly like those of other flat-bodied longicorns.
The openings perhaps more abundant on the south side of the tree or
stump, in the base of the trunk of the white pine, are at times very
numerous, aS many as ten in a space of 5 square inches. They are,
on the average, 6™" wide by 3™™ deep, or half as deep as wide. The
sides are smooth, but the orifice is often partially concealed by project-
ing portions of the bark. The holes are deep, extending 6 or 8 inches
towards the heart of the tree. Seen longitudinally the “ mine” or tunnel
is about a quarter of an inch (6™™") wide, sometimes wider, and ends in
an elongate oval cell, wherein the pupa rests. Some extend up and
down under the bark, while most plunge deep into the wood.

The larva.—We have not specimens at hand for elaborate description, but those
found in the oak were footless, white, with a rather large prothorax, in which the
head sinks, with strong black jaws; the body is quite uniform in thickness, gradually
diminishing in width posteriorly. It is .6J inch in length.

The pupa is .44 inch long. It is flattened and rather broad, and may be readily
identified from the other pup of the genus, as it has the characters of the species,
viz, by the short antennie, which do not extend quite as far as the hinder edge of the
metathorax, the joints composing it being much shorter than in the other species.
It may also be recognized by the two raised longitudinal lines on the wing-covers cor-
responding to those on the wing-covers of the beetle; the wing-covers extend to near
the middle of the second abdominal segment, and the tips of the hind legs reach
nearly to the posterior edge of the third abdominal segment. The end of the abdo-
men is square, and ends in two sharp, slender incurved hooks, which are dark red at
tip. Length, .44 inch.

The beetle differs from two larger common beetles (Criocephalus agrestis and obsoletus )
with which it associates, by its much smaller size, which, however, is very variable,
and by the much shorter antennie, the joints being much shorter and thicker and
more coarsely pitted than in the two species above named. Itis brown-black, with a
rounded, flattened prothorax, and two longitudinal ridges along the wing-covers.

I have taken this beetle at Nederland, in Colorado, June 30; it
undoubtedly preys upon coniferous trees in the Rocky Mountain region.
It is also said by Leconte to occur in Russian America (Alaska).

20. Criocephalus agrestis Kirby.

Boring into pines from Maine to Colorado and the Pacific coast, a rather large white
jongicorn larva; assuming the pupa state in May and the beetle state in June and
July.

This large beetle closely resembles Asemum moestum, but is about
twice as large, with much longer and slenderer antenn ; it is also char-
acterized by the three large irregular pits on the top of the prothorax ;
these pits are also seen in the pupa, and by them the pupa noticed be-
low was identified as belonging to this species. In color and the two

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PINE. 159

high ridges on each wing-cover it closely resembles the more abundant
Asemum moestum.

T found what I regard as the pupa of this species under the bark of
the pitch-pine at Providence, May 20, 1881. From its close resemblance
to the pupa of Asemum moestum, from the form of the prothorax and
the three pits which correspond so closely to the beetle, I dg not doubt
but that the pupa should be referred to C. agrestis.

The antenn of the pupa are long and reach to the basal sixth of the
wing-covers ; they thence recurve, so that the tip touches
the basal third of the fore tibie. The end of the abdomen
has two spines, much as in the pupa of Asemwm moestum ;
the wing-covers have each two longitudinal parallel straight
raised lines, while the body in general is flat and rather
broad, as in the beetle. The pupa is 25™™ in length ;
breadth of body, 7§™™.

Criocephalus productus Leconte (Fig. 71) I have taken in
Colorado, and in Utah, and I have received it from Tacoma, y,, 71 Grio-
W.T. on the shores of Puget Sound. It undoubtedly in- hats pro-

ductus.— From

habits pine trees, and represents the Eastern C. agrestis. a

. Adilis 7 sus Fabricius.
21. Edilis nodosus Fab

Found under the bark of the pine from June to September. The
specimens collected about Philadelphia are quite small compared with
those found in the pine forests of New Jersey. (Bland, Proc. Ent. Soc.
Pay..7.\97.)

22. _Hdilis obsoletus Olivier.

Taken under the bark of pine stumps at and near Philadelphia. Not
common. (Bland, /. ¢.)

23. THE PINE EUDERCES.
Euderces pini Olivier.
Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCID.©.

A small cylindrical long-horned beetle, having a wide separation between its thorax
and abdomen, giving it some resemblance to an ant, 0.23 to 0.30 long, of a bright
chestnut color, with its abdomen and the posterior third of its wing-covers black,
the wing-covers crossed obliquely forward of their middle by a silvery white line
which does not reach to the suture, and posteriorly on the fore part of their black
portion a gray band, which is placed in a shallow groove running obliquely and
parallel with the silvery line; the thorax covered with fine impressed lines running
lengthwise.

This is said by Olivier to have been found on pines aronnd the city of New York
but it is probably a Southern insect. (Fitch.)

24. BLACK-HORNED CALLIDIUM.
© lidium antennatum Newman.
Order COLEOPTERA ; family CERAMBYCID-E.

A flattened long-horned beetle, appearing in May and June, about 0.52 long, of a

=)

deep Prussian blue color, often with shades of green in places, its antenne and legs

160 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

black, its thorax hairy, and as broad as the wing-covers, with the sides strongly
rounded and above on each side of the middle a little round hollow spot, and its wing-
covers rough from close shallow punctures. (Fitch.)

Dr. Harris regarded this as identical with the European C. violaceum,
deeming the latter to have been probably introduced into Europe from
this country. (Treatise, page 88.) But entomologists now consider the
insects of the two continents to be distinct species. Ours, doubtless,
has the same habits with that of Europe, the larva living in the trunks
of pines, excavating a wavy shallow track under the bark, which is
packed full of sawdust, and when almost fully grown, sinking itself
obliquely downwards several inches into the wood, to repose during its
pupa state.

Specimens occur in which the thorax is plainly narrower than the
wing-covers, more distinctly punctured, and destitute of the two im-
pressed spots. These are the violet-colored Callidium, C. janthinum of
Dr. Leconte and of Dejean’s Catalogue. But individuals appear to
occur of all intermediate varieties, and I am therefore inclined to think
they can searcely be regarded as constituting two distinet species.
(Fitch.)

We have observed this in considerable numbers under pine boards,
and also flying, at Brunswick, Me., in the middle of May. Mr. George
Hunt has observed it in pine trees at Providence, R. I. We found at
Providence, May 14, a dozen or more individuals under the bark of a
dead Juniperus virginiana. The track made by the larva, as we sup-
posed it must have been of this insect, was irregularly wavy, like that
of other longicorn grubs, and filled compactly with a fine dust, its cast-
ings; it was shallow and 4 or 5 inches long. Whether it was made
before the death of the tree is unknown, but the work of this and its
fellows had loosened the bark, several larvee having been at work to-
gether.

25. THE PORTER HYLOTRUPES.
Hylotrupes bajulus Linneus.
Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCID.

A beetle very similar to the preceding in its shape and habits, appearing in July
and August, 0.45 to 0.75 long, of a black color, its thorax nearly circular and clothed
with white hairs, with a smooth polished black line in its center, and a callous-like
spot on each side of it, and its wing-covers with very coarse, shallow confluent pune-
tures and some downy whitish spots, forming two irregular bands near the middle,

This species is supposed to have been introduced in its larva state in
timber from Europe, and is found in our country only near the sea-coast.
(Harris’s Treatise, page 88.)

26. THE LESSER PRIONUS.
Orthosoma brunneum De Geer.
Order COLEOPTERA ; family CERAMBYCID.

A flattened long-horned beetle, 1.00 to 1.30 long, and less than a third as broad, with
its opposite sides parallel, its thorax twice as broad as long, and with three sharp

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_ INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PINE. 161

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teeth on each side, its wing-covers with two or three slight elevated lines, its antenn:e
searcely as long as the body, and its color chestnut red, darker anteriorly.

Larva.—Described while alive. Body cylindrical, not flattened, the
segments very distinct, as the sutures are deeper than usual; head
moderately broad; prothorax large and broad =
and rather long, being 9™™ broad and 45™™ long ;
surface rough on the posterior two-thirds. On
each of the Ist to 7th abdominal segments is a
transverse oval, cylindrical fleshy area, each with
three transverse folds, the area on the 7th ring
being nearly twice as long (antero-posteriorly) as
that on the first; the areas becoming longer and
narrower; i.¢., more rounded, going backward
towards the 7th segment; the end of the abdo-
men smooth and shining; each thoracic segment
with a pair of slender 3-jointed feet. Length,
35™™ (14 inches). Two dozen or more were taken
May 26 by Mr. Calder and myself from a very 4, 7 The lesser Prionus:
soft, rotten pine stump; up to June 24 they had Natural size.—After Riley.
not pupated in confinement, but by the 5th to the 8th of July one of
them became a pupa.

Pupa.—Antenne bent near their end at right angles and laid across
the end of the elytra, the latter reaching to the middle of the hind
tarsi. End of the abdomen terminates in.a singular ruffle-like expan-
sion, armed on the edges with stout spines. Hind tarsi reaching to the
middle of the 5th abdominal segment. The body considerably curved.
Maxillary palpi extended well beyond the end of the mandibles. Pro-
thorax with a broad-based spine on the side. The projecting parts of
the abdominal segments with fine spines, and segments 5 to 5 with a
pair of transverse, thin, dark-brown, chitinous patches. Length, 50™™.

Mr. Calder has also fotnd the fully grown larve in August in maple
logs at Warwick, R. I.,and in the rotten wood of another
deciduous tree. So that it appears that this beetle lives
indifferently in the soft, decayed logs or stumps both of
hard and coniferous trees.

27. PRIONUS EMARGINATUS Say.

Probably injuring shade or timber trees in Utah, a dark
brown beetle of the following appearance :

Body castaneous; head, thorax, and breast covered with long
yellowish ferruginous hair; antenne fourteen-jointed, glabrous, per-
: : foliate, imbricate; the imbrications emarginate beneath; mandibles
acs ses mae ats black at tip; thorax but slightly margined, one-toothed on the mid-

From Packard. dle of the lateral edge ; angles obtusely rounded; elytra somewhat
unequal, punctured ; feet and venter subglabrous. Length nearly seven-tenths of an
inch. Female glabrous; antenne simple. Length, four-fifths of an inch. This spe-
cies exhibits the general form of brevicornis, but the thorax is proportionally much

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162 | INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

narrowed, and the characters above detailed prove it to be very distinct from that
species. The lepaceous processes of the antenne are so profoundly emarginate beneath
as to appear each bilobate. I obtained it on the Arkansas River near the mountains.
(Say.)

28. Hrgates spiculatus Leconte.

Bores in Pinus ponderosa in Colorado. (A. S. Fuller. Amer. Ent.,
iii, 238.)
Cryocephalus nubilus Leconte.
Larva boring in roots of yellow pine (Tampa, Fla.), the beetle appear-
ing in April. (E.A. Schwarz. Amer. Ent., iii, 238.)

29. HARRIS’S PRIONUS.
Tragosoma Harristi Leconte.
Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCIDE.

A beetle closely resembling the preceding, but with much shorter antenne, only ,
one tooth on each side of the thorax, and several raised lines on the wing-covers.

This rare insect, which has only been found hitherto in New England
and Newfoundland, inhabits New York also, and I infer it to be bred in
the pine, having in one instance met with the beetle, dead, under the
loose bark of one of these trees. (Fitch.)

“A specimen of this species was found by Mr. Gibbs east of Fort
Colville [Oregon]. It probably extends its range across the continent
in more northern latitudes.” (Leconte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Se. Phil., Nov.,
1861, p. 354.) Mr. George Hunt has collected it among the pine forests
of the Adirondacks, Northern New York.

30. THE RIBBED RHAGIUM.

Rhagium lineatum Olivier.
Order COLEOPTERA ; family CERAMBYCID®.

Common in the pitch-pine, several often in the trunk of the same tree, excavating
a broad irregular patch in the outer surface of the sap-wood, the cavity being mostly
filled with sawdust; a yellowish-white grub about an inch long, divided into seg-
ments of nearly equal length and width, except the second which is the broadest, and
the last which is narrowest with its end rounded; surrounding itself with a broad
oval ring of woody fibers, like short threads, placed between the bark and the wood,
in which to pass its pupa state; changing to a beetle, which lies in the same cell
through the winter and comes abroad in the spring; the beetle 0.40 to 0.70 long,
long and narrowish, its head and thorax much narrower than the wing-coyers, eylin-
dric, clothed with soft gray hairs upon a black ground, the thorax with a black
stripe above and one on each side, where is also a stout spine; the antennze only
reaching the base of the wing-covers, which are dull yellowish gray variegated with
black, each with three elevated lines, the outer two uniting at their tips. (Harris’s
Treatise, page 102.)

We have found the beetles and pup of this beetle under the bark of
a white pine log, at Salem, Mass., in abundance in October, and have
also detected it frequently in Maine in the same situations in’the spring,
April 24, both in the larval and adult state.

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| Larva.—It may be readily recognized by having three pairs of long and slender

- thoracic feet, which are 3-jointed, ending in a long claw, as well as by the broad, flat
body, the end being broad and rounded. The prothorax is large, transversely oblong,
not quite so wide, but nearly as long as the three succeeding segments. A pair of
spiracles on the mesothoracic segment, and the usual ones on the abdominal segments.
Length, 12™"; breadth, 4™™. Described from one found May 26, at Providence, under
the bark of the white pine.

The cell in which the larva rests during the winter, and in which the
pup and beetles reside, is irregularly oval, about 2 inches long and
one-third as wide, very shallow, and partly surrounded by a wide border
of closely packed chips gnawed off from the wood; and partly by the
excrement or reddish sawdust-like closely packed material, derived
originally from the inner part of the bark. The entire cavity is thus
about 4 inches long and 2 wide, and very irregularly oval in outline.
It seems probable that this larva does not make a regular wavy bur-
row, but remains in one spot, eating out in all directions from a com-
paratively fixed point; in this respect it differs from many other Ceram-
bycid larve.

31. WOOD-ENGRAVER BARK-BEETLE.

‘ Xyleborus cylographus Say.
Order COLEOPTERA; family SCOLYTID#.

In the outer surface of the sap-wood and inner layers of the bark, mining a long -
slender thread-like track, usually straight, lengthwise, 4 to 8 inches long, from which
numerous smaller short tracks branch off mostly at right angles; a small bark-beetle
8.12 long, which comes abroad mostly in May, of a chestnut color, the declivity at
the tip of its wing-covers having four or five minute projecting teeth upon each side.
(Fitch. )

This, like other bark beetles, has a compact cylindrical body at least
three times as long as broad, with the thorax forming almost half of the
entire length, and having the head deeply sunk in its anterior end and
almost hid. Their antenne are quite small, and are composed of a long
basal joint, which becomes thicker towards its tip, and is followed by
five very small joints, surmounted by a large, round, flattened club,
which is divided by sutures into three or four segments.

This species is glossy and bearded with fine hairs. Its thorax is
shagreened anteriorly with minute elevated points, which farther back
become less dense, and the basal half is covered with fine punctures,
with a smooth line above along the middle from the center backwards.
The wing-covers have rows of coarse punctures and minute ones on the
interstices between these rows, and their tips are abruptly declined as
‘though cut or gnawed off, the outer margin of this declivity having
four or five small projecting teeth upon each side. It is usually chest-
nut colored, with the antennz and legs paler, but individuals may be
met with of the following varieties :

Variety a, nigricollis. Thorax black.

b, niger. Thorax and wing-covers black.
c, fulvus. Thorax and wing-covers pale yellowish.

The wood-engraver bark-beetle is the most common and probably the

ae

| .

164 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

most pernicious of all the insects infesting the forests of white pine in
the State of New York, and of yellow pine (P. variabilis) in the States
south of us. Whilst it is old and decaying or dead trees that most of
the larger borers which we have described above attack, this small in-
sect is hable to invade trees that are in full health and vigor, those that
are young as well as old, mining beneath the bark and loosening it from
the wood, so completely separating it that it breaks off in large pieces.
Frequently, on elevating this loosened bark, its inner layers and the
whole outer surface of the wood are found plowed in every direction, and
the furrows are so intricate and confused that it is impossible to follow
the track which any one individual has traveled. But in places where
they have been less numerous, the work which each insect has per-
formed is distinctly marked and is so regular and artistic in its appear-
ance as to have suggested to Mr. Say the name of the wood-engraver
as a most appropriate designation for this beetle. The cut on the fol-
lowing page is an exact copy of the tracks made by one of these beetles
and its young, their natural size.* It will be seen to consist of a main
central track running nearly straight, from which numerous smaller
short ones branch off at nearly right angles. Though I have not ob-
served the habits of these insects sufficiently to be perfectly certain
respecting all the points in their operations, the course they pursue
in forming these tracks appears to be as follows: The female having
selected a situation which will furnish suitable sustenance to her young,
bores through the bark to the outer surface of the wood, and then mines
a passage between the bark and the wood, in a straight line lengthwise
of the tree or limb where no obstructions occur to cause her to deviate
from her course. The male probably accompanies her and shares with
her in this labor, each working by turns. Thus a long slender cylindri-
eal gallery is formed, which is excavated about equally in the outer sur-
face of the wood and in the inner layers of the bark. In some instances,
two, three, or even six tracks will be seen to start from one point, run-
ning in opposite directions, but always lengthwise of the tree or limb,
and with lateral branches so similar to those in the figure, that I am in
doubt whether they are the work of this or one of the other species
which belong to this tree. Upon each side of the main track, little
notches are excavated at intervals, whilst the work is in progress, simi-
lar to those represented in our figure of the tracks of the pinebark-
beetle on the succeeding page, though larger than those, being about
equal to the width of the track in their length, but less in their width,
and having their outer ends evenly rounded. In each of these notches
from one to four eggs are placed. And as the beetles mine their way
onwards, the fine dust which they form probably becomes strewed along
the track behind them. Then, as they travel backwards and forwards
in the burrow from time to time, the little stiff hairs with which their
bodies are bearded, serve as a brush to sweep this dust into these lat-

*The cut is not reproduced.

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_ INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PINE. ~ 165

eral openings. Thus the mouths of these notches become filled and the
eggs therein covered and concealed from any predaceous insect which
may enter the burrow after the parent has completed her work and be-
fore the eggs have hatched and the young have mined their way beyond
the reach of such enemies. The female continues her operations until
her stock of eggs is exhausted, forming a burrow from 4 to 8 inches
or more in length.

The eggs of this beetle are about 0.025 long, of a broad, oval shape,
and a watery white color. They may be met with in their newly formed
burrows beneath the bark, the fore part of June. They probably hateh
in ten to twenty days, according to the temperature of the atmosphere.
at this time. The infantile larva is invariably found lying with its back
towards the sawdust with which the notch in which it is bred is filled,
its mouth being thus brought in contact with the soft innermost layer
of the bark at the extremity of the notch—the elastic nature of the saw-
dust probably aiding in pressing its mouth against its destined nourish-
ment. Thus it has only to part its jaws and close them together again
to fill its mouth with food. And by repetitions of this motion a cavity
is gradually formed between the bark and the wood, into which its head
sinks, and afterwards its body. This cavity consequently takes a direc-
tion outwards at right angles with the central burrow. And thus the
larva eats its way onward until it has obtained its growth, forming
hereby a gallery varying in its length from about one to three inches,
as the material consumed has been of a quality more or less nutritious,
and winding and turning where impediments have been encountered or
the track of another larva has been approached. Many of these lateral
galleries, however, end abruptly before they are half completed, the
worm having been destroyed by insect enemies or some other casualty.
And it is curious to notice how these little creatures respect the terri-
tory which is already in possession of another, changing their course to
avoid any encroachment thereon; and if one of them finds himself so
surrounded and hemmed in by other tracks that it becomes impossible
for him to refrain from encountering them, he so shapes his course as to
eross his neighbor’s road as nearly as possible at right angles instead
of obliquely, thus intruding thereon as little and for as short a time as
possible. Sometimes also two females happen to excavate their galler-
ies parallel with each other, and so near that no adequate space remains
between them for their young to mine their burrows, the beetles having
been unaware of their proximity, no doubt, until too much labor had
been expended to admit either one to abandon the ground and go else-
where. In such cases the eggs are all placed along the outer side of
each gallery, and thus the larve all mine their way outward in opposite
directions to each other.

The larva is a plump soft white worm, broadest anteriorly, and with
its body bent into an arch or having its tail turned partially inward
under the breast. By transverse impressed lines it is divided into

166 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST: AND SHADE TREES.

thirteen segments, the head being counted asone. Its head is polished
and white, at least during the first periods of its life, with its mandibles
chestnut brown, and no indications of eyes, and no feet, but with their
places supplied by two small round retractile teat-like protuberances on
the under side of each of the three segments next to the head. Havy-
ing completed their growth, they sink themselves into the wood to
repose during their pupa state. The small round hole which they per-
forate in the wood for this purpose, is seen at or near the outer end of
each burrow in which the worm has lived to reach maturity.

The pupa resembles the pertect insect in its size and shape, with the
radimentary legs and wings inclosed in sheaths and appressed to the
outer surface of its body in front. After taking on its perfect form it
perforates a small round hole through the bark and, comes out from the
tree.

This and the other bark-beetles of the pine have numerous insect
enemies which wage incessant war upon them. Various species of
small beetles pertaining to the families Staphylinide, Histeride, &c., are
always to be met with under the loose worm-eaten bark of pines, and
M. Perris has ascertained that these insects resort to this situation for
the purpose of rearing their young, their larve being predaceous and
subsisting upon the larve and pup of the bark-beetles. (Fitch.) We
have found this species common under the bark of pines in Maine, the
beetles flying in April and May.

31. THE FINE-WRITING BARK-BEETLE.
Tomicus calligraphus Germar.

Under the bark of the pitch pine and other species of pine, mining long, and often
zigzag tracks lengthwise of the tree, these tracks having short, coarse, irregular
branches; a chestnut-brown bark-beetle 0.18 to 0.22 long, clothed with numerous yel-
lowish gray hairs, its thorax rough anteriorly from close elevated points, and punct-
ured posteriorly, its wing-covers with rows of coarse punctures, their tip broadly
excavated as though with gouge-chisel, the surface of this excavation rough from
coarsish punctures, and its margin on each side with five or six small unequal teeth,
Appearing mostly in the month of May. (Fitch.)

This species was originally named exesus, or the excavated bark.
beetle, in allusion to the tips of its wing-covers, in the old Catalogue
of Rev. F. V. Melsheimer, under which name a short account of it was
published by Mr. Say, in the year 1826. Germar, however, had de-
seribed it two years before, under the name calligraphus, meaning ele-
gant writer, which name it must retain, although not happily chosen,
the tracks which this beetle forms under the bark being coarse, irreg-
ular, confused, and far less beautiful than those of many of the spe-
cies of this genus.

It is in the pitch pine that this beetle mostly occurs in the State of
New York, but I have also met with it in the limbs of aged white pines,
and farther south it is common in the yellow pine. Its burrow is some-
what like that of the preceding species, consisting of a single long fur-

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PINE. 167

row extending lengthwise of the tree or limb, from six to twelve inches
in length, but it is less straight in this species, being usually curved
more or less, and according to accounts it is often perfectly zigzag. The
same notches are formed along its sides as noticed in the foregoing
species, in which the eggs are deposited ; but the lateral burrows which
branch from the central one have no regularity whatever to them, being
given off sometimes obliquely and sometimes at right angles, sometimes
abruptly widening into a broad irregular, flat cavity, and sometimes
continuing of the same width through their whole length, either straight,
irregularly wavy or tortuous, turning here and there, wherever an unoc-
cupied space occurs into which they can be extended. These branches
are usually of the same width with the central gallery, and like it are
furrowed equally deep in the outer sur-
face of the wood and the inner surface
of the bark. The pupa state is passed in
a cell excavated in the bark, and not in
the wood, as in the foregoing species, and
when changed into a beetle this cell is
extended onwards through the bark for
the escape of the insect. Being a larger
species than the preceding, the galleries
which it excavates, and the holes it per-
forates through the bark, are proportion-
ally larger. Several dead individuals
may usually be found in the galleries of
this as of the other species. (F itch.)

I have found the “mines” or galleries
of this bark-borer under the bark of the
southern pitch pine at Houston, Tex.,
where it seemed to be abundant. Beetles
taken from the mines were sent to Dr. G.
H. Horn, who kindly identified them as
T. calligraphus. Fig. 74 represents a ¢
typical mine. It consists of a primary or ®
main gallery or mine which is 33™™ wide;
the holes for the exit of the beetle, of
which two are represented in the engrayv- Fic. 74.—Mine of Tomicus calligraphus
F 7 é 3 in southern pitch pine, Houston, Tex.
ing, being 2™ in diameter. The primary Packard del.
gallery is nearly straight, with, in the cases noticed by us, only one set
of secondary galleries arising on one side, as represented in the figure.
The secondary galleries are from one to nearly two inches in length, and
at the end a little over half as wide as the main gallery. At one end the
main gallery opens into a broad irregular cell, where the worm probably
transforms into the pupa, connecting with the hole for the exit of the
beetle.

Another form of cell without any lateral or secondary galleries is

,

168 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

represented at Fig. 75. The arrow indicates a point in the gallery made
when the larva was smadl. A specimen taken from this mine was also
submitted to Dr. Horn for identification. It occurred
under the bark of the southern or yellow pineat Atlanta,
Ga., where I collected it in April, 1881.

33. THE SOUTHERN TOMICUS.
Tomicus cacographus Leconte.

Injuring the pines of North Carolina and southward even
more than 7. pini in the north; a very similar beetle, with simi-
lar habits. ;

This is the Bostrichus pint of Zimmermann, but not
the one so named by Say. It inhabits, according to
| Leconte, the Southern and Western States. It is said
Fic. 75.—Primary mine by Leconte to be similar to Tomicus calligraphus, but

of Tomicus calligra- : or as
phue in yellow pine, IS usually of smaller size (3.5-4™™, .14-.16 inch); the

Gaorsia. (Packard Gusy of the second interspace is very small, and that
of the third is wanting; that of the fifth is compressed and scarcely
‘more prominent than that of the fourth interspace, and is somewhat
connected with it; there are but two teeth between the tooth of the fifth
interspace and the terminal acutely elevated margin, and these teeth
are all of them less prominent than in 7. calligraphusin some specimens
(&), but equally prominent in others (2), those less acute than in 7.
calligraphus. The interspaces from the third outward are marked each
with a regular series of punctures behind the middle, whereby it differs
from the next species (7. confusus Leconte, of Southern California and
Arizona). The club of the antenne is quite similar to that of ZT. calli-_
graphus.*

The mine made by this species has been found under the bark of the
southern pine at Atlanta, Ga., the beetle from it having been labeled
by Dr. Horn. The mine is like that of C. calligraphus, but the main
burrow is narrower, being 24™™ wide, and the holes are smaller, the
beetle itself being smaller. Living beetles were taken from the mine
March 28, 1881.

32. PINE BARK-BEETLE.
Tomicus pini Say.

From a common center excavating several broad shortish galleries lengthwise of the
trunk in opposite directions, resembling the spread fingers of a hand; a bark-beetle
very similar to the preceding, but of smaller size, measuring only 0.15 in length, and
with but four small teeth on each side of the concave declivity at the tips of its
wing-covers, and usually showing more or less distinctly an impressed line along the
middle of the hind part of its thorax. (Fitch.)

The tracks formed by this insect are so different from those of the
other species that they are recognized at a glance. They occur under

*A number of other Se oly tids which probably infest the pine are described by Le-
conte in his work on the Rhynchophora of America north of Mexico, where all the
species are characterized, and to which the reader is referred.

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PINE. 169

the bark of old trees of the white pine, and have some resemblance to
the fingers of a hand spread apart, or to the track of a bird. From a
eommon center they run off in opposite directions up and down the tree,
lengthwise of the grain, moderately diverging or
nearly parallel with each other, appearing, when
the bark is stripped off, like linear grooves in the
outer surface of the wood and inner surface of the
bark. They are about 0.10 wide and 1.50 to 2.00
long, all those belonging to the same cluster being
of nearly equal length. Along the sides of these
grooves. several short sinuous excavations or
notches appear, in which the eggs have been 4,, 76 pine pack-borer and
placed, where they would remain undisturbed by Pupa.—Frem Packard.” ~
the beetle as it crawled backwards and forth through the gallery. The
accompanying figure* is a representation of one of the clusters of these
tracks, copied from the surface of the wood. In this instance, the com-
mencement of some of the galleries, and the principal part of the lower
one on'the right hand, had been excavated wholly in the bark, and thus
made no mark upon the wood.

M. Perris has ascertained that with the European Tomicus laricis, which
- excavates several galleries from a common center like the insect now
before us, a male beetle is found in each of the galleries, whilst only one
female is associated with them, she being stationed sometimes alone, in
the center, and at other times in one of the galleries in company with
the male. And from his observations it appears that these galleries are
excavated by the males, each of them being the work of one individual,
whilst the female supplies the whole of them with eggs.

As there are no lateral galleries branching off from these main ones,
I infer that the young of this insect move and feed along the sides of
the galleries in which they are born, and that thus these galleries be-
come widened and broad as we find them, their width being much
greuter than those of the other species, although the insect is but the
usual size. (Fitch.)

We have littie to add to the foregoing account as to the habits of this
bark-borer. It is common in the pine woods of Maine, making burrows
under the bark, not always so regular as Fitch figures.

This timber-beetle is common in the timber region of the Rocky
Mountains of Colorado, boring irregularly into the inner bark of Abies
menziesii. The burrows are like those made by the same insect in the
white pines from Maine to North Carolina. On the Atlantic coast the
more regular burrows radiate from a common center. Those observed
on Gray’s Peak were 0.08 inch in diameter.

In the pupa the body ends in two long, pointed, horn-like appendages
arising from each side beneath. The ends of the hind tarsi extend to
the terminal third of the wings. The antenne are clavate, not extend-

* Not here reproduced.

4 Peter eed - so | ee ee

i ; et ore

170 _ INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

= ¢

ing beyond the cox of the first legs. It is larger, more bulky than the

adult. Length, 0.22 inch. 4

The beetle (Fig. 76) is cylindrical, with the head and prothorax together
three-fourths as long as the rest of the body; end of the abdomen sud-
denly truncated, slanting, forming a scoop, the declivity smooth, con-
cave, and bounded by high walls, which are four-toothed on each side,
the third from the top the largest. On each wing-cover are eight lines
of fine, raised tubercles; prothorax with concentric rows of fine tuber-
cles, but smooth on the posterior third. Seen from beneath, the wing-
covers project well beyond the end of the abdomen. Color, pale tan-
brown, a little paler on the thorax than on the wing-covers. Body
eovered with stiff, dense hairs. Length, 0.20 inch.

34. THE LITTLE BARK-BEETLE.
Pityophthorus puberulus Leconte.*

Under the bark of small sapling pines, mining exceedingly fine slender wavy bur-
rows running in every direction: a cylindrical chestnnt-brown bark-beetle much
smaller than any of our other species, measuring only 0.05 in length, its surface shin-
ing and pierced with small deep punctures which on the wing-covers are placed in
close rows, the thorax but half as long as the wing-covers and rough anteriorly from
dense minute elevated points, the middle of the outer edge of the wing-covers show-
ing a slight concavity, the declivity at their tips with a moderate excavation formed
by a smooth longitudinal groove upon each side of the suture, the suture itself being
elevated and having on each side of it an impressed line in which are minute punct-
ures, the outer margin of the declivity with numerous fine bristles, but without any
projecting teeth, and the tips of the wing-covers drawn out into a very small acute
point.

This beetle very closely resembles the 7. ramulorum of Perris, which
mines the small twigs of European pines, but it is evidently a distinet
species. It was described by Dr. Harris in the Transactions of the Nat-
ural History Society of Hartford, Conn., vol. i, p. $2, from a specimen
imperfectly displayed, which he met with in the collection of Mr. Hal-
sey, but he had no knowledge of its habits. And this I believe is the
only notice of this insect which has hitherto appeared. Its minute size
has probably caused it to be overlooked by collectors, although it is so
common that the bark of dead young pines which are two inches in
diameter or less can seldom be broken away without coming upon its
tracks, with some of the dead insects in them. Its tracks are readily
distinguished from those of other species by their extreme slenderness,
and being packed with fine white sawdust they resemble a tangled mass
of small threads lying upon the surface of the wood. On coming to
inspect them particularly, small irregular cavities will be noticed, one of
which is represented bya knot-like appearance. This cavity is appropri-
ately termed the nuptial chamber by French and German writers. From it

* Leconte states that this is not the Tomicus pusillus of Harris, as Fitch supposed,
“but is quite different, and is closely allied to T. ramulorum Perris, which is consid-
ered by Eichhoff as the same with typographus Ratzburg.” Leconte adds in a letter
that this is most probably P. puberulus -

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PINE. tT

there are usually four galleries leading off in opposite directions and

running obliquely to the grain of the wood, but curving, commonly, till

they obtain a longitudinal direction. And from these numerous smaller’
and irregular wavy galleries branch off, at right angles or nearly so, and

overspread the whole surface with a seemingly confused multitude of
little furrows. The bark being quite thin in the young trees to which

these beetles resort, their galleries are excavated mostly in the wood,

the surface of which is deeply grooved whilst only a shallow impression

is made on the inner surface of the bark. But at the end of each of
the lateral galleries, a deep cavity will be noticed, sunk in the bark, in
which cavities the insects repose during their pupa state.

The accompanying figure of the tracks of these beetles handsomely
illustrates some of the facts which have already been stated above un-
der the Wood-engraver bark-beetle, and it may interest the reader to no-
tice some of the habits of these insects as shown by this figure.* In its
upper half two leading galleries are seen running parallel with each other
and so near together that no adequate space exists between them for
any young larve to form their burrows there without encroaching upon
each other or crossing the tracks already made. The parent beetles ap-
pear to have been aware of this, and accordingly so disposed of their
eggs that all their young with but two or three exceptions mined out-
wards, traveling away from each other. Again, on the outer side of the
left gallery two notches are observed, in which no eggs appear to have
been placed, the parent beetle probably perceiving, what the figure in-
dicates, that there was not suitable room to the left of these notches to
duly accommodate all of the other larvee that would traverse that spot.
Furthermore, it will be noticed that of the burrows leading off to the
right, above the large knot or nuptial chamber, the worm which exca-
vated the fourth one, soon after commencing his journey perceived that
the course he was pursuing would run his track into that of the third
one. He hereupon abruptly alters his course, bearing directly away from

‘the track of this neighbor until he has attained a suitable distance
therefrom, and he then travels forward again, keeping at this exact dis-
tance from his neighbor’s path. But this soon brings him into prox-
imity with another neighbor upon the other side; and he now becomes

‘aware of the fact that he is between two paths that are approaching
each other, and that will consequently come so near together forward of
him that he cannot proceed onward without running into one or the
other of them. In this dilemma, to encroach the least that is possible
upon his neighbors, he makes an abrupt turn. so as to go square across
one of these tracks. But this only serves to bring him into similar
proximity with another track, and after this comes another and another;
and now he reaches a fifth one, running in a different direction, requir-
ing another alteration of his course to cross it at right angles. But we
need not follow this subject further. Others also of these galleries,

* Not reproduced.

172 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

when carefully inspected, will be found scarcely less curious. How won-—
derful is nature, that thus presents an interesting subject for our study
in each particular track an inch or two in length which a family of little
worms make as they eat their way along in the bark of a tree, the
parenchyma of a leaf, or elsewhere! How marvelous, that in such
minute and seemingly unimportant and insignificant operations, we in-
variably meet with so much to admire! (Fitch.)

35. THE LEAST WHITE-PINE BARK-BORER.
Pityophthorus puberulus Leconte.

Very abundant under the bark of the white pine, a very small timber-beetle with
long narrow secondary galleries branching off from the main one.

This may possibly be the insect which Dr. Fitch has regarded as the
Tomicus pusillus of Harris. We have found the mines in abundance
under the bark of the white
pine at Providence, R. I., some-
times four or five occurring in
the space of six or seven square
inches. They vary a good deal
in irregularity, and we will
select the one here figured for
description as being one of the
more regular mines. The main
. gallery is slightly sinuous, from
14 to 2 inches long, originally
notched alternately on the sides,
the notches where the eggs are
laid being the starting point
for the secondary galleries
where the larve have. hatched
and lived. About fifteen sec-
ondary galleries arise from each
Fic. 77.—Mine of least white-pine bark-borer, Providence, side of the Pe ee =

R. I.—Packard del. longest being about two-thirds
as long as the primary gallery; all end in a slight enlargement in which
the larva transforms, or connect with the hole through the bark for the
exit of theinsect. (The figure, as engraved, makes the main gallery and
branches somewhat wider than in nature, and wider than in my original
drawing.) The width of the main gallery is 1$™™; of the secondary
gallery, 1™™, In some cases two main galleries cross each other, while
in another case two unite to make a figure 8, but in such a case the
secondary galleries do not cross the main ones, and in examples where
two main galleries run parallel and somewhat near each other, they
do not send secondary galleries into the narrow interspaces between the
two main galleries.

On submitting specimens of the beetle to Dr. Leconte for identifica-

ys ay aie bea * . ~ Fi
Sic Van ai ! Neh ; Hl

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PINE. . Lis

tion, he writes us that it isa species of Pityophthorus, not described. Dr,
Leconte adds: ‘‘ Blanchard writes that Hypophleus tenuis depredates on
this species.” (Leconte afterwards identifies it as probably P. puberulus.)

36. NXyleborus impressus Eichhoft.

Leconte states that this species occurs in Georgia under pine bark.
37. PINE TIMBER-BEETLE.
Pityophthorus materiarius Fitch.
Order COLEOPTERA; family SCOLYTID®.

In the interior of the sap wood, mining slender straight cylindrical burrows in a

transverse direction, parallel with the outer surface, from which very short straight —

lateral galleries branch off at right angles above and below; a rather slender cylin-
drical black shining bark-beetle, 0.15 long, with pale dull yellow legs and antenne,
the fore part of its thorax and of its wing-covers tinged with reddish yellow; the
thorax equaling two-thirds the length of the wing-covers with .a small elevated
tubercle in the middle, forward of which it is rough from minute elevated points; the
wing-covers with rows of minute punctures, their tips rounded, the upper part of the
declivity with a shallow longitudinal depression or groove along the suture, forming
a slight notch.

The insects belonging to the genus Tomicus and kindred genera of the
same family by their habits divide themselves into two distinct groups.
The larger portion of them reside in or immediately beneath the bark
of different trees, and are currently termed bark-beetles. But this
designation is inappropriate for another portion of them which dwell in
the interior of the wood, and there excavate their galleries. The name

timber-beetles appears to be the most appropriate for these. Another _

point in which, from the observations of M. Perris, these two groups
appear to differ in a remarkable manner, is the relative numbers of the
two sexes. With the bark-beetles there are commonly several males in
company with but’ one female, and the former appear to perform the
chief part of the labor in the excavation of their galleries. With the
timber-beetles, on the other hand, the females are much the most numer-
ous, and probably mine their galleries without any assistance from the
other sex. M. Perris states of one of the species that upwards of fifty
females were met with in the burrows they had excavated without a
single male being found there.

It is the habit of these timber-beetles to penetrate the tree in a straight
line, passing inwards through the bark and into the sap wood to a depth
of from half an inch to two inches, and then abruptly turning they
extend their burrow in another straight line parallel with the outer sur-
face and at right angles with the fibers of the wood, for a length of two

“to six inches. The only instance in which the burrow of the species now
under consideration has come under my notice was recently in a billet
of stove wood, which unfortunately did not contain the extreme end of
the gallery. The annexed cut* is an exact representation of this bur-

*Not reproduced.

\

174° ‘INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

row, in which a live and a dead beetle were found, both of them females,
and the only specimens of this species whieh have come under my
observation. The transverse burrow was excavated in the sap wood at the
depth of halfan inch froin its outer surface. Near its middle it was crossed
by another perforation extending from the outside directly towards the
heart of the tree, which is indicated by a black dot in the figure; and
at this point the burrow curved slightly outwards towards the exterior
surface, as represented in the section above the principal figure in the
cut; and at its end on the left, where it passed out of the billet of wood,
it commenced curving inwards towards the heart of the tree. Twelve
lateral burrows of the same diameter as the transverse one extended
upwards and two downwards, as shown in the figure, all of the same
length, each one having been excavated probably by a single larve.
The gallery of our insect thus differs widely from that of the European
species (7. eurygaster Krichson) which mines in the interior of the pine,
which has no lateral burrows branching off from it.

The presence of these timber-beetles in the wood can be distinguished
from those which mine under the bark by the little piles of sawdust
which they throw out at the mouth of their burrows, this dust being so
much more white and clean, and not composed in part of the brown or
rust-colored particles of gnawed bark which are intermixed with the
dust produced by the bark-beetles. (Fitch.)

The beetle.—In addition to the short description of this beetle which
is given above, it may be observed that the head is finely punctured,
the punctures on the face giving out small pale yellowish hairs, while
those on the vertex or crown are destitute of hairs, and there is a
slight transverse elevation of the surface between the face and the
vertex, from which an elevated smooth line extends backwards along
the middle of the vertex. Thorax, when viewed from above, with its
base transverse and rectilinear, its basal angles rectangular, its opposite
sides parallel for a distance equaling the length of the base, and from
thence rounded ina semicircle at its anterior end; its surface anteriorly
with minute asperities, which, viewed vertically, appear like fine trans-
verse wrinkles; its basal half with very minute punctures, and in its
center a small transverse tubercle. Wing-covers with fine shallow puncet-
ures in rows; the upper part of the apical declivity moderately de-
pressed in the middle, producing a slight concavity in its outline when
viewed from above anteriorly, the suture not elevated in this depression,
but showing a slightly impressed line along each side; the hind end
bearded with hairs similar to those upon the front. Under side black,
the legs and antenne pale dull yellow. (Fitch.)

We have found this beetle in the pine woods of Maine; it was kindly
identified for us by Dr. Leconte. It bores deep into the sapwood of Pinus
strobus in long nearly straight burrows; the beetles may be found in them
in March, their heads pointing towards the center of the tree.

This species, or one very similar toit, has been found by Mr. Hunting-

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of 1 | INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PINE. 175

ton, of Kelly’s Island, Ohio, to bore into empty wine casks and spoil
them for use. (Guide to Study of Insects, p. 493.)

38. THE SPRUCE TIMBER BEETLE.
Xyloterus bivittatus Mannheim.

This insect, though common under the bark of the white pine in Maine, is espe-
cially destructive to the spruce and fir, and for a further account the reader is referred
to spruce insects.

* 39. THE PINE-BARK CARVER.

Nyleborus celatus Zimmermann.

Occurring in all stages of growth in July and August under white pine and spruce
bark in Maine, sometimes in linmense numbers, sufficient to kill the tree, a rather
stout bark-borer, the declivity of the elytra with two prominent tubercles and some
smaller marginal ones, with rows of punctures.

Bark borers of this genus are said by Leconte to have the body stout,
vylindrical, with the slope of the elytra oblique, scarcely flattened ; the
funicle of the antenne with four distinct joints, and the sensitive sur-
face of the antenne concentrically annulated. In the present species

along the slope of the elytra are two prominent tubercles and some
smaller marginal ones, the elytra are strongly punctured in rows, the
interspaces with rows of distant punctures, while the tibize are strongly
serrate.

From eight hundred to a thousand specimens of this bark borer, with
hundreds of larvee and many pup, were found in July and August at
Brunswick, Maine, under the bark of a white pine stump about 22 inches
in diameter, the tree having been cut down the preceding November.
The bark was honey-compbed with its holes, the pupie resting in cells in
the bark. The mines usually run obliquely through the thick bark, not
sinking into the sapwood, so that no regular mine was formed, and it is
difficult to give a good description of it. The diameter of the track and
of the hole for the exit of the beetle is slightly larger than that of Yylo-
terus bivittatus. It is often two-striped, but this is due to the fact that
it begins to turn dark after transforming in the middle of the elytra.
It also occurred in abundance under the bark of the spruce, in the same
place, associated with XY. bivittatus, and also with the common unde-
scribed species of Dolurgus to be noticed under spruce insects.

40. Dryocetes septentrionis (Mann).

Occurring under the bark of the pine in Alaska, Canada, and Virginia, a bark-borer
closely allied to Xyleborus, with the prothorax strongly punctured, not roughened in
front; length 4.4™™ (0.17 inch).—Leconte.

41. THE BORING HYLURGUS.
Hylurgus terebrans (Olivier).
Order COLEOPTERA; family SCOLYTID#.

Perforating larger holes in the bark than any of the preceding bark-beetles, and
mining curved galleries in every direction in the inner layers of the bark, and slightly .
grooving the outer surface of the wood; a cylindrical light chestnut-red or yellowish

f

‘

176 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

fox-colored beetle 0.23 to 0.33 long, bluntly rounded at each end, thinly clothed with
yellowish hairs, its thorax narrowed anteriorly and with coarsish shallow punctures,
and aslightly raised line along the middle, at least on the posterior half, a faint black-
ish line along the middle of the upper part of the head, and its wing-covers rough,
with rather shallow furrows, in which are coarse indistinct punctures. Appearing
abroad early in May, numerous in pine forests and in lumber and mill yards. Its larvie
common under the thick bark of pine logs and stumps; a yellowish white footless
grub thinly clothed with yellowish hairs, and divided into thirteen segments, its head
polished and horny, of a tawny yellow color, with the mouth black, and the neck
having on each side, above, a large polished spot tinged with tawny yellow. (Har-
ris’s Treatise, page 75. )

With this account taken from Harris, our own observations agree.
The cells are smaller than those of Pissodes strobi. We have found the
larve and immature beetles in abundance in Brunswick, Maine, in the
middle of March. The burrows are very irregular, winding about un-
der the bark, while the very irregular cells are from half an inch to an
inch long, and nearly a quarter of an inch wide, and surrounded with
the white woody chips made by the larva before pupating.

Leconte states that in this species the prothorax is very densely and
coarsely punctured; the hairs of the elytra not being very long. It
has been collected in Canada, Georgia, Oregon, and California, as well
as the pine woods of New England and Northern New York. ‘The speci-
mens from the Pacific slope are larger, and the punctures of the pro-
thorax are rather smaller and more dense, but these differences do not
seem to me worthy of specific distinction. Some specimens from New:
Hampshire and Canada have the prothorax more sparsely punctured,
almost as in the next species (D. similis), from which they are only dis-
tinguished by the shorter hairs of the elytra Length 5.2™™ to 8mm
(.2 to 3.2 inch).

42, THE STOUT PINE-BORER.
Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby. : /

Boring irregular galleries under the bark of the pitch pine, somewhat like those of
Tomicus pini, but much less regular and twice as wide and deep, a reddish brown
bark-borer.

This beetle, abundant in the New England States, is not uncommon
in Colorado. I met with it at Blackhawk and at Manitou.
It probably bores in the pines and spruces of the Rocky
Mountains. It is short and stout, reddish brown, the head
and prothorax smooth and shining, though finely punctured,
while the wing-covers are coarsely punctured and dull-col-
Fic. 78.—Den- ored, being.a little darker than the rest of the body. Length

droctonus 4 of +

rufipennis. — 0.35 inch.

From Pack- Leconte states that he has received specimens from Alaska,
Canada, and Anticosti. It is a common northern species. It is only to
be distinguished from D. similis, says Leconte, by the declivity of the
elytra being smoother and more shining, and almost without asperities ;
and by aslight difference in the punctures of the prothorax, which are of

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INSECTS INJURIOUS RO THE PINE. ad By

unequal size. The dorsal line of the prothorax is sometimes narrow
and elevated, sometimes obsolete. Length 6™™ (.24 inch). The dis-
_tinetive characters given by Lecoute are these: prothorax punctured,
with smaller punctures intermixed; hairs of elytra long. We have found
it at Providence, R. I., in its burrows under the bark of the white pine.

Allied to these two species of Dendroctonus, and undoubtedly infest-
ing coniferous trees, are the following:

Dendroc'onus similis Leconte, Colorado. ‘‘A smaller and somewhat more elongate
form occurs in Canada, Texas, and Colorado, but I do not think it capable of being
separated as a distinct species.”

Dendroctonus punctatus Lec. New York.

Dendroctonus simplex Lee. Canada.

Dendroctonus brevicornis Lec. Middle California.
Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman. Lake Superior to Georgia.

43. THE PINE HYLASTES.
° Hylurgops pinifex Fitch.
Order COLEOPTERA; family SCOLYTID#.

A beetle which closely resembles the preceding, and is frequently met with in com-
pany with it upon pine lumber in mill yards early in May, requiresto be noticed in
this place. Iam unable to findany description of this species, although it is so com-
mon it can scarcely have been overlooked by authors till this time. Itis the Hylastes
pinifex, or the pine-destroying Hylastes of my cabinet. Its habits are doubtless very
similar to those of the boring Hylurgus, but the beetle is always slightly smaller ,
measuring 0.20 in length, and is darker colored, being deep chestnut red or sometimes
black, tinged with chestnut. It moreover is destitute of the hairiness of that species,
having only a thin fine short beard on the hind part of its wing-covers. Its thorax
and wing-covers have the same sculpture with that. Its head shows no line along the
middle, except upon the upper lip, where is a slender short elevated one, which ends
before it reaches a slight transverse depression which crosses the lower part of the
face. Its body beneath is black, the legs dark chestnut, with the thighs commonly
black. It moreover differs generically from the preceding in having seven, instead
of but four, small joints inits antenn, between the long club-shaped basal joint and
the knob at the tip, which knob is shaped like an egg, and is divided by transverse lines
into four short joints. Its shanks also have only fine denticulations along their outer
edge near the tip, in place of the coarse saw-like teeth, which are seen in the forego-
ing insect. It thus pertains to the genus Hylastes of Erichson. (Fitch.)

I have found several beetles of this species (identified by Dr. Horn)
under the bark of a white pine stump, at Brunswick, Me., August
15-20, 1881. The tree was felled in November, 1880. The beetles had
evidently recently transformed from the pupa state, as they were with
one exception pale red, the color of the fully mature beetle being black-

brown.
44. THE COAL-BLACK HYLASTES.

Hylastes porculus Er. (carbonarius Fitch),

A beetle so closely like the preceding that it merits to be noticed in connection
therewith is the Hylastes carbonarius of my cabinet. It is 0.20 long, of a pure black
color, except its feet and antennz, which are chestnut red. Its face shows no trans-
verse depression inferiorly, but has an elevated line along the middle, reaching a third

12 RIL

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178 INSECTS JNJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

of its length. The smooth line along the middle of the thorax is less distinct than
in the foregoing species, being slightly if at all elevated, and the punctures of this
part are more coarse. Its wing-covers are not bearded posteriorly, and its general
form is plainly more narrow and slender than that of the Pine Hylastes. The only
specimen I have seen was captured the middle of July in the yard in front of my
dwelling. (Fitch.)

45. THE PALES WEEVIL.

Hylobius pales Herbst.
Order CoLEoPTERA; family CURCULIONID®.

A large dark-chestnut colored or black weevil, 0.30 to 0.40 long, sprinkled over
more or less with dots, whereof one on the middle of the outer side of the wing-covers
is more bright, these dots being formed by fine short yellowish gray-hairs. Quite com-
mon in May and June among pine trees, and in mill yards, and on piles of pine lumber 5
with its long cylindrical snout perforating the bark and crowding an egg into the
hole, the larva from which, similar in its appearance to that of the white-pine weevil,
burrows beneath the bark, loosening it from the wood. (Harris’s Treatise, p. 61.)

This is a very common pine insect, which rangés from Maine and
Lake Superior to Florida. Leconte states that the head is very densely,
though not coarsely, punctured, and is nearly opaque; the prothorax is
coarsely and rugosely punctured. The pubescence of the clypeal spots
is sometimes yellow, sometimes gray. Length 6.8™™ to 10.2; .27-.4
inch. There are several closely-allied species which probably will be
found to depredate on the pine.

Our own observations on this borer were made many years ago at
Brunswick, Maine. The burrows run under the bark of the trunk of the
white pine; they extend irregularly over the inner surface of the bark,
sinking down into the sap wood, wherein the autumn the larva makes a
cell nearly a quarter of an inch deep, arched over at the top with a thick
roof of “sawdust” or chips it had bitten off from the wood; over a sur-
face of four square inches were eight or ten cells. Each cell in the
middle of March contains a yellowish-white footless grub, half an inch
long. Two weeks later we found two pup and two perfect beetles,
one apparently having just thrown off its pupa skin.

The history of the pales weevil seems, then, to be somewhat as follows:
In May and June the beetle bores its way out from the cell, partially
creeping out of the old larval burrow; flies about on sunny, warm days
in April and May, then lays its eggs either on the sides of the opening
of its old burrow, or in the crevices of the bark. Early in summer the
young worm hatches, and burrows under the bark throughout the sum-
mer, until it matures in the autumn, and makes the cell deep in the sap
wood, where it hybernates, and about the first of April changes to a
pupa.

The cycle of its life is completed when the beetles fly forth early in
May, and seek their mates, preparatory to laying the eggs from which a
third generation are born. We have found the weevils flying about in
Providence, R. I., during the middle of May.

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PINE. 179

*
46. Tob TWO-FORKED SOUTHERN TIMBER-BEETLE.

Curphoborus bifurcus Eichhoff.

Inhabiting the southern pine; mine consisting of a long, sinuous, narrow, primary
gallery, from which rather short secondary galleries run out at nearly right angles ;
the beetle being minute.

Leconte states the species of this genus are next allied to Dendrocto-
nus, but are minute in size and with long bodies. The elytra are striate
with large approximate punctures. The fu-
nicle of the antenne is 5-jointed; first joint
large and rounded, the others closely united,
forming a short, conical mass, as in Phleosi-
nus; club large, slightly pubescent, moder-

ately compressed; rounded, obtuse at tip, and
divided by two straight sutures; the first joint
of the club is more shining than the others.
There are three species of the genus, C. simplex
inhabiting the Mohave Desert, California. C.
bifurcus differs from C. bicristatus in having
the first and third interspaces of the elytra
all moderately elevated, the second not much
narrowed on the declivity or inclined end of
the elytra. The punctures of the elytral striz
are also larger. Leconte seems to suggest that
the two eastern species may eventually be
united. Length, 1.5™™ (.06 inch). .

The mine of this beetle I found under the
bark of the southern pine at Montgomery,
Ala.; the beetles taken thereform having
been submitted to Dr. Horn for identifica-
tion. The figure well represents an average __ ees
mine. The primary gallery is nearly four cis ahcuinlatie Ce eee
inches long, very narrow, somewhat sinuous, ending at one end in a
broad cell from which three or four secondary galleries pass off. About
twenty secondary galleries pass off on each side at right angles to the
main gallery, but not all in the same plane, as the figure shows; they
are rather short, less than an inch in length, and sometimes end in a
broad, irregular cell; the round dark spots in the figure indicate the
holes in the bark for the exit of the insect. It appears to be a common
pest in the Gulf States.

47. THE TWO-CRESTED SOUTHERN TIMBER. BEETLE.
Carphoborus bicristatus Chapins.

In Georgia occurring under pine bark, according to Leconte. Length,
~1.8™" (.07 inch).
‘The five following Scolytids also occur on the pine. The notes are

/

180 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.
°

taken from Leconte’s essay on the Rhynechophora, or weevils of the
United States.
48. Hypomolyx pinicola Leconte.

This species was originally described by Couper (Trans Lit. and His-
torical Society of Quebec, 1854), under the name of Hylobius pinicola.
The body is elongate, ovate, broader behind, the eyes small, elytra oval,
convex; the beak is as long as the. prothorax, rather stout, slightly
curved; the prothorax is rather small, subserrate on the sides, very
coarsely punctured, thinly clothed with coarse hair, carinate in front;
the elytra are densely punctured, mottled with small spots of yellow
hair ; striz composed of large elongate deep punctures. Length, 13.5™™
(.5-.3 inch).

49, Hilipus squamosus Leconte.

The genus Hilipus, says Leconte, largely developed in tropical Amer-
ica, is represented by a single rare species found in Georgia and Florida,
where it occurs under pine bark. It differs from Hylobius in the body
being ornamented with small scales instead of spots of fine pubescence.
It is a beautiful black insect, with a broad white lateral vitta on the pro-
thorax, and a very irregular one on the elytra, with many scattered
small spots, densely clothed with depressed, very small, round, chalky
white scales. Punctures of elytra very large, distant; interspaces
smooth, shining, except where covered with scales. Length, 14.4™™ (.57
inch).

50. Crypturgus atomus Leconte.

Canada, Massachusetts, New York; under bark of dead pine branches.
Length, 1™™ (.04 inch). ;

This species, though common in white pine bark, is especially de-
structive to the sprnee, and is more fully described under the head of
spruce insects. It occurred in abundance at, Brunswick, Me., in all
stages of development, from the fully-grown larvee to the beetle under
the bark of white pine stumps (the trees having been felled the pre-
vious November), from the middle of July until the Ist of September,
and probably still later.

51. Ernobius tenuicornis Leconte.
Order COLEOPTERA ; family PTINID&.

According to Leconte this beetle has been detected in the boughs of
Pinus rigida in Massachusetts by Mr. Blanchard. (Trans. Amer. Ent.
Soc., vill, xxiii, 1880.) .

52. THE PINE “GERIAN.
igeria pint Kellicott.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family ASGERIAD#.

Boring in autumn under the bark and into the superficial layers of wood, usually
just below a branch, a white smooth caterpillar an inch long, transforming to chrysa-
lids late in May, the moth appearing from the middle to the end of June. (Kellicott.)

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PINE. 181

Mr. Kellicott gives the following account of this insect :

‘* When studying the larval habits of Pinipestis zimmermani in 1878~79,
I met with the larva and pupa skins of two moths evidently different
from the pine pest, yet having quite similar larval habits. During the
past summer I succeeded in getting the moth of one of them; it is an
A gerian, as I think, undescribed, but I would not venture upon describ-
ing it had I only the imago; but as I am able to give mainly its history,
and having doge so much tramping and climbing for its sake, that I
have come to feel a proprietary right, [ undertake to name and describe
itas new. As its proposed name implies, the larva inhabits the pine,
boring under the bark and into the superficial layers of the wood. From
the wounds thus made pitch exudes, which, through the action of the
larva and the warmth of the sun, forms hemispherical masses over its
burrows; in these masses the pupa cells are finally prepared and the in-|
active stage passed. The larva occurs more frequently than elsewhere
just below a branch; sometimes about the border of a wound made by the
axe, or where a limb has been wrenched off by the wind; rarely in the
axil of the branch. It appears to attack larger trees than the Zimmer-
man’s pine pest, and more frequently occurs at considerable, altitude.
IT have taken them thirty to forty feet from the ground. While they

sometimes, perhaps as a rule, take advantage of the broken cortex, I

ad

have found them where it appeared that they had worked through the
same into the soft layer.

“T have found the larva in the following localities: Hastings Center,
N. Y.; Portage, N. Y., Buftalo, N. Y. (?); Point Abino, Ontario. At
the first-named place, they were found in several instances numerous
enough to seriously injure trees of moderate growth. I have taken the
larve in autumn from 0.25 to 0.75 of an inch in length; they finally
attain a length of 1 to 1.1 inch; diameter quite uniform, 0.15 of an inch.
Color white; head light brown, flattened; first thoracic ring slightly
clouded with brown, smooth; no trace of an anal shield; true legs
scarcely colored, pro-legs prominent, crowned with two rows of about
eight hooks each. The brown hairs arise from papille, the base of each
hair being surrounded by a brown annulation. The spiracles are but
slightly elliptical, last pair large, placed sub-dorsally.

‘“‘ Before transforming they prepare a cell in the extruded pitch min-
gled with their débris; this they line with silk, but spin no other co-
coon. While in their burrows they move through the soft pitch with
impunity, but if removed from the same they soon die from the encum-
brance of the hardening pitch adhering to them.

Lhave found the pupa the last of May; the moth appears from the

middle to the end of June. It may be that others come in July and

August, for I have found larvee apparently full grown in July. On the
15th of July I brought to my rooms, devoted to the rearing of insects,
some blocks of wood containing such apparently mature larvee, expect-
ing them to complete their transtormations in a few weeks at most;

‘
.

182 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

they are still in their pitch cells unchanged (Noy.). Is it a case of
retarded development, due to the drying of the bark and wood ?

The pupa has a length of 0.73 of an inch. Color light brown with
the extremities dark. Over the dorsal portion of the abdominal rings
are the usual rows of teeth; those on the anterior margins scarcely ex-
tend below the spiracles. The clypeus is without a pointed process ;
the medio-dorsal Yidge of the thorax is unusually prominent.

When about to transform it bores through the pitch wall and escapes,
leaving the pupa skin protruding. °

The moth (female) expands 1.2 inch. Fore wings opaque; hind wings
transparent. Color blue-black, as follows: fore wings, the clothed por-
tions of hind wings, head, palpi, thorax, upper part of abdomen, anten-
ne, and legs. The neck fringe and the sides of the collar are orange,
also the ventral side of thé abdomen and the tail fringes. The anten-
ne are long, slightly enlarged toward the end; there is a decided orange
line on the under side of the antenne for one-third their length; the
tarsi are smoky. The male not seen. (Canadian Entomologist, xiii, p.
5-7, 1881.)

53. THE PITCH-DROP MOTH.
‘ Nephopteryx (Pinipestis) Zimmermanni Grote.

Order LEPIDOPTERA; family PYRALID&.

In June and July wounding the trunk of the red and white pine below the insertion
of the branches, the presence of the larva being detected by the exuding pitch; the
Jarva livid or blackish green, eating on the inner side of the bark and making fur-
rows in the wood; in July spinning a papery cocoon, the moth appearing from 10 to
14 days afterwards.

Mr. A. R. Grote has ealled attention in the Canadian Entomologist
(vol. ix, p. 161) to this pest of the red pine (Pinus resinosa) and white
pine (Pinus strobus). The caterpillar occurs in the months of June and
July, when the trees affected show by the exuding pitch that they are
suffering from the attacks of this insect. The wound occurs on the
main stem below the insertion of the branch. The worm in July spins
a whitish, thin, papery cocoon in the mass of exuding pitch, which -
seems to act as a protection to both the larva and the chrysalis. The
moth appears in ten to fourteen days after the cocoon is spun.

Mr. Grote adds that the worm usually infests the main stem at the
insertion of the branches; and from the fact that the pitch of the trees
protects the caterpillars no wash would injure the insect; hence exter-
mination with the knife is the only remedy. :

In vol. x of the same journal (p. 20) Mr. C. D. Zimmerman, the origi-
nal discoverer of this pest, gives some further account of it. He writes
that there is searcely a pine more than four feet high on his grounds
which is not more or less affected by this borer. ‘I have found it on
Pinus strobus, P. rubra or resinosa, P. austriaca, P. sylvestris, P. cembra,
Corsican, lofty Bothan and Russian pines. P. sylvestris seems to sutter
most, as the limbs, and often the main stems, are constantly breaking
off. Only a few days ago one of our finest specimens of P. strobus (a

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PINE. 183

tree over 30 feet in height and almost perfect in shape) had about 6 feet
of the top broken off—the effects of this borer. JI am in hopes the small
parasitic flies I found in the larva will soon get the upper hand, so as to
keep them in check.” |

Additional observations have also been made by Mr. D. 8. Kellicott,
who states* that the moth is pretty widely spread, as it occurs not only
in foreign and native pines in and about Buffalo, but that he has “found
it quite abundant in small white pines of the forest at Cheektowaga, Erie
County, New York. At this place I found many plants had been
dwarfvd and ruined by their ravages. It also occurs, to what extent I
am unable to say, at Hamburg and Clarence Center, in the same county.
I recently visited a portion of this State, Oswego County, formerly clad
to some considerable extent with white pine, and there are yet standing
some virgin forests of this splendid tree. In divers places in that
county I found our borer; it is so abundant, in one locality at least,
that it proves a grave enemy to the young pines of second growth where
the primitive trees have been removed by the lumbermen. There is
near Hastings Center an old slash in which at least one-half of the
many such small pines have been injured; indeed, in one neglected
corner, among scores, scarcely one tree had escaped. In this instanee,
also, many pines were stunted, while some thus weakened had been
broken off by the wind.” * .* * ‘Jn a clump of pines, whose trunks
were from 6 inches to 1 foot in diameter, many of the larger ones had
been ‘boxed,’ 7. e., inclined incisions had been cut by the axe through
the sap wood in order to catch the pitch exuding from the wound.
Around the borders of these ‘boxes’ the galleries with both pupa
skins and living larve were plentiful. Itappears that the larva cannot
penetrate the outer bark of other than quite tender trees; nor could I
find evidence of their attacking the branches of larger trees, although
I had opportunity to examine such that had been felled during the
winter just past. ‘Since the larva so readily takes advantage of a
wound, may it not stand related as a messmate to other borers?” * * *
“JT have found the moth’s galleries in both trunk and branch, both
above and below the whorls (usually below), sometimes completely
girdling the stem, thus killing the portion above; in one instance I '
found a gallery passing from one whorl to the one above.”

Larva.—When fully grown, 16™™ to 18™™ in length. The head is shining chestnut-
brown: the mandibles black. The body is livid or blackish green, naked, with a se-
ries of black dots, each dot giving rise to a single, rather stout bristle. The protho-
racic shield is blackish. The larva has three pairs of thoracic or true-jointed feet:
and four pairs of abdominal or false feet, besides anal claspers.t (Grote. )

* Canadian Entomologist, xi, p. 114, 1879.

tMr. Kellicott found that the larva hybernates, as April 12 he found the caterpillars
of various sizes from 0.25 to 0.7 inchin length. ‘‘None of those taken were ‘livid or
blackish green,’ but dull white; nor do the hairs arise from a ‘series of black dots,’
but from light-brown ones. I take it to be a case where a naked hybernating larva
is lighter than during the warm summer. Otherwise the caterpillars were as described
by Mr. Grote.”

184 INSECTS: INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

Chrysalis,—Cylindrical, smooth, narrow, blackish-brown, about 16™™ in length.
The head is pointed, there being a pronounced clypeal protuberance; the segments
are unarmed; the anal plate is provided with a row of four spines, and two others,
more slender, on either side of the mesial line, below the first. (Grote.)

Moth.—The wings expand 30™™, Blackish-gray, shaded with reddish on the basal
and terminal fields of the fore wings. There are patches or lines of raised scales on
the basal field, and on the anterior and darker portion of the median space. The
median lines are prominent, consisting of double black lines inelosing pale bands. The
inner line at the basal third is perpendicular, (J-shaped or dentate. The outer line
at the apical fourthis once more strongly indented below the costa. The black compo-
nent lines do not seem to be more distinct on one side than on the other of the pale in-
cluded bands or spaces. The median field is blackish, becoming pale towards the outer
line; it shows a pale, sometimes whitish cellular spot, surmounted with raised scales.
The terminal edge of the wing is again pale or ruddy before the terminal black line.
Wings blackish. The hind wings are pale yellowish white, shaded with fuscous on
the costal region and more or less terminally before the blackish terminal black line ;
fringe dusky. Beneath, the fore wings are blackish, marked with pale on the costa;
hind wings as on the upper surface. Body blackish-gray, with often a reddish cast
on the thorax above and on the vertex. The eyes are naked, the labial palpi long,
ascending, with a moderate terminal joint. Tongue rather long. The gray abdomen
is ringed with dirty white; the legs are dotted with pale. The species differs from
the European abietella by the raised scale tufts on the wings, and Zeller declares it to
be distinct from any European species. (Grote.)

54, THE PITCH-EATING WEEVIL.
Pachylobius picivorus (Germar).

A black weevil very similar to Hylobiuspales, but destitute of.any spots or dots, and
having the same habits. This occurs in the southern part of our State, and becomes
common farther south, but I have never met with it to the north of Albany. (Fitch.)

Leconte separates as a distinct genus from Hylobius, H. picivorus,
which differs greatly from the other allied species of Hylobius by the tibiae
being much shorter and stouter, and expanding at the tip. It is abun-
dant under pine bark, adds Leconte, in the Southern States, less fre-
quent in the Middle States.

55. THE WHITE-HORNED UROCERUS.
Urocerus albicornis Fabricius.
Order HYMENOPTERA ; family UROCERID&.

A large black four-winged fly an inch long, having some resemblance to a wasp,
but with a stout cylindrical body having the head and abdomen closely joined to the
thorax, the base of the shanks and of the feet white, and also the antennwy except at
their ends, and a spot behind each eye and another on each side of the abdomen, the
wings smoky transparent. The abdomen ends in a point shaped like the head of a
spear, below which is a straight awl-like ovipositor, about 0.40 long, with which it
bores into the tree to deposit its eggs, the worm from which forms winding burrows in
the wood, and is of a thick cylindrical form, divided into thirteen nearly equal seg-
ments, including the head, which is small, polished and horny, the last segment being
largest of all and ending in a conical horn-like point, and the under side with three
pairs of very small legs anteriorly.

These insects vary considerably in their colors and marks, and the two sexes are
very dissimilar. The male, accoiding to Dr. Harris, is black, with a white spot be
hind each eye, and a flattened rus.-colored abdomen. (Harris’s Treatise, p. 427.)

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PINE. 185

56. THE YELLOW-BANDED UROCERUS.
‘Urocerus abdominalis Harris.

A four-winged fly similar to the foregoing, about 0.80 long, of a blue-black color,
with from two to four of the middle segments of its abdomen bright orange yellow,
and also a broad band on the antenne and the four forward legs except at their bases,
its wings hyaline, tinged at the tips with a smoky color. There is sometimes a yellow
spot behind each eye, and the hind knees and some or all of the joints of the hind feet
are usually yellow. My specimens are males, nor has any female answering to this
been found, and I am forced to entertain suspicions it is the true male of the preced-
ing species. These insects are not common. (Harris’s Treatise, p. 428.)

57. THE PINE BLIGHT.

Coccus pinicorticis Fitch.
Order HEMIPTERA; family CoccIpz&.

Externally, upon the smooth bark of young trees, patches of white flocculent down-
like matter, covering exceedingly minute lice invisible to the naked eye. (Trans. N.
Y. State Ag. Soc., 1854, p. 871. Compare also an article by Dr. H. Shimer in Trans.
Amer. Ent. Soc., ii, pp. 383-385. )

AFFECTING THE TWIGS.

58. THE WHITE-PINE WEEVIL.
Pissodes strobi Peck.
Order CoLKoPrTERA; family CURCULIONIDA,

In May, depositing numerous eggs in the bark of the topmost shoot of young trees,
the larve from which mine in the wood and pith, causing the shoot to wither and die»
hereby occasioning a crook or fork in the body of the tree at this point; an oblong
oval and rather narrow weevil about a quarter of an inch long, of a dull dark chest-
nut-hbrown color, with two dots on the thorax; the scutel and a short irregular band
back of the middle of the wing-covers milk white, the wing-covers also variegated
with a few patches of tawny yellow.

This is a common insect in New York, and specimens of it may be
found around and upon pine trees at all times of the year, but it is in
the mouth of May that they are abroad
in the greatest numbers, and it is chiefly
at that time that their eggs are depos-
ited. Young thrifty-growing pines are
its favorite resort, and among these it y
selects those that are most vigorous,
and whose topmost shoot has made the
greatest advance the preceding year. rye, 80.—W hite-pine weevil; a, larva: b, pupa,
Wat I have seen it sonumerousthat not v!ersednesrly threetimes.—From Packard.
only the topmost shoots of every tree in the grove, but many of the
lateral ones also were invaded and destroyed by it.

It is in consequence of its smooth straight growth to such a lofty
height that the pine has been prized beyond any other timber for large
buildings and bridges, and is especially valuable for the masts of ships.

al

186 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

So very highly were the American pines esteemed for this last purpose,
at an early day, that they were ranked with the precious metals, and a
large portion of the lands of the State of New York were originally
granted by the British crown, with an explicit reservation of ‘All mines —
of Gold and Silver, and also all White and other sorts of Pine trees fit
for Masts, of the growth of twenty-four inches diameter and upwards
at twelve inches from the earth, for Masts for the Royal Navy of us, our
heirs and successors,” under the stringent condition that “If they, our
said grantees or any of them, their or any of their heirs or assigns, or
any other person or persons by their or any of their privity, consent or
procurement shall fell, cut down or otherwise destroy any of the Pine
trees by these presents reserved to us, our heirs and successors, or hereby
intended so to be, without the Royal Lycence of us, our heirs or succes-
sors for so doing first had and obtained, that then, and in any of these
cases, this our present grant, and everything therein contained, shall
cease and be absolutely void, and the lands and premises hereby granted,
Shall revert to and vest in us, our heirs and successors, as if this our
present grant had not been made, anything herein before contained to
the contrary in any wise notwithstanding.” Now the perfect straight-
ness of the pine, which has adapted it so eminently for this important
use, and has caused it to be thus valued, depends upon the healthy
growth of its leading shoot for a long succession of years. If this lead-
ing shoot is destroyed the onward growth of the tree is checked until
one of the lateral shoots starts upward and becomes the leading shoot.
But this causes a crook in the body of the tree at the place where this
lateral shoot originally arose, and thus the main value of the tree is
destroyed. And it would appear to be a spirit of pure malevolence that
instigates the white-pine weevil to select the leading shoot of this tree
in which to deposit its eggs, when its young can be nourished equally
well in the lateral shoots, where they would do little injury, or perhaps
would be a direct benefit to the tree by cutting off the ends of the
branches, and thus promoting the upward growth of the main trunk.
The weevil deposits her eggs in the bark of the topmost shoot of the
tree, dropping one in a place at irregular intervals through its whole
length. The worm which hatches from these eggs eats its way inwards
and obliquely downwards till it reaches the pith, in which it mines its
burrow onwards a short distance farther, the whole length of its track
being only about half an inch. Butsuch a number of young weevils are
usually placed‘in the affected shoots that many of them are cramped and
discommoded for want of room. The worm.on approaching the pith
often finds there is another worm there, occupying the very spot to
which he wishes to penetrate. He hereupon, to avoid intrusion upon
his neighbor, turns downward and completes his burrow in the wood out-
side of the pith. Those also which enter the pith are often unable to
extend their galleries so far as is their custom without running into those
of others. When its onward course is thus arrested the worm feeds

t ‘ a. “

3 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PINE. 187

upon the walls of its burrow until it obtains the amount of ere
it requires and is grown to its full size.

The tree that is attacked continues its growth upward during the fore
part of the season as usual, sending out from the summit of the shoot
that is infested a leading shoot, with a number of lateral branches
around its base. But the growth of these new succulent twigs is arrested,
and they begin to wilt and wither about the middle of July, the worms
“having by this time become so large and mined and wounded the stalk
below to such an extent that its juices are exhausted, and it fails to
transmit any nourishment to these tender green shoots at the summit,
which conseqnently dry up and perish.

If the affected shoot be now examined, little oval cells about 0.30
long, placed lengthwise of the stalk, will be discovered all along its
center, so close in some places that their ends are in contact, and in
other places moreor less widely separated, with the intervening space
stuffed with sawdust, whilst here and there in the wood on each side
of the pith similar cells show themselves. In each of these cavities lies
a white glossy worm, its body soft, plump, and curved into an arch, 0.30
long, and not quite a third as broad at its anterior part where it is
broadest.

This larva is divided by transverse constrictions into thirteen seg-
ments, including the head, with the breathing pores forming a row of
small round tawny yellow dots along each side. Its head is about haif
the width of the body, round, flattened, polished and horn like, tawny
yellow, with an impressed line along its middle, a faint whitish line on
each side parallel with this, and a more distinct transverse arched white
line anteriorly, and a minute black dot on each side representing
the eye; the mouth darker colored, with the points of the mandibles
slightly projecting, these organs being black, triangular, and with
exceedingly minute sharp teeth along their inner edge. The neck has
two smooth pale tawny-yellow spots above. It has no feet, but their
places are supplied by roundish elevations of the skin on the under side
of the three segments next to the head. The surface shows a few very
fine short hairs, particularly on the ends.

These larve change to pup and to perfect insects in their cells, the
latter coming abroad mostly early in the spring. The short description at
the commencement of this account will suffice to distinguish this weevil
from all our other species. It varies in its length from 0.20 to 0.30. Dr.
Harris thinks they are more than a year in obtaining their growth, but
Iam quite confident the eggs deposited in the spring become mature
beetles by the following spring or earlier.

In midsummer, as soon as the shoot in which these insects are nest-
ling becomes withered and dry, the thin bark covering it is commonly
seen to be broken and peeled off in spots, or all its lower part is torn
away, and newly perforated holes, larger than the miouths of the burrows
of this insect, may be observed here and there in the weod. This is

~

188 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

the work of small birds, which are very efficient and serviceable in fer-
reting out and devouring the larve and pup of this weevil. And, in
addition to these, it has several insect enemies which aid in restraining
it from becoming excessively numerous. But notwithstanding the great
inroads which are hereby made upon its ranks, this is quite a common
insect in every part of our State and country where the pine abounds,
deforming these valuable trees and retarding their growth. The pro-
prietor of every grove of young pines should therefore make it a rule to
examine them every year, in August or September, and cut or break
oit the top of every tree that is blighted by these weevils and commit
it to the flames. With every shoot that is thus treated, from ten to fifty
or more of these weevils will be destroyed, which otherwise will come
abroad the following year to dwarf and deform a number of the other
trees in the same manner. No one, on casting this subject over in his
mind fora moment or two, will doubt but that a few hours devoted to
such work, or a whole day, should it be required, will be time well
spent, and labor that will be amply rewarded.

To the foregoing account, copied from Fitch’s Fourth Report, we will
only add that we have observed the weevil in all its stages of growth at
Brunswick, Maine, under the bark of white pine shrubs, the last of
April, the larvee at this date being more numerous than the pup or
beetles. Our larvee were .32 inch long. The pupa is white, the tip of
the abdomen being square, with a sharp spine on each side. It is .30
inch in length. There are often to be seen in the forests of Maine trees,
from two to four feet in diaineter, variously distorted by the attacks in
early life of this weevil; one in particular, at Brunswick, we are famil-
jar with, nearly four feet thick at the base, and which subdivides into
eight shafts, the central one wanting.

We have also found the insect in abundance in September, on the
ornamental pine bushes on the grounds of the Massachusetts Agricul-
tural College, at Amherst, Mass.

59. THE WHITE-PINE APHIS.
Lachnus strobi Fitch.
Order Homoptera; family APHIDE.

Colonies of plant-lice on the ends of the branches, puncturing them
and extracting their juices, the bark of the infested trees having a pecu-
liar black appearance; numbers of ants in company with them, and
traveling up and down the trunks of the trees which they inhabit. The
winged individuals 0.20 long to the tips of their wings, black, hairy, and
sometimes slightly dusted over with a white meal-like powder, with a
row of white spots along the middle of the abdomen, the thighs dull
pale-yellow.at their bases, and the fore wings hyaline, with black veins,
of which the forked one is exceedingly fine and slender. The wingless
individuals far more numerous, 0.12 long, brownish black with a white

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PINE. 189

line along the middle of the thorax and white spots along each side of
the abdomen, which are sometimes faint or wanting, the antenne pale,
with their tips black.

60. THE PARALLEL SPITTLE-INSECT.
Aphrophora parallella Say.
Order HemipTEeRA (Homoptera); family CERCOPID.

In June, a spot of white froth, resembling spittle, appearing upon the bark near
the ends of the branches, hiding within it a small white wingless insect. having six
legs, which punctures and sucks the fluids of the bark, and grows to about a quarter
of an inch in length by the last of that month, and then becomes a pupa of a similar
appearance, but varied more or less with dusky or black, and with rudimentary wings
resembling a vest drawn closely around the middle of its body; the latter part of July
changing to its perfect form, with wings fully grown, and then no longer. covering
itself with foam, but continuing to the end of the season, puncturing and drawing
its nourishment from the bark as before. The perfect insect a flattened oval tree-
hopper, 0.40 long, with its wing-covers held in form of a roof, its color brown from
numberless blackish punctures upon a pale ground, a smooth whitish line along the
middle of its back, and a small smooth whitish spot in the center of each wing-cover,
its abdomen beneath rusty brown.

The reasons why I regard this species as pertaining to the genus
Aphrophora, to which Say had assigned it, instead of the genera in
which it has recently been placed, will be found stated under a kindred
species in my Third Report, No. 98. (Fitch.)

What I suppose to be this insect is also very common on the pitch
pine at Brunswick, Me. The pup are common late in July, but early
in August the insects acquire their wings.

61. THE SARATOGA SPITTLE-INSECT.
Aphrophora saratogensis Fitch.

A similar insect with the same habits with the preceding, but differing from it in
having the punctures uncolored, and the head above with its anterior and posterior
margins parallel. It is of a lighter color than the foregoing, being pale tawny-yellow
varied with white. It is much more attached to the pitch-pine than to the white
pine, and is very common upon the small trees of that kind growing upon the sandy
plains of Saratoga County. (Fitch.)

62. THE PITCH-PINE TWIG TORTRIX.
Retinia (?) comstockiana Fernald.

Boring into the twigs and small branches of the pitch-pine (Pinus rigida), causing
an exudation of resin; yellow-brown larve, about 10™™ (.39 inch) long, transforming
within the burrow, and giving forth small brown and gray moths. (Comstock.)

An examination of the pitch-pines in the vicinity of Ithaca, N. Y., in
the early part of the past summer,* revealed the fact that they were
infested to a considerable extent by a heretofore undescribed pest.
Upon the smallest twigs and limbs and upon the terminal shoots of the
trees were observed exuding at intervals masses of pitch, mixed with

*The account is copied textually from Professor Comstock’s Report, 1879.

\
190 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

the excremental pellets of some larva. In most cases there were two
distinct layers of the resin to be seen, the lower dry, hard, whitish,
weather-beaten, having evidently been exposed during the winter, while
the upper mass was fresh, softer, and of a hoary, bluish color on the
surface, yellowish beneath, having the appearance of a comparatively
recent exudation. These resinous lumps, when occurring upon twigs or
limbs, were, in the great ma-
jority of cases, upon the upper
side, and were seldom found
upon a larger limb than the
one represented in the cut.

A longitudinal section
through one of these lumps
showed a channel of greater
or less size leading directly
to the heart of the twig, and
extending along toward its
base for a distance of from
25™™ to 50™™ (1 to 2 inches.)
In this burrow was found a
rather stout, yellowish-brown
larva, apparently nearly full
grown, and measuring about
10™~ (.39 inch) in length. In
other burrows theshort, stout,
brown pupe were found.
They were quite active, and
retreated to the bottom of the
mine when the resin was cut
into. A ring of strong spines
surrounded the posterior bor-
der of each segment. and ena-
bled them to move about in

wh the mine with considerable
Ae ere ene comienoc ana Y cynald. Tava. Spups, Adult rapidity. From other lumps
the empty pupa skin was protruding for half its length, the pupa hay-
ing worked itself to that position before giving forth the moth.

Some of the burrows examined extended in both directions from the
point of entrance. Occasionally, also, the twig at the point where the
resin exuded was completely girdled, and in other cases eaten out to
such an extent that a very slight force would suffice to break it off. The
larvee were in some cases found with their heads at the mouth of the
burrow, but in the majority of instances the opposite was the case.

The moth which issues fron the burrows is quite small and soberly
colored. In the figure it is represented natural size; the darker shades

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INSECTS. INJURIOUS TO THE PINE. . Tek

are dark rust color, and the lighter light gray. It belongs to the family
Tortricid, the larve of which are usually leaf-rollers.

From what we have been able to learn, we conclude that there are
two broods of this insect in a- year, and that the second brood hiber-
nates in the larva state. May 25, burrows were found from which the
moths had already issued. In the breeding cages at Washington the
moths issued until June 20, when the last oue made its exit. August
23, larvee were received which were nearly full grown, and were pre-
sumably of the second brood. In the following January nearly all the
larve found were only about half grown; none were more than two-
thirds grown.

At the approach of winter the larve prepare their burrows for hiber-
nation by lining them with delicate layers of white silk, which often
form tubes closed at the lower end. The larva remains through the
winter withits head at the posterior end of the mine. Before the change
to the chrysalis state, however, this position is reversed and the head is
towards the opening.

Wherever a twig is pierced and bored by one of these larve the leaves
begin to turn yellowish and the twig often dies. In many cases, how-
ever, more than one of the larve are to be found in a single twig, and
this of course more certainly insurvs its death. It seems probable that
the principal damage done is the disfiguring of the shape of the tree by
the destruction of terminal shoots.

It is probably this caterpillar which in the summers of 1873~74 proved
very destructive to the pitch pine bushes in and about Brunswick,
Me., causing the upper part of the bush to turn yellow and die.

The moths bred from the burrows were submitted to Professor Fer,
nald, who decided that they represented a new species, probably belong-
ing to the genus Retinia. This species he describes in the Canadian
Entomologist, vol. xi, p. 157. We quote Professor Fernald’s descrip-
tion of the moth, and append descriptions of the larva and pupa so that
the insect may be recognized in whatever stage it is found.

The moth.—Heail in front, basal joints of antenne, and palpi white;
last joint of palpi and a few scales upon the outside of the middle joint
dark gray. lHyes black, vertex light sulphur-yellow to straw-yellow.
antenne dark brown, annulated with whitish. Thorax above white,
with a few scattered gray scales; beneath silvery white. Abdomen
above light brown, with a silvery luster; lighter at the end of each seg-
ment; beneath lighter ; last segment in the females darker brown above
and beneath, and without the silvery luster. Anal tuft in the males
light straw color. Fore and middle legs light brown, femora and tibize
of hind legs white, tarsi of all the legs brown, ringed with white. Fore
wings ferruginous brown, the extreme costal edge from base to near the
apex dark brown. A number of small white spots rest upon the costa,
four hairs beyond the middle, from all of which stripes composed of

192 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES. :

white and leaden-hued scales extend, more or less irregularly, across
the wing at nearly right angles with the costa, and having something
of a wavy appearance in some specimens, with some indication of a
basal patch, a central and subterminal band composed of the leaden
and white seales. Fringes light brown above and beneath; fore wings
light brown beneath; ferruginous apically, with the white spots of the
costa well indicated. Hind wings above and beneath grayish brown,
with a tinge of ferruginous in some specimens and with darker irrora-
tions on the costa and outwardly; fringes long at the anal angle, some-
what lighter and with a darker line near the base.

Expanse.—Female, 18-20" ; male, 18-20™". Habitat.—Ithaca, N. Y.
Described from two males and three females.

I have provisionally referred this species to the genus Retinia, for
although it agrees with the definition of the genus as given by Heine-
mann in other respects, the venation of the fore wing differs in the
origin of veins four and five, which are not from the same point, but a
little remote from each other; the distance between veins five and six
at their origin is about twice the distance between veins four and five.

The moth has also been taken by Mr. Otto Lugger at Baltimore, Md.

Larva.—Length, when full-grown, 12"™, cylindrical, tapering very
slightly at the ends. General color yellowish; head, thoracic plate, and
piliferous spots brown and highly polished ; anal plate dusky and some-
what polished, under a high power covered with shallow pits. The
piliferous warts are large and quite prominent, each bearing a stiff hair.
Their arrangement is normal. The anal shield is furnished with two
transverse rows of tour hairs each; the posterior row, from a dorsal
view, appearing to fringe the end of the body. The stigmata are light
colored, surrounded by a dark-brown chitinous ring. Thoracic legs and
bases of prolegs brownish.

The young larve differ in being darker colored. The head and tho-
racie shield are lighter ; the piliferous spots are hardly discernible; the
stigmata are much larger in proportion to the size of the larva, and
their dark circumference is very strongly marked.

Pupa.—Length, 7™™. General color dark shining brown, darkest on
dorsum of thorax and head; wing-sheaths broad, extending to third
abdominal segment. The posterior border of each abdominal segment
dorsally elevated to a spiny ridge, bearing many strong backward-
directed spines. Anal segment somewhat truncate, with a number of
slender hooked filaments. Eyes very black and prominent. Between
the eyes two pairs of the hooked filaments, having their origins close
together and spreading. (Comstock.)

Two species of Ichneumonid parasites have been bred from the larve,
both furnished with long oviporitors to pierce the resinous mass. One
is a species of Agathis; the other is Hphialtes comstockii Cresson de-
scribed in Mr..Comstock’s Report.

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PINE. 193

64. THE PINE-TWIG TORTRIX.

Retinia frustrana Scudder.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family TORTRICID®.

Infesting the new growth of Pinus inops and pitch-pine (P. rigida) (and perhaps of
other species), spinning a delicate web around the terminal bud, and mining both the
twig and the bases of the leaveg; one or several small yellowish larvee which trans-
form within grayish cocoons, either in their burrows or fastened to the twigs, and
become small copper-colored moths, with wing expanse of 12™™ (0.47 inch).

“About the middle of May, 1879, the scrub-pines (Pinus inops) in Vir-
ginia, near Washington, were found to be greatly injured by small
lepidopterous larvee. On many trees there
was scarcely a new shoot to be found which
was not infested at its tip by from one to four
yellowish black-headed caterpillars. They
were so completely concealed while at work
that their presence would scarcely be noticed,
and the effect of their work was hardly visible
until the twig was almost completely destroyed.
Upon close examination a delicate web was
seen inclosing the base of the bud, and the sur-
rounding new leaflets, resembling much the \§%f
nest of a small spider. When this web was re-
moved, one or several little yellow caterpillars
were seen retreating into a mine in the bud or
into the bases of the leaves, which were also Fic. 82.—Retinia frustrana Seud-

. F der, larva, pupa, adult and work.
mined, or, not infrequently, they dropped from ——From Comstock.
the twig, suspending themselves by a silken thread. The bud was often
so hollowed that it dropped to pieces almost at a touch.

‘“‘At the time when they were first noticed larve of almost all sizes
were to be found. Some were apparently almost full-grown, while
others had evidently not been long hatched. The nearly full-grown
Specimens measured 8™™ (0.31 inch) in length. The first pup were
obtained early in June. Most of the larvee transformed within the bur-
rows which they had made, first spinning more or less of a silken en-
velope about themselves. Others, however, issued from their mines,
and spun rather tough grayish cocoons between the leaves. The pup
were short, stout, and brown in color, with each segment furnished dor-
sally with two serrated lines, one consisting of large and the other of
fine teeth.

“The first moths issued June 13, the pup having previously worked
their way, by means of the spines just mentioned, into such positions
that they could give forth the moths without injury to the latter, and a
few weeks later almost every shoot had one or more of the empty pupa
skins protruding from it. Specimens of the moths were sent to Pro-
fessor Fernald, who determined them as identical with Mr. Seudder’s
manuscript species Retinia frustrana. In August Mr. Scudder gave a
short account of this insect before the entomological section of the

13 RIL

194.‘ INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

American Association for the Advancement of Science, at Saratoga.
He had found it in such numbers upon the island of Nantucket, in the
young trees of Pinus rigida planted there some years ago to repair the
damage done by burning during the war of 1812, as to seriously threaten
the success of the experiment. Mr. Scudder intends publishing an ae-
count of the workings of the insect in that locality very shortly. —

‘‘In the latter part of July specimens of the twigs of Pinus rigida were
received from Mr. S. H. Gage, of Ithaca, which had evidently been
infested by the same insect, although no living inhabitants were to be
found. In September other specimens were received from the same
gentleman, and this time pup and one larva were found. According
to Mr. Gage the insect is not v ery common in that locality.

“In the latter part of August individuals of the second brood were
very abundant in the serub-pine in the vicinity of Washington. As
before, they were found in almost every stage of growth, and.the dif-
ference was even more marked. In one instance five larvee of greatly
differing sizes were found in one shoot. The smaller ones were boring
into the bases of the leaves, and the larger ones into the twig proper.
The largest of the five had made quite a long channel from the tip of
the bud down into the heart of the twig. Pup were also found at this
time, which did not give forth the moth until late in the winter. ;

“The usual mode of hibernation is in the pupa state. A thorough
search in January in the field showed only pups. The pupe collected
in August and September did not begin to give forth the moths in the
breeding cages before early January, February, and March, and were
greatly hastened without doubt by the heat of the room. On February
15, however, a few twigs were collected, from one of which, on Febru-
ary 28, a full-grown larva had emerged and was found crawling about
the cage. This would seem to indicate occasional larval hibernation.

‘As to remedies, the only one which I can suggest at present is that
involving the somewhat arduous task of picking off the infested twigs
in early winter and burning them. Whether the salvation of the trees
will be worth this labor in greatly infested regions will depend entirely
upon their value to those interested.

“As Mr. Scudder has prepared deseriptions of all stages, V we will not
trespass upon his ground by appending further descriptions than we
have already given. Our figure will assist in the recognition of the
species.”

65. ‘THE PITCH-PINE RETINIA,
Retinia rigidana Fernald.
Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family TORTRICID 2.

Inhabiting terminal shoots of Pinus rigida, and of similar habits to the Frustrating
Retinia, a gray, brown, or blackish larva 8"™ (4 inch) in length, which in its perfect
form becomes a small moth with dingy white wings, marked with dark red and sil-
very gray. (Comstock. )

“In the summer and fall of 1879 Mr. 8S. H. Gage, of Ithaca, N. Y., sent
to the department specimens of the pitch-pine conan Tortricid

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PINE. 195

larve and pupe, which in their work resemble Retinia frustrana, bit
differ from that insect in coloration and in being slightly larger. . These
developed into a moth intermediate in characters between R. frustrana
and hk. Comstockiana, and which has been described by Prof. C. H.
Fernald as follows:

The moth.—Head sordid white, with a yellowish tinge; front and palpi inclining
more to ashy; antenne brown, annulated with white; thorax above very light gray,
washed with dull ocherous, deepening to a coppery tint on the front of the patagie.

Thorax beneath, abdomen and hind wings above and beneath, and fore wings be-
neath light gray, with a silky luster; fringes of the hind wings lighter, with a line
near the base concolorous with the wings.

Fore wings above sordid white, with a basal patch occupying the basal fourth of
the wing, composed of about four irregular cross-streaks of dark red, alternating
with similar streaks of silvery gray, the outer red streak sending out a tooth on the
fold. The light space following the basal patch has several small gray costal spots.
from which light ocherous streaks extend across the wimg. A dark-red band extends
across the wing beyond the middle, divided on the costa by a geminate white spot,
Below the cell the basal half of the red band is replaced by stripes of light ocher-
yellow and silver-white; the rermaining portion of the red band below the cell is
curved outwardly, making this part convex on the outside and concave on the side
towards the base.

The apical portion of the wing is dark red, changing to bright ocher-yellow in-
wardly, and towards the anal angle divided by a subterminal geminate broken line
of silvery scales, extending from the costa to the anal angele.

Fringe reddish-purple. The costa from the basal patch to the terminal band is
marked with geminate white spots, alternating with gray.

Posterior femora and tibie very light silky gray; fore and middle femora and tibize
gray, with coppery reflections, the tibize banded with white. All the tarsi gray, with
whitish tips. ;

Expanse.—Female, 18 ™, Habitat.—Ithaca, N. Y. Described from two females,
one in the collection of the Department of Agriculture, the other in my-collection.”

AFFECTING DHE LEAVES.
66. ABBOT’S WHITE PINE SAW-FLY.
Lophyrus abbotii Leach.
Order HYMENOPTERA; family TENTHREDINID ©.

From mid-summer until October, and sometimes as late as November, clustering cn
the twigs and smaller branches of the white pine, soft, smooth-bodied, yellowish-whi-e
worms about an inch long, with three, and posteriorly four, longitudinal rows of
large black dorsal spots; late in the autumn transforming in tough brown pod-like
cocoons attached to the twigs, within which they hybernate, changing to pup (in
Illinois) about the middle of May, the 4-winged fly with broad pectinated antennze
appearing about the first of June. (Riley.)

By far the most destructive insects to the foliage of the pine and fir
are the different species of false-caterpillar or larvie of the pine saw-fly or
Lophyrus. When present at all these larve exist in colonies, keeping
together until#they are ready to undergo the ehrysalis state; and after
stripping the leaves of one twig or small branch pass on to adjoining
twigs until a large branch or nearly one side of a tree will be denuded

A

196 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

of leaves. Such effects we have often seen in isolated pitch-pine trees
in the woods of Maine. Still more destructive are these larve to plan-
tations of young pines on Cape Cod, where, if not prevented, they may
strip tree after tree of a young growth of seedling pines. Moreover,
an allied species (J. leconte’) is annoying to the ornamental Austrian
pines and Scotch firs on lawns and in shrubberies, so that we have

\ Hg aa placed these insects near the -
\\\ {i |! \\ [jj head of those destructive to
N | MUU)’ the leaves of coniferous trees.
\' 4) = Mr. W. C. Fish writes me
that worms which I have iden-
tified as being of this species
do “much mischief among the
pines on Cape Cod. These
pines are small, having been
growing but from six to twelve
\ years from seed planted by
‘ the farmers in order to renew
PP nk de pune culaiget d ate, alert sites eo! the soil on their poorer lands.

ingen G, male, 7, feniale, anvennaienlarged.— whole acres Of these small
pines are (1868) being destroyed by this insect. Their habits are very
similar to those of the fir saw-fly, Zophyrus abietis of Harris, though
they are more gregarious than he describes that species to be. They
eat the needles down to their insertion, thus stripping one twig after
another. The larvie spin their cocoons among the leaves, and the flies
appeared about the middle of August. Out of thirty-one individuals
but oe was a male.”

Professor Riley, in his Ninth Report, states that this saw-fly in its
larval state is destructive in Indiana, Illinois, and Wisconsin. He
states that the perfect insects are quite irregular in coming out of the
ground, many of them issuing in May, but others not until toward the
end of summer. “On opening cocoons that had passed the winter I
have found many yet containing the larva the latter part of June, while
others of the same brood had become flies six weeks before. * * *
In ovipositing the female saws beneath the epidermis on one of the flat
sides of the leaflets, and pushes into the slit an egg, which is whitish,
ovoid .08™" long, on an average. As the egg swells it forms a con-
spicuous bulging of the epidermis, and the mouth of the slit opens and
exposes more and more a portion of the egg.” It is preyed upon by an
ichneumon fly (Limneria lophyri Riley).

\ \
\

—
Larva.—Average length 0.80 ineh, thougb many will measure an inch. A soft,
dingy-white worm, having often a greenish or bluish line superiorly. On all joints
but the first, which is entirely white, two oblong square black spots along the back,
and another somewhat rounder spot each side; these become somewhat diffused on
the three latter joints, forming on the last a single black patch. Three black thoracic
legs; fourteen abdominal and two caudal prolegs. Thoracic joints largest; the three
last smallest and tapering. Some are marked very regularly, while in others the white ©

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PINE. . 197

space on the back between the spots on segments 5, 6, 7,and 8, is much wider than
between the others. This is probably asexual difference, since those thus marked
are shorter, thicker, and of a yellower white than those reg’ularly marked. After
each change of skin the head is at first white like the rest of the body, with the usual
eye-spots black. No markings while young.

67, THE FIR SAW-FLY.

Lophyrus abietis Harris.

Defoliating the leaves of the fir, spruce, as well as the pitch-pine, larvie similar to
the foregoing, the flies-appearing late in July and also early in May. (Harris.)

The following account of the tir saw-fly is taken from Harris’s Treatise:
“Hor some years past many of the fir trees, cultivated for ornament, in
this vicinity, have been attacked by swarms of false-caterpillars, and,
in some instances that have fallen under my notice, have been nearly
stripped of their leaves every summer, and in consequence thereof have
been checked in their growth, and now seem to be in a sickly condition.
My specimens of this kind of saw-fly, which were raised from the cater-
pillars in the summer of 1858, came out of their cocoons towards the
end of July in the same year; but I have also found them on pines and
firs early in May.”

To this account Dr. Fitch makes the following comments:

‘7 suspect Dr. Harris’s observations upon this species were not full,
and that like the analogous saw-fly which we have noticed on the pine,
No. 273, there are two generations of this species annually; for we are
informed that the perfect insect appears in May, producing a crop of
worms in June and July, from the cocoons of which the perfect insect
come out the last of the latter month. But Dr. Harris supposes that
most of these cocoons remain unhatched through all the hot weather of
August and September and the winter succeeding, to give out the flies
which appear in May. It is much more probable, however, that the
flies all come out of their cocoons about the beginning of August, and
like the species we have seen on,the pines, produce another brood of
worms in autumn, which has escaped the notice of Dr. Harris; and it
is these which lie in their cocoons through the winter and give out the
flies which are met with in May.” .

The male saw-fly is smaller than the female, with broadly pectinated antenne, and
istinch in length; body black above and brown beneath, legs dirty leather-yellow
color.

The female is about three-tenths of an inch long; body yellowish brown above,
with a short blackish stripe on each side of the middie of the thorax; body beneath
and legs paler, of a dirty leather-yellow color: antenne short, tapering to a point
consisting of 19 joints, and toothed on one side like a saw. (Harris.)

68. Le CONTE’S SAW-FLY.
Lophyrus Lecontei Fitch.
Clusters of dirty yellowish, black-spotted false caterpillars onthe outer branches of
ornamental pines and firs on lawus, stripping the leaves and disfiguring the shrubs.
Dr. Fitch described under the above name this saw-fly, but did not
rear it from the larva, though inferring that it was the parent of certain

198 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

false caterpillars, of which he found two broods on “ pines, particularly
those set in our yards for ornaments, stripping the limbs which they
invade of their leaves.” He further says, ‘‘ When nearly mature these ©
worms are so large that the end of a single leaf of the pine probably
furnishes them a very insufficient mouthful, hence two worms often unite,
standing face to face, and thus hold the five leaves which grow from
each sheath on the white pine pressed together in a bundle as they eat
them, commencing at the tip and gradually stepping backward as the
leaves become shorter. It is only the old leaves of the previous year’s
growth which these worms consume, never touching the new ones at
the outer end of the limb; hence they injure the tree much less than
they would were they to strip the limbs they invade of the whole of
their foliage. At least two broods of these worms appear annually, the
one in July, the other in September and October, the latter often remain-
ing on the trees after frosty nights have occurred. Having finished
feeding, they leave the tree and inclose themselves in cocoons under
fallen leaves or other shelter on the surface of the ground, in which they
remain during their pupa state.”

The femate.—Lenegth, 0.33 inch to the tip of the abdomen and 0.48 inch to the end
of the wings. It mayat once be distinguished from all our other described species by
the joints of its antenne, which are 21 in number. It is shining dull, tawny yellow,
with the antennie black, and also the abdomen and base of the thorax. The under

side is paler yellow, with two broad black stripes on the abdomen. The wings are
smoky hyaline, their veins black. Captured the middle of May. (Fitch.)

tiley states that this saw-fly has been found feeding on the Scotch and
Austrian pines in New Jersey. The larva he describes as an inch long,
dirty or yellowish white, with dorsal black marks wider before than
behind, and usually broken traasversely in the full-grown individuals.
They are further apart than in ZL. abbotii. The lateral spots are some-
what square, with an additional row of smaller black marks below them,
and the last segment is entirely black above.

The antenne of the male fly are twenty-one-jointed, and have on one
side seventeen large and on the other seventeen small branches, there
being eighteen on one side and fifteen on the other in Z. abbotii. The
female may at once be distinguished from ZL. abbotii by her abdomen
being jet black above, with a small brown patch at the end and a trans-
verse line of the same color just below the thorax. ;

Besides the species of Zophyrus above mentioned there are four other
species of this genus, which probably live on coniferous trees, and also
the following species known to infest the pine.—Lophyrus pinetum Nor-
ton (female, with 19 antennal joints, on pine, Norton in Packard’s Guide,
p. 226).

Remedy.—These saw-flies, living as they do in societies in large masses
of coarse castings like sawdust, are easily detected by the eye, and ean
readily be removed by hand, especially in the case of ornamental shrubs.

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PINE. 199
69. THE PITCH-PINE SAW-FLY.

Lophyrus pini-rigide Norton. ‘

With the general habits and appearance of the preceding species, but so far as yet
known confined to the pitch-pine.

This saw-fly was described by Mr. Norton in our “Guide to the Study
of Insects.” The larye-are allied to those of Lophyrus abietis, and during
one summer ravaged the young pitch-pines, which had been raised from
the seed on a plantation at Eastham, Mass., on Cape Cod. The female
lays her eggs singly in one side of a *‘needle” of the pine, though some-
times an egg is inserted on each side of the leaf.

Female.—Length, 0.30; expanse of wings, 0.65 of an inch; antennie
17-jointed, short, brown; color luteous brown. with a black line joining
the ocelli; a black stripe down each of the lobes of the thorax above
and the sutures behind ; body paler beneath; the trochanters and base
of the tibiz waxen; claws with an inner tooth near the middle; wings
very slightly clouded; cross nervure of the lanceolate cell straight.

Male.—ULength, 0.25; expanse of wings, 0.55 of an inch; antenni
fifteen-jointed, black, quite short, with twelve branches on each side,

‘those at the base nearly as long as the sixth and seventh; apical joint
simple, enlarged at base; color of insect black, with the abdomen. at
apex and beneath yellow-brown; legs the same color at base; below the
knees whitish. The male looks precisely like that of L. abietis, but the
form of the antenne is different, being much shorter. The female looks
much like LZ. abdominalis Say, taken on the pine near New York. (Nor-
ton.) ;

Mr. W. C. Fish wrote me some years ago from Eastham, Mass., as
follows regarding this insect and the attacks upon it by the white-winged
crossbill: ‘ In the fall of 1868 there was a second brood of the larve of
Lophyrus pini-rigide Norton. On the 16th of September I noticed a few
nearly grown, but the greater part of those seen at that date were very
small. On the 15th of October I noticed large flocks of the white-
winged crossbill hovering over and alighting upon the young pines that
were infested with these Jarvee. There were certainly three or four hun-
dred birds in some of these flocks. I soon learned that they were feed-
ing upon the larvee, as I had many opportunities to watch them while
feeding among the trees. I also took numbers of the larve from the
stomachs of several individuals that I shot.

I had one in confinement several days, feeding it with ‘these larvee.
Those out cf doors seemed to discard the head and harder legs of the
larve, but the one in confinement swallowed the insect entire. These
birds were abundant through November and December, and more or
less common all winter. Some of the-larve were found quite late in
November after we had experienced severe freezing weather. I saw
them frozen stiff several times.

On the 27th of November, I took several into the house, where they

200 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

spun their cocoons and the saw-flies came out the next spring. So well
did the crossbills do their work that the Lophyrus was rare the next
summer (1869), Tf this wholesale destruction of the larve had not
occurred, there would have been acres of young pines destroyed.

“*T did not meet with the red crossbill until January, when I meta flock
at Sandwich; in February I met a flock here (Eastham). Neither of
these birds are common visitors to the Cape. I have not known of any
visiting us the past winter. I never met with one until 1868, but resi-
dents of Eastham informed me that the white-winged species was with
them in the fall of 1867. An old lady in East Falmouth informed me
that a number of years ago they visited her orchard and damaged her
apples by cutting them off to get the seeds.”

70. THE LYDA SAW-FLY.

Infesting the Austrian pine, tying the needles together with a silken web filled with
castings, forming a mass about six inches in diameter, with the needles of the pine
scattered through the mass, the leaves being separated by the false-caterpillars from
the branch.

We have noticed this false-caterpillar on but a single occasion, and
then failed to rear the worms to the winged state. The following ac-
count is taken from our article entitled ‘“ Injurious Insects, New and
Little Known,” in the Report of the Massachusetts Board of Agricul-
ture for 1870:

Late in September of 1869 Dr. William Mack, of Salem, Mass., brought
into the museum of the Peabody Academy of Science, some ‘singe
talse-caterpillars which had assembled on a
single branch of an Austrian pine, on his place,
and had tied the needles together with a fine
silken web filled with castings, forming a mass
of castings about six inches in diameter, with
the needles of the pine among them, the leaves
being separated by the larvee from the branch.

The larva is that of a species of Lyda, and
while doing little injury to the tree, so far as
known, yet merits a short description. Dr.
Ratzburg figures a similar species in his work
on forest insects, and states that the Lyda
campestris of Kurope, to which our species
Fic. 84,—Lyda saw fly larva on Seems Closely allied, is sporadic in its attacks

Austrian pine, enlarged.--From

Packard. § on the pine and never proves very destructive.

The larva.—The body is cylindrical, a little flattened, and thickest in, the middle,
with small thoracic slender legs, which are not used much in walking, the larva
wriggling along when placed on a smooth surface. The head is pale reddish with a
black spot between the antenn ; the prothorax is black above and the body reddish
olive-green, with a rather broad purplish line along the middle of the back. There
are no abdominal lees, and the end of the body is somewhat flattened, with a black
round -spot on each side of the’anal piate; beneath is a broad transverse incision.

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PINE. 201

Below, and arising from each side, is a long, corneous, three-jointed, slender out-
stretched appendage of the size and form of the antenne. The under side of the
body is mottled with greenish and reddish as above, with a reddish medium line. On
the side of the thorax are two rows of dots, and two rows along the middle on the
ventral side of the three thoracic wings.

~

71. THE PINE THECLA.
Thecla niphon (Hiibner).
Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family PAPILIONID®,

Feeding upon the leaves in summer, a flattened oval worm, 0.75 long when full
grown, of the same deep green color as the leaves, with a light yellow stripe along
the middle of its back and a white one on each side, and a brown head; changing to
a short thick grayish pupa with two rows of small blackish spots, and outside of these
a row of more conspicuous rust-red ones, which is attached by its tail and by a thread
around its middle in form of a loop; giving out a smallish butterfly which comes
abroad in April and the fore part of May; 1.00 to1.15 in width across its wings, which
are of a dusty rust color and without spots above, paler grayish beneath, the fore
ones with a dislocated black band beyond the middle, edged on its hind side with
snow white, and beyond this a row of black crescents, each with a white spot in its
concavity, and the hind wings similarly but more complexly variegated. (Fitch.)

Boisduval says, “ This insect lives in Georgia and Florida, on several
species of pine, and is very rare and seldom seen in collections.” It,
however, is a common species in the State of New York, in all our for-
ests where pine trees abound, coming out with the first warm days of
spring, before collectors are much abroad in search of insects, and con-
tinuing but a short time. (Fitch.)

72. THE SOUTHERN PINE HAWK-MOTH.
Ellema coniferarum (Smith).
Order LEPIDOPTERA; fathily SPHINGID.

Feeding on the pine in the Gulf States, a caterpillar with a short caudal spine, the
body checkered with brown and white spots, with a dorsal whitish line; entering the
earth to transform into a small gray sphinx moth, closely resembling the two follow-
ing northern species. (Harris.)

73. HARRIS’ PINE HAWK-MOTH.
Ellema harrisii Clemens.

A grass-green caterpillar with no caudal horn, but a caudal plate granulated and
edged with white, with yellow subdorsal and lateral bands, and a white stripe bor-
dering the stigmata; becoming fully bred and leaving the white pine about the mid-
dle of September, the pupa subterranean, and the moth appearing about the middle
of June in New York. (Lintner.)

The different pine hawk-moths are of little economic importance, as
they are of great rarity both in the caterpillar and moth states; but
from a scientific point of view these moths possess much interest.

Larva.—2 inches long, .23 inch broad. Subcylindrical, tapering slightly ante-
riorly, and the last two segments quite tapering. Head, size of first segment, granu-

202 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

lated, flattened anteriorly, subtriangular, with an impressed medial line, and straight,
yellow lateral lines terminating at the apex in two black granulations, and bordered
interiorly above with black. Body grass-green. Subdorsal and lateral bands yellow.
Substigmatal stripe bordering the stigmata, white, enlarged on the central portions
of the segments. Between the subdorsal and substigmatal stripes, on the fourth and
fifth segments ventrally, and exteriorly to the legs and prolegs, dotted on the seg-
ments with paler green or yellow. On the vascular line a series of crimson spots on
the front of the segment, beginning usually on the fourth, the first small, sometimes
double, the anterior ones triangular or lozenge-shape, regularly increasing in size and
extending over more of the segment, the posterior ones quadrangular, and uniting on
the last two segments in a stripe. A ventral stripe of rose color, beginning at the
third pair of legs, widening as it proceeds, and embracing the prolegs. No caudal.
horn. Caudal shield granulated and edged with white. (Lintner, Proc. Ent. Soe.,-
Phil., iii, 669.)

Pupa.—Chestnut-brown, with a rough, not produced head-case. Tongue-case
buried, parting the leg-cases, but terminating just before reaching the tips of the
wing-cases. Incisures rounded. Posterior segments tapering. Stigmata black, ter-
minal spine black, contracted at base, minutely bifid. Length,.95-1.10 inch.- (Lint-
ner, )

74. THE CHECKERED PINE SPHINX CATERPILLAR.

Ellema pineum Lintner.

A eaterpillar like the foregoing, but with a dorsal row of squares, and transforming
to a moth which is readily distinguished from Hllema harrisii by the darker ground-
color of its wings, the absence of the gray shades, and its much less distinct markings.
(Lintner. )

Mr. Lintner, in his Entomological Contributions contained in the 25d

teport of the New York State Cabinet, describes the male and female
of this pine sphinx, and also describes the larva as follows:

Larva.—Length twoinches. Color grass green. Head subtriangular,
green, bordered with bright yellow, within which, at the apex, is a A
of black. Body subeylindrical, tapering at the extremities, and with-
out a caudal horn. Dorsally, a reddish-brown line interrupted on the
hinder portion of each segment by a square of green traversed by diag-
onal lines; a subdorsal yellow line borders the above; lateral stripe
yellow; substigmatal stripe white, interrupted at the sutures by light
green; ventral stripe and prolegs rose-red. Feeds on the white pine, and
matures about the middle of September, when it enters the ground and
forms a cell, where it becomes a chrysalis.

75. THE LARGE SPINEY CATERPILLAR.
Eacles imperialis (Drury).
Order LrpipoprEera; family BoMBYCID.®.

Among the leaves of the white pine in the Northern States, late in August and
through September, a large, thick, pale-green caterpillar between three and four inches
long, with the head and legs pale orange, with six thorny, yellow knobs behind the
head; pupating in the ground and changing late in June to alarge, handsome, yellow
moth, speckled with brown, and with a very light purple-brown band across the
outer margin of each wine.

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PINE. : 203

. The transformations of this moth were first described by Harris, but
the earlier stages have more recently been fully described by Mr. Lintner,
in his Entomological Contributions, No. I. Though usually feeding on
the white pine in the New England States, where we have seen it in the
breeding-cages of entomological friends, it also feeds on the oak, button-
wood, ete., and will eat the leaves of the chestnut. It is too rare to be
of any economical importance, but will always attract the attention of
lovers of fine, rare insects. The moth laysits eggs late in June, hateh-
ing in about a week or ten days; the larva, according to Lintner, molting
at least four, if not five times.

Larva.—Three or four inches long and more than half an inch in diameter, and for
the most part of a green color, slightly tinged with red on the back, but many of them
become more or less tanned or swarthy, and are sometimes found entirely brown. There
are a few very short hairs thinly scattered over the body; the head and the legs are
pale orange colored; the oval spiracles are large and white, encircled with green; on
each of.the rings, except the first, there are six thorny knobs or hard and pointed
warts of a yellow color, covered with short black prickles; the two uppermost of these
warts on the top of the second and of the third rings are a quarter of an inch or
more in length, curved backwards like horns, and are of a deeper yellow color than
the rest; the three triangular pieces on the posterior extremity of the body are brown,
with yellow margins, and are covered with raised orange-colored dots. (Harris. )

The pupa.—Subterranean, not contained in a cocoon, about two inches long, of a
dark chestnut-brown color, rough, with little elevated points, especially in front: the
end of the body with a long forked spine, and surrounded, on eachring, with a notched
ridge, the little teeth of which point towards the tail. Three of the grooves or incis-
ions between the rings are very deep, thus allowing a great extent of motion to the
joints, and these, with the notched ridges and the long spine at the end of the body,
enable the chrysalis to work its way upward in the earth, above the surface of which
it pushes the fore part of its body just before the moth makes its escape. (Harris. )

The moth is ocher-yellow, spotted with purple-brown, witha large patch at the base,
a small round spot near the middle, and a broad, wavy, light purple-brown band
toward the outer edge of each wing; in the males there is another purple-brown spot
covering nearly the whole of the outer hind margin of the fore wings, and united to
the band near that part; the boay is yellow, washed with purple-brown along the
back. It expands from four and a half to over five inches. (Harris. )

76. Citheronia sepulcralis Grote and Robinson.

Closely allied to C. regalis is the above named species, whose cater-
pillar feeds on the pine. It is closely allied to the larva of C. regalis, but
the horns on the three thoracic segments are paler, slenderer, and uni-
colorous, “the lower lateral pair on the third and fourth segments appa-
rently greatly reduced; the specimens not being quite perfect prevents
certain accuracy as to this latter statement.” (Grote.) It is possible
that this will be found to be a variety of C. regalis.

77. THE WHITE PINE TUFTED CATERPILLAR.
Platycerura furcilla Packard.

Found rarely iff September on the white pine, a dull-red caterpillar, banded with
brighter red; a white lateral line, with reddish hairsin clusters, and on the Lst, 3d, 4th,
and 11thsegments two long pencils of red hairs; spinning a cocoon among fallen leaves,
the gray moth appearing about the middle of June.

204 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES. ~

This is another interesting caterpillar, whose history has been traced
by Mr. Lintner. The worm, when in the attitude of feeding, with its
terminal pair of legs clasps the leaves at the sheath, and extends its
body along a leaf until it commences to bend, when, by detaching suc-
cessively the first and following pair of prolegs, it forces the leaf through
its legs until its tip is held between them. The caterpillars spin their
cocoons beneath leaves lying in the bottom of the breeding-cage, the
moth emerging June 12. It is interesting to see that this, like several
other caterpillars of the pine in this country and Europe, are colored
red like the pine shoots, and are thus perfectly protected from their
enemies.

The caterpillar is an inch and five-eighths long. Head round, of about the diameter
of the body, red, with conspicuous markings upon the front of lighter red, somewhat
in the form of a script z, and less distinct reticulations of the same. Body presenting
a peculiarly mottled appearance from its irregular and broken stripes; its general
color dull red; on each segment an irregular band of brighter red; a whitish vascular
line within a broken gray stripe; a better defined lateral stripe just above the stig-
mata, within which, on each segment from the third to the eighth inclusive, are four
black depressed spots arranged in a right angle, the upper three in line, the largest of
which rests on the crown of the segment, with two behind it and one before; the sub-
stigmatal fold is white on the anterior portion of each segment and red on the remain-
der ; rows of tubercles, from which clusters of red hairs of unequal length proceed,
which, on the anterior segments, incline to yellow; on the Ist, 2d, 4th, and 11th seg-
ments each, superiorly, are two pencils of red hairs, nearly + inch in length, darker
at the tips, and slightly feathered. These pencils made their appearance after the last
molting. Stigmata encircled with brown. Legs red. (Lintner.)

The moth has, compared with other Notodontians, rather broad triangular fore w ings,
rounded hind wings, the front of the head being rather broad and smooth, while the
antenne are rather long and pectinated. It is ash-white, peppered with dark scales;
the fore wings are crossed by a twice angulated basal black line, and near the inser-
tion of the wing is a black spot. A second straight line crosses the wing just before
its middle, and from it branches at nearly right angles a line which becomes straight
above the second median nervule and parallel to the inner line, thus inclosing a large
square area which is concolorous with the rest of the wing. There is a submarginal
obscure line shaded with white externally, which is irregularly zigzag, and runs
down more than usual in the second median interspace toward the margin of the Ww ing.
Length of body, .65 inch; expanse of wings, 1.50 inches.

78

. THE PINE PARORGYIA.
Parorgyia parallela Grote and Robinson.

Order LEPIDOPTERA; family BOMBYCIDZ.

~

Occasionally found feeding during June and also in October on the pine, a caterpillar
tufted like the vaporer moth (Orgyia leucostigma), but with mouse-colored feathered
hairs; the pencils black; cocooning July 5 and the moth appearing July 21. (Lintner. )

The following account of this not common insect is taken from Lint-
ner’s Entomological Contributions, iii. He has found it on the plum,
and on one occasion (September 24) on the pine. His description was
based on specimens reared in the breeding-cage from eggs laid July 25

in confinement. They developed fully by the first week in November,

nM AD mi)

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ACO Eas

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO: THE PINE. 205

when they assumed a fixed position on newly-spun thin webs a little
larger in extent than their bodies, on which they went into their winter
rest.

The caterpillar is as briefly described above. The moth, when at rest,
folds its wings like the roof of a house, with its front legs extended,
giving it an attitude like Hudryas grata.

The moth (female) is a large thick-bodied moth, with short, broad
wings and heavily pectinated antenne. It is named from the dark
parallel longitudinal stripes on the upper surface of the fore wings.
The fore wings are pale olive-ash, much clouded with brown and with
scattered dark scales. The basal half of the front edge of the wing is
olive-ash; the median vein is dark; below a broad black longitudinal
stripe runs from the base of the wing out towards the outer edge. The
inner median line is dentate, while the outer is distinct, black and
scalloped. Marginal line brown. It expands 2 inches. (Grote and
Rob.)

79. THE YELLOW BEAR.
Spilosoma virginica Fabricius.

This omnivorous caterpillar I have found feeding on the pitch-pine
the first of September in Maine.

80. THE PINE MEASURING WORM.

Paraphia subatomaria Guenée.

Order LEPIDOPTERA; family PHALHNID®.

Feeding on the pine, a brown measuring worm, the moth appearing June 24.
(Saunders. )

The caterpillar of this moth is not known farther than that its color is
brown.

The moth is a delicate species with deeply serrated and angulated
wings. The present species differs from the others of the genus by its
whitish color, being rarely somewhat ocherous, while the base and outer
edge of the fore wings are as pale as the middle portion; the under
side of the wings are rather pale. The wings expand 1.30-1.70 inches.

81. THE RED STRIPED PINE MEASURING WORM.
Cleora pulchraria Minot.

Occurring on the pine, a red striped measuring worm, changing to a delicate
whitish moth with full rounded wings. (Saunders. )

This caterpillar is probably another instance of protective mimicry,
being striped with red, and thus assimilated, probably in color, to the
red twigs of the pine among which it feeds. It, like the foregoing, has
been reared by Mr. Saunders, of London, Canada.

The pupa is rather thick, white, with a broad light-brown band along the back, be-
coming widest in the middle of the body. There is also a narrow brown band along

the side of the body, and on the under side of the abdomen are four longitudinal
stripes of the same color. The wings are slashed with light brown, and the antenne

206 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES —~

and fore legs are concolorous, while the middle and hind legs are white. Length,
0.44 inch.

The moth has unusually broad transparent wings, which are white or pale ash. —
Head deep yellow. Fore wings crosséd by two black lines, the inner with four
scallops, the outer line sinuous, scalloped, with a great curve outward between the
subcostal and the third median venule. Opposite the discal dots are three acute,
smaller scallops, all of equal size. Fringe whitish, distinctly checkered with black
on the ends of the venules. Hind wings with a scalloped onter line, often obsolete
toward the gostal edge, varying in its distance from the outer edge; beyond this line
the wing is darker than at the base. Expanse of wings,1.30 inches. Its range as far
as known is from Maine and Canada to the Middle States.

82. THE 10-LINED PINE SPAN-WORM.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family PHALENID.

Larva.—Body % inch in length, dull green, darker than the leaves; body very slender;
head large, considerably wider than the body, deeply divided by the median line; pale
greenish yellow. Body on the upper side with ten narrow linear wavy dull purplish livid
lines, which disappear before reaching the supra-anal plate, which is small, flattened,
not prominent; it issubtriangular iy form, the apex not sharp. Similar purplish lines
on the under side of the body. ‘Thoracic and first pair of proplegs purplish; the last
pair greenish. This though not a strictly mimetic form, is sufficiently so to escape
ordinary detection, not being much darker than the leaves. Observed, August 17, on
leaves of the pitch-pine at Brunswick, Me.

83. THE RED AND YELLOW STRIPED PINE SPAN WORM.

Feeding in September on the leaves of the pitch-pine, a stout reddish brown meas-
uring worm, striped with straw-yellow; the moth unknown.

This is another reddish caterpillar which is somewhat assimilated in
color to the pine twigs among which it feeds. Unfortunately the moth
is unknown. We have found it the first of September, at Brunswick,
Me., and also September 20, at Amherst, Mass.

The caterpillar is thick-bodied and rather short. Tlead large and smooth, not tuber-
culated above, but swollen somewhat on both sides. The sides of the body are
swollen, and there is a lateral tubercle on the side of each segment; the anal lateral
plates are large and spreading; the dorsal anal plate large, rounded at the end, and
semi-elliptical rather than rounded. It is reddish brown, with minute straw-yellow
lines; a pale straw-yellow median dorsal line dilating on each wing; a pair of dark
brown dots on the hind margin of each seement; on the sides an irregular deep yellow

line. Head reddish, dusted with vellow and dark brown speckles. Length not quite

.70 inch.
84. THE PINE-NEEDIE SPAN WORM.

Feeding on the leaves, a small measuring worm, closely mimicking the form of a
dead red-pine needle. ;

This is the most striking case of mimicry we have seen on the pine;
the caterpillar, as it stands out stiff, holding on to the twig with its hind
feet, after the manner of measuring or span worms, would easily be
mistaken for a dead, dry, red piteh-pine needle! We have found one
specimen on the pitch-pine at Brunswick, Me., September 1. On the
Sth it made a slight silken white cocoon and assumed the semi-pupa
condition,

The caterpillar is slender and unusually flattened, tapering more than is common
towards each end of the body. The head is small and narrow, but rather full. The

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PINE. 207
color and form of the body is surprisingly like a dead red needle of the tree; it
- could readily be mistaken for it, since the end of the body suddenly tapers like the

pine-needle itself. Color rust red, a darker dorsal line.

85. THE SNOUT MOTH CATERPILLAR.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family PYRALID®.

Larva.—Body with ten pairs of proplegs; body pale green, concolorous with the
leaves on which it feeds; head small, much narrower than the body, of a very pale
amber color; a faint dorsal and two subdorsal linear pale lines. Lateral ridge pale
yellow. Each segment above with four black minute papill arranged in a trapezoid,
and two on the side. All the legs concolorous with the body. Occurred August 17,
on pitch-pine at Brunswick, Me.

86. Another span worm, living on the moss on pine trees, and found
alive in Cambridge, Mass., in January, by Mr. Hill, is closely assimi-
lated in color to the moss itself. Also we have found a handsome noctuid
caterpillar (87) on the pitch-pine at Salem, Mass., which is red, marked
with yellow, and would be readily overlooked from its mimicry of the .
red twigs of the pine. It may be the larva of a species of Trachea, and
may represent the Trachea piniperda of Europe.

88. THE PINE TUBE-BUILDER.
Order LepipoPrEeRA; family TORTRICID A.

Cutting off the ends of white pine needles, and spinning together a tube of the
stumps, in September, and also to be met with probably early in summer, a pale-green
leaf-roller, pupating late in September.

About ten years ago I found, in September, on the young white pines
in the grounds of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, at Amherst,
Mass., numerous
pretty tubes such as
are figured in the ad-
joining engraving.

The larva; probably
in August and early \
in September, gath-
ers together about
fifteen needles of the
white pine, tying
them into a bundle
by silken threads ;
then, usually eating
off about one-third
of the ends, forms a
tube, within which Fre. 85.—Tubes of the pine tube-building leaf-roller; natural size.—
the worm lives. a ant agian ‘
Some full-grown larvee were found September 22 which had gathered
the leaves togéther without cutting them off, the tube extending the
whole length of the leaves. It is possible that the larve of the first
_brood early in sammer cut off the ends of the tube, while the approach

208 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES,

of cold late in September prevents those of the second brood from giving _
the finishing characteristic touches to their tubular domiciles.

The larva is .30 inch long, pale green, a little paler than the pine
leaves; darker over the region of the digestive canal. Body with
minute warts of the same color as the body, from which arise short,
slender, pale hairs. Head pale horn color, with a darker somewhat red-
dish patch on each side of the head; on the clypeus just behind the
labrum a triangular spot; labrum reddish horn color. It is very active,
climbing out of its tube and letting itself down by a thread when dis-
turbed. The worms found at the end of September were about fully
grown. There must be two broods of worms, as the dead chrysalids
were found in some of the tubes. When about to pupate the worm
spins a slight web within its tube. One larva pupated in confinement
September 21. Mr. Emerton informs us that he raised the moth, which
we failed to do, but the specimen was unfortunately lost.

We have found the young larve one-quarter grown on the white pine
at Brunswick, Me., in August. They had not cut off the ends, but had
merely drawn the leaves together with silken threads.

89. THE PINE LEAF MINER.
Gelechia pinifoliella Chambers.

Order LepmporTera ; family TINEID®.

Mining the leaves of different species of pine, a minute, brown, narrow, cylindrical
larva.

‘‘For several years the leaves of the common pitch-pine (Pinus rigida)
in the vicinity of Itha-
ca, N. Y., have been
seen to be extensively
/ mined by the larvee of
' a Tineid, the life his-
tory of which we have
first studied the pres-
ent season. The end
of the leaf, and in
many cases the entire
leaf above its base,
becomes dead and
brown, and when
opened it is found to
be entirely eaten out,
and to contain, in the
proper season, the lar-
va or pupa of the
Fic. 86.—The Pine-leaf miner, larva, pupa, adult, and work.—A fter above-mentioned in-

Comstock. sect.

‘* What are in all probability the eggs of this insect have been found

deposited singly near the base of the leaves. They are nearly round,

ike Pe are
Meet hert five i:
, Kate

=

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PINE. 209

flattened on the side of attachment, and slightly so on the opposite side.
Their average diameter is 1.4™™ (.05 inch), The general color is reddish
brown, differing in intensity with the stage of‘development. The sur-
face of each egg is marked with numerous delicate carinze, which meet
at the center, somewhat resembling those of the cotton and boll worms
figured in the article on cotton insects. We have not proof positive
that these are the eggs of this leaf miner, but their size, appearance,
and place of deposit seem to indicate that they are.

“The work of the growing larve is well shown in the plate, and also
the larva itself, highly magfified. From a study of the mines, the larva
appears to burrow towards the end of the leaf first. Should it arrive
at the end of the leaf (and it almost invariably does) before attaining
full growth, it reverses its position and.mines towards the base. The
hole of entrance and of future exit is apparently in all cases enlarged
and the excrement pushed through, as there is but little frass to be dis-
covered in the mine, while it can always be found in a greater or less
quantity at the opening or on the leaves below. No instance bas been
observed in which one larva has injured more than a single leaf of P.
rigida; but a specimen of this insect was found in. Virginia upon the
common scrub-pine (P. ‘nops), the leaves of which are shorter and more
‘slender than those of the pitch-pine, and, from observations made upon
it, it would seem that one leaf, if small, does not afford all of the food
needed by a larva.

‘¢ When found on the Ist of January this specimen was hibernating, the
mouth of its burrow being covered with a thin silken curtain. Six days
after, being transferred to a warm room, it was found that this curtain
had been broken and the insect had left its mine. It was soon found on
another leaf, and the same day formed a new burrow, where it contin-
ued to eat until January 23, at which time it had completely excavated
the leaf. After this date all operations appear to have been suspended,
and there were no signs of life in the burrow until March 3, when a
Proctotrupid parasite issued.

‘Leaves of P. rigida are frequently observed to be completely mined
out, and nearly full-grown larvee are occasionally found crawling about
over the leaves and twigs; so it seems probable that with this species
of pine also two leaves may sometimes be successively mined by the
same larva.

“The full-grown larva is nearly 5™" in length (.19 inch). Its color is
light brown, with the head and prothoracie shield and the anal plate
black. The body is clothed with a few delicate hairs. The form of the
larva is Shown in the figure. Upon reaching full growth the larva spins
a slight covering to the mouth of the mine and retreats a short distance
above it (from 10™™ to 15"™). There, after spinning a few supporting
lines of silk, it transforms to a long and slender chrysalis, light-brown
at first but afterwards nearly black. When removed from the mine the
pupa is very active, jerking the short end of the abdomen (which ex-

14 RIL

210 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

tends below the wing cases) from side to side with rapidity. The dura-
tion of the pupa. state is from ten to fourteen days. The moth makes
ifs exit from the pupa shell without disturbing the position of the latter,
leaving it attached by its threads some distance up the mine, and works
its own way to the entrance.

“There are certainly two broods of this insect each year, probably
three, and possibly more in exceptional seasons. Of the general hiber-
nating habits of the genus, Stainton says: ‘“‘ Of a few species the young
larve live through the winter, but I believe the greater number pass
the winter in the egg and pupa state.” With the present species the
nearly full-grown larve have been found during the winter, but not in
great numbers. What we consider to be the egg of this species has
also been found in apparently healthy condition in midwinter, and the
insect, without much doubt, hibernates in both of these forms, and pos-
sibly in either of the others. The moths of the first brood issue during
the entire month of June, the difference between the earlier and later
ones probably depending upon the form in which they hibernate.

“As we have stated before, larve almost identical in appearance with
those found on Pinus rigida in New York have been discovered on the
serub-pines (P. inops) around Washington. These larve were bred to
the perfect state and proved to be the same species.

“A leaf-miner of precisely the same habits and of almost the same
appearance was found the past winter in the leaves of the southern
pine (P. australis) at Macon, Ga., a point where, owing to a sudden fall
of some 400 feet in altitude, the northern and southern floras meet in a
remarkable manner. Progressing southward, a careful search was made
for additional specimens of this leaf-miner, but none were found except
in this one locality. Assuming the identity of the two forms (they have
since been bred and proved identical), it puzzled us for some time to dis-
cover how the species could have reached P. australis, since the south-
ernmost limit of P. inops is South Carolina, and P. rigida is essentially
‘northern. It was not until we discovered the same miner in leaves of
the yellow pine (P. mitis) that we were able to solve the problem. The
yellow pine is not only found north, but also extends south until at
Macon, Ga., we can see it mingling with the northernmost specimens of
P. australis.

‘* The moth.—Palpi simple; hind wings excised beneath the tips. Head
white, flecked with scales of the general hue of the insect, which may
be called a brownish-yellow. Palpi white; the second joint longer than
the third, brownish-yellow flecked with fuscous scales on the outer side ;
third joint white, with a brownish-yellow annulus about its middle, and
another near the tip; antenn white, each joint crossed by a brownish
band. Thorax and fore wings of the general hue above mentioned,
flecked with fuscous scales. On the fore wings are three white fasciz,
placed respectively at about the basal, middle, and apical fourths of the
wing length; the apex is densely dusted with fuscous on a white ground,

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PINE. 2EF

and the dorsal margin is sparsely flecked with brown. The fascie also
are more or less margined with brown scales, and the third one is some-
times interrupted in the middle; and the fuscous scales which margin
the first and second fasci (especially along the second, near the fold)
form minute tufts of raised scales. Cilia grayish, with interspersed
black scales, which are tipped with white. Under side of the fore wings
brownish. Hind wings pale grayish with white cilia; abdomen brown
above, whitish toward the apex beneath. Expanse of wings 3 inch.
(Chambers, in Comstock’s Report.)

“‘ Hgg.—Seen from above, appears globular, with a diameter of 14™™;
seen from the side, appears so compressed that its long diameter is
n®arly twice the length of the short. Color reddish brown. Surface
marked with delicate, close, meridional carine, meeting at the center
above and below. (Comstock).

“ Larva.—Length when full-grown, 4.2%"; average width, .58™™. Sub-
cylindrical; ali segments except head and anal segment nearly equal
in diameter, the exceptions smaller. Color yellowish brown; head,
prothoracie and anal plates dark brown; mouth-parts yellowish; pro-
thoracic shield strong, completely divided longitudinally in the middle
by a moderately wide suture. (Comstock.)

“¢ Pupa.—Length, 4.4™™; average width, .71™™. Head obtusely rounded;
wing-sheaths extending to sixth abdominal segment; antennal sheaths
reaching nearly to end of wing-sheaths, all compactly soldered. General
form very nearly cylindrical; sixth and seventh abdominal segments
spreading at posterior borders; dorsal side of anal segment furnisued
with acluster of from 10 to 15 delicate tentacular or hook-formed filaments.
Color: when first transformed, light yellow brown, soon changing to very
dark brown, almost black, on head, thorax, wings, and crural sheaths;
abdomen of a lighter brown, growing still lighter towards the anus.

‘s Parasites.—A minute chalcid parasite was bred from the specimens
found in P. rigida. From 8 to 12 of the larve of this parasite are
usually found within the body of one of the leaf-mining larve. They
are pale milk-white in color, and the alimentary canal blackish; they
are long and slender inform. A very small Tachina fly was also bred,
both from the northern and southern specimens.” (Comstock in Agri-
cultural Report for 1879.)

We have found at Brunswick, Me., young pitch-pine trees the leaves
of which had been attacked by this larva; the injury was quite local,
not general.

83. THE PITCH-INHABITING MIDGE.
Diplosis resinicola Osten-Sacken.
Order DiprERA ; family CECIDOMYIAD.

Feeding early in May, and again towards the middle of June, in companies of thirty
or forty, in the pitch exuding from wounds in the bark of the pitch-pine, small slen-
der, footless, orange lary, changing to two-winged midges or gall-flies late in May
and the middle of June. (Comstock. )

212 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES,

The following account of this interesting fly is taken from Professor
Comstock’s Report for 1879 :

In 1868, Mr. Sanborn exhibited before the Boston Society of Natural
History specimens of a “ Cecidomyious larva,” which he had found feed-
ing in companies of thirty or forty in the pitch exuding from wounds
in the bark of Pinus rigida. ‘‘ Whether they were the prime cause of
the injury to the tree was not plainly apparent.” (See Proceedings Bost.
Soe. Nat. Hist., xii, 93.) In the Proceedings of the Entomological So-
ciety of Philadelphia, 1871, p. 345, Osten-Sacken records the discovery
of similar larve in the exuding resin of Pinus inops at Tarrytown, N. Y.
These he reared to the perfect state, and gave the species the name of
Diplosis resinicola. ager 4

Early in May the two or three year old branches of Pinus inops in the
vicinity of Washington were observed to be quite extensively infested
by these insects, which were then in the larva state and actively feed-
ing. They shortly turned to pup, and the first midge emerged May
26. On June 11 larvee of the same species were found upon the twigs
of Pinus rigida at Ithaca, N. Y. Pupze were also found in the same
twigs, and June 13 the first midge issued. In February, 1880, I col-
lected specimens of similar larvie at Orange Lake, Florida, on twigs of
Pinus teda, which, upon the appearance of the adults on March 1, were
found to be of the same species.

Fig. 87 (from Comstock) shows well the work of this insect. The
lumps of exuding resin may contain from two to thirty of the larve,

which, when full-grown, meas-
ure on an average 6™™ (about
one-quarter of an inch) in
length. While still feeding they
are pale-orange in color, but
after ceasing they become of a
bright orange. The spiracles of
the anal segment are at the sum-
mit of two protruding tubercles,
and around each isa small whorl
of four fleshy papille. The
other spiracles are small and
black. The larve are much
elongated, and are widest at the
6th segment; the under sides of segments 1 to 7 are furnished each
with two transverse rows of short black or brown spines, probably for
Jocomotive purposes. While burrowing in the bark and resin the anal
tubercles are always at the surface. When, however, the larva con-
tracts to pupate, the end of the body is drawn in, but an open channel
is left so that the air has free access. When about to give out the adult,
the pupa works its way to the surface of the resin and protrudes half
its body, so that there is no danger of the midge becoming fastened in

Fig. 87.—The pitch-inhabiting midge.—A fter Comstock.

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Liane Pes ihre
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Ch. at Yaw ‘ aq

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°
4

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PINE. ile

q the sticky gum. Dried lumps of resin, fairly bristling with protruding

pupa-skins, are a common sight on trees affected by these insects. The
adult insect is large, measuring 9™™ (.354 inch) in wing-expanse. The
head is blackish, the thorax gray, and the abdomen dark red. The male
antenne are 26-jointed, with alternate single and double joints, all pedi-
celled; the female, 14-jointed. The main peculiarity of the adult form
is in the remarkable gibbosity of the head, the eyes joining together at
the summit and covering nearly the whole head. The wing-venation
and other points are shown in the plate. The resin exuding from
the wounds in P. inops is perfectly clear, and permits one to count the
number of the larve and to watch their every motion.

Upon the loblolly pine (P. teda), however, it is milky, and the pres-
ence of the insect cannot be ascertained without opening the mass.

We have as yet no data upon which to state definitely whether the
eggs of the midge are laid upon the uninjured bark, and it is the work
of the larve in the bark which causes the resin to exude, or whether it
is only in resinous exudations, caused by a bruise or by the work of
some other insect that the eggs are laid. In the clear lumps on Pinus
¢nops the larvie are always observed with their heads applied to the
abraded bark.

Somewhat similar, though evidently distinct, larvee were found feed-
ing in the resin exuding from the wounds made by the larva of Retinia
comstockiana in the twigs of Pinus rigida. Itis probable that they may be
Osten-Sacken’s Cecidomyia pinis-inopis, but it is difficult to say positively
as his description of this species is so very indefinite. (Comstock.)

We have noticed the work of this gall-fly at Providence, the cast
pupa skins being found protruding from the masses of pitch June 28.
We have also observed it for many years past at Brunswick, Me.

84. THE PITCH-PINE NEEDLE GALI FLY.
Diplosis pini-rigide Packard.

Shortening and deforming the needles of the pitch pine, in Maine, early in May,
orange-colored larve, which spin a cocoon towards the end of May; the fly appearing
probably in June, as the second brood of larvze occur late in September.

* In the year 1862 or 63 I observed in an isolated young pitch pine (Pi-
nus rigida) at Brunswick, Me., that many of the leaves or '
needles were less than half as long as usual, and much
swollen at their base, as seen in the adjoining cut. These
deformed needles were quite numerous on the tree, and, so
far as I am aware, have not been previously noticed. Ri

The larva is situated at the base between the inner two Fic. 88. — Pitch-
of the three needles, which grow from one-third to one- Shortened rae
half of their normal length, and by the irritation set up fe eannaee

; seilld gelltuy-—
by the worm the united base of the leaves swells into a Prom Packard.

*The following account and figure are taken from Hayden's Tenth Annual Report of the U.S. Geo-
graphical and Geological Survey of the Territories for 1876. Washington, 1878, p. 527.

214 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO.FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

bulbous expansion about the size of a pea, or four times the original
thickness of the needle, while the third or outer needle is sometimes
not altered in size, but simply shortened and aborted. The bud-seales
of the primary leaves are burst and hang down in shreds about the
bulbous swelling of the secondary leaves or needles. The larva, which
was found in the autumn of the same year (September 22), does not ap-
parently bore into leaves, as it has no means of making its exit unless
it works its way out of its prison through an oval hole between two of
the leaves. It has to do so in some way, however, for when fully fed
it makes its exit, ascends to the terminal buds, and pupates on one of
them, exposed to the air. Sometimes there are two larvie, one on each
side of a leaf.

The cocoons are pale, oval, and covered with the pitch which exudes
from the buds of the tree, and were found May 20. When the fly issues
from the cocoon it creeps half way out of its cocoon, leaving its pupa-
skin partially remaining, with the old pupal integument of the antenne,
wings, and legs eae!

On the 10th of June I opened the cocoon and found the pupe of a
chalcid fly, and afterwards found specimens of the adult, which, on
making their exit, bore small holes through the sides of the cocoon.

The history of the species is apparently somewhat as follows: The
eggs are probably laid at the base of the needles early in May, or pos-
sibly in the preceding autumn, or possibly the larva winters in the gall,
though this is not probable. At any rate the worms pupate within
spun silken cocoons about the middle or the third week in May, and the
fly probably appears in the early part or about the middle of June, when
the eggs are laid for the second brood of worms, which we have found
September 22. <A large percentage are destroyed by the chalcid fly.

Larva.—Deep orange in color, with the ‘‘breast-bone” retractile. The lateral swollen
region of the body is well marked, convex, and the segments are short, quite convex.

Female described from life-—Antenne 14-jointed, about half as long as the body,
brown, with sparse, irregular verticils of gray hairs, the ten terminal joints twice as
long as broad, and pedicellate. Clypeus and epicranium testaceous brown, the cly-
peus (hypostoma) having a few long gray hairs curving over and downwards. Palpi
concolorous with the ends of the antenne.

Thorax shining black, with four lines of white hairs, as in C. pini DeGeer; the sides
including the prothorax, reddish ; scutellum reddish-brown, while the trochanters are
much darker, the first pair being nearly black, the two posterior pairs reddish-brown.
Legs brown, paler beneath, with gray hairs, the tarsal joints darker at the articula-
tions, covered with fine silvery hairs.

Wings rather short and broad, with scarcely any pubescence ; fringe long, veins dark
brown; the subcostal (first longitudinal) vein terminates at the middle of the wing
(in C. salicis it terminates much beyond this point); the median vein terminates at
or perhaps a little below the apex; it curves around rapidly, following the curve of
the margin; cross-vein very minute, very oblique, almost obsolete, situated a little
before the middle of the first longitudinal vein; third longitudinal vein straight, but
turning down to the inner margin at nearly a right angle. The venule which, in con-
tinuation of the main vein, is bent upwards at its origin, thence goes straight to the
outer edge, inclosing a triangular space. The halteres are pale flesh-colored.

A
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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PINE. 255

Abdomen blood-red, with slight sparse hairs. The segments on the terminal half
of the abdomen are edged with black, and the tip of the abdomen is blackish, while
the genital armature is flesh-colored. Length, .10 inch.

This species differs decidedly from Diplosis pini Loew, 9, in that the
basal joints of the antenne are not yellow, but pale brown. The cly-
peus (hypostoma) is reddish-brown, not reddish-yellow. The abdomen
is blood-red, and the hairs are too few to give a silvery reflection ; the
legs do not seem whiter beneath than above; the wings are not densely
pubescent as in Loew’s descriptionof D. pini, but are sparingly so. The
cross-vein is difficult to find, and then is only seen in certain positions.
It is smaller, being only a tenth of an inch long. .

In its habits it seems to differ from Osten-Sacken’s Diplosis pini-inopis
in that the apparently similar pale, oval, resinous, pitchy cocoons are
placed on the buds of the pine-needles, which were somewhat deformed,
and could thus be easily distinguished from others not affected; as well
as by the resinous pitchy exudation covering them. (This was observed
May 20.) The food-plant is also different, Diplosis pini-inopis living on
the Jersey or scrub pine (Pinus inops), which does not extend so far
north as New England, particularly Maine.

86. THE PINE SAWFLY (Lophyrus sp.).
Order HYMENOPTERA; family TENTHREDINIDA.
Body pale yellowish-green, segments with numerous fine transverse wrinkles; head
black ; thoracic legs black. Observed August 17 on pitch pine at Brunswick, Me.
87. THE PHILADELPHIA CHRYSOMELA.

Chrysomela philadelphica Linnzeus.
Order COLEOPTERA; family CHRYSOMELID#®.

Feeding upon the leaves from May till September, a very convex broad-oval beetle
about 0.30 long, of a dark bottle-green color with white wing-covers sometimes tinged
with yellow and having on them numerous spots and dots of dark green with a black
line on the suture widened anteriorly and a second line parallel with this on each side,
the antenne and legsrusty red. This is also common upon willows, with other species
closely similar to it. (Fitch.)

88. THE PINE CHRYSOMELA.
Glyptoscelis hirtus Olivier.
Order COLEOPTERA; family CHRYSOMELID.E.

Feeding on the leaves in May and June, a thick cylindrical beetle resembling the
Cloaked Chrysomela, No. 27, but with the pubescence much thinner than in that and
the other American species of this genus. Its color is brassy, more brilliant on the
under side and tinged with coppery. The male is usually 0.28 and the female 0.35

long. (Fitch.)
89. THE SARATOGA LEAF-HOPPER.

Aphrophora saratogensis Fh. var.
. Order HEMIPTERA; family CERCOPID®.

The larve form masses of froth on the leaves of the white pine in June, acjuiring
wings the last of July and in August in Maine. Common, (Named by Mr. Uhler.)

216 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

90, THE WHITE-NECKED PINE-BEETLE.

Dichelonycha albicollis Burmeister.
Order COLEOPTERA; family MELOLONTHID®.

A small beetle half an inch long or somewhat less and resembling the Rose bug, No.
50, in its shape but with wing-covers of a shining brilliant green, becomes quite com-
mon upon pines about the middle of May, eating the leaves, and continues about a
month. It may be distinguished from the several other species of the genus to which
it belongs by its thorax having a more distinct but a very shallow groove along its
middle. (Fitch.)

The beetle.—This species has a black head with its fore part dull pale yellow. Its
thorax is black and is covered with incumbent ash gray or yellowish hairs, but not
so close as to hide the ground beneath, whilst the scutel is densely coated with white
hairs. The bright green wing-covers are dull pale yellow along their outer margin and
also on their inner edge. They are rough from confluent punctures and show three
smooth raised lines on each, running lengthwise. The legs are pale yellow with the
hind feet and inner side of the hind shanks black or blackish, and the fore shanks
have at their outer tips two projecting teeth with a small tubercle indicating the place
of a third tooth, Its length varies from 0.40 to 0.50. (Fitch.)

91. THE PINE ANOMALA. '
Anomala pinicola Melsheimer.
Order COLEOPTERA; family MELOLONTHID &.

Feeding on the leaves in June and July, beetles resembling the common May beetle,
No. 76, but of a much smaller size, being only 0.35 long, black, shining, their wing-
covers slightly tinged with chestnut with the suture and outer margin broadly black,
their antenne pale dull yellowish, and their feet pitchy black. I only know this
species from specimens from the South, but as it occurs in Pennsylvania it will proba-
bly be found also in our own State. (Fitch.)

92. THE PINE CLASTOPTERA.
Clastoptera pint Fitch.
Order HEMIPTERA; family CERCOPID®.

Puncturing the leaves and sucking their juices, in July, a small shining broad oval
tree-hopper 0.14 long, of a black color, its head pale yellow with a black band on its
anterior margin, its thorax prettily sculptured with fine transverse lines and with a
pale yellow band anteriorly, its wing-covers with a broad hyaline white margin on
the outer side, interrupted with black back of the middle and having a shining black
dot near the tip, its under side and legs pale yellow. (Fitch.)

93. THE TESTACEOUS CLASTOPTERA.
Clastoptera testacea Fitch.

A similar insect to the preceding, but of a pale yellow color, 0.20 long, its scutel
darker tawny red or yellow, its wing-covers with a shining black dot near the tip, and
often with a black dot upon each side of the breast. Appearing upon pines and also
on oaks the latter part of July and in August. (Fitch.)

94, THE WHITE-PINE LEAF-HOPPER.
Bythoscopus strobi Fitch.
Order HEMIPTERA; family CERCOPID®.

Puncturing the leaves and sucking their juices in May, an oblong tawny yellow or
yellowish brown leaf-hopper, 0.20 long, its wing-covers inscribed with numerous black-

aici z 4 ee
6

gear sie the } siftin

¥ ty i tits m

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PINE. 21T

ish lines and dots, with a few small spots mostly on the outer margin, and crossed by
three broad bluish-white bands, its legs pale yellowish with numerous black dots from
which arise small spines. Fitch.)

95. THE PINE LOUSE MIMIC.

Camaranotus confuses Hirschl. var. occidentalis ?

This bug closely resembles the pine Tachnus, or a dark ant, and is common running
about the terminal twigs of the pine. (Named by Mr. Uhler.)

96. THE GREEN PINE TETTIGONIA.
Order HEMIPTERA; family CERCOPID®.

Occurring in August in Maine on the pitch pine, a pretty, delicate green Tettigo-
nia-like form, exactly of the color of the pine leaves. Pupa with some faint yellow
markings.

97. THE PINE CIXIUS.
Cixius pint Fitch.
Order HemIpTeraA; family FULGORID®.

Puncturing the leaves and sucking their juices in May and June, a brownish black
four-winged tly, 0.23 long, its thorax diamond-shaped, with three elevated longitudi-
nal lines, its fore wings transparent but not clear and glassy, stained with smoky yel-
low forming a few transverse spots, their veins white alternated with numerous black
dots, its legs pale with the thighs brown. (Fitch.)

98. THE VERNAL DIRAPHIA.
Diraphia vernalis Fitch.
Order HEMIPTERA; family PSYLLID®.

Upon the leaves, puncturing them and sucking their juices, a small orange yellow
four-winged fly, 0.15 long, with a square flattened head concave on its upper side and
with a slight impressed line along the middle of its whole length and a small notch in
the middle of the anterior edge; the antennee projecting forward from the anterior
corners of the head, short and thread-like, of the same length with the head, their
basal joint largest and forming one-fourth part of their total length, their tips black
and ending in two short fine bristles of unequal length; the fore wings thick and
leathery, feebly transparent, dull pale brownish yellow; the breast and hind breast
coal black, and the legs dull whitish. (Fitch.)

99. THE WHITE PINE SCHIZONEURA.
Schizoneura pinicola Thomas. ;
Order HEMIPTERA; family APHID.

Feeding on the tender shoots of the young white pines in Illinois, their presence
indicated by slender snow-white silky webs, and usually covered with a clear white,
cottony secretion which appears to shoot out from the body in little ribbon-like flakes;
the insects pale green. (Thomas.)

218 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

100. PINE-LEAF CHERMES.
Chermes pinifolia, new species.
Order HEMIPTERA; family APHID.

Stationary upon the leaves, usually towards their ends, puncturing them and suek-~
ing their juices, a very small black fly 0.08 long to the tip of its abdomem and 0.12
to the end of its wings, which are dusky gray, its abdomen dusky red and slightly
covered with fine cottony down. (Fitch.)

The females of these insects do not extrude their eggs. Clinging closely
to the leaf with their heads towards its base, they die, their distended
abdomens appearing like a little bag filled with eggs. The outer skin
of the abdomen soon perishes and disappears, leaving the mass of eggs
adhering to the side of the leaf, but completely covered over and pro-
tected by the closed wings of the dead fly. I have met with the dead
females thus adhering to the leaves the-first of July, and have noticed
the same insects on the leaves in full life and vigor the middle of May.

The rib vein of the fore wings runs straight to the outer margin forward of the tip,
and gives off from its middle on the outer side a very oblique branch which runs to
the outer margin, its tip producing a slight angular projection of the edge of the
wing, and the whole space on the outer side of the rib vein beyond this branch is
more opake than the rest of the wing and of a smoky yellowish color, From its inner
side the rib vein sends off three simple oblique veins, the last one of which ends in
the extreme tip of the wing. The hind wings have an angular point on their outer
side beyond the middle, and a longitudinal rib vein, which, forward of its middle
sends off a branch almost transversely inward, its tip curved backward. ‘The antennie

\ poe t , are short, thread-like, and composed
¢ of four or five small joints. It will

. hence be seen that this insect is a true
Chermes—the first species of this genus
that has been discovered in this coun-
try. (Fitch.)

101. THE PINE-LEAF SCALE-INSECT.
Mytilaspis pinifolie (Fitch).
Order HemirTERA; family Coccip 2».

Fixed upon the sides of the leaves of
young trees, exhausting them of their
juices and causing them to turn yel-
low; small oblong flattish white scales,
with a pale yellow spot upon their
pointed end. (Fitch.)

This insect is injurious in the

. a {3 ~ 7 1 >

Fic. 89.—Pine-leaf scale-insect; a, natural size in pine Western States, according to

leaf; b, male; ce, d, female scale. Riley, who deseribes and figures
it in his Fifth Report. The disease to which it gives rise is sometimes
called the “ white malady.” Riley states that it produces two broods a
year in Missouri, 7. e., one in July and again in October. It occurs on
the white pine, red pine, Bhotan pine, yellow pine, and cembra pine,
and sparsely on different species of imported pines. I have also noticed
it at Brunswick, Maine.

a

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE SPRUCE. 219

‘

102. THE CLUB-HORNED CAPSUS.
Capsus clavatus Linnzeus.
Order HEMIPTERA; family CAPSID.

In July and August, common on the leaves of this and other trees, puncturing then
and subsisting on their juices, a small oblong black bug, 0.20 long, with three silvery
white transverse lines on its wing-covers, the middle one longest, the middle joint of
its antenne long and towards its tip thickened and black, the last joint slender and
white with its tip black, and the hanches of its legs also white. This bug is equally
common here asin Europe. Its marks are so peculiar as to remove all doubts of its
being one and the same species which inhabits both sides of the Atlantic.

Several other species of bugs occur upon the pine, but as they are
found in greater numbers upon other kinds of vegetation, it is scarcely

necessary to notice them under this head.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE SPRUCE (Abies nigra and alba).

The destruction of spruce and firs in Northern New England in 18738—81.—
The forests of spruce and fir in Maine, Northern New Hampshire, and
New York were, about the year 1879, destroyed by the wholesale, the coast
of Maine from Portland to Eastport and Calais, on the Saint Croix river,
having especially suffered. In the summer of 1880, during a hasty visit
to Brunswick, Me., and the shores of Casco Bay, I noticed the great de-
struction that had been effected in the spruce growths on Mere point and
on some of the adjacent islands of Casco Bay; but failed to detect the
cause of the disease, supposing that it was too extensive to be attributed
to the attacks of insects, and that some meteorological cause, such as
severe winters or the attacks of some fungus, would better account for
a destruction so widespread and apparently sudden.

During the last half of the summer of 1881, spent in Maine, I was
enabled to make a more careful examination into the causes of the dis-
ease, and think that without much doubt it was wholly due to the attacks
of various beetles, and, perhaps, in some cases, of caterpillars.

About the middle of July Ll went from Brunswick, Me., to the White
Mountains, and observed a good many dead spruces and firs in the woods
_on either side of the road from Gorham, N. H., to the Halfway House
upon Mount Washington. The dead spruces and firs were in nearly all
cases, especially those which had evidently been cut down during the
preceding winter (1880-81), riddled by the mines or burrows of the
spruce bark-borer (Xyloterus bivittatus).

The spruces were also infested by the common pine longicorn borer,
Monohammus confusor, the larvie being found to have bored the tree
in all directions.

Living hemlock trees, 15 to 20 inches in diameter, were infested by
large unknown longicorn borers under the bark, while the bark itself
was mined in all directions by Hadrobregmus, whose burrows were very
abundant in logs cut down during the past winter near the Glen House,

220 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

and in bark stripped from the logs; and the mines also occurred in the
bark of living trees.

About the Ist of August, during a visit to Peak’s Island, in Portland
Harbor, large numbers, sometimes entire clumps or groups, of dead
spruces were found to have been perforated by small bark-borers, not only
the trunks but the larger and smaller branches, the beetles being still
at work. Some of the spruces were partly killed, the upper branches
retaining their leaves.

At Brunswick, Me., the dead spruce trees were found to beinfested with
myriads of three common borers (Xyloterus bivittatus, Xyleborus celatus,
and Pityophthorus puberulus), the bark being mined in every direction,
the beetles occurring in the larva and pupa, as well as adult or beetle
condition. Some of the trees, only partly dead, had the bark of the
trunk and branches filled, so to speak, with these mischievous borers,
and the results of their united labors were equivalent to barking or
girdling the tree not only in one spot, but the entire tree; the deadly
nature of the attacks of such a host of bark-borers mining and feeding
upon the inner bark and sap-wood, the most vital part of the tree, was
sufficiently obvious. The stumps of firs and spruces, as well as of white
pines, which had been cut down the previous November, were swarm-
ing with these small Tomiciin all stages of development, their numbers
being astounding. In two hours I took 1,000 specimens of Xyleborus
celatus from one pine stump.

But if there had been any doubt as to the nature of the disease which
carried off the spruces at Brunswick, in the woods southeast of the col-
lege grounds, in the course apparently of asingle year; my visit to Mere-
point demonstrated satisfactorily to my own mind that large, healthy
firs, a foot in diameter, may be killed by the attacks of longicorn borers
(Monohammus confusor), assisted by the smaller and far more numerous
bark-borers, aided, perhaps, by caterpillars, with the final assistance of
the common longicorn, Rhagium lineatum. Several living firs with only
the lower branches dead were observed with the bark perforated with
the holes made by the common longicorn pine-borer (see p. 152) and a
Buprestid borer, while the boughs were tenanted by bark beetles and
their young. Firtrees along the road to Harpswell from Brunswick were
also observed to be perforated in the same manner; and if a dozen
longicorn borers can not only injure but kill outright large, healthy
sugar maples, as has been observed in Brunswick, Me. (see p. 103),
there is no reason why firs from six inches to one foot in diameter should
not perish from a similar cause; or if multitudes of small timber beetles
or bark-borers girdle the tree from top to bottom with their mines, we
do not see why this is not an efficient cause of rapid decay and death.

We next visited Harpswell Neck, and found from our own observa-
tion and by inquiry from others that a large proportion of the spruces
and firs for a distanee of about ten miles have died within about four
years. The pleasure of driving over this picturesque road, with its

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striking northern harsh, wild scenery and frequent glimpses of Casco
Bay, in former years greatly enhanced by riding through bits of deep
dark spruce forests, has been not a little marred by the acres and even
square milse of dead spruces which border the road, stripped of their
dark sea-green foliage, reduced to skeletons, and presenting a ghastly,
saddening, and depressing sight. And, indeed, judging from accounts,
one may travel through the spruce forests of the coast from Portland to
Rockland, and farther east to New Brunswick, and meet with similar
sights.

We visited late in August, in company with A. G. Tenney, esq., the
farm of Mr. William Alexander, passing, before reaching the road lead-
ing to his house, an area of several acres from which the spruce growth
had been cut off in consequence of their widespread destruction by in-
sects. Mr. Alexander informed us that the spruce trees were, in Lis
opinion, killed by small caterpillars which have been at work for five
years, but which were most destructive in 1879. These caterpillars he
described as being the young of a small brown moth which laid its eggs
in autumn; the eaterpillars hatching from them were not inch-worms,
but when fully grown the body tapered towards both ends, and were
about three-quarters of aninchlong. They were most destructive June
20, when they are seen among the buds at the ends of the branches,
where they drew the leaves together, eating the buds and not the leaves.
He had also seen borers in the trees, but he thought the death of the
tree should be attributed to the bud-worms, rather than to the borers.
As will be seen further on, a number of caterpillars were found by us
late this summer feeding upon the leaves of the spruce and fir, but the
worm observed by Mr. Alexander was probably one of the leaf-rolling
caterpillars, a species of the family Tortricide. A number of spruces
and firs, with their leaves still on, but of a bright red, were observed
seattered along the roadside; but no signs of leaf-worms or borers were
observed in such trees, although the dead, leafless trees were infested
with bark-borers.

That the operations of borers and bark-beetles may be aided by cater-
pillars in the buds as well as on the leaves seems also corroborated by
observations in other localities. I was informed by C. J. Noyes, esq., of
Brunswick, who is a summer resident at Mere point, that in June and
the first week in July, 1878, the spruces and firs were attacked by great
numbers of “little measuring worms, like the currant worm in shape,”
which eat the buds at the ends of the branches; since 1878 they had
mostly disappeared, and this summer (18381) he had noticed only four or
five. i

From Harpswell Neck we traced dead spruces and firs around to West
Bath, where extensive forests had been destroyed and numbers of dead
hemlocks were observed, while the wood was attacked and the bark
undermined and perforated by Buprestid borers, bark-borers, and the
pine-weevil (Pissodes strobi). We have nowhere seen hemlock trees,

222 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

which are more exempt than any other coniferous trees from the at-
tacks of insects, so much infested.

Yhe death and destruction of spruce forests were reported to us at
Rockland, Me., and at Calais, Me., the destruction having been observed
by Mr. Sewail at the latter town in 1879. From these facts there is
good reason to suppose that perhaps a third of the spruce and fir for-
ests from near Portland to Calais have been destroyed by insects, most
of the work of destruction having been accomplished four or five years
ago, during 1878-’79.

Similar damage has been done at points ten or twelve miles from the
sea and in the interior of the State. The injury was especially noticed
in North Topsham, near the Bowdoinham line. According to the state-
ments of Mr. Willis, the agent of the Feldspar works in North Tops-
ham, forwarded by Dr. C. A. Packard, of Bath, Me., the spruces were
in 1879 attacked by borers and also by small caterpillars, ‘not measur-
ing-worms” (probably like those observed by Mr. Alexander at Harps-
well). The trees thus defoliated leaved out, becoming green again; and
in 1880 and 1881 the evil seemed to be diminishing, as has been noticed
at other places.

We were also informed by A. G. Tenney, esq., who in August visited
the Rangeley Lakes, that he observed many dead spruces about the
shores of the lakes, and from him we learned that the evil had attracted
the attention of the local press in Aroostook County in Northern Maine.

Mr. Tenney also kindly handed us the following extract from the
Home Farm, for July 14, 1881, published at Augusta, Me.:

Some time ago two or three articles appeared in our journal concerning the injury
to the spruce timber in the northern portions of our State, caused by a minute little
insect about whose history little seems to be known. Since then we have received
inuch information concerning them from a most intelligent gentleman resident in
Northern Somerset, who lias been extensively engaged in lumbering for many years,
and who has visited the spruce forests summer and winter, and observed the working
of this very destructive insect.

The gentleman informs us that the first appearance of the insect was in 1874, and
he has reason to believe it is now much on the increase, as he thinks on some town-
ships there are now thirty dead trees from this cause, where two years ago, on adjoin-
ing townships, there was but one. The insect appears about the 1st of June, andon
landings and jambs of spruce; the air is full of them. They are about as large as a
black fly, and are of a brownish, or dark snuff-color, the head half the size or length
of the body. They are very tenacious of life, being hard and horny, and it is almost
impossible to crush one between the thumb and finger. They are seen for about two
or three weeks, during which time the logs and standing trees in the wood are bored
full of holes about the size of a timothy straw, in which the eggs are laid, the larve
of which appear the next summer. In felling trees in winter, thousands of these
grubs drop out, from one-sixth to one-eighth of an inch long. The chickadees are
very fond of them and may constantly be seen following the lumbermen and picking
up their food. If the spruce are cut the first year they are attacked, they make very
good lumber, but the second year, or after the sap-wood has turned black, they are
quite worthless, unless the tree is two and one-half feet through, in which case the
heart-wood is worth something for lumber, after the sap-wood is dead. The rapidity
with which the wood of standing trees that have been punctured by these insects

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decays is noticeable from the statement that in autumn, when parties are exploring,
the blazing of an apparently sound tree with the axe reveals the fact that the sap-
wood is thoroughly gone. ;

We have previously stated that Dr. Franklin B. Hough, the United States Commis-
sioner of Forestry, visited this State last autumn and made an exploration of our
northern forests, for the purpose of gathering information as to the extent of the
ravages of this insect. In a letter to us, under date of May 6, 1881, he writes:

“Tam well informed as to the extent of damages being done to the spruce timber in
Maine and some places, and have been collecting information by circulars, correspond-
ence, and personal inquiry for two or three years. The same mortality has been going
on in the ‘North Woods’ of New York for five or six years, and kas been made aspecial
study under State authority. In 1868 there was published a report by the French
Government upon the injuries done to spruce forests in that country, the principal
part of which I have translated for use in my next report. I amundertheimpression
that so far as the ravages of the insect are concerned, the worst is over—at least such
is the opinion of lumbermen with whom I have corresponded—although the reality is
sad enough. It has not been relatively greater in your State than in New York, but
the losses reach to a fearfully great amount in your State on account of the vreat
abundance of spruce in your forests. As for the remediesemployed in Europe to check
the ravages of insects in the spruce, they are altogether too expensive for us. We
can only save what is dead, and the lumbermen are doing this as fast as possible; but
notwithstanding this, a great deal will be lost. I have facts showing that like mor-
tality has occurred long ago in other sections of the country, lasting a few years and
then disappearing—as this will—perhaps being succeeded by a different growth of
timber, as is observed in New York. The replies to circulars sent out last fall, indi-
cate that the local extent of its duration will not last so long as apprehended.”

Portions of the Adirondack region were, in 1876, visited by Mr. C. H.
Peck, State botanist of New York, who thus reports on the evil in the
Thirtieth Annual Report of the New York State Museum of Natural
History for 1877 (Albany, 1879, pp. 23, 26) :

While on a collecting trip in the Adirondack region, in July and August, my atten-
tion was repeatedly arrested by the extensive ravages of the spruce-destroying beetle,
Hylurgus rufipennis Kirby, of which a partial account was given in the twenty-eighth
report. The green slopes of Mount Emmons, commonly called Blue Mountain, and of
several mountains to the north of it, had their beauty, and their value too, greatly
impaired by the abundant intermixture of the brown tops of dead spruces. The
destruction was also visible along the road between Newcomb and Long Lake, and on
the mountain slopes far to the north of this road. Again, on the trail from Adiron-
dack to Calamity Pond, there was sad evidence that the little destroyer had invaded
also the forests of Essex County. From what I have seen at Lake Pleasant, in the
southern part, and from information concerning the Cedar River region, in the cen-
tral part of Hamilton County, there is reason to believe that much of the spruce tim-
ber of this county has already been invaded by the beetle. How much farther this
destructive work has extended or will extend, it is impossible to say; but one thing
is certain—it is still in progress. For the purpose of gaining more knowledge of the
insect, I cut down, at South Pond, a tree that had recently heen attacked by it. It
was about 20 inches in diameter at the base; the foliage was still fresh and green, and
‘there was nothing, except the perforations in the bark, to indicate that it was at all
atfected. The bark peeled from the trunk without much difficulty, the sap-wood was
perfectly sound, and the heart-wood also, except a small portion in which there was
a slight appearance of incipient decay. Longitudinal furrows, varying from 1 to 6
inches in length, were found under the bark, and each furrow was occupied by one or
two beetles. The furrows are excavated from below upwards. In the short ones but
one beetle was found, and but one perforation communicating with the external air.

224 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

In the longer ones two beetles (probably the two sexes) were usually found, and fron
two to four perforations attorded means of ingress and egress. The lowest perforation,
which is the one by which the beetle first enters and commences its furrow, is often
found closed or ‘‘ blocked up” by the dust and débris thrown down by the excavator
in the progress of the work. The second perforation is generally 1 or 2 inches above
the first. I failed to discover whether it is made by the second beetle for the purpose
of ingress or by the first beetle. The third and fourth perforations are in a nearly
direct line above the other two, and are probably made from within outwardly, but
for what purpose is uncertain. In one instance the two beetles were found at work
making these perforations, boring through from the inner surface of the bark. In one
instance the third was less than half an inch above the second, so that there would
seem to be no particular necessity for it.

The eggs of the insect are deposited along both sides of the upper part of the fur-
row. They lie close together, almost or quite in contact with each other. When the
larvee emerge from the eggs they begin to feed upon the soft cambium and to work
their way under the bark at right angles to the main furrow. They are at first so
minute and work so close together that they make no distinct furrows, but seem rather
to devour entirely a very thin layer of the cambium; but as they increase in size they
begin gradually to form distinct furrows and to take directions more divergent from
each other, and from their original course. In this way colonies from contiguous fur-
rows at length run together, and in time the whole is surrounded by their ‘multi-
tudinous pathways, and the death of the tree is accomplished. Great care is taken
by the parent beetles to keep their furrows separate. No instance was observed in
which they ran together. In one instance the course of a furrow was changed to
avoid running into the lateral furrows of a colony of larvie just above. No furrows
were found in the tree more than 10 or 12 feet from its base, thus indicating that the
attacks are made upon the lower part of the trunk. The attacks are not made simul-
taneously. Some of the furrows in this tree were scarcely more than an inch long, and
evidently had been just commenced. Others were fully excavated and contained eggs,
and in others still the larvie had hatched and commenced their work, but in none were
they fully grown. In another tree, a few rods distant from the first, the attack had
evidently been made earlier in the season, for the larvee were further advanced in size
and the bark on one side of the tree was well loosened, though, strange to say, the
other side of the trunk was comparatively unharmed. Iwas ynable to discover why,
in this instance, the attack was limited to one side of the trunk. It is pretty evident,
therefore, that the trees are attacked all along during the months of June and July,
and possibly as late as August. I suspect, also, that the parent beetle, after having
established a colony in one place, may emerge from her furrow to repeat the opera-
tion in another place, either in the same trunk or in a different one, but this I was
not able to ascertain definitely.

A whitish fungus, Polyporus volvatus Pk., scarcely larger than a hickory nut, occurs.
in considerable abundance on the trunks of spruces killed by this beetle. The myce-
lium of the fungus grows beneath the bark, and the external plant is connected with
it through the perforations made by the insect. Hence this fungus becomes a con-
spicuous indicator of the track of the beetle and tells the tale of its destructive power.

In a subsequent report, the thirty-first, Mr. Peck thus refers to the
injuries by bark borers of the balsam fir:

The wood of the balsam is of little value for lumber, owing to the small size of the
tree. It contains resin and burns freely, but with a crackling noise. The smoke is.
yery penetrating and iritating to the eyes. Nearthe summits of the mountains, how-
ever, it is almost the only available wood for camps and camp-fires. The bark of this.
tree furnishes the well-known ‘‘Canada balsam,” a clear viscid resin of considerable
repute in medicine and much used in mounting objects for the microscope. The resin
is obtained from small vesicles or ‘‘ blisters” in the bark.

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE SPRUCE. 225

It is generally more abundant in the thrifty, smooth-barked trees of low damp
lands, than in the stunted growths of the mountains. Because of the value of this
tree as a producer of balsam, and because of its beauty and fitness to adorn parks and
pleasure grounds, it ought to be cherished and preserved. But like its companion,
the spruce, it has its insect and fungoid foes. While at Summit in Schoharie County,
in September, I noticed in a small grove of balsams that a dozen or more of the trees
had recently been killed or were then dying. The leaves had nearly all changed their
color, but for the most part yet remained on the trees.

“An investigation showed pretty conclusively that an insect was the cause of the
death of the trees. A minute bark-mining beetle, both in its mature and in its larval
state, was found between the bark and the wood. The beetle perforates the bark,
excavates its furrow along the inner surface in a horizontal direction, and deposits its
eggs along the sides of the furrow, which is less than one-sixteenth of an inch in diame-
ter. As soon as the eggs are hatched, the larve begin to mine furrows of their own
at right angles to the original gallery, one part eating their way upward and another
downward between the bark and the wood. These larval galleries are nearly parallel
to each other, and are at their beginning so minute that they are scarcely visible to the
naked eye; but as the larva advances in its course it increases in size and the diame-
ter of its furrow increases in like manner. The larve were found (in some instances
transformed to the mature beetle) each in the larger end of its own furrow. It will be
observed from the direction of the original furrow, how powerful an agent for mischief
this minute beetle is. Its work is carried on in the most vital part of the tree. Three
or four beetles attacking the trunk at or about the same height and on different sides
of the tree, would completely and effectually girdle it and destroy its life. Even a
single beetle, by extending its furrow entirely around the trunk, would accomplish
the same result, but no furrows were found thus extended. The length of the origi-
nal furrows appeared to be less than 4 inches. The beetle itself is scarcely more than
one line long, and belongs to the genus Tomicus. The species is probably undescribed.
In the case of the spruce-destroying beetle more workers are necessary to kill the tree
because the main furrows are excavated longitudinally or parallel to the axis of the
trunk, while in the case of the baisam-destroying beetle the original furrow is exca-
vated at right angles to this axis, and therefore cuts off or destroys the vital action
over a much broader space.

“The destruction of the balsams was not limited to the single grove in which it was
first observed. In several places along the road between Summit and Jefferson dead
and dying balsams were noticed; but the affected trees were not very numerous, and
it would not be a difficult matter, with prompt and united action, to arrest the prog-
ress of the mischief. If each man, on whose land the balsams grow, would, as soon
as signs of the presence of the trouble are manifest, cut the affected trees, strip off the
bark and burn it, he would, by so doing, destroy the colonies of larvie and prevent
the further spread of the mischief. It is not at all probable that trees once attacked
and showing signs of death can be saved, and it would be far better to cut them im-
mediately than to allow them to remain as nurseries for these tiny marauders.”

The spruce and firs in the Adirondacks, however, seem in general less affected than
in Maine. Mr. John H. Sears, an observing botanist of Salem, Mass., who made a
trip there late in the summer of 1881, writes me that ‘‘the spruce and other coniferous
trees are remarkably healthy, noticeably so from Ticonderoga, Essex County, through
Clinton County to Rouse’s Point; and in Canada northward to Montreal from Lyon
Mountain to Chateaugay there are large and handsome specimens over 3 feet in diam-
eter.

Similar destruction of spruces in Maine in 1818.—From Mr. William
Alexander, of Harpswell, we learned that ‘about eighty years ago” there
was a Similar destruction of the spruce growth upon the same farm (his
father’s) as we visited, and it was his impression that his father ac-

15 RIL

226 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

counted for it by the ravages of insects. The following letter from
Hon. R. H. Gardiner, of Oakwoods, near Gardiner, Me., written to Mr.
A. G. Tenney. editor of the Brunswick Telegraph, will corroborate the
idea that the visitations of bark-beetles are in a degree periodical:
OakWOODS, August 27, 1881.

DEAR Str: You requested in the last number of the Telegraph information about
dying spruces, for the purpose of aiding Professor Packard in his investigation of the
enemies of the spruce. I can render no aid in the matter, but would remind you of a
fact that may be forgotten, that in the year 1818 every spruce tree west of the Penob-
scot was killed by an insect. I cannot remember this, but have often heard my father
speak of it. From 1833 to 1836 I was interested in the lumber business on the Kenne-
bec and no spruce were ever seen among the rafts of logs, though spruce from the
Penobscot was sold in Boston. Now, little else than spruce is cut on the upper waters
of the Kennebec, but every spruce tree has grown since 1818.

I would have written direct to Professor Packard, but thought it probable the fact
I speak of was known to him and I only mention it now to you in case it may have
been forgotten.

Yours, very truly,
Rk. H. GARDINER.

Similar destruction of forests in Germany and in Scandinavia.—W ide-
spread devastations in spruce forests have occurred at intervals within
the past century in Europe, and this has been generally attributed by
entomologists and foresters to the operations of these timber beetles or
more properly bark-borers. As bearing on this point we quote from an
article which appeared in Nature, for October 14, 1880:

In an article in Danish, entitled ‘‘Om Grantérken og Barkbillen,” by J. B. Barth,
the author, who is one of the first authorities in Norway on questions of forestry and
arboriculture generally, explains his reasons for differing from the opinion commonly
received, that the desiccation and ultimate death of the Norwegian spruce (Abies
excelsa) are due to the attacks of Tomicus typographus (Bostrychus typographus), which
is usually regarded as the most pernicious of ail the insect enemies of the Conifer.
Herr Barth does not dispute the fact that this beetle is to be found often in large
numbers on trees affected by abnormal drying up, whether still standing or cut down;
but, in his opinion, although disease in the tree may be the cause, it is not the result
of the presence of the Tomicus, which he believes to have absolutely no effect on the
condition of the bark. According to this view the numerous agents employed in
Germany and elsewhere to eradicate this beetle have no result but waste of labor
and money, the only remedy against the drying up of the bark being a more scien-
tific mode of clearing forests, in which the trees often perish either, through over-
crowding, or, more frequently, through reckless felling by which cold blasts are
allowed to fall directly on the interior. Herr Barth’s views are in opposition to those
of the majority of the working foresters of Germany and Scandinavia, but his exten-
sive acquaintance with home and foreign forests, his great practical experience, and
his reputation as a naturalist, entitle them to all possible respect, although it is not
to be supposed that his plea for the innocuousness of the Bostrychus typographus will
be admitted without much sifting of the evidence, seeing that this insect is generally
believed by German 'foresters to have been the cause of the destruction of the forests
of the Harz Mountains, when between 1780 and 1790 two million trees died of desicca-
ition.

The disease due to bark and timber beetles—From the foregoing state-
ments the reader will justly infer that the great destruction of spruce
and forest trees throughout Northern New England in 1879, and four or
five years following, was due to the attacks of beetles, chiefly the small

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cylindrical bark-borers, belonging to the coleopterous family Scolytide ;
three species, Pityophthorus puberulus, Xyloterus bivittatus, and Xyleborus
celatus, being the principal aggressors.

That the disease was not due to fungi has been shown by a thor-
oughly competent botanist, Prof. Charles H. Peck, of Albany, N. Y.
That it was not due to extremely cold weather in winter is probably cer-
tain from the fact generally observed by us that spruce and fir forests,
over any given area, are not universally killed, as among groves of dead
spruces and firs many living perfectly healthy trees exist, while the pines
and hemlocks have been unharmed. By cutting down portions of for-
ests and thus letting in cold severe winter blasts, general and wide-
spread destruction of entire forests may ensue, as has been shown to
have been the case in France. Why pine trees should have, in general,
escaped the ravages of these beetles, all of which we have found in
greater or less abundance under the bark of dead pines, and especially
in dead stumps, we cannot explain, except from the well-known fact that
most vegetable-eating insects prefer one species of tree and retain that
preference for successive gelerations.

Remedies.—W hen a growth of these trees is invaded by insects boring
in or under the bark, the loosened bark should at once be stripped off
and burnt. If the tree is dead it should be cut down and the bark
stripped off and at once used: for firewood, even if the wood is kept for
future use as fuel. Trees infested by caterpillars may leave out again
and gradually assume nearly their original health and vigor. But the
best remedies are those of a preventive nature. In the present case,
though the evil is apparently diminishing in Maine, our observations
taught us that the dead firs and spruces wherever examined are teeming
with thousands and even millions of small bark beetles in all stages of
growth. It would therefore be wise to prevent any further spread of the
evil by cutting down dead spruce and fir timber and selling it off this
winter for fuel. Forests should be thoroughly cleared, and even pine
stumps should be barked and the bark burned, for, as already stated
(p. 175), we have taken thousands of these spruce beetles from under
the bark of white-pine stumps. In fact, stumps, in the summer succeed-
ing the falling of the tree, are a general resort for all sorts of destructive
boring insects; and should it be too expensive a matter to pull up such
stumps, if the bark is torn off, the naked stump will be much less fre-
quented by noxious insects.

We will now proceed to an enumeration of the insects known to be
more or less destructive to spruce and fir trees.

AFFECTING THE TRUNK.

1. THE PINE LONGICORN BORER.
Monohammus confusor Kirby.
Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCID&.
This common and pernicious borer has been described and figured on
pages 152-156. It occurred under the bark of dead spruces at Bruns-

228 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

wick, August 3 and 27. At the latter date three sets of the larve
occurred—one measuring about 6™™, another 9™, and a third from 16™™
to 20™" in length. There were no fully-grown worms. It is possible
that the eggs from which these came were laid in the early summer; but
it is more likely that they were deposited by the female during the pre-
vious summer, as the beetle is not to be seen except from June to early
September.
2. UNKNOWN BUPRESTID LARVA.
A species of Dicerca or Melanophila. (?)

Rather long and slender larvie, with the segment next behind the head
much narrower than in Chrysobothris, occurred in abundance under the
bark of a dead spruce at Brunswick, August 27. They were nearly
fully grown. The larve of either this or an allied species also occurred
under the bark of a spruce near the Glen House, near Gorham, N. H.,
July 22.

3. THE LONG-LEGGED MELANOPHILA.

Melanophila longipes.

Order COLEOPTERA; family BUPRESTID&.

Probably boring into the trunks, a flat-headed borer, changing to a small Buprestid
beetle.

This beetle is thought by Mr. George Hunt to bore into the wood of
the spruce, as he has found it on charred spruce timber under such cir
cumstances as to lead him to believe that it depredates on this tree.
Nothing is known of the habits of the larva.

The beetle.— Body deep black, immaculate; thorax with an obsolete indented line ;
secutel small, subangulated; elytra finely granulated; an obtuse, obsolete, elevated
line from the shoulder to the tip; tip abruptly terminated by a small spine in the
center; beneath polished, slightly tinged with violaceous. Tarsi of the intermediate
and posterior feet elongated, as long or longer than the tibia; first joint equal to the
three following ones conjointly ; fourth joint bilobate, very short. Found in Penn_
sylvania and the Western States. (Say.)

Leconte states that it inhabits Pennsylvania, Kansas, and the Lake
Superior region; that it is very closely related to the European J. ap-
pendiculata, but on comparison the thorax is less rounded on the sides,
which are less sinuate posteriorly. As in that species, the sculpture is
very indistinct at the middle and the small carina at the basal angles
nearly parallel with the margin. The elytra are more gradually nar-
rowed behind, and the apex is rectilinearly attenuated from the suture,
while in M. appendiculata the inner outline of the tip is concave, though
not so much so as in JV. atropurpurea. The tip of the abdomen, as in
the others of this group, is slightly emarginate, with the angles acute.

4. THE WHITE-PINE WEEVIL.
Pissodes strobi Peck.

This common weevil, which is described and figured on p. 185, we have
found the past season from the 10th to the 15th August, at Brunswick,

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE SPRUCE. 229

under the bark of the spruce. The cells, like those found in the pine
branches, were situated under the bark of the trunk of spruces 6-12
inches in diameter, and contained the pupa or more commonly the imago.
The beetles were found flying about also at this date.

5. THE RIBBED RHAGIUM.

Rhagium lineatum Olivier.

Already described on p. 162, this insect occurred in the larva state in
abundance under the bark of spruce stumps and standing trees, loosen-
ing the bark, but never doing any mischief as far as we are aware to
the living tree. Small larvee, only 4 or 5™™ in length, occurred in spruce
stumps August 25, while others were 14™™ long. Fully grown ones
occurred in neighboring pine stumps, and one after having been kept in
confinement until the last of September went into the pupa state. The
eggs from which the smaller ones hatched were probably laid in the early
summer; the trees containing these grubs were cut down in November,
1880, so that it is not probable that the larva lives more than one year.

6. THE UNARMED SPRUCE BARK-BORER.
Xylolerus bivittatus Kirby.
Order COLEOPTERA; family SCOLYTID.

This is the most destructive pest of the spruce, the beetle most con-
cerned in the ravages of spruce forests in northern New England from
1878 to 1881. We first observed it July 22, 1881, in spruce stumps near
the Glen House, in the White Mountains, N. H., the tree having evi-
dently been cut down within a few months; the beetles were very
abundant, and though there were no perforations in the bark, there
were small holes between the bark and the wood on the top of the
stump, the beetles having availed themselves of the shrinkage of the
bark due to drying of the wood, to effect an entrance between it and the
wood itself; here they were congregated in abundance and were appa-
rently engaged in making the primary galleries of their mines and lay-
Ing their eggs. It was also found under the bark of dead standing or
fallen spruces. Afterwards (July 27) this bark-borer was found in
abundance, many larvee, a few pupe, and beetles in great numbers,
under the bark of partly living and dead spruces at Brunswick. The
burrows made were small and irregular, slightly larger than the size of
the beetle, and were much like those made by Xyleborus celatus, with
which it was commonly associated. It was also found at Merepoint-
The trees at Brunswick teemed with them, and many fewer beetles than
those observed would suffice to completely girdle and kill the tree.

This beetle has its insect enemy; we observed a green chaleid fly un-
der the bark, July 27, and a month later, August 25, chalcid larve
nearly fully grown were found under the bark so near the larve of this

230 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

beetle, that we feel justified in supposing that it must have been feeding
on them.

In the genus Xyloterus, according to Leconte (Rhyncophora, p. 357),
the club of the antenn is oval, compressed, and solid, without articu-
lations; the shining corneous part extends forwards in a narrow band as
far as the middle, except in X. politus, where it is entirely basal, and
the club is indistinctly divided by one round suture; the rest of the sur-
face is opaque, finely pubescent, and sensitive. The funicle is composed
of two parts, as in the two preceding genera; the first joint is large, and
stout as usual, the remaining part is about equal in length, forming a
pedicel to the club, and is divided by two not well marked transverse
sutures, thus causing the funicle to be 4-jointed. The eyes are moder-
ately finely granulated and completely divided. The head is large, ex-
serted, and in the #7 is deeply concave. The prothorax is broader than
long, and strongly asperate in front in the 2, lessin the é. The tibize
are dilated, finely serrate on the outer edge, rounded at tip, and very
feebly mucronate at the inner angle; the tarsi have the joints 1-3 rather
stout, nearly equal in length; fourth very small, fifth slender, as long
as the second and third united, with simple divergent claws. The
hairs are not serrate or yerticillate, as in Pityopthorus, but slender and
smooth.

The four species in our fauna are easily recognized :

Elytra with well defined striz of punctures, interspaces nearly smooth.-...:....-- 2
Elytra with ill-defined distant rows of punctures, interspaces equally strongly punc-

TURed spubescence erect, abundante.- 42 sceeete sss ee oe ee eee 4, politus.
Prothorax finely and sparsely punctured at the sides towards the base..... 1, retusus.
Prothorax finely but less sparsely punctured at the sides towards the base. 2, bivittatus.
Prothorax scabrous and granulate behind the middle. ..---.-.-..-.--- 3, scabricollis.

X. bivittatus Manuh., Bull. Mose. 1858, 236; Apate biv., Kirby, Faun-Bor. Am. IV, 192, pl.
8, fig.5; Bostrichus cavifrons Mannh., Bull. Mose. 1843, 297 (¢); ibid, 1852, 359;
Xyloterus cav., Manuh., ibid, 1852, 385.

Maine, Canada, Alaska, Vancouver’s Island; length 3-3.3"™; .12-13
inch. Varies greatlyin color. Usually the front part of the prothorax, the
suture and the margin of the elytra are black; sometimes only a short,
pale stripe is seen on each elytron. (Identified by Dr. Horn.)

7. THE SPINED SPRUCE BARK-BORER.
Xyleborus celatus Zimmerman.
Order COLEOPTERA; family SCOLYTID2.

As the foregoing species has smoothed unarmed elytra, we have named
it the “unarmed spruce bark-vorer,” while the present species, which is
also destructive to spruce, though abundant in pine trees (p. 175), being
gouge-shaped at the end of the body with two prominent teeth on each side
attheend, we would name “the spined spruce bark-borer.” Its habitsand
mines are apparently like those of the foregoing species, but the mines
are a little larger, as is the beetle itself. We noticed the beetles in great

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE SPRUCE. . Zot

numbers with several pup under the bark of the spruce at Brunswick,
August 22, and under another tree, observed August 27, there were many
pup, and numerous pale beetles en had only a deat cast off their
pupal skins. There wereall stages between very pale beetles and the dark,
black-brown fully mature beetles; some with a short, broad dark stripe
oneach wing-cover; this might be thoughtat first sightadifferent species,
and indeed it is probable that from variations in age and size, too many
species of these bark-borers have been described.

Leconte states that the genus Xyleborus has “the body stout, cylindri-
cal; declivity of elytra oblique, scarcely flattened; funicle of antennee
with four distinct joints; tibize finely serrate on fie distal half of their
length and rounded at tip.” X. celatus ranges from Canada to Texas
and California. In this species “the declivities of the elytra at the end
of the body are with two prominent tubercles, and some smaller margi-
nal ones; elytra strongly punctured in rows; interspaces with rows of
distant punctures.” (Identified by Dr. Horn.)

8. THE LEAST SPRUCE BARK-BORER.

Crypturgus atomus Leconte.
Order COLEOPTERA; family SCOLYTID.

This minute bark-borer, though often occurring in white pine bark,
must not be confounded with Pityophthorus puberulus of the white pine
‘ (p. 172), as its burrow is very different. The present species is 1.3™™
long, and 2™™ in diameter. The mine consists of a short sinuous pri-
mary gallery about $ inch long, which gives off at intervals about ten
short secondary galleries from ack side, but they are not made in the
same plane, next to the sap-wood as in P. puberulus, but penetrate only
the bark itself in all directions, so that no regular pattern is formed.
The beetle is extremely numerous, a great many dense mines being
situated within a square inch of surface. They were observed in great
profusion in the larva, pupa, and beetle states at Brunswick, Me., dur-
ing August; in standing dead trees as well as spruce stumps; also in
white pine stumps. Many of our observations on this and the foregoing
species, as well as the Rhagium, were made by the side of Maquoit
street, Brunswick, on land from which timber was felled, as we were
informed, in.November, 1880, so that the period during which the in-
sects had been at work was known quite exactly.

This species has been kindly identified for us by Dr. John L. Leconte,
of Philadelphia, who has also prepared the following description, which
is much more complete than the original description in the Transactions
of the American Entomological Society.

The beetle.—Slender, dark piceous, shining, prothorax distinctly longer than wide,
sparsely and coatsely punctured ; elytra very finely not densely pubescent, striae com-
posed of shallow punctures, interspaces as well as the strie without distinct punctu-

lation. Length 1™™-+. Head with a broad short beak, slightly convex, finely not
densely punctulate. Prothorax distinctly longer than wide, slightly rounded on the

232 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

sides, gradually narrowed from the middle to the tip; disc transversely convex, not
polished, but very imperceptibly granulate, sparsely and strongly punctured. Elytra
cylindrical, not wider than the prothorax, convexly declivous behind; sparsely
clothed with very short and fine yellowish pubescence; strive composed of rather
large shallow punctures, interspaces not narrower than the strive, almost impercepti-
bly punctulate. Beneath nearly smooth, sides of metasternum with a row of punc-
tures, sides of ventral segments feebly punctured. Legs piceous, front tibize with 5
distinct acute teeth on the outer edge, which is also sparsely fringed with long yel-
lowish hairs, with a fine apical spine at innerangle; tarsi yellow, narrow, third joint
not dilated. Antenne with the scape long, the first joint of the funicle large, rounded,
second indistinct, closely connected with the club, which is large, oval, not pointed,
solid, polished, and corneous except along the apical margin, where there is a spongy
sensitive band.
9. THE PINE TIMBER BEETLE.

Pityophthorus materarius (Fitch).

This bark-borer has been noticed on p. 173. We found numbers of
them at Brunswick in August, 1881, which were identified as such by
Dr. Horn, under the bark of a spruce, which had been cut down the
preceding November; a few larve occurred with these.

10. Hylurgops pinifex Fitch.

This species, noticed on p. 177 as occurring in pine stumps, was also
found mining under the bark of spruce stumps of trees felled in Novem-
ber, 1880. The track was made at the beginning of the roots, and is
slightly sinuous, two or three inches long; 3™™ wide, while the diameter
of the hole for the exit of the beetle is 24-3™™ in diameter.

11. Cupes concolor Westwood.
Order COLEOPTERA; family CUPESID&.

This beetle has been found by Mr. G. Hunt upon or among spruce
boards in a tannery in Northern New York; hence he thinks it may be
J ;
a spruce insect.

12. THE PINE NEPHOPTERYX.
Pinipestis Zimmermanni Grote.
This is said by Mr. Zimmermann to be destructive to young spruces
in New York. (Can. Ent., xii, 59. See p. 182.)
AFFECTING THE LEAVES.
13. THE CHECKERED PINE MEASURING WORM.

Feeding on the leaves in August and early September in Maine, a geometrid cater-
pillar with the body very slender, gradually increasing in width towards the anal
proplegs.

Head very small, much narrower than the body, deeply indented on
the vertex, each side angular above. General color that of the bark of
the spruce twigs, checkered with black and gray, with a lateral black

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’ INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE SPRUCE. 233

flattened and broad tubercle on each segment. This is a very pretty
wood-colored caterpillar, congeneric with No. 9 on the fir. They vary
in intensity of color, some being much darker than others; the small
ones paler. Length, 12™™.

14. THE LIVID GREEN SPRUCE MEASURING-WORM.

Feeding on the leaves late in August in Maine, a peculiar very smooth slender
larva; the head smooth, as wide as the body; the latter of uniform width. Above livid
greenish, with a faint purplish tint. Lateral ridge pale green; body beneath pale
greenish. Length 12™™.

15. THE RED AND YELLOW-STRIPED SPRUCE MEASURING-WORM.

Order LEPIDOPTERA ; family PHALA NIDA.

Feeding on the leaves late in August, a small geometrid caterpillar, with the body
flattened, reddish above, with a linear, very narrow delicate red dorsal line; lateral
ridge straw-yellow. Anal plate short and broad, with two conical spines projecting
behind it. Body beneath whitish yellow.

16. THE SPRUCE TWIG-MIMICKER.

Order LEPIDOPTERA; family PHALZNID.

This interesting geometrid caterpillar is over an inch (30™™) long, and
closely mimics the dry twigs of the spruce and fir. The head is slightly
*wider than the body; rounded, the vertex on each side rather full. The
body with four smal], high, rounded dark tubercles on each segment ;
and low down on the side of each segment is a group of four irregular
dark tubercles. Just behind the prothoraciec stigmata is a dorsal, high,
prominent transverse rough ridge. Supra-anal plate rounded at the
apex, with four setiferous, slender, rounded tubercles, arranged nearly
in a square, and projecting backward from the apex; while below the
two anal tubercles are large, full, and rounded at the end. General
color ijilac-ash; head variously striped and mottled, and the body irreg-
ularly mottled and spotted with ash and black. Segments transversely
wrinkled; the lateral ridge moderately prominent. In the young, two-
thirds grown, the body is darker, and there is a row of irregular con-
spicuous white spots on the side of the body. It is distinguished from
No. 9 on the fir by the rounded, less angular head, and by having four
instead of two tubercles, but belongs to the same genus. It is also
different from No. 9 on the fir in not having a lateral yellow line.

17. THE CONE-HEADED SPRUCE CATERPILLAR.

A noctuid or sphinx? larva, feeding late in August in Maine on the spruce, with
ten abdominal feet. Head very large, vertex high, ending in a large cone. Supra-
anal plate large, long, triangular, ending in two blunt conical tubercles. Head pale
green, tipped with red on the point of the vertex, from which two faint white bands
pass down by theeyes. Clypeus and labrum honey-yellow, black on the sides. Two
dorsal and two lateral continuous linear white lines. A broken substigmatal broad
snow-white line. Thoracic feet pale green; abdominal feet tipped with red. Moulted
August 30. Length 207,

234 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

18. THE FIR HARLEQUIN CATERPILLAR.
This caterpillar, more commonly found on the fir, is described on p. 239.
19. Eacles imperialis Hiibner.

This caterpillar is reported by Mr. Hulst to feed on the spruce. (Bul-

letin Brooklyn Ent. Soe., ii, 77.)
20. 'THE SPRUCE SAW-FLY.
Lophyrus abietis Harris?
Order HYMENOPTERA; family TENTHREDINID&.

Occurring infrequently and not gregariously in Maine late in August on the spruce,
a false-caterpillar; the body long, broader than the head; pale pea-green, the color
of the leaves. Head smooth, concolorous with the body, with a dark patch extending
upward behind each eye. Body with a dorsal dark green stripe, bordered on each
side with whitish glaucous green. Along the body a lateral conspicuous broad white
stripe, the stripe much scalloped below. Body beneath and proplegs uniformly green.
Thoracic legs pale honey yellow, except at base. Length 17™™,

No black spots on the body; though Harris says the larva of Lophyrus abietis is like
that of Abbot’s white pine saw-fly. (See p. 197.)

21. THE SPRUCE BUD-LOUSE.

Adelges abieticolens Thomas.
Order HEMIPTERA; family APHID.

Deforming the terminal shoots of the spruce, producing large swellings which
would be readily mistaken for the cones of the same tree.

We take the following account and illustration from our Guide to
the Study of Insects: ‘The genus Adelges was proposed by Vallot for
certain broad, flattened plant-lice which attack coniferous trees, often
raising swellings on twigs like pine and spruce cones. The antennz

are short, 5-jointed and slender ;

there are three straight veinlets
, arising from the main subcostal
~ vein and directed outwards, and
there are no honey tubes ; other-
wise these insects closely resem-
Fic. 90.—The spruce louse.—From Packard. ble the Ap hides. A species
closely related to the European Adelges (Chermes) coccineus of Ratz.
burg, and the A. strobilobius of Kaltenbach, which have similar habits,
we have found in abundance on the spruce in Maine, where it pro-
duces swellings at the ends of the twigs, resembling in size and form
the cones of the same tree. We would add that each leaf-bud is en-
larged, having an Adelges under it. As those nearest the base mature
first, and leave their domicile the deformed leaf-bud stands out from the
axis of the shoot, thus giving the cone-like appearance to the end of the
shoot.” This has since been described by Prof. Cyrus Thomas in his
Third Report on the Injurious Insects of Hlinois, p. 156.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE FIR TREE. 235
92, THE EUROPEAN SPRUCE BUD-LOUSE.
Adelyes abietis Linn.

We observed this species in considerable numbers on the Norway
spruces on the grounds of the Peabody Academy of Science at Salem,
in August 1881. The deformation produced in the terminal buds and
twigs were like those figured in Ratzeburg’s Die Waldverderbniss, Bd.
i, pl. 28, figs. 1, 2.

23. SPRUCE-TREE PLANT-LOUSE.
Lachnus abietis Fitch.

Occurring on Abies nigra; the wingless females pubescent, broadly oval, blackish,
clouded with brown, with a faint ashy stripe on the back; under side mealy, with a
black spot near the tip; antenne dull white, with a black ring at the tip of each
joint. Length to the tip of the abdomen 0.15 inch. (Fitch.)

It is probably this species which we have found in abundance on the
terminal branches of spruces at Brunswick, Me., in July and August.

24, THE SPRUCE-TREE LEAF-HOPPER.
Athysanus abietis Fitch.
Order HEMIPTERA ; family TETTIGONIID.

Puncturing their leaves and extracting their juices the latter part of May and
during the month of June, an oblong black shining leaf-hopper 0.20 long, tapering
posteriorly, and broadest across the base of the thorax, with a light-yellow head,
having the mouth black and also two bands upon the crown, the ends of which are
often united, and commonly with a white streak on the middle of the inner edge of
the wing-covers, its legs being pale yellowish varied more or less with black.

“Y first met with several specimens of this insect eleven years since,
upon the black spruce and fir balsam, on the summit of the Green
Mountains, in an excursion hither with that martyr of science, the late
Prof. C. B. Adams. Since then I have repeatedly captured this same
insect upon birch trees, distant from any spruces, and it is possible it
might have been accidently present on these latter trees in the instance
first mentioned, there being numerous birch trees in the same vicinity.”
(Fitch.)

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE FIR TREE (Abies balsamea).

AFFECTING THE TRUNK.
1. THE PINE LONGICORN BORER.
: Monohammus confusor Kirby.

Fully grown larve, very large and long, and evidently ready to pu-
pate, occurred under the bark of a dead fir near the Glen House, White
Mountains, July 22. <A fir tree was evidently killed by these borers at
Merepoint, Brunswick, Me., as from the freshly cut stump a fully grown

236 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

dead larva and beetle were taken from the holes, several of which
were in the tree. The holes were round and 7™ in diameter. Other
trees were observed here and also on the Harpswell road with large round
holes in the bark, evidently the work of this borer.

2. NXyloterus biviltatus (Kirby).

This beetle occurred, though not commonly, under the bark of the
fir near the Glen House, July 22.

3. Xyleborus eelatus Zimmermann.

This beetle occurred in abundance in a fir stump, with the larvae,
| )
August 27, at Brunswick.

4. Crypturgus atomus Leconte.

This minute species occurred frequently under the bark of a fir stump
at Brunswick late in August.

5. THE WHITE PINE WEEVIL.

Pissodes strobi Peck.

This weevil, with the larva and pupa, was found under the bark of a
fir tree on the Mount Washington carriage road, near the Glen House,
July 22.

6. Rhagium lineatum.

Larvee of this beetle, one-half grown, occurred August 27, at Bruns-
wick, in a fir stump.

AFFECTING THE LEAVES.

7. THE FIR-TREE SAW-FLY.
Lophyrus abietis Harris.
Order HYMENOPTERA; family TENTHREDINID®&.

This pest of the fir which also infests pines has been described on
page 197.

The specimens I found of this species, the females of which I raised
from the larva and submitted to Mr. E. Norton for identification, had
larvee, of which the following description is taken from my notes.
Much like that on the cedar and juniper, but darker green, with a black
head and thoracic feet. Median dorsal stripe pale instead of dusky,
and beside a pale subdorsal stripe, with a whitish green, lateral firm
stripe. Beneath paler green than above. Of the same size. It spun
a light silk cocoon August 23. The imago was found dead in the
breeding box September 14, 1881, and must have left the cocoon
during the first week in September. The antenne are black, serrated.
Body dull horn-yellow; abdomen a little paler, more amber colored;
legs concolorous with the body. Wings smoky, with black veins,
Length 7™™. Cocoon regularly oval-eylindrical; of a pale silken brown ;
length 8™™,

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE FIR TREE, 206
8. THE FIR NEEDLE INCH-WORM.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family PHALHNID®.

Feeding in August on the leaves of the fir and very closely mimicing the reddish
parily dead leaves or needles; a measuring or inch worm, with the body flattened from
above downward and tapering at both ends, thus closely approximating the form of
a fir leaf. Head small, narrower than the body; smooth, pale, mottled and spotted
with reddish. Body reddish, covered with fine whitish papille; a faint blackish,
somewhat broken narrow dorsal line; a fine pale whitish subdorsal line. Lateral line
yellowish in partly grown caterpillars, obsolete in larger ones, becoming distinct on
the sides of tbe not large, sharply acute supra-anal plate; two large acute spines below
the plate. Body beneath of a peculiar glaucous greenish white, with a median reddish

line. Thoracic and abdominal legs dull livid reddish. Length 20™™, Observed
not unfrequently at Brunswick, Me., late in August; also found feeding at Brunswick
on the low-bush common juniper (Juniperus communis) August 26-29, 1881.

This is one of the most remarkable cases of mimicry yet noticed
among those feeding on coniferous trees. Often on beating them into an
umbrella, which I used in collecting caterpillars, have I hesitated to pick
them up, waiting to see whether or not they were simply dead fir leaves;
in some cases the caterpillars themselves answering the question by
walking off at their peculiar measuring gait.

The caterpillar changed to a chrysalis August 25, the pupa, at first
greenish, became pale mahogany brown. Length 6™™.

9. THE ANGULAR-HEADED, MARBLED FIR INCH- WORM.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family PHALENID.

Feeding on the leaves in Maine, late in August, a veryslender inch-worm; the body
tuberculated, blackish brown. Head angular; the vertex angulated above on each
side. Body with five pairs of well marked small prominent tubercles; sutures between
the segments not well marked, so that it is difficult to tell on which segment the tuber-
cles are situated. Body wood-colored, the shade of the bark of the tree, mottled with
black-brown, reddish. gray and gray markings. Head marbled or mottled like the
body, with a whitish line along the top of each side, and continued along the prothor-
acic segment, and in the form of two broken white faint lines along the sides towards
the end of the body. Anal legs much larger than the other abdominal legs. Length
about 20™™,

This caterpillar is not specially mimetic, though it is probably pro-
tected from the search of birds by its general resemblance to a dry fir
twig. It may be recognized by its angular head, dark marbled body,
colored like the bark of the branches on which it rests, and by the five
pair of sharp, prominent small tubercles. It closely resembles in color-
ation the noctuid caterpillar (No. 14) on the same tree. It may be found
to be identical with No. 16 on the spruce.

10. THE TEN-LINED PINE INCH-WORM.

Feeding on the leaves of the fir, hemlock, and spruce, an inch-worm with body very
slender, with minute prominent tubercles, and a large, full, rounded head; the latter
deeply divided in the middle, and much wider than the body. The general color a
flesh tint, with 8-10 blackish-brown lines on top of the body. Head reddish, mottled

238 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

with dark brown. On the side of nearly each segment a pair of dark acute tubercles
and below the bright straw-yellow lateral ridge (the line is broken in fully grown
larvee) is a black irregular flattened broad eminence. Supra-anal plate large, project-
ing far behind and, like the pair of anal legs, flesh red. Body beneath deep flesh-
colored, with dark linear stripes. Length of body 20™™,

This caterpillar, which may be recognized by its slender body, with
8-10 dark lines, the broken lateral straw-yellow line, and the larger
rounded deeply incised head, is common not only on the fir, but also on
the spruce and hemlock late in August and early in September in
Maine. In fully grown eaterpillars on each segment of the body are two
high rounded subdorsal and two larger lateral tubercles, which are
reddish flesh-colored tipped with black, and there are two rounded
supra-anal tubereles. This caterpillar is infested by a Microgaster, a
single one of these small ichneumon larve issuing from the body and
spinning a cocoon during the last week of August. The same cater-
pillar is described under Pine insects No. 78, p. 206.

11. THE RED-HEADED GREEN INCH-WORM.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family PHALENIDA.

Feeding on the leaves in July and August in Maine, a green inch-worm, whose body
is of the width and length of a fir leaf. Body rather thick and uniformly so. Head
green in the middle, bright reddish on the sides, mottled with red-brown, and with
two converging, narrow oval, pale red spots in front just below the vertex; clypeus
tinged with red. Body pale green; a broad dorsal whitish green band of the same
color as the under side of a fir leaf, and containing a median darker dorsal stripe.
The band is whitish on the edges, next below which are two very narrow dark Lrown
hair lines. A whitish line below the stigmata, and still farther below a narrow
whitish line, and two parallel dark subventral lines. The thoracic legs reddish; the
abdominal legs green. Ji also lives on the pitch pine and will feed on the white pine.

12. THE 14-FLAPPED FIR INCH-WORM.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family PHAL.-ENID#.

Feeding on the leaves of the fir late in August in Maine, a geometric caterpillar
bearing a striking resemblance to the small reddish twigs of the fir with the leaf-scars.
Body dull brick-red, with seven pairs of broad flat flaps on each side, those in the
middle of the body being the largest. Head angular on the sides, deeply incised ;
when at rest retracted partly under the projecting prothoracie segment. The last
segment witha large triangular thick lateral flap. Two dorsal dull yellowish sinuous
lines, separated by a narrow median reddish line. Body beneath with dull obscure
sinuous somewhat broken coarse yellowish lines. On the last segment are two high
sharp tubercles. Supra anal plate rounded. Body roughly granulated. <A light dull
whitish yellow lateral stripe, extending down on the anal legs. Length 15™™, Per-
haps a species of Aplodes or allied genus.

13. A NOCTUID LARVA.
Order LEPIDOPERA; family Nocruip®.

Feeding on the leaves in August in Maine, a cylindrical noctuid larva with 10 pairs
of abdominal legs. Head of moderate size, as wide as the prothorax ; body thicker just
infront of the middle. Segments of the body rather convex; prevailing color pale horn-

.

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE FIR TREE. 239

brown, mottled with yellowish or reddish brown; with four black rounded button-
like tubercles arranged in a trapezoid on the top of each segment. Length 18™™.

14, THE FIR HARLEQUIN CATERPILLAR.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family NoctTurp”®.

Late in summer in Maine, feeding on the leaves of the fir and spruce, a singularly
humped and spotted caterpillar, with four pairs of abdominal legs. Body short, much
swollen on the second ring behind the head and the first abdominal segment, and
humped between the last and the penultimate abdominal legs. Head very small, striped
with black. Ground tint a wood color mottled with gray and black, with scattered
white spots. An irregular lilac dorsal band. A pair of conspicuous white dots on the
hump behind the head, and another pair on the posterior hump. Body very much
varigated in tints and it is difficult to describe briefly all the details of the markings.
Length 12-14™™, This singular caterpillar is not infrequently beaten off from the fir
and spruce. It was observed late in August.

15. THE WHITE-LINED CATERPILLAR.

Order LEPIDOPTERA; family NOCTUID&.

Feeding on the leaves of the fir in August in Maine, a larva of the usual Noctuid
form. Head nearly as wide as the body, smooth; body rather thick, smooth, pale
pea green. A dorsal somewhat broken snow-white line, and two wider subdorsal ones.
A broken bright red lateral line, edged below with white and yellowish. Ends of all
the legs reddish. Length 22™™.,

16. THE TUSSOCK MOTH.
Orgyia leucostigma Smith-Abbot.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family BOMBYCID”®.

Feeding on the leaves of the fir in July and August in Maine, a hairy caterpillar
with two black pencils of hairs in front; one median, one behind; four medio-dorsal
short thick yellow tufts, succeeded by three dorsal coral-red tubercles on the back.

Fic. 91. The tussock caterpillar. Nat size.—After,Riley.

Fic. 92.—The tussock moth; a, female; ec, male; c, female pupa; d, male pupa; b, freshly-hatched larva
Nat. size.— After Riley.

240 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

17. THE PINE LEAF MINER.
Gelechia pinifoliella Chambers.

The leaves of the fir were found at Brunswick, Me., to be affected by this
miner much as in the pitch pine (p. 208), the terminal third of the leaf
being paler than the rest. A dead pupa skin was found July 15.

18. THE FIR SCALE INSECT.
Lecaniuwm.

On the upper side of a fir leaf a single specimen of Lecanium was
found at Brunswick, which was low, flat, broad oval, blackish, almost
as broad as the leaf.

19. THE PINE MITE.

Order ARACHNIDA; suborder ACARINA.

Quite prevalent on the fir, working at the base of the leaves at the
ends of the twigs, in summer and early autumn, in Maine; little dark
mites, with rounded bodies, and quite active in their movements, caus-
ing the leaves of the fir especially to curl up, and to show the light under
side. These little active mites spin a slight web in the axils at the end
of the shoots. They are dark brown, with a yellowish head and thoracic

region, while the legs and under side are of the same yellowish tint. ~

They were observed from the middle of July until the first of September
at Brunswick, Me., and occurred on the white pine as well as the fir
trees.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE HEMLOCK (Abies canadensis).

1, THE CANADIAN LEPTURA.
Leptura canadensis Fabricius.
Order COLEOPTERA ; family CERAMBYCID®.

Probably mining the trunk of the hemlock, a longicorn larva changing to a rather
large handsome black beetle, with the black wing-cases deep red at the base, and an-
tenn broadly ringed with reddish.

Dr. Fitch refers to the remarkable immunity of the hemlock from the
attack of insects, and our experience of twenty years corroborates his
opinion. He states, however, that the porter Hylotrupes (H. bajulus
Linn.) is reported to sometimes attack this fortunate tree, and that the
larvee of the pine Hacles imperialis is said to occasionally feed on it, as
well as a bug.

Mr. George Hunt, of Providence, tells me that he has found the pupa
of Leptura canadensis in the stumps of the hemlock in July in the Adi-
rondacks, New York. The beetle is rather a large one and is black, the
surface coarsely and densely punctured. It may readily be identified
by the base of the wing-covers being deep red, while the antennz are
broadly ringed with paler red, the joints in the middle being alter-
nately red and black. It is three-quarters of an inch in length, and is

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE HEMLOCK. 241

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a common beetle. A few other borers are mentioned below which we
have found the past summer in dead hemlock trees.

2. A large longicorn borer.
Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCID®.

Mining under and loosening the bark of failen hemlock logs near the Glen House,
White Mountains, N. H., a large longicorn borer with the general appearance of Mono-
hammus, but belonging to a different genus. Lengthof the different specimens from

anonyeoon,

. 3. A short, thick longicorn borer.
Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCID.

Found under the bark of dead hemlocks at Bath, Me., July 30, a short, thick un-

known longicorn borer.
4. A Buprestid borer.

Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCID%.

Found under the bark of dead hemlocks at Bath, Me., July 30, a Buprestid larva of
different sizes, perhaps a species of Dicerca.

5. THE WHITE PINE WEEVIL.
Pissodes strobi Peck.

This weevil and its cells were found in hemlocks among a number of
small standing dead spruces, which had, like them, been killed by the
attacks of longicorn borers, and by the following species of bark-borer:

6. THE LEAST SPRUCE BARK-BORER.
Crypturgus atomus Leconte.

This minute bark-borer was observed in considerable numbers in
standing dead hemlocks at Bath, Me., July 30.

7. THE HEMLOCK BARK-BORER.
Hadrobregmus foveatus (Kirby).
_ Order COLEOPTERA; family PTINID®.

The bark of hemlock trees and of hemlock logs, as well as the sep-
arated bark piled up by the roadside near the Glen House, in the White
Mountains, last summer, was found to be perforated in all directions
by this beetle, which has been obligingly identified by Dr. G. H. Horn,
of Philadelphia. Not only the bark of dead trees, but that of healthy
jarge trees had harbored great numbers of these beetles. They, how-
ever, had disappeared from the holes at the date (July 22) I was at
the White Mountains, and but a single dead specimen was found. Simi-
lar mines were found in a hemlock at Brunswick, Me.

8. THE BROWN PRIONUS BEETLE.
Orthosoma brunneum (Forster. )
» Order CoLeoPpTERa; family CERAMBYCID.
Mr. F. G. Schaupp writes me as follows concerning this beetle, which

is not harmful to the tree, attacking it usually when in the last stages
16 RIL

242 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

of decay: “In a hemlock tree I found, July 20, in New York, hundreds
of the larvee of all sizes from 5-50™™ in length; the wood being exceed-
ingly hard and tough, but although the new developed imagines (soft)
were very abundant, and although I found some mouldy dead pupe, I
could not find a live pupa.”

AFFECTING THE LEAVES.
9, THE HEMLOCK INCH-WORM.
Order LepmporTEeRa; family PHALHNIDZ.

Feeding on the leaves late in August in Maine, a slender-bodied
measuring inch-worm of the general color of the terminal twigs, and
not quite so wide as a hemlock leaf. Head not so wide as the body,
with a moderately deeply impressed median line; pale flesh-colored,
mottled, with pale reddish brown spots, and with long brown hairs.
Body mostly greenish yellow, the tints pale and delicate. A dorsal
row of diffuse elongated spots, extending backward from the transverse
blackish stripes on the sutures between the segments. On each of the
three thoracic segments is a.transverse row of black warts and hairs,
situated on the hinder edges of the second and third segments from the
head; but nearer the middle in the segment next to the head. All the
abdominal segments covered with fine whitish warts, giving a sha-
greened appearance to the skin. The lateral raised line very promi-
nent, the body not being thick, but appearing as if partly shrivelled
below a dusky lateral stripe. Supra-anal plate large, broad, flat, sub-
triangular. On the the underside of the body a median dusky linear
stripe, on each side of which the body is whitish. Two faint dusky
subdorsal lines, one on each side. This is very near to and is congenerie
with No. 8 on the fir (p. 237).

10. Tue 10-LINED PINE INCH-WORM.

This was also found on the hemlock at Brunswick, August 27.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPRUCE (Abies

menziest).
AFFECTING THE TRUNK.
1. THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPRUCE TIMBER BEETLE.
Dryocetes affaber Mannh.
Order COLEOPTERA; family SCOLYTID.

This beetle occurred (July 7, 1875) in abundance in all stages in a
growth of Abies menziesii,* the common spruce of the Rocky Mountains,

*This tree was kindly identified for me by Mr. Sereno Watson, from specimens of
the leaves and cones sent him for identification.

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPRUCE. 243

at Kelso’s Cabin, 11,200 feet elevation, on the road to Gray’s Peak.
It bores into the bark and near the sap-wood in all directions, its bur-
rows resembling those of Tomicus pini, with 2 9
which it is associated, being irregular but
much smaller.

The larva is of the usual form of those of the family,
being cylindrical and of the same thickness throughout,
with the end of the body full and suddenly rounded;
segments convex, especially the thoracic ones, and
slightly hairy. Head two-thirds as wide as the body, sb eae eiprrareetgtiel se i ieee
rounded, hone-yellow. Length, 0.15 inch. timber beetle.—From Packard.

The pupa is much like that of T. pini, with two anal soft, sharp tubercles. As my
specimens are farther advanced than those of 7. pini, the wings being free from the
body, and the abdomen longer, it is impossible for me to draw up a good description.
In one example the pupa had retained the larval head, but it was split behind so as
not to interfere probably with the development of the adult beetle.

The beetle differs from Tomicus pini in its much smaller and slightly slenderer body,
The head and prothorax are two-thirds as long as the rest of the body. The abdo-
men is not scooped out at the end as in 7. pini, but truncated, moderately rounded,
and the end of the abdomen reaches to the end of the wing-covers, which are square
at the end instead of excavated as in 7. pini. Color reddish-brown, much as in 7:
pini. The body is covered with fine, stiff, straight hairs. Length, 0.14. (Packard in
Hayden’s Report for 1875.

This insect is said by Leconte to occur in the Lake Superior region,
British Columbia, and Alaska.

2. THE PINE TIMBER BEETLE.
Tomicus pini Say.

This insect, already described on page 168, is common in the timber
region of the Rocky Mountains, boring irregularly into the inner bark
of Abies menziesii. The burrows are like those made by the same insect
in the white pines of New England. The main burrows of the mines
observed in Colorado were 0.08 inch in diameter.

3. THE COMMON LARGE RED TIMBER BEETLE.

Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby.

This beetle, so common in Maine and British America, is also common
in the coniferous trees of the mountains of Colorado, where I have met
with it at Blackhawk and at Manitou.

°
4. THE LARGE TIMBER BEETLE.
Dendroctonus terebrans (Olivier).

This common eastern form, which occurs from Maine to Georgia, and
in California and Oregon, also probably infests the pine and spruce of
elevated regions. I have a specimen from Tacoma, Washington Ter-
ritory, on Puget Sound, a lumbering place, which was identified by Dr.
G. H. Horn.

244 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.
5. THE WESTERN SPRUCE LONGICORN BORER.
Anthophilax mirificus Bland.
Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCID&.

This beautiful beetle I found June 16, 1877, under the bark of a large
fir-like spruce, probably Abies menziesii, on the side of a high hill near
Virginia City, Montana. The small male was sexually united with the
black female, and there were several other females near by. From
these circumstances I have little doubt but that it bores into this tree.
There is a great disparity in size and color between the sexes, and the
male is much the smaller and is blue-black, with most of the elytra deep
brick-red, the ends of the elytra being blue-black, as well as an oblong
oval spot at the base of the united elytra; the terminal two-thirds of
the abdomen is reddish; it is 16™™ long; the female is 21™™ long, and
entirely blue-black. It was identified by Dr. Horn.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE JUNIPER (Juniperus virginianus).
AFFECTING THE TRUNK.
1. THE JUNIPER BARK BORER.
Pihleosinus dentatus (Say).
Order COLEOPTERA; family SCOLYTID2.

Making a short straight primary gallery, with about 15 to 50 longer secondary gal-
leries branching from it at nearly right angles, often ending in round holes perforating
the bark; a small white curved grub, changing to a light brown cylindrical beetle.

We have observed the depredations of this common beetle on the
junipers about the city of Providence. The attacks were confined to
sickly or dead trees; whether the cause of death was due to the attacks
of this beetle or not could not be ascertained. The beetles were found
May 2 and 13 alive in the burrows, which also contained the fully grown
larvee; but no pupe were observed. In one fallen juniper tree, the
trunk of which was about five inches in diameter, the mines were unu-

_sually close together and abundant, 15 occurring on one side of the
-trunk in a space about one foot long. Selecting a separate average
mine for description, such as is figured in the accompanying engraving,
‘the main or primary gallery is 18™™ to 25™™ (14 to 24 inches) long and .
-3mm wide, widening at one end into a trilobed chamber twice as wide as
the main gallery. In a gallery 25"™ long, including the three-lobed cell,
from which no lateral or secondary galleries proceeded, there were 48
secondary galleries on one side and 51 on the other, the mouths of the
opposing tunnels being alternately arranged. The secondary galleries
being a little less than 3™™ in width; those arising at each end of
the primary gallery are 45™" long; those arising near the middle from
one-third to one-half and two-thirds as long; the ends ofthe tunnels are

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE JUNIPER. 245

about 1.5™" in width, and they often communicate with the hole made
by the insect for its exit through the bark, which is 1.5™™ or a little less.
These holes are indicated by the round black spots or large dots at the
end of some of the galleries, as seen in the engraving. The holes may
open out straight through the bark as
usual, or sometimes obliquely. The
galleries in May are closely packed
with the excrement or castings of the
worms, which is tan colored or the color
of the bark, showing that the insects
though’ sinking their galleries a little
way into the wood, as proved by the
shallow grooves they make in the wood,
for the most part burrow through the
inner bark, thus loosening it from the
wood and causing it to peel off.

The secondary galleries of the same
cell rarely cross each other, unless ow-
ing to a knot in the trunk or to other
irregularities in the wood; but, as seen
on the right side of the engraving, one
may make a turn and directly cross
four or five others, or one from an ad-
jacent mine may cross the galleries of
another mine. As arule, however, the
mines of the juniper bark-borer are
beautifully regular, and the wood very \
prettily sculptured. A

I have little doubt but that this is LTS
the beetle, as it agrees with it in color “1 Mine 9p he, draiper, bark: Dorer—
and size, which I found in considerable numbers under the bark of the
cedar or Thuja occidentalis, in Northern Maine in 1861. The dead cedars.
were much infested with these beetles, while they were not noticed in up-
right, healthy trees.

Leconte states that it inhabits the Middle and Eastern States and
Canada, and gives the following description of it:

The beetle.—In the genus Phleosinus the funicle or stalk of the antennx is much
shorter than the club; the first joint is rounded ; the remaining four joints are closely
united and gradually become broader; the club is large, oval, compressed, obtusely
rounded, and divided by straight well-marked sutures. P. dentatus is rather smaller
than the other species of the genus, except P. punctatus, with the declivity of the
elytra more abrupt and flattened, and less convex; the stria# are impressed and
scarcely punctured, the interspaces are wide, densely and strongly granulate and ru-
gose; the rugosities becoming acute tubercles on the declivity of the alternate inter-
spaces; second intérspace not depressed on the declivity and furnished with a row of
smaller tubercles in some specimens, but not in ethers. This difference is probably:
sexual. The head is granulate-punctate, and the front is not carinate.

246 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.
2. THE PRUSSIAN BLUE PINE-BORER.
Callidium antennatum Newman.

In company with the juniper bark-borer, mining dying and dead juniper trees; its
mine a long, shallow, irregular sinuons gallery about 6™™ wide in the broadest part ;
the beetles occurring under the bark early in May in Southern New England.

This common borer has already been noticed as infesting the pine
(p. 159). Itis nearly as common, perhaps, in the juniper; at least I have
found it so in the vicinity of Providence, R. I., where it mines dead or
dying juniper trees in company with Phlwosinus dentatus. In one small
tree, three inches in diameter, nearly a dozen mines occurred, and as
many of the beetles were taken from under the bark on the 2d and
again the 15th of May,1881. It is probable that the beetles had hyber-
nated in their mines, having transformed into the pupa state the pre-
vious autumn. The mines may be recognized by their long sinuous shape,
beginning very small and gradually widening and ending in a broader
space or cell where the larva transforms into the beetle condition; just
before the cell, at its widest part, it measures 6™™ in width. The larva,
as it eats its way along under the bark, does not sink deeply into the
wood, simply scoring it, while the gallery is filled behind it with the
tan-brown castings of the worm, consisting of partly digested bark, form-
ing a fine paste which hardens and compactly fills the shallow groove.
In general appearance the mine of this borer does not essentially differ
from that of most of the superficial longicorn borers of other trees.
The beetle is entirely deep Prussian blue, and may be readily identified
by its color. It varies much in size.

3. THE BLUE-CLOUDED HYLOTRUPES.
Hylotrupes ligneus Fabricius.

We have not personally observed the habits of this borer, which is
said by Mr. George Hunt to bore under the bark of Juniperus virgini-
anus in Rhode Island. The beetle may easily be recognized by its brown
head, antenne, prothorax, and legs; while the wing-covers are yellow-
jsh, with two large adjoining dark Prussian blue patches at the base’
the patches rounded behind and extending to the middle of the wing-
covers; the terminal third of the wing-covers are also deep Prussian
blue, so that only the edges and a transverse copal-yellow band across
the wing-covers are left. It is from 9™™ to 12™™ in length.

AFFECTING THE LEAVES.
4, THE JUNIPER TWIG INCH-WORM.
Diepanodes varus Grote and Robinson.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family PHALZNID&,

Very closely resembling the smaller twigs of the juniper, a rough-bodied span or
measuring worm an inch and a half long, transforming to an ochre-brown moth.

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE JUNIPER. 2AT

The adjoining engraving well represents this singular mimetic form,
which so closely resembles in form and color the smaller twigs of the
juniper. Two of the caterpillars are represented, one holding itself out
from the stem by means of its two hinder pairs of feet, while the other
clings close to the stem. It is nearly-an inch and a half long and less
than a line in thickness. Its body is quite rough,
with a few prominent tubercles, in size and form
resembling the scales left by the falling off of ‘
the leaves of the juniper.

The moth may be known by the faleate fore
wings, by the three dark spots at the inner angle
of the fore wing, and the dark transverse lines ;
in the females the inner line of the fore wings
is much curved and sinuate.

The caterpillar was received from Norwich,
Conn., early in June, and on the 17th changed
into a beautiful ‘:pea-green chrysalis, the moth
appearing the 29th of the same month.

The moth.—It has unusually faleate fore wings. The
ground color of the upper side of the wings is a pale fawn
brown, with a rusty but no purplish tinge, as in some
other species of the genus; but the body and antennie are
pale fawn brown. The fore wings at the base are fawn
brown, but with rather thick-set black scales, especially
towards the inner line. This line is curved zigzag, rusty
fawn brown, and is very distinct; it begins at the basal
third of the costa, and curving around opposite the discal
dot, in a generally oblique direction, ends nearly as far
from the base of the wing on the inner edge as on the
costa; below the median vein the line is acutely zigzag,
forming a tooth just below the lowest median veinlet, fol-
lowed by a curve inwards on the submedian vein. The
discal dot is small, black, but distinct. Just beyond the F16. 95.—Moth, larva, and chry-

é Leas : z 2 : salis of the juniper twig inch-
dot the wing inside of the outer line is rusty, becoming worm.—From Packard.
deeper in tone next the line. The onter line is straight, white, narrow, but sharply
defined, and forms an acute angle opposite the apex, being reflected back on the costa.
The line is shaded externally with dense black scales, becoming thinner towards the
outer edge of the wing. From the apex of the bend on the outer line starts a black
streak, which is interrupted in the middle, but ends on the lower side of the hooked
apex of the wing, which is unusually long and large. The fringe is rust-colored, with
the edge white. The outer edge of the wing is deeply hollowed out just below the
apex, but below is full and convex. The hind wings are like the fore wings, but
without the inner line. The discal dot is distinct, and the outer line is straight, end-
ing just before reaching the costa. There is a broad costal white area. The legs and
under side of the wings are fawn-colored, densely speckled with black, giving it a
‘peculiar silky, glossy appearance,, suffused with © very slight wine-colored tint. The
surface of both wings is uniform; the discal dots are more diffuse than above, being
more distinct on the hind wings, The outer line is white, distinct, broader than
above, and bent at right angles upon the costa, but the line disappears before reach-
ing the hind edge, which is whitish. The black stripe sent out from the angle of the
line, and reappearing on the hinder edge of the apex of the wing, is much as above.

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25
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248 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

On the hind wings the line is straight, broader than on the fore wings, and extends
upon the costa. The body is half an inch (.50) in length, and a fore wing measures
.65 of an inch in length, expanding 1.30 inches.

5. THE JUNIPER BASKET WORM.
Thyridopteryx ephemereformis (Hayworth).
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family BOMBYCID.®.

Feeding sometimes in great numbers on the juniper and the white cedar, a worm
living in a large case 1-2 inches long, covered with bits of wings, the female wing-
less and worm-like; the male dark brown, with small hyaline wings.

This remarkable worm we have found on the juniper tree in Virginia,
and according to Harris it sometimes abounds so as to be very destruct-
ive to the white cedar (Cupressus thajoides) in lawns. The following brief
account is taken from my ‘‘Guide to the Study of Insects.” The male
of the basket-worm is stout-bodied, with broadly pectinated antenne
and a long abdomen; the anal forceps and the adjoining parts being

-apable of unusual extension in order to reach the oviduet of the female,
which is wingless, cylindrical, and in its general form closely resembles.
its larva, and does not leave its case. On being hatched from the eggs,
which are, so far as known to us, not extruded from its case by the
parent, the young larve immediately build little elongated basket-like
shallow conical cases of bits of twigs of the cedar, and may then be
seen walking about, tail in the air, this tail or abdomen covered by the
incipient case, and presenting a comical sight. The case of the full-
grown larva is elongated, oval ¢ylindrical, and the fleshy larva trans-
forms within it, while it shelters the female through life. |

As aremedy hand-picking is an easy and thorough means of getting
rid of these creatures if abundant enough to be annoying.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE COMMON JUNIPER (Juniperus communis).

1. THE LOW-BUSH JUNIPER INCH-WORM.
Eupithecia miserulata Grote.
Order Lerripoprera; family PHAL#ANID®.

Feeding on the common low spreading juniper bush, a small pea-green span worm,
with a narrow thread-like subdorsal, and a wider lateral white line, changing early in
June to a chrysalis contained in a thin white cocoon, the small moth appearing at the
end of the month and through the summer.

This small delicate common moti was reared by Mr. Cassino at Salem,
Mass., and like its European congeners lives on the bush juniper (not
on Taxus baccata, as stated in my Monograph of geometrid moths). The
larva was found late in May, and June 4 began to spin, the pupa being
inclosed in a slight white cocoon. It ranges from Maine to Texas.

Larva.—Of the characteristic form, being rather thick in the middle, the body
seen dorsally decreasing in thickness from the tail to the head. Supra-anal plate

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE COMMON JUNIPER. 249

large, triangular, not acutely pointed, deep red, white on the edges. Head small, not
so wide as the prothoracic ring, pea-green, color of the leaves on which it feeds, dorsal
line dark-green; subdorsal white, and a wider lateral white line. Segments trans-
versely wrinkled. Body provided with short, black, scattered hairs. Length, 0.50:
inch.

Pupa.—Four abdominal segments project beyond the ends of the wings, the thorax
and under side of the wings and limbs with a greenish tinge; the rest of the body pale
horn-brown, as usual. Head full, convex between the eyes. End of abdomen with
a long rounded, spine, with three pairs of long hairs curved outwards at the end.
Length, 0.28 inch.

Moth.—This is our most common pug-moth, and may be distinguished by the pointed
fore wings, with the numerous transverse lines angulated sharply outward, the extra-
discal line forming a sharp angle opposite the discal dot, and notched inward on the
subcostal vein; by the distinct submarginal wavy white line ending in a large white
twin-spot at the inner angle; by the fine dark lines on the hind wings, and by the
heavy black costal spots and marginal lines on the under side. The fore wings expand
0.85 inch.

2. THE JUNIPER WEB-WORM.

Dapsilia rutilana Hiibner. -
Order LeEpIporpTERA; family TORTRICID£.

Ravaging imported junipers, webbing the leaflets, and living within a more or less
perfect silken tube, in which the caterpillars hybernate, the twigs and branches present-
ing a seared and brown appearance.

The following account is taken from
Professor Riley’s report to the Depart-
ment of Agriculture for 1878, with the
accompanying illustration.

This leaf-roller has been found to
seriously injure the imported Irish and
Swedish junipers (Juniperus communis
var.) in nurseries on Long Island, hav-
ing first become known in this country
in 1877; it has.not yet been found on
our native juniper. It is a well-known
English and German moth. There is
one annual brood of worms. The insect
hybernates at different stages of larval
development, and the chrysalis is found
throughout the spring months. ‘The
moths begin to appear as early as April,
but continue to issue during the sum-
mer. The worm from birth webs the
leaflets together, and, lives within a
more or less perfect silken tube, this
tube being more complete around the
hybernating individuals. The sprigs Fie. 96.—The Juniper web-worm; a, sprig of

» I ‘ juniper, showing manner in which the larva

and branches affected by the worm ‘works; b, larva, dorsal view; ¢, chrysalis

F lorsal view; d, th; b, ¢, d, enlarged.—
present a seared and brown appear- AfterRicy)

ance, and a tree badly affected may be recognized at a great distance.

250 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

The larva.—Of the usual shape, flesh-colored, the head and prothoracie shield highly
polished, deep gamboge yellow. Body wrinkled, tapering very gradually from meso-
thoracic segment to the end of the body; body with small hair-bearing warts, which
‘are extremely small, and indicated more by the short, pale, glistening stiff hairs aris-
ing therefrom, Hind borders of abdominal joints slightly thickened dorsally.

Chrysalis. _—Color hone »y-yellow, the skin so delicate that the colors of the moth show
‘clearly through it before emergence. Of the usual shape, long and slender; the
abdominal segments having above two transverse rows of rather minute spines; the
anus, blunt and unarmed; the under side with a few blunt stiff hairs; the antennze
not reaching quite to the tips of the wings. Average length, 5™™,

The moth.—Average expanse of wings, 12™™, Fore wings bright glossy orange,
‘crossed by four reddish-brown bands. The second band from the costa is slightly bent :
the third band has the form of a letter K, the top of the K being usually closed, though
occasionally open. The apical band is wedge-shaped, reaching nearly to the inferior
angle. Frequently this coalesces with the lower part of the third band. Hind wings
dark gray, with cilia of the same color. (Riley.)

AS a remedy, Riley recommends showering the shrubs with Paris
green or London purple, so as to kill the larve as they eat the leaves.

3. THE SIX-SPOTTED METACHROMA.

Metachroma 6-notata Say.
Order COLEOPTERA ; family CHRYSOMELID®.

Feeding on the leaves in July, an oblong pale shining beetle, 0.15 long, narrower
anteriorly and punctured, the punctures in rows on the wing-covers becoming very
faint towards their tips, and on each wing-cover three black spots, the forward one
long and narrow, the other two situated on the middle, parallel and almost in con-
tact, the inner one placed rather farther back.

4, THE APPLE LEIOPUS.
Leiopus facetus Say.
Order COLEOPTERA; family CERAMBYCID.

Feeding on the leaves in July, a small black long-horned beetle 0.18 long, with long
slender hair-like tawny-yellow antennie, their basal joint and the tips of two or three
following joints black ; its thorax with an ash-gray stripe on the middle and an oblique
one on each side of this, the hind ends of these stripes sometimes uniting and forming
a letter W ; its wing-covers with a large ash-gray spot forward of the middle and
almost reaching the suture, having in it anoblique triangular black spot, and towards
the tip an ash-gray band concave on its hind side.

Mr. Say states that he obtained his specimens from the juniper, but
‘its occurrence thereon was perhaps accidental, as I have found it on
apple trees in a section of country where no juniper grows. (Fitch.)
We may add that the European Leiopus nebulosus Linn., though usually
living in the apple and other fruit trees, also in Europe, mines the Pinus
abies ane P. picea.

We extract the following account of this and the prickly ash Leiopus
from our first annual report to the Massachusetts Board of Agricul-
Lure;

This new borer in the limbs of the apple was found June 11, in all its
Stages of growth, in the rotten limb of an apple tree in Chelsea, by Mr.

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE COMMON JUNIPER. PAD E

©. A. Walker. The grubs, or larvie, were fully grown, and more numer-
ous than the pup or adult beetles. How destructive it is, or what the
habits of the grubs are, must be ascertained by further observation. It
is evident from the facts already known that there is probably but one
brood of beetles a year; that they fly about, and lay their eggs in the
bark of the tree late in June, and probably during July; and that the
young larve bore in under the bark, and become fully grown in the
autumn, spending the winter under the bark probably both in the larva
and pupa states, the beetles appearing during midsummer.

The larva is rather long and slender, covered with fine hairs, and the
end of the abdomen is rather blunt. The abdominal segments are very
convex, and deeply separated by a wide suture. The thorax is about a
third wider than the rest of the body. The three thoracic segments
together are as long as they are wide. The prothoracic, or segment
next the head, is somewhat lunate, and rather longer than the two sur-
rounding segments; on the upper side is a slightly marked somewhat
horny square plate, but there is no thickening of the skin on the back
of the succeeding segments, as usual in the larve of the family (Ceram-
bycidee) to which this borer belongs. It agrees in all respects with the
larva of Leiopus xanthoxyli Shimer, except that the head is considerably
smaller, including the under side and the mouth parts, while the body
is not so thick. In all other respects the description of the prickly ash
borer (L. wanthoxryli) will agree with the present larva, for the larvie of
the two species, which differ very considerably in the beetle state, would
be easily confounded. The same remedies may be used against this
insect as against the well known striped apple-tree borer (Sanerda can-
dida).

The beetle itself is a slender, smooth-backed species with no ribs on
the wing-covers. It is pale ash-gray, with a slight purplish tinge. The
head and prothorax are blackish except on the hinder edge of the pro-
thorax. The antenne are yellowish brown, with the basal joint and
articulations between the other joints dark brown. The wing-covers are
pale ash, with a purplish tinge, and an irregular rounded spot just be-
hind the scutellum, united when the wings are folded with a similar
spot on the other wing-cover. The shoulder of each wing-cover is
tipped with black, which extends backwards from a longitudinal large
black spot, extending backwards and connecting with a broad black
band which crosses the terminal third of the wing, leaving the tip
pale gray. The front edge of this band forms an acute angle in the
middle of the wing; this band is sometimes partially wanting, and is
then broken up posteriorly into a few black spots. In front of this
broad band is an oblique row of short (longitudinal) lines, the first and
innermost being shortest ; the second one nearly three times as long and
parallel to the Gostal spot. It is a little less than a quarter of an inch
(.20) in length.

The prickly ash borer (Leiopus xanthoryli Shimer, Figs. 97,99). In this

252 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

connection descriptions of the different stages of this species, which
has only yet been found in Illinois by Dr. Shimer, to whom I am
indebted for specimens, would seem necessary, inasmuch as they throw
light on the structure of the apple Leiopus. According to Dr. Shimer
it bores into the limbs of the prickly ash.

The larva (Fig. 99, a, larva; b, upper side ; ce, under side of the head) is

N xr ‘ 4
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Fic. 87.—Liopus_xan- Fic. 98.—Liopus facetus.— Fic. 99.—The prickly ash borer.—From Packard.

thoxyli.—From Pack- From Packard,
ard,

very much like that of the preceding species. The head is a little
more than half as wide as the prothoracic ring. The basal (occipito-
epicranial) region is transversely oblong, the basal piece (occiput) being
very short, and transversely almost linear, and separated by a well-
marked suture from the middle portion (epicranium) of the head, the
latter being nearly four times as broad_as long, with the front edge
straight; it is white, with the front edge pitchy black. The clypeus is
smooth, trapezoidal in form, and three times as wide as long. The upper
lip (labrum) is thin, hairy, transversely elliptical, a little less than one-
half as long as broad. The basal chin piece (submentum) is a large
transversely oblong area, with the front edge piceous, and very slightly
hollowed, while the posterior edge is very deeply hollowed out. The
chin (mentum) is nearly square, widening at the base, which is continu-
ous with the base of the maxill, the whole posterior edge being well
rounded. The labial palpi are three-jointed, the basal joints of each
palpus being large, and no longer than broad, and touching each other ;
the second joint is much slenderer, and about half as thick as the basal
joint; the third joint is not quite so long, and is searcely half as thick
as the second; its tip is acute and reaches out as far as the end of the
second joint of the maxillary palpi. The maxillary palpi are four-
jointed, very broad at the base; the first joint is scarcely half as long
as broad; the third is a little longer than the second, while the fourth
is much slenderer than the others, and about the length of the second
joint. The mandibles are large and powerful, when closed not reaching |
as far as the end of the maxillary palpi; the ends are truncated, gouge-
like. On the prothorax is a large, obscurely marked, squarish, very
slightly horny (chitinous) area, scattered over with hairs, especially on
the anterior edge. On the upper side of each segment of the body is a

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE COMMON JUNIPER. 250

broad, oval area, with a series of oval gatherings or folds, on each side
of the transverse mesial main fold; those on the three rings succeeding
the head (thoracic) are the same, but broader. There are no rudimen-
tary thoracic legs. The end of the abdomen is blunt, well rounded,
with the extreme tip forming a rounded portion. It is .35 of an inch in
length. '

The pupa is white, and in the single specimen observed was quite far
advanced, the body being covered with hairs. The wings were quite
free from the body, and the antenne curved around outside the wing-
covers, their tips meeting at the base of the heat. The first and second
pairs of legs are folded at right angles to the body, the third pair being
oblique to the body. The tips of the first pair of tarsi reach to the base
of the second pair of tarsi; the tips of the second pair of tarsi do not
reach to the base of the third pair of tarsi, the third tarsi not reaching
to the tip of the abdomen by a distance equal to nearly their length.
The prothorax is full and convex, the hinder portion being larger in
proportion to the rest of the body than in the adult beetle. It is a quar-
ter of an inch in length. The beetle is characterized by four raised lines
on each wing-cover, with five or six black dots on each line or rib. An
oblique black line diverges from each side of the seutellum. Just in
front of the middle is a triangular, pale space, bounded behind by an
oblique, dark line. In color,it resembles the bark of the ash; it is a
quarter of an inch in length.

5. THE JUNIPER SALMON-TINTED CATERPILLAR.
Order LEPIDOPTERA; family NOCTUID.

Feeding on the leaves of the low-bush juniper, in August, in Maine,
a small noctuid caterpillar with five pairs of abdominal legs. Body
thickest a little in fropt of the middle. Head small, rounded, pale
honey-yellow, as wide as the prothoracic segment. Body flesh-colored,
finely striped with alternating reddish flesh-colored and whitish fine
wavy lines; two subdorsal reddish lines broader and less waved than
the others, there being about eight reddish lines on each side of the
body. The body of this caterpillar is shorter and thicker but shaped
somewhat as in Leucania. When observed, August 27 to September 12,
the caterpillar was about 6™™ long.

6. THE JUNIPER WHITE-STRIPED INCH-WORM.

Order LEPIDOPTERA; family PHALANID2.

Feeding on the leaves of the low-bush juniper late in summer, in
Maine, a rather short, cylindrical inch-worm, pale pea-green, the color
of a juniper leaf. Head full, rounded, as wide as the body; segments
a little wrinkled transversely. Lateral ridge sharp, white, the white
line extending along the side of the obtusely triangular supra-anal plate.
No other longitudinal stripes nor any other markings or tubercles.

254 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.
7. THE JUNIPER TWIG INCH-WORM.
Drepanodes varus G. & R.

This caterpillar, found on the tree-juniper (No. 4), also appears to
live on the low-bush juniper, as we beat from a bush the Jast of August
a beautiful green chrysalis which agrees closely with that of Drepanodes
varus. This chrysalis is of the size and exact form represented in
Fig. 95, is smooth bodied, pale pea-green, the exact color of a leaf of
its food plant. The body is paler than the wings, with two pale sub-
dorsal yellow stripes; the tip of the abdomen red.

8. THE FIR-NEEDLE INCH-WORM.

This caterpillar was found feeding on the juniper at Brunswick, Me.,
August 26-29, 1881.

9, THE JUNIPER PLANT-LOUSE.

oO
Lachnus sp.

Common on the juniper in Maine at the ends of the branches.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE LARCH OR TAMARACK (Larix amer-
icana).

1. The pine bark-beetle (Tomicus pini) is reported to mine the bark
and outer surface of the sap wood of the tamarack the same that it does
the pine.

2. In July and August troops of white caterpillars with black dots
and along their backs eight black tufts of hairs, the larve of the hickory
tussock moth (Loptocampa carye), are sometimes found on this tree,
nearly stripping the leaves from the limbs which they occupy. (Fiteh.)

3. In Labrador [have found the larva of Arctia quenselii feeding upon
the larch in July.

4, THE LARCH CHEATER.
Tolype laricis Fitch.
Order Lepiporrera; family BOMBYCID®.

‘
On the limbs in June and July, feeding on the leaves; a large flattened ash gray
worm resting appressed to and closely resembling the bark ; forming an oblong flat-

tened gray cocoon molded to the limb and resembling the bark in its color; the latter »

part of July producing a thick-bodied moth with thin delicate wings, which are
almost transparent in the males and 1.00 broad, in the females 1.50, and of a white
color with faint wavy dusky bands. (Trans. 1855, p. 494. Fitch.)

5. THE IMPERIAL SPINY CATERPILLAR.
Eacles imperialis Hiibner.

Noticed on the tamarack by G. D. Hulst (Bulletin Brooklyn Ento-
mological Society, p. 77).

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE LARCH OR TAMARACK. 255

6. THE FIR LOPHYRUS?

A Lophyrus-like false caterpillar which may have been the larva of
Lophyrus abietis, in 1877 attacked a plantation of Scotch larches. The
following letter from Mr. Bb. M. Watson, proprietor of the Old Colony
Nurseries, Plymouth, Mass., written under date of July 5, 1877, will give
the facts in the case:

IT have a large plantation of Scotch larches, twenty-five years old, forty to fifty feet:
high, many hundred trees, which is attacked by a caterpillar (enclosed) which I do not
find in Harris, or any forestry book which I have at hand. Do you know it or its
remedy? The trees are much riddled by them, and the foliage more than two-thirds
destroyed. The trees look bare and unsightly. We have. had them several years.
They began at one end and have advanced to one-fifth of the plantation; the other
four-fifths are not infested.

The use of a fluid preparation of Paris green or London purple
thrown over the trees by a garden pump or modern machine for such
purpose, figured in the Reports and Bulletins of this Commission, would
so reduce the numbers of these caterpillars that a second year the trees
would leave out again and not show much marks of injury. The Lo-
phyrus sawflies are sporadic and periodical in their attacks; though
occasionally doing great and widespread injury.

7. THE LARCH APHIS.
Lachnus laricifee Fitch.
Order HeEMIPTERA; family APHID.

Solitary upon the small twigs, stationed in the axils of the tufts of leaves, with its
beak sucking the juices that should go to the leaves, a wingless brown plant-louse
slightly tinged with coppery, 0.12 long, with a dull white line along the middle of its
back and a similar whitish band at the sutures of each of the abdominal segments,
in which bands on each side of the middle are three black punctures, the short tuber-
eles on each side of the tip deep black, the under side dull white and dusted with
white powder, the legs pale with the feet and knees black and also the apical half of
the hind thighs and shanks, and the antenn pale with black tips. (Fitch.)

Many of these lice were noticed on a particular tree the latter part of
May, but no winged ones v +1re to be found. Ants, as usual, were guard-
ing them and drinking the honey dew which they ejected. Many of
them were accompanied with four or more young, huddled close around
the base of the sheath from which the leaves arise. These were scarcely
half the length of the parent, of a light dull yellow color with two
brown spots above on the base of the abdomen, the legs and antennze
similarly colored to those of the parent but more pale. (Fitch.)

8. THE LARCH CHERMES.
Chermes laricifoliw Fitch.

Order HEmMIPTERA; family APHID®.

Solitary and stationary upon the leaves, extracting their juices, small black shining
flies 0.10 long, haying the abdomen dark green, the legs obscure whitish, the wings
nearly hyaline with pale brown veins, and the large stigma-spot upon their outer mar-
gin beyond the middle more opaque and pale green.

This is closely like the pine Chermes, but has the wings more clear,
and differs also in some of the details of its colors. (Fitch.)

256 INSECTS JNJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CEDAR OR ARBOR VITA—( Thuja occi-
dentalis).

1. THE CEDAR TINEID.

Bucculatrix thuiella Packard.
Order LirprporTEeRa; family TINEID”.

Feeding on the leaves and spinning slender, small, conspicuous white cocoons attached
to the leaves, and transforming to a narrow-winged beautiful pearly-white moth,
dotted and marked with brown.

The following account is taken from my first report to the Massa-
chusetts board of agriculture :

This is a little moth, of which the caterpillar is unknown, though I
found the moths and cocoons in abundance on a cedar tree in Bruns-
wick, Me., July 10. It is undoubtedly similar in
its habits to a little moth which lives not uncom-
monly on the apple tree, and has been described
by Dr. Clemens under the name of DBucculatrix
“—" pomifoliella. Its long, slender, white cocoons may

be found, at any time after the leaves have fallen,
« on the branches of apple trees.

Dr. Clemens says that ‘the larva feeds exter-
nally on the leaf of the apple, at least at the time
it was taken, in the latter part of September. It
is cylindrical and submoniliform; tapers ante-

_ viorly and posteriorly; with punctiform points
Fic. 100.—The cedar Tineid, a 3 5 :

enlarged; a, cocoon, nat. 2nd isolated hairs; first segment with rather

5 eee abundant dorsal hairs; three pairs of thoracie
feet and five abdominal pairs. Head small, ellipsoidal, brown; body
dark yellowish green, tinged with reddish anteriorly; hairs blackish
and short. Early in October the larva enters the pupa state, wear-
ing an elongated, dirty white, ribbed cocoon, and appears as an imago
during the latter part of the following April, or early in May.” The
present species seems to be undescribed, and may be called Bueculatrix
thuiella. It belongs to the extensive Tineid family, and its general ap-
pearance is sufficiently indicated by the drawing.

Moth.—The body and wings are pearly white, and the antennie are white, with
brown wings, while there is a low broad tuft of white scales between the antenne, the
erest being much flatter than in thespecies living ontheapple. Thefore wingsare white,
and crossed in the middle by a broad brown band, and beyond this band by alterna-
ting white and brown stripes, crossing from the front edge (costa) of the wing. On
the end of the wing, and in the middle of the outer edge, is a conspicuous black
spot, like the eye in a peacock’s feather. To describe the wing and its markings more
fully—the basal. half of the wing is white, unspotted, except a short, transverse
brown band, extending from the inner edge, not quite to the middle of the wing. On
each side of this band is a row of two or three minute dots. The middle band is

5

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INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CEDAR OR ARBOR VITH. 257

broadest on the hind edge. Beyond and arising from the costa, where they are broad-
est, and extending to the opposite side of the wing, are six brown lines, alternating
with white interspaces. These lines run together in the middle of the wing, brown
dots being added, but which end as distinct lines on the inner edge of the wing. The
three outermost lines are much curved, and, with the curve of the fringe, form a cir-
cular area, in the middle of which, on the base of the fringe, is the curvilinear, rather
thick, dark brown spot. The leng fringe on the end of the wing is white at base
and brown at the end. The hind wings are pale brown, acutely pointed, with a long
silvery fringe. ‘The tibie and tarsi of the fore legs are brownish, while the hind legs
are white, with a long fringe on the hindermost tibie. The length of one fore wing
is .18, and the length of the body is .13 inch. y

The cocoon is white, tough, dense, slender cylindrical, and .20 inch in
length. It is fastened by one side to the leaf, and differs from that of
the apple Bucculatrix in not being ribbed longitudinally. A minute,
beautifully brilliant green ichneumon (Chalcis) fly seems to attack in
considerable numbers the chrysalids of this insect, as nearly half of
those reared by me turned out one of these parasites. It is a species of
a genus allied to Eulophus, having the antenne pectinated, the terminal
joints throwing off five long branches. It differs, however, from Eulo-
phus among other characters by having a short, thick body, a small,
conical abdomen, and short, thick antenne. The fore wings are broad,
triangular. :

We noticed these beautiful moths again in 1881, at Brunswick, flying
about a cedar hedge in considerable numbers from the middle of July
until early in August.

2. THE FIR SAW-FLY.

Lophyrus abietis Harris.

False caterpillars closely resembling those found on the fir, and iden-
tical with that found on the low-bush juniper, occurred on two cedar
hedges in Brunswick, from July 18 to the last of August. But a few
scattered individuals occurred. We will give adescription of the variety
found on the cedar. Body cylindrical, broadest on the thoracic segments ;
all the segments finely transversely wrinkled. Head small round, deep,.
amber-colored; eyes black. Body pale green with a broad diffuse dark
green medio-dorsal and a lateral stripe. Body paler beneath. Thoracic
feet black. Eight pairs of abdominal feet green. Length 13™™. One
was found without the three dark stripes. This species differs from the
others in the caterpillar having no dark spots on the body as seen in most
Lophyrus larve.

3. THE PROMETHEA MOTH.
Callosamia promethea (Drury ).

Said by Mr. Riley to feed on the arbor vite. (Fourth Rep., 123.)
17 RIL

258 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE SEQUOIA GIGANTEA.

1. Gonops fissunguis Leconte.
“Three specimens from Big Trees, California.” (Leconte’s Rhyncho-
phora.)

2. A longicorn borer.

While at the Big Trees of the Mariposa Grove, we observed that one
of them had been mined under the bark by what must have been a
longicorn borer, as the mine was broad and shallow, being about 4™™
broad and about four inches long.

3. THE SEQUOIA AGERIAN.
Bembecia sequoie Edwards.
Ordér LEPIDOPTERA; family AAGERIADA.

Very destructive to Sequoia sempervirens, as well as to some species
of Pinus. H. Edwards. (Papilio, vol. I, p. 181.)

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CYPRESS (Taxodium distichum).
Cecidomyia cupressi-ananassa Riley.

Tennessee. (Riley, American Entomologist, ii, 244 and 273. Fig.
153, gall.)

ay

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AFFECTING THE PERSIMMON:

Psylla diospyri Ashmead, Can. Ent. 222, Nov. 1881.
AFFECTING THE CATALPA:

Diplosis catalpw, Comstock’s 1880 Rep. Dept. Ag. 266.
AFFECTING THE BAY MAGNOLIA:

Psylla magnolie Ashmead, Can. Ent. 224, Nov. 1881.
AFFECTING THE OAK:

Selandria quercus-alba Norton, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soe. i, 258.

Aphis quercifolie Walsh, Proc, Ent. Soc. Phil. i, 298, 1863.

Lachnus quercicolens Ashmead, on Q. virens, Can. Ent. 154, 1881.

Phyllaphis niger Ashmead, on QQ. phellos var. laurifoliw, Par. Ent. 155, 1881.

Xyleborus celsus, Leconte’s Rhynchophora, 360.

Suscatus,. Leconte’s Rhynchophera, 360.

_ Heterocampa subalbicans Grote, Comstock’s Rept. for 1880, 259.
Limacodes minuta Reakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. ili, 251, 1864.
Cecidomyia quercusmajulis O. Sack. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soe. iii, 53.
Bostrichus bicornis Web. C. E. Worthington, Can. Ent. xii, 107.

AFFECTING THE BUTTERNUT:
Gaurotes cyanipennis, ovipositing on butternut, F. B. Caulfield, Can. Ent. 60, 1881.
Grapholitha carye Shimer, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. ii, 394.
AFFECTING THE HICKORY:
Catocala flebilis, Kellicott in Papilio, 141, 1881.
Chramesus icorie, Leconte’s Rhyncophora, 375.
Cecidomyia cosse Shimer, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soe. ii, 395.
carye O. Sacken, Monographs, ete. i, 191.
caryecolor O. Sacken, Monographs, ete. i, 192.
cynipsea O. Sacken, Monographs, etc. i, 193.
glutinosa O. Sacken, Monographs, ete. i, 193.
nototricha O. Sacken, Monographs, etc. i, 193.
persicoides O, Sacken, Monographs, ete. i, 193.
sanguinolenta O. Sacken, Monographs, ete. i, 192.
AFFECTING THE ELM:
Plocetes ulmi, Leconte’s Rhyneophora, 213.
FEEDING ON WILD CHERRY:
Cerura borealis, G. H. French in Can. Ent. 145, 1881.
FEEDING ON THE CHESTNUT:
Limacodes viridis Reakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. iii, 251, 1864.
Eugonia subsignaria, Comstock’s 1880 Rep. Dept. Ag. 271; also on hickory.
FEEDING ON WILLOW:
Cerura occidentalis, G. H. French in Can. Ent. 144, 1881.
Grapholitha galle-saliciana Riley, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci. 320, 1881.
AFFECTING THE BAss-woopD:
Pogonocherus nubilus, according to Leconte.
259

260 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

AFFECTING THE BIRCH:

Apatela spinigera Guen, R. Thaxter, Psyche, ii, 121.
AFFECTING THE MAPLE:

ELunomis alniaria; larva abundant on maple. C. E. Worthington in Can. Ent, x, 1€
AFFECTING THE LOCUST:

Kedytolopha insiticiana Zeller, Comstock’s 1880 Rep. Dept. Ag. 260.

Pempelia contatella Grote, Comstock’s Rep. Dept. Ag. 261. \
AFFECTING THE HoNrY Locust:

Pempelia gleditschiella Fernald, Comstock’s 1880 Rep. Dept. Ag. 262.
AFFECTING THE SCOTCH PINE:

Chermes pinicorticis H. Osborn, Iowa Ag. Report, 96, 1881.
AFFECTING THE PItcH PINE:

Tomicus exesus, Harris’ Treatise, 87.

Tortrix politana, Haworth ?, Comstock’s 1880 Rep. Dept. Ag. 264. This is the cater-

pillar whose case is figured and described on7page 207. _

AFFECTING PINUS TEDA:

Tetralopha diluculella Grote, Comstock’s 1880 Rep. Dept. Ag. 263.
AFFECTING ABIES BRACTEATA:

Grapholitha bracteatana Fernald, Comstock’s 1880 Rep. Dept. Ag. 265.
AFFECTING THE LARCH:

Tomicus pini, Harris’ Treatise, 88.

Samia columbia (Caulfield).

CORRESPONDENCE.
{The following correspondence relates to certain insects mentioned in the foregoing pages. }

PHILADELPHIA, October 13, 1881.

My Dear Doctor: Iam afraid that some confusion has been produced by the
crowded condition of my box of Pityophthori. The specimens have now been prop-
erly spaced and arranged, and I have gone over them carefully.

The result is that Blanchard’s oak bark species is P. minutissimus Zimm., and I con-
sider it as Dr. Harris’ Tom. pusillus. It agrees very nearly in habits and characters
with P. pubipennis Lec., from California. The ¢ has the front heavily fringed with
long yellow hairs.

The species found by Blanchard (to me No. 36) under white pine bark is P. sparsus,
and is easily known by the prothorax having a smooth spot each side behind the
middle, and by the very shining lustre. The elytra are feebly and sparsely punctured,
the declivity is deeply suleate near the sature, and on the outer limit of the groove
are two or three acute cusps. This species is depredated on by Hypophleus tenuis.

Then there is P. puberulus, well described by me from the specimen given me by
Ulke. Specimens since received from Schwarz (Port Huron) and Blancbard (Mass. ,
No. 139) have the elytra more strongly punctured.

I am disposed to believe this species from white pine is the one referred to by Dr.
Fitch as Yom. pusillus Harris. It is about the size of ramulorum of Europe, but the
elytra are more coarsely punctured, and the punctures are not arranged distinctly in
strive, but are confused. This is probably your 35.

Your No. 34, as I see by reference to Fitch’s report,jis quoted textually from that
author, and if my opinion be well founded, is not different from your 35, unless it be
annectens. If there are any types to be seen, please have them sought for, and send
me one. I have forgotten what became of Fitch’s collection.

Tain sorry your correspondents have not been more diligent in collecting these
destructive insects, so that their characters may be defined, and their habits after-

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APPENDIX. 261

wards carefully observed. I have made frequent appeals, but have met with no re-
sponse either inside or outside of the;Commission on Forests.

P. annectens Lec., found in Floridatin yellow pine, resembles in sculpture ramulorum,
and agrees with Fitch’s description of 34 in having the elytral punctures arranged in
rows, and the sutural angle acute. It may really be the same as your 34, but as the
localities are so widely apart, and the food tree different, [ am unwilling to express a
positive opinion until I can compare the specimens. I returned as you requested all
that you sent, and I have from you in my collection no other Scolytide than the
Crypturgus recently received. Perhaps you could get a type of Fitch’s pusillus. Ifso
it would solve all the difficulties.

Please let your collectors know that in Scolytid:e there is no benefit derived from
the study of single specimens. They must be collected in numbers that both sexes
may be obtained. As they are always abundant when found there is no difficulty in
getting specimens enough.

Very sincerely,
J. L. LECONTE.

New York, December 12, 1881.
My Dear Dr. PackarD: * * *

Sciapteron robiniw Hy. Edw. is extremely destructive in California and Nevada to
the white poplar (Populus alba) and to the downy poplar (Populus canescens), both
of these species being introduced into the Pacific States as ornamental trees. A small
avenue of the latter at San Leandro, near San Francisco, was utterly destroyed by
the Sciapteron, the pupa cases being found sticking out of the holes in hundreds.
The perfect insect was rather scarce, as they emerge very early in the morning, and
take flight with the first gleam of sunshine. Sciap. robinie also destroys the locust
trees (Robinia pseudoacacia), a grove of this species in Napa County being observed
by me in a state bordering upon destruction from the attacks of this insect.

Sciapteron syringe (Trochilium syringe Harris) has been found to be a pest to ash
trees in Brooklyn, N. Y. Some observations upon this and other species of digeride
will shortly be published by Rey. G. D. Hulst.

Bembecia sequoie Hy. Edw. is devastating the pine forests of Mendocino County,
California, and is particularly destructive to Sequoia sempervirens, Pinus ponderosa, and
Pinus Lambertiana. The eggs appear to be laid in the axils of the branches, the
young caterpillar boring in a tortuous manner about its retreat, thus diverting the
flow of the sap, and causing large resinous nodules to form at the place of its work-
ings. These gradually harden, the branch beyond them dies, and the tree at last
succumbs to its insignificant enemies. Hundreds of fine trees in the forests of the
region indicated are to be seen in various stages of decay. A similar habit seems to
prevail in the life history of Sciapleron pini Kellicott, a species described by its author
in the Can. Entom., 1881. ;

Bembecia marginata (Troch. marginatum Harris) attacks the bushes of various species
of Rubus. Mr. Hulst has made admirable observations upon this species, and will, I
hope, soon give them to the world.

Yours, truly,
HENRY EDWARDS.

CAMBRIDGE, November 14, 1881.
DEAR PROFESSOR PacKARD: Your letter of the 9th instant was duly received-
Before replying I have waited to get from Dr. Hagen a list of species of insects taken
by me last September on the highest peak of Ktaadn. They were put in spirits and
handed to Dr. H. without examination on my part. As he has just given me the list
of all that can interest you in your present inquiries, I will send it with a few words
of my own.

2962 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND SHADE TREES.

In my trips to Ktaadn in 1879, 1880, and 1881, I did not see about the mountain,
nor on the way to and from it, any increase of dead spruces above what I observed
in my visits of 1869 and 1871. There are now, as in the earlier years, the usual pro-
portion and no more of dead and bleached spruce trunks standing among the living,
but none recently dead and retaining their bark.

I camped in the Basin seven days in 1879, thirteen days in 1880, sixteen days in
1881. The only borers I ever saw there—to know them—are Prionus wnicolor and
Monohammus scutellatus. In 1879 I saw more of the former, but this year none of that,
while the latter swarmed everywhere—but ten days later in the month. These two
species I have known for years. Thinking that you might possibly find in a list of
my unexamined species the new destroyer, I asked Dr. Hagen to prepare one. But
though I have forgotten the name of this recent pest, you will not find it among the
species collected by me. This fact and the other, that no unusual killing of spruces
appears to have taken place lately in the Ktaadn region, indicate of course that
the destroyer has not penetrated thither.

I took insects only on the highest peak, hoping to get by chance something not
found lower down, though aware that the season for characteristic Alpine species had
long passed. But you will probably find in the list only species common at lower ele-
vations. Their presence on the summits I suppose you will attribute, in part at least,
to their being blown there by winds. My collection of wild black spiders may, on
examination, prove different from low-ground species. Please note that this abun-
dance of M. scutellatus occurs high above the growth of Pines, which are not found at

all in the Basin.

Yours, truly,
C. E. HAMLIN.

Insects taken on highest peak of Mt. Ktaadn, September, 1881.

6 Monohammus scutellatus Say.

1 Leptura canadensis.

1 Buprestris maculiventris.

1 Melanotus communis.

1 Clerus dubius.
Upis sp. ?

2 Scymnus sp.? (very small).
Atta pennsylvanica,

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Page.

Abbot’s white-pine saw-fly....-..-- 195

PMOTANCOLAST a cite) stems bes see cies 134

Abies alba, insects injurious to.... 219

balsamea, insectsinjurious to 235
canadensis, insects injurious

GOS ae amet aeseisiss Dene 240

menziesii, insectsinjurious to 242

nigra, insects injurious to... 219

Acanthoderes, 4-gibbus ....----. 55, 75, 131
SIs: ee

Acer rubrum, insects injurious to.. 108

saccharinum, insects injurious

OM = Ao ast yes oats ele Sale 103

NE ORMIM Ot. ears ee atre Ac aeevesoc! = 53

WORM ac paainiccis hacraiae fsieeie > 52
Acrobasis juglandis -....--...---.- 82,85 |

EMETOMVCURC T= Ne anes sso seas cnet 140

ACOLICOl aaa eee ee 140

AMeTICAN Une ac = sis eee. eae 142

nasomliteray.2<2< 5 a... Li liae

oceidentalis'.......5-=: 126

POPU easy acl see 116

SAUMCUS) ogee fob eh fers tie mao 142

HEAT eo ee eS Ore a eee 69

Wetias lona.....-,--- 76, 85, 89, 131, 138, 142

aAdeloes abieticolens...-....------ 234

AOTC HIS 12 33 one ak rot ou 235

MEANS MOCOSUS! =< 5)2- 22sec ence 159

Obsoletus. 4. soos ne eae 159

“ib SME PCS OR Se soles ese aereers oe 106

denudatums S225 -b co 138

DMM seh co ecco Bete wie 180

(51) EH Ree AS am ereane ae 123

(ORUCUN GUA - fe sreeenoiec ese 121

POA OstEyeella:...<-5--252--/sen-6 139

Aonippe biscolorella 22-22 --24-- = 133

PROTUS Coy sara sisi see ins Saleen es eee 75

GERSIIS! 46 Seon eeseo Dogs Sade 75

Ainerican Cimbex saw-fly ....-.... 64

WOSTERS ic ajo2 tee eee seen 122

SU worm seer c= 48, 90, 113

timber-beetle_....---..- 29

Amphalocera cari0Sa ...--..----.-. 132

Amphidasys cognataria ..-.-...-.- 114

PAR ViOU Ss OOGOLUS).5- 75s ways e = 82

Page.
Amarsia pruniellas- 22 -ssases eee 135
Anchylopera platanana .--....-..- 59
Angular-headed marbled fir inch-

W ODM 4.2525) se scteiaiseeaoeiseinls esas 237
Anisopteryx vernata .......--.--.- 61, 138
Anisota pellucida: 5-226 -seceees oo 45

TUbiCund aye ae 109
SOMatOL als --te sees 45
StIOMay ai nce Sete 45
Anormata pinicola 2222 s2esse~0-64= 216
Anthaxia viridicornis ....--4%----- 68
ViTidiLONS) .-< cheee eee i
Anthophilax mirificus --...... --.. 244
Antiopa butterfly: ....:2.2.-2422.- 64
| Apate Dasillaris) soo. sees seep eer 74
bivailtacus: 4-24. Seen eer 230
| Apatela americana...... .......-- 11D, 12a
DEUIMOSA aces aides esc se 139
Tradelitien sc. seeks eee 126
Apatelodes angelica .......--. ---- 138
torretactaneepe see oe 142
JAND US \ACELIS).\- es eee eee oes 115
cerasifolizer.--28ele- ne tee SoD
Graton ito likes sspears 133
CLlOSPNTIG <2 525i eeae tee tae 138
Aphrophora parallella -...--.. ..-- 189
saratogensis. .-..---.189, 215
SPIONPROS CHUM ssh eee eee 101
Aplodesimamosarial.—-semseeeeee 49
Ap plerwelo DMS a. -e-5 eee seer 250
Arbor vite, insects injurious to... 256
Argyresthia austerella ..........-- 69
Argyrolepia quercifoliana ......-.- 54
Arhopalus fulminans ..--..-...- 24, 55, 90
ASE MUM NTS S UUM) flee serene s ee 157
Asimmantrloba a. 5. ese tiassosee 132
Aspidiotus juglandis...-.....--..- 86
Aspidisea diospyriella....-.----..- 138
quclandiellanesseeesoeeee 85
Saliciellan. sseepceacm- 7 alee
splendoriferella .... .. .134, 136
ostryzefoliella. .... .-.--- 139
Athysanus abietis: J.....-222---.- 129, 235
fenestratus)<- oe se- oa 128
MUNMOL-o ao creeatestte 128

264 INDEX.

of Page
Athysavus variabilis ....:.--+.--.- 128
AUTelADUS GNAlIS .s.tece.Ss See wees 85 |
bipustulatus.2......-.-- 51 |
DOS) Sen ee = nee ou, tel) |
Autumnal locust leaf-miner .....-. 99 |
Bactra? arcutana-......-.<-.--->- 69 |
Balaninus caryatrypes ........-.-- 93 |
MASLCUS) eee crs eeea Sees OOo |
TOCUUS Choe eate see eee yeeee 52
Banded tree-hopper ......-.-.----- 81
Batrachedra preangusta ....-.---- 143
salicipomonella...... - 143
artiolata ........-.--- 143 |
Beautiful hickory-borer ..........- 69
Beech, insects injurious to .......- 129 |
Veat-miners 2.222 282052 See 130 |
BDaR-=WOLly Ambac = ose 129 |
ipellamira scalaris .-...-...: ...... 129 |
Palredk@hion 22 eee s-= aoe eee 70
Betula lenta, insects injurious to .. 128
Bimehwaphis jccasccccekees tooo esee 129 |
insects affecting the leaves... 128 |
insects injurious to........--. 128 |
IBISHOMMULSATIO cra =\ecjecieeee eo sees 121
Black-birch borer .c..---.\-s-<s22<+, 1291]
horned Callidium ....--..-- 159
LOCHSt MUIPE 2-2 este beens 101 |
margined gay-louse -.-..... 80
walnut, insects affecting the
WG AWES Betace Se beiwisure cetse e 84
walnut, insects affecting the |
iM ke. Saas os eee eee 84 |
walnut, insects injurious to- 84 |
walnut Sphinksss. =). esse. 84, 90
Blastobasis coccivorella..........- 54 |
Blue-clouded Hylotrupes..- Jee teaver 246 |
Borme Hylurgus.........--- seers 175 |
IBOSiIChUS DICORMIS) 22.225 sos. esse 5), |
CAVILTONS peeseee eee eras 230 |
ISTACHYS PTO8A) .-:- neces cums ses eee 52 |
PEUCINOSH..-/-=2 .a=-neece =: BO"
PLOphos imitans: -se- ss ences es aeeeee 129 |
DPronuchelia, hortaria --2--.---+ ossse 131 |
Brown chestnut beetle .........--. 90
IPLLONUS. 2.22 \-ta. obec oee see 30
pectleciass e022 -e2 241
STU CUES fe sforscrer ered aie. ee eee cares 134 |
PLOSOPIS) == -ecseee eee 133
MOITLOTMIS | 21 eee 133
Buceulatrix thuiella 2222-2 2-. 22. -- 256 |
trifasciella ..........- 94 |
Buckeye stem-borer........---.<. 132 |

IBUpresuidboLrerseseseeene ae eee 241 |

Buprestis chlorocephala...-..-....- 20
lin@atacstotescec se eeee 149
RUSHICOLUM) ssecee ree seee 149
striata. 282, sense cee 148
ultramarina) -5-25-4seee 149
fasciata =< scenes co oeaee 144
Butternut, insects affecting the
léaves.. -...ssecnieeee 86

insects affecting the

trunk and limbs -.--.- 85
insects injurious to.... - 85
leaf miner=-ene essere 90
Pin GS 2-15 a as scene ee 88, 129
tree-hopperss-seseeecee 88
woolly worml>s-sss-se5 86
Byrsocrypta ulmicola ..----------- 68
Bythoscopuss--3- 42-2240 ee eee 144
SULOb1.). 22% sacar eee 216
| Calaptris betulella....-..-.2.--.-- 129
Californian lappet moth.......-..- 43
Phryganidea=s-ssese== 43
tent-caterpillar...--.-- 41
Callaspidia quercus-globulus ...--- 39
Callidium antennatum .----.--..- 159, 246
Calligrapha scalaris .<......2--'c2 140
Callipterus betula ?_.......-.-.-.- 129
betulzcolens ---....... 129
? caryellus....-- Se eevee 79
Castanese\ as. - 4 seenee ee 93
fumipennellus 2-25 -2--= 80
macwlellas se. sess 80
marcimellus*sssseee eee 80
? punctatellus .....--.- 79
Wimicolasseeees eee 68
Callosamia promethea - ..131, 154, 138, 257
Camaranotus confusus..-.-...-.--. 217
Canadian Lepturar 2-2 234-2 eee 240
Cankerwormy 2. 2..)-.0.522 .seeereee 61
| \Capsus sco2-8.c eee eee 144
Clavatts:. -5.5222 ase5 soe 219
Carphoborus bicristatus.-....---.. 179
bifuncussoee. S-=eeee 179

Carya allay cs.) s-.ssee oe eee 69

tomentosa) 2- Seen oe eee 69

| (Castanea vescar.2- ==. ---22 52 -e = 90
| Catastega aceriella -.....---..---- 114
tMelilaes Ae... Sees 56

Catocala concumbens ....-.--.---- 142
fratercula p= 22-.)-5-5-ece 48

parta’. 222523 Se eee 146

witromilal tas seis toe ee 134
@écidomyiajaceriss25 ee asain 115
albovittata ..---.--..- 144

tallies har ty i

Rnduy Biba
er

a te

rained

Sebi. ei rwetitt y
a a MW. , nha iii , wie

We lba.t ray

Meta a en nee i ‘ haggis \

ni

ei, hs baliiaap n a, Hp 1 ‘vay rr: A

Ly
fy by

m oe ca Nir ie rane ar - !

4 Bea ait ee Ae | hha rr Kriya

Riel

Ss ©
aN oe 3.0

a ‘ew t ‘= ‘
LAs , j PE Wiel ae | pert tell ae
\ 44 P . ; ese ‘tity Lt
A i PA ‘ es a why | ty ly Pr. . Paes mon ree.
i rr : ’ wee ; Rules bee yf

{i . by ‘ ‘ 4tintetie ruiri

iM TSk. Sa ws ;
; ; , - wih nn henad
; Wei 5) re
’
fi; amor ; ’
» Tie wy oon’

INDEX. 265
Page. Page.
Cecidomyia cratwgi-bedeguar....- 136 | Chestnut insects affecting the fruit 93
CHURN) = wlara- lets.) ae = 127 insects affecting the leaves 92

(COMMPEh anaes coobooee 144 insects affecting the trunk
cupressi ananassa ---- - 258 amie lima Seer ers eters 90
pleditschis---s).s-cc-—- dod insects injurious to .-.-.. 90
limodendiis= see 131 Phylloxera. 222222 sse2e% 93
orb walisSs 6 s<cisae =- 144 tree: borer =.2-2- sean 90
Pellexy | ss) aae tte sie 138 treeshopper®s 22 sso cecce- 92
pseudacacia --.-2------ 101 WOeWLIt «222 sceere serene ata 93
pudibundaeess-— seea- TAGE Chion Ginetuss:..52-—2cseeecer as 70
BODINE Mesos eee 102 | Chrysobothris dentipes ...-...----- 12, 147
Si bata eters: 143 femorata ..-.16, 107, 133, 136
S. brassicoides:.---. -- 143 ALRSIvece= sess 147
Si coryloides=esss2-2-4 LAS Ochocolayaseaeee etree 133
SCOLNUE Eas sees ae 143 6-slenatar: 225. .22.5- 128
S. gnaphalioides ..---- 143 {HIMOT VIA: soccer sce ae
Sy hordéoides.252----- 143 | Chrysomela bigsbyana ...-....---- 144
SseUOCmILUS) sae eet ao 143° philadelphica.-..-..-- J 2ite
Sa PUOdOIdeS2s. nae nee 143 SCalALIShss = eee eee 64, 126
Sasiligita: t-.4-ehecess. 143 SPIRO Gas sence ese ees 144
S= strobiloides 2s-.-.=- 143 | Cicada septemdecim --.2-: ----_--- 35
S. strobiliseus’...- .... 143 seventeen! year ......2....2- 5
SbLiplCOldes apes ese, Sel4o. |) Cimbex americana. ss assess ae 64, 69
SaeaONEU Gane atv ictate 143 laportel 2252 aeeeae = eae 69
SCROUIMNZ = sa ese fee Se 135 | Cirehayplatanellar=soseeee eee 139
sermullatec.. 222) 52255: 140 | Citheronia regalis........-..-.---- 76
tilize verrucicola .-.-.-.-. 127 Sepulleralliiss jose 22-1 203
hulipitend) See s5s6 4 131s |e Cischts) ciatiiromser a sete crt ss ele 81
@ecropia caterpillar ......-.--2-.-- 113 Colepeumrce: sce eecme. aes 81
TAQ Uae lone ae sates a's 89 | PIL pases oe ee ee oe eet 217
Cedar, insects injurious to..-.....- 256 | Clastoptera obtusa..-.-.......--.. 88
{UnnaW ep (0 eed es Bale a ee eee 256 PUI Sass eee he sees 216
Cemiostoma albella ........--..--- 143 testacea.s25256¢ 225 216
Centronopus anthracinus.-.--.---- 5p) ‘Cleoraspulchraniaisss--= sasee2 eee 205
Calcamahws rer cs ssa 55 | Clinton’s tussock moth 222. 22-2 222- 53
Ceratomia amyntor ..>....-..---.- 127 | Clisiocampa americana. -.-.--.------ 134
quadricornis sesees--s-- 67 CalitorniGa) 3225 352-1 41
@eresa brevilCOrnis)=- 222. jssee- =. s25- 31 constr cial s.-sese- eee 41
@ernpa borealis’.-..22--<tase..-<<< 134, 142 disstria = 24 eee 40
IMTS CLUP tA sa) alos <i 142 GROSANi5SL ae ee oes 103
CeCdentalisice-seseseecese) 6 LAD sylwatica).cs--s4— 40, 112, 138
Chaitophorus negundinis.-.---..-.. 133 | Cloudy-tipped Cixius ............. 81
mOpUlIeC Als sence see 117 | Club-horned Capsus........------- 219
salicicola ...--...... 14%) || Chytnseolonue: 12 scseeeocee ose 27
Chalcophora angulicollis .-.-...--. 146 | MODUS eco SoSeses eee 91
iberta. 2-285 arose 146 | Coal-black Hylastes.....---..--... 177
ViIrgINieNnsis= ==. --. - 145, | Coccus, pinicorticis.2---o2sc2-2-2 2) ee
Ghariessa pilosa....'..---.0----)\-.-< - 75 | Cawlodasys unicornis .....-.-. -.--135, 136
Checkered pine sphinx eaterpillar-. 202 | Coleophora ostryw#...--..--.---.-- 140
spine measuring worm.. 232 prumielagescsecer ee ae 154
Chermes laricifolig ..---..------% 255 quercrellarcseanees tse 54
miniolieerss et Sh aeeccee ee eke tilise-foliella .......-.. U7)
Chestnut caterpillar ...25... -<.2-s 945) Commiar butbertlyy.<-emcsac cee 1 66
Pay-lOUse o=-Ss—e 2-2 = 93 | Commixed Leptostylus.!.--....-.. 157

266
Page

Common elm aphis..-.-....- ieeftene 68

elm tree borer .....--.- oe 58

hickory borer 3.5. 22 =. BGO! 40)

large red timber-beetle... 243

longicorn pine-borer..... 152

OalaC ly tusteee ee eeeeee ae 27

Cone-headed spruce caterpillar.... 233
Conotrachelus elegans. ........---- 83 |

crategi....- Siege 138

nenuphar.-.--.- sigs LSS

SOmISCHUIMINS ya" -/o cess ene O Eee : 54

albanotella ..-.- HSL 5d

Coscinoptera dominicana.-.....-..55, 138
Cosma Ora .2 6.2: -.22sse\a0 eee 47

(OsRISKCeNLeLeNSIS! e2scee 224. 2-5 119

OEIC Seas Aas Mee sey ei ee eee 11

Cotalpa lanicera, 2. ..)- 22-225 2s65 144

Cottonwood dagger-moth ...--.. -- 116

insects affecting the
leawes 3-9=45 othecece 115

insects affecting the
trunk and branches. 115
insects injurious to... 115

Xr On
~~

Criocephalus agrestis ...-....----- 158
muUbUMs = sss seas a2 162
Croesus latitarsus ....-.-..<- Sosoeneeralsy!
Cryptolechia faginella -.....--- onan elo
quereicella 2_--- acee 55
Crypturgus atomus ..-..- 180, 231, 236, 241
HUPEstcONCOLOL - =... .oss/44 aecmese 232
@yilene: antennatus -.2.52----.:-.- 133
CRMC OLMIS a. s.aseaeeos sere 138 |
REG tenes ea Aa 70, 75, 84, 90, 95
Cymatophora pampinaria -.......- 142 |
(CyMIPS”... -.<- Pcie Sistas ae a eueotaindotoate 56
ACICMIAA ¢aeceetem ee siete 56 |
} AUEUUINIS Pte es ey Spey wipe, seco 57 |
Andmcus) flocs. 225 22-2 56
(Andricus) fusiformis...--. - 56
(Andricus) futilis -.... Meeee 56
(Andricus) papillata -...--- 56
GAmdrieus)) seo S ose bnchen i 56
(Andricus) seminator ......
ibgbatoides!= acct em. sects 5
IDBLAGUS -- ccrpsscieee soles step 56
Della. .20.5-Besssee tees weer 57
(Biorbiza) imilordyseeeeeeese 56
CAPSULAiNc sso reese mcteaiice 57
CONTICOA eo sos eseeeeeee 56 |
ClCalniCwlaen sseace oe oS islass 57
cinerosa .-..- Sretsconos eee 57 |
Clay 52 Ssevame nce SS awcts 56
celebs ..... sess sctaeehtele 56
contluens 4: 8.t «2265 ae 56
COTTUPIS 2 .< hse eee eee 57 |

cemulaeccnerice Sete es ce ee
globuduss..;aiiveten ee seeee
IPNOUA. 3.6 soos Hae ee eee
Uicifolie. jshe.waseeowe sae
IN ANUS iss FSU SN a ee
irregularis: se slaceeeaaeee
Majalis\....i. shoes Bc
MINUta;..s128e See ee eee

NDT ene ese aces aseeeeee
MOMLOSAisceioe ct ote eee

OperatoL-42ac4) 20S esac
ostensackenli ..---. Sages
DalUstRisnsaases ee eee
Papula.iit;sssach eee S
Pabtonie sess sos eee eee 5
phellos.:sjal.d tats eeeen ee
Digra ss aceeas cece ae
podagres 58 + 52ee se eee
Polittayssss =the eee eee a
Punctata.c2cese4--=o aes
quercus-arbos....----..<. wae
quercus-batatus.--.---..-..
quercus-coceines® ------... ©
quercus-fieus 2252-2 -2= eee
querens-tubergseces 2 seer ee
TUG OSG: ic. e epee eee Eee
sclbulai eek eee eee abs
Sculp tage. cosets es ee
Semimators. 2.22 sess e wees
similis. ig..: as eee ecee ae
sineulanisteceee ose sees
spongilica settee aes
strobilanai. 4-5 22-ee eee
suttonii.--.
benUlCOrnis= 2s eaes ese :
(Teras) forticornis ...-.5---
(Teras) falvicollis......--- :
(Teras):hinta’ -.22 2222
(Teras) nigricollis ....=..2:
(Teras) pezomachoides - .--.
bubicola esse e eee Easier

AUSVMODLEC HAUNT ote ee
VWesicula cmc sst aoe eee

Cypress, insects injurious to -...--.

Dakrumapallidapsee soso ss sees
Dapsilia rutilana ..-.--- SPR re eee hs he

Aaaandannaa&an
QYNanw wd

@mn

Or OF OV OF 1 Co C1 GN ON
ISSO Ot OGn

on
~

iS)
oo oo oo on on
OoWANWNWAIAHAD

at (OE ECAP yay ait bie.

Aron Joaur hie bi tho ube aa

ind ne af - minke

x noite ied Hoth Oe act dot

INDEX. 267
Page. Page.
Warapsa. cheerilus: 2.5 32 222). 6 ss 138) | Pilmcalil-louse!-2<5 oa snes oa = 68
Dark elm-bark borer...-. Sapa tees 59 insects affecting the leaves - .. 61
Daremma undulosa ..........----- 138 insects affecting the trunk.. -. 58
Dendroctonus brevicornis---...---- 177 insects injurious to..-=-. ---.- 58
frontallis! se sls2 26. 177 measuring Worm ........---- 122, 123
punctatus .----. ..-.- Wg) Sawelly Vacances ec see aoe 69
rufipennis ..----. 176, 243 SPAW=WOLMY S43,52- 250 8e) 2 oe ees 62
SAUNT S622 = 5 Se eee =e 177 | Enchenopa binotata-..-:.-.---.---- 88
simplex sseem--ee ==: Md | Endropia; bilinearia2s..2c-- 25.42" 49
terebrams? 2 22) 222) 243 pectinarial. fo 2452.5 <8" 50
Depressaria robiniella.......-.--.- 98 | Ephippophora caryana-.---.--.-.-- 83
Diapheromera femorata .......-..- (ae BiplEribardulwuaban es osetes seers seat 63
Diedrocephala quadrivittata ...--- 80 | Ergates spiculatus ........2--.---- 162
Dicerca divaricata ........--. 108, 131, 135 Qiereh est as 38
dei diay Huss5 O25 eke ok 72 lla ee CR ees 68
prolonwaitia, 52232256542 151 | Ernobius tenuicornis .------------- 180
punctulabta ss. 22. <2 222. 150) Eriosomea)! Caryee iss ose eee esa 75
OWEDEOSA scenes Ses ces ae 1514) Eros coccimatus2---sse--2 425 = 116
tuberculatae 22-6 5202222. 15 iis] Hruachrontamm rile. 2es2 eens 53, 142
Dichelonyeha albicollis ..-.......- 316) | buclea monitors. acces eases 53
elongatula-...-..--- 140, 144 Qmerceties oe eacenssmicice = 53
Diplosissannwlipes:.sf225 3228 2242 144 qnenrcicolans 2 sae eer eee 53
alricomniste 42 7 siasel tose 144") Bodamus'tibyrus: 22.585 2. 22 ee 100
atroculanisy.: 222k 22442 144s Priderces pieces. acces ae 159
decem-maculata....-.---- 144 || Hugontaalniaria...22-2--- --- ==. 91, 127
Dub oy larg Ua ts boy eee eee ee 213 SUDSIOMATIA see. 22s oe 62, 123, 127
MESIMICOlA tes 2 Le Ss Soc 211 | Eupithecia miserulata-..-.-.-.----- 248
septem-maculata ...-..... 144 | Eupogonius pinivora.-.-...-..---- 156
Minaphia vermalig.c..22520. -.2 262 - 217 Ventitmls soko seo soe cee 75
Discowdal Saperda-.22£.. 22-25 ss.5 Oo) EAU pSalis MINA ees ee ae 20
Dominican case-bearer......---.-- 55 | European spruce bud louse ....--.. 235
Dorcaschema nigrum. .-.--.-.----- 73 | Eutrapela transversata.-.---..----- 112
Dorytomussmucidus: 25 ---a-22. ---- LS.) umravorbitslismseseoesemce eee 140
Dotted-winged gay-louse...--....- 79 Se PeMmM ae eel Bh Se ar tebe 140
Wrepanodesivarus-. 2252-22. 22-.2-% 254 S: NOGUS - 22222 eee ae » | pL4o
Drepanosiphum tiliz .2---.-.----. a 127, Seow ulate so eee ers 140
Dryobius sex-fasciata ....-....---. 59, 131 Shows: 2/32 Seen sas 140
Dryocietes affaber............-2.- 942 | Evacanthts orbitalis....-..--.----. 144
septentrionis) 22. 22----- 175 | Evippe prunifoliella........-. yest 135
Primmond/stbuprestid®.-2-, 2252. -.- 150 | Exartema inornatana .----..----. - 54
DWolarius'brevalineus =: -: 25226.-4 60
Dysphaca tenuipes:-2-5+ --225-5-- 72) || Hace-banded Crxmis 222s. es os/= se 81
Hagusterrue ines 22s essiae sa 129
Eacles imperialis -. . 138, 139, 140, 1422, 202 | Fall web-worm ...--.......-.----- 67, 189
345054") Keebleoak=borer 2-22 4-tasa. ae cine - 30
He vrUSIGaSVCerus Sos ae evtmica a Z 75 | Fine writing bark-beetle.......-.. 166
Elaphidion atomarium.-...-..---- 55 | Fir harlequin caterpillar.-.----.-- - 234, 239
TMLCCTON aves sees =e = I Oph yrs =a Faso aes ees
parallelnm 224-425 so. 55 needle inch-worm..--...-.--- 237, 254
MOS TIER Eo eraee,-)- tee 30 Sanwethy: 2 4.)2 Ae eee Se 197, 257
Ellema coniferarum..---.----.--%- 201 Scalexnsechi 2 eae aseera oes 240:
ARESiieee ae 7 ae eee eee OL tree, insects affecting the leaves 236
PION eee eee ors ieereienee en rele tree, insects affecting the trunk 235
Pint bark borers ss. eo 5 «sete nee 59 tree, insects injurious to...--..- 235
OC NGI 6 soci belo Drieac Hone SoOE: 64 ELEOISANEL 2. ace ena e Same 236

268 INDEX.
Page Page.
Fitch’s oak-leaf miner..-...-..---. o2 | Green pine Tettigonia..-----.---.. 217
Flat-headed apple-tree borer ..---. 107 stinging Io caterpillar ...--.. 110
#orest tent caterpillar ........-... 40, 112 striped maple-worm -...-.-. 109
Four-horned sphinx caterpillar-.-.-. 67
striped leaf-hopper ..-.-...-.- 80 | Hadrobregmus foveatus..-...-.-.. 241
Fourteen-flapped fir inch-worm.... 238 | Halesidota carye ........-------53, 76, 89
Freckled leaf-hopper.-.....-.-.--- 80 MUACU ata see reece 46, 138
tesselaris 2 32).2-2 an powles
‘Galeruca calmariensis ..--....-.--- 64 | Hamadryas bassettella ...---.---.. 55
Galerucella sagittariz ..---. Pee 144 | Harlequin oak-geometer-.-----.---. 49
Gastropacha americana .......... i429) || Harris's! Bupresbisess-2-sase2sseeee 147
Calutornicaeaeee.) see> = 43 pine hawk-moth -...--.-... 202
Gaurotes cyanipennis.............- 138 Prionust. ach oesey scopes 162
PClsenia (Spo? «0c a5. -ccemesaeces 1143) |}. Helice pallidochrella.-.------- 22. 133
Conylicllageacsesse-teeee 139 | Hemispherical butternut scale insect 86
funoivorellas sos ees <== 143 | Hemlock bark borer .....--------- 241
gallegenitella ...... ..-- 55 imch-worm! -o2ee. esses 242
unio ellaieseeeeeene see 208, 240 insects affecting theleaves 241
quercielllaemscetsse sass 55 insects injurious to -.---- 240
quercinigroeella..-......- 55 | Heterachthes quadrimaculatus .--- 75
quercitoliellaeeessses ea 55 | Heterocampa pulverea .---..-----. 46, 53
qmeretvorellaress=- esse. 55 | Heterogenea shurtleffii........---. 133
pseudacaciella.......-..- 99,103 | Heterophelps triguttata ..........- 114
robiniefoliella.-.....---- 99 | Hibernia tiliaria .........--- Jeoeee 125
salicifungella........-... 143° | Hickory aphis¢ {.2:---.--eeeceeeee 76
MINCODIUS'SPeEClOSUS --------------. LOB bark: borers ssiice see eee 73
Glyptoscelis hirtus.-.-..----...-.. © 215 bark louse’... 2s eee 75
KOOESOODUIS Scosche cose ceseesiece 30 blight .o..os5-2-e--eeee 75
PUlCKeI 55 Gare ce joe Soa e se es 69 gay-louse: -... so-<3-see=ee 79
Dl Wwerulenivusse sets aeetes eee 131 insects affecting the fruit- 83
Tn Ce ee ee te eee 69 insects affecting the leaves 76
(Goldene bUprestis.--- eee - see see 148 insects injuring the trunk
MG ONOPS ASSUMES) -sos25 ssosen eee e 258 and branches? #22 -eseese 69
Gracilaria alnicolella...2:.....-.-.. 140 insects injurious to. ..-.--. 69
alamiviorelllia tees seee ese 140 leat witherertes. = sseer 78
plamdelilay <2 cacj-senkeee 85 nub weevils 2. oop espns 83
juglandinigrella .....- 85 round-pall-----32----oress 78
Me oun della sees esses 133 shuck-wOrMmie-=--sieeeeea= 83
ostrywella .--22°---<.2-, #40 slug caterpillar....-...-.- 83
packardella .......----. 114 Spiny: eels 2c kee 79
punpunillaiesss snes oe 143 stem gall-louse..--------- 78
Saliciiohielllaesce see 142 tussock moth ....-. 53, 76, 89, 103
sassafrasella ....- ..-.-- 133 wae on der eee rete 71
Grape Phymatodes, .- ..----------- 25 VieIn Mall LOWS ees ee ialeteere 78
<Graphisurus fasciatus ....-..----.- 22,108 | Hilipus squamosus..--.. .---<< -2e- 180
Grapholitha gallesaliciana........ 142’) Hispa quadrate <2 22.2 -oes)oee ee 127
Grapta americana... cs. --=- s- 127 | Holocera glandulella ......---..--- — 58
COMMA) eee eee esse an ee 66 | Homopterasalicis -....------.--- 142
interrogationis -..----.---- 65, 127 | Hoplia trifasciata =. 52. +22. 2-ose eee
(ORO 663 5e5 ca beaeoouuod sé 66) | Hoplostatmulbilase essere = sci ee 131
Gray-sided oak-weevyil .---:..----. 99) Horn=tail) DOrer ssc. se cece eae 28, 69, 105
Great elm-leaf beetle -...........- 64°|' Hyale coryliclia: 2222 222- eis eeaeeee 139
Greater locust-leaf Gelechia....--. 99 | Hydria undulata......---...------ 142
Green and red oak span-moth...--- 51 | Hylastes carbonarius....-....----- 177
headed Buprestis-.-..---=..- 20 porcolus:: =22s:2.--.ecrc ema

A al ms ca.

Core

‘eakolarias:

INDEX. 269
Page. Page

Hyleczetus americanus .--.--..---- 29 | Ladder Chrysomela .-... else raat 64
Hylesinus: aculeabus...--.22..-.2-- 138 | Leemosaccus plagiatus -..-.....-.. 7d
opaculus!---..2--2-.---.-09, 138)| Warge ereen tree-bug’ .--2--.-,--=- : 82
erMontus pales: .-. 2... 25-5 sce. == 178 lonpieorn DOLer 2254-2 s2ccee 241
Eylotrupes bajulus -.2..2-2--5-..- 160 maple span-worm ..-.------- 112
IMO NeUB T= ee ase eee 246 pine flat-headed borer ....-. 145

Hylurgops pinifex ........... --..177, 232 scalloped-winged geometer-
Eivlurcus terébransy:s....:2--..---- 175 MOUM 222 ease sees 49:
Hyperchiria io-. -53, 103, 110, 123, 134, 135, spiny caterpillar ......-.-.... 202
138, 142 timber- beetle sees =e sooo 243.

liv perebis MYSSATIAs= =<... 255-0. -= = 129 | Larix americana, insects injurious
Hyperplatys aspersus ........---.-. 115 TOSS 2.6.52 on carat ssa 254
Hy phantria textors:..--. sc... ---- 67,89 | Lateral saperda-borer......-..---- 59
Eiypomolyx pimicola >.--.----.-... 180 | Laverna? gleditschiwella ....-.---- 133.
leaf-miner beetie...-...-- 127
Ianthaphe platanella ..........--. 139 rolling weevil..-.-.-. Sore 51
Ichthyura albosigma..-.-.-.-.---- 121 | Least spruce bark-borer....-..-.--. 231, 241
AMGHCAN aN ese eee ee 122 white-pine bark-borer. ----.- 172
WAN pss taActei. Snes Meine 1:325|| Mecaniumy = 2-)-s- sence see Saeers- 240
* Imperial spiny caterpillar....-.... 254 ACCLICO] aie soe eae 115
Incurvaria acerifoliella........---. 114 ACELICOLLLCIS) + sa= se ae 115
Interrogation butterfly ........---- 65 CALY Oy. ~ encase seleeaiaee 75
I@ GADD Gong - Ga retaesac coco aBeae 53, 103 juelanditexs sasce 35-2 86
qulercifext-ee acetate 38
JASSUSMMOLaALUS =< 5552. 5-55--cacces 80 qQuereiironis))>-2-.-5---6 38
UCLANSICINERGA 2 <1. soe- = 85 tulipiferssssceeceae == 131
MMOTA os ssscseesce eons se5% 84) | The Conte’s saw-fly-----2-----ss2s6 197
Juniper bark-porer 225 22---.5---- 244s) Weiopus tacetus==-sestee set soe 250
basket-worm 2422... .2.2.. 248 QUWerel) 22-2 Sees wesieeer 24
common, insects injurious Leptostylus commixtus ..-.-.-.--. 157
TO ree eee ee eas, oS 248 mMaculay. sceeeeo scree 85
insects affecting theleaves. 246 | Leptura zebra .....--..----..----- 55
insects affecting the trunk 244 | Lesser locust-leaf Gelechia ....-.-- se.
insects injurious to..------ 244 maple span-worm ....-. ---- 112
plant-lousezz.ta- cscs a 4=s 254 pine-borer 2222. ..2ocesaje- se 157
salmon-tinted caterpillar.. 253 PROMS Haas eicem ee sae 160
twig inch-worm .-..--... 246, 254 | Liberated Buprestis ----- emials mes 146
WOU-WOlMe 2. -seceeaeeeos 249 | Eimacodes!seapha -s---. sss. s2-ee uch
white striped inch-worm.. 253 | Lime inch-worm...-.-...-.-...---- 125
Juniperus communis, insects injuri- Limenitis disippus--:./=--2.22=s2-. 123
OQUS) bOl Ab slecc see esc ce 248 MISiPPUS' 2555 5 ae eee
virginianus, insects inju- inden horer 2 222 J22 224-2 elec 124
RLOUS) bOl- eee ieee as 244 dipterous gall-fly....-.---- 127
. insects affecting the leaves. 125
MAINES here ete eo) eee ee ye oe ee 254 insects affecting thetrunk.. 124
ablewse 52.22. saeco anee 235 insects injurious to....---- 124
almitolieey 24-5 Sarena ae ain 140 leat-beetle.) i et.ceeeee cee. 125
CEE! See ecieeor 2 26) | Melo pusicinereus: =. -ss2se eee so 75
lanreilexerssa;e sees saeees 255 NANG MO My lhe sae ne 132
lone Shiomaya eee a see os 127 | Liriodendron tulipifera_-.....---.. 131
Strole. ee ees ose 188 | Thithacodes fasciola ----.-222.---=- 112
ILETROL PHO hee eae a Meee soe Dom | Moti HOCOlebisues setae eee tela = 94
Chegher pao) a soa eee 254 acerielia, <2 228s oan. 114
@herniesys eo eae. setae 255 Perini (ell Ces eee 54
insects injurious to.....---. 254 albanotella .....---.. 55

270 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Lithocolletis alnifoliella .......... 140 | Lophyrus abietis ........ 197, 234, 236, 257
s ALGLVORe ah see eee 140 lecontel (= 2. seaeseee 197
argentifimbriella .-.. 53 plni-nMieidee* se ose eem ae 199
argentinotella ...-..- 69 | Low-bush juniper inch-worm...... 248
ATITONELENSpso= eee ee ae J40) | eeomapmoth ce. 32. ees aeee eee 85, 89
basistrigella -.......- 5A | silcemoth Ge Seas per dene 76
bethuneella ....- -..- 5A | Lurid sDicerca, 22.555 3c ase eee ae
bircolorellay a seese eee Gy0 |) Abn eineisy SEMEN poco coocoat eon ok 75
bifasciellla= se. s)2 ane 54.) Tay daisanwetliy J252 eee a ees eee 200
caryefoliella ......-- 85,90 || Lymexylon Sericeum 2-2-2 --2e eee. 29
castanexella ....-... 54,94 | Liyonetia alniella -.--...-2.-.-.25- 140
cincinnatiella -..--.- 54
clemensella.......--. 114 | Machimia tentoriferella...-..-...- 55, 1a
conyiliellare ss a-.- se 139.140) Maro dalisiolyiarsee he ee sene eee 28
crategella...-.- 134,135,136) || Maenolian=. oc. ese eee se eereeee 132
ibe Wella. a =e sete eee 52, 54 | umbrella. tose eeee eee 132
fuscocostellla .2---- -- Hon) Maina moth <,. ceca <.-eue tere : 53
guttifinitella ......-.- 133 | Mallodon dasystomus ...--..------ 28
AGEN ja eee 55 | melanopus se esseeeee 28
hamadryadella .----. ol,.54 | Maple dagger-mothl----eeaaenseeee 111
intermedia ...-...-..- 55 insects affecting the leaves... 109
loGetielll ase senses 127 insects injurious to....----- 103
lucidicostella ........ 114 leai=cubtersassse coco 114
UMNO Soessdqasaoue 55 MOth =522.-e: seis set eons 129
obscuricostella ...-.-. 139 | SemIl-lOOPere sso. - sees 113
obstrictella......-..- 55 plug-moth 4: -.4. -)-s. sees eeeee 112
ostryefoliella....-.-- 139) | Marbled pime-borer.2255- 5-22. ceee 156
quercialbella ....--.- o4 | Marmara ‘salictellla ..22-. 42-2 secee 143
quercipnichella...--- 54 | Melanophila drummondi ...--.---- 150
quercitorum ........- 5A | fulvoguttata.-..--...- 150
TODIMLeM a =o <== 99 | Melanophila longipes .-----.------ 228
salicifoliella ...--.-.- 146 | Metachroma 6-notata .-......---.- 250
wUese Wane seep eee 127 | Metanema quercivoraria ..---.-..--- 51, 69
triteeniaella ......... 139 | Metrocampa perlaria..-.......--.-- 142
muluterell a see eee DA | Micracis: birtella2.5..2 522-2 ssee—— 138
ulmella in elm......- 54, 69 | Subunalis<dntas seme eee 132
unifasciella ...-....- 54 | Molorchus bimaculatus-..--.......- 75
Little bark-beetle ........--...-:-- 170 | Monocesta coryli..---.25.22-eeme 64
Livid greenspruce measuring-worm 233 | Monohammus confusor. .. --..152, 227, 235
NOMURA ee spe kclar 2 adiala cyateq ee re 144 | MALMOLAGUS:, se ceee 156
WPOCIISUNDOLGL, oo cesct das tecine sicieoe ine 95 scutellatus..-..----= ) 156
carpenter-moth ....-..---. 6 | Mordella 8-punctata ...-........-- 55
Depressatiaye ase s et see 98 | Muscle-shaped butternut bark-
Poat-amoth sh! 25.eactesdeaee 103 louse, ci cee eaeeeo ste ee ee 86
EMIS Biaccmisle Aaisetae asec mete 100 | Mytilaspis conchiformis ----..---.- 135
insects affecting the leaves. 98 PINTO see eee 218
insects affecting the trunk. - 95 pomicorticis ......--- 136, 138
insects injurious to ......-- 95
leat=min ers. 45, be pace See 984) Nadatacrbbosaneca-..-2-eee ree 114
ordliuickonry, boners... cece ete 90 Nematocampa filamentaria........53, 114
SaWatly in.cek Lacie a eeneye 102° \iNematus: sass etesee eee eee ere 140
skipper butterfly.........-. 100 HTC care ed 5 te ee 140
Won eicorn) Poren =< -2o-pe es cee ee 258 hospesyiseeewee ect eae 140
Long-legged Melanophila -......-. 238 TIO GUHUGROWS! AAS Yoeea bobs 140
Mophyrusabboulieessseseos see eee 195 MeN GIGUS! 22s esse sel 140

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INDEX. 201
» Page. | * Page.
NemiatUS SIMMAr Ss s222 2025000 ee 1027) Oak-tumor-calletiiy. --o-= ss.2-. 06 38
S. desmodioides ..-....-... 140 tussock caterpillar: 2222. .22- 46
Se PISUIM See) Sees oe 140 | tussock mo thie... == )---=—— 53.
Sy POMUMY esc cessees eee 140 | Oberea mandarina --...----- ------ 115
iINeoclytusicaperes.i...2252. 3422. 138 | Schaumaisesee ee Bee para eee 115
erythrocephalus ..---. 60, 73,75 | Obtuse Clastoptera-..-..-.-:-..--- 88
Nephopteryx (Pinipestis) -zimmer- | Odontota scutellaris .........-...- 100
NVA ee overseers a 182 | Gicanthwisyniweustee eee es eae 60
?ulmi-arrosorella .... 69) || (Oeta comptarsese sae see see os eee 132
undulatella:—...2---- 69 | Oncideresiangulatus) 222 ee... oan eds
JSC On ps epee ee eS Ra ats rar 143 | Ophiodernia meracs sees s eae 88
amelancinerélla.:22----- 136°) Ophiusasbistrians' 9-2 ]-ceee es eae 113
anouimelllace es. 2 ssce sa: 54 | Orange-striped oak-worm ...--.--- 45
‘ castaneefoliella .-..---. 94 | Oregon Buprestis:s----— 222 2 -5o- 146
clemensellas. 22225222202 139: | Orgyiavaibiquar..c2 ue s22ee 5 --le 136
corylutoliellay +2 25-52-2- 139 | leucocraphiatesee- ess. o--- 138
crate@ifoliella.......---. 136 | leucostigma -.. 69, 89, 103, 132, 239
juglandifoliella -.......-. 85 | Ornix crategifoliella......--....-. 136
fuscotibizella .......... 143 |. imusibatumellas2-22..2----- 136
am Asem @ Wart" eaves spec ee 139 | DEUMEVOLElal Geese eee oe 134
ostryefoliella...-..-..-- 140 quadripunctella 222-2... ...- 135
plateasie Fe oe ee 54, 139 | quercitoliella: 2205-22. - See 55
Aiprunifolellaacessssesee, Y bod | Orthosoma brunneum ........ .30, 160, 241
querciostanella .......-- 54 | Osmoderma seabra-.-.-.2..-.. -2-. 131
quereipulchella ...-...-- 5a || Otiocerus amyobil. 2 222 joes 82

BHoUMe MA se ae eo | ae 5A |
scrotinseélla; 2 42.... 222. 134 | Pachybrachys livens....-:...-.-.. 144
vareiniellac-sccscc+----- L40 | Pachylobius picivorus!.-.225-2-" =e
Nobile chestnut-borer. 2.2.2.2... 91 | Pacific oak tent-caterpillar -...-... 41
INGO TIVOLDIEY OG es ae ine eee a ene 9385) palesiweevill 245. eee teen eee 178
Northern brenthiam...22. 222. 25.2. 90) | Pandeletius hilaris-: 22. +22e--eee" 22
Notched-winged geometer-moth.. - 91 | Papaw, insects injurious to........ 132
Notodonta dictea... 25. 225.522... 123, 142 | Papilio cresphontes -.-.--...-..-.. 132
November mothr 20s) 220o..) 2. 63 | frou nee RO 138
| HUMES es). eee ee 127, 134; 136
Oalk-harke-weevili see sees oleae 98 | Parallel spittle-insect ..........--- 189
LOUIE CoO oC a Saat: Smee 38 | Parandra-brutinea - ..-->.---.-.-- 127,131
bullet eallfies:. 1522/7. 39 | Paraphia subatomaria........----- 205
fem Cail atlyy |S ae eerie: cei 39 unipunctataria -....-.-.- 48, 69
Heterocampa.....-...-.------ 46 | Parectopa robiniella ............-- 98
insects affecting limbs and Paroroyia, clintonit. 2-0. b na aee 53
(TES oA ee sooo dbesdn: 30 Patallely 0. dee ne ues 204
insects injuring the leaves..-.. 40 | Peach and cherry flat-headed borer. 108
insects injuring the seed Pemphigus fraxinifolii...........- 138
(ACOINS)} a2. ee eters = 2 52 populariaiss-se couse 122
LNSCCISUMjULIOUS tO-2-oe-..-=~ = 5 populicaulis .........117, 122
eae shiv OCT Aero se ee ac = 52 populi globuli ..-.---. 123
Leaife COM GIS 2-25 SC teeeesiee erates 54 populi monilis......-- 117
IOC AKO ie aS Seer onsen Se ere 24 ramulorum..-. 117
PoTavoreailetiy ’ jae ewe ake > 39 transversus.... 117
WIUME 2 Hates: c,h ees 30 pseudobyrsa .-.--..--. 117
SivewiOrms ees ot erst 53 Ren 2a een ee 123
SPAN wore cscs oie aoe 48 vagabundus .-.--.--.- 117
LCS Call tives oer Saas Sore NEOSlay MIMOSA ee sees se ee een 142

Dita INDEX.

Page. | Page.

Philadelphia Chrysomela.....--.-- 115) Pine Parorgyialc- sen-t see) oe 204

Phieosinus dentatus ...--....-..-- 244 | ‘Dhecla ess: nace s sisi eee seatine 201

Phobetrum pithecium......... aise 47 | timber-beetle ....-.....- 173, 232, 243

Phryganidea californica. -....----- 43 | Hube-=pull densest aaa seee eee 207

Phyllobzenus dislocatus ..........- 7isy | DWIS GOLIIS ce 2. - oe ee 193

Phyllocnistis liquidambarisella.... 138 | Pinipestis zimmermanni .-.--.. .--- 232

liriodendrella ....--- 31 | (Pinus Nelda 2 sno. ee nt ee 145

magnolivella......-- 132 SttO WHS! feos <2 stan eee 145

Phyllodecta vulgatissima....-.-..- 144 | Pissodes strobi....-...-.. 185, 228, 236, 241

Phylloxera cary-globuli ....... -- 78 | Pitch drop moth ...-.. .--.-..----. 182

caryze-semen ...--. .-.. 78 | eating weevil oes ese eree 184

CARY ce-VieN ee. sa aeseriecae 72 inhabiting midge Sqoe S658 soc 211

caryze-caulis..---..---- 73 | pine needle gall-fly...--..... 213

: faliax ..... 79 | Dinesheviniaeess- see eee 194

Caryetolie ..-222cecc- 3 78 ENC SR Wether ree eee 199

carye-gumnosa Eel eee 79 pine twig WOME Sebaeeq gure 189

carye-ren ......------- 79), Eitbede@Buprestis seees--eseeecee 150

carye-septa ......-.-.. 79 | Pityophthorus materarius ....-.-..- ISs2o2

Castine: ee eeee Pe eeeeeee 93 puberulus) 222. -oser 172

CONIA See ee eee 79) || Plagioderalseniptay sees. s- ere 115

depressaycsahscesertees 79 | Platyceruralturcill assess eee 203

OTC ATA eae ee eee 79 | Platysamia cecropia ......... geen 113

TLE yates ovate Saye tera sess 594) Plectrodera scalabore.=--ee-ssseeee 144

Spimosar! soadee access 79) | Pogonocherusmiptus;=- sees sees 140

Phymatodes variabilis -.......---- 95 | Polyphemus silk-worm --..-...---. AT

Won), coeshs coaas ee 07 | Poplar Algeria .-2-. se ssemseeeeeree 121

ton pallidum. 22. <.ccce—ctenen 75 borer «22.2: 2226s aseeeeenee 1155087

Pig hickory slug-worm..-...-.----- 83 bullet gall-louse ........... 123

Rip-nutileat weevil : ...=-:--.--sa- 83 | gell-louse.2 2... soca Soe 122

ESM ore SORIA ci2ier- — /e sic Soe jac tele 180 Foat-mobhy oe cease aaee 119

PALO TNA Geese) sew e catcciecieteee . 216 insects affecting the leaves. 121

bark beetle: sj. 2%: sce secemies = L168 insects affecting the trunk.. 117

barkicanviel.cas sec eescre cee 175 insects injurious to....-.... 117

[Sas NipSees eae pene eeeee 185 Stem calll-lousesss-2s. seeee= 122

Chrysomela BAe ee eee 215 vein eall-louse: <22-)ss2e ee 123

@USINSSs5- 250. -2-5-5--s5e-2-. B17- Populus moniliterarseecc esses 115

WlAstoOphora Sececn- == setoae ase 216 | tremnloides) j.cc=eees== sk a

WICETC Am sac eee ee ee seers 151 || Porter EHiylotrupes! ---- -2- eects 160

eating gay-beard...--...----- 156.| Priekly ash ~.-2.-22s2---444seeene s cige2

IMG eLCES y= Ace ohn cee saetcvacte 159 black caterpillar ...-.. Perec. iE!

Eiylastes: <c2/202.-s.5 ieee. see lef) | caterpillar. =. ss1osss cence 123

insects affecting the leaves... 195 | Prionus brevicornis ..---...----.-. 127

insects affecting the trunk.... 145 | CMAN OUMAUUS ear 161

insects affecting the twigs.... 185 labiCOlis. 2 S-e saree cere 118

insects injurious to....--.... - 145 | Pristiphora sycophanta ........... 140

leat @hermesteonsscseeecece=s 918 || Promeéthea, moth se=— eee eee 257

IEW ICanIS GREE ears See ree 208, 240 | Protesteras sesculana..---.-....--. 132

leaf scale-insect ........ ----- 218 | Prussian blue pine-borer ....--.--- 240

lonercorn borer. - 2-2. -s-cas -227, 230 | Psilocorsis quercicella..:....--0.-- 54

louse MIME Kericee eee emesis 217 | Psylla annullaties-seessose ee eee 114

measuring Worm ....----.---. 205 | Carpi. 42222 SSecne eee cee 140

MUO mee asees oeeaeeene tee cece 240) | Ptilimus)basalis: 3+ oee eee sees 138

needle span-worm........-... 206 | Pulvinaria innumerabilis......--- 135
Nemaitts':s.,2Ssenoscieck esceeice 215 |

Ine} Hla NAO SaSoo5 Godse code 232 | Quercitron bark borer.........---.22, 108

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INDEX. 273
Page. . Page.

Quercitron scale insect ..-....----- 38 | Sequoia gigantea, insects injurious
Quercus, insects injurious to-..---. 5 LO\ocias een) le aee eb aa eee ate ats 258
Seventeen-year locust -...--...---.- 35
Red and yellow striped pine span- Short-horned tree-hopper -.-.------ 81
Wii eeage Oe ses Sapbonese 206 lined D wlartusienetse aes 60
and yellow striped spruce meas- thick longicorn borer .....-. 241
MEMS -WOLTME Ses aon 2 Pals = 233 | Silky timber-beetle.........-.....- 29
headed green inch-worm ..---- 238 | Silvanus bidentatus..........-....- 92
shouldered Apate ....-....--.--. (45 ASiliver-c-Gulanitan esse lsecwie see ee sees 66
striped pine measuring-worm.. 205 | Six-spotted Metachroma-.-....----. 250
tailed Attelabus -.......-..... 85 | Sinoxylon: basilare.......----.---- 74,75
Regal walnut caterpillar -......-.. 76 | Siphonophora acerifoliw..-...--.-- 114
Retinia comstockiana -..--.-.------ 189 | ChabeEle teases sates 138
AG USER A) 2 aereis oe eee sic! S 193 | lirtodendrilsss--2)25-- 131
PISIANT Sei se ssc) de eee 194 | Six-banded Dryobius.........--.-- 59
Rhagium lineatum ...-.. . -...162, 229, 236 ‘flapped slug-worm .....-..---.- 47
Rhaphigaster pennsylvanicus...--.. 82 | Sixteen-legged maple borer...--.-- 106
ERhynchites eratus..-..----- -.---- 144.|\ Skitticaterpillarsas2 5-0-2. ce s5 a
Rhyncolus angularis ..........--.. 144) Slender Dicerea:.- 222 2222.22: --.2 151
Rippedsthasmim as sosccstense = 162, 229 | footed Dysphaga-..-.-..---.- 72
Robinia pseudacacia ......-.-.---- 95) | Smaller leaf-hopper-s-- 222. ------- 128
Rocky Mountain spruce timber bee- Smerinthus excecatus....---.--.- 134, 142
Gl seca te ess EEE este tt 242, geminatus .....-.-..- 138, 142
Rosey-striped oak-worm.....-.---- 45 | juglandis) -222)s-2.5-- 84, 90, 139
MOdesStayees-s.sarsace ae 117
Mey, COCLOMUADE ascents ye /saietoset alr 89 MYOPS sss eee 134
cynthia .-..-.-131, 132,134, 138, 142 | Smilia castanes ..--....---..----- 92
Saperda bivittata ....-....---- 135, 136, 138 | TTLOLM aso eee eee 93
calcarata ...... --.-.----115,117 | Smodicum cucujiforme..-....-..-.- 28, 131
@oncolor: 22266 5-2 esceeue U8. | Smoky-winged! eay-louse=2es_ 5252 80
GuUsGOLdeaersaeei aaa ee 70,75 Snout moth caterpillar.........--- 207
lateralis ........---------59,140 | Southern pine hawk-moth..-.-..-..- 201
mahal eee) NES | SouthemnTommenssee ae 168
(Mecas) inornata ...-..-.- 140 | Speckled spiny oak-worm ...--..-- 45
bridentiabar. - Sse 22s 225 58 | Spermophagus robiniw......---.-- 103
VEStlblc soe aeee ane leo 24.) Sphinx chersis 02. <sehyecse cose 138
_ Saratoga leaf-hopper.......-.----- 215 | POTCING sas fo eee 138
spittle-insect -.--...----- 189 | Keallmige® ..5° 23 Saee se eee 138
BBW TL teh ten aime SRSA ee diel cinlsinie.< 129 hybeus. -22- 52 ee 132
Baye Weevil -n se. aceite welscs 101 | Spilosoma virginica. ---.......88, 136, 205
Schizoneurafael <2 05-3. s25 22 = 131 | Spined spruce bark borer.......-.. 230
TOMAR TKO Cee Se oee 131) Spotted. Leptostylus.-2-... 2222 222- 85
pinicolas-s sac eke 217 winged Buprestis .-.--.--- 149
tessellatia, 22/325.) -552 140 winged gay-louse ..--..--. 80
LT) eo Sh ee ie 6Su | USprucedbudslousers-eee eee so eee 234
Sciapteron robiniw..........----- 103, 127 insects affecting the leaves. 232
Scoliopteryx libatrix......-...---- 142 insects affecting the trunk. 242
Saoly hus fal Cus. <4 gone Sasa =i 131 insects injurious to-...-... 219

A-GpINOSUS -4eee esos 73 insects injurious to the
Seed-gall hickory Phylloxera...-.-. 78 trunks 132s Seeeacse 227
Selandria, Sesser. {ene ra cess. 83 leat-hoppers erases eae 12)
CHEVY S -) stays le eet 86 least bark-borer ...--.---- 180

Giles Sse See idee s 127 Rocky Mountain, insects
Semicolon butterfly -......---.--.- 127 IN| UTLOUS TOnscoeeps—s te 242
Sericoris inscrutana...-.-.---.---- 132 Saw-tly geass = Haass 234

274 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Spruce timber-beetle...-.....-..- 175s! LOMIUCUS 55 -5et.- ee eee eee teoeeee ee 170
tree leaf hopper.-..- .---.. - 235 cacopraphus -..--..------ 168
tree plant-louse ...-..-.... 235 callipraphusssso-coees seer 166
twig mimicker...........- 233 (Phloiotribus) liminaris -. 59
Stegania pustularia..............- 112 PINK ae Aoyse seers eee see 168, 243
SLeNOscelis brevis: so4ooc-e 46 ele se 109 | Tooth-legged buprestid ...-....... 147
Stenosphenus notatus............- 73 Chrysobothris------ - 12
Stenotrachelys approximaria..---. 49 | Tortrix cerasivorana ...........--. 134
Stoubspime-borer 22s. -.soscei-ceeee = 176 larval. sasacceosse-akt ese 133
poplar span-worm.-..-..-..-. 121 mileyanalsetaceseeaee eee 82, 85
Streaked cotton-wood beetle...-.. 115 | Tragidion fulvipenne ..........--- 55
Piear-mMaple: DOLeTs.s2 o-2\2 25 3-5 103. | Tragosoma harrisill <-.\52.2--c2tee 162
Swallow- tails... sheecteisiejees sa0s 197 | ‘Rres cricket. .2s_-aete. eee 60
Synchroa punctata...-.........-.. 50,68 | remexs columbaeeeeeseseee 28, 69, 105, 129
Symetaruniplla, =. 5. easaas.cetesaee- 128 | Priboliumy J4553) 2.5 sone eee 75
| Triple-rowed Syneta ..:.......----- 128
Tamarack, insects injurious to .... 254 | Tuberculated Buprestis...........- 151
Taxodium distichum, insects injuri- | Pulip tree 22.2 coscem scree eaees 131
GQUS\LO pees Gs Se yeleiea = ssi, stores Ecce Np coo) Lussocks moth ==. a.see merce eee eee 239
Telamona fasciata ......-.-...---- 81 | Two-crested southern timber-beetle 179
MM COLOR ea asee ee = sorte 81 | forked southern timber-beetle 179
Telea polyphemus. ....-........47, 90, 113 | lined oak geometer-moth..... 49
Melephorus cordinus!22-2.252--- =- 129 | marked tree-hopper..-..----- 88
PP AXA ai Sissies se cteietc oe 129 | toothed Silvanus ...---...----- 92
Ten-lined pine inch-worm..-. --.- 237, 241 | Tylonotus bimaculatus....--..-.. 129, 138
lined pine span-worm......--- 206 |
Testaceous Clastophora ..-...----- 216 | Ultramarine Buprestis..---...----. 148
MBO CA ies =. 22 = wie sates ese elaine 83 | Unadorned tree-hopper.. ...--.-.-- 93
TAMACOT ciceisa eee oie oe eo 136 | Unarmed spruce bark-borer ..---.- 229
MUP HONS ease ie ect os Societe 201 |. Unknown buprestid larva .....-..- 228
Mheliarumivat baba ssh ~<in.cs l= 37) | measuring-worm -.-.---- 62
Therina endropiaria ...........-.-. 53 | Urocerus abdominalis ........--..- 185
Thick-thighed Chrysobothris ...--. 16. albicormnis\eos = -e=seeeee 184
Three-toothed oak geometer-moth- 50 | Uroplata rosea »..--...---..------135, 136
Mh} aoccidentalis. 5... .- 5. =<. 250) ||) Uroxiphusicanyee 42 ieee 80
Phunderbolt beetle -.....-.-.2-- : 24
Thyridopteryx ephemereformis .. 248 | Vanessa antiopa ....-......-... 64, 123, 142
Thysanocnemis fraxini......-..---- 138) pViaporer mothe eee ee eases eeeeeee 89
Thysanoés fimbricornis.....-...... 75 caterpillar ees. sees 69
Tillomorpha geminata.-...--...-. 75 | Variable leaf-hopper ....-....---.-- 128
Minors hiyalima. s-co...cces 440) Vernal Dinaphitiessecetrsese esse 217
ona GS = vo.) Sapte emste see 88, 129 | Virginia tiger-moth ..............- 88
Tischeria badiiella.:......:...-. .- 54 || Vemarked (Clostena:-o.\cuiese2- 2 see 122
castanewella........-.-.. 54,94 |
citrinipennella...-....-- 54 |. Walking-stick ..5<-- 2 o-Seme)cceee3 77
complanoides -5.5----- 4 54 | Walnut case-bearer -..-..'-.--....- 82, 85
CONCOlOT 2 Sess secs eee eee 54 | leaf-roller..5- Sis2te ce ee 82, 85
malitoltellay ease sees 136 | SwoOrd-tatlss 2 chee) oncecece 80
pruinoseelila so. S25 e2e Ss. . 54 | Western spruce longicorn borer.-.. 244
quexcitellay 2a as- else = 54 | White-banded Phymatodes-...-...- 27
Quercivorellasaceseseaee 54 blotch oak-leaf miner...-.. 51
tinetonielllams seer ese cee 54 horned Urocerus ....-..---- 184
ZOWLerielliay ese eee aoe. 54 lined caterpillar ......-. Boo nal
Tolype laricis.....-. ares sc Hore are 254 lined tree-hopper ..-. -.---. 37
Velled a 2.2 jciveeeccmcisieoe 69 necked pine-beetle .....-..- 216

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