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Gopright N° 1920
COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT
INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK + BOSTON - CHICAGO + DALLAS ATLANTA + SAN FRANCISCO
MACMILLAN & CO., Limitrp LONDON + BOMBAY - CALCUTTA MELBOURNE
THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Lrp. TORONTO
INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
Outlines of Lectures tn Economic
Entomology
BY GLENN W. HERRICK
Professor of Economic Entomology, Cornell University
New AND ReEvVISED EDITION
NEW YORK, N.Y. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1920
COPYRIGHT 1915 AND 1920 By THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
New and Revised Edition. Published, May, 1920
JUL 17 1920
O©S1A570754
“MW *!|
PREFACE
Not all insects of economic importance are in- cluded in these outlines. To discuss them all, a book many times the size of this would be needed. However, the principal pests of our important fruits, vegetables, cereals, farm animals, shade- trees, and of the household are discussed. A brief summary of the life habits of each, so far as they are known, is made, and the latest methods of con- trol are outlined. In addition, a concise discussion of insecticides is given together with formule and directions for making and applying them.
Since the first edition of these outlines was pub- lished important advances have been made in our knowledge of the habits and control of many in- sect pests. Therefore, in this new edition some changes in the text and many additions to it have been made in an attempt to bring it down to date.
As in the previous edition, references are again given to the more important sources of information regarding the insects and their control. As far as possible, references are made to bulletins available to the general student and to those publications giv- ing faithful illustrations of the insects, together with the most approved methods of control.
CONTENTS
PAGE MEBOSSES CAUSED BY INSECTS: . . « « «© w « « 2 MSERULINSECTS =<... 5 5 wo. 8 a es ew A PMGOMOLOGICAL LITERATURE ©. <9. 9s «w «= « « 6 NaTurRAL Metuops of INSsEcr ContrRoL. . . . . 8 ARTIFICIAL MeTHops OF INSEcT CONTROL . . . . IO POOP UNGECTICIDPS = . 4°) ae 6. 4 es 68 8 TI POISON EVATES (. 4.0 >. lleva Gis wos 8 « TF Sennen ENSRCTICIDES.. = 2.0. ee. #5 6 s « 18 PUMIGATING SUBSTANCES . .« < 3 « 4 «© «© @ 2 MISCELLANEOUS MEANS OF INSECT CONTROL . . . 29 USP NG So ae ig 1 CT MR QUARANTINE AND INSECTIcIDE LAwS . . . . . 33 Insects INJURIOUS TO ORCHARD TREES AND FRUITS . 36 iv Seeise NFURIOUS TO SMALE PRUITS.. << 4 5 . JI iGSECTS eI NTURIOUS TO VEGETABLES . ... . = «°° 88 PSBerse(NjURIOUS TO Hops. . « . . «+ « 109 ieeers IN FURIOUS oO TOBACCO. «° . « <f % . D2 insecrs, INJURIOUS TO*CEREAL CROPS < .°'. .... 11g BUGURRIAND AUPALFA PESTS: 9° 5 5. oa (s. . 2) 923 OmRONEESNS: a,c, a i As a el Esseers UNJURIOUS TO STORED GRAIN”. .< © « « 130 Insects InJURIOUS TO GREENHOUSE PLANTS... . . I31 iwseets: INJURIOUS TO SHADE TREES ~. . . ... 137 Insects INyJuRI0oUuS TO FARM ANIMALS . . .. . I44 PRR AL PARASITES OF POULTRY ..*. « « «@../ 153
Insects INJURIOUS TO THE HouSsEHOLD. . . . . 158
y's
1 :
INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
The science of economic entomology has made rapid progress during the last twenty years. It has advanced astonishingly in the number of persons engaged in the study of insects for the purpose of preventing their ravages, in developing and _ per- fecting mixtures for repelling and killing insects, in devising effective apparatus for applying insecti- cides, and in determining moresexact methods of preventing the losses caused by these persistent pests. The following outlines of lectures are in- tended to cover, as far as is possible in a brief, gen- eral course, the different phases of the subject of economic entomology as it exists to-day.
OBJECTS OF THE COURSE
(a) To become acquainted with the common 1n- sect pests and with their habits and life histories in order that they may be fought intelligently.
(b) To become acquainted with the modern and most practical methods of fighting insect pests.
TWO PHASES OF ENTOMOLOGY
(a) The pure science of entomology.
(b) The economic or science applied of ento- mology.
The pure science of entomology is a study of the
kinds of insects together with their relationships to I
Z INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
each other, their structure, habits, and transforma- tions. It is a work of research and pleasure and forms the basis of economic entomology.
Economic entomology is research on the life his- tories and habits of injurious insects and the deter- mination of some method whereby their ravages may be avoided or controlled.
LOSSES CAUSED BY INSECTS
The losses caused by insects in the United States alone are estimated to aggregate more than a bil- lion dollars annually.*
The value of the different crops and products produced in 1909 in the United States is given in round numbers in the following table, the figures being taken mainly from the census of 1910. The losses by insect pests are estimated to be at least 10% of the value of these products and 1n two cases at least 207%.
Percentage of Total loss
Product Value in 1909 loss by insects by msects (Getealsmesnsseree iene. 2,600,000,000 10 260,000,000 Other grains and seeds —_97,000,000 10 9,700,000 Hiayrand forages .....- 824,000,000 10 82,400,000 Mobaccou-pee ee eee 104,000,000 10 10,400,000 Cotton and seed....... 825,000,000 10 82,500,000 Scar CnOpsmeriecctcre sv 62,000,000 10 6,200,000 Minor icropSmmecesatier 18,000,000 10 1,800,000 Wegetables! <8 s-22s. 20: 418,000,000 20 83,600,000 Fruits and nuts... #.. 222,000,000 20 44,400,000 Flowers and plants.... 35,000,0C0 10 3,500,000 Nursery products .... 21,000,000 10 2,100,000 Farm forests ......... 195,000,000 10 19,500,000 Animal products ..... 3,000,000,000 10 300,000,000 RO RES ES wists wey Solara ee ue we eerertarhohenene 10 2 100,000.000 Stoned prodtuctsicc. eee creer ae 10 3 200,000,000
$1,206,100,000 Quaintance estimates the annual loss to the de- 1 Marlatt—Jr. Ec. Ent., Vol. 4, p. 100.
2 Hopkins—U. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 58, Pt. 5. 3 Estimated,
LOSSES BY.INSECIS 3
ciduous fruit interests of the United States as over $66,000,000.
The annual loss to the people of the United States from malarial diseases carried by mosquitoes is not less than $100,000,000.*. The loss to agri- culture and other industries as a result of malaria is enormous.?
The loss that has been caused by yellow fever, carried only by mosquitoes, cannot now be esti- mated but was certainly very great.
Typhoid fever, due in large measure, at least, to its dissemination by the house-fly, causes a very great annual monetary loss.
The Mexican cotton-boll weevil costs Texas at least $25,000,000 annually, and it is estimated that when it spreads over the whole cotton area it will cause a vearly loss of $250,000,000.
The Hessian wheat-fly in 1900 cost the wheat growers $100,000,000.
The chinch bug during the period from 1850 to 1909 caused a loss estimated as probably in excess of $350,000,000.°
The codling moth causes the fruit growers of the U. S. a loss of over $12,000,000 and of New York, alone, more than $3,000,000 annually.
COST OF FIGHTING INSECTS
To the destruction occasioned by insects must be added the cost of fighting them.
It is estimated that it costs $4,000,000 to spray the apple trees in the United States for the codling moth.
It is said that it costs $10,000,000 annually to spray for the San José scale.
4 Howard—wv. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 78. 5 Herrick—Popular Science Monthly, April, 1903. 6 Webster—U. S. Bu. Ent., Circe. 113.
4 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
It costs $10,000,000 to screen against the house- fly
The New England States and the Federal Gov- ernment have already spent over $10,000,000 in fighting the gypsy and brown-tail moths and at the present time are spending fully $1,000,000 per an- num.
OUR INSECT FOES ARE INCREASING
Insect pests are coming from foreign countries— San José scale, gypsy moth, Mexican cotton-boll weevil, and many others—unaccompanied by nat- ital checks,’
Out of 73 of our worst pests, at least 37 or over half have been imported from foreign countries.
Insects once harmless become serious pests ow- ing to changed conditions—Colorado potato beetle, blister-mite, redbugs, et al.®
Happily, not all insects are injurious; many of them are beneficial.
USEFUL INSECTS
Silk-worms furnish material for clothing.
Scale insects produce a waxy material from which shellac is made. Shellac is used in paints and var- nishes and in making inks, gramophone records, jewelry settings, etc..2 The pulverized bodies of certain species furnish cochineal.
The census of 1910 reports 3,445,006 colonies of bees in the United States valued at $10)272,615, The value of the honey and wax produced was nearly $6,000,000. Bees also aid in the cross-pol-
7 Howard—v. S. Dept. Agri., Yearbook 1897, p. 520.
8 Herrick—Cornell Countryman, 1910, Vol. 8, No. 2, p. 28. 2 Comstock—U. S. Ent., Report for 1880.
USEFUL INSECTS 5
lination of flowers. Bumblebees perform a notable service in cross-pollinating clover.”
The Blastophaga, a minute wasp-like insect, cross-pollinates the cultivated and wild fig, thus making possible the production of the Smyrna fig in California."
PREDACEOUS INSECTS
Many species of insects catch and devour other species for food. These are known as predaceous insects and they are of immense value in aiding man in the fight against his insect foes."”
The ladybird beetles are probably the most impor- tant. There are several species, the two-spotted ladybird (Adalia bipunctata), the twice stabbed ladybird (Chilocorus bivulnerus), the convergent ladybird (Hippodamia convergens ), and other spe- cies.
Many larve of a family of flies, the Syrplide, perform great benefit in destroying plant lice.
The ground-beetles (Carabid@) are exceedingly beneficial in destroying insects that are found upon or in the soil.
Other beetles, flies, wasps, and certain bugs, con- tribute to the good work.
PARASITIC INSECTS
There are many insects that live upon or within the eggs or bodies of other insects and derive the nourishment necessary for their growth from their living hosts. These are called parasitic insects and are among the best natural checks of insect pests."
10 Waldron—Report of North Dakota Sub-Expt. Sta., at Dickin- son, 1908.
11 Howard—u. S. Dept. Agri., Yearbook 1900, p. 70.
12 Smith—Insect Friends and Foes.
13 Webster—U. S. Dept. Agri., Yearbook for 1907, p. 237.
6 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
One of the interesting and effective groups of parasitic insects is the tachinid flies (Family— Tachinid@ ).
Probably the greatest number of parasites is found in the order Hymenoptera. For example, the ichneumon-flies, braconid-flies, chalcis-flies and — the proctotrypid-flies.
ENTOMOLOGICAL LITERATURE
No one volume could contain descriptions of al! insects.
Fifty thousand or more described species from N. A.
Descriptions and life histories would fill 150 volumes.
OUR MAIN SOURCES OF INFORMATION
1. Bulletins of the different state experiment stations throughout the United States.
2. Bulletins of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C.
3. Farmers’ Bulletins of the U. S. Dept. Agri- culture, Washington, D. C.
4. Yearbooks of the U. S. Department of Agri- culture, Washington, D. C.
5. In New York State the bulletins of the State Entomologist, Education Building, Albany, N. Y.; the bulletins of the State Experiment Station, Ge- neva, N. Y.; and the bulletins of the Cornell Uni- versity Experiment Station are available sources of information.
SOME BOOKS
Manual of Fruit Insects, by M. V. Slingerland and C. R. Crosby, Macmillan Co.
ENTOMOLOGICAL LITERATURE Fi
Insect Pests of Farm, Garden and Orchard, by E. D. Sanderson, John Wiley & Sons.
Insects injurious to Vegetables, by F. H. Chitten- den, Orange Judd Co.
Mantial-or Veeetable: Insects; by ‘C. R) Crosby and M. D. Leonard, Macmillan Co.
Insects and Insecticides, by C. M. Weed, Orange Judd Co.
Economic Entomology, by J. B. Smith, J. B. Lip- pincott Co.
Insects Injurious to the Household and Annoy- ing to Man, by Glenn W. Herrick, Macmillan Co.
Manual for the Study of Insects, by J. H. Com- stock, Comstock Pub. Co.
NUMBER OF INSECTS
Over. 350,000 now known and described. Esti- mated to be from two to ten millions. Over 50,000 from North America. Several thousand are being described each year.
GROUPS CONTAINING THE PRINCIPAL IN- JURIOUS INSECTS
1. Orthoptera—Crickets, grasshoppers, cock- roaches, et al.
2. Hemiptera et al.
3. Lepidoptera—hbutterflies and moths.
4. Diptera—flies.
5. Coleoptera—hbeetles.
6. Hymenoptera—sawflies, bees, ants, wasps, eb al:
Again, all of the injurious insects may be gath- ered into two great groups, dependent upon the structure of their mouthparts. These are the suck- ing and biting insects.
aphids, scale insects, chinch bugs,
8 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
a. Sucking insects
These are represented by the aphids, bugs, and flies. The mouthparts are formed for piercing the plant and sucking out the juices.
b. Biting insects
These may be represented by the grasshoppers and beetles. The mouthparts are formed for biting off bits of the plants and chewing them.
METHODS OF CONTROL OF INSECT PESTS
Ideas and practices of ancient times and peoples. Modern ideas and practices are based on two main methods: natural and artificial.
NATURAL METHODS
Hand-picking—tomato worms, tobacco worms, squash bugs.
Cutting out by hand—peach-tree borer, apple-tree borers.
Covering plants to protect them—cucumber beetles.
Hopper-dozers—for grasshoppers and leafhop- pers.
Burlap and cotton bands—for canker-worms and codling moth.
Sticky bands—for canker-worms and gypsy moth.
Sticky shields—for leafhoppers.
Barrier method—for chinch bug and army worms.
Collecting eggs—gypsy moth and tent caterpil- lars.
Collecting larvee—brown-tail moth.
Burning branches and trees—for shot-hole borer, bronze birch borer, twig girdler, raspberry cane- girdler, et al.
NATURAL METHODS OF CONTROL )
Cleaning up rubbish and weeds—for cabbage in- sects, cotton-boll weevil, plum curculio, et al.
Burning straw, leaves, and grass—for Hessian fly and chinch bugs.
Planting early—for cotton-boll weevil.
Planting late—for corn root-worm and Hessian fly and pea weevil.
Plowing in fall—for wire worms and for white erubs.
Rotating crops—for white grubs, for corn bill- bugs, and for many pests.
Resistant varieties of plants—Kieffer pear, American grape stocks, Northern Spy root-stocks.
Use of commercial fertilizers—very little 1f of any use directly. Of use in accelerating growth to hasten maturity and to make strong resistant plants. Phosphoric acid and cotton.
Refraining from planting badly infested crops for two or three years—chinch bugs and wheat, boll-weevil and cotton.
Isolating fields—For cotton-boll weevil, et al.
Mowing crops early—clover seed insects.
PROTECTING BIRDS—Birds should be protected and encouraged to make their homes on the farm and about the orchards. They help to hold the balance of nature and certainly aid greatly in hold- ing insects in check.
One hawk after a chicken condemns the whole bird tribe; the great horned owl is a friend of man wherever mice and rabbits abound, but where these are scarce, as in thickly populated districts the owl is driven to other food; the sharp-shinned and cooper’s hawk are enemies to wild birds and chick- ens and should be killed; other hawks and owls feed mostly on mice and insects; many species of birds are known to live almost wholly upon insects.
Insects constitute 65% of the annual food supply
10 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
of the downy woodpecker, a very large percent of the food of warblers, 95% of the food of the house wren, and 96% of the food of the flycatchers. Three hundred to five hundred insects have been found in the stomach of one bird.
The mobility of birds makes them very efficient. Forbes showed that in orchards where canker- worms were abundant birds became abnormally plentiful.
Flycatchers and swallows live upon flying insects, while robins and meadowlarks catch ground insects. Cuckoos, orioles, warblers, and vireos devour leaf- eating insects while nuthatches, titmice, and creep- ers explore trunks of trees for small insects.
References on the work of birds:
Henshaw—U. S. Dept. Agri., yearbook 1907, p. 165. .
Beal—U. S. Dept. Agri., yearbook 1908, p. 343.
Sanderson—New Hamp. Expt. Sta., roth and 20th Rpts., 1908, p. 398.
Forbush—Useful Birds and their Protection.
INTRODUCTION OF PREDACEOUS INSECTS—Preda- ceous insects, especially ladybird beetles and cer- tain ground beetles are sometimes introduced into a locality to prey upon injurious insects. For ex- ample, the Australian ladybird (Novius cardinalis), the ground beetle (Calosoma sycophanta), and the convergent ladybird (Hippodamia convergens).
INTRODUCTION OF PARASITIC INSECTS—Parasitic insects are introduced into one country from an- other to help in the fight against insect pests. For example, the many parasites introduced from Eu- rope to prey upon the gypsy and brown-tail moths.
ARTIFICIAL METHODS
Artificial methods consist mainly in the use of insecticides.
POISON INSECTICIDES II
The kind of insecticide used will depend upon the kind of mouthparts the pest has, whether biting or sucking.
It will also depend somewhat upon the life his- tory and habits of the pest.
There are two main kinds of insecticides.—(a) Poisons for biting insects; (b) contact substances for sucking insects. Gases are also used for both biting and sucking insects.
POISONS FOR BITING INSECTS
Several forms of arsenical poisons are used for killing insects that eat the foliage of plants. Ar- senate of lead, however, is more universally used in orchard work than any of the others. The fol- lowing are some of the poisons employed:
1. White arsenic.
2. Paris oreen. e.eatsenate of lead. 4. Arsenate of calcium. Ea Arsenite Or Zinc: 6. Arsenite of lime. Ja fsenite OF Copper: 8. London purple. ©, Paragrene. 10. Hellebore.
ARSENIC
White arsenic (As2O3) is a white heavy powder and the cheapest form of a poison insecticide. Un- fortunately, it is soluble in water and therefore will burn foliage. It can be used in combination with lime or Bordeaux mixture, however, if the proper precautions are taken.
In the following formulas the arsenic is com- bined with lime and the material is known as arsen- ite of lime.
12 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
1 lb. white arsenic 2 lbs. quick lime Taft formula 2 gals. water Boil together for 40 min. and dilute to 300 gallons with water. t lb. white arsenic 4 lbs. crystals sal soda I gal. water Kedzie formula '° Boil together until dissolved—about 15 or 20 min. Use 1 pint to 50 gals. water with 2 or 3 lbs. quick lime added. t lb. white arsenic 1 lb. sal soda I gal. water 2 Ib. quick lime
Common formula !®
Dissolve the white arsenic and sal soda in the water by boiling all together in an iron vessel for about 15 or 20 minutes. Use this solution while hot to slake the lime. Add enough water to make 2 gallons. Use 2 quarts of this to 50 gallons of water.
Another method of making arsenite of lime is to boil 1 pound of white arsenic and 4 pounds of quick lime in 4 gallons of water for half an hour and then dilute to 200 gallons of water. The arsenic may not all combine with the lime thus causing burning. These combinations of arsenic and lime have not given satisfaction when used with lime- sulphur.
PARIS GREEN
First used against Colorado potato beetle about T868; 2000 to 3000 tons used every year; it is com-
14 Woodworth and Colby—Calif. Expt. Stat., Bull. 126, p. 23. 15 Quaintance—U. S. Dept. Agri., Yearbook 1908, p. 275. 16 Slingerland, Herrick, Crosby—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull.
283, Dp. 476. ; 17 Scott—U. S. Bu: Pit. Und, Cire, 545 p: 1a:
POISON INSECTICIDES 13
posed of white arsenic,'* copper oxide, and acetic
acid. When pure it consists of 58.65% arsenious Oxide,» 31. e372 copper oxide, 10.06% acetic acid. Not over 342% should be soluble.
Paris green ’® is a coarse powder and not easily held in suspension; it cannot be used on conifers; cannot be used with fungicides containing am- monia; cannot be combined with lime-sulphur with
safety; does not adhere well to foliage. At least 1 pound of freshly slaked lime should ‘be mixed with every pound of paris green to take up the soluble arsenic and prevent burning of the foliage or it should be combined with Bordeaux mixture.
STANDARD FORMULAS
amShOTeEei.. cach ses 4 AvOz.) Wans OReeia ss. 2.470 slop GimeloiiMme s.55 36 ects a falb. ‘Ounick linge. .c see 2 lbs. WMALCE Char cern fs. 'oa.0 ss BO meals NVALEr «a tie. tevato's) 21: 200 gals.
Stewart recommends I pound of paris green per acre of potatoes whether 50 gallons or 100 gallons of Bordeaux are applied. If the poison is used in water alone then t or 2 pounds of quick lime should be slaked and added.
IMPURITIES AND TESTS FOR *°—Paris green can be tested in three simple ways for impurities: I. Ammonia test. Paris green dissolves wholly in ammonia leaving no residue; 2. Glass slide test. Pure paris green jarred on a slide leaves a bright green streak. If impure the streak is whitish or pale green; 3. Microscopic test. Under the micro- scope the grains of paris green appear like clean round balls. The crystals of the impurities will appear angular, irregular and whitish.
18 Lodeman—Spraying of Plants, pp. 590-74.
19 Smith—New Jersey Expt. Stat., Bull. 213. 20 Woodworth & Colby—Calif. Expt. Stat., Bull. 126
14 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
ARSENATE OF LEAD 2!
THE PASTE FORM—Was first used in fighting in- sects in New England in 1893.
A compound * of arsenic oxide and lead oxide; remains in suspension better than paris green; is white in color and leaves a mark on foliage; will not ordinarily burn foliage; sticks to plant tena- ciously; several applications may injure peach foli- age.
The commercial brands vary from 12% to over 20% of arsenic oxide *—the average being about 15%. They usually contain less than 1% soluble Of free arsenic.
Chemically, arsenate of lead may be (1) of the lead hydrogen, or acid, or plumbic form PbHAsOs, or (2) of the basic, neutral, or triplum- bic form, Pb3(AsO.)2. Usually the commercial brands are a mixture of these two forms although the acid lead often predominates. The acid lead, when mixed with lime-sulphur for a summer spray, tends to pass through a chemical reaction and form soluble arsenic which is likely to cause burning of the foliage. At the same time the sulphur con- tent of the solution is decreased and its fungicidal value lessened. On the other hand the basic, or neutral lead when combined with lime-sulphur does not have a tendency to form soluble arsenic and it is therefore safer on foliage although not quite so rapid in its effect as a poison. The addition of lime will largely prevent the acid lead from reacting.”
INJURY TO FOLIAGE BY ARSENATE OF LEAD—The water in which the arsenate of lead is suspended seems to have some determining effect upon the in- Burgess and Rogers—U. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 87, p. 17.. Smith—New Jersey Expt. Stat., Bull. 213, p. 11.
Haywood and McDonnell—U. S. Bu. Chem., Bull. 131. Robinson—Jr. Ec. Ent., Vol. 12, p. 429.
to Sw wp Wd BO mH
POISON INSECTICIDES 15
jury caused.*° Distilled water with salt added causes decided injury to foliage; distilled water with sodium carbonate added causes decided in- jury; distilled water alone almost no injury; dis- tilled water with lime added almost no injury. Clear sunny weather following application seems favorable to injury; dew followed by sunshine seems favorable to injury.
Soap is sometimes used as a sticker for arsenate of lead and as an agent to hold it in suspension.”°
Drying and freezing of the paste and effect on its powers of suspension and adherence to foliage.
THE POWDERED FORM *‘—It is a fine, white, amorphous powder, the commercial brands of which seem to be largely composed of the biplumbic form. It was first used in fighting the Mexican cotton-boll weevil. The commercial brands are high in arsenic oxid containing generally about 30%. Experiments have shown that it is equal in effectiveness to the paste form when combined with a suitable carrier. Experiments have also shown that when tested on glass slips some brands do not adhere quite as well as the paste form. It can be used in combination with liquid lime-sulphur or with Bordeaux mixture or alone in water or it can be used as a dust alone or combined with dry sulphur.
ARSENATE OF CALCIUM
Arsenate of calcium ** is cheaper than the lead
form of arsenates and is apparently effective in poisoning power, although perhaps not quite equal to the hydrogen lead arsenate. In general the two forms (1) calcium hydrogen arsenate CaHAsO,
25 Haywood and McDonnell—U. S. Bu. Chem., Bull. 131.
26 Cooley—Montana Expt. Stat., Bull. 86.
27 Hinds—Jr. Ec. Ent., Vol. 6, p. 477.
28 Lovett and Robinson—U. S. Dept. Agr., Jr. Agr. Res., Vol, X, p. 199. :
10 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
and (2) tricalcium arsenate€a,(ASO,)> ave cthe forms that have been used. The latter-appears to be more stable and less liable to form soluble arsenic and is therefore safer to use as a spraying material.
The calcium hydrogen arsenate when combined with lime-sulphur for summer spraying is likely to give severe burning depending somewhat on weather conditions. "The commercial mixtures ap- pear to be a combination of the calcium hydrogen arsenate and the tricalcium arsenate. When com- posed of pure tricalcium arsenate less injury may be expected. Calcium arsenates are high in arsenic content and when manufactured properly may prove to be of much use in spraying operations. At present they are in the experimental stage.
ARSENITE OF ZINC
Arsenite of zinc *° is a white powder and high in arsenic content containing about 40% of arsenious oxide. It has been used with success apparently in the Pajaro Valley, Calif., on the foliage of apple, potato and bean. Inthe East it has proven danger- ous on apple foliage when used alone or with lme- sulphur. In combination with Bordeaux mixture it appears to cause no injury to apple foliage. It is of use in spraying potatoes because of its high toxic quality.
“SLUG-SHonT. This appears to be mostly composed of gypsum and not of much value as an insecticide.*®” BuG DEATH
Is another trade insecticide of little value for it is largely composed of zinc and iron oxids.** 29 Schoene—N. Y. State Expt. Stat., Tech. Bull. 28.
30 Van Slyke—N. Y. State Expt. Stat., Bull. 165. 31 Smith—New Jersey Expt. Stat., Bull, 214, p. 14.
POISON INSECTICIDES 17
BLACK DEATH
It is composed mostly of gypsum.**
LONDON PURPLE *?
It is a waste product in the manufacture of ani- line dyes; contains a large percent of soluble arsenic and must have lime added in liberal amounts to pre- vent burning. It is not used to any extent.
ELELLERORE *
The term “hellebore’ is said to be correctly ap- plied only to Helleborus niger which grows in Eu- rope and is not now imported commercially.
It is a whitish poisonous powder obtained from pulverizing the roots of the hellebore plants Vera- trum album and Veratrum viride. The powder of the former is largely imported while that of the latter is an American product. Both seem equally maldable as imsecticides. . It. is. apt to lose, its streneth quickly and often difficult to obtain fresh. Can be applied to ripening fruit without fear of poisoning, because its strength is so rapidly lost in open air. It is valuable for the currant worm and is usually applied dry either pure or mixed with flour or lime at the rate of 1 to 3; may be applied wet by steeping I ounce in a quart of water and adding another quart of cold water.
PoIsOoN BAITS
A mixture of fruit juice, bran, and paris green or white arsenic for cutworms, grasshoppers, and army worms has proven very efficient. A recom-
32 Van Slyke—N. Y. State Expt. Stat., Bull. 165.
33 Marlatt—U. S. Dept. Agr., Far’s’ Bull. 127, p. 8. 84 Cook, Hutchison and Scales—U. S. Bu, Ent., Bull. 245, p. 17.
18 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
mended formula *’ for cutworms is as follows: 2 pounds of paris green, 50 pounds of wheat bran and six finely chopped oranges or lemons. Bring this mixture to a stiff dough by adding cheap mo- lasses and distribute over the field in small lumps and near each plant.
The formula *° used so successfully in Kansas for poisoning grasshoppers is as follows: 1 pound of paris green, 20 pounds of wheat bran, 2 quarts of syrup, the juice and pulp of 3 oranges or lemons, and 3%4 gals. water. The bran and paris green are thoroughly mixed while dry. The juice of the oranges is squeezed into the water after which the pulp and skin are chopped fine and added to the water. The syrup is then poured into the water and this liquid mixture of fruit juice, syrup and water is used to thoroughly dampen the bran and paris green. The bait is sown broadcast in the in- fested fields in the early morning.
In Canada a mixture of shorts, 50 pounds; mo- lasses, 1 gallon; paris green, I pound; and water, 1% gallons has been effective.**" The shorts do not dry out as rapidly as bran. For cutworms that feed below the surface the bait should be harrowed into the soil.
Freshly cut clover dipped in a strong arsenical solution is effective for cutworms. Renew as often as it dries.
Slices of potatoes dusted with an arsenical dis- tributed about beds in a greenhouse are effective against sowbugs.
CONTACT SUBSTANCES FOR SUCKING INSECTS
te Pyrethrum:
35 Walton and Davis—U. S. Dept. Agr., Far’s’ Bull. 730, 36 Dean—Jr. Ec. Ent., Vol. 7, p. 67. 37 Strickland—Canad. Dept. Agr., Ent. Br., Circ. 6, 1916,
CONTACT INSECTICIDES 19
Tobacco.
Soaps.
Oils.
Lime-sulphur. Carbolic-acid emulsion.
uw hd
PyRETHRUM
Commonly called Persian Insect Powder,** Dal- matian powder, and Buhach; formerly imported under -two first names; now manufactured in California under name Buhach. It is a powder made from the pulverized flower heads of Chrysan- themum cineraricfolium; contains a volatile oil and kills by contact; harmless to human beings and to plants. It is expensive and soon loses its effec- tiveness when exposed to the air. Buhach is most apt to be fresh. It is used chiefly in green- houses and in the household where it is usually sifted dry on the plants or in the rooms. It may be applied wet by steeping I ounce in a quart of boiling water for 5 or 10 minutes to which 3 quarts of cold
water should be added.
TOBACCO
The insecticidal power of tobacco is due to the nicotine it contains. Is often used as a dust *° against plant and animal lice and against ticks. It is said to be useful in controlling the woolly aphis on the roots of apple trees and also acts as a good fertilizer. It is a waste product of tobacco. fac- tories and costs about I cent per pound.
Tobacco stems or leaves may be cooked or steeped in water to remove the nicotine and form a
88 Marlatt—U. S. Dept. Agr., Far’s’ Bull. 127, p. 16.
Coquillet—U. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 12, 0. s. 39 Smith—N. J. Expt. Stat., Bull. 213, p. 28.
20 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
decoction. Unfortunately, the nicotine content of tobacco varies with the variety, soil, method of cur- ing and other factors *° and it is therefore impos- sible, without chemical analysis, to make a standard decoction. In general, 1 pound of stems ina gallon of water brought to the boiling point and when drained off enough water added to make a full gal- lon will give a decoction of suffhcient strength to kill plant lice. It is best to rely on commercial ex- tracts whose nicotine contents are known.
COMMERCIAL TOBACCO EXTRACTS—Extracts of tobacco are now manufactured commercially and are known as nicotine sulphate. Nicotine sulphate appears to kill insects by its vapor.** The most fa- miliar brand is known as black-leaf-40. In this brand the nicotine is combined with an acid and hence is not easily volatile. It contains 40% nico- tine and is readily miscible with water. It is usually used at the rate of 1 gallon to 800 or 1000 gallons of water. It can be combined with lime-sulphur, and arsenate of lead or with Bordeaux mixture.* When the nicotine sulphate is used alone, soap is usually added at the rate of 4 or 5 pounds to 100 gallons of water to increase its spreading power and to liberate the nicotine.** A precipitate is some- times formed when nicotine sulphate is added to other mixtures especially when in a concentrated form.
Soars =
Ordinary laundry soap, I pound to 5 or 6 gallons
of water is a good insecticide for the garden, lawn, 40 Fllet and Grissom—Vir. Expt. Stat., Bull. 208. 41 McIndoo—U. S. Dept. Agr., Jr. Agr. Res., Vol. VII, p. 80.
42 Headlee—New Jersey Expt. Stat., Rept. Ent. for 1914, p. 356. 43 Moore and Graham—U. S. Dept. Agr., Jr. Agr. Res., Vol. X,
47. 44 Marlatt—U. S. Dept. Agr., Far’s’ Bull. 127, p. 15.
CONTACL INSECTICIDES 21
and household plants. Soft soap should be used twice as strong.
Whale-oil soap is more commonly used. One should always procure a potash soap. It costs 3 to 6 cents per pound. Use 1 pound to 5 or 6 gal- lons of water for summer application. In winter, for scale, use 2 pounds to I gallon. Whale-oil soaps vary greatly in their water content and are liable to contain free potash thus causing burning. Fish- oil soap can be made easily and cheaply at home. The composition may be known and the free potash avoided.
Formula for home-made fish-oil soap: *°
Case SO. onc daw oei<s 6 Ibs. or 11% lbs. WCAG? aR ae ae ee 14 gals. or 1% dts. SIS) (0) A ee Pecte ur Selig: 514 lbs.
Dissolve the caustic soda in the water. After the soda is dissolved, add the fish-oil gradually, in the meantime stirring the mixture thoroughly and vigorously. Complete and thorough stirring while the oil is being slowly poured into the water and soda is absolutely necessary. Use 1 pound to 6 or 7 gallons of water.
Fish-oil may be purchased of N. B. Cook Oil Co., New York.
OiESs
Mineral oils are much used for contact insecti- cides, usually in some form of an emulsion that is miscible with water. They are particularly val- uable against aphids, and scale insects.
KEROSENE EMULSION *°—Kerosene may be emul- sified with milk or soap, the latter being now most universally used.
Formula for kerosene emulsion:
45 Van Slyke & Urner—N. Y. State Expt. Stat., Bull. 257.
22 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
SOAp potion I Ib. S@apii ce titers tecica | |b. Soft water... - ee 2cals. or, Wallet. <u. Pee fee I gal. Oey Bets ete ae wes ecalse oC Artec eres fee oees 2 gals.
The soap is shaved fine and heated in the water until dissolved. The oil is poured in and while the mixture is hot it is briskly agitated until a white creamy mixture is formed. The following dilu- tions apply to first formula:
To make a 10% solution for summer spraying add 34 gals. water.
To make a 20% solution for dormant spraying add 14 gals. water.
To make a 25% solution for dormant spraying add 10 gals. water.
CRUDE PETROLEUM EMULSION—It is made ex- actly as the kerosene emulsion. The grade of oil used is called ‘insecticide oil.” It should have an amber color and its specific gravity should run from 43 to 45 degrees Baume. A 20 to 25 percent solu- tion is valuable as a winter spray.
OIL IN MECHANICAL EMULSION WITH WATER *’— It has always been tedious to make oil emulsions and to obviate the labor, pumps were designed to mix the oil mechanically with water. These pumps were supposed to throw any per cent of oil in water desired, by the regulation of a valve. The pumps proved unreliable and severe injuries often resulted from using them. They are not now in use.
MiscrpLE oILs *“—These are proprietary mix- tures containing mineral oils in combination with a small quantity of vegetable oil and some alkali to make them miscible with water. They are designed especially for the control of scale insects. They mix readily with water. There are several prom-
46.47 Marlatt—U.S. Dept. Agr, Fars Bull. 127,%p. 20. 48 Marlatt—U. S, Dept. Agr., Far’s’ Bull. 127, p. 23.
CONTACT INSECTICIDES 23 inent brands: ~““Scalecide,”’ .““Kil-O-Scale,” ‘“‘Tar- set-Brand,” and. “Orchard Brand.”
HOME-MADE MISCIBLE OILS *°—Prof. C. L. Penny has developed methods of preparing miscible oil at home. There are two steps in making a miscible oil: (1) preparing the emulsifier or soap solu- tion, (2) mixing the mineral and vegetable oils with the emulsifier to produce the final product, miscible oil. The process is rather long and la- borious.
CARBOLIC ACID EMULSION
This emulsion is formed by dissolving 1 pound of hard soap in I gallon of hot water. After the soap is dissolved, add 1 pint of crude carbolic acid. Then agitate the mixture until an emulsion is formed. For use, dilute with 30 parts of water.
LiMb-SULPHUR °°
It is probably the best and most universally used insecticide for scale insects. It is also practically a specific for blister-mite and of great use in con- trolling the pear psylla, certain fungous diseases, etc. It was used originally as a sheep dip but was first tried as an insecticide in California in 1886. It was not tried in the East until 1894 when its use did not seem to prove successful. Nothing more was done with the lime-sulphur wash in the Fast until 1900 when it was tried again and gave prom- ising results. The first formulae included salt. Later formulae differed somewhat in proportions, but the following is a representative one: Quick- lime, 20 pounds; sulphur, 15 pounds; water, 50 gal- lons.
49 Penny—Ann. Rpt. Penn. State Coll., 1907-08, p. 228.
Phillips—Va. Expt. Stat., Bull. 179. 50 Quaintance—U. S. Dept. Agr., Yearbook 1906, p. 420.
24. INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
Place lime in iron kettle and slake it with hot water. Add sulphur and more water and boil for one hour. Dilute to 50: gallons? strain, and! tse while hot 1f possible.
CONCENTRATED COMMERCIAL SOLUTIONS °'— Within the past few years commercial concentrated lime-sulphur solutions have been introduced into this state and have been used by many fruit grow- ers in combating certain insect pests and fungous diseases. In order to use one of these mixtures intelligently and effectively it becomes necessary to know its strength or, in other words, its degree of concentration. This is best found by using an instrument known as a Baumé hydrometer. In testing a lime-sulphur solution, simply pour some of the clear reddish liquid into any deep receptacle, deeper than the hydrometer is long, and when nearly full, gently drop the instrument into the solution and wait until it comes to rest. Then read on the hydrometer the degree of concentration, which will
Reading of
hydrometer or Amount of water to one gallon of the degree of lime-sulphur solution concentration Degrees Baumé For San José Scale For Blister-mite Gals. Gals. Gals. Gals. Lime-Sulphur| Water |Lime-Sulphur} Water 25 I 5 I G | 26 I 5% I 7V2 27 I 534 I 8 28 I 6 I 8% 29 I 6% I 9 30 I 634 I 0% 31 I 74 I 10 32 I 72 I 10% 33 I 8 I II 34 I 8% I 1% 35 I 834 I 12
51 Parrott & Schoene—N. Y. State Expt. Stat., Bull. 320.
CONTACT INSECTICIDES 25
be the one just at the surface of the liquid. When the degree of concentration of the liquid is known, the proper dilution may be obtained by referring fone table °~ on page 24.
HOME-MADE CONCENTRATED SOLUTION °*—The concentrated solution can be made at home with a fair degree of success. The lime used should con- tain not less than 90% calcium oxid and not over 5% magnesium. The formula is as follows:
URS MINIS Ae. sare sie a tins 36 Ibs. @utck lime. 7.9596 CaO)... ston ear Serer 38 Ibs.
GOTO CAG an 5 te chia oisuaydt s) 5:5) 40 lbs. Sulphur flour or flowers of sulphur........ 8o lbs. PAU Tp Poe ota) s tne ote. haeicve edie, wane Sutud S'S 50 gals.
Place lime in kettle and slake with 10 gallons of water. While lime is slaking add the sulphur which has ‘been previously mixed with water into a paste. Stir thoroughly and when lime is entirely slaked add enough water to make about 60 gallons if the boiling is over an open fire. If the boiling is with live steam add enough water to make 50 gal- lons. Boil the mixture vigorously for one hour.
When through, strain; store in tight containers. Usually lime-sulphur will not freeze down to 5° above ezro.
For San José scale the diluted solution should test 4.5 degrees B.; for the blister-mite about 3.5 B.; and for summer use on foliage about 1 degree B.
The concentrated solutions of lime-sulphur have shown themselves to be useful against San José scale in the summer even when diluted for use on foliage.**
THE SELF BOILED LIME-SULPHUR—TLhis has been
52. Van Slyke, Bosworth, and Hedges—N. Y. State Expt. Stat., Bull. 320.
53 Parrott and Schoene—N. Y. State Expt. Stat., Bull. 330.
54 Stewart—Ann. Rpt. Penn. State Coll. 1910-11, p. 268.
26 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
found to be of use in checking San José scale ** in the summer. Place $ pounds of ‘quick lime ins barrel and start it slaking with a small amount of cold water. Work 8 pounds of sulphur through a sieve and add slowly to the slaking lime. Add enough cold water to slake the lime and stir con- stantly. As soon as slaking is completed (5 to 15 min.) fill barrel with cold water (50 gallons). Peaches and plums can be sprayed in foliage with this and the scale checked if hit when young are hatching.
Dry SUBSTITUTES FOR LIQUID LIME-SULPHUR— Several commercial dry preparations are on the market as substitutes for the liquid lime-sulphur. Such preparations as “spra sulphur,” soluble sul- phur,” “dry lime-sulphur” and “B. T. S.” are among those offered. Some of these are sodium-sulphur compounds, some barium-sulphur compounds, and some lime-sulphur compounds. They vary widely in the amount of sulphur contained and are val- uable, other things being equal, according to the amount of sulphur each actually contains. The standard liquid lime-sulphur solution (33° Baumé) at a dilution of 1 to 8 for scale contains 4.75 ounces of sulphur or 3.45% efficient sulphur per gallon. The summer dilution for scab at I to 40 contains 1.04 ounces of sulphur or .775% efficient sulphur per gallon. When the dry compounds are used they should also contain an equivalent amount of efficient sulphur in order to control the scale or scab effectively. Manufacturers are apt to recom- mend their dry materials at too low dilutions to make them efficient.
Moreover, arsenicals cannot be combined with safety with those dry compounds containing so- dium or potassium sulphides.
55 Quaintance—U. S. Dept. Agr., Yearbook 1908, p. 277.
FUMIGATING SUBSTANCES 27
FUMIGATING SUBSTANCES
Several substances are used to fumigate mills, greenhouses and dwellings in order to destroy the insects that may be infesting such buildings.
CARBON BISULPHIDE °°—This liquid is used as a fumigant against stored grain insects especially and sometimes against root-feeding insects, aphids, white grubs, ants, etc.
It is heavier than water; readily volatile; and when pure it has not an unpleasant odor. The gas from the liquid is heavier than air and is suffocat- ing. The gas is also inflammable and explosive.
Use 2 pounds of the liquid °’ to 1000 cubic feet of space when temperature is between 65 and 75 degrees F. Granary must be tight. Peas, beans, seed corn, etc., can be stored in barrels and treated. Under ordinary granary conditions, 15 to 20 pounds to 1000 cu. ft. should be used.
A cheap form of carbon bisulphide under the trade name “Fuma,” is sold by Edward R. Taylor, Renn Yan, N.Y.
HyprocyANIc AcIp GAS—It is a very poisonous gas used against household insects, citrus pests, stored grain insects, and for the fumigation of nursery stock.
Formula for household fumigation for 100 cubic feet space:
Wate gta tous clas ¢ hee pest nes teas 3 fluid ozs. SMIMMUBC AGI oie sie sis eo aievaiecelelarn oes oa % 1 fluid oz. Gave MOlssitid Cyanide... aes ve. see we I OZ.
Sodium cyanide has almost supplanted potassium cyanide for fumigation purposes and should be used according to the following formula for each 100 cubic feet of space:
56 Hinds—U. S. Dept. Agr., Far’s’ Bull. 145. 57 Chittenden and others—U. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 96, Part III.
28 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
Water cee ia aE ae ee Retr 2 fluid ozs. Sulphuric; acid’ *.cctcsbes we ee eeater es 1, fluid ozs. Sodiummeyanides ¥s 24a. Che ie neta I OZ,
For house fumigation ** all holes in rooms should be stopped and all cracks covered with strips of newspaper soaked in water.
In fumigating trees tents are used.*? In fumi- gating nursery stock for scale insects a special room is needed.”
FORMALDEHYDE GAS—This is primarily a germi- cide. It has been shown to be practically useless as an insecticide. :
Tobacco PAPERS—Paper soaked in tobacco ex- tract is sold for fumigation purposes in green- houses. These papers will burn when lighted and are much more convenient to use in houses than tobacco stems.
HEAT °?
Within the last few vears heat has been used to some extent in mills in the western part of the United States, at-least,. to kill mill insects.. Ac= cording to Dean and Goodwin heat is a very effi- cient and satisfactory agent for destroying grain insects. The temperature necessary to kill stored erain insects ranges from 118° to 125° F. Felt has shown that cockroaches succumb to a tempera- ture of 120° BP. ‘It 4s ‘neécessaty to maintaimmrne heat for several hours to allow it to penetrate all
58 Howard and Popenoe—U. S. Bu. Ent., Circ. 163.
Herrick—Can. Ent., Vol. 39, p. 341. 59 Morrill—U. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 76. Woglum—wU. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 7o. Woglum—U. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 90, Parts I and II.
60 Britton—Conn. Expt. Stat., Bull. of Immediate Information No. 3. ;
61 Goodwin—Ohio Expt. Stat., Bull. 234.
Dean—Kan. Expt. Stat., Bull. 1809. Felt—27th Rept. State Ent., N. Y.
FUMIGATING SUBSTANCES 29
of the infested parts of the building. There is no reason why heat could not be utilized to kill house- hold insects if a practicable way can be found of developing a temperature of 125° IF. in a house.
MISCELLANEOUS MEANS OF FIGHTING IN- SECTS
TRAP LANTERNS—Lights and lanterns have been recommended and used for many years to catch insects active at night. One called the Hazeltine - lantern has been widely advertised. Several ex- periments have been made to demonstrate the use- fulness or uselessness of lanterns for catching in- sects. Perhaps the most extensive one was made at Cornell during 1892. From May 2oth to Oct. Ist 13,000 insects were caught; 77% were neutral, IO 2-5% beneficial, 12 3-5% often pests; of the pests, 84 to 93% were males; of the beneficial, 80 to 88% were females; nymphs and larve were not caught; as many friends as foes were caught; not one codling moth taken.°”
In an all-summer experiment Dr. Riley never caught a codling moth: Prof. Stedman caught only 2 with 4 lanterns running 100 nights.
GASOLINE TORCHES—An ordinary plumber’s * torch or some modification of it has been proposed for killing insects, especially scale insects, on their food plants. Several trials by different experimen- ters on different insects indicate that these torches are hardly practicable. In most cases, the heat suf- ficient to kill the insects injured the plants.
TREE TANGLEFOOT—A sticky material manufac- tured by the O. W. Thum Co., Grand Rapids, Mich., at about 30c per pound is the same or similar mate-
62 Slingerland—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 202. 63 Forbes—Illinois Expt. Stat., Bull. 80.
30 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
rial used in their tanglefoot fly paper. It is useful in putting about the trunks of trees to catch canker- worm moths, caterpillars of the tussock moth, etc.
TREELEIM—A_ substance manufactured by the Vreeland Chemical Co., which is used for the same purpose as tanglefoot and is said not to “glass” over but to remain fresh and sticky a long time.
SPRAYING
History OF SPRAYING—The current worm be- came injurious about 1860 and the Col. Pot. beetle about 1865. Hellebore and paris green were used for these two pests, and this suggested the use of the latter for other insects. Riley suggested its use on cotton in 1872; Le Baron suggested its Suse . for the canker-worm in 1872. Cook advised spray- ing trees in 1876; E. P. Haynes, in 1878, sprayed trees for canker-worms and killed the codling moth. These were the beginnings. Our insect foes are increasing and we must spray.
SOME PRINCIPLES OF SPRAYING—Spray at the right time, before rains for most fungous diseases and after rains for insects alone. Watch the de- velopment of buds, blossoms, fruit and weather and spray accordingly and not by dates. Spray thor- oughly. Every leaf and fruit should be coated. Use a nozzle, in general, that gives a fine spray and use at least 75 pounds pressure, but better 150 pounds.
DUSTING
Dust for control of insects and fungi may con- sist of lime, dry Bordeaux and some arsenical or it may consist of a mixture of sulphur and an arsen- ical. These dusts were introduced to lower the cost and labor of spraying. They do both but the ultimate value of them rests on their efficiency.
DUSES 31
Early experiments in dusting trees were made with dry Bordeaux and an arsenical. In this mix- ture the copper was the essential fungicide. The following is a formula “* (Scott’s), for this dust:
4 lbs. copper sulphate in 4 gals. water 4 lbs. lime in 4 gals. water
60 lbs. slaked lime dust
Dissolve the sulphate in the 4 gallons water and slake the lime in the 4 gallons. When cool pour together and allow it to settle. Decant or pour off the liquid, put the wet mass in a strong bag and squeeze out the remaining water. Then spread out and allow todry inthe sun. Pulverize this dry ma- terial and pass it through a sieve with 80 meshes to the inch and then mix with the 60 pounds of slaked lime. For Bird’s formula see Mo. Bull. 60 or Cor- nell Bull. 216.
Comparative early experiments indicated that six applications of the dry material could be made as cheaply as four with liquid. The dust is more easily transported about an orchard, especially if the orchard is rough. It does not appear to have any other advantage, according to early experiments.
The dust did not control fungous diseases as well as liquid Bordeaux. The dust proved irritating to workmen, getting into their lungs.
Crandall * says the “dust spray is absolutely in- effective as a preventive of injury from prevailing orchard fungi, and that it is considerably less eff- cient as an insect remedy than is the liquid method of applying arsenites.”
It must be remembered that these experiments were made with a Bordeaux dust.
64 Scott—U. S. Dept. Agr., Far’s’ Bull. 243, p. 11.
Craig—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bulls. 216, 245.
Close—Delaware Expt. Stat., Bulls. 72 and 76. 65 Crandall—lIllinois Expt. Stat., Bull. 106,
32 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
The first dusting experiments in which dry sul- phur was used to replace liquid lime-sulphur were made by Blodgett in 1911.°° These experiments were continued during 1912 and 1913. ‘The results were encouraging and the work was continued dur- ing 1914 by Reddick and Crosby.** The materials recommended were finely ground sulphur 90 pounds, and powdered arsenate of lead 10 pounds, applying from 1¥%4 to 3 pounds of the mixture per tree at each dusting. Later recommendations advise 85 parts of sulphur to 15 parts of powdered arsenate of lead.°® The results for the control of chewing insects and apple scab were encouraging and fur- ther experiments are now in progress.
PUMPS
Atomizers, hand sprinklers, buckets, knapsacks, barrel, power sprayers. ‘The essentials of a good pump are brass or bronze working parts, ‘ball valves, and readily accessible parts.
NOZZLES
1. The first nozzles threw a nearly round solid stream, like a garden hose.
2. The second group of nozzles consisted of those in which the stream having passed the orifice proper is modified by some obstruction that breaks it or «scatters it. “The “‘elamax,? “Ball vamal “Lewis are examples.
3. The third and most perfect type is known as the rotary or eddy-chamber nozzle. This is repre- sented, typically, by the Vermorel. Later modifica- tions are the “Friend” and ‘‘Mistry.” The Vermo- rel is of American origin although bearing a French
66 Blodgett—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 340.
67 Reddick and Crosby—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 354. 68 Reddick and Crosby—Cornell Univ. Extension, Bull. 1.
REGULATORY LAWS 33
name. Within recent years so-called spray guns have come into use.
ACCESSORIES
TOwER—A tower ten or twelve feet high is a ne- cessity for good work. It enables one to get above the tree and spray down, which is especially neces- sary in case of codling moth. The new Cornell tower has many advantages.
Hosre—There should be plenty of hose to enable one to get all arounda tree. The hose should be of a quality to withstand 150 to 200 pounds pressure.
BORDEAUX MIXTURE ®
This is a fungicide with which arsenicals are often combined:
Bordeaux mixture is made by mixing a dilute solution of copper sulfate (blue vitriol) with a dilute milk of lime. The mixture may be made of different strengths by using different amounts of the copper sulfate and lime to a given amount of water. A mixture made of 3 pounds of copper sulfate and 3 pounds of lime to 50 gallons of water is indi- cated by the formula 3-3-50; one made of 4 pounds of copper sulfate and 4 pounds of lime to 50 gallons of water, by 4-4-50; one made of 5 pounds of copper sulfate and 5 pounds of lime to 50 gallons of water, by 5—5—-50.
QUARANTINE AND INSECTICIDE LAWS
Nearly all of the States in the United States have passed laws “° governing the shipments of plants and plant products into their territories. These are designed, of course, to prevent the introduction of injurious insects and plant diseases. California has in some instances instituted legal restrictions governing shipments of plants between counties
69 Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 283, Rev. Ed., p. 466, 1915. 79 Burgess—U, S. Bu. Ent., Circ. 75.
34 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
within the State. Similar restrictions have also been imposed in some of the Southern States to pre- vent the spread of the Mexican cotton-boll weevil from one district to another within the State. These laws of the different States are intended to meet local conditions and are not uniform which results in much confusion.
THE NATIONAL QUARANTINE LAw—For many years there was in this country an agitation for a uniform, national quarantine law to govern the im- portation of nursery stock into the United States and to regulate the shipment of such stock among the States themselves. Asa result of this demand, Congress passed such a law,’ which went into ef- fect the first day of October, 1912. The law has two purposes: (1) to regulate the importation of nursery stock, other plants, and plant products from foreign countries into the United States to prevent the introduction of injurious insects and plant dis- eases; (2) to establish quarantines against any State, territory, or district of the United States or any portion thereof to prevent the distribution throughout the United States of any dangerous plant diseases or injurious insects.
To carry out the provisions of the law, a Federal Horticultural Board consisting of five members was appointed by the Secretary of Agriculture from certain Bureaus and offices in the Department of Agriculture.
Tue NationaL INsEcTIcIDE LAw — Various States have undertaken at different times to regu- late by law the composition of certain insecticides sold within their boundaries. Such laws have not been uniform and have been, on the whole, more or less unsatisfactory. In 1910 Congress passed a
71 An Act to regulate the importation of nursery stock, etc. Pub- lic Document—No. 275.
REGULATORY LAWS 35
national insecticide law that went into effect the first day of January, 1911. Its object was to pre- vent the manufacture, sale, or transportation of adulterated or misbranded paris greens, lead ar- senates, and other insecticides and fungicides. In this law it was decreed that paris green shall not contain less than 50 per cent arsenious oxide nor more than 3% per cent water-soluble arsenic and that lead arsenate shall not contain more than 50 per cent water, nor less than 12% per cent arsenic oxide (As2O;) nor more than .75 per cent. water- ‘ soluble arsenic. It was also decreed that other in- secticides and fungicides should not fall below the
proposed standard or quality under which they were sold.
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO ORCHARD TREES AND BRUICS
APPLE PESTS
THE CODLING MOTH * (Carpocapsa pomonella) Order—Lepidoptera. Manual p. 241
One of the oldest and most important pests on apples; estimated that it causes a yearly loss of $12,000,000 in the United States with an added $4,000,000 for cost of spraying trees to control it.
Eggs laid on leaves and fruit about two weeks after petals fall; caterpillars emerge in about one week and 60 to 80% enter the young fruit through the calyx end; they live in the apple from 25 to 30 days, or longer in many instances, and when full- grown leave the fruit through a hole made in the side of the apple; they then crawl to a crevice in the bark of the large limbs or trunks or find a nook elsewhere and spin a cocoon; here, some of the lar- ve change to pupz and issue as moths the latter part of July to form a partial second brood in New York State; a large part of the larvz, however, re- main under the bark until the following spring and then change to pupz from which, in about twenty days, the adult moths issue. All of the larve of the second generation remain in cocoons under the bark until spring.
Controt—Spray at once after three-fourths of the petals have fallen, with 150 pounds pressure, using 2'%4 pounds of paste arsenate of lead to 50
1 Slingerland—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 142.
Quaintance—U, S. Dept. Agr., Yearbook 1907, p. 435. 36
APPLE INSECTS 37
gallons of water; this is the most important spray- ing and should be done thoroughly; spray from a tower into the calyx ends of the young apples; spray again in 3 or 4 weeks and cover fruit and foliage with a fine misty spray; again the last week in July for second brood.
THE ROUND-HEADED BORER” (Saperda candida) Order—Coleoptera. Manual p. 573
Next after the codling moth the worst pest on apples in the United States; eggs laid in June and later, in incisions made in the bark; the eggs hatch in 2 or 3 weeks and tunnel in the sapwood; they live mostly near the surface of the ground, but often be- low the earth, especially in young trees; at end of the second year the larve are quite large and are now deeper in the heartwood; the third spring the larvee gnaw to the bark and there pupate; the adult beetles emerge in May and June, the insect having taken three years for its life history; in West Vir- ginia and in Arkansas the life cycle may be passed in two years; the beetle is a handsome long-horned one, about an inch in length and has two conspicu- ous white lines the whole length of its body.
ControLt—Give orchards clean culture; cut out borers with a sharp instrument like a chisel and then apply some wash, for instance, concentrated lime-sulphur, or an alkaline wash made by adding caustic potash to soap and water until a thick creamy mixture is formed; washes should be ap- plied up to the lower limbs.
FLAT-HEADED BORER *® (Chrysobothris femorata) Order—Coleoptera. Manual p. 549 The second thoracic segment of the larva is wide,
2 Becker—Ark. Expt. Stat., Bull. 146. 3 Chittenden—U. S. Bu. Ent.,. Circ. 32.
38 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
flat, and close to the head, hence the name; the larva attacks many kinds of fruit-trees, forest and shade- trees, infesting by preference those diseased or dy- ing; it inhabits all parts of the trunk from ground to branches; eggs are laid in cracks of bark; the larva lives just beneath the bark and burrows out broad, flat, irregular channels in the wood; as it grows it may go deeper into the wood; it matures in one year and the beetles emerge in May and June; the adult beetle has short antennz, is of a dark metallic brown color, and about one-half inch long.
ContTrot—Same as for the round-headed borer.
THE BUD-MOoTH * (Tmetocera ocellana) Order—Lepidoptera. Manual, p. 241
A most important pest on the apple in New York. The tiny dark brown caterpillars appear early in the spring and begin to attack the bursting buds; they bore into the buds and when the leaves begin to unfold attack those also; they continue to eat the leaves and tie them together, finally pupating with- in the tangled mass; the moths appear in June and lay their small inconspicuous eggs on the leaves; these hatch in about 10 days and the tiny caterpil- lars feed on the surfaces of the leaves eating the epidermis and tissues away, leaving a network of veins; the caterpillar lives mostly in a tiny silken tube built along the midrib of the leaf; in Septem- ber the cater pillars migrate from the leaves to the small branches where they build snug silken cases, called hibernacula, in which to pass the winter; these hibernacula are built very often near the buds where the larve will find food close at hand in the spring. There is only one brood a year.
Controt—Add arsenate of lead, 2% pounds to
Ses Aa
50 gallons, to the delayed dormant spray just as the 4 Slingerland—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 50.
APPLE INSECTS 390
tips of the buds begin to show green; repeat just before blossoms open; repeat again after petals fall which will also do for the first codling moth spray. Combination sprays containing nicotine sulphate and lime-sulphur may be used.
CIGAR CASE-BEARER ° (Coleophora fletcherella) Order—Lepidoptera
The half-grown caterpillars migrate in August and September from the leaves to the branches, where they securely fasten their small curved cases preparatory to passing the winter; in the early spring the caterpillars in their cases become active, move to the buds and begin to attack them; later they attack the very young fruit but mostly mine in the leaves remaining all of the time in their cases; about the middle of June they pupate and the moths appear in July; the very small moths lay their eggs on the leaves; these hatch in about 2 weeks and the tiny caterpillars spend the remainder of the summer mining in the leaves.
CONTROL—Spray ‘with arsenate ot lead, 212 pounds to 50 gallons of water just as the tips of the buds begin to show green; again before the blossoms open; and again after petals fall. This is the same as for the bud-moth.
PIsTOL CASE-BEARER ° (Coleophora malivorella) Order—Lepidoptera
Its case is shaped like a pistol and its life history is very similar to that of the cigar case-bearer; the larva, however, does not mine in the leaves but eats the surfaces of them.
ConTROL—Same as for cigar case-bearer.
5 Slingerland—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 93. 6 Slingerland—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 124.
40 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC: IMPORTANCE
THE APPLE-GRAIN APHID‘ (/hopalosiphum pruntfoliae ) ; Order—Hemiptera
This aphid is a European insect.and has been observed on more than twenty-two plants—apple, pear, quince, plum, rye, oats, wheat, et al.; it is one of the early aphids appearing in the spring on apple buds but usually leaves the apple without doing much harm; it is light green in color with a dark line down the middle of its back.
Passes winter as dark eggs on branches; these hatch in spring; may be several generations on apple leaves; the winged generation flies to grasses where many generations are produced during the summer; many live on wheat in fall; the winged females finally fly back to the apple tree in the fall and produce a generation of wingless egg-laying females which lay the winter eggs on the bark.
CoNTROL—See green apple aphid.
THE ROSY APPLE APHID’ (Aphis sorbi-A. mali- foliac ) Order—Hemiptera
The rosy aphid is larger than the grain aphid and is usually of a rosy color although individuals may be tan, grey or blackish, while the body is covered with a whitish powder; the body is noticeably glob- ular; this aphid is often very injurious.
It winters as eggs upon the trunk and branches of the apple tree; the eggs hatch in spring and prob- ably three and perhaps more (depending on lati- tude) generations are produced on the apple tree; in late “June winged individuals begin to leave the
7 Baker and Turner—U. S. Dept. Agr., Jr. Agr. Res., Vol. 18,
ps Snr.
Davis—U. S. Bu. Ent. Bull) m2:
8 Quaintance—U. S. Bu. Ent., Circ. 81. ; Matheson—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Memoir 34.
APPLE INSECTS 41
apple tree and go to the broad-leaved and narrow- leaved plantains where the summer is spent; in the fall the return migrants come back to the apple where egg-laying females are produced and the eges are laid, thus completing the cycle. CONTROL—See the green apple aphid.
THE GREEN APPLE APHID” (Aphis pomi-A phis malt ) Order—Hemiptera
The green apple aphid resembles the grain aphid but is darker green and lacks the dark line down the back; it has not been recognized as seriously in- jurious in this country until of comparatively re- cent years; it is now considered the most injurious species; it winters as eggs on the trees and spends the whole year on the apple, not having alternate food-plants like the two preceding species; the aphids curl the leaves, stunt the new growth and often stunt and deform the apples.
ControLt—The eggs of these aphids, although there is some individual variation, those of the grain aphid hatching earliest, hatch early in the spring, about the time the flower buds begin to swell and break and the leaves show green at the tips. The young aphids cluster on the outside of the buds where they are all exposed to contact with spray mpberiala, (hen 1s the time to kill them. Water they get in between the leaves of the buds and in rolled leaves and cannot be hit easily or not at all.
The safest and most efficient material with which to kill the aphids at this time is nicotine sulphate alone, 34 of a pint to 100 gallons of water with 5 pounds of soap added, or combined with lime-sul-
9 Parrott, Hodgkiss, and Lathrop—N. Y. State Expt. Stat., Bulls.
415 and 431. Hodgkiss—N. Y. State Expt. Stat., Bull. 46r.
42 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
phur solution at the same rate but without the soap. Arsenate of lead may be added if desired..:
In case of the green apple aphid especially it may be necessary to make later applications of the nicotine sulphate owing to repeated infestations in June and July. It has proven advantageous at this time to add rather large quantities of quick lime or hydrated lime ° to the nicotine sulphate and water, leaving out the soap. The mixture of nicotine sul- phate and lime seems to have a deterrent effect on the aphids in addition to its killing properties.
THE FALL CANKER-worM (Alsophila pometaria) Order—Lepidoptera. Manual, p. 276
Moths emerge in late fall and the wingless fe- males lay their eggs in clusters on bark; eggs rest over winter and hatch in early May; larve which are loopers and have only 3 pairs of abdominal legs feed for a month and in June and July go into the eround to change to pupz in dense cocoons, and re- main here until fall when the moths appear again; one brood a year.
THE SPRING CANKER-WoRM * (Paleacrita vernata) Order—Lepidoptera. Manual, p. 275
Moths emerge in March and April and lay their eggs in small clusters in crevices of the bark; cater- pillars which are loopers and have only 2 pairs of abdominal legs hatch in May and in June and July go into the ground where they remain as pup until the next spring; one brood a year; the female is gray and wingless and bears two transverse rows of short spines on the dorsal side of each of the first seven segments of her abdomen; the spring
10 Hodgkiss—N. Y. State Expt. Stat., Bull. 461. 11 Quaintance—U. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 68, Pt. Il.
APPLE INSECTS 43
canker-worm is usually the common one in New York.
Controt—Caterpillars quite resistant to poisons, yet arsenate of lead, 6 to 10 pounds to 100 gallons of water will control them; also bands of sticky material, like tar, tanglefoot or printers’ ink to pre- vent the females from climbing trees to lay eggs; bands of fluffy cotton batting will serve; apply in October for fall canker-worm and in early spring for spring canker-worm; also plow and cultivate in August or September to destroy the pupze in the soil.
THE APPLE TENT-CATERPILLAR '* (Malacosoma americana ) Order—Lepidoptera. Manual, p. 360
Passes winter as eggs laid in rings around branches; eggs hatch as buds begin to burst and larvee build tents in crotches of branches; in 4 to 6 weeks the caterpillars become grown and make dense cocoons in secluded places; in about 2 weeks the moths appear and deposit eggs during last of June or first of July.
Controt—Collect and burn egg masses; school children are often enlisted in the work of collecting and destroying the egg masses; spray infested trees with arsenate of lead 2% pounds to 50 gallons of water just as the buds begin to open; repeat in a week if necessary; destroy wild cherry and seedling apple trees along the fence rows. Burn out with easoline torch. Cut out tents and burn.
THE FOREST TENT-CATERPILLAR * (Malacosoma disstria ) -~Order—Lepidoptera. Manual, p. 362 Life history is similar to former species; larve do not build tent.
12 Quaintance—U. S. Bu. Ent., Circ. 98. 13 Slingerland—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 170.
44 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
Controt—In addition to above, use the jarring method.
WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH ** (Hemerocampa leucostigma ) Order—Lepidoptera. Manual, p. 310
Lays eggs in July on cocoons and covers them with a white frothy substance; remain here all winter and hatch latter part of May; the cater- pillar has two long pencils of hairs just back of the head, a single similar tuft on the posterior end of the body, and four tufts of short white hairs on the back; they feed on leaves and fruit for four weeks and then pupate in cocoons for 10 to 14 days; the adult wingless female deposits eggs on cocoons; male is winged.
Apple, pear, quince, plum, elm, maple and other deciduous trees are attacked.
ContTrot—Collect egg clusters; spray with ar- senate of lead 3 pounds to 50 gallons; jar trees for caterpillars; band trees for larvee.
THE APPLE MAGCOT ** (Rhagoletis pomonella) Order—Dyiptera
The flies begin to emerge in the latter part of June and continue through July and August. Within ro days to 2 weeks the females thrust their eggs just beneath the skin of the apple, causing a dimple at each insertion. The eggs hatch in 2 to 6 days and the white maggots tunnel through the apple causing it to drop and decay. In about 30 days in soft apples the maggots become grown and then go into the soil from 1 to 3 inches and pupate, where they usually remain until the next spring. There may, however, be a partial second brood in
14 Schoene—N. Y. State Expt. Stat., Bull. 312.
15 []lingworth—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 324. Herrick—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 402.
APPLEV INSECTS 45
some seasons, while on the other hand the puparia may remain in the soil over another winter, thus making a two-year life cycle.
Controt—Spray last days of June or first week of July with arsenate of lead, 5 pounds to 100 gal- lons of water, and repeat in two weeks. Clean cul- ture of orchards appears to aid in the fight.
THE RIBBED COCOON MAKER ** (Bucculatrix pomifoliella) Order—Lepidoptera. Manual, p. 253
In the middle of September larve creep to branches and make white, ribbed, winter cases and change to pup; in May the moths appear and soon lay their eggs on under sides of leaves; they hatch in a week or 10 days and mine into leaves; they feed for 8 or 10 days and then emerge from the leaf and make a molting cocoon, molt again in 5 or 6 days, then feed again for a week and then spin true cocoons; moths appear in from 1 to 2 weeks and lay eggs for a second brood about the first week of August.
ContTrot—Spray in March with lime-sulphur at scale strengths; spray in June with arsenate of lead, 21% pounds to 50 gallons.
OYSTER-SHELL BARK LOUSE™ (Lepidosaphes ulmt) Order—Hemiptera
This insect passes winter as whitish eggs under- neath the brown, elongated, oyster-shell like scales on the bark of the tree; eggs hatch in May and June and the young soon settle and secrete their own scale; probably one generation a year in New York.
Controt—Spraying with lime-sulphur at scale
16 Slingerland—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat. Bull. 214. 17 Quaintance—U. S. Bu. Ent., Circ. 121.
46 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
strengths (1 to 8) for 3 or 4 successive seasons usually holds this pest in check. Spray for young as they hatch in May or June with nicotine sulphate, 34 pint to 100 gallons water with 4 pounds of soap added or with 10% kerosene emulsion.
THE WOOLLY APHID ?* (Eriosoma lanigera) Order—Hemiptera. Manual, p. 162
It is probably of American origin and became noticeable here about 1850; most serious on the apple; individuals occur on two different parts of the tree; (1) the branches, (2) the roots. The air- living individuals cause scars on limbs but are not considered to be seriously injurious; the root aphids are very injurious to young apple trees when pres- ent on the roots; they cause swellings on roots and the roots finally decay and trees die; both kinds of individuals secrete a white cottony secretion, hence the name, woolly aphid. This pest of the apple is more serious farther south than in New York.
The woolly aphid has a complicated life history. Some of the winged forms on apple in autumn fly to elm trees where the egg-laying females are pro- duced, each of which lays an egg in a crevice of the bark where it passes the winter and hatches in the spring. The aphids multiply on the elm and cause the leaves to curl. Finally some of the winged forms may fly back to the apple. In the meantime the aphid has maintained its foothold on the apple EGE:
Controt—The trunk aphids may be controlled with kerosene emulsion 15%. The root aphids may be controlled with 15% kerosene emulsion. The earth should be removed about each tree to the depth of 3 or 4 inches over a circle with a diameter of 4 feet; then soak the soil with the emulsion and
18 Marlatt—U. S. Bu. Ent., Circ. 20.
APPLE INSECTS 47
hoe dirt back; do this in late spring when tree is in leaf.
Dark RepsuG ' (Heterocordylus malinus ) Licut Repsuc (Lygidea menda-x ) Order—Hemiptera
There are two species of redbugs, the dark red- bug and the light redbug, that injure the fruit by puncturing it, which causes it to fall off or become knotty; the life histories of both are quite similar; the eges of both are laid during late June or early July in the bark of smaller branches. They hatch the next spring, those of the dark redbug soon after the leaves of the fruit buds open and those of the light redbug from 7 to 10 days later. The nymphs pass through ee stages and become mature in about one month. There is one generation a year.
Contrroit—Spray for the nymphs with nicotine sulphate, I pint to 100 gallons of water; the effi- ciency will be increased by adding 4 pounds of soap to every 100 gallons; spray just before blossoms open and after they fall, especially in case of the light redbug. The tobacco may be added to lime- sulphur and arsenate of lead. The calyx spray of arsenate of lead, lime-sulphur and nicotine has ap- parently, in some instances, controlled the light red- bug.
APPLE-SEED CHALCIS”” (Syntomaspis druparum) Order—Hymenoptera
The adult wasp-like fly punctures the fruit to deposit her eggs in the seed and this causes the fruit to become knotty ; the egg is deposited inside of an apple seed in June; it hatches and the grub feeds on the soft kernel until September; it then hiber-
19 Crosby—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 201. 20 Crosby—Cornell Univ, Expt. Stat., Bull. 265.
48 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
nates in the hollow seed shell until spring, when the adults appear; particularly injurious to early apples.
ConTRoL—Since the grub lives over winter in the seeds, the apples under the tree should all be col- lected and destroyed.
THE GREEN FRUIT WORMS” (Xylina antennata) | (Xylina laticinerea) Order—Lepidoptera
In some seasons the larvee of several species of noctuid moths attack apples and eat large holes in the sides of the fruit; these larve have become known as the green fruit worms; the larve appear in great numbers in May and June and do their damage, then go into the soil to the depth of 1 to 3 inches where they make an earthen cell and spin a thin cocoon and change to pupz’; there they remain until September, when the moths appear and pass the winter in sheltered nooks; some of the pupze remain all winter in the soil. The moths come from their hibernating quarters or from the soil in March and April and lay their nearly globular, ridged eggs singly on the apple and pear branches. The larve are not noticed until they become half grown and are then hard to kill.
Controt—lIf the trees are known to be infested they should be sprayed just as the tips of the buds show green and again just before the blossoms open with arsenate of lead, 3 pounds to 50 gallons of water or lime-sulphur.
THE PEAR-LEAF BLISTER-MITE *” (Eriophyes pyrt) Order—Acarina
This mite has become a serious pest of apple trees in New York State within the last few years; itis fully discussed under pear pests.
21 Slingerland—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 123 22__Parrott—N. Y. State Expt. Stat., Bull. 283.
APPLE INSECTS 49
FRUIT-TREE LEAF-ROLLER * (Archips argyros pila) Order—Lepidoptera
Eges laid in small patches on branches of trees in June; larve hatch next spring and attack buds and roll leaves together and eat into sides of fruit; pupate in rolled leaves with a flimsy cocoon; moths appear in June and July and lay eggs in great num- bers on the branches where they remain until the following spring. This insect 1s exceedingly in- jurious when once established in an orchard. It . attacks apples, pears, cherries, and other fruits.
CoONTROL—Spray the trees infested with eggs just before the buds start with a miscible oil, 1 gal- lon to 15 gallons of water. Follow this with ar- senate of lead, 3 pounds to 50 gallons just as soon as the tips of the buds show green, and again before the blossoms open. The spraying should be done thoroughly.
APPLE CURCULIO ™* (Anthonomus quadrigibbus ) Order—Coleoptera
Mainly injurious in Central States; eggs laid in fruit while small; larve feed on tissues of apple for three weeks; pupze formed in apple and after about one week adult beetles emerge.
CONTROL—Spray with arsenate of lead, 3 pounds to 50 gallons just after petals fall and repeat in ten days; clean up old fences and hedgerows near orchard.
TRUMPET LEAF-MINER”™ (Tischeria maltfoliella) Order—Lepidoptera. Manual, p. 249
I’ges laid on leaves; larvee gnaw through egg di-
23 Herrick and Leiby—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 367.
24 Crandall—Illinois Expt. Stat., Bull. 08.
25 Quaintance—U. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 68, Pt. IIT. Jarvis—Conn. (Storrs) Bull. 45.
50 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
rectly into the leaf and begin making their trumpet- shaped mines in the leaves; four generations in lat- itude of Washington, probably two here; larve of last generation pass winter in mines in fallen leaves and pupate in spring.
Contror—Plow the leaves under or rake them and burn; spray infested leaves during June with nicotine sulphate, I pint to 100 gallons of water with 4 pounds of soap added.
FALL WEB-worM ~*° (Hyphantria textor) Order—Lepidoptera. Manual, p. 321
Eggs laid during June or July in clusters on leaves; larve build web nests all over trees; they pupate in September in flimsy. cocoons hid away in cracks and crevices; in these the pupz pass the win- ter, the moths appearing in May or June; farther south there are two broods.
ContTrRoL—Spray with arsenate of lead, 3 pounds to 50 gallons of water as soon as the young cater- pillars are seen; collect cocoons during winter.
THE RED-HUMPED APPLE-wWorM ~ (Schizura concinna) Order—Lepidoptera. Manual, p. 267
Eggs laid in large white clusters on leaves in June and July; larvze feed in colonies on a branch; they go to the base of the tree and build parchment- like cocoons in which they pass the winter; they change to pupz in the spring; the moths emerge in June, July and August.
Controt—Burn caterpillars with rag torch or spray with arsenate of lead, 3 pounds to 50 gallons. Make the first application early in July and second about two weeks thereafter.
26 Sanderson—New Hampshire Expt. Stat., Bull. 130. 27 Sanderson—New Hampshire Expt. Stat., Bull. 139.
APPLE INSECTS 51
YELLOW-NECKED CATERPILLARS ** (Datana minstra ) Order—Lepidoptera. Manual, p. 265
Eggs laid in large white clusters in June and July; larve are gregarious, and often occur in large clusters on single branches; pupate in the earth in August and September, where they remain until the following spring; moths appear in June and July.
ConTrot—Same as for the red-humped cater- pillars.
THE PALMER-worM ™ (VY psolophus ligulellus ) Order—Lepidoptera
This is an insect that appears occasionally in in- jurious numbers; the larve destroy foliage and eat into fruit during June; moths appear first part of July and live over winter until following spring; eggs laid mostly on undersides of leaves.
ControL—Spray with arsenate of lead, 2% pounds to 50 gallons when petals have three-fourths dropped and again in three weeks.
BUFFALO TREE-HOPPER *? (Ceresa bubalus) Order—Hemiptera
Eggs laid most commonly in early September in slits made in the bark of branches; characteristic oval scars are left; eggs hatch in April or early May; the nymphs feed on succulent weeds in orchard; branches of affected trees become weak- ened and break off.
Controt—Clean culture in and about the or- chard to starve nymphs; careful and judicious prun- ing of infested branches.
THE PLUM CURCULIO—An important enemy to the apple. It causes knotty, scarred fruit and is
28 Sanderson—New Hampshire Expt. Stat., Bull. 130.
29 Slingerland—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 187. 30 Hodgkiss—N. Y. State Expt. Stat., Tech. Bull. 17.
52 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
apparently increasing as a pest to the apple. ee plum pests for full discussion.
OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE
The apple weevil (Pseudanthonomus crategt).
The fringed-wing apple bud-moth (Holcocera maligemmella).
The apple bud-worm (Exvartema malanum ).
The oblique banded leaf-roller (Archips rosace~ ana).
The leaf-crumpler (Mineola indigenclla).
The lime-tree span-worm (Erannis tiliaria).
Bruce’s measuring-worm (Rachela bruceata).
The gypsy moth (Porthetria dispar).
The brown-tail moth (Euproctis chrysorrhea).
The apple leafhopper (Empoasca malt).
The bronze apple-tree weevil (Magdalis @nes- cens ).
PLUM PESTS
At least 50 species of insects may feed upon the plum tree and its fruit.
THE PLUM CURCULIO ** (Conotrachelus nenuphar) Order—Coleoptera. Manual, p. 593
The adults hibernate in protected places along hedgerows, fences, etc., and appear in spring; they feed upon fruit, making shallow circular feeding punctures; they soon begin depositing eggs in the fruit, making a crescent-shaped cut beneath each ego’; eggs hatch in 4 to 10 days and live in the fruit for about 14 days; the fruit usually falls to the ground and the grubs enter the soil from 1 to 3 inches and pupate; in July and August the adults
31 Crandall—Illinois Expt. Stat., Bull. 08. Quaintance and Jenne—U. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 103.
PLUM INSECTS 53
appear and eat holes in the sides of apples, at least; these holes are usually surrounded by a dark ring of skin; beetles finally hibernate. This pest attacks apples, cherries, plums, pears.
Controt—Remove all fences, hedgerows, stone walls, etc., along sides of orchard; sunlight is fatal to larvee, hence judicious pruning of trees and clean cultivation useful; cultivate orchards in July and August to kill pupz; spray with arsenate of lead, 5 pounds to 100 gallons of water just after petals fall and again ten days later.
PLuM SCALE *? (Lecanium cornt) Order—Hemiptera
Eges are laid in May and June and hatch mainly in July; the young insects live on the leaves during the summer but migrate to the branches in the fall before the leaves drop; the young hibernate here, but in the spring usually move to the smaller branches where they complete their growth by the latter part of May.
CoNTROL—Spray young scales about July Ist with 10% kerosene emulsion or nicotine sulphate, I pint to 100 gallons of water with 4 pounds of soap added; spray young scales on branches just before buds burst with a miscible oil, 1 gallon to 15 gallons water.
THE PLUM GOUGER®* (Anthonomus scutellaris) Order—Coleoptera
Occurs particularly in the Northern Mississippi Valley. Adults hibernate over winter and appear in early spring, when they feed on buds and leaves; later make feeding punctures in fruit and finally deposit eggs in cavities dug in fruit; larve bore into
32 Slingerland—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 83. 3 Cooley—Mon. Expt. Stat., Bull. 62.
54 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
pit and feed on kernel; change to pupz in pits and beetles emerge in August and September; principal injury caused by punctures made by beetles in feed- ing and egg-laying.
Controt—Probably thorough spraying with ar- senate of lead will be effective. The first appli- cation should be made just before the blossoms open.
OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM
Plum leaf-miner (Nepfticula slingerlandella).
American plum-borer (Euzophera semifuner- ralis).
Plum web-spinning sawfly (Neurotoma incon- spicua).
Plum plant-louse (Myzus mahaleb).
Rusty brown plum aphid (4phis setarie).
Mealy plum louse (Hyalopterus arundinis).
European fruit-tree scale (Aspidiotus ostree@- forms).
PEAR PESTS
THE PEAR-LEAF BLISTER-MITE*™* (Eriophyes pyrt) Order—Acarina
This is an European pest originally confined to the pear but now an important pest on apple in New York; it is a small, light-colored, four-legged ani- mal about 1-125 of an inch in length; it hibernates in the buds beneath the bud-scales; in the spring the mites become active and go to the unfolding leaves into which they burrow and make small. brown, almost black, galls or blisters on them; the mites live inside the galls in the tissues of the leaves and lay their eggs there; the young are produced in the
84 Parrott—N. Y. State Expt. Stat., Bull. 306.
PEAR INSECTS 59
galls but emerge later and form other blisters; af- fected leaves turn yellow and drop, thus injuring the tree.
Contrrot—Spray trees in fall or spring with lime-sulphur, 1 gallon to 10 or 12 of water.
THE PEAR PSYLLA® (Psylla pyricola) Order—Hemiptera. Manual, p. 156
A very fluctuating pest introduced from Europe upon young pear trees about 1832; very injurious in central and western New York and along the Hudson; the orange-yellow eggs are deposited in creases in the bark mostly before the buds burst; the eggs hatch usually during the first two weeks of May; the nymphs suck juices from leaves and stems of young fruit; they secrete great quantities of honey-dew in which a fungus thrives and forms a black coating all over the branches; the nymphs mature in about one month and the adults appear ; there may be four broods in a season; the adults of the last brood winter over in the crevices of the bark.
Conrrot—Scrape rough bark from trees and spray in November or PiceomiDes: or March or early April with nicotine sulphate, 34 pint to 100 gallons and 5 pounds of soap; miscible oil may also be used at the rate of 1 gallon to 15 of water; spray on warm days when the temperature is not freezing spray last of April or early May as buds are burst- ing with lime-sulphur at winter strengths to kill eggs. Spray for nymphs with “ black- leaf. 40,” 34 pint to 100 gallons with 5 pounds of soap; practice clean culture.
35 Slingerland—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 44. Hodgkiss—N. VouState Expt. Stat, Bull. 387.
56 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
THE PEAR SLUG *® (Caliroa cerast) Order—H ymenoptera
Eggs laid in June in the leaf, hatch in 2 weeks and ‘the slugs become full-grown in 4 or 5 weeks, when they shed their green skin for a yellow one and go into ground to pupate; the flies emerge in about 2 weeks; two broods of the slugs, first in June and second in August; hibernate as contracted slugs in their cocoons in soil.
CONTROL—Spray with arsenate of lead, 2% pounds to 50 gallons of water, when slugs are first seen.
THE SAN JOSE SCALE ™ (Aspidiotus perniciosus ) Order—Hemiptera
One of our worst pests on fruit trees; first estab- lished in this country at San José, Calif.; widely distributed over the United States, and infests apple, peach, pear, plum, currant, ete; mrsmeee. scribed by Professor Comstock in 1880; first discov- ered in the eastern United States in 1893; its orig- inal home is in China. (The insects pass the winter in an immature form—three-fourths grown—on the branches of infested trees under small, circu- lar, almost black scales; young are born in the spring, in June, for first generation; often but two generations a season in New Yorke Stace: )
Controt—Spray with lime-sulphur, 1 gallon to 8 of water, fall and spring; spray old rough-barked trees with one application of 25% oil emulsion; summer strengths of lime-sulphur are effective when young are hatching.
36 Marlatt—U. S. Bu. Ent., Circ. 26.
37 Quaintance—U. S. Bu. Ent., Cire. 124. Britton—Conn. Expt. Stat., Bull. 165.
PEAR INSECTS 59
THE SCURFY BARK-LOUSE ** (Chionaspis furfura) Order—Hemiptera
ithe female scales are large, elongated and dirty white; the male scales are small, long and narrow and have three ridges running lengthwise; the fe- male matures toward fall and lays 60 to 80 pur- plish eggs beneath the scale which remain there until the following spring; the female gradually shrivels and dies as she lays her eggs; there is one brood a year; this pest occurs on apple as well as pear, but it is not considered seriously injurious.
CoNTROL—Spray when the eggs are hatching and the young are appearing with nicotine sulphate, I pint to 100 gallons of water with 4 pounds of soap, or with whale-oil soap, I pound in 5 gallons of water.
THE PEAR MIDGE*” (Contarinia pyrivora) Order—Dyiptera
The adult insects which resemble miniature mos- quitoes, and are related to the Hessian fly, appear in the spring when the buds are bursting and lay their eges through the petals and calyx on the an- thers of the unopened flowers; eggs. hatch in 4 or 5 days; the maggots work their way to the core of the developing pear and eat into the flesh in all di- rections; they cause the fruit to become misshapen; when the maggots are full-grown, about June Ist, the pears crack open and allow them to escape to the ground, where they change to pupze and remain in the ground all winter; one brood a year; now occurs in Connecticut, New York and New Jersey, being confined to the Hudson River Valley in New York.
38 Quaintance and Sasscer—U. S. Bu. Ent., Cire. 121. 39 Smith—N. J. Expt. Stat., Bull. go.
58 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
ConTRoL—Pick and destroy all misshapen in- fested fruits before May 15th; use kainit, one-half ton per acre.
THE PEAR THRIPS *° (Euthrips pyri) Order—Thysanoptera
The thrips was first discovered in California, where it has caused much injury; it was first discov- ered in New York in the Hudson River Valley in 1911, although probably had been present there for some years before; the thrips pass the fall and win- ter in the soil and the adults appear in the spring; they injure the opening buds and lay their eggs in the tissues of the fruit stems and leaves; the nymphs feed mainly on the young leaves; after feeding about two weeks they go into the ground but do not change to pupz until about October.
CoNTROoL—Spray swelling, partly open and fully opened buds with nicotine sulphate, 34 pint to 100 gallons water and 5 pounds soap; spray on succes- sive days or every few days until probably 2 or 3 applications have been made.
THE SINUATE PEAR BORER ** (Agrilus sinuatus) Order—Coleoptera
First discovered in New Jersey in 1894; now se- riously injurious in lower Hudson Valley; the fe- male deposits her eggs in crevices of the bark or under the bark scales; these hatch in early July and the slender whitish grubs make winding burrows in the sapwood; the larva rests during the winter but the next year it makes larger and more winding burrows which frequently cut off the supply of sap and kill the tree; the larva passes another winter in the tree changing to a pupa in the following spring;
40 Parrott—N. Y. State Expt. Stat., Bull. 343. 41 Smith—15th Ann. Rept. N. J. Agr. Expt. Station.
PEAR INSECTS 59
the slender bronze-brown beetles emerge the last of May and during June.
Controt—Adults feed on leaves, which suggests spraying with arsenate of lead after the petals fall; the spraying should be continued during successive years.
THE FALSE TARNISHED PLANT-BUG *? (Lygus communis )
Order—Hemiptera This insect has for years caused more or less in- "jury to pears in New York State; the nymphs punc- ture the young fruit, thus causing it to become de- formed and knotty; the tissue surrounding the punc- ture becomes hardened and gritty; the eggs are de- posited in the young pear branches.
The adult is about 14 inch in length, very similar to the tarnished plant-bug and is light brownish in color; the winter seems to be passed in the egg stage.
ContTroit—Spray about the time the petals are falling with nicotine sulphate, 34 pint to 100 gallons of water to which are added 3 or 4 pounds of soap. Repeat, if necessary, a few days later..
OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO OH, REA
Pear-blight beetle (Xyleborus dispar). Codling moth (Carpocapsa pomonella) Green fruit-worm (Xylina antennata).
San José scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus). Cigar case-bearer (Coleophora fletcherella). Howard scale (Aspidiotus howard). Fruit-tree leaf-roller (Archips argyrospila).
PEACH PESTS
At least 25 different insects attack the peach tree. #2 Parrott and Hodgkiss—N, Y, State Expt. Stat., Bull. 368.
60 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
THE PEACH-TREE BORER * (Sanninoidea exitiosa) Order—Lepidoptera. Manual, p. 260
This pest is found in every state where peaches are grown east of the Rocky Mountains; it is a na- tive insect and may attack the cherry, plum, prune, apricot, almond, and nectarine.
The eggs are deposited on the bark of the trunks of trees in July and later; they hatch and the young larvee find a crevice through which they gnaw their way into the inner bark; here they work in the inner bark and sapwood, usually just below the surface of the ground; they often girdle young trees; the borers become half or two-thirds grown by fall and hibernate, either in their burrows or in hibernacula until spring; they become active and complete their erowth by first part of June in New York and trans- form ‘to pup; some larvze seem to live over another year; the larvee make large cocoons at the surface of the ground and the moths emerge from latter part of June to August; the moths are clear-winged, shy and not often seen; the female has one or two orange-yellow bands on abdomen.
Controt—Dig out the borers before June 15th of each year; Smith says, after borérs are dua spray the trunks with lime-sulphur at winter strengths with an excess of lime added and with 1 pound arsenate of lead to 5 gallons of the mixture. Spray with force into crevices of bark and then hill up 6 inches around base of tree; gas tar is some- times used but some danger in it. Paradichloro- benzene is being used in an experimental way (U. S: Buy Ent. Bull? 706):
43 Slingerland—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 176. Smith—New Jersey Expt. Stat., Bull. 235.
PEACH INSECTS 61
THE BLACK PEACH APHID ** (Aphis persice-mger ) Order iptera
The full-grown aphids are black but the younger ones are reddish-yellow or amber in color; the lice appear early in the season and confine their attacks tortme tender bark of the twigs; later they attack the blossoms and blight them; they also attack the young peaches causing them to wilt and drop; the leaves also curl; the aphids leave the branches in the latter part of June; they are said to pass the winter . on the roots of the tree reinfesting the tree again in spring; this species often gets into this state on trees from nurseries in New Jersey, Maryland, etc.
ContTrot—Require nursery stock to be fumigated or dip the roots after freeing them from dirt in 15% kerosene emulsion for 2 minutes only or in nicotine sulphate, I ounce to 5 cae of water.
THE FRUIT-TREE BARK-BEETLE * (Scolytus rugu- losus ) Order—Coleoptera
Peach, cherry, plum and apple trees are often found with many small, round holes in the bark of the trunks and branches, due to the attacks of this small black beetle about one-tenth of an inch long; when trees are first attacked masses of gum exude; diseased or weakened trees are most liable to at- tack but healthy trees are also subject to attack; the parent beetle bores through bark and excavates a burrow beneath, along the sides of which she digs tiny niches in each of which an ege is depos- ited: the eggs hatch and each grub excavates a long burrow as it grows but finally changes to a pupa and the adult emerges cutting a round hole in the bark; at least two ‘generations a year; passes the
44 Slingerland—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 49, p. 325. 45 Chittenden—U. S. Bu. Ent.,-Circ. 209.
62 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
winter as a larva; very injurious and hard to con- trol; also called the shot-hole borer.
ContTroL—Maintain vigorous healthy trees by proper cultivation and fertilization; cut down and burn all trees beyond hope and cut off all badly in- fested branches from other trees; clean up hedge- rows on the borders of orchards; apply thick coat of whitewash three times a year to protect trees, last of March, first part of July, and first of Octo- ber:
THE PEACH-TREE BARK-BEETLE *° (Phleotribus liminarts ) Order—Coleoptera
This is another species very similar in appearance to the former, works in much the same way on peach trees but not so prevalent in New York; hibernates as adults in cells just beneath outer layer of bark on both healthy and unhealthy trees; in early spring they come out and migrate to trees, wood piles, brush heaps, etc., wherever they can build their brood chambers; 2 broods a year.
THE PEACH TWIG-BORER ** (Anarsia lineatella) Order—Lepidoptera
Apparently not a serious pest here; more serious farther: south and in California; the half-grown larve hibernate in cells just under the outer bark, mainly in crotches of the branches; in the spring the larve emerge and attack the new leaf shoots into which they burrow; there are several broods a season some of which attack the stems of the fruit and some the fruit itself; the last brood of larve go into hibernation in cells in the bark; the
46 Wilson—U. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 68, Pt. 9.
47 Marlatt—U. S. Dept. Agr., Far’s’ Bull. 80. Clarke—Calif. Expt. Stat. Bull. 144.
PEACH INSECTS 63
moth is only a little over half an inch in expanse of wings and of a dark grey color.
ContTror—Lime-sulphur 1 to 10 and I to II ap- plied in the spring after the buds have begun to swell seems effective in California and Colorado; also arsenate of lead, 5 pounds to 50 gallons, applied when the majority of the blossom buds are showing their pink tips seems effective in Colorado.
GREEN PEACH APHID‘**® (Myzus persice) Order—Hemiptera
Described under a multitude of names; feeds on 60 different plants; most abundant peach louse; spends winter in egg stage on tree; eggs hatch in early spring and young go on the buds; the third generation leaves for other plants.
CoNTROL—Spray with nicotine sulphate, 34 pint to 100 gallons of water with 4 pounds of soap or with whale-oil soap, 1 pound to 5 gallons or with 10% kerosene emulsion.
THE PEACH LECANIUM *” (Lecanium nigrofascta- tum ) Order—Hemiptera
The “Terrapin scale” affects peach, plum, apple, maple, sycamore, linden, and birch; it winters as an immature female on the branches; these mature early in spring and bring forth the young; the young go to the leaves and continue their growth slowly until fall when they hibernate; only one gen- eration a year; this insect is apparently not abun- dant in New York; affected trees take on a sooty appearance due to a black fungus that flourishes in the honey-dew excreted by the insects.
ContTroL—Lime-sulphur is not effective; kero-
48 Gillette—Colo. Expt. Stat., Bull. 133. 49 Sanders—U, S. Bu. Ent., Circ. 88,
64 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
sene emulsion 20 to 25% applied just before buds burst will kill the hibernating females; the miscible oils I to 16 or 20 just before the buds burst are effective; °° an emulsion of linseed oil and gasoline applied at the same period of tree development as recommended for the miscible oils has been very satisfactory; the emulsion is made by dissolving 2 pounds of soap in 4 gallons of hot water and then adding 5 gallons of raw linseed oil and 3 gallons of gasoline and thoroughly emulsifying the whole; then add 88 gallons of water.
THE TARNISHED PLANT-BUG”* (Lygus pratensis) Order—Hemiptera
This widespread bug evidently attacks the fruit of peaches in some years puncturing the epidermis and scarring the surface of the fruits; as a result eum exudes and the peaches soon become unfit for the market; the bug evidently attacks mostly peaches on trees standing in uncultivated orchards or about the edges of orchards among grass and weeds; it is very injurious to young peach trees in the nursery row; it punctures the buds and tender growing tips thus producing a stunted straggling young tree; it also attacks apples causing dimples in them.
The adult is a dull yellowish or greenish bug mot- tled with reddish-brown and about one-fifth inch in length; the eggs are inserted in the tender tips or petioles and veins of leaves; the life cycle is prob- ably about 45 days arid there are probably several generations a year.
Controt—Clean cultivation is the only known method of control.
50 Simanton—U. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 351. 51 Crosby and Leonard—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 346,
PEACH INSECTS 65
THE ORIENTAL PEACH MOTH ”” (Laspeyresia molesta ) Order—Lepidoptera
The oriental peach moth has lately been discov- ered in this country and promises to be a serious pest. It occurs in New York, New Jersey, Mary- land, Virginia, and Connecticut. It injures plum, cherry and peach at least.
The insect passes the winter as a larva in cocoon beneath flakes of bark; these pupate in early spring and moths emerge in mid-April in Maryland; the moths lay their eggs singly on undersides of leaves and the larve attack tender shoots; the larve feed 8 to 16 days and spin cocoons in axils of twigs; the pupal stage lasts 5 to 12 days; there are 5 gen- erations in the vicinity of Washington, D. C.; the fourth brood larve feed on the fruit of late ripen- ing varieties.
ConTrot—Winter applications of lime-sulphur are useful; applications of the neutral arsenate of lead, 2 pounds to 50 gallons will aid in control; begin spraying with dropping of the bloom and make three applications about one month apart; watch effect of applications as arsenate of lead is liable to burn foliage; use extra lime or add to the, self-boiled lime-sulphur.
THE PLUM CURCULIO **—An important pest on peaches because it not only punctures the fruit but carries the spores of brown-rot and makes wounds through which the brown-rot enters. The self- boiled lime-sulphur for control of brown-rot with arsenate of lead added at the rate of 2 pounds to 50 gallons of the mixture has given good results in the control of this pest. The arsenate of lead com- bined with the self-boiled lime-sulphur does not
52 Garman—Md. Expt. Stat., Bull. 200. 53 Scott and Quaintance—U, S. Bu. Ent., (Giiqes 100)
66 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
seem to be as injurious to peaches as when used alone. The first application should be made about the time the calyces or shucks are falling and the second two or three weeks later. It is doubtful if a third application of poison is advisable.
THE SAN JOSE SCALE—Very injurious to peach trees; discussed under pear pests.
OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEACH
Lesser peach-tree borer (Synanthedon pictipes).
White peach scale (Aulacaspis pentagona).
Fruit-tree leaf-roller (Archips argyrospila).
Apple-tree tent-caterpillar (Malacosoma ameri- cana).
Peach saw-fly (Pamphilius persicus).
QUINCE PESTS
THE QUINCE CURCULIO ** (Conotrachelus crat@gi) Order—Coleoptera
This insect is a native one and its natural food is the hawthorn; it also attacks pears and is widely distributed throughout the eastern, central, and ex- treme western portions of the United States.
The winter is passed in the grub stage in small cells 2 or 3 inches below the surface of the earth; the grubs change to pupze in the spring; the beetles appear from last week in May in some seasons to ‘last week in July in others; the beetles feed on young fruits for some days and then deposit their egos in the fruit; the larvee feed on the tissues of the quinces and when full-grown emerge through a hole and drop to the ground.
ConTrRoL—” Spray first as soon as beetles be-
54 Slingerland—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 148. °° Strickland and Achilles—N, Y, State Dept. Agr., Bull. 116.
QUINCE INSECTS 67
gin to feed which will be during the first two weeks of July, usually, with Bordeaux 3-3-50 or lime- sulphur I1~40 with 3 pounds of arsenate of lead added to each 50 gallons of liquid; make a second application in about a week or ten days; collect all drops and culls, take them from the orchard, and destroy them.
THE BUD MOTH—This is also quite a pest of quinces; discussed under apple pests.
THE PEAR SLUG—This occurs on quince trees but may be controlled as recommended under pear pests.
THE CODLING MOTH—This common apple pest is often quite a serious pest in quinces; it can doubt- less be controlled as on apples.
THE ROUND-HEADED APPLE-BORER—This is seri- ously injurious to quince trees but is subject to the same methods of control as on the apple.
CHERRY PESTS
As many as 40 different pests may attack the ghernry tree.
THE BLACK CHERRY LOUSE® (Mvyzus cerast) Order—Hemiptera
This is an old European pest and has been here for at least 50 years; it is primarily a pest of sweet cherries and although in some localities it may at- tack sour cherries it does not seem to seriously injure them; the eggs are laid on the small branches about the buds; the young lice appear about the time the buds open on sprouts and lower limbs of trees; the lice increase all through June until some- times they become very abundant; then they nearly all disappear, most of them going to the wild pep- per-grass (Lepidium apetalum), only scattered
56 Gillette—Canad. Ent., Vol. 50, p. 241.
68 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
colonies remaining here and there; in September winged forms return from the pepper-grass and the egg-laying females deposit their eggs; the cherry foliage may sometimes be blackened with these lice; the winged and wingless forms are deep shining black and the body is rather broad and flat; they curl leaves badly.
ContTroL—Spray with nicotine sulphate, 34 pint to 100 gallons of water with 4 pounds of soap added before the buds break; spray thoroughly.
THE CHERRY FRUIT-FLIES ** (Rhagoletis cingulata) (Rhagoletis fausta) Order—Diptera
These flies are very similar in appearance to the apple maggot fly; the eggs are inserted beneath the skin of the cherries a short time before they begin to redden; infested cherries do not show any effects of the egg laying or of the maggot within for some days; when cherries are left on the tree or picked a portion of each fruit will rot and sink in on the side; the maggot is yellowish-white and a little over a quarter of an inch long; it is straight while the larva of the curculio that lives in cherries is usually more or less curved; the maggots leave the fruit when full-grown and enter the ground where they change to pup and remain until the following spring; there is only one brood a year; the insects are confined mainly to sour varieties of cherries.
ControL—Spray with arsenate of lead, 5 pounds, water 100 gallons, and 2 gallons of molasses; apply just as cherries begin to redden or when flies first appear; if it rains repeat in a week or ten days. There is evidence to show that arsenate of lead alone in water will control the insects.
57 Slingerland—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 172. Tllingworth—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 325.
CHERRY INSECTS 69
THE CHERRY-TREE LEAF-ROLLER ** (Archips cerasi- vorana ) Order—Lepidoptera
This pest is often seen on choke cherries; the eges are laid in patches on trunks or branches near the ground; they remain here unhatched until the following spring; when they hatch the green larvee crawl up to the branches where they begin to draw the leaves toward each other and tie them together with silk; in this way they build large ugly nests,
inside of which they live and eat the leaves; the ' larvee pupate in these nests and the moths appear in June and July; one brood a year.
Controt—Cut out nests and burn before moths appear.
CHERRY LEAF-MINER ”” (Profenusa collaris ) Order—Hymenoptera
The larvee mine in the leaves of cherries; interior of leaves all eaten out and leaf then turns brown and a large “blister” is formed; principal damage occurs during last week of May and early part of June; the larve go into ground to hibernate.
Controt—Plow and cultivate ground in late fall to destroy larvz; pick off the infested leaves and destroy them.
SHOT-HOLE BORER—Discussed under peach pests. t is often a serious pest on cherries.
THE PEAR SLUG—Often a serious pest on cher- ries; discussed under pear pests.
THE PLUM CURCULIO—Often a serious pest on cherries; discussed under plum pests.
ContTrot—Spray sour cherries with arsenate of lead, 3 pounds to 50 gallons just after petals fall as the young cherries are bursting through the calyces;
58 Herrick—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 311, p. 290. 59 Parrott and Fulton—N. Y.-State Expt. Stat., Bull. 411.
70 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
sweet cherries may need to be spr aged twice, ten days apart.
OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CHERRY
Cherry fruit-sawfly (Hoplocampa cooket). Forbes’ scale (Aspidiotus forbest).
Fruit-tree leaf-roller (Archips argyrospila). Oblique banded leaf-roller (Archips rosaceana).
PSECES INJURIOUS TO SMALL FRUITS
GRAPE PESTS
Over 100 insects recorded in this country on the vine.
THE GRAPE PHYLLOXERA?’ (Phylloxera vastatrix) Order—Hemiptera
This insect has always existed in this country on wild vines but not very injurious here; very destructive in France; it exists in two forms, one on the leaves and one on the roots; the root form is much the more injurious one.
ihe irue sexual eggs are laid in the fall on old wood and hatch the following spring; the young lice go to the leaves and form galls on the lower sides; in these galls a female may lay 500 or 600 eggs; there may be 6 or 7 generations a season on the leaves; young of later generations pass to roots and winter there; the root-forms cause galls on the roots and great injury; winged females issue from cracks in the soil in fall and go to the stems of vines where they lay 2 to 8 eggs; these eggs are of two sizes, the smaller yielding males and the larger females; the true females are small with rudimen- tary mouthparts and each lays a single true egg.
1 Marlatt—U. S. Dept. Agr., Far’s’ Bull. 7o. Quayle—Calif. Expt. Stat., Bull. 192. 71
72 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
Controt—In France American root-stocks are used.
THE GRAPE ROOT-WoRM * (Fidia viticida) Order—Coleoptera
The most serious pest of the grape in this state; probably invaded Chautauqua grape region about 1899; it is an American insect and widely distrib- uted over the northern half of the eastern United States:
The adult beetles appear last of June or first of July and begin feeding on leaves making charac- teristic chain-like holes; about middle of July they begin to deposit eggs in masses under the loose bark on the canes and trunks; the eggs hatch in about two weeks and the larve drop to the ground where they make their way to the roots through cracks and crevices of the soil; they live upon the roots and become nearly and sometimes full-grown by fall; in November the larve burrow to a depth of a foot, form cells in the soil and pass the winter; in early May they return to the roots, feed a short time and change to pupe along in the middle of June; the partly grown larve may feed longer; the pupal stage lasts about two weeks when the adults appear, thus making one generation a year.
ContTrot—Cultivation about the roots of the vines with a horse-hoe during the first two weeks of June is of benefit in destroying the pupe. If beetles are only moderately abundant, spray vines within one week after beetles are first seen with 6 pounds of arsenate of lead in 100 gallons Bordeaux; if beetles abundant, use the sweetened mixture of six pounds arsenate of lead, 100 gallons water and
2 Slingerland—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 184.
Hammar—w. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 80. Hartzell—N. Y. State Expt. Stat., Bull. 331.
GRAPE INSECTS 73
2 gallons molasses; rains will wash this mixture off and it must be repeated to be effective.
THE GRAPE-VINE FLEA-BEETLE * (Haltica chalybea) Order—Coleoptera
Another American pest of grapes that in many years is very serious; the first pest, usually, to ap- pear in the spring on grapes; widely distributed over the eastern United States.
The adult steel-blue beetles appear early and at- tack the swelling buds which they may completely _destroy; when leaves appear they feed on them; the beetles lay their eggs all through May under the bark on the canes, under the scales surrounding the buds and occasionally on the leaves; eggs hatch latter part of June or early July; the larve then feed on foliage and attain their growth in about three weeks; they then drop to the ground and burrow downward several inches where they form cells and change to pup; the pupal stage lasts 10 days to two weeks; the beetles emerge and feed upon the foliage but do little damage; they finally enter hibernation along hedgerows, borders of woods, etc., where they pass the winter.
Contror—Collect adults in pans with a shallow layer of kerosene in bottom; it is as economical as spraying vines; if no rains, spray vines, when bee- tles begin to appear, with arsenate of lead, 6 pounds water, 100 gallons and molasses, 2 gallons; later spray vines with arsenate of lead 3 pounds in 50 gallons of water or Bordeaux mixture.
THE ROSE-CHAFER * (Macrodactylus subspinosus ) Order—Coleoptera
This is an American insect and is injurious to
3 Slingerland—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 157. Hartzell—N. Y. State Expt. Stat., Bulls. 331, 453. .*Hartzell—N. Y. State Expt. Stat., Bull. 331.
74 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
grapes, cherries, apples, raspberries, roses and other plants; a very serious pest on grapes but is liable
to occur locally; the adult beetles feed on the blos- soms and when these are gone, on the leaves and berries.
The adult beetles appear during the latter half of June, mate, and deposit their eggs the last of June and through July; the eggs are deposited in sandy soil where they hatch and the white grubs feed on the roots of grasses; the grubs become full-grown by November and burrow down about one foot where they pass the winter; early in the spring they crawl back nearer the surface, feed for a time and change to pupze during the latter part of May; in about three weeks the beetles appear. So far as observed these insects prefer sandy soil for breed- ing and develop largely in grass lands especially long- standing meadows.
Contrrot—Harrow the soil in which larve are present making three harrowings from the last week in May to “the middle of June: spray vines with arsenate of lead, 8 pounds to 100 gallons with two gallons of molasses added; apply as soon as beetles first appear on the vines; it is said that a mixture of whale oil soap, 20 pounds, water, 100 gallons, and crude carbolic acid, 1 pint, will kill the beetles when hit and that this mixture will not injure apple and cherry foliage.
THE GRAPE LEAFHOPPER”? (Typhlocyba comes) Order—Hemiptera This leafhopper is often erroneously called “thrips”; it is an American insect and appears to be found wherever the grape grows; it is becoming of more importance but fluctuates in abundance
5 Hartzell—N. Y. State Expt. Stat., Bull. 344. Johnson—U. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 97, IPs Ik Slingerland—Cornell Univ. Expt otat, Bull’ ans:
GRAPE INSECTS 75
and injuriousness; vines injured by the hoppers for several years have a stunted growth and bear few grapes.
The adults appear before the leaves have un- folded and feed until the middle of June when they begin to deposit their eggs within the tissues of the leaves; the eggs hatch during the first two weeks of July and the nymphs pass through five stages and many become adults by August Ist; they remain on vines until the autumn when they leave to find hibernating places; grassy ditch-banks, fence cor- “ners, hedgerows, and similar situations furnish hi- bernating opportunities; there is one full brood, a partial, and sometimes a full second brood; the nymphs live mostly on the under sides of the leaves.
Controt—Nicotine sulphate, 1 to 1000 to 1600 is an efficient remedy. It must be sprayed on the under sides of the leaves to be effective. Use a large aperture in the nozzle and a pressure of 125 to 150 pounds.
THE GRAPE-BERRY MOTH ° (Polychrosis viteana) Order—Lepidoptera
Nearly all wormy grapes in New York are caused by the caterpillars of this moth; the moth is pur- plish-brown with not quite half an inch spread of wings; infested berries show a purplish spot on their green surfaces and soon crack open at this place; spores of fungi enter and cause the berries to rot.
The insect spends the winter as a pupa in cocoons attached to the fallen leaves; moths begin to appear about June Ist and lay their eggs preferably on the young berries; the young caterpillars feed on the small berries, often slightly webbing them together ; this spring brood of larve is hardly noticed by
6 Johnson and Hammar—v. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 116, Pt. II,
76 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
erowers although they may destroy much setting fruit; the larvae make cocoons on the leaves and some transform to moths that appear latter part of July; these moths lay eggs on the grape berries and these larve go into the berries and <cause the wormy grapes; the larve mature in Sept. and make cocoons on the leaves; these fall to the ground where the pupz pass the winter.
ContTrot—Spray with the following mixture, first just after the blossoms fall, second, about two weeks later or when the grape berries are just touching: arsenate of lead 3 pounds, resin fish-oil soap I pound, added to Bordeaux 3-—3-50."
THE GRAPE-BLOSSOM MIDGE * (Contarinia johnsont) Order—Diptera
This insect has been injurious in certain vine- yards in Chautauqua County for several years; it is most injurious to early varieties; the larvz live inside of the blossom buds and injure them by feed- ing upon the pistil; infested buds become much swollen and blasted.
Adults emerge from soil the latter part of May and deposit their eggs within the buds by means of a long telescopic ovipositor; the larve attain their growth a few days preceding blossoming and then crawl out of the bud; they drop to the ground and burrow beneath the surface where they form cocoons and remain until the following spring when they change to pupe.
ContTro_t—No efficient method of control known.
THE GRAPE LEAF-FOLDER ® (Desmia funcralis ) Order—Lepidoptera
In midsummer and later, many grape leaves may
7 Tseley—U. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 550. 8 Hartzell—N. Y. State Expt. Stat., Bull. 331, 9 Strauss—U, S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 410.
GRAPE INSECTS 77
be found with the edges rolled or with the upper faces folded together; if opened a small active wriggling larva will be found between the folds; the leaf will also be found to be skeletonized inside of the folds.
The insect passes the winter as a pupa in the leaves; the moths appear early in the spring and there are at least two broods a season; the moth expands about one inch and has shining black wings bordered with white and with two white spots on each front one and one long white spot on each hind one.
Controt—Crush larve by hand in folded leaves; spray with arsenate of lead as for the berry moth and others.
THE STRIPED TREE-CRICKET ® (Occanthus nigri- cornis ) Order—Orthoptera
This species of Oecanthus often lays its eggs in canes of the grapes causing a characteristic scarring of the canes. Its injuries, however, are not serious since the nymphs do not feed on the vines.
OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE
Grape-leaf skeletonizer (Harrisina americana).
Eight-spotted forester (Alypia octomaculata).
Grape plume-moth (O-xypiilus periscelidactylus ).
Grape-cane borer (Amphicerus bicaudatus ). (Schistocerus hamatus).
Grape-cane gall-maker (Ampeloglypter sesos-
tris).
Cottony maple scale (Pulvinaria vitis).
Grape scale (Aspidiotus uv@).
Apricot scale (Hulecanium armeniacum).
Grape curculio (Craponius inequalis).
10 Parrott and Fulton—N. Y.. State Expt. Stat., Bull. 388.
78 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
CURRANT PESTS
THE IMPORTED CURRANT WoRM * (Pteronus ribesit ) Order—Hymenoptera. Manual, p. 613
An imported insect first found in New York about Rochester in 1857; it is a saw-fly with a red- dish body about one-third of an inch long and four transparent wings. The adults appear soon after the leaves put out and lay their eggs along the veins of the undersides of the leaves; they hatch in a week or ten days; the larve have Io pairs of legs and eat voraciously, often defoliating the bushes; when . full-grown they are three-quarters of an inch long and burrow into the ground or hide beneath rub- bish on the surface and spin cocoons within which they change to pupze; in July the adults appear and deposit their eggs for a second generation which is often more abundant than the first; the larve of this second generation remain in the ground all winter; possibly a partial third generation.
ContTRoL—Spray when larve are first seen with arsenate of lead, 3 pounds to 50 gallons of water; when berries begin to ripen use fresh white helle-
bore.
THE CURRANT-STEM GIRDLER '* (Janus integer) Order—Hymenoptera
An American insect that is widely distributed in New York State; in May, it girdles the new growth of the branches and the tips wilt and fall over; the adult insect is a saw-fly with a shining black eet and transparent wings.
The winter is passed as a larva in burrows in- side the currant stems; in April it changes to a
11 Riley—Ninth Mo. Rept., p. 7. 12 Slingerland—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 126.
GURRANT INSECTS 70
pupa and in the last part of May the adults appear ; the female makes a hole in the tender branch with her ovipositor and then deposits her egg; she then girdles the branch about one inch above the egg; this she does in an interesting way with her oviposi- tor; the end of the stem wilts and falls over; the larva burrows down the stem going 6 or 8 inches by fall; it then spins a cocoon at the lower end and passes the winter.
Controt—As soon as the wilted tips of the canes _are seen in the spring they should be cut off 4 or 5 inches below the girdled place and burned. This will destroy all of the eggs.
THE CURRANT MOTH-BORER * (Sesia tipuliforniis ) Order—Lepidoptera
This is a beautiful clear-winged moth like the peach-tree borer; it is another imported pest and 1s said to be, in some localities, a serious one.
The eggs are laid on the stems in the axils of the leaves; the young larva bores into the stem and eradually tunnels out a burrow down the center as it grows; the larve become half grown by fall and pass the winter in their burrows; in spring they complete their growth and pupate; the moths ap- pear in June. Affected stems produce small yel- lowish leaves and are soon broken off by the wind.
Controt—lInfested stems should be cut off be- low the lowest part of the tunnel and burned.
THE CURRANT APHID * (Myzus ribis) Order—Hemiptera
The small black eggs of the aphid are found on the stalks in winter and hatch just as the foliage
13 Lugger—Minn. Expt. Stat., Bull. 43, p. 184. 14 Lowe—N. Y. State Expt. Stat., Bull. 1309.
8a INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
appears; the aphids multiply and cause the foliage to curl and pucker; in the third generation winged females migrate to motherwort (Leonurus) and hedgenettle (Stachys) but some of the aphids may remain on the currants; in late October the winged migrants return to the currants and produce males and egg-laying females, the latter depositing the eggs.
Controt—Spray before leaves are badly curled with nicotine sulphate, 1 pint to 100 gallons of wa- ter with 4 pounds of soap added; spray the under- sides of the leaves.
THE FOUR-LINED LEAF-BUG © (Pactlocapsus linea- tus ) Order—Hemiptera
This is a common bug with many food plants but is often very injurious to the young foliage of cur- rant and gooseberry; attacked leaves turn brown, curl up and become brittle.
The eggs are deposited in slits cut lengthwise in the stems of the plants; they pass the winter in these situations and hatch early in the spring; the nymphs have shining vermilion red bodies; they molt five times and become full-grown in 17 to 20 days; the nymphs feed on the tenderest young foli- age, causing brownish depressed spots to appear on the leaves; the adult bugs appear about the middle of June; lay their eggs, are active for about a month and then disappear.
Controt—Spray the nymphs with nicotine sul- phate, three-fourths pint to 100 gallons of water; cut off tips of stems containing eggs and burn them.
15 Slingerland—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 58,
STRAWBERRY INSECTS 81
OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CURRANT
Green currant worm (Gymnonychus appendicula- tus ).
Pepper-and-salt currant moth (Lycia cogna- taria).
Yellow currant fruit-fly (Epochra canadensis).
Dark currant fruit-fly (Rhagoletis ribicola).
San José scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus ).
Walnut scale (Aspidiotus juglans-regi@ ).
STRAWBERRY PESTS
WHITE Gruss ** (Phyllophaga sp.) Order—Coleoptera
White grubs are the larve of May beetles or ime bugs: there: are. at least eight species’ of these that are injurious; these insects have a pro- longed life cycle, two to three years and may be longer in some cases; white grubs are liable to accumulate in old pastures and meadows and when these are broken and other crops put on the sod there is liable to be much injury; the grubs eat off roots of strawberry plants.
The eggs are laid in balls of earth in the ground where they hatch and the grubs live there until the summer of the second year when they change to pupz in the soil; the pupze change to beetles in late summer but the beetles remain in their earthen cells until the following spring.
Controt—Do not follow sod land with straw- berries; put some other crop between; in gardens and small plantings dig grubs out by hand.
16 Forbes—Illinois Expt. Stat., Bull. 116. Davis—U. S. Dept. Agr., Far’s’ Bull. 940,
82 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
THE STRAWBERRY WEEVIL ** (. Inthonomus signa- tus ) Order—Coleoptera
This is a small beetle about one-tenth of an inch long with a rather long proboscis; it is usually more injurious farther south and in the southeastern part of New York State.
The weevils emerge from their winter quarters early and the females deposit their eggs within the buds of strawberries; the beetle then cuts off the flower-stem and the bud soon falls to the ground; the grub lives inside of the bud on the pollen and changes to a pupa from which the beetle emerges later: evidently but one brood a year.
Controt—lf possible plant mostly pistillate va- rieties with just enough staminate varieties to cross- fertilize them; plant early-blooming staminate va- rieties as trap crops; cover beds with muslin; place beds in open fields away from fences, hedgerows,
c.; practice clean culture; dust plants with a mix- ture of sulphur 5 parts, and powdered arsenate of lead 1 part; begin dusting as soon as weevils are seen and make two applications one week apart.
THE STRAWBERRY LEAF-ROLLER '* (Ancylis comp- tana) Order—Lepidoptera
Moths appear in early May in New Jersey; lay pale green eggs mostly on the undersides of leaves; these hatch in about one week; the young larva feeds a day or two on upper side of the leaf but soon folds the halves of the leaf together, tying it securely with silk and lives within fully protected from insecticides; becomes full-grown in about one
17 Chittenden—U. S. Bu. Ent., Cire. 21.
Headlee—N. J. Expt. Stat., Bull. 324. 18 Webster—Iowa Expt. Stat., Bull. 179.
STRAWBERRY INSECTS 83
month and is then about % inch long, yellowish to ereenish-brown and head shining brown; trans- forms to pupa in folded leaf; in New Jersey 3 broods a year but first brood causes most injury.
Controt—Make a thorough application of ar- senate of lead, 5 pounds to 100 gallons of water, within a week after the first moths appear and be- fore leaves are folded; burn over fields after crop is harvested; plow up old abandoned beds.
OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE STRAWBERRY
Strawberry root-worm (Typophorus canellus ). Strawberry root-louse (Aphis forbes). Strawberry crown-moth (Sesia rutilans). Green strawberry slug (Empria fragari@). Obsolete banded strawberry leaf-roller (Archips obsoletana). Strawberry root-weevil (Otiorhynchus ovatus). Strawberry crown-borer (Tyloderma fragaric ).
RASPBERRY AND BLACKBERRY PESTS
THE RASPBERRY CANE-BORER '? (Oberea bimacu- lata) Order—Coleoptera
The adult beetle is about one-half an inch in length with a slender cylindrical body and long an- tenn; the prothorax is yellow, generally with two or three black spots.
The beetles appear in June and deposit their eggs in the tender growth of the canes; the female then cuts two rings around the cane, one above and one below the egg; this causes the tips of the canes to wilt and fall over; the egg hatches and the young larva begins to bore downward in the center of the
19 Comstock and Slingerland—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 23.
84 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
stem; it passes the first winter in its burrow not far from the egg and by the second fall reaches the root where it passes the winter, changes to a pupa in the spring and the beetle emerges in June. Controt—Cut off the wilted tips of the canes some distance below the egg as they appear in June.
THE RASPBERRY SAW-FLY *° (Monophadnus rubi) Order—Hymenoptera
A saw-fly, the larve of which are at times quite injurious to raspberries; it may feed also upon the blackberry and dewberry; the leaves are completely devoured, the new canes may be injured and the buds and young fruit sometimes suffer.
The adults appear the first half of May and de- posit their eggs within the tissues of the leaves from the undersides; in a week to ten days they hatch; the full-grown larva is green in color with the body covered with spine-bearing tubercles; after feeding on leaves until nothing but veins are left the larve go into the ground two or three inches below the surface and make cocoons in which they spend the winter, changing to pupz in the spring; there 1s only one brood annually.
Controt—The larve may be brushed from the plants to the ground where they will die; the plants may be sprayed with arsenate of lead, 2% pounds to 50 gallons of water as soon as the larve are seen.
THE STRIPED TREE-CRICKET *! (Oecanthus nigri- Cornis ) Order—Orthoptera This insect lays its eggs in the canes in the fall where they remain all winter; the eggs are laid in
20 Lowe—N. Y. State Expt. Stat., Bull. 150. 21 Parrott and Fulton—N. Y. State Expt. Stat., Bull. 388.
RASPBERRY INSECTS 85
rows and cause long jagged wounds in the canes; the nymphs and adults live largely on plant-lice and other insects and must be regarded as beneficial; the wounds made by depositing the eggs injure the canes.
Contro_t—lf abundant, affected canes should be cut out in the fall and winter.
THE RED-NECKED CANE-BORER ~ (Agrilus ruficollis ) Order—Coleoptera
The stems of raspberries sometimes bear irreg- ~ ular swellings or galls two or more inches in length and gradually tapering toward either end; caused by a beetle about one-third inch in length with red- dish “neck” or thorax and black head; deposits egg in June in bark near base of leaf on new growth; young larva bores upward in sapwood pass- ing around stem in a spiral manner thus girdling cane; it is a flat yellowish-white grub about 34 inch in length; completes growth in spring and changes to pupa in cell in pith.
Contror—Cut and burn infested canes during fall and winter; destroy wild berry bushes in which the beetles may breed.
THE RASPBERRY CANE-MAGGOT * (Phorbia rubi- vora) Order—Diptera
This is a small fly that attacks the new shoots of the raspberry in the spring; the attacked shoots wilt and droop; the tip shrinks, turns dark blue and dies.
As soon as the new shoots appear in the spring the fly deposits its eggs in the axils of the tip leaves; the white maggot burrows to the pith of the stem
22 Smith—N. J. Expt. Stat., Special Bull. N. 23 Slingerland—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 126,
w)
r
86 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
and then begins to tunnel its way downward inside of the stem; after working downward a few inches it girdles the young shoot just beneath the bark which causes the tip to wilt; the maggot then tun- nels farther downward until it reaches the surface of the ground; here it finally changes to a pupa in June and July; the pupa remains there until the following spring when the fly emerges; one brood a year.
Controt—As soon as the drooping canes are seen in the spring they should be cut off several inches below the girdle and burned.
THE RASPBERRY ROOT-BORER ™ (Bembecia margt- nata) Order—Lepidoptera
The adult moths are clear-winged and closely re- lated to the peach-tree borer; the borer or larva is yellowish-white and 1 to 11% inches long; they at- tack the stems and roots of raspberries ‘and black- berries, causing the plants to die.
The moths appear in Augtst and September and lay their brownish-red eggs on the lower side of the leaves; the larvee crawl down the stems and burrow beneath the bark; they may hibernate at once or if early they will feed and grow some before winter; the next summer they bore into the stems and roots sometimes girdling the stem at the crown and at- tacking new shoots: during the next summer the larve “become full-grown and pupate, the moths appearing in August and September.
Cont roL—The only way of controlling this pest is to pull up infested plants and burn them.
24 Smith—N. J. Expt. Stat., Bull. N, p. o. Lawrence—Washington Expt. Stat., Bull. 63.
RASPBERRY INSECTS 87
OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RASPBERRY
Raspberry horntail (/fartigia abdominalts ). Rose scale (Aulacaspis rose ).
American raspberry beetle (Byturus unicolor). Blackberry leaf-miner (A/etallus rubc).
Red spider (Tetranychus telarius ).
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO°VEGETABERS WHITE BOTATO
THE COLORADO POTATO BEETLE! (Leptinotarsa I0- lineata) Order—Coleoptera. Manual, p. 576
Originally on a wild plant (Solanum) of the po- tato family in Colorado; gradually spread eastward to Nebraska 1859, crossing the Mississippi River in 1864 and reaching New York 1872; moved at rate of 88 miles annually and reached the Atlantic in 1874; in 1877 it reached England but was ex- terminated.
The beetles winter over, usually deep in the ground, occasionally under rubbish; female lays her orange-red eggs in patches on the undersides of the leaves; she is capable of laying 500 to 2000; these hatch in 5 to 7 days; the grubs eat ravenously and mature in 2 or 3 weeks and then enter ground where they form cells and pupate; the pupal stage lasts 10 days to two weeks; there are two genera- tions here, the adults of the seeond generation hi- bernating. The work of this beetle seems to affect quality of tubers.
ConTRoL—Spray with paris green, I pound in 50 gallons of Bordeaux mixture or arsenite of zinc, 1% pounds to 50 gallons or arsenate of lead paste 4 pounds.
THE POTATO FLEA-BEETLE ” (Epitrix cucumeris) Order—Coleoptera The potato flea-beetle is a small beetle with en-
1 Chittenden—U. S. Bu. Ent., Circ. 87. 2 Johannsen—Maine Expt. Stat., Bull. 211. 88
POTATO INSECTS 89
larged muscular femora on the hind legs with which it jumps like fleas hence the name.
The beetles hibernate in hedgerows, along fences, etc., and appear early in the spring; they bite holes in the epidermis of leaves and eat out green tissue; later in the season they cause much injury by their persistent feeding; the eggs are deposited on and in the soil around the base of the plant and the small larve feed on the underground stems and tubers; they bore straight into the tubers and cause “slivers” in the potatoes; pimple-like spots often occur over the outside of the potato where these larve are situated and cause “pimply” potatoes.
Controt—Thorough spraying with Bordeaux mixture to keep the plants covered is the only satis- factory method of control. Arsenate of lead may be added or paris green for the Colorado potato. beetle:
3LISTER-BEETLE * (Epicauta vittata) Order—Coleoptera. Manual, p. 586 This species is known as the striped blister-beetle ; it is a large, slender beetle with soft, flexible elytra; these beetles pass through complicated changes in their life history; the eggs are laid in the earth and the young erubs feed upon the eges of grasshop- pers, the ‘beetles often appear in oreat swarms over limited areas and are hard to control and quite de- structive. Controt—Hand-pick into pans of kerosene, spray with strong poison mixture 3 pounds of ar- senate of lead to 50 gallons of water.
Tue portato apHip* (Macrosiphum solanifolit) Order—Hemiptera
This aphid is widely distributed from Maine to
3 Gibson—42nd Ann. Rpt. Ent. Soc. Ont. 4Houser and Guyton—Ohio. Expt. Stat., Bull. 317.
9o INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
California and during the past few years has been very destructive; it varies in color from pink to green; the black winter eggs are deposited on the rose and other plants; in the spring they hatch and the aphids infest potatoes most seriously in July and August; a generation developed about every two weeks; the potatoes wilt and finally die when badly infested; in September the aphids desert the potatoes and colonize on various weeds and par- ticularly on the rose where the winter eggs are again laid.
Controt—Clean culture with the destruction of all host plants so far as possible; spray infested plants with nicotine sulphate, 34 of a pint to 100 gallons of water with 5 pounds of soap added.
TIE POTATO STALK-BORER (Trichobaris trinotata) Order—Coleoptera
This pest of the potato is more injurious in the West apparently than here although it is often in- jurious in New Jersey and may become so in New York at any time.
OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE POTATO
Ege plant flea-beetle (Epitrix fuscula). Tobacco flea-beetle (Epitrix parvula).
Potato tuber worm (Phthorimea operculella). Potato-seab gnat (Pnywia scabier).
SWEET POTATO
THE SWEET POTATO FLEA-BEETLE” (Chetocnema “confinis ) Order—Coleoptera A small bronze or brassy-brown shining beetle about one-sixteenth inch in length; hibernates over 5 Smith—N. J. Expt: Stat., Rept. for 1908, p. 342.
POTALOVINSECES Ol
winter in rubbish appearing early in May in N. J.; lay their eggs at the bases of bindweed and the larve live upon the roots of these plants; adult beetles injure potato vines by eating the leaves.
Controt—Dip leaves and stems of plants before setting in solution of arsenate of lead, I pound in 10 gallons of water; delay setting of plants as long as possible.
THE STRIPED SWEET POTATO BEETLE ° (Cassida bivittata) Order—Coleoptera
Most abundant and injurious of all the “Gold- bugs = less than % inch in length and of a dull brownish-yellow color with a faint golden lustre: there are two black stripes on wing-covers; the eges laid singly on under sides of leaves and each covered with a little black excrement; larva is dirty white and bears spines along sides of body; there are two long spines, the anal fork, at end of abdo- men; these carry the cast skins over the back; pupa brown and retains the larval skins.
Contror—Dip plants as for flea-beetle and, addition, spray in the field.
THE SWEET POTATO WEEVIL‘ (Cylas formicartus ) Order—Coleoptera
This weevil is an imported species found in this country in eastern Texas, southern Louisiana, Mis- sissippi, Alabama, Florida, and in part of Georgia; it passes winter as egg, larva, pupa, and adult; the weevils which are ant-like in appearance and about 4 of an inch long are blue-black with a red thorax and long proboscis; they lay their eggs in cavities in the stems or tubers of sweet potato plants where
6 Smith—N. J. Expt. Stat., Bull. 220. 7 Chittenden—U. S. Dept. Agr., Far’s’ Bull. 1020.
92 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
they hatch and the larve tunnel through the tubers ruining them; the life cycle is about 5 weeks in hot weather and there are several generations each sea- son.
Contror—Do not use slips or potatoes from weevil-infested localities; rotate crops and do not plant potatoes more than one year on same soil; burn or feed all infested tubers when crop is har- vested; clean up all vines, culls, and rubbish in the fields; destroy volunteer sweet potato plants and morning-glory plants; spray potato plants with ar- senate of lead, 5 pounds to 100 gallons of water as soon as weevils appear.
OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO SWEET POTATOES
Golden tortoise beetle (Coptocycla bicolor).
Black-legged tortoise beetle (Cassida nigripes).
Sweet potato plume-moth (Pterophorus mono- dactylus ).
Cutworms (Several species ).
CABBAGE PESTS THE CABBAGE ROOT-MAGGOT * (Phorbia brassic@) Order—Diptera
This pest is a small fly imported from [urope; it attacks cabbage, radishes, cauliflower, and other cruciferous plants; it also attacks cabbage plants in seed beds and causes much injury.
The flies appear early in the spring, first two weeks of May, and deposit their eggs in crevices in the soil close to the stem of the plant; they hatch in a week or ten days and the young maggots im- mediately burrow along the surfaces of the young
8 Slingerland—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 78. Schoene—N. Y. State Expt. Stat., Bulls. 301, 334, 419.
CABBAGE INSECTS 93
roots and later into the main roots; the maggots complete their growth in 3 to 4 weeks and pupate in the soil near “the cabbage plants; the pupal stage lasts from 12 to 18 days ‘and they pass the winter as pupz; probably three broods and in some seasons a partial fourth brood.
Controt—For seed plants in beds, screen the beds with muslin; for plants in the field, destroy all cabbage, radish, and turnip stumps, leaves and refuse; plow in fall to destroy puparia; use tarred papers on plants in field; use carbolic acid solution and screens of muslin for radishes in garden; helle- bore, I ounce to 2 gallons of water seems to control the fly on radishes.
CUTWORMS ON CABBAGES® (Various species) Order—Lepidoptera
There are many kinds of cutworms all larve of noctuid moths; these larve attack various kinds of plants and cause a great amount of injury; they remain in the ground mostly during the day and work mainly at night.
The spotted cutworm moths are flying from late May to October; they deposit their ribbed, hem1- spherical eggs singly or in clusters on the leaves of plants; the eggs hatch and each cutworm, which is ashy gray to brownish in color with two rows of black spots on the back, becomes 1% inches long and feeds upon cabbage, tomato, turnip, onion, and other plants; when it becomes grown it transforms to a pupa in the ground; there are probably two generations annually and the partly grown cater- pillars pass the winter completing their growth in the spring; at this time they are voracious and cause much injury.
Controt—Do not follow sod with crops the cut-
9 Gibson—Canad. Dept. Agr., Ent. Br., Bull. 10, p. 23.
04 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
worms attack; plow land in August and allow it to lie fallow until the following spring; use poison baits of bran, arsenic, paris green, aan molasses ; hand-pick, ete.
THE IMPORTED CABBAGE-wWoRM '° (Pontia rape) Order—Lepidoptera
This is the common white cabbage butterfly pres- ent all over the United States; it was imported from Europe and first noted in Canada about 1860 and in New York about 1868; it feeds on nearly every cruciferous plant.
The butterflies appear in early spring and lay their eggs on the cabbage leaves; the eggs hatch in 4 to 8 days and the green velvety larve complete their growth in ten days to two weeks and change to chrysalids: this stage occupies one to two weeks in summer; the pupz of the last brood in the fall remain over winter as such; there are three or four broods here. The insect has many parasites and diseases that aid in holding it in check.
ContTrot—Spray the plants with a poison mix- ture before heading is far advanced; 5 pounds of paste arsenate of lead, 5 pounds whale-oil soap and 100 gallons of water have given good results; when plants are well headed one may use hellebore.
THE CABBAGE APHID ** (Aphis brassice@) Order—Hemiptera
This is a plant-louse imported from Europe. It is covered with a whitish powdery secretion; it in- jures cabbages, cauliflower, turnips, etc.
In autumn the males and egg-laying females ap- pear and the latter deposit their dark brown eggs in great numbers on the cabbage leaves; in the early
10 Chittenden—U. S. Bu. Ent., Circ. 60. 11 Herrick and Hungate—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 300.
CABBAGE INSECTS 05
spring these hatch into the stem-mothers that live on the tender sprouts from the cabbage stumps; there is generation after generation of the winged and wingless aphids during the season until the sexes are produced again in the fall; this aphid has many parasitic and predaceous enemies. Controt—Destroy cabbage stumps and all refuse in the fall; spray plants with whale-oil soap or nicotine sulphate, three-fourths of a pint to too gallons of water with 4 pounds of soap added.
THE CABBAGE LOOPER (Autographa brassice@ ) Order—Lepidoptera
A very injurious species on Long Island; it lacks some of the abdominal legs and therefore loops like a Geometrid; the white ribbed egg is deposited on the leaves; the larva at first is dark green with longitudinal white lines on sides of body; later it becomes pale green and lines become fainter; the pupa is in a thin white cocoon in fold of leaf on underside ; apparently ; 3-brooded on Long Island; often injurious in Peennoics
CONTROL—Same treatment as for other cabbage caterpillars but the looper is harder to hold in check; cleaning up the fields in the fall is important in order to destroy the pupz that pass the winter among the refuse.
THE HARLEQUIN CABBAGE BUG (Murgantia his- trionica ) Order—Hemiptera A very destructive Southern cabbage pest which has gained a foothold on long Island and is work- ing northward in Ohio; has been found as far north as Elmira, N. Y.; it lays its barrel-shaped eggs on leaves; they hatch in a few days and the nymphs complete their growth in mid-summer in probably
96 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
about one month; propably two generations in a season in the north.
Controt—Practice clean cultivation; plant early crop of mustard or radish as a trap crop and de- stroy the old bugs as they gather on this in the spring by spraying with pure kerosene and then by burning.
OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CABBAGE
Imported cabbage web-worm (Hellula undalis).
Diamond-back moth (Plutella maculipennts ).
Cross-striped cabbage worm (Fvergestis rimo- salis).
Southern cabbage butterfly (Pontia protodice).
Flea-beetles (Various species).
Cabbage curculio (Ceutorhynchus rape).
ASPARAGUS PESTS
THE ASPARAGUS BEETLE” (Crioceris asparagt)
Order—Coleoptera
For two hundred years asparagus had no pests; now there are two beetles that work on it, both be- ing imported from Europe; the one here was first found in Queens County, New York, in 1862, but had probably been introduced about 1856.
The beetles hibernate under rubbish and appear in May; they lay their eggs om the stems of tle asparagus where they hatch into soft grubs; these eat the plants and in ten days to two weeks attain their growth and go into the ground to pupate; in 5 to 8 days the adult beetles appear, the whole life cycle occupying 3 to 7 weeks; 2 or 3 broods a sea- son here.
Contrror—Hand-pick in small beds; cut down
12 Chittenden—U. S. Bu. Ent., Circ. 102,
ASPARAGUS INSECTS 07
and destroy all volunteer plants in spring to force beetle to lay eggs on new shoots which are cut often; poison plants after cutting with arsenate of lead 2% pounds, and soap 4 pounds, to 50 gallons of water; clean up rubbish.
THE I2-SPOTTED ASPARAGUS BEETLE (Crioceris duodecimpunctata ) Order—Coleoptera
This was not found until 1881 and then near Bal- timore; it is a less common and less injurious spe- cies than the former one but lives exclusively on asparagus; the adult beetles cause the injury.
The beetle is reddish-orange and has six black dots on each wing-cover; the elongate oval green eges are deposited on the plants in June; the eg hatches ; in 7 to 12 days and the grub at once Nike into a berry and usually enters about three berries before it me full-grown; when grown it pu- pates in the soil; there are two generations here in New York, the first brood of beetles appearing in late July and the second in early September.
CoNTROL—Same as for former species.
THE ASPARAGUS MINER *™* (Agromyza simplex) Order—Diptera
The stalks of asparagus are often injured by the larva of a fly that mines beneath the epidermis; the mines are often so abundant that they have the effect of girdling the stalk.
The white eggs are stuck in the sides of the stalk just beneath the epidermis; they hatch into the small maggots that mine up and down beneath the epi- dermis; when the larve attain their growth they
13 Chittenden—U. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 66, Pt. I.
Fink—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 331. 14 Fink—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 331.
98 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
change to puparia; the puparia are attached to the stalk near the ground in slits in the epidermis; there are two generations, the winter being passed as puparia at the bases of the old stalks.
Controt—Pull up infested stalks in spring and burn them; allow volunteer plants to grow as a trap crop which should be destroyed in late June.
CUCUMBER PESTS
THE STRIPED CUCUMBER BEETLE '° (Diabrotica vit- tata) Order—Coleoptera
As soon as squashes, cucumbers, ‘etc., appear above the ground in the spring they are attacked by a small yellow and black striped beetle; this beetle is distributed all over the United States east of the Rockies; it is native to this country; vtme beetles carry the organisms that cause bacterial wilt disease of cucurbits; the bacteria of the wilt disease pass the winter in bodies of hibernating beetles.
The beetles feed upon the leaves and blossoms and deposit their lemon-yellow eggs mostly 1n crev- ices of the soil near stem of plant; the long, slender, whitish larvee attack the stems by burrowing into them. The larve pupate in ground and the beetles hibernate over winter in sheltered places; there are two generations a season.
ContTror—Put in excess of seeds; protect plants with boxes or wire screen; hand-pick beetles in garden; dust plants with tobacco dust, ashes, or lime; spray with Bordeaux mixture and arsenate of lead or arsenate of lead alone; keep plants cov- ered with this material; practice clean culture.
15 Chittenden—U. S. Bu, Ent., Circe. 31.
MELON INSECTS 99
THE SQUASH BUG ’® (Anasa tristis) Order—Hemiptera
This is a large blackish-brown bug about three- quarters of an inch long that attacks cucurbits of all kinds; when it punctures a leaf to extract the juices it also injects a drop of liquid which has a poisonous effect on the leaf; moreover, it carries bacteria of the wilt disease from one plant to an- other.
The adult bugs appear in early spring and at- tack the plants; they lay their dark-brown eggs on the undersides of the leaves in great numbers; these hatch in 8 to 13 days; the nymphs are green and black and abundant; they molt five times and com- plete their growth in about one month; the adult bugs hibernate under trash, there being but one generation.
Controt—Trap old bugs in spring with chips or leaves placed under plants; hand-pick adults and eggs; kerosene emulsion diluted with 7 to 9 parts water will kill nymphs but not adults.,
SQUASH AND MELON PESTS
THE SQUASH BUG—Already discussed under cucum- ber pests
THE SQUASH-VINE BORER ** (Melittia satyrini- formts ) Order—Lepidoptera
The parent moth is a beautiful clear-winged moth with a wing expanse of an inch to an inch and a half; it is distributed all over the eastern United States; it attacks squash, pumpkin, and occasionally melons, cucumbers, and gourds.
16 Chittenden—U. S. Bu. Ent., Circ. 30. 17 Chittenden—U. S. Bu. Ent., Circ. 38.
100 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
The moths appear in July and deposit their eggs on all parts of the plant, but chiefly along the stems; these hatch and the larva bores into the stem and then burrows along in the center of the stem caus- ing it to rot and become severed from the vine; an affected stem wilts and dies; the larva attains a length of an inch and becomes full-grown in about four weeks; it leaves the stem and goes into the soil to pupate, the pupze remaining over until the following spring; one brood here.
Controt—lInsecticides or repellants of little or no avail; cut out the borers; plant the early varieties as a trap crop, or plant late varieties as late as possible; fertilize the soil well, and cover the plants at several joints where new roots can be formed; remove and burn vines as soon as crop has been secured to destroy eggs and larvee; harrow soil in fall and plow deep in early spring to kill pupz.
THE MELON PLANT-LOUSE'® (Aphis gossypi)
Passes winter in egg stage; breeds throughout summer like other aphids; is more injurious farther South.
Controt—Spray thoroughly with nicotine sul- phate being sure to hit the undersides of the leaves.
OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CUCUMBERS AND MELONS
Twelve-spotted cucumber beetle (Diabrotica 12- punctata).
Squash ladybird (Epilachna borealis).
Pickle worm (Diaphania nitidalis ).
Melon caterpillar (Diaphania hyalinata).
18 Chittenden—U. S. Dept. Agr., Far’s’ Bull. 914.
ONION INSECTS 101
ONION PESTS
THE ONION MAGGOT * (Fylemyia antiqua) Order—Diptera
The insect passes the winter mostly as puparia 3 to 6 inches below the surface of the soil; the flies appear in May and deposit their white eggs on leaves of the plants, or on the stems near the soil, Oe ia eracks or the soil;-the ege hateches-in 2 to’ 7 days and the maggots feed on the young onion bulb soon ruining it; they obtain their growth in 16 to 18 days and then pupate in soil; ‘the pupal stage lasts 2 to 3 weeks; there is evidently time for 2 or 3 generations in a season.
Controt—Scallions should be planted late in September or early October; sometimes of advan- tage to make a small early planting in August as a trap crop; sow late, that is, in latter part of April or early May and force crops; rotate and get away from old infested fields; practice clean culture; use carbolic acid emulsion on onions in garden; use sweetened poison bait.
THE ONION THRIPS” (Thrips tabact) Order—Thysanoptera
This is a very small insect that causes a good deal of annual injury to onions in the United States; it is widely distributed all over the country and hard to control.
It passes the winter as adults and probably also as nymphs; the eggs are laid in tissues of the leaves just under the epidermis; they hatch in 3 to 4 days; larval stage 7 to 9 days; nymph stage 4 nes whole life cycle 16 days; many overlapping broods; the
19 Gibson and Treherne—Canad. Dept. Agr., Ent. Br., Bull. 12, p. 20. 20 Quaintance—Florida Bull. 46,
102 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
adults and the young ones scarify leaves of onions, eating off epidermis ; leaves turn ES: wilt and die; very injurious at times.
ContTrot—Clean culture in fields nth around the borders of fields; spray with the tobacco extracts, nicotine sulphate, 34 pint to 100 gallons of water and 4 or 5 pounds of soap, preferably whale-oil soap; spray thoroughly and repeat two or three times 4 or 5 days apart; commence just as soon as thripssare Seen.
OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO ONIONS
Black onion fly (Tritoxa flexa). Cutworms (several species).
TOMATO PESTS
CutTworMs (several species )
Cutworms sometimes cut off the young plants when first set and destroy much more than they eat. A spoonful of the poison bait near each plant when first put out will aid in controlling these pests.
FLEA BEETLES
The potato flea beetle often attacks tomatoes but may be repelled by thorough and frequent applica- tions of Bordeaux mixture. It should be sprayed on the under sides of the leaves as much as pos- sible.
THE NORTHERN TOMATO WorRM * (Philegethontius quinguemaculata ) Order—Lepidoptera
There are two large green caterpillars very simi- lar in appearance that attack tomatoes, one more
21 Chittenden—Insects Injurious to Vegetables, p. 2209.
TOMATO INSECTS 103
common in the North and the other more common in the South; the caterpillar becomes about 3 inches long; the insect passes the winter in the ground as a pupa, the first moths appearing about Jume var: they deposit their eggs on the leaves and the cater- pillars become grown in about 3 weeks when they go into the soil to pupate; the generations are some- what confused but there appears to be one in the North and two farther south each season.
Controt—Hand pick the larve; spray with paste arsenate of lead, 5 pounds to 100 gallons of water or dust with powdered arsenate of lead, 3% to 5 pounds to the acre.
THE TOMATO FRUIT-worM ™ (Heliothis obsoleta) Order—Lepidoptera
This is the same as the corn ear-worm and boll- worm of cotton. It is more abundant farther south. The larva eats into the tomatoes and often destroys large numbers of them.
ConTROL—Plow land in fall or winter. Dust in- fested plants, especially the fruit, with powdered arsenate of lead.
BEET AND SPINACH PESTS
BEET LEAF-MINER™ (Pegomyia hyoscyamt) Order—Dyiptera
The parent insect is a fly about as large as a housefly; it passes the winter mostly as puparia in the soil; the flies appear late in April and in May and lay their eggs on the undersides of the leaves; the eggs hatch in from 4 to 6 days and the maggots burrow into the leaf where they make blotch-like mines; they become full-grown in 7 to 14 days and
22 Quaintance and Brues—U. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 50. 23 Dickerson—N. J. Expt. Stat., Rept. for 1911, p. 444.
104 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
some pupate among or beneath decaying leaves, while others go into the soil; the pupal stage lasts about 3 weeks: there are probably 3 generations and nechad a partial fourth.
Controt—In gardens pick off and burn infested leaves; plow deep and harrow thoroughly as soon as crop is removed; with beets, use aan as trap crop; destroy the wild food- plant (lambs-quar- bens):
THE SPINACH APHID ™* (Mysus persic@) Order—Hemiptera
The spinach aphid feeds on over roo plants; the adult is greenish-yellow to pinkish in color; in colder regions the aphid passes the winter as an egg on fruit trees while in warmer localities it may pass the winter as an adult on vegetables; in summer there are many generations on the spinach and great injury often results.
Controt—No satisfactory method of control known.
SPINACH FLEA-BEETLE~” (Disonycha axanthomele sai Order—Coleoptera
A shining black flea-beetle with red prothorax and about 7; inch long; greatly injures sugar beets; beetles hibernate over winter; lay eggs at bases of plants; larve feed on underside of leaves and later, together with adults, eat holes in leaves; two gener- ations at Washington, D. C.
Contror—Dust plants or spray them with ar- senate of lead; use Bordeaux mixture alone or with poison.
24 Chittenden—Va. Truck Crop Expt. Stat., Bull. 2. 25 Chittenden—U. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 10.
BEAN AND PEA INSECTS 105
OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO BEETS AND SPINACH
Beets, especially sugar beets, when grown under field conditions, are subject to the attacks of a large number of insects, many of which (40) are seri- ously injurious. The pests of garden beets are not, in the experience of the author, very numerous or very serious.
Beet aphis (Pemphigus bet@).
Sugar-beet webworm (Lo-xostege sticticalis ).
Beet army-worm (Laphygma exigua).
Striped beet caterpillar (damestra trifolir).
Flea beetles (several sps.).
Beet leafhopper (Eutettix tenellus).
Blister beetles (several sps. ).
BEAN AND PEA PESTS
PEA WEEVIL” (Mylabrus pisorum) Order—Coleoptera
Seed peas are often found with a hole in each due to the pea weevil; the weevil is about 1-5 of an inch in length and marked with brown and white spots; passes winter as an adult and lays eggs singly in spring on pods in field; on hatching larva bores through pod and into the pea; every pea in a pod may be infested; the larva matures inside of the pea and the life cycle lasts from 40 to 50 days, de- pending on season; one generation a year.
Controt—Hold peas over one season, so that they will become freed of weevils; do not plant wee- villy seed; plant late; fumigate seed with Cs».
26 Chittenden—U. S. Dept. Agr., Yearbook 1808.
106 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
3EAN WEEVIL” (Acanthoscelides obtectus) Order—Coleoptera
Adult beetle is about 1% inch in length, with mot- tled wing covers; eggs inserted in the bean pod through holes made by female; life cycle from 21 to So days; probably 5 or 6 generations annually; it also breeds in stored beans.
Contror—No method of preventing injury in field; fumigate stored beans and plant clean seed.
THE BEAN LEAF-BEETLE ** (Cerotoma trifurcata) Order—Coleoptera
A small reddish black-marked beetle about 1-5 inch long; adults hibernate and lay eggs in cracks of soil in spring near stem of plant; larve feed on roots and stems but adults eat holes in leaves; life cycle from 4 to 9 weeks; in South 2 or 3 genera- tions, one in the North.
CoNnTROoL—Spray with arsenate of lead, 5 pounds to 100 gallons of water.
THE PEA APHID ™ (Macrosiphum pist) Order—Hemiptera
Exceedingly injurious to peas some years in New York; life cycle similar to other aphids; passes win- ter in northern range on clover and vetches; flies to peas in spring when these are available; several generations during season; goes back to clover in late season and lays eggs that pass winter; in south it passes winter as winged and wingless females.
ContTroL—Do not plant peas near clover; no sat- isfactory remedy on peas sown broadcast; plant peas in rows and brush lice off and bury in soil by cultivation.
27 Chittenden—U. S. Yearbook, 1808.
28 Chittenden—U. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 23. 29 Davis—U. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 276.
CELERY INSECTS 107
OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO PEAS
Cow-pea weevil (Pachymerus chinensis).
Four-spotted bean-weevil (Pachymerus quadri- maculatus ).
Bean ladybird (Epilachna corrupta).
Bhster beetles (several sps. ).
Bean aphid (Aphis rumicis).
Seed-corn maggot (Phorbia fusciceps).
Pea-moth (Semasia nigricana).
CELERY PESTS
THE CELERY CATERPILLAR *” (Papilio polyxenes ) Order—Lepidoptera
This caterpillar is green or yellowish and ringed with black and spotted with yellow; it becomes 2 inches long; when full-grown it changes to a chry- salis and later the parent insect, a large swallow- tail butterfly, appears.
THE CELERY LOOPER*! (Autographa falcigera) Order—Lepidoptera
Where it occurs this insect is considered very de- structive to celery; the larva is a looper and meas- ures nearly 2 inches in length; the moth is purplish to velvety brown and has a conspicuous silvery comma-like mark on each wing.
Contror—Hand pick and poison with arsenate
of lead.
THE CARROT RUST-FLY *? (Psila ros@ ) Order—Diptera This insect sometimes attacks celery and causes the leaves to turn reddish and the roots to become
30 Davis—Mich. Expt. Stat., Bull. roz2. 31 Chittenden—U. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 33. 32 Chittenden—U. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 33.
108 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
blotched with rusty patches. The maggots also tunnel through roots of carrots. The parent insect is a small fly only about 1-6 of an inch in length.
Controt—Late sowing and rotation of crops; celery should not follow carrots; clean cultivation and destruction of all remnants and refuse after crop is harvested.
OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CELERY
Celery leaf-tyer (Phlyctema ferrugalis). Wire worms (several species). Tarnished plant-bug (Lygus pratensis).
CARROT AND PARSNIP PESTS
Celery caterpillar (Papilio polyxenes). Parsnip leaf-miner (Acidia fratria).
Carrot beetle (Ligyrus gibbosus).
Parsnip webworm (Depressaria herachiana). Carrot rust-fly (Psila rose).
iVSRCLs IN IURIOUS TO: HOPS
Hop-PLANT BORER * (Gortyna tmmanis ) Order—Lepidoptera
This is a native insect that is often seriously in- jurious to hop vines in New York. It is distributed from Canada to Washington, D. C., on the south and westward to the Pacific Coast.
The light-brown moth appears from the middle of August to the last of September and deposits its pinkish ribbed eggs in the leaf sheaths and on the leaves and stems of grasses growing in and about the hop yards; the eggs rest over the winter and hatch during late April and through May; the lar- vee live for a time on the grasses but later go to the hops and some enter the heads where they cause “muffle” heads; others go to the stems and work downward to the roots where they eat out shallow grooves in the surfaces of the roots or burrow in the centers of the root; in from 9 to 12 weeks they mature and pupate in the soil, the moths appearing in August; there is one generation a year.
Controt—Destroy all grass in and about the borders of the yards; pull out all extra vines be- fore June I and remove them some distance from the yard; try paradichlorobenzene, using a few crys- tals in each hill and covering with dirt.
THE HOP-PLANT LOUSE® (Phorodon humutl?) Order—Hemiptera This insect is widely distributed here and in Fu-
1,2 Hawley—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Memoir 15. 109
110 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
rope wherever the hop grows. It is often exceed- ingly destructive.
The eggs are laid in the East in the fall on dif- ferent varieties of plums; in the West the aphids are said to pass the winter on hop roots; the eggs hatch in the spring, and the winged forms of the third generation go from the plums to the hops, where they live until fall. They multiply rapidly and sometimes cover the leaves and stunt the vines. At picking time a winged generation flies back to the plums and gives birth to the true females which lay the eggs.
ContTrot—Spray with nicotine sulphate, 34 pint to 100 gallons of water, with 8 pounds of whale- oil soap.
Hop-vVINE sNoutT-MOTH ° (Hypena humutlt) Order—Lepidoptera
The larve of this moth are sometimes exceed- ingly destructive to the vines which they soon de- foliate when abundant. It seems to have no other food plant than the hop and follows this plant in its distribution.
The larve are semi-loopers for they lack some of the prolegs; the pale green eggs are laid on the undersides of the leaves; the larve eat the leaves voraciously; the larve pupate in the ground, in crevices in the poles and in leaves; there are two generations a year, the last brood of moths hiber- nating in protected places.
ConTRoL—Spray vines with arsenate of lead, 5 pounds to 100 gallons, or dust vines with powdered arsenate of lead, 4 pounds to the acre. It can be mixed with sulphur which is used for the mildew.
3 Hawley—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Memoir 15, p. 190.
MOE: INSECTS Ill
Hop MERCHANTS * (Polygonia interrogationis ) (Polygonia comma) Order—Lepidoptera
The so-called hop merchants are simply the shin- ing chrysalids of these two butterflies. The cater- pillars of each are covered with branching spines and live upon the foliage of the plants. Both but- terflies have two generations but the first genera- tion of each is spent upon food plants other than the hop. The second generation of each is spent on the hop, the butterflies hibernating through the winter. Both butterflies show a dimorphism, the fall or winter forms differing from the summer forms.
Controt—Use the powdered arsenate of lead, as for the snout-moth.
THE HOP REDBUG ” (Paracalocoris hawley1) Order—Hemiptera
The insect winters as ege’s in the bark or attached to the wood of hop poles; the eggs hatch through- out most of June and the red nymphs deform and stunt the vines and produce holes in the leaves; the nymphs attain their growth in about thirty days the adults appearing in August; there is one gen- eration a year.
CoNTROL—Spray with nicotine sulphate, 34 pint to 100 gallons of water with 4 pounds of soap
added. OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO HOPS Red Spider (Tetranychus telarius). Hop flea-beetle (Psylliodes punctulata).
4 Howard—uU. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 7. 5 Hawley—Cornell Uniy. Expt. Stat., Memoir 15, p, 182.
112 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
Tufted looper (Ania limboda). Leafhoppers (Typhlocyba sps.).
TOBACCO PESTS TOBACCO FEA-BEETLE © (Epitrix parvula) Order—Coleoptera
A small yellowish-brown flea-beetle about 1-20 of an inch long; it eats small cavities in undersides of leaves that finally become holes; the beetles appear in the spring and lay their eggs on or near the soil; they hatch in a week; the larvee feed on rootlets and attain growth in about 2 weeks; pupz are found in the soil; at least 4 broods in North Carolina; adult weevils pass the winter.
Controt—Destroy all weeds of the potato fam- ily; in seed beds and in fields use arsenate of lead.
SOUTHERN TOBACCO HORN-WorRM * (Phlegethontius sexta) Order—Lepidoptera
Large green worms with horn on posterior end of body; they eat ravenously and do much injury; when full grown go into soil to pupate; pupa large and pr oboscis forms a handle-like organ; life cycle in summer about six weeks in South; two broods; last brood passes winter in ground as pupe; the adult moth has wing expanse of about 5 inches.
Controt—Hand pick; dust tobacco with pow- dered arsenate of lead.
Topacco spLitworM.® (Phthorimea operculella) Order—Lepidoptera Fees laid on leaves of plant; larvee mine between
6 Metcalf and Underhill—N. C. Expt. Stat., Bull. 230. 7 Morgan—U. S. Bu. Ent., Cire. 123. 8 Chittenden—U. S. Bu. Ent., Cire, 162:
TOBACCO INSECTS 113
the surfaces of the leaves; two or more generations in a season; also works in tubers of potatoes.
Controt—Clean cultivation; rotation of crops; probably arsenical sprays.
OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO 'TOBACCO
Cut worms (several species).
False tobacco bud worm (Heliothis obsolcta). Tobacco bud worm (Chloridea virescens). Tobacco “‘suck-fly” (Dicyphus minimus ). Cigarette beetle (Lasioderma serricorne ).
INSECES INJURIOUS BO CEREAT CRO@Rs WHEAT PESTS
THE HESSIAN FLY * (Mavyetiola destructor) Order—Diptera
Probably the most injurious pest on wheat in the United States; imported from Europe and first no- ticed on Long Island in 17709; attributed to the Hes- sian soldiers in the Revolutionary War. Passes winter as pupa or full-grown larva between blades and stalk of young winter wheat just above the roots; adults appear in spring (May) and lay eggs on upper surfaces of leaves; maggots hatch and go to the bases of leaves above first and second joints: maggot stage 20 days or more; changes to a pupa- rium and passes the summer as such in stubble; fall flies appear in August and first days of September; these lay eggs and produce puparia which pass the winter again; some flies may issue before winter.
Foop PLants—Eges often on grass but larve live only on wheat, barley and rye; so-called red wheat seems to be more exempt from injury than the white wheat (see Felt; U.S. Bull. 31, p, 22ane drought prolongs the flaxseed stage greatly.
ContTror—Burn stubble or plow under to destroy flaxseeds; destroy volunteer wheat; sow wheat late, not earlier than September 20th to escape deposi- ton of eggs by fall flies; sow strips of wheat early in August and then plow under or burn first week in September.
1 Webster—U. S. Bu. Ent., Circ. 7o. 114
WHEAT INSECTS 115
THE WHEAT MIDGE” (Contarinia tritict) Order—Diptera
An old European pest closely allied to the Hessian fly; the adult is bright orange colored and about one-third the size of a mosquito; the flies lay eggs in June between the chaff of wheat heads; eggs hatch in about a week, and the reddish-yellow mag- gots extract the juices from the kernels causing the latter to become much shrunken and worthless either for seed or for flour; these “red-weevils” or maggots become full-grown in 3 or 4 weeks and some leave the heads, usually during a rain storm; these go into the ground and remain in cocoons until spring; others remain in wheat heads and are carried into the thresher and come out in the screen- ings; they remain in the chaff in a dried-up condi- tion until spring; now occurs in nearly all the states east of the Mississippi; shrivelled kernels will not grow good strong plants, nor make good flour, hence such had better be fed out; no varieties are exempt, but beardless varieties suffer more injury than the bearded.
Controt—Burn or feed out screenings; after harvesting, deeply plow under the stubble; rotate the wheat to some distant field; early sown wheat may escape with less injury by the midge, but is more liable to the attack of the Hessian fly.
THE CHINCH-BUG ® (‘Blissus leucopterus ) Order—Hemiptera
Not often injurious in the East; has been injuri- ous over small areas in New York several times; two broods of the insect a year; winters in the stools of grasses in the adult stage.
Controt—Western methods of fighting the in-
2 Marlatt—U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers’ Bull. 132. 3 Marlatt—U. S. Dept. Agr., Far’s’ Bull. 132.
116 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
sect with barriers and fungus diseases; consult bul- letins and circulars from The Kansas and Illinois Experiment Stations.
WrrEworMS* (several species) Order—Coleoptera
These pests are the larve or grubs of click-beetles of the family Elateride; the grubs are yellowish, cylindrical, and hard like wire, hence the name wireworms; these wireworms live two and in most cases nearly three years in the soil and near the end of the third summer they change to pupz in cells in the soil and later the pup transform to the adult beetles which remain in their cells until spring, thus taking three years to complete their life history; the beetles lay their eggs at the roots of grasses or in the soil.
Contrrot—Difficult to control; conflicting evi- dence regarding coating of seeds; plowing and thor- ough cultivation in August and later for 2 or 3 years will kill the pupze and finally check the pests; salt will not kill wireworms unless it is applied in such large quantities that it completely unfits the soil for growing crops, and even then is a doubtful killing agent.
THE WHEAT STEM-MAGCOT ® (Meromyza americana ) Order—Diptera
The winter is passed as a larva; the adult flies emerge in May and deposit their eggs on wheat plants: second brood.of adults appears in July and deposits eggs on volunteer wheat and grasses; adults from. these eggs emerge in late August to
4 Comstock and Slingerland—Cornell Univ. Expt. See Bull. 33.
Hyslop—vU. S. Bu. “Ent., Bull. 156. 5 Marlatt—U. S. Dept. Agr., Far’s’ Bull. 132.
WHEAT INSECTS 117
October, and deposit eggs on young fall wheat plants, where they hatch into larve and pass the winter; the larve do the injury to young plants in fall and spring.
CoNTROL—Sow late as for Hessian fly.
THE GREATER WHEAT STRAW-WORM © (/sosoma grande ) Order—Hymenoptera
This pest is mainly injurious west of the Missis- sippi, but is distributed east.
The adults always small and frequently wingless, emerge in April from stubble and deposit eggs in stems of young plants in or just below the embry- onic wheat head; the larva eats out the embryonic head of the wheat plants and usually causes a slight enlargement of the stem; adults appear from these, large and robust in June, and deposit eggs in stems just above the upper joints usually ; by October the larvzee pupate and pass the winter in stubble.
Controt—Burn stubble; rotate crops.
THE WHEAT JOINT-worM ‘ (/sosoma tritict) Order—Hymenoptera
First serious outbreak in Virginia in 1848-1854, and reappeared in Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Penn- sylvania, Virginia, and Maryland in 1904-1908.
Lives over winter either as a larva or a pupa in wheat straws; adults appear in April or May and lay eggs in stems of plants at the joints; larvee form cells in stems and feed there until straw hardens and grain ripens; the larve deform the straws, galls being formed above the joints; grains remain small and shrivelled or none produced; many of the af- fected straws break and fall over.
6 Webster and Reeves—U. S. Bu. Ent., Circ. 106.
7 Webster—U. S. Bu. Ent., Circ. 66. Houser—Ohio Expt, Stat., Bull, 226.
118 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
ContTrRoL—Strengthen fertility of soil to produce strong plants; burn stubble where not seeded or plow under deeply; rotate crops.
THE ARMY worM ®* (Heliophila unipuncta) Order—Lepidoptera
For years there have been outbreaks of this pest in various localities in the eastern United States. Outbreaks in New York State in 1861, 1875, 1880, 1896; the larve migrate in immense numbers from one field to another, destroying the vegetation in their path.
The eggs are deposited in unfolded grass leaves or into the sheath of the leaf where it clasps the stem; the larve attain their growth in about 30 days and go into the ground to pupate; the pupal stage lasts from 12 days to 3 or 4 weeks depending on the season; the winter is passed as larve; there are evidently two broods, the July brood being the most abundant and injurious; in the south there are more generations.
Controt—Usually fought by barriers in the same way as the chinch bug and by poison baits,
GRASSHOPPERS ”
There are several destructive species of grass- hoppers in the United States; perhaps the red- legged grasshopper (Melanoplus femur-rubrum), the differential grasshopper (Melanoplus differen- tialis), the lesser migratory grasshopper (Melano- plus atlanis), and the two-striped grasshopper (Melanoplus bivittatus) are the most generally dis- tributed of any of the injurious species.
In general the eggs of grasshoppers are laid in
8 Knight—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 376.
9 Herrick and Hadley—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 378. Walton—vU. S. Dept. Agr., Far’s’ Bull. 747.
CORN INSECTS 119
the late summer or early fall in the ground; the eges remain here until the following April, May, and June, when they hatch into the young wingless grasshoppers; the young insects require 70 to 90 days to attain their growth; there is usually but one generation a year.
Contror—Destroy eges by thoroughly disking or plowing the soil in which the eggs are deposited; catch the young grasshoppers in hopperdozers; poison them by scattering broadcast the Kansas poison bait.
OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO WHEAT
Spring grain-aphid (Toxoptera graminum). Wheat sawfly borer (Cephus pygmeus ). Wheat sawfly (Pachynematus extensicornis ). Wheat-louse (Nectarophora avene). Leather-jackets (7ipulid@ sps.).
CORN PESTS
WIREWORMS (several species )
These have been fully discussed under wheat pests. They are quite as injurious to corn as to wheat. In fact, they constitute one of the chief pests of corn in New York State.
THE ARMy worRM (Heliophila unipuncta)
The army worm is injurious to wheat, corn, oats, and many other grains. There are occasional out- breaks of this insect in New York, which are often very serious. The season of 1914 witnessed some serious injuries by this insect. It has been dis- cussed under wheat pests.
120 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
CuTWORMS (several species)
There are several species: that injure corneas well as wheat. They are apt to be more abundant and severe on corn planted on sod. They have been discussed under wheat pests.
WHITE GRuUBS (Phyllophaga sps. ) These are injurious to many crops, notably straw- berries, wheat, corn and oats. They were discussed under strawberry pests.
SoD WEBWORMS "° (Crambus sps.) Order—Lepidoptera
These are the larvee of a family of small moths of the family Crambide; the larve are about one-half inch in length and pinkish-red or brownish; they work at first underground gnawing away the outer surface of the stem and roots; later, they burrow up the center of the stem; they also sometimes eat the leaves; usually the webworms will be found just below the surface each in a retreat formed by loosely webbing together a mass of dirt; within the mass is a silk-lined tube and within this a caterpil- lar; so far as known all of the species pass the winter as caterpillars not full grown; some have one generation and some two each year.
Controt—Break land early in fall or as late as possible in spring to destroy larvee.
THE CORN BILLBUG ** (Sphenophorus callosus) Order—Coleoptera There are several species of snout-beetles known as “billbugs” that injure corn by eating cavities in the stem close to the ground or just below the sur- face of the soil; the grubs also burrow inside of the
10 Forbes—23rd Rept. Ill. State Ent., 1905. : 11 Satterthwaite—U. S. Dept. Agr., Far’s’ Bull. 1003.
CORN INSECTS 121
stem near the base and in the tap root; in general the beetles are robust, reddish-brown, or black, or clay-colored, and vary from Y2 to 58 of an inch or more in length; ante the “curlew bug” or “rice bug” is the best known.
The beetles hibernate and appear early in spring when they feed on grasses or corn; in May the beetle digs cavities in the stalks of young corn near or below the soil and lays her eggs in them; in older corn the eggs may be laid in the thick leaves; the egg hatches in about a week and the grub bur- rows in the tap root; in from 4 to 6 weeks the grub ’ becomes mature and pupates in its burrow; the pu- pal stage lasts 7 to 10 days; there 1s but one genera- tion a year; the small blue-grass billbug (S. par- vulus) breeds in grasses, especially blue-grass and timothy; the clay-colored billbug (S. @qualis) breeds in.coarse swamp grasses.
Controt—Sodland suspected of infestation with billbugs should be plowed in the fall or planted to some crop other than corn; in the south early planted corn is least injured; rotation of crops is advantageous.
THE CORN EAR-worm ™ (Heliothis obsoleta) Order—Lepidoptera
The corn ear-worm, the cotton bollworm, and the tomato fruit-worm are all one and the same; the life history of this insect has been discussed under cotton pests; in the case of corn the moth deposits her white eggs on the corn silk; they hatch and the caterpillars enter the tip of the ear, where they enaw and eat the kernels, sometimes burrowing down the whole length of the ear; they produce much brown excrement which lodges along their
12 Quaintance and Brues—U. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 50.
122 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
burrows; the injury is often severe, especially far- ther south. ;
Controt—Dusting the ends of the ears with a mixture of powdered arsenate of lead, 34 pound, and sulphur, ’% pound, has given fair results.
THe EUROPEAN CORN BORER *° (Pyrausta nubilalis ) Order—Lepidoptera
This insect has lately been discovered in the United States and is now known to exist in Massa- chusetts, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania and New York.
The insect passes the winter as nearly full-grown caterpillars inside of cornstalks, cobs, weeds and erasses; during May the larve pupate in their bur- rows; this stage lasts from 14 to 20 days and the moths appear in May and June; they lay their eggs in batches on the undersides of the upper blades of the corn; the larve from these mature in about 4 weeks and on the average pupate in July; the moths from these appear the last of July or first of August and lay eggs which produce the caterpillars that pass the winter; this is the life history in eastern Massachusetts, but in’ central New York there ap- pears to be but one generation.
Controt—Root up and burn the infested corn- stalks some time during the winter.
THE CORN ROOT-APHID * (Aphis maidiradicis) Order—Hemiptera
This aphid is closely associated with the corn- field ant (Lasius miger, var. americanus), in fact, seems dependent on it for its existence; in the fall the egg-laying females deposit their eggs in the gal- leries of the ant’s nests and the ants care for the
13 Vinal and Caffrey—Mass. Expt. Stat., Bull. 189. 14 Davis—U. S. Dept. Agr., Far’s’ Bull. 801.
CLOVER INSECTS 123
eges through the winter; during the latter part of March or first of April the eggs hatch and the ants transfer the young lice to the roots of smartweed, crabgrass, or purslane along which the ants have previously made galleries; two or three generations of lice are produced here, but as soon as the young corn comes up the ants make tunnels along the roots of the corn plants and bring the lice over from the weeds; during the season there may be many gener- ations of the lice; they suck out the juices of roots and starve the plants.
ContTrot—Rotation of crops is of advantage, no crop other than corn being attacked except cotton; dilute %4 pound of oil of tansy with 2 quarts of alcohol and 1 quart of water and thoroughly mix this with 100 pounds of bone meal; distribute it over an acre with a fertilizer attachment to the planter.--
THE CHINCH BUG (Blissus leucopterus) The pest often attacks corn as well as wheat and becomes very injurious where it is abundant. It has been discussed under wheat pests.
OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CORN Stalk-borer (Papaipema nitela). Seed-corn maggot (Phorbia fusiceps). Northern corn root-worm (Diabrotica longicor- nis). Fall armyworm (Laphygma frugiperda).
CLOVER AND ALFALFA PESTS
CLOVER ROOT-BORER *° (Hylastinus obscurus) Order—Coleoptera A small, dark-brown beetle 1-10 of an inch long
15 Folsom—Illinois Expt. Stat., Bull. 134. Howard—v. S. Bu. Ent., Circ. 4.
124 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
imported from Europe that works on second-year and older clover roots; eggs laid in May and June in cavities dug in the crown or in roots and larve bore galleries in the roots, causing plants to wilt and break off at crown; pupz form in cavities in roots and adults appear by October but remain in roots over winter, feeding when not dormant; some of the larvz also pass the winter in the roots; at- tacks alfalfa, red clover, mammoth clover and alsike.
Controt—Plow an infested field immediately after hay gathered; never allow clover to stand more than two years if it becomes infested.
CLOVER LEAF-BEETLE '° (Hypera punctata) Order—Coleoptera
A snout beetle which works on the leaves, mostly at night; the grubs also work in a similar manner; most of its injury is done in May and June; when full grown the grubs change to pupz in peculiar, yellowish lace-like cocoons of silk in the soil or at the bases of the plants; beetles usually hibernate but many die before spring; larvee of all sizes pass the winter under débris among the plants on the eround; these complete their growth in spring and the beetles appear in June and July; they do not lay their eggs until September; there is in the North usually but one generation.
Controt—A fungous disease usually kills the erubs in most localities; plow under the infested fields after second season, thus destroying the early stages of the insect.
CLOVER FLOWER-MIDGE “ (Dasyneura leguminicola) Order—Diptera
This fly often prevents the formation of seed; 16/17 Folsom—Illinois Expt. Stat., Bull. 134.
CLOVER INSECTS 125
eggs are laid in green flower-heads and the maggots suck out the contents of ovary; when grown the maggots enter the ground and pupate; the insect passes the winter as a larva in the soil or in dead clover heads; there are two broods and a partial third; most damage to seed crop is done during August or first part of September; most injury occurs to second-year clover and keeps increasing as clover is allowed to stand.
ContTrot—Cut first crop of clover as early as possible to allow seed to form early ahead of second generation of midges; pasturing the first crop does almost as well.
CLOVER SEED-CHALCID '* (Bruchophagus funebris ) Order—Hymenoptera
This small wasp-like insect is one of our worst clover pests; the tiny larvee eat out the insides of the seeds leaving only a thin shell; the insects pass the winter mostly as larve in the seeds on the eround; the adults appear about May 15th and thrust their eggs into the developing ovaries of the flowers of clover; second brood of flies appears in July and August; injury is greatest to the second- year clover.
ControLt—Cut first crop early, as soon as the field comes into bloom; plow up clover after second crop, plow early in spring.
THE ALFALFA WEEVIL (Phytonomus posticus ) Order—Coleoptera
An European snout-weevil first found injuring alfalfa in Utah in 1904; it is found in a small area in Utah, southern Idaho and southwestern Wyom- ing; the winter is passed as adults in the fields; in
18 20 21 Folsom—lIllinois.Expt. Stat., Bull. 134. 19 Reeves, Miles, et al—U. S, Dept. Agr., Far’s’ Bull. 741.
120 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
early spring they lay eggs in the clover stems; these hatch and the larve mature in 29 to 58 days; each one spins a lace-like cocoon among leaves or rub- bish on the ground; the pupal stage lasts 6 to 14 days and the weevils of the new generation begin to appear in June; these lay some eggs in the fall.
CoNTROL—Spray fields as soon as the weevils begin feeding in April with arsenite of zinc, 4 pounds to 100 gallons and put from 50 to 100 gal- lons on an acre; cut first crop by middle of May; brush-drag field to kill weevils.
CLOVER SEED-CATERPILLAR ~ (Enarmonia interstinctana ) Order—Lepidoptera
The caterpillars of this moth eat out cavities im the heads of clover and often become very destruc- tive; there are three broods a season; probably pass the winter as larvze occasionally, usually as pupe.
ContTrot—Cut and store hay crops early in June; do not allow clover to run more than two years; pasture clover in fall of first year.
CLOVER HAY-worM *! (Hypsopygia costalis) Order—Lepidoptera
This hay-worm works in stacked or stored clover, eating much of it and contaminating much more with webs of silk and particles of excrement, mak- ing the hay unfit for fodder.
Controt—lIn a barn, old hay should be removed and burned if infested; a stack should be raised above the ground on old logs or rails; salt bottom of stack up two or three feet.
OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CLOVER AND ALFALFA
Clover leaf-midge (Dasyneura trifolit).
Clover stem-borer (Languria mozardt).
COTTON INSECTS 127
Clover sitones (Sitones flavescens ).
Clover-root mealy bug (Pseudococcus trifolit).
Alfalfa looper (Autographa gamma californica).
Alfalfa caterpillar (Eurymus eurytheme).
Clover-root curculio (Sitones hispidulus ).
Alfalfa gall midge (Asphondylia miki).
Lesser clover-leaf weevil (Phytonomus migriro- stris ).
COTTON PESTS
MEXICAN COTTON BOLL-WEEVIL *” (Anthonomus grandis ) Order—Coleoptera
Introduced from Mexico about 1892; a grayish- black snout beetle, about 1% to 1-3 of an inch in length; punctures squares and bolls and deposits eggs in them; life cycle from 15 to 20 days; several generations in a season and all stages passed in squares and bolls; passes winter as adults and causes millions of dollars loss each year.
ContTroLt—Plant cotton early; plant early vari- eties and hasten maturity by fertilization and culti- vation; plant wide in rows; burn infested plants in fall to destroy all stages of weevil; rotate crops and diversify; poison with calcium arsenate.
Cotton worm * (Alabama argillacea) Order—Lepidoptera
The cotton moth lays its eggs on leaves of cot- ton; the eggs hatch in 3 to 4 days; young larva feeds for a time on the undersides of leaves but soon be- gins to devour leaves entirely; it molts five times and attains its growth in 2 or 3 weeks and then changes to a pupa in a flimsy cocoon in a leaf; life
22 Hunter—U. S. Dept. Agr., Far’s’ Bull. 344. 23 Hunter—U. S, Bu. Ent., Circ. 153.
128 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
cycle about four weeks on the average; several gen- erations during a season; passes winter as adults in tropical regions south of the United States; mi- grates northward in spring.
Controt—Dusting cotton with powdered arse- nate of lead best method; this insect is now held to be of value in controlling the boll weevil and there- fore is not fought as it used to be.
CoTTON BOLLWoRM * (Heliothis obsoleta) Order—Lepidoptera
One of the serious pests of cotton; moth deposits ribbed eggs on leaves of cotton; larva feeds for a short time on leaves but soon bores into a boll where it destroys the lint; life cycle about 30 days in sum- mer; four generations a season; passes winter as pupa 3 to 6 inches below the surface of the soil; also attacks corn and tomatoes.
ContTrot—Use trap crops of corn; plough land thoroughly during fall and winter; plant crop early in spring; rotate and diversify crops.
THE PINK COTTON BOLLWORM * (Pectinophora gossy piella) Order—Lepidoptera
The parent is a small grayish-brown moth which probably came from India or Africa and is now es- tablished in Brazil, Mexico, and Hawaii; first found in United States ins1g17 in Texas.
Eggs are laid singly or in groups on bolls and hatch in 4 to 12 days; the larve burrow in the bolls and become mature in 20 to 30 days; pupal stage passed inside of boll and lasts from 10 to 20 days; life cycle 35 to 50 days, and there are from 4 to 6 venerations a year; winter is passed in larval stage.
24 Quaintance and Brues—U. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 50. 25 Busck—U. S. Dept. Agr., Jr. Agr. Res., Vol, EX, p. 343.
COTTON INSECTS 129
ControL—No adequate methods of control known; attempts are being made to exterminate in this country.
THE RED SPIDER ** (Tetranychus telarits ) Order—Acarina
The red spider has been reported on 183 species of plants many of which are cultivated forms; it 1s a serious pest in greenhouses and one of the injuri- ous pests of cotton.
The winter is passed in the south in the adult stage on several wild plants and especially on culti- vated violets; the eggs, laid on the undersides of the leaves of cotton, hatch in about 4. days and the female mite becomes mature in about 10 days; the first spring brood matures during March or early April in South Carolina and there is opportunity for from 12 to 17 broods.
Controt—Destroy all weeds, especially poke- weed, about the fields and plow fields in fall if possible; destroy or spray cultivated violets; watch for infested cotton plants early and pull them up and destroy them; finally spray cotton with potas- sium sulphide, 1 0z. to 2 gallons of water, or with lime-sulphur or flour paste, 1 pound flour to 1 gal- lon water made into a paste and then diluted at the rate of I part of paste to 9 parts of water.
OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO COTTON
Cotton aphid (Aphis gossypi).
Cotton root-louse (Aphis mardiradicis ). Cotton stalk-borer (Ataxia crypta). Cotton stainer (Dysdercus suturellus ),
26 McGregor—U, S. Dept. Agr., Far’s’ Bull, 831,
INSECTS TNIURIOUS TOs lORaD GRATIN:
It is estimated that stored grain insects cause an annual loss in this country of at least $200,000,000. They are more destructive in the southern United States although injury seems to be growing more common in northern latitudes. Most of the stored grain insects in this country have been introduced from foreign countries. It is said that over fifty species live habitually or occasionally in stored grains and grain products. Not more than a dozen of these are of primary importance. The more im- portant ones are: The Angoumois grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella), the granary weevil (Calan- dra granaria), the rice weevil (Calandra orys@), the saw-toothed grain beetle (Silvanus surinamen- sis), the Mediterranean flour moth (/phestia kueh- niella), the Indian meal moth (Plodia interpunc- tella), the pea weevil (Mylabrus pisorum), and the bean weevil (Acanthoscelides obtectus ).
ContTrot—One of the best ways to keep seed corn, seed peas, wheat, beans, etc., is to store them in barrels or tight boxes; fill the boxes or barrels within 4 or 5 inches of the top and cover; if wee- vils or moths get in them pour carbon bisulphide, at the rate of % teacupful to a barrel of grain, into a tin dish and set this on top of the grain and cover the box or barrel with old blankets; leave covered 3 or 4 days; the liquid will evaporate and the gas
1 Chittenden—U. S. Dept. Agr., Far’s’ Bull. 45. 2 Back and Duckett—U. S. Dept. Agr., Far’s’ Bull. 983. 130
STORED GRAIN INSECTS 131
will settle down through the grain and kill the in- sects; do not go near the boxes with a light of any kind until the covers have been removed and the boxes thoroughly aired.
In general, where bins or granaries are actually air-tight or nearly so, from 3 to 5 pounds of carbon bisulphide to 1000 cubic feet of space should be suf- ficient. Under ordinary circumstances from 15 to 20 pounds per 1000 cubic feet are necessary owing to the cracks and openings.* Best results will be obtained when the temperature is above 75° F.
Within the last few years heat * has been used to exterminate stored grain insects, especially in flour mills. The radiation surface is increased until a temperature of 118° to 125° F. can be maintained for several hours.
A very simple method of preventing injury to peas and beans is by the use of air-slaked lime.’ For small quantities use four parts of hme to one part of seeds; for quantities from a peck to three bushels use equal amounts of lime and seeds; for larger amounts use one part by weight of lime and two parts of seeds. The seeds and lime should be mixed somewhat when ready for storage.
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO GREENHOUSE PLANTS
THE GREENHOUSE LEAF-TIER © (Phlyctaenia ferrugalis ) Order—Lepidoptera
The parent insect is a rusty-brown moth that lays its flat eges in groups of 2 to 12 on the undersides of the leaves of greenhouse plants; they hatch in 10 to 12 days: the caterpillars are pale greenish-white
3 Hinds—U. S. Dept. Agr., Far’s’ Bull. 799.
4 Dean—Kan. Expt. Stat., Bull. 189. 5 Metcalf—Jr. Ec. Ent., Vol. X, p. 97.
132 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
in color with a narrow, dark-green stripe down the back and about 34 of an inch long when mature they tie the leaves together and feed on them, se figuring the plants; the caterpillar becomes grown in from 15 to 20 days and pupates between two leaves or in a folded leaf; in about one week the moth appears; in greenhouses it breeds all the year and attacks chrysanthemums, geranium, cinerarias, sweet peas and other plants.
ContTroL—Spray with arsenate of lead, 2% pounds to 50 gallons of water, as soon as the cater- pillars appear and hit the undersides of the leaves; hand-pick the caterpillars.
THE GREENHOUSE WHITE-FLY * (Trialeurodes vaporariorum ) Order—Hemiptera
The adult insect has four pure white wings and is about 1-16 of an inch in length; the young insects are oval, flat, and whitish and cling closely to the undersides of the leaves where they suck out the juices.
The small greenish eggs attached to the under- sides of the leaves hatch in about eleven days and the young insects attain their growth in from 3 to 4 weeks; there are several generations each year, and the injury often becomes very severe.
Contror—An all-night fumigation with hydro-
cyanic acid gas, I ounce of cyanide to 3500 cubic feet of space, has given good results; it 1s neces- sary to fumigate at intervals of ten days to two weeks. Spraying with soap, I pound in 6 gallons of water is of advantage, but if the solution iS ap- plied frequently the soap should be washed from the plants occasionally by spraying with clear water,
GREENHOUSE PLANTS INSECTS 133
THE OBLIQUE-BANDED LEAF-ROLLER * (Archips rosaceana ) Order—Lepidoptera
The light-brown moth has three, more or less, dark-brown, broad oblique bands on each wing; she deposits her yellowish-green eggs in patches on the leaves; they hatch in 8 to 12 days and the green caterpillars eat the leaves and petals and buds of the rose and become grown in 3 to 6 weeks; each caterpillar pupates for two weeks in a folded leaf; there are at least two generations a season.
Controt—Hand-pick larve; spraying with ar- senate of lead, 2 pounds to 50 gallons of water, has given good results where the plants were not too crowded.
THE ROSE MIDGE® (Dasyneura rhodophaga) Order—Diptera
The mosquito-like midge lays its eges just under the sepals of the flower buds or between the leaves of the leaf buds; they hatch in 2 days and the maggots suck the sap from the petals and leaves and become grown in from 5 to 7 days; they then go into the ground and pupate in tiny silken cocoons; the whole life cycle is passed in 12 to 16 days.
Controt—In latter part of October cover ground all over in rose benches with tobacco dust % to % inch in depth; this will kill the maggots as they try to enter ground; fumigate house every night for two weeks and then every other night for a week with nicotine paper or nico-fume; spray dirt walks with 5% kerosene emulsion.
6.7 8 Davis—27th Rept. Ill. State Ent., p. 08. 9 Sasscer and Borden—U. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 778.
134 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
THE CHRYSANTHEMUM MIDGE (Diarthromyia hy pogea) Order—Diptera
The chrysanthemum midge is' a late comerote America and is already causing considerable in- jury; the small mosquito-like adult fly lays its tiny eggs among the hairs on a leaf where it hatches in about 24 hours; the maggots cause galls on the leaves, petioles, or buds; the galls may be so abun- dant as to cause malformation of plants, check growth, and prevent blooming.
ConTROL—A majority of the adult flies seem to issue after midnight ; therefore fumigation with nic- otine should be commenced at midnight and carried on every other night for 2 or 3. weeks; spraying with nicotine sulphate, 1 pint to 500 pints of water with an ounce of soap to each gallon, has proven effective; an application should be made every fourth or fifth day for a month.
SCALE INSECTS AND MEALY BUGS”?
There are many species of scale insects that are injurious in greenhouses. The soft scale (Coccus hesperidum) that infests palms, croton, ficus, et al. ; the hemispherical scale (Saissetia hemispherica) that occurs on palms, orchids, croton and other plants; the oleander scale (Aspidiotus hedere), the fern scale (Hemuchionaspis aspidistre) and the white pineapple scale (Diaspis bromellie) are some of the more common ones. There are also two common species of mealy bugs that occur in green- houses on palms, celeus, umbrella plants, et al. These are Pseudococcus adonidum and Pseudoccus citri.
CONTROL,OF SCALE INSECTS—Whale-oil soap, I
10 Guyton—Jr. Ec. Ent., Vol. 12, p. 162. 11 Davis—27th Rept. Ill) State Ent., p. 122.
GREENHOUSE PLANTS INSECTS 135
pound to 1 gallon of warm water, is efficient for those species on palms, ficus and similar plants; it is unsafe on ferns; fir-tree oil, I part to 20 parts of water, is useful for the species on ferns; fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas is most effective for the mealy bugs; one should consult Farmers’ Bulletin soo or the U.S. Dept. Agr.
THE RED SPIDER *” (Tetranychus telarius ) Order—Acarina
This pest has been discussed at length under pests of cotton; in greenhouses it attacks the rose, violet, carnation, clematis, salvia, phlox, and other plants.
Controt—Washing plants with clear water un- der pressure is one of the best methods of control; ivory soap, 1% pound dissolved in 6 gallons of water, is very satisfactory; nicotine sulphate plus soap is also effective; fumigation with tobacco and painting pipes with sulphur are not effective.
THE GREENHOUSE THRIPS *° (Heliothrips hemorrhoidalis ) Order—Thysanoptera
The adult is a tiny, dark-brown insect only 1-24 of an inch in length; the young are whitish at first but become reddish later; they extract the juices from the leaves and the leaves become spotted and covered with drops of a reddish fluid excreted by the insects; the eggs stuck in the leaves hatch in 8 days and the young become mature in 14 to 26 days.
Contror—Fumigation with nicotine papers or with volatile nicotine extracts is effective if carried on at night and repeated every week or ten days; fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas, I ounce so- dium cyanide to 1000 cu. ft., for carnations for I hour at a temperature of 54°, has been successful;
12 Ewing—Oregon Expt. Stat., Bull. 121. 13 Russell—U. S. Bu. Ent., Cire. 151.
136 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
in general, 4 ounce sodium cyanide to 1000 cu. ft
for 1 hour repeated in ten days is satisfactory. SOME GREENHOUSE APHIDS *4
There are two aphids, the “black-fly” (Macrosi- phum sanborni) and the green aphid (Aphis rufo- maculata) that are sometimes present on chrysan- themums in large numbers and are decidedly injuri- ous; so far as known these two aphids feed only on this plant and they often occur intermixed on the same plant.
The rose is subject to the attacks of two species of plant lice, Macrosiphum rose, and Myzus ro- sarum, both of them are greenish in color and some- times the tender terminal shoots of the plants are covered with them.
There are also two aphids that injure violets sometimes seriously; one of these, known as the “black-fly” (Rhopalosiphum viole), is often abun- dant about the crowns of the plants; the other, known as the “ green-fly” (Rhopalosiphum persi- c@), frequents all parts of the plant.
The carnation is often badly injured by the com- mon green aphid (Myzus persice) which is so abundant on greenhouse plants and many outdoor plants.
CONTROL OF GREENHOUSE APHIDS—For some aphids ivory soap, I pound to 6 gallons of water, is a simple, safe remedy; for others, nicotine sulphate, 1 teaspoonful to a gallon of water, with about an ounce of soap added, is efficient; fumigation with nicotine papers or some of the volatile nicotine so- lutions is satisfactory if care is taken to use the right amount for a given space and the house is tight; fumigation with hydrocyanic gas is effective if correctly done.
14 Davis—27th Rept., Ill. State Ent., p. 116.
isc kS INIURIOUS: TO SHADE TREES
THE ELM LEAF-BEETLE * (Galerucella luteola) Order—Coleoptera
Introduced from Europe and first found here in 1834 1n Baltimore; the beetle is about one-fourth of an inch long, brownish-yellow in color with a dark line along each side of its back; the adults and ‘larvee eat the leaves and defoliate the trees.
The full-grown beetles hibernate in cracks and crevices, especially in attics of houses, and appear in spring as the leaves are putting out; they lay their orange-colored eggs on the undersides of the leaves; these hatch in 5 or 6 days; the grubs eat the leaves and mature in 15 to 20 days and pupate at the bases of the trees on top of the ground; in 6 to 10 days the adults appear and in New York there is a second generation.
CONTROL—Spray with arsenate of lead as trees come in full leaf for the beetles and again about 3 weeks later for the grubs; use 3 to 4 pounds to 50 gailons of water; the Gypsy-moth Commission sprays but once and uses 5 pounds to 50 gallons; they spray as soon as trees come into good leafage.
THE ELM LEAF-MINER * (Kaliosysphinga ulmt) Order—Hymenoptera
The leaf-miner is another European insect but it works on Scotch and English elms; it is a sawfly and the larvze “blister” and kill the leaves; the adults are small, shining black sawflies, about one- eighth of an inch long.
1 Herrick—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 333. Felt—Bull. 20 of the N. Y. State Museum. 2 Slingerland—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 233. Herrick—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 333. 137
138 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
The eggs are laid in May beneath the epidermis of the leaves and the larvz mine in the tissues of the leaf making large irregular mines: or “blisters” in the leaves; they become mature in July and go into the ground where they make thin papery co- coons and remain in them until next spring; they then change to pupz and the flies appear in May; only one generation.
CONTROL—Spray the leaves just as the mines be- ein to show, about first of June, with nicotine stl- phate, 1 pint to 100 gallons of water with 5 pounds of soap.
THE WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK-MOTH ? (Hemero- campa leucostigma) Order—Lepidoptera. Manual, p. 310
The tussock moth is a native insect that is very injurious at times to shade-trees and fruit-trees; the larva is very striking in appearance; it is two inches long and bears four tufts or tussocks of creamy white hairs on its back with two long pen- cils of hairs on its head and a third on the posterior end of the abdomen.
The moth lays its eggs in whitish masses in sum- mer on the trees; they remain here until the follow- ing spring and then hatch into the caterpillars that strip the trees of foliage; these caterpillars often migrate from tree to tree; when full-grown they make cocoons on the trees and change to pupz; one brood a season except in extreme southeastern part Oipotale:
Contror—Collect egg masses during fall and winter; spray trees with arsenate of lead, 3 pounds to 50 gallons; band trees with cotton in June, July, and August.
3 Howard—U. S. Dept. Agr., Far’s’ Bull. go.
SHADE, TREE; INSECTS 139
THE FALL WEB-worM * (Hyphantria textor) Order—Lepidoptera. Manual, p. 321
This is a typical American species and found from Canada to Texas; it has been recorded as feeding upon 120 species of trees; the moths are white or spotted with black and conspicuous; the larvee make ugly silken nests all over affected trees.
The moths lay 400 to 500 eggs in clusters on the leaves; the caterpillars feed in masses and spin webs enclosing leaves; they pupate in cocoons just below the surface of the soil or on ground under trash or about trunks of trees; farther south there are two broods, but only one in central and northern New York; the pupz pass the winter in cocoons.
ConTrot—Cut out nests of larvee; spray with ar- senate of lead around the nests.of the larve.
BRONZE BIRCH-BORER ? (Agrilus anxius) Order—Coleoptera
This is a small olive-bronze colored beetle about one-half an inch long that is killing so many of the white birches in New York State. It attacks the top branches first but gradually spreads to all parts of the tree. The larve bore through the sap-wood just beneath the bark and sometimes deeper into the solid wood. The larvz pupate in cells beneath the bark and in May or early June the beetles make half-round exit holes in the bark and emerge through these.
Controt—The only way of arresting the spread of the pest and stopping the death of healthy trees is to cut down and burn the infested ones before May first.
4 Felt—Insects Affecting Park and Woodland Trees, Vol. I, p. 142. 5 Slingerland—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 234.
140 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
WILLOW AND POPLAR BORER © (Cryptorhynchus lapatht ) Order—Coleoptera
This is a beetle somewhat resembling the plum curculio, but much larger, that is becoming a seri- ous menace to poplar and willow trees both in the nursery and on the lawn. The larve bore through the wood finally causing the death of the tree. The presence of the larvee is indicated by the appearance of sawdust and particles of excrement thrown out- side; the yellowish eggs are laid, each in a cavity dug in the bark; it hatches in 2 or 3 weeks and the partly grown grub passes the winter just beneath the outer bark and completes its growth the next spring, the adult beetles appearing during the lat- ter part of July; there is one generation.
Contror—Apply an emulsion of carbolineum avenarius to the trunks of trees to a height of 4 or 5 feet from ground; to make emulsion, dissolve 1 pound of sodium carbonate in I quart of hot water and add 1 quart of the carbolineum; stir vigorously and take 1 part to 2 parts of water.
Hickory BARK-BORER ‘ (Scolytus quadrispinosus ) Order—Coleoptera
The adult is a small brown or black beetle about one-fifth of an inch long; the leaves wilt and twigs die in midsummer and the bark will be found full of small shotlike holes through which the beetles have emerged; it is a serious pest to hickory trees.
The beetles appear last of June to last of July; they bore in young twigs, terminal buds and green nuts; females make galleries just under bark in sapwood and lay eggs in niches along the sides; lar-
6 Matheson—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 388. 7 Felt—Insects Affecting Park and Woodland Trees, Vol. I, p. 275.
SHADE TREE INSECTS 141
ve tunnel through sapwood and kill trees; grubs pass winter nearly full grown in galleries under bark.
ContTror—Cut out badly infested trees and af- fected portions of others and burn before June.
THE SNOW-WHITE LINDEN MOTH ® (Ennomos subsignarius ) Order—Lepidoptera
Half a century ago this insect was a pest of shade-trees in Brooklyn and Philadelphia; became abundant again in 1907, and then was injurious in forests of New York for four years; the moths are pure white and have the habit of appearing in enor- mous numbers around lights in cities where their appearance has been compared to snowstorms.
Eggs are laid on branches in masses of 20 to 100 or more in June and July; hatch the next spring in April and May; caterpillars strip leaves and mature in June and July and pupate in loose cocoons on leaves; moths appear from middle of June to last of July and soon deposit eggs; one brood a year.
ContTrot—On fruit trees spray with arsenate of lead, 2% pounds to 50 gallons of water; no control for forest trees known.
THE BROWN-TAIL MOTH ° (Euproctis chrysorrhea) Order—Lepidoptera
Probably introduced from Holland on shipments of roses by nursery in Somerville, Mass., about 1893; now in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Con- necticut, New Hampshire and Maine; the larve feed on pear, apple, cherry, peach, and other fruit- trees and on forest-trees; the moths are pure white with a tuft of brown hairs on end of abdo- men, hence name, “brown-tail” moths; the hairs of
8 Herrick—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull. 286.
142 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
the larve are brittle and barbed and when they strike the skin cause a nettle or rash quite serious to some people. ,
Eges laid in July in masses of 200 to 400 on leaves and covered with brown hair from body of female; they hatch and the larvee feed in groups on leaves until fall when they go into hibernation in hibernacula made by webbing many leaves together, at the ends of branches; in the spring they eat leaves again and become full-grown latter part of June; pupate in cocoons in crevices of bark and other nooks; moths appear in July; one generation a sea- son.
CoNntTROoL—Spray with arsenate of lead for cater- pillars 3 to 5 pounds to 50 gallons of water; cut out nests of larve during dormant period of tree.
THE Gypsy MOTH * (Porthetria dispar) Order—Lepidoptera
The gypsy moth gained a foothold by the escape of larve or eggs from breeding cages at Medford, Mass., about 1869; now found in Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Maine; the female moth has light buff wings marked with dark, wavy lines while the male is light brown in color.
Eggs laid in clusters of 300 to 400 in July and covered with hair; they are deposited in crevices of bark, brush piles, stone-walls, etc., and hatch the next spring in May; larve mature last of June and first of July and pupate in various places in thin network of silk; the moths appear in July and deposit eggs; only one generation a year; the food plants are almost all trees, especially apple, oak, and willows.
9,10 Rogers and Burgess—U, S, Bu, Ent., Bull. 87.
SHADE TREE INSECTS 143
CoNTROL—Spray trees with arsenate of lead, 3 to 5 pounds to 50 gallons of water; burlap trees for hiding places for larve and then kill the caterpil- lars; tanglefoot of use in catching larve; treat egg- clusters with crude coal-tar creosote blackened with lampblack to tell what ones have been treated.
OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO SHADE TREES
Pigeon horn-tail (Tremex columba).
Maple borer (Plagionotus speciosus ).
Elm borer (Saperda tridentata).
Maple scale (Pulvinaria vitis).
Leopard moth (Zeuzera pyrina).
Locust borer (Cyllene robime).
Forest-tent-caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria).
European elm scale (Gossyparia spuria).
Evergreen bagworm (Thyridopteryx ephemere- forms).
Spruce gall louse (Chermes abietis ).
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FARM-ANIMAES
SHEEP PESTS
SHEEP BOTFLY OR HEAD MAGGOT * (CEstrus ovts) Order—Diptera. Manual, p. 478
The adult insect is a two-winged fly that deposits living maggots in the nostrils of sheep; the maggots pass upward into the nasal sinuses; accounts record the presence of the maggots in the brain; the mag- eots attach themselves to the delicate membranes by means of two hooks and feed upon the mucous secretions, causing catarrh and staggers; when full- erown the maggots are sneezed out through the nostrils and go into the ground to undergo their transformations; the flies are most active in June and July; the maggots live in the nose about ten months; the adults have no functional mouth-parts and do not feed.
Controt—Plow a piece of land in pasture and harrow until fine and dusty for sheep to stand on; smear noses often in summer with equal parts of tar and grease; bore holes in a log and put salt in them after which smear edges of holes with tar and grease; no medicine will reach grubs; do not use a wire in nostrils.
ItcH or scaB? (Psoroptes communis var. ovts) Order—Acarina
Sheep scab is strictly a contagious disease and is responsible for much loss among western sheep growers, through death of animals and damage to
1 Osborn—U. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 5, p. roz2. 2 Salmon and Stiles—U. S. Bu. An. Ind., Bull. 21. Imes—U. S. Dept. Agr., Far’s’ Bull. 713. 144
SHEEP INSECTS 145
wool; also exporters suffer loss because American live stock are prohibited from Europe.
Scab is caused by small mites that work in the skin causing the wool to fall off and producing large scabs over the body; there are four varieties of mites that work on sheep and cause scab—the mite causing the common or “‘body scab’’; the mite caus- ing the “head scab”; the mite causing the “foot scab’; and the mite causing the “follicular scab” affecting the eyelids.
The common or body scab is a severe itching dis- ease and occurs most often on the backs and sides where the wool is longest; it is the worst form of the disease in this country; the mites multiply with wonderful rapidity; one female lays 15 to 24 eggs which hatch in a few days, and in 15 days the young become adults; in a few months a single female can produce an enormous number of progeny.
Controt—When far advanced, soften the scab with some kind of grease or oil, and then apply some of the common “sheep dips’; the active in- eredients in most “dips” are tobacco, arsenic and carbolic acid; each sheep will require from a quart to a gallon; use the dip at a temperature of 100 de- erees in summer and 10 degrees warmer in winter; a simple method of treating a few sheep is to turn them on their back and pour the dip along the mid- dle line of the venter; where large numbers are to be dipped, special tanks are made; a kerosene emul- sion is also a good sheep “dip”; a second or third dipping may be necessary, as the dips do not often kill the eggs, and another brood may appear later.
THE SHEEP “TICK” * (Melophagus ovinus) Order—Diptera. Manual, p. 488 A curious, degraded, wingless insect belonging 3 Imes—U. S. Dept. Agr., Far’s’ Bull. 708.
146 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
to the same order as the gad-flies and the common housefly ; it is thus not a true tick; very common on sheep, but seldom causes serious injury to old sheep; lambs are often worried and hindered from ac- quiring fat; the “ticks” cling very tenaciously to the skin and suck the blood; “the eges are hatched within the body of the flies, and. the maggot is nourished there until it is nearly full-grown, and is not born until it is nearly ready to change to a pupa; it is stuck to the fibers of wool; each fly pro- duces from two to fifteen of these brown puparia, one-third as large as the mother fly; they are laid in the wool to which they adhere, and they give out the adult fly in about three weeks; the “ticks” are most numerous in the spring, cause much irritation, and hinder young lambs from making their normal erowth; their whole life is spent on the sheep. Controt—Keep the pen clean; after shearing, apply any of the standard “dips” or kerosene emul- sions, THE SHEEP LOUSE (Trichodectes spherocephalus ) A biting louse that works at the base of the wool; not often abundant.
CATTLE PESTS
THE OX WARBLE, OR BOTFLY * (Hypoderma lineata) Order—Diptera. Manual, p. 478
The ox botfly is widely distributed in this coun- try and Europe; it is found on the buffalo (Bison) here: it causes much loss by affecting the general health of animals and also by its perforations of hides, thus lowering -their value; there is a second species in this country, the European botfly (Hy po- derma bovis) which is very similar in appearance and habits.
4 Hadwen—Canad. Dept. Agr., Sc. Ser., Bull. 21. Hadwen and Bruce—Canad. Dept. Agr., Sc. Ser., Bull. 22,
CATTLE INSECTS 147
The adult flies are about one-half inch in length and bee-like in appearance; the eggs are laid on the hair around the heel and on the lower part of the leg, and on other parts of the body; they hatch in 4 to 7 days and the larvz bore directly down a hair follicle and get beneath the skin; they work their way along beneath the skin to the cesophagus; from here they work down to the diaphragm, up a rib, and finally to the back beneath the skin; there the larvee produce swellings or warbles and after com- pleting their growth wriggle out and go into the ground in the spring; here they change to pup and finally the adult fly appears; the flies seem to annoy cattle very much although they do not bite or sting; 50% of the cattle in the Mississippi Valley are at- fected.
Conrroc—Apply kerosene or grease to the “warbles” in the winter, or as soon as noticed; this will close up the breathing holes of the maggots and cause their death; remove by squeezing or other- wise, the maggots from the ‘“‘warbles.”
THE HOoRN-FLY ® (Hematobia serrata = Lyperosia irritans ) Order—Diptera
The horn-fly is another importation from Eu- rope; it came to America in 1886 and landed near Philadelphia apparently; it is now distributed all over the country; the adults are about half as large as the house-fly; they annoy cattle very much and cause a large loss to the milk supply.
The flies lay their eggs in fresh cow droppings; the maggots attain their growth there in a_ few days and burrow just beneath the surface Oi the earth and change to pupze; the adults soon appear ; the whole life cycle may be gone through in two
5 Osborn—U. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 5, p. 114.
148 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
weeks and there are four or five broods in a season. The adults have a habit of gathering on the bases of the horns but cause no injury at this place; the flies are common from May until frosts of autumn.
ControL—Almost any greasy substance, like axle-orease, tsi. oil) kerosene emulsion, crude pe- troleum, etc., applied to the afflicted parts will keep the flies away for several days; where sores are formed, add a little carbolic acid to the grease or oil; tobacco powder will kill the flies if it is dusted on them; spread out or mix lime with the fresh cow droppings; spray cows with crude petroleum. Also see repellant mixtures, p: 152
SUCKING CATTLE LICE® (Hematopinus eury- sternus ) (Linognathus vitult) Order—Hemiptera
There are two species of sucking lice, the short- nosed ox louse and the long-nosed ox louse; they are apt to be abundant especially on calves and on poorly cared for and ill-fed cattle; on these they may cause injury
The eggs are attached to the hairs of the animal and the young lice gradually develop to the adults.
Controt—An infusion of stavesacre seeds seems to be the most accepted remedy. Four ounces stavesacre (Delphinium ) seeds, I ounce white helle- bore boiled in 1 gallon of water until only 2 quarts remain and applied with a brush where lice are seen; kerosene emulsion, 15%, or crude petroleum rubbed in among the hairs; 2 or 3 applications of either at an interval of one week; raw linseed oil has been recommended; it is applied with a brush but one must not rub too vigorously.
6 Tmes—U. S. Dept. Agr., Far’s’ Bull. 900. Lamson—Conn. (Storrs) Expt. Stat., Bull. 97.
CALTEE INSECTS 149
THE BITING CATTLE LOUSE ‘ (Trichodectes scalaris ) Order—Mallophaga
This species of louse is common the world over and is often very abundant; they do not seem to be as injurious as the sucking lice attributable to the fact, probably, that they do not suck blood; they are smaller than the sucking lice; they are gener- ally found in more abundance in the spring of the year; at this time eges and adults are easily found.
ConTrRoL—Same as for the sucking lice.
SOUTHERN CATTLE TICK * (Boophilus annulatus ) Order—Acarina
One of the ticks, thus not a true insect. It is the carrier of Texas fever, a blood disease caused by a minute protozoan parasite working in the red blood corpuscles; the ticks drop from the cattle when full grown and lay eggs, sometimes as many as 3000 among the grass; the young ticks which hatch must find their way ta the cattle to live, and these young ticks will introduce the disease to healthy stock; infested Southern cattle often intro- duce the disease into Northern herds, but as our cold winters kill the ticks, the disease disappears unless reintroduced in Southern ticks brought north the next season.
Controt—Thoroughbred Northern cattle are now taken south and there inoculated and only a mild form of the disease produced: the ticks are now being gradually exterminated from the coun- try by dipping infested cattle in an arsenical solu- tion at certain intervals throughout the season.
7 Osborn—U. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 5, p. 200.
8 Mohler—U. S. Bu. An. Ind., Bull. 78. Ellenberger and Chapin—U. S. Dept. Agr., Far’s’ Bull. 1057.
150 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE PESTS OF HORSES
30TELY ° (Gastrophilus intestinalis ) Order—Diptera. Manual, p. 477
The adults are about three-fourths of an inch long and rather light brown in color; the fly does not bite or sting yet many horses are much worried by its presence; authorities differ as to injury by the bots; they may irritate the stomach; may ab- sorb much nutriment from the stomach contents, and cause irritation in the intestines.
The fly attaches its eggs to the hairs on the legs and shoulders of horse; eggs licked off by horse and carried to stomach where the maggots or “bots” attach themselves to the walls of this organ; they usually spend several months in the digestive or- gans; probably not more than one maggot in fifty ever reach stomach; they live in the dung during May or June, go into ground and pupate.
ContTrot—Shave off the eggs with a sharp knife or razor once in two weeks at least; kill eggs by running over them lightly with carbolic acid, 2 per- cent phenol.
THE THROAT BOTFLY * (Gastrophilus nasalis)
Attaches its eggs to the hairs of the lips and nostrils and to the hairs of the throat.
ControLt—Same as foregoing species.
HorSEFLY OR GADFLY *? (Tabanus atratus) Order—Diptera A large black fly that flies swiftly, bites fiercely and is a persistent enemy of horses and cattle; eggs have been found attached to leaves overhanging water; larve live in marshy ground and along
910 Dove—U. S. Bu. Ent., Bull. 597. 11 Garman—Ken. Expt. Stat., Bull. 151.
' SWINE INSECTS IST
streams; these flies often become abundant and in- jurious to cattle and horses but they do not produce “warbles”’ or bots.
Controt—Sucecess has been obtained by putting kerosene oil on pools of water frequented by these flies. They are killed by coming in contact with the oil. Certain repellant mixtures may be put on cattle but difficult among large herds. Nets on horses are a protection.
A PEST OF HOGS
Tue 0G Louse (Hematopinus urius ) Order—Hemiptera
Occasionally this species appears in great num- bers on swine; a full-grown louse measures one- fourth inch or more in length; it is gray in color and has sucking mouthparts.
Controt—Washes of dilute carbolic acid (1 to 30) or the tobacco extracts or kerosene emulsion will control these lice; a wallowing trough of ce- ment with a film of oil on top is a very good method of control.
OTHER INSECTS INJURIOUS TO LIVE STOCK
Turkey gnat (black-fly) (Simulium meridion- ale).
Buffalo gnat (black-fly) (Simulium pecuarum).
Brown gad-fly (Tabanus exul).
Ear-fly (Chrysops vittatus).
Stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans ).
Screw-worm fly (Paralucilia macellaria).
Lone star tick (Amblyomma unipuncta).
. REPELLANTS FOR FLIES ON LIVE STOCK
Many mixtures have been recommended for ap- 12 Lewis—Oklahoma Expt. Stat., Bull. 72.
152 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
plication to horses and cattle to protect them from the attacks of flies. No one of these repellants has proved entirely satisfactory because of the trouble of application, the transitory effectiveness of the material, and the possibility of injury to the animal to which the mixture has been applied.
The following mixtures are simple compounds and perhaps as effective as any in present use:
Pe TiS PO ills cye os eves a Bel auch Sle Memeo een ehsinena Spats 100 parts Oil OR tate. iid ais Sie hi ae ee athale oneal elena 50 parts Crude carbolic) acids: b.s4i0d sig aoe alee 1 I part
Apply with hand spray pump or with a brush.
TEMAS NOt cis ereen i Soda berreeonemscnenates Raine 1 gallon @iltol tat. fame aie ee creer oeat eens 2 ounces Oilvot pennytoyals << jc oe ee ee oe ke 2 ounces WWernoseue™. << ofl. 4 a4 gt Ae eae cara enone Y pint
Apply lightly with a brush.
15Crude-cotton-=seed Oil sspaw cies s oc oe ees 2 parts PiNn@staTge. cae 55. jetiel bc, diamedsate a eeie weaker a hauane I part
Apply at milking time with a brush.
13 Moore—South Dakota Bull. 81, pp. 41-42. 14 Bishop—U., S. Dept. Agr., Far’s’ Bull. 540. 15 Weed—Miss. Expt. Stat., Bull. 28.
EXTERNAL PARASITES OF POULTRY
The external parasites of poultry are many in number, at least 18 different kinds of mites and 9 or 10 different kinds of lice are parasitic on poul- try. One tick and two fleas are also found as pests on domestic fowls.
CHICKEN MITE? (Dermanyssus galline) Order—Acarina
The chicken mite can be found in almost any poultry house and often exceedingly abundant in some, especially unclean ones; it has a marked ef- fect on egg production; will prevent hens from fat- tening and will drive sitting hens from nests; it causes a high mortality among young chicks and is a pernicious pest; the mouth parts are fitted for piercing and sucking and the mites suck the blood of their hosts; they are usually found on fowls only at night, for they remain hidden during the day in cracks and crevices of the perches and houses.
The mite varies in color from pale yellowish to red; it deposits small white eggs in cracks and crevices of the perches and nest boxes; these hatch in 3 or 4 days into almost white six-legged mites that gradually grow by casting their skins until they become adults with 8 legs; the life cycle may be passed through in 9 or 10 days; they increase enormously.
Controt—Poultry houses should be built so that every part of them is well lighted and aired; the houses should be kept scrupulously clean; the houses
1 Herrick—Mississippi Expt. Stat., Bull. 78.
Repp—lIowa Expt. Stat., Bull. 60. 53
154 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
should be built so that the perches, nest boxes, etc., may be readily removed leaving only four bare walls; spray the inside of houses with one part crude carbolic acid and three parts kerosene; sit- ting hens should be isolated from laying hens; a dust bath should be provided for the fowls.
HEN tice? (Menopon pallidum and other species) Order—Mallophaga
There are 9 or 10 species of lice that infest fowls; they have biting mouth-parts and live upon scales of cast-off skin and on bits of feathers—do not suck blood; they irritate the fowls, however, by their presence and interfere with growth and egg pro- duction and are fatal to young chicks; these lice are permanent parasites and each leg ends in two sharp claws.
The lice deposit their whitish eggs or “nits” at the bases of the feathers; here they hatch and the young lice gradually grow into adults.
Controt—Use the same measures as for the mites; dips have been recommended but they are objectionable; one of the best is made by mixing 114 ounces of pure carbolic acid with 1 gallon of hot water; when cool immerse the fowl in it one minute; creolin at the rate of 2™% ounces to the gallon may be used instead; the Cornell powder is good for dusting fowls; it is made of I part crude carbolic acid, 3 parts gasoline, and enough plaster of Paris to take up the liquid; ™% pint of acid, 34 pint of gasoline and about 2% pounds of plaster will form about the right proportions. Apply the powder with a sifter or with the fingers and work it in among the feathers; sodium fluoride has
2 Herrick—Cornell Univ. Expt. Stat., Bull.
359. Lamson and Manter—Conn. (Storrs) Expt. Stat,, Bull. 86. Bishopp and Wood—U. S. Dept. Agr., Far’s’ Bull. 801.
POULTRY INSECTS 155
proven to be a very simple and effective remedy; put a “pinch” on head, one or two on back and be- neath each wing and below the vent.
SCALY-LEG * (Cnemidocoptes mutans ) Order—Acarina
Scaly-leg among fowls is caused by a very small mite; the disease is contagious and fatal if not con- trolled; the legs become covered with hard greyish crusts, the fowl becomes lame and finally unable to walk when it will eventually die.
These minute mites live beneath the scales of the legs where a white powdery substance is formed which together with the serum forms the crust.
Controt—The disease is contagious and the af- fected fowl must be isolated; disinfect house with hot water and carbolic acid and then whitewash it; soak leg of fowl in warm water to soften the scales; then scrape them off carefully; coat with caraway oil t part and 5 parts white vaseline or with Balsam of Peru once a day.
DEPLUMING SCABIES * (Cuemidocoptes galline ) Order—Acarina
Fowls often pluck out their own feathers or those of their mates; the feathers often fall out of them- selves, that is, they break off at the bases; the bases of the quills become filled with a white powdery substance among which the mites live; here they set up an irritation that causes the fowl to pull out its own feathers; the disease usually commences at the rump and gradually spreads; the head and neck often become seriously affected; the mites are most abundant in spring and summer; as many as ten or twelve may be found at each feather.
3 Pearl, Surface, and Curtis—Poultry Diseases and Treatment, Me. Expt. Stat., I9II.
156 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
ContTroL—The disease is contagious and the af- fected fowl should be isolated; dust the fowl with fresh Buhach; use the caraway oil; 1: part, and white vaseline 5 parts; Theobald rubs oil of cloves over the affected area.
PULMONARY MITE ® (Cytodites nudus) Order—Acarina
These mites inhabit the bronchial tubes even reaching the cavities in the pneumatic bones; the mite is readily seen with the eye; it is only when they are abundant that they cause trouble; they sometimes occur in such numbers that they close up the tubes and produce asphyxia; this mite is of considerable size and readily seen with the naked eye; it is white and globular in form.
HEN FLEA © (Ceratophyllus galline) Order—Siphonaptera
This hen flea is evidently not abundant in Amer- ica having been found here but twice so far; it has sucking mouthparts and lives upon the blood of its host; fleas are not permanent parasites; they get on the hens to feed and when through leave them.
The female lays her white eggs in the nests chiefly, but sometimes on the floor among the drop- pings; the eggs hatch into long slender white worm- like larve that live on the organic matter found among the cracks and crevices of the house; in about two weeks they make a silken cocoon and change to the pupa; in two to three weeks the adults appear.
Contrror—Same methods as advised for the con- trol of the mites and lice.
4.5 Pearl, Surface, and Curtis—Poultry Diseases and Treatment, Me. Expt. Stat., 1911. : : 6 Theobald—Parasitic Diseases of Poultry.
POULTRY INSECTS 157
Tue CuBAN HEN FLEA*™ (Echidnophaga gallina- CeUus ) Order—Siphonaptera
The flea occurs in the Southern States and at times becomes abundant and very irritating espe- cially to sitting hens; they attach themselves to the face, to the wattles, comb, etc., and suck the blood; they finally drop off when mature and lay their eges among the debris in the nest.
ContTror—Same as for hen flea.
CHICKEN TICK ® (Argus miniatus ) Order—Acarina Occurs in Texas in injurious numbers. CHICKEN OR FOWL-BUG (Hematosiphon inodorus ) Order—Hemiptera
This is a bug closely allied to the bedbug and it sometimes attacks sitting hens while on their nests. Contrrot—Dust fowls with fresh Buhach.
COMMON BEDBUG (Cimesx lectularius ) Order—Hemiptera Sometimes a pest in poultry houses.
7 Herrick—Jour. Ec. Ent., Vol. I, p. 355. 8 Bishopp—U. S. Dept. Agr., Far’s’ Bull. 1070.
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE HOUSE HOLD
There are many insect pests that injure the food- stuffs, clothing, carpets, rugs, etc., of the household, and the aggregate loss caused by these insects is very large. Moreover, many of these pests are now known to be the disseminators of certain hu- man diseases, so that they have become important from more than one point of view; the more im- portant of these household pests are discussed in the following pages.
HouseE-FLy (Musca domestica) Order—Diptera. Manual, p. 482
The house-fly lays its white eggs in manure, de- caying vegetable material and other garbage; they hatch in 12 to 24 hours into the whitish maggots; the maggots reach maturity in 5 or 6 days and change to pup which are enclosed in dark-brown puparia; these rest quietly about 5 days and then the adult comes forth; the adults carry typhoid fever, cholera, tuberculosis, dysentery, and other enteric diseases.
ContTrot—Draw out stable manure twice a week or put it in a dark closet; treat manure piles with hellebore or borax; put % pound of hellebore in 10 gallons of water and sprinkle it over 8 bushels (10 cu. ft.) of manure or sprinkle 10 oumcesteE powdered borax over 8 bushels of the manure and then wet down with 2 or 3 gallons of water; build
a modern fly-tight toilet; screen whole house espe- 158
HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 159
cially back porch; use tanglefoot paper and formal- dehyde, 2 tablespoonfuls in a pint of water; use fresh Buhach.
MosouttoeEs (Culex and Anopheles ) Order—Diptera. Manual, p. 437
All mosquitoes lay their eggs on or in water or where water will eventually be; the common house mosquito deposits its eggs in boat-shaped masses on water where they hatch in 24 hours; the “wiggle- tails” attain their growth in 6 to 10 days and then transform to active pup; the pupal stage lasts 4 to 6 days; the life cycle may be passed in two weeks in hot weather.
The malarial mosquito, Anopheles quadrimacula- tus, lays its eggs singly on top of the water; they hatch in 3 days and the larve lie in a horizontal po- sition just beneath the surface film for about 16 days; the life cycle lasts about 24 days.
There are four mosquitoes in the United States that carry malaria and they all belong to the genus, Anopheles.
There is also one that carries the causative or- ganism of yellow fever; it is found in all of the Gulf States and may occur along the Atlantic Coast as far north as New York City; the species is com- monly known as Stegomyia fasciata but is now placed under the name Aédes argenteus.
Contror—Use oil on water; drain all pools of water; put fish in ponds that cannot be drained or oiled; screen houses; kill adults with Buhach; use bednets.
ANTs (several species ) Order—Hymenoptera. Manual, p. 633 The little red ant, the black carpenter ant, the pavement ant, and the small black ant, are the
160 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
species most prevalent in houses in the North. In Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas and California, the Argentine ant is becoming a great and serious pest.
Some ants make their nests on the lawns, in the walls of the houses, etc., while others make them in old logs, decaying beams, and stumps, others un- der stones in the pavement, etc.
Controt—lIsolate food products; use sponges soaked in sweetened water; locate nests and use carbon bisulphide; squirt kerosene in entrance holes and plug with cotton; use ant tape; use a mixture of tartar emetic I part, sugar 10 parts and water to moisten well.
CLOTHES MOTHS (three species) Order—Lepidoptera. Manual, p. 257
There are three species of these moths in the United States but only two are common in the North; the larvee of these often do serious injury by eating holes in woolen garments and by damag- ing furs.
Controt—Air and shake clothes frequently; use moth balls; put woolens away in tight paper sacks; use a fumigation box.
CARPET BEETLES (two species ) Order—Coleoptera. Manual, p. 539
There are two species of carpet beetles, the so- called “Buffalo bug” and the black carpet beetle; they deposit their eggs about the edges of the car- pet where they are feeding; these hatch and the hairy larve feed on the carpet.
Controt—Use rugs and finished floors; trap larve with woolen cloths; spray carpets with ben- zine, whip and hang in the sunlight; wash floors with strong soapsuds.
HOUSEHOLD INSECTS 161
FLEAS (several species ) Order—Siphonaptera. Manual, p. 490
There are two or three species of fleas that trou- ble household inmates, the human flea and the cat and dog fleas; the latter are the common ones and are the ones usually causing the trouble; the hu- man flea is more or less common in California; the cat and dog fleas lay their white eggs while the flea is on its host but the eggs drop to the floor where they hatch into long worm-like larvee; these larve live on the material found in the dirt along the cracks of the floor and about the baseboards; cer- tain fleas disseminate disease, especially the plague.
Controt—Get rid of dog or cat or wash them often in a solution of creolin 4 teaspoonfuls to a quart of water for the dog, and 3 teaspoonfuls to a quart for the cat; use rugs and finished floors; wash floors with soapsuds and spray with benzine; use flake napthaline.
COCKROACHES (several species ) Order—Orthoptera. Manual, p. 106 There are four species that cause trouble in the United States; the croton bug, the oriental roach, the American roach, and the Australian roach; they lay their eggs in a mass in a sort of brown bean-like case; they live upon all kinds of food, but often contaminate with a roachy odor more than they eat; they injure books seriously at times. Contror—Trap them; use Buhach; use borax; fumigate rooms with hydrocyanic acid gas; use in- sectoline; use sodium fluoride.
BeppuG (Cimex lectularius ) Order—Hemiptera. Manual, p. 140
These insects go into houses in visitors’ baggage, in laundry brought in from the washerwoman’s; by
162 INSECTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
migrating from another adjoining house; they lay their eggs in the cracks of beds and multiply in great numbers; they are suspected of carrying dis- ease germs.
Contror—Use iron bedsteads; paint cracks in beds with gasoline, kerosene, or aes pour boil- ing water on the beds if not afraid of injuring var- nish; fumigate with sulphur, 2 pounds to 1000 cubic feet; fumigate with hydrocyanic acid gas.
Circ. 36, Clothes Moths. U.S. Dept. Agr., Bu. of Ent.
Circ. 71, Housefly. U.S. Dept. Agr., Bu. of Ent.
Circ. 108, House fleas. U.S. Dept. Agr., Bu. of Ent.
Circ. 5, Carpet Beetles. Ut S. Dept. Agr., Bu. of Ent.
Circ. 34, Ants. U.S. Dept. Agr., Bu. of Ent.
Circ. 13, Mosquitoes. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bu. of Ent.
Bull. 4, Household Insects. U.S. Dept. Agr., Bu. of Ent.
Far’s’ Bull. 679, Houseflies. U.S. Dept. Agr., Bu. of Ent.
Book, Insects Injurious to the Household ‘and Annoying to Man, Glenn W. Herrick.
SPRAYING SCHEDULE FOR APPLES
Dormant spray.—As the buds begin to show green
Lime-sulphur (32° Baumé) diluted 1 to 8, for San José scale, oyster-shell scale, and blister mite. If aphids are present this application should be delayed until just as the buds are bursting; at that time the young lice are clustering on the opening buds.
“Black leaf 40” tobacco extract should be added, 34 pint to 100 gallons of lime-sulphur solution.
Summer sprays (A) As the buds begin to show pink
Lime-sulphur (32° Baume) diluted 1 to 40, for apple scab ; from 4 to 6 pounds of arsenate of lead should be added to 100 gallons of lime-sulphur, for bud moth and case-bearers.
(B) As the last of the petals are falling
Lime-sulphur (32° Baumé) diluted 1 to 40, for apple scab ; from 4 to 6 pounds of arsenate of lead should be added to too gallons of lime-sulphur, for codling moth. This is the most important spray for the control of the codling moth.
(C) Three weeks after the petals fall Lime-sulphur (32° Baumé) diluted 1 to 40, for apple scab ;
SPRAYING SCHEDULE 103
from 4 to 6 pounds of arsenate of lead should be added to 100 gallons of lime-sulphur, for codling moth.
(D) The last week in hed
Lime-sulphur (32° Baumé) diluted 1 to 40, for ape scab ; from 4 to 6 pounds of arsenate of lead should be added to too gallons of lime-sulphur for the second brood of codling moth.
SPRAYING SCHEDULE FOR PEACHES
Dormant spray.—Before the leaf buds swell
Lime-sulphur (32° Baumé) diluted 1-8, for San José scale and peach leaf curl. If San José scale is not to be com- bated, lime-sulphur (32° Baumé) diluted 1 to 15, or Bor- deaux 4—4-50, should be used.
Summer sprays
(A) About the time when the caly.xres, or shucks, are drop- ping from the young fruit (a) Self-boiled lime-sulphur 8—8-50, with arsenate of lead, 2 pounds to 50 gallons, for scab.
As this is rather early for scab and rot, the self-boiled lime-sulphur may be omitted, using merely
(b) Arsenate of lead, 2 pounds to 50 gallons of water, for curculio.
If the self-boiled lime-sulphur is omitted, milk of lime, made by slaking from 2 to 3 pounds of good stone lime, should be added to each 50 gallons of water. This will tend to counteract any caustic action of the arsenate of lead. (B) Two or three weeks later, or about one month after the
petals fall (a) Self-boiled lime-sulphur 8-8-50, for scab and brown rot. (b) Two pounds of arsenate of lead added to the pre- ceding, for curculio. (C) About one month before the fruit ripens
Self-boiled lime-sulphur 8-8—50, for brown rot. Arsenate
of lead must not be added.
REPRE ace see staret gic eres 100, 130 ANcICiant Hatiiariea sais cles = cise 108 Adalia bipunctata.......... 5 Aedes, argentetis.........5.. 159 INSTANTS) PATIXAUIS Sea 4 teers 58, 139 WNorilis smuiicolliss..... a0: 85 INS TALUS SINUATUS.. cc rece s - 58 Agromyza: simplex......... 07 Alabama argillacea......... 12 UNV delays DPESES aencesene cs clare) one 123 Alfalfa leaf-weevil......... 125 Alsophila pometaria........ 2 Alypia octomaculata........ 77 Amblyomma unipuncta..... I5I
Ampeloglypter sesostris ... 77 Amphicera bicaudatus =
Schistocerus hamatus .... 77 Anarsia) lineatella.....%.... 62 AMMASE) TSAR) Ageoeocecdoe 09 Aneylis:comptana........-. 82 Attia timbodals.:sc.+.- osx 1i2 Anopheles quadrimaculatus. 159 Anthonomus grandis....... 127 Anthonomus scutellaris..... 53 Anthonomus signatus...... 81
Anthonomus quadrigibbus. . 49
PNGTES Ee tayna ora ier ct eens 150 Aphid, apple-grain ........ 44 xoinide black see see arias svc 136 ENMCeGapWAge ceisemiere ele 04 PND MIs CHeEGY: ease aces ss 6% 67 Apinideactitirant . sacs ssc 70 Atplidereen.- os .e ees cen: AI /\inlonialeyo\er Reommeoroaicecenee 106 JANN VOeEKAGl pone doade dd ope or /Niolanal, foxere)"0) Sao ooo as un one 890 IAMMIdeKOSy APDIE™. sass. ss « 4o ANnanal, \icoollbi a doscob noses c 46 Aphis avene = Ruophalosi= phum prunifoliz ........ 40 ANDI) leISSICES G5 nonhaaoooc 04 PAIS SEOEDESI «eco cies soci 83 Aphisegossypil. asses. 100, 129 Aphis maidiradicis .... 122, 129 Apnis malin. cee Soest 4I Atphissimalutolics 2 ase. e4.66 40 Aphis persice-niger ....... 61
XPOS POM Giese. seis ciiee - ¢ 41 Aphis rufomaculata ........ 136 PAGANS arUIMCISs Ws) telss «2.30 6% 107 AMM) SEEIGES Gugagopoedneo 54 AMNNS “Gory Goagoodeoneo cnc 40 Apple bud-worm .......... 52 Appleicurcenlio zy... s. «16s 49 Apple leaf-roller .......... 49 Appleleathopper . «ces... 52 ADplemmMageOt je -cce ese nse 44 INDIE WET pacooudoond6a 6c 30 Apple seed-chalcis ......... 47 Apple tree borers .......... re
Apple weevil Archips argyrospila 49, 59, 60, a
Archips cerasivorana ...... 69 Archips obsoletana ........ 83 Archips rosaceana
are tete ine eres SA, “Go, 103%) Argas miniatus = Argas per-
CHCl ages cies RSG RIGa Recon 157, Areas: Persicus ss. esc sce. 157 Argopsylla gallinacea =
Echidnophaga gallinaceus. 157 ASiEMy, WOLGM ssc. , 118, I19 Arsenate of lead ....... ite) eA! Arsenate of calcium ...... Ps IMAM WA coooshodoned II Arsenite of lime ........... II Arsenite of copper ........ II Arsenite of zinc ......... II, 16 Asparagus beetles ........ 06, 97 Asparagus miner .......... 07 Asparagus Pests! .iie<e cise « 96 NSP HOndyliaymalkty © steele ee 127 Aspidiotus forbesi ......... 70 Aspidiotus hedere ........ 134 Aspidiotus howardi ....... 59 Aspidiotus juglans-regie.... 81 Aspidiotus ostreeformis.... 54 Aspidiotus perniciosus
Po gancn orl 25, 34, 56, 50, 81 ASpiditottse tivcel acess eel. 77 Mtasciam Chyptaumicneneeteiine 129 Aulacaspis pentagona ...... 66 INGUEKCAS ING JROES Go osoaacoac 87 Autographa brassice ...... 905 Autographa falcigera ...... 107
165
166
Autographa gamma-califor- Ta NCC: ea il, bea eecete Beas Baits, poison Barium sulphur Bean pests Bean leaf-beetle Bean weevil Bedbug Bees Beet leaf-miner Beet pests Bembecia marginata Billbugs Birch borer Birds Biting insects Blackberry pests Black death Black-leaf-4o Blastophaga Blister beetle Bilister-mite en qees. « 25, 48, Blissus leucopterus ....115, BOll=weevills pemneteiceee sds Jollworm; cottom 5.0.2... - Bollworm, pink cotton Books Boophilus annulatus Bordeaux mixture Borer, flat-headed 3orer, round-headed Bot-fly Braconids 3ronze birch-borer ....... 8, Brown-tail moth ...4, 8, 52, Bruces measuring-worm ... Bruchophagus funebris..... Bruchus chinensis Bruchus obtectts)s.. 4.2.26 Bruchus pisorum = Mylab- rus pisorum Bruchus quadrimaculatus... peels a Bucculatrix pomifoliella ... Biacdenio tite we eee Buffalo tree-hopper Bug death Bumblebees
miley) a)/e 16), @ 10! katie) e)\el.ch.e
. ©} (e) a )*e! 00976: 1e) e),01 (elle) (e1eihe)
Cabbage aphid Cabbacerbitole eaneeeonenee Cabbage looper Cabbage insects
INDEX
Cabbage root-maggot ...... 2 Cabbage worm, imported .. 94 Calandrayerananiay ta. 7c 130 Calandial onyzcew cesses 130 @alendar spraya .sse-: 162, 163 Caliroay cerasivee ase 56 Calosoma sycophanta ...... 10 Ganker=wiorms stall prey-eaae 9. 42 Canker-worm, spring ..... 8, 42 Garabidce, 2es camo 5 Carbolic acid emulsion ..19, 2: Carbon bisulphide ......... Pg) Carpet beetles te. snes 160 Carpocapsa pomonella ...36, 59 Carrot pests) saree coe 108 Carrot ruststly, ..2ose--ee 107 Wase=beargers |. .: os use serie 30 Cassida bivattata S20 eee ne OI Cassida migripes) c.s eerie 92 G@attle: lice Ais cmemun oeiae 148 Cattle pests! {ose eacee eee 146 Cattlesticke.. soccer erie 149 Tecidomyia destructor = Ma- yetiola destructor .2.. 205 114 Gelery pests) = eencehoeee 107 Cephus pygmezus .......... 119 Ceratophyllus gallinze ..... 156 Gereal ‘insects {-. 02 eeeere 114 Geresa bubalits’ 22 5ccsee ee SI Cerotoma trifiircata 25-26 106 Ceutorhynchus rapae ...... 90 Chetocnema confinis ...... go @hralicisstltes| miss | eee eee 6 Chermes aibietis a -moe eae 143 Sherry frwit-dwes: ..seaeee 68 Cherry leafminer .5.eseeee 690 Cherry leaf-roller ........- 690 Cherry louse, black ..js205 67 Cherry insects) .-.cce nee 67 Chicken bug: 22 ..4ae eee 157 Ghicken lice ox. 3....)). cee 154 Chicken mitey merc aeeeeeee 153 Chicken ‘tick ...04..0seocee 157 Chilocorus bivulnerus ...... 5
Chinch bug. ..3) 65.0) misses
@hionaspis! furtura joascsee By) Chloridia virescens ........ 113 Chrysanthemum midge 134 Chrysobothris femorata 37 Chrysops vattatts: seers I51 Cimex lectularius . 157, 161 @igar case-bearens. .. «ns 4see 39 Clothes smoths = saennseeeee 160 Clover flower-midge ..:.... 124 Cloveruhay-wormiereaaeee 126
INDEX
Clover leaf-beetle .......... 124 Cloverspestsi-c see. coos Giles Glover rootsborer -. 2.0.22. 12: Clover seed-chalcis ........ 12° Clover seed-caterpillar ..... 126 Cnemidocoptes gallinz ..... 155 Cnemidocoptes mutans .... 155 Coccus hesperidum ....... 134 @ochineal wae ee Pera 4 Cockroaches i wn. oe nies 161 Codling moth ..3, 8, 36, 59, 67 Coleophora fletcherella .... 30
Coleophora malivorella .... 39 Coleoptera en! Miaacas cose.
Colorado potato beetle .... 88 Conotrachelus crategi ..... 60 Conotrachelus nenuphar .... 52 Contact substancess)......-- 19 Contarinia johnsoni ....... 76 Contarinia pynrivora ........ 57 Gontariniaetriticimms. a 115
Control, artificial methods of Io Control, natural methods of 9
Goptocycla bicolor 5.:2...- 92 Conmspestsicnctea. seen 9, 119 Cornborer, European ...... 122 Corn? root-aphid! s...5. 0. «: 122 Cotton-boll weevil ....... @), 1} Cotton pests: ~sseesonecen.. 12 Grambmsespsi.s. os. sas. 0e. - 120 Craponius inzqualis ....... 77
Grocers! asparacis..6 osc. Crioceris duodecimpunctata. 97
Cryptorhynchus lapathi .... 140 Cucumber beetle ......... 8, 98 @ucumber pests ........... 08 GilexagpiPlENS eee sce es cs. 1590 Cireuliowapplem sa.) 24s. os. 49 (Ciincilios jollittin Ses5ceqneeeus 2 Cineresuaie Gholatish pooconeanenee 70 Currant moth-borer ....... 79 CutGranhepests. ch nccnacan 78 Currant stem-girdler ...... 78 Currant worm, imported ... 78 Cutwormsic oe 92, 93, 102, 120 Gylassformuicarimses 405... Ql Cyanidemsoditime: ss... 2. 2 Cyllene srobinie ss... 566-8 143 Cytodites nadus) si) ...25..: 156 Dasyneura leguminicola .... 124 Dasyneura rhodophaga .... 133 Dasvneutantcio line sense: 126 Dataniay uaitiStiral emer 51 Depluming scabies ........ 155
Depressaria heracliana ..... Dermanyssus galline ...... Desmia -funeralis*.......... Diabrotica longicornis ..... Diabrotica 12-punctata Diabrotica VWittata ..5.+...- Diaphania hyalinata ....... Diaphania nitidalis ........ Diarthromyia hypogzea Diaspsis bromalliz j........ Dicyphus minimus ........ Diplosis pyrivora = Contari- EN TMAMAAOED Aoneaansoeee Diplosis tritici = Contarinia idtl Clem eiyeh vars miseeterem onion Wipienaiga lr wsmers siciegh ata ras Disonycha xanthomelzena .. DD aStii oy Shs ett is eieacnoos Dysdercus suturellus .......
Eccoptogaster rugulosus = Scolytus rugulosus ...... Echidnophaga gallinaceus... Elm leaf-beetle ........... Bim Weak miner s..20<4.esce mpeeScar male foc asd.ac sen Pmpiia fragarie 5.<.0.. Emilsions of oils) ..05.+5 40. Enarmonia interstinctana .. Ennomos_ subsignarius Fmntomoloewas sees ieee oe: Ephestia kuehniella ....... Epicatitasvittata: © sa. 4eee Epilachna borealis’ .......- Epilachnaccormuptay....... - MpitrhixacucumMmenis -4...5..2 Epitnicceanmsculay .56-c4 4...
Epithic parvitla ~ :.-<)....% go, Epochra canadensis ........ Esrarimnasetiliatsia) cde, 0 eve Eriophyes pyri .......... 48,
Eriosoma lanigera ......... Eulecanium armeniacum ... Euproctis chrysorrhea ..52, Eurymus eurytheme ....... nitethioc temellay sys ea ca Euthinipsepyiil eeseee cee cee Euzophera semifuneralis ... Evergestis rimosalis ....... Bxartema, malantmi so... .<
Fall web-worm ......... 50, Fertilizers, commercial .... Biever typ Orde ens stele terete
168 INDEX
iniever avelloweee asses 159 Midian viticidamecmsaeec ceo: 72 idites Sakae) sooopuddodoaees 5 Flat-headed borer ......... 277; HCAS. ih aici ers ternier tate Glows rae 161 leas shennan sees setts 156, 157 Flea-beetles) myaaies: terriers or , 102 Elycatchersin cmt ces = a 10 HMormaldehyde saccades. «02 28 Fruit-tree bark-beetle ..... 61 Fruit-tree leaf-roller ...... 49 Fruit worms, green .a.....< 48 Fumigating substances .... 27 Gad etly ee recite crete creer 150 Galerucella luteola ........ 137 Gasolinemtorch) aaceeeecsie. 29 Gastrophilus intestinalis ... 150 Gastrophilus nasalis .2...-- 150 Gortyna immanis <a. 4.6. 109 Gossyparia:spuiiay te teres 143 Grpaimein Sects emer ace ee 130 Grape berry-moth ......... 75 Grape blossom-midge ...... 76 Granesinsects) ansseemeecece 7] Grane leat hopper ........- 7h Grape leaf-folder ......... 76 Grape phylloxera’........-. CA Grape root-worm .......... 72 Grape-vine flea-beetle ...... 73 Grasshoppers) g.ceseeo sce. Fe alates Green aphid’). .cce. cece AI Green fruit worms......... 48 Greenhouserpests je... 6 131 Gymnonychus appendiculatus 81 Gypsy-moth ....... 4, 8, 52, 142 Hematobia serrata .......- 147 Heematopinus eurysternus .. 148 Hematopinus urius ........ I5I Heematopinus vituli ........ 148 Heematosiphon inodorus ... 157 Haltica.chaly bed ssesce. +s: 73 Harrisina americana ...0... a7. Hartigia abdominalis ...... 87 a WiKis! fiers cteve versie he sttere niece 9 Heats iccoe ee nares cero 28 Heliophila unipuncta ...118, 119 Eleltothis obsoletas.. <2. ee Pee cone Ae 103, I13, 121, 128 Heliothrips hemorrhoidalis. 135 Hellebore jass.a:heeenerae Ulin iy Flelitilargtindalis) sar necser ers 96
Hemerocampa leucostigma Sikeieie de heel Gray aleveues eeesote eas 44, 138
Hemichionaspis aspidistre.. 134
iFlemiptenay caer sachs
én: flea, ‘sc eavcicy eave ae 156, 157 ElleSsiatieilivemiercieie see 3.0; aid Heterocordylus malinus .... 47 Hickory bark-borer ........ 140 Hippodamia convergens....5, 10 iggulouse: zresecemcercre te I51 Holcocera maligemmella.... 52 TONEY: ois svocches okie eee ee 4 Elopsmerchants).aceniteerier III Hop-plant*borer. . eevee 109 Hop-plant louse............ 109 Hop-vine snout-moth....... 110 Hoplocampa cookei ........ 70 lnlosaimuNe one An mood odoab aN 147 Hllorselpestsims sere ene 150 FVOSE Sacnie coat coe 33 Tf ouse=tiys tect ore aoe 158 Hiowseholdiansects: ac..cee ae 158 Hyalopterus arundinis ..... 54 Hydrocyanic acid gas ...... 27 Hylastinus obscurus ....... 123 Hylemyia antiqua ......... IOI ElymenoOpteralmerarie oneal On7, iypena uml a. eroerere 110
Hypera punctata = Phytono-
MUS Plunctata aa. ere 124 Hyphantria textor ....... 50, 130 Hypoderma lineata ........ 146 Hypsopygia costalis ....... 126 Ichneumon! flies a2 eeeeoee 6 Iinsectiparasites! emer 5 Insects, number of......... 7 Insecticides, contact ...... 18, 19 Insecticides, poison ........ II Isosoma grande <ascc..- oars 117 IiSQSOmay tiitiCl we saeie cree 117 Ttchsssheep: 206 ¢.0sas 00a 144 Janus integer. 2.00 os seeRe 78 Kaliosysphinga ulmi ....... 1377, Kerosene emulsion ........ 22 Wachnosterna Sps) seeceeante Sr ladybird beetles\.s..eeekeer 5 Laneturia mozardiiesseseeeree 126 Sante rms, cy<)sises.s one eee 29 Daphyema exigtiay. ...ceneee 105 Laphygma frugiperda ...... 1723 Lasioderma serricorne ..... 113 Laspeyresia molesta........ 65
INDEX 169
Laws, insecticide and quar-
ANNES aeeanie we aeroueae 33 Weat-bue) 4-lined 2a. cn. ce 80 Beat-crtimplensec..-c eee 52 eathoppers? scree «asc eis 8 WGeatonollerme ameter sce 49, 52 Leaf-roller, oblique-banded. 133 Leaf-tier, greenhouse ...... 131 Eecaniumi Cornniy. «cs. esesss. 53 Lecanium nigrofasciatum... 63 Wepidopteray sce ssc se cise 7 Lepidosaphes ulmi ......... 45 Leptinotarsa 1o-lineata ..... 88 Leucania unipuncta — Helio-
phila unipuncta ....118, I19 Bice MCattlemiesaecrsee oe ers ne 148 IDeeS OMIA Gomoguabooaaut 154 Ligyrus gibbosus .......... 108 Lime=sulphur.......... 19, 23, 25 Lime-tree span-worm....... 52 Windenemothie- sees ce ee = I4I Linognathus, watulis.... 0. 148 iterate: ciacimcet secs oe o's 6 Bondonm purples > scsels tke Wis 7) ossessby, imSectSaa..-->+- - 22 Loxostege sticticalis ....... 105 yciarcogmataria, 2... sco. 81 eycrdeatmendax c.cces + 47 Sy Sus) COMMUNISS ¢2.)se areca 50 Eyeusipratensis) -=..5..-- 64, 108 Lyperosia irritans — Hema- LODIAMSELLAtAN series esis.) «re 147
Macrodactylus subspinosus. 73 Macrosiphum! pisi 3........ I (Macrosiphum rose......... 136 Macrosiphum sanborni..... 136 Macrosiphum solanifolii ... 80 Magdalis znescens ........ 52 Malacosoma americana ...43, 66 Malacosoma disstria ....43, 144 INieatstan ac terstiaa acre leoneys ete 3 IMeimestrattitolitit sti scm + 105 Mayetiola destructor = Ceci- domyia destructor........ 114 MIGEILZUIDEE Ss oo he a eoom eaeeor 134 Melanoplusmatlanise: «oc. + 118 Melanoplus bivittatus ...... 118 Melanoplus differentialis.... 118 Melanoplus femur-rubrum.. 118 Melittia satyriniformis...... 99 INTelOne PESTS oats se eke 99 Miclon louse pjactnececssee-t 100 Melophagus ovinus ........ 145
Menopon pallidum ......... 154
Meromyza americana ...... 116 Mietallltts ttibiltn. seein oe ees 87 Mineola indigenella ........ 52 INTSCiblerOilSy siersiciueie cree! siete ee 22 Monophadnus rubi......... 84 INI@SItOEST. cra ewe eve @ eter 35) 50 IMIG, Akels aXeS) Baciho sadn s 160 Miascancdlomlesticar....... 158 Murgantia histrionica ...... 95 Mylabrus (Bruchus) piso- TUTMbyeats eaten erste tae 105, 130 MAZES GORI Gesonandeaoueo 67 Miyztts mahaleb: ..... 0:4... 54 Myzus persice ...... 63, 104, 136 iIMiicabS Tal Good ooueedes ooo 79 Miyzusirosanum......+----- 130 Nectarophora avene ....... 119 Nepticula slingerlandella ... 54 Neurotoma inconspicua..... 54 Novitisycardinalis) ia...) 10 INozzlesm aa tisie.s secvese teres 2 INiuthatches® sence scetecs == 10 Oberea bimaculata ......... 83 Oecanthus nigricornis ....77, 84 (OlEnIHONAS dea uoomusboceoc ‘144 OnISWER eRe OOO OR 19, 21 Oniontimaccotee . ac sseeer IOI Onionp thrips se. -ee eee se IOI Oniolesies a ssi nens Ghinecere eset 10 Onthopteravaeode acess. 5 5< 7 Otiorhynchus ovatus ....... 83 ila cee ee toneys yaretorcherns Scorer 9
Ox-warble Oxyptilus periscelidactylus.. 77 Oyster-shell bark-louse..... 45
Pachymerus chinensis ...... 107 Pachymerus quadrimaculatus 107 Pachynematus extensicornis I19
iPaleacritalvernataescse- 2 Palimer=wiorm tere a. oe ae SI Pamphilius persicus........ 66 Rapaipema mitela) .-.essce- 12 Papilio polyxenes ...... 107, 108 Paracalocoris hawleyi ...... II iParacrene) we ecics sector II Paralucilia macellaria = Compsomyia macellaria .. 151 ParasiticimSects: aaneea. aa: CTO Parise S Peni «oie. ajerersecs TL, L213 IPENASTb ON EUS agoooudoasoges 108 Reagaphidaemeccce sere ree 106 A Peaa Weevil laa ciawe settee, sie Q, 105
170 INDEX
Peachvaphids black 4-22. 61 Peach aphid, eneen 525... .- 63 Peach inisectst sae. ser se 59 Peach lecanitimp jase. ees 63 Peach moth, oriental....... 65 Peach-tree bark-beetle...... 62 Peach=tree-bonen en eece oe 8, 60 Peach twig-borer. si. ..0. «- - 62 Pear blight beetle.......... 50 Pear borer, sintiates a... ..-.. 58 PEA NSCS! © crteree.s te sees 54 Pear-leaf blister-mite..... 48, 54 Rearamid ene seme setae 57 eater Sivallatiac erences 55 ears tigeteisai.caerteisioncerer os 56 Rear Ghripsyc es wremyevsls cys 58 Pectinophora gossypiella.... 128 Pegomya hyoscyami ....... 103 Pemphigus bete .........<- 105 Phlegethontius quinquemac- wlata: 2 coo smeen eects. 102 Phlegethontius sexta ....... 112 Phlceotribus liminaris ...... 62 Phorbial brassices ae. ssn 2 2 Phorbia fusiceps sac... . 107, 123 Phorbiay cubiviora: cose eee 85 Phorodon’ humilis. ca. ee 109 Phthorimza operculella ..90, 112
Phyleteenia ferrugalis...108, 131
Phyllophaga ....-a.40.-8, 120 Phylloxera vastatrix. .-..... Tal Phytonomus posticus ...... 125 Pistol case-bearer <j ae... 30 Phytonomus nigrirostris.... 12
Plagionotus speciosus...... 143 Plodia interpunctella ...... 130 Plum curculion a... 690) Sls 52105 IPAKeoan: RORY Gacdoouasoon aS 53 Zidane Go ooo ou aaoo Ks 52 iRicmmpscalemeemencecace ees ae 53 Plutella maculipennis ...... 06 Peecilocapsus lineatus ..... 8a IROISONS EA EA aocenctiene eo II Polychrosis viteana ....... 75 Polygonia comma ......... III Polygonia interrogationis... III Rontia protodicer. rcs e sr 06 iRPontia rape Wer omcek cece O4 Roplariboren creer eacnes *, 140 Porthetria dispar Sse": 2, 142 ROtato capil se erseryeirers 890 Potato flea-beetle........... 88 Potato imsects J22¢ esac. eee 88 Potato stalk-borere. s.e.a-2% 90
Poultiqye pests)... actemieleaeroe 153
Predaceous insects ......... 10 Proctotrypid=ties: -2 2 ..-)er 6 Protenusa collanis 2.40200 69 Pseudanthonomus crategi.. 52 Pseudococcus adonidum .... 134 Pseudococcus' citni, . a. sacs 134 Pseudococcus trifolii ...... 127 sila srOSsde’. a. .cieescson rere 107 Psoroptes communis ....... 144 Psyilal pyricolay....sessee ose 55 Psylliodes punctulata ...... III Pteronus, ribesit 4. oe s-eme 78 Pterophorus monodactylus.. 92 Pulmonary; mite sss aes 156 gilyanarianvitiSieces oes 77 WAR Pimps Ses one woah meee 32 Pyrausta mubilalisaseeeeer 122 IEMARSW abe bLINl joa godgooaoooc 18, 19 Quince curcuhion..... eee 66 Rachela\ bruceataly.. ose eee 52 Raspberry cane-borer ..... 8, 83 Raspberry cane-maggot..... 85 Paspberry root-borer ...... 86 Raspberry saw-fly ......... 84 Redbugs, apple’ i tescsecesc 47 Redbug; hop \s.2. s.r Ill Red-humped apple-worm... 50 Red-necked cane-borer .... 85 Red spider...... 87, ‘I1l, 120,135 Repellants for stock........ ISI Rhagoletis cingulata ....... 68 Rhasoletis) fatista’ -ecaeeeee 68 Rhagoletis ribicola ......... 81 Rhagoletis pomonella ...... 44 Rhopalosiphum persice..... 130 Phopalosiphum prunifoliz .. 40 Rhopalosiphum viola ...... 136 Ribbed cocoon-maker ...... 45 Rose chater: 4.2.2.5 cee 73 Rose midge” 2.26 e ener 133 Round-headed borer ...... 37
San José scale
Aaa e se 3. 4, 25450, SOmmaO Sanninoidea exitiosa 60 Saperda candida Saperda tridentata s.4s5ssemles Saissetia hemispherica .... 134 Scab, sheep Scale insects, greenhouse... 134
Scalysleo oceanic «nye ce peer 155 Schistocerus hamatus = Am- phicerus bicaudatus....... Wf
INDEX 171
Schizuraryconcimna in ae. 50 Scolytus quadrispinosus.... 140 Scolytus rugulosus = Eccop- togaster rugulosus ....... 61 Security, bark-louse. ..a2s. ec 57 Semasia\ nigricana <....<.. < 107 Sesia) rutilans) poacscs sea 83 Sesta tipulttormis!. cece cio 79 Shade-tree pests ........... 137 Sheepnlousessanice satis oa 146 Sheep: pests! ai.31.0 «dete otoe ove 144 SHEE pe ticks saceniee recta iia 145 SINS Goacomadsone BPS eeh a aves 4 Shot=hole borer... 2.560... 8 SHE oINS Saonocooes oc eed 4 Silvanus surinamensis...... 130 Simulium meridionale...... I5I Simulium pecuarum ....... I51 Sitones flavescens ......... 127 Sitones hispidulus ......... 127 Sitotroga cerealella ........ 130 Slus=shots seyanicicevelae cievsisieres 16 SOAPS mtrsyecisters misistemee es 19, 20 Sodiumisulphur’ Go... .. 0-00 26 Solublesulphur {2226.2 4s 6 26 Sphenophorus callosus 120 Sphenophorus zqualis ..... 121 Sphenophorus parvulus .... 121 Spinach flea-beetle......... . 104 Spinach Pests ws ssi eases ais ss Spraying, history of........ Spraying schedules...... 162, 163 SreehyeSuleloitie Goose anacoddor 26 Slash bite: jcc wen 6 99 Squash-vine borer.......... 99 Stesomyial fasciata....c.... 159 Stock, repellants for........ I5I Stomoxys) calcitrans! ....... I51 Stored grain pests.......... 130 Strawberry insects ........ 81 Strawberry leaf-roller...... 82 Strawberry weevil ......... 82 Stuckines insects) occies.c 0 SLs) Sulphur, soluble ..... Saacleters 26 Swill OwStcleeeasiciiecie slosess 10 Sweet potato flea-beetle ... 90 Synanthedon picipes ....... 66 Syntomaspis druparum..... 47 Syipiideer creo cose sete eare 5 \ Mabantaseatratasn se ciele cee 150 Atala ool anguoae odesor ISI aarchumd asm eave ecieie sorters ern 6 RANSICTOOLU Ree Roe ere 29
Tarnished plant-bug ....... 64 Tarnished plant-bug, false.. 50 Pent) caterpillars... 5s... 6«: 8 43 Tetranychus telarius.......
SCAG SERRE 87, 1a0,) 129), 165 ahrigs tabael «os... sees oe IOI Thrips, greenhouse ........ 135 Thyridopteryx ephemerfor-
TIM Sons. ar a ceeieeroaiait a oe ec 143 MRD tlie sas ee aia chee woe II9 Tischeria malifoliella ...... 49 MIMICS Ae cise s,s Se Se oo kee 10 Tmetocera ocellana ......... 38 Tobacco flea-beetle ........ Ti2 Tobacco pests............. 8, 112 MODAGEO) eins. 6.6 avantasoxce 19 Mobacco, paper .: s02+<0s. - 28 omarocpests: 2s) jacscscs 8, 102 Morch, gasoline. ......<..e. 20 Rewer ee! 33 Toxoptera graminum ...... 119 Wrap lanterns ......2....se¢: 29 Tree-cricket, striped ....... 84 Ds st3) (51.00 Ieee Pao 30 Mremex Columba. .<.....-.: 143 Trialeurodes vaporariorum. 132 Trichobaris trinotata ...... a Trichodectes scalaris ...... Trichodectes spherocephalus ve Mritoxaflexa: <0 4 eas dus oss: 102 Trumpet leaf-miner ........ 49 Mussock moths. Siiosec ve. 44, 138 Awig) eirdler.. sce) sees oc 8 Tyloderma fragariz ....... 83 Typhlocyba comes ......... 74 filing 81670) 70 UND cae ne Re ee 2 Typophorus canellus ....... 83 WAKEOS Seo: tata cce ssa tide ae 10 Warblers eias as tiesneleeo 03 10 NVI estates om rorters, “cis cats Soca 4 Webworm sod .......- Shewh 120 Wiheat InSeCtS. 2). ss «6 ci «ste 114 Wheat joint-worm....... 117 Wheat inidee, 25.6456 560 oe sec II5 Wheat-stem maggot ....... 116 Wheat straw-worm......... 117 Wlniftes five Jains ctompatnattece alee 132 ‘White grubs .......... 9, 81, 120 Wallow=boner celsius es etn: 140 Wire worms)... o.22. Op 11Oy 1nO Wroodpeckets) 2465.0 se sie os 10 Wioolly-aphidtassseaces cece 46 Wifi sr IGh aaa apy AS See aaa ae 10
172 INDEX
Xyleborus dispar ....... --» 59 Yellow-necked caterpillars... Xylina antennata ..... ..--48, 50 Ypsolophus ligulellus ...... Xylina, laticinerea. <..cs0<0. 48
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