The Insects of Virginia: No. 4

SHIELD BUGS

(Hemiptera; Scutelleroidea : Scutelleridae, Corimelaenidae,

Cydnidae, Pentatomidae)

by

Richard L. Hoffman

Biology Department
Radford College
Radfordf Va. 24141

RESEARCH DIVISION BULLETIN 67

VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE
AND STATE UNIVERSITY

CONTENTS

Abstract ^

Introduction 1

Sources of Material — 2

Acknowledgments 2

Taxonomic Arrangement 2

Relative Diversity of Virginia Scutelleroids - 2

Extent of Local Collecting 4

Distribution of Species Within the State 6

Superfamily Scutelleroidea 7

Key to Virginia Families of Scutelleroidea 9

Family Scutelleridae 9

Family Corimelaenidae

Family Cydnidae 19

Family Pentatomidae — 24

Literature Cited

60

ABSTRACT

HOFFMAN, RICHARD L. (Radford College, Radford, Va.). Shield
Bugs (Hemiptera: Scutelleroidea : Scutelleridae, Corimelaenidae, Cydnidae,
Pentatomidae) , in The Insects of Virginia, No. 4, Va. Polyt. Inst. & State
U., Res. Bull., No. 67, 61 p., 1971 — 79 species of shield bugs are listed for
Virginia on the basis of specimens personally examined and a few literature rec-
ords, as well as a number of species considered as of probable occurrence in
the state. Distribution within the state is given by county records for common
forms and in detail for the scarcer species, along with notes on seasonal occur-
rence, feeding habits, and other biological data. Keys are given for all taxo-
nomic groups, and illustrations of various structural features are provided. An
introductory section treats the major distributional patterns within Virginia,
and spot maps provided for representative species. Several species are recorded
for the first time as members of the Virginia fauna, including three {Galgupha
loboprosthesia, Acantholo?nidea denticulata, and Rhytidolomia belfrage'i) previ-
ously known only from central United States. Euschistus luridus is tentatively
regarded as a species separate from E, tristignius; the latter represented in Vir-
ginia by two nominal subspecies, E. t. tristignius and E, t. pyrrocerus. It is sug-
gested that Mineus Stal, 1867, be considered a synonym of Perillus Stal, 1862,
with M. strigipes thus becoming Perillus strigipes, new combination. In gen-
eral, the scutelleroid fauna of Virginia compares very favorably in size and
diversity with that of other states which have been fairly well studied.

V

THE INSECTS OF VIRGINIA: NO. 4

Shield Bugs

( Hemiptera : Scutelleroidea : Scutelleridae, Corimelaenidae, Cydnidae, Pentato-
midae)

Richard L. Hoffman

INTRODUCTION

The order Hemiptera contains some of the best-known, as well as econom-
ically important, of the hemimetabolous insects. Many are major agricultural
pests, some are injurious to man either directly through their bites or through
their role as vectors of microorganisms, while many others are highly beneficial
to man’s interest by being predators upon a variety of other insects whose way
of life is in conflict with our own.

The true bugs have been classified by different authorities as a distinct
order (called either Hemiptera, Heteroptera, or Rhynchota) or as a suborder
equivalent to the Homoptera — sl group which contains such forms as cicadas,
leafhoppers, aphids, and coccids. But regardless of their relative standing in
the hierachy of classification, the true bugs comprise a fairly homogeneous and
easily recognized category of insects distributed among 40 to 50 families.

Many of these families may be aligned into larger categories on the basis
of structural similarities, and often it is convenient to treat such superfami-
lies, or suborders, in a collective sense. The present initial account of Virginian
Hemiptera is devoted to the so-called scutelleroid or pentatomoid forms, an
aggregation of species here distributed among four families. Subsequent fas-
cicles may cover similar conglomerate units or single families, depending upon
their size or availability of material, and probably no attempt will be made
to follow any particular phylogenetic sequence.

In accord with the stated rationale of this series of papers on insects, pri-
mary emphasis is placed upon the currently known facts of distribution of
species within Virginia. For the benefit of persons not having access to the
basic manual on eastern Hemiptera (Blatchley, 1926), keys to families, genera,
and species are provided ; but it is nonetheless felt that the following treat-
ment will be of greatest use and interest to entomologists (and particularly
hemipterologists) curious to learn something about the geographic and seasonal
occurrence of particular species within this political region. In this connection,
the occasion is taken to provide additional remarks pertinent to the taxonomy
and biology of the included forms.

Finally, it is to be hoped that resident amateur or professional biologists
might be challenged to commence the collection and study of the Hemiptera

( 1 )

of their localities, as a means of augmenting both the available study material
and present knowledge of distributional patterns. Such a show of interest might
well provide the incentive for eventual preparation of a formal treatment of
the Virginia Hemiptera, with diagnoses and illustrations, toward which the pres-
ent account must be considered an initial overture.

Sources of Material

The largest single collection of Virginia hemipterons is that of the Depart-
ment of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
(VPI), with which I have been informally associated since 1950. The VPI
collection contains at present, 57 of the 79 species covered in this fascicle.
Virtually as extensive, and wnth a number of species not therein contained, is
the collection of the United States National Museum, consulted over a period
of many years through the courtesy of Drs. Reece 1. Sailer and Richard C.
Froeschner. This source contains 65 of our 79 species of scutelleroids. Lastly,
records have been obtained from two smaller, but locally useful collections :
the one of Radford College, the other that housed at the Virginia Truck Ex-
periment Station at Norfolk. This latter accumulation was built up over a
long period of time by Dr. L. D. Anderson and contains many rare and
unusual species, some not contained in the other collections consulted. Litera-
ture records have been utilized, unless later revisions have cast doubt upon
recorded identifications. All published records are accounted in a separate cate-
gory from those based upon museum material.

My personal interest in Hemiptera originated in an undergraduate entomol-
ogy course taken at the University of Virginia in 1948, and gained impetus
during the early 1950’s because of the opportunity to work on the VPI col-
lection. Field work of quite varied intensity has been continued to the pres-
ent in many parts of Virginia, but especially in the central-western and south-
western parts of the state. Nearly 200 species were obtained around Clifton
Forge during the years 1950-1954, with less intensive collections being made
at Grottoes, Rockingham County, in extreme southeastern Virginia and in the
vicinity of Blacksburg and Radford. I have personally collected 45 of the 79
scutelleroid species covered in the following account.

Acknowledgments

It is a pleasure to mention here the names of several colleagues whose coop-
eration and interest enhanced an already pleasant undertaking. Dr, Douglas
E. Greenwood permitted access to the insect collection of the Virginia Truck
Experiment Station at Norfolk (cited hereafter as VTX) which provided a
number of excellent records; Dr. Reece I. Sailer determined a large number
of specimens during the early phases of my collecting and made available the
extensive material of the U.S. National Museum (USNM) ; and Dr. Richard

( 2 )

C, Froeschner (whose own papers on the Hemiptera of Missouri served as the
initial stimulus for this one) who has most generously provided determina-
tions, literature, miscellaneous information, and encouragement. Dr. Froesch-
ner has likewise been so kind as to read the manuscript and save its author
the embarrassment of various errors of omission and commission.

Two of my technicians at Radford College, Linda Knight and Gloria Worf,
greatly accelerated completion of the project by preparing all the drawings
and maps ; and Miss Knight typed the final draft from my original rough
copy.

Taxonomic Arrangement

The basic sequence of taxa adopted here is that of Blatchley’s outstanding
manual on eastern United States Hemiptera (1926), from which many of
the keys to genera and species have been taken with little or no modification.
Relatively little revision of the scutelleroid forms has subsequently been pub-
lished, aside from the monograph on corimelaenids by McAtee and Malloch
(1933) and that on cydnids by Froeschner (1960). Various small emenda-
tions and changes have occurred during the past four decades; and hopefully,
most, if not all, of these have been incorporated — thanks to the kind help of
several colleagues. As considerable disputation still attends the higher classifica-
tion of scutelleroids, I here follow Blatchley’s rather liberal system — with only
one small departure, as discussed in a later section.

Relative Diversity of Virginia Scutelleroids

It is always a matter of interest to compare the extent of a local fauna with
its representation in other comparable areas. Such comparisons, however, must
be taken with some reservation because of the relative thoroughness, in par-
ticular, with which collecting has been carried on. A number of Eastern States
have been surveyed as regards all or part of their hemipterous fauna; and by
using such published data, we can derive a table which shows in a general way
the approximate representation of the various scutelleroid groups.

Numerically the 79 species actually on record for Virginia falls somewhat
short of a total of about 90 to be expected on the basis of known geographic
distributions. But since many hemipterons are known to have wide although
sporadic ranges (e.g., the recent discovery of the midwestern forms Galgupha
loboprosthesia and Rhytidolomia belfragei in Virginia), it is not inconceivable
that our list may go as high as 100 or more. In the following accounts any
taxa known to occur within 100 miles of the boundaries of Virginia are in-
cluded (without number, but marked with an asterisk, *) on the assumption
that they will eventually be found here — a sort of challenge to local collectors.

( 3 )

Pentatomidae

State Scutelleridae

Cydnidae

Corim elaenidae

(incl. Podopidae)

Total

Florida

9

14

5

67

95

(Blatchley, 1926)
North Carolina

8

10

1

54

79

(Brimley, 1938)
Virginia

7

11

10

51

79

(this paper)
New York

6

8

7

49

70

(Leonard, 1928)
Missouri

3

6

10

44

63

(Froeschner, 1941)
Indiana

4

9

8

44

65

(Blatchley, 1926)

Extent of Local Collecting

It is a well-known platitude that, in the present state of our knowledge of
insects, currently available records often reflect the distribution of collectors
rather than of species. A glance at the relative intensity of collecting in Vir-
ginia as regards the scutelleroid forms covered in this fascicle might be of inter-
rest.

The part of the state most thoroughly collected is the immediate vicinity
of Blacksburg — taking in Montgomery, Pulaski, Giles, and Floyd counties
which has been subjected to investigation for the past 50 years, chiefly by stu-
dents and staff at VPI and, more recently, by similar groups at Radford Col-
lege. At the present time, this region claims no less than 47 of the 79 scutel-
leroids known from Virginia,

Several generations of diligent federal entomologists have run up a total of
40 species for the adjoining counties of Arlington and Fairfax. Some of these
species are unknown elsewhere in the state so far.

Other regions boasting fair samples of the scutelleroid fauna are the extreme
southeast (Nansemond County and the three cities of Chesapeake, Norfolk,
and Virginia Beach) with 35 species; the adjoining west Piedmont counties
of Albemarle and Nelson with 36; and the vicinity of Clifton Forge (Alleghany
and Bath counties) with 33. The last figure, incidentally, was run up in only
three collecting seasons, indicating the relative ease with which these bugs may
be obtained. No other counties or combination of adjacent counties can muster
as many as 20 species, although the regions of Roanoke and Richmond come
fairly close. The accompanying map (Figure 1) summarizes the foregoing data.
Obviously, the extreme southwestern counties will provide the most significant
contributions to our knowledge of Virginia Hemiptera (and of insects gen-
erally). .

( 4 )

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Distribution of Species Within the State

The thoroughness with which collecting has been done for pentatomoids in
Virginia, outlined in the preceding section, is extremely variable and renders
generalizations about distributional patterns a little risky. Some common forms
appear to be essentially statewide and are abundantly represented in the mate-
rial examined. For all too many, how'ever, local records are very scanty, and
perhaps years will pass before we know much about local distributions. But
a few observations may be of interest at this point.

Under the heading of “statewide’’ may be listed all those forms which are
not only widespread on the basis of a spot map, but which likewise enjoy an
extensive vertical range, such as from sea level to above 4,000 feet. In this
category may be listed Mormidea lugens, Acrosternuni hilare, Banasa dimidiata,
Corimelaena lateralis, C. pulicaria, Galgupha carinata, and Podisus maculi-
ventris, to mention a few.

A second grouping may be compiled of species which, although essentially
statewide, have so far not been found at very high elevations, and whose
distribution corresponds generally to the “Carolinian” biotic region of my 1969
paper. The most conspicuous members of this ensemble would be Pangaeus
bilineatus, Amnestus basidentatus, Brochymena arborea, B. carolinensis , B. quad-
ripustulata, Peribalus limbolarius, Thyanta calceata, T. pallidovirens, Hymen-
arcys nervosa, Murgantia histrionica, and Stiretrus anchorage fimbriatus. These
are all widespread in eastern United States.

A number of taxa may now be distinguished on the basis of their essential
boreal or austral affinities which, in Virginia, correspondingly favor one or
the other of these major regions:

(a) Species of generally northern distribution which follow the Appalachians
southward and which, in Virginia, appear to occur exclusively west of the Blue
Ridge. These include Homaemus aenifrons, Euschistus luridus, Podisus modestus,
Apateticus cynicus, Perillus bioculatus, and Elasmucha lateralis.

(b) Species of northern affinities which extend southward through Virginia
and beyond, but occur on the Piedmont as well as in the mountains. Usually
they are most abundant west of the Blue Ridge, and Piedmont records are
at best sporadic. Homaemus parvulus, Euschistus variolarius (Figure 11), E.
politus, Hymenarcys aequalis, Dendrocoris htimeralis, Coenus delius, Menecles
insertus, and Cosmopepla bimaculata are good representatives.

The various subgroups with obvious austral distributional patterns are as
follows :

(c) Several species which extend northward along the coast and probably
occupy the entire Virginia coastal plain, with sporadic inland records for the
Piedmont, such as Stethaulax marmoratus, Gyrtomenus ciliatus, Proxys punctu-
latus (Figure 10), and Perillus strigipes (Figure 13).

( 6 )

(d) Lastly, those species which are truly austral in the traditional sense of
the word, largely confined to the Coastal Plain and often with close neotropi-
cal affinities; in Virginia they are known to occur only in the extreme south-
east in the vicinity of Norfolk; Camirus porosuSj Oncozygia clavicornis, Gal-
gupha denudaiUj Microporus obliquus, Brochymena punctata, and Euthyrhyn-
chus floridanus. Some find their northernmost limits here.

Two final categories can be recognized:

(e) Maritime species restricted to the Atlantic Coast between New Jersey
and Florida. Edessa bifida, E. florida, Rhytidolomia senilis and R, saucia belong
here, as does Podisus fretus, although this species occurs likewise at the Great
Lakes region in a pattern common to many species of flowering plants.

(f) Unaccountable distributions, chiefly of forms common to the interior
of North America, which have turned up at single localities in Virginia. Most
of these must eventually be confirmed by additional collections in the state:
Acantholomidea denticulata, Galgupha hboprosthesia, Rhytidolomia belfragei,
and perhaps Allopodops mississippiensis are notable examples. The Virginia sta-
tions for these forms are removed by hundreds of miles from the “normal”
range of the species.

Obviously, plenty of refinement remains to be accomplished when it is re-
called that less than half of our scutelleroids are known from enough localities
to warrant inclusion in the foregoing tabulation.

SUPERFAMILY SCUTELLEROIDEA

Hemiptera characterized by the occurrence of five antennomeres (except in
a few species of cydnids and corimelaenids) ; moderate to very large sized scutel-
lum which in some cases largely covers the entire dorsal side of abdomen ;
membrane of front wing usually with numerous veins ; tarsi normally with
three segments ; head usually compact, seated closely against prothorax, ocelli
present, beak with four segments. Body form generally compact and broad-
ened, often nearly as wide as long, although elongated species occasionally
occur (Fig. 2).

The bugs referable to this category of families are often collectively referred
to as “pentatomoids” in allusion to the normally five-segmented antennae. The
great majority of them are semiarboreal plant-feeders, although some groups
have become terrestrial or fossorial, and a few are predators upon other insects.
Many of them are large and brilliantly colored, and comprise an important
element in our Insect fauna.

The classification of the superfamily remains in an unsettled condition,
and a variety of arrangements is available. Some specialists recognize as many
as five families, others reduce the number by making various combinations of
the major segregates; uniting the cydnids and corimelaenids, or the podopids
and pentatomids, or even all four of the preceding. Until there is some sem-

( 7 )

Figure 2.
acters

Dorsal aspect of a pentatomid bug {Thyanta palUdovtrens) , showing char
utilized in classification (see also Figures 7-9),

( 8 )

blence of unanimity among hemipterologists, the best course for a state list
appears to be adherence to an existing and comprehensive standard — in this
case the monumental “Heteroptera of True Bugs of Eastern North America
by Willis S. Blatchley (1926), still available in many libraries and still widely
used by more professional hemipterologists than care to admit it.

A single departure from Blatchley’s classification is the subordination of
the family Podopidac to the rank of subfamily within the Pentatomidae.

Using virtually the same characters as did Blatchley, we get the following
brief key for recognition of the four Virginia families:

Key to Virginia families of Scutelleroidea

1. Scutellum very large, normally covering entire dorsal surface of

abdomen; in one genus {Eurygaster) exposin gbase of elytra

but fully as long as abdomen medially - 2

— Scutellum smaller, normally subtriangular in outline and broadly

exposing bases of wings, in one genus (Stiretrus) broader and
U-shaped, but not extending beyond middle of abdomen medially 3

2. Color basically shiny black; tibiae with two or more rows of stout

black spines; chiefly terrestrial and fossorial species

Corimelaenidae (p. 13)

— Color variegated browns and grays, never uniformly black; tibiae

without stout spines; chiefly arboreal species Scutelleridae (p. 9)

3. Tibiae with two or more rows of stout black spines; the front

legs with one or more segments broadened or otherwise modi-
fied for digging; small, black or dark brown species, rarely
over 7 mm in length Cydnidae (p. 19)

— Tibiae without rows of spines, the front legs not modified for

digging; moderate to larger species, rarely less than 7 mm in
length, often brightly colored and variegated Pentatomidae (p. 24)

Family Scutelleridae

A small group of basically tropical or subtropical bugs, apparently all phy-
tophagous. The species occurring in Virginia seem to be nowhere abundant
and the commonest form is recorded only from six counties.

Key to the Virginia Genera of Scutelleridae

1. Scutellum narrow and oblong, not covering any portion of costal

border of elytra Eurygaster (p. 13)

— - Scutellum broadly oval, covering at least the apical third of costal

border of elytra - 2

2. Pronotum with a distinct submedian transverse groove 3

— Pronotum without such a groove 4

3. Side margins of head and pronotum entire, smooth Camirus (p. 12)

( 9 )

— - Side margins of head and pronotum finely and irregularly den-
ticulate Acantholomidea (p. 12)

4. Osteolar opening extended dorsally on a broad flattened ridge 5

- — - Osteolar opening not prolonged or extended dorsally — 6

5. Second joint of antennae shorter than third ; dorsal extension of

osteolar opening flattened against metapleural surface

Homaernus (p. 12)

— - Second joint of antennae equal to or longer than third ; osteolar

canal distinctly elevated above level of metapleuron-.--iS^^/^< 2 ///«v (p. 10)

6. Head longer than broad, rounded in front; length more than 12

mm Tetyra (p. 10)

— • Head smaller, triangular; length less than 10 mm * Diolcus p. 10)

Genus Tetyra Fabricius

A group of large scutellerids of chiefly tropical affinities, one species of
which is fairly widespread in eastern United States but apparently nowhere
particularly abundant.

1. Tetyra bipunctata (Herrich-Schaeffer) . A species of clearly austral
distribution, extending from the vicinity of Long Island south through Florida,
thence west into Mexico and northward in the Mississippi basin to Indiana.
Despite the large size of bipunctata, it has been seen only from six Virginia
counties, all in the Piedmont region (Figure 3) : Albemarle, Amherst, Bed-
ford, Fairfax, Nelson, and Pittsylvania; April-July. Blatchley (1926: 39) re-
corded it from Vienna, Fairfax Co., and suggested that the species is partial
to pine.

^Genus Diolcus Mayr

Medium-sized species similar to those of Tetyra] one confined to Florida
and a second somewhat more widespread in the southeast, as well as others
in the western part of the country.

* Diolcus chrysorrhoeus (Fabricius). Recorded by Brimley (1938: 60) from
Cape Hatteras, N. C., and thus very likely to be discovered in extreme south-
eastern Virginia. According to Blatchley it is to be found in the foliage of
shrubs and trees around the borders of wet hammocks, and hibernates in bunches
of Spanish moss.

Genus Stethaulax Bergroth

Small, and apparently scarce, species that occur in eastern United States,
with a distribution ranging from New Jersey to Florida, northward to Illinois.
The modification of the osteolar canal, which runs dorsally up the metapleuron
as a flattened, elevated ridge, is a good recognition character. A similar ridge
occurs in Homaernus; but is virtually flattened there onto the metapleural
surface.

( 10 )

( 11 )

Figure 3. Distribution of Tetyra bipunctata in Virginia. All of the known records are
restricted to the Piedmont physiographic province.

2. Stethaulax marmoratus (Say). So far seen from only two Virginia
localities: Hood’s Nursery, Richmond, and Midlothian, Chesterfield Co., eleven
specimens in the VPI collection taken by G. W. Underhill. All are dated in
July of several different years; several cases of double pinned specimens (pre-
sumably indicating mated pairs) occur. Pin data for two specimens read On
dogwood” and ‘‘On elderberry”.

Genus Homaemus Dallas

Three species of this genus occur in eastern United States, two of them in
Virginia. The favored habitat appears to be low shrubs and grasses in low
damp areas. The local forms can be easily distinguished by size alone, aenei-
frons being 7-9 mm in length, parvulus 4-6 mm. There is also difference in
coloration, as aeneifrons tends to be brown with indistinct darker markings,
parvulus nearly uniform gray with definite black lines on the scutellum.

3. Homaemus aeneifrons (Say). A widespread, basically northern species,
ranging across the continent and south into Adexico along the Rockies. In the
east, Blatchley had no records from south of Maryland, but Brimley later
recorded specimens from western North Carolina. In Virginia, the species is
confined to the mountainous regions, specimens being seen from Alleghany,
Dickenson, Giles, APontgomery, and Tazewell counties, as well as Shenandoah
National Park. Collection dates range from mid-June to late September.

4. Homaemus parvulus (Germar). A small southern counterpart of the
preceding, and regarded by Blatchley as the most common scutellerid in Florida.
Northward more scarce and not previously recorded from Virginia, but our
material all comes from the western part of the state instead of the south-
east as might be expected. Seen from Alleghany, Fairfax, Montgomery, Nel-
son, and AVythe counties. May- July.

Genus Camirus Stal

A small genus with several species in western United States and Mexico,
one extending eastward to Florida and Virginia along the coast.

5. Camirus porosus (Germar). Originally described from California, this
small species was later recorded from Florida by Barber and Blatchley, and
from North Carolina by Brimley (1938: 60). Its inclusion in Virginia rests
upon a single record for Virginia Beach, where specimens (determined by H.
G. Barber) were found in high tide drift on October 18, 1932 (Jones, 1935).
It should, however, be widespread in southeastern Virginia.

Genus Acantholomidea Sailer

A, so far, monotypic genus previously considered confined to central United
States. Stal’s original name Acantholoma being preoccupied, Dr. Sailer proposed
the new form in 1945.

( 12 )

6. Acantholomidea denticulata (Stal). Another small scutelleroid similar
to porosus and H. parvulus, but easily recognized by the dentate edges of
the head and pronotum and white spots at base of scutellum. Previously re-
corded only from Indiana, Illinois, Kansas, and Missouri, the species is added
to the Virginia list on the basis of two nymphs taken by me while sweeping
grasses at Clifton Forge, Alleghany County, on May 4, 1950, and determined
as almost certainly denticulata by Dr. Sailer.

Genus Eurygaster Laporte

A genus of medium-sized scutelleroids easily recognized by the narrow scutel-
lum that does not cover the clavus and costal border of the elytra. The group
is widespread in the Old World, but represented in this country by only four
species.

7. Eurygaster alternatus (Say). Widely distributed across North America
from Quebec to Vancouver, south to California and New Mexico, In the east,
the southernmost records cited by Blatchley were from New Jersey and Mary-
land; the present locality, therefore, constitutes a new southern limit for the
species: Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., two specimens in the VPI collection
taken May 4, 1947 and May 18, 1948. Unfortunately no indication of habitat
is given for either. Farther north, alternatus is noted as partial to low, swampy,
or lacustrine environments.

Brimley’s (1938: 60) inclusion of this species in the North Carolina list
on the basis of a citation to “N.C.” in the Van Duzee catalog is an error;
there is no such abbreviation listed in that reference.

Family Corim elaenidae
( = Thyreocoridae of some authors)

A dominantly American group of small oval-shaped black bugs, best devel-
oped in the Neotropical Region but also well represented in western North
America, and with a single genus in the Old World. The genera, as well as
species, are separated by subtle and technical characters ; but for a local region,
both categories can often be distinguished by use of superficial traits.

These bugs are not well known ; a few of the most common have some host
plant preferences, but for most species, the biology remains uninvestigated. Some
are often taken by sweeping low vegetation ; others, apparently, are more ter-
restrial in habits and may be found under cover on the ground.

Two of the genera of eastern North America occur in Virginia. A third,
Cydnoides, has been recorded from North Carolina, but the species involved
(C. ciliatus) is basically southern and western in distribution and probably
does not extend into our area. The Virginia species of Galgupha are uniformly
black, those of Corimelaena have at least a little white or yellow pigmentation

( 13 )

on the costal margins of the elytra, and of course the two genera are basically
distinguished by structural characters.

Genus Corimelaena White
(Allocoris, McAtee & Malloch)

Widespread in North and Central America, this genus of attractive little
insects is represented in Virginia by two abundant species and several others
of quite sporadic distribution. Most are taken by sweeping flower heads, espe-
cially species of umbelliferous plants.

Key to Virginia species of Corimelaena

1. Pale costal marking of elytra conspicuously broadened at base ex-

tending over onto corium (very abundant species) pulicaria

.... Pale costal marking essentially straight edged, not broadened at base 2

2. Apex of corium rounded or very obtusely pointed (see Fig. 5) lateralis

.... Apex of corium attenuate, acutely pointed 3

3. Length greater than 3.5 mm; pale costal stripe somewhat angu-

lated near its middle agrella

... Length less than 3.5 mm; costal stripe straight 4

4. Front of tylus slightly upturned, resembling a small tubercule on

front of head ; hind tibiae with three or four spines on posterior

side - marginella

- .. Front of tylus not distinctly upturned and tuberculate; hind tibiae

unspined on posterior side harti

8. Corimelaena agrella McAtee. Known so far from Maryland, Virginia,
Kentucky, and Texas, this form appears to be locally common although very
sporadic in its occurrence. All of the recorded Virginia material is from Great
Falls and nearby localities in Fairfax County; most of it is part of the origi-
nal type series. The favored biotope remains unknown.

9. Corimelaena harti Malloch. Originally described from Illinois, Mary-
land, and Virginia, this rare species has been subsequently recorded from Geor-
gia, Mississippi, Missouri, New York, and North Carolina. Known in Vir-
ginia only from the vicinity of Great BNlls, in Fairfax County. Nothing is
known of its biology or habitat. In size and general appearance it is said to
resemble the common C. lateralis.

10. Corimelaena lateralis (Fabricius). The status of Fabricius’ lateralis
was for many years disputed, and the alternative name gillettii was proposed
in 1904 by Van Duzee. McAtee & Malloch (1933; 369) supported the con-
tention that lateralis could not be associated with any precision with a known
American species, and various other authors have likewise used the name gil-

( 14 )

lettii. In keeping with a general reversal of this sentiment (Sailer, 1945) I
here re-adopt lateralis in the same sense as it was employed by Blatchley and
earlier workers.

In general, this form ranges over all of eastern United States, from New
York and North Dakota into Florida and Mexico. Specimens from Mexico
were named C. 1. mexicana by McAtee & Malloch. C. lateralis is common
and widespread all over Virginia, from sea level up to 4,000 feet. It is often
found on wild carrot and some other plants with diffuse inflorescences.

Material seen from Albemarle, Alleghany, Augusta, Bland, Brunswick,
Buckingham, Chesterfield, Fairfax, Franklin, Frederick, Isle of Wight, Mont-
gomery, Nelson, Northampton, Page, Rockingham, Tazewell, Warren, and
Wythe counties, and from Norfolk and Virginia Beach cities (Fig. 4).

Both Blatchley (1926) and McAtee & Malloch (1933) have alluded to
variability in the costal light stripe in this species, without any allusion to
possible geographic association. All of the Virginia material has been absolutely
homogeneous for the straight-edged, normal stripe (Fig. 5) except for speci-
mens from South Gap, Bland Co. (VPI 2), Burkes Garden, Tazewell Coun-
ty (VPI 2) and Wytheville, Wythe County (VPI 1), in which there is
a notable constriction at midlength (Figure 6). Further collections in the
higher regions of southwest Virginia and adjacent West Virginia and North
Carolina will be of interest to establish whether or not there is a definite
correlation between stripe variation and physiography in the central Appala-
chians. The exceptional material just mentioned is from the area of my “Teay-
sian” biotic region (Hoffman, 1969, fig. 8).

11. Corimelaena puUcaria (Germar). Generally distributed across North
America from New England to British Columbia and Oregon, south through
Florida and also into Mexico and Guatemala. Apparently abundant through-
out this wide range.

In Virginia, pulicaria occurs from sea level to at least 4,000 feet; seen from
Accomac, Albemarle, Alleghany, Augusta, Arlington, Bath, Buckingham, Fair-
fax, Loudon, Middlesex, Montgomery, Nansemond, Pittsylvania, Warren, and
Wythe counties, and Norfolk and Virginia Beach cities.

Blatchley (1926: 69) provided information on the food plant preferences
and general habitat for pulicaria, noting that at times it becomes sufficiently
numerous to be injurious to vegetation.

Genus Galgupha Amyot & Serville

A very large genus of small, dominantly black insects; the revision by Mc-
Atee & Malloch (1933) recognized about 150 species dispersed through 15
subgenera, and several additional taxa have since been described. The group
is endemic to the New World and is dominantly tropical. Of the dozen or
so species known from North America, eight occur in eastern United States,

( 15 )

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( 16 )

Figure S, 6. Elytra 1 basei of Corimefaena lateralis, dorsal aspect, showing distribu-
tion of white pigmentation. Fig. 5, normal pattern; Fig. 6, specimen from Bland
County, showing reduced pattern possibly confined to the Teaysian biotic region.

( 17 )

and all may be expected to occur in Virginia. Although occasionally swept from
low vegetation, these bugs are more frequently found on the ground and under
cover; very little is yet known about their biology.

Because there are no differences between the species in size and color pattern,
identification is often difficult and tedious and best made by comparison with
material of known identity. I therefore omit a key and recommend that speci-
mens known or thought to be Galgupha be sent to a specialist for naming.

12 Galgupha aterrima Malloch. Originally described from Illinois and
Maryland, this species was subsequently reported from most of the eastern
states by McAtee & Malloch (1933: 281), although Virginia was not included
in the list. The only material I have seen from this state is a specimen in the
Agricultural Experiment Station at Norfolk; it was collected at Norfolk on
August 1, 1938, by L. D. Anderson and identified by H. G. Barber.

13. Galgupha atra Amyot & Serville. A widespread species occurring en-
tirely across northern North America from Ontario to Washington, south to
Florida and into Mexico, Brimley cited it from eight localities in North Caro-
lina, chiefly from the Piedmont and mountains, and our Virginia material is
likewise from upland places; Fairfax, Montgomery, Nelson, and Rockbridge
counties. It seems to be nowhere common, the VPI and USNM collections
having only six specimens from the above-mentioned counties.

14. Galgupha carinata McAtee & Malloch. This species is fairly common
and widespread in southeastern United States, from Maryland south and west
to Texas and Oklahoma. Published records suggest a lowland distribution, but
carinata also occurs sporadically in western Virginia and has been taken as
high as 3,000 feet at Burkes Garden, Virginia. Specimens have been seen from
Albemarle, Alleghany, Chesterfield, Giles, Fairfax, Floyd, Montgomery, Taze-
well, and Washington counties; dated from March 20 (Chester) to August 31
(Alvarado), although most were taken in midsummer. Brimley (1938) did not
include the species in the North Carolina list.

Specimens taken by me near Clifton Forge (Alleghany Co.), and iden-
tified as this form by Dr. Sailer, were found feeding in some numbers on
the pods of an Oxalis growing on an exposed roadside. I am not aware of
previous records of feeding habits for carinata.

15. Galgupha denudata (Uhler). Originally described from “Louisiana,”
this species was not included in Blatchley’s manual, although McAtee & Mal-
loch later (1933: 284) were able to record material from most of the south-
eastern states as far north as the Potomac River. I have only seen one speci-
men from our area, taken at Norfolk by L. D. Anderson on September 10,
1938, and identified by H. G. Barber. Possibly denudata is confined to the
coastal plain, from Maryland to Texas. According to McAtee & Malloch, it
may be recognized by having the apex of the scutellum (as seen in dorsal aspect)
subacutely angular instead of broadly rounded.

( 18 )

16. Galgupha loboprosthesia Sailer. A recently described species heretofore
known from the Midwest; its occurrence in western Virginia thus constitutes
a considerable extension of range analagous to that noted for Rhytidolomia
belfragii. Two specimens of loboprosthesia have been taken at Bonsack (US
NM) and Roanoke (VPI), in Roanoke County. The latter bug is dated April
19, 1938.

* Galgupha nitiduloides (Wolff). Reported by McAtee & Malloch (1933:
309) from a virtually transcontinental range, southward in the East as far
as North Carolina. They did not mention any material from Virginia, how-
ever, nor has any become available in local collections. Possibly some or all
of the North Carolina records cited by Brimley (1938: 60) refer actually to
G. ovalis, a common eastern form not included in his list ; McAtee & Malloch
observed that these two taxa were often confused prior to their revision.

17. Galgupha ovalis Hussey. Another widespread species, ranging from
Massachusetts to Montana and southward as far as Guatemala. Apparently
statewide in Virginia; on record from Accomac, Alleghany, Bedford, Fairfax,
Giles, Greene, Montgomery, and Roanoke counties, with a vertical distribution
from sea level up to about 3,800 feet. April-August, most records for May.

Family Cydnidae

A moderately large group of chiefly fossorial or cryptic pentatomoids, only
a few of which are conspicuous enough to be noted by the general collector,
and none of which are locally of any economic importance. The New World
taxa have been reviewed in a recent (1960) and exemplary monograph by
R. C. Froeschner.

Key to subfamilies represented in Virginia

1. Clavi of hemelytra meeting dorsally behind the short scutellum

and forming commissure nearly as long as the scutellum

Amnestinae (p. 19)

.... Clavi of hemelytra not in contact behind the scutellum 2

2. Pronotum with a lateral submarginal row of setiferous punctures ;

2nd joint of tarsus similar to joints 1 and 3 Cydninae (p. 21)

... Pronotum without a lateral submarginal row of punctures; 2nd

joint of tarsi distinctly narower than joints 1 and 3.-..Sehirinae (p. 24)

Subfamily Amnestinae

Represented only by the following genus.

Genus Amnestus Dallas

Small to minute cydnids, endemic to the Western Hemisphere from Canada
to Argentina, easily recognized by their size, the presence of a claval commis-
sure behind the scutellum, and by the occurrence of small peg-like projections
on the jugae. None of the four species known to occur in Virginia exceed 4

( 19 )

mm in total length; all of them are some shade of brown, varying from yel-
lowish to dark reddish brown.

So far veiy little is known about the biology of the species. Froeschner
(1960: 429) stated that both adults and nymphs are root-feeders, and that

the adult stages overwinter to lay eggs in the spring. The preferred habitats
appear to be moist, as most adults are captured in low vv^et ground or near
bodies of water. Adults frequently appear at lights, and may be captured by
sweeping low vegetation in moist places. They often swarm at twilight dur-
ing the months of April and May, and I have sometimes taken them along
with mayflies and various small Diptera, in an insect net held out of an auto-
mobile window.

In this genus the females frequently lack obvious external differentiation,
and males are necessary for specific determination. This fact is true for two
of our Virginia species, A. pusillus and A. bas'identatus ; and females of Am-
nestus having four jugal pegs on each side of the head may have to be sent
to a specialist for identification.

Key to the Virginia species of Arnnestus

1. Jugum with five marginal pegs 2

... Jugum with four marginal pegs 3

2. Labium (beak) long, extending between or beyond coxae or hind

legs - spinifrons

.... Labium shorter, not extending beyond middle coxae pallidus

3. Males with ventral spine of posterior femur longer than l/3rd of

tibial length ; female with medially flattened, glabrous area on

last sternite - pusillus

.... Males with subapical ventral spine of posterior femur shorter
than vertical height of femur; females without medially flat-
tened glabrous area on last abdominal sternite basidentatus

18. Amnestus basidentatus Froeschner. This recently distinguished species
ranges widely over most of eastern United States, and is by far the most
common member of the genus. Prior to 1960, it had been confused with
both A. pusio and A. pusillus ^ making most published literature records for
them entirely unreliable. Fairly widespread in Virginia; Alleghany, Bedford,
Montgomery, Nelson, Norfolk, and Page counties; all records for June and
August.

19. Amnestus pallidus Zimmer. Continent-wide in distribution. Virginia
records are for Augusta, Fairfax, Montgomery and Tazewell counties; April-
September.

20. Amnestus pusillus Uhler. Virtually continent-wide in range. For Vir-
ginia, the following county records: Alleghany, Bath, Chesterfield, Fairfax,
Henrico, and Nelson; May-August. Specimens taken in May by sweeping
vegetation in damp areas; one August specimen at light.

( 20 )

21. Amnestus spinifrons (Say). Eastern United States, west as far as
Iowa, and Arkansas. This largest local species of the genus was not recorded
for Virginia in Froeschner’s monograph, and available records are for Alleghany
and Montgomery counties and Virginia Beach city only; April to October.

Subfamily Cydninae

This subfamily contains the majority of the cydnid genera. Froeschner
accounted twelve in his review of the New World forms as opposed to only
one genus in each of the other subfamilies. These genera are distinguished
primarily upon rather subtle characters of the legs and pleural sclerites which
may prove difficult for a non-specialist ; but for any given area, it is usually
possible to contrive a generic key utilizing more obvious superficial character-
istics, as I have tried to do for our forms. Most members of the subfamily
Cydninae appear to be extremely secretive in habits, and our knowledge of
their occurrence and distribution is very deficient. Specimens are sometimes
taken at lights, more often under stones and other shelter in low moist places.
Perhaps sifting and the use of Berlese-type soil sampling would be profitable
collecting techniques.

Key to the Virginia genera of Cydninae

1. Tibiae of posterior legs curved, conspicuously compressed, the
anterior and posterior surfaces not spined, the dorsal edge with

stout spines, the ventral with setae; body length 7-9 mm

- Cyrtomenus (p. 23)

. Tibiae of posterior legs slender, nearly straight, not strongly com-
pressed, setae uniform in size ; body length usually less than
7 mm (except in Pangaeus) 2

2. Anterior part of osteolar peritreme lacking an enlarged and mod-
ified apical region 3

.... Anterior part of peritreme apically modified into a broadened
and distinctly differentiated, more or less polished, loop, lobe,
or band 4

3. Pronotum with a deep, sharply impressed submarginal transverse

line paralleling the anterior edge Pangaeus (p. 23)

— Pronotum lacking a transverse subapical line Tominotus (p. 24)

4. Lateral margins of head with a row of small, short, stout pegs;

upper surface of body with numerous long slender hairs

- Microporus (p. 23)

.... Lateral margins of head unarmed ; upper side of body essentially

hairless Melanaethus (p. 22)

( 21 )

Genus Melanaethus Uhler

An endemic American genus of about 16 species, centered around southern
United States and the West Indies, although a few forms extend south to
Argentina and northwestward as far as Alaska. These are mostly small bugs,
averaging 3 to 6 mm in length, and virtually nothing is recorded of their
biology. By most previous authors, including Blatchley, this genus has been
treated under the name Geotomus which, however, is properly restricted to
Old World cydnids.

Key to the Virginia species of Melanaethus

1. Body large, the length greater than 5 mm, 4th antennal article

longer than 2nd or 3rd *cavicollis

---- Body smaller, length less than 4.5 mm, 4th antennal article sub-
equal to 2nd and 3rd - - 2

2. Head impunctate, or with at most, very small punctations pennsylvanicus

.... Head punctate or rugopunctate dorsally 3

3. Punctations of pronotal disk numerous, many of them as large as

those toward the sides; scutellum punctate to base robustus

... Punctations of pronotal disk sparse, much smaller than those on

the sides; base of scutellum chiefly impunctate 4

4. Costa straight and subparallel on basal half, neither explanate

nor recurved near base *uhleri

. .. Costa gently convex, divergent on basal half, explanate and slight-
ly recurved near base subpunctatus

* Melanaethus cavicollis (Blatchley). Originally described from Florida,
and recorded by Blatchley (1926: 81) from Alabama and North Carolina,
this large species seems a likely candidate for eventual discovery in southeast-
ern Virginia.

22. Melanaethus petmsylvanicus (Signoret). Widely distributed from
Maryland to north Florida, west to Nebraska and Louisiana. Recorded in
Virginia, so far, only from Fairfax, Loudon, and Montgomery counties, and
Hampton City, suggesting, however, essentially a statewide distribution.

23. Melanaethus robustus Uhler. Another species with an extensive range
in eastern United States, known from Pennsylvania to Florida and west to
Iowa and Texas. It has been taken, so far, only in two Virginia counties:
Fairfax (at Vienna and Great Falls, USNM) and Giles (between Newport
and Pembroke, VPI). The specimen from the latter locality was found by
the author among leaf litter at the bottom of a large sinkhole on April 21,
1956.

24. Melanaethus subpunctatus (Blatchley). Southeastern United States,
from Maryland to Florida and west to Texas. The only Virginia record to

( 22 )

date is for “Trammel’s Landing” on the Potomac River, county not deter-
mined, (Froeschner, 1960: 452).

* Melanaethus uhleri (Signoret). Southeastern United States. Having been
recorded from Roane County, Tennessee, this species should certainly be ex-
pected to occur in the south-w^estern counties of Virginia.

Genus Microporus Uhler

Small to moderate-sized cydnids characterized by extreme reduction of the
metapleural evaporatorium. The single Virginia species has a row of pegs
along the front margin of the head as in AmnestuSj but is much more broadly
oval than members of that genus, its dorsal surface set with profuse long
hairs, and is blackish in color instead of yellowish-brown. Our species is nearly
transcontinental in range; a second is restricted to the West Coast, and a third
occurs in Argentina.

25. Microporus obliquus Uhler. Widespread over most of western United
States and into Mexico ; in the east not yet known north of Virginia and
Indiana. Recorded in our state so far only at Cape Henry (Virginia Beach),
among the roots of Hudsonia (Froeschner, 1960: 404).

Genus Pangaeus Stal

This endemic New World genus is credited by Froeschner with 24 species
distributed between two subgenera. The majority of these forms occur in the
Neotropical region and southwestern United States, only one extending into
the eastern part of this country.

26. Pangaeus bilineatus (Say). A species with very extensive distribution,
ranging from Massachusetts and South Dakota southward to Florida, Arizona,
southern California, and Guatemala. It is often abundant, and Froeschner
was able to examine nearly 800 specimens for his revision (far more than any
other cydnid species). The few collected by me have been found in loose soil
beneath stones and other debris. As noted by Sailer in 1954 and confirmed
by Froeschner in 1960, the name P. uhleri must be regarded as a synonym
of bilineatus.

Virginia localities for P. bilineatus are in the counties of Albemarle, Alle-
gheny, Frederick, Fairfax, Henrico, Montgomery, Nansemond, Roanoke, and
Washington, and from Norfolk and Virginia Beach cities. April-September,
but most records for May and June.

Genus Cyrtomenus Amyot & Serville

An American genus of large cydnids (our species to 8 mm, a tropical form
to 14 mm) with eight species distributed between two subgenera. The group
is basically tropical, only one species extending northward into eastern United
States.

( 23 )

27. Cyrtomenus ciliatus (Palisot de Beauvois). A large, robust, yellow-
ish-brown cydnid ranging from Staten Island south throughout Florida, west
to Texas and up the Mississippi Valley as far as Illinois and Missouri. Listed
by Blatchley (1926: 73) under the name mirabilis, which Froeschner, how-
ever, restricts to a Brasilian species. Scarce in Virginia: material seen from
Nansemond and Nelson counties and Norfolk and Virginia Beach cities. July-
September.

^Genus Tominotus Mulsant & Rey

Fourteen known species comprise this genus, all but two of them Neotropi-
cal in range. One is fairly widespread in the southeastern United States, and
will perhaps be found in Virginia. It should be easily recognized by means
of characters cited in the generic key. The genus has previously gone under
the name Aethus.

* Tominotus communis (Uhler). Southeastern United States and the West
Indies. Having been collected as close to Virginia as Roane County, Ten-
nessee, communis should be expected to occur in the southwestern region near
Bristol. It was described by Blatchley (1926: 84) as Aethus communis.

Subfamily Sehirinae

A small subfamily consisting of two genera, one of which is confined to
the Old World. The sole American genus occurs widely in the Nearctic
Region, its single northeastern species is relatively large, flattened, and agile,
and not adapted for burrowing.

Genus Sehirus Amyot & Serville

28. Sehirus cinctus cinctus (Palisot de Beauvois). Generally distributed
over much of southern United States, this attractive white-edged cydnid is like-
wise abundant and general through Virginia, with the possible exception of
the higher mountains. It is common in cultivated areas. Albemarle, Botetourt,
Brunswick, Fairfax, Franklin, Giles, James City, Loudoun, Montgomery,
Nelson, Pittsylvania, Pulaski, and Rockingham counties, and Norfolk City.

According to Froeschner (1960; 361) this bug overwinters as an adult,
the young feed chiefly upon labiate (mint) plants, and the adults feed upon
a variety of plant hosts. At Grottoes (Rockingham County) I found cinctus
very common under flat boards in a garden; on August 9 all stages were
found, from egg clusters through several nymphal instars to winged adults.
Presumably, the eggs would hatch in time to permit achievement of maturity
before the onset of very cold weather.

Family Pentatomidae

The largest family of the scutelleroid group, and in terms of local species,
the third largest family of eastern Hemiptera. Blatchley included 97 penta-

( 24 )

tomids in his total of 1253 species, following the Miridae (467 species) and
Lygaeidae (120 species). Many are of considerable economic importance, and
the majority are large and colorful enough to be familiar and frequently
collected objects.

In striking contrast to the cydnids, most pentatomid genera are relatively
easy to distinguish once a little experience has been gained with their appear-
ance. At the species level, some taxa have been distinguished on the basis
of characters that are either subjective or variable, and the identification of
species in such genera as Euschistus and Podisus may occasionally pose prob-
lems to the beginner lacking a reference collection. Potential points of dif-
ficulty are noted in the following account wherever they occur.

As noted in the introduction, a satisfactory arrangement of the genera of
this family has yet to be achieved. In the interest of consistency and conveni-
ence. I largely follow the sequence of Blatchley’s manual, with the following
exceptions; (1) no tribes are recognized, (2) the “subfamily” Asopinae is
withdrawn into the Pentatominae, (3) the “family” Podopidae is included as
a subfamily, and (4) some genera are regrouped on the basis primarily of
the osteolar peritreme.

Blatchley relied upon the presence or absence of a “spine” projecting from
the second abdominal segment to organize t-wo large groups of genera in his
tribe Pentatomini. But in my experience, the degree of development of this
process varies so greatly — not only between genera, but even within them —
that its use is rendered liable to considerable doubt and uncertainty. Speci-
mens of Banasa might be keyed out either way, for instance. I find that char-
acters of the peritreme offer less difficulty and result in groups of genera
that appear to be much more homogeneous on the basis of overall appear-
ance.

In my view, some of the local genera fall into groups quite readily, others
are more disjunct and difficult to reconcile. For instance, Rhylidolomia, Chlo-
rochroa, and Thyanta obviously are more closely related to Elezara, Acro-
sternum, and Banasa than to the numerous genera which separate these two
^iggregates in Blatchley’s sequence. A number of genera obviously fall into the
orbit of Euschistus on the basis not only of coloration and auriculated peri-
treme, but also the form of the enlarged genital capsule of males. To a con-
siderable extent, these suprageneric groupings are reflected by the organization
of the following key to genera, although it must be emphasized that in many
cases some very superficial characters have been employed to distinguish the
groups, many of which features hold true only for Virginia species.

Three subfamilies may be distinguished in the Virginia fauna: one contain-
ing the majority of our genera, the other two each with only a few.

( 25 )

Key to the Virginia subfamilies of Pentatomidae

1. Eyes appearing pedunculated, set on a small basal lobe and, thus,

slightly removed from side of head ; scutellum apically broad-
ened and covering a large part of the dorsal side of abdomen

Podopinae (p. 26)

. ... Eyes not pedunculate, set against sides of head; scutellum of
normal subtriangular outline and not covering majority of
abdomen except in one genus (Stiretrus) , our species of which
differs from podopids in its greater size and bright variegated
coloration 2

2. Tarsi 3-jointed; thoracic sterna with, at most, a small narrow

median carina betwen 2nd and 3rd pairs of legS-.-.Pentatominae (p. 28)
Tarsi 2-jointed; thoracic sterna with a very prominent, com-
pressed median crest between the legs, projecting ventrad
beyond level of coxae and overlapped at caudad end by large
spine of 2nd ventral segment Acanthosomatinae (p. 59)

Subfamily Podopinae

(—Subfamily Graphosomatinae ; Tribe Podopini)

The North American species of this small group have been recently revised
by Barber & Sailer (1953), who regarded it as a tribe within the family
Pentatomidae, following the precedent of VanDuzee (1917). As regards the
subfamily name, it appears that Podops formed the basis of a family-group
name (Podopidae, Dallas) as long ago as 1851, and should have priority over
Graphosomini (Jakowleff, 1884) as the collective name of any taxon that
included both Podops and Graphosoma.

According to Blatchley (1926: 53) podopids are ‘‘terrestrial and subaquatic,
occurring amidst the roots of clumps of grass and beneath debris along the
margins of ponds, sloughs, and streams.” I have never found a specimen in
Virginia.

Key to Virginia genera of Podopinae

1. Anterior margin of pronotum produced laterally behind the head

into a broad, truncate, minutely denticulate lobe; jugae project-
ing forward of end of tylus Oncozygia (p. 28)

... Anterior margin of pronotum at most produced as a small tri-
angular lobe; jugae not longer than tylus 2

2. Jugae slightly shorter than tylus; sides of head with a small acute

tubercule in front of each eye; antennae with four articles ....

- Allopodops (p. 28)

Jugae equal to tylus or slightly longer, but not confluent in front

( 26 )

of it; sides of head without preocular tubercule; antennae with

five articles Amaurochrous (p. 27)

Genus Amaurochrous Stal

The species of this genus were formerly included in Podops by various
authorities including Blatchley, but important differences in the male genitalia
were found and utilized in diagnosis by Barber and Sailer (1953) ; as now
defined Amaurochrous contains five species, confined to North and Central
America. Only one {A. dubius) extends south of the United States. One
form has been collected in Virginia, and two others certainly occur in the east-
ern lowlands.

Key to the Virginia species of Amaurochrous
(adapted from Barber & Sailer, 1953)

1. Tylus and jugae equal in length or nearly so 2

- - somewhat longer than tylus, sometimes contiguous in front

of it - * ovalis

2. Beak long, extending beyond coxae of 3rd pair of legs; lobe of

anterior corner of pronotum extending laterally beyond level of

eye ^ magnus

.... Beak shorter, not extending beyond coxae of 2nd pair of legs ;
lobe of anterior corner of pronotum smaller, acute, not extend-
ing beyond eyes - dubius cinctipes

29. Amaurochrous dubius cinctipes (Say). ^Videspread over eastern North
America from Quebec to Minnesota, south to Texas and New Mexico. Re-
placed in the southeastern Coastal Plain by the nominate subspecies. Appar-
ently statewide in Virginia, although on record only from Accomac (New
Church, July 15, 1935), Fairfax, and Montgomery (Blacksburg, May 13-21)
counties.

Barber & Sailer (1953) referred twice to the virtual certainty that dubius
and cinctipes are merely geographic races of a single species, and I see no
reason for continued recognition of the latter form at the species level.

* Amaurochrous magnus Barber & Sailer. Southeastern United States, from
Maryland to Louisiana. According to Barber & Sailer (1953) the species
reported by Van Duzee as cinctipes (1904; 77) from Fortress Monroe, Vir-
ginia, is doubtless A, magnus, but the specimens cannot be found for confirma-
tion.

"^Amaurochrous ovalis Barber & Sailer. Central eastern United States,
from Maryland to South Carolina. The species surely occurs in eastern Vir-
ginia.

( 27 )

Genus Allopodops Harris & Johnston

A recently described and still monotypic genus, apparently the type species
is excessively secretive in habits having been found at only three localities.

30. Allopodops mississippiensis Harris & Johnston. Known only from Mis-
sissippi, western South Carolina, and a single locality in Virginia: Falls Church,
Fairfax County, one male taken by F. Andre on sedge, November 8, 1943.
Additional collections are much to be desired !

Genus Oncozygia Stal

Another monotypic genus confined to southeastern United States, and nowhere
collected in any abundance.

31. Oncozygia clavicornis Stal. Described from Texas, ranges from
Brownsville in that state east to Florida and north along the coast to extreme
southeastern Virginia: Fortress Monroe, in the present city of Hampton.

Subfamily Pentatominae

Containing the majority of our pentatomid genera, this large group has been
divided into several tribes, most of which, however, are represented in Virginia
by a single genus only, and it seems that no practical ends would be served by
utilization here of these subordinate categories.

By placing somewhat more emphasis upon characters of the osteolar peritreme,
one arrives at groupings of the genera that are different from those devised by
Blatchley, and the sequence followed here is at some variance from his more
traditional arrangement.

Key to Virginia genera of Pentatominae

1, Osteolar opening small, without obvious peritrematic modifica-
tion ; black and red species with strongly declivent head

JVlurgantia (p. 52)

.... Osteolar opening conspicuous, always leading dorsally into some

kind of peritrematic or supratrematic channel or groove 2

2. Osteolar peritreme auriculate, i.e.^ in the form of a small flap-

like or earlobe-like process the apex of which stands free from

the surface of the metapleuron (Figure 8) - 3

.... Osteolar peritreme canaliculate, the opening merging dorsally into
an elongated canal or groove lying flush upon the metapleural
surface 12

3. Edges of jugae notched (toothed) in front of antennal insertion;

sterna of thorax and to some extent also abdomen with distinct
median groove ; lateral edges of pronotum with prominent

irregular dentations Brochymena (p. 32)

Edges of jugae entire, not notched in front of antennae; sterna of
thorax either flat or with (usually) a small but prominent
median carina upon which the beak rests; lateral edges of pro-
notum smooth or at most finely crenulate

( 28 )

4

8.

9.

4. Scutellum shorter than apices of coria

.... Scutellum as long as or exceeding apices of coria

5. Tibia of posterior legs without evident groove along the dorsal

(posterior) surface

.... Tibia of posterior legs with prominent groove on the dorsal surface ...

6. Tylus much longer than jugae; color black with tip of scutellum

yellow; humeri prominently spined Proxy s (p

.... Tylus equaling or shorter than jugae; coloration not as above

7. Humeral spines of pronotum turned forward; uniformly light

brown or straw-yellow insects Oebalus (p

... Humeri of pronotum rounded, without trace of spines; grayish-
brown species with margins of scutellum and front edge of pro-
notum yellow Mormidea (p,

Side margins of pronotum crenulate, humeral angles subacute to

spiniform Euschistus (p.

Side margins of pronotum smooth, humeral angles broadly rounded ....
Lateral margins of pronotum broadly explanate, the anterior
corners produced forward to level of front edge of eyes and
head thus appearing recessed into pronotum ; reddish-brown,

distinctly flattened insects Menecles (p.

.... Lateral margins of pronotum of normal form, not broadly flat-
tened and the anterior corners not strongh^ produced forward ;
grayish-brown, dorsally convex insects Hymenarcys (p.

10. Scutellum apically rounded, Ungulate; animal broadest across

mid-length of abdomen and thus strongly fusiform in outline;
coloration yellowish-brown with median yellow stripe on head

- - Coenus (p.

.— Scutellum generally more triangular apically; animal broadest

across base of pronotum ; coloration otherwise

11. Short, broadly oval black insects with base of pronotum and two

apical spots on scutellum bright red ; head declivent but not

espeically modified from the normal appearance Cosmopepla (p.

Elongate, slender light brown insects, with yellow spot on each
basal corner of scutellum; head distinctly broadened, apically
truncate, medially depressed or concave Neottiglossa (p.

12. Osteolar canal narrow, forming a sharply defined ridge (Fig-

ure 7)

.... Osteolar canal broad, flat, and polished (Figure 9)

13. Jugae longer than tylus, broadly confluent in front of it

--- Jugae equaling or shorter than tylus

14. Grayish-brown bugs with sides of pronotum and apex of scutel-

lum yellow, humeral angles of pronotum not prominent

- Perihalus (p.

.. 5
. 10

. 6

. 8

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. 15

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( 29 )

.... Reddish-brown bugs without lighter markings; humeral angles
prominently projecting and a little darker than central part
of pronotum Dendrocoris (p. 5i ;

15. Entire surface of body, except membrane of wings, set with long

prominent hairs, color brownish Trichopepla (p. 43)

Surface of body glabrous except for a few sporadic hairs on ven-
tral side of abdomen; color green, olive, or some similar shade 16

16. Peritrematic ridge short, extending dorsally to about middle of

metapleural plate 17

.... Peritrematic ridge long, extending quite or nearly to upper front

edge of the metapleuron 20

17. Metasternum with a prominent, broad, elevated median crest,

notched at each end, accommodating the apices of the beak

and of the spine from 2nd ventral segment Edessa (p. 45)

.... Metasternum normal, without an elevated structure as described
above (although a very rudimentary homolog appears in
Thyanta) jg

18. 2nd and 3rd joints of beak subequal in length Rhytidolomia (p. 46)

- - 2nd joint of beak much longer than 3rd 19

19. Broadly oval bugs scarcely wider across humeri than middle of

abdomen ; sides of pronotum and hemelytral base broadly orange

- - Chlorochroa (p. 47)

.. - Subtriangular bugs distinctly widest across humeri and tapering
evenly to end of abdomen ; sides of pronotum at most with
a thin pale line Nezara (p. 47)

20. Dorsal or posterior side of hind tibiae convex, polished Banasa (p. 48)

— Dorsal (posterior) side of hind tibiae flattened and with distinct

longitudinal groove 21

21. Body green with entire margins of head, pronotum, abdomen, and

base of corium polished, lemon-yellow A crosternum (p. 47)

. .. Body dull green or brownish, not extensively margined with yel-
low as above, at most with reddish or black pronotal margins

- - Thyanta (p. 44)

22. Body prominently convex, scutellum long, broadly oval, strong

resemblence to a species of Scutelleriidae Stiretrus (p. 52)

Body variable but more generally pentatomoid in facies, the scu-
tellum triangular and not concealing much of elytral bases 23

23. Large (more than 15 mm) brownish-black insect with bases of

legs, three oval spots on scutellum, and median pronotal stripe
reddish-orange ; humeri produced into long cylindrical spines

- - Euthyrhynchus (p. 58)

.... Smaller (generally less than 15 mm) forms with different colora-
tion and humeral spines, if present, acute or acicular

( 30 )

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( 31 )

24. Humeri rounded; colorful black and red species Perillus (p. 53)

.... Humeri acute to spiniform, coloration yellowish to reddish-brown 25

25. Large species, up to 15 mm in length, jugae slightly longer than

tylus, lateral edges of pronotum tuberculate, concolorous with
dorsum, abdomen nearly as wide as base of pronotum. .A pat eticus (p. 55)
.... Smaller sized bugs, less than 12 mm long; jugae equaling tylus
only ; lateral edges of pronotum crenulate-denticulate, shiny
white and sharply contrasting with dorsum ; abdomen taper-
ing evenly backward from base of pronotum Podisus. (p, 55)

Genus Brochymena Amyot & Seville
An endemic American genus of more than a dozen species, its nearest rela-
tives occurring in the Old World. These are relatively large and somewhat
flattened bugs, ashy-grayish to brownish in coloration, often strongly mottled
and sometimes densely punctate with black. Commonly found on the trunks
and foliage of trees, and prone to hibernate under bark, often in considerable
numbers. Four species are recorded from Virginia, and another almost cer-
tainly occurs here.

Heretofore, the genus has been placed in a tribe Halyini, but the group
characters employed do not appear to me to oppose Brochymena in a category
against a wide variety of other pentatomoid genera that differ equally as much
among themselves.

Key to Virginia species of Brochymena

1. Humeral projection of pronotum broad, distally truncate, pro-

vided with several prominent teeth ; basal half of scutellum

transversely elevated arborea

.... Humeral angles rounded or subtriangular, never truncate; basal

half of scutellum not distinctly elevated 2

2. Jugae longer than tylus; 2nd antennomere shorter than 3rd

- - quadripustulata

.... Jugae equalling or shorter than tylus; 2nd antennomere variable 3

3. Front half of pronotum with two conspicuous, elevated, ivory-

white smooth areas, and a similar but smaller white spot on
each basal angle of scutellum ; side margins of hind lobe of

pronotum smooth * myops

.... Front lobe of pronotum and base of scutellum without smooth

elevated white spots; side margins of hind lobe dentate 4

4. Dorsal surface, including elytra with numerous small elevated

white tubercules; legs yellowish, with brown spots punctata

.... Dorsal surface dark, lacking elevated white tubercules; legs dark,

the femora each with a broad yellow band at midlength carolinensis

32. Brochymena arborea (Say). Widespread in eastern United States but
never as abundant as B. quadripustulata, this species appears to be statewide

( 32 )

in Virginia, although records are lacking for higher elevations. The only speci-
mens taken by me were beaten from alders in September and found under
bark in early December. Albemarle, Alleghany, Carroll, Fairfax, Montgomery,
Nelson, Roanoke, Rockbridge, and Rockingham counties, and Hampton and
Virginia Beach cities. Collection dates range from March to December, the
majority from April to July.

33. Brochymena carolinensis (Westwood). Apparently this is a species of
lowland affinities, ranging from New England south throughout Florida, and
not, as Blatchley remarks, recorded from west of the Alleghanies. Not com-
mon in Virginia, and seen from only a few localities: Fairfax, Montgomery,
Nelson, and Smyth counties and Virginia Beach City. The VPI collection
has only one specimen from the Blacksburg area (taken November 14, 1966)
in contrast to dozens of quadripustulata.

Blatchley’s key (1926: 96) does not work well since both of the VPI
specimens come out to quadripustulata on the basis of jugal and antennal
characters. The prominentlj^ enlarged and elevated humeral angles and con-
spicuous yellow bands of the tibiae provide much better diagnostic features
for carolinensis, as suggested in the foregoing key to species.

34. Brochymena punctata Van Duzee. A rare species confined to south-
eastern United States, with a single Indiana record cited by Blatchley. Ap-
parently nowhere common, the first records given by Van Duzee (1909) for
Georgia and Virginia (without precise locality), and subsequently recorded by
Brimley for Southern Pines, N. C. The National Museum collection has a
single specimen from Norfolk City.

* Brochymena myops Stal. Ranging from North Carolina south and west
to Mexico, this large species was found by C. S. Brimley (quoted by Blatch-
ley, 1926: 100) to be “rather common” at Raleigh, N. C., and it seems a
likely candidate for eventual addition to the Virginia fauna. It might be ex-
pected in the area between Danville and Emporia, in pine woods.

35. Brochymena quadripustulata (Fabricius). The most widespread and
abundant North American species of the genus, this well-known arboreal bug
occurs over most of the continent except for the northwestern states. Often
found beneath loose bark, as well as crawling over the branches and foliage
of various trees, frequent in orchards. The species has been implicated in
occasional damage to young twigs of apple, and also recorded as a predator
upon other insects, but no detailed studies of its biology appear to have been
published.

Virginia records represent all regions of the state except, so far, for the
higher mountains: Accomac, Albemarle, Alleghany, Augusta, Bedford, Fair-
fax, Hanover, Henrico, Giles, Greenville, Isle of W^ight, James City, Loudoun,
Montgomery, Nelson, Patrick, Pulaski, Prince Edward, Rockingham, Roanoke
and Southampton counties, and Hampton and Norfolk cities. February-Novem-

ber.

( 33 )

Specimens from southeastern Virginia tend to have the spots on the outer
angles of the scutellum more distinct and a brighter orange color than those
from farther north and west.

Genus Proxys Spinola

A small genus of several species endemic to tropical and subtropical America,
one species of which invades southern United States in lowland areas.

36, Proxys punctulatus (Palisot de Beauvois). Recorded by Blatchley
from North Carolina south through Florida, west to Mexico and the Missis-
sippi Valley, a sort of “Lower Austral” classic distribution pattern. The
species is apparently not rare in eastern Virginia, nine specimens having been
examined from Richmond, Henrico Co., Holland, Nansemond Co.; “Dismal
Swamp” in Chesapeake city; and Norfolk city. Seasonal occurrence of these
specimens by month; February 1, June 2, July 3, August 2, September 1.

By virtue of its deep black coloration with yellow legs and scutellar apex,
and prominently spined humeral angles, P. punctulatus is one of our most
striking and easily recognized pentatomids.

Genus Euschistus Dallas

Euschistus is not only one of the largest New World genera of pentato-
mids, but in many parts of the range, one or more of its species may be the
commonest and most familiar local member of the family. The genus is none-
theless still far from adequately known, and even in eastern United States
the status of several taxa remains uncertain. Two species, servus and tristig-
mus, are represented in Virginia by tw’o more or less allopatric races, although
in both instances the region of overlap and intergradation of characters is
extremely broad; the average worker may wish to disregard subspecific cate-
gories. Occasional hybridization may occur at least between E, servus and E.
variolariuSy producing offspring which may be difficult to identify properly.

Six species have been taken so far in Virginia, and the presence here of a

seventh seems virtually assured.

Key to the Virginia species of Euschistus

1. Spines of humeral angles of pronotum directed upward and for-

ward ; membrane of hemelytra with oblong black dashes be-
tween the veins — * crassus

.... Spines of humeral angles, if present, directed more or less straight

outwardly; membrane without black dashes between the veins 2

2. Ventral (abdominal) segments with a distinct black dot at each

anterior-lateral angle 3

.... Abdominal segments lacking black dots on the anterior-lateral angles 6

3. Middle of abdomen with a row of 1 to 5 black spots 4

. .. Middle of abdomen without a row of black spots 5

( 34 )

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of antennae piceous to black luridus

.... Humeral angles subacute to spiniform ; distal articles of antennae

brown, concolorous with the others tristigmus

5. Side margins of pronotum whitish, bordered within by a row of

black punctures; small bugs, size less than 10 mm - poUtus

.... Side margins of pronotum not as above; body length much great-
er, 12-15 mm - servus

6. Pronotum with a distinct light smooth transverse line between
the humeral angles; sides of thorax with small black spots;
spiracular openings dark in color ; genital capsule of male

without a median black spot ictericus

.... Pronotum without a distinct transverse light line ; sides of thorax
unspotted ; spiracles concolorous with abdomen ; genital capsule
of male with a median black spot variolarius

* Euschistus crassus Dallas. This species, confined to the southeastern
States, is recorded by Brimley (1938: 62) from Raleigh, N. C., and is there-
fore quite likely to be found in the southcentral part of Virginia near Dan-
ville and east.

37. Euschistus ictericus (Linnaeus). A very widespread species in eastern
North America but of sporadic occurrence; said by Blatchley to be common
in Florida and northern Indiana, but other records reflect local scarcity. Froe-
schner (1941: 138) examined only four Missouri specimens and Virginia
material has been seen only from Dyke in Fairfax County and from Wood-
bridge and Quantico in Prince William County (all USNM). Brimley (1938:
62) cites chiefly Coastal Plain localities for North Carolina, with the excep-
tion of Swannanoa in the Blue Ridge. Possibly the preferred habitat precludes
frequent captures. Apparently ictericus occurs chiefly on grasses, sedges, and
other low vegetation in the immediate vicinity of water, a sort of niche not
often searched by the general collector. It should be widespread in eastern
Virginia during the summer months.

39. Euschistus variolarius (Palisot de Beauvois). A common species in
northeastern United States, and recorded from as far west as Idaho and British
Columbia. To the south it becomes progressively confined to higher elevations,
and Brimley stated that in North Carolina it occurred only in the “mountains,
north of Asheville”. This pattern is clearly reflected by the Virginia localities
(see Fig. 11) in the following counties: Albemarle, Alleghany, Augusta, Cul-
peper, Fairfax, Floyd, Frederick, Highland, Loudoun, Montgomery, Nelson,
Roanoke, Rockbridge, and Rockingham.

The reports of this species in Florida obviously require confirmation in
view of the zoogeographic improbability involved.

39. Euschistus servus (Say). The most abundant and widespread penta-
tomid in Virginia, and over much of eastern United States as well, E. servus

( 36 )

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is the bug to which the name “stink-bug” is commonly applied.

Earlier authors recognized two separate species within the framework of
what is here called servus. Say’s name was applied to a more southern form
with pale antennae and jugae not exceeding the tylus in length. A more north-
ern taxon with apically darkened antennae and much longer jugae was des-
ignated by the name euschistoides of Vollenhoven. Although these two forms
were admitted by Blatchley as full species, he nonetheless expressed the opinion
that they no doubt were really only geographic races of a single species, and
this idea has gradually found general acceptance.

In Virginia, servus has been examined from the following counties: Albe-
marle, Alleghany, Augusta, Brunswick, Buckingham, Botetourt, Chesterfield,
Culpeper, Fairfax, Frederick, Henrico, Isle of Wight, Loudoun, Montgomery,
Nansemond, Nelson, Patrick, Rappahannock, and Rockingham, as well as the
cities of Norfolk and Virginia Beach.

The subspecific status of the Virginia material is not entirely clear-cut. If
resort is made to the two characters of jugal length and antennal color, it is
possible to sort our specimens out into both taxa as well as two categories of
intermediates. Thus euschistoides-like specimens occur over much of the state,
as well as various grades of intermediates. It seems best to deal with the mat-
ter on the basis of population structure wherever local series are large enough
to permit such treatment. In the extreme southeastern region, all of 17 speci-
mens examined are referable to servus on both of the mentioned characters;
occasional such specimens occur elsewhere in the state but never make up a
significant part of the population. Over most of Virginia, the dominant form
of servus is some kind of intergrade ; at no locality so far have I found any-
thing like a population completely dominated by euschistoides-like individuals.
The following tabulation will give an idea of the situation:

Locality Number

Per cent
Servus

Per cent
Intermediate

Per cent
Euschistoides

Nansemond, Chesapeake,
Virginia Beach

17

100

0

0

Blacksburg and vicinity

41

2

59

39

Upper Shenandoah Valley

29

7

34

59

Since by most criteria subspecific denomination is reserved for populations
in which more than 75% of the individuals conform to a particular set of
characters, it seems likely that we should delimit the Virginia distribution of
servus with the statement that the nominate subspecies, E. s. servus (Say),
occurs only in the Norfolk region, and that the remainder of the state is, so
far as known, occupied by an intermediate population, tending in the western
counties towards E. s. euschistoides ( Vollenhaven) . This would agree gen-
erally with the statement of Sailer (1954: 380) that the two subspecies inter-

( 38 )

grade through a long belt from Maryland to Kansas. In this respect, it would
be very interesting to have large series from the higher elevations of south-
western Virginia to see if the percentage of euschistoides-like individuals might
show local dominance of the northern subspecies. But none of the available
material has come from high elevations within the state.

E. servus is especially abundant in areas disturbed by man : orchards, gar-
dens, and other kinds of cultivations.

40. Euschistus politus Uhler. A diminutive and easily recognized member
of the genus, with obvious boreal distribution. Blatchley (1926; 134) had
no records south of Maryland, but Brimley later (1938: 62) cited Raleigh
and Waynesville as two North Carolina stations. The former is in the Pied-
mont, the latter in the Blue Ridge. Available Virginia records are in line
with this pattern, in that only two lie east of the Blue Ridge. Alleghany,
Augusta, Dinwiddle, Fairfax, Montgomery, Nelson, Page, and Rockingham

counties. May-August.

»■

41. Euschistus tristigmus (Say). Widespread in North America, this form
is geographically variable and has in the past been divided into three subspecies,
each of which was said to coincide with one of the “Life Zones” as defined
by C. H. Merriam and his associates. The status of these nominal forms in
Virginia is not clear-cut and, in fact, strongly parallels the situation noted for
E, servus.

Disregarding subspecies categories, we have records for tristigmus from Albe-
marle. Alleghany, Augusta, Fairfax, Giles, Henrico, Isle of Wight, Mont-
gomery, Nansemond, Nelson, Page, Prince William, Roanoke, Rockingham,
Wise, and Wythe counties, and Norfolk City. Most records are for July and
August.

Specimens with spinose humeral angles and a more southern distribution
can be distinguished as a subspecies pyrrhocertis Herrich-Schaeffer. Such bugs
may be found virtually over the entire state, except the higher mountains, and
often occur together with the nominate subspecies. In general, however, only
in the extreme southeast does it occur exclusively, as no specimens referable
to “typical” tristigmus have been seen from farther east than Smlthfield and
Richmond. In the Shenandoah Valley, Augusta and Rockingham counties, 9
of 17 specimens could be called tristigmus, the other 8 pyrrhocerus \ at Blacks-
burg, 6 and 2 respectively. The pyrrhocerus form occurs in the western coun-
ties of Alleghany and Giles ; unfortunately there is no material of the species
from further in the southwestern part of the state aside single specimens (both
of them “tristigjnus”) from Wythe and Wise counties.

As in the case of E. servus, perhaps the best solution for the present is to
limit the Virginia range of E. t. pyrrhocerus to the southeastern Coastal Plain,
and regard the remainder of the state, except possibly for the southwestern
part, to be occupied by a population genetically intermediate between pyrrho-

( 39 )

cerus and tristigmus. More large series from numerous localities will be re-
quired for a more precise delimitation.

Apparently £. tristigmus is of no great economic significance. Blatchley
cites information on preferred host plants and local abundance. It is of some
interest to record the observation that during the first part of the 1950 decade,
on or near the first of April for several consecutive years, I found a pair of
tristigmus in copula among the flowers of a Forsythia at my home at Clifton
Forge. Oviposition was never observed, nor young stages, on this shrub, nor
have I ever found the species subsequently mating on Forsythia or feeding
upon it.

42. Euschistus luridus (Dallas). It is with some diffidence that I ven-
ture to follow the precedence of Malloch (1919) in assigning species status
to this taxon. By Blatchley and later workers it has been regarded as a north-
ern subspecies of tristigmus, but the occurrence of three subspecies at a given
locality (as in this case at Blacksburg) seems so improbable, even granting
the possibility of triple intergradation, that I prefer the present course. The
combination of dark terminal antennomeres and broadly rounded humeral angles
easily separates out the Virginia material and appears to be as satisfactory a
basis for recognition as the single character of lateral abdominal black dots
used to distinguish E. variolarius and E. servus. The range of E. luridus is
northern, and in Virginia, western, material seen only from Alleghany, Bath,
Giles, Grayson, Montgomery, and Rockbridge counties.

Genus Oebalus Stal

A small Neotropical genus with a single species in North America, the lat-
ter being one of our most widespread and ubiquitous pentatomids. Oebalus
pugnax is easily recognized by virtue of the prominent, anteriorly directed
humeral spines of the pronotum and uniform yellowish brown coloration.

Oebalus has previously been treated in various references, including Blatch-
ley, by the unnecessary substitute name Solubea of Bergroth.

43. Oebalus pugnax (Fabricius). Ranging from Connecticut west to Colo-
rado, and thence south into Mexico and the West Indies, this species occurs
in Virginia from sea level to the higher mountain tops, usually associated with
grasses and sedges in wet places. Recorded from Accomac, Alleghany, Augusta,
Brunswick, Buckingham, Chesterfield, Fairfax, Grayson, Henrico, Isle of
Wight, Montgomery, Nelson, and Rockingham counties, as well as Hampton,
Norfolk, and Virginia Beach cities. May-October, but most records for mid-
summer.

Genus Hymenarcys Amyot & Serville

An endemic North American genus consisting of four small brownish species,
two of which occur in the east. They are generally similar in form, except that
H. aequalis is the smaller (6-8 mm in length) and with the head longer than

(40)

wide; H. nervosa ranges from 9-11 mm in length and its head is as wide as
long.

44. Hymenarcys aequalis (Say). Widespread across northern United States,
but not extending south of Oklahoma and North Carolina; in Virginia it is
decidely scarce and apparently confined to the western half of the state. Mate-
rial seen from Augusta, Alleghany, Fairfax, Montgomery, and Nelson coun-
ties all represented by single specimens, except for Fairfax. Other references
likewise mention this scarcity, Brimley having the species only from two places
in North Carolina, for instance.

45. Hymenarcys nervosa (Say). This larger form is likewise widespread
in North America but decidedly more southern. Virginia records are for the
counties of Accomac, Alleghany, Amelia, Buckingham, Floyd, Montgomery,
Northampton, Rockbridge, and Scott, and the city of Norfolk. April-October.
Of these, only the Floyd County station could be considered as "upland”.

Genus Coenus Dallas

A small genus (two species) confined to North America, Coenus is closely
related to both Menecles and Hymenarcys, but differs from both and easily
recognized by the fusiform body outline, convex dorsum, and broadly rounded
scutellum.

46. Coenus delius (Say). A widespread species extending entirely across
the continent in the north and southward to Oklahoma and North Carolina.
In Virginia it is clearly a western form, only a few records lying east of the
Blue Ridge, and it has been found up to 5200 feet at Mount Rogers. Most
specimens appear to be taken by sweeping in low grassy areas. Alleghany,
Augusta, Chesterfield, Fairfax, Frederick, Giles, Grayson, Highland, Mont-
gomery, Nelson, Page, Roanoke, and Wythe counties. March-October.

Genus Menecles Stal

Another monotypic North American genus, the type species moderately large,
broadly oval in shape, and distinctly flattened in appearance. The anterior
corners of the pronotum project forward to front edge of eyes, the head thus
appearing recessed.

47. Menecles insertus (Say). Dominantly northern in range, insertus is
found from New England west to Nebraska, and southwestward to Arizona
and California. Brimley (1938: 63) records the species only for Raleigh, in
the central part of North Carolina; most of the Virginia localities are west of
the Blue Ridge. Fairfax, Frederick, Fauquier, Montgomery, Prince William,
and Wythe counties. April-July, most VP I specimens taken in April. As noted
by Blatchley, the species is rarely taken by sweeping.

Genus Neottiglossa Kirby

A genus widely distributed in the Palearctic region, with four species in
eastern North America, These are small curious bugs, strongly convex, with

( 41 )

depressed head ; they are nowhere common and details of their distribution
remain sketchy. Two have been found in Virginia, and a third may possibly
occur here.

Key to Virginia species of Neottiglossa
1. Head broadly oval, not narrowed toward apex, distinctly con-

cave in front - cavifrons

.... Head narrowed toward front, not noticeably concave — 2

2. Edges of jugae prominently notched in front of eyes, each jugum

with a distinct median convexity sulcifrons

Edges of jugae not, or but feebly, notched in front of eyes, cen-
tral part of jugae not elevated * undata

48. Neottiglossa cavifrons Stal. Described from Texas, this species was
for a long time known in eastern United States only from Illinois and Indiana.
But Brimley (1938: 62) listed it from several places in North Carolina and
we have two Virginia records: Vienna, Fairfax Co., and New Church, Accomac
Co., a single specimen from each place. Recorded dates range from April to
July.

49. Neottiglossa sulcifrons Stal. Recorded from a southern range, New
Jersey and Nebraska south to Georgia, Texas, and New Mexico, sulcifrons
appears to be somewhat more abundant than the preceding, although Brimley
cited it only from Raleigh and Southern Pines, N. C., and only one Virginia
specimen has been seen: A nursery at Richmond, Henrico Co., June 15, 1929,
G. W. Underhill, leg. (VPI).

* Neottiglossa undata (Say). Recorded from a transcontinental range be-
tween New England and the Pacific coast, the only record south of New
Jersey known to Blatchley being Southern Pines, N. C. Possibly the mate-
rial taken there was adventive, as Brimley later cited no further finds, and
Uhler did not collect the species in Maryland.

Genus Cosmopepla Stal

A small American genus, chiefly western in distribution, with only one species
in the eastern United States where, however, it is a common and well-known
bug.

50. Cosmopepla bimaculata (Thomas). Virtually continent-wide in range,
except for parts of the southeast. Brimley states that it occurs from Raleigh
westward in North Carolina, thus absent from the Coastal Plain, and the
same distribution holds for Virginia; material seen from Albemarle, Alleghany,
Augusta, Fairfax, Floyd, Frederick, Grayson, Highland, Montgomery, Nel-
son, Rappahannock, Rockbridge, Rockingham, and Tazewell counties; April-
October, Records in the VPI Extension Pest Survey Files add the counties
of Amherst, Charlotte, and Louisa; several lots noted as feeding on marigolds
and snapdragons. Extends up to 5200 feet at Mount Rogers.

( 42 )

Blatchley (1926: 152-53) gives a long list of host plants, to which I can
add the cultivated “Baby’s Breath” {Gypsophila sp.) ; at Clifton Forge I once
found large numbers of specimens, some mating, on May 30, 1950, on this
plant.

Genus Mormidea Amyot & Serville

A large genus, dominantly Neotropical in distribution, represented in most
of eastern North America by a single abundant species.

51. Mormidea lugens (Fabricius). General in North America east of
the Rockies, usually abundant everywhere. This small blackish bug with white-
edged scutellum is one of our easiest species to recognize. Virginia records
show that it occurs from sea level at Cape Henry up to 4,000 feet in the west-
ern counties, Albemarle, Alleghany, Augusta, Caroline, Dickenson, Fairfax,
Giles, Highland, Isle of Wight, Montgomery, Nansemond, Tazewell, Wythe,
and York counties, and Virginia Beach city. April-September, the majority
of the records for July.

Genus Trichopepla Stal

A small genus endemic to North America, its species characterized in part
by the conspicuous pilosity of the entire body upon which condition Stal based
his generic name. In general habitus, our local species bears considerable re-
semblence to Hymenarcys aequaiis. Another eastern species T. atricornis occurs
across northern United States and Canada.

52. Trichopepla semivittata (Say). A small reddish pentatomid, unique
among the Virginia species by its dense pilosit)^ Generally distributed east of
the Rockies and apparently statewide in Virginia, although not yet recorded
from the higher mountains. Specimens seen from Albemarle, Alleghany, Augusta,
Brunswick, Buckingham, Chesterfield, Fairfax, Frederick, Greene, Henrico,
Mecklenburg, Montgomery, Nelson, Patrick, Roanoke, and Warren coun-
ties, and Norfolk city. May-November.

The species’ partiality for umbelliferous plants, already cited by Blatchley,
is confirmed by three labels stating “wild carrot.”

Genus Peribalus Mulsant & Rey

A genus of small pentatomoids of chiefly western and neotropical distribu-
tion, with a single species occurring in the northern part of eastern United
States.

53 Peribalus limbolarius Stal. A handsome and moderately abundant little
bug widely distributed across northern and western United States. Scarce in
the southeast, not mentioned for Florida by Blatchley ; Brimley cites six locali-
ties in the Piedmont of North Carolina. In Virginia, it is recorded from Albe-
marle, Alleghany, Arlington, Greenville, Henrico, Montgomery, Nansemond,
Nelson counties and Norfolk City; all of the material from east of the Blue

( 43 )

Ridge except for two specimens taken at Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., and
Clifton Forge, Alleghany Co., both of these places are relatively low and in-
habited by numerous organisms with dominantly eastern ranges.

Genus Thyanta Stal

A large, chiefly Neotropical ensemble of small to medium-sized greenish
species, about a dozen being known from the United States and three from
the mid- Atlantic region. The status of several of the commonest species has
been confused by previous workers, including Blatchley, and the correct appli-
cation of the names not achieved until fairly recently (Ruckes, 1957).

As in several other pentatomoid genera, the species of Thyanta occur in
two seasonal “broods” (referred to as “summer” and “autumnal-vernal”), the
individuals of which differ somewhat both in coloration and minor details of
structure. In the case of our Virginia species, however, there is no seasonal
fluctuation in the characters used for diagnosis.

One of our species, T. pallidovirens, is one of the commonest local penta-
tomids and very frequently taken from various crop plants. In the Midwest
it sometimes becomes sufficiently abundant to cause considerable damage to
cereals and legumes.

Key to the Virginia species of Thyanta

1. Inner ends of the two pronotal cicatrices without black spots;

antero-lateral edges of pronotum not edged with black pig-
mentation - - pallidovirens

. .. Inner ends of the pronotal cicatrices each with a distinct black
spot; anterolateral edges of pronotum edged above or below
with a distinct black line 2

2. Apex of scutellum surpassing inner angles of the coria; apical

margin of male genital segment with a minute median notch
subtended by a rectangular impression ; under side of pronotal

margins black-edged * custator

Apex of scutellum about equalling inner angles of coria; apical
margin of male genital segment with a small erect median
tubercule ; under and upper side of pronotal margin black calceata

54. Thyanta calceata (Say). Widespread in eastern United States, chiefly
east of the Mississippi. Apparently statewide in Virginia but much scarcer
than pallidovirens j having been seen so far only from Albemarle, Alleghany,
Chesterfield, Fairfax, Floyd, and Montgomery counties, and Virginia Beach
and Norfolk cities. Already recorded from Fairfax by Blatchley (1926; 117)
April-October.

* Thyanta custator (Fabricius). The status of this species has been estab-
lished in Dr. Ruckes’ recent study (1957) in which it is shown that custator

( 44 )

is confined to southeastern United States, chiefly in the coastal plain. An
interesting discontinuity has been found along the mid-Atlantic coast, in that
the species apparently does not occur in southeastern Virginia and the Del-
Mar-Va peninsula, leaving a hiatus between North Carolina and New Jersey.
On the basis of known distributional patterns in other organisms, however, it
seems almost certain that custator will eventually be found in the Norfolk
region, and local collectors should be challenged to search for it there.

55. Thyanta pallidovirens accera McAtee. This exceptionally widespread
and abundant species (the nominate subspecies of which occurs in western
United States) is apparently statewide in Virginia, although we have no rec-
ords for the higher mountains. It thrives on cultivated plants, and upon occa-
sion may become an agricultural pest of some importance. On record for
Albemarle, Allegheny, Augusta, Buckingham, Chesterfield, Dinwiddie, Fair-
fax, Frederick, Henrico, Montgomery, Nansemond, Nelson, Patrick, Pittsyl-
vania, Rockingham, and Wythe counties, as well as Norfolk and Virginia Beach
cities. April-October.

Blatchley summarized plant associations for this species (under the name
custator) up to 1926, and the examination of his remarks shows a preference
for grasses, legumes, and composites. Label notes on the VPI specimens are
confirmatory for Virginia as well:

Gramineae: buckwheat, panicum grass, “grass”

Leguminosae : lima beans, cow peas, alfalfa, soybeans

Compositae: ragweed, yarrow, chichory, goldenrod, ox-eye daisy

Of the foregoing, alfalfa appeared on the labels most frequently, perhaps

reflecting sampling bias by the collectors’ interest in forage crops. Other

plants mentioned include elderberry, peach, evening primrose, and dogwood,
but perhaps these are merely “sitting records.” Of more special interest are
specimens from Richmond, with the notation “reared from nymphs on arbor-
vita seed pods” (G. W. Underhill, August 23, 1933) which suggests a quite
different sort of host plant association.

Genus Edessa Fabricius

A large Neotropical genus with two species in southeastern United States,
both of them occurring in Virginia. Edessa seems to be related to the Banasa-
Acrosternum group of genera, with the metasternum modified into an elevated,
polished ridge, notched at each end.

The two species, said by Barber to be very closely related, differ super-
ficially in that the underside of the body is punctate in bifida, impunctate in

florida. There are also differences in the shape of the metasternal ridge and
form of the male hypopygium, illustrated in Barber’s 1935 paper.

56. Edessa bifida (Say). A large oval greenish bug, said by Blatchley to
range from Florida and Texas south into Brazil. Brimley (1938: 63) recorded

( 45 )

it from eastern North Carolina, and Virginia specimens have been seen from
two localities: Phoebus in Hampton city (USNM 1, October 11, 1930) and
Norfolk city (VTX 1, September 1, 1936). The files of the VPI Exten-
sion Pest Survey record the species from somewhat further north, however,
at White Stone in Lancaster County (determined by R. C. Froeschner), and
this seems to be the northernmost known localitj^

57. Edessa florida Barber. Described from a single locality in Florida
over three decades ago (Barber, 1935), this species is known to be abundant
in eastern Maryland (Bissell, 1964) and has also been found in Tidewater
Virginia. Bissel reported the occurrence of “a hundred or more” specimens on
the porch screens of a house in Lottsburg (Northumberland County) in Octo-
ber of 1957, and a record in the VPI Pest Survey files is for Mathews
(Mathews County), July 1, 1964 (Froeschner, det.). The host plant in Mary-
land appears to be the introduced European bindweed. Convolvulus septum L.

Genus Rhytidolomia Stal oC CVJU

A small genus of rather elongated greenish to olive-brown species. Two
of the three eastern species are known to be halophiles, restricted to salt marsh
biome, the environment of the third remains unknown because of its exces-
sive rarity. Virginia is the only state in which all three forms have been found.

Key to the eastern species of Rhytidolomia
1. Smaller, body less than 11 mm in length; second joint of beak

nearly as long as third and fourth combined saucia

.... Larger, body length greater than 11 mm; second joint of beak

only as long as third 2

2. Body elongated, maximum width 7-8 mm, color dark olive-brown .... senilis
Body more oval, width 9-10 mm, color greenish-yellow with^_

costal border of elytra blackish in part btlfreegei

58. Rhytidolomia b ^lfrag m — ^Previously recorded from midwestern
United States (Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska), this species is now known from ex-
treme southeastern Virginia. A single specimen (determined by H. G. Bar-
ber) was collected August 2, 1938 by L. D. Anderson in the Dismal Swamp
(Chesapeake City), and presently in the collection of the Virginia Truck Ex-
periment Station at Norfolk. j^Whether the species is really established as a
native member of the Virginia fauna must be decided by the accumulation
of additional specimen^

59. Rhytidolomia saucia (Say). A submaritime species confined to the
east coast between New England and Florida, and therefore to be reckoned
as a member of my Littoral” biotic region. Although sometimes numerous,
they seem to be rarely collected by the non-specialist, and only one Virginia
specimen has been seen: Smith’s Island, Northampton Co. (USNM). Brim-
ley (1938: 61) records saucia only from Cape Hatteras, N. C.

(46) I

60. Rhytidolomia senilis (Say). Another salt marsh species previously
known from Virginia northward to New England (Brimley’s record for Har-
nett Co., N. C., may be based upon an adventitious specimen). Material
seen from Smithfield, Isle of Wight Co. (G. W. Underhill, leg., VPI) and
from Virginia Beach (USNM, 11 specimens). This is a relatively large,
elongated pentatomid.

Genus Chlorochroa Stal

A characteristically western and southwestern genus, with only one species
east of the Mississippi. Closely allied to Rhytidolomia, differing chiefly in small
details of the beak, head proportions, and coloration.

61. Chlorochroa uhleri Stal. Widespread across northern United States
and Canada from Quebec to Alaska, south through the Rockies into Mexico.
In the east, not reported south of New York by Van Duzee (1919) or Blatch-
ley. but Brimley cites a single locality (Southern Pines) in North Carolina.
The VPI collection contains four specimens only: one from Winchester, Fred-
erick Co. (July 1936, J. M. Grayson) ; two from Crozet, Albemarle Co.
(July 10 and September 20, 1934, G. W. Underhill) ; and one penultimate
nymph from the Peaks of Otter, Bedford Co. (September 3, 1953, R. L. Hoff-
man).

* Genus Nezara Amyot & Serville

A group of largely tropical bugs closely related to Jcrosternum, the latter
name considered by Blatchley to be hardly more than subgenerically distinct
from Nezara. On the basis of external features, however, I judge N. viridula
to be generically different from A. hilar e, and probably more nearly allied to
Chlorochroa. One species occurs in southeastern United States and may be
established in eastern Virginia.

* Nezara viridula (Linnaeus). A nearly cosmopolitan species in warmer
parts of the world, and apparently established also in Eurasia, this form ap-
pears to be common in Florida. Van Duzee (1904: 58) included Virginia
in the range of the species on the advice of P. R. Uhler, but no specimens
have been seen from this state nor is it mentioned for North Carolina by Brim-
ley.

Records in the VPI Insect Pest Survey File indicate that N. viridula is
abundant in Nansemond, Gloucester, and Westmoreland counties (July-Sep-

tember), but no authority is given for the identification. The status of this
species in Virginia therefore still requires confirmation.

Genus Acrosternum Fibber

A large, widely distributed genus of generally moderate-sized, greenish bugs
closely related to both Nezara and Banasa. Three species occur in the United

( 47 )

States, two of them endemic, the third a Neotropical form restricted to the
southern tier of states.

Our two local species differ considerably in general appearance when both
are compared directly: A. hilare is longer and relatively more slender, its great-
est width about 50-55% of the length; A. pennsylvanicum is more broadly
oval, with a width/length ratio of nearly 70%. In the former species, the
spiracular openings are pale, in the latter they are narrowly edged with black
and conspicuous even to the unaided eye.

62. Acrosternum hilare (Say). Widespread over much of North America,
this common insect is one of the most abundant members of the family in
Virginia and probably occurs in every county (Figure 12). Material seen
from Albemarle, Alleghany, Amherst, Bedford, Buckingham, Brunswick, Ches-
terfield, Fairfax, Fauquier, Franklin, Halifax, Henrico, Loudoun, Montgom-
ery, Nelson, Pittsylvania, Pulaski, Roanoke, Rockingham, Smyth, and Taze-
well counties, and the cities of Chesapeake and Virginia Beach. April-Septem-
ber, most records for May and August.

Records in the VPI Insect Pest files further establish the species in the
counties of Caroline, Charlotte, Dinwiddle, Fluvanna, Goochland, Hanover,
Isle of Wight, King and Queen, Louisa, Lunenburg, Mecklenburg, Middlesex,
Nansemond, Nottoway, Richmond, Russell, Scott, Spotsylvania, Sussex, and
Wise.

This species is a general feeder and occurs on a wide variety of plants
including truck crops and forage. Elsewhere it has been recorded breeding on
various species of Tilia although we have no Virginia material from this host
plant. Presumably it does not locally become especially troublesome to agri-
culturists.

63. Acrosternum pennsylvanicum (DeGeer). This oval green bug, al-
though among the first American species to be scientifically described, appears
to be uncommon all over its fairly wide range. There are Virginia specimens
only from Fairfax, Henrico, and Loudoun counties, suggesting an eastern dis-
tribution, but Brimley (1938) cites the form from Blantyre, in the mountains
of western North Carolina.

Genus Banasa Stal

A genus of chiefly Neotropical bugs, small to moderate in size, and often
greenish or yellowish-brown in coloration. Five species occur in the eastern
states, and all should be found in Virginia although material has been seen
of only two of them. In most characters the species of Banasa are quite close
to those of Acrosternum and Nezara.

( 48 )

( 49 )

Key to Virginia species of Banasa

1. General color above clear green, basal angles of scutellum each

with a large calloused ivory-white spot - euchlora

.... Coloration otherwise, green in combination with reddish-brown

or general overall shades of brown, olive, or fuscous 2

2. Extreme lateral ends of ventral abdominal segments with a small

black dot, second antennomere about half the length of third 3

.... Ends of ventral segments without black dot, second antennomere

about the length of third ^

3. Dorsal coloration uniformly dull yellow, so thickly marked with

dark punctures as to appear fuscous; side margins of pronotum

and tip of scutellum pale yellow * packardi

. .. Dorsal coloration variegated, the head, apical half of pronotum,
and most of scutellum greenish-yellow; basal half of pronotum
and apical third of scutellum either green or reddish-brown
dimidiata

4. Pronotum uniformly colored, yellowish-green or pale reddish

brown ; rear angles of abdominal segments obtuse * sordida

.... Pronotum bicolored, the front half pale green or yellowish, the
posterior half darker green, reddish, or purple; rear angles of
abdominal segments acute or spiniform calva

64. Banasa calva (Say). This colorful species was originally described
from Virginia and is known to occur from Ontario to British Columbia south
as far as Georgia. The VPI Extension Pest Survey files contain records of
this species from light traps in the cities of Newport News and Norfolk
(July-August, 1968), determinations by R. C. Froeschner, and presumably
specimens were added tothe USNM collection after my last survey of that
material. I venture the opinion that Say’s types came from the lower part
of the Del-Mar-Va peninsula, and that the species might be sought for gen-
erally in the eastern part of the state. The localities cited by Brimley (1938:
63) for North Carolina suggest, however, a statewide distribution there.

In color pattern calva is apparently nearly identical with the fairly common
dimidiata^ differing chiefly in the presence of black spots at the ends of the
abdominal segments. Blatchley stated that “Fresh specimens are among the most
brilliant of our eastern Pentatomids ...”

65. Banasa dimidiata (Say). Widespread across northern North America
and extending southward to northern Florida, Oklahoma, and Texas; and
according to Blatchley, nowhere especially common. But dimidiata is apparently
statewide in Virginia and sometimes taken in fair numbers. Specimens have
been seen from Alleghany, Dickenson, Fairfax, Grayson, Halifax, Henrico,
Henry, Montgomery, Nansemond, Nelson, Pittsylvania, Tazewell, and Wythe
counties, as well as Norfolk and Virginia Beach cities. The vertical range

is from sea level to about 5,000 feet at Mount Rogers.

( 50 )

The Truck Experiment Station at Norfolk has a series of 17 specimens
taken at one time at Cape Henry, and I once found the species very abundant
on mountain ash atop Warm Spring Mountain (4,000 feet) in Alleghany
County.

66. Banasa euchlora Stal. A beautiful jade-green insect with white mark-
ings on pronotum and scutellum, euchlora is widely distributed from Maryland
south to Florida, and w'est to Illinois, Iowa, Colorado, and Arizona. Virginia
material has been seen from Fluvanna County (USNM), without precise
data), Montgomicry County (Blacksburg, April 12, 1947 and July 26, 1952,
both VPI), and Henrico County (Richmond, Sept. 17, 1967, VPI). The sev-
eral localities mentioned for North Carolina by Brimley are in the eastern
half of that state.

According to Blatchley, the preferred host plant appears to be red cedar,
as is the case also for the following species.

* Banasa packardi Stal. Originally described from North Carolina, this
species is known to inhabit the east coast region from Florida to New Jersey.
There are as yet no Virginia records, but the species certainly occurs here,
and is to be looked for on red cedar, Junlperus virginiana.

* Banasa sordida (Uhler). Another widespread northern species, extend-
ing entirely across the continent but southward only as far as North Caro-
lina. Recorded for Virginia by Van Duzee, but no specimens have been seen
in any of the collections consulted. Brimley (1938) cites Raleigh and South-
ern Pines, N. C., and Blatchley (1926: 167) recorded material from Wash-
ington, D. C., so we can expect sordida to occur at least in the Virginia Pied-
mont region.

Genus Dendrocoris Bergroth

Nine species, chiefly western, comprise this endemic North American genus.
Two occur in the east : one of them not uncommon in western Virginia and
the other to be regarded as “possible” for the southeastern corner. These small
reddish-brown bugs were thought by Uhler to resemble the tristigmus group
of Euschistus, but to my mind the similarity is much greater in the direction
of E, politus. The prominently contiguous jugae render the genus easy to rec-
ognize; in many other external characters it agrees very closely with Acroster-
num, in particular the conformation of the osteolar peritreme. £). hurneralis,
our recorded form, has the side margins of the pronotum strongly concave
and the spiracles pale; D. fruticicola, which may occur in the southeast, has
nearly straight pronotal margins and its spiracles are edged in black.

67. Dendrocoris hurneralis (Uhler). Stated by Blatchley to range from
New England west to Colorado, and south through the Appalachians to Geor-
gia. Available Virginia material comes from localities suggesting a western,
montane range in this state, although none of it is from above 2,000 feet.

( 51 )

Alleghany, Albemarle, Fairfax, Nelson, Montgomery, and Roanoke counties,
April-October. The species is predaceous and to be regarded as “useful” al-
though apparently never especially abundant.

^ Dendrocoris frutidcola Bergroth. Endemic to the southeast, where it re-
places the preceding in the Atlantic Coastal Plain, this species has been found
as far north as Wilmington and Southern Pines, N. C. It may eventually be
found in the extreme southeastern part of Virginia; apparently young oak
sprouts are a favorite resting place, if not food source.

Genus Murgantia Stal

A small genus of brightly colored Neotropical species, two of which extend
into eastern North America. The genus is remarkable by its total lack of
osteolar modification, and our local species is readily distinguishable at a glance
by virtue of its brilliant red and yellow markings upon a black background.

68. Murgantia histrionica (Hahn). A southern species apparently extend-
ing its range northward, now known as far as New England and Colorado.
The well-known Harlequin Cabbage Bug is statewide in Virginia, except per-
haps for the higher mountains, and appears to be largely synanthropic in habits.
Specimens seen from Albemarle, Alleghany, Bedford, Carroll, Charlotte, Fair-
fax, Frederick, Giles, Loudoun, Montgomery, Nelson, and Northampton coun-
ties, as well as the cities of Virginia Beach and Chesapeake. Additional county
records obtained from the Insect Pest Survey Files are for Accomac, Augusta,
Buchanan, Caroline, Cumberland, Fauquier, Isle of Wight, Mathews, Meck-
lenburg, Nottoway, Pittsylvania, and Westmoreland. Often a pest upon cab-
bages and related plants.

Genus Stiretrus Laporte

An assemblage of colorful, chiefly Neotropical, species easily recognized by
the enlarged scutellum, subapical spine on the front femora, and ventral pu-
bescent patches in the male sex. Only a single species extends into eastern
United States, where it is not uncommon as far north as New England and
Iowa.

69. Stiretrus anchorago fimbriatus (Say). Treated by Blatchley as a full
species in its own right, fimbriatus appears to me to be little more than a
northern subspecies of the neotropical S. a?ichorago of Fabricius. It is wide-
spread in the lower parts of eastern United States, and in Virginia occurs
sporadically in the mountainous western counties as well. Material seen from
Albemarle, Chesterfield, Fairfax, Giles, Greenville, Montgomery, Nansemond,
Nelson, Prince William, Rockingham, and York counties, and the city of
Norfolk. May-September. The species is a well-known predator upon both
larvae and adults of various beetles as well as caterpillars.

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Genus Perillus Stal

{— Mineus Stal, and all later authors)

Colorful black and red bugs native to North and Central America; about
seven species are recognized, four of which occur in eastern United States.
As is the case with so many groups, some of these are more northern and extend
across the continent through southern Canada and the northern United States,
although the bulk of the species may be tropical in affinity. Two species are
known from Virginia: P, bioculatus with the front femora having a small sub-
apical spine and the basal third of pronotum being black, and P. strigipes which
lacks the femoral spine and in which the entire pronotum is red except for
two large paramedian oval black spots.

The only character utilized by Blatchley to separate P erillus and Mineus
is the absence of the small femoral spine in the latter, although in his generic
diagnoses he implied other differences in form of the peritreme and in rela-
tive lengths of the beak segments. The direct comparison of bioculatus and
strigipes shows little, if any, appreciable variation in either of these points, aside
from the fact that the fourth segment of the beak in strigipes is relatively a
little longer than in bioculatus. In the form of the osteolar peritreme, pu-
bescent areas on the ventrals, male genitalia, and other external details, I see
nothing whatever that might tend to set strigipes off, except for the absence
of the femoral spine. Yet, even this character varies within the old limits
of Perillus; P. exaptus having only a small tubercule instead of a ‘‘spine”. In
view of the virtual identity of the two Virginia species mentioned, I see no
justification for continued recognition of a monotypic genus Mineus which
rests upon a single mutable character of hardly specific value. I herewith pro-
pose to unite the two names, with Perillus Stal, 1862, having five years priority
over Mineus Stal, 1867 (new synonymy!).

Obviously, taxonomic stability in this group of species has yet to be achieved,
since bioculatus is the type species of a later genus Perilloides (Schouteden,
1907), and since even that nominal genus is scarcely separable from the Neo-
tropical group Oplornus. Here again, the so-called generic characters seem
arbitrary and of a low level of importance in the face of the virtual identity
of the various species in all other respects. Until such a time as the male
genitalia of Oplornus tripustulatus (the type of genus) can be studied closely,
however, I defer making the transfer of Perillus into the synonymy of the much
older name Oplornus.

70. Perillus bioculatus (Fabricius). Widespread over much of northern
and western North America, this pretty red and black insect apparently occurs
only in the extreme western parts of Virginia. Material seen (all in the VPI
and Radford collections) from Augusta, Floyd, Montgomery, Rockbridge, Rock-
ingham, and Tazewell counties; April-August. None of the localities over
2,000 feet, however.

( 53 )

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The earlier records of bioculatus for Florida apparently are erroneous or based
on adventive specimens. Brimley did not include the species in his 1938 list
of North Carolina species, and unless material has subsequently been taken in
the southeast, the Virginia specimens may represent the southeasternmost locali-
ties for bioculatus.

71. Perillus strigipes (Herrich-Schaeffer) , new combination. A slightly
smaller species than bioculatus, which it seems to replace in the southeast, strig-
ipes has been recorded from Massachusetts south to Florida, west and north
to Texas and Indiana. In Virginia it is obviously a “lower austral” form, and
I have seen only one specimen from an inland locality. Fairfax, Henrico, Isle
of Wight, Montgomery, and Nansemond counties, and the city of Norfolk;
April-early August. Brimley’s localities in North Carolina are likewise in the
eastern part of that state. The Montgomery County specimens (Blacksburg,
April 3, 1932, G. W. Underhill, leg., VPI) may conceivably be mislabeled,
as no other specimens have turned up in nearly three decades of subsequent
collecting at Blacksburg.

Genus Apateticus Dallas

As presently defined, Apateticus is restricted to a group of species closely
related to those embraced by the name Podisus, the two in fact having earlier
been regarded merely as subgenera within a more inclusive genus Apateticus.
The characters used by Blatchley to distinguish the two nominal genera seem
quite arbitrary, and perhaps the most reasonable course would be adoption
of the concept used by Schouteden as far back as 1907, possibly with the elimin-
ation of subgeneric names.

72. Apateticus cynicus (Say). A large (15-20 mm) bug resembling a
large form of Podisus, this northern species ranges from New England to
Colorado, and according to Blatchley, south to Florida and Arizona. It is, how-
ever, obviously scarce in the central Atlantic states. Only a single Virginia
specimen has been seen, an adult female taken on a tree trunk at Burkes Gar-
den, Tazewell Co., on October 25, 1970 (D. J. Moore, leg., USNM). This
locality is at an elevation of 3,840 feet on the crest of Clinch Mountain.

Brimley (1938; 64) was able to cite but one old record for North Caro-
lina (Highlands, Macon Co., at about 4,000 feet) ; I am thus inclined to view
the Florida record as dubious, possibly based upon a mislabeled or adventive
specimen.

Genus Podisus Herrich-Schaeffer

A large genus represented in much of the New World as well as in Eura-
sia; Van Duzee listed nine species for the United States, four of which occur
or should occur in Virginia. Insofar as is known, these bugs are all predatory
upon other insects and are of considerable value in reducing the number of
agricultural pests, particularly the immature stages of beetles and moths.

( 55 )

The species are generally quite similar in size and appearance and are not
easy to distinguish. The characters used in Blatchley’s key, particularly size
and modification of the humeral angles, appear to be somewhat variable and
not really diagnostic. The following key is therefore provisional and not to
be regarded as authoritative.

Key to the Virginia species of Podisus

1. Legs immaculate, without spots, flecks, or bands; median spine of

2nd ventral segment short (Fig. 17) ; length less than 10 mm....modestus
- Legs with some variety of dark markings ; median spine longer

(Fig. 15) ; length generally greater than 10 mm 2

2. Femora with two small black spots near apex; humeral angles of

pronotum acute to spiniform (Fig. 14) maculiventris

Femora variously flecked but without two apical black spots; hu-
meral angles subacute to obtusely rounded (Fig. 16) 3

3. Antennae uniformly reddish-brown; midventral abdominal spots

large and poorly defined; length greater than 12 mm fretus

.... Third and fourth articles of antennae dark brown or blackish;
midventral abdominal spots small and sharply defined ; length
less than 12 mm serieventris

73. Podisus fretus Olsen. A submaritime species known from the Atlantic
Coast between Massachusetts and North Carolina, also found sporadically in
the Great Lakes region. Although doubtlessly widespread and common in east-
ern Virginia, material has been seen so far only from Virginia Beach, in the
municipality of the same name (USNM 2). Specimens have been taken by
beating the foliage of oak and pine ; also found in the washup along the beaches.

74. Podisus maculiventris (Say). The “spined soldier bug” is one of our
most abundant and widespread pentatomids and occurs over much of North
America, although not common in the extreme south. In Virginia it is state-
wide and ranges from sea level up to about 4,000 feet. IVdaterial seen from
Albemarle, Alleghany, Augusta, Buckingham, Culpeper, Fairfax, Frederick,
Henrico, Highland, Loudoun, Montgomery, Nelson, Pulaski, Roanoke, Rock-
bridge, Rockingham, and Shenandoah counties, and the cities of Virginia Beach
and Norfolk.

Pin labels indicate specimens swept from a variety of plants and taken from
orchard trees. Specimens are occasionally found feeding upon catepillars and

Figures 14-17. Structural characters of two species of Podisus. Fig. 14, maculw-
entris, left side of thorax to show spiniform production of humeral angle ; Fig.
15, the same species, median projection of second abdominal segment as seen in
oblique ventrolateral aspect. Fig. 16, P. modestus, left side of thorax to show
rounded humeral angles; Fig. 17, the same, median projection of second abdominal
segment, indicating its small size.

( 56 )

( 57 )

small beetles. One individual from Richmond, Va. (G. W. Underhill, leg.,
VPI) bears the label “Taken in last instar feeding on pear slugs, 8/6/26.”

The degree to which the humeral angles are produced varies considerably
in this species, and many specimens on hand would key out better to P. seri-
eventris in Blatchley’s key. But all grades of intermediacy may be noted at
any one place, however; Dr. Froeshner advises that specimens with only acute-
ly angled (not spiniform) humeri are best regarded merely as variants of macu-
Uventris. The characters of leg coloration are perhaps better for recognizing
the local forms of this genus.

75. Podisus modestus (Dallas). Widespread across northern United States,
this species extends southward through the Appalachians as far as Georgia.
But it seems to be uncommon in our region, and only four Virginia speci-
mens are known: Blacksburg, May 24, 1962 (H. M. Swisher leg. VPI 1),
5 miles west of Blacksburg, June 24, 1958 (R. L. Hoffman leg. VPI 1),
Montgomery County, and Mount Rogers, 5,200 feet, Oct, 4, 1970 (R. L.
Hoffman & L. S. Knight leg. RC 2) Grayson County.

Brimley (1938: 64) states merely “Mountains” for the North Carolina
distribution of this form, without further particulars.

76. Podisus serieventris Uhler. Another widespread but locally uncommon
form, serievenirts , is likewise more northern in distribution and sporadic south-
ward. The only Virginia material seen is from Arlington and Fairfax coun-
ties (all USNM).

However, Brimley (1938: 64) records the species from Raleigh and South-
ern Pines, so it should be expected to occur in the Virginia Piedmont at the

least. Apparently the presence of a dark band near the apex of the femora is
a constant diagnostic character for serieventris.

Genus Euthyrhynchus Dallas

A small genus, endemic to the American tropics, containing two large and
colorful species, one of which extends northeastern in this country as far as
eastern Virginia. Among other characters, these species are notable for their
long, porrect head, and virtually obliterated bucculae, the beak almost entirely
exposed to its point of attachment.

77. Euthyrhynchus floridanus (Linnaeus). The range of this striking bug

is stated by Blatchley to extend from Pennsylvania south throughout Florida

and on into Central America. Virginia records suggest that floridanus is not
uncommon in the extreme southeastern region, specimens being on hand from
Holland in Nansemond County (October, VPI 1) and the cities of Norfolk
(September-October, VTX 3) and Newport News (October, VPI 1). Fur-
thermore, records from the Insect Pest Survey files mention that the species
is common at Sedley, Southampton County (October 5, 1962) and at Glou-
cester, Gloucester County. An interesting northern and inland locality is for

( 68 )

Appomattox County (September 11, 1962), where specimens were taken “feed-
ing on larvae of the alfalfa weevil” and determined as this species by Dr. J.
L. Herring, USDA, The lateness of the collecting dates is notable.

Brimley (1938: 64) cites records for the coastal plain of North Carolina
only, with the season of activity stated as June-November. Authenticity of
the old record for Pennsylvania is subject to some doubt.

Subfamily Acanthosomatinae
(= Acanthosominae, Blatchley)

A group of obviously specialized pentatomids having the tarsi reduced to two
segments, and with the median sternal carina enlarged, prominent, and extend-
ing between all the coxae, the midventral spine of the second abdominal seg-
ment likewise large, overlapping on the end of the thoracic carina. Most of
the dozen or so New World genera are Neotropical, but the two genera of
eastern United States are definitely northern in range and extend southward
into Virginia only along the Appalachians. Our local species appear to be ex-
tremely scarce and only rarely collected.

Key to Virginia genera of Acanthosomatinae
1. Osteolar canal short, broad, and curved, not extending beyond

middle of mesopleuron ; body length less than 10 mm..Elasmucha (p. 59)

. .. Osteolar canal longer and nearly straight, extending up well
beyond middle of mesopleuron; body length more than 10 mm
Elasmostethus (p. 59)

Genus Elasmucha Stal
Meador us Mulsant & Rey; Van Duzee ; Blatchley)

A small genus confined to the Northern Hemisphere, with a single species
in the United States. For many years it was treated in the literature by the
name Meadorus.

78. Elasmucha lateralis (Say). Ranging from New England west to the
Pacific Coast, this form extends southward into western North Carolina in
the high mountains. In Virginia, lateralis is recorded only from four localities:
three miles northwest of Clifton Forge, Alleghany Co. (VPI 1); Peaks of
Otter, Bedford Co. (RC 1); Blacksburg, Montgomery Co. (VPI 1); and
Stony Man Mountain, Page Co. (USNM 2).

Genus Elasmostethus Fieber

Another small genus of Holarctic distribution, with several species in Eurasia
and three in North America, all of which occur in the northern parts of the
country. Generally similar in structure to Elasmucha ^ but the species are larger
and the posterior edge of the pronotum is not strongly concave in front of
the scutellum, as is the case in Elasmucha,

One species occurs in Virginia and a second has been found as close as

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Maryland, so certainly to be expected as a member of our fauna. £. cruciatus
has the humeral angles and basal four antennal articles pale; E. atricornis is
piceous or black in the two areas mentioned, and averages a little smaller than
cruciatus.

79. Elasmostethus cruciatus (Say). Recorded from Quebec to Vancouver
Island, and southward to New Mexico and North Carolina. Apparently quite
scarce in Virginia, whence specimens are available only from “Nelson Co.”
(without further data) (USNM).

Brimley cites Waynesville and Highlands as the North Carolina localities
for cruciatus, and the Radford College collection has a specimen from Lin-
ville. It seems only a matter of time until additional stations will be estab-
lished for the western part of Virginia.

* Elasmostethus atricornis (Van Duzee). Described from western New
York, known to range from Montreal west to Indiana and south to Mary-
land. Batchley found it abundant and breeding on A r alia racemosa and sug-
gested that atricornis would be found throughout most of the range of that
plant (which is quite common in western Virginia).

LITERATURE CITED

Barber, H. G., and R. I. Sailer. 1953. A revision of the turtle bugs of North Amer-
ica (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) . Journ. Washington Acad. Sci. 43:150-162; Fig.
1-57.

Bissell, T. L. 1964. Locality records and a host plant for the stinkbug Edessa florida
Barber. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, D, C. 66:119-120.

Blatchley, Willis S. 1926. Heteroptera or true bugs of eastern North America, with
especial reference to the faunas of Indiana and Florida. Nature Publishing Co.,
Indianapolis, p, 1-1116, Fig. 1-215, Pis. I-XII.

Brimley, C. S. 1938. The insects of North Carolina, being a list of the insects of
North Carolina and their close relatives. Raleigh, N. C. Dept. Agr. p. 1-560.

Froeschner, R. C. 1941. Contributions to a synopsis of the Hemiptera of Missouri,
Pt. 1. Scutelleridae, Podopidae, Pentatomidae, Cydnidae, Thyreocoridae. Amer.
Midi. Nat. 26:122-146, Fig. 1-36.

1960. Cydnidae of the Western Hemisphere. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. Ill:

337-680, Fig. 1-300.

Hoffman, R. L. 1969. The biotic regions of Virginia, p. 23-62, Fig. 1-9. The Insects
of Virginia No. 1. Research Div. Bull. 48, Virginia Polytechnic Institute.

Jones, M. P. 1935. A peculiar insect situation along a seashore. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash-
ington, 37:150.

Leonard, M. D., ed 1926. List of the insects and spiders of New York State. Mem.
Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Stat. 101:1-1121.

Malloch, J. R. 1910. Additions and descriptions of new species. In C. A. Hart, The
Pentatomoidea of Illinois, with keys to the Nearctic genera. Bull. Illinois Nat. Hist.
Surv. 13:157-223.

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McAteEj W. L., and J. R. Malloch. 1933. Revision of the subfamily Thyreocorinae
of the Pentatomidae (Hemiptera-Heteroptera). Ann. Carnegie Mus. 21 (4) :191-411,
Fig. 1-260.

Ruckes. Herbert. 1957. The taxonomic status and distribution of Thyanta custator
(Fabricius) and Thyanta pallido-mrens (Stal) (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae). Amer.
Mus. Nov., 1824:1-23, Fig. 1.

SaileRj R. I. 1945. A new name for A cantholoma Stal (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae) .
Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 47:135.

1954. Interspecific hybridization among insects with a report on cross-
breeding experiments with stink bugs. Journ. Econ. Ent. 47:377-383.

SchoutedeNj H. 1907. Fam. Pentatomidae, Subfam. Graphosomatinae. In Genera
Insectorum, Fasc. 30:1-93.

Van Duzee, E. P. 1904. Annotated list of the Pentatomidae recorded from America
north of Mexico, with descriptions of some new species. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc.
30:1-80.

1909. Synonymical and descriptive notes on North American Heperoptera.

Canadian Entom. 41:369-375.

1917. Catalogue of the Hemiptera of America north of Mexico, except-
ing the Aphididae, Coccidae, and Aleurodidae. Univ. California Publ. in Entom.
2 :i-xiv, 1-902.

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