Issued January 25, 1915. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE. HENRY S. GRAVES, Forester. INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE SCALING AND MEASUREMENT OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. WASHINGTON. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1915, D. OFS. FEB: Y2: 1915 ¥ CONTENTS. 1. The scaling and measurement of National Forest timber. -. Pre rMIsLIOU OT BCAMNG os. oa ee oe ag te mE Use of customary commercial units..........--....-.--- MLR ores a ge ee a ee ah he eee as aa 7 Se Pace NL pala tie NG DS a aC ae RR PR AON Scale’ ot umber in the: log. 20.2. ascents cn tect Winrth TiE PHCOR Ree ee a ae aie a a a tect Defects in the log which reduce the scale. .-.......-- IES PERCE CTE OS ace ges ees hrs hai Sea ed SSeATCeS- 10, PULCHESCIS=)5 508 Foe Bal nt en oe Definition of merchantable logs. .............-...--- Designation of places for scaling.............------- Re O OE Beane. o.oo oe ee Requirements of purchasers-......- Pa eee a le Ng PM PRED ye ee rt oe ee hg ag RA ek ee oe ae le ETT ENT DoS ie lnk ie Tc ales a Oia SGA a SOAR mvomaticos ion timimine 2-50. SS saiod nos esa ee Measuring, numbering, and stamping logs............-. Mipamprtni Ve NNO UNS 8 Sn Se oi ets kee gaa Mee aMREM OL IANEGETS 8 cs Sole sae i eine ot Pe MIBCTIN COR fl a Ce Se os lh oe AS Pemee Ma MDa MARLO BCU els SiMe cure Sl ak a ie End check on logs..:....--.. ag at Calle ate a 2) LIT Sa 22 1 42 pen alae ac ae a ae me eR NR en Check on total number of logs...-..-...-.--...---+ +: Pee erin 10F CCleC ts ane oe. os pe vs = a ela ee Dee PENG Clee 2 05 ee ee a ee ie Ground or stump rot.........-... Bee a2 ee ee Circotepiake’ or pitch Heed... 2. in ce 3 4 CONTENTS. 2. Scaling logs—Continued. Deductions for defects—Continued. Interior defects—Continued. Eine. OF PECK iat. em Se ee ee eS Check or pitch seniincaatenccinui. Soren © ecw akacieand A EURGR RE cs 5S poeRe nee. A hy eu ee A RR Oe Hote appearing in kriets. 2.5: oe ec es eee Aihentry aaiglen. 32 3S" RTs ff Ee eR SRE eRe Sf Rie Ueieeta tS. SoCo sone eee eet ec a ee coe Ini ssles by estiniates?. 222235125 2 ee ee a. ‘Cubic measstrements=~ 527522. 5- 2252) tee ea Requirements of pirchasers: {2 Soa.--2 =. 12. eee ee Check measurements... 02.00 So Ne Se eee Stamping and onMm bering -... eos ae te eee Cubic foot measure: 7... oe ee ae ee ee Policy. eee eos 2 Lee ee pee. 4 Measuremontas: 225510 05 c ese eee - 2, : eee Deductions ter delect... .. 2.2222. st eee bo b> Wb bo to bo bo & bP bo 2 &© ‘OO nis bo bo bo bo bo ob wo Oo iN CONTENTS. Requirements of purchasers: =~... 2 ..2-526.420.01.2... eemurOigth: 2 _ ware eta wea Se hooey apie = 8 a Eo Hosrd-fooi equivalentess<:: 2... 2k seek of ews ese. Sramiping anc. NVMper nea. CF koe ates ake Cees anders che Gheck measuremonites tir scan: 12 js rus. ok oe it A oe Requirements of purchasers........2.....-.56..252.6.-: Stamping and numbering.... girs: Cheek moasuremonte11-+ sssieci<2 . 3409308. OLR eee Alia: UN os cman ta os ne eas gases Bol til Belen Perveconas ane POpOPtas.: soo Yeoh. Lecirstd- Jonas. eee LL. Mase pOmke. = Seer d sie steed en oa es ed Parialey pepe reeardss s.50 45228. si tiesde cen 31) Ti}. Pberk of scale: hooks 4... dnd asiey secndinn queeerth x > 2 Bai Re Ot hee oe ree ete wien) bl cael eee exw tr ad Soe 7 yc Lae Penalty scale reports. . ’ : Check and record of Poe oe : mealie records:for piunchasers. 23.6 3 te wie aioe ois hele deseo Report of timber sold and cut............. District torester: 5 monthly reports... boos. bisa. tnaies.-- Pe RPAIAEE DOU eT Ho ops tie ake tne wi nc tie Me endl Ba Report on miscellaneous products......... Sag PELE TG Bs SRNR RE oS aS AA Net OO a ae eae eae Table 1.—Scribner Decimal C log rule..........-..-... Table 2.—Cull for rectangular defects ................. Table 3.—Cull for squared-defects'...............00.224 Table 4.—Solid cubic contents of logs.................. Table 5.—Board foot contents of standard sizes of timber. Table 6.—Standard converting factors.................. Table 7.—Converting factors—Chestnut telephone poles. 6 CONTENTS. 9. Appendix—Continued. ‘Table 8.-—Areas of circles. 222 $02 EEL Table 9.—Taper for scaling in maximum lengths of 16 fOGh eS ees ra os on es Ra es ee Sample page 1, Form 231, saw timber.........---...-+- Sample page 2, Form 231—D1, saw timber ...-......-..-- Sample page 3, Form 631, saw timber ..............-.- Sample page 4, Form 631, saw timber, summary sheet. . Sample page 5, Form 231, cubic feet and cords.......-- Sample page 6, Form 648, cord measurement....-...--- Sample page 7, Form 651, shingle bolts..........-..-.-- Sample page 8, Form 231, telephone poles............-- Sample page 9, Form 231—D1, linear feet ............-- Sample page 10, Form 648, mining timbers, ties, and posts. Douglas fir log grading rules— (1) Of the Puget Sound Log Scaling and Grading BUregilys J22¢ LES Sesto ct Desk ee tek 3s Sees (2) Of the Columbia River Log Scaling and Grading Butea sale cc th ose ee ee Sa eee Western yellow pine log grading rules.......-.......... Page. 90 90 91 THE SCALING AND MEASUREMENT OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. The following instructions govern the scaling and measurement of National Forest timber. They supplement the National Forest Man- ual and will be followed in the administration of timber sales, tim- ber settlements, timber trespass, free use, and administrative use. Uniform standards and methods are necessary in all National Forest work involving the measurement of timber. It is therefore essential that these instructions be carried out strictly by all Forest officers. Unless timber is sold on an estimate in the tree, it must be scaled, counted, or measured before it is removed from the cutting area or from the place designated for scaling. Regulation on Scaling. The regulation of the Secretary of Agriculture on scaling National Forest timber is as follows: REG. S-18. No timber cut under any contract shall be removed from the place designated until it has been scaled, measured, or counted and stamped by a Forest officer, unless such removal is specifically authorized in the agreement. No person except a Forest officer shall stamp any timber belong- ing to the United States upon a National Forest with the regula- tion marking ax or any instrument having a similar design. The Scribner Decimal C log rule, as used by the Forest Service, is the official rule for scaling National Forest timber. - Use of Customary Commercial Units. National Forest timber will ordinarily be appraised, sold, and measured by the customary commercial units. As the standard practice, saw timber will be scaled by the thousand board feet log scale, railroad ties by the piece of stated maximum and minimum _ size, mining timbers by the piece or linear foot, telephone poles by the piece of stated length and diameter class, piling by the linear foot, and fuel, shingle bolts, and pulpwood by the cord or its equiva- am 8 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. - lent in solid cubic feet. Other units may be used for these products, however, when better adapted to local trade customs. SCALING LOGS. POLICY. Scale of Timber in the Log. The material purchased in National Forest sales is timber in the log, not manufactured lumber. In its measurement it is necessary to determine the merchantability of the log as a commercial product in itself. Timber will therefore be scaled as far as practicable in accordance with the defects or indications of defect in the log. It will not be scaled in relation to the lumber grades to be manufactured from it or on the basis that only material calculated to produce cer- tain grades of lumber is merchantable. “Straight and sound” is an expression common in parts of the United States which indicates a scale based upon the log rather than upon lumber grades. It means the straight and sound material in the log after deductions have been made for visible defects which render parts of the log crooked or unsound. Since this term has been identified with various local standards of utilization, however, it will not be used in defining the basis of scaling adopted by the Forest Service. Scaling on the log rather than on lumber grades is the standard practice of the Service for the following reasons: (1) The unit of measure is regarded as more stable, with less fluctuation from year to year, than where lumber grades are followed. Greater certainty is thus assured purchasers as to what material they will be required to pay for throughout the life of their contracts. (2) The basis of scaling is less subject to individual judgment. It is more readily learned by scalers and more uniformly applied, and hence is more practicable as a common standard for a large num- ber of scalers in timber of varying size and quality. _ (3) Mill tallies are not required for effective application of the scale or to settle complaints by purchasers. The obligation to check - the scale by mill studies, which is implied in scaling to certain lum- ber grades, is avoided. The accuracy of the scale is directly and inexpensively determined by a check on the logs themselves. SCALING LOGS. 9 Use of Mill Checks. At the same time, knowledge of the various lumber grades and of how timber “‘cuts out” is of great assistance to scalers. The best way to train the judgment in making deductions for particular kinds of defect is to see how defective logs open up in the mill and the actual loss as compared with sound logs of the same size. Frequent mill checks are therefore desirable, not to correct the previous scale, but to train the scaler’s judgment in making allowance for various classes of defect. . In training and instructing scalers, check scaling, settling com- plaints, discussing proposed sales, and other matters of scaling practice, however, scaling to include certein grades of lumber and exclude other grades will be avoided as far as practicable. Defects in the Log which Reduce the Scale. Deductions will not be made for defects outside of the cylinder represented by the top end and total length of the log or for defects in the portion of the log which will be slabbed off. Otherwise deductions will be made in Forest Service scaling for all visible defects which will actually reduce the yield of lumber from the log. This includes crooks and any defective or waste material whose presence is plainly indicated on the surface of the log by conks, rotten knots, pitch seams, etc. There must, however, be an un- mistakable surface indication of the defect. The scale should never be reduced simply because the timber is known to be more or less defective, or because hidden defect frequently appears in sawing. The total scale of the log will be reduced in each instance by the estimated loss in lumber from the defects present in the cylinder as compared with a sound cylinder of the same dimensions. Reduc- tions will not be made for defects in the swell of the log outside of the cylinder. Scalers should reduce the scale for all other defects regardless of overrun. The total overrun for all sources including taper, based upon the standard Service method of scaling, is ob- tained from mill studies and taken into account in fixing the price of the timber. Overrun should not affect the scale in any manner or influence the scaler in making reductions. Allowance must therefore be made for every defect which will cut down the yield 10 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. of lumber as compared with a sound cylinder of the same length and diameter. Defects outside of the cylinder or which will be slabbed off should be disregarded. In applying the foregoing, the shortest length considered in determining the amount of lumber lost on eccount of a defect will be the minimum log length of the species stated in the contract. The minimum width will be 4 inches. Deductions will not be made for ‘‘sound” defects, such as sound knots, however large, and firm red rot, sound blue stain, or other dis- coloration, which affect the grades of lumber but do not reduce the total cut from the log. Deductions will be made only for crooks, curve, or sweep, and for unsound material such as rot, broken-down sap, shake, checks, worm holes, and pitch rings. Mill Overrun. In making mill checks or more extensive ‘‘mill studies,’”’ it is of course desirable to compare the total cut of all merchantable grades of lumber with the log scale under the standard Service method; thus determining the overrun. Mill overrun is made up of: (1) Any saving in saw kerf under one-fourth inch, the kerf upon which the scale rule is based. (2) The saving in kerf from cutting dimension stock, timbers, and other materiel over an inch thick. (3) Trade practice in cutting lumber of scant thickness. (4) Utilization of narrow widths in slabbing, not included in the diagrams upon which the Scribner scale is based. (5) Utilization of short lengths from the swell of logs, not included in the Scribner diagrams. (6) Utilization of lumber grades which admit considerable unsound material, rot, broken-down sap, etc., which should be eliminated in the scale. The first five sources of overrun are obtained from all classes of logs, sound as well as defective. The normal overrun from these sources under the Scribner log scale ranges from 4 to 20 per cent, depending upon the size and taper of the timber. This overrun should be secured under Service scaling in sound timber. In de- fective timber it should be obtained in the grades of lumber admitting SCALING LOGS. 11 sound defects—such as sound knots, firm red rot, ete.—for which no deductions are made in the scale. Since the scale deducts for all unsound defects visible in the log, except those outside of a cylinder represented by the top end and length and those which will be slabbed off in milling, lumber grades containing considerable amounts of such defect, if such lumber is manufactured, should under accurate scaling be largely overrun. Good scaling under the Service standard should thus yield an overrun equivalent to the greater part of the cut of grades which contain considerable quantities of unsound defect in addition to the normal overrun on sound logs. The methods of manufacture of particular purchasers will not be taken into account by scalers. No attempt should be made to adjust the scale to losses due to poor equipment or inefficient methods, or to catch up gains from exceptionally close utilization. It is the scaler’s function to determine the amount of sound material in the log as uniformly as possible, whatever the overrun may be. Assurances to Purchasers. No assurances regarding the Forest Service scale should be made to-purchasers, except that— (1) The Service will give them a scale of the sound material in the log under the Scribner Decimal C rule. The Service practice of reading diameters to the nearest, instead of the next lower, inch should be made clear, together with the requirements governing maximum scaling length, trimming allowance, and penalty for overrunning the trimming allowance. (2) The Service will make systematic checks on the local scale by more experienced scalers of special competency. (3) The Service will make special check scales by the best men in its organization in case of serious complaint. Where mill-scale studies have been made, prospective purchasers may be furnished with the results of the Service scale in given classes of timber as to species, size, soundness, etc., and under specified manufacturing methods. The furnishing of such informa- tion should, however, convey no direct or implied guaranty what- soever on the overrun in a proposed scale. 12 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. Assurances to purchasers should be restricted absolutely to those given above. Never should any assurances or promises be made on amount of overrun. Definition of Merchantable Logs. Every timber-sale agreement should define Beachy the material to be classed as merchantable under its terms. Exceptions to this rule may be made only in rangers’ sales where satisfactory stand- ards of utilization have been established. In sales of sawlogs this definition will consist of: (1) The minimum length of merchantable logs. (2) The minimum diameter at small end. (3) A minimum percentage of the gross scale of the log remaining after deductions for visible indications of defect. (See merchant- ability clause, Form 202, Timber Sale Agreement.) As rapidly as practicable, standard percentages under No. 5 will be established for each species in each region. These will ordinarily be applied uniformly in sawlog sales. They should be not more than 334 per cent of the gross scale of logs of the more valuable com- mercial species, and not more than 50 per cent of the gross scale of logs of inferior species. As rapidly as the necessary data are obtained from mill studies or other thorough investigations, the standard definition of merchant- able logs may include a specific statement of the treatment in Service scaling of common defects or alleged defects in the timber of the region. This makes the work of different scalers more uniform and the Service standard more stable. It is particularly desirable to indicate that no deductions will be made for defects, like firm red rot and firm blue stain in Idaho white pine, which mill studies have shown convincingly do not affect the cut of sound grades of lumber. Designation of Places for Scaling. Unless specified in the contract, the places where timber is to be scaled will be designated by the officer in charge of the sale. Such places should be adapted, as far as reasonable economy in scaling will permit, to the practical requirements and methods of operation, so as to impose as little additional cost upon the operator as possible. Scaling will not be done, however, in places or under conditions dangerous to life or limb. “SCALING LOGS. | 13 Frequency of Scaling. In small sales the frequency of scaling must be adapted to the rea- sonable requirements of the purchaser. It is desirable to scale only at intervals within which considerable quantities of timber are logged and assembled, such as 15,000 or 20,000 feet. Any such measures to promote economy must, however, be enforced only as far as it is practicable for the purchaser to comply with them. In larger sales the most economical plan of scaling should be con- sidered in advance and provided for in the agreement. (See Stand- ard Clauses 29, 30, 31, National Forest Manual, p. 27-S.) Clause 31 should be generally used in sales where operations will be con- ducted simultaneously over a considerable area. Requirements of Purchasers. To permit scaling at reasonable cost, purchasers may be required to assemble and hold logs for scaling. This should be covered by a specific clause in the contract. On the other hand, methods of scal- ing should, so far as practicable, be adapted to the operating methods of the purchaser. The decking or skidding of logs solely for scaling is usually unnecessary and should be required only in classes of operations where it is essential for efficient or economical scaling. (See Standard Clauses 29, 30, and 32, p. 27-S of the National Forest Manual.) If cutting is to be done on Government and private lands simul- taneously, the purchaser should be required to keep the logs sepa- rate up to the point of scaling. (See Standard Clause 33, National Forest Manual, p. 27-S.) The Forest officer in charge should require piles or skidways to be constructed so as to permit economical scaling. Where necessary and practicable, the purchaser will be required to mark top ends of logs to avoid question and to expedite scaling. The Log Rule. All saw timber will be scaled by the Scribner Decimal C log rule. This rule drops the units and gives the contents of a log to the near- _ est 10 board feet. One cipher added to the sum of the numbers read from the scale stick gives the total scale of the log, except in the case 14 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. of 6-inch logs 6, 7, 8, and 9 feet long and 7-inch logs 6 feet long. The reading for these is 0.5, which multiplied by 10 gives 5 feet as the actual scale. Scale sticks for logs of even lengths are furnished in 30, 36, 48, 60, 72, and 96 inch lengths. Scale sticks showing odd lengths will be furnished whenever the demand is sufficient to warrant their use. In the absence of a scale stick, or where the position of logs in the pile makes its use difticult, their diameters and lengths may be tal- lied and the scale figured from a table later, fair allowance being made for defect. Table 1 on pages 40 to 45 of the Appendix gives the contents of logs of both odd and even lengths of 6 to 32 feet and of diameters of 6 to 120 inches. One cipher must be added as with the scale stick. Log Lengths. On all National Forests except those in Alaska and west of the summit of the Cascade Mountains in Washington and Oregon, logs ‘over 16 feet in length will be scaled as two or more logs, as far as practicable, in lengths of not less than 12 feet. The diameters of other than the top length should be increased in accordance with the taper of the stick. For example, a 42-foot log 16 inches in diam- eter would be scaled as: One 12-foot log with a diameter of 16 inches. One 14-foot log with a diameter of 17 inches. One 16-foot log with a diameter of 19 inches. Taper Tables 9 and 10 on pages 67 and 68 of the Appendix are to be used simply as a guide, the allowances for taper being varied to conform to the actual taper. On the National Forests in Alaska and west of the summit of the Cascade Mountains in Washington and Oregon, logs up to and in- cluding 32 feet in length will be scaled as one log; lengths from 34 to 64 feet, inclusive, will be scaled as two logs as nearly equal in length as possible in even feet. Greater lengths than 64 feet will be scaled as three logs, making the divisions as nearly equal as possible in even feet, and increasing the diameters according to the taper of the log. When logs are scaled as two or more logs the scale allowed for the separate lengths will be added and the total recorded as one log. The use of logs of odd lengths by purchasers should be encouraged. SCALING LOGS. RA Ae 15 Allowances for Trimming. ; The scaling length clause of Form 202 specifies a definite allow- ance for trimming. This allowance should be adapted to different logging conditions and to large and small timber. Three inches overrun will ordinarily be sufficient for small timber where the danger of brooming is slight; while six inches may be reasonable in sales of large timber or where the danger of brooming in driving or chuting is great. MEASURING, NUMBERING, AND STAMPING LOGS. Measuring Log Lengths. The length of all logs about which there is any question in the mind of the scaler will be measured. In addition, the length of logs in the general run will be measured frequently dheuah to make sure that the specified trimming allowance is not exceeded. Any logs overrunning the trimming allowance will be scaled to the next foot in length, as outlined under ‘‘Penalty scale,’’ page 24. Frequent measuring is of special importance in small sales where a scaler is not always present, since sawyers are more apt to be lax than when the lengths are checked daily by a Forest officer. Measuring Diameters. All diameters will be measured inside the bark at the top end of the log. If logs are not round, scalers will average the greatest diameter with that at right angles to it. Four diameters may be measured where necessary to obtain a fair average. The necessary reduction in diameter will be made for swellings at the scaling end of logs from which no lumber can be cut. Diameters will be rounded off to the nearest inch above or below the actual diameter. Logs which have a diameter exactly half way between inches will be thrown to the next lower inch. Numbering Logs. Every log, whether merchantable or cull, must be numbered with crayon as soon asit isscaled. Numbering is necessary even where the logs will be sawed immediately or rolled into water. The scale of the log will be entered opposite its number in the scale book, or the letter c in the case of cull logs. 16 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. This feature of Service scaling is essential and must be followed, in spite of its apparent uselessness under some conditions, for the following reasons: (1) It isa check on the total number of pieces scaled. (2) It fixes the responsibility of the scaler for his scale by indi- vidual logs. It is thus a safeguard against lax scaling. {t permits an exact check on the scale at any time. ‘This is desirable, even where logs are manufactured immediately to enable the supervisor, check scaler, or inspector to make an absolute check whenever the sale is visited, if only on half a dozen logs. (4) It affords an equally definite basis for the settlement of com- plaints; and is thus a protection to purchasers. « The numbering of cull as well as merchantable logs is desirable both to check the total number of pieces scaled and to fix the respon- sibility of the scaler. The latter is as essential in the matter of cull- ing logs as in making an accurate scale of merchantable logs. Scale Book Letters. In sales which require the use of more than one scale book, the books should be lettered serially with the letters of the alphabet, in the order in which they are used. In large sales serial numbers need not be continued throughout the contract, since numbering is intended only for the identifica- tion of individual logs. It is usually sufficient to number logs con- secutively to the end of each scale book, beginning the next book with No. 1. The series should not be changed so frequently, how- ever, as to make the identification of logs uncertain. There should as a rule be an unbroken series of scale book letters and log numbers covering the cut of each logging season. End Check on Logs. As a general rule, every sawlog should be check marked on the end which is not numbered. Where a series of scale books is to be used, the initial of the book in which the log is recorded makes the best end check. This practice aids the check scaler in locating the original scale entry, insures getting all the logs in a deck or skidway, and automatically requires the scaler or scalers to see both ends of each log. SCALING LOGS. Zz Stamping Logs. Every merchantable log scaled will be stamped ‘‘U. 8S.” on at least oneend. Logsso defective as to be unmerchantable under the terms of the contract will be stamped and a circle drawn around the stamp thus, G. 8); or a special cull stamp or distinctive mark used. It is essential that cull logs be plainly distinguished from mer- chantable logs by a mark which will identify the culling as done by a Forest officer. This can ordinarily be accomplished by the U.S. stamp in a circle or a circle with the initials of the scaler. It is also desirable to make the distinguishing mark as permanent as possible. This is necessary to show the disposition made of the log in the event of another officer taking charge of the sale, of checking the area over for penalty scale, or of subsequent inspections of the cutting. For this reason a stamp in some form is the most satisfactory cull mark. It is essential to distinguish sharply between logs which are mer- chantable under the rule as to per cent of sound contents specified in the contract and cull logs. No logs should be stamped as mer- chantable which do not scale the per cent of their gross contents required by the sale agreement. Any log not meeting this qualifi- cation should be culled. The merchantable contents of cull logs will never be scaled and charged against the purchaser, whether they are utilized or not. Purchasers may remove any cull material without charge at their option. The foregoing does not apply to sound logs underrunning the mini- mum lengths and diameter stated in the contract. Such logs, which the purchaser desires to utilize, will be scaled and stamped as mer- chantable. (See Standard Clause 17, p. 26-S of the National Forest Manual.) Check on Total Number ef Logs. The logs in each pile or skidway will be counted after scaling, and the total checked with the number of entries in the scale book. DEDUCTIONS FOR DEFECTS. The effect of rot and other defects upon logs of different species and in different regions varies so greatly that no rules for making - 18 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. deductions can be applied inflexibly. The constant exercise of good judgment by scalers based upon an accurate knowledge of local timber is essential. Scalers should at every opportunity train their judgment in deducting for defects by watching defective logs open up under the saw. Defects are classified as follows: (1) Interior defects, which cause waste in the interior of logs. (2) Side defects, which cause waste on the outside of logs. (3) Defects from curve or sweep. (4) Defects from crotches. INTERIOR DEFECTS. General Rule. ; Interior defects showing in one or both ends of the log may, for reductions in scaling, be treated as sawed out in squares or rectangles. The Scribner Decimal C rule is based upon diagrams of 1-inch boards with 1-inch kerf. Twenty per cent of any square or rectangle inside the slabbed surfaces of the log is, therefore deducted for kerf in the rule. . This deduction is carried in scaling sound timber, and hence should not be included in allowances for defect. The scaler should first measure the end dimensions of the square or rectangle which will be wasted in manufacture and determine its length. From its computed contents in board feet 20 per cent should be deducted as the scale rule’s allowance for saw kerf and the remain- der raised or lowered to the nearest 10. The gross scale of the log should then be reduced by this amount. The substance of this method is to deduct 80 per cent of the board foot contents of a piece of timber having the same dimensions as the defect. The entire process may be stated algebraically as follows: Ii aand b represent the end dimensions of the defect in inches, / the length of the defect in feet, Y its solid contents in board feet, and X its contents in board feet after 20 per cent is deducted for kerf, X, or the net reduction to be made in the scale, may be obtained as follows: ' oe y xX=¥-020x¥ or, reducing these equations to their simplest form, _aXbxl ss 15 =o” SCALING LOGS. 19 X must then be raised or lowered to the nearest 10. log. —*-2——=263, or rounded to the nearest 10, 30 board feet, the allowance for defect to be taken from the gross scale of the log. For example, the waste in cutting out a defect which extends P0218 _ 38.4, é¢ 40! board through a 16-foot log is 49 inches. feet, the net allowance for the defect. Table 3 on page 56 of the Appendix gives, in lengths of from 6 to 32 feet, deductions for interior defects which square from 2 to 30 inches. Tabie 2 on page 46 gives deductions for similar defects which must be cut out in rectangles. Where defects of these classes show in both ends of the log the larger dimensions will be taken in logs 16 feet and under in length, and the average dimensions in logs over 16 feet. Ifa defect does not appear in both ends of the log the scaler should estimate its length, taking the other dimensions in full as shown at the defective end. As explained hereafter, it may be necessary to depart from the general rule in deducting for cat faces and some forms of butt rot. Center or Circular Rot. The defect should be squared or inclosed in a rectangle and the proper deduction determined in accordance with the preceding instructions. Many rules of thumb for determining the deduction for center or circular rot are in common use. These are usually too inaccurate for Service scaling. One of the best which gives results close to those obtained by the foregoing calculation is as follows: Obtain the average diameter of the rot at each end of the log aid average these two figures. Add to the average diameter: 4 if it is 12 inches or less. +if it is from 13 to 20 inches, inclusive. 1 if it exceeds 20 inches. Obtain the scale of a log of this diameter, as extended, and the same length as the log in question. Deduct this amount from the gross scale of the log. 20 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. In the case of 16-foot logs only the deduction for circular rot can be obtained by squaring the diameter of the defect in inches and rounding off to the nearest multiple of 10. If the average diameter is 7 inches, for example, its square would be 49, or rounded off, 50 board feet. (Read as 5 in the Scribner Decimal € log rule.) The use of the foregoing rules is authorized if desired in special cases, but the standard practice of the Service will be to deduct for center rot as for other interior defects by the readings given in the tables on pages 46 to 57 of the Appendix. Ground or Stump Rot. Ground or stump rot in butt logs seldom extends far into the log and usually tapers to a point. If it joins center rot from above or extends well up into the log, the defect comes under center or cir- cular rot. ; Where stump rot spreads from the center of the log toswithin a short distance of the bark, a section of the log containing the defect should be cut out in scaling. Additional allowance should be made as under center or circular rot if the defect extends into the log above the section cut out. The scaler must exercise judgment in deducting for ground rot, comparing the diameter of the defect with that of the butt and sighting along the log to see if any boards can be cut from sound material outside of the rot. Where this defect occurs on only one side of the butt, it usually extends but a short distance into the log. Much of it will frequently come out in the slab, especially where there is considerable “‘flare” or swell. Circular Shake or Pitch Rings. The standard rule for interior defects should be applied to the material within the outer shake or pitch ring. If there is a sound core of merchantable size inside of the shake or pitch ring, it should be scaled as a separate log. The difference between its scale and the amount of material obtained by squaring the outer dimensions of the defect is the net deduction from the full scale of the log. The rules of thumb given under ‘‘Center or circular rot,’’ page 19, apply also to circular shake or pitch rings. SCALING LOGS. 21 Pin Dote or Peck. Pin dote or peck appears on the ends of logs as little rotten spots or pockets usually occurring in a roughly circular area. Logs con- taining it may ‘‘open up” poorly, the doty spots frequently converg- ing and forming a mass of more or less broken-down material. It often extends into knots. If the area of defect on the end of the log is 4 inches or more in diameter, deduction should be made under the standard rule for interior defects. Defective areas less than 4 inches in diameter can usually be disregarded. Check or Pitch Seam. The scaler should first ascertain whether the seam shows at both ends of the log and if it is straight or twisted. The greater the twist, the larger will be the amount of waste. If the seam shows at only one end of the log, the distance which it extends into the log must be measured. The dimensions of waste material in sawing the seam out should also be measured on the end of the log. Deduction for the defect should then be determined under the standard rule for interior defects. Cat Face. Proper deduction for cat face can not be made under the general rule for interior defects. The log should be divided into sections, throwing the defect into one section. The scaler should determine what part of the total length of the log is affected, find the contents of this section on his scale stick, and determine the portion of the section which will be lost in sawing. The latter should be deducted from the gross scale of the log. For example, in the butt of a 16-foot log with a top diameter of 24 inches, scaling 400 feet b. m., there is a cat face 5 feet long extend- ing to the heart of the log. The cat face tapers toward the top where it will come out in slabbing and affects about 4 feet of the log. The 4-foot section affected contains one-fourth of the scale of the log, or 100 feet b. m. The defect will throw out one-half of this 4-foot - section, or 50 feet b. m., the amount to be deducted. Here again judgment and knowledge of the timber are necessary. While the defect may extend to the heart of the stump, it may taper rapidly toward the top and perhaps affect only one-third or less of the section. 22 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. Dote Appearing in Knots. Defect in the log is sometimes shown only by rot or dote in the knots. No fixed rule can be applied in such cases. Deductions must be made in accordance with the scaler’s knowledge of how such logs ‘‘open up.”’ Dote in knots is an indication of an enlarged area of rot in adjoin- ing portions of the log. When rot appears both at the ends of a log and in its knots, the deduction, depending on the number of knots aifected and their size and position, should ordinarily be from 25 to 50 per cent greater than when the ends alone are defective. Wormheles. Deductions for wormholes depend upon their number and extent. A tew scattered holes can ordinarily be disregarded. Where such holes are so numerous or so large as to clearly cull the material affected, deductions should be made as for other interior defects. Knowledge of how wormy logs open up and the number of worm holes admitted in merchantable lumber is necessary for accurate scaling in such timber. SIDE DEFECTS. Unsound Sap. The sound heartwood alone should be measured in logs with a shell of unsound sap. Sound blue sap or firm stain, not broken down or worm-eaten, will not ordinarily be regarded as a defect. Checks. Where a number of deep checks extend from the surface toward the center of a log, the scaler will measure the diameter of the sound core within the largest circle which can be described on the scaling end without being seriously cut into by checks. All material out- side of this circle should be thrown out as defective. The sound core will usually be measured on the small end of the log. If the core of solid material is smaller at the butt end, however, measurement should be made there for scaling. Deductions for single checks may be made by measuring the rectangle of waste material as in the case of interior defects. i) oy) SCALING LOGS. Other Side Defects. Scalers should not lose sight of the fact that the waste caused by defects on the side of a log is much less than in the case of defects near the center, since much of the unsound material will come out in slabbing, or is outside of the cylinder represented by the top end of the log and its total length. This is especially true of defects on butt logs with considerable flare or swell. In culling for fire scars which are not classed as cat faces and other side defects, like those caused by lightning, the scaler should deter- mine the depth of the defect. li it will not be cut off in slabbing, proper deductions should be made by measuring the loss in accord- ance with the rule for interior defects; or in the case of very irregu- lar patches of waste, by estimating the percentage of the log affected. The scale is not ordinarily reduced by spiral lightning scars, which do not usually run deep and most of which are removed in slabbing. The percentage of loss is proportionately greater in small than in large logs. Minimum Length and Width of Lumber. It is of special importance in deducting for side defects to bear in mind the minimum length and width of merchantable lumber fol- lowed in Service scaling. (See p. 12.) CURVE OR SWEEP. ‘The percentage of waste from sweep or curve varies with the diame- ter of the log. A curve of 3 inches in a 10-inch log will cause approxi- mately twice the proportionate waste as the same curve in a 20-inch log. Sweep which would cull a very small log would not necessarily cause the rejection of a large log. The scaler should sight along a curved log, noting where the saw will square it sufficiently to cut boards on both sides affected by the curve. In determining the amount of loss it should be remembered. that material near the slab saws out narrow boards containing fewer feet than those cut from any other part of the log. . No deduction should be made for curve or sweep in logs over 16 feet long. wusineoec Except in rare cases, crotches do not affect the scale of logs. If the end or upper portion of a log is badly crotched, proper deduction 24 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. should be made from its length. In any case where a crotch occurs, the scaler should obtain the average diameter of the log just below the swelling caused by the crotch. This may be done by measuring the diameter at the butt and making the usual allowance for taper. DETERMINING THE MERCHANTABILITY OF LOGS. The per cent of the total scale of a log, which determines its mer- chantability, should always be reckoned from the full scale, includ- ing unsound sap, checks, curve, and any other defects present. _ SCALING GREEN AND DEAD TIMBER. In sales which include green and dead timber at separate stumpage prices, the scaler should not attempt to trace logs from the tree to es- tablish their character, but may classify them on the appearance of the log at the point of scaling. (See Standard Clause 34, National Forest Manual, p. 27-S.) PENALTY SCALE. The penalty-scale clause of Form 202, provides for liquidated damages to cover losses to the United States which result from leaving material in the woods or cutting contrary to the terms of the contract. Enforcement of the penalty-scale clause is necessary except in accidental or exceptional cases involving small amounts of timber, where it may be waived by the officer in charge. Whenever waste subject to the penalty-scale clause occurs, the officer in charge will notify the purchaser and call his attention to the utilization re- quired by the contract. Iffurther waste occurs, or if material pre- viously left in the woods. whose utilization is practicable is not removed, a penalty scale should be made of all such material and reported to the supervisor. Penalty material should be scaled as promptly as practicable and in any case immediately after the completion of operations upon a logging unit. Material subject to this requirement (penalty-scale clause, ian 202) will be scaled, stamped, and numbered as in the regular scale, and recorded as indicated on page 36. SCALING LOGS. 25 Under the scaling-length clause of Form 202, logs overrunning the specified allowance for trimming will bescaled not to exceed the next foot inlength. If a scaler finds frequent violations of the trimming overrun, heshould notify the purchaser. If further violations occur, he should measure all logs and scale as 1 foot longer any pieces over- running the trimming allowance. Penalty scaling of this character will be noted plainly in the scale book against the number of the log to avoid possible controversy. SETTLEMENT OF COMPLAINTS. Complaints should be settled by a check scale. If the results of the first check are questioned upon apparently good grounds, a second check may be made by another scaler. It is the policy of the Forest Service to ascertain the justice of responsible complaints by a rescale conducted by a more competent and experienced scaler, not by lum- ber tallies or mill checks on the log scale. Complaints will be set- tled by mill checks only in extreme and exceptional cases where required by the defective character of the logs or other special local conditions. CHECK SCALING. The chief purpose of check scaling is to make and keep the current scale accurate by indicating sources of error and particularly by in- structing scalers on the ground. Systematic check scaling, catch- ing up the local scale often enough to insure lis efficiency, is there- fore a necessary part of the timber sales organization. So far as practicable a check scale should be made at least once a year on every sale of 1,000,000 feet or more. Smaller sales should be checked as frequently as may be necessary to properly train the local officers in charge of them. Checking the scale of rangers who have but little sales work is of special importance, since the most serious errors occur in such cases. As many logs as practicable should be scaled by the check scaler aiter they have been scaled by the officer in charge of the sale and without knowledge of his figures. The check will then be com- pared with the original scale. The log numbers and lengths of the original scale will be recorded in the check scaler’s book and the pages cut out and filed in the supervisor’s office with a copy of the 63745—15——2 26 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. check scaler’s report. Check scale figures may be put in the follow- ing form: Sound logs. | Unsound logs. Total. Num- Per | “um- Per | “um- Per ber of | Scale. | cent, | ber of | Scale. | cent, | ber of | Scale. |} cent, logs. + or | logs. + or | logs. + or iy" ; CHEEK SCAIC gh oo BI 2 Sa eee ELS SER aeons ie ag oes a eee ee eee by Ordinarily a check scale on 100 or 200 logs should come within 4 per cent, and on 400 to 500 logs within 3 per cent of the original scale. These percentages are intended simply as approximate standards of satisfactory scaling for the guidance of Forest officers, not as a basis for changing the original scale. The findings of check scalers will be reported uniformly to the district forester. The original scale will be modified only when found to have been fundamentally wrong in method or in the treat- ment of important defects and when it is clear that serious injustice has been done to the purchaser. Changes will be made only with the approval of the district forester. MILL SCALE STUDIES. Aside from their occasional need for the settlement of complaints (see p. 25), mill scale studies should be made to obtain accurate data on lumber yields and overrun by grades for use in stumpage appraisals. Detailed working plans should be prepared and ap- proved by the Forester before studies of this kind are initiated. Wherever practicable, expecially in the case of defective timber, logs should be followed through the mill by scalers. The object of simple mill checks of this nature is (1) to train the scaler’s judgment by seeing how individual defects open up in the logs and reduce the cut of sound lumber, and (2) to obtain a check on the total yield of lumber from logs containing various defects as compared with the © scale. The amount to be deducted in scaling for particular kinds of defects is the most important thing to learn from such mill checks. THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. Pad SCALING FROM THE STUMP. Use of Stump Scales. A stump scale is obviously less accurate than a scale of logs, even when measurements are most carefully made. Stump scales should never be used, therefore, when log scales are practicable. This method will be employed only in timber trespasses and other cases where the logs have been removed and a log scale is impossible. In Timber Trespass. The total log lengths cut from each tree should be measured in making a stump scale of a timber trespass. Often the indentation in the ground where the butt struck in felling can be located. From that point, which may be several feet from the stump, the total log length should be measured to the top, the direction of which can usually be determined by the undercut on the stump. The total length should be divided into logsin accordance with Taper Tables 9 or 10 on pages 67 and 68 of the Appendix, and the instructions on page 14. The diameter of each log should be ascertained from the table or estimated from the total length and the top and stump diameters. The scale of each log may then be obtained from a scale stick or Table 1 on page 40 of the Appendix. Merchantable timber left in tops, in high stumps, and in unused logs should be scaled and entered separately. After scaling each tree, the top of the stump and the butt of the top should be stamped ‘‘U.S.’’ Deductions from the scale should be made for cull in accordance with the best data available for the class of timber concerned. Where the tops can not be identified or have been moved or destroyed by fire, the scale may be obtained from the best volume table available for the locality and species by reducing the diameter at the top of the stump to diameter breast high. Volume tables may be used in lieu of stump scales, particularly when heights can be checked on trees bordering the cutting, if the results of this method are believed to be more accurate. Forest officers should use extreme care in scaling trespass timber especially by a stump scale, and should keep complete notes of the method used. If the case is brought into court, the scale and methods used in detail must be introduced as legal evidence. 28 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. In Sales by Estimate. In sales by estimate the scale or estimate of each tree sold must be obtained. An accurate volume table, if available, may be used, or the dimensions of each log in the tree determined and its scale taken from a scale rule or the table on page 40 of the Appendix. Deductions should be made for cull in accordance with visible defects and the scaler’s knowledge of the amount and character of defect common in timber of the region. CUBIC MEASUREMENTS. Policy. The cubic content of timber may be measured (1) by the cord or (2) by the cubic foot. Cubic-foot measurements may, for determin- ing stumpage payments, be converted into cords or board feet in accordance with a converting factor specified in the contract. . Merchantable Timber. Standards of merchantability should be specified in contracts as in sales of saw timber. These standards should conform to the best trade practice for each species and class of material in the region and as far as practicable should cover the points specified on page 12 for material measured by log scale, namely: minimum length of merchantable pieces, minimum diameter, proportion of defective material admissible, and treatment of common defects in scaling, Requirements of Purchasers. The requirements of purchasers will be similar to those in saw- timber sales. (See p. 13.) Ricks for cord measure must be suffi- ciently regular to permit reasonably accurate measurement. In sales of shingle stock where the officer in charge may determine the number of bolts to the cord, purchasers should be required to rick bolts only in case of question as to the proper number or to check the number currently used. Check Measurements. Check measurements will be made in accordance with the instruc- tions for check scaling, page 25. The same procedure should be followed as regards the frequency of checks in sales of varying size, the methods of conducting and reporting the check, and action to rectify the original scale. “sa CUBIC MEASUREMENTS. 29 CORD MEASURE. Policy. Fuel wood will ordinarily be sold by the cord. Pulpwood, shake and shingle bolts, cooperage bolts, furniture bolts, acid wood, and bark may be sold by the cord or by other units of measure common in the local trade. In sales of shake or shingle bolts the unit of measure will ordinarily be the sound cord—that is, sound material equivalent to one cord—rather than the measured cord which may include some defective material. This requires throwing in addi- tional bolts to make up for defective parts of the bolts constituting a measured cord. The same rule may be followed in the case of other material sold by the cord, if desirable to draw the contract in this form. If cord dimensions differing from the standard of 8 feet long, 4 feet wide, and 4 feet high, with a volume of 128 cubic feet, are to be used, they should be specified in the contract, as when the long cord, 8 by 4 by 5 feet, with a volume of 160 cubic feet, is to be used for pulpwood or bark, or widths narrower than 4 feet are to be used for fuel wood or bolts. Cord Measurements. Measurements of ricks will be taken with a tape in feet and tenths. Where ricks are standing on slopes the length of the rick parallel to the slope will be measured and the height at right angles to this plane. Ifend stakesare used, the length of ricks should be measured one-half of the distance between top and bottom; otherwise, at two or more places to obtain a fair average. The height should be meas- ured at several places to give the true average. In sales of fuel wood where a majority of the pieces in a rick are 3 inches more or less than the-standard lengths, the rick should be measured, computed, and charged for on its actual cubic contents. In sales of bolts of specified dimensions the lengths should be checked sufficiently to make sure that they do not regularly overrun the allowance specified in the contract. If overrun is general, the procedure should follow that outlined under penalty scale on page 25. To compute the number of standard cords of 128 cubic feet, in ricks 4 feet wide, multiply the height by the length of the rick in feet and divide by 32. If the length of the wood is greater or less than 4 feet, multiply length, width, and height and divide by 128. 30 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. Stamping and Numbering. Both the top and bottom of each rick and at least 12 pieces in each cord must be stamped. Each rick will be numbered. The meas- urements and contents of each rick should be entered opposite its number in the scale book. Where bolts are counted and the number per cord estimated by the Forest officer, each bolt should be stamped. CUBIC-FOOT MEASURE. Policy. Sales by cubic foot measure will be encouraged in order to place timber measurements on a more exact basis and permit accurate comparison of scientific and practical data. It will be the standard policy of the Forest Service to sell pulpwood by the cubic foot, with a converting equivalent to cords or board feet named in the contract where necessary. The specification of a converting factor makes it possible, particularly in the case of fuel or pulpwood, to adjust the method of measurement to the form in which the material is cut. The basis of measurement in sales of other classes of material should be changed to the cubic standard whenever practicable. Measurements. Two measurements are necessary—the average diameter of the log at its middle point in inches and its total length in feet. The former may be secured by calipers and the latter by tape. The average diameter of logs of irregular shape should be secured by averaging the greatest diameter with the one at right angles to it, or by averaging four measurements if necessary for accuracy. If this is impossible because of the position of the log, the scaler should obtain the best average possible from two or more diameter measure- ments. Proper deductions should be made for the thickness of the bark. Recorded diameters should be rounded off to the nearest — inch above or below the actual measurement. Logs having a diam- eter exactly halfway between inches will be thrown to the next lower inch. The length of logs should be obtained in feet. Lengths should be rounded off to the nearest foot above or below the actual measure- ment. Logs whose length is half way between feet should be thrown to the next lower foot. Pieces exceeding 40 feet in length should LINEAR MEASUREMENTS. 31 be measured as two logs of as nearly equal length as possible, and pieces exceeding 80 feet as three logs. When pieces are measured as two or more logs the contents allowed for the separate lengths should be added and the total recorded as one log. The volume in cubic feet may be obtained directly from Table 4 on page 58 of the Appendix, which contains the solid contents of logs in cubic feet for average middle diameters from 3 to 60 inches, and for lengths from 4 to 40 feet. Table 8 on page 66 of the Appendix gives the area in square feet of circles from 1 to 80 inches in diameter. This may be used for computing volumes in cubic feet, by multiplying the area of the middle cross section of the log in square feet by the length. Deductions for Defect. Deductions for defect should be made, in cubic-foot measurements, in accordance with the general methods discussed for scaling saw timber, page 17. The solid volume in cubic feet of waste material, as determined by the surface dimensions of the defect in square or rectangular form, times its length, should be deducted from the total cubic volume of the log. Since no allowance is made for saw kerf in cubic measurement, the 20 per cent reduction required in deter- mining net loss of log scale by the board foot does not apply in this case. No deductions should be made in cubic-foot measurements for curve or sweep, crotches, knots, or other ‘“‘sound” defects. Deduc- tions should be made, however, for unsound defects of any charac- ter which affect the merchantability of the log for the particular product of the sale. LINEAR MEASUREMENTS. Policy. Lagging, posts, piling, fence poles, converter poles, telephone poles, stulls, and mine timbers may be sold by the linear foot. Merchaniable Timber. The instructions under ‘‘ Definition of merchantable logs,’’ page 12, should be followed. Timber sale contracts should specify the minimum length and top diameter of sticks classed as merchantable 32 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. for each product. Maximum lengths and diameters should be desig- nated in contracts under which higher prices are to be paid for products cut from the larger material. It is especially necessary in sales of cedar covering both poles and other products to specify the dimensions of material to be used for each product. (See Standard Clause 16, National Forest Manual, p. 26-8.) Similar specifications should cover wherever necessary the amount ~ and kinds of defect admissible in products sold by the linear foot or © the character of the material held to be merchantable for these pur- poses. This is of special importance in the case of valuable products like telephone poles and stulls which usually require the best grades of timber. The current specifications of local associations of pole dealers and the like should be followed as regards the area of defect admitted in the butts of poles of various diameters and similar points affecting merchantability. . Requirements of Purchasers. The requirements of purchasers will be similar to those specified on page 13. If products sold by the linear foot are to. be cut in several standard lengths, purchasers may be required to pile or deck each length separately, if practicable and necessary to permit eco- nomical measurement. Measurement. Measurements of length only are required. Where pieces are cut in uniform, standard lengths, actual measurement is necessary only in doubtful cases and at short intervals to check the lengths em- ployed by the choppers. When several products are cut in the same sale, or prices depend upon both diameter and length, a similar current check should be made of the diameter of linear-foot material. The standard allowance for trimming in cutting telephone poles is 1 inch for each 5 feet oflength. Penalty measurements for lengths in excess of the trimming allowance will follow the provisions of the contract in accordance with the procedure outlined under ‘‘ Penalty scale,’? page 24. Wherever advisable, contracts should specify trimming allowances for other classes of material. LINEAR MEASUREMENTS. 33 Board-foot Equivalents. If desirable, contracts may specify equivalents in a thousand feet board measure for a stated number of linear feet. (See Standard Clause 27, National Forest Manual, p. 27-S.) This facilitates the application ofa flat stumpage rate. Asastandard practice, however, it is preferable to require payment for such material on a linear-foot basis. Stamping and Numbering. Each stick measured must be stamped on at least one end. Each pile of material measured should be numbered with crayon in the case of lagging, posts, fence poles, converter poles, or other material where individual pieces are small and of little value. The number of pieces in each pile and their linear-foot contents will be entered opposite the pile number in the scale book. Large pieces, like telephone poles, piling, and 16-foot stuils, equivalent in value to saw logs, should each recelveanumber. The scale of each piece should be entered opposite its number in the scale book. Check Measurements. Check measurements will be made in accordance with the instruc- tions for check scaling, page 25, and for check measurements, page 28. Combined Linear and Diameter Measurements. Where the market value of products like telephone poles and stulls varies widely in accordance with top diameter as well as length, a schedule of stumpage rates for the various lengths and sizes should be used. In such sales the top diameter of each piece must be accu- rately measured, an average diameter being obtained in the case of sticks of irregular shape. Diameters will be averaged to the nearest inch, unless taking the next lower inch has been agreed upon in advance with the purchaser and is specifically required by the con- tract. If different lengths are cut, they should be measured on not less than 25 per cent of the pieces. Every piece should be given a separate number and entry in the scale book, as in the case of saw logs. 34 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. COUNTING. Policy. Hewn ties sold by the piece, in accordance with the standard prac- tice of the Forest Service, will be counted. Ties will also be counted in sales where their board-foot contents are specified by the agree- ment. In the exceptional cases in which ties are scaled the instruc- tions under scaling will be followed. Shingle bolts will be counted when contracts specify that the number of bolts to the cord will be determined by the scaler. Lagging, poles, posts, etc., will be counted when sold by the piece. Merchantable Timber. The instructions under “‘ Definition of merchantable logs,’’ page 12, will be followed unless otherwise provided in the contract. Contract requirements should conform with the local market specifications of the product concerned. Special contract clauses should be used to designate unmistakably the maximum and minimum sizes of pieces which are to be counted rather than scaled. (See Standard Clauses 14 and 15, National Forest Manual, p. 26-S.) Such clauses should include any specifications as to defect or class of material necessary to establish beyond question what timber is merchantable for these products. Requirements of Purchasers. The requirements of purchasers should be similar to those outlined on page 13. Stamping and Numbering. When counted each stick of mine timbers, ties, posts, or poles must be stamped on at least one end. Each pile of material must be numbered with crayon even though it will be removed immediately. The number of pieces will be entered opposite the number of the pile in the scale book. Check Measurements. Check measurements will be made in accordance with the instruc- tions under Check scaling, page 25 ,and Check measurements, page 28. WEIGHING—RECORDS AND REPORTS. 35 WEIGHING. _ Bark may be sold by the ton when this method accords with the best trade practice of the region and scales are available on which weights may be taken by Forest officers or checked when taken by agents of common carriers. If the long rather than the standard ton is to be used, this must be specified in the contract. RECORDS AND REPORTS. Scale Books. The scale or measurement of logs oi other material will be entered by scalers directly in the Scale Book, Forms 231, 651, 648, or 223, and by check scalers in the Comparative Scale Book, Form 122. Scale records will not be entered in other notebooks or on loose slips of paper to be transferred to scale books later, except under excep- tional conditions where the cost of scaling would be materially increased or the purchaser seriously inconvenienced by adhering to the standard practice. Temporary scale records must be transferred to the regular scale book as soon as practicable and the temporary record fastened permanently to the page of the scale book on which the entries are made. The original scale books, after all entries have been made and checked, will be kept in the supervisor’s office in all advertised sales, and in the ranger’s office in unadvertised sales. Logs, pieces, or piles of material should be numbered and their scale, cubie contents, linear feet, number of sticks, or number of cords, with the other data called for on these forms, entered opposite each serial number in accordance with the instructions on numbering, pages 15, 30, 33, and 34. When pieces are scaled as two or more lozs the scale allowed for the separate lengths will be added and the total sum recorded as one log. Similarly, when pieces are measured by the cubic foot as two or more logs, the dimensions of the whole piece should be entered under a single serial number, the cubic contents of the separate lengths added, and the total recorded as one log. So far as scaling forms allow, the following information should be given for each class of material scaled, measured, or counted: Saw timber: Serial number of each log, length, net scale, and deductions for defect. 36 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. Cord material: Serial number of each rick, dimensions of rick in feet and tenths, and its contents in cords and fractions of cords. Cubic-foot material: Serial number of each log, its length in feet, middle diameter in inches, net contents in cubic feet, and deductions for defect. Linear material: Serial number of each pile and number of pieces of specified class and lengths. Material counted: Serial number of each pile and number of pieces, by special class and length if necessary. Material weighed: Number of pounds or tons with identification by car shipment or otherwise. Where no column is given for cull, the figure can be entered in the space for the net scale, inclosed in a circle, thus: ©. Entries of the diameter of saw logs and notes on the kind of defect are desir- able, in addition to those specified above. They may be required in the discretion of the district forester. Sample sheets of Forms 231, 231-D1, and 631, on pages 70, 72, 74, and 76 of the Appendix show the proper method of keeping scale records of sawtimber. Sample sheets of Forms 231 and 231—-D1 on pages 84 and &6 of the Appendix show standard methods of recording measurements and counts of telephone poles and piling sold by the linear foot and piece. A sample sheet of Form 648 on page 88 of the Appendix shows the standard method of recording measurements and counts of min- ing timbers sold by the linear foot, and ties and posts sold by the piece. : A sample sheet of Form 231 on page 78 of the Appendix shows the standard method of recording cubic feet and cords. A sample sheet of Form 651 on page 82 of the Appendix shows an excellent method of counting shingle bolts on an average number per cord and recording the count in cords. . A sample sheet of Form 648 on page 80 of the Appendix shows the . standard method of recording measurements of fuel wood sold by the cord. : Penalty Scale Records. Separate scale books will be kept in large sales for material cov- ered by penalty scale under the penalty-scale clause of the timber- sale contract, Form 202. A separate record of such material will be RECORDS AND REPORTS. By4 kept in small sales. A single scale of all classes of timber subject to the penalty will be entered in this record, but separate entries must be carried for each class to which a different charge applies. Each set of entries should be given a heading indicating the charge applicable. The following may occur: Material not previously scaled, to be charged for at double the stumpage rate. Material not previously scaled, to be charged for at the regular, or single, stumpage rate. In exceptional cases, material previously scaled, to be charged for at double rates. The original log numbers of material in the inte class will be recorded in the penalty-scale record, the heading indicating that the regular stumpage prices has pees been charged. The record of penalty scale for overrunning trimming allowance under the scaling-leneth clause of Form 202 should be noted on the original scale sheets against the number of each log concerned. Check of Scale Books. All additions and computations in scale books, including figures» read from tables, will be checked either in the supervisor’s or dis- trict office as the district forester may direct. Ii errors are found the necessary corrections will,be entered on Form 820, supple- menting the last scale report of record in the sale. Cutting Reports. The Forest officer in charge will notify the supervisor when cutting begins on any advertised sale. The scale in all sales will be reported to the supervisor on Form 820, and a duplicate retained in the ranger’s files. In unadvertised sales only the final report need be submitted to the supervisor. Cutting reports will be submitted in advertised sales while work is in progress, covering periods of one, two,-three, or four weeks, as may be required by the supervisor, but ordinarily ending on Saturday. Special dates may be set by super- visors for submitting cutting reports, as may be most convenient for them or for purchasers. As far as practicable the wishes and needs of purchasers should be met in fixing dates for the submission of reports. 38 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. Penalty Scale Reports. Reports of penalty scale should be made separately from the reg- ular scale. Separate reports may be submitted on Form 820, prop- erly labeled, or, where small quantities of material are reported at infrequent intervals, entries may be made on the back of Form 820 under ‘‘Remarks.’’ Whenever penalty scale is reported, the ‘‘Total previously reported,’’ ‘‘Total since last report,’’ and ‘‘Total to date” should be given. If separate Forms 820 are used, they should con- stitute an independent series. Entries under ‘‘Remarks” need be made only in reports for periods during which a penalty scale has actually been made and in the final report for the sale. Check and Record of Cutting Reports. As cutting reports (Form 820) are received, they should be com- pared with the timber sales record card for errors in entries brought forward from the last report and for the correctness of the rates. All calculations will be checked and the information regarding the progress of the sale scrutinized. The date of the report, quantity of each class of material cut, reduced to feet board measure by “approved converting factors, and total value of material cut since the last report and to date will be entered on the record card. The total value of the cut to date will be compared with the total deposits to prevent cutting in excess of payments. Scale Records for Purchasers. Unless deemed inadvisable by the officer in charge or by the supervisor, the scale of individual logs, measurement of individual pieces or ricks, or count of particular piles of timber sale products should be given to purchasers upon request, either in person or by letter. Similarly, the complete scale record may be opened to the purchaser at any time in the presence of a Forest officer. Supervi- sors should inform purchasers of the scale to date at regular periods, either by letter or by furnishing approved cutting reports on Form 820 without entries on the back. Report of Timber Sold and Cut. The monthly report on Form 949 will be mailed to the district forester by the supervisor not later than the fifth of the succeeding RECORDS AND REPORTS. 39 month, even if no timber has been sold or cut during the month. It will be compiled from all Forms 615, which will not be placed in the closed records until the end of the month. Al1l timber for which payment is made, whether cut in sales, administrative use, or timber settlement, will be included. The date of approval of the agree- ment or stipulation will be taken in each case as the date of sale, even though an emergency sale may have been made in advance. The day when each cutting report is received will be taken as the date of cutting. All data will be checked before the report is for- warded. Ifa flat rate has been applied to green and dead timber, the two classes may be prorated in the scale report, Form 949, on the basis of their ratio in the original estimate. The amount and value of the timber sold and cut, respectively, in sales at cost under Regulation S—22 will be reported separately. The report should include a statement of the amount of timber previously reported as sold which will not be cut owing to cancella- tions or modifications of contracts during the month. District Forester’s Menthly Report. As soon as practicable after the first of each month the district forester will report to the Forester the amount and vaiue of green and dead timber sold and cut respectively during the preceding month, by Forests. This report should include a statement of the amount of timber previously reported as sold which will not be cut owing to cancellations or modifications of contracts during the month. It will not be necessary to include in this statement the ‘‘overcut” or ‘“‘undercut” in sales which were closed during the preceding month. Annual Report. The annual report will be compiled from the monthly reports. Report on Miscelianeous Products. Sales of miscellaneous forest products, such as Christmas trees, naval stores, seedlings, etc., should be reported in a footnote to the district forester’s monthly and annual report of timber cut and sold. 40 | Diameter. —" HM OONIO OR WD wie . i) THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. APPENDIX TABLE 1.—SCRIBNER DECIMAL C LOG RULE. 6 TO 18 FOOT LOGS. Length—feet. | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 Contents—board feet in tens. 1 | | Bt. Odile feds, - O05) oe kde 4 MS ge Rea Hid) his 2 2 I POEAST HE 2 Conta LD BT Sass 3 pile er Dh Ol kB s Sahin 4D 2:\. e8 3 3 ree 1g Pl ta ® 9 ye 39sec Sigh eee 4 4 De heey aS Si Ble PAP | aa ee bare 6 6 2 ears ZS SAA BH 5 6 7 7 8 [ge cdi] co Bole 5. Le Gila & 7 8 8 9 rN fe ae 6 | 7 anes Slctia 9/- 10} 10 11 5) 646 mab Qe gh Gal agt* Ae y \Ldopee 13 Gohitue. 8 9:1 1404 | 42 }e 194/48 14| 15 16 > Helga aa RS 8 7 hs a 9 Kae oh, 18 gy 9a 198i} ig (ag) ar ae] Gig | °) 174eeae pep 21 Ce i eae Re a es Pe Ce eae on ee ga cee ee ee tO ees 3" aS 6 is ae “er | > sa4 Ploy) oe | 27 12/5) 4 ol Gel ag | (49h DihyoBas-n2al | 26-2928) Gan 31 1315] 97 | is | Coe es] eR Me7 17 Pog ho SRO 2 34 ra a C2 aes ak sd > Pe ee em = 8 eT 38 1G | 009) Sto oe Se oe | lak ae le cen | 38| 40 42 18 | 21 | 23 | 25| 28] 30) 33! 35| 38! 40] °° 43 45 20 | 23 | 26 | 29| 31| 34] 37] 40| 43| 46 | 52 92 | 25 | 2 | 31 | 34137) 411 44. | S471" BOP OBS 56 ” |-27 31-3410. 384,41 |oddde 481) LeBel B5.|0 2582 25 | 29 133 | 36] 40| 44] 47] 51| 54]. 58| 621 65 97° | 31 | 35. gg: 4a) 46) 494 “B38 87] "61" 68 68 | 29 | 33 |37 | 41| 45) 49] 53| 57). 62| 66). 70 74 | 39°36 40a 444 40-183 |) SS SB eT ae 80 Boel 27) Wel AG Sl Bh 60 le eal BO. eels 83 34 |°39 | 44 |°49 | 541 59] 64| 691 “73/ 78] 8 88 35 |40 | 45 | 50| 55] 60| 65| 7 Ca eee |e ie 90 38 | 44 | 49 | 55| 60| 66| 71| 77] 82} 88| 93 98 40. | 46 | 52 1©58| 63] 691 75] 811] S86) 921 98) 104 45 | 51 |58 | 64) 71] 77| 84| 90} 96] 103] 109| 116 47 | 54 | 60 | 67| 73| 80| 87| -93| 100) 107) 113) 120 49 | 56 |63 | 70| 77| 841 91] 98| 105| 112] 119| 196 | 53 | 60 | 68 | 75| 83} 90| 98|105| 113 | 120} 128] 135 1 Diameter. APPENDIX. TABLE 1.—SCRIBNER DECIMAL C LOG RULE. 19 TO 32 FOOT LOGS. Length—feet. Contents—board feet in tens. ieee a ee 4) 4) S ee a eh eel 9| 9} 10 1 i 3 12 |) $8), 18 15| 16| 16 18| 19| 19 22,| "93 |. 24 Be | 26 |) 27 29| 30| 31 aa) (35 |. 36 37 | 39| 40 44) 45| 47 47| 49| 51 52| 54| 56 59| 61) 64 63 | 66| 68 PN eae ae 78| 82| 85 86| 89| 92 91| 95| 98 95 | 99 | 103 103 | 107 | 111 111 | 115 | 120 115 | 120) 124 122 | 127 | 132 125 | 130 | 135 137 | 142 | 148 144 | 150 | 156 161 | 167 | 174 167 | 174 | 180 175 | 182 | 189 188 | 196 203 =P E> = |"]=/*]5]> >] |= 41 42 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. TABLE 1.—SCRIBNER DECIMAL C LOG RULE—Continued. 6 TO 18 FOOT LOGS—Continued. or — ~J w lo) or ive) ~J] = — oO _ bo bo — w _ —y Lad oO Et or io 2) — ie | So — i?) w — Neo) or i) (=) ~J > Lae) — ee bo — w — — i eo) —y for) co a e) J bo S or bo bo neg bo pas (eC) to for) — iw) eo i—) ho ee) ve) (Jy) — ~J J] oo _ boat | lop) bo o or bo oo weg Ee bo eo) Ow oo bo Ww oo or a w ie 2) oS i — o i Oo ie) be lor) @ cs le) 1 80 | 185 | 216 | 247 | 278 | 309 | 340 | 371 | 402 | 482 | 464 | 494) 526 ot Length—feet. 5 e {7 |e} oe |w) mfr] |r] as | a | a7 | o | | | g = Contents—board feet in tens. Ins. 18 : i\ APPENDIX. TABLE 1.—SCRIBNER DECIMAL C LOG RULE—Continued. 19 to 32 FOOT LOGS—Continued. 43 Diameter. SERIE Se nae” Ary Ar & - o - 167 a 175 Length—feet. 2 | 25 | 28 | 28 | 20 | 20 | | 2 Contents—board feet in tens. 183 199 215 227 236 250 256 268 279 ; 292 303 316 329 342 355 369 382 397 411 426 441 456 473 488 504 522 538 556 572 590 610 628 646 666 686 707 727 | 747 767 790 812 | 223 490 506 523 541 558 576 593 611 632 651 670 691 712 733 754 775 796 819 842 835 | 866 230 243 253 268 275 288 300 313 326 339 353 367 381 396 411 426 442 457 474 490 508 524 541 561 578 597 614 633 655 674 694 715 737 759 781 802 824 848 872 897 44 Diameter. THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. TABLE 1.—SCRIBNER DECIMAL C LOG RULE—Continued. 6 TO 18 FOOT LOGS—Continued. Length—feet. | | 6} 7 |e |e |) afar) i | ss | as | a | 2. | 18 | Contents—board feet in tens. 396} 462) 528 594} 660) 726) 792) 858|- 924) 990 403} 470} 537 605) 672) 739) 806) 873; 940) 1,008} 410} 478) 547, 615) 683) 752) 820) 888} 957] 1,029) 417| 487) 556 626) 695) 765) 834 904 7 saa oe ae APPENDIX. TABLE 1.—SCRIBNER DECIMAL C LOG RULE—Continued. 22 | 29 Diameter, 9 5 964 985 1,104 104} 991}1, 043 1051, 010/1, 063 106)1, 029|1, 083]1, 138)1, 192/1, 246 107|1, 050}1, 105}1, 160)1, 21¢€}1, 271 108}1, 069}1, 125)1, 181)1, 238)}1, 294 109}1, 089]1, 147|1, 204|1, 261)1, 319 110|1, 108)1, 167|1, 225)1, 283]1, 342 111/1, 129]1, 188|1, 248|1, 307/1, 367 112|1, 148|1, 208|1, 269|1; 329/1, 390 113|1, 1€9]1, 230|1, 292|1, 353]1, 415 114|1, 189]1, 252|1,314|1,377|1, 439 115/1, 210/1, 273 1, 337/1, 401/1, 464 116]1, 232|1; 297|1, 362|1, 42611; 491 117/1, 254|1, 320|1, 386|1. 4521, 518 118]1, 276|1,343|1, 411|1, 478|1,545 119]1, 298]1,367|1, 435|1, 503 120]1, 32111, 390|1, 460|1, 52911, 599 Length—feet. | a | 2 762 782 802 824 842 862 884 904 924 944 966)1, 006 986)1, 027 1, 006)1, 048 1, 028}1, 071 1, 3001, 354 1,326]1,381 1,350|1, 406 1,376|1, 433 1, 400|1, 458 1, 426]1, 485 1, 450|1, 510 1, 476]1, 538 1,502)/1, 565 1, 528)1, 592 1’ 556|1, 621 1.58411; 650 1, 6121, 679 | 26 | 27 9 1,023}1, 062 1, 047)1, 087 1, 068}1, 109 1, 090}1, 132) 1, 114/1,157 1,138}1, 181 1,517 1,545 Beye 1,599 1,627 1,655 1, 686 1, 716 1, 746 1,661 1,690 1,719 1, 751 1, 782 1,814 1, 640 1, 668 1, 708|1, 777 1, 738|1, 807 1,845 1,877 19 TO 32 FOOT LOGS—Continued. 45 2s | a9 | 20 | a1 | 22 Contents—board feet in tens. 839 912 936 961 982|1,017)1, 052 70 1, 006|1, 042)1, 077 995 1, 031|1, 068/1, 105 979|1,017/1, 055/1, 0921, 130 1,001}1, 040 1, 078|1, 117)1, 155 1,101|1, 141'1, 180 -921 945 969 1, 002 996 77\1, 426 1, 692 5I1, 455 3/1, 484 1,513 1,542 1,571 7\1, 602 5/1,.631 1,663 1, 692 1, 723 j1, 752 2/1, 784 2)1,815 1,846 5|1, 880 11,914 1,948 /1, 982 2,016 953 977 1,030 me 06 Om Obs oo OO ~~ we — “ 1, 448 1,475 1,505 1,535 1,565 1,595 1,625 1, 658 1, 688 1, 720 1, 750 1, 783 1,813 1,845 1, 878}1.§ 1,910 1, 945): 1,980 2,015)2, 2,050 2, 085)2, 155 46 TABLE 2.—CULL FOR RECTANGULAR DEFECTS. [20 per cent deducted for kerf from solid board foot contents.] THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER, AN OO a 20. le tlo|e OatewOnekbel: Lal kode else ses UO iy al! es ‘19 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27} 28| 29} 30 | 31 [22 | Contents—board feet in tens. FANN AOOtMIOOOm WiDVor~wongn ANAND NOD Sh 19 Or TiQunor~ovaoen or aw oo Strt ANAND MM NN OD OOD OD SHI 1d OO Noo Hino MmMrINNO AN OD OD SH Had 1 AHANNA AMNNN N69 00 SH H19 10 SSD OOM ODS OD Hid CO 00 COD AN OO SH Hid BM NNN AN OD OD SH Hid 1d RHINNN NN OD OD SASH 1D mtn DORR OS cH n OOK OO OD SH Hid CO Or 00 aA ANN AN OD OO SH OSH Hi AM ANN NNO 00 00 SH Hap OD Hh 1id 19 OO r= CO O90 CO Sig CO Oh ress NN AMMAN ANN OD OD << NAN OO OD OO SI Xt OD OO SH id 1d Or Moot inn ooOF rN N OD OD OD SH SH NOD OD SH itd 1 OO a rs) © T — By & Toy | SHAAN FANNAMMMH NAMMOAtHNMn©S S Y=) q SAAR FANANMMMH NAMMMMAHAMO — = Y=) ® SAAR FANANANMMOH ANMOAtH HID A 19 1D is SAA FHHNANANMMM ANMMOtHstIO 19D XK SAA FPHANANMNM ANNMMO HHI 1 AD \ SARAH BRA ANAND ANNMMOWHS 19 19 1D ee NAN ANNN FPANAMMO WS ) | LD 2 1D ; SC CR FR HHANAN FBAANANMMOMO LD 1 1D) 1D “wD Pa Vi | “ANNAN FBT ANNANNMMOD : ID IDIDADAD «=D Slifka.” SANNA RR ANANAANNO 1919 1191D ADD an CL oh, wt CSS AN AAMT ANAAN mgigigid 1118 19) Oe Ces HNANANN £1 19 19 19 1 19 19 19 wD ee bes Sas ee fo “SHINN 2 Poggi wn inn 19 10 1 owe oe aS, ae OR eee | See ate ' am) or. ae 0 eA oA Tere la Saeee we, Ra PAM eee ey aa Sepwagcr wdidnSsr coon mcr aacnas 32.8 = aes Soest gas Sh rs re =i So ro) oo a) 47 APPENDIX. ‘01 iWwowr oc: 02 — bo | iD 1D OE GOODS \PT OT WHIDAOOr OWOSSO re HH1D 19 OI DWDM OS IDO Ot ODM 68 HN 19 OO or Fr CGO LD LD SO P= Pe CO OD OD SH Hig 19 OO COC TINO OMr~ OOO COM HAMID OOOMmOD WN DOrrDOD 09.09 SH SHI 1g OOM wHestig oO & & O00 09 09 OD SH HIN OOO HH 19) OO OOD AM OMHAAMgQoood WHAM WGCOmMMOWMDO OT ANM OO HAH AH19 191 OM MAAIDIDOOOrnrODDND WH HOCOrMrr-DNHD ANNMMMAMAHtdiQg MMMAPAANMIMOOCORnrWDO WHAW1H10DO Orn WOOO ANANMMMOAAH NMOMOMAAA AOA WWOOOrR VMOAAAOOOCOOnRE ANANANMMMOADH ANMMMM HHA AIIIIDOOO MOO MWA AWi9OwWoOo oor FANN ANANN MOOD OD NANO 09 09 09 SHH tH 19 1D DN 0 09 0D OD SH HH 19 19 AAANANANANDM ANANAANMMMMO Hatt AANA ODD 00 09 SH tH HO SSAA ANANNAN BANNAN NANNMMMMOOO HM PNA N AN OD OD 00 00 OD SH THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 48 TS (0S |8h |9F \Sh |€h |Zh |OF |8E (LE |SE |FE |SE OE |6Z (L] (9% |S [2S |TS {GL {8ST OT IPE ISL {IL [OL 18 19 6h \8h |9F {SP Eh \Ch |OF JGE LE |9E IPE |ZE ITE 6% |8Z (9G |SG@ |€S [0c |0Z |GL |LZT [St |FL I@L |IT 16 |g |9 SP |9F (Sh JEP \or \OF |68 |LE |9E PE |SE ITE |US [8S |2Ze |SZ |hS |oe |G |6T |8L |9L |St |Sk |r JOT 6 |Z |9 OF |Sh |€F \CPh OF |6E |LZE |9E |SE |EE |ZE \OE |6Z |4S 9G |FZ |€Z 126 jOG |6T {ZT |9T FHL |€T IZLE JOT |6 Lr 9 PP Sh ch OP |6E |ZE |9E |SE |SE |GE |TE 6% |82 |9Z |St@ |Fo |0S (16 |6L |8t {ZL (St |FT '2t JIT |OT 8 |Z I9 €F Ib jOF |6& |LZE |9E |SE IEE |SE LE 16% 8S |L4e |SS |S’ (ES [TS 106 |6L |ZE |9L |SL JST (|@t |It |6 [8 L ¢ TP |0F |8E |ZE |9E IGE SE \CE LE [6G 8% 12% |9S |¥S [EST [2G (06 |6L IST |ZT [ST HL -|SL I2t JOT 16 |g {9 ¢ 6€ |SE |ZE |9E |PE IEE |ZE ITE |6Z 8S |LS |9S |G% JES |0S ~|TS |OG |ST {ZT |9L ISL |€l IZL JIL |OL 16 yee 19 G 8E |9€ |SE |PE \€E IGE ITE |6Z |8% |L% /9% [GS |€% |2c |1] |OG |6L [8ST |9L |S |FT |SI ZL JIT 16 |8 iz 19 ®I¢ QE SE [FE [CE |TE OE |6% \8% [Lz [9% |G% |FG |2S [TS [0G |6L [8ST {ZT |9T (ST |ST |@t |IT |OT |6 ey V2 Miz PE |€E (GE |TE \O€ 16% |8S |Lz% |9% |Ge |€S% |ZS |1S |0G |6T + [St |ZT |9T |ST |PL ISL ioc |IT |OT 16 Iz 9 G \P GE TE |OF [6G |8% |LS |9% |G |S ES [ZG |TS 0% |6L [ST |ZE |9L |S |FL J€L |Zr iIt |OL 16 8 by 19 Ot TE }O§ |66 [86 |Le |9G |S% |FG |ES |GS |e |0Z |6T |8T |Z |9T |ST IPL |ST (2t |2t ITT [OL 16 |8 |Z |9 (|¢ IF 66 |86 |LG |9% |G |¥S |PS |€S |G |TG [0% |6T [ST |ZT |9L ST j|St |PL |€— (2 IT (OT 16 |8 L 9 ¢ G¢ |? 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Ne See ey ae ee i ae it vali - hee. ales. ite AS ounlii | *suoys’ GE | TE | OF | 62 | 8 | LS | 93 | SS | FS | ES | SS) 1S) 0G | 6L/ SL} ZT | OL | ST | FL | ST | ZT} TL} Ot] 6 | 8 | 2,1 9 | §:| & |-womrp al oe | BT) , pug “400J—99T0p JO [4su0'T “penuryao9O—SLOadad AVTNONVLOAY wou TINO—e a1aVL 53 APPENDIX. 92 99 \29 £9 109 T9 \g¢ (¢¢ 6¢ 19g [eG 1 lpg |Tg 79 |2¢ | ZG |0¢ \LF 0G [LF SF Sb Ish eh Gh IEF |TP eb TP (68 TP [68 28 v9 [19 z9 |6¢ 9¢ 09 |z¢ #9 89 foe ag leg ‘lec 6g gc lec lie 8p 89 i¢9 ‘19 8h (SP jL€ “LG “9G "Gs m4 "8% “GS “TG “02 X 6T “08 “66 "86 \""LS “93 “GG “VG “8% “GG “TZ "06 “6X81 “08 “66 "83 "16 7296 "GS "GE "8% "6S “TS “0B “61 “ST XLT >08 "66 “86 "16 "93 eta ‘THE SCALING OF N ATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. o4 LIL |FIT (OTT |90T/80T\66 [26 [26 [88 [Fs G6 |26 \88 |FS8 |I8 SOT |SOT |TOT |86 |F6 |L6 [88 |FS |T8 [82 STL/ETL|SOT|SOL|TOT|Z6 OTT|9OT|ZOT 26 €TL 601 90T |ZOT PST |OET \9ZT |ecl OST |9GL |cT |8IT GCL |GcT |8IT Pit IGE |ZTL |STl JOT OIT |eTT \60L j90T GIL j801 \SOT \Z0T SOT |FOT |LOT j46 SOT |OOT \26 |€6 66 |S6 |26 \68 zi |FZT (OT |OIT PEI |OZT (OTT |ZIT GET |9IT i2tt [Sor GIT |ZET |S0r |FOT TET |L01 FOL |TOT LOT |€01 \00T |26 ZOL 66 96 |g6 86 |c6 |\26 [68 66 |16 88 [S8 06 |48 |F8 [IS GGL SET |FIT’ OIL SILT |PIT OIL |Z0T SIT {OTT 901 |eOT 66 PIT OTT 9OT GOT 86 v6 06 98 cll sor SOT LOL L6 £6 06 98 G8 SL GOT|86 86. 196 P6 |16 16 |28 L8 |P8 €8 |08 TOT|Z5 16 |P6 b6 |06 06 j48 98 |€8 €8 08 6L 92 194 |Z 90T 801/66 S01 66 | 66 |96 96 |c6 90T|ZOT|86 P6 16 88 ps8 08 ZL 80T|FOT|OOL POT|TOTIL6 66 06 48 €8 08 LL &L OL S6 G6 68 v6 16 18 PS Is &6 06 48 8 08 ZL Pl, TZ G6 68 98 88 08 )} FL Ll 19 9 , - 8 68 i€Z (OZ |99 (29 6S {Sg 04 |49 189 09 (9° |e 49 |79 119 149 |PS |TS \dP #8 los loz ltt |29 \e9 lee 18 \22 |\@2 169 |c9 |t9 \z¢ 8) lpL TZ \49 |@9 |6g gc €L |69 |99 j29 (89 \Gg {TS IL i29 |F9 |o9 |29 |e los | GE | TE | OF | 62 | 82 | 2 Bh FS | &Z | GG" ia *sue} UT 99} prvodq—sjueyu0g | 02 | 61 st 21 OI | ST | FT| SL} Cr} Ir} Or; 6; 8 )]24;9)8 1] F *q09J—JooJep JO YASUI] ST |°°SZ WT | FS I | X2 Te 08 Oia ae0G OT |°"8% ST ("26 ST. a aas PL |°°S3 €l |" FS I | "&% GL |36X TS OT |°"08 cl |°°66 SI "8% WL |G FT |°°96 SI | S% Sl |" F% GI |" "8% Gl 1°36 Il |-16X0@ GT | -0€ ST |°°66 PL | 82 X6T *Sayouy *SUOIS -uell{p pug *penuljuoj—SLOqdad AVINONVLOAY AOA TIND—? ATAVL ' 65 APPENDIX. 98T 6LT ELT S21 LOT T9T 99T TOL GST OST O9T col OFT PPL 6&T PST SFT Sl 8&1 €&1 861 LPT Gal LET eat 821 al SIT TeI 9€T T&T LOT aa O8T PLT 89T Z9T COT 9ST L9T OST OST SPT PLT 89T o9T c9T LST (eas 9ST TST OFT OPI GST OST OST (SFT GhI OFT OFT [Set PET l08L GPL |PPT vPL |O8T 6&1 |Pél ber Ost 66T |SGT PST |OZT GPL |8éL S&L /E8T Sel \66T SGT \¥oT Pol (OGL 6IL |STT PIT OTT 9ET |GET GET |8oT LET |€CT 61 |61T SIT IPIL 89T GOT LST LST TST 9vT IST OFT at 9&T SPL OFT SEL OST 91 6ET sell O&T SCT Tel OTT €&1 661 SCT OGT OTT Tit LOT SeT &C1 6IT STL TTTIZOTISOTI66 '96 !26 | COT\LETITST LGT|TST OPT CSTIOPLILPT TST OFT OFT OP LLP TPL Q&T OFT OFTISEL TPL Qe |Tet EL /TET 921 T&L SPT OFT S&T CST 961 O&T 92T| 121, Ost ETOSL SSL OGTSTT 6ET|\SET 8ST SLIOGT EST OST |SCT 61 PSL OLT CZTOZT FIT TZT OTE ETT QTL IZIT LOT TELOSLIGSTIZTE GILL |SOL sor OFT |GET OST GELOET ZT IST/9ZLjIZI 9ZT 2ST IATL} IZT\LT ELT PETIOST ST OST |SZT|IST GELTZT OTT TGT|ZTLZIL OTT SIT |80T/ POT 001/96 GIT |80T/FOT|O0T|96 HOT \PSTIOGT CET) irae ZIT GIT 80T OZT OTT aad 801 SIL OZT/STT OTT OTLIIIE 901 raaarnarcny| SOT|FOT 66 POT|OOT $6 STTOTL 901 TIT|ZOT COL SOT SOT 66 POT|66 |S6 G6 G6 |88 OTT/90T SCT OL 9LTTIT LOL ZOL 86 OSTIOLLISIT OTT|SIT|80T GIT|S8OT\FOT LOT/FOT|OOT S0T|66 |96 SOL\GTTFIL, 6IT\STLIIIE STTITT|Z01 LOL FOr 001, 96 66 OTT 9UT S01 TIT|LOT|SOT 66 601/66 66 |\S6 96 (C6 88 G6 |88 88 |S8 90T TOT 26 ZOL 86 66 |P6 C6 |T6 [28 88 erat SIT) PIT ra OIL, TCT/OTL ETT 9OT| 501 90T ZO 86 GOT cOT 86 6 16 TOT 16 v6 16 L8 b8 90T SOT SOT 66 96 66 96 10 L6 16 06 16 b6 06 L8 b8 06 18 Fy 18 y) 98 #8 18 OTT|POT|66 G6 66 26 68 98 €6 06 L8 98 v8 18 &8 08 82 GL 08 ZL ““0E X 6Z “08 “66 X 8S “08 "66 "8G X LZ “08 "66 "8S "LE X96 “08 "66 "83 “16 "9G X SS “08 "66 "86 “"L6 56 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. TABLE 3.—CULL FOR SQUARED DEFECTS. [20 per cent deducted for kerf from solid board foot contents.] Length of defect—feet. | | End dimensions. s}s/ 6} 7] e[9 |i) /a9 [a4] 5] 10/1 Contents—board feet in tens. i | Fiscal l Inches. | | | | | | DuF-aFe ths ee Se FER Bes 58 ted + |-«..|--2-| 0.5] 0.5) 0.5) 0.5] 0.5} 0.5! 0.5] 0.5 358 coe. ee tee Soe -o=| 0.5) 0.5) 0:5! 0,5) OS) 25) 5} 25) dT TR lat 1 Aad en see ie oe | OS) sap ae eee ae ee eS eee es oS[told. of BSE NOR 94 ge 5) 2 es eae ae ae GxGee chee eee ea ea ge er ee oe Poe ee cee ee oo ee a a Brg ae Ba lly bt ye ree Bins fixe fo, Bienes pia vat eas ise ei 8 a gt flo 0x0. $i. te bead Po pgs. pale a Se (ser 6: 6 6 Cy are ee at aes ae a = Yas ae ata Oe a rn a i yy Maite. - is. cots hee 3/4 1/5 |6 |6 he vig ian 10 |11 f12 }13 | 14 | TID SEES 4°15 R6 P78" (OOK 111 12 112 13> 44 1S 416 ea Oe ee B16 7 Seb 0. Ad 2 A ee (ide Ae 15 |7 |8 |9 ‘10 ‘12 113 (14 116 117 118 j20 [21 | 22 TES 91, eae ee Abia 6 /s |9 l10 |12 (14 115 [16 |18 |20 |21 l22 |24 | 26 teres 3 StS 7) jlo. 12 jae ji5e 117 e 20 22 |24 [26 |27 | 29 | | End dimen- | ated anid 18 | 9 | 20 | at | ae | 29 | a4 | a5 | 26 | on Contents—board feet in tens. Inches Ru ee os 0.5} 0.5) 0.5) 0.5] 0.5! 0.5) 0.5) 0.5} 0.5] O. ee 1 1 1 | aa 1 1 2 2 2 or a 2 2 pie eae 2 3 3 3 3 5 a 3 ee 3 4 | 4 4 4 4 4 4 Gxhe 5 824 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 (te 6 (Pe ae 7 7 8 8 8 8 9 Bee. 8 8 9 9 Pe a> bh 1k | 19 ae calles VS OS RS) GI Mea aan Vs eam re eh ee eet et fords. IR 4a ie | ae ee. F171 17 | 18 iG: oe for i> etGen | ay osh Le toe ate) BOE) SES | Be j Bat ba 17°) 18 | 19 1.20/21 -|-92 | 98 4} 24 1 25° | 26 i ae eee ie Bi a rage OR | 86 97. | 28:41 29-130 ieee | aA os | 26° 1 97, 129. .|'30 1.31 1-33 134 | 35 $5515.53. 2. Oh os S30 S26) 83° S486.) a8—t 39. 1-40 16x16..-..).| 31 .| 32 |34 |36 |38 |39 | 41 |.43 | 44 | 46 Pelt.) 2. 35 1'37°-1 39° | 40> | 49" (44 -| 46. | 48 ~|50 «152 18xi8.......| 39 | 41 | 43 | 45 | 48 | 50 | 52 | 54 156 | 58 19x19.......| 43 | 46 | 48 | 51 | 53 | 55 | 58 | 60 | 63 | 65 SP 2. 48 |51 | 53 |56 |59 | 61 | 64 | 67 | 69 | 72 21x21. 53 | 56 | 59 | 62 |65 | 68 | 71 | 74 | 76 | 79 0.) Beg | BS eR WT 4a ae SE) SBF 23x23... 63 | 67 | 71 | 74 178 | 81 | 8 | 88 | 92 | 95 24x24... 69 | 73 | 77 | 81 | 84 | 88 | 92 | 96 {100 {104 25x25......-| 75 | 79 | 83 | 88 | 92 | 96 |100 |104 /108 /112 26x26.......| 81 | 86 | 90 | 95 | 99 |104 [108 {113 |117 {122 —~97x27.......| 87 |92 |97 |102 |107 [112 (117 [122 126 {131 dee. 94 | 99 |105 |110 [115 /120 |125 |131 |136 |141 29x29.......|101 |107 |112 |118 |123 |129 |135 |140 |146 /151 30820. 0: 5 108 |114 |120 |126 |132 ‘'138 faa \150 |156 |162 APPENDIX. TABLE 3.—CULL FOR SQUARED DEFECTS—Continued. Length of defect—feet. | 126/131 136/141 146 152 157 163 168 174 28/29/30 135 146 157 168 180 125] 57 | ‘aaa 58 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. TABLE 4.—SOLID CUBIC CONTENTS OF LOGS. Average middle diameter (in inches). fro) | 12] 19 | 14] 15 Contents (in cubic feet). Pear ae er eT ry OrorOrord1 ee DWNNNH HNN DHoOnWMnww WWhHnds NNNNeE pee ee St Se ee oro ee oe OO 09 WwWwwhyobhs Nw Re ee UOT BpRWwww wrenmtryrm He COMIN NDAD ON [=r] OUST OU ee wwwnrd hd Noe MNIAAD co oO 0000 MSI i.e en 6 00 00 00 ~1 | NOMOUN BP RwWo CoRR OO who OwnIsI D> a SI TOU ww OD WIP ww a TABLE 4.—SOLID CUBIC CONTENTS OF LOGS—Continued. APPENDIX. 59 Average middle diameter (in inches). 94/103 113123 133 96/106 115126 136 Contents (in cubic feet). 77| 83, 90 81| 87, 94/101/108)115 85| 91 oo i¢2) a= j=) Or 113\121 88} 95/103/110)118) 126 92) 99/107/115}123)131 96/103 '111|119}128|136 100|107/115 103,111,120 107/115 124 111\119 128 114/123 133 )118)127/137 122)131\141 125/135|145 |129)139 150 133/143 154 136|147 158 140/151 162 144155 167 147|159,171 124)133)142 128)137|147 133}142/152 138}147\157 142|152/162 147|157|168 151|162|173 156|167|178 161|172/183 165}177)189 170|182 194 174}187|199 179}191'204 183}196 210 246 261 | 252| 267 i a 21|22|20| 25] 26 |27|28|20_ 20 mm | 34 | 36 | sr | 38 | 20 | 40 en ne ee ee 174|183 183/192 191/201 199/209 207/218 216/227 224/236 232/244 241/253 249|262 257|271 265|279 274)288 | 282/297 290/305 299)314 307/323 315/332 324|340 332|349 60 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. TABLE 4.—SOLID CUBIC CONTENTS OF LOGS—Continued. Average middle diameter (in inches). 51 | | | a1 s2| 40) 44/45/40. 47 48 49.5 | sa| 2st | 5 50 67 58/80 | 6 Contents (in cubic feet). 101 106/111 110 115 121) (119 125 131) 128 135 141) 116 127 147 154 161 169 177 185 193 201 210 (218 156 164 171 180 188/196 205 214 223 232 165 173 182 190 199 208 217 226 236 245 174 183 192 201 210 219 229 239 249 259 nile 202 211 | | 193 202 212 229 202 212 222 232) (211 221 232 243, 220 231 242 253 229 241/252 264 238 250 262 275 248 260 272 285) 257 269 282 296 266 279292 306 sie teal 284/298 313 327| 293 |308 323 338 '303|317 333 348 312!327 343 359 321/337|353/370 330 346 ae 339 356/373 391 348 366/383 401 358 375/393 /412 367 385/403 |422 137, 148, 138 144 rae | 46 48| 50 58 60, 63 69 72| 75| 77| 81) 84| 88 88) 92 96 101 99 104 108 110 115 120 121)127 133) (183,138 145/151, 150 157 163. 162 169 176, 173 181 188 44 55 66 126 138) 144 155 166 ek 241/251 243 254 265 276 254/265 277 289 265 277 289 302) 276/289 fuels 287 300 313 327 298 312 325 339 309 323 337 352 320 335 349 364 a a rd 3421358 373 390) 353/369 386 402) 364/381 398 415) 376/392, 410 427 387|404 422 440 | 398/415 /434 452 420 439 458 478 431/450/470 490 442 462 482 503 113) | | 232 249 253 264 409|427/446 465, i 55| 57 65) 68) 71 79| 82 92 95 105 109 118 123 131,136 | 144 150 (157 164) 170,177) 183 191) 196 205 241 262 273 275 286 288 300 301 314 314 327 327 341 340 355 354 368) 37 382 380 395 1393 409 | | 326 383 406 419 432 445 458 423/440 436/454 450|468 464/482 477\497 471/491/511 485 505|525 498 518|539 511 532/553 pana 567 213 | 227) | | 255, 270 254 298, 312 340, 355 369 397, 411) 426 | | | 162, 59 74 88) 103) 118) 133) 147 177| | 192 206 221 236 251 265 280) 295 310 324 339 304 369 383 398 413 428 442 457 472 487 501 516 531 546) 560 575 590 598 613 684 71 89 106 | 124 142 159 147 195 213 230 248 266 284 301 319 337 354 372 390 | 408 425 443 461 478 496 514 532 549 567) 587 585 603 620 638 656 673 691 709 | 209 76 95 114 133 152 171 190 79 98 118 137 157 177 196 216 236 255 228 247 266/275 285|295 304/314 | 323/334 | 342/353 | 361/373 380/393 | 399/412 418}432 | 437/452 | 456/471 475)491 494/511 | 513)530 532/550 551/569 570|589 _ 589 609 608. 628 627, 648 646 668 665 687 | 683 707 _ 702,726 | 721/746 740 766 759/785 APPENDIX. 61 ~ TABLE 5.—BOARD FOOT CONTENTS OF STANDARD SIZES OF TIMBER}! Length of timber—feet. End di- | men- 10 | 12 lex fA | 16 18 | 20 | 22 | 24 Slons } | Contents—board feet. Inches Pang 12 2 2h 22 3 33 33 4 3 2h 3 3h 4 4h 5 5h 6 4 34 4 42 54 6 62 7 8 | 5 42 5 58 62 7k 84 gi 10 6 Her <0 G 7 8 9 10 ll 12 7 1 ae aes 8h ga 103 112 128 14 8 Gee cS 93 102 12 134 142 16 10 gi 10 112 133 15 16% 183 20 12 10 a9 hie 14 16 18 20 22 24 | 14 112 14 | 163 182 21 234 252 28 16 134 16 182 214 24 262 294 32 | 18 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 20 162 20 234 262 30 334 363 40 3 ae 43 5 58 2 74 84 93 10 6 64 fi fen ai 10 11} 12 133 15 8 gt 10 112 133 15 16 184 20 | 10 10,5; 124 1475, 162 183 203 2211 25 19, AoE 15 173 20 223 25 274 30 x 4 5 6 etch aris 9 10 11 12 6 eee LO eel ie 134 15 16} 18 8 ine |. 32 i eo eee 2 i8 20 22 24 10 iT Sey te 174 20 223 25 274 30 12 15 18 21 24 Da 30 33 36 ax a 5 6 7 8 ft) 10 11 12 4 62 8 94 | 108 12 134 142 16 ge i aaa: b 14° |. 16 18 20 22 24 8 134 16 182 214 24 262 294 32 10 (a) a eee eg a a 30 334 362 40 12 20 Fwd ar Pate 4 36 40 44 48 14 233 28 322 374 42 462 514 56 16 26% 32 374 422 48 532 58% 64 21 x 12 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60. | 14 294 35 405 462 52 58 644 70 16 334 40 462 534 60 663 734 80 BP ae! 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 6 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 8 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 10 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 12 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 14 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 16 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 96 4x 4 134 16 183 | 214 24 26% 29% 32 6 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 8 262 32 374 422 48 534 583 64 10 334 40 462 534 60 66% 734 80 12 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 14 462 | 56 654 743 84 934 102% 112 62 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. TABLE 5.—BOARD FOOT CONTENTS OF STANDARD SIZES OF TIMBER—Continued. Length of timber—feet. End di- | men- 10 | 12 14 | 16 18 20 | 22 | 24 | sions Contents—board feet. Inches | eke 334 40 462 534 60 662 | 734 80 6x6 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 8 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 96 10 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 12 60 72 84 OG at 108 120 132 144 14 70 84 98 inbie 126 14 154 168 16 80 OG}. 112 128 144 160 176 192 eo rg 534 64 742 854 | 96 1062 1174 128 10 663 80 93 1062 120 1334 1462 160 12 80 96 112 128 144 160 176 192 14 934 112 1302 1493 168 1862 2054 224 10 x 10 834 100 | 1162 1334 150 1662 _ 1834 200 12 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 14 | 1163 | 140 | 1634 1863 210 2334 2562 280 16 1334 160 1862 2134 240 2662 2934 320 ex 120 144 | 168 192 216 240 264 288 14 140 168 | 196 224 252 280 308 336 16 160 192 | 224 256 288 320 352 384 14x 14 1634 196 2282 2614 294 3262 3594 392 16 1862 224 2614 2982 336 3734 4102 448 18 210 252 294 386. “|. 378 420 462 504 16x16 | 2133 | 256 | 2082 3414 384 4262 4694 512 18 240 288 336 384 432 480 528 576 20 2662 320 3733 4262 480 533 5863 | 640 18 x 18 270 324 378 432 486 540 594 | 648 20 x 20 3334 400 4662 5334 600 6662 7334 | 800 22x22 | 4033 | 484 | 564% 6454. 726 8062 8872 |. 968 24 x 24 480 576 672 768 864 960 1,05 Pies eile) 26 x 26 5634 676 7882 9014 + =1,014 1, 1262 1,2394 | 1,352 28 x 28 6533 784 914% | 1,0454 | 1,176 1,3062 |. 1,4374 | 1,568 30 x 30 750 900 | 1,050 | 1, 200 | 1,350 1,500 | 1,650 | 1,800 / : APPENDIX. 63 F - a Se TABLE 5.—_BOARD FOOT CONTENTS OF STANDARD SIZES OF es TIMBER—Continued. Length of timber—feet, 2 End di- o men- 28 32 34 36 38 40 ie sions a Contents—board feet. “3 a Inches = | 8x 8 1494 1703 1813 192 2022 2134 10 1863 2134 226% 240 2534 2664 12 224 256 272 288 304 320 14 2614 2982 3174 336 3543 3734 10 x 10 233% 2663 2834 300 3163 3335 12 280 320 340 360 380 400 14 3263 373% 3963 420 443% 4663 16 3733 4263 4534 480 5063 5333 12 x 12 336 384 408 $32 456 480 14 392 448 476 504 532 560 1 448 512 544 576 608 640 14x 14 4574 5222 5554 588 6202 6534 16 5223 5974 634 672 7093 7463 18 588 672 714 756 798 840 16 x 16 5974 6823 725% 768 8103 8534 18 672 768 816 864 912 960 20™ 7463 8534 9063 960 1, 0133 1, 066% 18 x 18 756 864 918 972 1,026 1,080 20 x 20 933% 1, 0663 1, 1334 1, 200 1, 2663 1, 333% 22 x22 1, 1294 1, 2902 1,3714 1,452 1, 5322 1, 6134 24 X 24 1,344 1,536 1,632 1, 728 1,824 1,920 26 X 26 1,577 1, 8023 1, 9154 2.028 2, 1402 2, 2534 28 X 28 1, 8293 2, 090% 2, 2214 2,352 2, 4822 2, 6134 | 30 X 30 2, 100 2,400 2,550 2, 700 2, 850 3, 000 64 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. — TABLE 6.—STANDARD CONVERTING FACTORS. The following converting equivalents will be used in reducing various products to feet, board measure: : Equiva- Product. arn lent in board feet. Long cord (chestnut acid wood)................--..:.- 2 AAS A. OE aay 625 Cord Css Pulpwood)): 22... ssesserceceeeee cee eceeee 4’ x 4’ x 8’ 560 Conds(Spinelesholts)'— ss see Shae se oe a toe 4’ x 4’ x 8! 600 Corde(tuel) Pas ste es ae a eR Fee teat ‘A’ x 4’ x 8! 3335 oad: THe TOUS. hes ee a ae a Mecord'e shes 3334 Polenttelephone) psc) ke see eee oe ice Does So egae TS SOs eee 60 Oe wks ees eC fc ame teas Uy yaa es kN Bi ge) OM x BO Geaas eee 100 TO geht fe Sater ae etes Cera ot inaee BC S ee We eee Rie ae WE. B04 pane ee 60 SSH Od | 2s pee. Aelia oe cise ar es 1 SAN Sc ee Or ae Bee he 10! Saar 60 HMGn(Stan dan): Sees os: 2c w ha ae ees SEL e oh hee Gt BU as: 30 Pied Class) eee Wee eh eee be ee. re Bete Cex Teen 20 Tie (narrow gauge).......-.. SE Fae Ss Mars rs 2 Sa GNX oxy 15 i t= AE Noa ete ae I = A OURO) Ree SR gy gee | 7!" x 8!’ x 8! 30 DO) OS SR Baer ee ot ee ae A Pe ES AL ees TO A eS! 35 DeTncGk: MOL ss ts tee Fs ces ees oe RR ee en TEX B0Lee Sete 60 Demmick set (il pieces) =. is. Faas oa ee eee ee ae 480 PTESHEP HUM DOI! aettete. Juanes 22 fe eee ee Se Ge ee a Cec | ea Bar 70 1 D Xa Resa terete he a eet os Rage Le De et ae ie. GAD gelezle 1€OG5/ OEZGZ CCES LOVE L602 CL. 78 PUL Cr landings "BSE RBI Seo pus . Sealer... A", CAIN Sw ay sey PROPS, TIES, AND POSTS. Compartment Sec. /8...., S3lj QvoutiVYy © oy Orhan 8 rf (70) (7) Firsts Seconds Number (62) 2 20 6 6 6 Coy (8ttPreps Py. Jes Ay.7ies Fosrs No Pieces (50) (5/ iu bier (52) (2) (63 Fy aay 64. 6a) eo lllloo——qE]——————— oO re EL 7 920 0} pazsoday 240d a4 JS] BDUIS [DjO] psomsof ty6nosg ahd siy} (0204 Siviol GnNvwO of piles: 8/2Z29/ YOF O/ 9050 LZ9rPr VHZIF = OZOE 29262 LZeeZz L334 BRKT SI0a1d “ON (EZ FO/ L602 Bee NOP 90 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. DOUGLAS FIR LOG GRADING RULES OF THE PUGET SOUND LOG SCALING AND GRADING BUREAU. No. 1 Logs. No. 1 logs shall be logs in the lengths of 16 to 32 feet and 30 inches in diameter inside the bark at the small end and logs 34 to 40 feet, 28 inches in diameter inside the bark at the small end and shall be logs which in the judgment of the scaler shall contain at least 50 per cent of the scaled contents in lumber in the grades of No. 2 clear and better. No. 2 Logs. No. 2 logs shall be not less than 16 feet long and having defects which prevent its grading No. 1, but which in the judgmentofthe scaler will be suitable for the manufacture of lumber principally in the grades of merchantable and better. No. 3 Logs. No. 3 logs shall be not less than 16 feet long and having defects which prevent its cutting into higher grades and in thejudgmentof the scaler will be suitable for the manufacture of common lumber. DOUGLAS FIR LOG GRADING RULES OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER LOG SCALING AND GRADING BUREAU. No. 1 Logs. No. 1 logs shall be 30 inches or over in diameter inside the bark at the small end, reasonably straight-grained, and not less than 16 feet long and shall be logs which in the judgment of the scaler will contain at least 50 per cent of their scaled contents in lumber in the grades of No. 1 and No. 2 clear lumber. In a general way it may be said that a pitch ring is not a serious grade defect in a No. 1 log, provided its location and size does not prevent the log cutting the requisite amount of clears. The same applies to rot. Pitch pockets, seams, knots, etc., are defects which impair the grade in proportion to their effect on the amount of clears the log contains. A No. 1 log will admit a few small knots, but must be surface clear for at least four-fifths its length; a few pitch pockets, as permitted in the grades of clear lumber, but no combination of defects which will prevent the required percentage of clears. BY Mf + ‘ APPENDIX. 91 No. 2 Logs. No. 2 logs shall be 16 inches or over in diameter inside the bark at the small end, not less than 16 feet long, and having defects which prevent its grading No. 1, but which will in the judgment of the scaler be suitable for the manufacture of lumber principally in srades of merchantable and better. No. 3 Logs. No. 3 logs shall be 12 inches or over in diameter inside the bark at the small end, not less than 16 feet long, having defects which prevent itsgrading No. 2, and shall in the judgment of the scaler be suitable for the manufacture of inferior grades of lumber. Cull Logs. Cull logs shall be any logs which do not contain 50 per cent of sound lumber. All logs to be scaled by the Spalding rule. WESTERN YELLOW PINE LOG GRADING RULES, SUGGESTED BY THE FOREST SERVICE, FOR USE IN EASTERN OREGON AND WASHINGTON. 9 Clear logs shall be 22 inches or over in diameter inside the bark at the small end and not less than 10 feet long. They shall be reason- bly straight-grained, practically surface clear, and of a character which in the judgment of the scaler are capable of cutting not less than 25 per cent of their scaled contents into lumber of the grades of C select and better. Shop logs shall be 18 inches or over in diameter inside the bark at the small end, not less than 8 feet long, and which in the judg- ment of the scaler are capable of cutting not less than 30 per cent of their scaled contents into lumber of the grades of No. 2 shop and better. Rough logs shall be 6 inches og over in diameter inside the bark at the small end and not less than 8 feet long, having defects which in the judgment of the scaler prevent their classification into either of the two above grades. O : rtd etd Aa* a. nar - C—O = LIBRARY OF CONGRESS AT 0 002 821 052 8 @,