U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

BURE^A.U OK SOILS.

INSTRUCTIONS TO FIELD PARTIES

AND

DESCRIPTIONS OF SOIL TYPES.

:E'XJS1JJJD SE^^SOIST, 1904:-

I'; */

I^>

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

BURK^^U OK SOILS.

INSTRUCTIONS TO FIELD PARTIES

AND

DESCRIPTIONS OF SOIL TYPES.

IPIELID SE^^SOnsr, 1Q04:.

1904

JULY. AUGUST.

SEPTEMBER.

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OCTOBER.

NOVEMBER.

, DECEMBER.

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1905

JANUARY.

i FEBRUARY.

MARCH.

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APRIL.

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JUNE.

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JULY.

AUGUST.

SEPTEMBER.

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1

OCTOBER.

NOVEMBER.

DECEMBER.

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IT"'

1

1

NOTE.

The accompanying instructions have been prepared for the use of
field men of the Bureau of Soils. The material on fiscal regulations
is in addition to the Fiscal Regulations as issued by the Division of
Accounts and Disbursements and should be taken as supplementary
to these Department Regulations. All field men should be careful
that their accounts conform strictlv to these regulations.

The descriptions of soil types are given as an aid to the field
l)arties in correlation of soil types and should be carefully studied
to this end. Soils of a new area should be correlated with known
types where this is possible.

MiLTOx Whitney,

Chief of Bureau.

Washington, D. C, June 7, 1904.

3

270432

CONTENTS,

Page.

Instructions to field parties 7

Fiscal regulations „ 7

Authorization to travel 8

Transportation 8

Freight and express 8

Allowances for field parties 8

Subvouchers for team hire 9

Signatures to subvouchers 10

Laundry 10

Telegrams 11

Location of headquarters while in field 11

Accidents to parties 12

Six-months' reports 18

Instructions for mapping soils and alkali 18

Organization of field party 18

Prosecution of field work 14

Establishing soil types 14

Correlation of soil types lo

Scheme of soil classification 19

Outfit for work 22

Odometer 22

Plane-table traversing 24

Samples for laboratory examination 25

Correspondence and weekly report 26

Field and ofiice maps 26

Directions for mapping alkali soils .. '. 26

Reduction of resistances to a temperature of 60° F 32

Directions for estimating soluble salts in soils 36

Construction of alkali maps 37

Determination of salts in water 38

Form of soil survey report „ . 41

Outline of soil survey report 41

5

6 ContenU.

Page.

References to Soil Survey Reports 48

Soil types recognized by the Bureau of Soils 44

Index of soil types, arranged alphabetically 167

Index of soil types, arranged by series 177

Index of soil types by States 188

ILLUSTRATION

Page.
Fig. 1. Chart of equal magnetic declinations 4

INSTRUCTIONS TO FIELD PARTIES AND
DESCRIPTIONS OF SOIL TYPES.

INSTRUCTIONS TO FIELD PARTIES.

Fiscal regulations. — The pamphlet on "Fiscal Regulations of the
Department of Agriculture" issued by the Division of Accounts
and Disbursements applies to all fiscal matters of this Bureau, with
certain modifications and additions given below. Field agents of
this Bureau should carefully read the regulations and conform
literallv to the instructions given there. Monthlv accounts are
frequently delayed in payment because of the failure to conform
to the rules of the Department. Delays of this character can be
entirely avoided if field men are careful to have all accounts con-
form literally to instructions given in the Fiscal Regulations and
to make explanation of all items of expenditure on the sub-
vouchers. All expenses not accompanied by sub vouchers (sub-
vouchers must be submitted for purchases amounting to $1 or
more) should be fully explained in a memorandum attached to
voucher. Charges for lodging and team hire must always be sup-
ported by subvoucher.

Duplicate vouchers on Form 4, with subvouchers (Forms 4a, 4b,
4c) are to be submitted promptly at the end of each month, prop-
erly filled out, and signed before a notary. The receipt and oath
should be signed on each voucher in all cases, but the notary's
signature and seal should be on but one voucher. Everv voucher
for reimbursements of traveling expenses must be accompanied
by Form 4c, showing what portion of the travel has been per-
formed on transportation requests. When no requests have been
used a blank form properly signed should be filed with the
voucher, and a statement made on this form showing' that no
transportation requests were used.

7

8 Instructions to Field Parties.

Authorization to travel. — An authorization from the Chief of the
Bureau of Soils must l^e obtained before any travel is performed
for the Department, and written or telegraphic authorization must
be oljtained for all travel outside of an area or where unusual
expense or additional travel is necessary.

Transportation. — Travel to and from areas should be performed
on transportation requests where the cost of travel amounts to
$3 or more. (See Fiscal Regulation No. 15.) West of the Mis-
sissippi River all travel should be performed on transportation
requests on bond-aided or land-grant railroads. Transportation
requests will be furnished on application to the chief clerk of the
Bureau. Applications for these requests should be made at least
one week before the travel is to be performed. In filling out
transportation requests, before presenting to ticket agent, be sure
to fill in all blanks upon the face of the request. The stub on end
of request is to be filled out when the request is issued and
returned at once to the Bureau of Soils.

Freight and express.— When express charges are included in an
expense account, the original express receipt must be attached to
the subvoucher. Express charges to Washington, D. C, should
not be prepaid, but the shipments should be made "collect."

When possible, shipments should be made by freight rather
than by express. Shipments by freight from points west of the
Mississippi River should be made according to Fiscal Regulation
No. 14. The property to be sent should be securely packed, and
notice should be given to the Chief of the Bureau, fully describ-
ing the property and giving the full name and address on the
package, with the name of the person in whose care the property
is stored.

When it is necessary to i)ay excess-baggage cliarges, statement
should be made on the face of the subvoucher that the excess
consists of Government property, and the original receipt for the
money ])aid must accompany the expense account.

Allowances for field parties.— While engaged in actual travel the
limits of expense should be governed l)y Fiscal Regulation No. 12.
AVhile in an area engaged in field work not more than $1.50 per
day per" man on an average is to be paid for subsistence; when
possible, cheaper rates should be secured.

Fiscal Btg Illations. 9

The usual rate for hire of horse and buggy is $1.50 per day.
This rate should not be exceeded, except where actually neces-
sary. If it is found that proper conveyances can not be secured
in an area at this price the fact must be made known to the Chief
of the Bureau at once.

When the party remains at one place for a period of more than
one week, cheaper rates by the week can nearly always be secured.
Advantage should be taken of such weekly rates. When board-
ing at reduced rates it sometimes happens that the party is away
from the regular boarding place for one or more meals, or per-
haps an entire day. The Fiscal Regulations explicitly state that
subsistence expenses can not be allowed at more than one place,
but it has been ruled that when reduced rates are being paid sub-
sistence expenses will be allowed for short periods away from the
regular boarding place, provided the extra expense plus the
reduced rate does not exceed the week rate calculated at the regu-
lar day rate. Thus, if a party is living at a hotel or boarding
house, the regular rates of which are $2 per day, and by reason of
staying for one week or longer a rate of $1.50 per day is secured,
and it should happen that the party could not get back to the
hotel, but took meals or lodging away (paying for the meals or
lodging), the cost of these would be allowed, provided the entire
week's expenses did not amount to more than $14. Duplicate
charges of this character are allowed only in the interest of
econom}', and should not be incurred, except when absolutely
necessary. Where such duplicate charges are made, a full expla-
nation must be made satisfactory to the Chief of the Bureau and
the disbursing officer. ^

Subvouchers for team hire. — The following form shows a sub-
voucher for team hire completely filled out. All such subvouchers
should describe rig, state dates used and number of hours in use,
give distance traveled, and use to which team was put. In case a
team is used on Sunday or a holiday, the reason for using it should
be stated.

10 Instructions to FUld Parties.

Form No. 46. Subvoucher No. 1.

$7.50. (City or town) Columbus, Ohio,

(Date) Bee. 27, 1901.
Received of John Smith, U. S. Department of Agriculture, seven
and yVV dollars.

For hire of horse and buggy for use in soil mapping, Dec. 23, 24, 25, 26, and

27, five days, at f 1.50 per day $7. 50

In use 8 hours per day. Averaged distance traveled, 20 miles.

Team used on Dec. 25 was on official business.

(Signature) James Scott,

(Title) Ou-ner of team.

Signatures to subvouchers. — Fiscal Regulation No. 25 contains
explicit instructions regarding the signatures to subvouchers.
Care should be taken that all signatures conform to thes:; instruc-
tions. All signatures must be written in ink. The name of the
person signing the receipt must appear upon the receipt, and the
authority for signing must appear in the title, which must be
written by the signer below his name. Where a subvoucher is
signed by mark, one disinterested witness should sign the sub-
voucher and give his address. When a firm name or a hotel
name is signed to a subvoucher, the full name and title of the
person receiving the money must also be given.

laundry. — With regard to the item of laundry in expense ac-
counts where parties are located for any length of time at a particu-
lar point, it is usually possible to make arrangements ]\v which
laundry may be done at a fixed price, usually about 50 cents j)er
week per person, and wherever this is practicable it should be done.
It will, however, happen that parties who are traveling or are mov-
ing their lieadquarters frequently will be unable to make arrange-
ments of this kind, and in such cases the expense for laundry will
necessarily exceed this amount; in no case, however, must the
charge for laundry exceed $4 per person per month, and expense
accounts containing charges in excess of this amount will be cor-
rected. While the Fiscal Regulations provide for a maximum of
$4 per month to cover laundry expenses of employees in the field,
this contemplates the reimbursement only of actual amounts ])aid,
and the items for laimdry must be inserted in the account on the
dates paid in actual amounts just the same as the other exi>enses.

Fiscal Regulations. 11

Such items must not be averaged at the end of the month, and the
amomit for each member of the party must be shown as a separate
item.

Telegrams. — Telegrams sent at Government rates should refer
only to official business. The Treasury Department has ruled,
however, that chiefs of parties who are responsible for the accounts
of the party may telegraph in regard to salary checks or expense-
account checks which have been delayed, when the money
is needed for use in defraying the expenses of the party. Such
telegrams, however, should not be sent except when the delayed
check has been awaited a reasonable time. Telegrams regarding
leave should not be sent at Government rates or charged to the
Department.

The Chief of the Bureau should be informed by telegraph of
every change in address of the party in the field. In sending tele-
grams to the Bureau, address "Soils, Washington, D. C," and
sign the telegrams by last name only.

Location of headquarters while in field. — The attention of the
assistants of the Bureau of Soils is directed to the advisability
and real necessity of keeping as near as possible to their field of
operations. In no case where it can be avoided should a man
be located at a greater distance than 6 miles from the area to
be surveyed, as 12 miles distance there and back, added to the
day's work, is a material hardship on the team, and reduces
considerably the amount of work that can be done in the course
of the day.

For the most part the field work of the Bureau is carried on in
well-settled districts, where it should be possible to obtain board
and lodging, for a few days at least, in farmhouses, provided there
are no hotels or lodging houses convenient to the area to be sur-
veyed.

There is no objection to obtaining rates by the week, and this is
advisable where the place is conveniently located for the work, and
will be found cheaper than paying by the day, but no longer term
should be provided for, except in certain circumstances, as in most
cases a field party should be able to survey a sufficient area in one
or two weeks to warrant a removal to some more convenient place.
It happens at times, however, that for lack of accommodations a

12 Instructions to Field Parties.

longer time than this has to be spent in one locaUty or else a camp
outfit be provided. The Fiscal Regulation Xo. 12 of the Depart-
ment provides that l)oard and lodging can only be paid for a
period not to exceed thirty days in any one locality, and this regu-
lation holds against the field assistants in this Bureau, except that
where suitable accommodations can not be obtained and camp out-
fits are not provided, the Secretary of Agriculture (in letter of au-
thorization No. 74) has empowered the Chief of the Bureau to
grant an extension of time in which board and lodging will be al-
lowed in any one locality to sixty days, or to any shorter term
within his discretion.

When from any cause it is considered necessary or advisable to
remain in one place for a period exceeding thirty days, the Chief of
the Bureau must be notified and satisfactory reasons given him why
the party should remain longer than thirty days, and if in his judg-
ment the reasons are sufficient, the length of time will be extended
and the disbursing office notified of the fact, so that the accounts
will be passed in that office. Such action must be taken specifically
for each case, and the request for an extension of time must be
mailed a sufficient length of time in advance to allow of action being
taken. Otherwise in no case will the board and lodging be allowed
in any one locality for a period exceeding thirty days.

Accidents to parties. — The following general instructions are issued
for the guidance of field men of the Bureau of Soils, in the event of
possible accidents to teams or vehicles that may be hired ])y them
for official use in the field.

Should an accident occur which results in any damage to a horse
or vehicle under your care, and if such accident is due to carelessness
or fault on your part, or that of your assistants, it will be considered
a personal responsibility of your own, and you will be expected
to make the necessary settlement with the owner. The settlement
will devolve upon you in the event of the accident being due to
fast or reckless driving, excessive use, or in any other case in which
you can not show that proper judgment and care and rcasonal^le
precautions have been used.

If an accident should l)e due to causes for which you are not
responsible it might constitute a claim against the (.lovernment, and
if such claim was approved by the Department, the matter Avould
be referred toCongress foranap]>ropriiition to reiinl)urse the owner.

Mapp'iiKj Solh and Alkali. 13

111 such cases you ?iYe c&ni\oi\Qd.not to pay the claim^ but to refer the
matter to this Department; payment of such claim by you would
constitute x)rima facie evidence that the accident was due to care-
lessness on your part, and the matter could not then be handled
by the Department. Should the horse be taken sick, or if an
unforeseen and unavoidable accident should occur to either horse
or vehicle while in the employ of the Department, claim should
be made, accompanied by affidavits, properly sworn to, setting
forth all the facts of the case and substantiated in every possible
way by disinterested witnesses.

The greatest care is enjoined upon all representatives of the Bureau
in the care of teams and in their safe delivery to owners after use.

Settlement of claims of this kind through Congress are very
troublesome and tedious, and they should not be presented to the
Department if it is possible to avoid it, and then not unless it
involves considerable money and is accompanied by strong and
irrefutable evidence that the Department agent is not responsible.
Such claims will be scrutinized very carefully before being acted
upon by this Department.

Six-months' reports. — On the 1st of July and 1st of January of
each year a report upon Form Xo. 41 of this Bureau should be
made out by each assistant in charge of party and forwarded to the
Chief of the Bureau. This report shows the area surveyed in each
district, the cost per square mile, and the actual time given to the
survey. In order that assistants may make out this report, mem-
orandums should 1)6 kept of all expenses. In calculating cost of
work include salaries, subsistence Avhile in the area, and team hire,
with any necessary miscellaneous expenses. Transportation ex-
penses (which include railroad fare, sleeping-car fare, meals en
route, etc. ) should not be included in calculating cost per square
mile. The salary should also only be calculated for the time
actually spent in the area.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR MAPPING SOILS AND ALKALI.

Organization of field party. — A field party in the soil survey
usually consists of two men — an assistant in charge of party and
a field assistant. The assistant in charge of party shall control all
field work of the party, prepare the report and maps, carry on

1-i Instruction)^ to Fidd l\irtiei<.

all correspondence necessary to the conduct of the survey, pay all
field expenses of the party, and forward monthly expense aci-ounts
to the office of the Bureau in Washington. The field assistant
shall perform all duties required of him by the assistant in charge.

The organization of the Bureau has reached a point where it is
no longer possible to put all the experienced men of the field force
in charge of parties, while it is desirable that each member of the
force should have the duties and responsibilities of the charge of
a party for at least a part of the year. It will be necessary, there-
fore, occasionally to put men of equal experience in the same
assignment, or to give men of less experience assistants who have
been longer in the service. In such cases it is expected that the
men will cheerfully share the responsibilities and details of the
work, and show a spirit of real collaboration. So far as possible
each man of experience will be given charge of a party for at least
one assignment each year.

Prosecution of field work. — All mapping should be on a scale of
1 inch to 1 mile. Where possible, base maps on this scale will be
furnished all field parties before entering the field. Wherever
such maps are supplied it is supposed that they are the most
reliable and complete maps obtainable. Field parties should
endeavor to correct the base map if it is found in error. Frequent
check upon directions should be made with the compass, and all
distances on roads are to be measured with the odometer. Where
from the nature of the error it is found impossible to make cor-
rection, the soil map should conform to the base used, but careful
note should be made of all such errors, so that in case a revised
edition of the map is published the correction can be made with-
out a resurvey of the soils.

Establishing soil types. — At the end of this pamphlet is given a
concise description of all the types of soil described by this Bureau
up to December 31, 1908. In establishing types in an area this
list should be carefully consulted, and where possible all soils are
to be correlate! with types there described. As soon as a type
is determined upon, whether new or previously descril)ed, a
description of it should be sent to the Bureau on Form 4(). The
selection of a provisional name for each soil type should be made,
and in all correspondence and reports this name should be used
when speaking of the type.

3faj)j)ing Soils and AlJaali. 15

In the humid portions of' the country the description of a soil
type covers the materials to a depth of 3 feet, and in the semiarid
and arid regions to a depth of 6 feet. The type name covers the
entire profile. AVhere there occurs, as a subsoil, material which if
exposed at the surface would he. called Fresno sand, for instance,
it is not proper to speak of this subsoil as Fresno sand, but as
material similar to the Fresno sand. Where this material is cov-
ered by a loam or silt loam, for example, within a depth of 3 to 6
feet, it loses its identity as the Fresno sand and is an integral part
of the new type estaV)lished.

Correlation of soil types.— It is very desirable, from all points of
view, that close attention be paid to the correlation of soils. It is
very undesirable to increase the number of soil types more than is
necessary, and wherever a soil can consistently be i>ut under an
established type it should be done. ^Nluch advance has been made
in the past year in this matter of correlation and in using the
names of soils to bring out their relations. Several of the original
types have been merge<l into others, or have been given new
names to bring them into a uniform series, where this could be
done without danger of confusion. In doing this the object has
been to esta})lish certain series in the different physiographic
divisions of the United States, and we are finding that there are a
few general classes of soils that are in a way related.

Due caution must be observed in this matter of correlation, but
a greater latitude may be taken in correlating soils of widely sepa-
rated areas than at first would appear possible, from the fact that
the soil of each area is fully described in all its characteristic and
special features. A soil, to be correlated with a type, must con-
form to it in certain broad, general features, but it may differ in
some unessential details. The descriptions of the soil types given
in this publication must not be taken as rigid specifications of
the conditions which must be found in certain types in all areas.
The description is of necessity general, and in the nature of the
case can not be specific in all particulars.

Every effort has been made to group the soils into series for the
purpose of bringing out more clearly the relationship of the dif-
ferent types, and their relative agricultural value. The grouping
has also been made with a view to reduce the number of local

16 Instructions to Field Parties.

type names. If the field men acquaint themselves with the general
characteristics of these series, they Avill find it a great aid in plac-
ing soils of new areas. Furthermore, if any type in a series is
thoroughly understood, the remaining types can be called to mind
without reference to the printed description, thereby reducing the
number of type descriptions necessary to be carried in the head_.

To complete the Norfolk series, the Susquehanna gravel has
been changed to Norfolk gravel, the Windsor sand to Norfolk
coarse sand, the Windsor sandy loam, encountered for the first
time in 1903, to the Norfolk coarse sandy loam, and the Sassafras
loam to the Norfolk silt loam. This i)ractically perfects the series.
Several of the old local names have been dropped as the true rela-
tionship of these soils to the Norfolk series has become apparent.
Similar work has been done with the other principal series, so
that many of them now are practically complete, having a stony
loam, gravel, gravelly loam, sand, fine sand,sandy loam, fine sandy
loam, loam, silt loam, clay loam, and clay, of related materials.

The grouping of the soils in these series is not only a great aid
in correlation, but it is entirely logical. When the Norfolk sand
is being deposited, the conditions somewhere in the area will
undoubtedly be favorable to the deposition of gravel, of silt, of tine
sand, of loam, and of clay, and wherever material of these char-
acters is encountered, pret^umably coming from the same source
and being dei)osited essentially at the same time and in the same
manner, it should be given this distinctive name so as to show the
relation of the soils to one another. Knowing as we do the proc-
esses of soil formation, either from the disintegration of rocks in
place or tlirough transportation by wind or water, we should expect
that materials from the same source would differ in their texture.
The relationship of the derived soils should be shown by the use
of a commiju name.

There will be found in nearly all areas soils of local origin and
of exceptional cliaracter whidi will have to be given local names,
but so far as i)OSsible the soils encountered in new areas should
be correlated with estaV)lished types, prefen'uce being given wliere
possible to some of the great series descril)ed liereafter. As a rule,
a series siiould l)e confined to certain i)hysiographic areas, that is,
the names of the Coastal Plain soils should not be carried over

MajJiniig Soils and Alhih. 17

into the Piedmont or into the Glacial areas, unless the character
of the material and its mode of formation as well as its agricul-
tural value are sensibly the same. For example, in 1902 the
name Alloway clay, -which was originally used in the Coastal
Plain, was approved for a soil having exactly the same texture
and precisely the same mode of formation in a river delta in one
of the Xew York areas within the limits of the drift. Also in
1903 several of the Coastal Plain soils, as, for example, the Norfolk
sand, Norfolk sandy loam, and Elkton clay, were recognized in
the valley of the Susquehanna River in Pennsylvania and in the
limestt^ne region of northern Kentucky, the materials being similar
to those found on the Atlantic Coastal Plain and, in fact, being
the same materials in their progress to the Coastal Plains region.

The following are the principal series so far established:

Galveston series. — The coastal beaches and marshes.

Norfolk series. — Light-colored material, with yellow sand of
sandy clay subsoils, in the Coastal Plain.

Portsmouth series. — Dark-colored material, with yellow mottled
gray sand or sandy clay subsoils, in the Coastal Plain.

Orangeburg series. — Gray to red sand or loam with red sandy
clay subsoil, in the Coastal Plain. ♦

Houston series. — Gray or black calcareous prairies in the Coastal
Plain.

Vernon series. — Red sand, loam, and clay, typical of the Permian
formation.

Yazoo series. — Dark, silty soils of the flood plain of the Missis-
sippi River and its larger tributaries.

Cecil series. — Gray to red sand or loam, with' l)righL-red clay
subsoil, derived from igneous or metamorphic rocks of the Pied-
mont Plateau.

Penn series. — Dark Indian-red sand or loam, with loam or clay
subsoil of same color. Derived from red sandstone and shale of
the Piedmont Plateau.

Porters series. — Gray to red sand to loam, with red clay subsoil,
derived from granitic rocks of the Appalachian Mountains.

Be Kalb series. — Yellow sand and loam, with heavier subsoil of
the same color, derived from sandstone of the Appalachian Moun-
tain and Cumberland Plateau.
31896—04 2

18 Instructions to Field Parties.

Hagerstoivn series. — Yellow to red sand and loam, with clay sub-
soil of same color, derived from massive limestone, in residual
valleys and uplands.

Fort Faijne series. — Light-colored, usually yellow, sand and loam,
resting on clay of same color; both soil and subsoil usually very
cherty. Derived principally from Knox dolomite (magnesium
limestone).

ClarksviUe series. — Soil of varying colors, with a distinctive red
or yellow subsoil derived mainly from the limestone of the St.
Louis group.

Miami series. — Light-colored sand and loam, resting on light-
colored glacial till or loess of the glaciated and loessial areas.

Marsliall series. — Dark-colored sand and loam, resting generally
on light-colored glacial till or loess of the glaciated or loessial
areas. Generally upland areas.

Sioux series. — Dark-colored material resting on dark or light col-
ored subsoils, with gravel beds within 3 feet of the surface.
Occupying river bottoms in the glaciated area.

Dunkirk series. — Dark-colored material found on the glacial
beaches around the Great Lakes.

Oswego seizes. — Residual prairie soils derived from interbedded
sandstone, limestone, and shale.

Sedgwick series. — Origin not clearly understood; the soils may
possibly not be related.

Maricojxi series. — Colluvial wash from granitic hills. Inter-
mountain and Pacific Coast States.

Fresno series. — Alluvial wash of granitic material. Inter-moun-
tain and Pacific coast.

Yakima series. — Derived from basaltic material and volcanic ash.
Pacific coast.

Reiljiehl series. — Residual or alluvial, from red sandstone strata
of the far West.

O.rnard series. — River, delta, and coast valley soils of sandstone
and shale material. Pacific coast.

Billings series. — Interior valley soils derived from sandstone and
shale of the Great Plains.

Salt Lake series. — Lacustrine deposits, typically developed around
the Great Salt Lake.

Pecos series. — Alluvial, highlv calcareous soils of the far West.

Mapping Soils and Alkali. 19

Imperial series. — Delta soils of the Colorado Desert.

Salem series. — Derived from interbedded red sandstone, shale,
and highly ferruginous basalt. Pacific coast.

San Luis series. — Lacustrine deposits of volcanic rock material,
underlain by gravel within 3 or 4 feet. Inter-mountain valleys.

Scheme of soil classification. — While it is not possible to make
a rigid classification of soils from the mechanical analyses, much
may be done to systematize and bring into uniformity the classi-
fication of soils by the different field parties. The following
scheme seems to fit very closely the best field classification, and
has been made up from the examination of several thousand sam-
ples which have been described by the field men and analyzed
in the physical laboratory of the Bureau.

Coarse sand contains more than 20 per cent of coarse sand and
more than 50 per cent of fine gravel, coarse sand, and medium sand,
less than 10 per cent of very fine sand, less than 15 per cent of silt,
less than 10 per cent of clay, and less than 20 per cent of silt and
clay.

Medium sand contains less than 10 per cent of fine gravel, more
than 50 per cent of coarse, medium, and fine sand, less than 10
per cent of very fine sand, less than 15 per cent of silt, less than
10 per cent of clay, and less than 20 per cent of silt and clay.

Fine sand contains less than 10 percent of fine gravel and coarse
sand, more than 50 per cent of fine and very fine sand, less than
15 per cent of silt, less than 10 per cent of clay, and less than 20
per cent of silt and clay.

Sandy loam contains more than 20 per cent of fine gravel, coarse
sand, and medium sand, more than 20 per cent and less than 35
per cent of silt, less than 15 per cent of clay, and less than 50 per
cent of silt and clay.

Fine sandy loam contains more than 40 per cent of fine and very
fine sand and more than 20 per cent and less than 50 per cent of
silt and clay, usually containing 10 to 35 per cent of silt and from
5 to 15 per cent of clay.

Silt loam contains more than 55 per cent of silt and less than 25
per cent of clay.

Loam contains less than 55 per cent of silt, and more than 50
per cent of silt and clay, usually containing from 15 to 25 per cent
of ciav.

20

Instructions to Field Parties.

Clay loam contains from 25 to 55 per cent of silt, 25 to 85 per
cent of clay, and more than 60 per cent of silt and clay.

Clay contains more than 35 i)er cent of clay.

Sandy clay contains more than 30 per cent of coarse, medium,
and line sand, less than 25 per cent of silt, more than 20 per cent
of clay, and less than 60 per cent of silt and clay.

Silt clay contains more than 55 per cent of silt and from 25 to 35
per cent of clay.

The following tal)le contains the same information differently
arranged and may prove of more use to some of the field men:

Scheme of soil classification hased upon the mechanical composition of

soils.

Class.

1.

2-1

•>

1-.5

3.

. 5-. 25

4.

. 2,V-. 1

5.

. 1-. 05

CJ.

. 05-. 005

.00.5-0

Coarse sand.

More

than 20

per cent

of 2.

Less
than
10 per
cent
of 5.

0-15

0-10

Less than 20 per
cent of 6+7.

More than 50 per cent of

1+2+3.

M e d i n m
sand.

Less
than
10 per
cent
of 1.

More than 50 per cent of
2+3+4.

Less
than
10 per
cent
of 5.

0-15

0-10

Less than 20 per
cent of 6+7.

Fine sand.

Less than 10 per
cent of 1+2.

More than 50
I>er cent of
4-f5.

0-15

0-10

Less than 20 per
cent of (5+7.

.Sandy loam.

10-35 5-15

I
J

More t

han 20 i)er

1+2 + 3.

cent of

More than 20 per
cent, and less
than 50 percent
of li + 7.

Miil>l>ln(j Soils and Allali. 21

Scheme of soil class! fin it ion, etc. — Continued.

Class. .Jj

l-.*5

o

. 5-. 25

4.

. 2-5-. 1

5.

. 1-. 05

6.

.05-. 005

. 00.5-0

Fine sandy
loam.

More than 40
per cent of
4+.5.

10-35

5-15

More than 20 per
cent and less
than 50 per cent
of 6+7.

Loam,

15-25

Less

than 55

per cent

of 6.

More than 50 per
cent of 6+7.

Silt loam.

More

than 55

per cent

of 6.

Less
than 25 ,
per cent
of 7.

Clay loam.

1

2.5-55

25-35

More than 60 per
cent of 6+7.

Sandy clay.

More than 30 per cent of

■2 + 3+4.

Less

than 25

per cent

of 6.

More

than 20

per cent

Of 7.

Less than 60 per ;
cent of ('+7. '

Silt clay.

•

More

than 55

per cent

of 6.

25-35

per cent

of 7.

! Clav.

1 ■ •

More than 35 per
cent of 6+7.

22 Instruct io7is to Field Parties.

Outfit for work. — Tlie outfit for field work consists of the followiiij;:

Soil auger, 40-inch handle.

Geologist's hammer.

Notebooks.

Compass or plane table.

Odometer.

Chain scale.

Set of colored pencils.

Base map.

Sacks and tags for collecting samples of soil.

Cards for reporting samples collected (Forms 46, 47, 48).

Copy of Field Instructions.
In addition to the above certain parties should add:

Alkali outfit.

Extension auger and pipe wrenches.

Filter pump.

Metallic tape 50 feet long.
These supplies are to be obtained on application to the property
clsrk of the Bureau, countersigned by the chief clerk. Memoran-
dum receipts are taken by him for all supplies issued. Additional
supplies, stationery, etc., needed while in the field are to be ordered
on card, Form 43. The loss of, or damage to, any supplies should
be at once reported to the chief clerk, with an explanation of the
cause of such loss or damage.

Odometer. — The Bell odometer has been adopted for use in all
measurements. The instrument should be clamped to the axle of
the vehicle by the band wdiich supports the shafts. The iron pin
is driven in the end of the hub and is bent so that as the wheel
revolves the end of the pin just strikes the swell of the cogwheel
on the odometer. If the instrument is carefully adjusted very little
trouble is experienced in its use. The red hand revolves once
every mile, giving the fractions of a mile, each space representing
one-fortieth of a mile, or 8 rods. Each revolution of the red hand
moves the yellow hand one space, representing the miles up to 40
in one revolution around the dial, and shown by the inside figures.
Each revolution of the yellow hand moves the black hand one
space, each space representing 40 miles, and shown by the outside
figures. The sum of the indications of the three hands gives the

Mapping Soils and Alkali.

23

mileage. Each odometer is adapted to but one sized wheel. In
case it is impossible to obtain a vehicle with a wheel of the proper
size for the odometer you have, the readings must be corrected in
order to read miles. Should any other sized wheel be used, the
following formula will enable the proper correction to be made:

ad

X-

A

AVhere x is distance traver.sed in fortieths of a mile, d is the diame-
ter of the wheel to be used, d^ is the diameter of wheel to which
the odometer is adapted, and a is number of dial divisions as read
from odometer.

The instruments furnished by this Bureau are nearly all adapted
to a 42-inch wheel. The following table will enable the proper
correction to be made when any other than a 42-inch wheel is
used. The figures in the first column are the dial divisions as
read from the odometer, and the figures in the other columns
give the distance traveled in fortieths of a mile. Chain scales
divided into forty parts to an inch are supplied for convenience
in platting distances as measured or calculated in this table.

Table for reducing odometer readings to fortieths of a mile.

Dial divisions.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

Wheel diameter— inches.

38

39

40

41

43

44

45

0.9

0.9

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.1

1.8

1.9

1.9

2.0

2.0

2.1

2.1

2.7

2.8

2.9

2.9

3.1

3.1

3.2

3.6

3.7

3.8

3.9

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.5

4.6

4.8

4.9

.5.1

5.2

5.4

5.4

5.6

5.7

5.9

6.1

6.3

6.4

6.3

6.5

6.7

6.8

7.1

7.3

7.5

7.2

• 7.4

7.6

7.8

8.2

8.4

8.6

8.1

8.4

8.6

8.8

9.2

9.4

9.6

9.0

9.3

9.5

9.8

10.2

10.5

10.7

9.9

10.2

10.5

10.7

11.3

11.5

11.8

10.8

11.1

11.4

11.7

12.3

12.6

12.8

11.7

12.1

12.4

12.7

13.3

13.6

13.9

12. 6

13.0

13.3

13.7

14.3

14.7

15.0

13.5

13.9

14.3

14.6

15.3

1.5.7

16.1

46

1.1
2.2
3.3
4.4
5. 5

6.6
7. 7
8.8
9.9
11.0

12.0
13.2
14.2
1-5.3
16.4

24

Instructions to Field Parties,

Table for reducing odometer readings to fortieths of a mile — Cont'd.

Dial divisions.

Wheel diameter— inches.

38

39

40

41

43

44

45

4G

16

14.4
15.3
16.3
17.2
18.1

19.0
19.9
20.8
21.7
22.6

23.5
24.4
25.3
26. 2
27.1

28.0
28.9
29.8
30.7
31.6

32.5
33.4
34.4
35.3
36.2

37.1
38.0
38.9
39.8
40.7

14.8
15.8
16.7
17.6
18.6

19.5
20.4
21.3
22.3
23.2

24.1
25.1
26.0
26.9
27.8

28.8
29.7
30.6
31.6
32.5

33.4
34.3
35.3
36.2
37.1

38.0
39.0
39.9

40.8
41.8

15.2
16.2
17.1
18.1
19.1

20.0
20.9
21.9
22.8
23.8

24.7
25.7
26.6
27.6
28. G

29.5
30.4
31.4
32.4
33.3

34.3
35.2
36.2
37.1
38.1

39.0
40.0
40.9
41.9

42.8

15.6
16.6
17.6
18.5
19.5

20.5
21.4
22.4
23.4
24.4

25.4
26.4
27.3
28.3
29.3

30.3
31.2
32.2
33.2
34.2

35.1
36.1
37.1
38.1
39.0

40.0
41.0
42.0
42.9
43.9

16.4
17.4
18.4
19.4
20.5

21.5
22.5
23.5
24.5
25.6

26.6
27. G
28.6
29.7
30.7

31.7
32.7
33.8
34.8
35.8

36.8
37.9
38.9
39.9
40.9

41.9
43.0
44.0
45.0
46.0

16.8
17.8

18.8
19.9
20.9

22.0
23.0
24.1
25.1
26.2

27. 2
28.3
29.3
30.4
31.4

32.5
33.5
34.6
35.6
36.6

37.7
38.7
.39.8
40.8
41.9

42.9
44.0
45.0
46.1
47.1

17.1
18.2
19.3
20.3
21.4

22.5
23.5
24.6
25.7
26.8

27.8
28.9
30.0
31.1
32.1

33.2
34.3
35.3
36.4
37.5

38.6
39.6
40.7
41.8
42.8

43.9
45.0
46.1
47.1

48.2

17.5

17

18.6

18

19.7

19

20.8

20

21.9

21

23.0

22

24.1

23

25.2

24

26.3

25

27.4

26

28. 5

27

29.6

28

30.7

29

31.8

30

32.9

31

33.9

32

35.0

33

36.1

34

37.2

35

38.3

36

39.4

37

40.5

38

41.6

39

42.7

4U

43.8

41

44.9

42

46.0

43

47.1

44

48. 2

45

49.3

Plane-table traversing. — It is sometimes impossible to furnish the
field party with a base map of proi)er accuracy. In all such cases
the party will be supi)lied with a plane-table outfit, and a traverse
base map of the area is to be constructed in the field by the soil-

MappliKj Soils and Alkali. 25

survey party. This traverse work should, however, Ije reduced to
a minimum.

In carrying on traverse work or surveying of any description, the
methods used, where possible, should conform to well-established
methods, such as are given in Wilson's Topographic Surveying.

In order to orient plane-table maps to true north and south, the
map on page 4, showing the lines of equal magnetic declination, is
given. The solid lines show equal declination and the dotted lines
show equal annual change. The lines are moving westward, so
that where the declination is east it decreases and where west it
increases annually.

Samples for laboratory examination. — To avoid unnecessary work
and to prevent overcrowding of the laboratory force, it will be very
necessary to use care and judgment in the selection of samples for
mechanical or chemical examination.

vSoil samples, as a rule, should not be collected until the party has
obtained a very thorough acquaintance with the type conditions;
then a description of the soil should be sent in upon Form 46.
This description should be of so general a nature that it will apply
to all samples collected from that soil in that district. Then, too,
this type description should be made of every soil type found in the
district, whether it is correlated with a soil occurring in other dis-
tricts or is a new type.

After this general description has been sent in a limited number
of samples from not exceeding four places in each soil type, and
limited to one or tw o localities in the case of less important types,
should be collected and the individual samples described on Form
47, one card being used for each sample, whether it is of a soil or
subsoil, and each sample being designated by the local name adopted
for the type to which it belongs.

It will be better to defer taking samples until the work has pro-
gressed sufficiently far to insure a thoroughly representative set of
samples.

A separate card (Form 48) is provided for miscellaneous sam-
ples, such as marl, minerals, crusts, and plants, and in all cases
such samples should be fully described, and the kind and purpose
of the examination desired should be clearly stated. Often a
qualitative examination will answer if we know the purpose of the

26 Instructions to Field Parties.

work, and thus the long and tedious process of a complete chem-
ical analysis may often be avoided.

Care in attending to these details will insure the greatest accu-
racy and the earliest completion of the work, so that the results
may be available as soon as possible, preferably before the party
leaves the district.

Write all cards and tags on samples of soil in ink, as pencil rubs
badh^ and is sometimes illegible when received in the othce.

Correspondence and weekly report. — All correspondence with the
Bureau should be addressed to the Chief of the Bureau. At least
once each week the head of the party should report to the Chief
by letter, informing him of the progress of the work, the results
which have been attained, describing new types of soil, and giv-
ing a statement of the health of members of the party.

At the end of each week a report on card. Form 49, should be
filled out and returned to this office. This card report is not to
take the place of a weekly letter, but should be accompanied by a
letter giving in detail the operations of the party. The cards will
be filed in the office for ready reference.

Field and office maps. — As fast as the soil maps are completed
copies should be sent to the Chief of the Bureau to be filed. To
facilitate this, two copies of the base map are fo be made. One
copy should be cut into sections not more than 5 by 7 inches in
size. As soon as the soils have been surveyed on a section an ex-
act copy should be made and forwarded to the office. With each
section should be sent a legend and a profile of each soil type.
On the completion of an area or sheet all field maps, with com-
plete legend and profile, and all notebooks, plane-table sheets, or
data collected are to be forwarded by registered mail. The Jield
copy should Ije correct in every detail when sent to the office, as
the copy that is sent to the printer is prepared from this or cor-
rected from this, and not from the office copy. Necessary changes
in the office copies previously forwarded will be made in this
office from the original field copy. The field copy will be the
official copy until the map is published. It should therefore be
as distinct and as accurate as possible.

Directions for mapping alkali soils. — The intervals for the alkali
maps are to represent, respectively, 0.20, 0.40, 0.(^0, 1, and 3 per

Mfipping Soils and Alkali

27

cent of salt in the dry soil. The maps are to be constructed in the
field directly from the resistances.

Standardizations have been made in 15 areas, and a study of the
curves reveals the fact that there is very little difference between
them; certainly no more difference between curves from different
areas than has been found by duplication of the standardization in
one area. The following table shows the standardization made
up from an average of these 15 curves. This table should be used
in all reconnoissance work and can be used in all alkali surveys,
except where it is found the curve does not give reliable results,
or where unusual accuracy is required. In such cases a new curve
should be made according to the instructions given.

Average standardization — Table of limiting values.

Salt in
soil.

s. and ssc.

sc.

sec.

c. and he.

Average.

Per cent.

Ohms.

Ohms.

Ohms.

Ohms.

Ohms.

3.00

21.9

24.9

26.7

27.4

25.2

1.00

43.7

45.8

47.7

48.8

46.4

.60

65.9

68.8

71.1

73.5

69.8

.40

92.1

95.3

98.7

101.4

96.9

.20

163.6

172. 5

178.7

193. 4

177.1

The difference between the resistances for the various grades of
soil is so small as to be within the limit of accuracy of the method,
so that hereafter texture may be entirely disregarded and the
figures in the last column used as the limiting values.

For convenience, where it is desired to determine the percent-
age of alkali from the resistance at 60° F., the table on the follow-
ing page has been picked out from the average standardizations.

28

Instructions to Field Parties.

Table showing percenimje of salt in soil.

Resistance
at 60° F.

s. and ssc.

SC.

sec.

C.

Per cent salt.

Per cent salt.

Per cent salt.

Per cent salt.

20
25

3.12
2.65

2.98

3.19

3.30

30

2.18

2.43

2.65

2.79

35

1.69

1.91

2.13

2.28

40

1.18

1.40

1.63

1.77

45

.95

1.02

1.18

1.28

50

.83

.89

.94

.97

55

.74

.80

.84

.87

60

.67

.71

.74

.78

65

.60

.64

.67

.71

70

.55

.58

.61

.65

75

.51

.54

.56

.59

SO

.47

.51

.52

.54

85

.44

.47

.49

.50

90

.41

.43

.45

.47

95

.38

.40

.42

.44

100

.36

.37

.39

.41

105

.34

.35

.37

.38

110

.32

.33

.35

.36

115

.30

.31

.33

.34

120

.29

.30

.31

.33

125

.27

.28

.30

.31

130

.25

.27

.28

.30

135

.24

.26

.27

.29

140

.23

.25

.26

.28

145

.22

.24

.25

.25

150

.21

.23

.24

.25

155

.21

.22

.23 ..

.24

KiO

.20

.21

.22

.23

165

.20

.21

.22

.23

170

.19

.20

.21

.!.>

If more accurate work is to be done, or it is believed tbe above
limits do not lit tbe conditions, tbe work is to be standardized in
each district in tbe following way: Take eigbt or ten crusts, includ-
ing tbe top inch of soil, or if crusts can nt>t be obtained, take tbe

MappliKj Soils and Alkali, 29

strongest alkali soils from different places over the whole area.
Fill a large cup, tumbler, or bottle about one-third full with a crust
or soil, using more or less, according to the richness of the mate-
rial, and nearly fill the receptacle with distilled water. Stir or
shake vigorously several times and filter off a pint of the solution,
using the filter pump. Rinse out the filter pump after each sam-
ple. Treat the eight or ten crusts or soils in the same way. The
presence of .black alkali wn 1 1 frequently give the solutions a red-
dish color, but this can be ignored. Determine the electrical
resistances of the solutions in the cell. Take an amount of the
strongest solution equivalent to approximately 200 cc. having a
resistance of about 5 ohms, and add to it a volume of each of the
others proportional to the resistances determined. If the resist-
ance of this mixture, containing approximately equal quantities
of salts from the eight or ten localities, is 10 ohms or less, it can be
used directly for the standardization. If the resistance is greater
than 10 ohms, the solution should be evaporated until the resist-
ance is sufficiently low. Carefully measure out 100 cc. of this
composite solution and transfer it to a small dish which has been
carefully cleaned, dried, and accurately weighed to centigrams.
Evaporate to dryness, ignite very gently to free the sulphates and
carbonates of water of crystallization, let cool, and again weigh.
The gain in weight will give the percentage in salts in the com-
posite solution. This percentage divided into any percentage in
the following table multiplied by 100 will give the number of
cubic centimeters of the composite solution required to be diluted
to 100 cc. in order to obtain the corresponding percentage in first
column of the table. If the volume thus secured for some of the
higher concentrations exceeds 100 cc, it should be reduced to
100 cc. by evaporation. Ordinarily a 3J per cent solution is as
concentrated as will be required, as this represents 1 per cent of
salt in the soil. The electrical resistance of this 3J per cent solu-
tion in any cell, divided by 0.24, will equal the resistance of sand
or sandy loam in the same cell when completely saturated and at
a temperature of 60° F.", when the soil contains 1 per cent of salt.
The composite solution is to be diluted and the resistance deter-
mined at the various concentrations, corresponding to the limiting
values of the alkali map for four grades of soil.

30

Li^tructions to Field Parties.

The dilutions are as follows, the figures representing the per-
centage concentration to which the solution is to be reduced:

Tu obta'ni Jhniiinq vahtex.

Salt in
soil.

Salt in solution.

s. and ssc.

sc.

sec.

c. and he.

Per cent.

Per cent.

Per cent.

Per cent.

Per cent.

3.00

10.00

7.95

7.14

6.67

1.00

3.33

2.65

2.38

2.22

.60

2.00

1.59

1.43

1.33

.40

1.33

1.06

.95

.89

.20

.67

.53

.48

.44

Resistances to
be reduced
to 60° F. and
divided bv .24

.275

.29

.30

Note. — S. and ssc, sand and sandy loam; sc, loam; sec, clay loam; c and
he, clay and heavy clay soil.

The result will give the cell resistance, when filled with satu-
rated soil, at 60° F., corresponding to the limiting values to be
inserted in the following table:

Table of UmitliKj values.

Salt in
soil.

s. and ssc.

sc.

sec

c. and he

Per cent.

3.00

1.00

.60

.40

.20

Ohms.

r)/(?».«.

Olnn.'i.

Ohms.

Note. — If it is desirable to determine the 3 per cent limit in the soil, portions
of the composite solution will have to be concentrated by evaporation accord-
ing to the above directions so as to contain the ]>erceiitage of salt given in the
table. The cell filled Avith such concentrated solutions gives a resistance too
low to be read on the instrument, and it will be necessary to take a measured
amount of the solution in the cell, as for example, one-fourth or one-fifth its
capacity. Determine the resistance and divide it by 4 or 5. as the case maybe.
This gives the resistance of the cell when tilled. For these concentrated solu-
tions the readings will be rather indefinite. Keep the cell electrodes well
cleaned at all times.

Ma2)X>^n(j Soils mid Alkali. 31

The irrigation water, or the soil, the electrical resistance of
which is to be found, is put into the hard-rubber cell with metal
electrodes. If the salt content of water is to be determined, the
cell is filled even full with the water. If the salt content of soils
is to be determined, the soil is made into the condition of a thin
mortar with distilled water and the cell filled with this material,
gently tappinir the cell on the ground to exclude air bubbles. The
top of the soil is then struck off with a knife edge, so that the cell
shall be just level full of the saturated soil. The cell is then
suspended in the mercury cups attached to the electrolytic bridge
and the electrical resistance determined in the following way:

The telephone receiver is pressed against the ear and the handle
of the instrument pressed down, when a buzzing sound will be
heard in the receiver. Holding the handle down so as to keep
the battery switch closed, the pointer is rotated to either right or
left until the position is found at which the note in the telephone
receiver is no longer heard or is only indistinctly heard. On
rotating the pointer to either side of this position, the sound in
the receiver should gradually increase. In case difficulty is found
in locating the exact position of balance, it will be found of assist-
ance to rotate the pointer rapidly back and forth over the position
of least sound, locating points of equal intensity on either side.
The mean position between these two points gives the position of
balance, and the number opposite the pointer gives the desired
reading.

In case a balance is not obtained with the 1,000-ohm coil of the
rotary switch, the 100-ohm and 10-ohm coils should be tried in
succession. It is best to choose the coil which will bring the bal-
ance as near as possible to the center of the scale, as this is the
most sensitive position.

Having obtained the balance, the resistance is found by multi-
plying the resistance of the comparison coil, as shown by the
rotating switch, by the number on the scale 0])posite the i:>ointer.
Thus, if the comparison coil used has a resistance of 100 ohms
and the reading on the scale is 0.92, the resistance in the scale is
92 ohms. If the comparison coil is 1,000 ohms and the reading on
the scale is 4.5, the resistance would be 4,500 ohms. After taking
the resistance in this manner, take the temperature immediately,

32 Instructions to Field Parties.

either of the water or of the saturated soil, by sticking the bulb of
a thermometer in and leaving it for some moments. The resist-
ance is then corrected for this temperature according to the direc-
tions given below, n

Reduction of resistances to a temperature of 60° F. — A single illus-
tration will serve to show the way the following table is used in
the reduction of electrical resistances to a uniform temperature of
60° F. : Suppose the observed resistance of the soil is 2,585 ohms
at a temperature of 50.5°. In the table, at the temperature of
50.5°, as indicated on the left-hand side, we find that at that
temperature 2,000 ohms is equal to 1,748 ohms at 60°; 5,000 ohms
is equal to 4,370 ohms at 60°; hence 500 ohms would be equal
to 437 ohms. Similarly, 80 ohms would be one-hundredth of
the value given for 8,000 ohms at 50.5° in the table, therefore
equal to about 70 ohms at 60°, while the 5 ohms would be equal
to about 4 ohms. These separate values are added together thus:

2,000 1,748

500 437

80 70

5 4

2, 585 ohms at50.5°=2, 259 ohms at 60'

Ma2>ping So'tU and Alkali,

33

Reduction of the electrical resistance of soils to a uniform temperature of

G0° F.

°F.

1000

•2000 i 3000

1

4000

5000

GOOO

7000

8000

9000

32.0
32.5

33.0
33.5

34.0
34.5

36.0
35.5

36.0
36.5

37.0
37.5

38.0
38.5

39.0
39.5

625.
632

639
646

653
660

667^
674'

681
688

695
702

709
716

722
729

-*-

,250
264

278
,292

30(5
320

334
348

362
376

390
404

418
432

444
458

1
1

1

1

1
1

2

2

2
2

2
2

2
2

I

875
,896

917
938

959

980

001
022

043
064

085
106

127
148

166
187

2
, 2

2
2

2
2

2
2

2
2

2

2

2
2

2

2

500
,528

,556
,584

612
640

668
696

724
752

780
808

836

864

888
916

' 3, 125
3,150

3,195
3,230

3, 265
3,300

3, 335
3,370

3, 405
3,440

3, 475
3,510

3,545

3,580

3,610
3,645

3,750
3, 792

3,834
3,876

3, 918
3,960

4,002
4,044

4,086
4,128

4,170
4, 212

4,254
4, 296

4, 332
4,374

4, 375
4,424

4,473
4,522

4, 571
4,620

4,669
4,718

4,767
4,816

4, 865
4,914

4,963
5,012

5,054
5,103

5,000
5,056

5, 112
5,168

5,224
5,280

5,336
5, 392

5,448
5,504

5, 560
5,616

5,672
5,728

5,776
5,832

5, 625
5,688

5,751
5,814

5,877
5, 940

6,003
6,066

6,129
6,192

6,255
6,318

6,381
6,444

6,498
6,561

40.0
40.5

41.0
41.5

42.0
42.5

43.0
43.5

44.0
44.5

45.0
45.5

46.0
46.5

47.0
47.5

48.0
48.5

49.0
49.5

736
743

750
757

763
770

776
782

788
794

800
807

814
821

828
835

842
849

856
862

472

486

500
514

526
540

552
564

576

588

600
614

628
642

65G
670

684
698

712
724

2

9

2

9

2

9
9

2

9

—

2

9
*-)

9

9

2

2
2

2,
2

9
9

208
229

250
271

289
310

328
346

364
382

400
421

442
463

484
505

526
547

568
586

2

2

3
3

3
3

3
3

3
3

3
3

3
3

3
3

3
3

3
3

944
972

000
028

052

080

104
128

152
176

200
228

256
284

312
340

368
396

424
448

3,680
3,715

" 3, 750

3, 785

3,815
3,850

3,880
3,910

3,940
3,970

4,000
4,035

4,070
4,105

4,140
4,175

4,210
4,245

4,2<S0
4,310

4,416
4,458

4,500
4,542

4,578
4,620

4, 656
4,692

4, 728
4,764

4,800
4,842

4, 884
4,926

4,968
5,010

5,052
5,094

5,136
5, 172

5,152
5,201

5,250
5,299

5,341
5,390

5,432
5,474

5, 516

5,558

5,600
5,649

5,698
5, 747

5,796
5,845

5,884
5,933

5,992
6,034

5, 888
5,944

6,000
6,056

6,104
6, 160

6, 208
6, 256

6,304
6,352

6,400
. 6,456

6, 512
6,568

6,624
6, 680

6,736
6,792

6,848
6,896

6,634
6,687

6,750
6,813

6,867
6,930

6,984
7,038

7, 092
7,146

7,200
7,263

7,326
7,389

7, 4.52
7, 515

7,578
7,641

7,704
7, 758

50.0
50.5

51.0
51.5

52.0
52.5

53.0
53.5

54.0
54.5

868
875

881

887

893
900

906
912

919
926

736
750

762
774

786
800

812

824

838
852

9

2

2
2,

2,
2,

9

2

2,
2,

604
625

643
661

679
700

718
736

757
778

3
3

3
3

3
3

3
3

3
3

472
500

524
548

572
600

624
648

676
704

4,340
4,375

4,405
4, 435

4,465
4,500

4,530
4,560

4,595
4,630

5, 208
5, 250

5, 286
5,322

5, 358
5,400

5,436
5,472

5,514
5,5.56

6,076
6, 125

G,1G7
6,209

6,251
6,300

6, 342
6,384

6,433
6,482

6,944
7,000

7,048
7,096

7,144
7,200

7, 248
7,296

7, 352

7, 408

7,812

7,875

7,929

7,983

8,037
8,100

8, 154
8,208

8, 271
8,334

31896—04-

u

Instructions to Field Parties.

Uedticlion of I lie electrical resistance of soils to a unifornt ieinjieratvre of

60° i-l— Continued.

55. 0

55. 5

56.0

56. 5

57.0
57.5

58. 0
58. 5

59.0
59.5

1000

2000

;}(>oo

4000

oOOO

OOOO

7 (MM)

SOOO

1

933

940

1,866
1,8S0

2,799
2, 820

3, 732
3,760

4. 665
4,700

5, .598
5, 640

6. 531

6, 580

7,464
7, 526

947
954

1,894
1,908

2, 841
2, 862

3,780
3, 816

4, 735
4,770

5, 682
5,721

0, 629

6, 678

7, .576
7, 632

961
968

1,922
1,936

2, 883
2,904

3, 844
3,872

4,805
4,839

5, 766
5, 807

6, 727
(■), 775

7, 688
7,743

974

981

] , 948
1,962

2,922
2, 943

3, 896
3, 924

4, 870
4,905

5,841
5,886

C,81,S
(■), 867

7, 792

7, 848

987
994

1,974
1, 988

2, 962
2, 982

3, 949
3, 976

4,936
4,971

5, 923
5, 965

6, 910
6, 959

7,898
7,953

OOOO

8,397
8, 460

8, 523

8, 586

8, 649
8,711

8, 766
8, 829

8,885
8,947

60.0
60. 5

61.0
61.5

62. 0
62.5

63.0
63.5

64. 0
64. 5

65.0
65. 5

66.0
66.5

67.0
67.5

68.0
68.5

69.0
69.5

70.0
70.5

71.0
71.5

72.0
72. 5

73.0
73.5

74.0
74.5

75.0
75.5

76.0
76. 5

77.0
77.5

000
006

013
020

027
033

040
047

054
061

068
075

082
089

09()
103

110
117

125
133

140
147

155
162

170
177

185
193

201

20S

215
222

230

238

246
254

2, 000
2,012

2,026
2, 040

2. 054
2,066

2,080
2,094

2,108
2,122

2,136
2, 150

2, 164
2,178

2, 192
2, 206

2, 220
2, 234

2, 250
2,266

3,000
3,018

4,000
4,024

3, 039
3,060

4, 052
4,080

3, 081
3, 099

4, 108
4, 132

3,120
3,141

4,160
4,188

3,162
3, 183

4, 216
4, 244

3.201
3, 225

4,272
4, 300

3,246
3, 267

4,328
4,356

3,288
3,309

4,384
4,412 ,

3,330
3,351

4,440
4,468

3, 375
3, 399

4,500
4, 532

5,000
5,030

5, 065
5,100

5,135
5,165

5, 200
5, 235

5, 270
5, 305

5, 340
5, 375

5,410
5, 445

5, 480
5, 515

5, 550
5, 585

5, 625
5, 665

6,000
6,036

6, 078
6, 120

6, 162
6, 1C8

6, 240

0, 282

0, 324
6, 366

6,408
6, 450

6, 492
6,534

6, 576
6, 618

6, 660
6, 702

6, 750
6, 798

7,000

8,000

7,012

8, 048

7, 091 •

8,104

7,140

8,160

7, 189

8, 216

7, 231

8, 264

7, 280

8, 320

7,329

8,376

7,378

8,432

7,427

8,488

7, 476

8,544

7, 525

8,600

7, 574

8, 656

7, 623

8,712

7,672

8, 768

7,721

8,824

7,770

8,880

7,819

8, 936

7, 875

9,000

7, 931

9,064

' 2,280
2, 294

3,420
3,441

4, 560

4, .588

5,700
5,735

6,840
6, 882

7, fJ80
8, 029

2,310
, 2,324

3, 465
3, 4.S6

4, 620
4, 64S

5, 775
5,810

6, 930
6, 972

8, 085
8,134

' 2,340
2, 354

3,510
3, 531

4,680
4,7C8

.5,850
5, 885

7, 028
7, 062

8,190

8, 239

, 2,370
2, 3.S6

3, 555
3, 579

4,740
4,772

5, 925
5, 965

7,110
7, 158

8, 295
8,3.51

2, 402
2,416

3, 603
3, 624

4, ,S04
4,832

6, 005
6,040

7, 206
7, 248

8,407
8, 456

2,430
2,444

3, 645
3,666

4,860
4,888

6, 075
6,110

7,290
7,332

8, 505
8,551 1

2, 460
2, 476

3, 690
3,714

4.920
4, 952

6, 15.S
6,190

7, 380
7, 428

8.610
8, 666

2, 492
2, 508

3,7:«

3, 762

4,984
5,016

6,230
6, 270

7,476
7. 524

8,722

8,77S

9, 120
9,176

9, 240
9, 296

9, 360
9,416

9.480
9, 544

9, 608
9, (Mi I

9, 720
9,776

9, 840
9, 904

9, 968
10, 032

9, OCO
9, 054

9,117
9,180

9, 243
9, 297

9,360
9, 423

9, 486
9, .549

9,612
9, 675

9, 738
9,801

9, 864
9, 927

9,990
10, 053

10, 125
10, 197

10, 260
10, 323

10, 395
i 0,458

10, .^30
10, 593

10, 665
10.737

40. 809

10,872

10.935
10, 998

11,070
11.142

11,214
11,286

M<rppin(/ Soils and Alkali.

35

Redaction of the electrical re.sistance of soils to d uniform temperature of

60° F. — Conti nue< I .

1

1000

2000

3000 4000

5000

6000

1

7000

HOOO

1

9000

78.0

78.5

79.0
79.5

1, 202
1, 270

1,278
1,286

2,524
2,540

2, 556

2,572

3,786 :
3,810

3, 834

3,8.58 ,

5,048
5,080

5,112
5, 144

6,310
6,350

6,390
6,430

7. 572
7, 620

7, 668
7,716

7, 754
7, 812

7, 800
7,908

7,962
8,010

8, 058
8,106

8,154
8, 202

8, 256
8,310

8, 358
8,406

8,454

8,508

8, 562
8, 610

8, 658
8,706

8,834
8,890

8, 940
9, 002

9, 0.58
9, 114

9,170 '
9, 226

9,289
9, 345

9,401
9, 457

9, 513

9, 560

9, 032
9, 695

9, 7.51
9,807

9,863
9,931

9, 989
10, 040

10, 091
10, 157

10,096
10,160

10, 224

10, 288

11,358
11,430

11,502
11,574

80.0
80.5

81.0
81.5

82.0
82.5

83.0
83.5

84.0
84.5

85.0
85.5

86.0
86.5

87.0

87.5

88.0

88.5

89.0
89.5

1,294
1,302

1,310
1,318

1,327
1, 335

1,343
1,351

1,359
1,367

1,376

1,385

1,393
1,401

1,409
1,418

1,427
1,435

1,443
1,451

2,588
2,004

2, 620
2,636

2,654
2, 670

2,686
2,702

2,718
2,734

2,752
2,770

2,786
2, 802

2,818
2,836

2,854
2, 870

2, 886
2, 902

3,882
3,906

3,930
3,954

3,981
4,005

4,029
4,053

4,077
4,101

4, 128
4,155

4,179
4,203

4,227
4,254

4,281
4,305

4, .329
4, 353

5, 176
5, 208

5, 240
5, 272

5, 308
5,340

5, 372

5, 404

5,436
5, 468

5,504
5,540

.5,572
5,604

5,636

5, 672

5, 70.S
5,740

5,772
5, 804

6,470
6,510

6, 550
6, 590

0,635
0,075

6,715
6,755

6,795
6,835

6,880
6,925

0, 905
7,005

7,045
7,090

7, 135
7,175

7,215
7, 255

10,352
10,416

10,480
10, 544

10, 616

10, 080

10, 744

10, 808

10,872
10, 930

11,008

11, 080

11,144

11,208

11,272
11,344

11,410
11,480

11,544
11,008

11,646
11, 718

11,790
11,862

11, 943
12, 015

12,087
12, 159

12,231
12,303

12,384
12,465

12,537
12, 009

12,681
12,762

12, 843
12,915

12, 987
13, 059

90.0
90.5

91.0
91.5

92.0
92.5

93.0
93.5

94.0
94.5

95.0
95.5

90.0
96.5

97.0
97.5

98.0
98.5

99.0

1,460
1,468

1,477
1,486

1,495
1,504

' 1,513
1,522

1,531
1,540

1,549
] 1,559

1,569
i 1,579

1,589
1,599

1,609
1,619

1,629

2, 920
2,936

2, 954

2,972

2, 990
3,008

3, 026
3,044

3,062

3,080

3,098
3,118

3,138
3, 158

3,178
3,198

3,218
3, 238

3,258

4,380
4,404

4,431
4,45S

4, 485
4,512

4,. 539
4,566

4,593
4,620

4,647
4,677

i 4,707
4,'737

4,767
4,797

4,827
, 4,857

' 4,887

5, 840
5, 872

5, 908
5, 944

5, 980
6, 016

6, 052
0, 088

6, 124

0, 100

6, 196
6, 236

6, 276
6, 316

6, 356
6,396

6,436
6,476

6,516

7,300
7,340

' 7,385
7,430

7,475
! 7,.S20

7,565
7,610

i 7, 655
! 7,700

7,745
7,795

7,845
7,895

7,945
7,995

.s,045
8,095

8,145

8,760
8,808

8,862
8,916

1 8,970
9,024

■ 9,078
1 9,132

9,186
9,240

i 9,294
i 9,354

9,414
1 9,474

1 9,534
9,594

9, 654
9,714

9,774

10, 220
10, 270

10,339
10, 402

10, 465
10,528

10, 591
10, 054

i 10,717
10,780

i 10,843
10,913

10,983
11,053

' 11,123
i 11, US

11, 203
11, 333

11,403

1 1 , (iso

11,744

11,810

11,888

11,900
IJ. C32

12,104
12,170

12, 248
12, 320

12, 392
12,472

12, 552
12, 632

12, 712

12, 792

12, 872
12, 952

13, 032

13,140
13,212

13, 293
13, 374

13,455
13,536

13, 617
13, 698

13, 779

13,860

13, 941
14, 031

14, 121
14,211

! 14,301
14,391

14, 481
14, 571

14, 001

36

liifitriictluiLS to Field JPartles.

Directions for estimating soluble salts in soils. — Take a known
volume (or weight) of saturated soil, wash into a 250 cc. tiask and
nil to the mark with distilled water, and filter if necessary. Take
50 cc. of the solution and titrate with N/20 acid potassium sul-
phate, containing 6.758 grams per liter, using phenolpthalein as
an indicator. This will represent the carbonates. Then add a
drop or so of methyl orange or congo red and again titrate with
N/20 acid potassium sulphate. Subtract an amount equal to the
first titration from the second, and the difference represents the
bicarbonates. Add a few drops of potassium chromate as an
indicator to the same solution and titrate with X/10 silver nitrate.
This will represent the chlorides. The salts are all to be estimated
as sodium salts, as follows:

1 cc. N/20 HKSO4 is equivalent to 0.005266 gram Na-jCO^.
1 cc. N/20 HKSO4 is equivalent to 0.004172 gram NaHCOo.
1 cc. N/IO AgNOs is equi^^lent to 0.005806 gram NaCl.

In areas where the amount and distribution of sodium carbonate
warrant it, construct the sodium carbonate map in the field from
the volume of solution used. Limiting values will be 0.3, 0.2, 0.1,
and 0.05 per cent of dry soil. The limiting values for each vessel
are found in the following way: Multiply the volume of saturated
soil, represented by the solution taken for titration, by the num-
bers in the following table:

Na.jCOa in
soil.

s. and ssc.

sc.

sec.

c. and he.

Per cent.

0.30

0.832

0.752

0. 720

0. 089

.20

.554

.502

.480

.459

.10

.277

'.251

.240

.230

.05

.138

.125

.120

.115

3Ia2^2^ing Soils and Alkali

37

These results so obtained are the cubic centimeters of N/10 sohi-
tion of sodium carbonate corresponding to the hmiting vahies, to

be inserted in the following table:

NaoCOsin
soil.

s. andsso.

sc.

sec.

c. and he.

Per cent.

0.30

.20

.10

.05

cc.

cc.

cc.

cc.

If it is desired to reduce the volume of X; 10 AgNO^ to per cent
of NaCl in dry soil, the following formula may be used:

Y 0.005806

Substituting 0.004172 for 0.005806, the same formula may be used
to reduce the volume of N/20 HKSO^ to per cent of NaHCOs-
Y=cubic centimeters N/IO AgXOg or N/20 HKSOi solution used;
Y^= volume saturated soil represented in amount of solution
titrated; K=constant for type of soil as follows:

s. and ssc.=1.46; sc.=1.32; sec. =1.26; c. and he. =1.21.

Construction of alkali maps. — The directions for n>apping alkali
soils in the field, just given, which are also to be found in the front
of the Alkali Field Book, will enable you to determine the per-
centage of alkali in any sample of soil. It has been the practice
of this Bureau to prepare maps showing the percentage of alkali
in the surface 6 feet of soil. This has generally been considered
to be a mathematical average of the salt content of the 6 feet; but
in nearly all cases the judgment cf the person in charge of the
work as to the actual crop value of the soil on the basis of alfalfa
has entered into the construction of the maps.

To do away as much. as possible with this element of judgment
and to place the construction of the maps entirely upon a percent-
age basis — that they may be of equal value when any crop is con-
sidered— and to permit the strict comparison of the work done by
different men, the following plan is to be adopted:

The percentage of alkali salts in each foot of land to a depth of

38 Instructions to Field P<ii'tie><.

6 feet will be determined according to the directions in the front
of the Alkali Field Book. In many cases, after the observer
becomes familiar with the soils of a locality, the field work may
be very much shortened by making the alkali determinations in
alternate foot sections or by mixing 2 or more feet for one salt
determination.

The percentage of alkali, as indicated by the various colors
upon the alkali map, is to be a mathematical average of the alkali
in the foot sections. In case there should be a marked accuivm-
lation of the alkali at any one part of the vertical flection, such an
the surface of the ground or in an alkali hardpan, the judgment
of the observer is to decide whether the strict mathematical aver-
age should be followed or whether the soil is to be mapped as of
the next higher grade of alkali content. If these areas, where
there is a zone of accumulation of the alkali such as an accumula-
tion at the surface, are of considerable extent, they are to be
indicated upon the field map by special rulings in lead pencil,
and when the field maps ai-e published, the rulings will be de-
scribed in the legend of the map. Thus, if a soil contain on an
average 0.2 per cent of alkali, but has an accumulation of 0.5
per cent of alkali on the surface, this soil should be colored to
show 0.2 per cent alkali, and the fact that there is a surface accu-
mulation should be indicated by black rulings across the area
affected. If the accumulation is below the surface foot another
kind of ruling can be used to indicate that fact. Appropriate let-
tering upon the maps will render these rulings intelligible.

Determination of salts in water. — Fill the electrolytic cell with
water and take the resistance. Take the temperature with an
ordinary thermometer, and reduce to 60° F. by use of the tables
o\\ pages 33, 34, and 35. The salt content corresponding to this
resistance may be found from the following table, compiled by
!Mr. Seidell from a large number of laboratory determinations.
The curve varies with the character of salts present. Where no
carbonates are present in the water, the figures in the colunm
marked "Chlorides" should be used. Where the percentage of
carbonates is high (more than 50 per cent from a preliminary
estimate of the total salt content), the figures in the column
marked "Car})onates" should be used. For intermediate per-
centages of carl)onates a corresponding intermediate value be-
tween those given in the two columns should be used.

Mapping Soils and Alkali. 39

Table for determ in hig total mlt content of irafer from resistance at 60° F.

Resist-
ance
60° F.

Chlo-
rides.

Car-
bon-
ates.

Resist-
ance
60° F.

Chlo-
rides.

Car- 1

bon-

ates.

Resist-
ance
60° F.

Chlo-
rides.

Car-
bon-
ates.

30

750

140

141

200

340

50

71

35

670

150

132

187

360

47

65

40

595

160

124

176

380

44

60

45

525

170

116

165

400

41

55

50

460

460

180

109

154

4.50

35

46

55

400

425

190

102

144

500

31

38

60

355

395

200

96

138

550

28

32

65

305

375

210

91

130

600

25

27

70

265

355

220

87

122

700

22

23

75

230

335

230

83

116 !

800

20

80

213

320

240

79

lie

900

19

85

203

306

2.50

75

105

1,000

18

90

195

294

260

71

lUO

1,200

1

7

95

188

284

270

68

95

1,400

16

100

181

262

280

65

90

1,600

16

110

170

250

290

62

86 '

1,800

1

.5

120

160

231 1

300

59

83

2,000

1

5

130

150

213

320

54

77

1

When samples of water are examined in the field l)y the chem-
ical methods described on the preceding page, the following table
will assist in the calculation of parts per 100,000 of NaoCOg,
NaHCOg, and XaCl. Fifty cubic centimeters of water should be

used in making the titrations.

Cc. N 20 KHSO4
or N/20 AgNOg.

Parts per 100,000 of

water.

Na.2C03.

NaHCOg.

NaCl.

1

10.53
21.06
31.60
42.13
52.66
63.19
73. 72
84.26
94.79

8.34
16.69
2.5.03
33.38
41.72
.50. 06
58,41
66.75
75,10

11,61
23.22
34.84
46.45
58. 06
69.67
81.28
92,89
104. 51

0

3

4 .-...

5

6

7

8

9

40 L)structio)is tn Fidd Parties.

The electrolytic cells are made as nearly of the same dimensions
as possible, but if there is much variation in either volume or
shape this table must not be used without a correction for the cell.

If greater accuracy is desired than can be expected by the use
of the above table, proceed in the following way:

Collect 6 or 8 samples of water from different parts of the area;
determine the electrical resistance of each, and take an amount of
each proi^ortional to the resistance, mixing them in a clean vessel.
There should be at least 2 quarts, and preferably 1 gallon, of this
mixture. Evaporate slowly on a stove until the mixture is aliout
as strong as the strongest water likely to be encountered. If there
is any possibility of encountering water as strong as a 1 per cent
solution — that is, 1,000 j^arts of salts in 100,000 parts of water — the
mixture should be evaporated until it gives a resistance in the cell
of about 23 ohms. The amount of this evaporation can be deter-
mined by the original resistance of the mixture. If the resistance
of the mixture is-100 ohms, it should be evaporated to one-fourth
its volume to make approximately a 1 per cent solution. If the
resistance is 400 ohms, the solution should be evaporated to one
twenty-third of its original volume. Water having a resistance
of 400 ohms would have a salt content, according to the above
table, of about 44 in 100,000, and would be considered an excellent
water for irrigation purposes. It would require 3 gallons of such
water, evaporated to 1 pint, to make a 1 per cent solution.

To determine the actual per cent of salt in this solution, after
finding the resistance in a cell, evaporate in a weighed vessel — such
as a tin cup or a tin can — a separate, weighed amoimt of the water.
Weigh the vessel again after the evaporation, and this will give
the amount of residue in a known weight of water. The weighing
should be carefuly done on reliablfe druggists' scales.

Take the concentrated solution and dilute with successive quan-
tities of distilled Avater, so as to change the concentration of the
solution and get the corresponding resistances in the cell. Use, for
example, 9 j)arts of the solution and 1 part distilled water, then 8
parts of the solution and 2 parts of distilled water, and so on
down to any dilution likely to ])e encountered. This will give the
resistance corresponding very exactly with known amounts of salt,
and will furnish a table for the estimation of the salt content from
the resistance of anv water in the area.

Mcipping Soils and Alkali. 41

The table constructed from this data can l)e used directly by
interpolation, or preferably a curve should be constructed and any
intermediate points picked out from this.

Form of a soil survey report. — Owing to the large amount of data
being collected by the soil-survey parties, it will be necessary to
confine the report from each party to about 50 typewritten pages
of 250 words each, or 25 printed pages of 500 words each for the
Western Division and to about 15 or 20 printed pages for the
Eastern Division. The material for the report should be collected
and written up, so far as possible, before the party leaves the field.

An outline of the chapters is given as a guide in the arrangement
of the report, and should be followed as closely as circumstances
will permit. The number of words to be given in each chapter
will be a guide in the preparation of the material and is given as
the result of experience in former reports. It is understood of
course that the headings will necessarily have to be changed
somewhat in different districts, and the relative importance of the
different chapters will vary with the locality. This is intended,
therefore, simply as a guide in the preparation of the reports, and
the number of words should be taken as the maximum to be used
except in the case of matters of special importance, which may
need fuller treatment.

The matter should be presented in a terse style, and no more
words used than are absolutely necessary to convey the meaning,
being careful, however, to treat each subject so that all important
phases may be brought out and clearly stated. In order to attain
this, the different chapters should be revised several times if neces-
sary, so that all important matters may be considered and all
unnecessarv words eliminated. A careful consideration of this
matter of style in writing is enjoined upon all members of the
division charged with the preparation of reports.

Outline of soil survey report. — The outline of chapters referred
to is as follows:

I. Location and Boundaries of the Area (100 words).
II. History of Settlement and Agricultural Development (500 words).
Date or dates of county organization.
Principal source of population.
Agricultural development.
III. Climate.

42 Instructions to Field Parties.

IV. Physiography and Geology (500 words). «
V. Soils (500 words to each type).''

Name, description, depth, and color of soil and subsoil.''
Location of soil in area.
Topographic features.
Drainage features.

Origin of soil and processes of formation.
Mineral or chemical features. Alkali salts.
Unusual or characteristic crops to which adapted.
Crops grown and average yields.
YI. Special Soil Problems, such as Hardpan, Acid Soils, Reclamation of

Swamp and Worn-out lands (100 words).
YII. Water Supply for Irrigation, Amount and Character (250 words).
VIII. Underground and Seepage Waters, Drainage of Soils (250 words).
IX. Alkali in Soils (1,000 words). h
Location of alkali areas.
Origin of alkali.

Chemical composition of alkali.
Distribution in soil.
Reclamation of alkali lands.
X. Agricultural Methods in Use as Adapted to the Soils and Conditions of

the Area.
XL Agricultural Conditions in the Area (1,500 words). &
General prosperity of farming class.
Tenure of farms.
General size of farms,
(character of labor.
Character of principal products.
Recognition of adaptation of soili; to crops.
, Transportation facilities.
Markets.

a The physiography should be described in some detail; the geology should
be briefly treated, only those features having a direct or important bearing on
the soils being considered. Authorities for statements made sliould be cited
whenever possible.

/'In j)reparing Chapters V, IX, and XI write in the subtopics and discuss
each in tlie order given. This will aid in securing uniformity in the report.s,
and prevent the omission of matter important in making comparisons of the
soils and conditions in different areas.

cThe greatest care should Ik- taken to make the descriptions of the soils,
while full enough to be clear, concise and explicit.

REFERENCES TO SOIL SURVEY REPORTS.

Following the description of the type is a list of locations in which the soil
has been mapped. For convenience in referring to the original description of
the soil, an alphabetical list «>f all areas surveyed by the Bureau is here given,
with a reference showing the number of the volume and the page where the
description occurs. The volume reference is to the different reports of Field
Operations, Bureau of Soils.

Abbeville, S. C, 4, p. 273.
Acadia, La., 5, p. — .
Alamance County, N. C, 3, p. 297.
Albemarle, Va., 4, p. 18/,
Allegan County, Mich.. 3, p. 93.
Arecibo to Ponce. P. R.. 4, p. 793.
Asheville, N. C. o, p. — .
Ashtabula, Ohio, 5, p. — .

Baker City. Oreg., 5, p. — .
Bedford, Va., 3, p. 239.
Bigflats, N. Y., 4, p. 125.
Billings, Mont., 4, p. 665.'
Blackfoot, Idaho, 5, p. — .
Boise, Idaho, 3, p. 421.
Brazoria, Tex., 4, p. 349.
Brookings, S. Dak., 5, p. — .

Calvert County, Md., 2, p. 147.
Campobello, S. C, 5, p. — .
Cary, N. C, 3, p. 311.
Cecil County, Md., 2, p. 103.
Cerro Gordo County, Iowa, 5, p. — .
Clay County, 111., 4, p. 507.
Clinton County, 111., 4, p. 491.
Cobb County, Ga., 3, p. 317.
Columbus, Ohio. 4. p. 403.

Connecticut Valley, Conn. -Mass., 5,

p. — .
Covington, Ga., 3, p. 329.
Craven, N. C, o, p. — .

Darlington, S. C, 4, p. 291.
Davidson County, Tenn., 5, p. — .
Dover, Del., 5, p. — .
Dubuque, Iowa, 4, p. 571.

Fargo, N. Dak., a, p. — .
Fort Payne, Ala., 5, p. — .
Fort Valley, Ga., 5, p. — .
Fresno, Cal., 2, p. 333.

Gadsden County, Fla., 5, p. — .
Grand Forks, X. Dak., 4, p. 643.
Grand Island, Nebr., 5, p. — .

Hanford, Cal., 3, p. 447.
Harford County, Md., 3, p. 211.
Hickory, X. C, 4, p. 239.
Howell County, Mo., 4, p. 593.
Huntsville, Ala., o, p. — .

Imperial, Cal., o,
Indio, Cal., 5, p.

p. — .

Jacksonville, Tex., 5, p. — .
Jamestown, X. Dak., 5, p. — .
Janesville, Wis., 4, p. 549.
Johnson County, 111., 5. p. — .

Kent County, Md., 2, p. 173.
Knox County, 111., 5, p. — .

Lancaster County, Pa., 2, p. 61.

Lake Charles, La., 3, p. 621.

Laramie, Wyo., 5, p. — .

Lebanon, Pa., 3, p. 149.

Leesburg, Va.. 5, p. — .

Lewiston, Idaho, 4, p. 6S9.

Lockhaven, Pa., 5, p. — .

Long Island, X. Y., 5, p. — .

Los Angeles, Cal., 5, p. — .

Lower Arkansas Valley, Colo., 4, p. 729.

Lufkin, Tex., 5, p. — .

Lyons, X. Y., 4, p. 143.

McLean County, 111., 5, p. — .
McXeill, Miss., 5, p. — .
Madison County, Ind., 5, p. — .
Marshall, Minn., 5, p. — .
Mason County, Ky., 5, p. — .
Miller County, Ark., 5, p. — .
Mobile, Ala., 5, p. — .
Mount Mitchell, X. C, 4, p. 259.
Montgomery County, Ohio, 2, p. 85.
Montgomery County, Tenn.. 3. p. 341.

Xacogdoches, Tex.. 5, p. — .
Xew Orleans, La., 5. p. — .
Norfolk, Va., 5, p. — .

43

44 Loose Incoherent Sands and Rock Outcrop.

Ouachita, La., 6, p. — .

Paris, Tex., 5, p. — .
Parsons, Kans., 5, p. — .
Pecos Valley, N. Mex., 1, p. 36.
Perry County, Ala., 4, p. 309.
Pikeville, Tenn., 5, p. — .
Pontiac, Mich., 5, p. — .
Posey County, Ind., 4, p. 441.
Prince Edward, Va., 3, p. 259.
Prince George County, Md., 3, p. 173.
Provo, Utah, 5, p. — .

Raleigh to Newbern,N. C, 2, p. 187.
Russell, Kans., 5, p. — .

St. Clair County, 111., 4, p. 507.
St. Mary County, Md., 2, p. 125.
Salem, N. J., 3, p. 125.
Salem, Oreg., 5, p. — .
Salinas Valley, Cal., 3, p. 481.
Salt Lake Valley, Utah, 1, p. 77.
Salt River Valley, Ariz., 2, p. 287.
Sangamon County, 111., 6, p. — .
San Gabriel, Cal., 3, p. 559.
San Jose, Cal., o, p. — .
San Luis Valley, Colo., 5, p. — .
Santa Ana, Cal., 2, p. 385.
Scott County, Ky., 5, j). — .
Sevier Valley, Utah, 2, p. 243.

Shelby County, Mo., 5, p. — .
Smedes, Miss., 4, p. 325.
Solomonsville, Ariz., 5, \\. — .
Stanton, Xebr., 5, p. — .
Statesville, N. C, 3, p. 273.
Story County, Iowa, 5, p. — .
Stuttgart, Ark., 4, p. 611.
Syracuse, K. Y., 5, p. — .

Toledo, Ohio, 4, p. 383.
Tazewell County, 111., 4, p. 465.
Trenton, X. J., 4, p. 163.

Union County, Ky., 4, p. 425.

Ventura, Cal., 3, p. 521.
Vernon, Tex., 4, p. 365.
Viroqua, Wis., 5, p. — .

Walla Walla, Wash., 4, p. 711,
Weber County, Utah, 2, p. 207.
Westfield, X. Y., 3, p. 75.
Wichita, Kans., 4, p. 623.
Willis, Tex., 3, p. 007.
Winnebago County, 111., 5, \\. —
Woodville, Tex., 5, p. — .
Worcester County, *Md., 5, p. — .

Yazoo, Miss., 3, p. 359.
Yakima, Wash., 3, p. 389.
Yuma, Ariz., 4, j). 777.

SOIL. TYPES RECOGNIZED BY THE BUREAU OF

SOILS.

[For convenience in comparing soils the mechanical analyses have been re-
calculated and averaged and given in four grades, as follows:

1 2 3 4

Fine gravel. Fine sand. Silt. Clay.

Coarse sand. Very fine sand.
Medium sand.

The number in j)arentheses immediately following ".soil" and "subsoil" in-
dicate the number of samples from which the average has l)een derived.]

LOOSK I\( OHEKE.VT SAM»S AM) K<K K OlTdtOP.

There are certain soils and rock exposiireH which do not readily
fall into any general classification, and which by excessive local
action of wind or water are liable to occur in any areas or in any
group of soils and to W formed of any kind of material. They

Loose Incoherent Sands and Mock Outcrop, 45

are by reason of their texture or present physiographic position
usually unproductive. These have been embraced under the fol-
lowing types:

Dunesand. — Consists of loose, incoherent sand of medium to fine
grades to a depth of 3 feet or more, and often extending to a depth
of 100 feet. Occupies hillocks, rounded hills, or ridges from 2 to
200 feet in height. Found along shores of lakes, rivers, or oceans
and in deserts. Usually of no agricultural value on account of the
irregular surface, the loose open nature of the material, the small
water-holding power, and the unstable and drifting nature of the
soil. In arid regions, when leveled and under irrigation, it is often
very productive, especially for small fruits and vegetables. The
encroachment of these sands on cultivated fields, orchards, cran-
berry bogs, and even upon houses, towns, and harbors is often a
serious problem, and much experimentation and labor lias at times
been expended in binding them with grasses and trees to prevent
their shifting.

12 3 4

Soil (2) 2.5 71 2 2

Subsoil (1) 13 83 1 1

Acres.

Allegan County, Mich 3, 130

Imperial, Cal 116, 288

Indio, Cal 8, 256

Acres.

Los Angeles, Cal 3, 261

Lower Arkansas Valley, Colo . . 3, 328
Ventura, Cal 2, 020

Sandhill. — Coarse, loose, incoherent sand, 10 feet or more in
depth. Occurs in hills from 20 to 200 feet or more in height,
either as long, narrow ranges or frequently as isolated hills,
representing old shore lines of the ocean or formed by river
action and wind. Soil generally more stable than the Dunesand.
Material is generally so loose and incoherent and so thoroughly
drained that it has little agricultural value. In humid regions it
supports a growth of stunted oak and pine. In the arid regions
there is some little pasturage. Occasionally valleys or low places
produce fair crops of vegetables. Peaches are grown to a slight
extent, but this type generally is unproductive.

1

Soil (3) 55

Subsoil (1) 66

Acres.

Darlington, S. C 30, 656

Ealeigh to Newbern, X. C 5, 320

2

3

4

36

5

2

27

3

4

46 Loose Incolierent Sands (lud Rod' (Jnfvi'np.

Riverwash. — Coarse sand, gravel, and bowlders orenerally in long,
narrow areas, but occasionaliy spread out in fan-shaped areas.
Subject to overflow in times of flood, occupying bottoms of flood
channels of rivers. Liable to be encountered, particularly in the
far West, Avhere torrential rains occur and rivers vary greatly in
volume and quickly subside, giving little chance for fine material
to be deposited. No agricultural value.

Acres. Acres.

Blackfoot, Idaho 1,792 San Gabriel, Cal 16,230

Fresno, Cal 480 San Jose, Cal 128

.TamestOAvn, X. Dak 17,408 ! Sevier Valley, Utali "3,200

Laramie, Wyo 1, 792 Solomonsville, Ariz 256

Los Angeles, Cal 1, 664 | Ventura, Cal 13, 610

Lower Arkansas Valley, Colo . . 12, 800 Yakima, Wash 3. 5^0

Lower Salinas Valley, Colo 10, 760 I

Madeland. — Areas are occasionally encountered where soils have

been filled in over considerable tracts in mining operations and in

the improvement of harbors. Such areas do not fit into any soil

group, and yet it is advisable to recognize them on the soil map.

They are of no present agricultural value.

Acres.
Syraeu.se, N. Y 576

Rock outcrop. — Areas in tlie main either rock outcrop or so stony
as to be entirely unfit for cultivation and incapable of being put
into condition for cultivation. In this respect it differs from stony
areas, which can be improved to some extent for agricultural
I)urposes. Rock-outcrop areas, h(^wever, often support timber

and afford some grazing.

Acres. Acres.

Ashcville, N. C 1,8.56

Maker City, Oreg 192

Bedford, Va 17, 140

(^ampobello, S. C 1,997

Mount Mitchell, N. C 5, 184

Parsons, Kans 2, 36s

Pikeville. Tenn 14, 016

Rough, stony land. — Under this head have been classed areas so
stony and broken as to be of little agricuUural value, but yet not
so barren as Rock outcrop areas. In Johnson County, the fii'st
area where this classification has been followed, the areas are

" I'art mapped as Klsinore sand in Sevier Valley, hut tliis name will not
ajjain he used.

Inland Stvanvps and 3fead(yws. 47

usually narrow strips winding through the county or forming

bluffs along streams. This land is used solely for ])asture, and

very little of it can ever be used for anything else. Supports some

forest growth.

Acres.

Johnson County, JU Ki, 884

INLAM) SWAMPS AM) MEADOWS.

Under this head will be described soils of a miscellaneous na-
ture, occurring along streams or in depressions, and inclined to be
wet from insufficient drainage ; fresh- water swamps in which drain-
age conditions are still more deficient so that the land is actually
covered with water for much of the time through an actual inabil-
ity to drain itself rather than from the flood waters of rivers; and
peat and muck, which are an advanced stage of swamp, where
drainage is partly established after a long period of growth of
water-loving vegetation. This classification depends mainly upon
the drainage conditions.

Meadow. — This term is used for low-lying, flat, usually poorly
drained land along streams and embayments and in depressions.
Generally adapted to grass and pasturage and used for general farm-
ing where artificially drained. The areas being usually small and
narrow, and subject to frequent overflow, show great variation in
texture and character of material, but being usually moist the
influence of the texture is not so apparent as in upland soils.
The similarity of crop value dependent upon moisture conditions
is the controlling factor in this classification.

Acres. Acres.

Albemarle, Va 40, 640 , Cerro Gordo, Iowa 3,456

Abbeville, S. C 6, 336 , Cobb County, Ga 30, 280

Alamance, N. C 15, 970 Connecticut Valley, Connecti-

Allegan County, Mich 15, 510 cut and Massachusetts ((55, 232

Asheville, N. C 7. 808 ; Covington, Ga 16, 410

Ashtabula, Ohio 12,160 Dover, Del 4,096

Bedford, Ya 3,530 Dubuque, Iowa 4,160

Bigflats, X.Y 1,920 Fort Valley, Ga 4,800

Calvert, Md 1.5,800 Fresno, Cal 5,478

Campobello, S. C 8,691 Gadsden County, Fla 52,224

Gary, X. C 3,180 Grand Island, Nebr 28,544

n Mapped as Connecticut Meadows. Should proljably have been given a type
name, as it is an alluvial soil rather than a meadow in the sense in which This
term is used.

48

Inland Swamps and 2Ieadows.

Acres.

Harford, Md 4, 440

Hickory, X. C 23, 872

Huntsville, Ala 42, 240

Jacksonville, Tex 2, 624

Jamestown, N. Dak 4, 992

Janesvllle, Wis 18, 112

Kent County, :Md 49, 230

Lancaster County, Pa 6, 000

Lebanon, Pa 4, 780

Leesburg, Ya 18, 048

Lockhaven, Pa 896

Long Island. X. Y 16, 768

Lufkin, Tex 4, 288

Lyons, N. Y 35, 008

McNeill, Miss 6, 976

Madison County, Ind 10, 816

Marshall, Minn 448

Mason County, Ky 832

Mobile, Ala 78, 528

Montgomery County, Ohio 7, 200

Mount Mitchell, X. C 6, 976

Nacogdoches, Tex -5, 056

Ogden, Utah 7, 700

Acre.s.

Ouachita, La 13, 440

Perry County. Ala 53, 696

Pontiac, Mich 4, 032

Prince Edward, Ya 19, 830

Prince George, Md 30, 870

Pecos Yalley, X. Mex a 7, 940

Raleigh to Xewbern, X. C 6, 330

St. Mary County, Md 54, 200

Salem, X.J 52, 250

Salt Lake, Utah ?> 6, 840

Sevier Yalley, Utah 10, 2C0

Shelby, Mo 36, 416

Smedes, Miss 17, 408

Statesville, X. C 18, 850

Story County, Iowa 18, 048

Trenton, X.J 44,800

Yiroqua, Wis 7, 104

Westfield, X. Y 4,990

Willis, Tex 1, 510

Winnebago County, 111 44, 800

Woodville, Tex 5, 568

Yakima, Wash 15,060

Yazoo, Miss 4, 760

Swamp. — A condition of soil too wet for any crop, covered with
standing water for much or all of the time. Soil varies in texture
and in organic content, which, however, is invariably high.
Occurs in flat areas with deficient underdrainage. Native growth,
water-loving grasses, herbs, shrubs, or trees. Almost invariably
productive when drained and properly cultivated. Adapted par-
ticularly to corn, potatoes, cabbages, onions, celery, cranberries,
or peppermint, according to the locality.

Acres.

Acadia, La 1 , 728

Billings, Mont 3, 008

Calvert County, Md 3, 600

Craven, N. C 188, 288

Connecticut Valley, Connecti-
cut and Massachusetts 25, 216

Darlington, County, S. C 14, 144

Dover, Del 3, 712

Acres.
Lower Arkansas Valley, Colo. . 640

Miller County, Ark 2, 240

Norfolk. Ya 12, 928

Pontiac, Mich 704

Raleigh to Newbern, N. C f 77, 440

St. Mary County, Md 2, 200

Syracuse, N. Y 12, 480

Worcester County, Md 26, 048

" Mapped as Hondo Meadows. This name will not be used hereafter.
'» Mapped as Jordan Meadows. This name will not be used hereafter.
<-Part of tliis mapped a>< Pocoson and ]ii:rt .'^avanna in tlie original report.
These names will not V)t' used hen-jifter t > designate soil types.

Atlantic cmd Gulf Coastal Plains Soils. 49

Peat. — Vegetable matter consisting of roots and fibers, moss,
etc. , in various stages of decomposition, occurring as turf or bog,
usually in low situations, always more or less saturated with water,
representing an advanced stage of swamp with drainage partially
established.

Acres.

Bigflats, N. Y 576

Los Angeles, Cal 1, 088

Acres.

Santa Ana, Cal 787

Tazewell County, 111 1,664

Muck. — Vegetable mold, more or. less thoroughly decomposed
and -mixed with earth, from 1 to 3 or more feet deep, occupying
low, damp places; May be considered an advanced stage of peat,
in which the roots, fiber, and moss characteristic of peat have been
so far decomposed as to lose their original structure. When
.drained these soils are exceedingly productive and adapted to
corn, potatoes, cabbages, onions, celery, peppermint, and similar

crops.

Acres.

Allegan County, Mich 33, 770

Baker City, Oreg. . . -. 12, 3.52

Cerro Gordo County, Iowa 12, 096

Grand Forks, N. Dak 6, .592

Janesville, Wis 10, 368

Lyons, X. Y 3, 840

Acres.

Madison County, Ind 1, 152

New Orleans, La 21, 056

Pontiac, Mich 3,904

Raleigh to Newbern, N. C 623

Syracuse, N. Y' 16, 960

Winnebago County, 111 2, 17(')

ATLANTIC AND (JLLF COASTAL PLAINS SOILS.

The Atlantic Coastal Plain, one of the important physiographic
provinces of the eastern United States, is represented by a narrow
belt bordering the Xew England coast, widening out in New Jer-
sey, the line of contact between this and the Piedmont Plateau
passing through Trenton, Baltimore, Washington, Richmond,
Raleigh, Columbia, Augusta, and Savannah, meeting the Gulf
Coastal Plain, which extends around to the Mexican Vjoundary
line. The surface is that of a more or less dissected plain with
large tidal estuaries, particularly in Maryland and Virginia. In
these two States the uplands reach an elevation of 200 or 300 feet
above tide, while in the more southern localities the elevations
rarely exceed the former figure and for the most part are not over
60 or 75 feet. Over large areas in North Carolina, South Carolina,
and Georgia the mean fall toward the ocean is hardly more than
1 foot to the mile. In such level areas drainage is apt to be defi-

31896—04 i

50 Atlaniic and Gulf Coastal Plains Soils.

cient, and rain water remains upon the surface for a considerable
time, although the conditions are not comparable with those of a
true swamp. In such areas the soil, although it may be composed
largely of sand, is apt to be very compact, deficient in organic
matter, and generally unproductive. Nearer the coast the lands
have better drainage, are looser and more easily cultivated, and
their productivity is more easily maintained. From Virginia
northward the surface is more broken, in many places hilly, and
l)etter drainage is thereby provided.

The soils have been derived mainly from the wash from the
Piedmont Plateau and the mountains bevond, laid down under
water, the surface having been several times submerged and ele-
vated. The soils are for the most part composed of light sands
and loams, with occasional deposits of sandy clays, and silt, and
very local surface deposits of heavy clays. There are very few
soils in this division which approach in texture or compare in
productiveness or crop value with the heavy clays of the Pied-
mont Plateau or of the residual limestone valleys. They are,
therefore, not as well adapted to general farm crops, nor can they
be expected to give as satisfactory yields of such crops as corn,
wheat, oats, or hay; but, on the other hand, they are eminently
adapted to the production of early vegetables, the lighter farm
crops, particularly fine qualities of peaches and small fruits, and
a fine-textured cotton, together with rice and citrus fruits where
the climatic and drainage conditions are suital)le.

The Gulf Coastal Plain is characterized by very large deposits
of silty and heavy clay soils, although the coarse sandy soils also
occur over very large areas. The great black calcareous prairies
of the Gulf Plain and the vast (nilf coast prairies which are being
so extensively developed at the present time in the rice and sugar-
cane industries have no prototypes in the Atlantic Coastal Plain.
These extensive prairies are composed of very heavy clay soils.

Immediately bordering the ocean and Gulf coast is frequently
found a stretch of tidal marshes, covered with water at every tide,
or at least in unusual tides, supporting usually a growth of coarse
salt grass. This material consists of sands,1oams, and clays included
under the Galveston Series. On account of the extreme dithculty
of across and the ]>resont low value of these lands the soil survey

Galveston Series. 51

is carried on in them with less detail than in other areas; still,
where the areas are large and have not been subject to local
stream erosion the character of the material is not subject to very
much local change. The agricultural value of these lands is very
small, depending mainly upon the j^asturage afforded and the
coarse hay that can with difficulty be harvested; and, on the
other hand, they are a distinct menace to health, as they form
the breeding place of disease-carrying insects. Efforts have been
made to drain such soils and to reclaim these marshes with great
success, the possibilities of successful reclamation, however, de-
pending upon the engineering problems connected with the keep-
ing out of the tides and the efficient subsequent drainage of the
land. A vast amount of such reclamation work has been done in
Holland, and some important though relatively small areas have
been reclaimed in the United States.

Other members of this group are the inland swamps, muck,
and meadow areas.

GALVESTON SERIES.

Galveston sand. — Light gray to white sand, 12 inches in depth,
containing usually a large percentage of fine particles of shell.
Subsoil is of same character as soil, a little lighter in color, and
with larger shell fragments. Occurs as a narrow ridge along
coasts, the texture being due to wave action. Generally unpro-
ductive and nonagricultural.

12 3 4

Soil (2) 31 69 0 0

Subsoil (2) 30 71 0 0

Acres.

Brazoria, Tex 1, 152

Dover, Del 64

Long Island. X. Y 12, 224

Acres.
Norfolk, Va a 10, 752

Worcester Countv, Md 8. 064

Galveston sandy loam. — Surface mass of sandy loam and eel-grass
turf a])out 12 inches deep, underlain Ijy gravelly sandy loam.
Occupies shore lines and barrier beaches, and owes its origin to
wind-blown sand, mixed with the finer materials of the coastal flats.
Where diked and drained, makes a productive soil much lighter

a This includes some Dunesand, but the whole area is of so little agricultural
importance that the two types were not separated.

52 Atlantic mid Gulf Coastal Plains Soils.

and easier to cultivate than the Galveston clay. It is adapted to
the same crops as the latter soil, and on account of the easier cul-
tivation and the less compact nature of the material is rather more
desirable as an agricultural soil. Very small areas have been
reclaimed in this countrv.

3

29

4

18

Soil(l) 28 2y

Acres.
Long Island, N. Y 16, 448

Galveston clay. — Soil varies from a drab or yellow to black clay
and rests on a subsoil of still heavier clay. Both soil and subsoil
usually contain calcareous nodules. Country very level, flat.
Drainage poor, representing the type of salt marsh extensively
developed along the sea coasts. Vegetation almost entirely salt
grass, affording a rather poor pasturage. Areas require to be diked
and drained before reclamation is possiljle, and when so reclaimed
and the excess of salt removed they make exceedingly productive
soils, especially for corn, cabbage, onions, rice, and hay crops.

Soil (10) 9

Subsoil (8) 8

2

3

4

20

36

35

20

38

34

Acres.

Brazoria, Tex 31, 168

Dover, Del 30, 784

Long Island, N. Y 36, 352

Los Angeles, Cal 4, 800

Acres.

New Orleans, La 5, 504

San Jose, Cal 26, 048

Worcester County, Md 23, 936

Norfolk; series.

This series consists of light-colored sands and loams, and com-
prises the most important truck soils of the Atlantic and Gulf
coasts.

Norfolk gravel." — Hills and narrow bands of gravel. The soil is
gray loam about 12 inches deep, containing 30 to 60 per cent of
rounded white quartz gravel. The subsoil varies, but is usually
clay or gravel beds. Formed from denudation of gravel layers
deposited as shallow- water sediment or as river wash or delta. It

('Mapped as Su.siiuehanna gravel. Tliis name, however, will be used only in
Maryland in the future.

JS'orfolJi Series.

53

is a poor, unproductive soil, generally occupying slopes and should
remain in forest.

Acres.

Calvert County, Md 3, 900

Cecil County, Md 45, 600

Harford County, Md 12, 930

Kent County, Md 12, 490

Long Island, New York 3, 328

Acres.

Prince George County, Md 41, 470

Raleigh to Nevvbern. N. C 11, 410

St. Mary County, Md 7, 350

Trenton, N.J 192

2

3

38

25

41

31

Norfolk gravelly loam. — Yellowish or gray loam 4 to 8 inches
deep, underlain usually by a still more gravelly material. The
gravel is usually -small, deposited by swiftly flowing streams;
sloping plains or terraces; quite unproductive; some corn, rye,
buckwheat, truck crops, and wrapper tobacco, according to loca-
tion.

1

Soil (9) 27

Subsoil (6) 15 41 31 10

Acres.
Connecticut Valley, Connecti-
cut and Massachusetts a 48, 384

Lancaster County, Pa ?> 4, 000

Lebanon, Pa M3, 350

Norfolk coarse sand. — Coarse to medium sand, 8 inches deep,
loose and incoherent in texture, and containing some gravel.
Subsoil same, frequently containing iron crusts. Occurs as level
plains. Very unproductive, but used to some extent for tobacco,
peaches, and truck.

Soil (12) .56

Subsoil (15) 5S

2

3

4

28

10

4

29

8

4

Acres.

Calvert County, Md <• 24, 500

Connecticut Valley, Connecti-
cut and Massachusetts e 42, 048

Long Island, X. Y 1, 856

Acres.

Prince George County, ]\Id c 37, 420

St. Mary County, Md e 3, 450

Salem, N.J c 18, 280

Trenton, N.J <• 512

« Mapped as Chicopee gravel.loam. This name will not be used again.
b Mapped as Donegal gravelly loam. This name will not be used again.
c Mapped as Windsor sand, which name will not again be used, except in
Marvland.

54: Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains Soils.

Norfolk coarse sandy loam. — Medium sand mixed with a large
quantity of small gravel. Naturally rather unproductive on ac-
count of drv nature.

1 J 3 4

Soil (5) 44 23 24 9

Subsoil (4) 70 15 9 5

Acres.
Connecticut Valley, Connecti-
cut and Massachusetts 27, 904

Long Island, N. Y 04, 89G

Norfolk sand. — Coarse to medium gray or yellowish sand, friable
and incoherent, resting on a yellow sand of about the same tex-
ture, 8 feet or more in depth. A common tyj^e on the low, flat
river necks and forelands of the Atlantic and Gulf coastal i)lain.>^;
also along the valley slopes of the streams and covering extensive
level areas in the uplands. It is well drained, matures crops very
early, and has such a small retentive power for water that general
farm crops can not be grown with any great success. Corn yields
but 5 to 10 bushels per acre and wheat not to exceed 5 to 6
bushels. It is a typical early truck soil, especially adapted to
light truck crops. It is also used for small fruits and ]>eaches,
although not so well adapted to these latter as some of the other
soils of the series. ]Many watermelons are grown upon this soil
in the Southern States. In the Connecticut Valley and in Florida
a very fine grade of cigar wrapper tobacco is produced upon
this soil. In Maryland it produces a fine grade of the Maryland
export tobacco. In North and South Carolina it produces a very
line grade of cigarette tobacco, but is not as well adapted to this ag

is the Norfolk sandy loam.

I •_' 3 4

Soil (53) 32 52 11 4

Subsoil (42) 32 50 11 6

Acres. Acres.

Calvert County, Md 58,000 Long Island, N. Y 77,120

Cecil County, Md 4(5, COO ' Mobile, Ala 134, 592

Connecticut Valley, Connecti- Norfolk, Va 20, StU

cut and Massachusetts "40,384 Perry County, Ala 4, ICO

("raven, N. C S8, 192 Prince CJeorge County, Md 23, G30

Darlington, S. C 71, 104 ! Raleigh to Newbern. N. C . . . . 53, 310

Dover, Del 5,C32 St. Mary County, Md 27,500

Fort Valley, Ga 33, 792 Salem, N.J 7S, 410

Gadsden County. Fla 93, 120 Trenton, N. .T 50, 880

Harford County, Md 2, 470 j Willis, Tex 8, 5C0

Kent County, Md 30, 7C0 Worcester County. Md 45, 312

"Mapped as the Hartford sandy loam, wliicli name will not be iised again
outside of the CoTinecticut Vallev.

Norfolk Series. , 55

Norfolk fine sand. — Fine, brown loamy sand, about 8 inches
deep, loose and friable when dry, but packing slightly when wet.
Subsoil is of much the same character, slightly more loamy and
somewhat more adhesive. Occurs as low, rolling hills and level
areas. Generally well drained, adapted to about the same class
of truck crops as the Norfolk sand, but generally somewhat more
productive. Produces only fair crops of corn. In Florida a fine
grade of wrapper tobacco is grown on this soil.

1

Soil (11) 13

Subsoil (19) 14

o

:}

4

66

13

6

63

15

7

Acres.

Jacksonville, Tex r. 38, 528

Ouachita, La 192

Prince George County, Md . . . a 36, 190

Acres.

Salem, N. J ?' 15, 710

Trenton, N.J ?> 27, 581

Worcester County, Md 22, 400

Norfolk sandy loam. — Coarse to medium yellow or gray sand, 12
to 20 inches deep, generally loose and incoherent, resting on a
yellow sandy clay. Level or gently rolling land. Soil is too light
for general farm crops. Corn yields on the average not over 10
bushels per acre. It is adapted to sweet and Irish potatoes, pea-
nuts, and late truck crops. In the Connecticut Valley and in
Florida it produces a fine cigar wrapper tobacco and in North
Carolina bright yellow tobacco and cotton.

1

Soil (16) 29

Subsoil (12) 24

Acres.
Connecticut Valley, Connecti-
cut and Massachusetts <" 13, 312

Craven, N. C 27, 218

Darlington, S. C ^? 65, 024

Fort Valley, Ga 23, 488

2

:j

4

48

16

6

36

18

21

Acres.

Gadsden County, Fla .50, 816

Raleigh to Newbern, X. C c 216, 580

Salem, X. J /16, 7£0

Trenton, X.J /8,640

Woodville, Tex 52, 864

Norfolk fine sandy loam. — Fine, pale yellow or gray sandy loam,
12 to 18 inches deep, underlain by a reddish-yellow tine sandy loam

« Mapped as Westphalia sand, which name will not again be used.

b Mapped in part as Elsinboro tine sand and in part as Westphalia sand,
neither of which names will again be used.

<• Mapped as Enfield sandy loam, which name will not be used outside of the
Connecticut Valley.

d Mapped as Xorfolk sandy soil, which name will not be used hereafter.

e Mapped in part as Norfolk sandy soil and in part as Selma silt loam, which
latter name will not le used hereafter.

/ Mapped as Quinton .sandy loam, which name will not be used hereafter.

56 Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains Soils.

grading into a sandy clay at an average depth of about 20 inches.

J^evel plains and along streams. The latter areas are subject to

occasional overflow. Drainage generally good. Gives a moderate

yield of corn, and is very well adapted to late truck crops, in the

South to cotton, in North Carolina to bright yellow tobacco, and

in Texas to cigar wrapper leaf. This soil is not as valuable for

truck as the Norfolk fine sand, nor as good a cotton soil as the

Norfolk sandy loam, but is esteemed a better tobacco soil than the

latter and fully equal if not somewhat superior to the former.

12 3 4

Soil (34) 12 53 26 8

Subsoil (32) 10 12 22 24

Acres.

Calvert County, Md o 5, 220

Craven, N. C 155, 136

Darlington, S. C ^25, 600

Gadsden, Fla 28,096

Lufkin, Tex 6,016

McNeill, Miss 81, 472

Mason Conntv, Kv 832

Acres.

Mobile, Ala 7, 168

Nacogdoches, Tex 19, 008

Norfolk, Va 38, 144

Prince George County, Md ... « 9, 660
Raleigh to Newbern, N. C. . . . 36, 100

St. Mary County, Md « S, 500

Willis, Tex <• 107, 180

Norfolk loam. — Brown loam or sandy loam, usually containing
a very small amount of fine gravel. The subsoil is a yellow loam
containing considerable coarse sand. This is frequently under-
lain by a medium grade of yellow sand or by gravel. The tyyte
occupies level areas, usually terraces along rivers and tidal estu-
aries. The soil is easily tilled, well drained, and produces fair
yields of general farm crops. It is especially well adapted to sugar
corn, peas, and tomatoes for canning purposes, and also to peaches.
It is too heavy a soil for early truck, and not sufficiently heavy to
be classed as a general farming soil.

1

Soil (32) 16

Subsoil (32) 15

o

•i

4

40

:~;i

11

36

9

19

(I Mapped as Norfolk loam, but now brought into the proper place in tlie
Norfolk series.
''> Mapped as Ayden tine sandy loam, which name will not be used hereafter.

'•Part of this occurring on the uplands was mapped as Willis sand, the re-
mainder occupying a low position along the river was mapped as Norfolk
fine sandy loam. It is recognized now that these two areas should liavc been
combiuifl.

Norfolk Se7'ies.

Di

Acres.

Calvert County, Md « 10, 900

Dover, Del 66, 7.Y2

Lockhaven, Pa 3, 648

Long Island , X. Y « 100, 096

Mason County, Ky 896

Mobile, Ala 47,104

Acres.

Norfolk, Va 23, 872

Perry County, Ala « 14, 720

Prince George County, Md ... « 17, 500

St. Mary County, Md a 4, 830

Worcester County, Md n 54, 848

Norfolk silt loam. — A brown loam 10 inches deep, underlain by
a heavy yellow loam subsoil, both containing a rather high per-
centage of silt. Occurs as level or gently rolling upland or ter-
races. Esteemed the most valuable soil of the Atlantic Coastal
Plain for general farm crojis. Adapted to wheat, corn, and grass.
In Xew Jersey this soil produces as high as 25 or 35 bushels of
wheat, 1 to 2 tons of hay, and from 50 to 70 bushels of corn per
acre. It is esteemed an excellent soil for dairy farming. On the
Eastern Shore of ]Maryland the yields are almost as high as in
New Jersey. In southern Maryland the yields are much less,
wheat producing from 12 to 18 bushels, and corn 25 to 40 bushels
per acre, while the yield of hay is proportionally small. It is
believed that this difference in productiveness is due almost en-
tirelv to the methods of cultivation.

Soil (40) 14

Subsoil (40) 51

2

3

4

24

47

13

21

43

19

Acres.

Calvert County, Md '> 8,850

Cecil County, Md ^ 50, 500

Darlington, S. C t>26, 880

Dover, Del 32, 960

Harford County, Md i>29, 810

Kent County, Md ^ 67, 200

Acres.

Lockhaven. Pa 5, 824

Prince George County, Md. . . b 9, 090

Salem, N.J c 108, 140

St. Mary County, M d & 16, 200

Trenton, N.J e 88, 384

Worcester Countv. Md M4, 400

« Mapped in part as Sassafras sandy loam and in part as Sassafras gravelly
loam, which names will hereafter only be vised in Maryland and New Jersey.

b Mapped as Sassafras loam. It is recognized clearly now that this belongs
to the Norfolk series. The name Sassafras loam will be used hereafter only in
Maryland and New Jersey.

<* Mapped in part as Sassafras loam and Sassafras gravelly loam. The latter
name will not again be used, and similar soils will in the future be mapped as
Norfolk silt loam with a gravel symbol and the gravelly phase described in
the report, except in Maryland and New Jersey, where it will be mapped as
Sassafras loam with a gravel symbol. The silt content of this soil, as shown
by the averages, is rather low for a .'Jilt loam, but in many individual .samples

58 Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains Soils.

MISCELLANEOUS SOILS ASSOCIATED WITH THE NORFOLK SERIES.

There are a number of soils found in the Coastal Plain which
can not be grouped with the Norfolk series or, so far as now
known, with any other series. They are derived in part from
peculiar geological formations or have been formed under purely
local conditions. They are liable to be encountered wherever the
Norfolk series occurs, and should properly follow in this place in
the general classification of soils.

Garner stony loam. — A sandy loam containing 40 to 60 per cent

of rock fragments and gravel, mainly iron-stained sandstone. At

a depth of 6 to 15 inches it overlies a red, tenacious brick-clay

subsoil, which also contains sand, gravel, and stones. It is found

along stream courses, and probably owes its origin to stream action

at times of overflow. Tillage is diflicult, l)ut fair crops of cotton

can be raised. It is devoted to the growth of commercial pine

timber, and used for hog and cattle pastures.

12 3 4

Soil (1) 39 36 14 7

Acres.
Raleigh to Newbern, X. C 14,330

Gadsden sand. — Dark-gray sand, 10 inches deep, underlain by
a gray or brownish sand appearing lighter in texture and ex-
tending to a depth exceeding 36 inches. The sand is of medium
to fine texture, and there is usually a considerable admixture of
organic matter. Lies on gentle slopes or undulations adjacent to
streams. ]Mainly hammock land, with growth of hard wood.
Very productive, but requiring careful treatment to maintain the
yields. One of the best soils for the Florida wrapper tobacco.

12 3 4

Soil (2) 26 66 4 4

Subsoil (2) 24 66 5 6

Acres.
Gadsden, Fla 45,248

Lufkin fine sand. — The soil is a fine grav sand about 10 inches

iT''

deep, resting on a subsoil of much the same character but occasion-

the content is as high as CO or 70 per cent, while in many others it falls as low
as 25 or 30 per cent. It is thus seen that this is a type of widely varying silt
content, but in relation to other soils of the Coastal I'lain it may well be
classed as a silt soil.

Soils Associated with the Norfolk Series. 59

ally more loamy. At a depth of from 3 to 5 feet occurs a gray or
mottled stratified clay. Generally well drained, but occasionally
small areas occur as depressions, where the drainage is deficient.
Such areas are locally referred to as "crawfish land." The natural
growth is scrub pine and oak. Produces fair yields of corn and
cotton, but is rather better adapted to early truck crops and
peaches. Soil needs green manuring for the incorporation of
more organic matter.

1 1 '.i 4

Soil (3) 2 58 37 3

Subsoil (3) 2 56 36 6

Acres.
Lufkin, Tex 39, 680

Podunk fine saudy loam/' — Fine sandy loam, 12 inches deep,
underlain bv fine sand. Level terrace of the Connecticut Valley.
Lacustrine deposit. Rather light for general farm purposes, but
well adapted to present type of broad leaf wrapper tobacco.

1-234

Soil (3) 3 62 31 5

Svbsoil (5) 4 74 IS 3

Acres.
Connecticut Valley, Connecticut

and Massachusetts 13, 824

Collington sandy loam. — Loose, loamy, brown sand, usually con-
taining considerable coarse sand, 9 to 20 inches deep, derived
from weathering of green glauconite sand, underlain by sticky
yellow or greenish-yellow claylike material with glauconite
particles. At 30 to 40 inches greensand, in original purity, occurs.
Very productive area, "Forest of Prince George," Maryland.
L'sed for general farming; excellent for small fruits, nurseries,
and truck. Good tobacco soil. Contains large amount of potash
(2.5 per cent). Same soil is derived from Cretaceous greensand
in New Jersey, where it is used for general farming and truck

production.

12 3 4

Soil (9) 27 49 13 8

Subsoil (10) 20 44 12 21

Acres.

Prince George County, Md 23,260

Salem, X. J 4,170

Trenton, N.J 83, 456

a This should have been called the Podunk fine sand.

60 Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains Soils.

Mozi'oe fine sandy loam. — A mellow, brown fine sandy loam
from 10 to 20 inches deep, with an average depth of 15 inches.
The subsoil is a fine reddjsh-brown loam, somewhat sticky in
texture, extending to a depth of more than 36 inches. Ten-ace
formation along streams. Very productive soil, adapted to cotton
and corn. The former yields from one-half to If bales per acre
and the latter from 20 to 40 bushels. Also adapted to fruit and
vegetables.

1 •_' S 4

Soil (4) 0 46 49 5

Subsoil (4) 1 37 53 10

Acres.
Ouachita, La ; <%, 272

Myatt fine sandy loam. — Gray sticky fine sand to a depth of 10
inches. Subsoil is a drab or gray sandy clay of a tough consistency,
usually containing a large percentage of iron concretions. The
drab clay is mottled with iron stains. Occurs on lower hillsides
and low-lying bottoms. The latter areas are subject to frequent
overflow, and drainage is poor. Ver}- little of this soil has been
encountered under cultivation. The natural growth is gum,
cypress, and ouk, the latter making some ver\' fine timber. The
crop yields are only moderate, although with ])roper drainage
and good treatment it is believed this soil could be brought to a
good state of productiveness.

1 i 8 4

Soil (2) 12 44 88 S

Subsoil (2) 9 30 40 22

Acres.
Ouachita, La 8, 064

Elmwood loam." — Dark-brown fine sandy loam, 2 feet in depth,
overlying close, poorly drained clay. Level terraces along Con-
necticut River. Lacustrine de})osit. Has very little present
agricultural value on account of compact nature and j)oor under-

d rain age.

* Acres.

Allegan Cuunty, Mich 3,810

Connecticut Valley, Connecticut
and Massachusetts 7, It'.s

a This .soil is also likely to be encountered among the glacial .soils.

Sods Associated with the Norfolk Series. 61

aS'

Hempstead loam. — A friable brown or black loam, 8 inches deep,
containing a small amount of white quartz gravel and locally be-
coming somewhat sandy. The subsoil, to a depth of 24 inches,
consists of a heavy yellow or reddish silty loam, slightly gravelly.
This is underlain by a bed of rounded quartz gravel embedded in
a sandy loam matrix, all considerably stained with iron. Gener-
ally level areas. Well underdrained by the gravel beds, but the soil
maintains a fair supply of moisture. The chief trouble is the lack
of depth. No forest cover, but affords fair pasturage in its uncul-
tivated state. Produces good crops of corn, potatoes, tomatoes,
cabbage, rye, and grass. Also a fair soil for late truck crops. In
the Long Island area the Hempstead loam is second in value only
to the Miami stony loam.

1 •-' :{ 4

Soil (3) 14 17 4S 21

Subsoil (3) 14 19 44 -I'l

Acres.
Long Island, X. Y « 53, 824

Sanders loam. — The soil is a dark-brown, reddish-brown, or gray
loam. The subsoil is lighter in color and api:)arently heavier in tex-
ture. Occurs as narrow strips along the creeks, extending up the
edge of the valleys. Frequently has Sharkey clay on the stream
side, which interferes with projjer drainage. Is considered a very
good corn soil, producing as much as 45 bushels per acre where
well drained. Not considered so good for cotton, producing about
one-half bale per acre. Soil generally is in need of drainage. *

12 3 4

Soil (3) 3 34 44 15

Subsoil (3) 3 4(j 33 18

Acres.
Paris, Tex 10, 112

Gadsden loam. — Dark yellowish-gray loam, rather light in charac-
ter, from 8 to 18 inches deep, underlain by a yellowish-gray fine loam
or silty loam, somewhat heavier in texture. Occurs as moderately

(' Part of this has been mapped as Hempstead gravelly loam. It should have
been mapped as Hempstead loam with gravel symbol, and the gravelly
phase described as such in the report.

l> This soil is very similar to the Myatt fine sandy loam and the Monroe fine
sandj' loam, but contains rather more clay than either of those soils.

62 Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains Soils.

high bottoms antl ])hiffs. Locally known as hammock land sup-
porting a growth of hard-wood timber. Well drained and quite
productive. Adapted to cotton, corn, and fruit.

12 3 4

Soil (1) 25 26 27 21

Subsoil U) 20 20 28 32

Acres.
McNeill, Miss 14, 592

Selma heavy silt loam.<^' — Heavy silt loam, 20 inches or mure
in depth, underlain l)y a stiff, mottled clay. Low-lying level
tracts in Coastal Plain region. Natural drainage is poor, and for
this reason the soil is unproductive, but when drained it is good
cotton and grass land.

12 3 4

Soil (4) 12 44 29 14

Subsoil ( 4 ) 17 33 21 28

Acres.

Darlington, S. C 15, 488

Raleigh to Newbern. N. C 18, 980

Susquehanna clay loam. — Yellow or brown loam about 10 inches
deep, underlain l)y a heavy mottled clay subsoil identical with
Susquehanna clay. Occupies hills, slopes, and valleys. Adapted
to grain and grass crops. Considerable areas yet in oak and pine
forest.

12 3 4

Soil (2) 7 17 50 21

Subsoil (1 ) 3 11 55 26

Acres.
Prince George Uouuty, Md 16,850

Leonardtown loam.'' — Yellow silty loam, closely resembling
loess, y inches deej), underlain by retl and mottled clay loam with
peculiar interlocking clay lenses and pockets of sand. Slightly
rolling upland. Good soil for general farming, wheat, and grass
land. Much of the area is waste land or grown up in white oak
and pine forests, and some of the more level portions need under-
drainage. This soil is deficient in organic matter and lime.

1 2 ;{ 4

Soil (14) 5 20 57 15

Subsoil (14) 6 17 50 23

" Tliis soil should liave l>ct'n called Selma loam.
''Should have been called Lroiuirdtow n silt loam.

Soils Associated ivith the JSforfoll: Series. 63

Acres.

Calvert County, Md 7, 950

Mason County, Ky 320

Norfolk, Va «'55, 488

Prince George County, Mel...
St. Mary County, Md

Acres.

n 49, 480

95. 500

3

4

61

11

48

18

Monroe silt loam. — A fine sandy or silty loam 10 inches in depth,
underlain by a yellow or red silty clay, usually mottled with white
or brown beloAV 2 feet. Occurs as low terraces or in hills of little
elevation. The forest growth is oak and i)ine. Very little has
been cultivated and tliat with very poor success. Cotton can
hardly be made to yield one-half bale per acre, and corn propor-
tionally less.

1 i

Soil (2) 1 28

Subsoil (2) 2 33

Acres.
Ouachita, La 39,232

Alloway clay. — Red or gray clay loam 6 inches deep, containing
some gravel, underlain liy a mottled yellow and gray sticky clay
to a depth of 3 feet or more. Kolling upland or bottoms. Derived
from Miocene or glacial material — recent sediments. Good grass
and wheat lands. Produces fine apples. Difficult to till. Gen-
erally in need of underdrainage.

1

Soil (8) 8

Subsoil (8) ft

Acres.

2

:}

4

12

45

33

14

43

36

Lyons, N. Y 16,448

Salem,' X.J 10, 580

Acres.

Syracuse, N. Y 24, 832

Trenton, N..1 11,904

Mobile clay. — This type consists of a yellow loam, with an aver-
age depth of 8 inches, renting on a stiff, i)lastic yellow clay or
sandy clay subsoil extending to a depth of 3 or more feet. The
surface is characterized by the presence of many iron concretions.
Usually found overlying the materials forming the Orangeburg
sandy loam. The surface is flat and marked by many swampy,
pondlike depressions covered by a scrubby growth of gum. The
drainage is generally poor. The type is best adapted to grain and
grass.

r' Part of this was mapped as Leonardtown gravelly loam. It should have
been mapped as Leonardtown silt loam with gravel symbol and the gravelly
phase described as such in the report.

64 Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains Soils.

1 •-» 3 4

Soil (2) 11 49 23 IS

Subsoil (2) 10 35 26 26

Acres.
Mobile, Ala 896

Suffield clay. — Clay loam, 12 inches deep, underlain by close-
textured laminated clay. Lacustrine deposit. Very poorly
drained. Level areas in Connecticut Valley. On account of
poorly drained condition and close structure, it is not adapted at
present to any agricultural purposes, although used to some extent
for pasturage.

12 3 4

Soil (1) f. 40 30 23

Subsoil (3) 1 11 53 32

Acres.
Connecticut Valley, Connecti-
cut-Massachusetts 10, 240

Susquehanna clay. — Clay loam, 6 inches deep, containing gravel,
overlying stiff, tenacious red or white pipeclay. Hills and rolling
land on the western border of Coastal Plain region, ^Maryland and
adjoining States. The type is very refractory, hard to cultivate,
and has at present little or no agricultural value.

1 i 3 4

Soil (7) 8 18 37 34

Subsoil (5) 3 14 29 51

Acres.

Cecil County, Md 11, 000

Harford County, Md 4, 890

Prince George County, Md 22, 360

Elkton clay. — Brown l(jam, 9 inches deep. Subsoil is heavy

mottled yellow and gray clay loam, containing some silt. It is of

a dry nature, rather than plastic. Flat areas occurring in lowest

Columbia terrace in Cecil and Kent counties, ]Md., and in similar

positions in other areas in Atlantic Coastal riain. Kecognized as

good land for general farming purposes when well drained. Fre-

(juently needs artificial drainage.

1 J 3 4

Soil (15 j 5 17 5,s 18

Subsoil (15) 3 If. 55 25

s

Soils Associated with the Norfolk Series. 65

Acres.

Cecil County, Md 7, 000

Dover, Del 6, 016

Harford County, Md 11, 370

Kent County, Md 27, 840

Acres.

Mason County, Ky S95

Prince George County, Md 1, 450

Salem, N.J 11,240

Worcester County, Md 50, 432

3

4

24

24

14

34

Selma clay. — The soil consists of from 3 to 6 inches of heavy very
fine sandy loam, underlain by a stiff, mottled yellow clay. The
surface is generally level and the soil is poorly drained. The soil
ahnost invariably clods unless plowed in just the proper condition
of moisture. Artificial drainage is necessary before crops can be
grown. When properly drained and carefully cultivated the soil
is quite productive, producing from 1 to 2 tons of hay, 20 to 60
bushels of corn, and a bale of cotton per acre.

1 2

Soil (2) ." 6 38

Subsoil (2) 5 37

Acres.

Craven, N. C 9, 600

Fort Valley, Ga 640

Neuse clay. — Dark, tenacious, mottled gray clay, 3 feet or more
in depth. Stream deposit often subject to overfiow, occurring
along stream bottoms in Coastal Plain region of Xorth Carolina.
Poorly adapted to agricultural purposes on account of close, sticky
nature and poor drainage, but when well drained it is good cotton
land.

1 2

Soil (5) 8 25

Subsoil (2) 8 24

Acres.

Craven.N.C 1,792

McNeill, Miss 13, 120

Raleigh to Newbern, X. C 3, 040

Ocklocknee clay. — This soil consists of from 8 to 15 inches of
sandy loam of variable texture, resting on a stiff, tenacious clay of
dark-yellow, mottled red, or black color. The subsoil contains a
noticeable quantity of finely divided quartz rock. Areas lie along
the river and are subject to overflow. Very little under cultivation.

12 3 4

Soil (1) _ 14 48 14 23

Subsoil (1) 12 39 9 40

Acres.
Gad.sden, Fla 3, 712

31896— U4 5

3

4

38

24

35

34

66 Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains Soils.

Lufkin clay. — The soil is a fine sand or silt loam, from 3 to 8

inches deep, containing occasionally a few iron concretions. The

subsoil is a stiff, impervious red or drab clay, becoming very

plastic or mottled at a depth of 30 inches. At a depth of 3 to 5

feet the clay is distinctly stratified. The surface is generally level

and the drainage is poor. The natural growth is scrub pine and

small oaks. Not adapted to ordinary farm crops, and small yields

of corn and cotton are obtained.

12 3 4

Soil (10) r 5 38 37 20

Subsoil (11) 3 24 30 43

Acres.

Lufkin, Tex 6,97G

Nacogdoches, Tex 5, 120

Ouachita, L,a 64

Acres.

Paris, Tex 61, 69G

Woodville, Tex 4, 416

PORTSMOUTH SERIES.

This series consists of black to brown sands and loams, generally
rich in organic matter, occupying level, usually slightly depressed
areas in the uplands along the outer edge of the Coastal Plain.
The soils are undoubtedly the result of former sedimentary de-
posits modified by swamp conditions in which the drainage has
become partially reestablished. To the former swampy condition
is due the accumulation of organic matter^ particularly in the sur-
face soil, and, as a usual accompaniment of such conditions, the
notable lack of organic matter in the subsoil. The ^ame cause
has produced the mottled colors in the subsoil which are com-
monly associated with poor drainage and lack of suflicient aera-
tion, especially where such conditions continue for long periods.
The Portsmouth series forms an intermediate ciass of soils
between the Norfolk series of light-colored sands and loams on
the one hand and the present swamp areas on the other. The
soils of this series, M'hen drained, are adnnra])ly adapted to
corn and some of the truck crops, i)articularly to strawberries,
cabbage, and onions. They are not well adai)ted to wlieat.

Portsmouth sand. — Black, brown, or gray loamy sand, about VI
inches deep, usually containing a large amount of organic matter.
The su})soil is a gray or mottled drab, white, and yellow sticky
sand of fine texture, underlain usually at from 24 to 48 inches by

Portsmoidh Series,

67

a compact and impervious stratum of sand having the properties
of a hardpan. Occasionally this sand is so saturated with water
as to resemble quicksand. Occurs in nearly level upland areas
with poor drainage. Former lake or swamp deposits. Corn is
the principal crop. Adapted to berries, particularly to strawber-
ries; also to cabbage, onions, and other heavy or late truck crops.

1-234

Soil (8) 35 51 7 6

Subsoil (6) 40 48 5 6

Acres.

Norfolk, Va 2, 04S

Worcester Count}', Md 41, 024

Acres.

Graven, N.C 11,072

Dover, Del 640

Gadsden, Fla 8, 640

Portsmouth sandy loam. — A black, brown, or gray sandy loam
about 12 inches deep, frequently containing a very large amount
of organic matter, underlain by a gray or mottled sandy clay,
which in turn is underlain usually by a compact sand having the
properties of a hardpan. Occupies level or slightly depressed
areas in the uplands. Drainage usually poor. When drained is
adapted to corn, potatoes, and truck crops
adapted to strawberries.

Particularlv well

1

Soil (14) 30

Subsoil (11) 21

Acres.

Craven, X.C 46,208

Darlington, S. C «118,208

Dover, Del 50,304

2

36
35

3

21
24

4

12
20

Acres.

Norfolk, Ya 30,016

Raleigh to Newbern, N. C « 37, 860

Worcester County, Md 9, 856

Portsmouth loam. — Dark gray to black sandy loam, 4 to 8 inches
deep, underlain by a plastic sandy clay grading into a mottled
gray and yellow clay or compact tine sand having the properties
of an impervious clay. Flat, usually depressed, upland areas,
with naturally very poor drainage. When drained and i^roperly
cultivated is well suited to corn, cotton, sugar cane, and forage
plants.

1

2
2

3

51
47

4

14
21

2

Soil (2) ; 2 33

Subsoil (2) 2 31

Acres.
McNeill, Miss 3, 328

« Mapped as Goldsboro compact sandy loam, which name will not be used
hereafter.

68 Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains Soils.

Portsmouth clay. — The soil is a black mucky loam containing a
large amount of organic matter. This grades into a gray or dark
gray mixture of line sand and silt which extends for a depth of 6
to 15 inches. This is underlain by a stiff, sticky yellow or mot-
tled clay, quite impervious to water. Occupies flat, generally
slightly depressed areas in the uplands, which have very poor
natural drainage. When properly drained is a very fine soil for
corn or cotton. The former produces as much as 40 to 80 bushels,
the latter a bale or more per acre. It also yields well of hay or
other forage crops. Some of the late truck crops, particularly
cabbage and late varieties of Irish potatoes, are successfully grown,
as well as small fruits.

12 3 4

Soil (1) 15 27 50 8

Subsoil (1) 13 22 45 20

Acres.
Craven, N. (^ -15, 504

ORANGEBURG SERIES.

The Orangeburg series is derived mainly, but not entirely,
from the red sand and clays of the Lafayette mantle of the coastal
plains. The overlying sands are frequently brown or gray,
although typically reddish in part, and are invariably underlain
at some depth within 3 feet from the surface by a sandy clay
nearly always red, but occasionally yellow, resembling the mate-
rial underlying the Norfolk series. The characteristic difference
between this and the Norfolk series is the prevailing red color of
the subsoil. The crop values for corresponding soils in the two
series are about the same, but the red clay soils appear to possess
a higher fertility and are generally stronger than the correspond-
ing soils of the Norfolk series. The Orangeburg clay and the
Norfolk silt loam are comparable as to crop yields, although the
former imder judicious management and under the same climatic
conditions would probably exceed the latter in tiie production of
the staple farm crops. The Orangeburg clay is a prototyjie of the
Cecil clay of the Piedmont plateau. None of the typical Orange-
burg clay has as yet been encoimtercd in the areas surveyed, but
it has been studied in other areas.

Orangeburg Series. 69

The following is the basis of separation nsed in the classification
of the Orangeburg series:

Orangeburg sand must have at least 15 inches, and not more than
36 inches, of coarse to medium grade sand overlying red sandy
clay. When such sand is more than 36 inches, whether or not
underlain by a red sandy clay at a lower depth, this material w^ould
])e called Norfolk sand.

Orangeburg fine sand must have at least 15 inches, and not more
than 36 inches, of fine sand overlying red sandy clay.

Orangeburg sandy loam must have more than 4 inches, and less
than 15 inches, of coarse to medium sand or sandy loam overlying
red sandy clay.

Orangeburg fine sandy loam must have more than 4 inches, and
less than 15 inches, of fine sand overlying red sandy clay.

Orangeburg loam must have an average depth of 10 inches of red
loam overlying red sandy clay.

- Orangeburg silt loam must have an average depth of about 10
inches of red loam with high silt content, underlain by material
of the same or heavier character.

Orangeburg day must have the distinctive red sandy clay of this
group within 4 inches of the surface.

These soils usually contain small iron concretions or small
pebbles.

Orangeburg sand. — A gray or reddish sand, of medium texture,
from 6 to 8 inches deep, usually containing some iron concretions,
with a reddish-yellow sandy subsoil, which in turn is underlain
at a depth of from 15 to 36 inches l\v a red sandy clay. Occupies
usually gently rolling areas. Has good natural drainage. Gives
fair yields of corn or cotton. Adapted to early truck, peaches,
and thin wrapper tobacco.

12 3 4

Soil (3) '^2 05 6 7

Subsoil (3) 16 55 5 23

Acres.

Darlington, S. C o9,984

Gadsden, Fla 31, 552

Perry County. Ala « 196, 288

"Mapped as Orangeburg sandy loam. The red sandy clay subsoil is too far
below the surface in these areas to warrant classing the soil as the Orangeburg
sandv loam.

To Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains Soils,

Orangeburg sandy loam. — A coarse to medium red or dark-brown
eand, generally loose and incoherent, from 4 to 15 inches in depth,
resting on a red sandy clay, usually containing small gravel and
iron concretions. Rolling to level upland areas, especially upland
ridges and slopes. Adapted to general farming, giving good yields
of cotton, corn, and rather small yields of Avheat and oats. In
South Carolina, adapted to the bright yellow tobacco; in Florida
and Texas, to the cigar wrapper and filler leaf. This is the prin-
cipal peach soil of the Fort Valley area, Georgia.

12 3 4

Soil (15) 22 51 16 11

Subsoil (15) 15 37 15 33

Acres.

Darlington, S. C «6,592

Fort Valley, Ga 24, 896

Gadsden, Fla 37, 248

McNeill, Miss 7, 296

Acres.

Paris, Tex 12, 224

Perry County, Ala &82, 752

Woodville, Tex 1, 152

Orangeburg fine sandy loam. — A fine gray or brown sand from 4

to 15 inches deep, overlying a red sandy clay. Occupies level and

rolling to hilly areas in uplands and has good drainage. Well

adapted to cotton, gives fair yields of corn, and particularly well

adapted to truck crops and peaches.

12 3 4

Soil (18) 6 63 23 8

Subsoil (18) 4 43 20 34

Acres.

Jacksonville, Tex 18,752

Lnfkin, Tex 6,400

Miller County, Ark 224, 640

Mobile, Ala 26, 880

Acres.

Nacogdoches, Tex 16, 320

Ouachita Parish, La 172, 800

Paris, Tex 69,184

Orangeburg loam. ''

Orangeburg silt loam. — A l)rown, red, or chocolate loam contain-
ing a high percentage of silt, from 6 to 20 inches deep, underlain
by the same material somewhat heavier to a depth of 36 inches,

"Mapped as Orangeburg loam, but the surface soil is too coarse, loose, and
incoherent for the true Orangeburg loam.

''Ma[)ped as Orangeburg clay. The surface^oil is too deep for true Orange-
burg clay.

cThe typical Orangeburg loam has not yet been found. The soil mapped
under this name in Darlington County, S. C, in 1902, has been correlated with
the Orangeburg sandy loam.

Houdon Series. 71

frequently grading below this into a fine sandy loam. Occupies
level or slightly rolling areas frequently subject to overflow. Well
adapted to cotton and corn.

12 3 4

Soil (3) 0 9 66 21

Subsoil(3) 0 13 64 23

Acres.
Paris, Tex 8,512

Orangeburg clay. — A red loam or clay loam, with an average
depth of 8 inches, resting on a stiff, tenacious reddish-brown or
red clay. Generally the surface is rolling or hilly and the surface
drainage is excellent. Native growth is hardwood. Cotton and
corn are the principal crops, the former yielding from one-third
to 1 bale and the latter from 15 to 45 bushels per acre. The
better areas of this type are believed to be adapted to the pro-
duction of a fine grade of domestic Cuban filler tobacco.

1

Soil (12) 10

Subsoil (12).... 8

2

3

4

42

21

24

30

19

43

Acres.

Fort Valley, Ga 31,168

Jacksonville, Tex 4, 096

Acres.

Nacogdoches, Tex 16, 704

Paris, Tex 59, 136

HOUSTON SERIES.

The Houston series occurs in the black calcareous prairies of the
Gulf Coastal Plains.

Houston silt loam. — A grayish-brown fine loam, containing a high
percentage of silt, 4 to 15 inches deep, underlain by a stiff, rather
impervious silt loam or silt clay, varying in color from yellowish-
gray to brown. At 5 or 6 feet it usually grades into a soft, rotten
material. Occupies level areas, but has good drainage. Used
mainly for pasture, but general farm crops do fairly well.

12 3 4

Soil (3) ; 3 26 54 17

Subsoil (3) 2 16 43 39

Acres.
Paris, Tex 22,080

Houston clay. — A brown or yellow clay loam from 4 to 8 inches
deep, grading into a yellow clay subsoil of a stiff plastic character

72 Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains Soils.

and underlain by blue or gray clay. Occupies level or gently roll-
ing country, usually prairie, and owes its origin to Cretaceous sedi-
ments. Cracks in summer, but is very plastic when wet. Cotton
principal product. Adapted to stock raising. Corn and oats do
well.

12 3 4

Soil (6) • 7 16 52 24

Subsoil(6) 2 11 45 42

Acres.

Paris, Tex 40, 064

Perry County, Ala 136, 128

Houston black clay. — Drab to black clay, 4 to 6 inches deep, fria-
ble when well cultivated, but becoming waxy and sticky when
wet, and if not continually cultivated caking into a very hard and
compact mass that cracks into irregular blocks on drying. Sub-
soil a waxy, very stiff, and tenacious clay of same color as soil.
Both soil and subsoil contain varying quantities of lime concre-
tions, ranging generally from 1 to 10 millimeters in diameter, but
frequently larger. Pockets of quartz are also found, and pockets
of the drab soil in the black, and vice versa. Very fertile soil.
Used, commonly for corn, cotton, and rice according to locality,
elevation, and drainage. Adapted also to grass.

1 2 :j 4

Soil (9) ' 2 21 46 28

Subsoil (9) 2 13 48 32

Acres.

Brazoria, Tex 272, 276

Paris, Tex 35, 008

Willis, Tex " 20, 480

VERNON SERIES.

Vernon sand. — A loose, incoherent sand of medium texture,
about 18 inches deep, underlain by a looser and coarser material.
In color it ranges from a yellow in its least typical phase to a red-
dish-brown where, on the upland, it contains some organic matter.
The river-flat phase contains a little silty material. The upland
phase is at times slightly sticky, probably from the presence of
lime carbonate. The U])land areas are always well drained.

a Mapped as San .lacinto clay, whicli name will not be used hereafter.

Vernon Series. 73

Kafir corn, sorghum, and cotton principal crojis. Apples, peaches,
and melons do well. The lowland phase used for pasturage.

12 3 4

Soil (3) 20 68 8 4

Subsoil (3) 16 66 11 6

Acres.
Vernon, Tex 56, 448

Vernon fine sand. — A loose, fine to medium, gray to reddish-gray
sand or sandy loam, resting on a loose sand of medium texture
extending to a depth of several feet. River valley soil, and allu-
vial in origin. "While well drained, the soil is more retentive of
moisture than would be thought from the loose texture. Princi-
pal crops are corn and cotton, the latter yielding about three-
fourths of a bale per acre. Corn averages well, the usual yield
being about 50 bushels per acre. Higher lying areas are well
adapted to fruit, especially peaches. Vegetables also do well, but
are grown only for home consumption.

12 3 4

Soil (3) 7 62 26 6

Subsoil (3) 6 60 26 7

Acres.
Paris, Tex 13, 312

Vernon sandy loam. — A dark-red to reddish-brown sandy loam,
from 12 to 18 inches deep, mellow, friable, and easily worked.
The subsoil to a depth of 36 inches is heavier in texture, and varies
from a red to a brown color. Soil is alluvial in origin, and gener-
all)'well drained. Corn, wheat, Kafir corn, oats, and cotton prin-
cipal crops.

12 3 4

Soil (2) 16 56 17 11

Subsoil (2) 14 48 22 15

Acres.
Vernon, Tex 30, 592

Vernon fine sandy loam. — A fine brownish-red sand, about 22
inches deep, carrying considerable silt. The subsoil is the same
as the soil, except that it is a little lighter in color in the lower
depths. From 4 to 6 feet the material is generally a yellowish-red
fine sand. Occupies bluffs along rivers. Surface is slightly roll-
ing and the drainage excellent. Derived from wind-blown river

74 Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains Soils.

sand when streams were at higher levels. Used principally for

pasturage, but adapted to wheat, corn, oats, cotton, and other

farm crops.

1 2 3 4

Soil (2) 1 38 54 7

Subsoil (2) 1 37 53 9

Acres.
Vernon, Tex 5,248

Vernon loam. — Surface soil is a fine-grained, reddish-brown to
dark-brown loam, 12 inches deep, mellow and friable and easily-
worked. The subsoil is a light reddish-brown loam, heavier in
texture than the soil. At from 3 to 6 feet it is underlain by red
clay. Occupies level and slightly rolling areas of the prairie up-
land, is fairly well drained, and is derived from the weathering
of material forming the Permian red beds. Corn, wheat, oats,
Kafir corn, and sorghum are the principal crops.

12 3 4

Soil (3) 2 26 60 12

Subsoil (3) 3 23 59 11

Acres.
Vernon, Tex 59, 392

Vernon silt loam. — A silt loam about 10 inches deep, underlain
by a loose, yellow sand. Occurs upon river flats, usually near
bluff line. Poorly drained. Formed by deposits from river. At
present used only for pasturage and of little agricultural value.

12 3 4

Soil (2) 1 32 56 11

Subsoil (2) 3 38 47 ' 12

Acres.
Vernon, Tex 2, 880

Vernon clay. — A red clay to heavy clay loam about 9 inches

deep, in some localities containing a small percentage of rounded

quartz gravel. The subsoil is a i leavy, sticky, red clay. It often

contains water worn gravel from b to 4 inches in diameter. Derived

from the Permian red beds, and is the underlying basal clay of

the Vernon loam. Principally used for pasture.

12 8 4

Soil (2) 2 25 59 15

Subsoil (2) 2 19 61 18

Acres.
Vernon, Tex 22, 592

Miscellaneous Soils. 75

MISCELLANEOUS SOILS OF THE GULF COASTAL PLAINS.

Calcasieu fine sand. — A fine sand or fine sandy loam, 18 inches in
depth, underlain by 10 inches of loam bearing some silt and sand,
grading into mottled clays. Subsoils often carry iron concretions.
Fine sand phase is a loose, incoherent gray or dark sand derived
in the deposition of the coastal terrace. Fine sandy loam phase
is a yellow sand or sandy loam occupying districts near rivers.
Type found in low ridges and pine regions. Adapted to truck and
orchard crops.

12 3 4

Soil (5) 1 56 34 8

Subsoil (4) 1 37 34 25

Acres.
Lake Charles, La 13, 970

Calcasieu fine sandy loam. — This type consists of a compact, gray,
fine sandy loam from 6 to 18 inches in depth, resting on a clay
loam subsoil that grades into a black or yellow clay containing
lime nodules and iron concretions. Occurs along streams in very
gently rolling areas. A good truck soil and also adapted to pears
and berries.

12 3 4

Soil (6) 1 53 36 10

Subsoil (6) 1 39 37 22

Acres.

Brazoria, Tex 23, 040

Lake Charles, La 5, 500

Lake Charles fine sandy loam. — A dark-brown or black sandy
loam, merging sometimes to light gray, 14 inches in depth; subsoil
a loam which grades at 10 inches into a clay loam carrying some
silt. Under the clay loam occurs a mottled clay subsoil, often car-
rying iron or lime concretions. Found on the higher elevations
and marked by sand hummocks. Owes its texture to local erosion
and admixture of sand from hummock areas. Originally a coastal
deposit. Adapted to farm crops requiring light soils and medium

drainage.

12 3 4

Soil (10) : 2 32 53 11

Subsoil (11) 2 26 47 23

Acres.

Acadia Parish, La 28, 032

Brazoria, Tex 38, 784

Lake Charles. La 53, 300

76 Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains Soils.

Lake Charles loam. — Dark-brown, black, or bluish-black loam,
carrying high percentage of organic material. At 14 inches sub-
soil of clay loam appears, underlain by mottled clay. Origin, local
swamp areas, into which fine loam has drifted. A heavy soil, dif-
ficult to till. Properly cultivated makes an excellent rice land.

12 3 4

Soil (5) 2 12 yj'l 22

Subsoil (5) 3 12 57 27

Acres.

Acadia Parish, La 4, G08

Lake Charles, La 1, 770

Calcasieu loam. — Dark-brown, brownish-gray, or gray silty loam
6 to 16 inches in depth, grading into clay loam 8 inches deep,
beneath which are mottled clays. Origin of soil, coastal deposit.
Found in poorly drained areas of depression containing scattered
sand mounds. Is an excellent rice soil.

12 3 4

Soil (3) 1 22 60 14

Subsoil (4) 1 22 55 20

Acres.
Lake Charles, La 51,280

Lacasine clay loam. — A heavy brown or black clay loam 20 inches
deep, grading into mottled clay, blue generally predominating.
Subsoil contains some silt, iron nodules, and sometimes lime con-
cretions. Found in depressions in large swamp areas free from
hummocks. A heavy soil, difficult to till and poorly drained,
but with lasting properties. This type has no agricultural impor-
tance.

12 3 4

Soil (3) 2 24 53 18

Subsoil (3) 0 It; 56 24

Acres.
Luke Charles, La 3,470

Acadia silt loam. — A white or light ash-gray silt and fine sand,
from 16 to oO inches deep, underlain by a silty clay of a mottled
brown and yellow color. Occurs in rolling areas. Very little
cultivated.

1 2 3 I

Soil (2) 3 8 69 21

■ Subsoil (2) 2 4 63 31

Acres.
Acadia Parish, La 80, 280

Miscellaneous Soils. 77

Almyra silt loam. — Mottled, grayish-brown silty loam about 12
inches deep, resting on material of the same general character,
though lighter in color, and grading by degrees through a whitish
silt into a reddish-brown clay. Subsoil contains iron concretions
and is stained \vith iron. Occupies level and depressed areas of
prairie upland. Poorly drained and difficult to till. Native vege-
tation, a scattered growth of scrub oak near forested areas; else-
where, coarse jjrairie grasses. With proper tillage good yields of
oats, corn, cowpeas, sorghum, and Kafir corn are obtained. At
present used principally for pasture and wild hay,

12 3 4

Soil (3) -1 5 77 16

Subsoil (3) 2 4 75 19

Acres.
Stuttgart, Ark 63, 104

Landry silt loam. — Dark-brown loam 10 inches deep, underlain
by a heavy brown clay loam, grading into greenish-yellow or drab
clays. Occupies slightly rolling areas. Has a compact and some-
times chalky structure, but breaks up readily into a white fluffy
powder. The subsoil differs from that of the Crowley silt loam
in being more friable, less plastic, and having a more noticeable
silty texture. The subsoil contains numerous lime and iron con-
cretions. Fertile soil, but surface is so rolling that irrigation is
impracticable, and rice culture — the principal industry of the
area — is therefore impossible. Fairly well adapted to cotton.

12 3 4

Soil (3) 3 8 70 18

Subsoil (3) 2 5 71 22

Acres.
Acadia Parish, La 37, 696

Crowley silt loam. — Brown or ash-gray loam, composed of fine
sand and silt, sufficiently compact to render it rather impervious
to water, so that water collecting on the s<urface usually remains
until evaporated. The soil ranges in depth from 10 to 25 inches
with an average depth of about 16 inches. The subsoil is a mot-
tled brown and yellow clay containing lime and iron concretions.
Below 3 feet it grades into a silty, friable clay. Occurs in level
prairies. One of the finest rice soils of south Louisiana. When

78 Flood Plains of the Mississijyj^i River.

well drained is also well adapted to cotton, which, however, has

been very little jrrown.

12 3 4

Soil (3) 2 10 63 25

Subsoil (3) 2 7 60 31

Acres.
Acadia Parish, La 244,160

Morse clay. — Soil is a heavy silt or clay loam, 6 to 8 inches
deep, underlain by a heavy mottled clay, both soil and subsoil
being quite calcareous. Occurs along stream courses, and has
generally good drainage. Very unimportant soil, difficult to till,
and little under cultivation. Adapted to rice where irrigation is
possible, and in the well-drained areas is fairly adapted to corn
and cotton.

12 3 4

Soil (1) 3 5 52 41

Subsoil (1) 1 4 11 54

Acres.
Acadia Parish, La 1, 664

SOILS OF THE FLOOD PLAINS OF THE MISSISSIPPI KIVEU AND ITS

LARGER TRIBUTARIES.

A separate place has been given to the extensive characteristic
soils encountered in the Mississippi flood plains. While the soils
are typical of the Mississippi Valley they have also been found
along some of the tributary rivers. There is no sharp distinction,
however, between these or other bottom soils found along the
rivers of the Middle "West. The principal types are comprised in
the Yazoo series.

YAZOO SERIES.

Yazoo sandy loam. — Fine to very fine yellow sand, 0 to 6 inches;
])rown loamy sand, 6 to 12 inches; fine yellow sand, 12 to 40
inches; or, near the margins of areas, underlain liy waxy clay
below 12 inches. Occupies low, flat ridges, forming front lands
near stream courses in river deltas. Chief product is cotton, ]>nt
soil is suited to truck and market-garden crops. Corn and truck
in northern areas.

12 3 4

Soil (22) 3 42 50 8

Subsoil (22) 2 2S 56 14

Miscellaneous Soils.

79

Acres. Acres.

Brazoria, Tex 31,872 St. Clair County, 111 12,800

Clay County, 111 1,344 Smedes, Miss 8,512

Clinton County, 111 2,176 Tazewell County, 111 128

New Orleans, La 41, 600 Yazoo, Miss 26, 670

Posey County, Ind 2, 752

Yazoo loam. — Yellow or brown loam or silt loam, 0 to 6 inches;
drab clay or fine compact sandy loam, 6 to 40 inches. Low ridges
in river deltas. Represents higher lying areas of fine sediment
deposited by innndations. Strong cotton soil, producing 1 bale
per acre. In northern areas adapted to corn and wheat.

1 -2 3

Soil (13) 2 20 62

Subsoil (12) 2 16 59

Acres.

4
15

99

Clay County, 111 1, 472

New Orleans, La 18, 112

Parsons, Kans 28, 352

Posey County, Ind 8, 320

Acres.

St. Clair County, 111 4, 160

Smedes, Miss 20, 288

Yazoo, Miss 16, 080

Yazoo clay. — Heavy drab clay loam 5 inches deep, which sun
cracks to a state closely resembling "buckshot land;" subsoil drab
clay 5 to 40 inches, usually underlain by sand below 5 or 6 feet.
Low areas to rear of front lands and higher ridges in open forest
lands in river deltas. L^sually would be improved by drainage.
Northern areas corn; southern areas finest cotton soil, yielding
from IJ to 1| bales per acre.

12 3 4

Soil (25) 2 10 55 33

Subsoil (25) 2 10 53 35

Acres.

Brazoria, Tex 9, 152

Clinton County, 111 5, 376

.Tohnson County, 111 1, 664

New Orleans, La 18, 368

Parsons, Kans 68, 544

Posey County, Ind 30, 720

Acres.

St. Clair County, 111 26, 994

Smedes, Miss 37, 760

Tazewell County, 111 13, 696

Union County, Ky 24,448

Yazoo, Miss 45, 080

MISCELL.\XEOUS SOILS OF THE FLOOD PLAINS OF THE MISSISSIPPI
RIVER AND ITS LARGER TRIBUTARIES.

Miller fine sand. — A fine to very fine salmon-colored sand, 6 to
12 inches in depth, and frequently quite loamy from the presence
of organic matter. The subsoil consists of 6 inches of loamv sand

80 Flood Plains of the Mlsslssljjjji Ewer,

or fine sand, resting on a fine sand to very fine sand, uniform in
texture to a depth of 36 inches or more. At 6 or 8 feet below the
surface a red clay occurs. Occupies river bottoms, but lies above
any but the very highest floods. Soil is the result of river sedi-
mentation. Subject to inundation, but is well drained when
water in the river is at normal level. Corn yields from 20 to 50
bushels, and cotton one-half to 1 bale per acre. Bermuda grass
affords good pasturage and abundant crops of hay.

12 3 4

Soil (2) 1 81 16 3

Subsoil (2) 0 84 13 2

Acres.
Miller County, Ark 34, 688

Miller fine sandy loam. — A gray, brown, or yellow very fine
sandy loam, underlain by a subsoil of drab or red clay, having a
depth of 36 inches or more. The subsoil frequently grades into a
compact silt or sandy loam. Occupies high ridges along streams,
or areas at the base of upland escarpments, the greater part Ijeing
above the reach of floods. Soil is derived from the mixture of
river sediments and wash from the uplands. The drainage is not
very good. The native vegetation is oak, hickory, ash, elm, and
hackberry, with cane brakes along bayous. Cotton and corn are
the principal crops, the former on well-drained areas yielding
from one-half bale to l^ bales, and the latter from 20 to 40 bushels
per acre.

1 1' 3 4

Soil (3) 2 66 21 11

Subsoil (3) 1 45 33 20

Acres.
Miller County, Ark 28, 544

Arkansas fine sandy loam. — Black or brown fine sandy loam 10
or 12 inches deep resting on a black fine sand grading into a yellow
fine sand at from 20 to 24 inches, the latter extending to a depth
of several feet. Soil contains a relatively large proi>ortion of
organic; matter. Occurs on narrow areas along rivers and streams
and sometimes in isolated depressions in uplands. The surface is
level to gently rolling, and in places is broken by a few low dunes.
Generally has good drainage, although some low, depressed areas
need artificial drainage. Soil is a river-sediment type, modified
to some extent by the addition of wind-blown material. Is a

Mlscellaneoics Soils. 81

fairly good agricultural soil, yielding medium crops of wheat and
oats, and from 20 to 40 bushels of corn. Sugar beets are grown,
7 to 10 tons per acre being secured. Irish potatoes and alfalfa give
good returns, and the soil seems best adapted to these products,
and probably could be used to advantage for truck. Some wild
hay is harvested from the wetter areas, the yield ranging from
one-half to three-fourths ton per acre.

12 3 4

Soil (1) 4 70 16 9

Subsoil (1) 5 69 19 6

Acres.
Stanton, Nebr 22, 144

Arkansas loam. — This type consists of a very dark brown loam,
fine grained and mellow, about 10 inches in depth. In poorly
drained spots it is inclined to be somewhat heavy and sticky, while
in areas where it lies in close proximity to the dunes of the Arkan-
sas River it is frequently modified by wind-blown sand and has
somewhat of the nature of a sandy loam. The subsoil is composed
of a grayish-brown mixture of clay and silt, resting on interstrati-
fied layers of sand, medium to fine in texture, and clay. The latter
is somewhat calcareous, or contains small concretions of lime. The
soil is alluvial in origin, and the surface is flat. It is elevated from
6 to 15 feet above the streams, and a part of it is subject to almost
annual inundation. Nearly all the ordinary farm crops are grown.
The soil is particularly well adapted to alfalfa. Potatoes and other
vegetables do well. Grapes and other fruits are grown with profit.

12 3 4

Soil (3) 4 29 54 13

Subsoil (2) 3 21 50 26

Acres.
Wichita, Kans 45, 568

Lintonia loam. — Brown silty loam, 0 to 9 inches; yellow silt, 9

to 36 inches, underlain by drab clay at a depth of 3 or 4 feet.

Slope in front of bluff. Rarely inundated, but subject to addition

of material from bluff during winter rains. Cotton produces well.

Adapted also to market gardening and fruit culture. In northern

areas good yields of corn, wheat, oats, hay, and potatoes.

12 3 4

Soil (10) 2 16 71 11

Subsoil (8) 3 14 69 14

31896—04 6

82

Piedmont Plateau Soils.

Acres.

Dubuque, Iowa 22, 272

St. Clair County, 111 5, 696

Smedes, Miss 10, 368

Acres.

TazcAvell County, 111 29, 0o6

Yazoo, Miss 3, 060

Kaskaskia loam. — Surface soil consists of a heavy brown loam 9
inches deep, containing much silt. The subsoil is a mottled gray
and yellow silty loam or silty clay. Occupies low alluvial bottoms;
subject to overflow; often poorly drained. Derived from alluvial
sediments. Corn and hay principal crops.

1

Soil (10) 2

Subsoil (10) 3

Acres.

Clinton County, 111 24,576

Knox County, 111 29, 148

McLean County, 111 20, 352

Sharkey clay. — Soil is a stiff, waxy clay, 8 inches deep, varying
in color from black to light chocolate brown, and containing lime
and iron concretions. Subsoil is a stiff, impervious clay, similar
to soil. Surface sun-cracks readily. Locally known as ' ' buckshot ' '
land. A poorly drained soil occupying lowest portions of river
bottoms. Subject to overflow annually. When diked and well
drained it is a strong soil, suited to corn, sugar cane, and cotton.

Sangamon County. Ill
St. Clair County, 111

'1 3

4

10 61

27

11 61

26

Acres.

y. Ill

40, 192

Ill

9, 664

Soil (22)

Subsoil (22)..

.^cres.

Brazoria, Tex 133, 056

Miller County, Ark 110, 656

New Orleans, La 157, 952

Ouachita, La 67, 264

Paris. Tex 19, 136

1 •-> :{ 4

2 9 41 48

1 6 39 53

Acres.

Parsons, Kans 31, 808

Smedes, Miss 149,440

Union County. Ky 4, 032

Yazoo, Miss 184, 380

PIKD.MO.M PLATEAU SOILS.

The soils of the Piedmont Plateau are derived almost exclusively
from the disintegration of igneous or inetamorphic rocks, the
materials of which have been further modified by local erosion
and stream action. The characteristic soil of the region is the Cecil
chiy, a heavy but frial)le red clay, extending from New Jersey to
Georgia and forming the soil or the subsoil over much of the area

Cecil Series. 83

of the plateau. The surface of the plateau has been very much
cut by stream action, giving a very rolling and in places a hilly
character to the country. A peculiar characteristic of the soils is
that they are composed either of coarse sand or of heavy clay,
very few soils of intermediate texture being found. The lighter
soils are but poorly adapted to general farm crops, but on account
of their ease of cultivation and the light draft animals and general
conditions of labor are usually preferred to the clay soils. The
latter, especially the Cecil clay, are adapted to corn, wheat, and
grass, but are more difficult to cultivate, and during the hot sum-
mers, with indifferent cultivation, crops are often poor in quality
and low in yields. The Cecil clay when well cultivated, as it is
in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Maryland, appears like a differ-
ent soil from the raw, gullied areas in many portions of the
Southern States.

CECIL SERIES.

Cecil stony loam. — Soil derived from the weathering of igneous
and metamorphic rocks and of intrusive dikes of fine-grained trap
(diabase). Soil is a red loam about 12 inches deep, mixed with
from 30 to 60 per cent of stones and bowlders. Subsoil is a heavy
red clay or clay loam, also containing rock fragments. This type
produces good general farm crops when cleared of stones.

12 3 4

Soil (4) 21 32 29 15

Subsoil (4) 12 28 24 34

Acres.

Campobello, S. C 1, 805

Lancaster County, Pa "4, 900

Lebanon, Pa 22, 500

Cecil sand. ^ — Coarse sand, rather loamy in character, about 6
inches deep, underlain with material of the same kind but of lighter
color, and this in turn underlain at from 18 to 22 inches with a
5'ellow sandy clay. Residual soil derived from granite, gneiss,
and mica schist. Usually from 10 to 30 per cent of quartz and

f< Part mapped as Hempfield stony loam and part as Manor stony loam,
neither of which names will again be used.
'> Mapped as Durham sandy loam, which name will not be used hereafter.

84 Piedmont Plateau Soils.

rock fragments in both soil and subsoil. Good for cotton. Fair

soil for corn, but giving low yields. Fairly good for truck,

especially sweet potatoes and watermelons, and has been used to

considerable extent for bright tobacco.

1 i i A

Soil (16) 34 41 16 7

Subsoil (16) 22 28 16 31

Acres.

Abbeville, S. C 27, 840

Alamance County, N. C 84, 900

Campobello, S. C 2, 086

Gary, X. C 8, 090

Acres.

Hickory, N. C 7, 360

Prince Edward, Va 20, 710

Raleigh to Newbern, N. C 20, 950

Statesville, N. C 10, 560

Cecil sandy loam. — Soil is a sandy loam of a brownish or yellowish
color, 6 to 15 inches deep; subsoil is a clay of reddish or yellowish
color, containing coarse sand, both soil and subsoil containing
fragments of quartz. There is usually considerable quartz on the
surface. High, rolling land of Piedmont Plateau. Derived from
granite, gneiss, and other metamorphosed rocks. Corn and cotton
soil of the southern Piedmont. Is used for both bright and dark
shipping tobacco in Virginia. Lightest desirable soil for general
farming purposes.

1 •_' 3 4

Soil (24) 33 37 19 11

Subsoil (24) 17 17 19 42

Acres.

Abbeville, S. C 236, 288

Albemarle, Va 47, 808

Bedford, Va 33, 740

Campobello, S. C 85, 888

Cary, X. C 26, 090

Cobb County, Ga 23, 170

Acres.

Covington, Ga 27, 500

Hickory, X. C 355, 968

Prince Edward , Vu 91 , 710

Raleigh to Xewbern, X. C 15. 560

Statesville, X. C 148, 910

Cecil loam. — Soil is a loam, or heavy sandy loam, of brown or

yellow color, 10 inches deep; heavy loam or clay loam subsoil of

reddish color, both soil and subsoil containing fragments of quartz,

with usually considerable quartz on the surface. High, rolling

land. Derived from granite, gneiss, and other metamorphosed

rocks. Recognized as good soil for general farming purposes, but

requires careful treatment. Adapted to wheat, corn, and grass.

Used extensively for tomatoes.

1

Soil (12) 12

Subsoil (12) 12

o

;i

4

20

44

22

19

42

26

Cecil Series.

85

Acres.

Albemarle, Va 94,592

Cecil County, Md 52, 600

Harford County, Md 110, 320

Acres.

Leesburg, Va 89, 600

Trenton, N. J 13, 952

Cecil mica loam. — Loose brown loam, 12 inches deep, underlain
by clay loam, both soil and subsoil consisting largely of small
fragments of muscovite mica, which makes them soft and almost
incoherent. Rolling land of Piedmont Plateau. Derived from
decomposition of highly crystalline rocks; typically developed in
Cecil County, Md., and Lancaster County, Pa. Recognized as
good land for general farming purposes.

12 3 4

Soil (8) 15 34 30 18

Subsoil (8) 22 33 26 16

Acres.

Cecil County, Md 10,000

Harford County, Md 39, 930

Lancaster County, Pa 10, 000

Acres.

Leesburg, Va 4, 608

Prince George County, Md 600

Cecil silt loam. — Light yellowish-gray to white silt loam, 8 to 10
inches deep, frequently containing from 10 to 30 per cent of rock
fragments. The subsoil is a light yellow to red clay, becoming
heavier with depth. Occupies high, rolling areas. Derived from
highly metamorphosed crystalHne rocks. Drainage is generally
good. Frequently considerably eroded. Fair to poor soil for cot-
ton, corn, and wheat.

12 3 4

Soil (4) 6 11 64 IT

Subsoil (4) 4 9 52 32

Acres.

Alamance County, N. C « 7, 860

Leesburg, Va 4, 928

Cecil clay. — Clay soil of reddish color, 6 inches deep; stiff tena-
cious clay subsoil, of red color, both soil and subsoil containing
quartz and fragments of undecomposed rock. Occasional rock
areas and isolated bowlders or ' ' niggerheads. ' ' High, rolling land.
Derived from gabbro and other erui:>tive rocks. Occurs in the
Piedmont Plateau. Recognized as strongest soil of this region for
general farming purposes. Adapted to grass, wheat, and corn in

« Mapped as Alamance silt loam, which name will not be used hereafter.

86

Plediiwnt Plateau Soils.

Maryland and Pennsylvania; export tobacco and wheat in Vir-
ginia; and to corn, wheat, and cotton in the Carolinas.

Soil (38) 16

Subsoil (39) 10

•t

«

4

■Hi

27

26

17

25

43

Acres.

Abbeville, S. C 832, 992

Albemarle, Va 79,680

Alamance County, N. C 101, 370

Bedford, Va 142, 730

Campobello, S. C 187, 443

Cary, N. C 2, 960

Cecil County, Md 12, 500

Cobb County, Ga 166, 130

Acres.

Covington, Ga 99, 930

Harford County, Md 39, 890

Hickory, N. C 120, 704

Leesburg, Va 32, 000

Prince Edward, Va 31, 590

Raleigh to Newbern, N. C 2, 030

Statesville, N. C 289, 590

PENN SERIES.

The Penn series is derived from the disintegration of dark-red
sandstone or shale. In productiveness and latitude of crop adap-
tation the Penn series may be considered as somewhat below the
Hagerstown series and above the Cecil series for soils of corre-
sponding texture.

Penn stony loam. — Very stony land, hilly to mountainous in

character, and generally covered with a natural forest of chestnut

and oak. It consists of a rather heavy Indian-red loam, 8 to 10

inches deep, containing from 30 to 60 per cent of red or brown

sandstone fragments. The subsoil is of much the same character

to a great depth. This type is derived from the more siliceous or

hardened phase of the Triassic sandstone. It is well adapted to

forestry and orcharding, and the more level areas, when the

stones are removed, to general farm crops.

1

Soil (9) ■. 13

Subsoil (12). 17

Acres. Acres.
Connecticut Valley, Connecti-
cut and Massachusetts '«71,936

Lebanon, Pa 49, 160

2

3

4

26

38

23

31

29

22

Leesburg, Va 1, 280

Lockhaven, Pa 6,080

Trenton. N. .T 5, 632

<' Mapped as Triassic stony loam, which name will not be used liereafter out-
side the Connecticut Valley.

Penn Series. 87

Penn gravelly loam. — A dark-red or brown sandy loam, 8 to 10
inches deep, of medium texture, containing from 10 to 60 per cent
of small, rounded sandstone gravel. The subsoil is a dark Indian-
red loam or clay loam. Occurs as high, rolling upland. The
drainage is good, but the soil is inclined to ^vash badly. Derived
generally from the Triassic' red sandstone. Produces fair yields
of corn, wheat, vegetables, and small fruit.

1 1' :{ 4

Soil (2) 16 38 27 20

Subsoil (2) 16 2(5 35 23

Acres.
Leesburg, Va 704

Penn sandy loam. — Soil sandy loam, 6 to 15 inches deep, under-
lain by heavier loam or clay loam, usually Indian-red or brown in
color; sandstone fragments to the extent of 5 to 20 per cent gener-
ally present. It is derived from the Triassic red sandstone. The
surface varies from rolling to moderately hilly land. It is easily
tilled. Crops are of good ({uality, but light yield.

12 3 4

Soil (6) 26 35 23 Li

Subsoil (4) 27 23 23 26

Acres. [ Acres.

Albemarle, Va 5, 568 1 Lebanon, Pa 40, 590

Fort Payne, Ala 576 Trenton, N. J 10, 816

Penn loam. — Is a dark Indian-red loam, 8 to 12 inches deep,
underlain by Indian-red clay loam subsoil. Occasionally con-
tains 5 to 20 per cent of sandstone fragments. Surface gently
rolling. Derived from fine-grained brown or red sandstone (Tri-
assic). The drainage is fair, but plowing in beds is generally
practiced to assist the natural drainage. It is considered almost
equal to associated limestone soils in fertility.

12 3 4

Soil (9) 12 20 47 22

Subsoil (9) 12 19 45 27

Acres.

Lebanon, Pa 26, 890

Leesburg, Va 18, 880

Trenton, N. J 171, 712

88 Piedmont Plateau Soils.

Penn clay. — A dark Indian-red to dark reddish brown heavy
clay about 8 inches deep. Subsoil a dark Indian-red clay, grad-
ing into a stiffer clay. Occupies gently rolling upland as a series
of low ridges. Drainage good. Of residual origin from Triassic red
sandstone and shale. Wheat, corn, and grass are principal crops.

12 3 4

Soil (7) 8 20 32 40

Subsoil (7) 8 15 27 49

Acres.

Albemarle, Va 16, 128

Leesbiirg, Va 1 1, 776

Syracuse, N. Y 3,840

MISCELLANEOUS SOILS OF THE PIEDMONT PLATEAU.

Loudoun sandy loam. — A heavy brown or gray sandy loam 8 to 10
inches deep, underlain by a heavy yellow or red loam or clay loam.
There is a considerable variation in the subsoil, coarse sand often
forming so large a proportion as to give it almost the texture of
the soil. The surface material is not a loose sandy loam, but has
the properties of a loam, containing, however, considerable quan-
tities of coarse quartz fragments. The soil resembles in some
respects the Cecil sandy loam and Cecil loam with which it is asso-
ciated. Occurs in rolling and somewhat hilly areas, generally
well drained. Derived from the weathering of a coarse-textured
schist and an eruptive crystalline granite, the original rock con-
taining a large amount of feldspar. Good soil for corn, yielding
from 40 to 50 bushels per acre. It is too little retentive of moisture
for wheat, which produces only from 10 to 15 bushels. It is a
fairly good soil for grass and clover.

1 2 :J 4

Soil (3) 32 24 25 20

Subsoil (3) 25 21 25 29

Acres. •
Leesburfr, Va 27, 968

Worsham sandy loam. — (fray sandy loam, generally tine, and of
soft, whiti.^^h ai)pearance, having a depth of 12 to 14 inches. Sub-
soil yellowish, sticky, sandy loam or loam to a stiff, j^lastic, yel-
low clay, mottled with white. Residual origin from granites,

Miscellaneous Soils. 89

gneisses, and schists. Originally post-oak land. Clover, grasses,
hav, and pasturage.

* ^ * 12 3 4

Soil (2) 20 43 29 7

Subsoil(2) 14 26 24 34

Acres.
Prince Edward, Va 8, 520

Cardiff slate loam. — Heavy yellowish-brown loam, having a depth
of 8 or 10 inches, underlain by heavy yellow silty clay to a depth
of 3 feet or more. Both soil and subsoil contain from 15 to 40 per
cent of partially decomposed slate fragments. Formation occurs
on prominent narrow ridges. Derived from the decomposition
and breaking up of fine-grained slate. The presence of the slate
fragments in the soil makes quite friable what would otherwise be
a refractory clay. iNIuch of the area is forested with oak, chest-
nut, and other trees. Produces fair crops of corn, wheat, rye,

oats, and grass.

1 •_' :{ 4

Soil (1) 3 4 56 31

Subsoil (1) 5 7 53 29

Acres.
Harford County, Md 1, 690

Conowingo barrens. — Loam 3 feet or more in depth, frequently
filled with fragments of broken rock, increasing in size and amount
in lower depths; often there is no soil covering over the broken
fragments of rock. Rolling upland of Piedmont Plateau. Derived
from decomposition of serpentine and rocks of similar nature.
Generally unproductive and frequently worthless for agricultural
purposes, owing to slight depth of soil covering, but usually ascribed
to preponderance of magnesia.

Soil (2) 8 16 50 23

Subsoil (2) 6 14 54 23

Acres.

Albemarle, Va 6, 976

Cecil County. Md 2, 000

Harford County, Md 3, 280

Conowingo clay. — Heavy loam or red clay, 3 feet or more in
depth. High, rolling land of Piedmont Plateau. Derived from
decomposition of serpentine, steatite, and similar rocks; typically

90 Piedmont Plateau Soils.

developed in Cecil County, Md. Generally strong and productive
soil for general agricultural purposes. The difference in texture
and agricultural value between this type and the Conowingo bar-
rens has never been satisfactorily explained.

1

Soil (7) 19

Subsoil (7) 20

2

3

4

23

35

21

17

28

32

Acres.

Albemarle, Va 6, 272

Cecil County, Md 3, 000

Acres.

Harford County, Md ti, oio

Hickory, N. C 29, 952

3

4

37

14

29

42

Davie clay loam. — Pale-yellow loam 6 inches in depth, underlain
by pale-yellow friable clay which becomes red and heavier in
texture in lower depths. Soil and subsoil contain small amounts
of broken quartz fragments. Level or gently rolling uplands.
Derived from decomposition of talc schists and similar rocks.
Area mostly forested. Produces poor crops of wheat, corn, and
tobacco.

1 1

Soil (4) 7 40

Subsoil (3) 3 24

Acres.

Abbeville, S. C 25, 856

Statesville, N. C 3,370

Iredell clay loam. — Dark-brown loam 8 inches deep, containing
small rounded iron concretions on the surface. Subsoil is stiff,
impervious yellow clay 24 inches deep, underlain by soft decom-
posed rock. Level or slightly rolling areas. Residual soil derived
from diorite and similar eruptive rocks. Known as ' ' black-jack ' '
or "beeswax" land, the latter term being suggestive of the char-
acter of the subsoil. In level areas inclined to be swampy on
account of impervious nature of clay subsoil. Considered poor
cotton, corn, and wheat land.

12 3 4

Soil (10) Ls 37 35 12

Subsoil (10) 6 IS 27 45

Acres.

Abbeville, S. C 14, 848

Alamance County, N. C 18, 700

Leesburg, Va 18,048

Acres.

Prince Edward, Va 103, 070

Statesville, X. C 22, 340

Ajypidachiaii Mountain and Plateau Soils. 91

APPALAl HIAX MOUxMAIX AND ( IMBEKLA\D PLATEAU SOILS.

Two large series have been encountered in the Appalachian
Mountain and Cumberland Plateau, viz, the Porters series, de-
rived from igneous rocks, and the De Kalb series, derived from
sandstone and shales. The Porters series is analagous in every
way, except in physiographic position, to the Cecil series of the
Piedmont Plateau. The mountainous character of the country in
which these soils are found renders them difficult of cultivation,
and the cultivated fields are small in extent. The soils are also at
a much higher elevation, and so are influenced more or less by
different climatic conditions. On the more level and less elevated
areas wheat, corn, rye, and barley, and some fruit, particularly
apples, are produced. At a medium elevation and under suitable
conditions of slope and exposure fruit is the principal crop. Graz-
ing of cattle is one of the most important industries. The soils
seem eminently adapted to fruit culture, and this industry is
rapidly extending and is destined to take on much larger j^ropor-
tions.

PORTERS SERIES.

Porters stony loam. — Grayish-yellow sandy loam, 10 inches deep,
mixed with fragments of sandstone and other rocks. Subsoil
grades from reddish-brown clay loam to a stiff red clay in lower
depths, and contains some coarse sand and a large percentage of
sandstone fragments. Rolling valley lands and gentle slopes of
mountains. Soil is colluvial, derived from wash from mountains,
Vjut subsoil is derived from decomposition of underlying rocks.
Produces good crops — wheat, corn, 'grass, tobacco, rye, and apples.

12 3 4

Soil (9) 25 30 29 1-1

Subsoil (7) 17 25 27 26

Acres.

Alamance County, X. C "4. 960

Cobb County, Ga n 2, 020

Acres.

Hickory, N. C 25,152

Statesville, N. C 8, 130

Porters sand. — Grayish-yellow coarse sand, 10 inches in depth,
overlying coarse sand and masses of broken rock. Fraginents of
rock and huge bowlders scattered on the surface. Occupies

('Mapped as Herndon stony loam, ^v-hich name will not hereafter be used.

92 AjjpalacJiian Mountain and Plateau Soils.

mountain slopes. Is derived from weathering of granite, gneiss,

and similar rocks. AVhere slopes are not steep, used to some

extent for general farming. Formerly bright tobacco was grown.

Adapted to peach and grape culture.

1

Soil (11) 41

Subsoil (11) 48

2

3

4

34

14

12

33

10

8

Acres.

Hickory, N. C 11,264

Mount Mitchell. N. C 42,816

Acres.

Albemarle, Va 115, 136

Asheville, N.C 13,056

Campobello, S. C 15, 238

Porters sandy loam. — A grayish-yellow sandy loam, 6 to 15 inches
deep. The subsoil is a tenacious red clay. Both soil and subsoil
contain fragments of quartz and other rocks. Occupies mountain
or high, rolling lands. A residual soil from igneous rocks. Wheat,
corn, oats, rye, potatoes, and fruit are the principal crops.

12 3 4

Soil (19) 30 34 23 13

Subsoil (19) 24 29 24 23

Acres. I Acres.

Mount Mitchell, N.C 76, 480

Hickory, N.C 49, 792

Asheville, N.C 41 , 792

Bedford, Va 46,150

Campobello, S. C 13, 267

Porters loam. — A dark-red or gray loam, 6 to 15 inches deep.
Subsoil is a tenacious red clay. Both soil and subsoil contain
fragments of (juartz and other rocks. Occupies mountain or high,
rolling lands. Derived from igneous rocks. Wheat, corn, oats,
rye, potatoes, and fruit are the principal crops.

1

Soil (3) .'. 22

Subsoil (3) 16

Acres.
Asheville, N.C 180,416

Porters black loam. — Rich, dark loam, 15 inches deep, mixed
with rounded and angular fragments of rock, often several feet in
diameter. Subsoil is a yellowish-brown or reddish clay loam,
containing a large percentage of rocks. Steep slopes of higher
mountains. Residual soil derived from granite, gneiss, and similar
rocks. Fertile soil, but slopes are too steep and stony to admit of
extensive cultivation for general farm crops. Especially adapted

2

3

4

29

24

25

21

20

44

De Kalb Series. 93

to apples, particularly the Albemarle pippin. For this apple the
small coves on the east side of the mountains are considered most
desirable. Where exposed on the top of mountains it has little
value for fruit, and is used only for grazing.

12 3 4

Soil (lo) 22 27 25 24

Subsoil (12) 23 25 26 26

Acres.

Hickory, X. C 512

Mount Mitchell, N. C 87, 808

Acres.

Albemarle, Va 68, 736

Asheville, X. C 24,064

Bedford, Va 8, 270

Porters clay. — Reddish-brown clay loam, 6 inches deep, under-
lain by stiff, tenacious red clay to a depth of 20 inches or more.
Both soil and subsoil contain a large percentage of stone. Occu-
pies mountain slopes. Residual soil derived from granite and
other crystalline rocks. When not too stony and rough, good
soil for corn, wheat, and grass. One of the important apple soils
of the mountains, particularly for Winesap and similar types
of apples.

Soil (17) 17

Subsoil (17) 14

2

3

4

23

27

31

18

24

43

Acres.

Albemarle, Va 32, 512

Asheville, X. C 49, 152

Bedford, Va a 28, 240

Acres.

Campobello, S. C 13,005

Leesburg, Va 2, 752

Mount Mitchell, N. C 106, 176

DE KALB SERIES.

The De Kalb soils occur in the Appalachian Mountains and Cum-
berland Plateau, and are formed from the disintegration of sand-
stones and shales. The soils are not very productive, and, wdth
one exception, do not seem to be adapted to any particular crop
or class of crops.

De Kalb stony loam. — Gray to white sandy loam, 6 to 10 inches
deep, grading into a subsoil of the same texture and color, or intx)
red or yellow clay. Both soil and subsoil contain a large quantity
of fragments of sandstone,conglomerate, and sandy calcareous shale.
The soil frequently rests directly upon a broken mass of rock. The

a Mapped as Porters red clay, which name will not be used hereafter.

94 Aj)palachian Mountain and Plateau Soils.

topography is very rough and broken. Owing to the physiograpliic

position and its very stony nature, the soil is not very productive,

although where the clay subsoil prevails and a part of the stones

are removed fair crops are produced. The sandy and sandy loam

phases with proper location and elevation are well adapted to

peaches. Wheat, where grown, produces a small yield of bright,

heavy grain. The native growth consists mainly of chestnut and

white oak, with some hickory, black gum, and red oak.

12 3 4

Soil (15) 14 33 31 22

Sabsoil (14) 14 31 28 27

Acres.

Albemarle, Ya " 134, 656

Lancaster County, Pa « 13, 000

Lebanon, Pa rf20,300

Leesburg, Va 19, 072

Acres.

Lockhaven, Pa Ill, 872

Fort Payne, Ala 37. 120

Pikeville, Tenn 32, 128

De Kalb sandy loam. — Gray to reddish-brown sandy loam of
medium to fine texture, 9 to 12 inches deep, resting on a yellowish-
brown slightly sticky sandy loam. Occurs in rather level areas.
Residual in origin, derived from sandstone rock. Occasionally
broken sandstone lies directly under the surface soil. Soil is easily
cultivated and responds readily to fertilizers, but is not very pro-
ductive. Some W'heat is grown which produces not more than 7
bushels per acre on the average. The yield of corn rarely exceeds
15 or 20 bushels, while cotton gives from 200 to 350 pounds lint
per acre. This soil is adapted to vegetables, and very well adapted
to apples and peaches.

1 2

Soil (6) 16 38

Subsoil (6) 15 34

Acres.

Fort Payne, Ala 182, 656

Pikeville, Tenn 163, 392

De Kalb fine sandy loam. — Fine compact sandy loam, 8 to 12
inches deep, resting upon a subsoil of similar material, becoming
more loamy as the depth increases. Derived from sandstone.
Soil naturally not productive, and small crops are o])tained unless
heavily fertilized. With proper cultivation fairly well adapted to

3

4

30

17

29

23

n Mapperl as Kdgemojit stony loam, -which name will not hereafter be used.

Residual Limestone Valley and Zfpland. 95

fruit and truck. The principal timber so far seen is chestnut and

oak.

12 3 4

Soil (1) ' 11 52 25 12

Siibsoil (1) 7 44 34 15

Acres.
Hnntsville, Ala 2,240

De Kalb clay loam. — Yellowish-brown fine sandy or silty loam 10
to 15 inches deep, resting on a yellow clay loam subsoil. Occupies
valleys and valley slopes. Wash from sandstone hills. The soil
is locally termed "glades." The drainage is generally poor.
Very little of the type is under cultivation. Well-drained lields
produce from 30 to even 50 bushels of corn per acre. Well adapted
to grass, and good yields of hay are secured. Native vegetation is
a rank growth of sedge grasses.

1 2 :j 4

Soil (2) 13 20 40 27

Subsoil (2) 13 17 38 33

Acres.
Pikeville, Tenn 17, 024

MISCELLANEOUS SOILS OF THE APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS AND CUM-
BERLAND PLATEAU.

Chattooga loam. — Yellowish-brown to gray sandy loam grading
into a loam at about 10 inches. A heavier phase of the type
occurs in the low-lying areas. The sand varies in texture from
medium to fine. The subsoil contains sufficient clay to make it a
heavy coherent loam. Occurs as a bottom or river terrace soil.
Subject to occasional overflow. Derived in part from the weather-
ing of shale and in part as alluvial material from the same source.
Fairly productive for corn.

1 2 ;{ 4

Soil (2) -. 6 45 35 14

Subsoil (2) 4 30 39 28

Acres.
Fort Payne, Ala 5, 696

KESiniAL LDIEKTONK VALLEY A>D UPLAND SOILS.

There are three important series of soils derived from lime-
stone. The Hagerstown series is formed mainly from the solu-
tion and subsequent filtration of pure massive limestone and the

96 Rtsidual Limestone Valley and Upland.

disintegration of the interbedded shale. These soils, as a rule,
occur in valleys bordered by areas of the more resistant sand-
stones and shales. They form one of the most productive series of
soils in the United States for the general farm crops. These soils
are liable to be encountered in small areas in the Piedmont Pla-
teau, and occupy very extensive areas of rolling country in middle
Kentucky and Tennessee. The most productive valley phase
occurs in the large valley between the Blue Ridge and the
Allegheny mountains.

The Fort Payne series is derived mainly from the disintegration
of magnesium limestone (dolomite), which is usually very impure
and cherty. This gives rise to a very rough and even mountain-
ous topography, with generally stony soils. In productiveness
this series is far below the Hagerstown series.

The Clarksville series, derived mainly from the St. Louis group
of the sub-Carboniferous, occupies both level upland areas and
rough, hilly country. Soils with the latter surface features are
generally unproductive and very stony, but admirably adapted to
fruit, especially to apples. The soil types in this series occupy-
ing level or gently rolling areas, formed from a less impure lime-
stone, are as a rule very productive and adapted to wheat, corn,
and tobacco.

HAGERSTOWN SERIES.

Hagerstown stony loam. — A fine sandy loam to line loam, 8
inches deep, brown or light-gray to yellowish in color. Subsoil a
yellowish-red clay loam to a stiff red clay. Soil and subsoil con-
tain angular fragments of cherty material. Occupies valleys and
rolling uplands. Drainage good. Derived from weathering of
impure or cherty veins in areas of pure massive limestone.
Wheat and corn principal crops, of which small yields are ob-
tained. Best adapted to fi'uit, especially apples.

1-234

Soil (9) 7 15 50 28

Subsoil (9) 5 11 38 46

Acres.

Albemarle, Vu 59, 136

Bedford, Va " 11, 950

Huntsville, Ala -11,984

Acres.

Lockhaven, Pa 22, 016

Pikcvillc. Tcnn 27, 392

(iMai)ped as Murrill stony loam, wliich luiiiu' will not boused hereafter.

Ilagerstoimi Series.

9'r

Hagersv,own sandy loam. — A fine sandy loam, about 12 inches
deep, of a gray to yellowish or light-brown color. Subsoil a
yellowish-red clay, grading into a stiff red clay. Occupies some
of the higher ridges of the valley. Good drainage. Of residual
and colluvial origin from limestone debris. Wheat, corn, and
grass are grown. Adapted to fruit, particularly peaches.

Soil (10) .15

Subsoil (10) 8

't

:J

4

39

32

13

23

31

38

Acres.

Albemarle, Va 65, 504

Bedford, Va '^( 11, 910

Huntsville, Ala 8, 064

Acres,

Leesburg, Va 1, 216

Pikeville, Tenn 5, 760

Hagerstown loam. — Brown or yellow loam 12 inches deep, yel-
low clay loam to 24 inches, underlain by stiff, tenacious red clay.
Rolling valley land and uplands. Derived from weathering of
pure massive limestone. Typical corn land of central Pennsyl-
vania, Maryland, and the Shenandoah Valley, of Virginia. One
of the best types of general farming lands in the Eastern States.
Produces corn, tobacco, wheat, and grass.

Soil (29) 6

Subsoil (29) 6

Acres.

Albemarle, Va 30, 784

Bedford, Va 40, 520

Davidson County, Tenn 123, 264

Fort Payne, Ala 21, 632

Huntsville, Ala 138, 944

Lancaster Countv, Pa 45, 000

2

3

4

14

51

27

12

42

37

Acres.

Lebanon, Pa 93,110

Leesburg, Va 4, 864

Mason County, Ky 24, 284

Pikeville, Tenn 20, .352

Scott County, Ky 76, 800

Hagerstown silt loam, — The soil is a yellowish-gray silty loam
from 8 to 10 inches deep, resting on a stratum of yellow clay loam
from 6 to 12 inches thick, which is in turn underlain by a yellow
clay. At a depth of 3 to 10 feet a stiff red clay is found. Through-
out the soil and subsoil, over probably 50 per cent of the area,
occur varying proportions of gravel and small fragments of chert
and cherty limestone, Tn its virgin condition the soil has a greasy
feel and is quite loamy, but after cultivation the texture becomes

"Mapped asMurrill sandy loam, -which name will not be used hereafter.
31896—04 7

98 Residual Limestone Valley and Upland.

that of a heavy shandy loam. It is seldom that the stones in the
soil are numerous enough to interfere with cultivation. The sur-
face is, on the whole, flat or gently rolUng. The soil is known
locally as the "barrens." It varies considerably in productive-
ness, hni at best the yields are low. Corn gives from 10 to 15
bushels, and cotton about one-fourth bale per acre. Truck and
fruit are also grown to some extent.

1

Soil (3) ..-• 3

Subsoil (3) 7

Acres.
Huntsville, Ala 59,520

Hagerstown shale loam. — Loam 12 inches deep, containing 20 to
60 per cent of fragments of shale, resting upon a mass of broken
shale. Ridges in limestone valley. Thin, dry soil, derived from
disintegration of shales, requiring very thorough cultivation, but
when so cultivated adapted fairly well to general agricultural
purposes.

1 :.' 3 4

Soil (17) - H 13 42 28

Subsoil (10) 13 13 41 31

2

3

4

15

63

18

15

56

22

Acres.

Albemarle, Va 75, 328

Bedford, Va 25, 370

Bigflats, N. y lOS. 800

Lancaster County, Pa .'. . . 15. 000

Acres.

Lebanon, Pa 142, 210

Leesburg, Va 8, 000

Lockhaven, Pa 25, 728

Hagerstown clay loam. — Heavy reddish clay, 24 inches deep,
overlying stiff, tenacious red clay. Rolling valley land. Derived
from weathering of pure massive limestone. Recognized as one
of the strongest soils for general agricultural purposes. AVell
known for large crops of wheat and corn.

1 •_'

Soil (2 ) (! 12

Subsoil (3) (> 13

Acres.
Lancaster County, Pa 21,000

Hagerstown clay. — Heavy red loam or clay 12 inches deep, un-
derlain l)y stiff, tenacious red clay. Rolling valley land. Derived

3

4

63

15

49

26

Soils Associated with the Ilagerstoimi Series. 99

from weathering of pure massive limestone. Recognized as one
of the strongest soils for general agricultural purposes.

12 3 4

Soil (28) 4 13 51 31

Subsoil (21 ) 3 10 39 47

Acres.

Albemarle, Va 25, 920

Bedford, Va 19,210

Fort Payne, Ala 3, 968

Huntsville, Ala 9, 024

Acres.

Lancaster County, Pa 2, 000

Leesburg, Va 4, 224

Mason County, Ky 115, 648

Scott County, Ky 102, 528

3

4

30

19

26

19

SOILS ASSOCIATED WITH THE HAGERSTOWN SERIES.

Dauphin sandy loam. — Sandy shale loam, 6 to 15 inches deep,
underlain by the same material slightly heavier. It is derived
from a formation consisting of alternate beds, each 6 inches or
more in thickness, of sandstone and shale. It is easily tilled,
and is adapted to a wide range of crops, ac well as possessing
qualities suited for certain kinds of trucking and the growing of
wrapper-leaf tobacco.

12

Soil (2) 18 29

Subsoil (2) 33 25

Acres.
Lebanon, Pa 11, 220

Cumberland loam. — A brown, rather mellow loam, 6 to 15 inches
in depth, underlain by a brown to reddish-brown silty clay subsoil.
Some rounded gravel occurs in both soil and subsoil. Occupies
second bottoms along the Cumberland River, occurring mainly
in the horseshoe bends. The surface is generally rolling and the
drainage is excellent, the soil retaining enough moisture to resist
to a marked extent the effects of drought. An older sedimentary
soil made up of materials washed from the adjacent uplands inter-
mingled with materials brought by the river from greater dis-
tance. The type has a wide crop adaptation. It produces well
the general farm crops, while also used for truck crops and small
and orchard fruits. Corn yields from 20 to 40 bushels, wheat
15 to 25 bushels, and hay 1 to H tons per acre.

1 2

Soil (2) 8 40

Subsoil (2) 6 29

Acres.
Davidson County, Tenn ... 44,992

3

4

37

15

37

30

100 Residual Limestone Valley and Uiyland.

Davidson loam. — A brown to reddish-brown silty loam, under-
lain by a brown or reddish-brown silty clay subsoil. Both soil and
subsoil usually contain from 5 to 20 per cent of limestone frag-
ments and smaller particles of siliceous rock, the former about 1^
inches in diameter. The soil is usually considerably lighter than
the Hagerstown loam, and the subsoil is rather more friable and
porous. The surface is gently rolling, and naturally well-drained
by many small streams, flowing in channels not deeply eroded.
The subsoil is fairly retentive of moisture. The type is derived
from blue fossiliferous limestone, in which is interbedded a sili-
ceous rock, having in some instances the character of sandstone.
Not quite so productive a soil as the Hagerstown loam, but ranks
high in the production of corn, sweet and Irish potatoes, melons,
and small and orchard fruits. It is also a good soil for hay and
forage crops.

1-234

Soil (2) 4 26 51 20

Subsoil (2) 5 22 13 30

Acres.
Davidson County, Tenn 39, 936

Conestoga loam. — Brown loam, 12 inches deep, underlain by
liglit clay loam to depth of 30 inches, grading into decomposed
schist. Rolling valley land. Derived from decomposition of lime-
stone schist; has a greasy or soapy feel when rubbed between
the fingers. Recognized as one of the best soils for general agri-
cultural purposes.

1 •-' :i 4

Soil (2) (i 30 50 11

Subsoil (2) 5 31 15 13 .

Acres.
Lancaster County, Ta 51 , 030

Lickdale clay loam.— Is a silty loam, (> to 10 inches in depth,
underlain by a mottled yellow clay. It occurs in small extent at
the foot of the Blue Ridge ^Mountains, and is derived from the
wash of the mountains and the adjacent shale formations. vSome-
times fragments of gray sandstones are present to the extent of
from 5 to 20 per cent. It is low lying, flat land, and poorly drained.
Naturally it is very refractory, and is suited only to grass and

I ' ' , ' ' 1 .

3 > > J >

lit

J J

pasture, but when artificially drained it V)ecomes mellow and i)ro-

duces quite a wide range of crops.

12 3 4

Soil (3) 6 11 52 24

Subsoil (3) 5 7 38 48

Acres.

Lebanan, Pa 3, 920

Loekhaven, Pa 1,981

Murrill clay loam. — Yellowish-brown clay loam, 10 inches deep,
overlying yellow clay loam, increasing in clay content in lower
depths. Both soil and subsoil often contain small fragments of
shale and chert. Derived from weathering of shales and cherty
limestone. Rolling valley lands. Fertile soil; produces good
crops of wheat, corn, grass, dark manufacturing tobacco, and
apples.

I '1 3 4

Soil (3) 13 15 42 27

Subsoil (3) 12 11 30 43

Acres.
Bedford, Va 15, 720

Conestoga clay. — A yellowish to dark-brown cla}" loam, about 7
inches deep, underlain by a yellow to reddish-yellow tenacious
clay, usually not exceeding a depth of 24 inches. On ridges the
rock is usually found at an average depth of 10 inches. Occuj^ies
the lower and gently rolling portions of the valleys. Higher
areas well drained. Of residual origin from limestone schist.
Wheat and grass princij^al crops.

1 2 3 4

Soil (4) 9 7 43 41

Subsoil (3) 7 5 37 51

Acres.
Albemarle, Va 16, 960

FORT PAYNE SERIES.

Fort Payne stony loam. — The surface soil is a gray to light-brown
silty loam, 10 to 14 inches deep, containing a high percentage of
chert. The subsoil — a"much heavier yellowish-red loam or clay —
also contains quantities of chert fragments. The surface is strewn
with from 30 to 50 per cent of the same rock fragments. Occupies

V>1 H^sidnctl L'imestone Yalley and Upland.

very broken country, consisting of hills, ridges, and intervening
valleys. Owing to the stony character of this soil and the unfa-
vorable surface features, but little of it is under cultivation. On
steep slopes erosion does much damage, and only on the more
level areas can the cultivation of the type be recommended. The
soil is derived from the Knox dolomite, a limestone rock contain-
ing a large quantity of difficultly soluble material known as chert.
The native growth is Spanish and black-jack oak, pine, and chest-
nut. Cotton, corn, and some wheat are grown, but tlie yields
are light. The soil is best adapted to fruit, and especially to
peaches.

1 *2 3 4

Soil (3) 13 15 43 29

Subsoil (3) 10 14 43 33

Acres.
Fort Payne, Ala 6S, 864

CLARKSVILLE SERIES.

Clarksville stony loam. — Light-yellow silty loam 6 inches in

depth, overlying heavy yellowish-red clay 3 feet or more in depth.

Both soil and subsoil contain 20 to 50 per cent of angular fragments

of chert. Rough, broken country, with deep-cut, narrow valleys.

Residual soil derived from cherty limestone. High, well-drained

country, originally heavily forested Avith oak and chestnut. Soils

are thin and stony and of little general agricultural value, and at

present largely covered with thick second growth of oak timber.

Adapted to ai)ples and peaches.

1

Soil (13) 5

Subsoil (14 ) . . 5

•>

S

4

14

65

16

13

51

30

Acres.

Clarksville, Tenn 66, 450

Davidson County, Tenn 99, S40

Dubuque, Iowa 60, 672

Acres.

Howell County, Mo 499, 264

Wichita, Kans 4, 352

Clarksville loam. — Rich, dark-brown silty loam 12 inches deep,
underlain by brown loam, heavier in texture, to a depth of 3 to 6
or more feet. Occurs as well-marked bottom lands along rivers
and their larger tributaries, (ienerally well drained, but subject
to occasional overflow. Alluvial deposit laid down by rivers along

Clarhsville Series ~

which it occurs. FirxC land, for corn and hay, but at present Httle
used for other crojDS.

Soil (9) ".

Subsoil (9)

1

o

3

4

2

16

56

25

2

13

50

34

Acres.

Clarksville, Tenn 17, 090

Davidson County, Tenn 12, 864

Fort Payne, Ala 4, 992

Acres.

Howell County, Mo 48, 512

Pikeville, Tenn 1, 280

Clarksville silt loam. — Yellowish-gray silt loam 7 inches in depth,
underlain b\' brownish-yellow, heavy silt loam to a depth of 24
inches, overlying heavy red clay loam 3 feet or more in depth.
Deep subsoil often contains fragments of chert. Residual soil de-
rived from limestone, or loess covering over limestone. Well
drained. Naturally strong, fertile soil, but needs careful treatment
to maintain fertility. Well adapted to corn, wheat, and grass.

Soil (4)

-.4 9

69

16

Subsoil (4).

..4 9

57

•^7

Acres.

Clarksville, Tenn

233, 410

Howell County, Mo

40, 384

Clarksville clay loam. — Heavy reddish-brown loam 8 inches deep,
underlain by heavy red clay loam to depth of 3 feet or more, clay
content increasing at lower depths. Typically developed in north-
ern portion of Montgomery County, Tenn. , along Kentucky bound-
ary line. Gently undulating country, usually well drained. Deep
residual soil derived from decomposition of limestone. On account
of scarcity of timber at time of discovery has always been known
as the ''Barrens." Strong, fertile soil, considered best general
farm land of the locality. Tobacco of the export variety pro-
duces heavy yield, but not a superior quality of leaf.

1 L' 3 4

Soil (2) 2 6 72 16

Subsoil (2) 6 5 66 25

Acres.
Clarksville, Tenn 27, 460

Clarksville clay. — A heavy brown or brownish-gray loam, with
a depth of 12 inches, resting on a drab or yellowish-drab clay

lO'l , , . . Glacial and Loessial Soils.

loam or clay. Occurs on river terraces from 20 to 30 feet above
water level." Some depressed areas contain sloughs and ponds,
but the greater part is well drained and under cultivation. Still
subject to inundation during winter and spring. The type is a
fine corn soil, producing from 40 to 60 bushels. Some cotton is
grown, the yields varying from one-half bale to 1 bale per acre,
but the soil is too late and cold for the best results with this crop.
From 1 to 2 tons of hay are cut on some areas of this type. The
native growth is oak, gum, and hickory.

1

^

3

4

1

7

56

36

2

/

16

44

Soil (3)

Subsoil (3)

Acres.
Huntsville, Ala 11,840

.SOIL ASSOCIATED WITH THE (^LARKSVILLE SERIES.

Guthrie clay. — Soil is a light-gray or grayish-white, fine silty loam
having a depth of 7 inches, underlain by a heavy silty clay, plastic
and impervious. The subsoil varies in color from a gray to drab,
mottled with yellowish iron stains. Occupies low, flat areas on
the uplands. Soil is derived from decomposition of limestone.
On account of low, wet condition it is of little agricultural value
unless thoroughly drained. In favorable seasons some corn and
tol^acco are grown. Area largely covered by hickory, sweet gum,
and oak. Land generally referred to as "crawfishy."

1 •-' :{ 4

Soil (9) '1 11 65 21

Subsoil (9) -1 y 58 30

Acres.

Clarksville, Tenii 5, 800

Huatsville, Ala 10, 048

Acres.

Posey County, ln<l 14, .592

Stuttgart, Ark 27, 904

GLACIAL AM) LOKSSLiL SOILS.

Under this head will be included all soils derived directly
from glacial material and from loess, occurring generally in the
Ohio and Mississippi basin, in the New l^ngland States, and
in the glacial portions of New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jer-
sey. There are four or five great series of soils of very uniform
character and (piite a large number of soils of local origin which
can not be i)ut into any series.

Miami Series. 105

MIAMI SERIES.

The Miami series is composed of light-colored glacial material,
occurring on the rolling or level uplands, or in the alluvial bot-
toms or terraces along the streams in the glaciated area.

Miami stony loam. — Ten inches of silty loam, underlain by heavy
red clay, slightly silty, to a depth of 30 inches, in turn underlain
b}^ beds of consolidated gravel. From 20 to 60 per cent of
rounded and angular stones on the surface, and mixed with both
soil and subsoil. Stones vary from 1 to 8 inches in diameter.
Surface generally consists of large rounded hills and table-lands,
and of gently rolling lands at lower levels. Chiefly derived from
morainic material. Soil is very productive. Good crops of corn,
wheat, grass, oats, and fruit, ]>articularly apples, are grown. This
type al.so affords excellent pasture.

1 2 3 4

Soil (10) 11! 26 46 16

Subsoil (11) 18 26 39 17

Acres.

Allegan County, Mich « 76, 790

Long Island, N. Y 52, 032

Acres.

Lyons, N. Y 158, 400

Syracuse, N. Y 78, 464

Miami gravel. — A medium grade sandy loam 0 to 12 inches deep,
containing 50 per cent of gravel from one-half inch to 2 inches in
diameter. Has a subsoil of cross-bedded sand and gravel, the lat-
ter coated with calcium carbonate. Occurs only in small areas and
is the outcrop of reworked glacial gravels in river cliffs. For the
most part uncultivated. Adapted to the growth of grapes and
peaches. Slight value for general farming.

12 3 4

Soil (2) .28 34 32 7

Subsoil (2) 33 30 27 11

Acres i Acres,

.Tanesville, Wis '- 9, 924

Winnebago County, 111 5, 184

Tazewell County, 111 & 1, 088 Pontiac, Mich c 6, 912

Miami gravell loam. — Brown or reddish loam, 12 inches deep,
with 15 to 30 r)r j-nt of rounded gravel, underlain to a depth of
24 inches by a s: i, tenacious clay loam, which is in turn under-

" Mapped as Allegan stony loam, which name will not be used hereafter.

& Mapped as Mackinaw gravel, which name will not be used hereafter.

f Mapped as Allegan gravelly loam, which name will not hereafter be used.

106

Glacial and Loess lal Soils.

lain by a layer of gravel. Level or gently rolling rivei terraces.
Originally glacial material, worked over by the streams. Recog-
nized as fine land for general farm purposes.

Soil (10) ...
Subsoil (8).

•>

3

4

•27

3-J

IG

2!3

28

19

Acres. Acres.

Allegan County, Mich « 4, 810 Montgomery County, Ohio 24, 000

Bigflats, X. Y 15,680 Pontiac, Mich 1,088

Columbus, Ohio 18, 944

Miami sand. — Coarse to medium, loose, incoherent sand, under-
lain by yellow or reddish sand of about the same texture. Typi-
cal truck soil. Is the prototype of the Norfolk sand of the
Atlantic coast and Fresno sand of the Pacific coast. It may be
either of glacial or alluvial origin. Level or rolling in topography.

1 •_» 3 4

Soil 121) 31 55 8 4

Subsoil (22) 36 55 5 4 ,

Acres.

Posey County, Ind 7, 680

Toledo, Ohio 36, 672

Viroqua, Wis 2S, 288

Wichita, Kans 19, 392

Acres.

Allegan County, Mich h 117, 480

Grand Island, Nebr 29, 440

Janesville, Wis <■ 11, 648

Pontiac, Mich 30, 592

Miami fine sand. — A fine yellow or light-brown sand 6 to 12
inches deep. The subsoil consists of a fine orange or yellow sand.
Free from stones; often occurs as dunes. Has good natural drain-
age, and is easily tilled. The principal crops are corn, potatoes,
])erries, and, of less importance, wheat, oats, grasses, and cab-
bages. Best adapted to truck, potatoes, and small fruit.

1

Soil (20) 20

Subsoil (19) 19

2

3

4

63

12

5

66

10

5

Acres.

Dubuque, Iowa 2, 624

Janesville, Wis ''16, 256

Lyons, N. Y 14, 656

Sangamon County, 111 1, 024

Stanton, Nebr 56, 576

Acres.

Syracuse, N. Y 14, 528

Tazewell County, 111 22, 976

Wicliita, Kans 15, 744

Winnebago County, 111 8, 832

"Mapped as Allegan gravelly loam, which name will not hereafter be used.

'' Mapped as Allegan sand, which name will not be \ised hereafter.

'• >[api>ed as Hanover sand, which name will not be used hereafter.

(/ Mapped as Afton fine sandy loam, which name will not be used hereafter.

Mia mi Series. 10 T

Miami sandy loam. — A light to dark-brown sandy loam 8 to 14
inches deep, underlain by a sandy loam somewhat heavier, some-
times containing some fine gravel, and underlain by gravel, but
not necessarily so; either of alluvial or glacial origin; level or
gently rolling; sometimes rounded hills with kettlelike inter-
vening depressions, as well as extensive lowlands bordering water
courses. In some areas adapted to corn, wheat, grass, rye, and
oais; in others mainly to fruits, small fruits, and truck crops.

1 2 3 4

Soil (16) 25 47 20 8

Subsoil (IC.) 23 49 19 10

Acres.

Allegan County, Mich « GO, 020

Dubuque, Iowa 15, 040

Grand Forks, N. Dak 68, 800

Montgomery County, Ohio 4, 000

Acres.

Pontiac, Mich 34, 368

Posey County, Ind 3, 584

Toledo, Ohio 30, 528

Viroqua, AVis . . ., 16, 064

2

3

4

48

40

9

50

36

11

Miami fine sandy loam. — Soil to the depth of 10 inches consists of
chocolate-brown sandy and silty loam, underlain by a light-brown
fine sand. A few stones are present on the surface and mixed with
the soil. Rolling country and flat lands bordering swamps.
Peaches, cherries, plums, apples, pears, and small fruit are suc-
cessfully grown, as well as corn, wheat, grass, and pasture. AVell
adapted to truck growing.

1

Soil (IS) 3

Subsoil (17) 2

Acres. Acres.

Allegan County, Mich & 13, 260 1 St. Clair County, III 138, 560

Bigflats, X. Y c- 5, 632 ^ Syracuse, X. Y 19, 968

Lyons, N. Y 29, 824 Union County, Ky rf5, 248

Pdsey County, Ind 3, 456

Miami loam. — A brown soil, 10 inches deep, containing a small
proportion of medium to coarse sand, which in local areas
grades into gravel. The subsoil, from 20 to 40 inches, is a heavy
brownish-yellow loam, beneath which is found a fine gravelly

fl Mapped as Allegan sandy loam, -which name will not be used hereafter.
f> Mapped as Allegan fine sandy loam, which name will not hereafter be used.
("Mapped as Elmira fine sandy loam, which name will not hereafter be used.
^Mapped in part as Sturgis fine sandy loam, and in part as Miami sandy
loam. The former name will not be used hereafter.

108

Glacial and Loessial Soils.

loam. Occurs as terraces along rivers and as low-lying areas be-
tween sand hills. Is a fair corn soil, producing from 35 to 45
bushels. Should be used for growing canning crops, such as sugar
corn, green peas, tomatoes, etc. Pears, plums, aad apples also do

well.

12 3 4

Soil (27) 15 30 38 16

Subsoil (28) 16 28 36 20

Acres.

Columbus, Ohio 26, 880

Fargo, X. Dak 11,968

Grand Forks, N. Dak 17, 728

Janesville, Wis 51, 968

Lyons, N. Y 5, 184

Marshall, Minn 3, 968

Acres.

Montgomery County, Ohio 14, 000

Pontiac, Mich 1, 152

Syracuse, N. Y 9. 72S

Tazewell County, 111 34. 560

Toledo, Ohio 5, 504

Viroqua, Wis 23, 552

Miami silt loam. — Light-brown or yellow, sometimes reddish

silt loan, from 8 to 12 inches deep, underlain by a plastic silt loam

or silt clay of a reddish or yellowish color, grading at 14 to 16

inches into a tenacious silt loam having the proprieties of a clay.

Occupies level prairies and slightly rolling areas. Origin is due

to the deposition of loess over glacial till. The soil 'is very fertile,

producing good yields of wheat, corn, clover, and timothy hay.

The average yield of wheat is 20 to 30 bushels, and of corn from

25 to 50 bushels per acre.

1

Soil (41) 2

Subsoil (41) 2

•>

3

4

12

70

16

11

67

20

Acres.

Bigflats,N.Y al,920

Clinton County, 111 '» 9, 920

Dubuque, Iowa c 176, 896

Janesville, Wis 6 si, ino

Knox County, 111 135, 552

Lyons,N. Y rt28,096

McLean County, 111 58, 368

Acres.

Posey County, Ind 149, 376

Sangamon County, 111 92, 416

Syracuse, N. Y 41, 536

Tazewell County, 111 d 224, 960

Union County, Ky lo4. 176

Viroqua, Wis 201, 408

Winnebago County, 111 62, 464

« Mapped as Elmira silt loam, which name will not hereafter be used.

'' Mapped as Edgerton silt loam, which name will not be used hereafter.

cit is probable that this should have l)ec'n niai)i)e(l in i)art as Marshall silt
loam. At tlie time the dill'erences between the soils locally known as the "clay
land" and the "dark loam " did not appear sutlicient to justify a separation into
two types, but with v.'ider experience in soils of this chivss, it appears that the
latter soil should have been mapped as Marsliall silt loam.

''Mapped as Tazewell silt loam. It is probable that this soil should have
been mapped in part as Miami silt loam and in part as Marshall silt loam.

3IarshaU Series. 109

Miami clay loam. — Light-colored loam, 12 inches deep, underlain

by a clay loam, which in turn is underlain by bowlder clay at a

depth of 5 feet. Level plains, except adjacent to the streams.

Glacial origin. The surface of the country was formerly covered

by bowlders, which have largely been removed. One of the best

of soils for general agricultural purposes, especially wheat.

12 3 4

Soil (24) 8 20 52 21

Subsoil (24) 6 19 45 29

Acres. I Acres.

Allegan County, Mich al07, 580 I Pontiac, Mich 56, 384

Columbus, Ohio 222, 336 j Story County, Iowa 3, 072

Madison County, Ind 232, 640 I Stuttgart, Ark & 69, G96

Montgomery County, Ohio. . . 240, 000 , Toledo, Ohio 20, 352

Kiami black clay loam. — {For description see under Marshall series, page
113.)

MARSHALL SERIES.

The ^Marshall series includes the dark-colored upland soils of the
glaciated and loessial region, characterized and distinguished from
the INIiami series by a large amount of organic matter,

Marshall stony loam. — A dark-brown to black loam or sandy
loam 8 inches deep, containing considerable gravel and small stones,
underlain by a yellow clay loam mixed with gravel and sand.
Very little under cultivation. L'sed mainly for grazing, to which
it is well adapted.

12 3 4

Soil (7) 16 36 34 14

Subsoil (5) 18 29 31 22

Acres.

Brookings, S. Dak 8,256

Jamestown, X. Dak 30, 208

Marshall gravel. — Dark-brown to black sandy loam, containing
a high percentage of tine gravel. At 15 to 24 inches it grades into
a bed of gravel and coarse sand. With the exception of some
pasturage afforded early in the season it has little agriculture value,
the crops being small and easily affected l)y drought.

« Mapped as Allegan clay, which name will not be used hereafter.
6 While having the same characteristics, the origin is different, and possibly
this soil should have been put into some other series.

3

4

15

7

11

7

110 Glacial and Loessial Soils.

1 2

Soil (6) 50 27

Subsoil (6) 55 27

Acres.

Ailegan County, Mich « 14, 160

Marshall, Minn 1,216

Pontiac, Mich 6, 912

Marshall gravelly loam. — The soil consists of about 12 inches of
heav^y black sandy loam underlain by 2 feet of coarse gravel usu-
ally resting on a coarse sand extending to a depth of 6 feet or
more. The gravel is limestone, crystalline rock fragments, or
shale. Glacial soil, usually representing beaches along old glacial
lakes. This type usually occurs in narrow bands. Except in very
wet seasons, the crop yields on this soil are very light.

12 3 4

SoiW7) 23 28 32 17

Subsoil (8) 32 26 23 16

Acres.

Fargo, N. Dak 2, 688

Grand Forks, X. Dak ?'51, 136

Marshall, Minn 960

Marshall sand. — Dark-brown to black sand, coarse to medium in
texture, with an average depth of 10 to 12 inches, with a coarse to
medium sandy subsoil, lighter colored than the soil. The soil
possesses quite a marked loamy texture, particularly in depressions,
owing in part to the admixture of fine silt and clay particles, but
chiefly because of the presence of a considerable proportion of
organic matter. Occupies narrow ridges, and is characterized by
a somewhat hummocky topography. Glacial origin, although
exact manner of depostion is not clear. Crop yields are uncertain,
but are larger in wet seasons than in dry. Well adapted to vege-
tables and melons where moisture conditions are favorable or can
be controlled.

1 2 3 4

Soil (1) 38 41 11 10

Subsoil (1) 36 42 13 9

Acres.
Cerro Gordo, Iowa 1, 024

"Mapped as Kalamazoo gravelly loam, wliich name will not be used
hereafter.
b Mapped as Fargo gravelly loam, which name will not hereafter be used.

Marsludl Series. Ill

Marshall fine rani. — Dark brown to black, rather incoherent sand
of fine texture, 10 or 12 inches deep, resting on a lighter-colored
sand of about the same texture. Occupies low bluffs bordering
river flood plains. Surface is broken and rolling, and the drain-
age is apt to be excessive, especially where the sandy subsoil is
deep. Origin primarily glacial. Crop value varies greatly, depend-
ing mainly upon the condition as regards moisture. Is best adapted
to early truck crops and melons. It also produces, with the aid of
liberal manuring, very good yields of Irish potatoes. It has been
used successfully in the production of clover seed, although the
yield of hav is verv light.

12 3 4

Soil (2) 13 76 5 6

Subsoil (2) 14 77 5 5

Acres,
Story County, Iowa 13,376

Marshall sandy loam. — A dark-brown to black compact sandy
loam about 10 inches in depth, resting on 6 inches of yellowish
loam, only less sandy than the surface soil, which is in turn under-
lain at from 16 to 36 inches below the surface ))y yellowish clay
containing a high percentage pf coarse sand and gravel. Rounded
pebbles and bowlders occur on the surface, while in the subsoil
partly decomposed calcareous nodules are found. Soil occupies
gently rolling prairie ridges — thought to be old shore lines — and
intervening depressions. The type is mainly of glacial origin. A
good general farming type, although in some local areas inclined
to be droughty. Average yields: Wheat, 12 to 20 bushels; oats,
20 to 35 bushels; flax, 12 to 15 bushels; potatoes, 100 to 125 bushels
per acre.

12 3 4

Soil (7) 27 38 20 9

Subsoil (7) 26 33 24 14

Acres.

Brookings, S. Dak 93, 376

Marshall, Minn « 4, 480

Marshall loam. — Dark-brown to black loam 10 or 12 inches deep,
resting on a lighter colored loam or heavy loam. The deep sub-
soil consists of clay, sand, gravel, and bowlders mingled together

"Mapped in part as Fairview sandy loam, which name will not be used here-
after.

112 Glacial and Loessial Soils.

in a disorderly mass. Derived from iin^tratified glacial drift.
Glacial bowlders are found here and there on the surface, in some
areas so plentiful as to interfere with cultivation. These are fre-
quently removed from the fields. Occupies gently undulating to
rolling country and covers wide areas in the prairies of the North-
west. While extensive areas are well drained and well suited to
farming, there are areas of obstructed drainage, resulting in bogs,
ponds, and swampy depressions, which are unfit for cultivation
without artificial drainage — often a difficult problem. The soil is
above the average for general farming purposes. AVheat, oat",
corn, barley, and flax are the principal crops. "Wheat yields from
10 to 30 l)ushels; oats from 20 to 80. with an average of 40 bushels;
corn from 25 to 45 bushels; barley about 30 bushels; and flax from
9 to 12 bushels per acre. Millet is grown to some extent for hay,

Yielding from 3 to 4 tons per acre.

1

Soil (22) 11

Subsoil (23) 11

2

3

4

30

41

17

28

36

24

Acres.

Brookings, S. Dak 135, 808

Cerro Gordo County, Iowa 242, 112

Grand Forks, N. Dak « 12, 352

Acres.

Jamestown, N. Dak 206, 976

Marshall , Minn 108, 352

Story County, Iowa 303, 808

Marshall silt loam. — Dark-brown to black silt loam 10 or 12 inches
deep, resting usually on a light-colored, sometimes mottled, silty
loam or silty clay. Lime concretions frequently occur. Varies in
topography from level to rolling and hilly. Derived from glacial
drift or loessial deposits. Drainage generally good but not excess-
ive, the subsoil retaining moisture well and crops resisting drought
to a marked degree. Fine soil for the production of wheat, corn,
oats, alfalfa, tobacco, and sugar beets, where climatic conditions

are favorable.

1

Soil (32) 3

Subsoil (31) 2

Acres.

Clinton County, 111 ^57, 472

Grand Island, Nebr 137, 984

.Jamestown, N. Dak 41, 280

Janesville, Wis '■Sl,344

Knox County, 111 289, 08s

._>

:{

4

12

69

16

11

70

16

Acres.

McLean County, 111 574, 720

Sangamon County, 111 832, 224

Stanton, Nebr 102, 720

St. Clair County, 111 '' 106, 432

Winneba,ero County, 111 90, 624

" Mapped as Fargo loum, which name will not be used hereafter.

'' Mapped as Miami silt loam.

<■ Mapped as Janesville silt loam, which name will not be used liereafter.

Marshall Series. 113

Marshall clay loam. — Dark-brown to black clay loam, under-
lain by a dark-brown clay loam, which becomes a very stiff, yel-
low clay at about 24 inches below the surface. When moist, the
soil is plastic, and feels smooth when rubbed between the fingers;
when dry it becomes mellow and friable. This type occupies
level or gently rolling prairie uplands. The drainage is generally
good. In adaptation this soil is a general farming type, corn, oats,
and grass being the leading products. It is, in fact, an ideal corn
and hay soil, the yields per acre varying from 25 to 60 bushels of
the former and from 1 to 4 tons of the latter. Blue grass makes
a luxuriant pasture, the sod being very permanent. Fruit and
vegetables also produce well.

1 2

Soil (5) 9 19

Subsoil (5) 11 21

Acres.

Cerro Gordo County, Iowa 67, 456

Story County, Iowa 8, 38-1

Miami black clay loam.« — Black clay loam, 10 to 12 inches deep,
underlain by a tenacious drab clay. Of Glacial origin. Generally
level, naturally poorly drained. When thoroughly drained this
soil is very productive, i)articularly for corn. It is also well
adapted to grass and wheat.

12 3 4

Soil(39) 7 20 53 20

Subsoil (42) 3 13 58 24

Acres. I Acres.

Allegan County, Mich & 12, 460 | McLean County, 111 70, 144

Brookings, S. Dak 43, 456 Madison County, Ind 31, 360

Cerro Gordo County, loAva 4, 032 Marshall, Minn 29, 760

3

4

41

30

39

30

Columbus, Ohio 33, 792

Fargo, N. Dak 74,880

Grank Forks, N. Dak 44, 352

Jamestown, N. Dak 5, 120

Janesville, Wis 1, 856

Knox County, 111 4, 928

Montgomery County , Ohio 18, 000

Pontiac, Mich n^ 840

Sangamon County, 111 88, 128

Story County, Iowa 21, 952

Tazewell County, 111 61, 184

Toledo, Ohio 165, 056

«This soil belongs to the Marshall series and should have been called the
Marshall black clay loam, but owing to the extensive use of the name the
term Miami black clay loam will still be used in all areas.

& Mapped as Allegan black clay, which name will not hereafter be used.

31896—0-1 8

114 Glacial and Loessial Soils.

Marshall clay. — A heavy black clay loam or clay, 18 to 2-4 inches
deep, resting on a grayish-brown clay extending to a dei)th of
more than 3 feet. The subsoil when exposed to the air 1 )reaks up
into thin flakes resembling shale or slate. Occupies large areas in
the valley of the Eed River. Soil is a lacustrine deposit, modified
bv the addition of river sediments. The drainage is not naturallv
very good, but has been assisted Ijy the construction of road
ditches. A very strong soil, well adapted to wheat, oats, barley,
flax, and corn.

12 3 4

Soil (3) 9 20 41 30

Subsoil (3) 0 5 44 51

Acres.
Fargo, N. Dak 76, 800

SIOUX SERIES.

The Sioux series comprises "ertain dark-colored, low-lying
alluvial soils along the rivers and streams in the glaciated area,
characterized by a large amount of organic matter and generally
underlain by gravel within 3 feet of the surface.

Sioux sand. — Soil consists of from 5 to 20 inches of loose, medium
to coarse textured, dark-colored sand. The subsoil, which extends
to great depths, has about the same texture as the soil, but is of a
light-yellowish color. Forms flat valley lands lying only 5 or 10
feet above mean water level. Naturally well drained and seldom
subject to overflow. In narrow valleys where moisture conditions
are favorable the type is cleared and cultivated. Broad areas
often suffer from drought, and such are left to the native growth
of scrubby pine and oak. Soil is sedimentary, but the material is
derived more or less locally from underlying sandstone. Used for
corn, of which 40 to 80 bushels per acre are obtained under good
moisture conditions and heavy fertilization. Vegetables, straw-
berries, and cranberries also do well on limited areas, but the
greater part of the type can only be safely used for agriculture
with some system of irrigation.

1 '2 :{ 4

Soil (2) 3.S r>3 5 4

Subsoil (2) 42 53 3 3

Acres.
Viroinia, Wis 19,520

Sioux Series.

115

Sioux sandy loam. — A coarse to medium brown sandy loam or
heavy sandy loam from 10 to 24 inches deep and containing con-
siderable organic matter. The color becomes lighter with depth.
The subsoil over wide areas consists of almost pure waterworn
gravel, which is found at an average of 22 inches below the surface
and which extends to great depths. The subsoil, however, varies
considerably, and the gravel is frequently bedded in a matrix of
sandy loam, silty sand, or sand. Alluvial soil occupying river
terraces or bottoms, with level to gently rolling topography.
Drainage is too thorough where the pure gravel subsoil predomi-
nates for good crop yields, although the soil is early and might be
profitably utilized in the production of early, short-season crops.
Hay, corn, oats, and alfalfa are important crops, but the yields are
very irregular. In a wet season, or on areas of better moisture
conditions, 40 to 60 bushels of corn are obtained per acre, but a
dry spell at the critical period of growth often results in total
failure. Some truck is grown. Clover and timothy have been
produced with fair success.

12 3 4

Soil (10) 30 27 26 16

Subsoil (10) 43 32 14 12

Acres.

Brookings, S. Dak 28, 864

Cerro Gordo County, Iowa 32, 768

Grand Island, Nebr 29, 184

Acres.

Viroqua, Wis 5, 568

Winnebago County, 111 38. 528

Sioux fine sandy loam. — A dark-gray or black fine sandy loam
from 10 to 15 inches deep, containing a relatively high percentage
of organic matter, resting on a subsoil of fine to medium sandy
loam of a light-brown color. At from 3 to 8 feet below the surface
the material changes to sand and gravel. The surface is generally
level. The soil is alluvial and occupies both river bottoms and ter-
races. It generally maintains a good supply of moisture, although
in areas of light rainfall irrigation is desirable. The drainage is, on
the whole, satisfactory, artificial drains being necessary only in
depressed areas. A desirable soil, yielding 15 to 35 bushels of
wheat, 25 to 50 bushels of corn, 15 to 60 bushels of oats, about 40
bushels of barley, and 20 bushels of flax per acre. Alfalfa pro-
duces well and sugar befts give yields ranging from 8 to 18 tons

116 Glacial and Loessial Soils.

per acre. On low-lying areas considerable hay is made from wild
grasses.

12 3 4

Soil (5) 12 43 32 11

Subsoil (5) 17 44 28 12

Acres.

Grand Island, Nebr 60, 352

Jamestown, N. Dak 5, 632

Sioux clay. — A black, dark-brown, or sometimes yellowisl.-
brown clay loam or clay about 18 inches deep, underlain by a
grayish-brown or grayish-yellow clay of stiff, tenacious, waxy
texture. Occupies river bottoms, and is partly alluvial and partly
a wash from the uplands, the latter areas having the character-
istics of the gumbo found in the Red River Valley. An excellent
soil for small grain, wheat sometimes yielding as much as 40
bushels per acre. Oats and flax also do remarkably well. The
lighter areas are suitable for certain of the truck crops. About half
the area of this soil now under cultivation. Native vegetation
oak, elm, ash, and other forest trees.

12 3 4

Soil (2) 1 12 46 42

Subsoil (1) 3 14 31 52

Acres.
Jamestown, N. Dak 2, 432

DUNKIKK SERIES.

An important group of soils recognized as the Dunkirk series
has been found in well-defined terraces along some of the Great
Lakes. These soils are composed of glacial material, reworked
and redeposited when the lake waters reached a higher level than
at present.

Dunkirk gravel. — Very gravelly soil of old lake beaches, occur-
ring in narrow bands between the lake and uplands. Waterworn
fragments of shale, 6 feet or more deep. At present used exten-
sively for grape culture, but grapes do not keep so well or bear
shipment so well as those grown on Dunkirk clay. Soil is quite
droughty and not well suited to other crops.

1

Soil (4) 54

Subsoil (2) 77

2

3

4

11

20

13

13

6

5

Dunkirk Series, 117

Acres.

Ashtabula, Ohio 2,880

Westfield, N. Y 4, 840

Dunkirk gravelly loam. — A sandy loam containing from 40 to 60
per cent of very fine gravel, which consists of waterworn fragments
of shale. The soil is underlain at about 3 feet by shale fragments
or sand. Occurs in bands along foot of low ridges on lake fore-
lands and also upon uplands. Has the characteristics of an ancient
beach or bar, and was probably derived from deposition by water.
Sometimes has larger gravel scattered over the surface. It is a
well-drained, early soil, adapted to market-garden and truck crops.
It is not well suited for most general farming crops, but is a
typical corn soil. Grapes are successfully grown.

12 3 4

Soil (4) 45 19 21 11

Subsoil (4) 52 22 16 8

Acres.

Ashtabula, Ohio 6, 528

Westfield, N. Y 7, 260

Dunkirk sandy loam. — Sandy loam, 6 to 10 inches deep, underlain
by medium or fine sand. Occurs in lake forelands, and is usually
marked by hummock}- or undulating topography. In part aeo-
lian in origin. Adapted to grapes; is also fair grass land.

12 3 4

Soil (4) 8 59 21 11

Subsoil (4) 7 63 19 10

Ashtabula, Ohio 14, 720

Westfield, N. Y 22, 090

Dunkirk shale loam. — Brown or gray loam, about 7 inches deep,
underlain by mottled clay to a depth of 1 to 3 feet. Surface in
most places covered with shale fragments from 1 to 4 inches in
diameter. Located on escarpment and the steeper slopes. Resid-
ual soil derived from shale. Generally covered with timber and
underbrush. Less steep positions under vineyards.

12 3 4

Soil (1) 4 19 41 32

Subsoil (1) 6 7 30 50

Acres.
Westfield, X.Y 21,860

118 Glacial and Loessial Soils.

Dunkirk clay. — Soil is a dark to black clay, 6 to 12 inches in
depth, underlain by a tenacious, mottled clay, beneath which,
at a depth of 4 to 10 feet, occurs the typical bowlder clay. Near
ancient beach lines the soil is sometimes underlain by gravel.
Found upon lake foreland and in upland valleys. Derived from
deposition in quiet water. Some areas badly drained. Adapted
to grapes, grain, and grass,

12 3 4

Soil (5) 5 11 32 49

Subsoil (5) 3 17 32 46

Acres.

Ashtabula, Ohio 8, 192

Westfield, N. Y 23, 490

MISCELLANEOUS SOILS OF THE GLACIAL AND LOESSIAL REGION.

Holyoke stony loam. — This soil is of glacial origin, and consists of
about 3 feet of loam, containing 10 to 50 per cent of diabase and
other bowlders. The areas occupied are rough and mountainous,
occurring along the base of diabase ranges. The soil is chiefly
devoted to pasture, though it is used also to some extent for fruit.

12 3 4

Soil (3) 16 35 38 6

Subsoil (3) 18 43 29 8

Acres.
Connecticut Valley, Connecti-
cut and Massachusetts 177, 088

Alton stony loam. — A grayish or brown silty or sandy loam, 6 to
10 inches deep, containing 25 to 70 per cent of stones and gravel.
The subsoil iseither a sandy loam of brown color, or a clayey, sandy
loam of reddish color, containing 20 to 70 per cent of granite,
sandstone, and limestone fragments. Occupies the rolling and
level uplands; fairly well drained. Derived through weathering
of glacial material. A poor soil. Beans, corn, wheat, oats, and
grasses are the main products. Truck and fruit do fairly well.

12 3 4

Soil (7) 21 39 25 14

Subsoil (7) 19 3S 26 16

Acres.

Long Island. N. Y 100. 608

Lyons, N. Y 38,208

Syracuse, N. Y 3. 712

Miscellaneous Soils. 119

Plainwell stony loam. — Loose yellow sandy loam, 8 inches deep,
underlain by loose yellow medium and fine sand to a depth of
3 feet or more. From 20 to 70 per cent of stones and large
bowlders scattered on the surface and mixed with the soil and
subsoil. Large rounded hills and ridges. Derived from morainic
material. Corn, rye, and buckwheat are grown to some extent,
but the yields of these crops are low.

1 2 3 t

Soil (3) 47 35 12 6

Subsoil (2) 30 43 18 S

Acres.

Long Island, N. Y 5, 376

Pontiac, Mich 1,472

Saugatuck sand. — Soil to a depth of 9 inches consists of reddish-
brown, black, and gray sands. Subsoil to a depth of 3 feet or
more consists of medium fino sand, containing bands of sand
cemented by ferruginous material. These bands of iron crusts vary
from a fraction of an inch to 1 or more feet in thickness. Occu-
pies slightly depressed areas. The accumulation of iron is proba-
bly due to deficient drainage now or at some former period.
Truck, peaches, and small fruits do best, and grain fairly well.

12 3 4

Soil (2) 41 48 7 3

Subsoil (3) 48 44 3 3

Acres.
Allegan County, Mich 24, 120

Clyde sand. — The soil consists of 12 inches of black medium and
fine sandy loam, underlain by sand to a depth of 30 inches, in
turn generally underlain by clay. Occupies low, flat lands, gen-
erally swampy, and borders stream courses. When well drained,
produces good crops of corn, wheat, grass, oats, rye, and all kinds
of truck crops. Excellent soil for sugar beets.

12 3 4

Soil (3) 21 60 13 4

Subsoil (4) 38 54 5 3

Acres.

Allegan County, Mich 38, 600

Pontiac, Mich 2, 880

120 Glacial and Loessial Soils.

Shelby sand. — A brown or yellow loamy sand, 10 inches deep,
grading into reddish-yellow sand of medium texture, underlain at
from 24 to 36 inches by sandstone in place. The subsoil is derived
from underlying rock, the soil being a covering of wash material.
Occurs as gently rolling upland, just above the second bottoms.
Adapted to track, small fruit, and peaches. Also adapted to
wrapper leaf tobacco.

12 3 4

Soil (1) 18 45 28 9

Subsoil (1) 26 52 11 10

Acres.
Shelby County, Mo 448

Cassadaga sand. — Coarse orange or gray sand, 1 to 3 feet or more
deep. Occurs usually in upland valleys. Inclined to be wet or
marshy, and needs drainage because of a hardpan subsoil. Very
little under cultivation, is usually wooded, and generally has a
thick growth of underbrush. Has at present little agricultural
value. If it were cleared and drained, it would probably be

suited to grass.

1 2 3 4
Soil (1) 23 44 22 10

Acres.
Westfield, N. Y 1,660

Wheatland sand. — Dark-brown sand, 12 to 18 inches deep, un-
derlain by grayish-yellow sand of the same texture. An upland
soil of glacial origin. Little agricultural value. Adapted to pas-
ture and grazing.

12 3 4

Soil (3) 12 43 31 13

Subsoil (3) 11 40 34 14

Acres.
Fargo, N. Dak 29,504

Volusia sandy loam.— The soil is brown or yellow sandy loam, 6
to 10 inches deep, resting upon a fine orange sand 3 feet or more
in depth; sometimes contains fragments of shale. Glacial origin
from underlying shale material. It is a very productive soil for
corn, oats, and potatoes— particularly for the latter, of which
large yields are reported. A\'heat, however does not do well and

Miscellaneous Soils. 121

seldom yields even a fair crop. Used for dairying. Small apple
orchards numerous.

12 3 4

Soil (2) 12 18 47 16

Subsoil (2) 15 23 38 20

Acres.
Westfield, N. Y 69,940

Oakland sandy loam. — Loose, loamy brown sand or sandy loam
from 10 to 30 inches deep. Sand is from medium to fine in texture.
The subsoil is a clay loam or sticky sandy loam. This type differs
from the Marshall sandy loam in having this clay subsoil within
3 feet of the surface. It occupies rolling country and often occurs
as rounded hills and ridges. Soil is of glacial origin. Drainage is
good. Is a good corn soil. This yield could be increased by bet-
ter methods. Wheat yields from 15 to 30 bushels, oats 35 to 75
bushels, rye from 15 to 30 bushels, and hay li to 2 tons per acre.
The soil is used for general agriculture, but it is especially adapted
to medium and late truck crops and fruit.

12 3 4

Soil (3) 16 40 31 13

Subsoil (3) 12 31 31 25

Acres.
Pontiac, Mich 25,984

Manchester sandy loam. — xV reddish or dark-yellow sandy or
gravelly loam, of the medium grade of sand, from 8 to 18 inches in
depth, underlain by loamy sand and gravel, containing frequent
large bowlders. The surface is generally rolling, in the form of
ridges and knolls, though the type occasionally occurs as low, flat
terraces. A combination of glacial lake and stream deposits, and
the material is exceedingly irregular in thickness. It is formed
in part of the red Triassic rocks. The soil is naturally fertile, but
the porous subsoil renders it readily subject to drought. Well
adapted to peaches and fairly well adapted to corn.

12 3 4

Soil (2) 33 50 11 6

Subsoil (2) ■ 41 46 10 4

Acres.
Connecticut Valley, Connecti-
cut and Massachusetts 44, 160

122 Glacial and Loessial Soils.

Winnebago sandy loam. — A brown to slightly reddish sandy to
heavy sandy loam, often containing considerable silt. The sand is
coarse to medium. Varies considerably in character and depth,
but averages about 10 inches. The subsoil is about the same in
texture, but more often of a reddish-brown color. From 18 to 36
inches it is underlain by a gravelly till. The surface is rolling
and uneven. Underdrainage is good. It is a very good corn soil,
although the average yield is not over 30 bushels per acre. Oats
are extensively grown, giving about the same yield as corn.
Clover, timothy, and rye also do well.

12 3 4

Soil (2) .26 36 25 15

Subsoil (4) 25 34 22 19

Acres.
Winnebago County, 111 88, 160

Wheatland sandy loam. — Dark-brown sandy loam, about 14
inches deep, underlain by loam, which at a depth of 6 feet or
more rests upon a grayish-yellow or yellow glacial till. Glacial
bowlders and rock fragments occur throughout the soil and sub-
soil. Upland soil, generally well drained. Fairly well adapted
to wheat, oats, barley, flax, and corn.

1 -2 3 4

Soil (6) -• 9 44 26 22

Subsoil (6) IS 33 23 29

Acres.
Fargo, N. Dak 16, 768

Janesville loam. — A tine brown loam, 12 to 14 inches deep, un-
derlain by a lirm massive yellow loam of very uniform texture.
Surface almost uniformly level; underdrainage good. Excellent
grain and tobacco soil.

1 i 3 4

Soil (3) 2 7 71 20

Subsoil (3) 3 8 74 16

Acres.
Janesville, Wis 6, 656

Derby loam. — This type is a mellow yellowish-brown to reddish-
brown silty loam, 10 incites deep, grading almost imperceptibly
into a rather heavy reddish-brown silty loam subsoil. Occupies
rolling upland prairie and is well drained. A good soil for general

Miscellaneous Soils. 123

agriculture. Corn and wheat the chief crops. Yield of corn 25
bushels, and of wheat 18 bushels per acre.

1-234

Soil (2) 4 35 42 19

Subsoil (2) 5 30 45 20

Acres.
Wichita, Kans 20, 416

Volusia loam. — A brown or black loam, 6 to 10 inches deep, rest-
ing on a yellow silty loam containing shale fragments and having
a depth of 3 feet or more, in turn underlain by shale rock. The
surface is strewn with shale and slate fragments and occasional
erratic glacial bowlders. Occurs typically developed upon heavy
rolling uplands, but extends down into the foreland along the
lake. Derived from morainic material. Crops: Wheat, corn, and
at lower elevations, grapes.

1 2 3 4

Soil (5) 5 20 46 27

Subsoil (5) 11 22 40 25

Acres.

Ashtabula, Ohio 173,440

Westfield, N. Y 10,030

Elmwood loam. — {See description under soils associated tcith Norfolk series.)
Warners loam. — The soil consists of 10 inches of mellow brown
loam, containing many calcareous nodules and a considerable pro-
portion of marl, resting on a subsoil of white or gray marl. Silty
in character and of soft, unctuous feel, containing thin layers of
muck at various depths. Fairly good crops of corn and grass.

Acres.
Syracuse, N. Y 128

Jackson loam. — Light loam with an average depth of 14 inches,
grading into a mottled sandy clay or clay subsoil. Occurs as sec-
ond bottom, with a gently rolling surface. Is an alluvial soil.
Produces about 15 bushels of wheat and from 25 to 40 bushels of
corn per acre. Onions give large yields. Well adapted to light
farm crops and to truck, wrapper tobacco, and peaches.

12 3 4

Soil (2) 1 38 50 12

• Subsoil (2)'. 2 41 44 14 "

Acres.
Shelby County, Mo 2, 304

124 Glacial and Loessial Soils.

Madison loam. — Loose, friable brown or yellow loam or fine
sandy loam, from 8 to 14 inches deep, resting upon a heavy loam
or clay, usually becoming heavier below 24 inches. Throughout
the soil and subsoil there are a few Avell-rounded gravel. The sub-
soil is somewhat variable, occasionally consisting of alternating
layers of sand and clay, with an occasional layer of cherty gravel.
Occurs as second bottoms, generally level. An alluvial soil,
derived from wash of valley slopes. Frequently the drainage is
poor. Is a good soil for corn and hay and for truck crops, espe-
cially for cabbage, tomatoes, and berries.

12 3 4

Soil (2) 8 25 40 27

Subsoil (2) 8 29 40 25

Acres.
Madison County, Ind 2, 240

Bernardston loam. — Light clay or silty loam of dark color, 10
inches in depth, underlain by about 14 inches of a dark to yellow-
ish loam grading into a dark slaty blue clay loam of very compact
nature. This soil seems to be derived from the same class of
material as the Hobart clay, but it is a soil of very much lighter
texture. It occurs in very broken 'and hilly areas, and outcrops
of the underlying argillaceous rocks are very common. Cultivated
soils occur very largely in drumlinoid hills. Native vegetation is
made up largely of hard woods, particularly sugar maple, but in
the most stony areas, where the soil is shallow, chestnut, pine,
and hemlock are common. It is a glacial soil, made up of argilla-
ceous rock material. It is very fertile, being particularly fine for
grass and grazing land. Also produces excellent crops of corn,
oats, and rye.

12 3 4

Soil (2) 18 34 34 14

Subsoil (2) U; 33 36 15

Acres.
Connecticut Valley, Connecticut
and Massachusetts l(),or>4

Memphis silt loam. — Fine yellow or brt)wn silt loam, 0 to 8 inches,
powdery when dry; chocolate-l)rown loam 8 to 40 inches, under-
lain at from 2 to 6 feet by yellow silt of loess formation. Occupies
uplands. Suljject to serious erosi(^n. Only about 20 per cent of
total area cultivated. Largely forested to oak, hickory, and beech.

2flscellcmeous Soils. 125

In Mississippi divided topographically into two regions, the Cane

Hills, which are steep sided and narrow topped, and the Flat

Hills, which are more plateaulike and cultivated to a greater

extent than the Cane Hills. Cotton, three-eighths to one-half

bale per acre. In northern areas good for fruits and vegetables.

12 3 4

Soil (11) 1 5 81 12

Subsoil (11) 1 6 75 17

Acres, j Acres.

Johnson County, 111 167, 104 ' Union County. Ky 17, 984

Posey County, Ind 9, 4U8 j Yazoo, Miss 110, 090

Smedes, Miss 52, 288 |

Delavan silt loam. — Is a brown, smooth, crumbly, nonplastic silt

loam, 12 inches deep, underlain by a reddish-yellow, heavier silt

loam, which in turn is underlain by a fine sand at from 65 to 75

inches. Occurs principally in the southwestern part of Tazewell

County. Is level and does not require artificial drainage. An

exceedingly fertile soil, very highly esteemed for corn and small

grain.

12 3 4

Soil (2) 2 8 69 21

Subsoil (2) 1 12 75 13

Acres.
Tazewell County, 111 25, 600

Elkhorn silt loam. — A black loamy soil, containing a large amount
of organic matter, resting on a black loam of the same character,
usually grading into a yellowish loam at a depth of 24 inches.
Occupies level bottom lands from 6 to 20 feet above mean water
level. Subject to inundation during spring freshets. The drain-
age is poor. Formed from loess, reworked by the river and modi-
tied by wind action. Productive soil. Corn yields from 30 to 60
bushels, wheat from 12 to 30 bushels, oats from 30 to 50 bushels,
and sugar beets from 8 to 18 tons per acre.

12 3 4

Soil (2) 2 33 57 9

Subsoil (2) 1 26 63 11

Acres.
Stanton, Nebr 25, 152

McLean silt loam. — Dark-brown to black silty loam soil, about
12 inches deep, underlain by a mottled-yellow friable silt of a

126 Glacial and Loess lal Soils.

hard, compact nature. At about 22 inches this grades into a
gravelly till. This soil is very similar to the ^Marshall silt loam,
bvit differs from it in having the till nearer the surface. The
surface is broken and hilly and the drainage is generally good
except in the more level areas. Corn averages about 30 to 35
bushels and oats about the same. It is fairly good for hay. This
type may be classed as a fair soil for general farming, though less
desirable than the Marshall silt loam and requiring more careful
treatment.

12 3 4

Soil (1) .-.6 13 53 28

Subsoil (2) ....6 14 48 32

Acres.
McLean County, 111 17, 984

Shelby silt loam. — A silt or clay loam, from 6 to 10 inches deep,
grading into a stiff, dense, impervious clay. Plastic and waxy
when wet, friable and loamy when dry. The soil is a dark-gray
color; the subsoil is a dark, mottled clay, brown or drab, streaked
with blue and red. Known locally as ''the prairie," and occupies
level to gently rolling ui:>lands. Supposed to be of loessial origin.
The greater part is fairly well drained, but the impervious subsoil
causes water to collect on very level areas after heavy rains.
Fairly easy to cultivate. Principal crops are hay, corn, oats, and
wheat, with millet, Kafir corn, and sorghum as secondary crops.
Hay yields from 2 to 3 tons, corn 35 to 40 bushels, wheat 15 to 20
Imshels, Kafir corn 20 to 40 bushels, and millet 30 to 40 bushels
of seed per acre. The type is a typical grass soil, and large
quantities of seed are j^roduced. Fruit also does well, and the
l)roduction of apples is of some importance.

1-2 3 4

Soil (3) 3 4 74 ly

Subsoil (3) 4 4 5.5 38

Acres.
Shelby County, Mo 216, 896

Marion silt loam. — Consists of silt loam of light-brown to white
color, with an average depth of 12 inches. Subsoil consists of a
hard, stiff silty clay of mottled appearance, locally known as hard-
]>an, the i)red()minating colors being gray, light yellow, and reddish
yellow. Between the soil and su])soil occurs a wliite layer of com-
pact silt, which crumbles easily between the lingers. Occupies the

Miscellaneous Soils. 127

level prairie land. Of loessial origin. Wheat, corn, and grass are
the principal crops. Yield of grains rather small. Apples do welL

1 2

3

4

Soil (9 )

3 7

76

14

Subsoil flS )

8 7

68

26

Acres.

Clay County, 111

260,544

Clinton County, 111

172,480

St. Clair County, 111

m, 464

Waverly silt loam. — A light-brown to white silty loam abont 10
inches in depth, underlain by a grayish or yellowish silty loam of
closer texture. Occupies bottom lands and marshy depressions.
Owes its origin to sediments washed from adjoining prairies,
reworked with organic matter. Corn principal crop.

12 3 4

Soil (14) 2 9 73 16

Subsoil (14) 2 9 .72 16

Acres.

Clay County, 111 30, 976

Clinton County, 111 40,112

Johnson County, 111 31, 936

Acres.

Posey County, Ind 16, 384

St. Clair County, 111 25, 152

Union County, Ky 25, 216

Elmira shale loam. — Light-gray loam, 10 or more inches in
depth, containing considerable silt and fine sand. The subsoil,
from 10 to 24 inches below the surface, is of the same texture as
the soil, but lighter in color, and contains large quantities of
angular shale fragments or bowlders. All general farm crops are
raised, but to obtain the best results a liberal application of
manure is required.

1 2 3 4

Soil (3) 9 24 51 16

Acres.
Bigflats, X Y 8, 512

Alloway clay. — {See description tinder soils associated with Norfolk Series.)
Griffin clay. — A very compact soil, composed of medium to fine
gravel, coarse sand rounded by water action, and clay. The clay
is dark Ijrown or mottled in color, very stiff and waxy, and diffi-
cult to work. There is an average gravel content of about 10 per
cent. Occupies the 1)road, level floor of Black River Valley.
Alluvial in origin, and the presence of so much gravel may be due
to the reworking of glacial material. A large proportion of the

128 Glacial and Loessial Soils.

type is covered by forest. Corn is the chief product, but consid-
erable areas are devoted to wheat and oats.

1-234

Soil (1) 33 17 25 25

Subsoil(l) 37 17 20 26

Acres.
Posey County, Ind 1, 600

Shelby clay. — Fine sandy or silty loam of a gray or brown color,
from 3 to 8 inches deep, grading into a reddish-yellow sandy clay
which extends to a depth of 3 feet or more. Locally termed ' ' white
dUk lands." Iron pipes and concretions are usually found. The
subsoil is made up mainly of pockets of sand and clay with occa-
sional thin lenses of cherty gravel. Is of glacial origin occurring
below the Shelby silt loam, and exposed through stream cutting
and erosion of the overlying prairie. Occupies steep slopes adja-
cent to the water courses. Native growth is white and scrub oak
with a scattering of red oak and hickory. Much less productive
than the Shelby silt loam. Adapted to pasturage and poorly
adapted to wheat and corn. The former yields an average of
about 10 bushels and the latter about 25 bushels per acre. Used

almost exclusively for pasture.

12 3 4

Soil (3) 14 32 40 13

Subsoil (3) 12 20 25 40

Acres.
Shelby County, Mo 71, 168

Hobart clay. — A shallow covering of from 1 to 4 inches of a gray
or dark -brown clay, underlain to a depth of 3 or 4 feet by heavy
drab-colored clay. Below this the subsoil is mixed with fragments
of the underlying shale, and finally grades into shale rock. The
soil as well as the subsoil contains fragments of shale. When the
soil is wet, it is very adhesive under foot and has a greasy, oily feel.
In dry weather it often bakes to the detriment of growing crops.
On account of the impervious clay and shale underlying these soils,
there are many fresh-water springs. Owing to the stiff tenacious
character of the soil and its location on the steep sides of bluffs it
has little value except as a sheep and cattle pasture.

12 3 4
Soil (2) 1 2 14 85

Acres.
Jamestown, N. Dak 3, 712

Residual Soils of the Prairie Region. 129

Fargo clay.— Heavy black clay 6 to 14 inches deep, underlain by
gray or blue clay of the same texture. At from 5 to 9 feet occurs
a mottled gray, brown, and yellow clay, similar to the subsoil of
the Miami black clay loam. When wet this type is very waxy and
gummy and has an oily feel. It is exceedingly slippery under foot
and often sticks to wagon wheels in great quantities. Very diffi-
cult to till. Occurs in depressions in the upland. Drainage poor.
Very strong and prod-ctive soil when well drained. Adapted to

general farm crops.

1 J 3 4

Soil (2) 3 12 36 50

Subsoil (2) 1 7 26 66

Acres.
Fargo, N. Dak 40, 000

RESIDUAL SOILS OF THE PRAIRIE REOIO>.

OSWEGO SEEIES.

The soils of this series are derived from interbedded sandstone,
limestone, and shale. 4

Oswego fine sandy loam. — A yellowish-brown heavy fine sandy
loam with a depth of 12 inches resting on a subsoil of the same
material of a lighter yellowish color and somewhat heavier in tex-
ture. This is an upland soil occupying low, rounded knobs and
ridges, and having a rolling surface. The drainage is excellent.
The type is residual, being derived from sandstone and arenaceous
shale, which occurs in places a few feet beneath the surface. Corn
and oats are the important crops, the former yielding from 20 to
30 bushels, and the latter about 25 bushels per acre. Very little
wheat is grown on this soil, as it is likely to winter-kill. Best
adajjted to fruit and truck.

1 -2 .3 4

Soil (2) 2 52 32 14

Subsoil(2j 2 50 32 17

Acres.
Parsons, Kans 9, 728

Oswego loam. — A gray to yellowish silt loam, 0 to 10 inches deep,
grading into a stiff clay, becoming stiffer and more impervious as
the depth increases. Occupies gently rolling upland prairies. De-
31896—04 9

130 Residual Soils of the Prairie Region.

rived from shale, with here and there an interbedded layer of sand-
stone or limestone, and in places outcrops of bituminous coal.
When dry is apt to bake and crack, l)ut breaks up into a mellow-
loam when plowed. A soil of fair productivity, used for general
farm crops. The average yield of wheat is about 18 bushels, of
corn 25 bushels, and of potatoes 80 to 100 bushels per acre. Flax
and rye are grown to some extent.

12 3 4

Soil (3) 3 22 57 17

Subsoil (3) 3 17 52 28

Acres.
Parsons, Kans 92, 096

Oswego silt loam. — The surface soil is ashy-white, fine, soft,
flourlike silt loam, with a depth of 12 inches, changing abrui)tly
at that depth into a stiff, very impervious drab to reddish-colored
silty clay, locally know as hardpan. Found in nearly level areas.
Origin a matter of conjecture, for while overlying the shale rock
and being, it is thought, partly or wholly derived therefrom, the
remarkably uniform depth of soil and sharp demarcation between
the soil and subsoil, together with the existencte of layers of water-
worn gravel, sometimes found at 18 or 20 feet below the surface,
seem to indicate the agencies of water or wind, or both, in the
formation of the type. Soil clods badly if plowed when too moist,
but is easily put in good tilth by further cultivation. The type
is not a strong soil but could be brought to a much higher state
of productiveness by manuring, plowing under green crops, and
deeper plowing. Wheat, corn, and hay are the principal crops,
yielding, respectively, an average of 15, 25, and 15 bushels jier acre.
Flax, formerly grown, produced 10 bushels per acre. AVild hay,
an important product, yields from 1 to \\ tons per acre. Sweet
and Irish potatoes and melons give fairly good yields. Seems best
adapted to grass and wheat.

1 •-' 3 4

Soil (3) 1 12 72 14

Subsoil (3) ' 1 " t'5 27

Acres.
Parsons, Kans 21,568

Sedgvjick Series. 131

SEDGWICK SERIES.

Sedgwick sandy loam. — A medium to fine reddish-brown or
chocolate-brown sand 10 inches deep, underlain to depth of 20
inches by a reddish-brown sticky sand, resting on a heavy sandy
clav. Occupies rolling upland i)rairie west of Arkansas River.
Adapted to corn, wheat, and other grains. Also a good soil for

fruit.

12 3 4

Soil (4) ■ 21 45 24 9

Subsoil (4) 21 36 25 IS

Acres.
Russell, Kans 24, 064

Sedgwick loam. — Consists of a fine mellow reddish-brown loam,
10 inches deep, underlain by a heavy, somewhat tenacious brown
loam, containing considerable fine sand. Occupies rolling upland
prairie, is easily cultivated, and usually well drained. Derived
from unconsolidated material of Tertiary age. Adapted to
ordinary farm crops, such as corn, wheat, oats, and Kafir corn.

12 3 4

Soil (3) 10 21 6U 10

Subsoil (3) 10 19 57 11

Acres.
Wichita, Kans 47, 040

Sedgwick clay loam. — A chocolate-brown to dark-brown friable
silty loam about 9 inches deep; at from 9 to 20 inches it grades from
a heavy brown clay loam to a dark-brown clay; at from 20 to 36
inches it becomes lighter in color and more silty. When wet the
soil is very sticky, and in drying forms a thin crust on the surface.
Occupies a high rolling prairie and is well drained. Derived from
the weathering of Carboniferous limestones and shales. Adapted
to the production of corn, wheat, hay, fruit, and vegetables.

12 3 4

Soil (6) 2 13 73 12

Subsoil (6) 2 9 74 15

Acres.
Russell-, Kans 91, 648

Sedgwick black clay loam. — A fine-grained black silty loam, 12
inches deep, underlain by a tough heavy bluish-gray to drab clay,
extending to a depth of 3 feet or more. Occupies flat or depressed
areas on upland prairie, and is poorly drained. Formed, from

132 Residual Soils of the Prairie Region.

wash from the surrounding soils. Generally used only for pas-
ture, although thorough drainage converts it into land well adapted
to wheat and corn.

1 J 3 4

Soil (1) 3 39 48 9

Subsoil (1) 1 17 52 31

Acres'.
Wichita, Kans 5, 568

MISCELLANEOUS RESIDUAL SOILS OF THE PRAIRIE REGION.

Lincoln sandy loam. — The soil is a light-gray to brown sandy
loam from 0 to 15 inches in depth, resting on a lighter colored
material slightly more sandy than the soil. Occupies low, flat
areas bordering streams, and is a pure alluvial in origin. Not sub-
ject to overflow, and in general well drained. Best adapted to
corn and alfalfa, which sometimes suffer from drought owing to
the loose porous nature.

12 3 4

Soil (3) 5 68 18 9

Subsoil (3) 5 62 22 10

Acre?.
Russell, Kans 8,8S2

Benton loam. — A light-brown or grayish silty loam from 3 to 12
inches deep, often containing small fragments of shale and lime-
stone, resting on a subsoil of lighter color, almost wholly made up
of partially decomposed shale, but carrying a small proportion of
limestone, also in various stages of disintegration. At a dej)th of
from 25 to 36 inches the rotten shale and limestone in the subsoil
often appear as soft chalky particles. The soil occurs along the
banks and ridges bordering streams, and the topography is rough
and broken. The drainage is rapid, and if anything too thorough,
while the steeper slopes are subject to erosion. The soil is resid-
ual, being derived from layers of fossiliferous shale and limestone.
Supports a good growth of grasses, and because of its rough, uneven
surface it is used mainly for pastures. On the more level slopes
Kafir corn and sorghum are grown. Well adapted to stock

raising.

1 •_' 3 4

Soil (2) 13 25 32 32

Subsoil (2) 13 20 25 42

.\cres.
Russell, Kiins 35, 456

Soils of the Far West. 133

"Waldo loam. — Brown or grayish-brown silty loam, about 12
inches deep, resting on a subsoil of the same character, but of
lighter color and becoming heavier with depth. Bottom soil
along smaller streams. Derived from the erosion of limestone and
shale. It is well drained and not subject to overflow. The
average yield of wheat, from 12 to 15 bushels; of corn, 25 to 30
bushels per acre. Alfalfa produces from 4 to 5 tons per acre. In
general the soil is well adapted to agricultural purposes.

12 3 4

Soil (3) 3 23 58 15

Subsoil (3) 2 17 62 19

Acres.
Russell, Kans 12, 864

SOILS OF THE FAR WEST.

MARICOPA SERIES.

This series is made up of colluvial soils of granitic origin.

Maricopa stony loam. — Sandy loam 4 to 6 feet deep, containing
stones and bowlders, underlain by bed rock and masses of bowl-
ders. These often project above'the surface. Lower slopes of
the mountains. Has little agricultural value at present, being too
stony, and besides usually lying too high for irrigation. But for
this disadvantage of position in most areas and the scarcity of
water in others, some part of this soil might be used in fruit

growing.

Acres.

Provo, Utah 33, 728

Salt Lake, Utah n 16, 600

Acres.

Sevier Valley, Utah o 4, 210

Weber County, Utah « 5, 700

Maricopa gravelly loam. — Sandy loam 6 feet or more in depth,
containing gravel within 3 feet or less of the surface; always well
drained. Gravel usually from one-half inch to \\ inches in
diameter, generally increasing in amount in lower depths. High
bench lands and sloping valley floors in narrow valleys. When
too high for irrigation this soil is used to some extent for dry
farming to wheat. When irrigated it forms desirable land for

a Mapped as Bingham stony loam, which name will not be used hereafter.

lU 8oiUoftheFar IIW.

alfalfa, »rain, and fruit. In California fruit is grown on this soil
without irrigation. Considerable seepage from canals.

12 3 4

Soil (22) 16 41 26 13

Subsoil (10) 14 44 26 12

Acres. I Acres.

Baker City, Oreg 17,210 ' Sau Gabriel, Cal M5,360

Sevier Valley, Utah « 38, 400

Solom^nsville, Ariz 12, 864

Ventura, Cal ^4,310

Los Angeles, Cal 5, 952

Prove, Utah 48,128

Salt Lake, Utah « 35, -.^SO

Salt River Vallev, Ariz 51,066

Maricopa sand. — A coarse, loose, incoherent sand, 3 feet deep,

underlain by sandy loam grading to sandy adobe. Occupies

higher slopes and levels. Has excellent natural drainage. O^vea

its origin to deposition by streams.

12 3 4

Soil (2) 20 47 25 9

Subsoil (1) 18 54 21 7

Acres.
Lower Arkansas Valley, Colo. . . 14, 208
Soloraonsville, Ariz 17, 728

Maricopa sandy loam. — Sand\*loam with less than 10 per cent of
gravel, 3 feet in depth, underlain })y sandy loam containing layers
of calcareous hardpan. Composed of colluvial granitic material.
Medium elevation in Salt River Valley, Arizona. Adapted to
alfalfa, fruit, and grain.

1 2 3 4

Soil (19) 19 41 24 13

Subsoil (9) 16 34 31 18

Acres.

Baker City, Greg 30, 784

Los Angeles, Cal 13, 888

Lower Arkansas Valley, Colo. 156,096

Acres.

Salt River Valley, Ariz 106, 906

Solomonsville, Ariz 10. 368

Maricopa loam. — Reddish loam, 3 to 6 feet in depth, underlain
l>y loam containing layers of calcareous hardpan. Lower valley
land. Colluvial soil, derived from finer waste of mountain slopes.
Adapted to alfalfa and grain.

« Mapped as Bingham gravelly loam, which name will not be used hereafter.
''Mapped as San Gabriel gravelly loam, which name will not be used here-
after.

Maricopa Series. 135

12 3 4

Soil (3) 7 33 26 27

Subsoil (3) 9 39 26 22

Acres.
Salt River Valley, Ariz 20, 650

Maricopa silt loam. — A heavy brownish silt loam, with a depth
of 6 feet or more. The soil has an exceedingly iine texture, crum-
bling to an impalpable powder when dry, but becoming very
sticky when wet. It is easily puddled, bakes upon exposure to
the sun, and somewhat resembles an adobe in physical character-
istics. Erodes into vertical walls, washes, and gullies. Except as
very small particles, the occurrence of gravel on the surface is rare.
Occurs in valleys and along streams. Generally level, except
where cut by washes. Native vegetation is sparse and often want-
ing on wind-swept areas. Both surface and subdrainage is apt to
be deficient. Some alkali accumulations where irrigated. Best
adapted to alfalfa, wheat, barley, sorghum, Egyptian and Indian
corn, and sugar Vjeets.

12 3 4

Soil (2) 1 7 68 25

Subsoil (3) 0 19 56 25

Acres.
Solomonsville, Ariz 11,648

Maricopa clay loam. — Stiff reddish clay loam, 6 feet or more in

depth. Low valley land. Colluvial soil, heaviest product of the

wash from the mountain slopes. Adapted to grain crops, but

rather heavy and compact for alfalfa.

12 3 4

Soil (1) 10 21 38 31

Subsoil (1) 2 15 53 29

Acres.
Lower Arkansas Valley, Colo . . . 832
Salt River Valley, Ariz 8, 713

Maricopa sandy adobe. — A yellowish-brown or reddish sandy
adobe 6 feet or more in depth. Occupies lower levels. Drainage
good. Owes its origin to stream wash and disintegration of rocks
in place. Contains some alkali. Alfalfa principal crop, but good
yields of sorghum, corn, wheat, and oats are produced.

12 3 4

Soil (2) 7 50 28 16

Subsoil (2) u 45 -Jl 26

Acres.
Lower Arkansas Valley, Colo. . . 37. 284

136

Soils of tJie Far West.

FRESNO SERIES.

The Fresno series and associated soils are of granitic origin, and
occupy valleys and Pacific Coastal plain.

Fresno sand. — Coarse, loose, incoherent sand, 6 feet or more in
depth, naturally free from alkali. Level plains, deltas; of sedi-
mentar}' origin. Adapted to stone fruits and truck when irri-
gated; occasionally dry-farmed to wheat. Is used for English
walnuts. Similar to Norfolk sand truck soils of the Eastern States.

Soil (31) 30 54

Subsoil (9) 27 47

3 4

10 4
16 6

Acres.

Fresno, Cal 163, 200

Hanford, Cal 20,790

Indio, Cal 50,112

Los Angeles, Cal 58, 112

Lower Arkansas Valley, Colo. . 95, 680
Lower Salinas Valley, Cal 25,030

Acres.

Provo, Utah 10, 368

Salt Lake, Utal "3, 020

San Gabriel, Cal b45, 420

Santa Ann. Cal 66, 380

Ventura, Cal 6, 430

Weber County, Utah ('23, 700

Fresno red sand. — This soil consists of compact red sand of
medium texture to a depth of 6 feet or more. It is derived from
disintegration of crystalline rocks. This material has been carried
down from the mountains and distributed usually in gentle slopes
by foothill streams. The surface is also somewhat modified by
wind action. It is well drained, free from alkali, and adapted to
vines, stone fruits, and truck crops.

1 1» 3 4

Soil (5) 42 48 7 5

Acres.
Fresno, Cal 43, 776

Fresno fine sand. — Dark-reddish fine sand, micaceous, usually 6
feet or more in depth, but often streaked with coarse sedimentary
deposits. Sometimes underlain by sand or fine sandy loam.
Occurs in level delta plains and low river terraces. Derived
largely from disintegration of granitic rocks. Generally well

"Mapped as Jordan sand, which name will not be used hereafter.
b Mapped in part as San Gabriel gravelly sand, but now included as a gravelly
phase of Fresno sand,
f Mapped in i)art as Jordan sand, which name will not be used hereafter.

Fresno Series, 137

drained, but at times (in the Hanford area) alkaline. Excellent
fruit soil. Used for alfalfa, beets, potatoes, and truck crops.

12 3 4

Soil (7) 12 58 24 6

Subsoil (6) 13 46 29 8

Acres. Acres

Hanford, Cal rt51,250 Los Angeles, Cal 16,128

Lower Arkansas Valley, Colo.. 5,952 Lower Salinas Valley, Cal 17,040

Fresno sandy loam. — Sandy loam or very fine sand with proper-
ties of sandy loam, 3 feet in depth, white in color, ashy texture,
and locally known as "white-ash land," underlain by bluish cal-
careous alkali hardpan, which softens upon application of water.
Lower, level plains of Fresno County, Cal., derived from degrada-
tion of beds of sand, clay, and volcanic ash. Generally contains
alkali; when free from such it is an excellent grape and fruit soil.

12 3 4

Soil (12) 6 53 2»3 12

Subsoil (10) S 54 29 9

Acres.

Fresno, Cal 69,811

Hanford, Cal 10, 860

Indio, Cal 36, 032

Fresno fine sandy loam. — Fine sand having the properties of a
sandy loam to a depth of from 3 to 6 feet, grading into a coarse
sand. Coastal and delta plains of rivers. Well adapted to such
crops as alfalfa, Lima beans, and grain, and truck crops, but not
so well adapted to fruit, except when well drained. A fine Eng-
lish walnut soil in Southern California.

12 3 4

Soil (24) 5 48 34 9

Subsoil (18) 7 53 28 11

Acres. | Acres.

Indio, Cal 36, 032

Lower Arkansas Valley, Colo . 236,288

Lower Salinas Valley, Cal 18, 130

San Gabriel, Cal 10, 790

Santa Ana, Cal 11, 552

Ventura, Cal 12, 900

Weber County, Utah 86, 400

« Mapped as Hanford fine sand, which name will not be used hereafter.

138 Soils of the Far West.

SOILS ASSOCIATED WITH THE FRESNO SERIES.

Soledad gravelly sand. — Very coarse brown sand and fine gravel,
composed of shar[) fragiiients of granitic rocks and 6 feet or more
in depth. Occurs upon large fans of from 3° to 5° slope, extend-
ing from granitic foothill formation. Surface sometimes becomes
compact and very hard, especially when packed in roads. Eather
deficient in plant food and not retentive of moisture. Adapted to
grain, with fair yields in favorable seasons. Free from alkali.

12 3 4
Soil (1) 51 23 13 9

Acres.
Lower Salinas Valley, Cal 7, 600

Hanford fine sandy loam. — Dark-colored fine sandy loam, mica-
ceous, 4 feet in depth, underlain usually by 2 feet or more of loam
or sandy clay. Occurs in level delta plains, and is derived largely
from the disintegration of granitic rocks. Good corn and grain
land; also valued for vineyards. Generally free from alkali. Prob-
ably should have been correlated with Fresno fine sandy loam.

1 1' 3 4

Soil (2) 9 37 34 15

Subsoil (2) 7 37 42 12

Acres.
Hanford, Cal 30, 010

Salinas gray adobe. — Dark-gray adobe, grading in texture from
sandy loam containing considerable fine gravel to silt loam. Oc-
curs about edge of foothills and extends into the bottom lands.
Thirty inches or more in depth, usually underlain l)y a fine sandy
loam and fine sand, occasionally by coarse sand and gravel. Seems
to be derived largely from granitic material. Adapted to barley
and other grains and sugar beets. A loose, friable, and excellent
soil if irrigated and properly cultivated, but refractory if allowed
to bake. Generally free from alkali.

1 2 3 4

Son (5) 9 21 38 31

Subsoil (5) 13 27 30 27

Acres.
Lower Salinas Valley, (a 1 Ls, 400

2

3

4

45

24

10

36

26

19

Yakima Series. 139

San Joaquin red adobe. — Sticky red adobe, with texture of loam,
6 feet in depth; iisuaUy a layer of red sandstone hardi:)an in lower
3 feet. Margins of plains adjacent to foothill streams; derived
from foothill stream wash, .\dapted to grain crops.

1

Soil (3) 18

Subsoil (1) 15

Acres.
Fresno, Cal 12, 691

San Joaquin black adobe. — Heavy black or brown adobe soil, 4
to 6 feet deep. Subsoil varies from sandy adobe to heavy clay
adobe, or it may be decomposing shale. ^Margins of valleys along
foothill streams in California, often extending out into the val-
leys. Derived from crystalline rocks or shale. Soil is difficult to
till, but very productive. Adapted to grain crops and used at
present for citrus fruits where water supply is adequate.

1

Soil (18) 5

Subsoil (17) 2

>>

3

4

18

39

34

15

43

36

Acres.

Fresno, Cal 5, 664

Hanford, Cal 5, 470

Los Angeles, Cal 37, 440

Lower Arkansas Valley, Colo . . 4, 096
Lower Salinas Valley, Cal 11, 580

Acres.

San Gabriel, Cal 23, 650

San Jose, Cal 30, 400

Santa Ana, Cal 16, 038

Ventura, Cal 4, 290

YAKIMA SERUMS.

This series is derived mainly from the disintegration of basaltic
rocks and volcanic ash material.

Yakima stony loam. — Basaltic bowlders and outcroppings in too
great quantity to permit of cultivation. Space between bowlders
occupied by small patches of Yakima sandy loam. Occurs on hill-
sides and plateaus in valleys. Well drained and free from alkali.

Acres.
Yakima, Wash 8, 960

Yakima gravelly loam. — A loam soil containing from 25 to 80 per
cent of rounded, waterworn basaltic gravel, usually from one-half
inch to 3 inches in diameter. Occupies valleys along small

140 SolU of the Far West.

streams, and has been formed by material brought down from
higher levels by these streams. Greater part used for pasture,
although when cleared and cultivated, well adapted to the growth
of fruits, vegetables, and small berries.

12 3 4

Soil (1) 13 33 44 8

Acres.
Walla Walla, Wash 10, 048

Yakima sand. — Medium and tine sand, a few inches to 6 feet in
depth. Underlain by sandy loam of same composition as Yakima
sandy loam. Of jeolian origin, occurring in dunes and drifted
areas. Adapted to hops, fruit, berries, alfalfa, grass, and truck,
but difficult to cultivate on account of drifting. Generally well
drained and free from alkali in its uncultivated condition.

12 3 4

Soil (4) 16 67 12 4

Subsoil (3) 2 56 35 4

Acres.

Blackfoot, Idaho 31, 104

Boise^ Idaho f 17, 430

Yakima, Wash ?' 20, 660

Yakima fine sand. — A light brown, gray, or ash-colored sand 3
feet deep, underlain by sand or gravel. Occupies low, level ter-
races or benches along Clearwater River. Easy to cultivate, and
owes its origin to weathering of blended alluvial deposits. Fruit
the principal product.

12 3 4

Soil (3) 5 54 32 5

Subsoil (1 ) 8 51 33 7

Acres.
Lewiston, Idaho 2, 112

Yakima sandy loam. — Grayish, fine sandy loam, 6 feet or more in
depth, with occasional strata of tine sand and bands of V(dcanic
ash in surface 6 feet. Occupies hills, slopes, and level valley floors.
Adapted to hops, fruits, and hay crops.

12 3 4

Soil (17) 7 30 52 9

Subsoil (16) 5 24 58 11

n Mapped as Snake River sand, which name will not be used hereafter.
''Mapped as Sunnyside sand, which name Avill not be used hereafter.

Yakima Series. 141

Acres, i Acres.

Baker City, Oreg 10, 816 Walla Walla, Wash 64, 896

Lewiston. Idaho 6, 20s Yakima, Wash 149, 580

Yakima fine sandy loam. — The surface soil in a mellow, friable,
brown sandy loam from 10 to 16 inches deep. The subsoil con-
sists of a light-brown silty loam, heavier and more plastic than the
surface soil. The type is easily tilled and well drained. Gener-
ally occupies rolling hills. Wheat is the principal crop.

1 i

Soil (11) 2 16

Subsoil (7) 1 12

Acres.

Lewiston. Idaho 172, 992

Walla Walla, Wash 26, 688

Yakima loam. — Loamy soil 2 to 6 feet in depth, sometimes over-
lying sandy loam or sand, but often resting directly on coarse gravel.
Not well drained. Usually free from alkali. Alluvial soil. Hay
and pasture land.

1

Soil (7) 4

Subsoil (6) 8

3

4

72

10

76

10

2

3

4

29

51

14

30

43

18

Acres.

Baker City, Oreg 29,760

Blackford. Idaho 241, 216

Acres.

Boise, Idaho « 1, 500

Walla Walla, Wash 3, 392

Yakima silt loan. — A grayish-blue, brown, or black loam, rang-
ing from a tine sandy to a heavy silty texture, and about 10 inches
deep, underlain by a dark-gray or bluish loam with adobe tenden-
cies. This is in turn underlain by a lighter material, occasionally
of a yellowish cast, containing some sand. Occupies valleys and
is generally (piite level. Formed by weathering of sediment
washed from hills of Yakima fine sandy loam. AVheat forms the
principal crop. Timothy, barley, oats, and alfalfa are also grown.

1 2

Soil (3) 4 12

Subsoil (3) 3 19

Acres.
Lewiston, Idaho 15, 936

« Mapped as Caldwell loam, which name will not be used hereafter.

3

4

68

15

64

14

142 Soihofthr Far V^est,

REDFIELD SERIES.

This series is derived from disintegration of red sandstone and
usually occupies valley areas.

Redfield sandy loam. — Red sandy loam, 6 feet in depth. Soil
derived from disintegration of red sandstone, and is usually well
drained. In certain areas soil contains gravel within 3 feet cf sur-
face, and this gravel increases in amount and size in lower depths.
Valley floor sloping gently toward the mountains, or upper bench
lands. Adapted to alfalfa and grain, when so situated that irriga-
tion is possible.

12 3 4

Soil (8) 8 43 30 13

Subsoil (13) 6 43 32 11

Acres.

Laramie, Wyo 42, 624

Sevier Valley, Utah .\ 44, 200

Redfield loam. — Vermilion-colored loam, 5 feet deep, underlain
by clay to a considerable depth. Poorly drained soil, containing
large quantities of alkali. Level valley floor. Excellent land for
general farming purposes when drained and free from alkali.

12 3 4

Soil (2) 1 19 '^'2 22

Subsoil (4 ) 2 21 48 21

Acres.
Sevier Valley, Utah 14, 100

Redfield clay loam. — Clay 5 feet in depth, of vermilion-red color,
underlain by sand. Clay is quite tenacious and difficult to till.
Poorly drained soil, containing considerable alkali. Low and level
valley land. Of little agricultural value except as meadow land.

12 3 4

Soil (2) 2 10 53 27

Subsoil (4) 0 9 52 30

Acres.
Sevier Valley, Utah 3, 800

OXNARD SERIES.

This series is formed from sandstone and shale material and is
found mainly on delta j)lains.

Oxnard sand. — Brownish sand, consisting chiefly of quartz i)ar-
ticles, medium to fine in texture, 6 feet or more in depth. Occurs

Oxnarcl Series. 1^3

on river deltas'. When first cultivated is shifted by the wind, and
in Ventura County, Cal., protection by wind-breaks of trees is
necessary. The grains of sand have been somewhat rounded by
wind action. This soil is best adapted to lima beans and English
walnuts, which are grown both with and without irrio-ation. On
alkaline areas sugar beets are successfully grown. Barley and
corn are also grown.

12 3 4

Soil (3) 29 nl 13 8

Subsoil (2) 50 32 11 9

Acre.s.

Los Angeles. Cal 35, 840

Ventura. Cal 16. 200

Oxnard sandy loam. — Brown or black, mellow, loose, friable,

open soil of peculiar woody feel, 4 to 5 feet deep, underlain by

heavy sandy loam or loam. Derived from waste from sandstone

and shale hills. Occurs on delta plains. When free from alkali,

adapted to lima beans and sugar beets; when alkaline, adapted to

sugar beets and barley. Generally well drained, but frequently

containing a harmful quantity of alkali salts.

1 1 3 4

Soil (1) 27 38 18 13

Subsoil (1) 6 30 28 31

Acres.
Ventura, Cal 53, 200

Oxnard loam. — Heavy, sticky, brown or black loam, underlain at

3 or 4 feet by a com|)act and heavier phase of the same soil.

Derived from wash from shales and sandstones, and laid down in

delta plains. Adapted to barley and sugar beets. Frequently

needs draining.

12 3 4

Soil (7) 5 23 39 32

Subsoil (,7) 6 23 3G 34

Acres.

Los Angeles, Cal 19, 520

San Jose, Cal 4,224

Ventura, Cal (i.SSO

Oxnard silt loam. — Brown, friable, silt loam, 6 feet or more in
depth, derived from finer sediments of streams draining sand-
stone areas, mixed with particles of organic matter. Occurs in
level delta plains. Adapted to lima l^eans, corn, and barley with-

:j

4

58

25

52

30

144 Soils of the Far ^Vt8t.

out irrigation, and to lima beans, Avalnuts, and deciduous and
citrus fruits when irrigated. Well drained and free from alkali
salts.

1 J

Soil (2) 2 16

Subsoil (3) 1 14

Acres.

San Jose, Cal 25,920

Ventura, Cal 5, 320

SOILS ASSOCIATED WITH THE OXNARD SERIES.

Salinas shale loam. — Very light, chalklike loam, 5 to 6 feet in
depth, grading into loam of texture of Oxnard loam. Light, fria-
ble, and easily cultivated; sometimes contains large percentage of
light siliceous gravel, derived from the beds of bituminous shale
of Miocene age. Occurs on level, gently sloping plains near
mountains. Always well drained and free from alkali. Adapted
to Lady Washington and black-eyed beans and barley.

1 •_» 3 4
Soil (3) 4 21 51 20

Acres.

Lower Salinas Valley, Cal 13, 730

Ventura, Cal 2,544

Fullerton sandy adobe. —Brown sandy adobe to a depth of 5 feet,
underlain by compact sand or sandstone. Residual material de-
rived from weathering of underlying shaly sandstone. Foothills
extending down into level valley lands. Dry farmed to wheat,
and when irrigated used to some extent for citrus fruits.

1 !> 3 4

Soil (3) 4 3t) 30 22

Subsoil (2) 2 40 36 20

Acres.

Los Angeles, Cal 7,040

Santa Ana, Cal 31,334

Ventura, Cal 1, 940

BILLINGS SERIES.

The soils of the Billings series are derived from the disintegra-
tion of sandstone and shale.

Billings gravelly loam. — A sandy loam 0 to 18 inches deep, under-
lain by loam or light clay loam 3 feet deep, both containing gravel,

Billings Series. 14:5

beneath which is found waterworn graveh Found iu terraces
which were formerly river banks. Is free from alkah and well
drained. Where occurring on plateau is well adapted to grain and
alfalfa.

12 3 4
Soil(2) 7 32 36 26

Acres.
Billings, Mont 11 , 776

Billings sandy loam. — A loam 0 to 12 inches deep, underlain by
light yellow sandy loam 3 to 15 feet deep, under which is found
sandstone fragments, gravel, or sand. Tills very easily. Occupies
hills. Is derived from disintegrated sandstone. Underdrainage
good. Adapted to all crops of the valley.

12 3 4

Soil(l) 1 61 22 12

Subsoil (2) 2 75 13 11

Acres.
Billings, Mont 13, 568

Billings loam. — A gray to black sandy loam, 0 to 12 inches deep,
underlain by loam or light clay loam to a depth of from 2 to 6 feet,
beneath which is usually found a sandy loam or sand, and occa-
sionally gravel. The surface is'generally level. The type is derived
from Fort Benton shale and limestone. Adapted to grain and

vegetables, and in some localities to fruit.

12 3 4

Soil (1) 1 27 40 31

Subsoil (2) 2 32 39 27

Acres.
Billings, Mont 14,144

Billings clay. — Consists of a loam 0 to 12 inches deep, underlain
by a tough, sticky, impervious dark-gray to black loam 3 to 12
feet deep. Formed by disintegration of Fort Benton shale. The
surface becomes very hard when dry and the type is difficult to till.
Best adapted to grass for pasturage and hay.

12 3 4

Soil (3) 1 19 37 43

Subsoil (4) _ 2 17 38 44

Acres.

Billings, Mont 17,088

Laramie, Wyo 16, 064

31896—04 10

146 Soils of the Far YTtst.

Laurel sandy loam. — An alluvial sandy loam 2 to 6 feet deep,
light-yellow to black in color, underlain by gravel and sand at
lower depths. Surface usually level, cut by sloughs and old river
channels, and swampy areas due to seepage from irrigating ditches.
Derived from deposits of the Yellowstone River. Except in parts
affected by alkali, is excellent for growing grain, vegetables, and
fruits.

12 3 4

Soil (4) 11 50 29 12

Subsoil (4) 29 49 15 7

Acres.

Billings, Mont 8, 832

Laramie, Wyo 29, 440

SALT LAKE SERIES AND ASSOCIATED SOILS.

The Salt Lake series occurs in old glacial lake beds, particularly
around Great Salt Lake and Utah Lake. It is probable that this
series is related to the Maricopa and Fresno series, as the material
is of the same granitic origin.

Salt Lake sand. — Sand consisting of about 80 per cent of medium-
sized egg-shaped or spherical particles, largely calcareous. Occu-
pies level or dune areas. Near Great Salt Lake, Utah, soil is
derived from the breaking up of lime hardpan, the peculiar and
regular shape of the particles resulting from the wearing and
polishing action of wind and water. As found in the vicinity of
(ireat Salt Lake the soil is of no agricultural value because of its

limited extent and its position.

12 3 4

Soil (2) 65 32 1 2

Acres.

Provo, Utah 1, 152

Salt Lake, Utah 1,140

Salt Lake sandy loam. — Sandy loam 2 feet deep, underlain by

fine sand. Level i)lains, recent lake bottoms. Soil is poorly

drained, contains an excess of alkali, and is bare of vegetation.

For these reasons it has no present agricultural value.

Acres.
Weber County, Utah 49. WO

Jordan sandy loam. — Sandy loam 2 feet deep; loam to 4 feet;
sand to 5 iVet, underlain by clay. Level ])lains, generally well

Salt Lake Series and Associated Soils. 14

drained. Derived from lacustrine deposits and river sediments.

AVhen well drained and free from alkali it is recognized as one of

the best of soils for general agricultural i3urposes and such crops

as grain, alfalfa, and fruit.

12 3 4

Soil (11) 8 41 33 16

Subsoil (6) 2 36 38 23

Acres.

Provo, Utah 38, 400

Salt Lake, Utah 48, 620

Jordan loam. — Loam 3 feet deep, underlain by stiff, tenacious

clay. Level low-lying plains. Origin, lacustrine, or river deposits,

in Salt Lake and Sevier counties, T'tah. Generally contains alkali.

When free from alkali and well drained this soil is good for alfalfa

and ffrain crops.

12 3 4

Soil (12) 3 25 38 28

Subsoil (11) 6 29 3-5 24

Acres.

Provo, Utah 99, 648

Salt Lake, Utah 41, 900

Weber County, Utah 15, 400

Salt Lake loam. — Loam 2 feet deep, underlain by sandy loam.
Level plains, representing recent lake bottom, poorly drained,
containing excessive amounts of alkali. Soil is not adapted to
agriculture at present on account of low-lying position, imperfect
drainage, and high salt content.

12 3 4

Soil (2) 3 40 31 28

Subsoil (2) 1 69 18 12

Acres.

Provo, Utah 3, 456

Weber County, Utah 9, 600

Jordan clay. — Tenacious clay or clay loam 6 feet or more in depth.

Level, low-lying plains, poorly drained, generally containing large

quantities of alkali. Origin, lacustrine deposits. This soil has

little present agricultural value, on account of poor drainage,

general occurrence of alkali, and impervious nature of the material.

12 3 4

Soil (4) 5 16 30 49

Subsoil (7) 9 12 36 43

Acres.

Prove, Utali 3, 840

Salt Lake, Utah is, 510

148 Soils of the Far Went.

PECOS SERIES AND ASSOCIATED SOILS.

These soils are derived from lacustrine deposits and stream
wash, and are usually very calcareous.

Pecos conglomerate. — Sandy loam to a depth of 2 feet, containing
a liigh percentage of rounded gravel, resting upon conglomerate or
gravel beds. Bench land and bluffs. Soil derived from disinte-
gration of conglomerate beds; well drained and free from alkali
salts; readily transmits seepage waters. Not adapted to any agri-
cultural purpose at present.

1 2 3 4 '

isoil (2) 3 56 17 18

Acres.
Pecos Valley, N. Mex 11,680

Pecos sand. — Fine sand, 6 feet or more in depth, except where
drifted over other formations. Lies along rivers by which it has
been transported from the mountains. The action of the wind has
extended the areas, and the surface is usually covered with dunes.
The soil is calcareous and contains small amounts of alkali, though
not enough to injure plants. Characteristic vegetation: Mesquite,
willow, canaigre, yucca, and cottonwood. Generally well drained.
Adapted to truck, fruit, melons, potatoes, and root crops.

12 3 4

Soil (1) 1 55 37 7

Subsoil (1) 2 62 33 3

Acres.

Pecos Valley, N. Mex 2, 810

Salt River Valley, Ariz i:<,960

Solomonsville, Ariz (i, 720

Pecos sandy loam. — Soil is a fine-grained gray sandy loam, 80
inches deep; sul)soil is a gray light loam, slightly heavier than
the soil. Occupies high, level valley land. Derived from lacus-
trine deposits; well drained and generally free from alkali. Recog-
nized as the best general farming land.

1 i 3 4

Soil (7) 3 46 25 IS

Subsoil (1) 0 36 27 31

Acres.

Pecos Valley, N. Mex 24, 770

Roswcll, N. Mex 11,540

IriijMrial Series. 149

Roswell sandy loam. — Heavy gray sandy loam 12 inches deep;
subsoil is a light loam underlain by clay at a depth of 5 feet.
Level second-bottom land derived from lacustrine deposits, poorly
drained, often containing alkali. Recognized as good farming

land.

I •-' ;} 4

Soil (3) 1 48 24 16

Acres.
Pecos Valley, N. Mex 9, 090

Roswell loam. — Loam, 4 feet deep, underlain by clay loam and
clay. Level, low bench land. Lacustrine deposit. Soil is natur-
ally poorly drained and contains alkali, ])ut when well drained
and free from alkali it is recognized as good soil for general farm

crops.

Acres.
Pecos Valley, X. Mex 2, 730

IMPERIAL SERIES.

This is an important group of soils found in the Colorado Delta.

Imperial gravelly loam. — A gravelly loam about 2 feet deep,
underlain by clay to a depth of 6 feet or more. In some areas the
interstitial material becomes quite sandy. The gravel consists of
agate, quartz, chert, limestone, granite, obsidian, and indurated
clay, varying in size from 1 inch to 5 or 6 inches in diameter.
Represents old beach lines or alluvial cones. In the lighter phases
the soil contains little alkali, but elsewhere the alkali content is
high. Too rough for cultivation. Subject in places to destructive
erosions by mountain floods. Much of it lies too high for culti-
vation. When irrigable and not too alkaline, siatable for fruits
and vegetables.

II 3 4

Soil (1) •'3 53 7 16

Subsoil (1) 7 17 25 51

Acres.
Imperial, Cal 43,328

Imperial sand. — Fine sand 5 feet deep, underlain by loam or clay.
The sand is generally well drained and free from harmful quan-
tities of alkali, but the loam or clay subsoil contains alkali in
excess, Avhich will rise to the surface, to the detriment to the land.

150 Soils of the Far TfW.

should excessive irrigation be practiced. This soil is adapted to
any of the crops suitable to the climate.

1-234

Soil (4) 11 74 11 4

Subsoil (2) 1 53 24 20

Acres.

Imperial, Cul 1 . 792

Yuma, Ariz 9, 062

Imperial sandy loam. — A fine-grained sq^ndy loam, 3 feet deep,
underlain by clay ur loam, formed by dejwsition of coarsest sedi-
ments carried by Colorado River. Surface irregular and covered
with dunes. Where free from excessive alkali the soil is adapted
to any crop suitable to southern arid regions.

12 .3 4

Soil (12) 0 30 50 16

Subsoil (9) 0 24 43 28

Acres.

Imperial, Cal 126, 656

Yuma, Ariz 12,806

Imperial loam. — A fine-grained sticky loam, on an average 5 feet
deep, underlain by clay or clay loam. A very fertile soil, but fre-
quently contains an excess of alkali salts. Drainage of this soil is
costly and difficult on account of its close grain. When free from
alkali it is adapted to most of the crops suited to the climate, l)ut
as it is likely to pack, annual crops or cultivated crops will prove
most profitable.

1 •-' 3 4

Soil (7) 0 . 13 52 32

Subsoil (5) 0 7 51 38

Acres.

Imperial, Cal 341, 056

Yuma, Ariz 20,800

Imperial clay. — Soil is a heavy-clay loam or clay, having a depth
of 6 feet or more. Surface usually level, though in places small
dunes are seen. Derived from deposition of finest sediment of the
Colorado River. When dry and in its natural state it exists in
hard cakes and lumj)s. After irrigation the soil dries very hard
and cracks intersect the surface in all directions. Difficult to till.
Little under culti'^^ation. Sorghum and millet produce good crops.

3

4

36

49

35

52

Salem Stries. 151

1 •-'

Soil (13) 1 11

Subsoil (10) 1 11

Acres.
Imperial, Cal 33, 792

SALEM SERIES.

Soils of this series are derived from interbedded layers of sand-
stone, argillaceous and schistose rocks and a dense, close-grained
basalt, all highly ferruginous.

Salem gravelly loam. — Brown or black loam containing a large
amount of gravel from 2 to 3 inches in diameter. This grades im-
perceptibly into a soil of the same material but containing more
gravel. A bottom soil generally well drained. Derived as a
stream wash from the same material as the Salem clay. Where
not too gravelly the soil is fairly well adapted to grain and fruit.

Acres.
Salem, Greg 18, 120

Salem sandy loam. — Brov»'n sandy loam of medium texture, 12
inches deep, underlain by a coarse sandy loam grading into sand.
The surface soil usuallv contains considerable organic matter. A
bottom soil, subject to frequent overflow. Well drained when the
river is at normal stage. Forms an excellent truck soil. Gives
large yields of hops, but they are subject to disease.

12 3 4

Soil (1) 5 67 16 13

Subsoil (1) 2 72 15 11

Acres.
Salem, Oreg 3, 648

Salem loam. — Brown to black loam 18 to 24 inches deep, con-
taining considerable organic matter, and being usually quite silty.
The subsoil is yellowish or red-clay loam or clay, becoming heavier
with depth, and often becoming mottled with gray and yellow.
Gently rolling or level valley land derived from transported sand-
stone material, with some basalt. Drainage generally good. Soil
is well adapted to general crops as well as to hops and small fruits.
Wheat produces from 25 to 30 bushels, oats from 35 to 60 bushels,
and hops about 15,000 pounds per acre.

152 Soils of the Far West.

1 •_> 3 4

Soil (2) S U) 62 25

Subsoil (2) 2 y 66 24

Acres.
Salem, Oreg 78, 656

Salem clay. — Heavy red loam or clay, 12 to 15 inches deep, rest-
ing on a red clay. Derived from red sandstone, argillaceous anti
schistose rocks, and a dense, close-grained ferrous basalt, all highly
ferruginous. Occurs on rolling hills, generally well drained. Fer-
tile soil, adapted to wheat, oats, hops, apples, prunes, and peaches.
Hops are less subject to mold and insect pests than those grown
on the bottom soils. The grain is of fine quality. Wheat yields
from 25 to 30 bushels and oats from 30 to 60 bushels per acre.
Hops yield about 1,200 pounds per acre.

12 3 4

Soil (1) 11 IS 26 45

Subsoil (1) 10 17 24 49

Acres.
Salem, Oreg 86, 400

SAN LUIS SERIES AND ASSOCIATED SOILS.

The soils are derived from lacustrine deposits of volcanic rock
materials.

San Luis sand. — A very coarse, incoherent, loose, reddish-brown
sand containing a large proportion of fine gravel, underlain at a
depth of from 2 to 4 feet by a coarser material which can not be
penetrated with the auger. The soil is composed of minute frag-
ments of volcanic rock, and is light and easily shifted by the wind.
In origin it is without doubt a lacustrine deposit and the generally
level surface is crossed by minor ridges thought to be the result of
varying deposition taking place in currents of different velocities.
There are also some dunes from 1 to 6 feet high. These irregu-
larities are a great hindrance to cultivation and irrigation. The
drainage is excessive and constant irrigation is necessary. This
has swamped some areas, and brought about the rise of alkali
over large tracts of the type. Much of the originally productive
land has been abandoned for this reason. Fair crops of the small
grains are grown. The yield per acre of wheat is 15 to 30 bushels,
of oats from 20 to 40. Pease are gro^\Ti for pasture and for hay.

^

San Luis Series and Associated Soils. 153

1 i 3 4

Soil (4) 51 . 32 10 8

Acres.
San Luis Valley, Colo 136, 960

San Luis sandy loam. — A coarse, gravelly, reddish-brown loam
from 18 inches to 3 feet deep, resting on a subsoil of almost pure
gravel and sand, which extends to indeterminate depths. Near
the mountains the surface soil is shallower, more sticky, and the
gravel larger and more waterworn. Heavier phases of the soil
are known locally as "adobfe." Occupies imperceptibly sloping
plains, the surface of which is broken by many knolls and ridges
from 8 inches to not more than 2 feet in height. Soil is a lacus-
trine deposit. Near the mountains the soil is well drained and
free from alkali. Lower areas are alkaline. Nearly all the culti-
vated areas are sown to cereals and pease. Well adapted to these
crops, and also to potatoes and truck crops.

12 3 4

Soil (3) 35 31 20 13

Subsoil (1) 8 34 52 6

Acres.
San Luis Valley. Colo 196, 992

San Luis loam. — A plastic and sticky, reddish-brown loam, con-
taining some gravel, 24 to 36 inches deep, resting on a subsoil of
sand or sandy loam, beneath which occurs sand and gravel. The
surface is level and uniform and well adapted to irrigation. La-
custrine deposit formed by further breaking down of materials of
Pan Luis sandy loam. Contains more or less alkali, and is not at
present cultivated. AVhen irrigated, produces a good crop of wild
hay. Would be well adapted to the grain crops.

12 3 4

Soil (1) 15 39 12 34

Acres.
San Luis Valley, Colo 9, 088

Rio Grande sandy loam. — Dark-brown to black, friable, easily
cultivated sandy loam, with an average depth of about 2 feet,
resting on a l)e(l of gravelly sand. Occurs as narrow strips along
river. The surface is generally level. The drainage usually poor.
Potatoes succeed very well, and the production of these and nati\ e
pasturage are about the only uses made of the soil.

154: Soils of the Far ^Ye8t.

1 2 3 i

Soil (2) .". 10 36 34 22

Acres.
San Luis Valley, Colo 3o, 776

Rio Grande loam. — A sticky, plastic, black loam, containing con-
siderable gravel, resting on a subsoil of sand and gravel \vliicli
extends to undetermined depths. Soil contains considerable
organic matter. Found along small streams near the mountains
and in depressions. Formed partially from materials brought by
the streams from the mountains, and partially by the further
disintegration of the materials forming the San Luis sandy loam,
namely, lacustrine deposits of volcanic origin. The soil is very
difhcult to cultivate. When wet, it is a sticky mass of mud, and
when dry, it bakes similarly to the adobes of the Pacific coast.
It is not esteemed a very desirable soil for grain or alfalfa. At
present is used mainly for pasturage. The drainage is rather
poor and would be difficult to improve.

12 3 4

Soil (4) 10 23 36 31

Acres.
San Luis Valley, Colo 23, 104

MISCELLANEOUS SOILS OF THE FAR WEST.

Salt River gravel. — Coarse gravel of undetermined depth. Bluff

along Salt River, Arizona. Of no present agricultural value.

Acres.
Salt River Valley, Ariz 1, 804

Arroyo Seco sandy loam. — Dark-brown or yellowish coarse sandy
loam, containing a large percentage of coarse, well-rounded gravel
and small bowlders of granitic origin. Sometimes becoming com-
pact and very hard at surface. Found upon gently sloping fans.
Derived from stream wash from mountains. Somewhat deficient
in organic matter. Adapted to grains if well irrigated, but irriga-
tion is very difficult, on account of loss by seepage through coarse
subsoil. Yield fair in favorable seasons. Free from alkali.

12 3 4

Soil (2) 2it 36 23 12

Acres.

Lower Salinas Valley, Cal y, 670

San Jose, Cal 7, 616

Miscellaneous Soils. 155

Laramie gravelly loam. — Coarse sandy loam containing a large
amount of gravel, 6 feet or more in depth. At from 6 to 10 feet
underlain by yellow shale. Has no agricultural value.

Acres.
Laramie, Wyo 19. 200

Laramie sandy loam. — Coarse sandy loam from 2 to 6 feet deep,
underlain by sand and gravel. Some gravel found scattered
through the surface soil, generally quartz, sandstone, and lime-
stone rock. Upland soil of colluvial origin. Well adapted to
general farm crops. Wheat yields from 20 to 30 bushels, oats
from 30 to 50 bushels, potatoes from 100 to 175 bushels, and alfalfa
about 4 tons per acre.

12 3 4

Soil (2) 27 37 12 26

Subsoil (3) 25 33 16 27

Acres.
Laramie, Wyo 82, 272

9

Los Angeles sandy loam.— Brown sandy loam 2 to 3 feet deep,
grading into disintegrated sandstone and shale. Eough, hilly
country. Some grain is grown under dry farming, but soil is not
well adapted to crops.

12 3 4

Soil (2) 10 35 37 18

Subsoil (2) 13 37 37 14

Acres.
Los Angeles, Cal 9,024

Fancher sandy loam. — Dark-red micaceous sandy loam 6 feet or

more in depth, derived from stream wash from foothills, well

drained and free from alkali, containing relatively high percentage

of organic matter. Occupies foothill stream bottoms and sinks.

Generally adapted to fruit and vineyards.

12 3 4

Soil (8) 19 42 23 11

Subsoil (3) 27 45 19 6

Acres.

Fresno', Cal 12, 832

Hanford, Cal 19, 860

San Joaquin sandy loam. — Reddish light sandy loam 3 feet in
depth, frequently hard and compact, underlain by red sandstone
hardpan. Along foothill streams hardpan is absent, the sandy

156 Soilsof the Far West.

loam extending to a depth of 6 feet or more. Generally occupies
sloping valley plains. Soil is derived from disintegration of red
sandstone rock. Well drained, free from alkali, and frequently
covered with hog-wallow mounds. Adapted to grain crops, and,
where hardpan is more than 3 feet from the surface, to fruits and
vineyards.

1 2 :i 4

Soil (9) 27 44 18 9

Acres.
Fresno, Cal 74, 547

Placentia sandy loam. — Sandy loam 3 feet in depth, underlain by
sandy adobe. Surface material is compact and grades into the
sandy adobe. High mesa land, valley lands, and high plains and
rolling hills; remnant of old flood plain subsequently modified l)y
wind action. Well drained and free from alkali. At present
adapted to citrus and other fruit when w^ater supply is available;
dry farmed, to wheat, barley, and black-eyed beans.

12 3 4

Soil (10) 14 38 34 13

Subsoil (7) 12 40 33 14

Acres.

Lower Salinas Valley, Cal 74, 000

Los Angeles, Cal 06, 048

San Gabriel, Cal 48, 820

Acres.

Sati Jose, Cal 61,-568

Santa Ana, Cal 16, 8.57

Ventura, Cal 23. 880

Santiago sandy loam. — Sandy loam 3 feet deep, underlain by
sand to bh feet, which is in turn underlain by sand and gravel.
Over a considerable area the gravel comes to the surface and in-
creases in size and amount in the lower depths. Lower delta
plains of the foothill streams in Orange County, Cal. Dry-farmed
to wheat and barley, and under irrigation at present adapted to
fruits of that locality.

12 3 4
Subsoil (1) 12 51 27 7

Acres.
Santa Ana, Cal 17.100

Elsinore sandy loam. — Liglit-colored sandy l(»am 4 feet in depth,
underlain l)y (•()ar>e sand, grading into gravel. Low, level ]i)t>r-
tions of Sevier Valley, Utah. Derived from river-transjiorted ma-

Miscellcmeous Soils. 157

terial; poorly drained and contains considerable alkali near the
surface. At present adapted only to salt-grass meadows.

12 3 4

Soil (7) 8 39 36 10

Subsoil (12) 18 47 24 6

Acres.

Boise, Idaho «33, 100

Sevier Valley, Utah 7, 800

Boise sandy loam. — Light-gray, flaky, ashy-textured sandy loam,
micaceous, loose, and powdery. From a few inches to 40 or 50 feet
in depth. Surface, 6 feet, often interstratitied with loam soil and
sand or sandy loam litre hard pan, but in places sandy loam ex-
tends to bed rock. Soil rests on coarse gravel and cobbles. Some
alkali in local spots in loam subsoil. Usually found on mesas.
Lake sediment, probably derived from basalt. Well drained.
Adapted to truck, grain, and clover. Where the hardpan is not
very thick, fruit and alfalfa do well.

1-234

Soil (2) 2 19 67 8

Subsoil (7) 23 21 40 12

Acres.
Boise, Idaho 95, 850

Deer Flat sandy loam. — Fine red, micaceous, sandy loam, a few
inches to 3 feet in depth. Subsoil, sandy loam and sand to per-
haps 50 or 100 feet. Occurs in higher lying valley areas, and has
a generally level surface. Free from alkali in areas mapped.
Only small portion cultivated, owing to lack of water for irriga-
tion. Good for truck, grain, clover, and fruit.

12 3 4

Soil (2) • 6 57 26 8

Subsoil (3) 7 58 23 8

Acres.
Boise, Idaho 45, 380

Gila fine sandy loam. — Fine sandy loam or very fine sand 6 feet
or more in depth, derived from river deposits subsequently modi-
fied by wind action. Occupies low bluffs and plains. Adapted to
alfalfa and grain crops.

"Mapped as Caldwell sandy loam, which name will not be used hereafter.

158 Soiltt of tJte Far West.

1 i 3 4

Soil (8) .- 1 44 42 11

Subsoil (1) 5 50 33 11

Acres.

Imperial, Cal 30, 784

Salt River Valley, Ariz 18, 578

Acres.

Solomonsville, Ariz ^. 9, 600

Yuma, Ariz 17, 038

3

4

43

16

42

21

Santiago loam. — Red loam, 3 feet deep; sandy loam to 4 feet, under-
lain by gravelly sandy loam. Harsh, compact soil washed from
foothills by the streams; occurring along margin of coastal plain
near foothills in southern California. Considered unproductive
soil, and at present little used for agricultural purposes.

1 2

Soil (1) 4 34

Subsoil (1) 4 30

Acres.
Santa Ana, Cal 1, 830

Glenwood loam. — Loam 4 feet deep, underlain by clay. Level
valley floor. Soil contains considerable alkali, and drainage is
often poor, but when drained and free from alkali it is excellent
for general farming purposes.

1 2

Soil (2) 3 17

Subsoil (3) 5 20

Acres.
Sevier Valley, Utah 12, 100

Boise loam. — Red or yellow loam from 6 inches to several feet in
depth, underlain with alternating strata of sandy loam and s:md,
the latter often being cemented by calcium carbonate into a hard-
pan. Soil particles in the upper stratum of virgin soil also usually
cemented together, but not into a compact mass. Surface is usually
covered with a coating of sandy loam, varying in depth and hav-
ing the texture of the Boise sandy loam. Occurs on mesa plains
and is derived from lake sediments. Often alkaline. When sul)-
soil is broken up, is good for fruit, grain, and alfalfa.

1 2

Soil (1) 5 31

Subsoil (3) 11 32

Acres.
Boise, Idaho 61, 960

3

4

46

28

44

25

3

4

44

17

34

19

Miscellaneous Soils. 159

Walla "Walla loam. — This type consists of a very sticky brown or
black sandy luam, or loam, with a depth of 3 feet, underlain by a
sandy loam similar to the subsoil of the Yakima sandy loam. In
places this subsoil from 3 feet to 6 feet may be a sticky, yellow
plastic sandy loam, but in most cases below 3 feet the soil is an
ordinary sandy loam. Occupies the very high, steep hills in the
eastern part of the district mapped. Is especially adapted to
wheat and barley, giving very large yields of both.

Soil (3)

Subsoil (3).

Acres.
Walla Walla, Wash 23, 360

1

o

3

4

1

15

69

14

• >

20

66

10

2

3

4

27

42

29

41

39

12

Glendale loess. — Silt 6 feet or more in depth, typical loess tex-
ture. Level plain, forming low divide between Salt River and
Agua Fria River, Arizona. Formed by wash from Cave Creek.
Generally well drained and free from alkali. Adapted to grain
and alfalfa; lighter phases to fruit growing.

1

Soil (7) 3

Subsoil (2) 3

Acres.
Salt River Valley, Ariz 52, 040

Santiago silt loam. — The soil is a dense, heavy, silt loam resem-
bling adobe, 2 feet in depth, very sticky when Avet, underlain by
sand, tine sand, or fine sandy loam. Lower delta plains and river
terraces. Derivation from modern alluvium, often being deposited
at present during flood season. When well drained and free from
alkali this soil is adapted to fruit, celery, and sugar beets. It is
dry-farmed to wheat to some extent, and as occurring in the
Salinas Valley is considered a most valuable soil.

Soil (12)

Subsoil (3)

1

2

3

4

4

21

52

21

2

25

56

14

Acres.

Los Angeles, Cal •. . . . 39, 360

Lower Arkansas Valley, Colo.. 37,760

Acres.

San Gabriel, Cal 5, 220

Santa Ana, Cal 14, 349

Lower Salinas Valley, Cal 14, 120 i Yuma, Ariz 3. 76:.

160 Soils of the Far West.

Salt River adobe. — Clay loam with adobe properties, 2 feet deep,
underlain by sandy loam or loam. Low-lying land, containing
alkali, and rather poorly drained. Sediment of prehistoric irri-
gation with muddy water. Generally adapted to alfalfa and small
grain.

12 3 4

Soil (5) 4 30 31 28

Subsoil (3) 2 4-1 25 24

Acres.
Salt River Valley, Ariz 13, 665

Sierra adobe. — Sandy adobe containing small amounts of gravel
to a depth of 2 or 3 feet, generally underlain by red sandstone,
hardpan, or granite rock. Low foothills. Residual soil derived
from decomposition of underlying granite, used to some extent
for dry-farming wheat and barley.

12 3 4

Soil (2) 11 42 33 14

Subsoil (1) 12 27 33 28

Acres.

Fresno, Cal 13, 376

Los Angeles, Cal 6, 976

GYPSUM SOILS.

Gypsum. — Light-brown or reddish-brown sandy loam or loam
soil, underlain by soft saccharoidal gypsum at a depth of from a
few inches to 6 feet. Gypsum is often present at the surface.
Level bench land. Derived from disintegration of gypsum depos-
its and possesses remarkable power of transmitting seepage waters
by capillary and gravitational flow. With high salt content of
irrigation water it is not desirable land for agricultural purposes.
Often contains large quantities of alkali.

12 3 4

Soil (2) 3 50 24 18

Subsoil (5) 3 33 19 38

Acres.

Pecos Valley, N. Mex <' 11, 630

Laramie, Wyo 2, 304

a Mapped as Pecos gypsum, which name will not be used hereafter.

Porto Hican Soils. 161

PORTO Rl( AN SOILS.

Biverwash. — Coarse sand, gravel, and bowlders, generally in

long, narrow areas, but occasionally spread out in fan-shaped

areas, subject to overflow in times of flood. Of little or no

agricultural value.

Acres.
Arecibo to Ponce, P. R 970

Portugues stony loam. — Dark loam 14 inches in depth, derived
from igneous and volcanic rocks. Contains 5 to 70 per cent of
angular stones, and is underlain by cracked and broken vok-anic
and igneous rock partly decomposed. Occupies steep slopes of
hills and mountains, covering a large area between Ponce and
Adjuntas. Used for pasture during the rainy season. Some
coffee, bananas, and plantains are produced on favored areas.

1 J 3 4

Soil (2) 37 20 24 19

Acres.
Arecibo to Ponce. P. R 15, 600

Tanama stony loam. — Soil is a red clay loam, 6 to 10 inches
deep, derived from limestone. Occupies large area of broken and
rugged country between Arecibo and Utuado, characterized by
local, swampy sink holes. Subsoil is a stiff red clay containing
limestone fragments. Bananas and plantains are the principal
crops, and some coffee, oranges, and a little tobacco are produced,

1 ■-' 3 4

Soil (3) 6 17 31 44

Subsoil (2) 12 32 Ifi 40

Acres.
Arecibo to Ponce, P. R 41, 680

Arecibo sand. — A loose, incoherent red to white coral and quartz
sand, 12 to 36 inches or more deep. Occupies slightly rolling
land. Soil is probably derived from wind-blown beach sand.
Naturally poor soil. Similar to the Florida pineapple land.
Produces some pasturage and a few cocoanuts.

1 -2 3 4

Soil (2) • 54 42 4 2

Subsoil (1) 35 57 4 4

.T.cres.
Arecibo to Ponce, P. R 7, 580

31896—04 11

162 Porto Rican Soils.

Coral sand. — Drifted, incoherent beach sand, 24 to 36 inclies
deep, formed from coral and shells by wind and wave action,
underlain by a slightly loamy sand. Occupies low-lying lands on
coast, occasionally forming slight hills 15 to 20 feet above sea
level. Adapted to cocoanut trees.

12 3 4

Soil (3) 62 30 4 4

Subsoil (1) 46 35 7 10

Acres.
Arecibo to Ponce, P. R 2, 620

Arecibo sandy loam. — Heavy red sandy loam, with an average
depth of 10 inches, underlain to a depth of 36 inches by a rather
tenacious clay loam. Found in valleys between outlying limestone
hills. Elevation between 30 and 100 feet. Naturally well drained.
Used for truck and fruit. Small area devoted to tobacco and sugar
cane.

1 2 3 4

Soil (1) 23 57 6 14

Subsoil (1 ) -. 17 48 9 25

Acres.
Arecibo to Ponce, P. R 2, 690

Ponce sandy loam. — Brown sandy loam 14 to 36 inches or more in
depth. An alluvial soil occupying river deltas in the vicinity of
Ponce. The subsoil is a sandy loam heavier and darker than soil.
Sugar cane is the principal crop. Cocoanuts and Guinea-grass
also grown. There is a stony phase containing rounded stone
fragments, sometimes as large as 2 or 3 feet in diameter. This
phase is used only for pasture and at present has little value.

1 i 3 4

Soil (6) 10 43 35 12

Subsoil (2) 2 22 57 20

Acres.
Arecibo to Ponce, P. R 6, 550

TTtuado sandy loam. — Coarse, yellow sandy loam, 7 inches deep,
representing soil of deforested area on. steep slopes of the lower
mountains around Utuado. Residual soil derived from igneous
rocks. Subsoil is a shallow, yellow sandy loam, grading intodecom-
posed granite and other igneous rocks. Little natural fertility, and
but little used, as a great part of the areas are too steep for culti-

Porto Rican Soils. 163

vation. Should be reforested. Produces a few bananas, some plan-
tains, and coffee.

1 2 3 4

Soil (1) 49 24 19 8

Subsoil (1) 47 27 17 8

Acres.
Arecibo to Ponce, P. R 25. 100

Vivi sandy loam. — Yellowish-brown sandy loam, 10 inches deep,
forming tracts of alluvial deposits along the larger streams in the
mountains near Adjuntas. Subsoil is a yellow-brown sandy loam.
Soil is mellow and rich and easv to cultivate. Considered the best
tobacco soil in the area. Also adapted to sweet potatoes, beans,
and other minor crops. Used to a small extent in the production
of sugar.

12 3 4

Soil (2) 27 50 15 9

Subsoil (2) 13 44 25 19

Acres.
Arecibo to Ponce, P. R 1,060

Arecibo loam. — A dark waxy loam, 6 to 12 inches deep, resting
on a yellow sticky loam containing fragments of limestone. The
soil is shallow as a rule, but fairly productive. Principally used
for pasture near the coast. Inland areas devoted to bananas,
plantains, and to some extent to coffee. A few orange trees were
noticed, and appeared to be thrifty. Hardly 10 per cent of the
area is in crops.

12 3 4

Soil (2) 25 31 26 19

SubS0il(2) 22 26 26 26

Acres.
Arecibo to Ponce, P. R 17,700

Pastillo loam. — White, reddish, or brown loam, about 4 inches
in depth, resting on porous limestone, fragments of which occur
in soil. Affords scanty pasturage. Produces small amount of
Guinea-grass on areas of deeper and more fertile soil. Occurs
west of Ponce, in the southern part of the Porto Rican area.
Among the poorest soils of the area.

12 3 4

Soil (2) 12 17 46 26

Acres.
Arecibo to Ponce, P. R 16, 040

164 Porto Rican Soils.

Ponce loam. — Is composed of a dark-brown alluvial loam, 3 feet or
more in depth. Originally swampy in part. When drained, well
adapted to sugar cane and Guinea-grass, also to bananas and plan-
tains. Best sugar land of the area. All under cultivation.

1-234
Soil (1) : -l 20 57 20

Acres.
•Arecibo to Ponce, P. K 2,480

Utuado loam. — Dark-brown or yellowish loam, 7 inches deep,
friable and free from stones, underlain bv vellow loam becoming
lighter in texture at lower depths. Derived from igneous and vol-
canic rocks. Occupies hilly country in vicinity of Utuado. Some
areas adapted to coffee and fruit, but the greater part used for
pasture.

1 •_' :J 4

Soil (1) 11 28 28 34

Subsoil (1) 10 30 30 30

Acres.
Arecibo to Ponce, P. K 7, 880

Arecibo silt loam. — Dark-brown silt loam, 12 to 36 inches deep,
underlain by dark loam or silt loam. Alluvial deposit occupying
low level areas along or near the coast. In the vicinity of Arecibo
excellent cane land, producing from 30 to 40 tons per acre.
Around Ponce, low lying and too alkaline for crops, on account of
occasional inundation by sea water.

1 i :5 4

Soil (4) 3 18 55 24

Subsoil (3) 3 14 52 31

Acres.
Arecibo to Ponce, 1 '. R 8, 960

Adjuntas clay. — A red or dark-brown clay, 3 to 15 inches deep,
underlain by red clay 36 inches or more in depth. Derived from
volcanic and igneous rocks. Occupies steep slopes. Dithcult or
impossible to till, requiring great care to ])revent washing. The
principal and most important coffee soil of the Arecibo to Ponce
area. Also adapted to the growth of l)ananas, jdantains, and
oranges, where there is a suflicient depth of soil.

Porto Rican Soils. 165

1 1' 3 4

Soil (3) 3 10 36 52

Subsoil (2) 3 11 43 43

Acres.
A recibo to Ponce, P. R 29, 890

Alonso clay. — Dark purplish-red clay loam, 8 to 28 inches deep,
underlain by dark to purplish-red tenacious clay 36 inches or more
in depth. Derived from igneous and volcanic rocks. Heavy,
stiff, and hard to cultivate. Rough, mountainous topography.
The small area southwest of Adjuntas is well adapted to oranges
and coffee. The other areas are lower and produce chiefly bananas
and plantains, with some coffee.

1 •-' 3 4

Soil (n) 10 22 35 37

Subsoil (2) 4 15 37 44 •

Acres.
Arecibo to Ponce, P. R 13, 690

Penuelas adobe. — Brown loam, with marked adobe properties, 18

to 15 inches deep, underlain by cracked and broken volcanic tufa.

Derived from disintegrated volcanic tufa. Occupies hills and

gentle slopes around Penuelas. Too dry except for pasture. Some

bananas grown on moist spots.

12 3 4

Soil (2) 14 IS 28 41

Subsoil (1) 59 23 9 9

Acres.
Arecibo to Ponce, P. R 6, 680

Portugnes adobe. — Heavy, dark-brown or black loam resembiing
adobe, 6 to 17 inches deep, formed from decomposed limestone.
Occupies parting valleys and gentle slopes around limestone hill?
in southern part of area. Soil is underlain ])y heavy light-brown
loam, becoming lighter in color with increasing depth. Devoted
chiefly to pasture, but produces sugar cane and bananas where
irrigation is practicable. A large part of the area lies too high for
irrigation.

12 3 4

Soil (2) : 6 20 32 33

Subsoil (2) 5 14 24 38

Acres.
Arecibo to I'once, P. R 4,010

s

INDEX

Page.
Acadia silt loam 76

Afton fine sandy loam, {^ee Mlaniijine sand, p. 106.)
Alamance silt loam. (See Cecil silt loam, p. 85.)
Allegan black clay. (See Miami black chiy loam, p. 113.)
Allegan clay. (See Miami clay loam, p. 109.)
Allegan fine sandy loam. (See Miami fine sandy loam, p. 107. )
Allegan gravelly loam. (See Miami gravel and Miami

gravelly loam, p. 105.)
Allegan sand. (See Miami sand, p. 106.)
Allegan sandy loam. (See Miami sandy loam, p. 107.)
Allegan stony loam. (See Miami stony loam, p. 105.)

Alloway clay 63

Almyra silt loam 77

Alton stony loam 118

Arkansas fine sandy loam 80

Arkansas loam 81

Arroyo Seco sandy loam 154

Ayden fine sandy loam. (See Xorf oik fine sandy loam, p. 55. )
Beaufort sand. (See Portsmouth sand, p. 66.)

Benton loam 132

Bernardston loam 124

Billings clay 145

Billings gravelly loam 144

Billings loam 145

Billings sandy loam 145

Bingham gravelly loam. ( See Maricopa gravelly loam, p. 133. )
Bingham stony loam. (See Maricopa stony loam, p. 133.)

Boise loam • 158

Boise sandy loam 157

Calcasieu fine sand 75

Calcasieu fine sandy loam : 75

167

168 Lidex.

Page.

Calcasieu loam 76

Caldwell loam, {^ee Yakima loam, p. 141.)

Caldwell sandy loam. (See Elsinore sandtf Joam, p. 156.)

Cardiff slate loam 89

Cassadaga sand ] 20

Cecil clay 85

Cecil loam - 84

Cecil mica loam 85

Cecil sand 88

Cecil sandy loam 84

Cecil silt loam 85

Cecil stony loam 83

Chattooga loam 95

Chicopee gravel loam. (See Norfolk gravelly loam, p. 53.)

Clarksville clay 103

Clarksville clay loam 1 03

Clarksville loam 102

Clarksville silt loam 103

Clarksville stony L )am 1 02

Clyde sand 1 U)

Collington sandy 1( )am 59

Conestoga clay 101

Conestoga loam 100

Connecticut meadows. {See Meadow, j). 47.)

Connecticut swamp. [See Sirainp, p. 48.)

Conowingo barrens 89

Conowingo clay 89

Crowley silt loam 77

Cundjerland loam 99

Dauphin sandy loam 99

Davidson loam 1 00

Davie clay loam 90

De Kalb clay loam 95

De Kail) line sandy loam 94

De Kalb sandy loam 94

De Kail) stony loam , 93

Deer Flat sandv loam 157

Index. 169

Page.

Delavan silt loam 125

Derby loam 122

Donegal gravelly loam. (See Xorfolk gravelly loam, p. 53.)

Dunesand 45

Dunkirk clay 118

Dunkirk gravel 116

Dunkirk gravelly loam 117

Dunkirk sandy loam 117

Dunkirk shale loam 117

Durham sandy loam. (See Cecil sand, p. 83.)
Edgemont stony loam. (See De Kalh stony loam, p. 93.)
Edgerton silt loam. (See Miami silt loam, p. 108.)

Elkhorn silt loam 125

Elkton clay 64

Elmira fine sandy loam, {^ee Miami fine sandy loam, p. 107. )

Elmira shale loam 127

Elmira silt loam. (See Miami silt loam, p. 108.)

Elmwood loam 60

Elsinboro fine sand. (See Xorfolk fi)ie sand, p. 55.)
Elsinore sand. (See Riverwash, p. 46.)

Elsinore sandy loam 156

Enfield sandy loam. (See Xorfolk sandy loam, p. 55.)
Fairview sandy loam. (See Marshall sandy loam, p. 111.)

Fancher sandy loam 155

Fargo clay 129

Fargo loam. (See Marshall loam, p. 111.)

Fargo gravelly loam. (See Marshall grarelly loa)ii, }>. 110.)

Fort Pavne ston v loam 101

Fresno fine sand 136

Fresno fine sandy loam 1 37

Fresno red sand 136

Fresno sand 136

Fresno sandy loam 137

Fullerton sandy a(lol)e 144

Gadsden sand 58

Gadsden loam 61

Galveston clav 52

170 Index,

Page.

Galveston sand 51

Galveston sandy loam 51

Garner stony loam 58

Gila fine sandy loam 157

Glendale loess 159

Glenwood loam 158

Goldsboro compact sandy loam. (See Portsmouth sandy
loam, p. 67. )

Griffin clay 127

Guthrie clay 104

Gypsum 160

Hagersto wn clay 98

Hagerstown clay loam 98

Hagerstown loam 97

Hagerstown sandy loam 97

Hagerstown shale loam 98

Hagerstown silt loam 97

Hagerstown stony loam 96

Hanford fine sand. (See Fresno fine saiid, p. 136.)

Hanford fine sandy loam 138

Hanover sand. (See Miami sand, p. 106.)
Hartford eandy loam. (See Norfolk sand p. 54.)
Hempfield stony loam. (See Cecil sto)u/ loam, p. 83.)
Hempstead gravelly loam. (See Hempstead loam, p. 61.)

Hempstead loam 61

Herndon stony loam. (See Porterx stonij loam, p. 91.)

Hobart clay 128

Holyoke stony loam 118

Hondo Meadows. (See Meadoir, p. 47.)

Houston black clay 72

Houston clay 71

Houston silt loam 71

Imperial clay 150

Imperial gravelly loani 149

Imperial loam 150

Imperial sand 149

Imj)erial sandy loam 150

Index. 171

Page.

Iredell clay loam 90

Jackson loam 123

Janesville loam 122

Janesville silt loam. (See Marshall silt loam, p. 112.)

Jordan clay 147

Jordan loam 147

Jordan meadow. (See Meadow, p. 47.)
Jordan sand. (See Fresno sand, p. 136.)

Jordan sandy loam 146

Kalamazoo gravelly loam. (See Marshall gravel, p. 109. )

Kaskaskia loam 82

Lacasine clay loam 76

Lake Charles fine sandy loam 75

Lake Charles loam 76

Landry silt loam ^ 77

Laramie gravelly loam 155

Laramie sandy loam 155

Laurel sandy loam 146

Leonardtown gravelly loam. (See Leonardtown loam, p. 62. )

Leonardto wn loam 62

Lickdale clay loam 100

Lincoln sandy loam 132

Lintonia loam 81

Los Angeles sandy loam 155

Loudoun sandy loam 88

Lufkin line sand 58

Lufkin clay 66

Mackinaw gravel. (See Miami gravel, p. 105.)

Madeland 46

Madison loam 124

^Manchester sandy loam 121

Manor stony loam. (See Cecil stony loam, p. 83.)

Maricopa clay loam 135

Maricopa gravelly loam 133

Maricopa loam 134

Maricopa sand 134

[Maricopa sandy adobe 135

172 Index.

Maricopa sandy loam 134

Maricopa ^ilt loam 1 35

Maricopa stony loam 133

Marion silt loam 126

Marshall clay 114

^Marshall clay loam 113

Marshall fine sand Ill

Marshall gravel 109

Marshall gravelly loam 110

Marshall loam Ill

Marshall sand 110

Marshall sandy loam Ill

Marshall silt loam 112

Marshall stony loam 109

McLean silt loam 125

Meadow 47

Memphis silt loam 1 24

Miami black clay loam 113

Miami clay loam 109

Miami fine sand 1 0(5

Miami fine sandy loam 107

Miami gravel 1 05

Miami gravelly loam 105

Miami loam 1 07

Miami sand 100

Miami sandy loam 107

Miami silt loam lOS

Miami stony loam '. 105

Miller fine sand 79

Miller fine sandy loam 80

Mobile clay 63

Mobile loam. (See Norfolk fine m)i<h/ hxiin, p. 55.)

Monroe fine sandy loani 60

Monroe silt loam 63

INIorse clay 78

Mnrrill clay loam 101

]\Tnrrill sandy loam. (See Jlat/i'rxton-ii s((ii(h/ loam, p. 97.)

Index. 173

Page.
Miirrill stony loam. (See Hagerstown stony loam, p. 96.)

Muck 49

Mvatt fine sandv loam 60

Xeuse clay 65

Norfolk coarse sand 53

Norfolk coarse sandy loam , 54

Norfolk fine sand 55

Norfolk fine sandy loam 55

Norfolk gravel 52

Norfolk gravelly loam 53

Norfolk loam 56

Norfolk sand 54

Norfolk sandy loam 55

Norfolk sandy soil. (See Norfolk sandy loam, p. 55. )

Norfolk silt loam 57

Oakland sandy loam 121

Ocklocknee clay 65

Orangeburg clay 71

Orangeburg fine sandy loam 70

Orangeburg loam. (See also Orangeburg sandy loam, p. 70. )

Orangeburg sand 69

Orangeburg sandy loam 70

Orangeburg silt loam 70

Oswego fine sandy loam 129

Oswego loam 129

Oswego silt loam 130

Oxnard loam 143

Oxnard sand 142

Oxnard sandy loam 143

Oxnard silt loam 143

Peat 49

Pecos conglomerate 148

Pecos gypsum. (See Gypsum, p. 160. )

Pecos sand 148

Pecos sandy loam 148

Penn clay 88

Penn gravelly loam 87

174 Index.

Page.

Penn loam 87

Penn sand}' loam 87

Penn stony loam 86

Placentia sandy loam 156

Plainwell stony loam 119

Pocoson. {See Swamp, p. 48.)

Podunk fine sandy loam 59

Porters black loam 92

Porters clay — 93

Porters loam 92

Porters red clay. (See Porters day, p. 93.)

Porters sand 91

Porters sandy loam •. 92

Porters stony loam 91

Portsmouth clay 68

Portsmouth loam 67

Portsmouth sand 66

Portsmouth sandy loam 67

Quinton sandy loam. (See Norfolk sandy loam, p. 55.)

Rock outcrop 46

Redfield clay loam 142

Redfield loam 142

Redfield sandy loam 142

Rio Grande loam 154

Rio Grande sandy loam 153

Riverwash 46

Ros well loam 149

Ros well sandy loam 1 49

Rough, stony land 46

Salem clay 152

Salem gravelly loam 151

Salem loam 151

Salem sandy loam 151

Salinas gray adobe 1-^8

Salinas shale loam 144

Salt Lake loam 147

Salt Lake sand 146

Salt Lake sandv loam 146

Index. 175

Pag-e.

Salt River adobe 160

Salt River gravel 154

Sanders loam 61

San Gabriel gravelly loam. (See Maricopa gravelly loam,

p. 133.)
San Gabriel gravelly sand. (See Fresno sand, p. 136.)
San Jacinto clay. (See Houston black clay, p. 72.)

San Joaquin black adobe 1 39

San Joaquin red adobe 139

San Joaquin sandy loam 1 55

San Luis loam 153

San Luis sand 152

San Luis sandy loam 153

Sandhill 45

Santiago loam 158

Santiago sandy loam 156

Santiago silt loam 159

Sassafras gravelly loam. (See Norfolk silt loam, p. 57.)
Sassafras loam. (See Norfolk silt loam, p. 57.)
Sassafras sandy loam. (See Norfolk loam, p. 56.)

Saugatuck sand 119

Savanna. (See Siramp, p. 48.)

Sedgwick black clay loam 131

Sedgwick clay loam 131

Sedgwick loam 131

Sedgwick sandy loam 131

Selma clay 65

Selma heavy silt loam 62

Selma silt loam. (See Norfolk sandy loam, p. 55.)

Sharkey clay 82

Shelby clay 128

Shelby sand 120

Shelby silt loam 126

Sierra adobe 160

Sioux clay ^ 116

Sioux fine sandy loam 115

Sioux sand 114

1 76 Index,

Page.

Sioux sandy loam 115

Snake River gaud. (See Yakima sand, p. 140.)

Soledad gravelly sand 138

Sturgis fine sandy loam. (See Miami fine sandy loam, p. 107. )

Sufiield clay 64

Sunnyside sand. (See Yakima sand, ]». 140. )

Susquehanna clay 64

Susquehanna clay loam 62

Susquehanna gravel. {^q% Norfolk gravel, p. 52.)

Swamp 48

Tazewell silt loam. (See Miami silt loam, p. 108.)
Triassic stony loam. (See Penn sioni/ loam, p. 86.)

Vernon clay 74

Vernon fine sand 73

Vernon fine sandy loam 73

Vernon loam 74

Vernon sand 72

Vernon sandy loam 73

Vernon silt loam 74

Volusia loam 123

Volusia sandy loam 120

Waldo loam 133

Walla Walla loam 159

Warners loam 123

Waverly silt loam 127

Westphalia sand. (See Norfolk fine sand, p. 55.)

Wheatland sand 120

Wheatland sandy loam 122

Willis sand. (See Norfolk fine sand, p. 55.)
Windsor sand. (See Norfolk coarse sand, \^. 53.)

Winnebago sandy loam 1 22

Worsham sandy loam 88

Yakima fine san<l 1 40

Yakima fine sandy loam 141

Yakima gravelly loam 139

Yakima 1< )am 141

Yakima sand 1 40

Index. 177

Page.

Yakima sandy loam 140

Yakima silt loam 141

Yakima stony loam 139

Yazoo clay 79

Yazoo loam 79

Yazoo sandy loam 78

PORTO RICAN SOILS.

Adjuntas clay 164

Alonso clay 165

Arecibo loam 163

Arecibo sand 161

Arecibo sandy loam 162

Arecibo silt loam 164

Coral sand 162

Pastillo loam 163

Penuelas adobe 165

Ponce loam 164

Ponce sandy loam 162

Portugues adolie 165

Portugues stony loam 161

Eiverwash 161

Tanaina stony loam 161

Utuado loam 164

Utuado sandy loam 162

Vivi sandy loam 163

SOILS ARRANGED BY GROUPS AND SERIES.

Loose, incoherent Sands and Rock outcrop 44

Dunesand 45

Sandhill 45

Piverwash 46

Madeland 46

Pock outcrop 46

Rough, stony land 46

Inland Swamps and Meadows 47

Meadow 47

Swamp 48

31896—04 12

178 Index.

Inland Swamps and Meadows — Continued. Vw^q.

Peat 49

Muck 49

Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains Soils 49

Galveston series 51

Galveston sand 51

Galveston sandy loam 51

Galveston clay 52

Norfolk series 52

Norfolk gravel 52

Norfolk gravelly loam 53

Norfolk coarse sand 53

Norfolk coarse sandy loam 54

Norfolk sand 54

Norfolk fine sand 55

Norfolk sandy loam 55

Norfolk fine sandy loam 55

Norfolk loam 56

Norfolk silt loam 57

Miscellaneous soils associated with the Norfolk series.. 58

Garner stony loam 58

Gadsden sand 58

Lufkin fine sand 58

Podunk fine sandy loam 59

Collington sandy loam 59

Monroe fine sandy loam ()0

Myatt fine sandy loam 60

Elmwood loam 60

Hempstead loam 61

Sanders loam 61

Gadsden loam (U

Sel ma heavy silt loam 62

Sus(|uehanna clay loam ()2

Leonardtown loam ()2

Monroe silt loam 63

AUoway clay 63

Mobile clay 63

Suffield clay <)4

Index. , 179

Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains Soils — Continued. Page.

Miscellaneous soils associated with the Norfolk series —
Continued.

Susquehanna clay 64

Elkton clay 64

Selma claj'^ 65

Neuse clay 65

Ocklocknee clay 65

Lufkin clay m

Portsmouth series 66

Portsmouth sand 66

Portsmouth sandy loam 67

Portsmouth loam 67

Portsmouth clay 68

Orangeburg series 68

Orangeburg sand 69

Orangeburg sandy loam 70

Orangeburg tine sandy loam 70

Orangeburg loam 70

Orangeburg silt loam 70

Orangeburg clay 71

Houston series 71

Houston silt loam 71

Houston clay 71

Houston black clay 72

Vernon series 72

Vernon sand 7i'

Vernon tine sand 73

Vernon sandy loam 73

Vernon fine sandy loam 73

Vernon loam 74

Vernon silt loam 74

Vernon clay 74

Miscellaneous soils of the Gulf Coastal Plain 75

Calcasieu fine sand 75

Calcasieu fine sandy loam 75

Lake Charles fine sandy loam 75

Lake Charles loam 76

1 1
I I

ISO Index.

Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains Soils — Continued. v&ge.

Miscellaneous soils of the Gulf Coastal Plain — Cont'd.

Calcasieu loam 76

Lacasine cla}' loam 76

Acadia silt loam 76

Almyra silt loam

Landry silt loam

Crowley silt loam

]Mor.<e clay 78

Soils of the flood plains of the Mississippi River and its

larger tributaries 78

Yazoo series 78

Yazoo sandy loam 78

Yazoo loam 79

Yazoo clay 79

Miscellaneous soils of the flood plains of the Mississippi

River and its larger tributaries 79

Miller fine sand 79

Miller fine sandy loam 80

Arkansas fine sandy loam 80

Arkansas loam 81

Lintonia loam 81

Kaskaskia loam 82

Sharkey clay 82

Piedmont Plateau soils ' 82

Cecil series 83

Cecil stony loatu -. 83

Cecil sand 83

Cecil sandy loam 84

Cecil loam 84

Cecil mica 1( )am 85

Cecil silt loam 85

Cecil clay 85

Penn series 86

Penn stony loam 86

Penn gravelly loam 87

Penn sandy loam 87

Penn loam 87

Penn clav 88

Index. ISl

Piedmont Plateau soils — Continued. v^%^.

Miscellaneous soils of the Piedmont Plateau 88

Loudoun sandy loam 88

Worsham sandy loam 88

Cardiff slate loam 89

Conowingo barrens 89

Conowingo clay '^^

Davie clay loam 90

Iredell clay loam f 0

Appalachian Mountain and Cumberland Plateau soils 91

Porters series 91

Porters stony loam 91

Porters sand 91

Porters sandy loam 92

Porters loam 92

Porters black loam 92

Porters clay 93

De Kalb series 93

De Kalb stony loam 93

De Kalb sandy loam 94

De Kalb fine sandy loam 94

De Kalb clay loam 95

Miscellaneous soils of the Appalachian Mountain and

Cumberland Plateau 95

Chattooga loam 95

Residual limestone valley and upland soils 95

Hagersto wn series 96

Hagerstown stony loam 96

Hagerstown sandy loam 97

Hagerstown loam 97

Hagerstown silt loam 97

Hagerstown shale loam 98

Hagerstown clav loam 98

Hagerstown clay 98

Soils associated with the Hagerstown series 99

Dauphin r-andy loam 99

Cumberland loam 99

Davidson loam 100

182 Index.

Residual limestone valley and upland soils — Continued. Page.

Soils associated with the Hagerstown series — Continued.

Conestoga loam 100

Lickdale clay loam 100

Murrill clay loam 101

Conestoga clay 101

Fort Payne series 101

Fort Payne stony loam 1 01

Clarksville series 102

Clarksville stony loam ■ 102

Clarksville loam 102

Clarksville silt loam 103

Clarksville clay loam 103

Clarksville clay. 103

Soil associated with the Clarksville series 104

Guthrie clay 104

Glacial and loessial soils 104

Miami series 105

Miami stony loam 105

Miaini gravel 105

Miami gravelly loam 105

Miami sand 106

Miami fine sand 106

INIiami sandy loam 107

Miami fine sandy loam 107

Miami loam 107

Miami silt loam 108

Miami clay loam 1 09

Marshall series 109

Marshall stony loam 109

Marshall gravel 109

Marshall gravelly loam 110

Marshall sand 110

Marshall fine sand Ill

Marshall sandy loam Ill

Marshall loam Ill

Marshall silt loam 112

Marshall clav loam 113

Index. 183

Glacial and loessial soils — Continued. Page.

Marshall series — Continued.

Miami black clay loam 113

Marshall clay 114

Sioux series 114

Sioux sand 114

Sioux sandy loam 115

Sioux fine sandy loam 115

Sioux clay 116

Dunkirk series 116

Dunkirk gravel 116

Dunkirk gravelly loam 117

Dunkirk sandy loam 117

Dunkirk shale loam 117

Dunkirk clay 118

Miscellaneous soils of the Glacial and Loessial region.. 118

Holyoke stony loam 118

Alton stony loam 118

Plainwell stony loam 119

Saugatuck sand 119

Clyde sand 119

Shelby sand 120

Cassadaga sand 120

Wheatland sand 120

Volusia sandy loam 120

Oakland sandy loam 121

Manchester sandy loam 121

AVinnebago sandy loam 122

Wheatland sandy loam 122

Janesville loam 122

Derby loam 122

Volusia loam 123

Warners loam 123

Jackson loam 123

Madison loam 124

Bernardston loam 124

Memphis silt loam 124

Delavan silt loam 1 25

184 Index.

Glacial and loessial soils — Continued. Page.

Miscellaneous soils of the Glacial and Loessial region —
Continued.

Elkhorn silt loam 125

McLean silt loam 125

Slielby silt loam 126

Marion silt loam 126

Waverly silt loam 127

Elmira shale loam 127

Griffin clay 127

Shelby clay 128

Hobart clay 128

Fargo clay 129

Residual soils of the prairie regions 129

Oswego series 129

Oswego fine sandy loam 129

Oswego loam 129

Oswego silt loam 130

Sedgwick series 131

Sedgwick sandy loam 131

Sedgwick loam 131

Sedgwick clay loam 131

Sedgwick black clay loam 131

Miscellaneous residual soils of the prairie regions 132

Lincoln sandy loam 132

Benton loam 1 32

Waldo loam 133

Soils of the Far West 133

3Iaricopa series 133

^laricopa stony loam 1 33

Maricopa gravelly loam 133

Maricopa sand 1 34

Maricopa sandy loam 134

Maricopa loam 1 34

Maricopa silt loam 1 35

Maricojia clay loam . 1 35

IMaricopa sandy adobe 1 35

Fresno series 1 36

Fresno sand 1 36

Index. , 185

Soils of the Far West— Continued. Page.

Fresno series — Continued.

Fresno red sand 1 36

Fresno fine sand ] 36

Fresno sandy loam 1 37

Fresno fine sandy loam 137

Soils associated Avith the Fresno series 1 38

Soledad gravelly sand 1 38

Hanford fine sandy loam 1.38

Salinas gray adobe 1 38

San Joaquin red adobe 1 39

San Joaquin black adobe 1 39

Yakima series 1 39

Yakima stony loam 1 39

Yakima gravelly loam 1 39

Yakima sand ] 40

Yakima fine sand 140

Yakima sandy loam 1 40

Yakima fine sandy loam 141

Yakima loam ". 141

Yakima silt loam 141

Redfield series 1 42

Redfield sandy loam 1 42

Redfield loam ] 42

Redfield clay loam 1 42

Oxnard series 1 42

Oxnard sand 142

Oxnard sandy loam 143

Oxnard loam 143

Oxnard silt loam 143

Soils associated with the Oxnard series 1 44

Salinas shale loam 1 44

P\illerton sandy adobe 1 44

Billing's series 144

"O"^

Billings gravelly loam 144

Billings sandy loam 145

Billings loam 145

Billings clay 145

Laurel sand v loam .• 1 46

186 Index.

Soils of the Far West — Continued. P«se.

Salt Lake series and associated soils 146

Salt Lake sand 1 46

Salt Lake sandy loam 146

Jordan sandy loam 146

Jordan loam 147

Salt Lake loam 147

Jordan clay 147

Pecos series and associated soils 148

Pecos conglomerate 148

Pecos sand 148

Pecos sandy loam 148

Roswell sandy loam 149

Roswell loam .' 149

Imperial series 149

Imperial gravelly loam 149

Imperial sand 149

Imperial sandy loam 150

Imperial loam 150

Imperial clay 1 50

Salem series 151

Salem gravelly loam 151

Salem sandy loam 151

Salem loam 151

Salem clay 152

San Luis series and associated soils 152

San Luis sand 1 52

San Luis sandy loam 153

San Luis loam 1 53

Rio Grande sandy loam 153

Rio Grande loam 1 54

Miscellaneous soils of the Far West 154

Salt River gravel 154

Arroyo Seco sandy loam 154

Laramie gravelly loam 155

Laramie sandy loam 155

Los Angeles sandy loam 155

Fancher sandv loam 155

Index. 187

Soils of the Far West— Continued. Page.
Miscellaneous soils of the Far West — Continued.

San Joaquin sandy loam 155

Placentia sandy loam 156

Santiago sandy loam 156

Elsinore sandy loam 156

Boise sandy loam 157

Deer Flat sandy loam 157

Gila fine sandy loam 157

Santiago loam 158

Glen wood loam 158

Boise loam 158

AValla Walla loam 159

Glendale loess 159

Santiago silt loam 159

Salt River adobe 160

Sierra adobe 160

Gypsum soils 160

Gypsum 160

Porto Rican soils 161

Riverwash 161

Portugues stony loam 161

Tanama stony loam 161

Arecibo sand 161

Coral sand 162

Arecibo sandy loam 162

Ponce sandy loam 162

Utuado sandy loam 162

Yivi sandy loam 163

Arecibo loam 163

Pastillo loam 163

Ponce loam 164

Utuado loam 164

Arecibo silt loam 164

Adj untas clay 164

Alonso claj' 165

Penuelas adobe 165

Portugues adobe , 165

188

Index.

SOILS ARRANG

Alabama: I'age.

Clarksville clay 103

Clarksville loam 102

Chattooga loam 95

De Kalb fine sandy loam. 94

De Kalb sandy loam 94

De Kalb stony loam 93

Fort Pavne stonv loam.. 101

Guthrie clay 104

Hagerstown clav 98

Hagerstown loam 97

Hagerstown sand v loam . . 97

Hagerstown silt loam 97

Hagerstown stony loam.. 96

Houston clay 71

Meadow 47

Mobile clay 63

Norfolk fine sandy loam . 55

Norfolk loam 56

Norfolk sand 54

Orangeburg fine sandy

loam 70

Orangeburg sand 69

Orangeburg sandy loam . 70

Penn sandy loam 87

Alaska (no survey).

Arizona:

Gila fine sandy loam 157

Glendale loess 159

Imperial loam 150

Imperial sand 149

Inii)erial sandy loam 150

Maricopa clay loam 135

]\Iaricoj>a gravelly loam . . 133

Maricoi)a loam 134

Maricopa sand 134

Maricopa sandy 1( )am 1 34

ED BY STATES.

Arizona — Continued. Page,

Maricopa silt loam 135

Pecos sand 148

Riverwash 46

Salt River adobe 160

Salt River gravel 154

Santiago silt loam 159

Arkansas:

Almyra silt loam 77

Guthrie clay 1 04

Miami clay loam 109

Miller fine sand 79

Miller fine sandy loam . . 80
Orangeburg fine sandv

loam 70

Sharkey clay S2

Swamp 48

California:

Arroyo Seco sandy loam. 154

Dunesand 45

Fancher sandy loam 155

Fresno fine sand 1 36

Fresno fine sandy loam. . 137

Fresno red sand 136

Fresno sand 1 8()

Fresno sandy loam 137

Fullerton sandy adobe. . . 144

Galveston clay 52

(Jila fine sandy loam 157

Hanford fine sandy loam. 138

Imperial clay 150

Imperial gravelly loam . . 149

Imperial loam 150

Imj)erial sand 149

Imperial sandy loam loi)

Los Angeles sandy loam . 155

Maricopa gravelly loam . . 1 33

Inde,

X.

189

California— Continued. Page.

Maricopa sandy loam 134

^leadow 47

Oxnartl loam 143

Oxnard sand 1 42

Oxnard sandy loam 143

Oxnard silt loam 143

Peat 49

Placentia sandy loam 156

Riverwash 46

Salinas gray adobe 138

Salinas shale loam 144

San Joaquin black adobe. 139
San Joaquin red adobe ... 1 39
San Joaquin sandy loam . . 1 55

Santiago loam 158

Santiago sandy loam 156

Santiago silt loam 159

Sierra adobe 160

Soledad gravelly sand 138

Colorado:

Dunesand 45

Fresno fine sand 136

Fresno fine sandy loam. . 137

Fresno sand 1 36

Maricopa clay loam 135

.Maricopa sand 134

Maricopa sandy adobe 135

Maricopa sandy loam 134

Rio Grande loam 154

Rio Grande sandy loam . 153

Riverwash 46

San Joaquin black adobe. 139

San Luis loam 153

San Luis sand 152

San Luis sandy loam 153

Santiago silt loam 159

Swamp 48

Connecticut: Page.

Chicopee gravel loam

( Xorfolk grareUij loam ) . 53

Connecticut meadows ... 47

Connecticut swamp 48

Elmwood loam 60

Enfield sandy loam {Xor-
folk Sdiidy loam) 55

Hartford sandy loam

{Norfolk sand) 54

Holyoke stony loam 118

^Manchester sandy loam. . 121

Xorfolk coarse sandy loam 54

Podunk fine sandy loam. 59

Suffield clay 64

Triassic stony loam {Perm

stony loam ) 86

Windsor sand {Norfolk

coarse sand ) 53

Delaware:

Elkton clay 64

Galveston clay 52

Galveston sand 51

Meadow 47

Xorfolk loam 56

Xorfolk sand 54

Xorfolk silt loam 57

Portsmouth sand 66

Portsmouth sandy loam . 67

Swamp 48

District of Columbia (no

survey) .
Florida:

Gadsden sand 58

Meadow 47

Xorfolk fine sandy loam . 55

Xorfolk sand 54

Xorfolk sandv loam 55

190

Lidex.

Florida— Continued. Page.

Oc'klocknee clay 65

Orangeburg sand 69

Orangeburg sandy loam. . 70
Portsmouth sand 66

Georgia:

Cecil clay 85

Cecil sandy loam 84

Meadow 47

Norfolk sand 54

Norfolk sandy loam 55

Orangeburg clay 71

Orangeburg sandy loam . . 70

Porters stony loam 91

Selma clay 65

Idaho:

Boise loam 158

Boise sandy loam 157

Deer Flat sandy loam 157

Elsinore sandy loam 156

Riverwash 46

Yakima fine sand 140

Yakima fine sandy loam. 141

Yakima loam 141

Yakima sand 140

Yakima sandy loam 140

Yakima silt loam 141

Illinois:

Delavan silt loam 125

Kaskaskia loam 82

Lintonia loam 81

McLean silt loam 125

Marion silt loam 126

Marshall silt loam 112

Meadow 47

Memphis silt loam 124

Miami black clay loam .. 113
Miami lire sand 106

Illinois — Continued. Page.

Miami fine sandy loam .. 107

Miami gravel 105

Miami loam 107

Miami silt loam 1 08

Muck 49

Peat 49

Rough stony land 46

Sioux sandy loam 115

Waverly silt loam 127

Winnebago sandy loam. . 122

Yazoo clay 79

Yazoo loam 79

Yazoo sandy loam 78

Indiana:

Griftin clay 127

Guthrie clay 104

Madison loam 1 24

Meadow _. 47

Memphis silt loam 124

Miami black clay loam .. 113

Miami clay loam 109

Miami fine sandy loam . . 107

Miami sand 106

Miami sandv loam 107

Miami silt loam 108

Muck 49

Waverly silt loam 127

Yazoo clay 79

Yazoo loam 79

Yazoo sandy loam 78

Iowa:
Clarksville stony loam. . . 102

Lintonia loam 81

Marshall clay loam 113

INIarshall fine sand Ill

^Marshall loam Ill

Marshall sand 110

Index.

191

Iowa— Continued. Page.

Meadow 47

Miami black clay loam . . 113

Miami clay loam 109

Miami fine sand 106

Miami sandy loam 107

Miami silt loam 108

Muck 49

Sioux sandy loam 115

Kansas:

Arkansas loam 81

Benton loam 132

Clarksville stony loam 102

Derby loam 122

Lincoln sandy loam 132

Miami line sand 106

Miami sand 106

Oswego tine sandy loam . 129

Oswego loam 129

Oswego silt loam 130

Rock outcrop 46

Sedgwick black clay loam 131

Sedgwick clay loam 131

Sedgwick loam 131

Sedgwick sandy loam . . . 131

Sharkey clay 82

Waldo loam 133

Yazoo clay 79

Yazoo loam 79

Kentucky:

Elktonclay 64

Hagerstown clay 98

Hagerstown loam 97

Leonardtown loam 62

I

Meadow 47

Memphis silt loam '. 124

INIiami tine sandy loam . . 107 |
Miami silt loam 108 '

Kentucky — Continued. Page.

Norfolk fine sandy loam . 55

Norfolk loam 56

Sharkey clay 82

Waverly silt loam 127

Yazoo clay 79

Louisiana:

Acadia silt loam 76

Calcasieu fine sand 75

Calcasieu fine sandy loam 75

Calcasieu loam 76

Crowley silt loam 77

Galveston clay 52

Lacasine clay loam 76

Lake Charles fine sandy

loam 75

Lake Charles loam 76

Landry silt loam 77

Luf kin clay 66

Meadow 47

Monroe fine sandy loam . 60

Monroe silt loam 63

Morse clay 78

Muck 49

Myatt fine sandy loam . . 60

Norfolk fine sand 55

Orangeburg fine sandy

loam 70

Sharkey clay 82

Swamp 48

Yazoo clay 79

Yazoo loam 79

Yazoo sandy loam 78

Maine (no survey).

Maryland :

Cardiff slate loam 89

Cecil clay 85

Cecil loam 84

192

Indi

t^Ji m

Maryland — Continued. Yaga.

Cecil mica loam 85

Collington sandy loam 59

Conowingo barrens 89

Conowingo clay 89

Elkton clay 64

Galveston clay 52

Galveston sand 51

Leonardtown gravelly

loam 62

Leonardtown loam 62

^leadoNv 47

Norfolk fine sand 55

Norfolk loam {Norfolk

fine sandy loam) 56

Norfolk sand 54

Portsmouth sand 66

Portsmouth sandy loam . . 67
Sassafras gravelly loam

( Norfolk silt loam ) 57

Sassafras loam ( Norfolk

silt loam) 57

Sassafras sandy loam

( Norfolk loam ) 56

Susquehanna clay 64

Susquehanna clay loam.. 62
Susquehanna gravel {Nor-
folk gra eel ) 52

Swamp 48

Westphalia sand {Norfolk

fine sand ) 55

Windsor sand {Norfolk

coarse sand) 58

Massachusetts:

Bernardston loam 124

Chicopee gravel loam

( Norfolk (jravclbi loam ) . 58

Connecticut meadows 47

Massachusetts — Cont'd. I'age.

Connecticut swamp 48

Elm wood loam 60

Enfield sandy loam {Nor-
folk sandy loam) 55

Hartford sandy loam

( Norfolk sand) 54

Holyoke stony loam 118

Manchester sandy loam . . 121
Norfolk coarse sandy loam 54
Podunk fine sandy loam . 59

Suffield clay 64

Triassic stony loam {Penn

stonij loam ) 86

Windsor sand ( Norfolk
coarse sand) 53

[Michigan:

Clyde sand 119

Dunesand 45

Elm wood loam (50

Marshall gravel 109

Meadow 47

Miami black clay loam . . 113

Miami clay loam 109

Miami fine sandy loam . . 107

Miami gravel 105

]Miami gravelly loam 105

Miami loam 107

[Miami sand 106

Miami sandy loam 107

Miami stony loam 105

Muck 49

Oakland sandy loam 121

Plainwell stony loam 119

Saugatuck sand 119

Swamp 48

^linnesota:

Marshall LM'avcl 109

Index.

193

Minnesota — Continued. Page.
Marshall gravelly loam .. 110

Marshall loam Ill

Marshall sandy loam 111

Meadow 47

Miami black clay loam .. 113
]Miami loam 107

Mississippi:

Gadsden loam 61

Lintonia loam 81

Meadow 47

Memphis silt loam 124

Xeu^e clay 65

Norfolk fine sandy loam. . 55
Orangeburg sandy loam . . 70

Portsmouth loam 67

Sharkey clay 82

Yazoo clay 79

Yazoo loam 79

Yazoo sandy loam 78

^lissouri:

Clarksville loam 102

Clarksville silt loam 103

Clarksville stony loam ^ . . 102

Jackson loam 123

Meadow 47

Shelby clay 1 28

Shelby sand 120

Shelby silt loam 126

Montana:

Billings clay 145

Billings gravelly loam ... 144

Billings loam 145

Billings sandy loam . 145

Laurel sandy loam 146

Swamp 48

Nebraska:

Arkansas fine sandy loam 80
31896—04 13

Nebraska — Continued . P«ge-

Elkhorn silt loam 125

Mar*^hall silt loam 112

Meadow 47

Miami fine sand 106

Miami sand 106

Sioux fine sandy loam ... 115

Sioux sandy loam 115

Nevada (no survey).

New Hampshire( no survey).

New Jersey:

Alio way clay 63

Cecil loam 84

Collington sandy loam 59

P^lkton clay 64

Elsinboro fine sand (Ao/--

Jolk fine sand) 55

Meadow _ 47

Norfolk sand 54

Penn loam 87

Penn sandy loam 87

Penn stony loam 86

Quinton sandy loam ( Xor-

folk sandy loam) 55

Sassafras gravelly loam

(Xorfo/k sdt loam) 57

Sassafras loam (Xorf oik silt

loam ) 57

Susquehanna gravel (Nor-
folk gravel) 52

Westphalia sand (Xorfolk

fine sand) 55

AVindsor sand {Xorfolk

coarse sand) 53

New Mexico:

Gypsum 160

Meadow 47

Pecos conglomerate 148

194

Index.

New Mexico— Cont'd. I'a^e.

Pecos sand 148

Pecos sandy loam _ . 148

Roswell loam 149

Roswell. sandy loam 149

New York:

A lloway clay 63

Alton stony loam 118

Cas^sadaga sand 120

Dunkirk clay 118

Dunkirk gravel 116

Dunkirk gravelly loam .. 117

Dunkirk sandy loam 117

Dunkirk shale loam 117

Elmira shale loam 127

Galveston clay 52

Galveston sand 51

Galveston sandy loam 51

Hagerstown shale loam. . 98
Hempstead gravelly loam

{IIempi<(ead loam ) 61

Hempstead loam 61

Madeland 46

Meadow 47

Miami fine sand 106

Miami fine sandy loam .. 107

Miami gravelly loam 105

Miami loam 107

Miami silt loam 108

Miami stony loam 105

Muck 49

Norfolk coarse sand 58

Norfolk coarse sandy

loam 54

Norf( ilk gravel 52

Norfolk loam 56

Norfolk sand 54

Peat 49

New York — Continued. '

'age.

Penn clav

88

Plain well stony loam

119

Sassafras gravelly loam

(Norfolk silt loam)

57

Sassafras sandy loam

{ Norfolk loam)

56

Swamp

48

Volusia loam

128

^'olusia sandy loam

120

Warners loam

128

North Carolina:

Cecil clav

85

Cecil sand

83

Cecil sand V loam

84

Cecil silt loam

85

Conowiuijo clav

89

Davie clay loam

90

Garner stony loam

58

Iredell clav loam

90

Meadow

47

Muck

49

Neuse clav

(>5

Norfolk fine sandv loam .

55

Norfolk gravel

52

Norfolk sand

54

Norfolk sandv loam

55

Porters black loam

92

Porters clav

98

Porters loam

92

Porters sand

91

Porters sandv loam

92

Porters stonv loam

91

Portsmouth clav

(>S

Portsmouth sand

{^H

Portsmouth sandy loam .

(>7

Rock outcrop

46

Sandhill

45

Index.

195

North Carolina— Cont'd. Page.

Selma clay 65

Selma heavy silt loam ... 62
Swamp 48

North Dakota:

Fargo clay 129

Hobart ciay 128

Marshall clay 114

Marshall gravelly loam . . 110

[Marshall loam Ill

Marshall silt loam 112

Marshall stony loam 109

Meadow 47

Miami black clay loam ... 113

Miami loam 107

Miami sandy loam 107

Muck '. 49

Riverwash 46

Sioux clay 116

Sioux fine sandy loam — 115

Wheatland sand 120

Wheatland sandy loam.. 122

Ohio:

Dunkirk clay 118

Dunkirk gravel 116

Dunkirk gravelly loam .. 117

Dunkirk sandy loam 117

Meadow 47

Miami black clay loam .. 113

Miami clay loam 109

Miami gravelly loam 105

Miami loam 107

Miami sand 106

Miami sandy loam 107

Volusia loam 123

Oklahoma (no survey).
Oregon:

Maricopa gravelly loam. . 133

Oregon— Continued. Page.

Maricopa sandy loam 134

Muck .' 49

Rock outcrop 46

Salem clay 152

Salem gravelly loam 151

Salem loam 151

Salem sandy loam 151

Yakima loam 141

Yakima sandy loam 140

Pennsylvania:

Cecil mica loam 85

Cecil stony loam 83

Conestoga loam 100

Dauphin sandy loam 99

De Kalb stony loam 93

Donegal gravelly loam
{Norfolk gravelhi loam) . 53

Hagerstown clav 98

Hagerstown clay loam 98

Hagerstown loam 97

Hagerstown shale loam.. 98
Hagerstown stony loam . 96

Lickdale clay loam 100

Meadow 47

Norfolk loam 56

Norfolk silt loam 57

Penn loam 87

Penn sandy loam 87

Penn stony loam 86

Porto Rico:

Adjuntas clay 164

Alonso clay 165

Arecibo loam 163

Arecibo sand 161

Arecibo sandy loam 162

Arecibo silt loam 164

Coral sand 1 62

196

Index.

Porto Rico — Continued. Page.

Pastil lo loam 168

Penuelas adobe 165

Ponce loam 1 64

Ponce sandy loam 162

Portugues adobe 165

Portugues stony loam .. . 161

Riverwash 161

Tanama stony loam 161

Utuado loam 1 64

Utuado sandy loam 162

Yivi sandy loam 163

Rhode Island (no survey).

South Carolina:

Cecil clay 85

Cecil sand 83

Cecil sandy loam 84

Cecil stony loam 83

Davie clay loam 90

Iredell clay loam 90

Meadow 47

Norfolk fine sandy loam. 55

Norfolk sand 54

Norfolk sandy loam 55

Norfolk silt loam 57

Orangeburg sand 69

Orangeburg sandy loam . 70

Porters clay 93

Porters sand 91

Porters sandy loam 92

Portsmouth sandy loam . 67

Rock outcrop 46

.Sandhill 45

Selma heavy silt loam 62

Swamp 48

South Dakota:

Marshall 1< )am Ill

Marshall sandv loam 111

South Dakota — Cont'd. P«»ge-

Marshall stony loam 109

Miami black clay loam ..113

Sioux sandy loam 115

Tennessee:

Clarksville clay loam 103

Clarksville loam 102

Clarksville silt loam 103

Clarksville stony loam . . 102

Cumberland loam 99

Davidson loam 1 00

De Kalb clay loam 95

De Kalb sandy loam 94

De Kalb stony loam 93

Guthrie clay 104

Hagerstown loam 97

Hagerstown sandy loam . 97

Hagerstown stony loam . 96

Rock outcrop 46

Texas:

Calcasieu fine sandy loam 75

Galveston clay 52

Galveston sand 51

Houston black clay 72

Houston clay 71

Houston silt loam 71

Lake Charles fine sandy

loam 75

Lufkin clay 66

Lufkin fine sand 58

INIeadow 47

Norfolk fine sand 55

Norfolk fine sandy loam. 55

Norfolk sand 54

Norfolk sandy loam 55

Orangeburg clay 71

Orangeburg fii;e sandy

loam 70

Index.

197

Texas— Continued. Page.

Orangeburg sandy loam . 70

Orangeburg silt loam 70

Sanders loam 61

Sharkey clay 82

Vernon clay 74

Vernon fine sand 73

Vernon tine sandy loam . 73

Vernon loam 74

Vernon sand 72

Vernon sandy loam 73

Vernon silt loam 74

Yazoo clay 79

Yazoo sandy loam 78

Utah:

Elsinore sandy loam 156

Fresno fine sandy loam.. 137

Fresno sand 136

Glenwood loam 158

Jordan clav 147

Jordan loam 147

Jordan sandy loam 146

Maricopa gravelly loam. . 133

Maricopa ston;/ loam 133

Meadow 47

Redfield clay loam 1 42

Redfield loam 142

Redfield sandy loam 142

Riverwash 46

Salt Lake loam 147

Salt Lake sand 146

Salt Lake sandy loam 146

Vermont (no survey).

Virginia:

Cecil clay 85

Cecil loam 84

Cecil mica loam 85

Cecil sand 83

Virginia — Continued. Page.

Cecil sandy loam 84

Cecil silt loam 85

Conestoga clay 101

Conowingo barrens 89

Conowingo clay 89

De Kalb stony loam 93

Galveston sand 51

Hagerstown clay 98

Hagerstown loam 97

Hagerstown sandy loam . 97

Hagerstown shale loam.. 98

Hagerstown stony loam . . 96

Iredell clay loam 90

Leonardtown loam 62

Loudoun sandy loam 88

Meadow 47

Murrill clay loam 101

Norfolk fine sandy loam . 55

Norfolk loam 56

Norfolk sand 54

Penn clay 88

Penn gravelly loam 87

Penn loam 87

Penn sandy loam 87

Penn stony loam 86

Porters black loam 92

Porters clay 93

Porters sand 91

Porters sandy loam 92

Portsmouth sand 66

Portsmouth sandy loam. . 67

Rock outcrop 46

Swamp 48

"^Vorsham sandv loam 88

Washington :

Meadow 47

Riverwash 46

198

hidex.

Washington— Cont'd. Page.

Walla AValla loam 159

Yakima fine sandy loam. 141

Yakima gravelly loam 139

Yakinia loam 141

Yakima sand 140

Yakima sandy loam 140

Yakima stony loam 139

West Virginia (no survey).

Wisconsin :

Janesville loam 122

Marshall silt loam 112

Meadow 47

Miami black clay loam .. 113

Miami fine sand 106

Miami gravel 105

AVisconsin — Continued. Page.

Miami loam 107

Miami sand 106

Miami sandy loam 107

Miami silt loam 108

Muck 49

Sioux sand 114

Sioux sandy loam ... 115

Wyoming:

Billings clay 145

Gypsum. 160

Laramie gravelly loam .. 155

Laramie sandy loam 155

Laurel sandy loam 1 46

Redfield sand v loam 142

Ri vervvash 46

o

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