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[T H I R T Y - F I F T H THOUSAND!

ITS BEARING UPON AGRICULTURE ;

WITH AN

A. IP 1= E Isr ID I 2£

CONTAINING THE TESTIMONY OF

LANDLORDS, FARMERS, LABOURERS, TRAVELLERS,
SCIENCE,

WITH AN APPEAL TO THE CLERGY, &c.,
BY

JOHN ABBEY. *

•' There is not, at the present day, any question, in my opinion, which
so deeply touches the Moral, the Physical, and the Religious welfare of the
World as the question of Temperance." — Lord CAiims.

THIRD EDITION REVISED.
PRICE SIXPENCE.

LONDON :
National Tkmpkranck Publication Dkpot, 337, Strand. W.C

EDINBURGH:

.John Mknziks & Co., 12, Hanover Stree'j .

BELFAST:
Irish Temperance League. 18, Lombard Street.

I" i: i: I' A (' I-

My reason for issuing this Pamphlet is that for a long
time I have desired to see this subject brought l)efore the
public, and I had hoped that some person far better qualified
to deal with it than myself would have taken it up, but no
one has done so at present (so far as I know). The major
part of the following pages was intended to have been given
in a speech, which 1 was asked to make at a Conference held
in the Town Hall, Macclesfield, on Tuesday, June 14th, 1881,
under the presidency of the Right Rev. Bishop Kelly, the
subject for discussion being " Intemperance : its bearing upon
Agriculture ; with, special reference to Beer in the Hay and
Harvest Field ;" but, in consequence of the number of speakers,
the time .allowed was only sufficient to enable me to say a
few words on the subject. I have, therefore, on the advice of
several friends deeply interested, thought it well to print it,
with the valuable testimony contained in the Appendix, which
I now humbly yet very respectfully dedicate with all its faults
and failings to the Bishops and Clergy of the Church of
England, and to the Agriculturists of the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland.

JOHN ABBEY.
44, St. Giles', Oxford,
July, 1881.

THIRD EDITION.

Valuable testimony has been added to this Edition.
I earnestly commend the subject to the careful study of
the Clergy, Landlords, Farmers and other Employers.

June, 1882. J. A.

HOW THE CLERGY MAY HELP.

The Rev. J. T. Penrose, Rector of Gawsworth, said, "It was
his intention to invite the farmers in his own parish to a
conference on the subject, and see if some joint course of
action could not be agreed upon. Unless something of this
kind was done in the different parishes, he thought the move-
ment could not meet with that success it otherwise would.
If the farmers and labourers could meet together in conference
he was sure much good would be the result. — Speech at
MacdesfieM Conference.

ITS BEABING UPON AGRICULTURE.

The question of Intemperance and its bearing upon Agricul-
ture is a subject of great and increasing importance, and one
that will have to be seriously considered before English Agricul-
ture can again hold the position it once held. I shall not be able
to deal with it fully or philosophically; but I desire to
draw public attention to this aspect of the question. We hear
the cry everywhere that farmers are failing and that landlords
cannot let their farms. It is generally admitted that British
Agriculture is passing through a great crisis. The future of our
Nation depends mainly upon the productions of the soil, it is
therefore the simple duty of every Englishman to assist in solving
the problem of the present distress. The subject is occupying,
and will no doubt occupy many thoughtful minds. It is true that
the seasons for several years past have been unfavourable, we have
also had to contend with a keen foreign competition, that
will make itself felt more and more for years to pome. The
weather we cannot control, although farmers may do much to
modify the effects of unfavourable seasons by being well forward
with their work, so as to be in a position to take advantage of
favourable opportunities as they pass. But the foreign competition
must be met, and grappled with, and that successfully, the
question is, how and by what means it can be done, although
free trade and protection will no doubt be seriously discussed
in the immediate future. Agriculture cannot expect to find relief in
this direction : something might be done by improved land laws,
and, in some cases, a reduction in rents, although in many
instances land brings in but a very poor return, and therefore
very much relief cannot be expected even in this direction.
My firm conviction is, the relief so much needed must be sought
in internal rather than external remedies, we must apply ourselves,
and that at once, to those remedies that are within our own reach,
viz. : to economy, industry, skill, and sobriety. I am unwilling
to believe that England is to be beaten by her foreign neighbours,
although the contest is not equal (all round) in the matter of protection.
I am persuaded, after long experience and much anxious thought on
this subject, that by far the greatest hindrance to our Agriculture is
England's common enemy or I might say curse, Intemperance, which
has been literally forced upon the nation by the Government from
I feel strongly, (speaking from a Christian's stand

point) that had the Rulers intended to have made life miserable
to millions of persons, to have produced crime, immorality, poverty,
and eternal ruin to countless numbers of souls as well as the
nation's ruin, no better method could have been adopted, than that
of forcing upon the community licensed houses in such numbers
and of such character as to have made it practically impossible to
resist the temptation, and to avoid its really awful consequences, as
may be seen in almost every parish throughout the land to-day.
Whilst all interests in the country have suffered from Intemper-
ance, perhaps none have been injured so much as agriculture. I
will therefore refer to it in regard to its influence upon the various
classes engaged therein, viz. :

1. The Landlords ; 2. The Tenants ; 3. The Labourers ;
and 4. Upon Agriculture itself

I. ITS BEARING UPON THE LANDLORDS.

Every landlord knows which has given him the most trouble,
the intelligent, industrious, sober man, or the man that is neither
the one nor the other. Who are the men that have to be excused
at the rent audit ? Why landlords know, those as a rule who
drink freely, men who have got into the habit of attending several
markets a week, when perhaps one in a fortnight would be
sufficient for business purposes, and thus a great deal of valuable
time and money year after year is wasted.

Who is it that allows the farm buildings to become dilapidated
and does not half cultivate the land, and gives up the property
considerably deteriorated, which the landlord has to make good
for the next tenant, either by expending a sum of money, or
letting at a reduced rent for several years 1

The same is true as regards cottage property ; at least it was
so upon an estate that I myself was connected with for six years,
in Buckinghamshire. A cottage may be done up at the cost of
say half a year's rent or more. It is let to an intemperate man
and his family, in a very short time the place is all to pieces again.
This is one reason why cottage property does not pay. I venture
to think that the experience of most landlords who enter into the
details of the management of their property will confirm my
statement. Another serious burden that falls heavily upon the
landlord is the increased rates and taxes through intemperance.
If these matters have not been carefully noted and looked into,
they may appear of but little consequence at any given time, yet
if the records in any estate office for the last thirty years be
carefully examined, they will be found to amount to a considerable
sum.

The shocking condition of Ireland ought to be enough to
make every English Landlord give this matter his most serious
attention, for he knows not how soon a similar state of things
may be at his own door. There can be no doubt but that the
condition of that unhappy country is mainly due to the drinking
habits of the people. According to the Government returns, the

average rent is about 15s. per acre on 15,357,356 acres, which
would make the rent roll of Ireland £11,518,392. Yet the
average expenditure in drink by these starving people during the
last ten years has been ;^13,823,102, a sum not only equal to the
total amount paid for the whole of the land in the country, but
exceeds it by ;^2, 304,7 10. The people of Ireland have spent
£138,231,020 during the last ten years upon this element, and this
is only the direct cost, if we add the indirect loss through pauperism,
crime, lunacy, loss of time, also loss of physical strength and mental
power, we should have to add a great many more millions. Thus
while the Duchess of Marlborough and others were collecting
money in England to provide the people with food, &c.,
they were spending their money in this extravagant way — in
drink — demoralizing themselves, and nerving their hands for
dark deeds of cruelty and murder. Who can be surprised that
people in such a condition should be a ready prey to agitation.
I agree with the remarks of the Bishop of Cork, as reported in
the Times a few days ago. " If the Irish would cultivate habits
of Temperance, Industry, Thrift, and Self-Eeliance, the evils of
Ireland would disappear like the dew before the sun." Had the
grand work of Father Mathew been sustained, Ireland would
have been in a very different condition to-day. It is stated that
through his efforts hundreds of thousands joined the ranks of the
Temperance Societies, which had an immense influence for good
in the country. The consumption of intoxicating liquors fell from
11,500,000 gallons per annum to 6,500,000 gallons, whilst aggra-
vated crimes also fell considerably. If the Government and
Landlords wish to find a remedy for Ireland's troubles, let them
turn their attention to this question, by which they will do more
for that unhappy country than by any other means.

If we take our own country, we find that more than twice
the amount of the whole rent roll of the country for land, was
spent in drink during the past year.* Can we be surprised that
trade languishes, that agriculture is depressed, that discontent,
distrust and poverty abound in the land. It could not be other-
wise ; and who is to blame for all this 1 not the poor unhappy
victims, but the law. The Magistrates have given licenses
without measure to the Brewers and others, and thus forced
temptations upon the people, which they could not resist. The
present state of things was clearly foreseen by Lord Chesterfield,
who, speaking in the House of Lords 1 30 years ago, said —

" Drunkenness, my Lords, is universally, and in all circum-
stances, an evil, and therefore ought not to be taxed, but punished.
The noble lord has been pleased kindly to inform us that the
trade of distilling is very extensive, that it employs great num-
bers, and that they have arrived at exquisite skill : and therefore
the trade of distilling is not to be discouraged ! Once more, my

* See the Times March 29, Leading Article—and Mr. W. Hoyle's Letter
same date.

A 1

6

lords, allow me to wonder at the different conceptions of different

understandings. It appears to me that, since the spirit which the
distillers produce is allowed to enfeeble the limbs, vitiate the
blood, pervert the heart, and obscure the intellect, the number of
distillers should be no argument in their favour; for I never
heard that a law against theft was repealed or delayed because
thieves were numerous. It appears to me, my lords, that really
if so formidable a body are confederate against the virtue or the
lives of their fellow-citizens, it is time to put an end to the havoc,
and to interpose, whilst it is yet in our power, to stop the
destruction. So little, my lords, am I affected with the merit of
that wonderful skill which distillers are said to have attained,
that it is, in my opinion, no faculty of great use to mankind to
prepare palatable poison ; nor shall I ever contribute my inte-
rest for the reprieve of a murderer because he has, by long prac-
tice, obtained great dexterity in his trade. If their liquors are so
delicious that the people are tempted to their own destruction,
let us at least, my lords, secure them from their fatal draught, by
bursting the vials that contain them. Let us crush at once these
artists in human slaughter, who have reconciled their countrymen to
sickness and ruin, and spread over the pitfalls of debauchery such a
bait as cannot be resisted."

This statement is confirmed by Charles Buxton, Esq., an
English Brewer, and a Member of the House of Commons, who
100 years after in his essay, " How to stop Drunkenness," said —

"Not only does this vice produce all kinds of positive mischief,
but it also has a negative effect of great importance. It is the
mightiest of all the forces that clog the progress of good. It is
in vain that every engine is set to work tha.t philanthropy can
devise, when those whom we seek to benefit are habitually
tampering with their faculties of reason and will — soaking their
brains with beer, or inflaming them with ardent spirits. The
struggle of the school, and the library, and the church, all united
against the beerhouse and the gin palace, is but one development
of the war between heaven and hell. It is, in short, intoxication
that fills our jails ; it is intoxication that fills our lunatic asylums ;
and it is intoxication that fills our workhouses with poor. Were
it not for this one cause, pauperism would be nearly extinguished
in England.

Looking, then, at the manifold and frightful evils that spring
from drunkenness, we think we were justified in saying that it is
the most dreadful of all the ills that afflict the British Isles. We
are convinced that, if a statesman who heartily wished to do the
utmost possible good to his country were thoughtfully to enquire
which of the topics of the day deserved the most intense force of
his attention, the true reply, the reply which would be exacted
by full deliberation, would be that he should study the means by
which this worst of plagues can be stayed. The intellectual, the
moral, and the religious welfare of our people, their material

comforts, their domestic happiness, are all involved. The ques-
tion is, whether millions of our countrymen should be helped to
become happier and wiser — whether pauperism, lunacy, disease
and crime shall be diminished — whether multitudes of men,
women and children shall be aided to escape from utter ruin of
body and soul 1 Surely such a question as this, enclosing within
its limits consequences so momentous, ought to be weighed with
earnest thought by all our patriots."

These men cannot be considered biased or fanatics. No,
their statements are true to the letter, as experience has shown
that the liquor traffic is the enemy of God, of man, and of all
social and religious progress. It has always been a mystery to
me why the Bishops and Clergy, the Landlords and the upper
classes generally should have been so opposed to the great tem-
perance cause. Whether they know it or not, they owe much to
it. One of themselves has said " The more I examine and travel
over the surface of England, the more I see the absolute and
indispensable necessity of Temperance Associations. I am
satisfied that unless they existed we sliould be immersed in such
an ocean of immorality, violence and sin as would make this
country uninhabitable." — Lord Shaftesbury's Speech at Norwich.

II. ITS BEARING UPON THE TENANTS.

I fear it may give offence to some of my readers when I say
that farmers have been great sufferers from intemperance. I don't
mean from the vulgar drunkenness of tbe sot, btJt from free and
heavy drinking, which has led to a serious waste of valuable
time and money. I have travelled in many parts of the country
during the last 25 years, and paid special attention to this question,
and I am obliged to arrive at the above conclusion, and from the
nature of things I do not see how it could be otherwise, for till
recent years we were all taught to drink, it was the one thing that
special attention was given to, we were told that drink, above
every other thing, was what we needed to make us grow, to make
us strong, to keep us in health, to enable us to enjoy life, nothing
could be done without it, no bargain could be made without drink,
when and wherever friends met, they must drink if it was within
their reach ; when the farmer went to see his landlord, drink was
offered him, at the rent audit it occupied the chief place at the feast,
when he went to market he was surrounded by inducements to
drink. There can be no doubt but that thousands of men can
trace their ruin to the temptations of the market. I have seen
families brought to ruin and have watched with sorrow the
process. In some cases it has gone on for ten, fifteen, twenty, or
more years. I feel sure that the reader, if he reflects for a moment
will be able to call to mind many cases within his own experience.
The process is as a rule gradual, but sure ; and many know it, but
few have the the moral courage to cut themselves off from it,
which is their only safety.

8

It may first begin with the social glass at home, or the market
glass with friend after friend, and by degrees the drink craving is
created : it calls for a glass in the morning, it reminds its victim
when he is passing the house where it can be had, the process
goes on till the craving becomes a vice, and the vice a disease; and
now he is fairly on the way to ruin, time and money are in-
creasingly wasted, self respect is gradually but surely lost, the
intellect becomes clouded and weakened, the moral character of
the man is destroyed and its effects is visible in the family, and
from this point the work of ruin is soon completed either by
distress or death. In almost every village in the country, in this
way drink is doing its deadly work. It is not always the head
of the family ; wives, sons, and even daughters fall victims to
this vice. It may be thought that I am over drawing the picture,
which I would not do on any account if I knew it. The evil has
existed long, and is deeply rooted. I would advise any of my
readers to put this statement to the test in their own parishes.
Let them take say the last 30 years, and take each house, and
see what has happened, to each family, from the effects of drink,
and I venture to believe, that their eyes will be opened then, if
they have never been before, to the bearing of Intemperance
upon Agriculture. I have recently done this in connection with
other persons in several villages in different parts of the country
with sad results.

A farmer lately failed in one of the Midland Counties, whose
liabilities for drink and tobacco amounted to ^1000. Another
case in the same neighbourhood : a farmer stated to a friend of
mine that he had paid over ;£'300 in one year for drink ; these I
grant are extreme cases, yet it must be admitted by all acquainted
with the habits and customs of farmers, that a vast amount of
money is too often spent upon drink and its associations.

There can be no doubt that the worst enemy all down the
ages to British agriculture, has been, and is, the drink. It not
only empties the pocket, but it seriously weakens the brain-power,
and prevents the cultivator from grasping, and grappling effec-
tually with the difficulties that beset his path. Lord Salisbury
is reported to have said in a speech a short time ago, " That what
was most needed in English Agriculture, was brain-power."
This all must admit to be true, and what weakens the brain and
deadens the intellect so much as intoxicating, or, more correctly —
poisoning drinks. As shown by the following statement of Sir
William Gull, before the select committee of the House of Lords,
July, 1877 — "I should say from my experience, that it (alcohol)
is the most destructive agent that we are aware of in this country.
I think that, taking it as a whole, there is a great deal of injury
done to health by the habitual use of wines in their various kinds,
and alcohol in its various shapes, even in so-called moderate
quantities. And to people who are not in the least intemperate,
I think drinking leads to tlie degeneration of tissues ; it spoils the
health and it spoils the intellect. I know it (alcohol) is a most
deleterious poison. I would like to say that a very large number

9

of people in society are dying day by day, poisoned by alcohol,
but not supposed to be poisoned by it."

I have never known a man fail that farmed on Temperance
principles, but I have known several labouring men, by those
principles, through God's blessing, raise themselves, and become
successful farmers.

Farmers, like other employers, lose through the intem-
perate habits of their men, by loss of time, accidents,
inferior work, and in many other ways, such as poor
rates, county and school board rates, in having to
mantain the large prisons, lunatic asylums, workhouses,
industrial schools, &c. This is also true to a large extent, as
regards hospitals and a large number of other institutions,
whose existence is mainly due to intemperance, and have
to be maintained at a great cost by public subscriptions.
Taking all these together, they constitute a serious burden upon
the land, and if we can banish intemperance from our midst, four-
fifths of this burden would disappear. The Rev. W. L. Blackley
said at a conference in the Sheldonian Theatre, Oxford, November
6th, 1880 :— " My parish has a population of about 400 souls, an
annual poor rate for the support oi the poor only, of ;£150, and
it contains three public houses, and one beer shop, supported, as
it happens, exclusively by the agricultural class. I assume that
to keep a landlord and his family, and to pay rent and hcense,
we must allow an average gain of at least thirty shiUmgs a week,
and, supposing that for the drink which gives him this profit
only to cost even thirty shillings, it becomes clear that to keep
up the drink trade in the four shops in my pariah, costs ;£12 a
week at the very least, or an aggregate of £624 a year, more than
four times the poor rate required to support our pauperism.
Now, who are they who become chargeable to poor rate 1 The
victims of the drinking customs and drinking habits to-day, and
the drinkers themselves by and by. If the labouring class (and
there are no other public-house customers) in my parish, can
afford to spend a pound in drink for every five shillings the rate-
payers are compelled to contribute for the support of those whom
drink ruins, it is clearly plain that, were the drink traffic m
general reduced by even 25 per cent., there would be no need of
poor rates at all, and, were that traffic abolishsd altogether, each
father of a family in my parish would have enough money in ten
years time, to buy himself, if he thought it necessary to his sense
of independence, the fee simple of two acres of the best land m
the place, and thus to solve the question once for all, of peasant
proprietorship of land in the only way possiJDle, except by the
exercise of spoliation at the risk of revolution."

Then again the farmers suffer in consequence of not being
able to find a ready sale for their produce. I state this on the
authority of Col. Lloyd Lindsay, M.P. for Berkshire, who is
reported to have said in a public speech— "That the British
farmer wanted a quicker sale ibr his produce, or in other words

10

more purchasing power was wanted, but the people did not
possess that power." I maintain that the Hon. Gentleman was
mistaken, the people do possess that power if it was spent in
needful food and useful articles of clothing, furniture, <^c., as is
abundantly shown in Mr. Blackley's statement above. Can we
be surprised that not only agriculture, but that trade and com-
merce generally should be depressed, when we think of the
wicked waste of wealth spent in purchasing intoxicating drink, a
crime, poverty, and disease-producing element ? Take for example
the year 1878. Over ^142,000,000 was spent in that one
article, an amount equal to 8s. per week for each family, or
^4: 4s. per annum for each man, woman and child in the
country. These figures are taken from the government returns,
but they by no means represent the total expenditure, for I need
not attempt to prove that spirits and other drinks are consider-
ably added to after they leave the manufacturers. Then if we
add to this the indirect loss, which is considered by the best
authorities to be almost as much as the amount spent,
making the total ^284,000,000, considerably more than all the
foreign trade of the country. Mr. Caird in his work entitled
" The Landed Interest" (see page 14) shows that the entire value
of all the produce of all the land in the country is only about
;^335,000,000, or only about ^50,000,000, more than the loss
caused to the country by its drinking. If we take the seven
years, from 1871 to 1877, we get the frightful amount of
^964,037,836 spent in drink, ^210,000,000 more than the
whole of the national debt. During that same period 3,334,110
persons were convicted of crime, and ;^10 1,1 44,718 was paid in
poor and police rates, and in that some period 1,271,838
drunkards were apprehended. During 1879, 3,000,000 persons
were upon the books of the Poor Law Unions, and it has been stated
before the Social Science Congress and the British Medical Asso-
ciation, by Dr. Norman Kerr, that about 120,000 persons lose
their lives in this country annually through drink, either directly
or indirectly. Was there ever such a state of things as this in
any country in the world before ? May we not adopt the lan-
guage of the prophet and say " The land is full of
bloody crime and the city is full of violence." With these
facts before us we cannot be surprised that agriculture is
depressed, that purchasing power is weak, trade generally bad,
and that we are not able to compete with our foreign neighbours.
No doubt much harm has been done to trade by strikes and
contentions between capital and labour of late years, but I repeat
that the drink system is mainly, if not wholly, responsible
for all this. Men will strike for two or three shil-
lings more money per week, at the risk of ruin-
ing a firm and driving trade from the country, while they
think nothing of spending two, three, or perhaps four or five times
that amount in drink. Men in this condition are easily led
by any agitation that may arise, with a plausible idea of doing

11

something to better their position, and we cannot wonder at
this when we think of the miserable poverty-stricken homes they
live in. But on the other hand had they practised habits of
temperance during the last 25 years, they might have had
millions of money at their command, and the strikes and their
consequences would never have taken place : good feelings would
have existed between employer and employed. In proof
of this I quote the following valuable testimony which I take from
the " Scientific American," "Hon. W. E. Dodge stated that his
firm employed 2,000 hands, and made it a rule that their people
should not use intoxicating drinks- They had no complaints of
hard times among them, they had been able to stand against the
depression, the men had accepted such wages as they were
able to pay, and many of them owned their own houses — and
that crime was practically unknown among them."

I earnestly commend this example and its results to English
employers and men. The employers ought to lead the way, as a
rule they have taken but little interest in this movement. The
farmers generally speaking have treated all temperance efforts
with contempt. Such conduct is unworthy of so important a
class of the community. I know that some employers say that
they get more work done by giving the men beer in their work,
others say that they cannot get men to work without it, but these
are mistakes, as all experience shows. Firmness and deter-
mination and giving an equivalent is all that is needed.

The practice of giving beer in the hay and harvest field
is a remnant of the old truck system which ther law has now
abolished. There can be no doubt that this practice has had a
very bad effect upon the men and their families, and it ought not
to be continued. I will not dwell at length upon this aspect of
the question. I have collected a considerable amount of evidence
during the last few years from employers of high position in
various parts of the country, all showing the undeniable ad-
vantages of not giving beer in farm work. Some of these valuable
testimonies will be found at the end of this pamphlet, which I would
earnestly commend to the serious attention of all classes. There
is everything to encourage both masters and men to make the
experiment. Prejudice, I fear, has kept many from adoptfng this
needful reform, but I feel sure that it must soon give way in
this case as it has done in the past. The prejudice of many
employers and men was very strong, when some advanced minds
began to plough with a pair of horses abreast some 60 or 70 years
ago. The same prejudice existed against winnowing machines,
haymaking machines, and in fact machinery generally, but time
has shown that it was mistaken prejudice, and I have no doubt
but that a little time and patience will show that the opinion given
by Mr. Clare Sewell Read, ex-M.P. for South Norfolk, "that a wet
groat is better than a dry shilling in hay or harvest work " was
also the result of mistaken prejudice or want of knowledge or
experience on the subject. The practice ought to be discontinued;

12

it is alike injurious to employers and men, it is morally
financially, and physically wrong. After reading the val-
uable testimony in the appendix, no honest minded man can
fail to sec that beer does not help the' labourer to do his work
but is a positive hindrance, what we want is to get rid of the
idea of either beer or beer money, as regards payment for work,
both in the field and in the house.

m. INTEMPERANCE, ITS BEARINa UPON THE
LABOURERS.

Intemperance has borne heavily upon the working
classes of England, and the farm labourer has had his share
of the burden. From his infant days he too is taught to believe
that beer is the one thing needful for this life. He is told that
it will make him grow, give him strength to do his work, will
comfort him in his trouble, give him health in sickness ; in fact,
that it will be his friend at all times, and under all circumstances ;
when he leaves his home his education in drinking is continued
by his employers who give it to him, encourage him to drink it,
and in many cases, long before he is able to think for himself on
life and all its great realities, the drink craving has got hold of
him, the vice is acquired, and perhaps the organs of his body are
more or less diseased ; he is an unconscious victim, and far on
the road to ruin, by the time he arrives at a mature age. In this
state he marries, with little or no means to make his home com-
fortable ; in poverty he sets up his home, he continues to drink,
his family increases, his home is miserable, little furniture, little
food, little clothing; children badly brought up, who, like
their father, in too many cases, fall into the national vice, and the
evil is perpetuated from generation to generation with all its
horrors. What a happy contrast the homes of the English work-
ing classes would have presented, had they only been able to have
resisted this vice, and have practised habits of temperance and thrift.
What an unspeakable blessing to themselves and the nation.
There would have been no fierce conflict between capital and
labour. Unions would not have been heard of; peace, plenty,
contentment, morality and religion, by the blessing of God, would
have abounded throughout our land ; but, alas, the very reverse
is true 1 It need not be so; it is not so much for want of means,
because the income of the agricultural labourer who earns the lowest
wages of any class in the country, has increased nearly 50 per cent,
during the last half century. I will mention a fact that came
under my own notice upon the estate that I was connected with
in Buckinghamshire. The home farm was under 500 acres, the
earnings per week for 15 men in 1874 was as follows : one, the
hay binder, who worked early and late, 24/-, four over 19/6,
three over 18/6, two over 17/6, three over 16/6, two over 15/3;
and in addition to this, some of their wives and families earned a
considerable sum, and yet through the money wasted in drink
some of these people were living in a most miserable condition.

13

^60 was paid for the beer given to the men upon that farm the
same year, which I need not say, — notwithstanding the greatest
possible care, — had a very demoralizing effect upon them, some of
them leaving the farm night by night the worse for drink. If we
add to the ^60 worth of beer given by the employer, the
moderate sum of 1/6 per week spent by themselves in drink and
tobacco, it would amount to about ^8 for each of the 15 families;
and if laid by year by year at 5 per cent, compound interest, it
would in ten years amount to over ;£"100 for each family. I need
not say more to prove that intemperance has a very terrible bearing
upon the physical, social, moral, and religious welfare of the
English agricultural labourer and his family. I trust the time
is at hand when all employers will feel it to be their duty to pay
in cash instead of giving beer, especially to the boys, and at the
same time do all they can to encourage habits of Temperance
and Thrift.

IV. INTEMPERANCE, ITS BEARING UPON
AGRICULTURE.

The reader will have seen by this time that intemperance has
a very important bearing upon Agriculture. He will see, (1), how
it affects the Landlord in relation to his property, in the increase
of his rates and taxes, and in a variety of other ways. (2), how it
affects the Tenant, in the loss of time, capital, and mental power,
in the increased rates and taxes, trouble, accidents, neglect,
inferior labour, and other losses through intemperance. How
it affects the markets and prevents his meeting wifh a ready sale
for his produce. How this would be altered, if say £50,000,000
of the money now spent in drink could be spent in the pro-
ductions of the farm. (3), how seriously it affects the poor
labouring man and his family, how the interests of landlord,
tenant and labourer are bound up together, and what affects one
affects all, more or less. Some farmers may say, yes, it is all very
well from your point of view, but if we become a temperate
nation, what shall we do with our barley 1 This is a matter of
some importance, but it is a narrow and somewhat selfish view to
take, it is probable that less and less malt will be used year by
year, since the tax has been taken off malt, and put upon the beer.
Sugar, maize, rice, and other things are already being used ex-
tensively. Between 1878 and 1879 the consumption of malt
decreased 7,341,812 bushels ; between the same dates the quantity
of sugar used in brewing increased 538,461 cwt., and moreover I
am persuaded that the practical farmer will be able to dispose of
all the barley it is absolutely needful for him to grow, for feeding
and other purposes, and the small loss he might sustain by not
being able to sell his barley for malting, would be more than
balanced by the increased demand for hie other productions.

"If the people of this country are poor, the only customers of
the farmer are poor, and a poor man cannot be much of a customer.
Enhghtened self-interest, therefore, ought to make the farmer, and
above all, the landlord, a persistent enemy of intemperance. Somo

14

people still fancy that the drink trade helps the * landed interest/
because it consumes a large quantity of barley. The drink trade
is a big customer : yes, but the nation is a much bigger one ; and
considering the damage which the drink trade does to the nation,
and considering the extent to which it impairs the purchasing
power of great masses of the people, the few millions obtained for
barley are but a trifle compared with the loss caused by intem-
perance."— Alliance News.

"When railways were introduced, the question was asked,
what shall we do with our horses ? That problem is solved
without any injury to the farmer. With good management, high
cultivation and favourable seasons, much may be done to contend
successfully with foreign competition, not only in the production
of beef, mutton, pork, poultry, butter, cheese, eggs, &c., but in
grain also, and depend upon it, the secret of success in Agri-
culture, as of other branches of trade and commerce, is to be
found to a considerable extent within the four corners of this
question.

AN APPEAL TO THE CLERGY, LANDLORDS, EMPLOYERS
AND LABOURERS.

I would again earnestly appeal to all landlords, employers and
labourers, to give this great and most important subject their
serious consideration. Landlords can help by doing away with the
sale of intoxicating liquors in their villages, and in many other
ways. When lately passing through the village of Everingham in the
east riding of Yorkshire, I was delighted to find that Lord Herries
had set such a good example in this respect. His Lordship, on
seeing that harm was being done to the people in the village
through the drinking going on at the public house, did away
with the license, and made the house into a Temperance Inn,
and, in order that the publican might be able to get a comfortable
living, his Lordship attached a little more land to the house.
Farmers can help by at once adopting the plan of paying in cash
instead of giving the men beer, and encouraging temperance by
their own examples and efforts. Men can help by thankfully
receiving the extra money, making good use of it, and practising
habits of temperance themselves, and encouraging the same in
their own families. But above all I would appeal to the Bishops
and Clergy of our church, for it is only when the church wakes
up to a sense of her duty in this matter, that we may hope to
meet with success. I do feel most strongly that till within the
last few years, the church has lamentably failed, in the discharge
of her duty to the people in this respect, not only have the Clergy
as a body, (with but few exceptions,) stood by, looking on with
cold indifference, not only content with making no special effort
in this direction, to save the masses perishing around them, but in
many instances openly opposing the efforts of others. Some
have even refused the use of the parish schoolroom, to bodies of
working men, who were anxious to associate together for mutual
protection of themselves and families against the common enemy
that threatened their destruction. Although a loyal and whole

15

hearted member of the church, I do feel that the past conduct of
a large majority of the Bishops and Clergy in reference to this
question of intemperance is indeed much to be regretted. After
taking a lively interest in the common welfare of my fellow
working men, for upwards of a quarter of a century, and ob-
serving the effects of the drink curse which has been forced upon
them, producing, as it has, the truly awful amount of poverty,
misery, crime, cruelties, murders, disease and sending 60,000
or 70,000 human beings to a drunkard's grave year by year, and to
think of the bearing of all this upon their eternal condition,
viewing it in the light of the New Testament, and the teaching
of the book of Common Prayer, it overwhelms my soul. This
brutalizing system on the one hand, the neglect of the church on
the other, are the main causes of the masses being forced into
heathenism or even something worse, for not only immorality,
but infidelity, is rife throughout the country, and how could we
expect any other result 1 When preaching recently at St. Andrew's
Church, Ancoats, the Bishop of Manchester stated "that in a Man-
chester parish containing 1,233 houses, the clergyman found as the
result of personal inquires, that the heads of 907 families openly
professed that neither they nor their households attended any place
of worship. Ninety-three families called themselves Church of
England people, 94 families called themselves Eoman Catholics,
and the rest were made up of different denominations, the
Wesleyans being strongest with 54 families. The fact that 906
families out of 1,233 never attended public worship, was, the
Bishop remarked, a scandal and a peril to society."

A justice of the peace for the county of Be'Vks stated at
a public meeting at Wallingford, "that he had been a great
employer of labour abroad, and had travelled a great deal, and
was sorry to have to come to the conclusion that the English
working classes were the most degraded people he had ever met
with." We are worse than the heathen nations. Sir Rutherford
Alcock recently said " He could conscientiously aver that he saw
more degradation, violence, misery and brutality in a single day
in the streets of London than of twenty years of life in China."
A Clergyman, who had spent many years in heathen lands, told
me he found on his return that he had left civilization behind
and come home to barbarism. What a disgrace to our nation,
with an established Church professing to provide the needful
means of grace, with a school in every parish, and during
the last quarter-of-a-century — with the exception of the last few
years — our country has passed through such a period of prosperity
as few countries in the world ever did, and yet we are in this
lamentable condition. In fact it has counteracted to a great extent
the eff'ects of the gospel of Christ and proved to the world that Chris-
tianity in England, in the 1 9th century, has failed to grapple eff'ec-
tually with immorality and sin. AVithin the last few days at a village
I have known for many years, I asked one of the oldest and most
respectable residents, who has known the place well for fifty or sixty

16

years, to tell me who, to his knowledge, had suffered through
intemperance during the last 30 years. We sat down together
and carefully went throughout the whole parish, house by house,
and out of 86 families we found that 97 persons had visibly
suffered through intemperance ; some ruined, others brought to
premature graves, one killed while drunk. One poor woman,
the wife of a farmer said in her dying hour, " my life has
been a life of sorrow and trouble." Yes, God only knows the
agony of that woman's soul, and the floods of bitter tears she
shed during the long number of years she was tied to that hus-
band with her six or seven children. During the 30 years above
mentioned there had been 4 incumbents in the parish, but not one
of them had taken any steps to inform the people of the nature,
effects and character of alcoholic drinks, or used any special means
to stay its ravages. And is not this parish, both as regards the
evil effects of drink and the neglect of the Church, but a sample of
thousands of others throughout the country 1 I would earnestly ask
those clergy — who have hitherto stood aloof from or in the way of
temperance work — in the name of the suffering, perishing masses, to
stand in the way no longer, but at least to give the people the
opportunity of understanding this question — especially in villages
— by sermons, lectures, literature, &c. If they will not do this,
surely the blood of the slain will one day be required at their
hands. This is not only a moral but a physical question. In-
temperance puts a physical impediment in the way of a spiritual
impression. How unutterably sad it is to see so many of the
Ministers of Christ's Gospel to a fallen world, stand by in the
present distress as if they had no heart to feel for or hand to help
a fallen brother ; and I believe the chief causes are prejudice and
want of knowlege of the subject — the first ought never to have
existed, the second could have been removed by a few hours of
careful study. Who can tell the fearful amount of human suffer-
ing that would have been prevented, and the myriads of precious
souls for whom Christ died have been saved if the great body of
the Clergy had but done their duty in this respect. I again ap-
peal to them, in the name of all that is good, to come out like
men and take their places right in the front ranks of the Tempe-
rance army as Captains of tens, of hundreds, or of thousands, in
their various parishes, and the day has now come when they must
do it, the state of the country imperatively demands it of them, for
the shocking state of things mentioned by the Bishop of Man-
chester is but too true a picture of the county generally as shown
by the recent religious census. What a subject to reflect upon
for the Bishops and 20,000 clergy. Would it not have been
better for millions of English men and women to have been born
in the darkest corner of heathen Africa, where neither Christianity
nor civilization had ever been heard of, and why 1 Not because
Christianity and civilization are not the greatest of blessings, but
because the conditions under which they live are such as to make
it practically impossible for them to benefit by the advantages

17

that would otherwise be of the greatest possible blessing to them,
and at the same time they are responsible for these advantages.
Some will no doubt say that the drink is God's good creature, and
on that ground justify the existing temptations ; but suppose a
shepherd, entrusted with his master's flock, was to allow a num-
ber of wolves to establish themselves among the sheep, and when
the master, who, seeing that his flock was being destroyed, called
him to account for his conduct, the man was to say, "0, Sir, don't
speak in that way of the wolves, I felt I ought to allow them to
remain in the fold, because yon know. Sir, they are God's good
creatures." I think the injured master would say, " Yes they
may be God's good creatures, but they are out of their place in
my sheep fold." What he would do with the shepherd I will leave
the reader to judge ; but one thing I am certain of, that he would
say it was hopeless to attempt to rear a flock under such condi-
tions. Others will say, "Preach the Gospel." Yes, very good,
but has not that been done, and what are the results as far as the
masses are concerned, and why is it so 1 Is it that the Gospel
has lost its power. Certainly not. The real reason is that there
is a mighty man-placed hindrance in the way. The masses are
buried beneath the demoralizing influence of the liquor traffic,
fast bound by the chains of their sins. There is the stone to be
taken away, and the grave clothes to be loosed, and for ages the
Lord God Almighty has been calling upon His church to " take
away the stone," that He may give newness of life to the dead in
sin ; but the church has turned a deaf ear to the heavenly voice,
and has not until lately rebuked the national sin, but has been, to
some extent, an apology for its existence, and allowed it to find
a refuge under her shadow.

I believe that myriads of the working classes would be
thankful to be delivered from the heavy burdens caused by the
drink, if they had the opportunity and needful assistance given
them. 1 am justified in saying this, by the tens of thousands that
have lately joined the Salvation Army in various parts of the
country — which is the stones crying out because the Church has
held her peace, and passed by on the other side. — It is reported
that in Leeds alone 25,000 joined ; and none are accepted unless
they are prepared to give np the use of strong drink and tobacco.
The same desire was manifested on a large scale in Ireland during
the days of Father Mathew. Numbers of earnest working men
and others have been struggling for the last 50 years to deliver
themselves and their fellows from this curse, worse than Egyptian
bondage or American slavery, but they have had to contend
against long odds. The upper classes and employers generally
gave the movement the cold shoulder. The press, to its shame,
till lately opposed their efl'orts. The Doctors, as a rule, were
opposed, and did much harm by ordering their patients drink
right and left ; and, above all, the Church of God gave a deaf ear
to the cry for help ; — but, thank God, a brighter day appears to
be breaking upon us at last. Some of the Bishops are waking

18

up to a sense of their duty in this matter, and an increasing
number of the Clergy are manfully grai>pling with the foe. The
Doctors are yielding to the force of tiuth, and the educated
classes are giving serious attention to this movement. The press
is also realizing its importance — the old proverb is again being
verified " That truth is great and will prevail," but the battle
will be fierce and difficult. The enemy will die hard ; we shall
need to work with all our might and i)ray with all our heart that
God will be pleased to give the nation a speedy deliverance. I
would therefore invite all who are so disposed to join in a common
petition to the throne of God day by day, and for that purpose
append the following form of words which are used by the Mem-
bers of the Church of England Temperance Society's Prayer
Union : —

" 0 God, whose blessed Son was manifested that He might
destroy the works of the devil, and make us the children of God
and heirs of everlasting life, look down in mercy upon all those
who are engaged in Thy name in combating the deadly sin of in-
temperance. We confess, O Lord, that in the time past of our
lives we have sinned against Heaven and before Thee, in the
indifference we have shown to the progress of this terrible evil
among us. We own, with deep shame and humiliation, that by
reason of the abounding drunkenness in our land, cruelties have
been perpetrated in countless numbers, and of the deepest dye ;
the sacred love of family has been torn and riven asunder ; the
sorrowfid sighing of women and children, by thousands and tens
of thousands, has gone up and entered into Thine ear ; even now
the land is defiled with the blood which the drink is continually
shedding ; and while in our own lands souls are kept in bondage
and are perishing with none to help, through our fault the name
of Christ has come to be largely blasphemed among the Heathen.
It is because Thy mercies fail not, but are new every morning,
that we have not long since been consumed. But, 0 Lord, we
repent of these our misdoings ; we pray Thee to give true repent-
ance to ourselves, and all the people whom Thou hast called by
Thy name. And now that we are associating, in Thy name, to
meet the evil with special remedies, grant that Thy Holy Spirit may
be with us to direct and prosper us. Be to us, 0 Lord, a Spirit of
wisdom in all our councils, a Spirit of unity and brotherly love in our
several associations, a Spirit of ghostly strength in the enterprises to
which we may address ourselves ; so that casting away all self-
confidence, and depending upon Thy most mighty protection, we
may triumph over all the opposing work of the enemy. Give
us the grace of patience under trial, of perseverance under every
seeming want of success, of meekness under reproach, of endurance
under temptations, whether of the flesh or spirit, and above all, of
singleness of aim and motive, that in all we do we may seek Thy
glory and the good of our fellow-men. Shed abroad in our hearts
the love for our perishing brethren, that we may be willing for
their sakes to deny ourselves in lawful indulgences, if by so doing

19

we may save some of them. And because the hearts of men are
in Thy control, to turn them as it seemeth best unto Thy godly
wisdom, take away from among us, 0 Lord, all blindness and
prejudice, and whatever else may hinder the advance of the cause
we have at heart, so that the number of faithful hands and earnest
hearts being continually increased, we may be at length permitted
to attain to the end at which we aim, a Temperance Reformation
in our beloved land ; grant this 0 Heavenly Father, for Jesus
Christ's sake, our only Lord and Saviour. Amen."

APPENDIX.
* TEA V. BEER IN THE H&EVEST FIELD.

A well-attended Conference of the Members of the Newbury Chamber of
Agriculture was held on July 2o, 1878, in the Town Hall, Newbury, to con-
sider " How far it was advisable and practicable to introduce non-intoxicating
drinks into the Harvest Field."

The chair was occupied by the President of the Chamber (Mr. E. J
Deverell),

T. Bland Garland, Esq., J. P., Burghfield, Reading, said he had recently,
at the request of the Oxford Dioce.san Secretary of the Church of England
Temperance Society, written out his experience on the subject now before the
Chamber, which was as follows : —

"Previous to 1871, in common with all other employers in this neighbour-
hood, I had been in the habit of giving my labourers beer during the hay and
corn harvest ; after much x-eflection 1 came to the conclusion that the practice
was quite unjustifiable, that it was worse than the very worst form of the
" truck system," as it did not even give the labourer the option of selecting
the articles which he received in part payment of wages, but obliged him to
receive, and practically to consume, an expensive and unnecessary article, in
such quantities as to be prejudicial to his health and the well-being of his
family ; in other woi'ds, that the practice amounted to exp'ending about a
fourth of his wages, without his consent, in the purchase of beer, and obliging
him to drink it. Employers sometimes say, '' We do not give the beer to our
people in part payment of wages, but as a gift in addition to wages ; and we
do not oblige them to drink it, — we only offer it ; they may take it or leave
it." These are mere idle evasions. H' an employer pays his labourer 2s. 6d.
per day in money, and expends Is. more in purchasing beer for him, clearly
he estimates the value of his labour at 3s. fid. per day, and pays that sum
for it. Again, if he employs a number of people in thirst-creating labour,
such as that of the harvest field, and supplies them exclusively with a drink
which they have been educated to prefer, he practically obliges them to
drink it. No better system could be devised for insuring the drunkenness
and poverty of our agricultural labourers. As mere children, they are
tempted to drink excessive quantities of beer, because it appears to cost them
nothing, and they learn to consider the quantity consumed as a test of
manliness.

It is no exaggeration to say that in those districts where beer is supplied by
employers in the harvest field, its cost, and the further amount expended in
its purchase by the labourers in consequence of the taste for it thus acquired,
would sufiice amply, with careful investment, to provide for the comfortable
maintenance in sickness and old age of the whole agricultural population.

I maintain most positively that nothing can be more unsuitable as a thirst-
quenching beverage during hard work in hot weather than beer. Even
at the best it is an unnecessary luxury, which our agricultural labourers can-
not afford, and I submit that their employers do tliem a grievous harm by
encouraging them to use it.

In 1871 I determined to supply no more beer to my labourers under any
circumstances ; and I agreed with them, as an alternative, to pay the men
* Those marked thus are published as Leaflets by the Church of England
Temperance Society.

20

18s. per week instead of 14s., and the women 9s. per week instead of 7s.,
during the hay and corn harvest.

After this was settled, reflecting that the people would probably find it
impossible to supply themselves with a suitable substitute for the beer, and
would in a measure be driven to the public-house, I determined to supply
them with tea. I therefore purchased a common flat-bottomed H^ gallon iron
boiler, with a lid, long spout, and tap; this is taken in a cart to the field,
with a few bricks to form a temporary fireplace, a few sticks for the fire,
some tea in T-oz. packets, and sugar in 4-lb. packets. The first thing in the
morning, a woman lights the fire, boils the water, the bailiff" puts in the 7 ozs.
of tea in a small bag, to boil for ten to fifteen minutes, then removes it and
puts in 4 lbs. of sugar ; if skim milk can be spared, two to four quarts are
added, but this is not a necessity although desirable. All the labourers are
then at liberty to take as much as they like at all times of the day, beginning
at breakfast-time, and ending when they leave off" work at night. If the field
is large, they send large cans to the boiler for it ; so soon as the quantity in
the boiler is reduced to two gallons, it is drawn off" in a pail for consumption,
whilst another boilerful is being prepared. The knowledge that they have
at their disposal as much good tea as they choose to drink during every
minute of the day, materially lessens their thirst.

This system has given the most perfect satisfaction during the last eight
years : the people have done more work with comfort to themselves, have
never been stupefied and quarrelsome, which they always were, more or less,
in the beer days, and go home sober at night instead of to the public-house,
as many formerly did.

The increase of wages to be paid must of course depend on the quantity of
beer usually consumed; this varies in different localities ; but I have found
that a careful examination generally proves it to have been much more than
the employers suppose it to be.

The cost of tea in my case is as follows : — s. d

7 oz. of tea 1 0

4 lbs. of sugar 1 2

Skim milk, about 0 2

2 4

or 8^ gallons of tea, at 3^d per gallon.

I liad 28 men and women employed in hay -making this year, and the
consumption M'as — gals.

Generally, 2 boilers full per dav 17

Occasionally, 2^ „ ., ' 21|-

On one day, 3 ,, \- ^^

My calculation is, that they drink on the average two-thirds of a gallon
eacli per day, at a cost of 2d.

Thus I pay them in lieu of beer 8d. per day in money and 2d. in tea, or
lOd. in all.

Iiut if the change involved a much larger expenditure than the cost of the
beer, employers would be amply remunerated in the better and larger amount
of work done, the better disposition of their labourers, the decrease of pau-
perism, and the general well-being of the people.

As a last word to employers. I would say, no half measures; let the
additional wages be given to the full value of the beer; let the tea be good,
and made with care in the field, not sent out from the house, or there will
not be enough ; be sure tliat it is always within the reach of every labourer,
without stint. See to this yourself: trust it to no one ; beer has many friends.
Be firm in carrying out the change, and it will be a source of great satisfac-
tion to you and to your labourers, with very little trouble and at no extra
expense."

After two hours' discussion of the subject, the following resolution was
unanimously adopted : —

•* That this Chamber considers it desirable to lessen the quantity of beer
carried into the harvest field, by paying in money rather than in kind : and
that it is also well to endeavour to provide non -intoxicating drinks, to prevent
the men spending their money at public-houses."

21
HARVEST WORK WITHOUT INTOXICANTS.

Leighton Pabk, Reading,

June 11th, 1880.

* Dear Sir, — Some months ago you asked me to give you an account as
to how I was able to get on at harvest work without beer, and as the hay-
making time has again come round, perhaps this will be the most appropriate
season to furnish you with the information, although 1 must apologise for not
having replied to your inquires before.

About two years ago, after reading a letter of Mr. Bland-Garland's, of
Hillfields, in this county, on the subject of "Tea versus Beer," which appeared
in the Church of Engl\nd Temperance Chronicle, my mind was made
up to discontinue the beer allowance, which up to that time I had made to my
labouring people during hay a.id corn harvest ; and 1 have no hesitation in
saying that, since 1 gave up the practice, these operations have been carried on
more satisfactorily in every way ; certainly so to my bailiff, and I believe
also to my labouring people themselves, who seem to prefer the money, and
work better and more contentedly. I have since been more free from the
many petty annoyances so generally caused by the state of independent
swagger which an allowance of a pint of beer every two hours during the
day is apt to pr(^mote, and for which those who give it have to thank them-
selves. It is done under the impression that the labouring people will have
it because it is the custom, and that there is no use in trying to fight against
the established usages of the country. But these are what the cause of
temperance — when the customs are bad — has most resolutely to contend
with ; and in many cases a moderately bold front will show how very
mistaken the idea is that such difficulties cannot be overcome. The best
proof 1 can give you of this, as regards the harvest beer question, is the
answer in his own words, which one of my best labourers, a hale, strong man,
gave to the question : How he liked the change from beer, to beer m.oney ?
lie said, " I should be a fool not to like ; for I can do very well with two pints
of beer a day, which leaves me five pence in money ; and I get tea into the
bargain," and as far as I can judge many of my harvesters limit themselves
to about this quantity. Those who cannot, or think they cannot, do with-
out it, bring it with them, or procure it at meal times ; but they do not, as
some fear they would, absent themselves continually from work for the
purpose of getting beer.

Many farmers in this neighbourhood give money allowance of one
shilling a day in lieu of beer ; and 1 was surprised to find, when I came to
inquire, how many did so, but 1 prefer, and adopt the plan of giving 9d a day
in money and as much tea as they can drink. My reason for doing so
is that it is an educating process. JNIany labouring people say, and
no doubt believe, that they cannot do harvest work without the large
quantity of beer which is generally given them, but when the tea is put
before them, they soon learn that beer is not the indispensable article they
had considered it to be, and although it may still be indulged in as a luxury,
it is found not to be a necessity.

The details of my plan are simple. I began by purchasing in Reading,
what Mr. Shackleford, the tradesman from whom I bought it, described as a
strong eleven-gallon boiler, with copper flue complete, at a cost of £3 los ;
some more rough and ready kind of boiler at less cost might, no doubt, be
procured to do the work quite, or nearly as well as mine; but, having made
a vicarious purchase, I am proud of my teapot, and often on a hot day, find
myself inclining towards it for a drink.

Our brew of eleven gallons is made at a cost of about 2s. (id., as follows:
half a pound of tea at 2s. 6d., Is. 3d. ; four pounds of sugar at 3^d.. Is. 2d. ;
milk, about id Total 2s. 6d. Milk is kept on the ground, and added when
required; about half of my people prefer it without. The number usually
provided for is about twenty -two. and they consume about half-a-gallon a-
piece during the day. but the last two seasons have been cool, and in a hot
one it would probably be more. The first brew is made early in the morning,
and is generally enough : but if more is wanted it is made, for it is essential

B 1

22

to the success of the plan that tea should always be forthcoming when asked for.
It is placed in the most central part of the ground, always ready to fill the tins
or the bottles that are brought to it from different parts of the farm.

Coffee, ginger-beer, and other non-intoxicating drinks are, 1 understand,
tried in some places as well as, or instead of beer, with advantage, and I feel
sure that those whe try the experiment of discontinuing the large and de-
moralizing allowance of beer which has been customary hitherto, will have
reason to be thankful that they have done so.

Believe me, dear Sir, yours very truly,

ALEX. W. COBHAM.
Mr. J. Abbry.

From Sir Philip Rose, Bart., Ex-High Sheriff of Bucks.

Rayners, Penn, Bucks.

June 23rd, 1880.

'■^ Dear Sir, — I have much pleasure in replying to your enquiry as to
the use of tea instead of beer upon my farm. It was, I think, about six years
ago that I unexpectedly went down to the farm in the midst of hay time.
An accident had just happened by a man falling off the rick, and I observed
the men stupid and sullen, the boys loud and noisy, rough with the horses
and pulling them about the head, and the women excited. This led me to
enquire into the allowance of beer, and I was appalled at the quantity which
it appeared the women and boys were in the habit of drinking. A moment's
reflection determined me that if this system was necessary in getting up the
hay, I would immediately give up farming ; but I afterwards decided upon
adopting the new system, and from that time to this I have never given away
a single pint of beer on my farm ; but as 1 fully recognized the necessity of
some liquid during the exhausting work of hay time and harvest, I have ever
since at my own expense, and without making any deduction on account of
it, supplied my labourers with cold tea ad libitum. I generally purchase a
chest of good tea at the beginning of the season, which my bailiff's wife has
instructions to make in a copper the day previous to its use : I believe that
often a sufficient amount is made for two days. This is put into cans which
I procured for the purpose, mixed with milk and sugar, and is sent out
between ten and eleven o'clock, and then supplied as required during the day.

The first year the change of system was so successful, that 1 believe little
or no beer was sent for by the men, not even at their dinner hour j but it
was a novelty at that time, and I received the thanks of the wives at the
conclusion of the harvest. They described its effects as having enabled them
to save a great deal more money, and that they had been able to get their
husbands up without difficulty in the morning. I have since pursued the
system with varied success. (Jne year I found it altogether abused : but this
was owing to my bailiff having given in to the suggestion of supplying hot
tea for breakfast and at other meals, which was exactly contrary to my
object ; but 1 am able to state that the introduction of cold tea has practically
brought the consumption of beer on my farm during working hours to a
minimum, and that 1 am quite satisfied that the labourers do more work by
the use of tea than by giving beer. It may be that for a spurt, to accomplish
an object within a given space of time, a glass of beer judiciously given at
certain times may effect the purpose, though I never attempt it ; but. as a
rule, I am satisfied that the men are in better condition at the conclusion of
the day, less stupid and sullen, and certainly much better fitted the next
morning to resume their labours, than with the old system of beer. Of course
much depends on the bailiff working loyally with his employer in carrying
out the system. If he is fond of beer, and especially if he ever commits
himself by drinking beer with his men, I should have little hope of effecting
much good Again, it is important that the tea should be good, with plenty
of milk and sugar, and then sent out from a cold cellar as required, and
nothing can be more refreshing.

I calculate that the cost to me is about £5 a year. Of course, if 1 were
to make any deduction on this account, the system would fail, but an

23

allowance in lieu of beer being added to the wages, the men are enabled to
save this if they please. — I am, dear Sir, yours truly,

PHILIP ROSE.
Mr. John Abbey.

Fbom G. G. Dixon, Esq.,

SwYNcoMBE. Henley-on-Thames.
June 28th 1880.

* Dear Sik, — I am truly sorry to have been so long in answering yours
of the 16th ult. I am so over head and ears in farming 1,200 acres, I find but
little time for anything like correspondence. Yet 1 am very pleased to give
you a few facts. I have now a gang of six men mowing, four of them are
abstainers from alcoholic drinks. It is scarcely necessary to say that men can
do hard work, not only as well, but really better without intoxicating drinks
than with them. I pay them per acre accoi'ding to the worth of the job.
The)"- earned last week £1 13s. 9d. each. I give the abstainers 2s. 6d. extra
when the mowing is done. We pay at the rate of Is. per day, from (> a.m. to
7 p.m., extra as wages, in lieu of beer. And when we work later, say till 10
or 11 o'clock, we pay 4d. per hour. We always recognize extra work on jobs
by money payment and not by giving beer. I make no arrangements for
supplying drink. I find, as a rule, that the men like to have the money
instead. In the tea and coffee system, some like sugar, others object; some
prefer milk, others do not. It is one of my arrangements that no man leaves
his work to go for public-house beer. Most of the cottagers brew (without a
license) a very simple yet refreshing drink, from ginger and sugar, flavoured
with hops or lemon, as preferred, and call it their home-brewed, I wish I
could see you to explain any other matters, as I have had man}'' years'
experience in abstinence principles, and have seen most encouraging results,
alike beneficial both to employers and labourers.

Yours faithfully,
Mr. John Abbey. G. G. DIXON.

Steward to Colonel Ruck-Keene.

From Rev. P. W. Lee.

Leapield Vicarage, Witney, Oxon.
July 2nd, 1880.

* Dear Sir,- I myself have for some three or four years given the men
and women (about a dozen) who gather in my small hay harvest, oatmeal
drink prepared as you recommend. They like it, and say it is both meat
and drink. I also give them 6d. a day in lieu of beer at the end of the whole
work. I am sending round about fifty leaflets, &c., with the Parish
Magazine this month.

Yours faithfully,
Mr. J. Abbey P. W. LEE.

Oheddington, Bucks.

* Mr J. F. Archer, Parish Churchwarden and Farmer, joined the
Oheddington Branch of the Church of England Temperance Society, as a
Total Abstainer on its formation in March last (1876). Several of his men
and boys followed his example. In harvest-time he paid the usual wages, aud
gave, in addition, the customary beer-money to the men, 4s. 6d, weekly ; and
to the boys in proportion. Besides the wages and beer-money, he provided
them gratis with a plentiful and regular supply of the beverage, the ingredients
and preparation of which are stated below. Mr. Archer, who is deservedly a
popular man amongst his labourers, was applied to by other men and boys,
who offered to work for him in harvest on these terms. Further, the greater
number of these, though not Total Abstainers, but regular beer-drinkers
declared their willingness not only to abstain during their harvest work, but
also, without joining the Temperance Society, to forego their old habits of
beer-drinking as long as those who had joined did so. This voluntary

24

abstinence for the most part, and in one or two specially uncertain cases
continues. The result of all this has been a decided success. Not only were
the men enabled to work heartily and well together through the entire harvest,
without bickerings, disputings. or any unpleasantness, but they did so, as they
willingly admit, without in the least degree wanting beer, and as being better
satisfied, better in health, able to do more work, less fatigued, and. nu)reover,
considerably better in pocket, than with it. The wives of the men and the
mothers of the boys are unanimous in declaring that they never had so
pleasant and profitable a harvest-time ; and tliey are grateful for the working
of the Temperance Society in general, and for Mr. Archer's excellent
development of it in particular.

1 cannot close this paper without adding, that the men distinctly state that
they could not have borne the heat and fatigue of harvest work without beer
as before, if ]Mr. Archer had not provided them with a beverage in its place ;
in other words, if left to their own resources, they could not, liowever desirous
of doing so. have found any other drink than beer, and therefore, for this
simple reason, beer they must have had.

As a consequence, plainly enough deducible. I would point out that our
Society must address itself as forcibly and as influentially as it can to the
employers of agricultural labourers, to enlist their sympathy wdth, and to lend
a helping hand to them. The" men may be very willing, but they can
practically effect little unless the masters come forward to lead and assist them.

FREDk. burn HARVEY,
May, 1877. Rector of Cheddington, Bucks.

BEVERAGE ABOVE REFERRED TO.

To make one gallon : Take half a pound of oatmeal, quarter of a pound
of cocoa, and half a pound of sugar ; mix with a little cold water into a thick
paste; put the whole into a gallon of boiling water, or into hot water, and
boil it.

The men like it best warm, as more pleasing to the palate and more
effective in quenching thirst and even satisfying hunger. If used cold, it tnust
be fresh and never more than a few hours old. The cost of this gallon is
cheap enough: half a pound of oatmeal, Hd. ; quarter of a pound of
cocoa, 2^d.. ; half a pound of sugar Ud. Thus 6"d. per gallon, or l^d. per
quart, is the outside cost of the beverage. It was given two or three times a
day. F. B. H.

Bu.scoT Wick, Fauingdon.

* Dear Sir, — 1 have received your letter in which you referred to a
ccmference about to be held in the Corn Exchange, Wallingford, on the 2nd
of March. I shall not be able to attend personally, but as I approve of its
object, I will rery readily give you my experience.

To begin with myself. I have been an Abstainer for thirty-three years,
and think that if T abstain from all alcoholic drink myself, I cannot
conscientiously offer them to others. Moreover, I am well aware that any
kind of farm labour can be done better without beer than with it. I am at
the present time farming upwards of 200 acres, and consequently employing
a good deal of manual labour. The wages I am giving at the present time are
fourteen shillings a week, with a good house and garden rent free, and in the
harvest piece-work as long as it lasts. During hay-making and harvest only do
I give any perquisites : we then make some tea, with plenty of new milk and
sugar ; and when late of an evening, their supper ; and 1 can assure you that
I have never yet had one complaint made from any one man of my treatment
in not giving beer to those in my employ, and 1 have men that have been in
my employ now for five years. 'J'he best testimony 1 can give will be that of
my carter who will have been with me three years the 6th of next April. I
will ask him to write a few lines stating his experience. When he first entered
my service he was an habitual drunkard lie has been an Abstainer for
nearly two years, and is now an honest, hard-working man ; whereas before
he was only an injury to himself, bis wife and children badly clothed and

25

ted, — all through drink. The change has been beneficial both to themselves
and their master.

I do earnestly wish that more of my brother farmers would pay their
labourers' wages all in hard cash, doing away with perquisites, especially beer j
for, as I have before said, all my men are satisfied.

More than that, if I have to dismiss a man from regular work, I have no
occasion to go to a hiring fair to supply his place. I think that if paying men
in cash, giving no beer, was to be the rule and not the exception in farming,
we should remove a temptation to drink from the working man, and get better
labourers, by keeping the drink from them when it is in our power to do so,

I remain, yours sincerely,
Feb. 23, 1877, J. WALKEK.

LETTER REFERRED TO IN THE ABOVE.

Dear Sir, — My master having desired me to write to you respecting
agricultural work being done without beer, I must first inform you that I for
many years was a drinker of beer in my work, but for this last two years and
upwards I abstained from it altogether ; therefore I can speak from experience,
and that is, I am certain all kind of farm work can be done better without
beer than with it, and that men would find, by giving it a fair trial, that their
work would be done easier without the beer than with it.

I remain, yours obediently,
BuscoT Wick, Feb. 24, 1877. JOHN JORDON.

Mr. John Arbey.

Acacias, Reading, June 18, 1881.
Dear Sir, — I have much pleasure in answering your enquiries. I have
had many years' experience and consider that the men do their work better
without beer. I pay an equivalent in money, and sometimes give cocoa and tea
extra. I have farmed about 700 acres, in two distinct districts, 500 and 200
acres. The plan has answered well for employer and men. It would be well,
I think, if there were no drink sufficiently alcholic to stupify men.

Yours truly, GEO. PALMER,
Mr. John Abbey. (M.P. for Reading.)

Aston Rowant Park, Tetsworth, Oxon, June 14th, 1881.
Dear Sir, — [ have pleasure in answering the question^ contained in
your note of the 13th inst., and will reply to them in the order in which you
have put them.

1. It is 18 years since beer was allowed on this farm of 600 acres.

2. The quality of the work has not deteriorated during this period ; there
is, I think, less time wasted than formerly, and the men less quarrelsome than
when beer was allowed.

3. No beer money has been given. All harvests, and much of the farm-
work, being paid by the pieces, the men supply themselves with beverages,
but alcoholic drinks are not allowed on the farm, nor smoking.

4. The men seem satisfied with the arrangement, and nothing would
induce me to return to the old system of part pa}'raent in beer.

5. The number of hands I employ is, on the average, 35.

I remain yours truly, THOS. TAYLOR, (J.P., Oxon).
To Mr. John Abbey.

Kingston Blount, Tetsworth,
Dear Sir, 16th June, 1881.

1. I have never given beer or beer-money, I pay so much wages, and
the men do as they please.

2. I do not think it makes any difference in the work.

3. I always pay money. I have never tried other kinds of drink.

4. My usual number on the farm is about 20. Many more in harvest.

5. I am sure it is much best for both men and master.

I think, as a rule, the men working together mowing, drink beer. In
harvest, working separately they drink tea and coffee I believe if you can
sell tea and coffee ready-made in a village, good, and cheaper than beer, the
men would buy tea and coffee instead of beer. I shall be pleased to give you
any further information, and should only be too glad if all employers of labour
would stop beer or beer money. Yours faithfully,

Mr. Abbey. ARTHUR H. C. BROWN, (J,P., Oxon).

26

AuwELL Houst;, Tklsworth, Oxon,

June 13th, 1881.
Deak Sik, — My abscence from home has delayed your letter. I am
afraid that my experience Mill not aid the object that you have in view.
For the last lU years or more, 1 have always paid my labourers iu liard cash,
instead of beer, in the hope that they would expend it iu food instead of drink,
1 find they work well and sometimes save their money. i)i\ long and hot
days 1 give them tea in the evening as an extra. 1 am afraid that they would
not leave off beer entirely in the day time. 1 should like to know what sub-
stitute can be given. Yours faithfully,

H. BlKCli KEYNA11DS0:N, (J.P, Oxon).

liULSTllOJ>K ESTATK, GeKKAKD's ChoSS.

July 23rd, 1878.
Dkar Sik, — 1 thank you for sending me the new leaflet about tea in the
harvest field. The circulation must do good. I do my best to circulate the
British Workman and other papers of a temperance charaeter amongst the
workmen in this locality. Tliis year on this estate we have paid the men in the
hoy-jield money instead of yivino them beer. Through the kindness of
J. liramley JMoore Esq., we have a very excellent free reading room here, for
the working men. Yours truly, HENllY WITtlAM.

NUNEIIAM CoUllTENAY, OXFOUD,

June IGth, 1881.
!SiB, — In answer to your letter of the I3tli instant, I beg to send you the
following answers to your questions : —

1. We have not given beer for ten years.

2. During the hay season cash is given instead of beer ; but all the
harvest work is done by piece-work, when neither beer-money nor beer
is given.

3. The work is more satisfactorily carried on, on the above s}stem, than
when beer was given. In some instances the old plan of giving beer woi'ked very
badly, to say nothing of the men taking too much ; for some of the men did
not care to have beer, so that they had neither beer nor numey ; but now
those who like to save their money are able to do so, and those who will persist in
spend'Ug the money allowed for beer, do so on their own responsibility at any
rate.

4. I consider the system, as explained above, has worked very satisfactorily.
1 have, during our hay -making, which season was terribly hot, had tea sent

to the men every afternoon, in addition to the money payment, and 1
found that the plan Avas thoroughly appreciated.

1 am more in favour of giving an allowance in money, than in any other
plan ; it will not stop the older hands from having beer, but it gives the
younger ones an opportunity of not contracting a habit of drinking on every
occasion. Payment in cash gives the young labourer a chance of becoming a
depositor in the savings bank, and from a "thrift" point of view, is very
much more useful than giving tea, cocoa, coffee, &c. Another thing, it is a
much more business like arrangement between employer and employed ; the
employer knows what he gives, and the employed what he will get.

Faithfully yours, F. MAIK,

Mr. J. Abbey. (Steward to E, W. Harcourt, Esq., M.P. for Oxon.)

Chalk Pit Farm, Englefield, Reading

June 1 J, 1881.
Dear Sir, — 1 will with pleasure answer your questions.

1. How many years have you abandoned the beer? Six.

2. If you consider the men do their M'ork as well? Quite so ; I may say

better.

3. Have you paid in hard cash , or have you paid part in money and

given some other drink as well. If so, what sort of drink did you
give, and how did you manage it? We pay in cash, l^d. an hour
extra in hay time and harvest, or Is. (5d. per day if Ave make long
days ; from seven till six, Is. per day. It is my opinlou iaboui'ers

27

ought to have what they earn iu cash, the employer has no right
to compel his men to take what he thinks is proper, the workmen
know what suits them best, and they make drink according to their
palate. Some of ours have milk and water, others have made gin-
ger beer, tea, &c. There is very little drinking going on at work.
They begin to find that the less they drink of anything the easier
they can work. I helped to stack all the corn and hay grown here
last year, and all the drink that was brought on to the farm was
tea at five o'clock ; they also have a little skim milk at that time.
All our skim milk is given to the labourers (something like twelve
gallons per day), they fetch it daily, some in the morning at seven
o'clock and the others in the afternoon at five o'clock. We com-
mence work at seven, the men leave at twelve for dinner (one hour)
their homes being near or on the farm ; commence again at one, and
leave at half-past five. If we are busy at hay or harvest work we
take tea at five and keep on till eight or after. The average pay for
overtime, including beer money, is ls,6d. per day, and some of our
people after harvest is over buy themselves new clothes or articles of
furniture. Several have said to me " We should not have had this
or that if we had been obliged to have had the beer," I try and
select active civil men and avoid strangers and loose characters.
4. Has it answered well for yourself and men '? Admirably. You may
depend I shall never go back to the old system. I know too well
the trouble connected with the beer system ; it keeps one employed
to draw the beer, wash the vessels, and see that it is served out pro-
perly, as well as a constant grumbling, the quality not suiting the
men, although when 1 gave beer 1 had mine made in the right season
and I gave it them in good condition, still it was not satisfactory.
New or sour beer must be very injurious, good food and pure water
I find the best thing to work on, and 1 have done as hard work as
most people. From between when I was twenty to twenty two 1
took nothing but water to drink and I was very strong, and now I
am past fifty very few are so strong. 1 am not a strict teetotaller,
but the less 1 take of intoxicants the better I am. 'All sensible men
know that they do not derive any benefit from alcoholic drinks ; the
reason they take it is because they like the flavour of this wine or
that liquor. I will just mention that the late Mr. J, Badcock, of
Thame, a very successful farmer and good manager, occupying more
laud than any other farmer in the parish, gave no beer but paid his
men Is. per day in Ueu of beer. All the other farmers gave beer,
but Mr. liadcock had the best staff of labourers and got over much
more work than his neighbours. That was from 1844 to 1852. The
reason he adopted that plan was when he gave beer the men wei'e
constantly quarrelling, and I think one man was killed from fighting
through the beer.
I have managed Mr. Benyon's Home B'arm (750 acres) nearly six years,
employing about twenty- five hands, and have given no beer the whole of the
time. We have about 400 acres of iiay and corn to harvest, and my expe-
rience is this, that it is more satisfactory to the labourers and much less
trouble to the employer. We are not annoyed with the complaint of spilt
beer or thick and sour beer, for without very great care in keeping the jars
and cups constantly washed in hot weather the beer becomes unpalat able and
unwholesome.

I farmed on my own account 18 years at Shinfield. All that time I gave
beer through the hay time and harvest. My custom was to have the beer
brewed in i^'ebruary and not tapped till early in June. 1 had it made by one
of the best Heading brewers, the cost was ls,4d. per gallon. A light pale
ale, clean drinking, and always bright and sweet. 1 was very particular in
having what we consider pure beer. I also attended as much as 1 could to the
drawing of the beer and serving it out, still we had unpleasantness at times.
I am employing a man now that was with me iG years at Shinfield, a good
sober labourer, and 1 have known him take when he has been pitching corn

28

all day 10 or 12 pints of beer. This same man pitcliod nearly all the hay
and corn at Chalk I'it. and I never saw him take beer the whole of the time.
A man that has been working here 21 years said at the finish last harvest
that the work was done more comfortable and pleasant than he had ever
known it done l:»efore, without any beer at all coming into the place. That
man is not a teetotaller, but a steady, respectable, moderate man.

/ have had us much czperimce as most pttoph, an I 1 am certain looik can be
done better without beer than with it. If people think they ought to have it, it
■would be better for them to take it after the work is over.
I am. yours faithfully,

THOS. E. SHRIMPTON.
Mr. Abbey. Manager to K. Deny on, Esq., ex M.P. for Berks.

Biu'iLiis Hall, Ckkwk,
Dear Sir, July 23rd, 1881.

1. If the men are properly fed, I feel confident they will do as much work
and as well without beer as with it.

2. I would advise a cash payment in all cases where practicable. But if
the moral standard of the men be low a substitute might be better for both
master and men. Where the men are boarded in the farm house I should
advise a substitute,

3. Not to give stimulants would be an incalculable benefit to working
people and more satisfactory to their employers.

4. I have farmed in three counties. East Riding of Yorkshire,
Cheshire and Shropshire since 1836, on farms varying from 800 acres to 250
acres, besides employing navvies in reclaiming land ; also bricklayers, masons,
brick and drain-pipe making, woodmen, &c., and have employed men from
many counties in England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland, and have invariably
found as a rule, that the men who cared the least for beer or cider wi.^re the
best and most trust- worthy workmen.

5. At present I am not farming on my own account, but for a gentleman
for whom I am agent. We only employ from 10 to 12 men, and they have
asked to have money in lieu of beer in the ensuing hay harvest.

1 have long since came to the conclusion that no person in health
needs a stimulant, and to the young alcoholic drinks are pernicious, both
morally and physically . When once a youth of the working classes takes
to beer and tobacco, I predict that he never gets upon the first step of the social
ladder. I am Sir, yours very obediently,

Mr. J. Abbey. L. WHITTY.

IvENDKirK House, Reading, 24th June, 1881.
Dear Sir, — I have pleasure in sending you the following answers to your
enquiries -which I hope will be of use to you.

1. I have farmed five years without giving beer.

2. I consider the men do as much work, and as well.

3. I have paid in cash. As a Temperance Reformer, have given tea and

other drinks to convince the work people by actual practice that beer
is not necessary.

4. The plan has answered well for both employer and men.

5 Number of hands employed. 8 to 1 2. No difficulty in getting labourers
to work without beer, no trouble has ever occurred in consequence of
no beer being served out.

I am, dear sir, yours truly.

Wm. PALMER, (J.P.)

Fairspeat Housk, Witney, Oxford. July I4th, 1880.
Dear Sir, — 1 have received your letter and enclosures. No doubt my
plan of Money Payment and no Beer, for various work during the year per-
formed by manual labour, tends to sobriety.

I find no drink whatever. They consume what beverage they choose.
All money payment is by far the best, both for masters, men, and their fami-
lies. I have never had any difficulty with the men. The farm is 1,300
acres. I remain, yours respectfully,

Mr. J. Abbev JOHN S. CALVERT.

29

' PoTTEBS Hill, neau Witney, July 30th, 1881.

Dear Siu, — On coming into this neighbourhood about 15 years ago, my
father and I discontinued the practice of giving drink in part payment for
work during the hay and corn harvest, and on the three farms with which
we have to do, employing from 30 to 60 persons, we have found the plan
work well, nor would we or our men on any account go back to the old system.

The time and labour taken up in drawing and distributing the beer, over
a distance perhaps of 2 miles, is in itself a consideration, when every hand
and hour are precious. If the men have money instead, each provides his
own drink, and brings it in the morning with his food and tools. Many men
when beer is given feel that they have not had their full days' pay, if they
have not drunk their full quantity of beer. The drink-giving system is
manifestly unjust towards those who cannot take beer, while total abstainers
naturally feel that they are hardly done by under it, and I believe this has
been the cause of many breaking their pledge. A neighbour of mine informs me
that a boy he employed, who is by no means what would generally be termed
a " bad " boy, got at the beer jar on the sly in the harvest field, and was
drunk and incapable for the remainder of the day. If farmers would pay for
all labour in cash, they would ofter a less convenient handle for union and
other agitators to lay hold of j these as a rule conveniently forget payments
in kind.

Yours truly,

J. Abbey. BENJAMIN HOBBIS.

A SALE OF SHORTHORNS WITHOUT GROG.

At Epsom, on the 19th of May, a sale of valuable " shorthorns'* took
place from the farm of a good temperance man, Mr. E. C. Tisdall, of Holland
Park Farm and Epsom. The sale was attended by buyers from various
districts, one at least being from Ireland, and the value of the stock was
estimated at two thousand and eleven guineas. At the luncheon preceding
the sale no intoxicating liquors were supplied, and the absence of these
customary articles did not seem to be regretted by the visitofs. Mr. W. S.
Caine, M.P., who filled the chair, pleasantly reminded the gentlemen that
nothing was provided which could disturb their perception of the true
character of the stock ; and at his suggestion — though other beverages were
liberally furnished — the toast of the Queen was drunk with all the honours
in " honest water." Mr, Tisdall's example is one which all owners of stock
ought to follow, and all purchasers ought to encourage. — Alliance News.

HARVEST HOME WITHOUT BEER

May 1st, 1882.

Deau Sik, — Our Vicar has brought us your Pamphlet, " Intemperance."
We think it calculated to do much good, and would like 50 copies to circulate
amongst our own men and neighbouring farmers, many of whom still think
the Beer must be given if the work is to be done. We have for several years
given tea and oatmeal drink to our harvesters, and paid them money. When
the seasons are good, we always have a Harvest Supper — from 30 or 40 (men
and wives), all who have helped to turn a sheaf. Plenty of roast beef;
plum pudding ad. lib., with tea and coffee in abundance, The men make
merry without doubt, and, to finish, my boys and girls take the piano in and
dress up the barn and sing, and the men and women sing too ; ah ! much
better than they would with hogsheads of beer, as of old. Still much has to
be done in every village and town, and your book will help to convince many.
One of my boys has a Band of Hope of 120, another is Secretary of the
Church of England Temperance Society just formed, but we want hundreds
and thousands of helpers, looking at the state of the country generally.

Yours truly, A. S.

30
VALUABLE TESTIMONY.

Thk Earl of .Jkkskt said, with regard to the use of beer in the hay and
harvest fields, he might say that for four years they had discontinued the
practice of giving men beer during the harvest months on his farm. The
men were given money instead. His agent, Mr. Little, knew that the men
liked this arrangement, which was advantageous in more ways than one.
There were now no disputes as to the quantity of beer each person should
receive, and no time was lost in fetching the beer. Indeed he thought it
would be difficult to carry on a large farm like his under any other system.
He was bound to say, in justice to the labourers, that he had a most excellent
body of men. He believed that every employer of labour who tried this plan
would be satisfied with the system ; indeed he believed he was not the only
person in the neighbourhood who had adopted this custom, and found it to be
a satisfectory one. — Speech at Bicester Conference., December 1*J, 1881.

Thk Hon. Pekcy liAiiiuNoroN said it was a common impression
amongst labouring men that they could not do hard work without drink, but
he was happy to say that was an exploded idea. He thought it had been
proved that they could work equally well without it. He had done all he
could in that direction himself ^ he had paid his men money instead of beer.
He supplied no beer, but in its place he gave them as much tea as they liked
to drink gratis. He had found the greatest benefit from it. — Speech at
Buckingham Conference, October 31, 1881.

Sir Henkv Dashwood. Bart, said he had been farming for a good many
years, and he had not given beer to his employes for a long time. His boys
and men found their own substitute. He should like beer kept oflF the ground
altogether. He had found that beer stopped work. He had also asked a good
many farmers about it, and had been rather surprised to find sometimes that
men whom he had thought would have given beer were against it, because
they found, as he had found, that, instead of stimulating, it stopped work ;
and that was Dr. Andrew Clarke's opinion about it. He says that however
pleasing alcohol may be to the taste it is not a helper of work. On the
contrary, it is not only not a helper of work, but it is a great hinderer of
work. He now always gave money to his labourers instead of beer. It was
best for the labourer and for the employer also. The men did their work
better without the drink, and, besides, when the money was paid they were
not tempted by their employers to drink. He thought that was one thing
which they should all be very careful to avoid — the placing of temptations in
the way of their men. — Speech at Chipping Norton Conference, January 23, 1882.

W. M. Fostek-Melhak. Esq.. J. P., said he did not believe that alcohol
helped a man in his work in the harvest field. It stimulated him. he
admitted, but it afterwards left him more exhausted than what it found him.
In speaking of this, he might use a homely but a very true analogy, and that
was the poking of the fire. By poking a smouldering fire they produced heat,
just as alcohol acted upon the body, but unless they added fuel as well as
poked the fire, their fire would very soon go out. This was precisely the case
•with alcohol. It created temporary warmth and brightness, but it added no
new coal to the flame. Speaking of the labours of - the men in the field, he
said he could speak from experience that beer could be done without. He had
often had a hard day's work shooting and walking long distances, and he had
proved beyond a doubt that he could perform this task with far greater ease
on cold tea than he could on alcohol. He left it to others to say what the
drink that should be supplied to the labourers should be, but he maintained
that the supplying of beer should be no longer continued. They might give
the men the money, and let them decide for themselves what they should
dlrink. — Speech at Banbury Conference, November 22, 1881.

31

Dr. W. Collier, as a medical man, addressed the meeting on the same
subject, and said he objected to giving men beer in the harvest field, because
it injured the labourer, injured his work, and injured his pocket. As a worker
in a large provincial hospital, he had seen the diseases produced by intem-
perance, and in many cases he had traced it to the drinking in the harvest
lields. He advocated the substitution of tea or oatmeal fluid for beer, and said
that a good cottage and garden would act as powerful counter attractions to
the public house. — Speech at Banbury Conference, Nov. 22, 1881,

Mr. B. Hobbis, as a practical farmer, said he was not going to say intem-
perance was the cause of all the agricultural distress, but he believed it was an
important element in their many troubles. He did not believe the farmers
would suffer very much by the discontinuance of barley for malting purposes,
but if the current of drunkenness was stopped, they would be very great
gainers by the reduction of local taxation. He condemned what he called
the senseless practice of treating over bargains. He urged upon his brother
farmers to discontinue the practice of giving beer or cider to their men in the
harvest field, because it was to a great extent, the cause of much drunkenness
among their rural population. — Speech at Faringdon Conference, December
12, 1881.

Mr. A. Blake (estate steward to A. Brassey, Esq., of Heythrop Park), said
on the estate of A, Brassey, Esq., he had for the last seven years given the
men extra money in the place of beer, and he found it work better in every
respect. The men were better satisfied, they did more work, and did that work
better than when they took the stimulants to them in the field. He found that
the men preferred to have the money instead of the beer, and the amount
which he allowed them in lieu of beer was tenpence a-day. He said that
threshing was a dusty job, and he allowed 4d. a.day to each man. He had
great pleasure in seconding the resolution, '"that this conference considers that
it is desirable that labourers working in the hay and harvest field should be
paid in money instead of beer." The resolution was carried unanimously. —
Speech at Chipping Norton Conference, Jan, 25, 1882.

Bearwood Farm, Wokingham,

80th January, 1882.

Dear Sir, — I have farmed for several seasons past about 2,500 acres of land
for Mr. John Walter, M.T., and others, and my system is money and no beer,
not merely in hay and harvest time, but all through the year, for work for
which beer was formerly allowed. I do not provide any tea or other drinks
as a substitute, thinking it better (in so large a business at any rate) to treat
the matter on purely commercial grounds, giving increased pay for extra work
rendered, and leaving the men to use their own judgment as to the nature and
quantity of their drink, the same way as they do as to food. If I attempted
to alter ihe system from money back to beer, as formerly, my labourers would
object to a man. Under the money plan our work is done better, cheaper, and
far pleasanter ; many of the men are abstainers, and those who are not drink
only with their meals, as a rule. The tenant farmers are adopting the money
system, and 1 have never known one who did wish to change. They only
wonder how on earth they could have kept up the beer system so long. The
first season always suffices to thoroughly recommend the plan of money in
lieu of beer to both master and man. Our largest tenant on the estate farms
in all 1,400 acres of arable land, and, having followed my plan, now some
years, would endorse every word I have stated in favour of it.

I beg to remain,

Yours very faithfully,

H. SIMMONS.

Mr. John Abbey. Steward to John Walter, Esq., M.P.

32

Park Place, Henley-on-Thames, Jan. 31, 1882.

Dear Sir. — In reply to your enquiry of the 2Sth inst., I may tell you -we
have discontinued giving beer during harvest for some years, and. instead, the
men get tea and oatmeal drink, and Is. "beer money." as it is called: but I
have given directions that, in future, instead of Is. the men shall receive 9d.
only, thinking the drink is quite equivalent to the diflFcrence; and this. I
trust, will be an inducement for farmers and others to follow my example,
which thev would not do if I gave the Is. — 1 am. faithfiillv vours,

iAIr. John Abbe}. .K)IiN NOlJLE.

Captain Tkottkh. of Dyrham Park, near Harnet, says: — " Having tried
the system of total abstinence last year during the hay season with my men.
1 have found it answer in every respect perfectly. I had my men from
Bedfordshire, and. having calculated the expense of the former allowance of
beer per day per man. I gave them exactly the same amount in money, and
my bailiff assures me that nothing couli be more regular than the men, and
on Monday morning, instead of being weaker, as formerly, from the effects of
Saturday's and Sunday's drinking they were refreshed and stronger than
ever; that he never had an angry word during the whole season, and never
heard an oath ; and such was the success, that I shall never have any more
beer in my fields, and I know that I shall be as much benefited by the
steadiness of the men as the men will by the saving of their constitutions and
money. Many persons came during the hay season to see the dinners go
into the hay -fields, which one of the men cooked at their expense for his time,
and instead of cans of beer and a little bread and cheese, a large wheelbarrow
full of roast and boiled meat, in large pans, and potatoes, &c., and a pailful of
coff'ee were sent to them. Two or three of my neighbours tried the same plan
with similar success." — Aylesbury News.

FARMERS AND TEMPERANCE.

A meeting of a novel character was held at the Temperance Hall. Frome,
December, 1877. All the addresses were given by farmers. Mr. D. H. .Iovce,
of Beckington, presided, and referred to the change which had been wrought
in public opinion. He then adverted to the immense waste and destruction
of grain in the manufactuie of alcoholic drinks, which were admitted by the
leading men in the medical profession to be almost useless. For considerably
more than thirty years he had not given alcoholic drinks to his men, and he
had been an abstainer himself about forty years. At first he met with a good
deal of opposition, but it was soon found that any kind of farm work could
be done on temperance principles. After a hard day's work, teetotal labourers
were better fitted for work the next morning than those who took stimulants.

Mr. G. Jarvis, of Kilmington, said he could boast of twenty-four years
experience, and on looking back upon his past life he felt ashamed that he did
not adopt teetotalism earlier, although he never liked alcoholic beverages. He
signed the pledge, for the sake of example to his children and others. He told
his men he should not give them any more drink, but he would give them its
equivalent in money. The small beer which many farmers gave their men
cost about Gd. a week for each in the winter ; he gave his men Is. extra in the
winter and 8.s. in the summer. He only had one man leave him in consequence,
and never found any difficulty in carrying out his plan. He would like to see
the men who M'ould not work as much for money as for beer. When the
harvest time came he once found that his men had sent for a jar of cider, but
he told them he should not allow that again, and that if either of the men
could not work without cider, he would pay him his Mages. One of his men
saved his beer money and bought a load of coal, while his wife saved hers and
purchased him a pair of trousers. About eight years ago he took another farm
a long distance from Kilmington, where there Mere eleven acres of orchard
and a good crop of apples. When the apples were ripe people asked him what
he was going to do with them, for of course the rent had to be paid. He told
them he should make them into butter and cheese. The season was a very
bad one for haymaking, so he set the chaff'-cutter to work cutting up straw,

33

ground up the apples and mixed the two together. Nothing could answer
better, and his butter was pronounced to be as good that winter as in the
summer. The speaker then narrated some of his experiences as a poor law
guardian for twenty years, during which he had had many a battle on the
question. In some cases where sick paupers had been prescribed alcoholic
drinks without any beneficial effect, he recommended mutton instead, and the
men were soon able to resume their work.

Mr. Louis Vallis, of Remington, said he was thankful he had been a
teetotaller for four years. During certain seasons of the year, farm work was
very hard and the days were long. He had heard some people say — " It is all
very well for town people to be teetotallers, but let them come into the fields
and pitch hay all day when the sun is hot." Well, he could pitch hay all day
without strong drink, and feel well and hearty after it. He believed he could
do as much work, take the year through, as any farmer. He generally carried
with him into the field a bottle of water or coffee, and he could feel quite
refreshed by it. In the winter time he never wanted to drink between meals.

Mr. Watkin, bailiff at Dilton Farm, Westbury, said he could reap, plough,
sow, or mow without strong drink, and he had done so for nearly thirteen
years. He could safely say he was better without the drink than with it. He
had pitched nearly eighty or ninety sacks of wheat a day without a drop of
alcohol, and as his men knew he was a teetotaller they determined to test him
to the utmost. His men sometimes told him if they could live as well as he
they could work as well ; but he told them tliey might live as well if they
expended their money in beef instead of beer. He had sown sixty-four acres
of land per week, often carrying about lOlbs. of dirt on his boots. He could
do anything in the way of farm work without alcohol, and thoroughly enjoyed
life. He generally drank cocoa as a beverage, and he was certain that a quart
of cocoa would do a man much more good than a quart of beer.

Mr. Hampton, of Potterne, near Devizes, said thirty four years ago
last month he became a teetotaller. The farm he first occupied was a dairy
farm, and he milked over seventy cows. His men asked him what he should
do in the haymaking time. He told them he should not give them any beer, but
the money instead, and be believed they made more hay than any other farmer
in the village. All the farmers in the neighbourhood were opposed to him at
that time, and their men annoyed his men. Two or three young men were
very abusive to him, but he offered to forfeit £10 to their £1 if he and his six
men did not do more work in a given time on teetotal principles than either of
them and six other men would do on alcoholic drinks. They would not accept
his offer, and he was not annoyed afterwards. For twenty-nine years he nad
not heard an oath or any discontent on his farm. The greater part of his men
became thorough teetotalers. The second year one of his men had a fat pig to
kill, and he said he used to have to sell it to pay his rent, but now he was going
to keep it for his own dinners. He afterwards had a sheep and corn farm
of between 700 and 8U0 acres. One of his sons, who had never drank a drop
of alcoholic liquor in his life, weighed eleven score. He had just taken on the
management of his farm. Another son, also a life teetotaller, had taken a farm
of 100 acres. There were not two stronger young men in Wiltshire.

Mr, W. Dew, of Beckington, gave an account of his adopting teetotalism
twenty-seven years ago. He used to say that all teetotallers ought to be
drowned, and people told him he would soon be buried if he did not give up
drinking. He suffered from indigestion and an overflow of blood to the
head. A person recommended him to become a teetotaller, and he promised to
give It a fair trial. He went to the doctor and told him so, and the medical
man told him he would not want to see him again for two years. He had
never had occasion to go to him since. The chairman gave him a work
entitled •' Anti-Bacchus " to read, and he was thankful for the light he obtained
from it. He had uphill work amongst his men for some time, and some of
them left him. He gave them money instead of beer, and they soon came to
their senses He had sown eleven acres per day and twenty sacks of corn.
There was no farm work that could not be done without strong drink. He
believed the drinking customs were the cause of the present depression in trade,

34

for if the money spent in liquor were expended in useful articles there would
be a wonderful revival in trade. A couple of men could soon brew enough
beer to ruin thousands-
Mr. Clakkk, of Buckland Dinham, said he had been a teetotaller for
thirteen years. When he signed the pledge, his young nuister told him he
ought to be shot or hung, but his old master said if he heard such an
expression again he would •' stop the tap'' altogether. The speaker then
enlarged on the advantages of teetotalism in all kinds of farm work.

WHAT THE FARM LABOURERS SAY.

* Dear Sih, — I am greatly pleased with what you are doing to do away
with paying men engaged on the land with beer. I can bear my testimony to
the harm that has been done to the men, and especially the lads. I believe
that thousands get drunk for the first time in the hay and harvest field, on the
drink given by the master. Vast numbers learn to like the drink in this way,
and so all that they have learned at school and church is undone, and a life of
sin and poverty is commenced. The practice of giving men, women and boys
beer as has been done in the past is wrong ; it is unjust ; it is cruel and
demoralizing. The idea is that more work is got out of the men, but it is not
so. 1 can speak from experience, and I know that a man can do moi-e work
without the beer, because he can then get proper food with the money saved
from beer. Every working man knows that it is food that gives strength.
The beer only takes the strength out of him ; then more than this, men get
drunk in the field, as Sir Philip Rose said in his letter, and if they have a
public to pass on their way home, they cannot get by, they often go on drink-
ing till they are turned out, and go home drunk at a very late hour. What
state can such men be in for their work the next day ? Then the beer system
often leads to quarrelling and fighting. I remember once two men, after they
had had their beer at four o'clock, quarrelled and fought with their scythes,
and one cut the other fearfully, and I assisted in sowing up the wound in the
poor drunkard's body. I have had a good deal of experience in farm work,
and I am satisfied that you are doing a work that will prove to be a real
blessing, both to employers and labourers, and if the society had been at work,
as it is now, 20 or 30 years ago. the labourers would have been in a very much
more comfortable and contented position than they are at present. I cannot think
that thoughtful employers will go on in forcing the beer upon the labourers,
when they know what a curse it is to men and their families, to both body
and soul. The church cannot do a better thing. God is blessing your work,
and I feel sure that He will bless it.

Your humble Servant.

A WORKING MAN.

MOWING THREE ACRES OF CORN IN ONE DAY,
WITHOUT BEER.

It will be remembered by our readers, that at a Conference, held in the
Music Hall, on May 2yth, in connection with the Leamington branch of the
Church Temperance Society, and under the presidency of A Hodgson. Esq ,
President of the Warwickshire Chamber of Agriculture, that jMr. J . Abbey,
of Oxford, in a speech stated that he had known a man mow 3 acres of corn
in one day. This statement was challenged by Mr. W^akefield, of Fletchamp-
stead. Air. Abbey accepted the challenge, and stated that he would give £5
to the Leamington Hospital if he failed to establish his statement, if Mr.
Wakefield would agree to do the same if he succeeded. It appears that
Mr. Abbey sent the report of the conference to several people in Yorkshire,
and the following letters have been received, which the vicar ot Leamington
has forwarded to us for publication. It will be seen that Mr. Abbey's state-
ment is fully sustained, and to prove that the letters are bana fide, names,
and addresses are given. — Leamington Chronicle.

My dear Sir, — In answer to your enquiry, I am glad to say that I have
frequently mown 3 acres of corn per day. 1, and my brother George, once
cut 7 acres between us in one day, and at the time were honest teetotallers of

35

20 years standing. Our chief drink was oatmeal and water. I may also state
that I have known other men on the Yorkshire Wolds cut 3 acres of corn in
one day often. I have mown 2 acres of grass in one day for weeks together.
Working along with other men who drank beer, I cannot remember except in
one or two cases where they could work with me. As a rule they had to give
up in the middle of the day and get under the hedge, especially if the day was
hot. I think this confirms your statement, and I am not giving something I
dreamed, but real facts.

I am glad you have such a good job in hand, and that your Yorkshire
pluck lives. Many thanks for your kind enquiry, through the mercy of God
I am doing well on the whole. Yours very truly,

WILLIAM EOBINSON. (Farmer),
(Mr. Robinson is now farming Brakes Farm Huntingdon, York,

for himself).
June 7th, 1879.

P.S. — The grass mowing was done for Lord Herries, Everingham Park.

Deak Sir, — I am glad to find that you are so strong in your belief. It is
a fact that three of us have mown 3 acres of corn per day each, for days
together — George and William Robinson, and John Atkinson, without any of
the drink. We have never taken any of any kind for 38 years, and we love
the temperance cause to-day as well as ever. I hate the drinking system,
every inch of it, and I am glad. sir. to find you so strong at the present. Go
on, Mr. Abbey, with your big guns, and down with the drink traffic. If 1
can help you at any time I will do it with pleasure. Please write and tell me
how you get on. Yours truly,

GEORGE ROBINSON,
June 7th, 1879. Le-street, Thorpe, Market Wrighton, Yorkshire.

DRINK BEATEN IN THE BRICK-FIELD.
Mr. A.BBEY, Slough, June 11, 1875.

Dear Sir, — I enclose you a little information, which speaks for itself.

We have 11 abstainers in our field, and the result will be something
worthy of our cause. The summer is the trying time for Brick-field men, and
if our work here does nothing else it has supplied me with an argument so
practical as to shame those who say they '• Can't work hard without strong
drink." 1,000 burnt bricks average a weight of 2 tons 8 cwt., and a man in
making that quantity must lift a heavy mould that number of times, and
lift the green bricks twice, or nearly 6 tons per thousand, and some of our
Temperance men in a fine week make fiO thousand. Of course this is not the
average. This is labour without strong drink ; not a man could do it with
the drink. A moulder, who is not a drinker, invariably can keep his gang
together.

Work done, week ending June 5, 1875 : —

By Abstainers. By Drinkers.

No. of Bricks made. No. of Bricks made.

No. 1 Stool 420,000 No. 3 Stool 311 ,500

4 „ ....384,000 *5 „ ....374,000

7 „ 335.000 6 „ 298,000

12 „ 330,000 9 „ 301,000

1,469,000 • 1,284,500

N.B. — I have picked out the 4 best on each side.

* This man is not a pledged Abstainer, but he has not had any drink since
we began brickmaking. viz., 2nd week in April.

t This is a steady man, but his quantity is small because his gang broke up
two or three times. Yours truly,

H. J. DANS.

86

ACCIDENTS AND DRINK.

[^Extract from a letter).
A sad case of death from drunkenness occurred here on Friday, a waggoner
being run over and killed by his waggon, leaving a widow and six children.
This is, I think, the third death that has occurred in this parish from a similar
cause, though neither of the men were parishioners. Wishing you every
success in your good work, a work which God will bless,

I remain, yours very faithfully, E.P.

DRINK OUT-DONE IN NAVVY WORK.

Sir Thomas BuAssi:Y, M.P., in his book on " Work and Wages," says :
*' The taste for drinking among a large number of working people in this
country has been excused on the ground that hard work renders a considerable
consumption cf beer almost a necessity. But some of the most powerful
among the navvies have been teetotallers. On the Great Northern Railway
there was a celebrated gang of navvies, who did more work in a day than any
other gang on the line, and always left off an hour earlier than any other
men. Every navvy in this powerful gang was a teetotaller."

THE VERDICT OF SCIENCE. STATEMENTS OF EMINENT MEN.

Dr. Lyon Playfair, M.P„ (Professor of Chemistry, Edingburgh), states
that, " 100 parts of ordinary beer or porter contains 9J parts of solid matter ;
and of this, only six-tenths consist of flesh-forming matter : in other words,
it takes 1,666 parts of ordinary beer or porter to obtain one part of nourishing
matter. To drink beer or porter to nourish us, is tantamount to swallowing a
sack of chafl" for a grain of wheat."

' Alcohol removes the uneasy feeling, and the inability of exertion which
the want of sleep occasions ; but the relief is only temporary. Stimulants do
not create nerve power ; they merely enable you, as it were, to use up that
which is left, and then they leave you more in need of rest than before. It is
worthy of notice that opium is much less deleterious to the individual than
gin or brandy.' — Sir B. Brodie.

< It would not be too much to say that there are, at this moment, half-a-
million of homes in the United Kingdom where home happiness is never felt,
owing to the cause of tippling alone, where the wives are broken-hearted and
the children brought up in misery.' — Mr. Charles Buxton. 31. P.

' There is scarcely a crime before me that is not, directly or indirectly,
caused by strong drink.' — Judge Coleridge.

' If you wish to keep the mind clear and the body healthy, abstain from
fermented drinks.' — Sydney Smith.

' My opinion is, that neither spirit, wine, nor malt liquor is necessary for
health ; the healthiest army I ever served with had not a single drop of any of
them, exposed to all the hardships of Kaffir warfare at the Cape of Good
Hope, in wet and inclement weather, without tents or shelter of any kind.' —
Injector -General of Hospitals, Sir John Hall, K.C.B.

* I never suffer ardent spirits in my house, thinking them evil spirits. If
the poor could see the white livers, and shattered nervous systems, which I
have seen as the consequence of drinking, they would be aware that spirits
and poison mean the same thing.' — Sir Asthy Cooper.

' The death from alcoholic poisoning in Great Britain is prodigious ; it
may be set down at something like one-tenth of the whole death-rate of the
country.' — Dr. Lankester. F.R.S., Coroner for Central Middlesex.

Professor Gairdner, of Glfisgow, proved conclusively that the rise in the
death-rate of typhus patients bore a definite proportion to the increase of the
doses of alcohol administered, and vice versa.

• Beer, wine, spirits, &c., furnish no elements capable of entering into the
composition of the blood, muscular fibre, or any part which is the seat of vital
principle. 730 gallons of the best Bavarian beer contain exactly as much
nourishment as a five-pound loaf or three pounds of beef.' — Baron JAebig.

' He had come to the conclusion, from such observations as he had been
able to make during many years, that a large proportion of healthy persons,

37

except under special circumstances, were not so well if they took any form or
alcohol as they were if they took none ; and that conviction was so impressed
on his mind that at ordinary dinner parties, especially of young men, it was
simply painful to him that custom, mere custom,— these poor youths being
really ignorant on the question — made it necessary for them to drink a
quantity of beer or wine which, he thought, as far as it affected them at all,

was injurious to them But as for the old opinion that people in

health, and living in ordinary conditions, could not live or work without
wine, it was an opinion no careful or thoughtful physician thought of main-
taining.'— Dr. Acland, F.R.S., President of the 3'ledical Council.

' 1 had learned purely by experimental observation that, in its action on
the living body, this chemical substance, alcohol, deranges the constitution of
the blood ; unduly excites the heart and respiration ; paralyzes the minute
blood-vessels ; increases and decreases, according to the degree of its applica-
tion, the functions of the digestive organs, of the liver, and of the kidneys ;
disturbs- the regularity of nervous action ; lowers the animal temperature, and
lessens the muscular power. Such, independently of any prejudice of party or
influence of sentiment, are the unanswerable teachings of the sternest of all
evidences, the evidences of experiment ; of natural fact revealed to man by
experimental testing of natural phenomena.' — B. W. Eic/iurdson, M.A., M.D.,
F.R.S. : Paper read at the Oxford Medical Conference.

We cannot prove the safety of moderate drinking by citing the evidence
of those who live to old age in spite of it ; but we can prove the deadly
influence which it has upon the human body by the distinct evidence afforded
by the mortuary of any general hospital, which tells us by unmistakable testi-
mony that the person who habitually uses alcohol, as at present supplied, saps
the foundation of his health and shortens his life ; and that its admmistration
to our children tends to produce a race of individuals who are naturally weak
both in mind and body, and who have shorter lives than their fathers. If the
use of alcohol as a diet were abolished for all persons under 50 our grand-
children would find the length of life much beyond that which is settled by
Dr. Farr as the average to which men now live. — Dr. Alfred Carpenter.

' Habitual, or, as it is usually called moderate drinking, 4b a thing which
people should avoid if they wished to have a sound mind in a sound body.
That is the reason why I myself touch nothing but water. — Sir H. Thompson.

' If there were no such thing as alcohol, half the sin and a great deal of
the misery of the world would not be known.' — Dr. Parkes.

We cannot regard alcoholic liquors, as contributing to the nutrition
of muscular tissues ; except in so far as they may contain albuminous matters
in addition to the alcohol, which is the case in a slight degree in ' malt
liquors.' But these matters would have the same nutritive power, if they
were taken in the form of solid food ; and the proportion in which they exist
in any kind of malt liquor is so small, that they may be fairly disregarded in
any discussion on its nutritive value.' — Dr. W. B. Carpenter, F.R.S.

PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN CURE.

Db, Beddoes says: " There are an infinite number of facts which show
that the organization of children is, in general, most apt to suffer from many
classes of violent agents. Medical practitioners, much conversant among the
poor, find them perpetually stunting the growth and destroying the constitution
of their children by their ill-judged kindness in sharing with them those
distilled liquors, which they swallow with so much avidity themselves.
Among the causes so fatal to the health of the higher classes, the allowance of
wine that is served out to children, short as it may appear, deserved to be
considered as not the least considerable."

The Lord Bishop of Carlisle, at an annual meeting in Lambeth
Palace Library, April 19th, 1880, speaking of the recommendations of the
Committee of the House of Lords on intemperance, said : " I wish to put in a
strong expression of our opinion upon the part of that committee, that it would
be a very desirable thing to introduce some teaching upon the hygiene of the
subject into our elementary schools. This is one of the points upon which* I

38

believe, doctors do not disagree. Anyone vrho reads the re-published articles
from the Conlemporanj Review, will observe that there is certainly a wide
divergence of opinion amongst the doctors on this subject : but 1 think there
are tM'o points upon which every medical man in the kingdom is agreed — first,
that alcohol is not necessary for children, and in the next place, that it is
possible for a man to ruin his health and bring himself to an early grave, by
the use of alcohol, without ever having been drunk in his life. Now, I think,
that these two truths, if there were no otViers, if taught to children, would of
themselves form the basis of a very important temperance reformation."

Sir William Bovill, said: "Amongst a large class of our population,
intemperance in early life is the direct and immediate cause of every kind of
immorality, profligacy, and vice, and soon leads on to the commission of
crime — including murder, manslaughter, robbery, and violent assault."

Sir a. Caklysle, M.D., says: "The most obnoxious practice is
assuredly that of giving children wine and strong drinks at an early period."

Dr. Macnish, writes: ''Parents should be careful not to allow their
youthful oflFsprings stimulating liquors of any kind."

Dr. Norman Kerr, of London, writes: "We ought to bring up our
children as abstainers, for though we may have been able to drink moderately,
one or more of them may be unable to stop at moderation. If they are
abtstainers till they arrive at years of discretion, they will then be able to
judge for themselves, and resolve upon a line of conduct uninfluenced by their
previous habits ; but if they are allowed to drink from their earliest youth, a
liking for alcoholic beverages may have been acquired which may pievent
them from forming an impartial and unbiassed decision."

ENDURANCE OF GREAT BODILY LABOUR WITHOUT

BEER.

TESTIMONY OF TRAVELLERS.

The following evidence was given by Mr J. S. Buckingham, in his evidence
before the Parliamentary Committee for the Suppression of Intemperance in
1834. — " He once commanded a frigate in the service of the Imaum of
Muscat, whose crew consisted of three hundred men, all Arabians, who never
tasted any intoxicating liquor ; and they were the most athletic and elegantly-
formed men he had ever seen. He has further remarked that when he was
at Calcutta he witnessed a trial of strength between a number of men who
came down from the Himalayan mountains and the most powerful Europeans
who could be selected from the English grenadiers and the vessels in the har-
bour ; and that in lifting weights, hurling the discus, vaulting, running, and
wrestling, each of these Indians was found equal to one and three quarters of
the Englishmen ; and yet not one of them had ever tasted any liquor stronger
than water." During his extensive travels among the Mahomedan popula-
tions of Syria, Mesopotamia, Persia, Egypt, &c., Mr. B. was struck with their
generally tine development, and their remarkable amount of muscular vigour,
notwithstanding their universal abstinence from alcoholic liquors.

Almost every traveller who has visited Constantinople has been struck with
the remarkable muscular power of the men engaged in the laborious out-
door employments of that city. Sir W. Fairbairn, an eminent machine-
maker at Manchester, remarked, in his Sanitary Report, 1840, p. 2o2, that
" the boatmen or rowers to the caiques, who are perhaps the finest rowers in
the world, drink nothing but water ; and they drink profusely during the hot
months of summer. The boatmen and water-carriers of Constantinople are
decidedly, in my opinion, the finest men in Europe, as regards their physical
development : and they are all water-drinkers." And several other observers
bear testimony to the extraordinary strength of the porters of Constantinople,
who are accustomed to carry loads far heavier than English porters would
undertake, even under the stimulus of alcoholic beverages ; yet these Turkish
porters never drink anything stronger than coflee.

In the copper mines of Krockmahon, as we are informed by their manager,
Captain Petherick, more than one thousand persons are daily employed, of
whom eight hundred have taken the Total Abstinence pledge. Since doing

39

so, the value of their productive industry has increased by nearly £5,000 per
annum ; and not only are they able to put forth more exertion, but the work
is done better, and with less fatigue to themselves. Besides this, they save
at least :E6,000 every year, which had been previously expended in the pur-
chase of alcoholic liquors.

A similar change, made at the Varteg Iron Works, when under the
management of the late Mr. G. Kenrick, was attended with corresponding
results ; more work being done in the succeeding six months, than had been
ever accomplished within a similar period ; and this being performed with
more comfort to the men themselves, and with more satisfaction to their
employers.

GREAT FEATS OF ENDURANCE.
Swimming. — One of the greatest feats of endurance was that of Captain
Webb, who, a short time ago, astonished everybody by swimming across the
Channel — from England to France. The time he remained in the water,
the distance he swam, together with the continued determination to accom-
plish his object, were truly surprising, and all this without the aid of ale,
wine, or spirits.

Walking. — Weston, the pedestrian, who walked 450 miles in six days —
in one day he walked 96 miles — is another proof of the power of endurance
without intoxicating drinks. He did not become tired and footsore, but
became drowsy from want of sleep on the sixth day ; but after an ordinary
night's rest, when his walk was finished, he got up and went about as though
nothing unusual had been undertaken, and has since walked 500 miles in
six days.

Travelling. — Who has not heard of Dr. Livingstone, the famous
African traveller ? but few are aware, probably, that he braved all, endured
all, and did all without using strong drink. This is his testimony : — *' I
have acted on the principle of total abstinence, from all alcoholic liquors,
during more than twenty years. My opinion is that the most severe labours
or privations may be undergone without alcoholic stimulants."

Sporting. — The Messrs J. C, Clegg and W. C. Clegg, of Sheffield, two
brothers, studying for the law, who have been total abstaincBS all their lives,
have achieved great results in athletic sports. Mr. J. C. Clegg, in 1868, won
six first prizes. The following year he won eight. In 1870, he secured no
less than 31 first prizes and two seconds; and in 1872 he won 34 prizes.
Altogether Mr. Clegg has won 84 prizes, 74 of which are first. These
exploits show that stimulating liquors are not essential to maintain speed,
strength, or stamina.

Sculling. — Mr. Edward Hanlan, the champion sculler, being asked his
opinion as to the use of strong drink and tobacco in athletic exercises, fur-
nishes the following reply, dated June 28th, 1879 : — " I have to state that, in
my opinion, the best physical performances can only be secured through the
absolute abstinence from their use. This is my rule, and I find after three
years' constant work at the oar, during which time I have rowed many
notable match races, that I am better able to contend in a great race than
when 1 first commenced. In fact, I believe that the use of liquor and tobacco
has a most injurious effect upon the system of an athlete, by irritating the
vitals, and, consequently, weakening the system."

Fighting. — The military career achievements of General Havelock in
India, a few years ago, filled all England with admiration ; and yet, during
all his severe privations, forced marches, and desperate engagements, he
drank neither wine beer nor spirits ; and declared, " that water drinking was
the best regimen for the soldier."

Exploring. — In the late expedition to explore the Arctic regions, Adam
Ayles, and a few others of the party, kept firm to their pledges, and endured
all the hardships of that trying enterprise without using any strong drink.
Punch notices the heroic conduct, and wishes —

" A health to gallant Adam Ayles,
Who o'er the topers still prevails,
From scurvy safe and Arctic gales,
Through drinking only Adam's ales ! "

Church of England Temperance Chronicle,

BEER V. THRIFT AND DOMESTIC ECONOMY.

In a Speech, Town Hull, Wallingford.

T. Bland Garland, Esq., of Burghfield, denied that beer or any other
alcoholic drink was necessary. There were excellent substitutes. Beer was
a luxury, and nobody should drink it if they could not afford it. And no
man could afford it who had made no provision for sickness or old age. Men
should be remunerated in some other way than by giving them beer. They
had no right to take a man's wages and convert it to poison, and they ought
not to educate their boys as drunkards. They tried to emulate the men.
People sometimes said there was no harm in a pint a day ; but this was five
shillings a month. And 3s. 4d. a month, saved by a man 26 years of age,
would give him 12s. a week sick pay to the age of 70, and 12s. per week
annuity after 70. And a man had no right to his pint a day till he had made
some provision for sickness and old age. No young man must look any more
to out-door relief. And farmers too often forget that by giving beer in part
payment of wages, they first ruin the men and then have to support them.
Beer was not really good for them, and it only added to their thirst ; in a
quarter of an hour a man wanted some more. A substitute should be provided.
He then gave his experience . Seven years ago he began to get uneasey about
his labourers, and he said to his bailiff" I won't give any more beer." " Then,
Sir," he said, " you won't get your hay cut, it will not answer." " Well," I
said, I won't give any more. We will do as much as we can ourselves and the
rest we'll leave. The Bailiff was left to make the arrangements. After the
harvest, I said, " What about the tea ? '' ** Why," he said, " the men had
done much more work in the time, and had done it better ; I have been a
Bailiff for the last 25 years and this is the only year I have been master." He
had started a cocoa shop on his farm, and people came again and again. He
had also adopted the same plan with his domestic servants, and gave £5 to each
man and d63 to each woman in place of beer, and found that he had saved £36
a year by it. He begged those gentlemen who were present to give this a
fair trial.

'• Let me tell you what happened in my own county. Two years ago,
when the Bishop of the Diocese, who always gives one large garden party in
the course of the summer, and collects his neighbours from 10, 12 or 15 miles
round ; when he gave his garden party he directed his butler that no beer
should be given. When the coachmen and servants came they were told
there was no beer, only they might have as much tea, coffee and milk as
they liked. I asked what was the feeling amongst the men. The reply was
" They were all delighted." The butler didn't hear one single grumble or
mutter upon the occasion. A great nobleman in the same county did as I
believe he has never done before ; the coachmen were told at five o'clock there
would be the same five o'clock tea for them that there was for their masters
and mistresses. They went and were all just as much pleased as they were on
the other occasions." — Canon Ellison's Sfeech, Willis's Rooms.

" For the last two or three years I have gone in for neither beer or beer
money. I, on engaging men servants, and my wife, when engaging women
sei-vants (and she is thoroughly with me on this matter), put it before them
that we do not recognise beer or spirits in any way as a necessity, and there-
fore we say — " Your wages will be so much, and if you like to consider so
much as wages and so much as beer money you can, but we do not. We give
you a lump sum in the form of wages." Aud though I have never made it a
stipulation with any servant that he or she should be a teetotaller, yet both the
men and women servants have all very shortly after coming under our roof
become total abstainers, and there is not such a thing as beer seen in the ser-
vants' hall." — Charles E. Tritton's Speech, Willis s Booms.

HOME-MADE DRINKS FOR THE HARVEST FIELD.

A Good Harvest Drink. — 1 lb. of brown sugar, ^ oz. hops, i oz. ot
ginger (bruised), 1^ gall, of water ; boil the hops and ginger for 26 minuters,
add the sugar and boil ten minutes more, then strain and bottle while hot ;
it will be ready for drinking when cold, but is better if kept a few days.
Dried horehound may be used instead of hops.

41

Ginger Bees, — 1 lb. of lump sugar, 1 oz. of bruised ginger, two lemons
sliced ; pour over these ingredients two gallons of boiling water, let it stand
till lukewarm, then add one tablespoonful of brewer's barm, or one small
teacupful of baker's barm ; let it stand twelve hours, then bottle it. It will
be ready for use in twenty-four hours.

Indian Syrup. — 1 lb. of lump sugar, 1 oz. of citric acid powdered, one
lemon cut in slices, one quart of boiling water ; stir all together and bottle
when cold. The addition of a little essence of cochineal will impart to it a
nice rose colour. One or two tablespoonsful, according to taste, to be put into
a tumblerful of water. This will keep more than a fortnight.

Mowers, Harvesters, &o. — The following makes a very refreshing
drink, and is almost identical with the above, but much cheaper: 2 lbs. of
light brown sugar or more, according to taste, I oz. of citric acid, powdered,
three gallons of cold water; mix all together, melt a little common cochineal
in hot water and add sufficient to colour it.

Ale or Beer Outdone. — Ingredients : best hops, 1 lb , tapioca, 1 lb.,
water, ten gallons. Directions : Thoroughly swell the tapioca in cold water,
then put it in a gauze cloth, and boil it and the hops in the v ater for half an
hour. Let all cool together. Next day strain it and put it in bottles or
casks, bunging it close to exclude the air. Nothing more is required. — Irish
League Journal.

By far the best drink is thin oatmeal water, with a little sugar. The
proportions are \ lb. of oatmeal to two or three quarts of water, according to
the heat of the day and your thirst. It should be well boiled, and 1^ ozs. of
brown sugar added. If you find it thicker than you like, add another quart
of water. Before you drink it, you must shake up the oatmeal well through
the liquid. You will find that it not only quenches thirst, but it will give
you more strength and endurance than any other drink. In very long
harvest days you can take ^ lb. or even f lb. of oatmeal to three quarts of
water. You will find this meat and drink also. It must be boiled fresh every
morning, or over night will do. You can take it out in kegs or stone jars,
and keep it under the shade of the trees, just as you do your beer.

One ounce of coffee and half an ounce of sugar bottled in two quarts ot
water and cooled, is a very thirst-quenching drink ; so is cold tea. buf
neither of these is so supporting as the oatmeal drink.

It is quite a mistake to suppose that beer or spirits give strength. They
do give a spurt to a man, but that quickly goes off, and spurts, in hard, heavy
work, too often made, certainly lessen the working powers.

Boiling water poured on a few slices of lemon, with a little sugar, makes
a very refreshing drink. Butter milk should be more used as a drink.

The above receipts may he had for circulation, 50 for seven penny stamps, 100
fourteen stamps, post free, from J. Abbey, 44, St. Giles," Oxford.

* A FARMER^S REASONS FOR DISCONTINUING THE
PRACTICE OF GIVING BEER IN THE HARVEST FIELD.

1. Because wages have heretofore been reckoned on the scale of so much
per day in money, together with so much beer.

2. Because this is unfair to the labourer. A fair day's work deserves a
fair day's wage in money. If I were a labourer 1 should not like to be obliged
to take part in kind ; and as a Christian man I wish to do to others as I would
be done by.

3. Because the same rule holds good if I want my men to work overtime.
I ought to give them a proportionate increase of pay.

4. Because experience has abundantly shown that the effect of strong drink
is to stimulate for the time, not to give real strength for work, and that the
hardest work can better be done with the help of nourishing food and cooling
drinks than in any other way.

42

5. Because to attempt to get more work out of them by the means of
stimulants than they would otherwise be likely to do, is degrading to the men,
and iu the end an act of short-sighted policy for myself.

6. Because strong drink in the harvest-field tends, in the case of the men
to stupify them, to make them quarrelsome, and to send them at the' close of
the day to the public house, It is in this way that habits of intemperance are
formed

7. Because in the case of women and lads strong drink is utterly out of
place. With the latter it leads to habits of beer-drinking in large quantities,
and lays the foundation of a life of intemperance and sin. With the former,
it leads too often to that female intemperance which has become the disgrace,
and is becoming more and more the danger, of our country.

8. Because intemperance, more than any other cause, tends to demora-
lize the men, and produce a very inferior class of labourer, to the serious loss
of employers ; it also leads to crime, poverty, sickness, lunacy, death, and loss
of souls.

9. Because the burden of poor and prison rates and of lunatic asylums
falls chiefly on the employers of labour, of whom 1 am one.

10. Because strong drink, being proved to be such a cause of stumbling
to others, I am told not " to put a stumbling-block or occasion to fall " before
my brother or sister ; and that if I do I am bringing on myself the " woe '
pronounced in Habbakuk ii. 15 ; Matt, xviii. 7.

*AN AGRICULTUKAL LABOURER'S REASONS FOR

DECLINING TO RECEIVE BEER INSTEAD OF MONEY

IN THE HARVEST FIELD.

1. Because *' a fair day's work " deserves " a fair day's wage," and the
" truck " system, which pays part in money and part in kind, is opposed
both to the law of the land and the interests of the labourer.

2. Because this is equally true when working overtime.

3. Because if the attempt is made to get more work out of a man, by
stimulating him with strong drink, such an attempt degrades him as a man,
and is likely to be followed by injurious consequences to his bodily health
and moral condition.

4. Because it is far better to work for my employer's interests as if they
were my own, and to labour at all times '• with good will, doing service as to
the Lord and not to man, knowing that of the Lord we shall receive the
recompense of the reward."

5. Because experience has everywhere shown that the man who takes
proper food and cooling drinks, can do the work of the harvest field better, and
with less fatigue, than the man who is heated and excited by strong drink.

G. Because if this is true of myself, it is doubly true of the women and lads
who take part in the work. The craving for strong drink is not natural, but is
soon acquired. They will take what is provided for them, and do as the men
do to a great extent. Why should I, then, by my example " place a stumbling-
block, or occasion to fall," before the members of my own or another's family ?

7. Because strong drink in the harvest-field leads too often to quarrels,
bad feeling, ill blood, loss of time and temper, and not unfrequently to actual
bloodshed.

8. Because then, and at all times, I wish to have the control over myself,
and to be able to do my duty, and to live peaceably with all men.

9. Because intemperance is the curse of my class and my country, degrad-
ng us, making us slaves to a vicious habit, producing poverty in our homes,

filling our gaols with criminals, our unions with paupers, our asylums with
lunatics, and leading its victims to destruction both of body and soul.

10. Because I wish to do my part in taking away this reproach from my
native land. >,

HOME-MADE DRINKS FOR THE HARVEST FIELD.

A Good Harvest Drink. — 1 lb. of brown sugar, ^ oz. hops. ^ oz. ol
ginger (bruised), 1^ gall, of water ; boil the hops and ginger for 25 minutes,
add the sugar and boil ten minutes more, then strain and bottle while hot ;
it will be ready for drinking when cold, but is better if kept a few days.
Dried horehound may be used instead of hops.

GiNGEU Beek. — 1 lb. of lump sugar, 1 oz. of bruised ginger, two lemons
sliced ; pour over these ingredients two gallons of boiling water, let it stand
till lukewarm then add one tablespoonful of brewer's barm, or one small
teacupful of baker's barm ; let it stand twelve hours, then bottle it. It will
be ready for use in twenty-four hours.

Indian Syrup.— 1 lb. of lump sugar, I oz. of citric acid powdered, one
lemon cut in slices, one quart of boiling water ; stir all together and bottle
when cold. The addition of a little essence of cochineal will impart to it a
nice rose colour. One or two tablespoonsful, according to taste, to be put into
a tumblerful of water. This will keep more than a fortnight.

Mowers. Harvesters, &c. — The following makes a very refreshing
drink, and is almost identical with the above, but much cheaper: 2 lbs. of
light brown sugar or more, according to taste, I oz. of citric acid, powdered,
three gallons of cold water ; mix all together, melt a little common cochineal
in hot water and add sufficient to colour it

Ale or Beer Outdone. — Ingredients: best hops. 1 lb. tapioca, 1 lb.,
water, ten gallons. Directions : Thoroughly swell the tapioca in cold water,
then put it in a gauze cloth, and boil it and the hops in the ater for half an
hour. Let all cool together. Next day strain it and put it in bottles or
casks, bunging it close to exclude the air. Nothing more is required. — huh
League Journal.

Stokos is by far the most refreshing and strengthening drink. It

costs 3d. per gallon, and is made as follows : —

Put into a large pan a \ lb. of fine oatmeal, from 5 to 7 ozs. of white
sugar, half a lemon cut into small pieces. Mix with a little warm water,
then pour a gallon of boiling water into it : stir all together thoroughly, and
use when cold. The lemon may be omitted, or raspberry vinegar or any
other flavoring may be used instead. More oatmeal may be used if preferred.

CoKos is a good nourishing drink made as follows: — 8 ozs. of sugar,
6 ozs. of good fine oatmeal, 4 ozs. of cocoa at lOd. per lb. mixed gradually
and smoothly into a gallon of boiling water ; take to the field in a stone jar.

One ounce of coffee and half an ounce of sugar bottled in two quarts of
water and cooled, is a very thirst-quenching drink ; so is cold tea. but
neither of these is so supporting as the oatmeal drink.

It is quite a mistake to suppose that beer or spirits give strength. They
do give a spurt to a man, i)ut that quickly goes oft", and spurts, in hard, heavy
work, too often made, certainly lessen the working powers.

Boiling water poured on a few slices of lemon, with a little sugar, makes
a very refreshing drink. Butter milk sht)uld be more used as a drink.

The above receipts may be had for ciiculation. ^A) for seven penny stamps. KK)
fourteen stamps, po.st free, from J. Abbey. 44. St. (tiles.' Oxford.

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