DATA ! fRRARV WOODS HOLE C r-nc INSTirmrOKI .^i4 <1 7 INTERNATIONAL DECADE OF OCEAN EXPLORATION v^ PROGRESS REPORT VOLUME 3: April 1973 to April 1974 f7^ I Reports in series: International Decade of Ocean Exploration, Progress Report: January 1970 to July 1972, published January 1973 International Decade of Ocean Exploration, Progress Report Volume 2: July 1972 to April 1973, published September 1973 International Decade of Ocean Exploration, Progress Report Volume 3: April 1973 to April 1974, published December 1974 ■ ■ cO 3- 3- o LO HAA m □ m o S= □ m == o o W0CC6HC INTERNATIONAL DECADE OF OCEAN EXPLORATION PROGRESS REPORT VOLUME 3: April 1973 to April 1974 Prepared by the U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmos- pheric Administration, Environmental Data Service, under contract to the National Science Foundation, Office for the International Decade of Ocean Exploration. December 1974 Nations in IDOE \ ^ Argentina Australia Belgium Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile China, Republic of Colombia Denmark Ecuador France Germany, Dem. Rep. of Germany, Fed. Rep. of Ghana Greece Guatemala Iceland India Indonesia Israel Jamaica Japan Khmer Republic Korea, Republic of Malaysia Mauritania Mexico Morocco Netherlands New Zealand Norway Peru Philippines Portugal Senegal Spain Sweden Switzerland Thailand Union of South Africa United Kingdom United States USSR Venezuela Viet-Nam, Republic of PREFACE The International Decade of Ocean Exploration (IDOE) is a long-term international, cooperative program to improve the use of the ocean and its resources for the benefit of mankind. The IDOE was announced on March 8, 1968, w^hen the President of the United States proposed "an historic and unprecedented adventure — an inter- national Decade of Ocean Exploration for the 1970's." In December 1968 the United Nations General Assembly endorsed "the concept of an interna- tional decade of ocean exploration to be undertaken within the framework of a long-term programme of research and exploration. . . ." In late 1969, the Vice President of the United States, in his capacity as Chairman of the National Council on Marine Resources and Engineering Development, formally announced the U.S. intention to contribute to the IDOE and assigned responsibility for planning, managing, and funding the U.S. program to the National Science Foundation (NSF). In charging NSF with this responsibility, the Vice President cited proposed goals relative to man's involvement with the oceans in three broad areas. These were: • Determine the quality of the ocean environment through accelerated scien- tific observations of the ocean's natural state, evaluate the impact of man's activity on that environment, and establish a scientific basis for corrective actions necessary to preserve the ocean environment; • Provide the scientific basis needed to improve environmental forecasting; and • Determine the potential resources of the sea floor. An additional program was added during Fiscal Year 1972 to; • Provide the basic scientific knowledge of biological processes necessary to the intelligent utilization of living marine resources. One further objective outlined by the Vice President was to; • Improve worldwide data exchange through modernizing and standardizing national and international marine data collection, processing, and distri- bution. In pursuit of this latter objective, the IDOE Office of NSF contracted with the Environmental Data Service (EDS) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to manage the scientific data for IDOE. The agreement included publishing this series of reports. The success of the global IDOE program depends greatly on the extent III to which all participating nations contribute their expertise and capabilities. The NSF Office for IDOE has encouraged foreign institutions and researchers to participate in IDOE directly and through the Intergovernmental Oceanogra- phic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO. Scientists and institutions in about 40 nations — in Africa, Asia, Europe, Oceania, and South America — are now participating, and the level of their involvement in these projects is increasing. To encourage greater participation, the Office for the IDOE has given IOC a 2-year grant to enable IOC to convene international scientific workshops to consider and, when appropriate, recommend new projects for IDOE. IOC has recognized IDOE as an important part of its long-term program and has endorsed all NSF-sponsored major projects as key elements of IOC's overall IDOE program. We are looking forward to continuing oceanographic research efforts under IDOE that place increasing emphasis on international aspects of the program. We hope that in the years to come the IDOE will be remembered as a program that benefited all mankind and set a pattern for many other international ventures to follow. Freenan D. Jennings, Head Office for the International Decade of Ocean Exploration IV INTRODUCTION This report, the third in a series, provides the scientific community and other interested persons with information, data inventories, and lists of scien- tific reports derived from IDOE. The text is arranged according to established program areas for IDOE. Details of subprograms are given under appropriate programs. Ongoing (currently funded) projects are listed. Bibliographies follow subprogram text. The Appendix contains the National Marine Data Inventory (NAMDI), a computerized summary of reported observations made at sea during the period covered by this Report. All IDOE grant holders must submit NAMDI or equiva- lent reporting forms, such as Report of Observations/Samples Collected by Oceanographic Programs (ROSCOP), to NOAA Environmental Data Service's National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC). In this report the NAMDIs are arranged in the same program sequence as the text. The chart following the Appendix shows the ocean areas for which data, NAMDI forms, and track charts have been received by NCAA's Environmental Data Service. Areas are delineated by squares of about 600 by 600 nautical miles. Although an entire square is shaded on the chart, it may contain only one reported observation. EDS either has the data, information, track charts, and papers described in this report in one of its center archives or knows where they may be obtained. Queries may be addressed to any of the following EDS centers: National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Washington, D.C. 20235 Tel: (202) 634-7234 IDOE Project Leader: A. R. Picciolo Marine Geology and Geophysics Branch National Geophysical and Solar-Terrestrial Data Center (NGSDC) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Washington, D.C. 20235 Tel: (202) 634-7380 IDOE Project Leader: P. J. Grim Environmental Science Information Center (ESIC) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Washington, D.C. 20235 Tel: (202) 634-7334 IDOE Project Leader: R. R. Freeman ,1 'i I National Climatic Center (NCC) j National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 1 Federal Building Asheville, N.C. 28801 Tel: (704) 254-0961 Ext. 0765 > IDOE Project Leader: R. Quayle In addition, data in the text marked with a star (-A) have been received i and catalogued by the World Data Centers and are available internationally < from the WDCs. | World Data Center A, Oceanography \ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admmistration ' Washington, D.C. 20235 Tel: (202) 634-7250 IDOE Project Leader: E. G. Trammel, Jr. World Data Center Bl, Oceanography Molodezhnaya, 3 Moscow, 117296, U.S.S.R. ' The international availability of data marked with double stars (i*n*r) has been < announced by the WDCs; these data may be obtained through special arrange- | ments by writing World Data Center A, Oceanography. ] VI CONTENTS Page Preface iii Introduction v Environmental Quality Program 1 Geochemical Ocean Sections (GEOSECS) Study 1 Atlantic Cruises 1 Pacific Cruises 1 Water-Sample Library 3 GEOSECS Bibliography 3 Pollution Research 3 Pollutant Transfer Studies 3 Biological Effects Studies 5 Pollution Research Bibliography 10 Environmental Forecasting Program 11 Midocean Dynamics Experiment (MODE) 11 MODE Data 12 MODE Bibliography 12 North Pacific Experiment (NORPAX) 14 NORPAX Data 15 NORPAX Bibliography 15 International Southern Ocean Studies (ISOS) 16 Climate: Long-Range Investigation, Mapping, and Prediction (CLIMAP) Study 18 Seabed Assessment Program 20 Continental Margin Studies 20 African Atlantic Margin 21 Southwest Atlantic Margin 22 Continental Margin Research Papers 23 Continental Margin Bibliography 23 Plate Tectonics and Metallogenesis 24 Nazca Plate 24 Mid-Atlantic Ridge 25 Metallogenesis, Hydrocarbons, and Tectonic Patterns in Eastern Asia 25 Plate Tectonics and Metallogenesis Bibliography 26 Manganese Nodule Study 27 Living Resources Program 30 Coastal Upwelling Ecosystems Analysis (CUEA) 30 MESCAL and CUE 30 JOINT-I 31 CUEA Bibliography 32 Appendix: National Marine Data Inventory (NAMDI) Summaries 33 vil Launch of subsurface mooring during MODE-1 experiment. Instrumented with current meters and temperature recorders, the array is launched by streaming its full length (5,000 meters) astern and then dropping its anchor to position it vertically. Floats are then 500 meters below the surface. It is retrieved by coded acoustic signal. VIII i Environmental Quality Program This program, primarily through research in marine pol- lution and geochemical processes, is designed to provide infor- mation on the quality of the oceanic environment, and the assessment and prediction of man's impact on this environ- ment. The present program consists of three major investiga- tions: the Geochemical Ocean Sections Study (GEOSECS), which is concerned with detailed measurement of physical and chemical characteristics of ocean waters along Arctic to Ant- arctic sections; Pollutant Transfer Studies, which involve in- vestigations of mechanisms and pathways by which pollutants are transported to and within the oceans; and Biological Effects Studies, which assess the impact of selected pollutants on marine organisms and communities. Geochemical Ocean Sections (GEOSECS) Study This international cooperative program involves detailed measurement of physical and chemical characteristics of ocean waters along Arctic to Antarctic sections (north-south track- lines) in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Water samples, col- lected at the selected geographic locations and depths, are being analyzed for more than 40 physical and chemical parameters, including: Temperature, salinity, pH, alkalinity, Pco„, Dissolved and trace gases, nutrients, trace metals, dissolved and particulate organic and inorganic matter, Natural radionuclides, Manmade radionuclides, and Stable isotopes. One hundred twenty-one stations were sampled in the Atlantic Ocean and one hundred and twenty were planned for the Pacific. Information gained from study of the data will improve our understanding of ocean mixing processes. The data also will serve as baseline data for assessing future concentration levels of radioactive and other pollutant wastes that are being added to the sea. Sampling transects in the Atlantic and Pacific were completed on June 10, 1974, but shore-based analyses of collected samples at institutions throughout the world will continue for several years. Projects in this program are listed in table 1. Atlantic Cruises The first GEOSECS operational phase in the Atlantic Ocean was completed with the RV Knorr of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Cruises — between July 18, 1972 and April 4, 1973 — were composed of nine legs. 1. Woods Hole to Reykjavik, Iceland 2. Reykjavik to Arctic Ocean to Reykjavik 3. Reykjavik to Bridgetown, Barbados 4. Bridgetown to Recife, Brazil 5. Recife to Buenos Aires, Argentina 6. Buenos Aires to Ushuaia, Argentina 7. Ushuaia to Cape Town, South Africa 8. Cape Town to Dakar, Senegal 9. Dakar to New York One hundred twenty-one stations were occupied. Data from shipboard analyses of physical and chemical parameters have been reduced, inspected, and recorded on magnetic tape pro- vided to the National Oceanographic Data Center. Pacific Cruises The first GEOSECS operational phase in the Pacific Ocean by the RV Melville (based at San Diego) began August 22, 1973, concluded June 10, 1974, and was composed of 10 legs. Leg. 1. San Diego to Honolulu (fig. 1). Ten stations were occupied on this leg. Vessel power failures severely limited the work. Two stations had to be abandoned. STD station No. 205 showed a triple in-situ temperature minimum (fig. 2). Leg 2. Honolulu to Adak, Alaska (fig. 3). Work planned for this leg was completed on schedule. Eight planned •O^; / ■204 203 202 O Q CAST / X> HONOLULU A LARGE-VOLUME STATIONS O SPECIAL STATIONS DSTD STATIONS \ \ Figure 1. — Track of RV Melville, Pacific GEOSECS Leg 1. 1.0 1 1 1.1 I 1 ^l^""*^ I 14 \^ — y^ ^ -3100.00 — - u T(pot) ^{ T(insitu) -3400.00 — -3700 00 — - / { ^ -4000 00 — - / \ V -4300.00 — - J > -4600 00 — y c -4900 00 — -5200.00 — ^ Y = DEPTH X = EXPTEMP Y2 = DEPTH X = EXPTPOT -5500 00 — 1.35 1 1.40 1 1 1.44 1 1 1.48 1 1 1.52 1 1 1.56 Figure 2. — STD station No. 205 temperature- density trace showing triple in-situ tempera- ture minimum. stations were occupied and, in addition, several shallow radon profiles were obtained. Leg 3. Adak to Tokyo, Japan (fig. 4). Six stations were occupied. High winds and rough seas made it necessary to eliminate some scheduled casts and to relocate some stations. Leg 4. Tokyo to Honolulu (fig. 5). Ten stations were occupied (five large-volume, two small-volume, and three STD-bottle sampling rosettes). Weather and mechanic malfunctions curtailed some of the planned sampling. Leg 5. Honolulu to Pago Pago, Tutuila Island (Ameri- can Samoa) (fig. 6). Twenty stations were occupied — four large-volume, a special station on the Equator with large-volume sampling in the upper 1.5 km, six small- volume, and nine "mini" volume (single lowering of double rosette samplers plus STD). Leg 6. Pago Pago to Wellington, New Zealand (fig. 7). Twenty four stations were occupied. Most objectives were accomplished. Much scientific interest focused on the topology of the Benthic Front and the geochemical and Table 1. — U.S. institutions, investigators, and projects in GEOSECS program Organization Investigator Project title Atomic Energy Commission University of California, Scripps Institution of Oceanography Columbia University, Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory University of Hawaii Louisiana State University Massachusetts Institute of Technology University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science Oregon State University Queens College, The City University of New York University of Southern California University of Washington Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Yale University U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office H. L. Volchok A. E. Bainbridge H. Craig W. S. Broecker H. Feely P. E. Biscaye P. Kroopnick L. H. Chan J. S. Hanor J. M. Edmond H. G. Ostlund P. K. Park L. I. Gordon T. Takahashi T, L. Ku M. Stuiver D. W. Spencer P. G. Brewer D. W. Spencer J. M. Hunt K. Turekian W. S. Moore Fallout Radionuclides in Oceanic Water Columns Operations Group SIO Shipboard and Laboratory Measurements Analyses of GEOSECS Atlantic and Pacific Samples, Ra"', Ra''-, Suspended Particulates (Mineralogy and Chemistry) Isotopic Measurements (C'VC'% O'VO", D/H) in Dissolved Inorganic Carbon, Dissolved Oxygen, Atmos- pheric Water Vapor, and Atmospheric CO^ Barium Analysis in Ocean Waters High-Precision Barium Measurements Radiocarbon and Tritium Measurements Nutrient Analysis and Measurements of Organic Carbon and Surface pH Carbonate Chemistry of Seawater Radium Analysis C'^ Ocean Water Analysis Particulates and Trace Elements Administrative and Logistic Activities Strontium Analysis Measurement of Ra''° in Sea Water hydrographic phenomena associated with this interface between deep and bottom water masses. Leg 6 was completed January 29, 1974. Leg 10, the final leg, was completed June 10, 1974. Rapid shipboard analysis of samples will make preliminary reports for Legs 7 through 10 available at early dates, including that for Leg 10 by the fall of 1974. 180° ^„. Yadak - ▲ 218 160° 217 0 216 I ▲ 215 214 213 212 30°— ▲ LARGE-VOLUME STATIONS A SMALL-VOLUME STATIONS C SPECIAL STATIONS I A 211 » \ ■* ^OHONOLULU J r-> 20- Figure 3. — Track of RV Melville, Pacific GEOSECS Leg 2. Water-Sample Library A large water-sample library was established at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution at the beginning of the Atlantic phase of GEOSECS. Water samples are distributed to shore- based laboratories for measurements of the following: barium, carbon-13, carbon-14, organic carbon, total CO, cesium-137, deuterium, helium-3, helium-4, neon, oxygen-18, plutonium- 238, plutonium-239, radium-226, radium-228, silicon-32, strontium-90, tritium, major ions, particulate matter, and trace elements. Atlantic water-sample analyses are in progress and Pacific water samples are being distributed for analyses. When chemical studies are complete, these analyses together with shipboard analyses, for both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, will be available through the National Oceanographic Data Center. GEOSECS Bibliography Clarke, W. B., V/. J. Jenkins, and H. Craig. Helium Isotopes in the South Atlantic: the Use of 'He as a Tracer, (Ab- stract), EOS, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 55(4): 313, 1974. Jenkins, W. J., W. B. Clarke, and H. Craig. The Distribution of 'He in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean, (Abstract), EOS, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 55(4): 313, 1974. Kroopnick, P. C-Co Correlations in the Atmosphere and in Oceanic Surface Water, (Abstract), EOS, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 55(4): 34, 1974. Takahashi, T., M. Morrione, and A. E. Bainbridge. Alkalinity Variations in the Deep Water of the Cape Basin, South Atlantic Ocean, (Abstract), EOS, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 55(4): 314, 1974. Pollution Research Pollutant Transfer Studies Pollutant transfer studies are designed to investigate processes by which pollutants are transferred from land sources Figure 4.— Track of RV Melville, Pacific GEOSECS Leg 3. 180 223 226 227 228 A A LARGE-VOLUME STATIONS A SMALL-VOLUME STATIONS 232 231 A A" 229 230 Figure 5.— Track of RV MelviUe, Pacific GEOSECS Leg 4. 180° 170° 160° HONOLULU 150° 20-- / '235 237 A / -A 236 241 A 238 ▲ LARGE-VOLUME STATIONS A SMALL-VOLUME STATIONS 10° PAGO PAGO Figure 6. — Track of RV Melville, Pacific GEOSECS Leg 5. to the oceans and the movement and concentration of pollutants in the oceans. Emphasis is on atmospheric and riverine path- ways, and on chemical, biological, and geological processes that affect the distribution and concentration of pollutants. Objectives of studies are to: determine the principal mech- anisms in pollutant transfer, provide information about the alteration of physical and chemical properties of pollutants, determine the environmental factors affecting pollutant trans- fer, and identify the principles governing pollutant transfer. Projects in this program are listed in table 2. Baseline data gathering and analyses — sponsored by IDOE and conducted during 1971 and 1972 — measured levels of chlorinated hydrocarbons, petroleum hydrocarbons, and heavy metals. The IDOE Baseline Conference in May 1972 consid- ered findings of baseline measurements and concluded that pollutants, especially polychlorinated biphenyls, DDT, and petroleum hydrocarbons, were being accumulated in coastal and open ocean biota and further study was warranted. Some results and ongoing activities of pollutant transfer projects are simimarized. Organization: Oregon State University Investigator: Norman Cutshall Project Title: Effects of Ocean Water on Physico-Chemical Form of Heavy Metals Grant No.: GX-37348 It appears that heavy metals such as copper, zinc, cad- mium, mercury, and lead, when released to some environments, are unavailable for uptake by marine organisms. The portion of marine ecosystems most likely to become contaminated depends upon how the contaminants are transported. Effect of contaminants upon exposed organisms may well depend upon the biological availability of the contaminant and, con- sequently, upon the physiochemical form in which it occurs. Table 2. — U.S. institutions, investigators, and projects in Pollutant Transfer Studies program Organization Investigator Project title California Institute of Technology University of California, Bodega Marine Laboratory University of California, Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of Georgia, Skidaway Institute of Oceanography Harvard University Oregon State University University of Rhode Island Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution C. C. Patterson R. Risebrough E. Goldberg R. Lasker* H. L. Windom J. N. Butler N. Cutshall R. A. Duce G. R. Harvey Determination of Input and Transport of Pollutant Lead in Marine Environments Using Isotope Tracers Formulation of Mass Balance Equations for Polychlori- nated Biphenyls in Marine Ecosystems Fluxes of Synthetic Organics in the Marine Environment Exchange Rates of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons and Simi- lar Chemicals in Marine Food Chains Established in the Laboratory Transfer of Heavy Metals Through the Inner Continental Shelf to the Open Ocean Transfer of Persistant Pollutants in Sargassum Com- munities Effects of Ocean Water on Physio-Chemical Form of Heavy Metals** Atmospheric Pollutant Transfer and Deposition on Sea Surface Uptake and Transfer of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in the Atlantic Ocean * National Marine Fisheries Service. ** Project discussed in text; see discussion of other projects in IDOE Progress Report Volume 2, July 1972 to April 1973. After discharge, pollutants are divided among dissolved, inorganic particulate, and organic phases and are subjected to changing in physical, chemical, and biological factors. Shifts in partitioning of pollutants are possible because of changes in equilibrium conditions. These shifts affect the fate and effects of pollutants. Objectives of this project include a direct determination of phase distribution of selected heavy metal pollutants and the changes or alterations that occur as the pollutants are transported through estuaries into nearshore waters of the ocean. NODC Accession No.: 730574 ^ Organization: University of Rhode Island Investigator: R. A. Duce Project Title: Atmospheric Pollutant Transfer and Deposition on Sea Surface (fig. 8) Grant No.: GX-33777 The following summary identifies items submitted to NOAA Environmental Data Service's National Oceanographic Data Center. 1) Tables of trace metals in 24 samples of atmo- spheric particulate matter (Na, Mg, Ca, Sr, Fe, As, Mn, Pb). 2) Tables of trace metals in 7 samples from surface microlayer in Narragansett Bay (Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb). 3) Profiles of phosphate concentrations in 4 samples from surface microlayer and upper meter. 4) Table of preliminary data for organic, inorganic, and total mercury in samples from Connecticut River, Mystic River, and Long Island Sound. NODC Accession No. 73-0577 ' -(x Organization: University of Georgia Skidav^ray Institute of Oceanography Investigator: H. L. Windom Project Title: A Study Program to Identify Problems Related to Oceanic Environmental Quality — North America Grant No.: GX-27946 The following summary identifies items submitted to NOAA Environmental Data Service's National Oceanographic Data Center. 1) Table of average zinc concentration in 15 plank- ton samples (primarily zooplankton). 2) Plots and tables of mercury concentration in coastal plankton samples from New York Bight to Georgia, and in the area of the Canary Islands. 3) Plots of mercury concentration in Georgia coastal waters during summer and winter. 4) Tables of Cd. Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations in eastern and western North Atlantic plankton samples. 5) Tables of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations in fishes, crabs, and shrimp. Biological Effects Studies The purpose of these studies is to investigate the effects of pollutants on marine organisms and ecological communities. Both laboratory and field experiments are included. Laboratory work is concerned mainly with effects of pollutants on single ' Pollutant baseline studies; see IDOE Progress Report Volume 2, July 1972 to April 1973. 257 A-; 10° i255 PAGO PAGO R^X-'-^^-^' ^^^5^^ MARINE _/iy"X^ ._.^--^-^^.^-^ VWLABORATORY _-— ^^ r^c [ • ^'-. • 2^ -J^^rK. ..^^^ \ xC y y ^-^^^^^ ^-vv.-^-""^"'\ \ .^i^^^vT^^V^ „,— -'^ ^"^^ ":■ S^DAR KEYS i— ^■^. V^ .-'^' ^ 100 FATHOMS 's. ^ \ 29^ — ^^^y y \ \ \ \ r \ \ \ \ <-, "•» ' y \ \^ #10 FATHOMS 1 ^.i ■"--. "x < / :-' ^- \ ■•) l/s. TAMPA 28'— /^^U 1000 FATHOMS ', ^ C *N ^ "^ \ \ '. \. \ ^^._ '■^■> \ \ VrfFORT { \ \ MYERS \ \ \ \ '• ^ k \ \ '^. 1 { ) I, k 26-- ' ' -. •» ^^*^-» • ; • ^ \ ^ ■> V •' \ < \ V % ->., \ ;? ^ i._ \^ ^.^.J KEY WEST FLORIDA STRAITS - ^"^ ^•--- Figure 10. — Sampling localities for trace petroleum constituents in the Gulf of Mexico. Organization: Texas A&M University Investigator: B. J. Presley Project Title: Sublethal Effects of Heavy Metals on Organisms From the Gulf of Mexico Grant No.: GX-37347 This project is a study of the Mississippi River delta area. Both laboratory and model studies use sediments and organisms collected during the field study. Its purpose is to better understand the ultimate fate of potentially toxic organic and inorganic materials that are introduced into the marine environment. Analytical work will be concentrated on selected species of benthic organisms and the sediment in which they are found. Some analyses also will be made of water and suspended sediments. Organic compounds to be determined are poly- chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and other major halogenated hydrocarbons, including brominated biphenyls and terphenyls. Analyses of metals will be restricted, for the most part, to mercury, lead, cadmium, zinc, arsenic, selenium, and chromium. By analyses of organisms and bottom sediments from the river where it is influenced by a salt water wedge, and of samples from progressively greater distances off the mouth of the river, it can be determined to what extent additions from the river are affecting the distribution of potentially toxic sub- stances in the Gulf of Mexico. These data can be correlated with the distribution and abundance of benthic marine organisms. Organization: Texas A&M University Investigator: W. M. Sackett and J. W. Anderson Project Title: Fate and Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Petroleum-Derived Organic Compounds in the Ocean and Their Sublethal Effects on Marine Organisms Grant No.: GX-37344 The spatial and temporal distribution of dissolved light hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, and possibly other components will be determined in the vicinity of several ports and several groups of offshore oil platforms in the Gulf of Mexico — selected to span the range from relatively little to very high hydrocarbon inputs. Field studies will include relating hydro- carbon levels to the following: (1) measurements of primary productivity, chlorophyll, nutrients, salinity, temperature, O2, DOC, and POC, (2) biota census, and (3) levels of hydrocarbons in the atmosphere, surface slicks, and sediment interstital waters. Laboratory studies will include: (1) petroleum residue analysis, which will correlate the measurement of petroleum residues in marine organisms with the physiological effects of stresses; (2) fate studies which will determine whether the compound types under investigation are lost to the atmosphere, incorporated into sediment, or if they are metabolized by organisms or go into solution in the fatty tissues of organisms; and (3) other laboratory studies, to include toxicity, animal respiration, and effect of hydrocarbons on time required for thermal death. Pollution Research Bibliography This bibliography is applicable to Pollutant Transfer Studies and Biological Effects Studies of the Environmental Quality Program. Brooks, J. M., A. D. Fredericks, W. M. Sackett, and J. W. Swinnerton. Baseline Concentrations of Light Hyrdocar- bons in Gulf of Mexico, Environ. Sci. Technol. 1{1): 639-642, 1973. Brooks, J. M., and W. M. Sackett. Sources, Sinks, and Con- centrations of Light Hydrocarbons in the Gulf of Mexico, J. Geophys. Res. 78(24): 5248-5258, 1973. Butler, J. N., B. F. Morris, and J. Bass. Pelagic Tar From Bermuda and the Sargasso Sea, Bermuda Biol. Stn. Spec. Publ. No. 10, 346 pp. 1973. Farrington, J. W., and J. G. Quinn. Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Fatty Acids in Waste Water Effluents, J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 45(4): 704-712, 1973. Farrington, J. W., and J. G. Quinn. Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Narragansett Bay, L Survey of Hydrocarbons in Sedi- ments and Clams, Mercenaria mercenaria. Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst. Contrib. 2880, 1973. Farrington, J. W., J. M. Teal, J. G. Quinn, T. Wade, and K. Bums. Intercalibration of Analyses of Recently Biosyn- thesized Hydrocarbons and Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Lipids, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 10(3): 129-135, 1973. Feely, R. A., and W. M. Sackett. Chemistry and Mineralogy of Suspended Matter in the Nepheloid Layer of the Gulf of Mexico (Abstract), EOS, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 55(4): 308, 1974. Giam, C. S., and M. K. Wong. Problems of Background Con- tamination in the Analysis of Open Ocean Biota for Chlorinated Hydrocarbons, J. Chromatogr. 72(2): 283- 292, 1972. Giam, C. S., M. K. Wong, A. R. Hanks, W. M. Sackett, and R. L. Richardson. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Plankton From the Gulf of Mexico and Northern Caribbean, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxical. 9(6): 376-382, 1973. Iliffe, T., and J. A. Calder. Dissolved Hydrocarbons in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico Loop Current and the Caribbean Sea, Deep-Sea Res., in press, 1974. Morris, B. F., and D. D. Mogelberg. Identification Manual to the Pelagic Sargassum Fauna, Bermuda Biol. Stn., Spec. Publ. No. 11, 1973. Sutton, C, and J. A. Calder. Solubility of Higher Molecular Weight N-Parafins in Distilled Water and in Sea Water, Environ. Sci. Technol, 8(7): 654-657, 1974. Windom, H. L. Mercury Distribution in Estuarine Nearshore Environment, /. Waterw. Harbors and Coastal Eng. Div., ASCE, 99(WW2): 257-264, 1973. Windom, H. L., F. Taylor, and R. Stickney. Mercury in North Atlantic Plankton, J. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer. 35(1): 18-21, 1973. Windom, H. L., R. Stickney, R. Smith, D. White, and F. Taylor. Arsenic, Cadmium, Copper, Mercury and Zinc in Some Species of North Atlantic Finfish, /. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 30(2): 275-279, 1973. 10 Environmental Forecasting Program Long-range and accurate environmental forecasting re- quire knowledge of the processes and mechanisms at work in the oceans and the atmosphere. The Environmental Forecast- ing Program focuses on projects designed to explain the coupling between the ocean and atmosphere, and the influence of the oceans on weather and climate. Experiments and studies include: the Midocean Dynamics Experiment (MODE); the North Pacific Experiment (NORPAX); the International Southern Ocean Study (ISOS); and Climate— Long-Range Investigation, Mapping, and Prediction (CLIMAP) Study. In addition, the waters overlying the continental shelf are being investigated to determine if an IDOE Shelf Dynamics Project should be undertaken. MODE Midocean Dynamics Experiment (MODE) The purpose of MODE is to establish the dynamics and statistics of mesoscale motions in the ocean, their energy source, and their role in the general circulation. The experiment is jointly funded by the National Science Foundation IDOE and U.S. Navy Office of Naval Research (ONR). It consists of independent research projects. These range from field investi- gations through theoretical studies. Activities are coordinated through a scientific council and its various panels. Committee meetings and special workshops are convened periodically to access the status and give direction to MODE. MODE began in July 1971. MODE-O included prelim- inary studies for planning purposes, formulation of theoretical models and schemes for objective analyses, and field trials and preliminary field experiments at the MODE site south of Ber- muda (28°N, 69°40'W) near the Tropic of Cancer. MODE-1, the main field experiment, was conducted during the spring and summer of 1973 in the MODE-1 area south of Bermuda. This area was 300 km in diameter, had an average depth of 5 km, and was divided into three concentric zones extending outward from the site to limits of 100, 200, and 300 km. The accurate mapping area extends to 100 km, the pattern recog- nition area to 200 km, and the extended area of pattern rec- ognition to 300 km (fig. 11). The number of instruments and sampling rates were great- est in the accurate mapping area within the inner circle of 100 km radius. Velocity and density fields were subjected to the greatest intensity of sampling. Instruments were spaced about 50 km apart. Within the second zone, the spacing of instruments was roughly 100 km and observations of density BLAKE BAHAMA SLOPE I ACCURATE MAPPING AREA PATTERN RECOGNITION AREA I I EXTENDED AREA OF PATTERN RECOGNITION Figure 11.— MODE-1 field area. were farther apart. In the third zone, between 200 and 300 km, there were few permanent instrument moorings. Expendable air-dropped probes were used to help delineate patterns of flow, and the large SOFAR floats (fig. 12), released in the inner circles, were permitted to drift outward through this zone before retrieval. Density observations were not planned for this outer zone. The year following the MODE-1 field experiment has been spent in data analysis and comparison of field results with theoretical models. Work groups are to be convened during the summer of 1974 to bring together the results of the various projects and subprojects. These results will be published in scientific journals by the individual investigators. In addition, it is planned to publish summary volumes as fol- lows: maps and sections of observed field results and some derived quantities, an analysis of the intercomparison of dif- ferent types of measurements, and a definitive statement on the nature of the dynamics of eddies (medium-scale motions) as revealed by the experiment. A joint US-USSR experiment, POLY-MODE, is being planned for an area somewhat east of the MODE-1 area. 11 Launch ot surface navigational mooring at center of MODE-1 experiment. This surface float was instrumented with wind recorder and radar trans- ponder to provide accurate navigation in placing instrument packages on the nearby ocean floor. MODE Data NODC Accession No.: 74-0161 iV-A- Organization: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Investigator: E. Katz Project title: MODE: Observations of an Isopycnal Surface Grant No.: GX-34906 The following summary identifies MODE-1 data submitted to NOAA Environmental Data Service's National Oceano- graphic Data Center. Four magnetic tapes from RV Chain Cruise No. 112, Legs 3 and 5, April 8 to 29 and May 30 to June 21, 1973; which include 19,069 records containing elec- tronically sensed digital data of pressure, tempera- ture, conductivity, and hull temperature. MODE Bibliography Brown, W., F. Snodgrass, W. Munk, B. Zetler, H. Mofjeld, D. Baker, and R. Wcarn. MODE-5, Moored Near-bottom Pressure and Temperature Data (Abstract), EOS, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 55(4): 290, 1974. Bryden, H. L. Horizontal Divergence Calculated From a Cur- rent Meter Array (Abstract), EOS, Trans. Amer. Geo- phys. Union 55(4): 302, 1974. Crease, J., W. J. Gould, T. Sankey, and J. C. Swallow. Mini- mode (Abstract), EOS, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 55(4): 290, 1974. Crease, J. A. Lectma, R. Scarlet, T. Sturges. and R. Millard. MODE Density Program (Abstract), EOS, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 55(4): 289, 1974. Davis, R. E. Design of the MODE-1 Current Meter Array (Abstract), EOS, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 55(4): 289, 1974. Hogg, N. G., W. J. Schmitz, Jr., and C. I. Wunsch. Moored Velocity and Temperature Data (Abstract), EOS. Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 55(4): 290, 1974. Katz, E. Profile of an Isopycnal Surface in the Main Thermo- cline of the Sargasso Sea, /. Phys. Oceanogr. 3(4): 448- 457, 1973. Katz, E. Slopes in the Main Thermocline (Abstract), EOS, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 55(4): 304, 1974. Katz, E. Towed Spectra and Vertical Coherence of Internal Waves (Abstract), EOS, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 55(4): 304, 1974. Malone, F., T. E. Pochapsky, W. S. Richardson, and T. B. Sanford. Velocity Profiles in MODE-1 (Abstract), EOS. Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 55(4): 290, 1974. McWilliams, J. C. Forced Transient Flow and Small-Scale Topography, Geophys. Fluid Dyn.. 6(1): 49-79, 1974. Millard, R. C, Jr. Vertical Temperature Variability in the Western North Atlantic (Abstract), EOS. Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 55(4): 302, 1974. National Institute of Oceanography (U.K.). R.R.S. Discovery Cruise 53. April-June 1973, Physical Oceanography in the Western North Atlantic Ocean (contribution to MODE-1), N.I.O. Cruise Report No. 58, 25 pp., 1973. 12 1 1 30^ 74° ' 73° 1 72° 71 °W 70° 69° 1 68° i 29° /' . • •• •■ ■■■ ,■ ■ i ■ ■• ; • .■.•■■■ 28° N r > > o o m '^^ Figure 19. — Nazca Plate. deposits of base metals. The time frame for this cooperative international investigation is that originally proposed — 5 years of field investigations, terminating in 1976, followed by 3 addi- tional years of laboratory work and interpretation and integra- tion of data, terminating in 1979 with completion of the final synthesis. During the past year the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics (HIG), University of Hawaii, and Pacific Oceanographic Lab- oratory (POL)* of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad- ministration, cooperated in the field effort to collect data on the Nazca Plate. They were assisted by scientists from elsewhere in the United States, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Chile. The effort concentrated on investigating the dynamic processes at the plate boundaries. HIG and POL completed simultaneous geological studies of selected regions of the Nazca Plate, and cooperated in joint (two-ship) seismic refraction experiments designed to reveal both shallow and deep crustal structure of these regions. The NOAA ship Oceanographer was equipped with a seismic refraction laboratory. The RV Kana Keoki (HIG) departed Honolulu on No- vember 8, 1972 for cruise 72-11-08 and began the IDOE por- tion of the cruise upon departure from Tahiti on January 21, 1973. Except for a short diversion to participate in the Narino project (an NSF-funded cooperative seismic refraction investi- gation of the structure of the Andes Mountains having direct bearing on Nazca Plate problems), the Kana Keoki worked exclusively on the Nazca Plate Project until returning to Tahiti on May 30, 1973. The Oceanographer (POL) departed Seattle on February Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) 24 12, 1973, and collected data for the Nazca Plate Project until its return on June 11, 1973. Other activities during the past year included: distribution of data from the 1972 HIG-OSU cruises; analysis of the 1972 data after integration with previously existing data in the re- gion; preparation of publications and presentations of interpre- tations involving the data; meetings to plan the 1973 HIG-POL cruises; and post-1973-cruise meetings to organize the process- ing and analysis of the data. Approximately 52,630 nautical miles of geophysical data were received last year by NOAA Environmental Data Ser- vice's National Geophysical and Solar-Terrestrial Data Center, including bathymetric, magnetic, gravity, seismic, 3.5-kHz echo sounder, and sonobuoy data. Mid-Atlantic Ridge Better understanding of the geological processes operating along mid-ocean ridges is the basis of a study of the Mid- Atlantic Ridge. Particular attention is given to the forces which drive the two flanks of the ridge apart and bring new crustal material to the surface. These processes are also believed to concentrate heavy metals. The heavy metal concentrations, when brought above sea level through the processes of plate tectonics, become major ecnomic resources. Following the recommendations of the Princeton Work- shop (January 1972), IDOE is supporting several studies along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Dr. Hermance (Brown University), in cooperating with the National Energy Council of Iceland, is investigating the deep crustal processes in the upper mantle and lower crust which generate high heat flow at the surface. A second group from Lamont, cooperating with Dalhousie (Nova Scotia), drilled a 3,000-foot hole on the Island of San Miguel, Azores. The original goal of 5,000 feet was abandoned when high temperatures and pressures forced drilling operations to stop. Samples from this well, including water and rocks, are being analyzed for their hydrothermal minerals. A third pro- ject is working near the intersection of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Romanche Fracture Zone. Samples have been collected at depths of several thousand meters, in order to understand the processes by which the lower crust is differentiated from the upper mantle. The major effort, however, has been Project FAMOUS (French American Mid-Ocean Undersea Study). United States and French scientists conducted an intensive in- vestigation along the ridge near the Azores to determine the most "active" area. These site surveys during 1972 and 1973 used a variety of research tools, including side-scan radar for high-resolution bathymetry, NRL's LIBEC (from which photo mosaics of the seafloor were prepared), heat-flow measure- ments, ocean-bottom seismometers, and extensive magnetom- eter exploration. The surveys culminated in a series of dives during June, July, and August 1974, using manned submersibles — the French Archimede and Cyana and the U.S. Alvin. Teams of U.S. and French scientists have been making detailed observations along valley walls, collecting samples, and taking photographs. Aboard the RV Knorr research scientists are analyzing samples for metal content — to guide subsequent dives to the most promising locations. Hydrothermal vents are be- lieved to have been observed, but their existence has not been confirmed. As part of the FAMOUS investigation, and at a distance of 20 miles from the FAMOUS dive sites, the Glomar Chal- lenger drilled 1,900 feet into the volcanic rock of the ocean bottom. Suites of samples from the Azores Deep Hole, FAMOUS dives, and Deep Sea Drilling Project will be studied as part of a comprehensive project. Metallogenesis, Hydrocarbons, and Tectonic Patterns in Eastern Asia The Workshop on Metallogenesis and Tectonic Patterns in East and Southeast Asia — a program of research organized as part of the International Decade of Ocean Exploration (IDOE)— was held September 22-29, 1973, in Bangkok, Thailand, under the sponsorship of the Committee for Co- ordination of Joint Prospecting for Mineral Resources in Asian Offshore Areas (CCOP) and the Intergovernmental Oceano- graphic Commission (IOC). The original proposal for this program of research contained the following main objectives: 1. To determine the location, characteristics, and significance of the principal tectonic features of the continental margins and associated structural elements of east and southeast Asia; 2. To relate metalliferous ore deposits to the major tectonic features and plate boundaries, particu- larly convergence and shear boundaries; and 3. To analyze the characteristics of various types of sedimentary basins and their hydrocarbon habitat in terms of their position relative to plate margins and tectonic features, and to study the geological, geochemical, and geothermal history factors gov- erning the transformation of organic matter into hydrocarbons in small ocean basins. The east Asian region is considered, by present theories, to be an area where gigantic lithospheric plates interact. It offers a unique opportunity for geological and geophysical investi- gation of regional tectonics within a relatively small area of the globe where all the important processes of plate-boundary tectonics can be examined in a region where there is a gap in presently organized programs of marine geological and geophysical investigations, but where exploration for mineral resources is increasing. The region is rapidly changing from one of the least explored to one of the most extensively investi- gated parts of the worid. The IDOE Workshop had as its main focus the need to develop a strategy and program for effec- tive and efficient use of scientific resources in the exploration and investigation of this region. Basic problems pertinent to undersjanding the geology and mineral distribution in the east Asia region were sum- marized at the beginning of the Workshop as follows: 1. What is the relationship between the process of min- eralization and (a) zones of subduction where both oceanic and continental sides are involved in the deformation, (b) areas of high heat flow such as interarc and foreland basins, and (c) small spreading centers within major plates? 2. How does southeast Asia fit into the pattern of con- tinental drift? Many authors who have dealt with the region's past relationships tended to try to fit southeast Asia into Gondwanaland, in spite of much contrary evidence. Some marine geophysicists favor the idea of relating parts of south- east Asia, such as the island of Borneo, to mainland China. Others do not put southeast Asia into the Gondwanaland portion of Pangaea, but leave a narrow gap of ocean, whereas a re- 25 cent synthesis considered southeast Asia as a cluster of several small blocks which have behaved since the Triassic as a single unit together with the South China Sea but which have separate histories before the late Paleozoic. 3. How can discontinuities of the zonal distribution of minerals be explained, such as the lack of porphyry copper deposits in Japan, notwithstanding discoveries in the Philip- pines and the island arcs extending to the south? What is the significance of the sudden termination east of Belitung of the tin-tungsten belt which runs from Burma to the Indonesian tin islands? Are tin concentrations confined to a Cordilleran- type orogeny within a continent, in which the continent is pushing forward and the oceanic plate is fixed? Are copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver, arsenic, and antimony characteristic mineral deposits of island arcs lying off a continent, in which the continental plate is fixed and the oceanic plate advancing? 4. What portion of sediments on a subducting plate is carried down to the subduction zone to be metamorphosed or consumed, and what portion is scraped off and uplifted with the outer arc islands such as those of the Indonesian archipelago (Mentawai Islands, Timor, etc.)? Geologically this is recognized as an important problem that has significant economic implica- tions for both metalliferous ore or hydrocarbon accumulation. 5. Why do some uplifted arc areas such as the eastern arc of Sulawesi contain ophiolites derived from the oceanic- type crust, with possible nickel, chromite, and copper deposits, whereas other arc segments such as Timor and Ceram are composed of sedimentary sequences with hydrocarbon shows? 6. Are hydrocarbons more likely to be found in foreland basins, formed inward of the volcanic/plutonic arcs, or do the marginal semienclosed trenches also represent promising areas? In the latter, restricted circulation resulting in low oxygen re- plenishment and preservation of organic rrratter would improve the likelihood of hydrocarbon generation. The Workshop reviewed ongoing work in the region and relevant theoretical work elsewhere in five categories — tectonics, geophysics, sedimentary processes, metallogenesis and petro- genesis, and heat flow and maturation of hydrocarbons. The Workshop is described in Metallogenesis, Hydrocarbons, and Tectonic Patterns in Eastern Asia — A Programme of Research (preliminary draft). Report of the IDOE Workshop on Tec- tonic Patterns and Metallogenesis in East and Southeast Asia, Bangkok, Thailand, 24-29 September 1973, published by Com- mittee for Coordination of Joint Prospecting for Mineral Re- sources in Asian Offshore Areas (CCOP) and by Intergovern- mental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), UNESCO, No- vember 1973, issued by the Office of the Project Manager/ Co-ordinator, UNDP Technical Support for Regional Offshore Prospecting in East Asia. Plate Tectonics and Metallogenesis Bibliography Anderson, R. N., V. Vacquier, and M. Hobart, Heat Flow and Fracture Zone Mechanisms on the Galapagos Rise-East Pacific Rise System, in preparation. Anderson, R. N., and V. Vacquier, Heat Flow and Petrologic Implications on the Galapagos Rise and East Pacific Rise, in preparation. Barazangi, M., and J. Dorman. World Seismicity Maps Com- piled From ESSA Coast and Geodetic Survey Epicenter Data, 1961-1967, Seismol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 59(1): 369- 380, 1969. Bender, M., W. Broecker, V. Gornitz, V. Middel, R. Kay, S.-S. Sun, and P. Biscaye, Geochemistry of Three Cores From the East Pacific Rise, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 12: 425-433, 1971. Blakely, R. J., and A. Cox. Identification of Short Polarity Events by Transforming Marine Magnetic Profiles to the Pole, /. Geophys. Res. 77(23): 4339-4349, 1972. Chase, C. G. The N Plate Problem of Plate Tectonics, Roy. Astron. Soc. Geophys. J., 29(2): 117-122, 1972. Combs, J. Heat Flow and Geothermal Resource Estimates for the Imperial Valley. Coop. Geol.-Geophys.-Geochem. Investigation of the Geothermal Resources of the Imperial Valley Area of California, University of California, River- side, 5-27, 1971. Corliss, J. B. The Origin of Metal-bearing Hydrothermal Solu- tions, J. Geophys. Res. 76(33): 8128-8138, 1971. Corliss, J. B., J. L. Graf, Jr., B. J. Skinner, and R. W. Hutchin- son. Rare Earth Data for Iron- and Maganese-rich Sedi- ments Associated With Sulfide Ore Bodies of the Troodos Masif, Cyprus, Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. with Programs, 4(7): 476-477, 1972. Cox, A., R. J. Blakely, and J. D. Phillips. A Two-layer Model for Marine Magnetic Anomalies (Abstract), EOS, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 53(11): 974, 1972. Dasch, E. J., J. R. Dymond, and G. R. Heath. Isotopic Analysis of Metalliferous Sediment From the East Pacific Rise, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 13(1): 175-180, 1971. Dymond, J., and L. Hogan. Rare Gas Abundance Patterns in Deep-sea Basalts — Primordial Gases From the Mantle, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., in press, 1973. Dymond, J., J. B. Corliss, G. R. Heath, C. W. Field, E. J. Dasch, and H. H. Veeh. Origin of Metalliferous Sediments From the Pacific Ocean, Geol. Soc. Amer. Bidl., in press, 1973. Eklund, W. A., A Microprobe Study of Metalliferous Sediment Components, M. S. Dissertation, Oregon State University, 1974. Goslin, J., P. Beauzart, J. Francheteau, and X. Le Pichon. Thickening of the Oceanic Layer in the Pacific Ocean. Mar. Geophys. Res. 1(4): 418-427, 1972. Heath, G. R., J. Dymond, and H. H. Veeh. Metalliferous Sedi- ments From the Southeast Pacific: the IDOE Nazca Plate Project, unpublished manuscript, 1973. Herron, E. M., and D. E. Hayes. A Geophysical Study of the Chile Ridge, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 6: 77-83, 1969. Herron, E. M., Crustal Plates and Sea-floor Spreading in the Southeastern Pacific, Antarctic Research Series, Vol. 15, Antarctic Oceanology I, J. L. Reid (ed.), 229-237, Amer- ican Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., 1971. Herron, E. M., Sea-floor Spreading and Cenozoic History of the East-Central Pacific, Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 83(6): 1671- 1691, 1972. Hussong, D. M., S. H. Johnson, G. P. Woollard, and J. F. Campbell, Crustal Structure of the Nazca Plate (Abstract), EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 53(4): 413, 1972. Hussong, D. M., J. F. Campbell, M. E. Odegard. P. Edwards, and S. H. Johnson, Structure and Tectonic Description of the Nazca Plate Subduction Zone Near Peru, (Abstract), Program of Science and Man in tlie Americas Meeting, A.A.A.S., Mexico City, 1973. 26 Hussong, D. M., M. E. Odegard, and L. W. Wipperman. Com- pressional Faulting of the Oceanic Crust Prior to Sub- duction in the Peru Trench, in preparation, 1973. Jacoby, W. R., Gravity Variations and Precipitation. Discussion (of paper by A. M. Luiz, 1969), Can. J. Earth Sci. 6(4) : 801, 1969. Johnson, S. H., G. G. Connard, D. M. Hussong, and G. E. Ness, Crustal Structure of the North-central Nazca Plate from Seismic Refraction, Geodynamics Conference of I.A.S.P.E.I., Lima, Peru, 1973. Kelleher, J. A., Rupture Zones of Large South American Earthquakes and Some Predictions, /. Geophys. Res., 77(11): 2087-2103, 1972. Kelleher, J. A., L. Sykes, and J. Oliver. Possible Criteria for Predicting Earthquake Locations and their Application to Major Plate Boundaries of the Pacific and the Caribbean, /. Geophys. Res. 78(14): 2547-2585, 1973. Kulm, L. D., D. M. Hussong, R. A. Prince, R. W. Couch, and K. F. Scheidegger. Deformation in the Peru Trench, 1972 Annual Meetings, Geol. Soc. Amer. Abstr. with Programs 4(7): 570, 1972. Kulm, L. D., K. F. Scheidegger, R. A. Prince, J. Dymond, T. C. Moore, Jr., and D. M. Hussong. Tholeiitic Basalt Ridge in the Peru Trench, Geology 1(1): 11-14, 1973. Kulm L. D., J. M. Resig, T. C. Moore, Jr., and V. J. Rosato, Transfer of Nazca Ridge Pelagic Sediments to the Peru Continental Margin, Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., 85(5): 769- 780, 1974. Langseth, M. G., P. J. Grim, and M. Ewing, Heat Flow Measurements in the East Pacific Ocean, /. Geophys. Res. 70(2): 367-380, 1965. Le Pichon, X., Sea-floor Spreading and Continental Drift. J. Geophys. Res. 73(12): 3661-3697, 1968. Michael, M. O., Fluctuations in Circum-Pacific Volcanic Activ- ity and in the Seismicity of South America, Ph.D. Disserta- tion, University of Hawaii, 130 pp., 1973. Morgan, W. J., Rises, Trenches, Great Faults, and Crustal Blocks, J. Geophys. Res. 73(6): 1959-1982, 1968. Morgan, W. J., P. R. Vogt, and D. F. Falls, 1969, Magnetic Anomalies and Sea-floor Spreading on the Chile Rise, A^an/re 222(5189): 137-142, 1969. Morgan, W. J., Convection Plumes in the Lower Mantle, Nature 230(5288): 42-43, 1971. Raitt, R. W. The Crustal Rocks, in The Sea, Vol. 3, Chapter 6, 85-102, 1963. Rea, D. K. The East Pacific Rise Between 5° and 12°S, (Ab- stract), EOS, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 54(4): 243, 1973. Rea, D. K., J. Dymond, G. R. Heath, D. F. Heinrichs, S. H. Johnson, and D. M. Hussong. New Estimates of Rapid Sea-floor Spreading Rates and the Identification of Young Magnetic Anomalies on the East Pacific Rise, 6° and 11°S, Earth Planet, Sci. Lett. 10(2): 225-229, 1973. Rea, D. K., and L. W. Kroenke. The East Pacific Rise Crest at 6° and 11°S, Cordilleran Section 69th Annual Meetings, Geol. Soc. Amer. Abstr. with Programs 5(1): 94, 1973. Rosato, V. J., L. D. Kulm, and P. S. Derks. Surface Sediments of of the Nazca Plate, Pac. Sci., submitted 1973. Sclater, J. G., and J. Francheteau. The Implications of Ter- restrial Heat Flow Observations on Current Tectonics and Geochemical Models of the Crust and Upper Mantle of the Earth, Geophys. J. Roy. Astron. Soc. London 75, 509- 542, 1970. Sclater, J. G., E. J. W. Jones, and S. P. Miller. The Relationship of Heat Flow, Bottom Topography, and Basement Relief in Peake and Freen Deeps, Northeast Atlantic, in Geo- thermal Problems — Symposium, Madrid, Spain, 1969, Proceedings, Tectonophysics 10(1-3): 283-300, 1970. Sclater, J. G., R. N. Anderson, and M. L. Bell. The Elevation of Ridges and the Evolution of the Central Eastern Pacific, /. Geophys. Res. 76(32): 7888-7915, 1971. Sclater, J. G., and C. G. A. Harrison. Elevation of Mid-ocean Ridges and the Evolution of the South-west Indian Ridge, Nature, 21,Q{529Q): 175-177, 1971. Shepherd, G. L., L. K. Wipperman, and R. Moberly. Shallow Crustal Structure of the Peruvian Continental Margin, Cordilleran Section 69th Annual Meeting, Geol. Soc. Amer. Abstr. with Programs 5(1): 103, 1973. Sutton, G. H., M. E. Odegard, N. Mark, and N. J. LeTourneau. Research in Seismology Related to the Columbia Ocean- bottom Seismograph, AFCRL Contract F19628-68-C- 0083, Final Report, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics, Rep. HIG-70-12 (AFCRL-70-0125), 66 pp., 1970. Sutton, G. H., and D. A. Walker. Seismological BuUetin — Northwestern Pacific Islands Stations, 1967-1968, Hawaii Inst. Geophys. Data Rep., No. 15, HIG-70-3, 22 pp., 1970. Von Herzen, R. P., and S. Uyeda. Heat Flow Through the Eastern Pacific Ocean Floor, /. Geophys. Res. 68(1): 4219-4250, 1963. Von Herzen, R. P., and R. N. Anderson. Implications of Heat Flow and Bottom Water Temperatures in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific, Geophys. J. Roy. Astron. Soc. 26: 427- 458. 1972. Von Herzen, R. P., G. H. Sutton, G. P. Woollard, N. J. Le- Tourneau, and E. Kausel. Easter Island Seismograph Ob- servations Indicative of Sea-floor Spreading; Plate-edge Seismicity Relationships and the Prediction of Earth- quakes Along the West Coast of the Western Hemisphere, Hawaii Inst. Geophys. Rep. HIG-72-2, 25 pp., 1972. Woollard, G. P. Geological and Geophysical Setting of the Nazca Plate, and Evidence Concerning Its Interaction With the South American Continental Plate, Cordilleran Section 69th Annual Meeting, Geol. Soc. Amer. Abstr. with Programs 5(1): 123, 1973. Manganese Nodule Study Approximately 25 percent of the deep ocean floor is paved with manganese nodules. Where these nodules contain signifi- cant amounts of copper and nickel, they become economically important. Major mining companies and several nations are actively investigating the possibility of mining these deposits. All evidence suggests that a burgeoning new industry is emerg- ing. However, occurrence of these nodules at great depths (greater than 10,000 feet) and beyond the 200-mile limit of any nation introduces legal, technical, and environmental prob- lems. One of the problems, the origin, distribution, and metallic content of the nodules, is the object of field investigations and studies by scientific laboratories and institutions. Technological 27 Manganese nodule taken at 13°49'N, 129°55'W in the North Pacific. This nodule had high copper and nickel content. and legal problems are receiving the attention of industry and international governmental bodies. The nodules apparently grew at a rate involving millions of years whereas the sedimentary substrata on which they rest grow at a rate involving thousands of years, yet the nodules are not buried. What process causes this "floatation?" Why are the nodules round? Why do they grow concentrically? What process concentrates significant amounts of copper and nickel in nodules resting on substrata devoid of these elements? Will answers to these questions make it possible to predict favorable areas for exploration? Phase I of the Manganese Nodule Study consisted of an assessment of all available information, records, and samples in geological archives, laboratories, and data banks. This com- pilation indicated an area near Hawaii as being unusually rich in copper and nickel nodules. Phase II of the study is now underway to collect well- defined suites of samples (including substrata and bottom waters) and, through interrelated studies of varying approach, to identify and investigate significant parameters. This phase, known as the Inter-University Ferromanganese Program, will focus on factors in the transition cycles of the elements from their sources in the ocean to their ultimate deposition as sea- floor nodules, including: the physical and chemical nature of nodules; distribution of nodule-forming elements in seawater and substrata, including pore water; role of biological agents in nodule formation; and the influence of bottom currents, temperature, topography, composition, and processes. Among the investigated factors will be: • Concentration of source elements in dissolved and particulate form in seawater columns associated with ferromanganese oxide sediments — an investigation that will draw directly on, and interact with, the GEOSECS program; including inter- calibration studies in the Atlantic and Pacific. Bender (University of Rhode Island) Zeitlin (University of Hawaii) 28 • Composition of sediment interstitial fluid, including intercali- bration studies with groups studying seawater and the GEOSECS program. Callender (University of Michigan) Bowser (University of Wisconsin) Richards and Murray (University of Washington) • Composition of oxyhydrate phases in direct contact with seawater — the analysis of composition and structure of ferro- manganese crusts associated with specific water masses in the Atlantic. Schilling and Johnson (University of Rhode Island) • Composition of solid phases with largest surface area in contact with interstitial fluid; an element and phase analysis of sediments from which the interstitial fluid is separated. Arrhenius (Scripps Institution of Oceanography) The Scripps group also will devote a major effort to an integrated study of the composition and structure of the individual biogenic components and the microscopic authi- genic oxyhydrate concretions which presumably are pre- cursors of the large nodular concretions and mediate the transfer of the component ions from the interstitial fluid. Part of Margolis', University of Hawaii, effort is devoted to this study. • Internal structure and composition of nodules, effects of sedimentary diagenesis on nodule origin, and role of inter- stitial-fluid chemistry and enclosing solid phases. Sorem (Washington State University) Fein, Morgenstein, Margolis. Boylan, Theyer, Ander- mann, and Andrews (University of Hawaii) Burns (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Ku (University of Southern California) These studies include clarification of the detailed physical and chemical structure of the nodules, and their rate of growth as determined by incremental radiochemical and paleontological methods as well as by the rate of alteration of volcanic glass, sometimes found as nuclei in the nodules. Field and laboratory work will emphasize: study of the relation between nodules and surrounding sediment; and direct interaction and free exchange of data among participants. Three cruises totalling 55 days aboard the new research vessel MoANA Wave are planned as part of the Phase II sur- vey and sampling program. In addition, a 30-day cruise aboard the same vessel (supported by NOAA and commercial com- panies) will add valuable data to the overall program. The University of Hawaii (Andrews) will have the responsibility for providing shipboard support, and, in addition, for making available to all investigators, as required, the topographic, geophysical, geological, bottom photographic, and bottom tele- vised data and samples. The three cruises are: 1. A February 24 to March 24, 1974, cruise from Panama to Honolulu — using 10 days station time for bottom television surveying, photography, and sampling to fill gaps in existing data on nodule distribution. Mero (Ocean Resources, Inc.), Horn (Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory), and four University of Hawaii scientists are participat- ing in this cruise. Bottom photographs and samples will be available to all investigators. 2. A 21-day survey at mine test site (10°N, 140°W) to establish geologic baseline data in this area for future coordinated investigations. The trace ele- ment chemistry and intercalibration of seawater sampling will be performed by a group that in- cludes Bender (University of Rhode Island), Cal- lender (University of Michigan), and Zeitlin, Boy- lan, and Andermann (University of Hawaii). In- terstitial water samples will be obtained using the new in-situ sampler. Results will be compared with those of samples taken on box core material using conventional methods. Activities will in- clude: bottom television; free-fall grab, box core, dredge, and piston core sampling; and detailed bathymetric profiling. 3. A 24-day cruise will obtain a north-south transect across the siliceous ooze belt to sample the bound- ary between zones of varying biological produc- tivity and to determine contrasting morphologic and compositional changes in manganese nodules. Activities will include: bottom television, free-fall grab and core sampling, water sampling, in-situ pore water and conventional pore water sampling, dredging, piston coring, and mapping. The University of Hawaii's role in the Inter-University Ferromanaganese Program is twofold: to conduct research on the origin, composition, and distribution of managanese nodules from the equatorial Pacific southeast of the Hawaiian Islands, and to coordinate the collection of nodules, sediment, and seawater for research at the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and for the entire program. 29 Living Resources Program The main goal of this program is to provide the scientific basis for improved management and use of the ocean's living resources. Primary emphasis of the Living Resources Program to date is on understanding the complex physical and biological processes in coastal upwelling ecosystems. Coastal Upwelling Ecosystems Analysis (CUEA) The Coastal Upwelling Ecosystems Analysis (CUEA) project is a team effort involving more than 20 ocean scientists — biological, chemical, and physical oceanographers, as well as meteorologists, and specialists in underwater acoustics. Basic- ally, there are two groups of studies — one investigating food chains in coastal upwelling ecosystems, and the other investigat- ing the physics of coastal upwelling systems. Participating scientists outline specific experiment objectives. These are brought together in designing major field experiments and formulating an overall model for a coastal upwelling ecosystem. Regions of upwelling are characterized by the ascending motion of ocean water and diverging currents at the surface. These regions can occur where prevailing winds from land force surface waters seaward away from the coast, and are most conspicuous along the west coasts of continents. As surface waters are blown seaward, they are replaced by colder nutrient-rich water from greater depths. Plankton feed in the nutrient-rich water, become abundant, and support (are food for) fish and other swimming life forms (nekton). Thus, areas of upwelling generally have high concentrations of fishes. It is estimated that about 50% of the yield of the world's com- mercial fisheries comes from the major areas of coastal up- welling. Prediction of commercial nekton stocks can be im- proved by better understanding the physical and biological processes that affect their productivity in coastal upwelling ecosystems, and through the development of techniques to assess and predict levels of productivity in these ecosystems. The NSF office of IDOE is funding 20 CUEA projects (table 6). MESCAL and CUE Preliminary CUEA field studies have been completed. MESCAL I and II, which were primarily biological studies, The Batfish, a towed underway pump and sens- ing body used in CUEA. 30 Table 6. — U.S. institutions, investigators, and projects in CUEA program Organization Investigator Project title University of California, Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of Connecticut Duke University Florida State University M. Blacl