y PLANT BOARD

April 1945 f E-652

UNITED STATES DEPAP/.'MENT OF AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL RES e ARCH ADMINISTRATION
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGf AND PLANT QUARANTINE

A REVIEW OF THE INSECTICIDAL USES OF ROTFJTONE AND ROTENOIDS
FROM DEBRIS, LONCHOCARFUS (CUBE AND TLMBO) , TEPHROSIA, AND
RELATED PLANTS

■PART IX: DIPTERA

By R. C. Roark, Division of Insecticide Investigations l/

CONTENTS

Page

Introduction -------------------------- 2

Diptera ---------------------------- 2

Agromyzidae ------------------------- 2

Anthomyiidae ------------------------- 3

Calllphoridae ------------------------ 6

Chironomidce ------------------------- 11

Chloropidae ------------------------- 13

Culicidae -------------------------- 13

Drosophilidae ------------------------ 26

Plippoboscidae ------------------------ 27

Huscidae ____ ______________ 31

Mycetophilidae ------------------------ 49

Oestridae -------------------------- 50

Otitidae 70

Psilidae 70

Scatophegidae ------------------------ 72

Syrphidae 73

Tabanidae 74

Tipulidae -------------------------- 74

Trypetidae 74

Unidentified species of Diptera --------------- 83

1/ The manuscript of this publication was read in the following
research divisions of the Bureau and helpful suggestions were contrib-
uted: Fruit Insect Investigations, Cotton Insect Investigations,
Insects Affecting Han and Animals, Insect Identification, Control
Investigations, Cereal and Forage Insect Investigations, and Bee
Culture. The reviewers in these divisions were, respectively, E. A,
Porter, R, W. Harned, H. K, Stage, C. F. W. Huesebeck and assistants,
L, A. Hawkins, C. M. Packard, and J. I. Hambleton.

JUH 4 - 1345.

-2-

i:;t30duction

Thin is the ninth in a series of papers designed to review all
available information on the insect! cidal uses of rotenone and the
rotenoids. Parts I to VIII have reviewed tests with derris, cube,
timbo, Tephrosia, wiundulea, and their constituents on members of the
Collembola, Orthoptera, Dermantera, Cdonata, Isoptera, Corrodentia,
i.iallophaga, Thysanoptera, Homoptera, Hemiptera, Anoplura, Coleoptera,
Lepidoptera, end Hymenoptera. Apparently no tests with the rotenone
plants on Thysanura, Sphemeroptera, or plecoptera have been .recorded.
Part IX, the present paper, reviews the tests that have been made on
Diptera.

DIPTERA

Agromyzidae

Agrcnpfza phaseoli Coq. (= Melanagromyza phaseoli Coq.), bean fly;
French bean miner

Mathieu (201) in 1920 reported the control of this soecies attack-
ing young beans, with derris.

A trial of tuba was made on a field of 8 beds, 66 feet
Ions, with 1,055 seeds of lima bean (Small Sieva) on October
28, 1919. Ten ounces of tuba root were well pounded in a
wooden mortar, the juice was thoroughly expressed, and the
fiber' exhausted in 20 imperial gallons of water. Tuba water
was then applied to each young plant at the rate of a ciga-
rette tin full to 4 plants, morning and evening, for 15 days,
until the plants were sufficiently established to be past all
danger, which is only present during the first stage of their
existence, when the stem is tender. Only 16 seeds failed to
germinate, and of the 1,040 plants that came up, not one has
died. Today the plot is showing the most vigorous growth, a
living testimony to the potency of the tuba-root as a plant
-insect killer.

Yen der Soot (120) in 1930 reported that sprinkling the necks of
the roots of plants of katjang djogo and. kratok "ith e 2 percent derris
extract was valueless for control in Java,

Van der Vecht (302) of Buitenzor.^, Java, in 1936 reported that
derris was ineffective-.

1

{

U3RARY

-3-

Morgan (207) in 1938 reported that a contact spray consisting
of 1 pound of derris root (3.5 percent rotenone) and 3 pounds of
soft soap to 50 imperial gallons of water destroyed the' adults in
laboratory tests, "but in field practice, using a knapsack pump, it
was difficult to hit enough flies to give appreciable control.

Agromyza pusilla Meig.

F. F. Smith (253) in 1939 ^rote that this serpentine leaf miner
on Gerhera jamesoni Bolus, was "being combated by picking and destroy-
ing the infested leaves, or by spraying by derris or nicotine extracts,

(Agromyza) Liriomyza solani Macq.

A spray of derris powder with soft soap was ineffective in pre-
venting attack by the tomato leaf miner, "Phytomyza solani (Macq.),"
according to the Experimental and Research Station, Cheshunt, Herts,
England (80) , in 1938. [This species is also referred to by English
authors as "Agromyza (Liriomyza) solani. Cf . Rev. Applied Ent. (A)
25: 668.]

Fhytomyza ilicis (Curtis), the holly leaf miner

Langford and Cory (168) in 1937 reported that sprays containing
a mixture of 3 pounds of 4 percent rotenone powder and 3 pounds of
rosin emulsion per 100 gallons of water did not kill the larvae within
the mines.

Anthomyiidae

Atherigona indica Mall.

The Tanganyika Territory Department of Agriculture (270) in 1935
reported that the application of derris preparations gave almost com-
plete control of the sorghum stem maggot at en economic cost.

Hylemya antiauua Meig., the onion maggot

Smith end ¥ads^orth (255) in 1921 tested insecticides against
onion flies. Six applications of derris-soot mixture (2 parts soot
and 1 part derris) at the rate of 1 ounce per square yard gave 60
percent of clean onions, whereas soot alone gave only 16 percent.

Brittain (42) in 1925 reported that mature larvae were immersed
for 5 seconds in a suspension of derris root (3 lb. to 100 imp. gal»)
and then placed upon their food plant. The mortalities from different
treatments were as follows:

-4-

Ago of maggot
{ days )

I.iortelity from

Bichloride of : Derris, 3 lb.
mercury, 1:1,000 : in 100 imp. gal.
solution : of ^ater

1

4

7
10
15
Reedy to pupate

Percent
100

100

100

75,

50

20

Percent
100

100

100

35
25
0 •

K. M. Smith (254) in 1925 reported on tests made "7ith various in-
secticides. A mixture of 1 ounce of derris with 2 ounces of soot per
square yard did not give results promising enough to justify further
trials.

The Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station (224) in 1936 reported
that derris powder (4 percent rotenone) in water at 4 pounds to 100
gallons permitted 18 percent of the eggs to hatch. Mercuric chloride,
1 ounce to 8 gallons of water, ?nd diphenvlene oxide 1: 40 in oil, killed
all eggs.

Hylemya "brassicac (Bouche) , the cabbage maggot

Brittain (40) in 1921 described experiments in which a 50:50 mix-
ture of derris "ith clay and also with derris solution at t^o strengths
(1.5 and 3 lb. to 100 imp. gal.) were applied to cabbage for control.
The cle.y-derris mixture was applied at the rate of 960 pounds per acre,
the derris solutions at the rate of 10 and 20 pounds of derris with
650 imperial gallons of water per acre. All the derris treatments pro-
tected the plants. Pure derris powder applied to cabbage destroyed 4
percent of the plants in 2 tests. Derris (3 lb. to 100 imp. gal.) poured
about plants previouslv infested with 25 fully grown larvae of the first
brood failed to prevent any from pupating.

Brittain (41) in 1922 reported that. '--hen derris (3 lb. to 100 imp.
gal. of water) was applied to cabbage (Copenhagen Market) 39 percent
of the plants ^ere destroyed by maggots. In another tests with Early
Jersey Wgkefield, 2 pounds of derris to 100 imperial gallons of water
permitted about 29 percent of the plants to be destroyed. Tests with
3 pounds of derris to 100 imperial gallons -permitted from 45 to 80
percent of the Early Jersey Wakefield to be destroyed. On radishes,
derris (3 lb. to 100 imp. gal.) permitted 71 percent of the plants to

-5- •

be infested. Corrosive sublimate was the only treatment that gave satis-
factory control. Only one material, derris, proved very ineffective.
As it was from the same lot of material that was used the previous year
with fair results, Brittain assumed that it had deteriorated In storage.
About two-fifths of a pint of liquid and five-ninths of an ounce of dust
was applied per plant. In' 1925 Brittain (42) reported that mature larvae
immersed for 5 seconds in a suspension of derris root (3 lb. to 100 imp.
gal.) and then placed upc-n their" food plant were unaffected, whereas a
1: 1,000 solution of mercuric chloride killed 10 percent.

K. P. Smith (254) in 1925 reported that a mixture of 1 ounce of derris
with 2 ounces of soot per square yard did not give results promising enough
to justify further trials.

Turner (277) in 1932 reported that in 1931 rotenone extracted from cube
was tested for control. Early cabbages and two series of treatments were
used in the tests.* One series was treated once, on May 1; the other twice,
on May 1 and May 15. Rotenone was used in three dilutions, and was applied
in an acetone-water suspension, l/2 cupful being poured around the base of
each plant. Heads were harvested on July 8 and July 14, and yields were
compared with those obtained by the use of bichloride of mercury. These
figures show that rotenone at the rate of 1: 2,500 and 1: 5,000, even in a
single treatment, increased the yield of cabbage, as compared with the yield
of check plots. Roteriorie-*at 1: 10,000 was not so effective. The percentage
of heads maturing in cheCk plots was 72, and on the rotenone plots from 70
to 100. Comparison :with results obtained with bichloride of mercury shows
that rotenone was approximately as effective only when u*sed twice at a
dilution of 1: 2,500. Because of the small size of the rotenone plots these
results cannot be accepted as final; however, it is evident that rotenone
has some value in control.-

' Benkert and Company (25) in 1934 wrote that for the root maggot
attacking cabbage derris dust, should be applied around the stalk as soon as
the eggs are found. " . ." .

Pegonrya hyoscyani (Pahz.)', the spinach leaf miner

Jancke (150) in 1931 reported that in experiments with the beet fly,
a mortality of 80 percent was attained for 4 days with concentrations of
Polvosol of 1 percent and 1 p. p.m. These results suggest that the spray
would be of value against the cherry fly (Rhagoletis cerasi (L.)).

Pegomya^nigri tarsus (Pall.)

.-■'■. ^ , >• • • *•! •-■: .:» ■■■

According to Etablis semen ts Rptenia in 1938, in a letter to R. C.

Roark, this pest on begonia was mitigated by a product containing 12 per-
cent of powdered Lonchocarpus, nicou root and 88 percent of talcum.

- : ♦ : Celliphoridae

* * ■ ' •

Calliphora erythroceohala Meig.-. . "" •' - •' '3 '/-;•■■ ■

This species ^as tested by the immersion 'technique of.

Crsufurd-Benson (64) , as reported in 1938, end has giver, some

interesting and reliable information, although* the results '-ere

not so accurate as those of "other workers who Used, the suraying

method. ' • ■ . .. i

* ■ . . •• - .

Calliuhpre sp . "•'".-:

7ilbaux (321) in 1934 tested extracts of the leaves. of
Tephrosia vogelii that were 22 years old and reported that as'
a contact insecticide the leaves are about as. toxic- as nicotine.
Larvae of Calliphora sp. .were, perfectly resistant, even to sprays
containing 1 part of T. vogeii^i to 200lfof dry vegetable matter,
Pupation 'took place more rapidly, but all'Uhe nupae hatched.

Cochliomyia macelleria F. , the secondary screwworm, •

Parman et al. (225) -and also Roerk'et al. (242) in 1927
reported results of che.motronic tests. A com'nerical derris' pow-
der repelled 95'percent of the flies visiting a br.it -of beefliver.
This is about the same percentage ae that Obtained with pyre thrum
powder. TThen diluted with 9 parts* of kaolin it repelled.. 38 per-
cent.. . .

Cochliomyia amer'icana -C. &.P., the scrcwrorm

In 1928 Parman et al. (226) 'reported that derris powder (0.5
gm. plus kaolin 4.5 gnu), spread upon 4-ounce cubes of beef liver
in a mason jar, repelled 38 percent of the flies that approached
the meat. '

E. W, Laake, in a typewritten report to the Division of
Insects Affecting Man and Animals, Bureau of Entomology and
Plant Quarantine, United States "Department <?f Agriculture, in

1935, reported results of field tests by McGovran and Ellisor .

of repellents for wound- infesting flies on sheep- and goats at
Valdosta, Ga. Rotenone, derris resin, and derris root mixed
TrT'ith pine- tar oil and benzene seemed .to be the most promising
mixtures. The fo'Ho^-rng mixtures' were tested with excellent
results:

Pine-tar oil. 75 parts, benzene 24 parte, .. ._ _

rotenone 1 part. ' . .

Pine- tar oil 75 parts, benze-ne 24 parts,
derris resin 1 part. ~~~ ~

Pine-tar oil 75 parts, benzene 20 parts,
derris root 5 parts.

The following were found to be unsatisfactory as repellents:
A mixture of pine-tar oil 70 parts, sulfonated castor oil

parts, and. ground derris root 5 parts; ground derris root
applied as a powder. This did not adhere well to dry parts of .
the wound.

Laboratory tests of larvicides for mature larvae were made.
A mixture of benzene 95 parts and derris root 5 parts gave 100
percent control of emergence, whereas benzene alone gave 62 per-
cent control. Rotenone, pyre thrum extract, and derris resin in
benzene also gave better control than bezene alone. The follow-
ing were tried as larvicides in the laboratory:

Benzene 95 parts, derris root 5 parts.

Benzene 99 parts, rotenone 1 part.

Benzene 99 parts, derris resin 1 part.

Benzene 7^ parts, carbon tetrachloride 25 parts,
rotenone 1 part.

Benzene 70 parts, carbon tetrachloride 25 parts,
derris 5 parts.

Benzene 7^ parts, carbon tetrachloride 25 parts,
derris resin 1 part.

Rotenone and ground derris root markedly increased the toxi-
city of mixtures of benzene and carbon tetrachloride. Pyrethrum
extract and derris resin also increased the toxicity of these
mixtures.

R. Melvin, in a similar typewritten report in 1935, stated
that he treated artificially wounded rabbits and guinea pigs in-
fested with Cochliomyia americana with various chemicals, 5 cc .
or 1 gm. per treatment. An acetone solution of rotenone (l per-
cent) killed half the larvae in the wound but a\Lso killed the
guinea pig. Dry rotenone in 2 tests killed all the larvae in 2
guinea pigs without affecting the pigs. Pyrocene, a proprietary
product containing 0.73 percent of rotenone in pine oil with an
emulsifying agent, proved to be a poor larvicide but a good
repellent of the larvae. Pyrocene wos tested on 13 guinea pigs
and 2 rabbits, causing the larvae to leave the wounds, but kill-
ing only a few. The animals were unaffected by Pyrocene. Of 20
grown larvae dipped in an acetone solution of rotenone (1 percent)
19 survivad. In 1935 Melvin stated, in another report to the
Division, that Pyrocene added to artificially infested wounds
on guinea pigs caused larvae to leave the wounds and the animal
was unaffected. Rotenone in acetone (l percent) killed from one-
third to one-half of the larvae. Rotenone crystals killed all
the larvae without injuring, the animal. Rotenone in acetone (1
percent) also killed all eggs dipped momentarily into it. Over
1,000 eggs less than 3 hours old were used with each test chemical,
Eagleson reported that the following mixtures containing rotenone
gave promising results as a fly spray: (A) Rotenone extract, 0.25
percent; camphor byproduct, 3.3 percent; kerosene, 96 A percent.

-8-

This spray gave 65 percent of paresis in 2-cc. dosee and 100
percent mortality in 3-cc. doses. (B) Rotenone extract, 1 per-
cent; General Naval Stores Pine Oil No. 2, 99 percent. IVo cc.
of this spray gave 100 percent mortality.

Laake, of the Valdosta, Ga. , laboratory of the same Division,
in a typewritten report for the second quarter of 1936, reported
tests with derris products as larvicides applied to rounds in
infested goats. The following mixture killed all larvae: Benzene
40 percent, carbon tetrachloride 30 percent, acetone 25 percent,
derris resins 5 percent. The following mixtures gave excellent
control: Benzene 55 percent, carbon tetrachloride 30 percent,
acetone' 12.5 percent, derris resins 2.5 percent; benzol 64 -percent,
carbon tetrachloride 30 percent, acetone 5 percent, derris resins
1 percent; and soluble pine oil 85 percent, acetone 10 percent,
derris resins 5 percent.

In immersion tests in the laboratory with mature larvae
the following gave 100 percent control: Carbon tetrachloride
containing 5, 10, or 15 percent of devils-shoestrings; benzene
containing 5 or 20 percent of devil' s-shoestrings; and benzene
30 percent, carbon tetrachloride 23 percent, acetone 27. percent,
derris resins 10 percent. Mixtures of furfural 83 percent and
derris rosins 17 percent killed 96 to 98 percent of the larvae.
The following mixtures of pine—tar oil, acetone, and derris
resins, in the percentages given, respectively, when applied to
the clipped skin and wounds in goats did not cause injury: 70.0:
25: 5: 72.5: 25: 2.5: 74: 25: 1; 85: 10: 5: 87.5: 10. : 2.5: 89:
10: 1: and pine-tar oil 85 percent plus devils'-shoestrings 15
percent.

Laake, in a similar report in 1936, stated that of prep-
arations tested as repellents, pine- tar oil to which had been
added ground derris root, rotenone, or derris resins seemed to
be the most promising mixtures. Of larvicides tested in the
field at Vpldosta, Ga., mixtures of benzol, acetone, carbon
tetrachloride, and 2.5 or 5.0 percent of derris resins gave good,
control. A mixture of benzol and carbon tetrachloride containing
10 percent of ground derris root gave good control. In this mix-
ture most of the derris root did not go into solution but settled
to the bottom of the container. Materials found highly toxic to
flies when applied as sprays were Lethane, rotenone, and pyrethrum
extract.

McGorran (192) reported in 1936 that in preliminary field,
tests at VPldosta a mixture of pine-tar oil 85 percent, acetone
10 percent, and derris resins 5 percent was more repellent to the
flies than pine- tar oil. alone.

-9-

McGovran and Ellisor, in a typewritten report to the
Division in 1936, stated that the action of chemicals was
tested in infested articifical rounds on goats. Approxi-
mately 10 cc. of each larvicide was applied to the infested
wound and the animal Fas held in such a position that the
larvicide was in contact with the larvae 2 minutes. A cotton
plug was inserted in the wounds treated "d. th benzol. The
other treated and check wounds '-ere left open. The following
data were obtained from larvicide tests during January and
February. The materials that killed 100 percent of the larvae
were as follows: Benzol 65 percent, carbon tetrachloride 25
percent, ground derris root 10 percent (results of 3 tests);
benzol 67.5 percent, carbon tetrachloride 25 percent, ground
derris root 7.5 percent (l test); benzol 70 percent, carbon
tetrachloride 25 percent, ground derris root 5 percent (ltest);
clear extract of benzol 70 percent, carbon tetrachloride 25
percent, ground derris root 5 percent (l test); and clear
extract of benzol 65 percent, carbon tetrachloride 25 percent,
ground derris root 10 percent (l test). Mature larvae" were
dipped for 30 seconds into a mixture of 90 percent of carbon
tetrachloride and 10 -percent of derris root. The ground derris
root was allowed to remain in the carbon tetrachloride for 4
days, then ell the materiel not in solution ^as filtered off.
This treatment killed two-thirds of the larvae.

Melvin, in 1936, in a tyne^itten report to the Division,
described additional laboratory tests on artificially infested
wounds on guinea nigs in Texas. Pyrocene and mixtures of
pyrocene and water containing 80, 60, 40, and 20 percent of
pyrocene not only killed many larvae but also caused larvae to
leave the wounds. Rotenone crystals killed all the larvae in
the wounds without affecting the guinea pig. Rotenone (0.5 or
1,0 nercent) • in General Naval Stores Pine Oil No. 2 was highly
effective. Pyrocene 60 percent and 80 percent with water
killed 62 percent and 39 percent, respectively, of larvae dip-
ped into it. In a similar typewritten report later in that
yea.r, he said that rotenone ponder killed 100 percent of the
larvae in rounds. Phenothiazine ^as regarded as the most t>ro-
mising larvicide for application to wounds.

The United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of
Entomology and Plant Quarantine (290) , in 1936 reported that
i ihe '-ork of developing more effective larvicides and repel-
lents over 200 different chemicals and mixtures r^ere tested*
Among the many materials tried as larvicides that gave pro-
mising results was a mixture of benzol and carbon tetrachloride,
containing 10 percent of ground derris root. In small-scale
tests ground derris root, rotenone, or derris resins added to
pine-tar oil anpeared to be more effective as a fly repellent
than pine- tar oil alone.

Bushland (47) in 1940 reported that the minimum lethal con-
centration of rotenone to young larvae wes between 0.05 and 0.08

-10-
percent of the beef medium on which they fed.
Lucilia cuprina (Wied.)

Lennox (178) in 1940 wrote on the ection of stomach larvi-
cides on "this spe«ies. The toxicity of a* number of compounds
was measured by (A) growth retardation and (B) rate of action.
Derris extract was toxic et concentrations of 0.1 and 0.01 per-
cent,

Luoilia sericata (Meig.)

Laake et al. (165) in 1931 reported the results of tests
of materials as attrectants or repellents to this greenbottle
fly. Beef-liver bait 4 ounces, to which 5 gin. of derris "oowder
was added, attracted only 40 percent as many as did untreated
bait. A mixture of 1 part of derris powder and 9 parts of
kaolin attracted 20 percent.

Baudet and Nieschulz (23) in 1933 reported that derris
powder containing 2 percent of rotenone ^as entirely inert
toward the larvae. Four-day-old larvae cradled around in the
•derris nowder for 3 hours without suffering any ill effects.
A suspension of derris powder in soap and water was also "nth-
out effect on the mobility of larvae submitted to the influence
of this suspension for a 5-minute period. Pine oil "as found
to be toxic to the larvae. The addition of rotenone to oine oil
in quantities of 0.1 to 10 percent did not increase the toxicity
of the pine oil. It was concluded that derris ponder and rote-
none are inactive toward the larvae.

According to Van der Laan (166) in 1936, this species is
not affected by derris.

Hoskins et al. (143) in 1940 reported that rotenone mixed
with a synthetic diet in which larvae of this species "*ere
placed was toxic at the following concentrations:

Concentration ♦ Mortality ■'• Stage of Insect

Second and third

instars.
Second and third

instars; pupae.
Second, third and

fourth instars.

Lucilia sp.

Parman et al. (2°6) in 1928 reported that derris ponder 0.5

gm. plus' kaolin 4.5 gm., spread upon 4— ounce cubes of beef liver

in a meson jar, repelled 81 percent of the flies that ap'rorched

Percent

1/12 8 percent

ICO

1/256 percent

98

1/512 percent

62

-li-
the neat.
Phormia regina (^eig. )

Haag (129) in 1931" reported that maggots of the black blow-
fly that had been given food sprinkled with rotenone crystals
developed identically r'ith the control maggots.

Breakeyand Miller (38) in 1935 reported the results of tests
with rotenone sprays prepared from an extract of derris in pine
oil assaying 5 gin. of rotenone for each 100 cc. Emulsions were
made from this stock containing 1 part of rotenone, 19 -parts of
pine oil, 5 parts of saponin, and 75 parts of water. Dilutions
made from these emulsions gave the desired concentrations of
rotenone. One part of rotenone in 5,000 parts of the spray killed
about 98 percent of the eggs.

Phormia sp.

Melvin, in 1936, in e typewritten report to the Division of
Insects Affecting. Man and Animals, of the Bureau of Entomology
and Plant Quarantine, United States Department of Agriculture,
stated that when gfcown larvae of Phormia were dipped in a 1-
percent solution of rotenone in acetone, 84 percent emerged.

Chironomidae

Chironomus brachialis Coq.

C. cingulatus Meig.

C. decorus Joh.

C. lobiferus Say

C. nervosus Staeg.

C. sp. near nervosus Staeg.

C. sp. near paganus Meig.

See Fellton (85) under Chironomus tenuicaudatus Mall., p. 11 .

Chironomus plumosus (L.) var. presinus Meig.

An anonymous writer (6_) in 1937 stated that derris was
ineffective.

Chironomus tenuicaudatus Mall.
C. sp. near tenuicaudatus Mall.

Fellton (85) in 1940 reported on the control of aquatic
midges. In the laboratory derris powder(5 percent rotenone)
at 12 parts per million killed only 28 percent of Procladius
larvae, whereas an emulsion of 80 parts of orthodichlorobenzene

-12-

and 20 parts of sulfonated cantor oil at 9.6 parts per million
gave a mortality of 100 percent after 72 hours. For the control
of these midges in the two fresh-water lakes at the tfew York
World's Fair, derris was used, starting in Aoril 1939. In con-
junction with each derris application, conrer sulfate was dis-
solved in the lakes at the rate of 1 part per million in order
to kill most of the algae therein, which served as a source of
food and shelter for the larvae and to increase the. potency of
the derris by reducing the alkalinity of the lake water* Spray-
'ing was started on : April 10, when the water temperature reached
50° F. and the overwintering larvae started to show signs *f
activity. Sufficient derris of 5 percent rotenone content was
aoplied to "build up a concentration of 6 parts per million (a
dilution of 0.00003 'percent rotenone) in 77illow Lake and a con-
centration of 10 parts per million (a dilution of 0.000C5"percent
rotenone) in Fountain Lake. The results were very striking, parti-
cularly in Fountain Lake. Many, dead or dying bloodworms ^-ere
soon observed floating on the water, thousands of others ^ere
washed ashore, and the lake bottom was covered with the dead and
deconroosing bodies of the larvae. Thereafter the intery?l be-
tween treatments was based on the life cycle of the species
involved. The control operations mere extremelv effective- against
Chironomus lobif erus, C. cingulatus-, and the Cj_ tenuicaudatus
group of small green midges. These had. been the dominant species
during the summer and fall of 1938. The other Chironomus species
and the Teny tarsus were also very definitely under control.

The species present were: Chironominae — Chironomus lobi-
f erus, C. cingalatus, C. tenuicaudatus , C. so. near tenuicaud-- tus.
C. brachialis Coo. , _C^_ nervosus, C. sp. near nervosus , C. sp.
near pa ganus, C. decorus, Tanytarsus eminulus (We Ik.), and
(Tenypodinae) Frocladius culiciformis (L.), P. choreus (Ueig.),
and Tanypus puntipennis I'eig. Derris wr s not so toxic to Fro-
cladius as. to Chironomus larvae; however, the number of Prc-
cl^ius adults that emerged was kept down very considerabl-y by
measures directed against the pupae. The active pupae tended
to congregate in great numbers in protected places on the lee
shore of the lakes and could be killed there by spraying with
derris or with the nyre thrum-kerosene emulsion that was used for
the control of mosouito breeding.

Chironomus sp.

Euchmann (45) in 1932 described tests with finely pondered
derris oo^'der against larvae. ' Strewed upon n&tef at the rates of
50, 25, 12, and 6 mg. per liter, it killed ell' within -24 hours.
A piece of derris ro^t rut in a breeding gl-^ss containing larvae
killed -them in 6 to 8 hours. An aqueous extract of the root acted
similarly.

-15-

DeBussy et al. (48) in 1936 reported that derris in ^ater
at 1:1,000 (totenone 1:14,000) killed larvae.

Pro clad jus culicif ormis (L.)
P." choreus ' (Meig. )
Tanypus puntipennis Meig.
Tanytarsus eminulus (Walk.)

See also Fellton (35) under Chironomus tenuicaudatus Mall.,
on page 11.

Chloropidae

Chloropisca notata (Zett.) (- cir cum data (Meig.))

DeBussy et al. (48) in 1936 reported that dusting with
derris was ineffective against full-grown flies, but spraying
with derris powder suspended in water (rotenone 1:3,000) was
more successful, elthough not entirely satisfactory.

Nozu (221) in 1939 reported that spraying with nicotine
sulfate kills the larvae in the leaves, and derris insecticides
are also effective.

Oscinis oryzella Mats.

Oguro and Kimure (223) in 1932 recommended a proprietary
derris preparation 'for control, which is very injurious to rice
in Japan,

Culicid"?e

Aedes aegypti (L.) , the yello^*— fever mosquito

The Zanzibar Public Health Department (329) in 1917 tested
Tephrosia vogelii as an insecticide. The fresh green leaves
were pounded in a mortar and made into a pulp. Six half-grown
larvae were' put in a 1— percent solution of this pulp in water.
All were dead in 12 hours.

Aedes excrucians (Walk.)

Ju fitchii (P. & Y.)

A. stimulans ( Walk . )

A. trichurus Dyar (- A^ cinereoborealis (F. &T.))

Gibson (108) in 1929 reported further on derris for mos-
quito, control in Canada. Like pyrethrum, derris when used in
dust form is readily carried away by the wind. The field results
from the use of this material were even less satisfactory than
those from pyrethrum. A large semipermanen-t pool in open country
containing a heavy infestation of mature larvae and some pupae
of these four snecies was dusted with derris at the rate of 5
pounds per acre. At the end of 18 hours many larvae appeared

-14-

sluggish and lacked control of their movements.. In 48 hours
there had been a marked reduction in the numbers. At the end
of 72 hours the reduction in the infestation' as compared with
check pools "?ss notable, the visible' larvae also appearing
rather inactive. In 5 days from the time of applying the der-
ris, however, many larvae and pupae were still oresent and
active-, and adults were emerging. The dusting reduced the
infestation materially but not enough to compare favorably ^ith
the effect of oil.

Aedes vexans (Meig.) (- A^ sylvestris (Theob.))

See Ginsburg et al. 0-12, 113) under Culex pjpiens L., on
page 18 .

G-ibson (106) in 1927 reported that pondered derris root
has lethal properties when used against culicine mosquito larvae.
When dusted on the surface of -water containing larvae of this
species this material, either alone or in combination with an
inert filler, destroyed the larvae in a few hours, even when used
at the r^te of only 2 or 3 pounds of derris to the acre. Gibson
(108) in 1929 reported that pools on the edge of scrubb"- wood-
land and heavily infested ,T,ith mature larvae "ere dusted r'ith
derris',^ 3 rounds to the acre. After 18 hours the larvae appeared
to be as numerous as ever, rnd a considerable proportion were
pupating. In 48 hours most of them had pupated and oil ^as
applied to prevent a possible general emergence. The derris used
in 1928 was not that used in 1927, but both samples worked
eaually well in the laboratory.

T^inn (279) in 1927 reported on mosouito control at Ottawa,
Ontario, Canada. The derris was dusted on the water surface at
the rate of approximately 3 rounds per acre. The larvae died
within, periods' ranging from 45 minutes to more than 7 hours.
They became very feeble before death, lying motionless and
parallel with the surface of the water, moving -"ith difficulty
when rudely disturbed. The pupae died more slowly than the
larvae, sometimes reouiring more than 24 hours. Near Montreal
tests ^ere also made on a shallow pool about 200 feet souare,
with a grass-grown bottom, and containing large numbers of larvae
of Aedes vexans. A mixture of derris and French chalk (l to 4)
was dusted just before sundown on the surface of the wpter by
means of a small hand dust gun, et the rate of 1.5 rounds of
derris to the acre. The material settled '-ell, forming a very
satisfactory film of dust over the entire surface. ^hen examined
16 hours later, a considerable proportion of the larvae were dead
and many of the living revealed the effect of the derris in their
sluggish movements. The pool was not examined again until 60
hours after treatment, wj-,en £i] the larvae were dead, many float-
ing on the surface of the water.

-15-

Aedes sp.

Gi"bson (107) in 1928 reported .that' under' laboratory con-
ditions powdered derris root dusted on the surface of water in
shallow trays at the rate of 15 pounds to the acre of water sur-
face destroyed larvae in 3 to 22 hours and pupae in from 2 to
5 days. In a discussion following the reading of this paper
Ginsburg said: "Last summer [1927] we tested out cube root,
which is a very strong fish poison. It killed fish in pools
within 15 minutes but it didn't kill mosquito larvae for 24
hours, and then only a small percentage of them. The same
material killed larvae in the laboratory within a few hours."

Anopheles annularis V. d. Wulp.

Wats end Singh (308) in 1937 tested extracts of Derris
elliptica Benth. , L\_ scendens Benth. , and _D. uliginosa Benth.
against mosouitoes. Various plants were extracted with alcohol,
ether, chloroform, or kerosene, end likewise tested; the method
of Sinton and Wats (Rec. Malaria Survey India 5 (3): 275. 1935)
was used. Anopheles annularis or A. subp ictus Gressi was used for
the test insect., One cc. of the undiluted test solution was
sprayed into the' test chembdr with a No. 15 De Vilbiss sprayer.
Twenty-five mosquitoes wore introduced into the chamber and
collected after 30 minutes' exposure. These insects were then
put into a mosquito cage and placed in a dark room for 24 hours
under the same conditions as a number of i control insects. The
results were read immediately after collection to note the
number of insects flying, and after 24 hours to record the numbers,
dead and moribund. The results in all cases ^ere much, inferior
to those with the standard mosquitocide (l cc. of 1-percent
solution of pyrocide 20 in kerosene) . A crystalline substance,
m.p. 274-275''J C, isolated from Derris scandens, was also tested.
A 40-percent solution of an ethereal extract, . sprayed ihto the
test chamber before and after introduction of the mosquitoes,
gave a mortality of only about 60 perpent. The ether-soluble
parts of derris (containing 5 percent. rotenone) obtained from a
reliable American firm w?s similarly tested but found to be no
better.

Anopheles hyrcanus var. sinensis (Wied.)

West and Russell (315) in 1932 reported experiments with
various toxic substances partially absorbed on charcoal as a
larvicide for a.nopheline mosouitoes. Rotenone, adsorbed 0.4
percent on charcoa.1, w£S tested on third and fourth instars.
of this s-oecies and of Anopheles subp ictus Grassi. A mortality
of 34 percent was obtained at the end of 24 hours. The authors
concluded that rotenone en ch?rcoal does not have any greater
potency than paris green, Hiich is less expensive.

-16-

Anopheles maculipennis Meig.

Roman and Netien (243) in 1939 reported tests "dth derris
ponder and rotenone «n mosquito larvae: Anopheles maculipennis
Meig., Culex hortensis Fie, and Culex pjpiens L. The po-ders
vere scattered, without moistening, over the surface of the
water containing the larvae. Rotenone is especially toxic
'•'hen in^estc-d by larvae.

Anopheles pseudopunctipennis Theob.

Wille et al. (322) in 1937 reported that in preliminary
tests cube root containing 5 percent of rotenone had no effect
on the larvae after 15 hours when used at a concentration that
killed fish in 30 minutes.

Anopheles subp ictus Grassi

See Wats and- Singh (308) under Anopheles annularis V. d.
Wulp. on page 15, and West and Russell (315) under A. hyr-.anus
var. sinensis (Tied.) on page 15.

Anopheles sp.

Strickland (265) in 1913 reported that derris was being
tried for killing anopheline larvae in Malaya.

West and Russell (314) in 1932 reported the results of
tests of larvicides for anopheline mosouitqes in the Philip-
nines. The action of mixtures of paris green with various
materials partly adsorbed on charcoal '"fre tested on mosouito
larvae. Paris green, 0.2-percent concentration, ^ith rotenone
hydrobromide, 0.4-percent concentration, killed 76 percent of
the larvae at the end of -24 hours. A mixture of 0.05 percent
of paris green, 0.1 percent of arsenic trioxide, 0.1 percent
of derris root, and 0.3 percent of borax killed 22 percent of
the larvae, and a. mixture of 0.05 percent of paris green, 0.1
percent of arsenic trioxide, 0.2 percent of derris root, and
0.3 percent of borax killed 84 percent of the larvae, at the
end of 24 hours.

According to Van der Laan (166) in 1936, this species ^as
somewhat sensitive to derris*

Corethra sp.

Danneel (66) in 1933 reported that Corethra larvae were
uninjured after 24 hours in solutions of rotenone of 0.001-
percent concentration (10 p. p.m.).

-17-

Culex hortensis Fie.
•v

See Roman and Netien (243) tinder Anopheles maculipennis
on page l6. '

Culex piniens L. , the northern house mosquito

See Roman and Netien (243) under Anopheles maculipennis
on page 16 .

According to Gimlet te (ill) in 1923, H. E. Durham in
England found in 1902 that larvae of Culex pjpjens died in less
than 16 hours (pupae in less than 24 hour if with solutions of
1:1,000, 1:2,000, and 1:5,000 of whole root of derris; with
1:10,000 the larvae -were killed in 20 hours and the pupae in 24
hours. A solution of 1:1,000 of the extract is enough to make
the water cloudy.

Gibson (107) in 1928 reported that in an experiment con-
ducted at Hawkesbury, Ontario, Canada, tfhen the pondered derris
root was dusted on the surfare of the polluted pools of water
heavily infested, at the rate of 30 pounds per acre of water
surface, 97 percent of the larvae were destroyed in 48 hours
and 100 percent in 72.

Shepard (249) in 1931 tested the relative toxicity of
rotenone and nicotine to mosouito larvae. In thdse experiments
the rotenone was- first dissolved in 95-percent alcohol. This
alcoholic stock solution was made at a strength of 0.25 gm. in
100 cc. It was necessary to warm" the mixture somewhat in a
water 'bath in order. to dissolve the rotenone entirely. On
dilution with' distilled water a stable milky suspension resulted.
Both rotenone and nicotine were tested in duplicate at the same
concentratinn on the same day. All the tests were made as
ouickly as possible. The spray mixtures were made fresh -each
day. Rotenone at 0.01 percent without spreader killed 34.5
percent of mosouito larvae immersed for l/2 hour in the sus-
pension, as compared "ith a kill of 10.5 percent obtained with
nicotine under the same conditions.

Campbell, ' Sullivan, end Smith (55) in 1933 determined the
relative toxicity of nicotine, anabasine, and other alkaloids,
and of rotenone for culicine mosouito larvae, Culex pi'oiens L.
and C. territans Walk. These tests against mosouito larvae
showed that rotenone is much more toxi? than nicotine. Although
Shepard also found thr t rotenone is more toxic than nicotine
for mosouito larvae, he did not do justice to rotenone, "because
he compared the two compounds at only one concentration, 0.1
gm. per liter (1:10,000). As shown by these authors, nicotine
is hot effective at concentrations slightly below 0.1 gm. r>er

-18-

et 0.1 gram per liter.
"liter, whereas rotenone is as effective at 0.005 gm. per liter as it is/

Campbell, Sullivan, Smith, and Haller ( 56) in 1934 found
that rotenone at 1:100,000 killed 46 out of 50 mosauito larvae
( Culex pipiens, G_. territans, and C« ouinouefascietus) in 20
hours, and at 1:200,000 it killed 47. The higher concentration
killed half the larvae in 151 minutes, as compared with 272 min-
utes for the lower concentration.

The larvae o^ Culex pipiens L. and of Aedes vexans (Meig.)
("A. sylvestris (Theo'b.)) were used "by Ginsburg, Schmitt, and
&ra.net t (112, 113) in 1934 to test the insecticidal value of
various derris extracts. A fresh supply of larvae was collected
daily during the testing period and "brought 5nto the laboratory.
The very young larvae were either entirely removed or were not
counted in the final results. Only larvae of substantial size,
apparently fr<3m 3 to 5 days old, were used. This precaution was
taken "because it had been found previously that the very young
larvae are more readily killed by toxic chemicals than are older
ones. Furthermore, the young larvae are more sensitive to sud-
den changes of either media or atmosphere, as would inevitably
be brought about by transferring from field to laboratory con-
ditions. About 50 larvae were transferred to large porcelain
dishes containing 500 cc. of mixed ditch water and tap ^eter.
The de?ired amount of extract in various dilutions was then
added from a pipette and was stirred in with a glass rod. After
24 hours the dead and living larvae '"ere counted. Several dishes
were run for each test in order to obtain a minimum of about 200
larvae. Preliminary tests showed that acetone extracts of derris
root are very toxic to mosauito larvae. Dilutions equivalent to
1 gm. of derris root in 10,000 parts »f water or lower invariably
produced a 100-percent kill of larvae and could not be used for
comparative tests, therefore only dilutions ranging from 1:10,000
to 1:80,000 were run in this experiment.. At dilutions of 10,000
20,000, and 40,000 the kill '-as equally high for all the extracts
(except No. 7), ranging from 85 to 100 percent. A^ dilutions of
80,000 the water extracts proved considerably lower in toxicity
than either the alcohol or the acetone extract. Pure rotenone
proved much inferior to the extracts in toxicity to mosauito
larvae. Dilutions of 1 part of rotenone to 1,000,000 and
2,000,000 parts of water gave 50 and 10 percent kills, respecti-
vely, while acetone extracts containing similar concentrations
of rotenone gave 92 and 96 percent kills, respectively. The
results of toxicity tests of various derris extracts to mos-
quito larvae were as follows:

-19-

Extract

Process of

Dilution in

Apprpxima te

Total

Kill after

No.

extraction

gin. of root

dilutions in

larvae

24 hours

gm. of rotenone

Number

Percent

1

Soxhlet

1:10,000

1: 250,000

268

100

acetone

20,000

500,000

290

95

40,000

1,000,000

386

92

80,000

2,000,000

205

80

2

Soaked iri

1:10,000

1: 250,000

—

acetone

: 20,000

500 , 000

271

98

40,000

1,000,000

286

85

80,000 .

2,000,000

211

76

4

Soaked in

1:20,000

280

95

alcohol

40,000

286

90

80,000

329

73

5&

Cold water

1:10,000

208

99

20,000

216

100

40,000

'"b

433

94

80,000

290

51

6

Hot water

1:10,000

226 •

100

20,000

, 284

99

40,000

,

346

86

80 , 000

281

51

7

Mixture of

1:10,000

208

93

acetone and

20 , 000

284

90

veter

40,000

368

74

80\000

228

46

15

F-ure rotenone

1: 250,000

292

92

dissolved 'i

.n

500 , 000

297

79

acetone

800,000

213

70

.

1,000,000

321

50

2,000,000

265

10

Check (average from several series of tests)

880

The secondary extracts from the alcohol end acetone residues
ranked ve*v low in toxicity, ^n the other hand, the. -toxicity of
the secondary extract from the water residue "as practically as
high at dilutions of 20,000 and 10,000 as were the primary extracts.
The results of toxicity tests of secondary extracts of derris-root
residue to mosnuito larvae '"pre as follows:

-20-

Extra

ft

Extraction D

ilution in

Total K:

111 afer 24

No.

proces

s gm. of root

larvae

hours

Number

Percent

9

Residue

from

1:10,000

294

99

meter reex-

20,000

220

90

tracted

"ith

40^000

244

70

acetone

80,000

251

27

10

Residue

from

1: 200

274

92

acetone

reex-

400

292

90

tr acted

T-i th

800

229

92

^eter

1,600

242

48

12

Residue

from

1: 400

232

94

alcohol

reex-

800 •

229

83

tracted

with

1,600

221

51

water

Check

qu:

262

0

Culex

Lnauefasci

.etus

Say, the r-on

.thern house

mosoui to

See #«mr>bell et al. (56) under Culex piriens on page 17.

Badertscher and Wotherspoon (13) in 1935 compared the stabil-
ity of treated derris and. pyre thrum ponders "ith that of untreated
powders. Tests were made on several insects, including fourth
instars of this species. Exposure to a light from a Uviarc mer-
cury vapor leirro operating on 116 volts ^ith a current of 4.8
amperes and 450 ^atts for 24 hours destroyed about half the toxic-
ity of a derris ponder containing 6 percent of rotenone and 18
percent of acetone extractives. Treated -oowders (treatment not
described) prolonged the life of these nowders ^hen mi^osed, to
light. The authors concluded "(l) That derris powder reouires
at least twice as long as pyre thrum to lose most of its toxicity
^hen exposed to the action of air anr> sunlight in the summer time.
(2) Tenet the rapidity of the loss of toxicity in pyrethrum powder
and in derris powder is largely directly dependent on the intensity
and duration of the light, (3) That derris povder loses its toxi-
city relatively much more slowly than does pyrethrum nowder '•hen
exposed to air in the absence of direct light, (4) That treated
derris powder after exposure to light and air shows an efficiency
from 34 to 93 percent greater then untreated derris ponder
similarly exnosed,"

Eink and Haller (89) in 1935 reported on the relative toxi-
city to fourth instars of culicine mosquitoes (principally this
species) of optically active and inactive rotenone derivatives.
The optically active form? -err more toxic than the corresponding
optically inactive forms. The order of toxicity was active

-21-

dihydrodeguelin > rotenone > active isorotenone (= inactive
d ihydrorotenone) > deguelin > inactive isorotenone. Comparisons
were m-:de by plotting concentration (rag. oer liter) against
the reciprocal of the mean time (minutes) to kill 50 percent
of the larvae. The authors "believed that the toxicity of der-
ris extractives can be attributed pertly to the optically active
deguelin known to be present.

^oke (324) in 1938 showed that the toxicity of finely
powdered rotenone to mosquito larvae is not altered to a demon-
strable extent after 18 hours of incubation in the dark at 29° G.

with the/'contents of the digestive tract of the southern armywDrm.
/•various tissues or "with the

Phillips and Swingle (234) in 1940 reported on the rearing
of mosouito larvae of Culex ouinquefascietus Say at Sanford, Fla. ,
and the effect of diet on their resistance to rotenone and
nicotine. The percentage of kill after 18 hours by rotenone at
5 p. p. m. ranged from 15 to 91 percent, according to the diet.
Of larvae collected in the field, 72 percent were killed by 5
p. p. m. of rotenone and 78 percent by 100 -p. p. m. of nicotine.

Culex territans ^elk.

See Campbell et al. (56) under Culex pipiens L. on -page 17.

Culex sp.

Campbell (50) in 1932 published a critical review of the
recently published literature on the insecticidel value of
rotenone and of much unpublished data obtained by Federal and
Stete entomologists. The action of rotenone on Culex sp. as
determined by Davidson (67) in 1930 and by Sheperd (249) in 1931
was reviewed.

Corbett, entomologist for the Federated Malay States Depart-
ment of Agriculture (82) in 1934 reported that the effect of derris
solutions on larvae of Calex sp . was tried, and. comparative tests
with nicotine sulfate were also carried out.

Miller (204) in 1935 described tests on various insects,
including Culex larvae, for the evaluation of different species
of Derris. Larvae of Culex sp. in 500 cc. of water were treated
with 1 cc. of an aaueous solution of D. elliptice at a concen-
tration of 1 kg. of root to 25 liters of ^ater, and 94 oercent
of them were dead after 4 days.

Stegomyia so .

Worsley (326) in 1934 reported that tests on mosquito larvae
(10 in each test) of this species yielded the following results:

-22-

Letvae deed efter —

Materiel

Dilution

1 /.our

24 hours

Number

.~ber

Crude ter>hrosin

1:100,000
1:250,000
1:500,000

Alcoholic extract of 1:300
Tephrosia vogelii seedsl:500

1:750

Alcoholic extract of 1:100
Tephrosia vogelii 1:250
leaves 1 : 500

Water extract of 1:100
Teuhrosie vogel'ij- 1:250
leaves

■ 8

10

1

4

0

0

8

10

2

4

0

1

9

10

4

5

0

0

4

10

0

5

Theobaldia annuleta (Schrank)

According to G-imlette (ill), writing in 1923, H. E. Durham
found in England in 1902 that larvae '"ere killed in a 1:40,000 sus-
pension of the dried Doddered crude root of Derris elliptica. A
solution of 1:10,000 killed the larvae in 29 hours and the pupae in
from 24 hours to 3 or 4 days.

Culicidae (unidentified spn.)

Daniels (65_) in 1905 ^rote th?t e fragment of crushed fresh
derris root cen be used effectively under all circumstances under
which kerosene can be used to destrov mosouito larvae.

Tattersfield and Roach (271) in 1923 reported work on derris
done by Durham between 1902 and 1907. He found mosouito larvae and
puoae to be usefully susceptible test insects.

De Ong and White (71) in 1924 reported that a commercial der-
ris extract of 16-percent concentration diluted 1:500, added to
mosquito-infested water, killed 65 percent of the larvae but had
no effect on the pupae. The pondered derris root (undiluted)
sprinkled on the surface of the ^ater killed 90 percent of the
larvae in 2 to 4 hours.

Castillo (59) in 1926 reported the results of studies on the
insecticidal -properties of three species of -Derris gro-in^ in the
Philippines, namely, D. nolyenthe Perk. , D. v> ulir-ninensis Merr.,
and D. ellvptica Benth. The roots -ere cut into thin trensverse
slices and dried in an oven at 40° C. until the "eight remained
ffirly constant. The dried material pps then comminuted in a
mortar and the po^derin^; finally conrleted in a meet grinder. The
fine powder ^as separated from the fibers by sifting through fine-
meshed cloth. On mosouito larvae the most effective concentrations

•&cr-

of De ris phi.lippinensis in "bringing about the highest percentage
of deaths in the shortest time -was 3:1,000. Solutions either
more dilute or more concentrated then 3:1,000 were less effective.
Concentrations of 1:1,000 killed 19 percent of the larvae in 5
days; lower concentrations showed no effect at all. A concent-
ration of 3:1,000 or higher retained its toxicity against mos-
quito larvae 13 to 16 days, Against both mosquito larvae and
aphids, Derris polyantha was more effective than either of the
other two species. In aqueous solutions it showed its superiority
against 'both insects (l) in bringing about the highest percentage
of deaths, (2) in the short time it reouired to kill, and (3) in
the retention of its viralence. Derris polyantha retained its
virulence in water and 'as toxic to mosquito larvae for 13 to 16
days. Derris elliptica and D. philippinensis "'ere toxic for only
1 to 2 days.

Durham (78) in 1926 gsve an interesting account of his early
i,"ork with derris, '"hich he regarded as essentially a stomach
poison. Field trials started in the Malay States in 1902 showed
it to be a potent agent for the destruction of mosquito larvae.

Kelsall et al. (159) in 1926 reported that derris, at approxi-
mately 1 -pound oer 100 imperial gallons, added to a large tank of
water verv heavily. infested with mosauito larvae, killed all the
larvae in 3 or 4 days.

The Canada Experimental Farms, Division of Chemistry (57) in
1927 stated that derris had been found very effective as an agent
in mosquito-control work.

In 1929 the I^oerial Institute (146) reported the results of
tests made by the Entomological Branch of the Department of Agri-
culture in Nigeria, Africa, with TephrosiF vogelii. An aqueous
extract of the leaves ^as tested on mosquito larvae, but the larvre
thrived even in strong solutions. Adult mosquitoes seemed tb be
attracted to the extract for oviposition.

Davidson (67) in 1930 reported that when pure rotenone dis-
solved in acetone was added to a tub of ,-'ater to give a rotenone
concentration of 1:1,150,000, from 98 to 99 percent of the culicine
larvae "ere killed within 5 days, the eggs present hatched, and the
resultant larvae died "dthin 2 days. Rotenone at 1:2,300,000 killed
95 percent of the larvae in 6 days, but the remainder transformed
into pupae, the eggs present hatched, and 20 percent of the resultant
larvae survived. Larvae and eggs in untreated tubs showed no ab-
normal mortality.

Fulmer (90) in 1930 wrote that derris destroyed mosquito larvae
when apT)lie«5t at the rate of 1 pound to each 1,000 imperial gallons
of the mater in which the larvae a: e present.

-24-

Danneel (65) ljn 1933 reported that 7 hours tes necessary to
Ccuse loss of motion in mosruito. larvae In solutions of rotenone of
0.001 percent concentration (10 p. t>. ir..).

Gnadinger (117) in 1933 cited unpublished work hy Ginsburg
which indicates that the -oyrethrins ere more toxic than rotenone
to mosouitoes.

Jones et el. (156) in 1933 reoorted on the loss in toxicity
to insects of deoosits of rotenone and related materials when
exoosed to light. Rotenone, dihydrorotenone, rotenone hydro-
chloride, rotenone-bentonite (1:1), rotenone-lampblack (1:1),
ground derris root, and powdered derris extract "-ere each made
into a paste with water and painted heavily on weighed, glass slides.
After the deposits had dried the slides were weighed again. Or.e
group of slides was exposed to direct sunlight for 10 days during
April and May, a second group to sunlight for 20 days, a third
group to arc light for 240 hours, a fourth group", of the three pure
compounds only, to arc light for 480 hours, and a fifth group ^as
kept in the dark at room temperatures. The deposits on these
•slides mere tested ageinst culicine mosquito larvae and goldfish
to determine the percentage loss of toxicity resulting from
exposure to light. In all cases the exposed deposits were decidedly
less toxic than the unexposed and, with one exception, the loss of
toxicity increased vith increasing exposure. Rotenone, rotenone-
bentonite, derris root, derris extract, and rotenone hydrochloride
lost more than half of their toxicity during 10 days' exoosure to
sunlight. Their toxicity was practically destroyed by the exposure
to arc light. Since dihydrorotenone lost only One-fourth to one-
third of its toxicity during- the first 10 days' exposure to sunlight
it was distinctly more resistant to detoxication during this period
than rotenone. At the end of 20 days in sunlight, however, and afte:
exoosure to arc light, it had lost toxicity to about the same extent
as rotenone-. Lampblack markedly reduced the loss of toxicity of
rotenone during .the first 10 days' exposure to sunlight and pre-
vented further loss during the last 10 days. It also -rave some pro-
tection to rotenone under arc light. Neither bentonite nor the
substances' Occurring ^ith rotenone in powered derris root and derrii
extract protected rotenone from loss of toxicity. The unexposed
powdered derris extract containing about 25 percent of rotenone "»as
as toxic to mosouito .larvae as pure rotenone. It -as sho^n thrt the
photochemical decomposition of -dry rotenone, which results in loss
of its toxicity to insects and fish, does not take piece in the
absence of oxygen. .

Spoon (257) in 1933 reported tests of rotenone as en insecticidi
in Holland and stated that rotenone appeared to have no value agains'
full-grown mosauitoes.

Turner (278) in 1933 recorded tests of insecticides against
mosquito larvae in Connecticut. Preliminary tests made in 1931
showed that the use of rotenone with fuel oil ""as not so effective

-25-

es pyre thrum. Rotenone in suspension "as also lo^er in toxicity
then anticipated. Moreover, rotenone is kno^n to be highly toxic
to fish end, therefore*, "£s dropped from consideration.

Worsley (326) in 1934 reported that an alcoholic extract of
tephrosin is ss effective against mosouitoes and similar insects
as pyre thrum if the insects' ere actually hit with it.

Tischler (275) in 1935 studied the mechanism of horr derris
kills insects. Studies on the heart rates of various insects in-
cluding mosauito larvae shored that the rate of pulsation was
markedly decreased before the insects exhibited incoordineted move-
ments. Derris inhibits oxygen utilization by the tissues and its
detrimental effects are general rather than specific to any organ,

Feyteud and Lapparent (87) in 1936 published the following
formula for a mosouito spray: Cube ponder or derris ponder 10 gm.
and pyre thrum ponder 10 gm., is macerated in 100 gm. of a. mixture
of eoual parts of terpinolene and orthodichlorobenzene or carbon
tetrachloride for 5 days ^ith frequent agitation, then the. product
is filtered and a perfume is added, for example, 10 percent of
"terpens de citronelle."

Phillips (233) in 1938 reported a study of the effect of 13
diets on the resistance of mosouito larvae to nicotine, rotenone,
andphenothiazine . By feeding various diets to different croups of
larvae it was possible to cause e variation o^ .75 percent resulting
from nicotine enrl rotenone in the mortality -of fourth insters. The
variation in the results from ohenothiazine was not so great,
because in most cases the concentration used was high enough to cause
complete mortality. In general, the better diets caused more rapid
growth and resulted in nor'" resistant larvae. The diets did not have
the same effect, hc-ever, with all three insecticides — in other words,
the larvae most resistant to rotenone were not the most resistant
to nicotine or ohenothiazine.

Sullivan, Phillips, and McC-ovran (268) in 1938 reported that
^n extract of the fruit of the Amur cork tree ( P he 1 1 c d e nd r on
amurense) w?s more toxic to mosauito larvae than ^es a derris
stend.srd containing 5.2 percent of rotenone.

Thomssen and Doner (274) in 1938 reviewed published information
on fly control for livestock and mentioned rotenone for the control
of mosquito larvae.

The Division of Control Investigations of the Pureau of Entomology
and Plant Quarantine, United States Department of Agriculture (292),
in Pehruary 1938 reported tests ^ith derris as follows:

Concentration Mortality of fourth instars after

o . p . m . 18 hours ■

. ■ Hot exposed Exp :>sed

Percent Percent

20 40~~ 11

50 94 53

-26-

The seme Division (293) , in May. 1938, reported results of tests
with dcrris and cube on fourth insters es follows:

Material Dosage per sq. cm. Mortality in 18

hours

Percent

98

100

100

100

27

91

28

100

0

67

39

100

Cube (rotenone 4.4 20 95

percent; total extractives 100 98

20.7 percent) 20 100

100 100

Micrograms

Derris (rotenone

20

5.4 -percent; total

100

extractives 15.5

20

percent

100

Derris-talc (rotenone

20

1 percent)

100

20

100

Derris-talc (rotenone

20

0.5 percent)

100

20

100

H. A. Jones (153) in 1939 reported the presence of alkaloids in
cube root (0.08 and 0.40 -oercent in t^o specimens), timbo root (0.15
percent), end derris root (0.02 percent). The alkaloidel material
was nontoxic to mosouito larvae at a concentration of 1:10,000.

An anonymous writer (8) in 1941 reported that the name "Indalone"
had been registered as the trade mark of the solvent alpha, alpha-
dimethyl-alpha'-carbobutoxy-gamna-dihydropyrone, -hich was developed
for use in liquid contact insecticides as a solvent for derris-root
extractives. ¥/hen used in this way, it has the property of increasing
the insecticidal effectiveness of the ingredients dissolved in it and
of holding derris extractives in solution in the commonly used base
oils. Indalone is a powerful insectifuge and repels the common winged
insects, to which it appears to have an obnoxious taste. Because of
this high repellency, it is especially suitable for cattle sprays and
mosquito lotions.

Drosophilidae

Drosophila «\mpelophila (Loew.), a pomace fly

Patterson (227) in 1 935 published the indices of toxicity of a

-27^

number of poisons when fed to adult fruitflies. Three feeding media
or "baits were used, (l) apple sirup, (2) molasses, and (3) cane
sugar-glycerine. The apnle sirup and molasses were of ordinary com-
mercial grade. .They ?ere diluted with tap "rater before the poisons
^ere added; the apple" sirup 'end molasses to concentrations 0^ 12.5
oercent, and the cane and sugar-glycerine to 5-percent c&ne sugar and
2.5 percent glycerine. Poisons were all comparer* at 6 concentrations,
1:200, 1:400, 1:800, 1:1,600, 1:3, 200, and 1:6,400. A wad of cotton
wool was thoroughly soaked in each of the poisoned "baits and the ex-
cess liquid squeezed out. Finally each wad mas placed in the "bottom
of a shell vial of about 20 cc. capacity and 10 flies ™ere intro-
duced. After being loosely stoppered with cotton wool the vials
"•^ere set away. Vials "ith unpoisoned baits ^ere included as con-
trols. All tests were in duplicate, so 20 flies ^ere used at each
concentration f or /f%g^rj^«' medium. Dead flies '--ere 'recorded daily for
a week when the test was concluded. ;Derrisine gave an index of toxi-
dity'of 20.4 in apple sirup, 29.3 in molasses, and 59.2 in the cane
sugar-glycerine mixture. The -corresponding values for Derrisol were
0.4, 0.7, and 2.0. Hotenone in cane sugar— glycerine gave an index
of toxicity of 7.7. The mosttoxic material was S.S-dinittfo-orthocresol,
^hich gave indices of -toxicity of 99.1, 95.8, and 91.6, respectively,
in the 3 baits. PowcLered derris gave a toxicity index of 6.4 in the
cane sugar-glycerine mixture, rrherees derris extract in glycerine
(1:5) i"8s without toxicity.

Drosophila sp.

The adults ^ere used by the Federated Malay States Department of
Agriculture (83) .in 1936 to test the toxic value of derris extracts.

Craufurd-Benson (^34) in 1938 reported that larvae are not sus-
ceptible to a derris preparation when dipped in it. '

Hip-ooboscidae

Pseudolynchia canariensis (Macq.), the pigeon fly

Bishopp (27) in 1929 reported that derris po-der ^as nearly as
effective as pyrethrum powder. From one to three oinches of the
powder, depending on the si?e of the bird, ^hen scattered among the
feathers destroyed all flies present. T^o proprietary extracts of
derris root used at .the rate of 1/2 ounce and 2 ounces to the gallon
also gave a complete kil'll The slight staining of the feathers from
the pyrethruii extract, especially on Hiite birds, might be somewhat
objectionable. The derris products do not stain.

lAelophegus ovinus.(L.). the sheep tick

Wille et al. (322) in 1937 reported on the use of cube in dins
against M. ovinus in Peru. In 1935 more than 300,000 sheep ■"ere treated

, -28-

*~ith cube dip in the Juriin area, and 150,000 in that of Funo. The
dips r-ere obtained either from an extract prepared by soaking the
chopped: roots in ^ater 48 hours, or from a ponder ground so fine
that 85 percent passed a 0.074 mm. -mesh sieve. In 1936 J. F. Mitchell
stated that the ponder yielded a dip that was more saponaceous, and
therefore penetrated better, than" that from the extract. Dips made
,-ith the powder did not keep more than. 48 hours, ^hereas those made
v-ith the extract kept a week. The addition of 1/2 pound of soa-n per
100 gallons vjps recommended, and also that of 1/2 pound of sodium
carbonate to counteract the hardness of the ^ter. For complete con-
trol of the -oare sites, sheep usually reouired 2 dips, ~uth about a
fortnight interval, twice a year, except in serious infestations, "-hen
a third pair of dips wes necessary. The effective concentrations of
ground cube root containing1 6. "8* percent of rotenone,. and of extract
containing 5.5 percent of rotenone verc , respectively, 1:2,000 and
1:10,000. ^e ground root and the extract --'ere eoualiy effective and
'-ere in no vay inferior to other dips.

■•-■'. f

Edwards (79) in 1938, in e popular account -of rotenone-containing
insecticides, stated that they are effective against the sheep ked.

Stewart (264) in 1039 reported tests of 5 dips for the control of
ticks on sheep in Scotland; (A) A plain derris din (solution of
derris extract), (3) derris-carbolic paste, (C) derris-carbolic— ^ogI fa1
p?ste, (D) arsenic-carbolic paste, and (3§) a commercial tick-dip (High-
land Tick Paste containing both arsenic and- derris). Those derris dips
that did not contain arsenic possessed negligible tick-deterrent pro-
perties. It r^as found that such dips are efficient tick-killing a-ents,
but under the conditions of the above test thev showed little -value
as repellents. -his finding is not in agreement r-ith the results of
critical small-scale tests, and MacLeod suggests (in a personal com-
munication to 3. C. Hoark) that the discrepance lies in the difference
in immersion time. The average hill shepherd immerses his sheep for
something less thFn 15 seconds. The duration of the actual immersion
period appears to be more important ™ith derris than ^ith other dips.
The most satisfactory dip reported by Ste^rt proved to be dip E,
nhich showed a marked deterrent effect 2 <-ee!:s after use. Dusting
r.ovrly born lambs tfith a derris preparation gp^e better results than
dipping in a diluted derris extract, or tr atir.g with an oily smear
containing derris.

The New Zealand Department of Scientific and. Industrial Research
(218) in 1940 reported th~t sheep-dip investigations on sheer) infested
T"ith keds and lice, and treated in dips. of "vsrious compositions, in-
dicated that all the prepr rations containing arsenites, phenols, ar.d
rotenone ^ere effective against adtilt keds, but in order to be thoroughl
effective the toxic influence should-be protracted long enough to deal
also with the keds that emerge from the pupae. Incomplete trials
indicated that derris possesses value for riving this delayed action.

-29-

Itonididae (= Cecidomyidae)

"Cecidomia negri"

According to the Etablissements Rote.nia in 1938, in a letter to
R. C. Roark, "Cecidomia negri" [ Lestremia . nigra Blanchard may "be
intended] on pear trees was mitigated by a product 'containing 12 per-
cent of powdered Lonchocarpus nicou root (6 percent rotenone) and
88 percent of talcum,

Contarinia nasturtii Kief fer

Leefmans (172) in 1938 reported that deformed heart of cabbage
and cauliflower due to infestation by this species has caused con-
siderable loss in northern Holland since it was first observed in
1897. "The adults were found to bo sensitive, to derris and pyrethrum
dusts. Headed cabbage must be sprayed twice a week, but in slight
infestation of cauliflower one application weekly may suffice. Derris
may be recommended as a dust insecticide, but spraying with a strong
jet is more effective, as it tends to wash away both larvae and eggs.

.Contarinia pyrivora (Riley) , the pear midge

The University of Bristol Agricultural and Horticultural Research
Station (59) in 1936 reported that field. trials to test the efficacy
of a preblossom derris spray for control were defeated by the severe
late frosts at two centers." At the third the results were not satis-
factory.

DeBussy et al. (48) in 1936 reported that the maggots are not
affected by derris and results against the adults were unsatisfactory.

Contarinia tritici (Kby.)

Yuasa (528) in 1936 reported that sprays containing either nicotine
sulfate or derris were effective for control of the wheat midge.

Muhlow and Sjoberg (208 3 in 1937 reported on control of the wheat
gall midges. No reduction in infestation was observed when plots
were dusted heavily with 'pyrethrum powder or derris or sprayed with a
solution, of rotenone.

Dasynura mali Kief fer

The Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station (199) in 1937
reported that for control of the leaf-curling midge on apple derris
extract, summer-oil emulsion, and lime-sulfur were about equally
efficient in reducing the number of curled leaves and were more ef-
fective than nicotine sulfate and a combination of soluble and in-
soluble nicotine. Throe and four applications were generally more
effective than one or two treatments, and this is significant because

-30-

the trees receiving three and four sprays ™ere nearer the most heevily
infested unsprayed trees. Spraying caused a reduction of 55 to 85 (200)
percent in the number of infested tips. In 1938 this st-^ ticn/reported-
thr-t lettable cube ponder containing 3.65 percent of rotenone, used
r-t the rate of 6 pounds in 100 gallons, with the addition of 3 pounds
of '-ater-soluble diglycol stearate max as a spreader and sticker,
applied to Mcintosh and Richard 3-yeer-old trees ^fs the most effective
treatment. In experiments against the second generation nicotine sul-
fate 1:800 plus molasf-es 3 percent ^ss the most effective treatment
and reduced the infestation 48 percent on Golden Delicious. The cube-
vra.x mixture was good and averaged the best for both series. It was
concluded th?t spraying alone is n:t a -oractical means of cembrting this
species.

Diprthrononyia hypogac^ (Locr'<), the chrysanthemum gall midge

Penick and Co. (230) in 19?3 reported that F^liefurie (<mhich con-
tains both pyrethrum and derris extracts), diluted 1:400 with rater,
gave an average mortality of 89 percent after 48 hours.

wionarthronelpus buxi Lab., the boxwood leafminer

Hamilton (131) in 1925 reported tests made in 1922 with Derrisine,
a commercial preparation of derris. Derrisine diluted 1:5^0 was
applfed in a mixture of bleckstrar, molasses, 1 part to 4 parts of
v,atcr.' Both nicotine sulfate and free nicotine gave better control-
then the Derrisine.

Turner (2^7) in 1932 reported that rotenone had. not been effective
in preventing injury.

Mycodiplosis alternate Frlt

Felt and Bromley (86) in 1Q39 reported on the life history and
control of the dogwood, club-gall midge. In 1938 a spray of 4 pounds
of rosin-residue enulsion and 4 pounds of cube ponder to 100 gallons
of 'mater was used, the applications being made ]Aey 14, 18, and 28,
and. June 14, and a badly infested tree in the tree garden showed no
nt" galls on July 7, end only eight on October 10, indicating material
reduction -'ith this treatment.

Thecodiplosis mosellana (Gehin), the wheat mi

Yuasa (328) in 1936 reported that sprays containing nicotine
sulfate or derris mere effective for the control of adults of
( Si todiplosis) Thecodiplosis nopollana (Gehin) .

Muhlo" and Sjoberg (208) in 1937 reported on the control of th
wheat -11 midges. No reduction "in infestation was observed '-hen
plots '-'ere dusted heavily with pyrrthrum oowder or derris, or sprayed
'-ith a solution of rotenone against (Clin dairies is) Thecodiplosis
mosellana (Gehin) .

-31-

Muscidae

Siphon? irritens (L.), the hornfly

The Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station ( 183) in 1925
reported that Derrisinc in a fish-oil-soap emulsion of red-pine oil!
was effective in controlling or repelling hornflies on cattle.

E. W. Laeke, of the Dallas, Tex.., If- Moratory of the Bureau of
Entomology end Plant Quarantine, United States Department of Agri-
culture, in e typewritten report to the Division of Insects Affecting
Man and animals in 1936, reported that p ordered cube root, rotenone
concentrate, and man'- other materials ^ere ineffective as repellents.

Bruce (43,44) in 1940 reported results of tests on the medication
of cattle for the control of larvae in the droppings. The general
idee was to feed the cattle certain chemicals, which would pass out
in the droppings and render them toxic to the lervae. The most
effective meterial tested was rotenone. Doeses of C.4 gm. per
hundredweight killed all larvae in the dropoings for approximately
30 hours.

Musca domestica L., the housefly _

See Doty (76_) under Stomoxys calci trans (L.) on page 49 .

Mclndoo, Sievers, and Abbott (193) in 1919 reported the results
of tests of derris powder; In cage tests, where flies were dusted
in ordinary flytraps about 10 inches high, all were dead or inactive
"ithin 24 hours. In room tests, where the powder was freely blown
into the air and all parts of the room with a small hand dust gun,
all the flies "ere dead at the end of 16 hours. In one test several
hundred flies "ere liberated in a room that had "been thoroughly dusted

days before. Very fe1" active flies were to "be seen 24 hours later
and on the second day only 3 or 4 "were living.

Kelsall et el. (159) in 1926. reported the results of tests in
which derris at the rate of 5 pounds per 100 imperial gallons of
rater was sprayed on the flies. The sprey was shot at them "both
while they were resting and while thev were on the ring. Such flies
became restless almost immediately and began cleaning themselves
vigorously. M0st flies ^ere dead within 24 hours esd all appeared
to be dead within 48 hours. Derris was also dusted on flies but its
action "es much slower and after 1 day none were dead, so" it was not
considered effective. Had these flies been kept under observation
longer, a subsequent mortality might hrvc been noted. Derris spray
was also observed to kill several other flies of undetermined species.

Fulmer (90) in 1930 reported that houseflies '•'ere emenable to
derris.

_**?_

Laake et el. (165) in 1931 reported the results of tests of
materials as attrectents or repellent?. Beef-liver "bait, 4 ounces,
t c Hnich 5 gm. of derris p order '-es added,, attracted only 10.8 per-
cent es many flies as did untreated bait. A mixture of 1 part of
derris -powder and 9 parts of kaolin attracted 6.3 percent.

Little (182) in 1931 corn-pared the insecticidal properties of
Tenhrosia Virginia na and derris. The pondered root of the devil' s-
shoestrings suspended in ^-ater at 1:800 and sprayed uoon flies, with
no spreader, killed from 3.6 to 74.3 oercent (according to the origin
and treatment of the root). Derris in similar tests at 1:800 killed
78.2 to 85.3 percent of the flies.

Campbell (50) in 1932 reviewed unoublished ~ork by Davidson,
who made 15 tests of rotenone as a stomach poison against flies.
Sight tests were made in screen cages in a greenhouse and 7 in a
room of 500 cubic feet. Rotenone was dissolved in acetone and added
to diluted condensed milk or to a dilute solution of molasses. Cot-
ton "as soaked in the mixtures and exposed in petri dishes to the
flies. The food ^es not renewed during a test. Each test was paired
with a check, in which ^lies were given unpoisoned food. The flies
used in most of the tests were between 1 day and 2 days old. The
numbers of flies used per test ranged between 18 and 118. In 5 tests
all flies were killed in 28 to 72 hours. In 5 other tests more than
90 percent were killed in 24 to 48 hours. The Quantities of rotenone
in the cotton ranged from 10 to 100 mg. In one test only 0.8 mg. of
rotenone was used, but a mortality of 84 -oercent was obtained in 94
hours. Except in one case, little or no mortality occurred in the
checks. It was concluded that rotenone will kill flies by way of
the alimentary tract but that its toxic action is slow. In a few
additional experiments with rotenone as a stomach poison, David,
gave the flies a choice of poisoned and unpoisoned milk. As would
be expected, the mortality was lower than in earlier experiments, when
the f'.ies had access to noisoned food only. A sa tisfactor;- kill did
not result after exposure for 2 days. As comparisons were not made
at the seme time between poisoned foods only and poisoned f'od with
unpoisoned food, it is not certain that rotenone had a deterrent effect
on the flies, although such an effect is probable.

Campbell (50) in 1932 reviewed all ^ork done un to that time '™ith
rotenone against the housefly. Campbell s^d Sullivan found that
this fly was among the species most resistant to aqueous suspensions
of rotenone. Suspensions of 1:5,000 apparently had no effect on house-
flies, although "hen the flies were examined under the microscope
after the treatment, crystals of rotenone could be seen distributed
over the integument. Against the housefly, rotenone need not be

lied in suspension in water, but may be applied in solution in an
•rgenic solvent. Kerosene, so largely used as a solvent end carrier
for the pyrethrins in household sprays, is not a good solvent for
rotenone; however, the effectiveness of a saturated solution in kerosene
Ik s n t yet been determined. It seemed more promisin,: t nix kerosene
with a solution of rotenone in an organic liquid that is miseible ™ith

-33-

kerosene, the^- mixed solvents carrying a higher percentage of rotenone
in solution then would kerosene alone. Dfvidson tested a 1:2,000
solution of r-otenone in kerosene-ethylene dichloride in a standard
fly chamber f(6 ft. by 6 ft. by 6 ft..) at temperatures ranging from
69° to 88° F. Five tests "-ere run and each test mas paired with
a check of the mixed solvent without rotenone, From 11 to 33 cc.
of the liquid was sprayed into the chamber, half of it through a
hole in one side and half through a hole in the opposite side. The
mixed solvents alone had little or no effect on the flies, but the
rotenone solutions paralyzed from 29 to 84 percent of them in 10
minutes, depending on the volume of the solution sprayed into the
chamber. Commercial pyrethrum fly sprays, rhen tested in the same way,
paralyzed a larger percentage, but rotenone sprays may kill a greater
percentage of those effected. In Davidson's test with 33 cc. of the
rotenone solution, 43 out of 51 flies were brought down and 42 of these
died.

Campbell and Sullivan compared the effects on houseflies of
1:10,000 solutions of the pyrethrins and of rotenone in absolute
alcohol. A very marked difference in the initial and final effects
of the sprays was observed. At first all the flies were paralyzed
by the pyrethrins, whereas none were visibly affected by rotenone.
Then, as the flies treated with thepyrethrins began to recover, those
treated '"ith rotenone began to be affected. After 24 hours practi-
cally all the flies treated -'ith thepyrethrins had recovered, whereas
a considerable number were dead or dying from the effects of rotenone.
The final 48-hour count' showed 2-percent mortality for the pyrethrins
and 22-percent mortality for rotenone. It might be advantageous to
e-Pply the pyrethrins and rotenone together in order to utilize
simultaneously the rapid paralyzing action of the one and the slow
killing po--er of the other. From a toxicological point of view it
would be desirable to test the pyrethrins and rotenone together and
separately in order to determine to what extent their combined effect
is additive.

Houseflies were being used by Canrobell and Sullivan as test
insects for the determination of the relative toxicity of rotenone
and related compounds. The sioreying chamber consisted of a glass
cylinder 8-1/2 inches in diameter and 17 inches high, and a bell
jar of the same diameter and 1.7 inches high, w^ich rested on top
of the cylinder. The cylinder stood, on a shallow copper tray in
which the flies were confined. The top of the tray could be opened
or closed at -'ill by a sliding co-per plate. A spray gun was mounted
in the hole at the top of the bell jar and connected with a com-
pressed-air line. . The flies in the tray at the bottom of the cylinder
could be sprayed directly, or by manroula tion of the copper olate
could be exposed for any de?ired period to a settlinc fog of the
spray. Treatments could be made in tie cold or at room temperature.
When the treatments were made in s cold room zt 32° F. , 50 immobile
flies were placed on their backs on a circle of filter naucr on the
bottom of the tray. After the. tre; trnent the flier, were transferred
to cages placed immediately in a high- temperature room at 83° to

-34-

84° F. Here they regained their nobility in about 5 minutes and the
poison took effect. Counts' of deed and dying flies rere made et
the end of 46 to 48 hours. Under these conditions an acetone- solution
of rotenone (1:5,000) killed p'bout 40 nercent of the flies. Then
active caged flies ■T-re treated in the same way at room temperature,
the 1:5,000 solution killed about 90 percent.

Tests in the cold room led to one significant result thrt could
not have been obtained at higher temperature, With immobile flies
it was shown that the effect of the 1;5,000 treatment depends on the
position and exposure of the insect's body <~ith resnect to the set-
tling fog. When the flies were placed en their feet so that the fog
settled on the wings and dorsum, they -ere not affected. Wnen they
were placed on their backs so that the fog fell on the venter and
pleural area many ^ere killed. Then they ^ere olaced on their backs
and the heads or abd. omens were covered the mortality was greatly re-
duced, indicating that the poison orobably enters ell three regions
of the body when the flies on their bpeks ere fully exoosed. Although
the treatments in the cold were of the greetest possible uniformity,
the results from dey to day varied as. much as those obtained at higher
temperatures. Later tests were therefore made at 83° to 84° F. with
the apparatus described above. For each test 50 chilled flies 2 days
old ^ere counted out into a large petri dish, ^hich ^as tnen covered
"'ith wire screen. When the flies had resumed their normal activity,
the dish was placed in the bottom of the copper tray and the spraying
chamber was assembled above it. Absolute ethyl alcohol -as ised as
the solvent for rotenone and relpted compounds because it has no.
permanent, effect on the flies. Alcohol was ^referred to acetone for
"ork at high temperatures because it does not evaporate so rapidly.
At 20 pourids' pressure about 10 cc. of the alcohol solution '-•as
sprayed into the chamber ••ith the flies exposed. The spraying operation
took about 10 seconds, after Hr.ich the flies ^rere exposed to the set-
tling fog for 3 minutes, and -ere- then transferred to e cei-e "ith food.
Final counts of dead and moribund, flies were made at- the end of 46 to
48 hours. Results are expressed as percentage of effect, each dead
fly equalling 2 nercent and each moribund fly 1 percent. The rearing,
snreying, ^nd observation of treated flies were all done in the same
constant-temperature room. The following average results were obtained
in terms of percentage of effect of 1:5,000 solutions: Rotenone 85.4
percent (10 tests), dihydrorotenone 65.5 oercent (10 tests), rotenone
hydrochloride 30 percent (10 tests), acetyl rotenone 25 percent (7
tests). The following compounds produced less than a 10-oercent effect,
hence cannot be classified in order of vrlue until tested at higher
concentrations: Isorotenone, des 'xyrottn ore, dehydrorotenone, rotene-.ic
aeid, dihydrorotenonic acid, acetyl rotenolone,* end acetyl dinydro-
rotenolone.

Gnedinger and Corl (_11_8) in 1932 reported on the relative toxicity
of pyrethrins end rotenone es fly-sprpy ingredients. Mixed ^;,-rrthrins
(66.8 percent pyrethrin I and 33.2 nrrcent pyrethrin II) in a highly
refined Pennsylvania mintral oil, "Deocene" (£3.4 --. r 100 cc),
caused pn rvera^e knock-dO'"n of 94 nercent and en averr.Te kill of 46

-35-
percent when tested on house flies by the Peet-Gredy method.
Rotenone at the same concentre tion gave "an average knock-down
of 76 percent and en average kill of 30 percent. A mixture
of 31.7 mg. of pyrethrins with 31.7 mg. of rotenone gave an
average knock-down of B5 percent and an average kill of 42 per-
cent. Because of the lo1" solubility of rotenone in the oil, 5
percent of acetone was added to the solution. Allowance ^as
also made f or • the petroleum ether introduced when the stock
solution of pyrethrins was diluted with the mineral oil. All
the solutions tested, therefore, contained 5 percent of acetone
and 7.2 percent of petroleum ether, by volume. Neither acetone
nor p etroleum ether was toxic to flies in these concentrations.
The mineral oil gave a kill of less than 6 percent by the Peet-
Grady method. The authors concluded that the addition of small
amounts of rotennne to oil solutions of -oyrethrins does not
increase the toxicity as much as does the addition of the same
amount of pyrethrins.

The United States Department o^ Agriculture, Bureau of
Entomology (287), in 1932 'reported that tests of alcoholic
solutions of rotenone and 13 derivatives of it against houseflies
showed that rotenone was more toxic than these derivatives, that
dihydrorotenone was nearly as toxic as rotenone, followed bv
rotennne hydrochloride and acetyl rotenone, and that the other
10 derivatives were relatively nontoxic. Tests against the house-
fly of dusts of derris root and of rotenone 'showed that this
species is killed by extremely small quantities of both. Com-
parative tests of powdered derris root and of the same root from
,rhich rotenone had been extracted showed that thoroughly extracted
root was not toxic to houseflies. Comparative 'tests of alcoholic
solutions of the pyrethrins and rotenone showed that the former
has a more rapid effect on houseflies, but that the insecticide.l
value of the latter is greater. Rotenone when sprayed in alcoholic
solution on houseflies acted as a contact poison. It had no effect
on flies when administered in suspension by mouth, nor did it have
any effect in the vapor phase at room temperature.

B=dertscher (10 ) in 1933 reported the results of fly tests
--'ith solutions containing both nyrethrum extract and rotenone.
Samples representing four brands of commercial fly sprays were
diluted "'ith an eoual volume of a base solvent (Deoba.se) contain-
ing 0.1 percent of rotenone. These mixtures ^ere compered bv the
Peet-Grady method with the original samples and also "ith the
original samples diluted with an eoual volume of base solvent.
In all cases the addition of rotenor.e increased the killing po^er
of the sprays to flies. Badertscher concluded that 0.05 percent
of rotenone in a housefly spray has value, but that the intelligent
use of rotenone in this field reouires a knowledge of the amount
of active principles of pyretbrum ^*ith ^hich it is to be incorporated.

Cam-obeli and Sullivan (51, 52) in 1933 reported the results
of 13 series of tests, shoeing that e kerosene extract of a good

-3b-

sample of derris was more effective as a housefly snray then a
similar keorsene extract of a good sample of pyrethrum. Pyrethrum
was speedier in its initial action. Theoretically, mixtures of
derris and pyrethrum extracts should combine the advantages of
both. The same authors reported later in the year that only 1 of
9 samples of Tephrosia native to the United States (T_. latidens
from 'Florida) had sho^n any promise when tested as a kerosene
extract against houseflies. It was not so effective as a sample
of derris.

Campbell, Sullivan, and Smith (55) in 1933 determined the
relative toxicity of nicotine, anabasine, and other alkaloids,
and of rotenone for control of houseflies. Rotenone, 0.1 gm. per
liter of absolute ethyl alcohol, sprayed on flies in a screen-
covered petri dish at the bottom of a cylindrical e-lass spraying
chamber, usually killed mere than 50 percent of the flies. None
of the alkaloids affected them.

G-stirner and Hunerbein ( 127 ) in 1933 tested samples of bar—
basco root and bark, thought to be Tephrosia piscatoria, against
houseflies. With the ether extract of the root, a significant
insecticidal effect was obtained, but this ^s very much less
than the effect of pyrethrum flowers. The bark had no toxic
effect against houseflies.

H. H. Richardson (239) in 1933 tested kerosene extract^ of
derris, both alone and mixed with kerosene extracts of pyrethrum,
against flies. Kerosene extracts of derris powder (2,9 percent
rotenone)' were prepared, by first macerating the powder for several
hours with kerosene in a glass percolator and then allowing per-
colation to proceed slowly. Extracts were prepared on the basis
of 23.8 gm. of powder to 100 cc. of kerosene (approximately 2 lb.
to 1 gal.). Pyrethrum extracts were prepared by the same method
in the proportion of 11.9 gm. of pyrethrum powder (0.26 percent
pyrethrin I) to 100 cc. of kerosene (approximately 1 lb. to 1
gal.). The combination of derris extract with pyrethrin extract
was prepared by r.dding 16.6 cc. of the derris extract, orepr-red
as above, to 83.3 cc. of the pyrethrum extract. This was tested
in comparison with another sanvole of the same' pyrethrum extract,
diluted with 16.6 cc. of kerosene to 83.3 cc. of the extract.
The results of the insecticidal tests were as follows:

Test solution |

Tests

Plies-

Average t

ime'

l& rtality

reouired

to

after 24

1

paralyze

hours

Number

Number

Seconds

F ercent

Kerosene

2

94

405

18

Kerosene extract of

derris

2

110

58

Extract of pyrethrum

4

197

197

46

Extract of nyro thrum nlus

derris extract 4

198

190

59

■R

-37-

Kerosene extracts of derris were much more toxic then kerosene
alone. The addition of smell Quantities of derris extract to
pyre thrum extract apparently gave 'a significant increase in toxicity.
■Whether the toxicity of the kerosene extract of derris was due to
rotenone is a question. Certainly rotenone was present. Jones and
Smith (157) report that the solubility of rotenone in kerosene at
20° C. is less than one-tenth of 1 percent. Possibly extractives
.of derris. other than rotenone contributed to the toxicity of the
kerosene extract. Derris apparently contains some kerosene-soluble
■ ■■■-. compounds, .which add considerably to the toxicity of the kerosene
toward houseflies.

3ock-(35). in 1934 reported that an aqueous extract of derris,
made into a sirup with sugar, proved lethal to flies that fed on it.
The active constituents of this extract were soluble in ether. The
marc from the aqueous extract gave even more effective extracts with
alcohol and ether. Large dosages caused regurgitation.

Campbell, Sullivan, and Jones (53,54) in 1934 reported the
results of a comprehensive study of kerosene extracts of derris
root as housefly sprays. Kerosene extracts of four samples of
derris root, three of cube root, and one of haiari stems were tested
■ against houseflies by a modified laboratory method. All were ef-
fective. The extracts of "derris were On the whole more effective
than those of cube. The extract of haiari stems was the least
effective. Rotenone is not the only toxic component of kerosene
extracts of these plant materials, but it appears to be an important
one. Methoxyl content may be a better chemical index of the insecti-
cidal value of ro'tenone-bearing plants than rotenone content.
Deguelin, tenhrosin, and toxicarol were tested in alcoholic solution
in comparison with rotenone. Deguelin was nearly as effective as
rotenone, tephrosin sLightly effective,' and toxicarol ineffective.
.These investigators also made comparative tests of extracts of der-
ris and of pyrethrum against houseflies. Comparable kerosene ex-
'■■--■ -tracts of, good samples, of derris root and of pyrethrum flowers

. - -were tested against houseflies in a small glass chamber, in Pect-
G-rady chambers, and in rooms, The pyrethrum extracts w^re more
effective in paralyzing flies, the derris extracts were more
effective in killing them. It was believed that kerosene extracts
of derris have practical possibilities as housefly sprays.

Dibble (73) in 1934 recommended a cattle spray made by soaking
1/2 pound of ground pyrethrum flowers in 1 gallon of mineral spirits
for 48 hours. Water solutions containing pyrethrum and derris were
tried but with indifferent success. They ".-orked more slowly and
probably killed fewer flies.

The. United States Department of Agriculture,' Bureau of Entomology
(239) , in 1934 reported that kerosene extracts of roots of derris,
cube, and Tephrosia virginiane, end of haiari stems, tested against
houseflies, led ■ to the following conclusions: Rotenone is not the
only toxic component of kerosene extracts of rotenone-bearing plants,
but it appears to be an important one. A given weight of derris root

-38-

is likely to yield a larger volume of effective kerosene extract
than the seme weight of pyrethrum flowers. Pyrethruirt extracts are
more effective in paralysing flies, derris extracts more effective
in killing them. Kerosene extracts of the samples of Tephrosia
at hand "'ere not so promising as were those of derris and cube.
Both kerosene extracts and acetone extracts of ro ten one- bearing
plants were tested to find out the relations between chemical com-
position of the roots and effectiveness of the extracts against
houseflies. Rotenone content "?es usually a good index of insecti-
cidal value, but in some samples of derris their extracts -ere
more effective than their rotenone content indicated. The value
of these aberrant samples was indicated by the percentage of total
acetone extractives or methoxyl content. In the samples of derris
and cube studied, effectiveness was correlated on the rhole better
with methoxyl content than with any other single chemical deter-
mination.

Jones, Campbell, and Sullivan (155) in 1935 reported tests
on 32 semples of both kerosene and acetone extracts of Tephrosia ,
collected in different parts of the United States, against houseflies.
The relative effectiveness of the kerosene extracts ^as similar to
that of the acetone extracts, and the latter "es ^ell correlated
with the degree of blue or blue- green color given by the Durham test,
which the effectiveness of a sample of Tephrosia -can be roughly
predicted. The insecticidal results were not ^-ell correlated with
other chemical determinations. A comparison of kerosene extracts
of a sample of derris root (rotenone, 1 percent) ,_ith those of a
sample of T. la ti dens (rotenone, 0,4 percent) from Florida showed
that 1 part by weight of the derris was equivalent in effect against
houseflies to more than 8 parts by weight of the Tephrosia. Tests
with acetone extracts against houseflies showed that average commer-
cial samples of derris and cube are about 10 times as toxic as a
sample of T. Virginians root (rotenone, 0.3 percent).

The same authors (154) in 1935 compared results of toxicity to
houseflies of extracts of six samples of derris root, five samples
of cube root, one sample of haiari stem, and one sample of Tephrosia
virginjpna root with the values obtained on these samples by certain
chemical determinations. The auantities of rotenone -present in the
samples were too low to account for all the toxicity. In more than
half the samples the figures by the Gross-Smith test, considered
as representing the sum of rotenone and deguelin, agreed with the
toxicity value, but in other samples thev ^ere lower. Total-
extractive values ^ere higher than toxicity, and values based on the
methoxyl content of the extract "'ere somewhat closer but '-ere also
too high. When an approximate value for toxicarol was subtracted
from the methoxyl figures, the results agreed more closely '"ith the
toxicity figures in general than did the results of other determination;
It was impossible, however, on the basis of the present results, to
recommend unreservedly any one of these chemical determinations as a
measure of the insecticidal effectiveness of rotenone-bearing plants.

-39-

J.0nes end Smith (157} in 1936 proposed formulas for cal-
culating from the rotenone end total extractive contents the
approximate toxic value to houseflies of samples of derris and
cube roots. .The toxic value of derris root eouals rotenone
content plus 0.5 of the rotenoid content; that of cube root
is the seme except that a factor of 0.4 instead of 0.5 is used.
The rotenoid content is. the total-extractive content obtained
with carbon tetrachloride, benzene, or acetone, minus the
rotenone content.

Bedertscher (11) in 1936 compared results by the Peet-Gredy
method end the Campbell turnteble method. One sample tested con-
sisted of 90 percent of Deobase and 10 percent of oil of sessefres
and carried 1 gm. of rotenone per liter. Results by the two
methods (50 tests each) on this sample were as follows:

Method

Flies used

• PI

ies down

in

Flies deed in

; Jl

ies dead

•• 10

minutes

24 hours

in

48 hours

Number

Percent

Percent

Percent

Peet- Grady

4,785

94

1 64-

91

Campbell

4,859

88

59

89

• Badertscher concluded that the Peet-Gredy method yielded higher
kills on pyre thrum sprays and thi'ocyenate sprays than did the
Campbell turntable method, but the turntable method yielded higher
kills on sprays that conteined rotenone then it did with straight
pyre thrum sprays.

DeBussy et al. (48) in 1936 reported that the housefly was
controlled by dusting with derris (rotenone 7 percent, but sprays
of derris mixtures containing 0.5 and 1.0 percent of rotenone killed
only about half the flies and many ''ere only temporarily incapacitated

Cory, Herns, end Anderson (63) in 1936 reported that pyre thrum
and derris dusts had little or no repellent action against the
housefly under conditions of forceful tropism. The housefly was
less susceptible to the toxic action of pyre thrum and derris dusts
than was the steblefly.

According to Van der Laan (166) in 1936, the housefly is some-
what sensitive to derris.

LePelley end Sullivan (179) in 1936 reported a studv of the
toxicity of rotenone and pyrethrins, alone and in combination, to
houseflies, when tested by the turnteble method. Rotenone was from

u\

aBRARV
STATE PtANT #**?•

-40-

five to six times as effective as pyrethrins containing pyrethrins
I and II in ecmal proportions, when mortality counts vrere made
at the end of 3 days after treatment. No striking synergistic
effect was produced by 50:50 mixtures of these solutions but they
appeared to be significantly more effective than had been expected.
It was doubtful whether the 25 (rotenone): 75 (pyrethrins) mixtures
^ere more effective than expected. As the results showed that
mixtures of rotenone and pyrethrins are compatible, attention was
given to sources of rotenonelike insecticides for mixing with
pyrethrum extracts for the control of coffee insects in Kenya. A
few tests were made of acetone extracts of the leaves, roots, and
stems of a sample of Tephrosia vogelii received from Kenya. The
effectiveness of these p^rts decreased in the order named. The
extract of the leaves, "hi ch contain the largest proportion of
toxic materials, exerted an effect equivalent to a rotenone con-
tent in the plant material of about 2 percent. The tested sample
of T. fogelii foliage was, therefore, about one-fifth as effective
as commercial samples of derris and cube.

Murphy and V^ndenberg (209) in 1936 compared the action on
houseflies of sprays containing rotenone, pyrethrins, end Le thane
384, which contains 50 percent by volume of beta-butoxy-beta' -thic—
cyanodiethyl-ether. Butyl cellosolve acetate was used to make
the chemically pure rotenone soluble in petroleum distillate. The
knockdown by the standard Pec-t-Grady test was determined for
solutions containing 1, 2, 3, and 4 percent Lethane 384; 1/4, 1/2,
3/4, and 1 pound of pyrethrum per gallon; and 0.02, 0.05, and 0.1
percent of rotenone. The results "ere as follows:

Solution .'Knockdown in 10 Dead in 24

minutes • hours

Fercent Fercent

1 percent Lethane 384 98 35

Pyrethrum l/4 pound per gallon 69 29

Pyrethrum 1/2 pound per gallon 85 45

Pyrethrum 3/4 pound per gallon 89 56

Pyrethrum 1 pound per gallon 92 67

Rotenone 0.02 percent 74 47(48 hours)

Rotenone 0.05 percent 96 56 (do.)

Rotenone 0.1 percent 98 67 (do.)

-41-

. T^o percent of Lethane 384 caused a knock-dorm of 100 percent
in 4. minutes; 3 percent; 100 percent in 3 minutes; end 4 percent,
100 percent in less than 3 minutes. A combination of 2 percent of
Lethene 384 end 0.5 pound of pyre thrum yielded r knock-down of 100
percent in 3 minutes, that is, slightly faster then the 2-percent
solution of .Lethane- 384 alone, and much faster than 1 pound of
pyrethrum alone. T'-o-percent Lethane 384 plus 0.05 oercent chemi-
cally pure rotenone makes a spray causing 100-percent knock-down
in. .less than 4 minutes, or is practically equal to 2-percent
Lethane 384, and much faster than any of the rotenone solutions
used alone. The data on the killing poir,er of these sprays show
that, the- substitution of pert of the pyrethrum or of the rotenone
with relatively smell percentages of the Lethane 384 not only greatly
increases the knockdown power but also increases the killing -oower.
The mixture of Lethane 384 and rotenone gave a kill of 33 percent
in 48 hours.

The United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of
En-tomology and Plant Quarantine (290) .in "1936 reported that sus-
pensions of the -pondered roots of certain rotenone-bearing plants
and extracts of these plants ^ere outstanding in their effectiveness
against the eggs of the Housefly. ■ •

.H.' E. Whitmire, of the 'Whitmire Research Corporation^ in a
letter to R. C. Roark, dated February 24, 1936, said that a series
of rotenone derivatives ranging in melting point from 120° to ™?ell
over 200° C. had been prepared. The one melting at 178° is called
Rotoxlene. Rotoxlene in concentrations ranging from 15 to 100 mg.
per 100 cc. in a mixture of ethylene dichloride 5 percent, pine oil
5 percent, and .kerosene 9Q percent gave knock-do^ns according to
the standard Peet-Grady method ranging from 27 to 96 percent in
10 minutes end final kills' ranging from 27 to 95 percent at the end
of 48 hours. A screen painted with a solution of 1 pound of -Rotoxlene-
in 100 gallons of oil (0.12 percent) killed every fly that came in
contact with it. In a letter dated A-oril 14, 1936-, ^/hitmire reported
that at a concentration of 50 m?.' per 100 cc.' of a 50:50 by volume
mixture of ethylene dichloride and pine oil, Rotoxlene gave a
knock-down of 92 percent in 10 minutes according to the standard
Peet-Grady fly spray test; also 92 percent dead at the end of 48
h our s . '

ri(orsley (327) in 1936 dusted the "Doddered bark of Liundulea upon
houseflies. The' flies were dead after 10 to 12 hours, whereas
pvrethrum killed in 8 hours. Derris containing 5.4 percent of
rotenone acted' similarly. Kerosene extracts (10 percent) -of Mundulca
bark, had a strong repellent ecti'on on houseflies. Several hours
later dead flies could be picked up.

Baderts.cher ( 12) in 1937 reported th'-t in'order to ascertain
the true value of a semiconcentrate or a high-kill surey the material
should be diluted to such "a concentration 'that its killing po'^er
'"ill fall somewhere near the 50-percent kill mark or - 1 least should
closely ap-oroximate th^t of the 0. C. I. (Official Control Insecti-
cide) of the National Association of Insecticide and Disinfectant
ivianufacturers. The 0. C. I. contains about 90 mg, of r>yrethrins

-42-

per 100 cc. and gives a kill of .50 to 60 percent by the Peet-Grady method.
High-kill sprays were prepared in accordance with formulas published in
conjunction with an invitation for bids from the insecticide industry. These
samples were prepared in accordance with specifications N. Y. G. D. No. 334-3,
November 20, 1935. Under Section V", No. 2, there were set forth specifications
for three different combination sprays as follows:

1. Not less than 0,3 percent of pyrethrins and 0.1 percent of
rotenone. Derris extractives were permissive if the insecti-
cide thereby contained not less than 0.1 percent of rotenone.

2. Not less than 0.3 percent of pyrethrins and aliphatic thio-
cyanates corresponding to a content of not less than 0.78
percent of thiocyanoacetic acid (approximately 2.5 percent
Lethane.)

3. Aliphatic thiocyanates corresponding to a content of not less
than 2.34 percent of thiocyanoacetic acid (approximately 7.5
percent Lethane) plus 0.1 percent of rotenone. Derris extrac-
tives were permissive If the insecticide thereby contained
not less than 0.1 percent of rotenone.

These sprays all gave better then 90-percent kill of houseflies, which
places them in the class of sprays containing 400 mg. of pyrethrins per 100
cc. Rotenone was added as a 1 gm. per 100 cc. solution in camphor-oil sassa-
frassy.

The Dow Chemical Company (77) in 1937 announced that it had prepared
be ta-(p-tertiary-butyl-nhenoxy) ethanol, called Fly Toxic K-58. A 3-percent
solution of this in oil gave a knock-down of 91 percent in 10 minutes and a
kill of 45.5 percent in 48 hours by the Peet-Grady method. Mien 0.075 per-
cent of rotenone is added to this the knock-dOTWi is raised to 99 percent and
the mortality in 72 hours to 92.2 percent. Para tertiary butyl phenoxy ethanol
is stated to be an excellent solvent for rotenone. Solutions in the base oil
show no tendency for the rotenone to crystallize. This compound is also a
stabilizer for rotenone.

Simanton (252) in United States Patent 2,089,766 issued in 1937, claims
an improved insecticide comprising in stable admixture a petroleum fraction,
a substance chosen from the class consisting of ethylene glycol monethyl ether
acetate and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, pyrethrins, and at least
one of the active toxic ingredients of derris and cube. Among the solvents
that have been employed as blending agents in combination with -oetroleum
naphthas are: Ethylene dichloride, carbon tetrachloride, acetone, camrhor
-sassafras oil, benzol, and chloroform. These solvents all objectionable for
a variety of reasons, chief of which is that their odor is distinctly disagree-
able. Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate and diethylene glycol monoet
ether acetate are each completely miscible with the petroleum fractions known
as naphthas, and are also miscible to a more limited extent with higher
-boiling petroleum fractions.

, .. -43-

Simenton said: -..',..

In one actual . embodiment of the invention I
prepared such a solution, oy first forming a 5-percent
solution of crystalline rotenone in &i ethylene
glycol mcnethyl ethur acetate and then adding 1
part 'of this solution to 100 parts of a petroleum
naphtha extract of pyre thrum flowers prepared by
extracting 1.2 pounds of pyr^ thrum flowers ^rith a
deodorized petroleum naphtha. The resulting .product
.'"as. a stable, nonvolatile, substantially odorless
solution of excellent insecticidal properties.
"When tested according to. the F.eet-Grady method,
the solution repeatedly gave, a knock-down value
of 98 and a kill of 85.

Sullivan (256) in 1937 reported that an increase in con-
centration of pyrethrins in semiconcentrate fly sprays of
wyrethrum at first . brought a bout, a corresponding increase in
toxicity to houseflies, . but at higher concentrations the mortality
curve leveled off. When sarrrolesof pyrethrum of different
pyrethrin concentration were diluted to the same concentration,
the mortality of the flies was nearly the same in all cases.
Semiconcentrate fly sprays containing paired combinations of
rotenone, an aliphatic thiocyanate, and pyrethrins, when undiluted
sieve almost equallv high mortalities in 3 days, but when diluted
with 2 parts of kerosene there vss a vide range in kill. A com-
parison of the mortalities at the end 1, 2, and 3 days showed the
desirability of a 3-day observation period ^hen the spray contains
rotenone. It seems, therefore, that the best method for the bio-
logical testing of semiconcentrate fly sprays is to dilute them
and compere them with a standard. Pyrethrins (0.3 percent) plus
rotenone (0.1 percent) gave a higher kill then pyrethrins (0.3 per-
cent) plus an aliphatic thiocyanate (2.5 percent) '-or than rotenone
(0.1 percent) plus en aliphatic thiocyanate (7.5 percent}. The
action of the pyrethrins and the aliphatic thiocyanate, '-hen used
alone, was complete over a 24-hour period, producing death or a
complete recovery of the flies, whereas rotenone is a slow— acting
poison reouiring a 3-day observation period. *or this reason
mortality counts were made at the. end of the first, second, and
third days. •

Roark (241) in 1938, in a review of the comparative insecti-
cidal value of derris and cube of enual rotenone content, referred
to the work of Jones and Smith (157) and of Camnbell, Sullivan,
and Jones (53) , who tested extracts unon the housefly and reported
derris to be superior to cube..

Sullivan, Phillips, and McGovran (268) in 1938 reported that
an extract of the fruit" of the Amur cork tree (Phellodendron
f murense) showed considerable toxicity when tested against the
housefly, being about as toxic es derris containing 5.2 wereent of
rotenone.

-44-

The United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology
end Flant Quarantine, Division of Control Investigations (294) in 1938
reported that a petroleum ether extract of derris (i. I. No. 2007)
dissolved in kerosene applied as a srrey to adult houseflies killed
90 percent after 72 h^urs.. Another petroleum extract af derris
(I. D. No. 3354) in kerosene killed 86 percent a.-^ter 72 hours.

Bliss (34) in 1939 published a discussion of the toxicity of insecti
cides applied jointly. From a study of the dosage-mortality curves f r
several mixtures containing fixed proportions of the ingredients, pre-
ferably in comnarison vrith equivalent curves for the isolated active
ingredients, most cares of combined action can be classified into one
of the following three types: (l) That in "hich the constituents
act independently end diversely, so that the toxicity of any combine ti:n
can be predicted from that of the isoleted components and from the
association of susceotibilities to the two components. (2) That In
which the constituents act independently but similarly, so that one
ingredient can be substituted at a constant ratio for any proportion
of a second without altering the toxicity of the mixture. Tith homo-
geneous populations, dosage-mortality curves for the separate ingredients
and for all mixtures should be parallel. Mixtures in this category
are more toxic than in the preceding class r-here association may range
from 0 to 1. (3) Synergism forms the third type of joint action,
characterized by a toxicity greater than that predicted from studies
on the isolated constituents. The log LD50 of ether extract for six
samples of derris root :vas related to the percentage comuosition of
two components in the extract, rotenone (A) and dehydro mixture (B).
Since the toxicity of extract could be expressed almost entirely in
terms of these t^o constituents they r/ere then related to each other
by the second method. None of the samples contained a very smell pro-
portion of one ingredient, so that several eauetions ^ere eauelly
applicable, one of them being (140.714A) E=56.1, from which the
intensity of synergism ,rras 40.

Kilgore (160) in United States Fatent 2,149,917 issued in 1939,
claims a process '-hich corn-prises the extraction of rotenone and other
compounds having insecticidal properties from rotenone-bearin.j -plants
by means of an ester belonging to the class of organic compounds kv
as delte-epsilon-unsetarated-elphe-gemma-diket: carboxylic esters of
the general formula:

R,

Rl-

'4
>=C-C0-CH2- CO-COOR3

^'herein R-j_ end Fvg ere the seme or different organic radicals or
respectively one organic radical and one hydrogen atom, R^ i s an
alkyl radical or a hydrogen atom, and R7 is env organic radical form-
ing an ester of the carboxj'! group. Not only do these <?ste-rs effectively
extract rotenone from such plants but they carry the extracted r:tenone
into solution in spreyable vehicles, 'such as hydrocarbon solvents, thus
effecting a direct transfer of the rotenone from the plent to the final
insecticide solution. Tests e^einst houseflies '--ere made "ith extracts

-45-

prepared by forming a -paste or heavy dispersion of pondered derris
root in the ester therein 10 parts of the root were admixed v-ith 25
parts "by weight of the ester. This mixture was then heated at 100° C.
for 1 hour. The extract ras removed "by filtration, yielding in most
cases extracts having straw-yellow to brown-red color. Four-percent
solutions of each of the extracts ^ere then made using a deodorized
kerosene solvent suitable for insecticide! tests end filtered when-
ever necessary. The insecticidal effects of these solutions were
then compared to that of similar concentrations of the esters alone
by bio-assays, using houseflies under identical controlled conditions.
The results of these tests are shown in the following table.

Esters used as extractants

Pure ester only | Ester and
I extracted
: . rotenone

A. Derris root extractions

Percent

Mesityl oxide oxalate, ethyl ester 9

Mesityl oxide oxalate, n-butyl ester 30

Mesityl oxalate, iso-butyl ester 16

Mesityl oxalate, sec-amyl ester 53

Mesityl oxide oxalate, cyclohexyl ester 17

Mesityl oxide oxalate, tetrahydrofurfuryl
ester

Acetalacetone exalate, n-butyl ester

n-Butyralacetone oxalate, ethyl ester

4

80

6

45

3-Methyl-3-pentene-2-one oxalate ethyl
ester

3-M eth yl-3-hept en e- 2- one- oxalate, ethyl
ester

Tetrahydroacetophenone oxalate, ethyl
ester

B. Tephrosia virginiana root extraction
Mesityl oxide oxalate, n-butyl ester 30

_C. Cube root extraction
Mesityl oxide oxalate, n-butyl ester 30

Percent

100
100
100
100
100

85

100

95

85

100

98

67

62

LIBRARY
STATE PLANT BOARD

-46-

The bio-assays -"ere made "ith 5-day-old houseflies, caged in
5-inch by 5-inch, cylindrical, all-^ire cages, using approximately
100 flies to the esse. Each cage "as separately exposed to the
same amount of finely atomized spray or fog from which the larger
droplets had been removed, by using an L-shaped -nine, 6 inches in
diameter and 1 foot long on each side of the elbo"7, mounted with
one side of the L in a vertical position. The cage of flies "as
then suspended in the top of the upright pipe and the atomizer "2s
placed at the other end of the L. Five cubic centimeters of the
diluted ester of the extract was then atomized into the -nive at the
bottom end, producing a highly dispersed, smokelike fog, -hich -"as
driven evenly throughout the cege. The cage ^as then removed and
set aside, for 24 hours, when the number. oClld.eedJl "as .determined —
the term "dead" including flies th=; t were paralyzed and unable to
feed after 24 hours.

PierpOnt (235) in 1939 reported that the insecticidal action
of solutions containing 50 and 100 gig. of rotenone, respectively,
per 100 cc. and 7.5 percent of sefrol in a petroleum-oil base res
increased by the addition of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 percent of
D. H. S. Activator (ethylene glycol ether of pinene) . The increases
vere less then with pyrethrum fly sprays, aoproximatir.g 5 percent
for each 2.5 percent of activator added. The 24-hour mortality for
rotenone fly sprays tos increased by the addition of D. H. S. Acti-
vator, without any significant reduction in the 24-to 48-hour
mortality characteristic of them. As rith pyrethrum fly sprays
D. H. S. Activator reduced the knock-do^mi time of the rotenone
-safrol combinations in relation to the amount added: that is, the
more Activator, the quicker the knock-dom. Fly sprays of rotenone
(100 mg. per 100 cc.) and sefrol (7.5 percent) in a petroleum-oil
base and these same snrays containing various amounts of B. H. S.
Activator were stored in airtight tin cans at room temperatures
ranging from 70°-80° F. and likewise exposed to heat ' (a constant
temperature of from 100°-105°) for 8-1/2 months rithout any signi-
ficant loss in toxicity or reduction in the activation effect.

The loss in the toxicity of fly sprays containing rotenone,
safrol, and I). H. S. Activator, "hen exposed to sunlight and light
in flint-~lass bottles, is correlated with color changes and pre-
cipitation. Although disintegration apparently takes place more
rapidly than with the rotenone and safrol alone, the Activator
functions in maintaining nuch sprays at a relatively hi ~h toxic
level. Ethylene glycol ether of pinene (D. H. S. Activator) is an
effective activator for both pyrethrum and rotenone and can be
safely and economically included in commercial fly sprays.

Sievers and Sullivan (251) reported in 1939 that they used the
housefly in the turntable method for evaluating different extracts
of the root of devil' s-sho'estrings (Tephrosia virginiana). Acetone
and chloroform '-ere equally effective in extracting the active princi-
ples, and heating the extracts d-d not decompose thi

Sullivan, ticGovran, Fairs, and Goodhue (267) in 1939 reported
that the smoke farmed by epreying a solution of rotenone in safrol

-47-

or acetone against a hot plate (400° C.) ^s very toxic to house-
flies. An oleo-resin containing 25 percent of pyrethrins, alone
and in combination with rotenone, also gave very good results.
This method of application of rotenone has many advantages over
other methods: (l) The smoke containing rotenone is very stable;

(2) it is not readily adsorbed on surfaces such as wells or floors;

(3) it has high efficiency in respect to amount of material used
and amount of solvent required; (4) it is probably less dangerous
to the health of j^lants; and (5) it is easily confined, as compared
with most other fumigants.

Allen and Erooks (9) in 1940 reported the results of a detailed
study of the effect of alkalinity on rotenone-bearing dusts made
by testing kerosene extracts of the dust mixtures on houseflies. The
diluents tested ranged in pH from 4.23 for calcium sulfate to 12.5
for hydrated lime. Pondered derris, timbo, and barbasco were mixed
^ith the diluents in the ratio of 1:9. It was concluded that rotenone
-bearing dusts -prepared from highly alkaline diluents, and kept in
daiTvo storage without light for 7 days, exhibited little or no change
in pH, but showed considerable loss in toxicity when used in kerosene
extracts in tests with houseflies. Parallel sanvoles of acid dust,
kept under identical storage conditions, retained their toxicity.
Dry or unmoistened alkaline and acid samples remained unchanged.. The
addition of sulfur to the alkaline dust mixtures prevented deterior-
ation of the rotenone-bearing dust mixtures under the conditions of
this experiment.

Goodhue and Sullivan (119) in 1940 reported on toxicities to the
housefly of smoke from derris and pyrethrum. The effect of the smoke
from a burning mixture consisting of 50 percent, of derris, 30 percent
of cornstalks, and 20 percent of sodium nitrate was tested against
the housefly. The tests were made by exposing the flies in cages in
a Peet-Grady chamber for 1 hour at 25° to 29° C. Derris smoke was
more than 10 times as toxic as the smoke from pyrethrum burned in
the same way. The presence of rotenone in the smoke, even after 1
hour, "s:s demonstrated by the Goodhue red-color test. The derris
mixture at 4 ounces per 1,000 cubic feet killed 95 1*1.7 percent of
the flies in 72 hours.

Mironoff et al. (206) in 1940 reported tests with derris against
the housefly. The mortality was about 97.6 percent when pyrethrum
was used in dosages of 2 gm. in 1 cubic meter, whereas derris geve
97.8 percent kill under the same conditions, with only one- twentieth
of the dosage used for pyrethrum. The action of derris is slower
than that of pyrethrum. The paralysis caused by derris is fetal
to the fly, whereas the paralysis caused by pyrethrum does not
always result in a kill.

Sievers et el. (250) in 1940 reported on the changes in the
insecticidal value of the roots of cultivated devil's—shoestrings
at 4 seasonal growth periods. For the toxicity tests made on the
housefly by the methods of Campbell and Sullivan, acetone extracts

-48-

vere made by shaking the sample with acetone for 7 hours, using such
■oronortions that each- cubic centimeter of the filtered extract repre-
sented 0.2 gm. of the plant materiel. Onl*y one determination was
made of each sample each day. The materials were applied as an
acetone spray at a concentration of 8 mg. of plant material ner cable
centimeter of solvent. Six tests were made, each on 38 samples.
Each set of 38 consisted of composite samples from seversl -orogenies
of each of the 10 parent plants from each of the 4 growth stages,
except that in 2 cases materiel was not available. Clonal progenies
of 10 parent nlants of Tephrosie virginiene "ere grown under culti-
vation in northeastern Texas to study the changes in the amount of
rotenone and chloroform extractive present in the roots of such pro-
genies and their toxicity to houseflies at 4 seasonal stages of
growth. The roots were dried and ground, the amount of chloroform
extractive end rotenone determined-, and the toxicity of acetone
extracts tested on houseflies. The results indicated that at the
full-bloom stage -the roots were significantly more toxic to house-
flies than at the dormant end emergencestages, hut their superiority
over those at the mature-seed stage was less pronounced. The chloro-
form extractive and. rotenone content was also highest at the full
-bloom stage. The toxicity of the roots of the several clonal pro-
genies of the same -oerent did not very significantly, but signifi-
cant differences were found in this, respect between the progenies of
d'ifferent parents.

The United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology (2
and Plant Quarantine, Division of Control Investigations,/ in 1940
reported that rotenone in s^-frol (20 m-r. per cubic centimeter, dis-
persed by dropping on a hot plate, caused. 15-percent knock-do^n of
houseflies in 10 minutes, and killed 65 oercent in 2 days and 83
nercent in 3 days.

■ The Whitmire Reseerch Corporation (319) in 1940 published an
account of repellency tests against houseflies. A series of repel-
lent re Ik tests develoned by Whitmire and Denny, at St* L^uis, '.'o. ,
has demonstrated the effectiveness of this method in checking the
toxic end repellent values of contact insecticide sprays. The test
wrs conducted by painting 125 mg. of spray on 8.75 sauare inches
around the tot) of the arc of a circular screen roach cage. The base
of the cage was a funnel rhich extends into the observation ca~ .
Flies so affected with leg paralysis that they ceonot fly or walk
fell through* the small opening at th. t tton of- the funnel into the
observation cage, "here they had access to food and water. fun-
nel opening could be kept closed by a cork stooper in order to
record the percentages of knock-down at definite time intervals.
The livestock spray used was a 10-percent solution Of a mixture of
tephrosin, deguelin, sumatrol, toxicer >1, end other highly toxic
unidentified substances extracted from derris resins. The eage was
painted 1 hour before the flies -^ere introduced and the following
average results were recorded: After 10 minuter 26 percent - re
down; after 30 minutes 74 peremt -ere dorn, at LOUT 98 percent
v"ere dorm, rnd at the end of 2t h mrs 99 percent • vre dead.

-49-

Stomoxys ca lei trans (L.), the steblefly

The Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station (19Q-) in 1935
reporter! that progress had been made on the general insecticidal
project in the study of pine oils, pyrethrum, and rotenone as repel-
lents.

Cory, Harns, end Anderson (63) in 1936 reported that pyrethrum
and derris dusts had little or no repellent action under conditions
of forceful tropism, and that the protection given cattle by
pyrethrum and derris dusts was obtained through the toxic action of
the materials. The steblefly was more susceptible to toxic action
of pyrethrum and derris dusts than the housefly. Pine oil increased
the toxic acticm of the derris -dusts, Hiich have a relatively low
initial toxic rating. Pyrethrum-impregnated dusts afforded more
protection per unit cost, then the derris-impregneted dusts, but the
derris-impregnated dusts ^ere more toxic per unit.

E. W. Leake, of the Dallas, Tex., laboratory of the Bureau
of Entomology and Plent Quarantine, United States Department of
Agriculture, in a typewritten report in 1936 to the Division of
Insects Affecting ^an and Animals, steted that oowdered cube root,
rotenone concentrate, and many other materials were ineffective as
repellents.

Doty (76) in 1937 reported on insecticidal tests conducted on both
wild end reared Stomoxys flies by the Feet-Grady method, using ali-
phatic thiocyanete (Le thane 384), pyrethrum, and rotenone sprays.
These flies were found to be considerably less resistent than house-
flies. Pield and leboratory repellency tests showed that Stomoxys
flies were repelled by these sprays to about the seme extent as ere
houseflies; therefore, dete obtained from repellency tests on house-
flies with these materials are. also applicable to the Stomoxys.

Mycetophilidae

Lycorie pusille (Meig.)

An anonymous (6) writer in 1937 stated that derris was inef-
fective.

Lycoria praecox Meig.

Symes (269) in 1921 reported • that pure derris powder applied to
a bed of mushrooms infested with the mushroom fly cleared the bed of
insects in 2 or 3 days, but had no effect on Hyoomyces fungi. It
was concluded that mushrooms will not stand treatment ,-,ith powder
insecticides (such as pyrethrum, derris, end 1-percent pared ichloro-
benzene) . ^"hen not checked in their growth by these powders, the
mushrooms mere rendered absolutely unfit for market.

lycoria sp.

Ihomes (272) in 1934 tested, derris egainst mushroom insects.

-50-

Rotenone dusts killed some sciarid flies but seemed to be much slower
in action than pyrethrum dusts, and heavy dosages of proprietary
rotenone compound c placed in the manure were ineffective against
insects there, perhaps because these compounds were affected by the
alkalinity of the manure.

Miles and Miles (203) in 1935, in discussing the use of derris-
for combating greenhouse pests, said that soil or manure infested
irfith eggs or maggots of fungus gnats, Sciara sp., should be treated/bei:
with some insecticide such as derris or pyrethrum before/taken into

the house.

The United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology
and Plant Quarantine (291) in 1938 stated that tests made against
various species of mushroom ■ flies, Sciara sp., in the "mushroom houses
at Beltsville, Md., with a number of drenches and with derris powder
demonstrated that the drenches containing free nicotine or the alco-
holic extract of pyrethrum gave the best results as judged by crop
yield.

Hamilton (132) in 1939 recommended derris or cube extract sr>rays
as contact poisons for the control of white maggots in the soil
around house plants.

-Oestridae

Hyp ode ma bo vis (Deg.), the northern cattle grub

See Bishopp et al. (29,32) Case (58), MacDougall (188), Be Bussy
et al. (48), Wells and Schroeder (31377 the United. States Department
of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry (281) , Bureau of Entomology
and Plant Quarantine (297) , and Wells (311) under Hypoderma lineatum
(De Vill.)/

Hypoderma crossi Patton, a goat warble fly

See Bhatia (26) under Hyp Oder na. lineatum (De Vill.), on page 51-

Hypoderma lineatum (De Vill.), the common cattle grub

Bishopp et al. (29) in 1926 reported that a proprietary derris
extract, 1 part, plus 10 parts of water (containing 4 oz. of soap
per. gal.), killed 100 percent of cattle grubs when injected with an
oil can directly into the grub holes in the backs of the cattle.
Derris powder, 8 ounces, plus soap, 4 ounces, per gallon of 'vater,
applied twice as a wash on the back,, also killed 100 percent of the
grubs. Tests with dry derris powder, derris powder with paraffin
oil, derris powder with petrolatum, derris rodder "uth soap and
water, and derris ponder rTith 'vater only are recorded . The percentage
mortality of Hypoderma. bovis Deg. -7as not so high as that of H,
lineatum. The authors concluded that tests of the an-olic-' tion of
'"ashes, powders, and ointments to the backs of the cattle and also

-51-

the injection of substances into the cysts containing the larvae
show that each of these methods of treatment is 'effective if
certain materials are used. Berris used as a wash, as an ointment,
or as a powder is among the most effective of these.

Walton (305) in 1927 reported on the control of warble flies in
North Wales. The killing properties of derris appeared to be
excellent. The ointment (l part of derris powder plus 2 parts of
soft paraffin) is odorless, and the cost is low. On the other
hand, the ointment was found to be much more difficult to apply
and olive oil was utilized, the ointment then consisting of 1 part
of powdered derris, 1 part of soft paraffin, and 1 part of olive
oil. This improved the texture and rendered application easier.
Hypoderma lineatum is the predominant species in North Wales.

Case (58) in 1929 reported thct six 3- year-old steers in Burkes
Garden, Va . , infested with ox warbles (Hypoderma lineatum and H.
bovig) were treated in March 1927 with derris powder. One animal
was treated by removing each scab, then sprinkling on the powder
and rubbing it with the finger tips. At the time of the examination,
3 days later, this treatment had killed all 5 larvae in the animal.
The other 5 animals '"ere curried over the back, ribs, and loin with
a round, spring, stock comb; the powder was sprinkled on by means
of a shaker can and rubbed- in auickly but thoroughly. This method
of application caused a mortality of 24 out of a total of 50 larvae,

MacDougall (188) in 1930 reported details of experiments carried
out in Scotland with 5 proprietary dressings for the control of
Hypoderme bovis and H. lineatum in cattle, A wash of derris powder
and soft soap gave very satisfactory results, killing 2,785 of the
3,035 larvae treated. In mixing the wash, care should be taken that
the boiling water in which the soap. is dissolved is cooled to blood
heat at least before being poured on the derris powder, or the active
principle of the latter may be affected.

Little (181) in 1931 reported on the insecticidel properties of
the devil' s-shoestrings (Tephrosia virginiana) . The roots dug from
several localities at various times of the year were dried by different
methods and then finely ground in an herb mill. Encouraging results
were obtained on common cattle grubs.

Later Little (182) reported in 1931 that the powdered root of
Tephrosia virginiana dusted on cattle grubs in the backs of cattle
killed about 90 percent within 10 dfys.

Bhatia (26) in 1934 reported that the goat warble fly (Hypoderma
crossi PettonT~and the cattle warble fly (H. lineatum (De Vill.)) do
'great damage to goat skins in Indie. Referenoe is made to the
successful use of derris and Folvo against marble grubs in England.

-52-

DeSussy et al. (48) in 1936 reported that Hyooderma tovis end
H. lineaton can best be controlled by washing the animals with a
suspension of derris in water.

Wells (309) in 1937 sutmitted the following table shewing results
of oreliminary tests et Colorado Sorin^s, Colo., in which rotenone,
derri? powder, and devil1 s-shoestrings were used against larvae of
Hyqoderma lineatum encysted in the backs' of cattle.

Four animals were treated externally with undiluted devil' s-
shoestrings (1.72 percent rotenone) at the rate of 3 ounces oer animal,
with the result thet of the 288 encysted larvae 250, or 86.8 percent,
survived. On one animal, given an external application of 3 ounces
of undiluted derris powder (3 percent rotenone), 51.11 percent of the
90 encysted larvae survived.

R. W. wells, in a typewritten renort to the Division of Insects
Affecting Man and Animals, Bureau of Entomology and Flant Quarantine,
United States Department of Agriculture, in March 1937 on the control
of Hvpoderme lineatum lervae in the backs of cattle in Colorado, Mis-
souri, and Iowa, stated that in 1°34 it was found that a treatment
with e solution mede up with 70 cc. of paraffin oil, 5 cc. of cresol,
25 cc. of benzol, and carrying 1 sm. of rotenone to each 100 cc. of
the composite solvent, was survived by only 5.59 percent of the larvae
treated (by injection into the cyst), whereas the seme solvent without
rotenone was survived by 75.47 percent of the larvae treated. Numerous
tests led to the conclusion thet 1 gr<.. of rotenone per 100 cc. of

Method of

: C

omnosition

of

solut

ion

/Animals

• Larvae

• Larvae

treatment

:'0il
Cc.

! Cr

esol
Co.

ll

5nzo

1 1 Ro

tenone

"! treated

: treated

: survivi

-ng

8c.

§a.

Number

Number

Number

Percent

External

45

5

50

3.0

14

317

10

3.15 .

Injection

45

5

50

1.0

4

. 115

7

6.08

Do.

70

5

25

1.5

2

52

4

7.67

Do.

70

5

25

•0.5

9

211

11

5.21

Do.

' 70

5

25

:1.0

20

234

17

7.26

Do.

' 70

5

25

0.5

7

135

15

11.11

Cr

esol

com-

„

uound

Do.

45

5

50

0.5

10

202

31

15.34

Cresol

.com-

pound

-53-

solvent is about the minimum advisable dilution for external treatment;
the external' treatment is -fully as efficient as the injection; and the
inclusion of the other derris resins, in addition to the rotenone,
does not add significantly to the efficiency of the preparation. As
^ould "be expected, more of the solution was used in the external appli-
cation than was required 'for injection. Approximately 400 cc. of the
solution was used in treating externally the .backs of 14 cattle carry-
ing a total of 317 grubs.

Wells (311) in 1940 published directions for the use of derris and
cube washes in the control of cattle grubs. The powder, soap, and
water are mixed in the following proportions: Water, 1 gallon; cube
or derris powder (5 percent rotenone), 12 ounces; soap, 2 ounces. One
gallon of the wash is sufficient to treat the backs of 12 to 16 adult
cattle, depending on ho™ long and how thick the hair is.

Wells and Schroeder (313) in 1939 reported on the effectiveness
of derris washes on cattle grubs. Washes consisting of 8 and 12
ounces of derris per gallon of water, plus 4 ounces of soap, apolied
at the rate of l/3 quart tier animal, are less toxic to Hypoderma bovis
than to H. lineatum. In the formrr species the third instars were
more resistant to the meshes than "ere the second instars '"hale with
the latter species the reverse was true. Hand rubbing of the backs
of the animals after amplication of the insecticide ^ras more effective
in killing H. lineatum larvae than was brush rubbing, but in treating
animals infested with H_- bovis the latter method was just as effective
as the former. . •

The United. States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal
Industry (281) in 1940 stated the t experimental work was continued with
washes containing derris powder and cube powder to determine their
value and relative effectiveness as larvicides for 'the common species
of ox warbles (Hynoderna lineatum) . The washes ^ere -prepared just before
application end consisted of ^arm water, soap, and derris or cube powder,
1he soap, usually in flake form, was added to the warn --ater in the
proportion of 4 ounces to a gallon, and the derris or cube powder in 12
or 16 ounces per gallon. About 1 pint of wash was ap-nlied along the
back of each animal treated. The liouid ^s then spread evenly over
the back and sides and into the hair coat with an ordinary scrub brush.
The experimental cattle "ere located in Texas, New Mexico, Colorado,
and Missouri. They -rere infested with grubs of H. lineatum. Grubs of
H. bovis Deg. ^ere not found in anv of the cattle. The cattle were
treated when grub openings began to a-npear in their skins. Derris and
cube ponders "ere eaually effective as larvicides for settle grubs.
The powders containing 4 percent of rotenone, used in the proportion of
12 ounces to a gallon, were as effective in killing grubs in situ as
those containing 5 percent, "'hen used in the proportion of 16 ounces to
a gallon, but the former was not so effective as the latter in killing
grubs that ce ^e up after treatment was applied. In most cases more than
one treatment mes necessary to eradicate the grubs. Some treatments

-54-

were applied when the outside temperature was as low as 20° F. , tut,
although the cattle were exposed to cold, inclement <-eather, no injury
nes detectable.

The United States Department of Agriculture, 'Bureau of Entomology
and Plant Quarantine -(297) in 1941 celled attention to the presence of
both the common and the northern cattle grubs in northern Colorado and
across Wyoming, =nd to a demonstration of their control with cube -"ash
at a ranch ne?r Parlcman, Wyo. It was planned to treat about 15,000 head
of range cattle for cattle-grub control.

Hyooderma sp . " - ■ ;

In December 1916, Lemmens and Fryer applied for certain British (17?)
end -German (176, 177) patents covering the use as insecticides of powder
and extract of Tephrosia, particularly mentioning T, vogelii. The
patentees stated that the purpose of the invention tss to provide
improved means for the destruction of insects, vermin, and similar para-
sites of various animals and plants, such means being suitable for ready
use as an insecticide powder or wash for spraying upon plants, trees, and
other vegetable growth, and upon soil, and as a sheep. dip, a cattle
dressing, or a wash for animals, whereby the parasitic pest could be
destroyed without injury to the plant or eniraal life. In 1917 Lemmens
and Fryer (174, 175) applied for and were- granted United States patents
covering the same invention.

Bishopp, Laake, end Fells ( 30) in 1922 stated that a single appli-
cation of derris in soapy water applied with a brush to the backs of
infested animals killed almost 100 percent of. Hypoderme larvae.

Wells, Bishopp, and Laake (312) in 1922 reported that an ointment
consisting of 1 part o^ derris to 2 parts of vaseline, applied to
warble holes in the backs of cattle, was as effective as anv other
material used in this ^ay. Five days after-treatment all grubs were
found to have been killed r.n* the condition of the cvsts -"?s very satis-
factory. A -ash consisting of 1 pound of derris, 4 ounces of soap, and
1 gallon of ^ater, applied once 'ith'8 brush to the backs of infested
cattle, killed practically all. grubs.

Hadwen(l30) in 1933 referred toj the. killing of Hypoderwe larvae
by the application of derris to the warble boles .

Bishopp, Laake, and Wells (31) in 1929 reported that for the con-
trol of cattle1 frubs in the backs of cattle an ointment consisting of
powdered derris root, 1 part, and petroleum, 10 parts, pave excellent
results. Fine derris ponder ^s very effective. As a '-ash, derris
powder 1 pound, *at«r 1 gallon^ and -soap 2 ounces briskly rubbed in
with a brush gave a lOO^-pcrcent kill in many cases. A pound of derris
powder is sufficient for a general application to the backs of 20 to
25 heed of cattle.

-55-

Bishopp, Laake, Wells end Peters (32) in 1930 reported that ex-
cellent results "'ere obtained in tests made against Hypo derma larvae
in the backs of cattle by the use of powdered cube root, powdered
derris root, derris extract in kaolin, derris resins in petrolatum,
and a proprietary derris-extract ointment. No toxic effects on the
cattle are to be expected from derris products and they do not seem
to injure the skin. Derris powder fron which the rotenone had been
partially extracted with ether killed 33 percent of the grubs, in-
dicating that the other constituents have insecticidal value. Kaolin
containing not less than 2 percent of rotenone gave almost a complete
kill.

Bishopp (28) in 1941 reported that, for killing cattle grubs,
derris powder should obtain at least 1 percent of rotenone and
should be ground fine enough to allow 90 percent of it to pass through
a 200-mesh sieve. Although apparently not so effective as ground derris
root, certain -powders to which from 1 to 2 percent of rotenone or a
proportionate amount of derris extract had been properly added were
satisfactory. A wash consisting of derris ponder 1 pound, water 1
gallon, and soap 2 ounces, brisklv rubbed in with a brush, gave a
100-percent kill in many cases.

'1'
he United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology

(282) in 1923 reported the "'ork of Bishopp et al. Over 98 percent of
the grubs can be killed with a general amplication of pondered derris '
root to the backs of cattle . A wash consisting of 1 pound of derris,
4 ounces of soap, and 1 gallon of water also gave a kill above 95
percent. An ointment consisting of 1 part of derris and 5 parts of
vaseline gave almost 100-percent kill when the material was -pressed (283')
into each hole. The same Bureau/ in 1927 reported that tests with
insecticides against cattle grubs in Virginia indicated that pondered
derris root '"ill give a high percentage of kill if applied and brushed
in at intervals of about 20 days. The Bureau (284) in 1929 referred
to experimental ir-ork done with insecticides applied to the becks of
cattle, special attention being given to rotenone and other materials
extracted from derris root. The report stated that these insecti-
cides show high toxicity to cattle grubs and can undoubted.ly be
developed to a point where they c?n be extensively used in control
""ork. In 1930 the Bureau reported that 2 or more ounces of derris
powder per animal are necessary if the entire back of each animal is
to be treated. The Bureau (286) in 1931 stated, that derris end its
derivatives appeared to be- the most promising insecticides for the
control of cattle grabs, particularly as there is no danger of (288)
poiBoning livestock with them. In 1933 the Bureau/ reported that
various insecticides for killing the grubs in the backs of cattle
by hand application had. been tested. Rotenone, in combination with
benzol, w5s found to be highly efficient. One-half gm. of rotenone
was dissolved in 100 cc. of benzol, and approximately 1 cc. of the
fixture was injected into the opening of each cyst. This method of
treatment is relatively fast, as compared ^ith any other treatment
epnlied to grubs individually.

Wer&le end Buckle (307) in 1933 referred to the derris ^ash
recommended by Wells, Bishonp, and Laake in 1922 for killing Hynoderma

-56-
lervae in the backs of cattle.

^ecDougall (185,186) 'in 1924 reported tests wit& a proprietary

preparation of derris. Any scab and rnetted hair obscuring the exit
hole of the larva in the skin ^s cleared away before the dressing
was applied. One ounce of derris to 1 imperial ouart of "-ater killed
86 percent, and 1 ounce' to 1 pint killed 94 percent of the parties.
No injurious effects attended any of the cattle dressed with derris
and there '-es no discomfort to the hands of the dresser. MacDougall
(187) in 1928 reported that two dressings of service against Hypo-
derma larvae, tested in Sootland in 1927, averaged good results. -..
first was one in great favor in Denmark, viz., Kypoderma oil.' This
costs 5 pounds per gallon, but a little goes a .long way. It was
injected by means of a syringe at the opening into the warble, the saueez
hole being first cleared. Three or 4 days later the treated ^prbles"
"ere examined and the larvae ^ere/out. While Hypoderma oil <iid not '
do all the advertisements claimed for it, it can te recommended. It
was most successful against the youngerlervee. Last— stage larvae
^ere much more difficult to kill. Treated cattle did not suffer in
health, and there was no falling out of hair. ittecDougall, (188)
in 1930 reported that Kur-Mange at 1 ounce per imperial auart of
rater killed 86 percent of Hyoodj3rma_ larvae in the backs of cattle,
end at trice this concentration killed 95 percent.

MacDougall (189) in 1931 reported on the campaign against ox-
warble flies in Scotland in 1930. The following derris preparations
"ere effective against the larvae: Polvo powder 1 pound, soft soap
1/4 pound, water 1 imperial gallon; Garble Fly Ponder 1 pound and (190)
water 1 imperial gallon. In 1932 he/Teported- that in Scotland in
1931 three different kinds of dressing were tested, vi-!;.: polvo soft
soap as in 1930; Warble Fly Powder (with the soap already incorporated
and needing only the addition of water); and e liouid derris preparation.
The first two '"ere v^ry successful. l-lacDougall ( 191) in 1934 reported
tests on control -ork in Scotland with the following proprietary derris
products: Bovidere oil, Cooper's Warble Fly Ointment, Cooper's Warble
Fly Powder, Cooper's Cattle Wash, and P-lvo. Ninety- three percent
of the marbles were killed. 8 days after the application o-f polvo powder
soap '"ash containing derris ponder 1 pound, soft soap 1/4 round, and
water 1 imperial gallon, at the rate of 3/4 gallon per animal. The
cost of material was about 2 cents per animal per application, and the
total cost was about 25 cents per animal for 4 applications. Tests
w< re also made "-ith cube powder, ^sing the proportions 1/4 pound of
the powder to 1 imperial gallon of water, 43 *»erbles were dressed and
on examination, 25 larvae were dead, 5 "ere alive, end 13 burst in
being squeezed out. Using 1/2 pound of the powder to 1 imperial gal-
lon of rater, 42 larvae were treated and on reexamination 30 larvae
were dead, 1 ™?s alive, and 11 burst in bein:- squeezed, out*

Walton (304) in 1925 reported that preliminary trials of derris
ointment prepared ecc rding to the formula f ""--lis, Bishopp, end Laeke
had been made for the cohtr 1 f warble flies in North Wales. 1hc
results obtained with 91 eattli were most promising.

e^

-57-

Field (88) in 1926 reported that the derris product Kurmsnge,
1 ounce to an imperial quart of water, killed 86 percent of Hypo-
derma larvae,, and at 2 ounces per quart it killed 95 percent. Cat-
tle dressed with Kurmenge suffered no injurious effect. '

Blieck end Beudet (33) in 1927 reviewed the ^ork of Bishopp et
al. (29) on derris against ox warbles.

Leynen (180) in 1928 reported that the "Commission Hollandaise
du Varron" recommended the use of derris powder for destroying
Hyp oder ma. larvae, as recommended "by Bishopp et el. (29) in 1926.

Lietcalf and Flint (202) in 1928 recommended derris es a wash
for killing ox war Dies in the hacks of cattle.

C. H. Richardson (238) in 1928, in a review of isecticides,
stated that derris had given excellent results in the control of
cattle grubs.

Werburton (306) in 1929 referred to the action of the Leather-
sellers' Company in appointing a committee to consider the whole
question of the warble fly on cattle, and. this committee' s recom-
mendation of a derris soep wash, consisting of 1 pound of pondered
d.erris root, 1/4 pound of soft soap, end 1 imperial gallon of water.

G-aut (_99_) in 1929 outlined a. plan to kill all warbles in cattle
within a given area of Worcestershire County, England, by the use?
of e wash made according to the following f ormule : Stendardized
derris powder, 1 pound; soft soap, 1/4 pound; and ^eter, 1 imperial
gellon.

Geut end iralton (103, 104) in 1929 reported that the use of a
derris-sopp wash made according— to-a formula recommended by Bishopp/ Save
et al. /pronounced success against ox warbles end ^es, moreover, a
■fool-proof remedy. It was made up es follows; Polvo (derris powder)
1 pound, soft soep 1/4 pound, water 1 imperial gellon. The soft'
soep was boiled in about 1 quart of water. After cooling somewhat
it wes gradually poured on the dry powder thet hed been previously
placed in e smell bucket or cen, end mixed by means of a wooden
stirrer into the consistency of mud; enough cold water was then
added to make up 1 gellon of wash. It was ap-nlied ^ith a soft
cloth, netting the warble lumps thoroughly. The wash should be
frequently egiteted to prevent sedimentation. Warble Fly Ointment,
a derris product made by Cooper, McDougell, and Robertson, Berkhamsted,
England, gave a 100-percent kill Hien forced into ever1- warble hole.

G-aut (100) in 1930 reporter1 on experiments with derris against
the ox warble fly in Worcestershire County, England. The insecticide
was standardized derris powder (Polvo) , used according to the formxila
of Bishopp1 s et al. (30). Replies to a questionnaire ihdiceted that
232 out of 244 farmers considered thet the derris-soep wash hed been
satisfactory for killing warbles. Tests in 1930 indicated that a half-
strength wesh gave 100-percent kill of warbles at each of the 4 eppli-
cetions. Experiments have proved that both the full-strength and
half-strength "ashes, used 28 days end 56 days efter preparation, are
just as effective as freshly made material.

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G-aut (101) in 1931 reviewed the results of tests in 1928-31 in
the Eme county. The derris-soap wash (polvo l/2 lt>. , soft soar) 1/4
lb., and water 1 imp. gal.) was used successfully in 15 areas, on
more than 10,000 head of cattle on nearly 500 farms. He (102) in
1936 called attention to his previous (101) report on derris wash
and recommended its application with a 1-gallon short-spouted watering
can.

Davies (68_) in 1930 described tests with four derris powders and
two derris solutions for the control of Hypoderma larvae in North
Wales. When it was used as a wash, derris ponder from three of the
sources nroved highl.v toxic to warble fly larvae under critical,
general, and ordinary farm conditions. The powder was applied, accord-
ing to the formula of Bishopp et al. ( 30 ) . The wash evidently "'ill
not retain its toxicity if kept more than a day or so after it is
prepared. Four monthly dressings were proved to be necessary. It
was estimated that 1 uound of derris nowder is sufficient to provide
a wash for 4 monthly dressings for 20 to 25 infested cattle.

Fulmer (90) in 1930 reported that larvae of the ^arble fly were
amenable to derris.

Hollstein (141, 142) in 1930 described tests with Kur-Mange, a
powder containing dried soda sopd, borax, unknown constituents, and
rotenone extracted from Derris ellrotica. When user! at the rate of
10 gm. per 200 cc. it was useful for combe tin.~ warble fly larvae
'"hen applied by injection. Kur-iwange at 31 gm. to 550 cc. o*~ ^ater
killed 95 percent of the larvae in tests made in England. Cooper's
Warble Fly Salve (Dasselfliegensalbe) is useful for combating ^arble
fly larvae ^hen applied by injection.

•

Jensen (152) in 1930 mentioned derris extract as one of the
preferred preparations for the treatment of cattle grubs in Jutland.

The .University College of North Wales, Department of Agriculture
(219)^ in 1930 stated that in Great Britain the annual loss caused by
warble holes in hides is estimated to be more than 500,000 pounds
sterling. A derris wash made according to the formula of Bishopp
et al. (29) is recommended..

Schwerdt (248), in 1930 reported that Kur-^enge and Cooper's Warble
Salve (derris preparations) -"ere found to be inconvenient in the treat-
ment of warbles, although in the hands of an ecperienced man, esnecially
a veterinarian, thev could be used with favorable results.

The United States Department of Agriculture in a release to the
press on May 25, 1930, reported that cube is fatal to cattle grubs.
The derris and cube root powders had no unfavorable effect on the skin
and hair of the animals tested and are not particularly poisonous,
hence are safe to use. Applications of these rowders at 15-day interval

-59-

killed most of the grubs. From two to four treatments "'ere reauired.

An anonymous (l_) writer in 1931 reviewed s report in the York-
shire Post by R. C. Geut, Agricultural Organizer for Worcestershire,
Englend, on the value of derris in combating ox ^rbles. About 10,0^0
head of c?ttle "^ere dressed 4 times ^ith a preparation made according
to the Bishoup et al. (29) formula. The fine particles carried in the
soapy "ash during dressing effectively plug the breathing holes of the
grubs, causing death by suffocation. There is thus a dual action,
"hich makes a 100-percent kill possible. The -rash should therefore be
kept 'Tell agitated bv means of the cloth and hand so that little or no
"mud" remains at the bottom of the vessel when the liquid has been used
up.

An anonymous (2) writer reported in 1931 that tests made on one
animal with the "Derrifluid" of Tropper showed good effect on Hyooderma
larvae "hen the material was injected, but poor results from external
application. The injection was easy and without harmful after effects.

Compton (60) in 1931 gave an account of an eradicatinn campaign
carried on in Illinois, with Gusanol, a proprietary derris extract
ointment. The treatment v?r-g started about February 20 and was given
at 30-day intervals until about the first of July. It is estimated
that f,his treatment reduced the ox varble "copulation 65 percent.

The Ministrv of Agriculture and Fisheries of Great Britain (124)
in 1931 estimated the annual loss in Great Britain from hides damaged
by garbles at more than 500,000 pounds sterling. Preparations of derris
root "ere very effective in destroying "arble larvae. T,j'0 proprietary
derris preparation «ere used — (l) an ointment, and (2) a "ash prepared
from a ponder sold as an insecticide. It ^as claimed that both the
ointment and the "ash, "hen carefully ap-plied, would kill' practically
all the mature or maturing warbles at a cost in materials of about 1
pennv per head, for the four applications. No harmful effects to the
cattle were recorded. When the ointment is used each "arble hole must
be located and treated after being freed from hair. The wash is more
convenient to apply, a? it is only necessarv to locate the spellings
and then liberally "et each one "ith a soft cloth steeped in the
-preparation.

Zaubzer (330) in 3931 reported on warble fly control in Bavaria.
Mechanical removal has given better results than any other method,
including Hypodermol, a largely used salve containing paradichloro-
benzene, derris, and laurel oil.

The University College of North Wales, Department of Agriculture
(220) in 1931 repeated its recommendations of 1930 for warble fly
control by means of derris.

Reisinger (236) in 1931 recommended the follo'-i.ng proprietary
derris products for "arble control: Cooper's Salve, Derrifluid,

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Hyoodermol, end Kur-Mange.

An enonvmous (3) writer in 1932 zeve en eccount of en exhibit
et the Royal Dublin Show by the Educational Section of the Irish
Free State Department of Agriculture, showing the damage to hides
ceused by ^erbles. Samples of derris root, derris powder, end the
derris wash reedy for use egeinst ox ^erbles were shown by the Irish
representetives of Cooper, MecDougall end Co., "1th the slogan "Cattle
dreed the warble fly. The marble dreads derris ponder. Hah it into
him."

Campbell (50) in 1932 reviewed unpublished <"ork of ""'ells, ^ho
tested rotenone for the control of the common cettle grub, ^e ep-olied
to the backs of infested cettle dusts conteining 0.5 to 2.0 percent
of rotenone end cottonseed oil conteining 0.5 percent of rotenone.
Best results rere obteined with the letter mixture, 94 percent of
the grubs being killed in e ^eek. The dusts killed ebout 75-percent,
"ells concluded thft thoroughness of application is more importent
than the percentege of rotenone in the mixture.

Davie s end Jones (59) in 1932 compered the effectiveness of derris
wash (l lb. derris ponder, 1/4 lb. soft soep, 1 imp. gel. ^eter) end
cube wash for the control of ox derbies. In criticel tests where e
nash of cube-root ponder "es used et the strength of 1 pound of cube
root per gellon a 100-percent kill wes obteined. At 1/4 Pound per
gallon a few marbles remained alive. Dry derris powder gave e kill
of 95.1 percent and the derris wash e kill of 100 percent.

ffotze ( 122) in 1932 recommended suspensions of derris in soap
.solution as by fer the most suitable me?ns of treating warble fly
lervee. One kg. ot~ finel^ ground root of Derric meleccensis ^es
steeped in 9 liters of cold water for 24 hours, with freauent shaking.
Just before use, e solution of 250 gm. of soft soap in 1 liter of
water was added. The mixture was not filtered. Decomposition took
place after ebout a week. This mixture was. rubbed thoroughly on
the animal's beck and repeated after. 2 or 3 days. Each application
required about 250 cc. of the solution. No harmful effects on the
animals '"ere noted. The control was said to be 95 percent.

The Department of Agriculture of the Irish Free State (147) in
1932 described experiments made in Ireland in 1930 end 1931 with Polvo
(ordinary powdered derris root) for the control of ox warble's. It
was recommended in preference to Aatekille end Cooper's !ferble Fly
Powder, but soft soeo must be used along with it. Tests are also
described with Katakilla, Paregrad, Cooler's Werble Fly Powder,
Cooper's Cattle and Warble Wash, ?nd Cooper's Warble Fly Dintment.

The Isle of Men Board of Agriculture (149) in 1932 reported
the control of the ox warble fly. Reference is made to the "orccster-
shire Experiments on the control of this insect. The best dressing

considered to be Folvo powder 1 pound, soft soer> 1/2 pound, weter
2 imperiel gallons.

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Kurschner (164) in 1931 reported the '-proceedings of the sixth
meeting on marble fly control held, .a.t the German Ministry of Agri-
culture. It '"as stated tha t infestations occurred only in certain
regions of Germany, th?=t various larvicidal substances, including
derris, ^ere available, and that mechanic-1 removal could also "be
resorted to*

The United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign
and Domestic Commerce (298) in 1932 published information on warble
fly extermination in Germany transmitted "by the American commercial
attache in Berlin, as follows:

A nev method of combating warble fly was suggested
. at the last conference held in the Federal Ministry for
Foodstuffs. A veterinary journal has now approved this
ner' method Hiich has proved highly efficient and i-'hich
■ " is co'nsi'der.ed to be easier to handle than the treatment
with :"Larfug" ointment, with grub sticks,- and by various
■ other methods'. The new method consists of repeated ^ash-
ing with, a solution of tuba and derris roots/

- . ■ . . 'The .solution was prepared, as follows: One*' thousand
grams -of derris': powder was soaked in 9O00 cc. of i-ater
for 24 hours during which time the water was stirred
repeatedly. The' ^ater soon assumed a milky appearance.
A solution of 25D gm. of soft soap in 1-, 000 cc- of ^vater
wa-s added so that a total Quantity of 10 liters of wash-
ing solution were obtained from one kilogram derris pow-
der,. -The. powder is retained, in the solution, '"hich has
to be shaken up- for use. The solution of derris and
soap disintegrates afterebout 1 week so that- suprs lies
can be, prepared only for this period. The treatment
of cattle is very simple and requires only a fem minutes.
The infected parts of the back are rubbed with the hand
.- while the solution is applied in small quantities. It
is not necessary to remove the hair. The individual
boils are freed from crusts and the boils are cashed
carefully. Animals that are only slightly afflicted
will require 150-200 cc. of the solution, '-Thile' more
serious cases will require 300-400 cc. The washing
isrepeated after 2 or 3 days. On the average,.
aiDoroximately 500 cc. of solution will be required
- for each animal for 2 treatments, so that about 20
head of cattle can be treated '-ith 1 kg. of derris
powder, at a cost of about 20 pfennigs per head.

r ■ •„ ■ ■'■his treatment turned out to be more efficient
than that of any other chemical preparation tested for
this purpose. Both young and old grubs mere killed.

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The destruction of old grubs could be ascertained beyond
doubt by their soft condition after about 3 days. The
appearance of fresh grubs -as not noticed until about
4 weeks after the treatment. This effect was obtained
only after e double treatment at an interval" of 1 to
3 days and only when very finely ground derris roots
'"ere used, but more than 90 percent control -as obtained
with only one thorough treatment. The results obtained
with solutions made from coarsely chopped root were not
nearly so good.

The same Bureau (299) in 1932 stated that the Warble Fly Com-
mittee of the Leathersellers' Company (170, 171) , London, reported
that experiments <"ith derris preparations had been conspicuously
successful.

According to the Warble Fly Committee (170) in 1930, more than
10,000 cattle in Worcestershire, England, were treated with the
Polvo wash. In 1932 the Leathersellers' Company (171) published
information on tests carried out at various places in England, Ire-
land, and Scotland during 1931. Derris was tried in the following
forms: Dry derris oowder, derris-soap wash, Polvo, Katakilla,
Cooper's Warble Wash, and Cooper's Warble Powder. In northern Ire-
land tests on 805 cattle shoved that 99.5 percent of the warbles
were killed by four applications of the derris-soap wash (l lb.
Polvo, 1/4 lb. soft soap, 1 imp. gal. water). In tests in
Caernarvonshire dry derris powder killed 98 percent of the warbles.

Burton (46) in 1934, in a lecture on the warble fly, referred
to the conclusion of the Leathersellers1 Warble Fly Committee that
a derris-soap wash, applied to the marble lumps with a Mrly stiff
brush waS an economical, efficient, and practical way of killing
the grubs in the animal's back.

Petti t (232) in 1932 described the method of applying Gusenol
(a proprietary derris product) to cattle for the control of Hyooderma
larvae.

Townsend (276) in 1932 gave directions for the use of derris
powder against warbles as follows: Derris 1/2 pound; soft soap 1/4
pound., water 1 imperial gallon, applied by hand with a cloth or brush-
or with a sguirt can. Its action is due to the mild poison it contains
and to the fine particles stopping up the breathing holes of the grubs.

Baudet (18) in 1933 reviewed the results of tests by G'otze with
derris-soap wash and by Peter to control ox warbles. Peter did not
obtain so good results from the use of Cooper's Warble Powder as
English authors described.

Baudet and DeBoef (20) in 1933 reported on the control of ox
warbles with a water extract of derris made by soaking 1 kg. of derris
powder containing 2 percent of rotenone in 9 liters of water for 24

-63-

hours, after., which 250 gm. of soft soep dissolved in 1 liter of weter
wasedded. .The extract ,aes prepared just prior to use. As a rule
one application v'f^ sufficient, but a. second made a" few days later
ensured the death of all the larvae. The mixture was well brushed
onto the backs of the animals, 5 to 14 fluid ounces "being reouired
for each. An ointment of vaseline containing 2 percent of rotenone
elso gave excellent results, the hair around the garble having been
cut before- its application. Rotenone dissolved in the oil killed the
larvae, but the resultant irritation makes it unsatisfactory in
practice. Mixtures of rotenone with turpentine also caused irritation
and were not so effective.

G'Otze (123) in 1933 reported on the value of a number of pro-
prietary derris products for the control of ox warbles. Products
tested ^ere: Derrothan-emulsion, Ludwig Meyer's oily preparations
Nos*. 2068 and 2069, end three rotenone or derris solutions sold by
the Chemische Fabrik Marienfelde and designated Indis-sine-rotenone-
•Lb'sung, India-rotenone-L'dsung, and India-gesemtextrakt-Losung. T<"0
applications of a product containing 8 percent of rotenone diluted
1:50 killed 96.4 percent of the marbles.

Gusenol, a pronrietarv derris ointment, ,T,as recommended for the
control of ox marbles by the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station
(145) in,. 19 33.

Peters (231) in 1933 reported on warble control in Germany. One
kg. of fine derris ponder "'as soaked in 9 liters of cold •r,ater for 24
hours. To this was added 2.5 kg. of soap in 1 liter of ^eter. Two
applications of this mixture killed ell marbles in the becks of cattle.

Remien (237) in 1933 reported on the value of some proprietary
derris products, including Derrothan-emulsion,' Ind.ie-rotenone-Losung,
India-cesamtextrakt-Lbsune, and Indie-sine-rotenone-Losune:, for
controlling Hypoderma larvae in the backs of cattle. All warbles on
animals w? shed twice with an aqueous solution of 0.68 percent of
rotenone end 2.5 percent of soap were killed.

Spoon (257) in 193? reported that rotenone 'was of great value
in the control of cattle grubs.

The United- States .Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal
Industry (280) in 1933 recommended' the use of derris against cattle
grubs, stating the t animals infested can be effectively and safely
treated by the owner "'ith small medicated rods inserted, in the warble
holes. This method appears to be the most effective, rapid, end safe
so far devised for use by the cattle o^ner. Of a large number of
formulas tested, the one that gave the best results ™es: Gum erebic
6 drams, glue 2 drams, tannic acid powder 2 drams, derris powder 1
ounce, and enough water to meke e stiff paste. This paste is then
rolled into the form of rods, ^en properly used, the rods are 100-
perfcent effective in killing grubs. The ingredients arc- harmless to
cattle, and the preparation is easily standardized. There appears to
-be little danger of spreading infection from one lesion or enimel to
another, a thing which often occurs v,hen infected instruments ere u-ed.

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An anonymous (4) '-riter in 1934 outlined plants for Ontario
farmers to combat marbles in cattle ^ith^afche derris-soeo -ash.
In 1932 Stevenson on Berrie Island treated cattle h?v;nc an average
of 15 grubs per animal, end as a result of this treatment the
average number of grubs ner animal fell to three in 1°33.

According to Bertels (14) a derris suitable for treating c-ttle
grubs should contain at least 8 percent of rotenone. Good results
-ere reported in 1934 by the use of Delicia-Dassel'61, a proprietary
derris product.

Helraig (139) in 1934 reported the results of tests of the fol-
lowing proprietary derris products against ox rarbles: Derrisol,
Derris-Vieh^'cschpulver, Abdessol, Rufus Nos. 99, 114, 214, 228, 314,
Lianol, and Garepetox-Feutan. Abd.assol and Derrisol in 10-percent
solution gave the best control, namely, 93 to 94 percent.

Beudet (19) in 1934 reviewed the -Tork of several "-orkers on the
control of cattle grubs. Peters found that excellent control was
obtained by the use of a derris suspension -prepared bv soaking 1 kg.
of finely ground derris in 9 liters of ^ater for 24 hours and then
adding 250 gm. of green soar: in 1 liter of ^eter. He recommended
one r-T)olication before the animals ere placed in pasture in the
soring and a second p police tion in i^py or June. The first amplication
killed 97.6 percent of the larvae. Remien carried out experiments
with several proprietary rotenone-containing preparations. One,
containing ^11 the derris constituents except rotenone, killed 31
percent of the larvae; 96 to 97-percent control mas obtained "'hen
the 10 percent of the nonrotenone derris constituents -ere present.
Derris suspensions prepared the same as those used by Peters killed
98.6 to 100 percent of the larvae. A rotenone susnension described
as a "sort of colloidal solution" ™es prepared by dissolving 3 parts
of rotenone in 20 perts of pyridine, adding 80 parts o^ elcohol,
and then eddin? this solution to 280 parts of a 2.5 -percent soar
solution. The rotenone did not settle raoidlv from this suspensi
'-hen distilled water ^fs used to prepare the solution. This pre-
paration killed 92 percent of the larvae on cattle "-ashed "-ith it.
Subcutaneous injection of derris extract in a crlf infested -"ith
larvae "/as without effect. This res to be expected, as the lervr-e
are not dependent on the body fluids of the host. Go'tse obtained
sstisfactor-"- control of the cattle grub with a solution of rotenone
in soybean oil and also "Tith a suspension of derris in proprietary
oils prepared by Schering-Kahlbaum.

Beudet end DeBoer (21, 22) in 1934 obteined rood results egeinst
ox marbles v^ith derris' povder (8 percent rotenone) mixed with

'•ater 1:30. Rotenone dissolved in acetone and mixed - . ^r

also yielded good results. Care must be taken tht ell larva
into contact with the medicament used.

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A writer signing as G. E. 0. (222) in 1934 gave the following
formula for warble control: Derris 1 pound, soft soap 1 pound,
in v?ter 1 imperial gallon.

Vogel (303) in 1934 reported that three derris extracts diluted
1:50 caused 90.8, 56.8, and 58.1 percent^ respectively, of the
war Dies in. the backs of ca tie to heal,. An extract diluted to
contain 0.24 percent of rotenone. caused 95.6 percent to heal and gave
the "best control of any material tested. Derrilavol, Derri-Tox, Derro-
emulsion;, Deumos, Dasselfliegenbekampfungsmittel, Panderran I and II,
an'd Cooper'^. Garble. Fly powder were other derris- products tested.

Zunker {:35l) in 1934 reported tests of proprietary; derris pro-
■ ducts againat Hypoderna larvae in the backs of cattle.. Abdassol (also
■called D8) killed 63 to 95 percent; D7 , 67 percent; B9, 90 uercent; and
Polvo,plus soap;, 74 percent. • .

An anonymous (5) Dutch writer in 1935, recorded results against
.cattle grubs .'with two lots of .derris, one containing 2 percent of
rot-enone and 8 percent of ether extract,, used at the- rate of 1 kg. to
9 liters of water, plus 250 gm. of green soao in 1 liter of water;
therother containing. 8, percent. of rotenone and 21 percent of ether
extract used at the rate. of 1 leg. to 40 liters of water. Soap is
not; necessary; neither is soaking .the ponder, in water. Satisfactory
control of the cattle grub was also obtained with rotenone, 10 gm.
in 250 cc. of acetone added to 4 liters of water.

DeBussy et al..-(49) in '1935 "rote th'-.t derris was an established
remedy for the control of werble flies.

• f Spoon (258, 259) in 3935 "Tote that for use against Hypoderma,
derris powder 'containing 2 percent of rotenone and 8 percent of
ether extract was agitated in 10 parts of water for 24 hours, and
to the mixture was. added 0.25 -pert of green soap in 1 part of water.
The suspension was rubbed into the back of the animal .with a small
brush, an average 250 cc. being used for each animal, ^hen derris
powder containing 8 percent of rotenone and 21 percent of ether
extract was used, 1 part of derris w?s suspended in 40 parts of water.
The addition of soap was found to be unnecessary. Satisfactory con-
trol was also" obtained 'by suspending 1 part of derris (8 percent
rotenone, 21 percent ether extract) in 10 parts of water, and apply-
ing the suspension immediately. It was not known whether lower con-
centrations would be effective without a longer period of extraction.
Later that year Suoon reported on theuse of derris powder iii Holland.
In the Wieringermeer- district, 65 kg. of derris powder containing 8
percent of rotenone was used for the treatment of 4,000 yearlings,
2,000 of which received a second application. On the island of
Ameland, 20 kg. of derris (same sample) was used "for the treatment
of 1,635 cattle. The cost of derris ponder for a single treatment
amounted to about 2 cents in American currency. The method, of ampli-
cation was as follows: 400 gm. of derris oowder was suspended in

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9 liters of water, snd the suspension wss freouently agitated during
a 24-hour period. To this suspension was added 1 liter of green-soap
solution containing 250 gm, of green soap. This suspension was
shaken just before use snd was brushed into the animal's hide. The
considered results were satisfactory. The addition of the green-soap solution

twas/ unnecessary. Satisfactory results '"ere also obtained by brushing
the cattle "uth a liauid containing 10 gm. of rotenone dissolved in
250 cc. of acetone, added to 4 liters of ^ater, and by aoulication
of a salve containing 3 percent of rotenone in vaseline.

Stefanski and Obitz (261) in 1935 reported that in. Poland a wash
of powdered derris root end soft soap, applied at the rate of 4 gm.
of powder, 2 gm. of soap, and 40 gm. of water per animal, and one made
with a powder in which derris was incoroorated ^th soap, ^ere tested
and each killed an average of 90 percent of the larvae. As the young
larvae are easier to kill, it is important to apply the treatment
in the first half of April, before the animals are put out to pasture,
repeating it at the end of May.

Bartels (15, 16) in 1936 called attention to the finding of
mummified Hypoderma larvae in the backs of cattle that had been treated
with derris preparations such as Derrilevol, Derrisol, and Derriphen.
Later in the year he recommended standardized derris preparations for
the control of larvae in the backs of cattle. Derris root should con-
tain at least 8 -percent of rotenone and. 25 percent of total extractives,
Mention was made of the proprietary derris products Derrilavol, Derri:-
Derrophen, and Panderren.

Gibson and T^inn (109) in 1936 reported that losses from all
causes attributable to "7arble flies in Canada had been estimated
at from 7 to 14 million dollars annually. The standard treatment
was to auply derris wash: Standardized derris ponder 1 round, soft
soan 1/4 pound, and water 1 imperial gallon.

The Ministry of Agriculture of Great Britain (125) in 1936 called
attention to its Garble Fly order of that year, reauiring that infested
cattle be treated by mechanical means to remove the maggots, or else
treated with a '•'ash containing either 1.5 ounces of derris resins
or 0.5 ounce of rotenone olus 4 ounces of soap per gallon. Treat -
mupt begin between March 15 and 22, or as soon as the maggots appear
or under the skin, and must be repeated at intervals of not less than 27
days/ more than 32 days, as long as they cont;nue to appear. The
dressing must be applied so that it shall come in contact "*ith the
larvae through the breathing holes made bv them in the skin. The
Governments of Northern Ireland and the Irirh Free State had adopted
similar measures in their countries.

Handa ( 135) in 1936 reviewed work on the warble fly in India and
referred to the use in England of the derris-soap "-ash.

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Hoenig (140) in 1936 tested four derris preparations for marble
control on cattle. One washing with a 4— percent solution of P?n-
derrah-i.ierck killed 83 percent of the larvae. A single -ashing with
a. 5-percent Abdassol solution resulted in the death of 38.8 percent,
whereas one washing with a 10-percent solution produced °5.6 percent
of healing. Abdassol was the most .satisfactory agent "because of its
ease of amplication (foaming readily), its cheapness, great effective-
ness, and complete hermlessness to the animals. ■ A single washing i'ith
8: •"io--percent Derrisol-Bongsn solution gave a kill of 91.5 percent.
One, washing ^ith a 4-percent Derrilavol solution resulted in a 75.3
percent kill of the larvae, which the ^uthor did not consider
sufficientlv good.

The Department of Agriculture of the Irish Fr.ee State (148) in
1936 reported experiments made in' Ireland for the control of Hyp ode ma
larvae ^ith Polvo and Paragrad, Polvo reouires the addition of a
spreader for successful application. The spreader . (soft soep) is dis-
solved in hot water and mixed with the Polvo to form a paste, which
is then reduced to the reouired strength by the addition of water.
Paragrad has a spreader' incorporated in it, and all that is necessary
is •to. mix the ponder- with water to form a paste and reduce it to the
reouired strength by the addition of water. The preparation is then
read:-- for use. The dressings were used .at the following strengths:
Polvo 1/2- pound, soft soap 1/4 pound, water 1 imperial gallon; Paragrad
1/2 pound, water 1' imperial gallon. The dates, o'f- the first ^pplic--- tion
varied at the different centers, depending on. the maturity of the grubs
but, generell\r speaking, the first dressing was applied; about the last
-^eek of Kerch and repeated at intervals of a. month. Three applications,
and in some cases only tr-o, were generally sufficient for the complete
destruction of all grubs. The number of animals treated- ^es 965. The
total number of grubs that appeared dxiring the. tests was 13,891, an
average of 14.4 per animal. On the cattle treated with Polvo a total
of 5,805 warbles developed, and 6,701 or 98 percent were killed. On
the cattle dressed with Paragrad 7,086 ^arbles appeared and 6,868,
or 97 percent, were killed. From the above results, there is apparently
little choioe between Polvo end Paragrad. Most of the instructors
in these trials favored Paragrad because it is easier to prepare,
needing only the addition of cold water, whereas with Polvo both soft
'soap and hot ^eter are required.

The Kolonieal Instituut'of Amsterdam (162) in lg^ reported that,
in general, the various stages of Dintera are but little sensitive to
derris. The larvae of the warble fly is a favorable exception. Finely
ground derris root seems to be a powerful, control measure against this
pest and is not injurious to domestic animals or man.

According to Yen der Laan (165) in 1936, the larvae "-ere sensitive
to derris.

Maheux (194) in 1936 published directions for the treatment of
warbly cattle in Quebec with or -priet'ry rote^.one preparations.

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Pedretti (229) in 1936 reported on the control of Hypo derm a
larvae -ith derris^ preparations. T»6t6 wsre -made with Abdsssol,
Derrilavol,- Eer'risol, Derrop.hen, and Laurus-Desselpulver.

Bartels (17) in 1937 reported that derris prepare tions gave a
high percentage of control of Hypoderma larvae.

Hard tmann( 137) in 1937 stated that for combating wc-rble fly
larvae in the skins of cattle, oil snrays containing 0.05 percent
of rotenone were employed.

The Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station (184) in 1937
reported that derris ^o^der dusted into the warble holes killed a
high percentage of grubs,

Natvig (210) in 1937 reviewed ^ork on ox warble flies in :or~ay
and stated that various '-ashes, including derris, wre used.

The Ruhderhorzel-Bestrijdings-Commissie (245) of Holland, in 1937
recommended aqueous susnensions of derris root for control of cattle
grubs.

An anonymous (7) writer in 1 938 reported on the ^arble flv pest
in England. The percentage of hides with open marbles handled by
the Hide Improvement Society during the first 9 months of 1938 '-as
s lightly greater than in 1937, but less then in 1936. Derris sales
in 1937 and 1938 were much less than in 1936. The Ministry of Agri-
culture held that rigid enforcement of the Warble Ply (Dressing of
Cattle) Order would only antagonize farmers gener=lly end defeat its
own object. "Enforcement should be tightened up gradually, cut at
the present the Order should be the background for an educational
and propaganda campaign, bringing home to farmers their obligations
under the Order and the advantage to themselves of rving its
provisions. The number of prosecutions report 3 the Ministry
during 1938 was 94, against 51 in 1937, and 8 i.. J ?5.

The United States Department, of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and
Domestic Commerce (301) in 19"40 called attention to an order of the
British Ministry of Agriculture making the use 3f preparations
for cattle dressing obligatory. This is a mcdificeti n f the
"Warble Fly (Dressing of Cattle) Order of 1936." The original order
permitted the removal of maggots from the skins of affected cattle
by mechanical means. This alternative was later withdraw and it
wad reauired that all visibly infested animals be treated during
the current season by the application at monthly intervals of a
derris dressing prer^red according to specifications in the order.

Edwards (79) in 1938, in a. popular account of rotenone-containing
insecticides, stated that they were effective against warbles on c?ttl<j

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Hearle (138) .in 1938 -published directions for preparing derris
^a sh (derris powder 1 It,, soft soap 1/4 lb, water 1 imp, gal.) for
use against cattle grubs.

Thorns sen and Doner (274) in 1938 revie-'ed published information
on fly control for livestock end mentioned rotenone for killing
Hyp Oder .-ne larvae.

Dinulesco andFoisoreano (75) in 1939 reported that in the labora-
tory extracted grubs placed in contact with derris extract at the
tempera.to.re of the host were killed after 5-1/2 hours,

i/i. P. Jones (158) in 1939 recommended derris or cube for the
control of cattle grubs,

L. G. Snith ^256) in 1939 called attention to the control
demonstration of cattle grubs carried out on a herd of 150 head of
beef cattle in G-erfield County, Wash, Excellent results were obtained
from 4 treatments beginning in December 1938 and applied every 20
days. The ,T,ash consisted of 1 round of 5 percent cube root and 2
ounces of soap in 1 gallon of water, applied to the backs of the
animals at the rate of 8 ounces per animal, and thoroughly scrubbed
in with a brush.

Wells (310) in 1939 reported the results of a series of tests
on the use of derris and cube raphes on the backs of cattle for con-
trol of cattle grubp in Colorado and Iowa. Bv using derris and cube
cashes (1^42, 6, and 4 oz. plus 4. oz, soap per gallon of ^arm
water) 011 the backs of cattle, it was found, that 1 quart of the
solution ^es sufficient to treat only 3 animals with such winter coats
as are found in Colorado and Iowa. After distributing the powdery
•^ash over tho lock it was necessary to devote 2 man-minutes of rub-
bing the wash into- the hair with the hands. Rubbing ^i th a brush
was less efficient. With an equal amount of rubbing, 12 ounces of
the powder per gallon of wash ^es as efficient as 16 ounces.
Sight ounces of powder per gallon ,rTith the 2 man-minutes of han ;.
rubbing pes survived by approximately 9 percent of the grubs, whereas
with 16 ounces oer gallon the best result was a. survival of 3.15
percent. The powders contained rotenone and extractives as follows:
Derris 5.2 percent of rotenone and 15.5 percent of total extractives,
cube 4.7 percent of rotenone and 21.1 percent of total extractives.
In all, 186 cattle were used, each being handled t-ice , first for
application of the wash and second for extraction of the grubs, which
totaled 4,708. The cube nowder gave better results than the derris.

^he Idaho University, College of Agriculture (144) in 1940
recommended ground derris or code root (rotenone 3 to 5 percent) 12
ounces, and neutral soap 2 ounces per gallon of ™ater for control of
cattle grubs. The material should v< [just prior to each treat-
ment end applied ^ith a stiff brush with sufficient force to enter

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the holes cut in the skin '"by the grub.s./ Treatment should begin ebout
December 20-25 end ; should ''be- repeated et-25- 30-day intervals until
no more grubs anp ear on the becks o.f the animals.

' Otitidae

Euxeste stigmeties Loe"

B. A. App in 1936, in e type-ri-tten report to the Division of
Ce,reel and Forage Insect Investigations, Bureau of Entomology and
Plant Quarantine, United States Department of Agriculture, stated that
e derris-telc dust containing 1 percent of rotenone shored a control
of 3.9 percent of. maggot's, as compered ^ith 19 percent hy the leed
er senate dust.

Psilidae

Psile rosee (P.) , "the carrot rust fly

Smith and Wadsworth (255) in 1921 tested insecticides egeinst
the carrot rust fly. Four explications of e ponder composed of soot
end derris et the rate of 1 ounce of derris plus 2 ounces of scot
per souare yard resulted in 95 percent of clem carrots. The control
plot yielded only 20 percent of carrots free froip infestation. This
derris mixture gave the "best control of any of tne materials tried.

K. M. Smith (254) in 1925 reported that tests were made '--ith
various insecticides. A mixture of 1 ounce, of derris' '"ith 2 ounces
of soot per square y?rd did not give results promising enough to
justify further trials '•'ith it.

- Kelsall et el. (159) in 1926 reported thr-t derris in either
dust or liquid form gave a considerable measure of control, the
material being ep-olied to the soil surface about the time egg laying
wes in progress. The control tvas apparently eccorroenied "by plant
stimulation also.

The Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station (19?) in 1929
stated that derris products had <?iven very enpouraging results against
the first generation in 1927 and 192G but '-ere ineffective against
the second generation.

Glasgow (114) and Glasgow and Gaines (116) in 1929 reported that
five applications of derris dust et weekly intcrvels were ineffective
in combeting immature steges in soil. Mercurous chloride ras 100
percent effective.

^Thitcomb' (316) in 1929 reported promisin"? results **ith derris
compounds for control in Massachusetts. In the laboratory all flies
confined with wotted carrots dusted with pondered derris root died

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in less than 24 hours. The insecticide was as effective 3 days after
it was applied as when fresh, and ^hen diluted 1:4 and 1:2 with gypsum
killed the flies as readily as in pure-dust form. In tie field the
pure powdered derris root gave 87-percent protection after treatments ~
with a hand duster on June 16 and 23 and July 2. The untreated plot
suffered 78-percent injury. Derris-gypsum dust, Derrisol spray,
sodium fluosilicate spray, and corrosive sublimate solution gave
70 percent or more protection under the same conditions. Similar
treatments on August 21 and 29, applied under less favorable con-
ditions, ^ere not so effective against the late brood of maggots.

The Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station (198) in
1931 stated that in laboratory tests, derris dust, both pure and
diluted 1:2 wi'jth, gypsum, was very effective in killing adults end
prevented ;ovinosition, whereas eight .other materials '"ere much less
effective.

Gorham (.121) in 1934 reported on control la Quebec. Derris ponder
in suspension in water and Derrisol in solution ™ere among the most
effective insecticides. Derris dust gave results equal to the liquid
preparations, but all other dusts tried "ere somewhat less effective
than liquids. The critical time for insecticidel action is just after
the larva emerges and Hiile it is still close to. the soil surface.
The average results obtained during the lest four years ^ith the four
most efficient materials ere sho^n in the following table:

Material

Average injury by larvae

Spring

1 . Autumn.

Percent '

Percent

0.64

12.65

2 . 20

31.05"

4.36- ■

28.71

4.04

25.52

34.03

51.12

Mercury bichloride, 15 pounds per
acre, 18 plots

Derris, 15 pounds per acre, 20 plots

Derrisol, 5 pounds per acre, 16 plots

Sodium silicofluoride, 400 pounds per
acre, 12 plots

Checks, 48 plots - ' '

The Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station (200) • in 1938
reported that four applications made on June 5, 12, 19, and 26, of
cube-clay dust to carrots from seed sown May 4 -z^^e complete protection
and can be recommended.

^hitcomb (317) in 1938 reviewed laboratory tests of insecticides.
In 1929 eggs were pieced on moist blotting naper in petri dishes and

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carefully "but thoroughly sprayed or dusted. The materials used were"
corrosive sublimate solution 1:1,000, Derrisol spray 1:250, bordeaux -
oil emulsion (l-percent oil) , 4-percent calomel-lime dust, and un-
diluted ground derris root (5 percent rotenone) . No larvae hatched
from eggs exoosed to any of these treatments, but about 20 percent
hatched from the untreated eggs. Luring 1928, 1929, and 1930 about
300 newly. emerged flies were confined in groups of 10 in lantern
-globe cages over potted carrots that had been sprayed or dusted with
various insecticides. Where dusts were used, the flies were confined
with the treated plants immediately after application, except in special
experiments; but the liouid sprays were allowed to dry on the plants
before the flies were caged with them. Derris killed the flies with
unusual speed and consistency. Applied as a dust, derris mixtures
killed all flies within 2 days. Another series of tests indicated that
undiluted derris dust killed all the flies in 24 hours when they were
confined with the plants 4 days after the dust was applied, but it was
only partially effective 5 or 6 days after application. Derris-gyosum
dusts containing 75 and 50 percent of derris killed all the flies with-
in 3 days after application, but a dust containing 33 percent of derris
killed only 70 percent of the flies exposed to it immediately. In
field experiments derris and cube have been the most consistently
effective materials, especially to control the first-generation flies
on early carrots. Good results with derris were also obtained by G-orham
(reported by correspondence) in New Brunswick, Canada.

In the first work with derris, the undiluted derris root was superior
to any mixture of it with gypsum. In fact, the greatest commercial
damage by the flies where this treatment was used was 13.2 percent in
1928, which represented a gain of 64.4 percent over the check; and the
average loss in 3 years was only 7.73 percent. However, ground derris
root costs at least 40 cents a pound and, undiluted, is much too expensive
for commercial use on carrots. Since 1933, derris and cube powders have
been improved by careful grinding and handling. In 1937 four applications'
of a oube-clay dust containing 0.6 percent of rotenone gave complete pro-
tection from a 14-percent infestation in an adjacent check; and in 1932
and 1933 a similar commercial dust containing 0.55 percent of rotenone
permitted an average damage of only 3.5 percent, mhich represented the
greatest gain from any treatment with a contact insecticide against the
second generation. This dust is now readily available for about 13 cents
a pound, and used at the rate of 50 to 75 pounds per acre it would cost
from $6.50 to $-10 for each application. This expense has not been
justified in the last few years; but with a heavier infestation and a
yield of 500 bushels or more ner aere, it might be practical on early
carrots. On small plantings and home gardens it can be recommended.
Sprays containing rotenone have been effective but in most cases are
more difficult to apply. Pyrethrum as a dust or spray was less effective
than derris or cube.

Scatophegidae

Scatophaga stercoraria L.

According to De Pussy et al. (48) the full-grc-n flies ere much more

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susceptible then houseflies. Dusting with a derris mixture containing
0.5 percent of rotenone and 1.2 percent of ether extract killed all the
flies within 24 hours.-

Syrphida.e

Allograpte obliqua Say

Little (182) reported in 1931 that the larvae rrre not affected by the
pondered root of Tephrosia virginiana in laboratory tests.

^ampetia equestris J1., the narcissus bulb fly

According to a letter from Etablissements Rotenia to R. C. Roaricin
1938, (Merodoja) Lempetie equestris on tulips was mitigated by a product
containing 12 percent of powdered Lonchocamus nicou root (6 percent rotenone)
and 88 percent of talcum.

Schopp and Eide (247) in 1939 reported' the results of experiments with
insecticides at Sumner, Wash., in 1938. Better than 50 percent control
was obtained with a cube-root dust mixture containing 0.5 percent of
rotenone. ^his dust mixture was applied at the base of the narcissus
plant, where the bulb flies ordinarily oviposit. The first application of
the insecticides were made on May 6, coinciding with the time of emergence
of the first adults, and, since heavy showers occurred soon after the
first applications, they '"ere repeated on May 23.

Merodon geniculatus Strobl.

in laboratory tests
Delassus (70) in 1931 reported that/ steeping bulbs of ornamentals
(Amaryllidaceae) in a decoction of derris was ineffective against larvae
of this syrphid.

Syrphus emericanus Wied.

Little (182) in 1931 reported that the larvae were not effected by the
powdered root of Tephrosja virginiena.

Syrphus spp.

Wilbaux (321) in 1934 tested extracts of 22-year-old leaves of Tephrosia
vogelii and. reported that as a contact insecticide the leaves are about
as toxic as nicotine. Larvae of Syrphus were resistant to sprays containing
1 part -to 200 of the dry vegetable matter.

Kelsall et al. (159) in 1926 reported that derris, 1.5 pounds per 100
gallons of water, with soap, was used against aphids on a cutleef birch.
Larvae of' syrphid flies ^ere killed and dropped in k:- few hours, but the
aphids did not, appear to be affected during the first 12 hours. T'-o days
later the tree was found to be completely free from aphids.

Kuijper (163) in 1929 reported that syrphid flies were resistant to e
spray containing an aqueous extract of derris root.

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The Ne'"T Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station (212) in 1938 stated

that in studies on pea aphid control derris dusts destroyed a large

number of syrphid fly larvae, '•'hich predator /enemies of the oea aphid* "

/ are

Tabenidae

The United States Department of Commerce, ^ureau of Foreign and
Domestic Commerce (300) in 1938 published information received from
the American Consulate General at Frankf ort-on-Main, Germany, that
rotenone-containing preparations had been found to be most effective
in Germany for combating the horsefly pest.

T ipul i dae

Tipula spp.

Thompson (273) in 1928 tried derris in poison bait against leetherjacke"
in South Wales and found that, although it did 'not give as good results as
the peris green bait (l lb. peris green, 20 lb. bran, moistened with 1/2
imp. gal. mater) , it is obviously of definite insecticidal value when used
in this way. On the derris-treated plot numerous earthworms, and also some
slugs, were found lying dead on the surface. Derris powder clearly does
not render the bait distasteful to the pests named, as appeared to be the
case with sodium fluosilicate. The derris bait was composed of 10 pounds
of bran and half a rjound of derris ponder distributed over half an acre
of oats. Thompson concluded that derris ponder gives moderately good
results.

An anonymous (6_) writer in 193? stated that derris was ineffective
against craneflies.

Trypetidae

Cera titis ca-piteta (Wied)., the Mediterranean fruitfly

Mille-r and McBride (205) in 1931 recorded tests of various materials
used in a solution of 50 rounds of sugar, 10 gallons of sirup, and 190
gallons of ^eter, against the Mediterranean fruitfly in Florida. he
sirup was a very chear> grade of black- stray) molasses, and the sugar was
a coarse brown grade. The addition of 1 pint of a proprietarv product
called "Derris Emulsion 5 percent derris resin" to 200 gallons of this
sugar solution caused a mortality of 80 percent of the flies in 9 days,
as compared with a 12-percent mortality in the check test.

Bawft£4ier and Foury (36) in 1936 reported that molasses plus derris
(14kg. of molasses, 1 liter of commercial insecticide containing 50
. of rotenone, and 100 liters of water) killed 50 percent in 7 days.
Arsenicals and fluorine compounds t^evc much better results.

Rothe (244) in 1937, in discussing means of combating this species

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Lv. Jrr 'i' ny, referred, to a special contact poison that apparently contained
derris and was used in admixture ™ith summer oil spray.

Ceratitis (Pterandrus) rosa (Karsch)

Ripley and Hepburn (240) in 1931 reported tests to determine the
comparative toxicity to the watal fruitfly of fluorine compounds, lead
arsenate, copper carbonate, Derrisol, and Pulvex. The tests were made
by suspending a cylindrical roll of absorbent cotton wool, 8 inches long
and 1-1/2 inches in diameter, from the center of a cage 1 foot square
and containing 50 flies, 25 of each sex. The cotton hsd been soaked in
a solution containing 62.5 gm. of white sugar per liter, plus the poison
being tested. Derrisol diluted 1 part to 500 parts of sweetened water
acted neither as an olfactorv nor a gustatory repellent and showed a
high toxicit-"- considerably greater than that of lead arsenate at 0.23
percent. It appeared to be somewhat too volatile, however, always failing
to kill 10 percent or more of the flies, these having fed presumably
after the rotenone had largely volatilised. Pulvex was far less toxic
than Derrisol, dilutions of 1 part to 300 of sweetened water ranking con-
siderably below Mally bait in toxicity.

Dacus cucurbita.e (Coa.), the melon ; fly

The Federated"- Malay States Department of Agriculture (84) in 193?
reported on tests' made in 1936. Spraying and immersion tests with adults
as subjects, "-ere carried out ^ith aqueous solutions of Derris elliptica,
rotenone, lime precipitate of derris, deguelin, rotenone-free resin
solution, and solutions of the new solid and liquid derivatives of derris.
Rotenone -and deguelin were dissolved in acetone to which a small amount
of Agral was added ^nd the new solid was tested in solution in ethylene
glycol monoethyl ether. In some tests this species was anaesthetized with
ether before being sprayed.

Dacus (Chaetodacus) sp.

The adults were used by .the Federated Malay States Department of
Agriculture (83) in 1936 to test the toxic value of derris extracts.

Ep ochre, canadensis Loew, the .currant fruitfly ■

Wood (325) in 1912, in describing the use of derris as an insecticide
in Malaya, stated that its use against the- gooseberry maggot in English
orchards would be well worth a trial. '

Hanson and Webster (136) in 1938 recommended derris dust (0.5 percent
rotenone) or spray (0.02 percent rotenone) for the control of the yellow
'current fly.

-76-

Pletyprrea sp.

According to a letter from Eteblissements Rotenia in 1938 to P.. C.
Roark, this pest on asparagus was mitigated by a product containing 12
percent of powdered Lonchocarpus nicou root (5 percent rotenone) and 88
percent of 'talcum,

Rhagoletic ceresi (L . )

See Jancke (150) under Pegomya hyoscvemi. Panz. . on page 5.

Sprengel (260) in 1932 reported tests to control the cherry fruitfly
in Germany. The r»roprietary derris products Polvo and Polvosol have been
used as contact poisons in combating this insect. A dosage of 1/4 kg.
of Polvo per tree "as sufficient, whereas 1/2 kg. of pyrethrum was needed .

According to Deutscher Pflanzenschutzdienst (72) in 1933, ^hen cherries
are so ripe as to be susceptible to damage by sodium fluoride snrays, it
i-s recommended that the entirely harmless derris be used, even though it
is considerably more expensive.

Jancke and B'tfhmel (151) in 1933 reported tests made in Germany for
the control of the cherry fly, A derris extract made from derris ponder
and acetone in the ratio of 1:2 was tested. A 100-oercent ki"1 1 was
obtained with a 1:250 dilution in 4-percent of molasses and with a 1:500
dilution in a. 2-percent sugar solution, ^he 1:500 dilution caused 557,
70—, and 90-uercent mortality, according to whether it was made with
1-percent glycerin, 4-percent molasses, or a combtination of the two. In
comparison, a 1:500 mixture of pyrethrum with 4-percent molasses caused
only 15 percent mortality. The acetone extract of derris is said to be
very stable, and can be conveniently diluted ^ith water.

Lang (167) in 1933. reported that the derris-containing proprietary
insecticidal materials Polvo and Polvosol were epu lied four times within
3 wee^s to young cherry trees for the control of the cherry fraitfly, but
failed to give favorable results. There was some sound fruit, not exceed-
ing one- third of the crop, from the treated trees, whereas every fruit from
the untreated check trees was infested.

Stell^aag. (262, 263) in 1933 reported a revie- by the Biologische
Reichsanstalt of experiments relating to the control of the cherry fruitfly.
Derris was tried in dust form, but because of the unsatisfactory conditions
of many of the experiments no definite statement was made as to the results
with this or any of the other materials used. In the seme year Stellwe.cg
also mentioned the fact that derris had been used as a dust in the control
of the cherry fruitfly.

Wiesmann (320) in 1934 reported that Priox, Polvo (contains rotenone),
end Herkosol were apolied as dusts against newly emerged flics, but rain

-77-

prevented their 'being effective. Dry dust gave good results in the
laboratory.

According to a letter from 'Ftablisseraents Rotenia in 1938, to R. C.
Roark, this pest on cherry trees was mitigated "by a product containing
12 percent of powdered Lonchocerous nicou root ( 6 percent rotenone)
and 88 percent of talcum.

Rhagoletis cingalata (Loew), the cherry fruitfly; the cherry maggot

The Ke" York Agricultural Experiment Station (214) in 1935 stated
that derris plus an adhesive, such as gum arabic, applied as a spray'
reduced the number of cherry fruitflies appreciably.

Glasgow (ll5) in 1935 reported trials of substitutes for lead arse-
nate in control.

Three applications of derris powder ( 4 percent rotenone) , ^hen
applied at a rate of 2 pounds to 100 gallons, reduced the fly infestation
in one large sour-cherry orchard from approximately 30 percent in 193? to
less than 1 percent in 1934. •

' The Ne~ York State Agricultural Experiment Station (215) in 1937
reported that derris was being tested for control of the cherry maggot.
The same station (217)' in 1939 reported that tests on the use of rotenone
sprays indicated that they are efficient substitutes for arsenicals on
cherries to be sold as fresh fruit.

Hamilton end Pearce (134) in 1938 reported that preliminary experiments
^ere carried out in Ne^ York in 1937 on the relation between programs
for spraying ^ith arsenicals and the residue on cherries at harvest time.
Sprays of cube root (5.3 percent rotenone), flotation- sulfur paste, and
soybean flour (2.5, 6.0, and 0.5 pounds p^r 100 gallons of spray), applied
on June 5, 15, and 24 following a shuck-fall spray of lead arsenate ( 1
lb.), were tested on trees that had a.l5-percent infestation by Rhagoletis
cingulata and R. fausta 0. S. during the previous season. Of over 10,000
cherries from 2 trees, only 0.35 percent ^ere injured by Rhagoletis, but
the lightness of infestation during- the preceding year precludes definite
conclusions.

The New York county Agents' Training School (213) held at Ithaca on
December 19, 1938, heard reports that cherry fruitfly control tests con-
ducted in ' plantings kno^^n to have been infested in 1937 -rrave the following
results in 1938:

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i- ..

t

5-nrpy material • ^-plications | 7'- rmy f ruit

Number Percent

Cube root 2 lb. , soybean flour 1 lb.

in 100 gal. of ^ater 3 1.38

Do. 4 1.13

Phenothiazine 2 lb. in 100 gal. of rater 2 4.56

Do. 4 .31

Light arsenicals fbllo^ing the grower' s

shuck spray 2 3.21

Hamilton (133) in 1940 reported that in field tests both cube root
and phenothiazine reduced heavy populations of fruitflies (Rhagoletis
cingula ta and R. fauste) satisfactorily vhen at least three .applications
vere made at the rate of 2 pounds per 100 gallons of spray. In one test
a 15-percent-phenothiazine dust appeared to be nearly as effective as
these sprays. Basic zinc arsenate only partially controlled cne~ry fruit-
flies when t'-'o light applications ~rere made. Cube containing 4.4, 4.7,
or 5.3 percent of rotenone was used at the rate of 2 or 2-1/2 pounds per
100 gallons. Soybean flour (l/2 lb.) or r commercial" spreader ( 1 pt.)
was used in most tests, also flotation sulfur paste (6 lb.) as a fungicide.

Rhagoletis feusta 0. S. , the black cherry fruitfly

See Hamilton and Pearce (134) and Hamilton (133) under Rhagoletis
cingulata, on pp.77and 78, respectively.

•^hagoletis pomonella (Welsh), the apple maggot; the .blueberry maggot

The Maine Agricultural Experiment Station (195) in 1935 reported that
a pyrethrum-derris insecticide was tested for control of the apple fruitfly
being applied at the rate of 1:400 in the fourth cover spray. It is not
feasible to dra^ conclusions fron this preliminary test. Experiments '-ith
pyre thrum and derris rrill be continued.

Garman (91, 9_2) in 1936 reported that his first field experiment
v,ith derris was conducted that year and ^eve unfavorable results, but
more ^ork was needed to establish whether derris has enough action in
the field to be considered. In 1936 he reported that in labor- tory tests
derris showed considerable toxicity to anple m-ggot flies: in field tests
it was much inferior to either cryolite or lead arsenate but trees sprayed
irith it showed considerable improvement over unsprayed trees. A summary
of laboratory control experiments to kill adult flies of the ap^le maggot
is given in the following table:

-?o-

Material end Solution

Te

i i , '. Average
sts } Flies iEg,e -punctures : wunctures
'_ ; r>er fly

Lead arsenate 2 gm./,100 cc. 5

Natural cryolite 2 gin./ 100 cc. 6

Derris (ground root) 2 gnu/100 cc.

"ith skim-milk -ponder 5

Phenothiezine 2 gnu/ 100 cc,

T7ith skim-milk ponder 2

Checks ( no spray) . ■ . 8

Number Number
101

112

Number
0

1

118

45

170

530

Number
0.0

'.008

.06

.13
3.11

Procedure: Urte'riels ^ere diluted ?s indicated and sprayed uniformly
on green, immature apples, "hich were then hun^ in the cages. Food was
supplied but the only water provided tos sprinkled daily on the apples.
All tests were run for 20 deys, after ••'hich they were discontinued end
the apples ^ere examined v,ith a binoculrr for egg punctures. ' The temper-
ature ranged from 75° to 78° P. end the relative humidity v?s about 60
percent. Flies were introduced shortly after emergence.

The results of field experiments to control the apple maggot at
Experiment Station Farm, Mount Carmel,"Tere as follows:

Materials

• Infestation in fruits > Varieties

Lead arsenate-flotation sulfur
Lead ar senate-lime .
Cryolite- flotation sulfur
'Cryolite- talc
Derris spray
Check (no maggot spray)

Percent
4.9

11.8

8.2

11.1

28.1

71.9

Hurlburt

Greening

M0ther, Stark

Greening

Greening

Greening

Sprays of derris 4 pounds, skim-milk DOvder 1 wound, bentonite 2
pounds, to 100 gallons of water were apwlied on June 27, July 10, and
July 25; and s-prays of derris 4 pounds, skim-milk powder 2 pounds, and
'•'ater 100 gallons were applied on August 14, The derris wonder contained
4 percent of rotenone.

Beck^ith and Doehlert (24) in 1937 reported on the control of this
species in cultivated blueberry fields with t,-,o nonpoisonous insecticides,

-80-

derris (• 5 percent rotEnone) end pyre thrum: (0.9 pereent pyre thr ins) . Flies
were obtained in March.- and April from pupae in en incubator end *-ere dustei
with definite Quantities of insecticide in a cege of measured size, in an
attempt to determine "hich "as the more effective dust and to approximate
the lethal dose needed in the field. The- temperature ranged frcm 65° to
70° F. Pyre thrum used at the rate of 90 mg. per cage ( 1/3 cu. ft.) killed
the flies in 20 hours. Derris at the rate of 30 mg. per caee ( 1/3 cu. ft.)
killed the flies in 3-1/2 hoirs, and in tests "ith smaller ouantities it
-•as found that 5 mg. to a. cege "ouid inca-oecitr te flies "-ithin 2 hours and
they "ould die without regaining motive po^er. No smeller dosages Tere
tried. Five mg. to 1/3 cubic foot "Ould he eoual to 4-1/3 pounds per acre,
treating a space 3 feet high, or 8-2/3 pounds per- acre for a space 6 feet
high. The treatment finally recommended '-'as 10 pounds per acre for small
plants and 15 pounds r>er acre for larger ones. Commercial treatments "ere
made on 225 acres representing plentings of 10 different growers. Some
operators used a monoplane and others an autogiro. The dosege "as limited
to 10 to 15 pounds per acre. T"0 small cages, 4 by 10 by 2 inches, of
folded-,rTire mosouito screening, were used to hold flies in -the center of
large bushes in fields that were being dusted by eutogiro. Six flies were
used in a cege, and all '"ere deed "ithin 2 hours after treatment. Adults
of Rhagoletis pomon^lla cen be killed in cultiveted blueberrv plantations
by dustine, from en eirplene or eutogiro, with 10 to 15 pounds of derris
d.ust (5 percent rotenone) to the acre, -^he time for treetments' in New
Jersey is approximately June 27 to 30, and July 7 to 10.

The Connecticut Strte Agricultural Experiment Station (51) in 1937
reported thet results of tests "ith various substitutes for lead arsenate
in orchard sprays indicated that the best control of the apple maggot "as
obtained on the trees in the cryolite-derris plot sprayed "*ith phenothiazine.
Continued' "ork ^ith these materials appears to be desirable.

Germen (93) in 1937 reported th-t in generel, the results obtained
that year indicated that derris is a very good insecticide for killing
apple maggot flies and that it kills much more repidly than lead arsenate.
This rapid kill ™es also reflected in e reduction in egg punctures amounting
to 99 percent "hen the materiel was used es a spray at the same rate as
lead ersenrte. Smell auentities of derris or allied materiel in the form
of e dust containing' 0.75 percent of rotenone, anplied so as to cover the
fruit surfece in a verv light layer, "ore also effective in killing the
flies end -preventing oviposition. Phenothiazine continued to sho" repel-
lent action but in killing effect "as not cauel to either derris or lead
arsenate. Wheat flour was used as a carrier in ell tests except that "ith,
the rotenone dust, the sprays being applied at the rfte of 3 gm. of poison
and 3 gm. of flour in 800 cc. of water.

The Ne<" Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station (211) in 1937 reported
that tests "ere made against this fruitfly infesting blueberries. Derris
dust ?t the rate of 10 "mg. or more killed the flies in 3 hours. Five mg.
of derris disabled the flies in 7 hours so thi t they eventually died.

; ■ j ..-8.1-..

The -Connecticut AgricuLtural^Experiment Station (62) in 1938 reported
that derris dusts 'were -applied.* j, a -July to control apple- maggots. Regular
sureysVere discontinued ef ter , Jupe ^5 end three amplications of a dust
containing 0.5 percent of rotenone,- Fere made in July and August. At the
station* farm the results were .better than for several' years past... At
West ^oods,' where, a similar schedule was followed,' the reduction in
injury amounted, to approximately. 3.8 percent.

German (94) in 1.938 reported .-that e dust containing 0.5 percent of
rotenone applied ^ith a po^er .duster , seemed to have considerable toxicity
for the apple maggot fly. In -laboratory tests materials that proved to
he effective when used as dusts were ineffective 'after being wet down and
applied as a spray, even though considerable amounts were used in the
• spray. -Apples heavily dusted were left for s few days in a greenhouse
exposed to moisture and light. In these tests freshly applied dusts
showed much greater effectiveness than similar dusts that had been exposed
in a greenhouse for 5 days.

G-arman and Townsend (97) in B38 reported further studies on apple
maggot control. In both laboratory and field tests a 0.5-percent-rotenone
' dust, with clay as a carrier, was shown to be more effective than lead
arsenate in killing the flies. Exposure to li^ht under greenhouse con-
ditions destroyed -the insecticidal action of rotenone dust corrroletely in
;5 days. Using the dust as a spray also destroyed its efficiency.

The Ne'-' Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station (212) in'1938 stated
that cage tests of insecticidal dusts against the adult fly were con-
tinued in that year with a total of 621 individuals in 34 lots. It was
found that, in equal amounts, powdered brrbasco and derris ^ere eoually
toxic, each* resulting 'in a. practically complete.'kill ^here 2.5 rag, of
4-percent materiel was used in cadres of l/3-cubic-f oot capacity. The
same quantity of 6.7-percent timbo produced only a '50-percent kill. he
substations recommendation of 2 applications of 10 pounds of powdered
derris per acre spread by aircraft' on June 27-30 and Julv 7-10 was continued.

The'Nevr York Agricultural Experiment Station (216) in 1938 reported
on insecticides, including phenothiazine, powdered cube root, and hydrated
lime, "hi ch were tested under orchard conditions against the apple maggot
in']936. Six small orchards '"ere treated, all the trees in each block
receiving a 'single te<st. material.. Little or no control ^as obtained where
hydrated lime alone was- used,- but the results from cube root and pheno-
thiazine. were sufficiently promising to warrant additional testing.

The New York County Age^*?9..Trairfin| School (213) held at Ithaca in
1938 heard a report that further tests with rotenone in the form of
powdered derris and cube root resulted: in' very poor control of the apple
maggot. Apparently this material is "out" as an insecticide against this
pest.

-82-

German (95) in 1939 reported that in field experiments in Con-
necticut, dusts containing 0.5 percent of rotenone, although successful
in 1937, failed to eaua.l that performcnce in- 1938,' partly "because of the
heavy July rainfall. High tempers tures and humidities destroyed the
rotcnone rapidly, and flies ^ere able to ley large numbers of eggs des-
pite the 10-day interval of application, <-y.ich theoretically should "be
ample considering the material and the nature of . the insect. The
addition of sulfur to the dust did not improve it. In 1939 German (96)
reported that in the hottest part of July 1938, ap-les ^ere dusted with
rotenone dust and exposed to sunlight 1/2 day. By the end of that pericd,
the killing po^er of the dust had disappeared, indicating a very rapid
dissipation of its toxicity. About the only place for dusts of the kind
mentioned (0.5 percent rotenone) is in late e-oplicp tions after the first
of August, i_Then flies need to be destroyed on early ripening varieties
such ^s Gravcnstein or Wealthy, and excessive residues should be avoided.

Lathrop (169) in 1939 reviewed the 10 years of warfare against the
.blueberry maggot. Under the heading "Farther Investigation Needed", he
states that studies of rotenone insecticides arc of interest to the. "blueberr;
producers.

The United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology and
Plant Quarantine (295) , in 1939 reported ~ork done in 1938 by ?. J. Chap-
man on the control of the apple maggot in the vicinity of pou-hkeepsie,
N. Y. Cube povrder (4.4 -nercent rotenone and 22.9 -orrcent total extractives)
at the rate of 3 pounds per 100 gallons plus 1 pound o^; soybean flour r?s
applied five times, but permitted an infestation ranging from 34.3 to 93. -i
percent* Lead arsenate followed by zinc arsenate and t'-o applications of
■ohenothiazine s,svq the best control.

Gsrmen and Tcmsend (98) in 1940 reported on the control of the apple
•maggot in Connecticut. A derris-pyrophyllite dust (0.5 percent rotenone)
plus 4 percent of vrhite lubricating oil applied as a dust '-.-as effective.

Although it appears too early to make specific recommends tions con-
cerning the use of rotenone insecticide? far control of the arvple maggot,
it seems th'-t such materials may have a. place late in the season r'r en it
is desirable to avoid poisonous residues. They "ill doubtless be more
successful in dry than in --et season, and it should be ke^t in mind that
combinations so far pre-nered lose their potency, even in dry -eather.
They are not kno^n to last more than 4 or 5 days on the trees. The extreme
repiditv of killing action is in favor of rotenone dusts, as sho^m by
cage tests, ^hich freauently gave 100-pcrcent knock-doms in 24 hours.
Field observations indicate the same rapid destruction of flies in the
orchard. Flies coming from unsnre.yed trees outside the orchard still
remain a problem, but there is reason to believe that the chance of
elimin- tin.T late comers ^ith rotenone dusts is very Tood.

-83-

Un identified species of Diptera

See Kelsall et el. (l59_) under Musca domes t ice -, on r> . 31..

Geoffroy (105) in 1895 described the following test made with nicouline
(rotenone) extracted from the root of Lonchocarous nicou: Flies were placed
tinder a bell "*ith a piece of sugar dried in en oven efter being dipioed into
an alcoholic solution saturated with nicouline. The flies th?t c?ne to the
sugar did not take long to fall; they became lifeless, .unable to fly, and
manifested their vitality only by an intermittent trembling of feet and
wings.

Daniels (6_5_) in 1905 wrote that the effects of derris on dipterous
larvae in cesspits filled -ith semisolid materiel are local only.

Gilmer (110) in 1923 reported that derris powder -hen blown into the
air is not effective against flies.

The Handelsmuseum of the Koloniaal Instituut (161) of Amsterdam in
1930 stated that flies and fly larvae appeared to be immune to derris
emulsion,

Schmitt (246) in 1930 reviewed the use of Derris ell in t ice as an
insecticde. Dusting with the finely pulverized root -as effective against
flies.

Campbell and Sullivan (52) in 1933 re-norted Te^hrosie l^tidens from
Florida to be less effective then a sample of derris when tested as a
kerosene extract against flies.

Gnedinger (117) in 1933 reviewed the literature on rotenone in fly
s-oreys and cited unpublished -ork by Ginsburg, -hich indicates that the
pyrethrins are more toxic than rotenone to flies.

A writer called "0. H." (128) in 1933 stated that it -as possible
to use a derris root extract in -olace of arsenic in the preparation of
fly paper.

Spoon (257) in 1933 reported tests of rotenone as an insecticide
in Holland and stated that rotenone a-npe?red to have no value against
full-grown 'files.

Worsley (326) in 1934 reported thet egeinst flies tephrosin had been
found to be as effective as pyrethrusi -provided the insects were actuelly
hit with it; pyrethrum, however, had a temporary renellent effect for a
short time after spraying, a property which te-nhrosin does not nossess,

Pearson (228) in 1935 reported on the role of pine oil in cattle- fly
sprays. Tests were made with a commercial -pine-oil extract of derris

-84-

containing 5 percent of rotenone and with "Yarmor" pine oil containing
2 percent of pure rotenone. Both the knock-down and the mortality
produced "by derris extract are increased by pine oil. The rate of
activation is greater than with ho yre thrum. Combinations of derris
and pine oil exhibit the same rate of kill as : derris alone, signif-
icant' mortality occurring after 24 hours. Wlen combined with ierris
extract, high-grade pine oils are more effective than those of low
grade. The differences are not so distinct, however, as HLth
pyrethrum. The effeet of pine oil on the toxicity of rotenone and
of derris extract is similar. Pine oil increases 'the repellence
of derris extract in*relation to the Quantity added, but not at so
great a rate as that of t>yre thrum extract.

Feytaud and Lapp a rent (87) in 1936 published the following
formula for a fly spray; Cube powder or derris powder 10 gm. .and
pyrethrum powder 10 gm. . is macerated in 100 grip, of . a mixture of .equal
parts of terpinolene and orthodichlorobensene or carbon tetrachloride
for 5 days with frequent agitation, then, filtered and,-a perfume added,
for example, 10 percent of " tenoene de citronelle."

R. J. Prentiss end Company, in advertising literature published
in 1936, discussed laboratory and field methods of evaluating stock
sprays. The following factors were considered: Physical, physiological,
and toxic properties by the Peet-Grady test, and repellent' properties.
This company manufactures "Prentox Stock Spray Concentrate No. 20" and
"Prentox L. S. Concentrate," both of which contain derris extractives.
A proper combination of- derris resins with a safe and effective repel-
lent of the fumigent type dissolved in a properly chosen base oil will
make a stock spray that "'ill fully meet the most exacting specifications.

Boyd (37) in 1937 reviewed the use of rotenone in control of
household insects. Rotenone as a fly spray and combinations of rotenone
r,ith pyrethrum and with thiocyanates were referred to.

Greenup (126), American Commercial Attache at Lima, Peru, in 1937
advised that Cubex,' a proprietary insecticide made from Cube, was used
only as a general household insecticide for killing flies . and . other
insects.

Hardtmann (137) in 1937 recommended oil-rotenonc sprays for
combating flies and gnats. (See Hardtmann under Hyooderma, page 68 .)

Dibble and Muncie (74) in 1938 recommended derris. in control
preparations and fly killers for livestock pests. 'DSrris" 1? slower
acting than pyrethrum but does not deteriorate so raoidly in sun and
air. Dusts should contain from 0.5 to 1.0 percent of ' rotenone".

Thomssen and Doner (274) in 1938 reviewed published information
on fly control for livestock and mentioned rotenone sprays for killing
adult flies.

-85-

The Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station (323) in 1938
reported that the "best spray for protecting cattle against flies
contained 5 percent of pyrethrum extract in a highly refined mineral
-seal oil of viscosity 40 to 50. Among the materials that proved
ineffective as a fly spraj^ insecticide in these tests were rotenone
and other. derris extractives, sulfur compounds, and a number of
synthetic insecticides. Several antioxidants, tested to learn whether
they would prolong the effectiveness of insecticides, failed to improve
cat tie- fly sprays.

' According to the manufacturers, Dodge and Olcott Company, New York,
N. Y,r in advertising literature published in 1939,. Rotopyressenol No. 20
is a combination which "embodies in scientifically correct proportions
the quick knock-d&wn' value of pyrethrum and the high moribund kill and
leg paralysis of dihydrorotenone, both enhanced by the activative
penetration of Essenol." D. and 0. Essenol is said to be en insectici-
dally active combination of essential oils, and it is stated that the
effective killing power of pyrethrum and rotenone sprays is substan-
tially increased by its addition. • »

Whitmire (318) in 1939 defined moribund flies as "those that can
move some part of their bodies, but cannot fly or valk to an extent to
•enable them to get off the observation paper." He described an apparatus
and method for determining moribund kill. Rotenone and certain deriv-
atives of it (e.g., dihydrorotenone) in fly sprays do not kill flies
immediately but act slowly, producing moribund flies.

In 1940 the Experimental and Research Station, Cheshunt, Herts,
England (81) , reported that applications of -oyrethrum powder to mushroom '
beds had given results [against Diptera] as good as those obtained by
atomization of pyrethrum and derris extracts with apparatus employed
in the treatment of warehouses.

An anonymous writer (8) in 1941 renorted that the name "Indalone"
had been registered by U. S. Industrial Chemicals, Inc., Ne^ York, N» Y. ,
as the trade-mark of the solvent alnhe, alpha-dime thyl-al-oha'-carbobutoxy
-gamma-dihydropyrone. Indalone, formerly marketed under the name "dihydro
-pyrone," was developed for use in liquid contact insecticides as a
solvent for derris-root extractives.' When used in this way it has the
property of increasing the insecticide 1. effectiveness of the ingredients
dissolved in it andof holding derris extractives in solution in the
commonly used base oils. Indalone is a powerful insectifuge and repels
the common winged insects, to Hiich it appears to have an obnoxious taste.
Because of this high repellency, it is especially suitable for cattle
sprays and mosquito lotions.

-86-
Literature cited

1. ANONYMOUS

1931. Derris root insecticides. Vglue against the warble
fly. Chen. Trade Jour, and chem. Engin, 88: 32,
Repr. in Malayan Agr. Jour. 19: 301.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

1931. Dasselbekampfungsversuche an der tierarztlichtn Kochschule
in Wien. Amtlichen Nachrichten der niederosterreichis-
chen Land esregie rung 11: 12-13. [Abstract in Deut.
Lendw. Rundschau. 8: 70-71.]

1932. The warble fly. Successful demonstration in Dublin.
Leather Trades Rev. 65: 589.

1934. Ontario farmers organize a raid on marbles. Farmer's
Advocate and Home Mag. 69 (2085): 115, 139.

1935. Dcrrispoeder tegen de Runderhorzel. Alg. Landb. Wecktl.
v. Nederl. Indie 19 (38): 712-714.

1937. Nederlandsche insecten en derris in 1936. Tijdschr.
over Flantenziekten. 43: 251-265.

1938. Warble fly pest. Deputation from the Hide Improvement
Society "to ' the Ministry of Agriculture. Leather
World 30.(49): 1244-1245.

1941. Indalone. Amer. Chem. Soc. Jour., News Ed., 19 (5): 277,

9. ALLEN, T. C, and BROOKS, J. W.

1940. The effect of alkaline dust diluents on toxicity of

rotenone-bearing roots as determined by tests ^ith
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-87-

10. BADERTSCHER, A. E.

1933. Rotenone in fly sprays. Raising the ouality of

.pyre thrum fly sprays .by -the addition of a constant
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11.

1936. Insecticide tests compared. . A brief study of comparative
results using the Peet-Grady method and the Campbell
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12.

1937.. High kill insect sprays. Soap 13 (8): 93, 95, 97, 99,
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13. and WOTHIRSPOON, R. # • •

1935. Derris and pyrethrum powders, a study of their protection
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14. BARTELS, E.

1934. ■ Bekamp-fuhg der dasselplage-. Ergebnisse der im Bezirk

Schles^ig im Jahre .1933 angestellten Versuche. Deut.
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15.

1936. p)erris.. ] ' Bildericht -No. . 8. Abgestorbcne mumifizierte

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16.

1936. Was muss der Tierarzt von der Basselfliege und ihrer
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17.

1937. Welche Erfolge hat das Basselgesetz vom Jahre 1933 bis
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18. BAUBST, E. A. R. F.

1933. Runderhorzelbestrijding. Tijdschr. v. Dicr^eneesk.
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-88-

19.

1934. ^unde rh or z el-be striding. Wet ter bestr$Ling ven de

runderhorzel in Baitschland. Tijdschr. v. Diergeneesk.
61: 303-310.

20. and BOSH, E. de

1933. Over het gebruik ven derrispoeder , rotenon, tecrpreparaten

en ternentijn bij de bestrijding- van de runderhorzel-
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21. and BOER, E. de

1934. De bestrijding van runderhorzellerven met derris-extracten,

Tijdschr. v.- Diergeneesk. 61: 974-983.

22. and BOER, E. de -

1934. De bestrijding van randerhorzel lar.ven net derris-extracterJ
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23. and NIESCHULZ, 0.

1933. Over myiasis bij schapen veroorzaakt door larvc-n van

Lucilia sericata. Tijdschr. v. Diergeneesk. 60:
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24. BECKWITH, C. S. , end DOEHLERT, C. A.

1937, Control of Rhegoletis pomonclla (7alsh) in cultivated
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25. BENKERT, W. and COMPANY

1934. Derris dusts as agriculturel insecticides. Derris

Developments, 1, 4 pp.

26. BHATIA, H. L.

1934. The bot flies of goats and sheep. Agr. and Livestock
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27. BISHOPP, F. C.

1929. The pigeon fly — an imnortrnt pest of pigeons in the
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28.

1941. Derris for cattU ~rubr. Agr. Leaders' Digest 22 (3):
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I

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29. LAAKE, E. W. , BRUNDRETT, H. M. , and WELLS, R. W. *

1926. . The' cattle grubs or ox marbles, their* biologies and

suggestions 'for control. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 1369,
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30. -- LAAKE, E. Wf. ,_ and WELLS, R. W.

1922. Important biological facts on the ox-warble control.
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31. LAAKE, E. W. , and WELLS, R. W.

1929, Cattle grubs .or heel flies with suggestions for their

control. U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers' Bui. 1596, 22 pp.

32. LAAKE, E. W,t WELLS, R. V. , and PETERS, H. S.

1930. Experiments mith insecticides against cattle grubs,

Hypoderma. species. Jour. Econ. Ent'. 23: 852-863.

33. BLIECK, ,L, de, and BAUDET, E. A. R. F.

1927. Bestrijding der Hypoderma. , Ti.jdschr. v. Diergeneesk.

54: 454-457.

34. BLISS, C. I.

1939. The toxicity of poisons applied jointly, ^nn. Appl. Biol.
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35. BOCK, C.

1934. Derris elliptica. Deut. Apoth. Ztg. 2: 588-589.

36. BOUKELIER, R. , and FO.URY, A.

1936. Contribution s 1' etude des' appats dans la lutte contre
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37. BOYD,' W. U.

1937. Rotenone in household insect control. Soap 13" (6):
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38. BREAKEY, E. P.', and KILLER, A. C.

1935. Ha Iowa x as an ovicide. Jour. Econ. Ent. 28: 358-365.

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39. BRISTOL [ENGLAND] .UNIVERSITY .."..--

1936. Report on advisory ™ork 1934^35. Bristol Univ. Agr. and
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40. BRITTAIN, W. H.

1921. Experiments in the control of the cabbage maggot

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41.

1922. urther experiments in the control of the cabbage maggot

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42.

1925. Some miscellaneous insecticide tests. Acad. Ent. Soc.
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43. BRUCE, W. G.

1940. The medication of cattle for the control of hornflies.
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44.

1940. The hornflyand i ts control. U. S. De'pt. Agr., Bur. Ent.
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45. BUCHMANN, VT.

1932. Chiron on id ens chad eh bei dem Eelebt-schlamm-verfahren und
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46. ' BURTON, D.

1934. ^he warble fly. Leather Trades Rev. 47: 1477-1479.

47. BUSHLAN$, R. C.

1940. The toxicity of soroe>*rgfinic compounds to young screvnvorms.
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48. ffiJSSY, L. P. de, IAAN, F. A. vender, end DIAKONOFF, A.

1936. Bestrijdinfr van nederlandsche insecten met derris.

Tijdschr. over Plen'tenziekten. 42: 77-100, illus.

49. LAAN, P. A. van der, end JACOEI , E. F.

1935. Resultaten van proeven met derrispoeder en rotenone

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50. CAMPBELL, F. L.

1932. Review of information on the insecticidel value of

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51. '■ end SULLIVAffJ- W.-N.

1933. Derris excels pyrethrum (in kerosene extracts) against

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52. — .- and SULLIVAN, W.

w,

1933. Insecticidel value of a kerosene extract of the roots

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53. SULLIVAN, W. N. , and' JONES, H. A.

1934. Derris in fly sprays. Soap 10 (3): 81-33, 85, 87, 103,

105, 107..

54. SULLIVAN, 7. N. , and JONES, H. A.

85
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55. SULLIVAN, W, N. , and SMITH, C. R.

1933. The relative toxicity of nicotine, anabasine, methyl

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56. : r SULLIVAN,. W. N. , SMITrJ, L. E. , end. HALLER, H. L.

1934. Insecticidel tests of synthetic organic compounds -

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57. CANADA EXPERIMENTAL FARIAS

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58. CASE, L. I.

1929. Studies on the ox rarble flies, Hypoderia line? turn and
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59. CASTILLO, N.

1926. Preliminary studies on
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the insecticidal -properties of
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60. COMPTON, C. C.

1931. Extension ^ork in ox warble, control. Jour. Econ. Ent. 24:
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61. CONNECTICUT (STATE) AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ' "

1937. Substitutes for lead arsenate in orchard sprays. Conn.
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62.

1938. ' [Derris.] Conn, (state) Agr. Expt. Sta. Ann. Rpt. 1937,
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63. .CORY, E. N,, HARNS, H. G. , end ANDERSON, *7. H.

1936. Dusts for control of flies on Cattle; Jour. Econ. Ent.
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64. CRAUFURD-BENSON, H. J.

1938. The selection of a standard insect for the laboratory

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65. DANIELS, C. W.

1905. A plea for the scientific study of native drugs and
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66. DANKEEL, R. • • - ;- •

1933. Die giftwirkung des- xotenones und sedner derivate auf
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67. DAVID SOU, W. M.

1930.- • -Ro ten-one as" a Contact insecticide* Jour. Econ. Ent. 23:

;: • ; 868-874. . ;

' 68. DAVIES, Wi M* • ■ •' •

1930. The control of warble flies in North Wales. [Gt. Brit.]

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69. and JONES, E. . • •

1932. Extension work on the control of warble flies. [Gt. Brit.]
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70. DELASSUS .....

1931. Algeria: The ..presence of Mer.odon ^eniculatus in the

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71. DE CNG, E. R., and WHITE, L. T. W.

1924. Further studies of derris as an insecticide. Jour. Econ.
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72. DEUTSCHE?, PFL>NZENSCHUTZDIENST

1933. Sprit zscheden en.Kirschen durch Verwendung von Fluornatrium

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73. DIBELE, C. B. -.-•:'

1934. Home-made cattle sprays. Mich. Agr. Expt. Sta. Quart.

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74. and MUNCIE, J. H.

1938. Condensed information on insecticides and fungicides,

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75. DINULESCO, G. , and F0IS0REAN0, D.

1939. Recherches sur quelques substances larvicides Dtur les

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*&

76. DOTY, A. E.

1937. Convenient method of rearing the stablefly. Jour.
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77. DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY

1937. Beta (p-tertiary-butyl-phenoxy) ethanol (Fly Toxic K-58) .

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78. DURHAM, H. E.

1926. Non-arsenical preparations for garden use. Card. Chron.
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79. > EDWARDS, K. B.

1938. Rotenone-containing insecticides. Fruit Grower

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1940. [Derris.] [Cheshunt] Expt. and Res. Sta. Ann. Rpt.
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82. FEDERATED MALAY STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

1934. Division of Entomology. Fed. Malav States Dept. Agr.
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83.

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84.

1937. [Derris.] Fed. Malay States Dept. Agr. [Bui.] Gen.
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85. FELLTON, H. L.

1940. Control of aquatic midges with notes on the biology of
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;

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86. FELT, E. P., and BROMLEY," S. W.

1939. Ecgwgod club gall.' Bartlett Tree Res. Lab. Bui. 3! 30-33."

87. FEYTAUD, J., and LAPP ASENT, P.'de

' 1936. A propos de 1' utilisation des derives terpeniques en
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88. FIELD* W. , end others

1926i Report of the Departmental Committee on V7erble fly pest.
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89i FINK< D* E., and HAlLER, H. L.

1936.. The relative toxicity Of some optically active and

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90. FULMER, H. L.

,1930. Insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides. Ontario Dept.
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91. GASMAN, P.

. 1936. Notes on the apple maggot, ^our. Econ. Ent. 29: 542.

92,

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93.

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94.

1938. Some important epple insects' and control investigations
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95.

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96.

1939. Important insects of the apple orchard and methods of
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97. and TOW SEND, J. P.

1938. Further studies on apple maggot control. Conn. (State)
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98. end TOWNSENL, J, F.

1940. Continued experiments on control of the apple maggot.

Conn. (State) Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 434: 264-269. Conn.
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99. GAUT, H. C.

1929. Worcestershire marble fly demonstration scheme. Worces-
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1930. Ox warble fly. Worcestershire County' Council Agr. Ed.

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1929. Report on ox warble flies and their control. Bristol

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1927. Mosquito investigations in Canada in 1926. N. J.

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108. ...

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109. and TWINN, C. R.

1936. Warble fly control in Canada. Sci. Agr. 17 (4): 179-198.

110. GILMER, P. M.

1923. Derris as a parasiticide. Minn. State Ent. Rpt. (1922)
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111. GIMLETTE, J. D.

1923. Malay poisons and charm. cures. Ed. 2, 260 pp., illus.
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112. GINSBURG, J.-M., SCHMITT, J. B., and'GRANETT, P.

1934. Derris insecticides. I. toxicity of various extracts
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113. — SCHMIT:-, J. B. and. GRANETt/p.

1934. Toxicity of various extracts .of derris root to sucking

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114. GLASGOW, H.

1929. Mercury, salts as soil insecticides. Jour. Econ. Ent. 22:
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115. -—

1935. Substitutes for lead arsenate in cherry fruit fly

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116. and GAINES, J. G.

1929. The carrot rust fly problem in Ne<v York. Jour. Econ.

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117. GNADINGER, C. B.

1933. Pyrethrum Flowers. 269 pp., illus. Minneapolis.

118. and CORL, C. S. . > -

1932. The relative toxicity of pyrethrins and rotenone as fly
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119. GOODHUE, L. D., and SULLIVAN, W. N. ,

1940. Toxicities to the housefly of smoke from ierris and
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120. GOOT, P. van der

1930. Be agromyza-vliegjes der inlandsche katjang-geuassen

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121. GORHAM, R. P.

1934. Control of the carrot rust fly, Psila rosae Fab.

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122. GflTZE, R.

1932. Die Bekanpfung des Dassellarvenbefalls der Rinder.
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I

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1933. Derrisprapsrate in Kempf gegen die Da.sself liege. III.
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1931. The Warble Fly. [Gt. Brit.] Win . Agr. and Fisheries
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125. GREAT BRITAIN MINISTRY 0^ AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES

1936. Warble fly (Dressing; of Cattle) Order of 1935.

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126. GREENUP, J.

.. . 1937. Insecticide market expending - Peru. U. S. Dept. Com.,

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127* GSTIRNER, F. , and HUNERBEIN, H.

1933. Barbasco. Pharm. Ztg. 78 (72): 935-936.

128. H., 0.

1933. Pharmazeutischer Fragekasten." Pharm. Ztg". 78 (34): 460.

129. HAAG, H. B. ' ''

1931. Toxicological studies of Derris ellintica and its

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130. HADTKN, S.

1923. Insects effecting livestock. Canada Dept. Agr. Bui. 29,
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131.. -HAMILTON, -C. C.

1925. The boxwood leaf miner (Monerthropalnus buxi Labou) .
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132.

1939. Controlling house plant pests. N. J. A^r. Expt. Sta»

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133. HAMILTON, D. W.

1940. Spray residue end substitutes for lead arsenate in

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134. and PEARCE, G. W.

1938. The spray residue situation on cherries in the Hudson
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135. HANDA, B. N.

1936. A review of the marble fly pest in India and measures
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136. HANSON, A. J., and WEBSTER, R. L.- -

1938. Insects ©f the "blackberry, -raspberry, strawberry, currant,
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137. HARDTMANN, R. " •

193^. Pyrethrin, rotenone and derride. Prakt. Desinfektor
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138. HEARLE, E.

1938. Insects and allied parasites injurious to livestock end

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I

139-. HELMIG, F.

1934. Versuche zur Bekampfung des Dasselbefells beim &inde.

VIII. Beitrag. Derrispraparate, Fyrethrum, Imperatoria,
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140. HOENIG, J.

1936. Vergleichende Untersuchungen $ber die Wirksemkeit einiger
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141. HOLL STEIN

1929. Zur Fra -e der Dasselfliegenbekampfung'in England.
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142.

1930. Versuche mit Dasselsta'bchen nach Prof. Dr. Spann, mit
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143. HOSKINS, W. M. , BLOXHAM, H.P., and VAN ESS, M. "W.

1940. 'The insecticidal effects of organic compounds. Jour.
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144. IDAHO UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

1940. [Rotenone.] Idaho Agr. Col. Ext. Serv. Bug Chatter,
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145. ILLINOIS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

1933. Control of ox warbles protects returns from cattle. 111.
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146. IMPERIAL INSTITUTE

1929. Tephrosia vogelii. Imp." Inst. (London) Bui. 27: 487-488.

147. IRISH FREE STATE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

1932. Warble fly experiments. Irish Free State Dept. Agr. , Jour.
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148. -

1936. Warble Fly - Experiments, 1935. Irish Free State Dept. Agr.
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149. ISLE OF MAN BOARD OF AGRICULTURE

1932. The ox warble fly. 'isle of Man Bd. Agr. Bui'. 3, 3 pp.

150. JANCKE, C. ' • .

1931. Ein neues ungiftiges Kodermittel zur Bekajrrofung von

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151. ' and BOHMEL, W.

1933. Beitrag zur Biologie und Bekampfung der Kirschfliege. Biol.

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152. JENSEN, E. A.

1930. Hvilke metoder, midler og systemer finder anvendelse ved
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153. JONES, H". A.

1939. Alkaloids in cube root. Jour. Econ. Ent. 32: 596-597.

154. -• T- .CAMPBELL, F. L. , end SULLIVAN, W. N.

1935. Relations between chemical composition and insecticidal
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-102-

155. CAMPBELL, F. L., and qULLIVAN, W. N.

1935. Cracca — a source of insecticides. Soap 11 (9): 99, 101,

103, 105, 107, 109.

156. GERSDORFF, W. A., GOOLEF, E. L., -CA'.'IFBELL , F. L., and

SULLIVAN, W. N.

1933. Loss in toxicity of deposits of rotenone end related

materials exposed to light. Jour. Econ. 2nt. 26: 451— i70.

157. and SMITH, C. M.

1936. Derris and cube. Soap 12 (6): 113-117.

158. JONES, M. P.

1939. 4-H Club insect manual. U. S. Dept. Agr. , Misc. Pub. 313,
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159. KELSALL, A., SPITTALL, J. P., GORHAM, R. P., and WALKER, G. P.

1926. Derris as an insecticide. Ent. Soc. Cntario Ann. Rpt.
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160. KILGORE, L. B.

1939. Selective extraction of rotenone by certain esters, U. S.
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161. KOLONIAAL INSTITUUT TE AMSTERDAM

1930. Toeba-wortel, Inlichtingen en onderzoekin-zen van de
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1936. . Plantenziekten en-Plagen. Inlichtingen en onderzoekingen

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163. KUIJPER, J.

1929. Akar toeba (Derris elliptica) het bestrijdintrsmiddel van
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164. KURSCHNER

1931. Die Bekampfung der Dasselfliege. Munchen. Tierarztl.
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165. PARMAN, D. C. , BISHOPP, F. C. , and ROARK, R. C.

1931. The chemotropic responses of the housefly, the green-bottle

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166. LAAN, P. A. van der

1936. Verslag ven de Negen-en-Zestigste Wintervergadering der

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167. LANG, W.

■ 1933. Zur Bekampfung der Kirschfruchtfliege. Kranke Pflanze
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168. LANGFORD, G. S., and CORY, E. N.

1937. The holly leaf miner and its control. Natl. Shade Tree

Conf. Proc. 13: 109-112.

169. LATHROP, F. H.

1939. Ten years of warfare against the blueberry maggot. Jour.
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170. LEATHERSELLERS ' COMPANY, WARBLE FLY COMMITTEE

1930. Report on warble fly campaign, 1930. 24 pp.

171.

1932. Report on warble fly campaign, 1931. 32 pp.

172. LEEFMANS, S.

1938. De draaihartigheid der kool I— I I . Tuinbouw. Voorlichtings-

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173. LEMI.ffiNS, G. J., and FRYER, P. J.

1917. Improvements relating to insecticides, sheep dips, animal
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174.- and FRYER, P. J.

1917. Insecticide, sheep dip ,. and the like, U. S. Patent
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175. end FRYER, P.J.

1917. Insecticide, sheet) dip, enimal nash, and the like.
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176. ' : end FRYER, P.J.

1920. Mittel zur Vertilgung von Insekten und sonstigen euf
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177. — end FRYER, P.J.

1920. Mittel zur Vertilgung von Insekten und sonstigen auf.
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178. LENNOX, F. B.

1940. Studies of the physiology end toxicology of blo'-*flies.

2. The action of stomech lervicides on Lucilia cuprina.
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179. - LePELLEY, R. H. , end SULLIVAN, W. N.

1936. Toxicity of rotenone and pyrethrins, alone and in combi-
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180. LEYNEN, E.

1928. Traitement de 1' hypodermose du boeuf. Ann. de Med. Vet.
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181. LITTLE, V. A.

1931. Devil's shoestring es en insecticide. Science 73: 315-316.

182.

1931. A preliminary report on the insecticidal properties of

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183. LOUISIANA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

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184.

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1924^ Ox warble flies. Scot. Jour. Agr. 7* 61-72.

186.

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187.

1928* Insect and other invertebrate pests in 1927. Highland
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1930* The marble flies of cattle.. Highland and Agr. Soc. Scot.
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190.

1932. [Derris.], • I-nsacta- and other enemies. .in -1931. Highland and
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191.

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•• . •

192. McGOVRAN, E. R. .->•-;

1936. Repellents -for screwworm flies.: . U, .S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent.
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193. McINDOO, N. E. ■ SIEVERS, A. F. , and ABBOTT, ,W. S.~

1919. Derris. as an insecticide, Jour. Agr., Res. .17: 177-200.

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■

194. MAHEUX, G.

1936. Treatment for garble flies. Jour, Agr. and Hort. [Quebec]
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195. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

1935. £)erris.] ' Maine Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 380: 139-258, illus.

196. MARYLAND AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

1935. Entomology . Md. A^r. Expt. Sta. Ann. Rpt. (1934-35)48: xxix

197. MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

1929. Biology end control of the csrrot rust fly. Mass. A^r. Expt. -J
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198.

1931. The biolocy and control of the carrot rust fly. Mass. Agr.
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199.

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200.

1938. [perr.is.] Mass. Agr. Expt. Sta. Ann. Rpt. (1937) Bui. 347,
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201. MATTJIEDT, E.

192Q. "'"uba-root (Derris elliptic?), as en insecticide. Grrd. Bui.
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202. METCALF, C. L., and FLINT, W. p.

1928. Destructive, and Useful Insects: Their Habits and Contn&.
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203. MILES, H. W. , and MILES, M.

1935. Insect pests of glasshouse crops. 174 pp., illus. Surbiton,
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[

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204. MILLER, N. C. E.

1935. The toxic value of Derris species. Fed. Malay States

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205. MILLER, R. L. , and McBRIDE, 0. C.

1931. Experiments with copper carbonate, lead arsenate, and

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.206. . MIRONOFF, W. , NABOKOFF, W.- , and KATCHALOVA, E.

1940. Derris and its insecticidal Toroperties. Med. Perasitol.
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207. MORGAN, W. L.

1938. For "bean fly control use Hiite oil-nicotine sulfate mixture.
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208. MUHLOW, J., and SJOBERG, K.

1937. Studier och forsok rorende vetemyggorna Contarinia tritiai
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209. MURPHY, D, F. , and VANDENBERG, G. B.

1936. Speed of action of household sprays. Indus, end Engin.

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210. NATVIG, L. R.

1937. Om kubremsene og deres optreden i Norge. Norsk Vet. Tidsskr.

49 (5-10) rept. 184pp., illus., 174 refs. (English
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211. NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION '

1937. [Derris.] N. J. Agr. Expt. Ste. Ann. Rpt. (1936) 57: 41,

51-52.

212.

1938. [Rotenone.] N. J. Agr. Expt. Sta. Ann. Hpt. (1938)59: 30,44.

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213. NEW YORK COUNTY AGENT4 TRAINING SCHOOL

1938. Fruit diseases end insects. Report of county agents'
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214; NEW' YORK STATE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

1935. [Division of Entomologyi ] N. Y. State Agr. Expt. Ste . Ann.
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215.

1937. [Derris, cube.] N. Y. State Agr.. Expt. Sta. Ann. Rot. (1936)
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216.

1938. [Division of Entomology.] N. Y.. State kgtk Expt. Sta.
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217.

1939. [^otenone.] N. Y. State Agr. Expt. Ste. Ann. Rpt. (1938)

57: 20.

218. NEW ZEALAND DEPARTMENT OE SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH

1940. [Derris.] New Zeal. Dept. Sci. and Indus. Res. Bui. 14: 65.

219. NORTH WALES UNIVERSITY COLLEGE • \

1930. The warble fly. North Wales Univ. Col., Dept. Agr. Advisory
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220.

1931. The warble fly. North Wales Univ. .Col. Dept. Agr.,
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221. NOZU, R. .'.-.■

1939. ^iptera as pests of agricultural plants. 1. Jour. Plant
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222. 0., 'G. B.'

1934. Rerders' problems. Pha.rm. N Jour. [London.] 132 (3682): 565.

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223. 0G-UR0, T., and KIMURA, C.

1932. An attempt to control and field observations on Oscinis

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224. OHIO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

1936. Entomology. Ohio Agr. Expt. Sta. Ann. Rpt. (1935.)
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225. PAPUAN, D\ C., BISHCPP, F. C, LAAKE, E. W. , COOK, P. C. , and RQARK.R. C.

1927. Chemotropic tests with the screwworm fly. U. S. Dept. Agr.

Pul. 1472, 32 pp.

226.. LAAKE, E. W. , BISHOPF, F. C. , and ROARK , R. C.

1928. Tests of blowfly baits and repellents during 1926. U.S.

Dept. Agr. Tech. Bui. 80, 15 pp. ■

227. PATTERSON, N. A.

1935. Indices of toxicity for various poisons to Droso-ohila

Ampelo-ohila Loew, Ent. Soc. Cntario -Ann. Rpt. (1934)
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228. PEARSON, A. 'M.

1935. The role of pine oil in cattle fly sprays. Del. Agr. Expt.

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229. PEDRETTI, L. von

1936. Zur Bekampfung der Dasselplage 1936 in Oberbayern und im

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230. PEN Id;- S. 3. and COMPANY '

1933. Derris, the New Safe Insecticide. 14 pp.,, illus. New York.

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231. PETERS, H. *

1933. Versuche zur Bekampfung des Dasselbefalls bein Rinde. V .
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-109-

232. PETTIT, R. H.

1932. Method to reduce losses caused by ox bot. He" poison cen
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233. PHILLIPS, A.. M.

1938. Effect of diet on resistance of mosquito lervae. U. S.

Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. end Plant Quer. News Let. 5(.4): 24.
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234. and SWINGLE, M. C.

1940. Rearing of mosquito larvae and effect of diet on their

resistance to rotenone and nicotine. Jour. Econ. Ent.
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235. PIERPONT, R. L.

1939. Terpene ethers in pyrethrum and rotenone fly sprays..

Del. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 217 (Tech. 24) 59 pp., illus.

236, REISING-ER, L.

1931. ^ie Bekempfung_der Dasselbeulenkrankheit des Rindes.
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237. REM I EN, A.

1933. Versuche zur Bekampfung des Dasselbefalls bein Rinde. VII.
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" 238. ' RICHARDSON, C. H.

1928. Insecticide studies develop many new ^ays to kill pests.
U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearb00k 1927: 389-393.

239. RICHARDSON, H. H. ••

1933. A note on the inse^tieidrl efficiency of kerosene extracts
of -.derris alone and in combination with kerosene extracts
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240. RIPLEY, L. B. , and HEFBIRN, G. A.

1931. Non-arsenical fruitfly poisons. Union So. Africa Dept.
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241. ROARK, R. C.

1938. Derris versus cube - Is cube eaual to derris as an insecti-
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-110^"-' •-

242. • .- PARMAN, E. C, BISHQPP, F. C. , and LAAKS, E. W.

1927. Repellents for tlpff lies. .' Indus., and Enffin. Chem. 19: 942.

243. ROMAN, E., and NETIEN, G.

* •

1'939. Action physiolpcique sur les larves de 'moustiques de

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244. ROTHE, G.

1937.' Mineralole im Pflanzenschutz II. .Nachrichtenbl. f. Deut.
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2 45 . RUNDERHORZEL-BE STRIJ DINGS- COMMI S S I E

1937. Runderhorz'elbestrijdin^ met Derrispoe'der; Indische jiercuur.
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246. SCHMITT, N.

1930. Derris elliptlce Benth., ein veeetabflischer und un<2-iftiger
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247. SCHOPP, R., and EIDE, P. M.

1939. Narcissus "bulb fly control experiments.- U. S. Dept. Agr.

Bur. Ent. and Plant Cuar. News .Let .. 6 (l): 19-20.
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248. SCH1ERDT

1930. Zur Bekampfung der Dasselfliegenplage. ' Berlin. Tierarztl.

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249. SHEPARD, H. H.

1931. The relative toxicity of rotenone and nicotine to Aohi_s

■ rumicis L, and mosquito larvae. Jour.-Econ. Ent. 24:
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250. SIEVERS, A. F. , LOThAN, M. S. , RUSSELL ,_ G.A., and SULLIVAN, W. N.

i

1940. Chances in the insecticide.! value of the roots of culti-

vated d vil's shoes cring, Tephrosia vlrriniana, at four
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251. - ?nd SULLIVAN, W. N.

1939. Toxicity of Tephrosia. Soen 15 (9): 111, 113.

-111-

252. SIMANTON, It. A. * "

1937. Insecticide.' br. S. Patent 2,089,766; issued August 10,

1937; assigned to Gulf Research end Development Company.

253. SMITH, F. F.

1939. Control of cyclamen and broad mites on Gcrberp. U. S.
Dept. Agr. Cir. 516, 14 pp.

254. SMITH, K. M.

1925. Further experiments in the control of certain n?~^ots
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255. SMITH, K. N. , and WADSWORTH, J. T.

1921. The carrot and. onion flies. Some preliminary attempts at
their control. Fruit Grower 51: 575-578, 616-618.

256. SMITH, L. G.

1939. News about Washington Insects. Wash. State Col. Ext. Serv.
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257. SPOON, W.

1933. Het insecticide rotenon in'de nederlendsche praktijk, eerste
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258.

1935. Derris-poeder tec-en de rund'erhorzel en te>zen on-edierte bij
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259.

1935. Eerrispoeder tegen de runderhorzel en te-ren ongedierte bij
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260. SPRENGEL, L.

1932. Die Bekampfung der Kirschfruchtf liece (Rhegoletis cerasi
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-112-

261. STEFANSKI, W. , and OBITZ, K.

1935. Recherches sur les moyens de la lutte contre l'hypoderme
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2*2. STELLWAAG, F.

1933. BekaTTrofung der Kirschfruchtfliege. Anz. f. Schadlingsk.
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263, -

1933. Erfahrungen in der Bekampfung der Kirschfruchtfliege.
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264. STEWART, W. L.

1939. The tick problem. Vet. Rec. 51 (4): 93-98.

265. STRICKLAND, C.

1913. Half-yearly report of the traveling entomologist to the
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266. SULLIVAN, W. N.

1937. Method for the evaluation of semi-concentrate fly sprays.

Soap 13 (8): 88-89, 91.

267. McGOVRAN, E. R. , FALES, J . H. , and GOODHUE, L. D.

1939. A method of applying rotenone-containing materials, U. S.
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268. PHILLIPS, G. L. , and McGOVRAN, E. R.

1938. Plant extract found to be toxic. • U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur.

Ent. and Plant Quer. News Let. 5 (3): 16. [Processed.]

269. SYMES, C. B.

1921. Insect pests of mushrooms. I. The mushroom fly ( Sciara
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234-236".

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270. TANGANYIKA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

1935. Report of the assistant entomologist. Tanganyika Dept.
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271. TATTER SFI ELD,; F;, and ROACH, W. "A.

1923. The chemical -properties of Derris elliptica (tuba root).
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272. THOMAS, "'C. 'A*. ' : '

• ■ ' - ■ • : i

1934. Further observations on mushrooms insects. Jour. Econ. Ent.

27: 200-208. . .

27 3. THOMPSON | H. W.'

1928. Further tests of poison baits in South Wales. Welsh Jour.
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274. THCM'SSEN; E. G. ,- and DONER,- H.' H." .-.: .■

1938. Fly control for livestock. Soap 14.(8): 91-93, 109.

275. " TI SCALER, N. ■

1935. Studies on ho" derris kills insects. Jour. Econ. Ent. 28:

215-220. • ..."v.

276. TOWNSEND, T. L. ■ ' ."•"

Farm and
1932. Derris root for vrarbles. Nor'-West Farmer and/ Home 51 (4):
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277. ' TURNER, N. "' • ■ •• • ': •

1932. Notes on rotenone as an insecticide. Jour. Econ. Ent.
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278.

1933. Tests of mosquito light traps and l?rvicides in 1932^

' Conn. (State) Agr'. Expt. StP. 3ui. 34^: 441-444. Conn.
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279. TWINN, C. R. ....

1927. Mo'squito control at Ottawa/ Ontario. Ent. Soc. Ontario
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280. BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY

1933. [Derris.] U. S. Dept. Agr., Pur. Animal Indus. Ann. Rpt.
1933: 44.

..-114-

281. BUREAU : OF . ANB5AL- INDUSTRY

1940. (perr-isv] U. S. :Dept. Agr. , Bur. Animal Indus. Ann. Rpt.
.1940: 81-82.

282. BUREAU' OF ENTOMOLOGY

1923. [Derris.] U.S. Dent. Agr., Bur. Ent. , Ann. Rpt. 1923: 29.

* - • #

, 2.83. .— BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY

1$27. [Derris.] U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Ann. Rpt. 1927: 23.

284. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY

1929. [Derris.] U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Ann. Rpt. 1929, 39 pp.

285. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY

1930. [Derris.] U. S. Dept. A^r. , Bur. Ent. Ann. Rr)t. 1930, 76 pp.

286. — BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY

1931. '[Derris.] U. S. Dept. Asr., Bur. Ent.' Ann. Rpt. 1931, 87 pp.

287. -BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY

1932.' [Derris.] U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Ann. 'Rpt. 1932, 38 pp.

288. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY

1933. [Derris.] U. S. Dept. Agr., £ur. Ent. Ann. Rpt. 1933; 47 pp.

289. .BUREAU OF . ENTOMOLOGY

1934. Rotenone-bearing plants. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Int. Ann.

Rpt. 1934: 9.

290. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY AND PLANT QUARANTINE

■ 1936. [Derris and. cube,] . U. S. Dept. A^r. , Bur. Ent. and Plant
Quar. Ann. Rpt. 1936: 58, 59, 61, 67, 76, 86, 87.

291. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY AND PLANT QUARANTINE

1938. [Derris.] U. S. Dept. A^r. , Bur. Ent. and Pl«nt Qpstr. Ann.
Rpt. 1938* 84 pp.. . :

-115-

? i

292. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY AND PLANT QUARANTINE"

1938. Tests on insecticidal value, of certain compounds. U. S.

Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. and Plant Quar., Div. Control Invs.
Rpt. 1, 47 pp. Feb. :10, -1938. [Processed.].

293. •—--,—._ BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY -AND PLANT QUARANTINE

1938. Tests on insecticidal value of certain compounds. U. s.

Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. and Plant Quar., Div. Control Invs.
. : ' ' . . .*p% 2, 56 pp. May 10, 1938.- [Processed.]

294. BUREAU CF ENTOMOLOGY AND PLANT- QUARANTINE

1938. Tests on inse-cticidal value of certain- compounds. U. s.

Dept. Agr., BUr. Ent. and Plant Quar'., Div:, Control Invs.
Rpt. 3, 41pp. 1938. [Processed-,]

295. — T- BUREAU. OF ENTOMOLOGY AND PLANT QUARANTINE

1939. Results of codling moth investigations, 1938^ II. Work

conducted by the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine,
.-. ... .U.S. Dept. Agr, ; .48 pp. processed.]-. Feb. 20, 1939.

296. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY AND PLANT QUARANTINE

2-940.. Tests on insecticidal value of certain- compounds. . S. -■■- -
Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. and Plant Quar., Div. Control Invs.
Rpt. 10: 8. [Processed.] May 10 y 1940.

297,. ; BUREAU OF. ENTOMOLOGY AND PLANT QUARANTINE

1941, Cattle grub control being started in Wyoming. U. S. Dept.
Agr., Bur. Ent. and Plant Quar. News Let. 8 (3): 29-30.

• •'...: . . ." .[PrOCeSSedJ] . s

298, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, BUREAU OF FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC
COMMERCE

1,932, Warble fly extermination in Germany. ... U, S. Dept. Com., \r.
Foreign and Dom, Com., Ecqn. end Trade Note 135.

299. BUREAU- OF. FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE

1932, Insecticides for warble flies. U, S. Dept, Com,, Bur. Foreign
and Dom, cbm. , World Trade' ..Note's" on Chemicals and Allied
Products 6 (34): 3.

-116- ■-

300. BUREAU OF FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMI'ERCE

1938. ^otenone-containing preparations found effective for

gadfly pest-Germany*- U. Si Dept. Com., Bur. Foreign
end Dom. Com., world Trade No.tes on ^emicals and
Allied Products 12 (23): 397.

301. « r-r- BUREAU OF FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE

1940. Derris preparation's for cattle dressing obligatory - United
Kingdom. U. S. Dept. Com., Bur. Foreign and Dom. Com.,
World Trade Notes on Chemicals and Allied Products 14 (16):
245.

302. " VECHT; J. van der •

1936. Proeven met derris tegen insectenplagen in Nederlandseh-
Indie. Landbouw. 11 ■ (10) : 401-465.,

303. vogel;'h. '

1934. Versuche zur Bekampfung des Dasselbefalls beim ^-inde. IX.

Beitrag derrispraparate. 35 pp. Hannover. (inaug. Diss.)

304. WALTON, C. L. .

1925. Notes on warble flies in North "Tales. Welsh Jour. Agr.
1: 195-199. - .

305.

1927. Further nates on warble flies in North Wales. Welsh Jour.
Agr. 3: 164-169.

306. WARBURTON, C.

1929. Arinual report for 1929 of the zoologist. Roy. Agr. Soc.
England Jour. 90: 365-372. .

307. WARDLE, R. A., and BUCKLE, P.

1923. The principles of insect control. 295 pp. Manchester.

308. WATS, R. C, and SINGH, J.

1937. An investigation into the mosquitocidal value of indigenous
derris and other drugs-. Rec. Malaria Survey India 7 (1):
109-114.

-117-
309.

310.

1937. Rotenone appears to be effective larvicide against cattle
grubs. U.- S. Dept. Agr., ^ur. Ent. and Plant Quar. News
Let. 4 (3): 17. [Processed.].

1939. Control of cattle grubs. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. end
Plant Quar. News Let. 6 (5): 21. [Processed.]

311.

1940. he use of derris and cube washes in the control of cattle

grubs. U. S. Dept,. Agr. Bur. Ent. and Plant Quar. E-496.

5 pp. [Processed.]..
•i

312. BISHOPP, F. C, and LAAKE, E. W.

1922. Derris aB a promising insecticide. Jour. Econ. Ent. 15: 90-95,

313. ■ and SCHROEDER, H. 0.

1939. Effectiveness of derris washes on cattle grubs. U. S. Dept.
Agr., Bur. Ent. and Plant Quar. News Letter 6 (8): 20.
[ Processed. ]

314. WEST, A. P., and RUSSELL, P. F.

1932. Paris green partially adsorbed on charcoal. as a larvicide
for anooheles mosauitoes. Larvicide studies, II.
Philippine Jour. Sci. 48: 545-559.

315. and RUSSELL, P. F.

1932. Experiments with various toxic substances partiallyadsorbed
• - • on charcoal as an anopheles mosquito larvicide. -^arvicide
studies,. IV. Philippine Jour. Sci. 49: 211-215.

316. WHITCOMB, W. D. '.

1929. Observations on the carrot rust fly (Psila rosae F?b.) in
Massachusetts. Jour. Econ. Ent. 22: 672-675.

317.

1938. The carrot rust fly. Mass. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 352, 36 pp.,
illus.

-118-
318.

1939. Test methods for recording moribund kill. Soap 15 (ll) :

99, 101, 103, 123.

319. WHITMIRE RESEARCH CORPORATION

1940. Insecticide repellency* ' Sqap 16 (7): 127.

320. WIESMANN, B*. ■ •' ■ • "

1934. Untersuchungen uber die Lebensgeschichte und Beka*mpfung •
der Kirschfliege Rhagoletis cerasi (L.) Landw. Jahrb.
der.Schweizi 48 (3): 281-338.

321. . WILBAUX, R. [' '; ' ' " J ' ' :_ ": "' -

1934. Composition et proprietes toxiques des graines et des fueillea
de Tephrosia vogelii Hook E. Rev. de Bot. %>pl. et d'Agr.
Colon. 14: 1019-1027, - • - ■ '■

322. WILLE, J., OCAMPO, 'j. A
1937. El cube (Lon

., WEBERBAUER, A., and SCHOFIELD, D.

cho carous nicou) y otros barbascos en el Peru.
Lima, Peru, Estac. Expt. Agr. de La M0lina Bol. 11, 117
pp., illus. [Abstract in Rev. Appi. Ent. (a) 25: 760-761.]

323. WISCONSIN AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

1938. Whet's nevr in farm science.- Wise. Agr. Expt. Sta. Ann.
Rpt. ( 1936-37 ) Bul. 440, 94pp., illus. . .

324. WOKE, P. A. . •" .

1938. The biological' disposition', of. rotenone after ingestion by
the southern armyworm. Jour. Ag.r.,Res. 57 (9) : : 707-712.

325. WOOD, W. L. . . .' . ' [ . '.''."•'.

1912. Tuba root. Fed. Ufilay States. Dept. Agr. Bul. 1: 164-166.

326. WORSLEY, R. R. LeG. •..'.;..

1934. The insecticidal properties of some East African plants.
I. Ann. Appl. Biol. 21: 649-669.

327.

1936. The insecticidal nro-oerties of some East African plants.
II. Mundulea suberosa Benth. Ann. Appl. Biol. 23:
311-328.

-119-

328. YUASA, H.

1936. Cecidomyiids injuring ^heat ears. Oyo-Dobutsugaku Zasshi.
8 (3): 150-154. [In Japanese. Abstract in Rcv. Mini.
' Ent. (A) 24: 700.]

329. ZANZIBAR PROTECTORATE

1917. Economic biology, entomology in relation to public health
and preventive, medicine. Zanzibar ^ed. and Fub. Health
^pts. 1916: 32-37. (Tephrosia vogelii , p. 34)

330. ZATJBZER, T.

1931. The experiments in V7arble-fly control carried out in the
Ostallgau district of Bavaria in 1931, and_the position
of control in Denmark in 1930. Munchen. 1iererztl.
Wchnschr. 82 (37): 445-451. [Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent..
(B) 20: 177-178.]

331. ZUNKER; M.

1934. Die Abtotung von Dassellarven mit Derris-extrakten. Berlin.
Tierarztl. Wchnschr. 50* (l4) : 243-246; also in [Germany]
Reichsgsndhtsamt. Arb. 67 (2): 205-211.

Junior Author Index

Abbott, W. S. See Mclndoo, N. E. , 193

Anderson, W. H. .See Cory, E. N., 63

Baudet, E. A. R. F. See Blieck, .1. de, 33

Bishops, F. C. See Laake, E. W. , 165: Parman, D. C, 225, 226; Roark, R. C,

242; and Wells, R. W. , 312
Bloxham, H. P. See Hoskins, W. M., 143
Boer, E. de. See Baudet, E. A. R. F. , 20, 21, 22
Bbhmel, W, See Jancke, 0., 151
Bromley, S. W. See Felt, E. p., 86
Brooks, J. W. See Allen, T. C. , 9
Brundrett, H. M. See Bishopry F. C, 29
Buckle, P.- See Wardle, R. A., 307
Campbell, F. L. See Jones, H. A., 154, 155, 156
Cook, F. C. See Parman, D. C. , 225
Corl, c. S. See Gnadinger, C. B. , 118
Cory, E. N. See Langfort*., G. S., 168
Diakonoff, A. See Bussy, L. P. de, 48
Doehlert, C. A. See Beckvith, C. S., 24
Doner, M. H. See Thomssen, E. G. , 274
Eide, F. M. See Schopp, R. , 247

I

-120-

Fales, J. H. See Sullivan, W. N., 267 ...

Flint, W. P. See Metcalf, C. L. , 202

Foisoreano, D. See Dinulesco, G. , 75 - .

Foury, A. See Bouhe^ier, R. , 36 •

Fryer, P. J. See Lemmens, G. J . , 173, 174, 175, 176, 177

Gaines, J. G. See Glasgow, H. , 120 . ,

Gersdorff, W.'A.' See Jones, H. A., 156

Gooden, E. L. See Jones, H. A., 156.

Goodhue, L. D. See Sullivan, W. N.> 267

Gorham, R. P., See Kelsall, A., 159

Granett, P. See Ginsburg, J. M., 112, 113 .

Heller, H. L. See Campbell, F. L. , 56 and Fink, D. E. , 89

Herns, H. G. See Cory, E. N., 63 . ...

Hepburn, G. A. See Ripley, L. B. , 240

Huhnerbein, H. See Gstirner, F. , 127 ... ,

Jacobi, E. F. See Bussy, L. P. de, 49

Jones, E. See Devies, W. M. , 69

Jones, H. A. See Campbell, F. L. , 53, 54

Katchelova, E. See Mironoff, W. , 206

Kimura, C. See Oguro, T. , 223

Laake, E. W, See Bishopo, F. C, 29, 30, 31, 32; Parmen, D. C. , 225, 226;

Roark, R. C. , 242; and Wells, R. W. , 312
Lean, P. A. van der. See Bussy, L. P. de, 48, 49
Lapparent, P. de. 'See Feytaud, J., 87
LoTwnan, M. S. See Sievers, A. F. , 250
McBride, 0. C. See Miller, R. L. , 205
McGovren, E. R. See Sullivan, W. N. , 267, 268
Miles, M. See M^les, H. W. , 203
Miller, A. C. See Breakey, E. P., 38
Muncie, J. H. See Dibble, C. B., 74
Nabokof f , ¥. See Mironoff, W. , 206
Netien, G. See Rome n, E., 243
Nieschulz, 0. See Baudet, E. A. R. F. , 23
Obitz, K. See Stefanski, W. ,261
Ocampo, J. A. See Wille, J., 322

Parman, D. C. See Laake, B. W. , 165 and Roark, R. C. , 242
Pearce, &. W. See Hamilton, D. W.., 134
Peters, H. S. See Eishopp, B. C, ( 32
Phillips, G. L. See Sullivan, W. N., 268
Roach, W. A. See Tattersfield, F., 271

Roark, R. C. See Leake, E. T7. , 165 and Parman, D. C. , 225, 226
Russell, G. A. See Sievers, A. F. , 250
Russell, P. F. See West, A. P., 314, 315
Schmitt, J. 3. See Gins-bUrg, J. M., 112, 113
Schofield, D. See Wille, J., 39
Schroeder, H. 0. See Wells, R. W. , 313
Sievers, A. F. See Mclndoo, N. E. , 193

-12 !

Singh, J. See Wets, R. C. , 308 . ,

Sjoberg, K. See Muhlow, J., 208

Smith, C. M. See J0nes, H. A., 157

Smith, C. R. See Campbell, F. L. , 55

Smith, L. E. See Campbell, F. L. , 56

Spittall, J. P. See Kelsall, A., 159

Sullivan, W. N. See Campbell, F. L. , 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56;' Goodhue, L. D.,

119; Jones, H. A., 154, 155, 156; Le Felley, R. H. , 179;

and Sievers, A. F,, 250, 251
Swingle, M. C. See Phillips, A. M., 246
To^nsend, J. F. See Garman, P., 97, 98 .

Twinn, C. R. See Gibson, A., 109
Vandenberg, G. B. See Murphy, D. F, , 209
Van Ess, II. W. See Hoskins, W. M. , 143
Weds'-'orth, J. T, See Smith, K. N. , 255
Walker, G. P. See Kelsall, A., 159
Walton, C. L. See G?ut, R. C. , 103, 104
Weberbauer, A. See Wille, J., 322
Webster, R. L. See Hanson, A. J., 136
Wells, R. W. See Bisho-op, F. C. , 29, 30, 31, 32
White, L. T. W. See DeOng, E. R. , 71
Wotherspoon, R. See Badertscher, A. E.,13

Index of Insects

Pgge

Aedes —

aegypti ------------------------------ 13

cinereoborealis -------------------------- 13

cinereus ----------------------------- 13

excrucians ----------------------------- 13

fitchii 1 13

sp. _---_-__^_____^_._- 15

stimulans ------------------ ------------- 13

sylvestris ----------------'------------ 14,

trichurus ----------------------------- 13

vexans -________--_-_-----_---_----_- 14,

Agromyze —

pheseoli -----------------------------

pus ill? _-__-_------------------------ 3

Agromyzidae ------------------------------

Allpgrapta oblique ------------------------- 73

American wheat midge ------------------------ 30

Anopheles —

annularis ----------------------------- 15,

hyrcanus var. sinensis ---------------------- 15,

meculipennis --------------------------- 16,

pseudopunctj-nennis ------------------------ 16

sp. -------------------------------- 16

subp ictus ----------------------------- 15,

18

18

16
16
17

16

-122-

Anopheline mosquito- ----------------------- 15, 16

Anthorayiidae ---------------------------- 3

Aphids ------------------------------- 23, 71

Apple —

fruitfly ?8

leaf-curling midge ------------------ ------29

maggot «i-i— w^-.J78; 79, 80

Atherigona indica

Been fly -"■' 2

Beet fly ' ; '■ 5

Black blowfly - ' H

Blackcherry fruitfly ■ ".■*■ 78

Bloodworm ------------------------------12

Blueberry maggot --'------->----------------- 78, 82

Boxwood leaf miner ----^--------------------- 30

Bulb fly. See Narcissus bulb fly.

Cabbage — - •

maggot ------------------------------ 4, 5

root fly. See Cabbage maggot.- - ■
Calliphora —

erythrocephala -------------------------- 6

sp. __________________ 6

Calliphoridae _,.___-______•______ 6

Carrot —

fly. See Carrot rust fly.

rust fly • .___-_ ~ •=. - 70-, 71, 72

Cattle —

-. flies -'-'-: <-.-** —•-*-*■=. ■*.* * -81. 82> 83

.. grubs- 61--,- 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58,. 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67

See also Common cattle grub; northern cattle grub.
n C'ecidomie" negri -------------------------- 29

Cecidomyiidae. See Itonididae.
Ceratitis —
, capitata 74

rosa --------------------------------75

Cheetodacus —

cucurbitee ----------------------------- 75

sp. See Dacus (Chaetodacus) sp.
Cherry —

fly : . __ 5, 76

fruitfly 77, 78

fruitfly (of Europe) ■ 76

maggot ------------------------------ -77

worm ------------------------------- -7'

Chironomidae ---------------------------- -U

Chironominae ---------------------------- -12

.

-123-

Chironomus —

brechialis - - - _______________________ -q

cinguletus -----------------------_____ 11

decorus ----------------------------- 11

1 obi ferns ---------------------------- 11

norvosus ---------------------- ______ ]_]_

•plumosus var. -prasimus --------------- - _____ ]_]_

sp. 11

tenuicaudatus ___ _ n^ ^g, 13

Chloropidae _____ -]_%

Chloror>isca —

circumdata ---------------------_-_____ 13

notata 13

Chrysanthemum gall midge ______ 30

Clinodiplosis mosellana. See Thecodiplosis mosellana.

Cochliomyia americana --------------- — -_____. 6,7

Common cattle grub ------------------ - _ _ 50( 51 ( 54 f 50

Contarinia —

nasturtii -------------------- — ______ 29

pyrivora ---------------------- ______ 29

tritici ______________ ________ 29

Corethra sp. -------------------- — ______ 15

Crane flies -------------------- — ______ 74

Culex- —

hortensis -------------------- — ______ 15 ^ ^7

pipiens 14, 16, 17, 18, 21

quinquefasciatus ----------------- — ______ 20, 21

sp. : 21

territans -------------------- — ------- 17 f 21

Culicidae .- _____ .__. i3) 21

Culicine mosquito 3.4- 3.7 ^ 20, 23, 24

Currant fruitfly ---------------------------75

Dacus — ■ -

(Chaetodacus) species ------------------------ 75

cucurbitae --------------------- ________ 75

Dasyneura mali -------------------- ________ 29

Diarthronomyia hypogaea ------.-----------______ 30

Diptera 2, 68, 83, 85

Dipterous larvae- -------------------------- 83

See also Maggots.
Dogwood club gall midge -- -------..------ ---______ 30

Drosophila —

ampelophila ----------------------------- 27

sp. "- 27

Drosophilidae -----------------------------27

E-p ochre canadensis -------------------------- 75

Euxesta stigma tics _______ 70

-124-

Flesh fly 10

Flies 7, 8, 11, 13, 25, 31-50, 68, ,3-3-35

French 'been miner --------- — _.__-_ ________ 2

Fruitfly '_-__: --26

See also Drosophila sp.:. See Rhagoletis sp.
Fundus gnats ----------------------------- 50

Gnats '-'__" ___________ 84

Goat warble fly -. .- 50,. 51

Gooseberrv maggot -------------- -'-"- --------- -75

Greenbottle fly __-_._■--■* -10

Grubs. See Common cattle grub; northern cattle grub.

Haemgtobia irritans ---------------- - - - ------- -31

Hippoboscidae -------------------- — _______ -27

Holly leaf miner ------------------ -•- -------- 3

Hornfly ---------------------- — _______ -31

Horsefly '___"-_ ;_■■-- -•_ _ 74 ■

Housefly :: - :.:.-:::f ;': *~* ~ ~ 3^~49

Kylemya —

entioua ------------------------------- -3, ■.

brassicae -------------------- — _______r-4. .. .■

Hypo derma — ~ '

bovis ---------'------------- ______ -1 -50-53

crossi ------------------- -------------50, 51

linectum -__■ , 50, 51,-52, 53

sp. 54-63,- 84

Itonididae --------------------- — _____ . 29

Lestherjackets ------------------- ______• 74

Lestremia negri ------------------ — -____--- 29

Lice on sheep ------------------- — ________ 28

Liriomyza solen.i . See Agromyza (Liriomyza solani*
Lucilia —

cuprina --------------------- ________ 10

sericata -------------------- _____--- 10 , •

sp. - - - 10

Lycoria pus ilia.

49

Maggots _-_ 3, 4, 11, 29', 50, 66,

^hite, in soil. See Sciara sp. '■* • '

Mediterranean fruitfly _____.-._- -74

Melenagromyza, -pha seoli _________ 2

Melo-phagus., ovipus ----------------- — ________ 27

Merodon--

equestris- ------------------- ______-- -73

geniculatus _____--- 73

Mid,~e 29

-125-

Monarthropalpus buxi ------------------------ 30

Mosquito :'":'"" _12. 13-26, 85

Musca domestica -------------------- ------31, 83

Muscidae ------------------------------ 31

Mushroom fly ---------------------------- 49

Mycetophilidae --------------------------- 49

Mycodiplosis alterneta ----------------------- 30

Narcissus bulb fly ------------------------- 73

Natal fruit fly 75

Northern —

cattle grub --_"------------------------

house mosauito -------------------------- 17

Oestridae : ~ 50

Onion —
. f ly __-_ -' 3

maggot ------------------------ ------ 3

Oscinis oryzella -------------------------- 13

Otitidae ?0

Ox warble _______ _____ __ _ 50-70

Ox warble fly ---------- — ________________ 56-59

See also ox warble.
Pea aphid ------ — ______________________ 74

Pear midge ------ — _____________________ 29

Pegomya —

hyoscyami -------____ -■_ ________________ 5f 76

nigritarsus --- — _-___-_-_____________5

Phormia —

regina -------- — ____________________ n

sp. ------------------------------- -11

Phytomyza —

ilicis ------------------------------ 3

solani ------------------------------ 3

See also Agromyza (Liriomyza) solani.
Pigeon fly -------- — ___________________ 27

Platyparea sp. --------------------------- 76

Pomace fly --------- ------------------- 27.

Procladius —

choreus --------- — - - _______________ 12, 13

culicif ormis -------- _----_-___---_--__ 12, 13

sp. 11, 12

Pseudolynchia canariensis -- — --________-____-__ 27

P s i la. rosae ----------- — _________ ______

Psilidae ~" ~ " 70

Pterandrus rosa ----------- ---------------75

Rhagoletis —

cerasi ------------- — __-____. ______ 5^ 75

cingulata ------------ --------------- -77,

fa.usta ~ 77t 78

pomonella ------------ ___----_--__--_ -78, 80

8p. 77

«

-126-

Root maggot on cabbage ---------

72,

73

72,

73

49

49

49

5-1C

3

27,

28

27,

28

Scatophaga stercoraria -------- — _________--•

Scatophagidae ------------ — _______-._---

Sciara-- ■

praecox ------- — ______ — ___________

sp .-------------------------_-~~~

Sciarid flies --------------------------

Screwvorm ——————————— — _ _ _ _______ — ____

Serpentine leaf miner ---------- _______ _-__-

Sheep —

ked

tick---------- - ------------------

Sitodiplosis mosellena. See Theocodiplosis mosellane.

Sorghum stem maggot ------------------------ 3

Southern —

armyworm --------__-_______---------- -21

house mosquito ----- ___________________ __]_g

Spinach leaf miner -------------------------5

Stablefly 39, 49

Stegomyia sp. -------------------- ------ -21, 22

Stomoxys —

calci trans ---------------------------31, 49

sp. 49

Syrphid fly 73, 74

Syrphidae -------------------_-_-_---_ 73

Syrphus —

americanus ---------------------------73

sp. 73

Tabanidae __---_---___-___________-_ 74

Tanypodinae --------------------------- 12

Tanypus puntipennis -----------------------12, 13

Tanytarsus eminulus -----------------------12, 13

Thecodiplosis mosellana --- — ________________ 30

Theobaldia annulata ----------------- ------22

T ipula. sp. _______________ 74

Tipulidae ______ _______________ 74

Tomato leaf miner ------------------------ 3

Trypetidae _____________ 74

Vermin ----------------------------- 54

Wprble. See Ox warble.

Warble fly. See Ox marble.

Warble grub. See Ox marble.

Wheat —

gall midge -------- — ________________ 39

midge -_- ____________________ 30

Wound-infesting flies ----- — _______________ 5

See also Screw^orm.

Yellow-
currant fly --------- — _______________ 75

fever mosquito -------- — ______________ 13

UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
III Hill '■ill III UN III Nil IIIIIIIIIHI

3 1262 09238 7140