SSS j F 3 i f ations i Se vs 2 © sie oe & FE iW ee et it : “i «ith ¢ J 4 S Oo ,e) s&s % nel y: | mS i F= ill SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY J. W. POWELL, DIRECTOR INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF MORTUARY CUSTOMS AMONG THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS 6430 BY, DRE. CY ARROW. ACT. ASST, SURG. U. 8. A. a WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1880 Boy Y ow SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY J. W. POWELL, DIRECTOR INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF MORTUARY CUSTOMS AMONG THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS BY Dr. HX Of YARROW— ACT. ASST. SURG. U. 8. A. G 4 vt ) J UM? WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1880 4 ce : a2 Na if | fe ' he ee *7 7 AED yt pa + SMITHSONIAN INSTITULION, Bureau or Erunoo6y, Washington, D. C., July 8, 1880. This little volume is the third of a series designed to promote anthro- pologic researches among the North American Indians. The first was prepared by myself, and entitled “Introduction to the Study of Indian Languages;” the second by Col. Garrick Mallery, entitled ‘Introduction to the Study of Sign-Language among the North American Indians.” The following are in course of preparation and will soon appear: Introduction to the Study of Medicine Practices among the North American Indians. Introduction to the Study of Mythology among the North American Indians. Introduction to the Study of Sociology among the North American Indians. The mortuary customs of savage or barbaric people have a deep significance from the fact that in them are revealed much of the philosophy of the people by whom they are practiced. Early beliefs concerning the nature of human existence in life and after death, and the relations of the living to the dead, are recorded in these customs. The mystery concerning the future; love for the departed who were loved while here; reverence for the wise and good who may after death be wiser and better; hatred and fear of those who were enemies here and may have added powers of enmity in the hereafter—all these and like considerations have led in every tribe to a body of customs of exceeding interest as revealing the opinions, the philosophy of the people themselves. In these customs, also, are recorded evidences of the social condition aye : . a0 Vi of the people, the affection in which friends and kindred are held, the very beginnings of altruism in primitive life. In like manner these customs constitute a record of the moral condi- tion of the people, as in many ways they exhibit the ethic standards by which conduct in human life is judged. For such reasons the study of mortuary customs is of profound interest to the anthropologist. It is hoped that by this method of research the observations of many men may be brought together and placed on permanent record, and that the body of material may be sufficient, by a careful comparative study, to warrant some general discussion concerning the philosophy of this department of human conduct. . General conclusions can be reached with safety only after materials from many sources have been obtained. It will not be safe for the col- lector to speculate much upon that which he observes. His own theory or explanation of customs will be of little worth, but the theory and explana- tion given by the Indians will be of the greatest value. What do the Indians do, and say, and believe? When these are before us it matters little whether our generalizations be true or false. Wiser men may come and use the facts to a truer purpose. It is proposed to make a purely objective study of the Indians, and, as far as possible, to leave the record unmarred by vain subjective speculations. The student who is pursuing his researches in this field should care- fully note all of the customs, superstitions, and opinions of the Indians relating to— | 1. The care of the lifeless body prior to burial, much of which he will find elaborated inte sacred ceremonies. 2. The method of burial, including the site of burial, the attitude in which the body is placed, and the manner im which it is investured. Here, also, he will find interesting and curious ceremonial observances. The superstitions and opinions of the people relating to these subjects are of importance. 3 The gifts offered to the dead; not only those placed with the body at the time of burial, but those offered at a subsequent time for the bene- faction of the departed on his way to the other world, and for his use Vv on arrival. Here, too, it is as important for us to know the ceremonies with which the gifts are made as to know the character of the gifts themselves. 4. An interesting branch of this research relates to the customs of mourning, embracing the time of mourning, the habiliments, the self-muti- lations, and other penances, and the ceremonies with which these are accompanied. In all of these cases the reason assigned by the Indians for their doings, their superstitions, and explanations are of prime importance. 5. It is desirable to obtain from the Indians their explanation of human life, their theory of spirits and of the life to come. A complete account of these customs in any tribe will necessitate the witnessing of many funeral rites, as the custom will differ at the death of different persons, depending upon age, sex, and social standing. 'To obtain their explanations and superstitions, it will be necessary to interrogate the Indians themselves. his is not an easy task, for the Indians do not talk with freedom about their dead. The awe with which.they are inspired, their reverence and love for the departed, and their fear that knowledge which may be communicated may be used to the injury of those whom they have loved, or of themselves, lead them to excessive reticence on these subjects. Their feelings should not be rudely wounded. The better and more thoughtful members of the tribe will at last converse freely on these subjects with those in whom they have learned to place confidence. The stories of ignorant white men and camp attachés should be wholly discarded, and all accounts should be composed of things actually observed, and of relations made by Indians of probity. This preliminary volume by Dr. H. C Yarrow has been the subject of careful research and of much observation, and will serve in many ways as a hint to the student. The literature of the subject is vast, but to a large extent worthless, from the fact that writers have been hasty travelers or subjective speculators on the matter. It is strange how much of accepted history must be rejected when the statements are carefully criticised and compared with known facts. It has frequently been stated of this or that tribe that mutilations, as the cutting off of fingers and toes, of ears and nose, the pulling out of teeth, &c., are extensively practiced as a mode of Wal mourning, and wild scenes of maiming and bloodshed are depicted as fol- lowing upon the death of a beloved chief or great man; yet, among these tribes maimed persons are rarely found. It is probable that there is some basis of fact for the statement that mutilations are in rare instances prac- ticed among some tribes. But even this qualified statement needs absolute proof. I am pleased to assure those who will take part in this work by earnest and faithful research that Dr. Yarrow will treat them generously by giving them full credit for their work in his final publication. I must not fail to present my thanks to the Surgeon-General of the United States Army and his corps of officers for the interest and assistance they have rendered J. W. POWELL. Wasuineton, D. C, April 5, 1880. Dear Sir: I have the honor to offer for your consideration the follow- ing paper upon the Mortuary Customs of the North American Indians, and trust it may meet with your approval as an introduction to the study of a subject which, while it has been alluded to by most authors, has received little or no systematic treatment For this and other reasons I was induced some three years since to commence an examination and collection of data relative to the matter, and the present paper is the outcome of that effort. From the vast amount of material in the Bureau of Ethnology, even at the present time, a large volume might be prepared, but it was thought wiser to endeavor to obtain a still greater array of facts, especially from living observers. If the desired end is attained I shall not count as lost the labor which has been bestowed. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, H. C. YARROW. Maj. J. W. Powe t, In charge of Bureau of Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution. mr, : ry mol lon Seg “25 te é x . tars Ae ee es +, ‘ * ay Li Pid: tre e - Pet fy i - te. * ee ee ir i oe ae 4 oe . - . @ ¥ lw rf at | ; MAE FP ‘ S25 oe athe AS es ore aie eh \ ae Ww Z ‘ 4 be Pe ie ee Te . stabs ee rE an ne 4t , > v +A a tee = hiv gfe Bere + 5 | Mes Di Ld oa ae , x ie PL ei wae ys Lae fg a :: vay ete” aT Gof eras er) “The wisesl of hings tells us, that tt is better to go to the Tlouse of Mourning, than to that of laughter. And those who have well con- sider'd the grounds he had for this his judgment, will not, by the title of this book (as melancholy as it appears /, be affrighted from the perusing tt. “What we read to have been, and still to be, the custo of some nations, to make sepulchres the repositories of their greatest riches, ts (L am sure) universally true in a moral sense, however it may be thought in the literal; there being never a grave but what conceals a treasure, though all have not the art to discover tt. LI do not here invite the covetous miser to disturb the dead, who can frame no idea of treasure distinct from gold and silver; but hun who knows that wisdom and yirtue are the true and sole riches of man. Ts not truth a treasure, think you? Which yet, Democritus assures us, ts buried in a deep pit or grave; and he had reason; for whereas we meet elsewhere with nothing but pain and deceit, we no sooner look down into a grave, but truth faceth us, and tells us our own. —Murer. “i s ? = = ee = - j -> ' od , = " g : ‘ - a ‘ . ~ * ’ Re ‘— } ¢ uf * + : ~ ; “al 4 4 e ms ry : 7 S 7 aR oes a : ? , . “* = INQUIRIES AND SUGGESTIONS UPON THE MORTUARY CUSTOMS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS. BY H.C. YARROW. INTRODUCTORY. The primitive manners and customs of the North American Indians are rapidly passing away under influences of civilization and other dis- turbing elements. In view of this fact, it becomes the duty of all inter- ested in preserving a record of these customs to labor assiduously, while there is still time, to collect such data as may be obtainable. This seems the more important now, as within the last ten years an almost universal interest has been awakened in ethnologic research, and the desire for more knowledge in this regard is constantly increasing. A wise and liberal government, recognizing the need, has ably seconded the efforts of those engaged in such studies by liberal grants from the public funds; nor is encouragement wanted from the hundreds of scientific societies throughout the civilized globe. The public press, too—the mouth-piece of the people— is ever on the alert to scatter broadcast such items of ethnologic informa- tion as its corps of well-trained reporters can secure. To induce further laudable- inquiry, and assist all those who may be willing to engage in the good work, is the object of this preliminary work on the mortuary cus- toms of North American Indians, and it is hoped that many more laborers may through it be added to the extensive and honorable list of those who have already contributed. It would appear that the subject chosen should awaken great interest, since the peculiar methods followed by different nations and the great SYS 1 2 CIRCULAR OF QUERIES. importance attached to burial ceremonies have formed an almost invariable part of all works relating to the different peoples of our globe; in fact no particular portion of ethnologic research has claimed more attention. In view of these facts, it might seem almost a work of supererogation to con- tinue a further examination of the subject, for nearly every author in writ- ing of our Indian tribes makes some mention of burial observances; but these notices are scattered far and wide on the sea of this special literature, and many of the accounts, unless supported by corroborative evidence, may be considered as entirely unreliable. To bring together and harmonize conflicting statements, and arrange collectively what is known of the sub- ject has been the writer’s task, and an enormous mass of information has been acquired, the method of securing which has been as follows : In the first instance a circular was prepared, which is here given; this at the time was thought to embrace all items relating to the disposal of the dead and attendant ceremonies, although since its distribution other important questions have arisen which will be alluded to subsequently. “‘ Wasuineton, D. C., June 15, 1877. Bo ————— be “Sir: Being engaged in preparing a memoir upon the ‘ Burial Cus- toms of the Indians of North America, both ancient and modern, and the disposal of their dead,’ I beg leave to request your kind co-operation to enable me to present as exhaustive an exposition of the subject as possible, and to this end earnestly invite your attention to the following points in regard to which information is desired : “Ist. Name of the tribe. “2d. Locality. “3d. Manner of burial, ancient and modern. “Ath. Funeral ceremonies. “5th. Mourning observances, if any. ‘With reference to the first of these inquiries, ‘Name of the tribe,’ the Indian name is desired as well as the name by which the tribe is known to the whites. CIRCULAR OF QUERIES. 3 “As to ‘Locality,’ the response should give the range of the tribe, and be full and geographically accurate. ‘‘As to the ‘Manner of burial,’ &c., it is important to have every par- ticular bearing on this branch of the subject, and much minuteness is desirable. “For instance : (a) Was the body buried in the ground; if so, in what position, and how was the grave prepared and finished? ““(b) If cremated, describe the process, and what disposal was made of the ashes. ‘“(c) Were any utensils, implements, ornaments, &c., or food placed in the grave? In short, every fact is sought that may possibly add to a general knowledge of the subject. “Answers to the fourth and fifth queries should give as full and suc- cinct a description as possible of funereal and other mortuary ceremonies at the time of death and subsequently, the period of mourning, manner of its observance, &e. “In obtaining materials for the purpose in question it is particularly desirable that well-authenticated sources of information only be drawn upon, and, therefore, any points gathered from current rumor or mere hearsay, and upon which there is doubt, should be submitted to searching scrutiny before being embraced in answers to the several interrogatories, and noth- ing should be recorded as a fact until fully established as such. “In seeking information from Indians, it is well to remember the great tendency to exaggeration they show, and since absolute facts will alone serve our purpose, great caution is suggested in this particular. “Tt is earnestly desired to make the work in question as complete as possible, and therefore it is especially hoped that your response will cover the ground as pointed out by the several questions as thoroughly as you may be able and willing to make it. “In addition to notes, a reference to published papers either by your- self or others is desirable, as well as the names of those persons who may be able to furnish the needed information. “Permit me to assure you that, while it is not offered in the way of 4 INTRODUCTORY. inducement to secure the service asked, since it is barely possible that you can be otherwise than deeply interested in the extension of the bounds of knowledge, full credit will be given you in the work for whatever informa- tion you may be pleased to furnish. “This material will be published under the auspices of Prof. J. W. Powell, in charge of the U. 8. Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region. ‘“‘Communications may be addressed to me either at the address given above or at the Army Medical Museum, Washington, D. C. “Respectfully, yours, “He C.. YARROW? This was forwarded to every Indian agent, physicians at agencies, to a great number of Army officers who had served or were serving at frontier posts, and to individuals known to be interested in ethnologic matters. A large number of interesting and valuable responses were re- ceived, many of them showing how customs have changed either under influences of civilization or altered circumstances of environment. . Following this, a comprehensive list of books relating to North Ameri- can Indians was procured, and each volume subjected to careful scrutiny, extracts being made from those that appeared in the writer’s judgment relia- ble. Out of a large number examined up to the present time, several hun- dred have been laid under contribution, and the labor of further collation still continues. It is proper to add that all the material obtained will eventually be embodied in a quarto volume, forming one of the series of contributions to North American Ethnology prepared under the direction of Maj. J. W. Powell, Director of the Bureau of Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, from whom, since the inception of the work, most constant encouragement and advice has been received, and to whom all American ethnologists owe a debt of gratitude which can never be repaid. Having thus called attention to the work and the methods pursued in collecting data, the classification of the subject may be given and examples furnished of the burial ceremonies among different tribes, calling especial INHUMATION—MOHAWKS. 5 attention to similar or almost analogous customs among the peoples of the Old World. For our present purpose the following provisional arrangement of burials may be adopted : Ist. By InHUMATION in pits, graves, holes in the ground, mounds, cists, and caves. 2d. By cremation, generally on the surface of the earth, oceasion- ally beneath, the resulting bones or ashes being placed in pits, in the ground, in boxes placed on scaffolds or trees, in urns, sometimes scattered. 3d. By EMBALMENT or a process of mummifying, the remains being afterwards placed in the earth, caves, mounds, or charnel-houses. 4th. By AERIAL SEPULTURE, the bodies being deposited on scaffolds or trees, in boxes or canoes, the two latter receptacles supported on scaffolds or posts, or on the ground. Occasionally baskets have been used to contain the remains of children, these being hung to trees. 5th. By aquatic BURIAL, beneath the water, or in canoes, which were turned adrift. These heads might, perhaps, be further subdivided, but the above seem sufficient for all practical needs. The use of the term burial throughout this paper is to be understood in its literal significance, the word being derived from the Anglo-Saxon “birgan,” to conceal or hide away. In giving descriptions of different burials and attendant ceremonies, it has been deemed expedient to introduce entire accounts as furnished, in order to preserve continuity of narrative. INHUMATION. The commonest mode of burial among North American Indians has been that of interment in the ground, and this has taken place in a number of -different ways; the following will, however, serve as good examples of the process: “The Mohawks of New York made a large round hole in which the body was placed upright or upon its haunches, after which it was covered with timber, to support the earth which they lay over, and thereby kept 6 INHUMATION—CAROLINA TRIBES. the body from being pressed. They then raised the earth in a round hill over it. They always dressed the corpse in all its finery, and put wampum and other things into the grave with it; and the relations suffered not grass nor any weed to grow upon the grave, and frequently visited it and made lamentation.” This account may be found in Schooleraft.* In Jonest is the following interesting account from Lawson, of the burial customs of the Indians formerly inhabiting the Carolinas: “Among the Carolina tribes, the burial of the dead was accompanied with special ceremonies, the expense and formality attendant upon the funeral according with the rank of the deceased. The corpse was first placed in a cane hurdle and deposited in an outhouse made for the purpose, where it was suffered to remain for a day and a night guarded and mourned over by the nearest relatives with disheveled hair. Those who are to offi- ciate at the funeral go into the town, and from the backs of the first young men they meet strip such blankets and matchcoats as they deem suitable for their purpose. In these the dead body is wrapped and then covered with two or three mats made of rushes or cane. The coffin is made of woven reeds or hollow canes tied fast at both ends. When everything is prepared for the interment, the corpse is carried from the house in which it has been lying into the orchard of peach-trees and is there deposited in another hurdle. Seated upon mats are there congregated the family and tribe of the deceased and invited guests. The medicine man, or conjurer, having enjoined silence, then pronounces a funeral oration, during which he recounts the exploits of the deceased, his valor, skill, love of country, property, and influence; alludes to the void caused by his death, and counsels those who remain to supply his ‘place by following in his foot- steps; pictures the happiness he will enjoy in the land of spirits to which he has gone, and concludes his address by an allusion to the prominent traditions of his tribe.” Let us here pause to remind the reader that this custom has prevailed throughout the civilized world up to the present day—a custom, in the opinion of many, “more honored in the breach than the observance.” *Tlist. Indian Tribes of the United States, 1853, part 3, p, 193. t Antiq. of Southern Indians, 1873, pp. 108-110. INHUMATION—WICHITAS. i “At last [says Mr. Lawson], the corpse is brought away from that hurdle to the grave by four young men, attended by the relations, the king, old men, and all the nation. When they come to the sepulehre, which is about six feet deep and eight feet long, having at each end (that is, at the head and foot) a light-wood or pitch-pine fork driven close down the sides of the grave firmly into the ground (these two forks are to contain a ridge- pole, as you shall understand presently), before they lay the corpse into the grave, they cover the bottom two or three time over with the bark of trees; then they let down the corpse (with two belts that the Indians carry their burdens withal) very leisurely upon the said barks; then they lay over a pole of the same wood in the two forks, and having a great many pieces of pitch-pine logs about two foot and a half long, they stick them in the sides of the grave down eac 1 end and near the top, through of where (sic) the other ends lie in the ridge-pole, so that they are declining like the roof of a house. ‘These being very thick placed, they cover them many times double with bark; then they throw the earth thereon that came out of the grave and beat it down very firm. By this means the dead body lies in a vault, nothing touching him. After a time the body is taken up, the bones cleaned, and deposited in an ossuary called the Quiogozon” Dr. Fordyce Grinnell, physician to the Wichita Agency, Indian Ter- ritory, furnishes the following description of the burial ceremonies of the Wichita Indians, who call themselves ‘ Kitty-ka-tats” or those of the tattooed eyelids: “When a Wichita dies the town-crier goes up and down through the village and announces the fact Preparations are immediately made for the burial, and the body is taken without delay to the grave prepared for it reception. Ifthe grave is some distance from the village the body is. earried thither on the back of a pony, being first wrapped in blankets and then laid prone across the saddle, one walking on either side to support it. The grave is dug from 3 to 4 feet deep and of sufficient length for the extended body. First blankets and buftalo robes are laid in the bottom of the grave, then the body, being taken from the horse and unwrapped, is dressed in its best apparel and with ornaments is placed upon a couch of blankets and robes, with the head towards the west and the feet to the east; 8 INHUMATION—CADDOES. the valuables belonging to the deceased are placed with the body in the grave. With the man are deposited his bows and arrows or gun, and with the woman her cooking utensils and other implements of her toil ~Over the body sticks are placed six or eight inches deep and grass over these, so that when the earth is filled in it need not come in contact with the body or its trappings. After the grave is filled with earth a pen of poles is built around it, or, as is frequently the case, stakes are driven so that they cross each other from either side about midway over the grave, thus forming a complete protection from the invasion of wild animals. After all this is done, the grass or other débris is carefully scraped from about the grave for several feet, so that the ground is left smooth and clean. It is seldom the case that the relatives accompany the remains to the grave, but they more often employ others to bury the body for them, usually women. Mourning is similar in this tribe as in others, and consists in cutting off the hair, fasting, &c. Horses are also killed at the grave.” The Caddoes, Ascena, or Timber Indians, as they call themselves, follow nearly the same mode of burial as the Wichitas, but one custom pre- vailing is worthy of mention. “Tf a Caddo is killed in battle, the body is never buried, but is left to be devoured by beasts or birds of prey, and the condition of such individ- uals in the other world is considered to be far better than that of persons dying a natural death.” In a work by Bruhier* the following remarks, freely translated by the writer, may be found, which note a custom having great similarity to the exposure of bodies to wild beasts mentioned above : “The ancient Persians threw out the bodies of their dead on the roads, and if they were promptly devoured by wild beasts it was esteemed a great honor, a misfortune if not. Sometimes they interred, always wrapping the dead in a wax cloth to prevent odor.” M. Pierre Muret,t+ from whose book Bruhier probably obtained his information, gives at considerable length an account of this peculiar method of treating the dead among the Persians, as follows: “Tt is a matter of astonishment, considering the Persians have ever had * L’incertitude des Signes de la Mort, 1749, tom 1, p. 439. { Rites of Funeral, Ancient and Modern, 1683, p. 45. MORTUARY CUSTOMS OF THE PERSIANS. 9 the renown of being one of the most civilized Nations in the world, that notwithstanding they should have used such barbarous customs about the Dead as are set down in the Writings of some Historians; and the rather because at this day there are still to be seen among them those remains of Antiquity, which do fully satisfie us, that their Tombs have been very magnificent. And yet nevertheless, if we will give credit to Procopius and Agathias, the Persians were never wont to bury their Dead Bodies, so far were they from bestowing any Funeral Honours upon them: But, as these Authors tell us, they exposed them stark naked in the open fields, which is the greatest shame our Laws do allot to the most infamous Criminals, by laying them open to the view of all upon the highways: Yea, in their opinion it was a great unhappiness, if either Birds or Beasts did not devour their Carcases; and they commonly made an estimate of the Felicity of these poor Bodies, according as they were sooner or later made a prey of. Concerning these, they resolved that they must needs have been very bad indeed, since even the beasts themselves would not touch them; which caused an extream sorrow to their Relations, they taking it for an ill bod- ing to their Family, and an infallible presage of some great misfortune hanging over their heads; for they persuaded themselves, that the Souls which inhabited those Bodies being dragg’d into Hell, would not fail to come and-trouble them; and that being always accompanied with the Devils, their Tormentors, they would certainly give them a great deal of disturbance. i “And on the contrary, when these Corpses were presently devoured, their joy was very great, they enlarged themselves in praises of the De- ceased; every one esteeming them undoubtedly happy, and came to con- gratulate their relations on that account: For as they believed assuredly, that they were entered into the Zlysian Fields, so they were persuaded, that they would procure the same bliss for all those of their family. “They also took a great delight to see Skeletons and Bones scatered up and down in the fields, whereas we can scarcely endure to see those of Horses and Dogs used so. And these remains of Humane Bodies, (the sight whereof gives us so much horror, that we presently bury them out of our sight, whenever we find them elsewhere than in Charnel-houses or 10 INHUMATION—KLAMATHS. Chureh-yards) were the occasion of their greatest joy ; because they con- cluded from thence the happiness of those that had been devoured, wishing after their Death to meet with the like good luck.” The same author states, and Bruhier corroborates the assertion, that the Parthians, Medes, Iberians, Caspians, and a few others, had such a hor- ror and aversion of the corruption and decomposition of the dead, and of their being eaten by worms, that they threw out the bodies into the open fields to be devoured by wild beasts, a part of their belief being that per- sons so devoured would not be entirely extinct, but enjoy at least a par- tial sort of life in their living sepulchres. It is quite probable that for these and other reasons the Bactrians and Hireanians trained dogs for this special purpose, called Canes sepulchrales, which received the greatest care and at- tention, for it was deemed proper that the souls of the deceased should have strong and lusty frames to dwell in. George Gibbs* gives the following account of burial among the Kla- math and Trinity Indians of the Northwest coast : “The graves, which are in the immediate vicinity of their houses, exhibit very considerable taste and a laudable care. The dead are inclosed in rude coffins formed by placing four boards around the body, and covered with earth to some depth; a heavy plank, often supported by upright head and foot stones, is laid upon the top, or stones are built up into a wall about a foot above the ground, and the top flagged with others The graves of the chiefs are surrounded by neat wooden palings, each pale ornamented with a feather from the tail of the bald eagle. Baskets are usually staked down by the side, according to the wealth or popularity of the individual, and sometimes other articles for ornament or use are sus- pended over them. The funeral ceremgnies occupy three days, during which the soul of the deceased is in danger from O-mah-d or the devil. To preserve it from this peril, a fire is kept up at the grave, and the friends of the deceased howl] around it to scare away the demon. Should they not be successful in this the soul is carried down the river, subject, however, to redemption by Pch-ho-wan on payment of a big knife. After the expiration of three days it is all well with them.” *Schooleraft’s Hist. Indian Tribes of the United States, Pt. 3, 1853, p. 140. INHUMATION—PIMAS AND APACHES. Pel The question may well be asked, is the big knife a “sop to Cer- berus”? Capt. F. E. Grossman,* U. 8. A., furnishes the following account of burial among the Pimas of Arizona: “The Pimas tie the bodies of their dead with ropes, passing the latter around the neck and under the knees and then drawing them tight until the body is doubled up and forced into a sitting position. They dig the grave from four to five feet deep and perfectly round (about two feet in diameter), then hollow out to one side of the bottom of this grave a sort of vault large enough to contain the body. Here the body is deposited, the grave is filled up level with the ground, and poles, trees, or pieces of timber placed upon the grave to protect the remains from the coyotes (a species of wolf). Burials usually take place at night, without much ceremony. The mourners chant during the burial, but signs of grief are rare. The bodies of their dead are buried, if possible, immediately after death has taken place, and the graves are generally prepared before the patients die. Sometimes sick persons (for whom the graves had already been dug) recovered ; in such cases the graves are left open until the persons for whom they were intended die. Open graves of this kind can be seen in several of their burial-grounds. Places of burial are selected some distance from the vil- lage, and, if possible, in a grove of mesquite bushes Immediately after the remains have been buried, the house and personal effects of the deceased are burned, and his horses and cattle killed, the meat being cooked as a repast for the mourners. The nearest relatives of the deceased, as a sign of their sorrow, remain in the village for weeks and sometimes months ; the men cut off about six inehes of their long hair, while the women cut their hair quite short.” The Coyotero Apaches, according to Dr. W. J. Hoffman,f in disposing of their dead, seem to be actuated by the desire to spare themselves any needless trouble, and prepare the defunct and the grave in this manner: ‘The Coyoteros, upon the death of a member of the tribe, partially wrap up the corpse and deposit it into the cavity left by the removal of a * Rep. Smithson. Inst., 1871, p. 414. +t U.S. Geol. Sury. of Terr. for 1876, p. 473. 12 INHUMATION—MASSASAUGAS. small rock or the stump of a tree. After the body has been crammed into the smallest possible space the rock or stump is again rolled into its former position, when a number of stones are placed around the base to keep out the coyotes. The nearest of kin usually mourn for the period of one month, during that time giving utterance at intervals to the most dismal lamenta- tions, which are apparently sincere. During the day this obligation is fre- quently neglected or forgotten, but when the mourner is reminded of his duty he renews his howling with evident interest. This custom of mourn- ing for the period of thirty days corresponds to that formerly observed by the Natchez.” Somewhat similar to this rude mode of sepulture is that described in the life of Moses Van Campen, which relates to the Indians formerly inhab- iting Pennsylvania : ‘Directly after the Indians proceeded to bury those who had fallen in battle, which they did by rolling an old log from its place and laying the body in the hollow thus made, and then heaping upon it a little earth.” As a somewhat curious, if not exceptional, interment, the following ac- count, relating to the Indians of New York is furnished, by Mr. Franklin B. Hough, who has extracted it from an unpublished journal of the agents of a French company kept in 1794: ‘Saw Indian graves on the plateau of Independence Rock. The In- dians plant a stake on the right side of the head of the deceased and bury them in a bark canoe. Their children come every year to bring provisions to the place where their fathers are buried. One of the graves had fallen in and we observed in the soil some sticks for stretching skins, the remains of a canoe, &c., and the two straps for carrying it, and near the place where the head lay were the traces of a fire which they had kindled for the soul of the deceased to come and warm itself by and to partake of the food deposited near it. “These were probably the Massasauga Indians, then inhabiting the north shore of Lake Ontario, but who were rather intruders here, the coun- try being claimed by the Oneidas.” It is not to be denied that the use of canoes for coffins has occasion- ally been remarked, for the writer in 1875 removed from the graves at Santa INHUMATION IN CANOES 13 Barbara an entire skeleton which was discovered in a redwood canoe, but it is thought that the individual may have been a noted fisherman, particu- larly as the implements of his vocation—nets, fish-spears, &¢.—were near him, and this burial was only an exemplification of the well-rooted belief common to all Indians, that the spirit in the next world makes use of the same articles as were employed in this one. It should be added that of the many hundreds of skeletons uncovered at Santa Barbara the one mentioned presented the only example of the kind. Among the Indians of the Mosquito coast, in Central America, canoe burial in the ground, according to Bancroft*, was common, and is thus described : “The corpse is wrapped in cloth and placed in one-half of a pitpan which has been cut in two. Friends assemble for the funeral and drown their grief in mushla, the women giving vent to their sorrow by dashing themselves on the ground until covered with blood, and inflicting other tor- tures, occasionally even committing suicide. As it is supposed that the evil spirit seeks to obtain possession of the body, musicians are called in to lull it to sleep while preparations are made for its removal. All at once four naked men, who have disguised themselves with paint so as not to be recog- nized and punished by Wulasha, rush out from a neighboring hut, and, seiz- ing a rope attached to the canoe, drag it into the woods, followed by the music and the crowd. Here the pitpan is lowered into the grave with bow, arrow, spear, paddle, and other implements to serve the departed in the land beyond; then the other half of the boat is placed over the body. A rude hut is constructed over the grave, serving as a receptacle for the choice food, drink, and other articles placed there from time to time by relatives.” BURIAL IN CABINS, WIGWAMS, OR HOUSES. While there is a certain degree of similitude between the above-noted methods and the one to be mentioned subsequently—lodge burial—they differ, inasmuch as the latter are examples of surface or aerial burial, and must consequently fall under another caption. The narratives which are now to be given afford a clear idea of the former kind of burial. *Native Races of Pacific States, 1874, vol. 1, p. 744. 14 INHUMATION—NAVAJOS. Bartram* relates the following regarding the Muscogulges of the Carolinas : “The Muscogulges bury their deceased in the earth; they dig a four- foot, square, deep pit under the cabin, or couch which the deceased laid on in his house, lining the grave with cypress bark, when they place the corpse in a sitting posture, as if it were alive, depositing with him his gun, toma- hawk, pipe, and such other matters as he had the greatest value for in his lifetime. His eldest wife, or the queen dowager, has the second choice of his possessions, and the remaining effects are divided among his other wives and children.” According to Bernard Roman, the ‘‘funeral customs of the Chickasaws did not differ materially from those of the Muscogulges. They interred the dead as soon as the breath left the body, and beneath the couch in which the deceased expired.” The Navajos of New Mexico and Arizona, a tribe living a considerable distance from the Chickasaws, follow somewhat similar customs, as related by Dr. John Menard, formerly a physician to their agency: “The Navajo custom is to leave the body where it dies, closing up the house or hogan or covering the body with stones or brush. In case the body is removed, it is taken to a cleft in the rocks and thrown in, and stones piled over. The person touching or carrying the body, first takes off all his clothes and afterwards washes his body with water before putting them on or mingling with the living. When a body is removed from a house or hogan, the hogan is burned down, and the place in every case abandoned, as the belief is that the devil comes to the place of death and remains where a dead body is. Wild animals frequently (indeed, generally) get the bodies, and it is a very easy matter to pick up skulls and bones around old camping grounds, or where the dead are laid. In ease it is not desirable to abandon a place, the sick person is left out in some lone spot protected by brush, ‘where they are either abandoned to their fate or food brought to them until they die. This is done only when all hope is gone. I have found bodies thus left so well inclosed with brush that wild animals *Bartram’s Travels, 1791, pp. 515. STONE GRAVES OR CISTS. 115) were unable to get at them; and one so left to die was revived by a cup of coffee from our house and_¥is still living and well.” Mr. J. L. Burchard, agent to the Round Valley Indians of California, furnishes an account of burial somewhat resembling that of the Navajos: “When I first came here the Indians would dig a round hole in the ground, draw up the knees of the deceased Indian, and wrap the body into as small a bulk as possible in blankets, tie them firmly with cords, place them in the grave, throw in beads, baskets, clothing, everything owned by the deceased, and often donating much extra; all gathered around the grave wailing most pitifully, tearing their faces with their nails till the blood would run down their cheeks, pull out their hair, and such other heathenish conduct. These burials were generally made under their thatch houses or very near thereto. The house where one died was always torn down, removed, rebuilt, or abandoned. The wailing, talks, &e¢., were in their own jargon; none else could understand, and they seemingly knew but little of its meaning (if there was any meaning in it); it simply seemed to be the promptings of grief, without sufficient intelligence to direct any ceremony; each seemed to act out his own impulse.” STONE GRAVES OR CISTS. These are of considerable interest, not only from their somewhat rare occurrence, except in certain localities, but from the manifest care taken by the survivors to provide for the dead what they considered a suitable resting- place. A number of cists have been found in Tennessee, and are thus described by Moses Fiske: * “There are many burying grounds in West Tennessee with regular graves. They dug them 12 or 18 inches deep, placed slabs at the bottom ends and sides, forming a kind of stone coffin, and, after laying in the body, covered it over with earth.” It may be added that, in 1873, the writer assisted at the opening of a number of graves of men of the reindeer period, near Solutré, in France, and they were almost identical in construction with those described by Mr. Fiske, with the exception that the latter were deeper; this, however, may *Trans. Amer. Antiq. Soc. 1820, vol. 1, p. 302. 16 STONE GRAVES OR CISTS. he accounted for if it is considered how great a deposition of earth may have taken place during the many centuries which have elapsed since the burial. Many of the graves explored by the writer in 1875, at Santa Bar- bara, resembled somewhat cist graves, the bottom and sides of the pit being lined with large flat stones, but there were none directly over the skeletons. The next account is by Maj. J. W. Powell, the result of his observation in Tennessee: “These ancient cemeteries are exceedingly abundant throughout the State; often hundreds of graves may be found on a single hillside. In some places the graves are scattered and in others collected in mounds, each mound being composed of a large number of cist graves. It is evi- dent that the mounds were not constructed at one time, but the whole col- lection of graves therein was made during long periods by the addition of a new grave from time to time. In the first burials found at the bottom and near the center of a mound a tendency to a concentric system, with the feet inward, is observed, and additions are made around and above these first concentric graves; as the mound increases in size the burials become more and more irregular. ‘Some other peculiarities are of interest. A larger number of inter- ments exhibit the fact that the bodies were placed there before the decay of the flesh, while in other cases collections of bones are buried. Some- times these bones were placed in some order about the crania, and sometimes in irregular piles, as if the collection of bones had been emptied from a sack. With men, pipes, stone hammers, knives, arrowheads, &c., were usually found ; with women, pottery, rude beads, shells, &c.; with children, toys of pottery, beads, curious pebbles, &e. “Sometimes, in the subsequent burials, the side slab of a previous burial was used as a portion of the second cist. All of the cists were covered with slabs.” Dr. Jones has given an exceedingly interesting account of the stone graves of Tennessee, in his volume published by the Smithsonian Institu- tion, to which valuable work* the reader is referred for a more detailed account of this mode of burial. * Antiquities of Tennessee. Cont.to Knowledge. Smith. Inst., 1876, No. 259, 4°, pp. 1, 8, 37, 52, 5d, 82. MOUND BURIAL—MISSOURI. 17 BURIAL IN MOUNDS. In view of the fact that the subject of mound-burial is so extensive, and that in all probability a volume by a member of the Bureau of Eth- nology may shortly be published, it is not deemed advisable to devote any considerable space to it in this paper, but a few interesting examples may be noted to serve as indications to future observers. The first to which attention is directed is interesting as resembling cist- burial combined with deposition in mounds. The communication is from Prof. F. W. Putnam, curator of the Peabody Museum of Archeology, Cam- bridge, made to the Boston Society of Natural History, and is published in volume XX of its proceedings, October 15, 1878: “* * * He then stated that it would be of interest to the mem- bers, in connection with the discovery of dolmens in Japan, as described by Professor Morse, to know that within twenty-four hours there had been received at the Peabody Museum a small collection of articles taken from rude dolmens (or chambered barrows, as they would be called in England), recently opened by Mr. E. Curtiss, who is now engaged, under his direc- tion, in exploration for the Peabody Museum. “These chambered mounds are situated in the eastern part of Clay County, Missouri, and form a large group on both sides of the Missouri River. The chambers are, in the three opened by Mr. Curtiss, about 8 feet square, and from 44 to 5 feet high, each chamber having a passage- way several feet in length and 2 in width leading from the southern side and opening on the edge of the mound formed by covering the chamber and passage-way with earth. The walls of the chambered passages were about 2 feet thick, vertical, and well made of stones, which were evenly laid without clay or mortar of any kind. The top of one of the chambers had a covering of large, flat rocks, but the others seem to-have been closed over with wood. The chambers were filled with clay which had been burnt, and appeared as if it had fallen in from above. The inside walls of the chambers also showed signs of fire. Under the burnt clay, in each chamber, were found the remains of several human skeletons, all of which had been burnt to such an extent as to leave but small fragments of the bones, which were mixed with the ashes and charcoal. Mr. Curtiss thought 2Y 18 MOUND BURIAL—TENNESSEE. that in one chamber he found the remains of 5 skeletons and in another 13. With these skeletons there were a few flint implements and minute frag- ments of vessels of clay. “A large mound near the chambered mounds was also opened, but in this no chambers were found. Neither had the bodies been burnt. This mound proved remarkably rich in large flint implements, and also contained well-made pottery and a peculiar “‘ gorget” of red stone. The connection of the people who placed the ashes of their dead in the stone chambers with those who buried their dead in the earth mounds is, of course, yet to be determined.” It is quite possible, indeed probable, that these chambers were used for secondary burials, the bodies having first been cremated. In the volume of the proceedings already quoted the same investigator gives an account of other chambered mounds which are, like the preceding, very interesting, the more so as adults only were inhumed therein, children having been buried beneath the dwelling-floors : “Mr. F. W. Putnam occupied the rest of the evening with an account of his explorations of the ancient mounds and burial places in the Cumber- land Valley, Tennessee. “The excavations had been carried on by himself, assisted by Mr. Edwin Curtiss, for over two years, for the benefit of the Peabody Museum at Cam- bridge. During this time many mounds of various kinds had been thor- oughly explored, and several thousand of the singular stone graves of the mound builders of Tennessee had been carefully opened. * * * Mr. Put- nam’s remarks were illustrated by drawings of several hundred objects ob- tained from the graves and mounds, particularly to show the great variety of articles of pottery and several large and many unique forms of implements of chipped flint. He also exhibited and explained in detail a map of a walled town of this old nation. ‘This town was situated on the Lindsley estate, in a bend of Spring Creek. The earth embankment, with its accompanying ditch, encireled an area of about 12 acres. Within this inclosure there was one large mound with a flat top, 15 feet high, 130 feet long, and 90 feet wide, which was found not to be a burial mound. Another mound near the large one, about 50 feet in diameter, and only a few feet high, con- MOUND BURIAL—TENNESSEER. 19 tained 60 human skeletons, each in a carefully-made stone grave, the eraves being arranged in two rows, forming the four sides of a square, and in three layers. * * * The most important discovery he made within the inelosure was that of finding the remains of the houses of the people who lived in this old town. Of them about 70 were traced out and located on the map by Professor Buchanan, of Lebanon, who made the survey for Mr. Putnam. Under the floors of hard clay, which was in places much burnt, Mr. Putnam found the graves of children. As only the bodies of adults had been placed in the one mound devoted to burial, and as nearly every site of a house he explored had from one to four graves of children under the clay floor, he was convinced that it was a regular custom to bury the children in that way. He also found that the children had been undoubtedly treated with affection, as in their small graves were found many of the best pieces of pottery he obtained, and also quantities of shell- beads, several large pearls, and many other objects which were probably the playthings of the little ones while living.* This cist mode of burial is by no means uncommon in Tennessee, as they are frequently mentioned by writers on North American archeology. The examples which follow are specially characteristic, some of them serving to add strength to the theory that mounds were for the most part used for secondary burial, although intrusions were doubtless common. Of the burial mounds of Ohio, Caleb Atwater} gives this description : “Near the center of the round fort * * * was a tumulus of earth about 10 feet in height and several rods in diameter at its base. On its eastern side, and extending six rods from it, was a semicitcular pavement composed of pebbles such as are now found in the bed of the Scioto River, from whence they appear to have been brought. The summit of this tumulus was nearly 30 feet in diameter, and there was a raised way to it, leading from the east, like a modern turnpike. The summit was level. The outline of the semicircular pavement and the walk is still discernible. The earth composing this mound was entirely removed several years since. *A detailed account of this exploration, with many illustrations, will be found in the Eleventh Annual Report of the Peabody Museum, Cambridge, 1878. t Trans. Amer. Antiq. Soc., 1820, i, p. 174 et seq. 20 MOUND BURIAL—OHIO. The writer was present at its removal and carefully examined the contents. It contained— “1st. Two human skeletons lying on what had been the original sur- face of the earth. “9d. A great quantity of arrow-heads, some of which were so large as to induce a belief that they were used as spear-heads. “3d. The handle either of a small sword or a large knife, made of an elk’s horn. Around the end where the blade had been inserted was a ferule of silver, which, though black, was not much injured by time. ‘Though the handle showed the hole where the blade had been inserted, yet no iron was found, but an oxyde remained of similar shape and size. “4th. Charcoal and wood ashes on which these articles lay, which were surrounded by several bricks very well burnt. The skeleton appeared to have been burned in a large and very hot fire, which had almost consumed the bones of the deceased. This skeleton was deposited a little to the south of the center of the tumulus; and about 20 feet to the north of it was another, with which were— “Sth. A large mirrour about 3 feet in breadth and 14 inches in thick- ness. This mirrour was of isinglass (mica membranacea), and on it— “6th. A plate of iron which had become an oxyde, but before it was disturbed by the spade resembled a plate of cast iron. The mirrour answered the purpose very well for which it was intended. This skeleton had also been burned like the former, and lay on charcoal and a considerable quantity of wood ashes. A part of the mirrour is in my possession, as well as a piece of brick taken from the spot at the time. The kuife or sword handle was sent to Mr. Peal’s Museum at Philadelphia. “To the southwest of this tumulus, about 40 rods from it, is another, more than 90 feet in height, which is showf on the plate representing these works. It stands on a large hill, which appears to be artificial. This must have been the common cemetery, as it contains an immense number of human skeletons of all sizes and ages. The skeletons are laid horizontally, with their heads generally towards the center and the feet towards the out- side of the tumulus. A considerable part of this work still stands uninjured, except by time. In it have been found, besides these skeletons, stone axes MOUND BURIAL—OHIO. ill and knives and several ornaments, with holes through them, by means of which, with a cord passing through these perforations they could be worn by their owners. On the south side of this tumulus, and not far from it, was a semicircular fosse, which, when I first saw it, was 6 feet deep.. On open- ing it was discovered at the bottom a great quantity of human bones, which I am inclined to believe were the remains of those who had been slain in some great and destructive battle: first, because they belonged to persons who had attained their full size, whereas in the mound adjoining were found the skeletons of persons of all ages; and, secondly, they were here in the utmost confusion, as if buried in a hurry. May we not con- jecture that they belonged to the people who resided in the town, and who were victorious in the engagement? Otherwise they would not have been thus honorably buried in the common cemetery. CHILLICOTHE MOUND. “Its perpendicular height was about 15 feet, and the diameter of its base about 60 feet. It was composed of sand and contained human bones belonging to skeletons which were buried in different parts of it. It was not until this pile of earth was removed and the original surface exposed to view that a probable conjecture of its original design could be formed. About 20 feet square of the surface had been leveled and covered with bark. On the center of this lay a human skeleton, over which had been spread a mat manufactured either from weeds or bark. On the breast lay what had been a piece of copper, in the form of a cross, which had now become verdigrise. On the breast also lay a stone ornament with two perforations, one near each end, through which passed a string, by means of which it was suspended around the wearer’s neck. On this string, which was made of sinews, and very much injured by time, were placed a great many beads made of ivory or bone, for I cannot certainly say which. * * * MOUNDS OF STONE. “Two such mounds have been described already in the county of Perry. Others have been found in various parts of the country. There is one at least in the vicinity of Licking River, not many miles from 22 MOUND BURIAL—ILLINOIS. Newark. There is another on a branch of Hargus’s Creek, a few miles to the northeast of Circleville. There were several not very far from the town of Chillicothe. If these mounds were sometimes used as cemeteries of distinguished persons, they were also used as monuments with a view of perpetuating the recollection of some great transaction or event. In the former not more generally than one or two skeletons are found; in the latter none. These mounds are like those of earth, in form of a cone, com- posed of small stones on which no marks of tools were visible. In them some of the most interesting articles are found, such as urns, ornaments of copper, heads of spears, &c., of the same metal, as well as medals of copper and pickaxes of horneblende; * * * works of this class, compared with those of earth, are few, and they are none of them as large as the mounds at Grave Creek, in the town of Circleville, which belong to the first class. I saw one of these stone tumuli which had been piled on the surface of the earth on the spot where three skeletons had been buried in stone coffins, beneath the surface. It was situated on the western edge of the hill on which the “walled town” stood, on Paint Creek. The graves appear to have been dug to about the depth of ours in the present times. After the bottom and sides were lined with thin flat stones, the corpses were placed in these graves in an eastern and western direction, and large flat stones were laid over the graves; then the earth which had been dug out of the graves was thrown over them. co Letters and papers, to forward which stamps will be sent if requested, may be addressed as follows: DR. H. C. YARROW, P. O. Box 585, Wasuineton, D. C. 109 : fet a ie we @ — i a we ee! See ive ~- =». w re = - _ ae ie 7 cs . 4 is Pen re, al Minzee Page. Achomawi Indians, burial and cremation of.......-.. 61, 62 PAINS ka cay.e Purnia: seneaso-cees ome =n e a woe = == 33, 34 FAVlentian WXUMMIeS == sen oes enon ul Sosaem ems 43, 44, 45 Ancient burial customs of Persians........-.-.----- 8,9, 10 Antiquity of cremation -.-..-. 2. V2. sos nns sane 49 Aquatic burial, Cherokees ....-....0...----.-.-..--. 88 (UAT NS) eee As cep oeeneeeticorioeaes 88 (Gosh-U lesion a -e ameter sa ertcicac nacre 88, 89 Lien teh hoeseroceccaaRceceoness 88 Ichthyophagians ........-.. ......-. 88 JiMANS oS aa eaes = 88 Lotophagians.- ------ 88 Ascena Indians .....------- 8 Atwater, Caleb... .-.-.-.---. 19 Bactrians, burial customs of - 10 Baldor, burial of ..- 88 Balearic Islanders, burial of. - 49 Bancroft, Hubert H ..-.. 13, 65 Barer Mapes pena ieamaren ie sme eae emis eats ai 46, 62 BantramyaWiliamieessa- acca a ss es taenenons seco aes 14, 25, 77 TBAB E 6 te DUT a ese teen oe alee cles email ie) 84 BEAN GEOLCORW ieee micas arelecieme atoameleteiemisotel ats aimee 88 iBeckwourthiw @Mes.q--s-ceasn esp see anlls oss aeieccmiee 90 Beltrami: © snc ene ea eso acer sence acestaclceocenae = 93, 102 BENSON RHC Meme noc e alae once nan aoses mee stones 92 Beyanleys ek ODentese eae ae annem aie ne res 35 Blockbixd!s bavilees a-ak see eae enclose eae oe 47,48 Blackfeet lodge burial 65 tree burial .---...--. 67, 68 Bonaks, cremation myths of. 50, 51 Bone houses. --..----- 76 Choctaws 76, 77 BS OxeD DNB eee see = = ee ance 65 Bransford, U.S. N., Dr. J.C 47 Brebouryphadeus--.eetaae =. seca lecce= acco Sone e se 94 Brinton Drs E Gees en n= See ee tee eae on ae 79 Britons, living sepulcher of .--...-. esas eee 90 Bruhicr, J aeques Jam! =< 2-.c2cesss-sise0 decceeco= == 8, 74 Burchard slipewes Pee seecet eas cess Seacuencce 15 Burial above ground, Sioux .-:.-.-----------.<-.---- 63 Burial and cremation, Achomawi Indians........... 61, 62 iniCaliforminws-ca-cas-2-b = .sesse= sss -sssce == aaeae 55, 56, 57 POMCOLNS Yee pees ceeae eee sees ae seeens 51, 52, 53 Crow lodge burial........-..........--- 64, 65 Crows, mourning observances of ...-..-..- 90, 91 Curtiss, Edwin 17,18 Dall, William H 33, 41 Dances; burial .--..--..--..---.. ceniicbcesosadcacceas 95 and burial food . 95 Dance for the dead -.... : 96 Mead waaneetoneesssctesees se ase encase - 96 Derbices, living sepulchers of....-...-.--.---------- 90 MellsgssROVe Mase n eee) Se awerae de oe cienwseeaean anaes 81 Effedens, living sepulchers of ....-....-------------- 90 esate Dunia’ oa aeeee easels sacle eee 93, 94 Final remarks 106 Fires, burial : -.... . 102, 103 Fiske, Moses..-...--..- 6 15 Florida burial mounds ..............---.--..------- 23, 24, 25 cremation .........-- BRS R OID RCO SIEO OSE 57, 58 Food, burial.-...-... = 95 Foreman, Dr. E 46, 58 Koster, J. W-.-..--- 45, 59 Furnace cremation .....-..-..2----c-- peoocacaecnosos 58, 59 Gageby, U.S. A., Capt. J. H 65 Georgia burial urns ..-...- ee 46 “Ghost gamble,” Sioux - - 100, 101, 102 Gianque, Florian . --. -- 26 GabbssGeorre sone. eee = ee eee 10, 54, 82 Gillman Henny noe a= eee eee eet nsec en eee 57 “Golgothas,” Mandans ...---.----- ese eete a ee eee 80 _ Grinnell, Dr. Fordyce. ..----.. coccenscnsrensasenna=s 7 Grossman, U.S. A., Capt. F. E 11 Hammond, U.S. A., Dr. J. F .. 65 Hardy hs iW cence eee - 109 Hidatsa burial superstitions .--......--.---.----.--- 1038, 104 Tin PELAY ts eic toe so ee eee eens ere 94 Hircanians, burial customs of 10 Hoffman, Dr. W. J... il Holbrook, W.C ...-. 3 : 22 Hough, Miran in gD een eete =e ele eee eet eee 12 SHIGHSGS)sDONG eee oe ae tee aaa tee 76 Hurons, burial feasts of .....--..--- 94, 95 Hyperboreans, aquatic burial of. --. 88 Tberians, burial customs of. --..----.- : 10 Ichthyophagi aquatic burial of......-......-.--.---- 88 NM ]inois; burialmounds weer ee aa aes eee acer 22, 23 Indians of Clear Lake, cremation ........--.-.---.--- 54, 55 of Oregon and Washington, canoe burial.... 82, 83 of Utah, cremation ......-..-- nececocasaness 58 SEYV ER PATTY Abd OTD as tt et esa a ee 5 * Waddoes eeceren ae emesis ena sace eee 8 an\CanOes)--—-- < vik Jones, Dr. J.S.------ Bee eG ERA ESSe node JooCE aa Saeaae 16 _ Karok burial superstitions .--..--------------------- 105 Keating, William H ..--..---.----------------+------ Kelta burial superstitions Kentucky mummies.-.--.-.--.---------------- Kitty-ka-tats ....------- Klamaths, inhumation of. - fs 10 Klingbeil, William ...--.. = 62 Lawson, John ..------- 37 Letter of transmittal - vii List of contributors ...-..-.----.-------------++----- 109 Living sepulchers-.-..-.-----------------+----------- 89 Britons pease ion == === 90 MVOEDICOR t= =enen ines == sine iia a= =) 90 Pifledens. cos <2 0 sen —-avee===.-.:2--c2.5--astescetne=o 45 Utah cave burial.... ....-. -=-- 29,30, 31, 32 Vian Campen (Moses. ceacecsoscriae ne cicaacneaate se 12 Verification of death of Caraibs...........-.....----- 538, 54 35, 36, 37 32 7,8 60 39 109 Yanktonias, scaffold burial of ..-............-....--- 66 Yo-kaf-ajbunialidance/- ----2--2ecesssece ees ane 96, 97, 98, 99 Sica mete 99 Wounp; Sohne can. sceceeuteee seen aos deere nares 67 Yurok, burial superstitions of.... mesa 103 Z x We VY .% Aa ye > yf A — a Edson, x ae +e t2D. (est Se CHS ij } OS i I HT a Hl S, 4 Wy Mf SSS + | —'] = = 2 m 2 — 5 =e? == Fs — 28 = pD8s E nth oO co PL yaar oenn env: vba CVU OER YE PE) FRE. hee eererl ae 4 a fe “i E fated Sat e rts! no Sint eee,