THE

INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

OF THE

FIKTH OF FORTH.

LESLIE & HERDMAN.

EDINBURGH :
1881.

THE LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA

PRESENTED BY

PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND
MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID

THE

INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

OF THE

FIRTH OF FORTH.

BY

GEORGE LESLIE,

Demonstrator of Zoology, University of Edinburgh ;

AND

W. A. HERDMAN, D.Sc., F.L.S.

EDINBURGH :

Printed by M'Farlane & Erskine.
1881.

PREFACE

DURING the Session 1880-81 we communicated to the Royal
Physical Society of Edinburgh a series of papers, in which
an attempt was made to catalogue the Invertebrata of the
Firth of Forth. While these were being printed for the
Society, it was suggested that the lists should appear in a
separate form, and the Council have sanctioned their publica-
tion before the appearance of the sixth volume of the Proceed-
ings, in which they will be printed. We have to thank the
Society for this permission, and we are especially indebted to
its accomplished secretary, Mr Eobert Gray, F.E.S.E., who
has, both in his official capacity and as our friend, in many
ways forwarded our wishes.

When we began this work, it was intended that the lists
should comprise only the results of our own collecting and
dredging, but we soon found that if they were to be of general
use to the student they must include the results of previous
work, of which we have accordingly availed ourselves to
such an extent that the lists as they now stand are, to a very
large extent, a compilation from the literature of the subject.
Little apology is necessary for this assumption of the labour
of others, since, with the exception of the lists of Drs M'Bain
and Howden, the records of the Forth Fauna are fragmentary,
and are only to be found in works often inaccessible to the
general student.

We have the pleasant task of acknowledging the valuable
assistance of many marine zoologists, whose names are men-
tioned in connection with their contributions in various parts
of this work. Any further help with which we may be favoured
in our endeavours to complete the record of the Fauna of the
Forth will be gratefully received.

We have not followed the zoological order, the various
groups being arranged in the order in which it was found
most convenient to undertake them. If they prove useful,
we intend to re-issue the lists, when this and other imperfec-
tions of the present work will be corrected.

THE INVEETEBEATE FAUNA

OF THE

FIRTH OF FORTH.

INTRODUCTION.

THE following is intended to be the first of a series of
papers, in which a list of the Invertebrata found in the Firth
of Forth shall be given. We have been led to undertake this
work on the suggestion of Sir Wyville Thomson and others,
who think it is desirable that a fairly complete record of the
marine fauna of the estuary should be easily attainable by
those studying the zoology of the eastern coast. The special
necessity for a list of the fauna of the Forth will be admitted,
when it is considered that the estuary has always been the
favourite and most accessible collecting ground with the
numerous students of natural history attending the University
of Edinburgh, and special facilities for its completion exist,
as many able zoologists have during the last two centuries
published the results of their work on the same subject. In
recent years, however, since zoological classification has as-
sumed its present form, nothing aiming to be a complete revi-
sion of the Invertebrata of the Forth has been produced, and
the varying nomenclature of species renders the older partial
lists of comparatively little use to the student of the present
day. We are fully conscious that we will not be able to
catalogue the entire invertebrate fauna in these papers, and
that even some forms which have been found and chronicled
may have escaped our notice ; but this is the less to be
regretted, as we hope in subsequent papers to add to our
lists, or otherwise amend them.

A good description of the physical geography of the estuary
may be found in the introduction to Parnell's " Fishes of the
Firth of Forth " * and elsewhere, so that we shall here note
only some of its more salient features.

* Trans. Wern. Soc., vol. vii., p. 162.
A

2 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

The length of the estuary, measured from its junction
with the sea to the vale of Stirling, where it terminates in
the river, is about 56 miles. The tide, however, flows to
Craigforth, 25 miles above the proper estuary. Where it
joins the sea, its breadth, from St Abb's Head on the south
side to Fifeness on the north, is nearly 40 miles. As we
ascend it rapidly contracts, so that at Elie, 10 miles above
Fifeness, it is only 7 miles broad. Above this it again ex-
pands into an extensive basin, which at Musselburgh has a
breadth of about 20 miles, and then gradually narrows, until
at Queensferry it is only 2 miles across. Above Queensferry
it again expands, for a distance of about 14 miles, into a basin
having an average breadth of 4 miles, and terminates in the
river.

The most important islands of the Firth are the May,
situated a little above its junction with the sea ; the Bass,
nearly opposite North Berwick ; Inchkeith, in the centre of
the greater basin ; and nearer its upper contraction the islands
of Inchcolm, Inch Mickery, and Cramond Island. Inch
Garvie lies opposite Queensferry.

The maximum depth of the estuary at its mouth is about
35 fathoms ; at the mouth of the greater basin 28 fathoms.
From the May to Inchkeith, the greatest depth in the middle
of the channel is from 16 to 18 fathoms. Above Inchkeith
the Middle Bank stretches, separating the north channel, with
a depth of 16 to 25 fathoms, from the south channel or Leith
Koads, varying from 3 to 16 fathoms. At the upper contrac-
tion of the greater basin, between Inch Garvie and North
Queensferry, the depth increases to 37 fathoms, and above
this it gradually becomes shallower. The greater part of our
dredging has been done in the south channel, and between
Inchkeith and the May.

In 1710, Sir Robert Sibbald, a learned Edinburgh physician,
published a list of the exsanguous (invertebrate) animals
which he supposed were common to the Firths of Forth and
Tay.* He divides them into four classes : (1.) the Holies,
among which are to be found Cephalopods, Asterids, and
Medusae ; (2.) the Crustrate, comprehending Crustacea and
* " History of Fife and Kinross," p. 53. Edin., 1710.

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 3

Echinids; (3.) the Testacea, being Gastropods, Lamellibranchs,
and Cirripedes ; and (4.) the Sea-insects, among which we re-
cognise Aphrodite aculeata. Sir Eobert enumerates sixty-
eight species of invertebrates. Of these many can be iden-
tified with our commonest species ; others are more difficult
of recognition under their somewhat lengthy but vague pre-
Linnean designations.

In 1809, Professor Jameson read to the Wernerian Society of
Edinburgh a paper, entitled, " A Catalogue of Animals of the
Class Vermes, found in the Firth of Forth, and other parts of
Scotland." Under the title Vermes he includes, as was usual
at this date, representatives of the various invertebrate sub-
kingdoms. Jameson enumerates seventy-seven species from
the Firth, among which the only Molluscs are two species of
Tritonia, one of Doris .said one of Chiton. He divides the
Vermes into — (1.) Mollusca, including Nudibranchs, Asci-
dians, Annelids, Holothurids, and Coelenterates ; (2.) Testacea,
of which Chiton is the only example given ; (3.) Crustacea,
including Echinids, Asterids, and Ophiurids; (4.) Coralla,
being the Alcyonaria, Sponges, Polyzoa, and Sertularids ;
and (5.) Zoophyta, including Pennatula, Hydra, and Coryne.

In the same volume of the " Memoirs of the Wernerian
Society," p. 370, is a paper by Captain Laskey, " An Account
of North British Testacea," in which he enumerates between
sixty and seventy species of Gastropods, Lamellibranchs, and
Cirripedes, obtained in the Firth of Forth. Much doubt, how-
ever, has been expressed by distinguished conchologists as to
the genuineness of many of the localities given in this paper.

Among those who have largely contributed to our know-
ledge of the fauna of the Forth, Mr H. D. S. Goodsir, who
promised to attain to an equal scientific eminence with his
brother, the illustrious anatomist, must be mentioned with
special praise and regret. He discovered many new genera
and species in the Forth, to which reference will be made in
the text of this paper. He joined the Franklin Expedition
in the capacity of naturalist, and shared in its disaster.

Many professors of the University of Edinburgh have from
time to time investigated the fauna of the Forth, and of these
Professor Jameson has already been mentioned; in more

4 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

recent years Professors Goodsir, Edward Forbes, and Allman,
held the most distinguished places.

Professor Goodsir was an anatomist in the widest and most
philosophical signification of the word, and on this his great
reputation is mainly based; but it may sometimes be for-
gotten that be was also an accomplished marine zoologist.
Many of the species in our lists are given on his authority.
In 1838, Professor Goodsir communicated to the Cupar
Literary and Antiquarian Society a list of the marine animals
collected at Anstruther by his brother, Harry Goodsir. We
have not been able to ascertain whether this was ever
published.

Professor Edward Forbes, although a pioneer in the in-
vestigation of marine faunas, does not seem to have personally
done much dredging in the Forth. The period during which
he occupied and adorned the Chair of Natural History in the
University was too brief and too fully occupied with other
work to admit of this.

The work of Professor Allman on the Hydroids and
Polyzoa is well known, and his writings are indispensable to
the student of marine zoology. They will be very frequently
quoted in these lists.

The researches of Dr Thomas Strethill Wright are among
the most valuable of those which we have to notice. Dr
Wright gave much attention to the Protozoa and Coelenterata,
and contributed to the Proceedings of the Eoyal Physical
Society a series of papers, entitled, " Observations on British
Zoophytes," in which the histology, physiology, and develop-
ment of many of the Hydroids are treated in the most
admirable manner.

About twenty years ago a committee of marine zoology was
formed in the Eoyal Physical Society, for the purpose of
dredging the Forth and neighbouring waters. The preparation
of a list does not seem to have been an object with this com-
mittee, but some of their rarer finds are recorded in the
Proceedings of the Society.

The most complete list hitherto published is that by Dr
M'Bain, K.N., in the Eev. Walter Wood's book, " The East
Neuk of Fife." The specimens mentioned in that work were

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 5

mostly collected by Dr M'Bain himself and by Dr Howden,
but some attention was also paid to the literature of the
subject. The authority of this list will frequently be used
in our paper.

We are especially indebted, and would now tender our best
thanks, to Mr F. M. Balfour, F.K.S., Fellow and Lecturer of
Trinity College, Cambridge, who has very liberally given us
lists of the rarer forms which he has dredged in the Forth.
Mr Balfour's assistance is the more valuable, as his work has
principally been done in a part of the estuary which we have
had comparatively little opportunity of investigating.

Dr M'Intosh's excellent " Marine Invertebrates and Fishes
of St Andrews" should be consulted by students of the
local fauna. From the proximity of the locality investigated,
this work is very interesting in connection with the fauna of
the Forth.

In addition to a study of the somewhat voluminous
but scattered literature of the subject, our opportunities of
acquiring a knowledge of the fauna of the Forth have con-
sisted in — (1.) shore-collecting, extending over several years,
at many points on both sides of the Firth; (2.) collecting
from the refuse of the fishing boats at Newhaven and other
piers ; (3.) occasional night excursions with the oyster
dredgers and long-line fishermen from JSTewhaven ; and (4.)
dredging excursions, in both sailing boats and steamers,
organised in connection with the University Class of Practical
Zoology.

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE LISTS.

0. J. A., . .• Professor Allman, F.R.S.

F. M. B F. M. Balfour, M.A., F.R.S.

Colds., .... Dr Coldstream.

Com. Mar. Zool., . . Committee of Marine Zoology of

the Royal Physical Society.

/. G. D., . . . Sir J. G. Daly ell.

Flem. , . . . . Dr John Fleming.

E. F. , . . . Professor Edward Forbes.

H. D. S. G., . . . Harry D. S. Goodsir.

J. G., . . . Professor Goodsir.

Howd., Dr Howden.

R. J. , . . . . Professor Jameson.

G. J., . . . Dr George Johnston.

THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

Dr M'Bain.

M. & B., . . . Mobius and Butschli.

Br. Mus.t . ". Specimen from the Forth in the

British Museum.
Ed. Mus.y . . . Specimen from the Forth in the

Edinburgh Museum of Science

and Art.

0. W. P., .' .' . Charles W. Peach.
F. E. S., .'".."' . " Professor Franz Eilhart Schulze.
Sim., . ; .. .""• ' , Mr Simmons.
Th., ; , ' ... . . Lieutenant Thomas, R.N.
T. S. W., . . . Dr Thomas Strethill Wright.

COELENTERATA.

In the present part we can only give lists of the Hydroida,
and Alcyonaria, as the other sections of the Coelenterata,
viz., the Zoantharia, the Acalepha, and the Ctenophora have
not yet been sufficiently worked, and the material at our
disposal is not extensive enough to enable us to compile
anything like complete lists of these groups.

So far as the Hydroid Zoophytes are concerned, however,
we have had plenty of material. They have always been a
favourite group with marine zoologists, and have been
studied in the Firth of Forth by successive generations
of naturalists, who have frequently been rewarded by the
discovery of species new to science.

Professor Allman and Dr Strethill Wright, whose researches
we have already referred to in the Introduction, have con-
tributed largely to our knowledge of the Hydroids. The
section of Dr Wright's work most interesting to us, in con-
nection with these lists, is his careful investigation of the
more minute Zoophytes, among which he discovered so many
new species — especially in the Athecata. Further work of
! the same description among the smaller Campanularians
i would almost certainly yield interesting and valuable results.

The nomenclature and arrangement in the following list
are those given in Hinck's " History of the British Hydroid
Zoophytes," from which we have in various ways derived the
greatest assistance. For many of our names and localities
we are indebted, in addition to the last-mentioned work and
Dr Wright's papers, to Allman's " Gymnoblastic Hydroids,"

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 7

and various lists and notices by Professors Allman, Forbes,
Jameson, Drs Fleming, M'Bain, George Johnston, F. E.
Schulze, and others.

In our own investigations, comprising shore-collecting and
dredging from fishing boats and steamers, extending over
several years, we have taken the great majority of the species
of Hydroids recorded as having been found in the Firth of
Forth, and have been fortunate enough to discover several
which have not hitherto been met with in this area. Our
most notable deficiencies are among the minute Athecata
discovered by Wright.

HYDBOIDA.

I. ATHECATA —

Clava multicornis (Forsk.).

Firth of Forth (T. S. W.) ; Kincardine to

Fifeness (M'B.) ; Kincardine, 2 fathoms

(Th.) ; Firth of Forth (G. J. A.).

This species is common between tide

marks on various parts of the shore. We

have taken it at Joppa, at Wardie, and at

South Queensferry.

It is the Clava rcpens of Wright (Proc.

Eoy. Phys. Soc., Edin., 1857; Ed. New

Phil. Jour., July 1857).
0. squamata (Mull.).

Queensferry on Fucus vesiculosus (T. S. W.) ;

Craigflower (G. J. A.).

In Dr Wright's paper on Clava this

species figures as C. membranacea (Ed.

New Phil Jour., July 1857).
a nodosa (T. S. Wright).

Queensferry and Largo, on Delesseria san-

guinea (T. S. W.).

This species was first described in Proc.

Eoy. Phys. Soc., Edin., for 1862.
Turris neglect a (Lesson).

Queensferry (T. S. W.).

» THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

We found a few specimens some years ago
near Joppa.

The gonozooid of this species was known
for about twenty years before Wright
traced the development of the fixed poly-
pites, which he described under the name
of Clavula gossii (Ed. New Phil. Jour.,
July 1859).

HYDRACTINIIDjE.

Hydractinia echinata (Fleming).

Firth of Forth (T. S. W.) ; common on
univalves (M'B.} ; off the Bass Rock
(F. E. S.).

This is a common species, and we have
often dredged shells encrusted with it off
Inchkeith, on the oyster bank, and in
other parts of the Firth. Specimens may
frequently be found on the shore after
storms. F. E. Schulze* mentions having
found this species on the beach between
Portobello and Fisherrow.

PODOCORYNIDuE.

Podocoryne carnea (Sars).

Inch Garvie (G. J. A.).
Clionistes reticulata (T. S. Wright).

Granton (T. S. W.).

CORYNIM.

Coryne pusilla (Gaertn.).

Firth of Forth (M'B.).
Syncoryne eximia (Allman).

Firth of Forth (G. J. A.).
S. sarsii (Loven.).

Firth of Forth (T. S. W.).

* II. Jahresb. d. Komm. z. Untersuch. d. deutsch. Meere in Kiel, p. 123.
Berlin, 1875.

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 9

We took this species once in a pool near

Wardie.

Mr F. M. Balfour informs us that he has

dredged it in shallow water near the Bass

Eock.
Syncoryne gravata (T. S. Wright).

North Berwick (T. S. W).
S. decipiens (Dujard.).

Firth of Forth (T. S. W.\
S.ferox(T. S.Wright).

Firth of Forth (T. S. W.).
Gemmaria implexa (Alder).

Zanclea implexa, in "British Hydroid

Zoophytes."

Inch Garvie (T. 8. W.) ; Firth of Forth

(G. J. A.).
Stauridium productum (T. S. Wright).

Caroline Park, on Hydrallmania falcata

(T. S. W).

EUDENDRIID^E.

Eudendtriu'tn rameum (Pail.).

Leith shore (Colds.) ; Firth of Forth (Th.) ;
Firth of Forth (J. G. D.) • Firth of Forth
(G. J. A).

We have obtained this species from the
fishing boats at Newhaven.

E. ramosum (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (M'R) • Firth of Forth
(Th) ; Leith shore (E. J) ; near the Bass
Eock (F. E. #.) ; Firth of Forth (Ed. Mus).
We have dredged this species frequently
in from 3 to 8 fathoms in the Firth.

E. arluscula (T. S. Wright).

Queensferry (T. S. W.).

E. capillare (Alder).

Firth of Forth, on Delesseria sanguinea,
from 5 fathoms, and at low water on
Ascidian's tests (G. J. A).

10 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

ATRACTYLID^;.

Wriglitia arenosa (Alder).

Atractylis arenosa, in "British Hydroid

Zoophytes."

Largo (T. S. W).
Perigonimus repens (T. S. Wright).

Firth of Forth, on Sertularians, etc.

(T. S. W.) ; Firth of Forth (F. E. S.).

We dredged this species last summer near

Inchkeith.
P. sessilis (T. S. Wright).

On rocks at Granton, and on shells from

deep water (T. S. W.).
P. palliatus (T. S. Wright).

On a shell, Granton (T. S. W.\
P. vestitus (Allman).

On a Buccinum, Firth of Forth (G. J. A.).
P. linearis (Alder).

We dredged this species near Inchkeith

last summer.
P. miniatus (T. S. Wright).

On stones at Largo and at Granton

(T. S. W.).
P. coccineus (T. S. Wright).

Inch Garvie (T. S. W.).
P. litentaculatus (T. S. Wright).

Off Inchkeith (T. S. W.).
P. quadritentaculatus (T. S. Wright).

Firth of Forth (T. S. W).

Mr Hincks and Professor Allman suspect

that this and the preceding species may

both prove immature forms.
Garveia nutans (T. S. Wright).

Inch Garvie (T. S. W.} ; Firth of Forth on

Algae, etc. (G. J. A.}.

Described by Professor Allman as Uuden-

drium bacciferum (Ann. N. If., July 1859).

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 11

Bimeria vestita (T. S. Wright).

Bimer Kock, North Queensferry, and Inch
Garvie (T. S. W.) ; Firth of Forth on
Algse, etc. (G. J. A).

Dicoryne conferta (Alder).

Firth of Forth (£. J. A.).

We dredged this species on Apporhais

pes-pelicani off Kirkcaldy last summer.

Bougainmllea ramosa (v. Ben.).

Queensferry (T. S. W.).

We have taken it in 7 fathoms.

B. fruticosa (Allman).

Firth of Forth (#. J. A).

Bougainmllea sp.

Some specimens of Bougainmllea dredged
last summer off Inchkeith we are unable
to identify with any of the known species.
In some respects they resemble the variety
of B. muscus mentioned by Hincks on page
112 of the " British Hydroid Zoophytes."

TUBULARIID^;.

Tulularia indivisa (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (M'B)\ Firth of Forth

(Ed. HUB.).

We have dredged this common species

from 7 fathoms in the Firth.
T. larynx (Ell. and Sol.).

Firth of Forth (M'B.) ; Kincardine (Th.) ;

Firth of Forth (Ed. Mus.) ; Firth of Forth

(F. K S.).
T. coronata (Abildg.).

Firth of Forth (M'B.).

We have dredged this species from 10

fathoms.
T. attenuata (Allman).

Firth of Forth, 15 fathoms (G. J. A.\
Corymorplia nutans (Sars).

Firth of Forth, 14 fathoms (G. J. A.).

12 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

PENNARIID^E.

Vorticlava proteus (T. S. Wright).

Fluke Hole (T. S. W.).

II. THECAPHORA —

CAMPANULARIID^E.

Clytia johnstoni (Alder).

Firth of Forth (F. E. S.).
This species, the Campanularia volubilis
of Johnston, is common in the Firth of
Forth, chiefly on other zoophytes ; we have
taken it frequently.

Obelia geniculata (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (M'R) ; Newhaven (Ed.

Mus.).

In profusion on Laminaria all along the

coast ; we have taken it at Wardie, Aber-

dour, Elie, etc.

0. longissima (Pall.).

We found this species on the shore at
Longniddry, cast up after a storm, some
years ago. We also dredged it in the
Firth of Forth last summer.

0. dichotoma (Linn.).

On the beach between Portobello and
Fisherrow (F. E. S.) ; Firth of Forth (Ed.
Mus.) ; Firth of Forth (G. J.) ; Firth of Forth
(Th.) ; off the Bass Eock (F. E. S.).
We dredged this species last summer be-
tween Inchkeith and Kirkcaldy.

Campanularia volubilis (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (Th.) ; Firth of Forth
(WB) ; Firth of Forth (Ed. Mus.).
We have obtained this species from 5
fathoms.

It is not improbable that the species re-
ferred to under this name by M'Bain was
Clytia johnstoni (Alder).

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 13

Campanularia verticillata (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (2%.); Firth of Forth

(JfA).

Not common. We have dredged it from

about 10 fathoms.
C.flexuosa (Hincks).

Firth of Forth (Jf'jR).

Dredged last summer near Kirkcaldy.
C. decipiens (T. S. Wright).

Firth of Forth (T. S. W).
G. integra (Macgill.) ?

Dredged last summer near Inchkeith.
Thaumantias inconspicua (Forb.).

Firth of Forth (T. S. W).

This species was only known by the

gonozooid until Dr Strethill Wright

reared the polypites from the ova.
Gonothyrcea loveni (Allman).

Cramond Island (G. J. A.).

We have taken this species in considerable

quantity about low water mark at Wardie.

CAMPANULINID^E.

Campanulina acuminata (Alder).

Firth of Forth (T. S. W.).
C. repens (Allman).

On Sertularians from 5 fathoms (G. J. A.).
Opercularella lacerata ( Johns t.).

Morrison's Haven (T. S. W.).

We found this species a few years ago at

Newhaven.

LAFOEID^:.

Lafoea dumosa (Fleming).

Firth of Forth (M'R) ; Firth of Forth (Ed.
Mus.) ; Firth of Forth (F. E. S.).
Common in the Firth, on the oyster bank,
in 3 to 10 fathoms ; usually parasitic on

14 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

other zoophytes, such as Hydrallmania

falcata.
Lafoea fruticosa (Sars) .

Firth of Forth (F. E. S.).

We have dredged this species once or

twice along with the preceding.
Galycella syringa (Linn.).

Off the Bass, Firth of Forth (F. E. S.).

Not uncommon, on other zoophytes.
Filellum serpens (Hassall).

The Reticularia immersa of Sir Wyville

Thomson (Ann. Mag. N. If., 2d ser., vol. xi.,

p. 443).

We have obtained this species from the

refuse in the Newhaven fishing boats ; it

was also dredged last summer near Inch-

keith.

TRICHYDRIM.

Tricky dm pudica (T. S. Wright).

Fluke Hole (T. S. W.).

Coppinia arcta (Daly ell).

We have found this species frequently in
the fishing boats at Newhaven.

HALECIID^E.

Halecinm halecimim (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (M'R) ; Firth of Forth

(Th.) ; Firth of Forth (F. E. S.) ; Firth of

Forth (Ed. Mus.).

One of the commonest species in the Firth ;

very common on the oyster bank ; dredged

frequently from 5 fathoms.
H. muricatum (Ell. and Sol.).

Firth of Forth (C. W. P.) ; Firth of Forth

(R. J.) ; Firth of Forth (MR) ; Firth of

Forth (Ed. Mus.).

We obtained a fine specimen a few years

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 15

ago from the Newhaven fishing boats. We

have also collected it at North Berwick,

cast up after a storm.
Halecium plumosum (Hincks) ?

Dredged last summer.
H. beanii (Johnst.).

Queensferry (T. S. W.) ; Firth of Forth

(Ed. Mus.).

We have dredged this species in 8 fathoms

between Inchkeith and Kirkcaldy.

SERTULARIIDJS.

Sertitlardla polyzonias (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (MR).
A very common species in about 5 fathoms
on the oyster bank westwards from Inch-
keith, where it attains a large size.

S. rugosa (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (MR).

We obtained this species frequently at

low water mark at Elie some years ago.

Diphasia rosacea (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (MR); Firth of Forth
(F. E. S.).

Not rare on shells and stones from a few
fathoms in depth. We dredged it fre-
quently last summer near Inchkeith.

D. fallax (Johnst.).

Firth of Forth, plentiful (Colds) ; Firth of
Forth (MB.).

D. attenuata (Hincks).

Firth of Forth, in 22 fathoms on a sandy
and shelly bottom (F. E. S.).

D. tamarisca (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (Colds.)-, Firth of Forth
(M'R) ; Firth of Forth (Ed. Mus.).
We dredged this species last summer near
the Isle of May.

16 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

Sertularia pumila (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (M'R) ; Firth of Forth

(Ed. Mus.).

Common between tide marks on stones,

Fucus, etc. ; in profusion at Wardie.
S. operculata (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (MR); Firth of Forth

(Colck.).

We have found large masses of this species

cast up on the shore between Longniddry

and North Berwick.
S.Jilicula (Ell. and Sol.).

Firth of Forth (M'R).

We have dredged this species frequently.

We got it last summer in 7 fathoms near

Inchkeith.
S. dbietina (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (M'R); Firth of Forth

(Ed. Mus.).

Not uncommon on stones and shells from

the oyster bank.
S. argentea (Ell. and Sol.).

Firth of Forth (MR) ; Firth of Forth, 8

fathoms (F. K S.).

This species is not uncommon. We took

it frequently ]ast summer on old shells,

etc., from between Inchkeith and Kirk-

caldy.
S. cupressina (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (MR); Firth of Forth

(R. J.) ; Firth of. Forth (Th.) ; Firth of Forth

(Ed. Mus.).

We have dredged this species several times

in the Firth.
Hydrallmania falcata (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (M'R) ; off the Bass Eock

(F. E. S.).

Probably the commonest Hydroid in a few

fathoms of water off New haven. It occurs

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 17

in profusion in some places, and attains a

large size.
Thuiaria thuja (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (M'R); near Inchkeith

(Th) ; Leith shore (E. J.) ; Firth of Forth

(Ed. Mus.) ; Firth of Forth (F. E. £).

Common in 5 fathoms and upwards.
T. articulata (Pallas).

We dredged this species near Inchkeith

last summer.

PLUMULARIID^E.

Antennularia antennina (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (M( B).
We have dredged this species several
times. It is sometimes found cast up on
the beach.

A. ramosa (Lamk.).

Firth of Forth (M< R) ; Firth of Forth,
in 25 fathoms (F. E. £).
We dredged this species last summer in
10 fathoms. It is not nearly so common
in the Firth of Forth as A. antennina, but
at Lamlash, on the west coast, it occurs in
profusion, and is much the commoner of
the two species.

Plumularia pinnata (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (M'B); Firth of Forth
(Ed. Mus) ; Firth of Forth, 25 fathoms
(F. E. £).

Not uncommon; dredged last summer
between Inchkeith and Kirkcaldy.

P. setacea (Ellis).

Firth of Forth (MB.).

We obtained this species plentifully at

low water mark near Elie some years ago.

P. catharina (Johnst.).

Firth of Forth (M'R) ; Firth of Forth
(Colds.) ; Firth of Forth, on a sandy and

18 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

shelly bottom in 30 and in 22 fathoms
(F. E. S.).

We dredged this species on several occa-
sions last summer from about 10 fathoms.

ALCYONAKIA.

ALCYONIILE.

Alcyonium digitatum (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (F. E. S).
Very common on the oyster bank. We
have obtained it between tide marks at-
tached to the rocks, near Elie.

GORGONLAJLE.

Gorgonia fldbellum (Linn.).

Professor Jameson (' Wernerian Memoirs/
vol. i., p. 561) recorded this species as
having been found by Mr Mackay on Leith
shore.

Professor Goodsir dredged a large speci-
men in the Forth.

A young friend, Mr Malcolm Laurie, lately
picked up a worn specimen on Portobello
beach.

All the specimens seem to have been
dead ; and there can be little doubt that
the species never occurs in a fresh con-
dition in these seas.

PENNATULID.E.

Pennatula phosphorea (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (F. E. S.) ; Firth of Forth
(Ed. Mus).

We have obtained this species cast ashore,
and in the fishing boats at Newhaven.

Virgularia mirabilis (Linn.).

Dredged near Inchkeith (Sim.) ; Preston-
pans Bay (R. «/.) ; Firth of Forth (Ed. Mus.).

OF THE FIRTH OF FOETH. 19

ECHINODERMATA.

In this list the Crinoidea are omitted, as no specimen of this
group has hitherto been found in the Firth. Antedon rosaceus,
which is extremely common on the west coast of Scotland,
may yet be found within our limits, as its area of distribution
seems to extend round the northern coast ; and Mr C. W. Peach
has recorded it off Peterhead. Antedon sarsii, a northern
species, may be looked for in the seaward limit of the Forth.
In the list of Ophiuroidea the arrangement and nomenclature
of Professor Lyman, as given in his " Ophiuridae and Astro-
phytidse,"* has been followed; and in the Asteroidea, Professor
Ed. Perrier's arrangement, used in his " Envision de la Col-
lection de Stelle'rides du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de
Paris." •[• For the Echinoidea, we have followed Professor
Alexander Agassiz' nomenclature, as given in his " Eevision
of the Echini." J

Much work must still be done in the investigation of the
Holothuroidea of the British Seas before they are properly
understood, and the list of the Forth species of this group,
which we give, is that which we now regard with least satis-
faction. Although from time to time a considerable number
of species of Holothurids have been obtained in the Forth, the
group is very poor in individuals, so that specimens for com-
parison are rarely obtained.

We have obtained the greatest assistance in the prepara-
tion of this list of Echinodermata from the works above men-
tioned. Also from Professor Edward Forbes' " History of
British Starfishes," and from the Eev. A. M. Norman's valu-
able paper on the " Crinoidea, Ophiuroidea, and Asteroidea of
the British Seas." § Although not always adopting the no-
menclature of Professor Forbes, we have in every case given
the names used by him in his description of Echinoderms, as
his work is in the hands of every student of the group.

* Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass., 1864.
"Y Archives de Zoologie Experimentale, 1875.
J Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass., 1874.
§ Ann. and Mag. Nat, Hist., 1865, p. 98,

20 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

OPHIUKOIDEA.

OPHIURID^E.

Ophioglypha lacertosa (Linck).

Firth of Forth (E. F.); Firth of Forth

This species is the Ophiura texturata of
Forbes. It is common near the mouth of
the Firth, and becomes scarcer higher up.
We have dredged it on several occasions
at depths of 4 to 7 fathoms.
0. albida (Forbes).

Firth of Forth (E. F.); Firth of Forth

The Ophiura albida of Forbes. It is a
very abundant species in the Firth, and
we always obtained it in great numbers on
the oyster banks near Inchkeith, and
further down the estuary. It prefers
sandy bottoms.

0. affinis (Lutken).

Bass Eock, 24 fathoms (M. & #).*

Ophiocoma nigra (0. F. Mull.).

Firth of Forth (M'R) ; Firth of Forth
(F. M. £.). On the deep-sea lines.
Ophiocoma granulata of Forbes. This
species is not common in the Firth. We
have obtained it at Newhaven, the speci-
mens having probably been brought in on
the fishermen's lines from the vicinity of
the May Island. On some parts of the
west of Scotland this is the most abundant
species in a few fathoms of water.

OpliiopTiolis bellis (Johns.).

Firth of Forth (Howd.) ; Prestonpans (Ed.
Mus.) ; Firth of Forth (F. M. #).

* II. Jahresb. d. Komm. z. Untersuch. d. deutsch. Meere in Kiel,
IV., Echinodermata.

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 21

The Ophiocoma lellis of Forbes. This
beautiful species is somewhat sparsely
distributed in the Forth. We have taken
it on the oyster banks at 5 fathoms, and
in deeper water in Aberlady Bay, and
have obtained it while shore-collecting
near the piers.

Amphiura filiformis (Miill. sp.).

Firth of Forth (Howd.)-, Bass Eock,
24 fathoms (M. & R).
The Ophiocoma filiformis of Forbes. This
species is found on the west coast of Scot-
land and in the Irish seas. Mr F. M.
Balfour found it plentiful on mud and
gravel near Dunbar.

A. chiagii (Forbes).

Off Anstruther (H. D. S. £.) ; Firth of
Forth (F. M. R) ; Bass Eock, 24 fathoms
(M. & B}.

The first record of the occurrence of this
species in the Forth is that of a specimen
obtained from the stomach of a cod off
Anstruther, by Mr H. Goodsir, and which
was described as Ophiocoma punctata by
Forbes in his " History of British Starfishes."
In 1845, Forbes described an ophiurid *
(Amphiura chiagii}, which is supposed by
the Eev. A. M. Norman to be the adult
form of Forbes' earlier 0. punctata.
Amphiura chiagii is not uncommon
near the mouth of the Forth, and is
found on both the western and eastern
coasts.

A. squamata (Dell. Ch. sp.).

Newhaven (J. £.); Firth of Forth (Howd} ;

Dunbar (Ed. Mus}.

The Ophiocoma neglecta of Forbes. We

* Trans. Linn. Soc., vol. xix., p. 151.

22 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

have often found it under stones and in
rock pools while shore-collecting. It is
with us nearly confined to the littoral
and upper laminarian zones.

Ophiocnida ballii (Thompson).

Off Anstruther (J. #.).
In his "History of British Starfishes,"
Forbes mentions two species of Ophiocoma,
viz., Ophiocoma Ballii of Thompson, from
the coast of Dublin, and a new species,
0. G-oodsiri, from the Forth. From a
comparison of type specimens of these, Mr
Norman has determined that 0. Ballii and
0. Goodsiri belong to the same species,
and of the two specific names, that of
Ballii has the priority.
Amphiura ballii is found on the northern
and eastern coasts, and in the Irish Seas.

0. Irachiata (Mont.).

Firth of Forth (Howd.).
The Ophiocoma Irachiata of Forbes. We
, have never found it in the Forth, and
include it in our list on the authority of
Dr Howden. 0. Irachiata has elsewhere
been recorded from the western and Irish
coasts.

Opliiothrix rosula (Linck).

Leith (Ed. Mus.) ; Firth of Forth (M'R) ;
Firth of Forth, 22 fathoms (M. & #).
The Ophiocoma rosula of Forbes. This is
the most abundant of the Forth species of
Ophiuridse, occurring in great numbers on
the oyster and shell banks, and extending
into deep water. The pigmentation of
different individuals is very varied, but it
is always easily recognised by the generic
character of the two large triangular plates
on the dorsal surface opposite the origin
of each ray.

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 23

ASTROPHYTID.E.
Astrophyton linckii (M. and T.).

We include this species in our list with
the most complete reservation, our only
authority being a manuscript of Captain
Laskey's quoted by Forbes, in which he
mentions having obtained " a great
Medusa's-head Starfish in a herring net
at Dunbar." A. linckii is a northern
species, and was frequently dredged during
the "Porcupine" Exploring Expedition.
The probability of its occurrence in the
Forth is very slight. Mr Norman, for
whose opinion we have the highest respect,
considers that its area of distribution is
confined to the seas of Scandinavia and
Shetland.

ASTEKOIDEA.

ASTERLAJm

Asterias rubens (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (Ed. Mus.).
The Uraster rubens of Forbes. This is the
most abundant species of Asterid in the
Forth, being brought up in numbers at
almost every dredging. It is especially
common on the shell banks at about 5
fathoms, but we also found it at all the
localities which we have dredged. Forbes
describes a variety A. coriacea from the
Forth, which is characterised by the pro-
minent spines of the dorsal ridge. We
have frequently obtained this variety.

A. violacea (0. F. MM.).

Firth of Forth (E. ' F.)\ Firth of Forth

(Howd.}.

The Uraster violacea of Forbes. We have

often obtained this species or variety in

24 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

the Firth, and have always been inclined
to regard it as a mere variety of the widely-
distributed and polymorphic Asteriasrubens.
At present, however, we have followed Mr
Norman and Professor Perrier in giving it
the rank of a separate species. Forbes
states that it is by far commoner than A.
rulens at the mouth of the Firth.

ECHINASTERID.E.

Solaster papposus (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (Ed. Mus.).
Solaster papposa of Forbes. It is a common
species in the Firth. We often got it at
low tide, and have dredged it from shallow
water to 14 fathoms. It attains a very
large size, and in this respect offers a
marked contrast to its dwarfed northern
congeners, S. lorealis and S. furcifer.

S. endeca (Linn.).

Anstruther (J. £.) ; Firth of Forth (M'B.}.
This species is less common than S. pap-
posus. We never obtained it at low water
on the rocks, but dredged it frequently at
depths of 5 to 16 fathoms.

Cribrella oculata (Linck).

Firth of Forth (MR) ; Firth of Forth
(F. M. R).

The Cribella oculata of Forbes. It is a
not uncommon species. We have found
it among rocks at low water at Aberdour
and near Newhaven, and have dredged it
on the oyster banks and elsewhere at
greater depths.

GONIASTERID^.

Hippasteria plana (Linck sp.).

Firth of Forth (Dr Neill) ;* Firth of Forth
(F. M. R).

* Fleming, "Hist. Brit. Animals," p. 486. Edin., 1828.

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 25

This species is the Gfoniaster equestris and
6r. abbensis of Forbes. It must be regarded
as an inhabitant of only the seaward limits
of the Firth. Mr F. M. Balfour has ob-
tained one specimen from the Forth, which
he thinks was from the deep-sea lines, or
possibly from the creels. In Mr Norman's
account of its general distribution, it is
said to occur on the western, evidently a
misprint for the eastern, coast of North
America. It is abundant on the cod banks
off Halifax.

ASTROPECTINHLE.

Luidia savignyi (Aud.).

Firth of Forth (Howd^).
Professor Perrier includes under this spe-
cific name the Luidia fragilissima of
Forbes — Asterias savignyi of Audouin
and Luidia sarsii of Duben and Koren ;
and in this we follow him. Although it
has been obtained on several occasions
near the mouth of the estuary, we have
not been so fortunate as to find it. Our
friend Dr Traquair informs us that he has
dredged it off North Berwick.

Astropecten irregularis (Linck).

Firth of Forth (E. F.) ; Firth of Forth (M'B) .
The Asterias aurantiaca of Forbes, accord-
ing to whom it is common in the Forth. We
have found it on several occasions among
the refuse of the fishing lines, and while
dredging in rather deep water ; but it can
scarcely be reckoned one of our com-
moner species, at least in the upper
reaches of the estuary. Mr F. M. Balfour
has found it rather commonly in the
creels, and while dredging near the mouth
of the Firth,
c

26 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

ECHINOIDEA.

ECHINID.E.

Echinus esculentus (Penn. sp.).

Firth of Forth (E. F.) -, Firth of Forth
(M'B.).

We have followed Professor Alex. Agassiz'
nomenclature of this species, which is the
E. sphaera of Forbes. It is our most com-
mon sea-urchin, and occurs from between
tide marks to the greatest depths in the
Firth. We often dredged it on the banks
around Inchkeith, and at various other
places.

E. miliaris (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (Ed. Mm.).
We have never found this species in the
littoral zone, but have obtained it at 5
fathoms off Inchkeith, and in the north
channel in 18 fathoms.

Strongylocentrotus drobachiensis (0. F. Mull.).

The Echinus neglecta of Forbes. Mr F. M.
Balfour has found this species on a muddy
bottom, at 30 fathoms, near the mouth of
the estuary.

CLYPEASTRIDJS.

Echinocyamus pusillus (Mull.).

We found some dead specimens on the
shore at Largo, and have dredged it. Mr F.
M. Balfour found it common near Dunbar.

SPATANGID^E.

Spatangus purpureus (Leske).

Leith shore (E. «/".) ; Firth of Forth (Flem.) •
Firth of Forth (M'R).
Not uncommon. We have frequently
dredged it in 5 to 12 fathoms.

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 27

Echinocardium cordatum (Penn.).

Firth of Forth (M'R).
The Amphidotus cordatus of Forbes. We
have obtained it at Elie, and in other
sandy bays on the shores of the Firth.
It is often cast on shore in great numbers
after storms.

E. flavescens (Miill.).

Leith sands (Colds.) ; Bass Eock, 24
fathoms (M. <& #).

The Amphidotus roseus of Forbes. The
records of its occurrence in the Forth, in
the " History of British Starfishes," and
that by Mobius and Butschli, are the only
ones we possess.

HOLOTHUEOIDEA.

PSOLUXE.

Psolus phantapus (Linn.).

Coast of Fife (J. 6?.); on a baited line near
Inchkeith (W. S. Young, Proc. Eoy. Phys.
Soc., vol. ii.).

PENTACT^E.

Cucumaria frondosa (Gunner).

Off coast of Fife (J. £.).
This is a northern species, and was ob-
tained in great numbers in Lerwick Bay
during the " Porcupine " Expedition. We
have not obtained it in the Forth, but it
occurs as an inhabitant of the seaward
limits. Professor E. 0. Cunningham in-
forms us that he has got it on two occa-
sions from the Prestonpans fishermen, who
obtained it near the mouth of the Firth.

C. elongata (Diiben and Koren).

Bass Eock, 24 fathoms (M. & B.).
Occurs at the mouth of the Firth, and is
occasionally obtained by the trawlers and

28 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH.

on the deep-sea lines. The Holothuria
montaguii, founded by Dr Fleming on a
specimen obtained in the Forth by Dr
Neill, was probably this species.

Cucumaria lactea (Forb. and Goods.).

Off Fife coast (J. £.) ; Firth of Forth
(M'R) ; Firth of Forth, 22 fathoms
(M. & R).

This is one of the commoner species near
the mouth of the Firth. Mr D'Arcy
Thompson informs us that he has obtained
several specimens.

Thyonidium commune (Forb. and Goods.).

East coast of Fife (J. #.).
The Cucumaria communis of Forbes. We
obtained one specimen from the stomach
of a cod.

Thyonefusus (Mull.).

Anstruther (J. #.) ; Firth of Forth (Com.
Mar. ZooL).

The Thyone papillosa of Forbes. Mr F.
M. Balfour informs us that he has taken
this species at 12 to 16 fathoms on mud
and shells off North Berwick.

SYNAPTID.E.

Synapta inhcerens (Miill.).

Bass Eock, 24 fathoms (M. & R).
Mr F. M. Balfour has found this species
under stones, between tide marks, at the
mouth of the Tyne, near Dunbar.

In addition to these, two species are described by Dr
Fleming in his "History of British Animals," under the
names of HolotJiuria dissimilis = Cucumaria dissimilis,
Forbes (Leith shore, Colds.), and Holothuria neillii = Cucu-
maria neillii, Forbes (Firth of Forth, Dr Neill).

THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 29

PROTOZOA.

In this list the Foraminifera only are catalogued, the
other Protozoan groups being omitted for the present, as
they require very special work. With the exception of a
few species of Infusoria and Lobosa, noted by Dr Strethill
Wright, they have been entirely neglected by workers in the
Forth. The Sponges, now considered as a group of the
Metazoa, will be treated separately.

In the preparation of the following list we were very largely
indebted to a valuable paper by Mr H. B. Brady, F.K.S., on
" Brackish- Water Foraminifera," * one of the localities which
he investigated being the upper basin of the Forth. We have
also used the list published by Professor Franz Eilhart
Schulze, in the report of the German Expedition of 1872.-J-

In the identification of the forms which we have ourselves
obtained in the Forth, we have had the kind assistance of Mr
Frederick Pearcey, to whom we would now express our
thanks. Our material was dredged in 5 fathoms, on the
oyster bank, near Inchkeith. We have added a number of
forms to those previously recorded from the Forth, but do
not doubt that further work will very largely increase the
list. Mr Pearcey reports that the gathering in which the
Foraminifera were found consisted of quartz grains, small and
broken shells, Annelid tubes, and fragments of Polyzoa,
Hydroids, and Echinoderms. Mr H. B. Brady's specimens
were obtained about 20 yards from the pier at Bo'ness,in 3 to
4 fathoms, the bottom consisting of soft, slimy mud. Those
in Franz Eilhart Schulze's list were got in the beach sand
between Portobello and Fisherrow, and near the Bass Kock.

Mr Brady's specimens are marked (H. B. £.).

FOKAMINIFEBA.
I. IMPERFORATA —

MILIOLID^E.
Quinqueloculina seminulum (Linn.).

Off pier, Bo'ness (H. B. R) ; beach sand be-

* Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1870, p. 273.

t II. Jahresb. d. Komm. z. Untersuch. d. deutsch. Meere in Kiel, I.,
Protozoa. Berlin, 1874.

D

30 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

tween Portobello and Fisherrow (F. E. $.);
off Bass Rock, 24 fathoms (F. E. 8.).
We found this species very abundant on
the oyster bank off Inchkeith.

Quinqueloculina subrotunda (Mont.).

Off pier, Bo'ness (H. R B.) ; beach sand
between Portobello and Fisherrow (F. E. $.).

Spiroloculina limbata ? (D'Orb.).

We obtained one dead specimen of Spiro-'
loculina from 5 fathoms, off Inchkeith.
It was somewhat damaged, so that the
specific characters could not with certainty
be made out.

LITUOLID.E.

Lituola scorpiurus (Montfort).

Mr H. B. Brady found a single specimen
of the stunted form of this species off
Bo'ness, and did not obtain it from any
other of the localities which he investi-
gated for brackish-water Foraminifera.

L. canariensis (D'Orb.).

Off pier, Bo'ness (H. B. B).

We found many specimens off Inchkeith.

II. PERFORATA —

LAGENID.E.
Lagena sulcata (W. and J.).

Off pier, Bo'ness (H. B. B).
L. lyellii (Sequenza).

Off pier, Bo'ness (H. B. B.}.
L. Iwois (Mont.).

Off pier, Bo'ness (H. B. B.).
L. yracillima (Sequenza).

Off pier, Bo'ness (ff. B. B.).
L. globosa (Mont).

Off pier, Bo'ness (H. B. B).
L. striata (D'Orb.).

Off pier, Bo'ness (H. B. B) ; beach sand

between Portobello and Fisherrow (F.E.S.).

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 31

Lagena distoma (P. and J.).

Off pier, Bo'ness (H. R R).

L. marginata (W. and J.).

Off pier, Bo'ness (H. B. R).
Mr Brady also found at Bo'ness the sub-
varietal form Entosolenia marginata, var.
lucida (Williamson). We obtained the
typical L. marginata off Inchkeith.

L. squamosa (Mont.).

A few specimens were found in the
material from the oyster bank, 5 fathoms.

Nodosaria scalaris (Batsch).

Off pier, Bo'ness (H. B. #).

Dentalina communis (D'Orb.).

Off pier, Bo'ness (H. B. B).

D. guttifera (D'Orb.).

Off pier, Bo'ness (H. B. R).

PolymorpJiina lactea (W. and J.).

We obtained this species off Inchkeith.
Mr Brady found it in only two of his
thirty-two brackish-water localities.

GrLOBIGERINHWE.

Globigerina lulloides (D'Orb.).

We found many specimens of this widely
distributed species off Inchkeith in 5
fathoms. It was not obtained by Mr
Brady at Bo'ness, which is about fourteen
miles further up the estuary than our
locality.

Textularia sagittula (Defrance).

Plentiful off Inchkeith, 5 fathoms.

Verneuilina polystropha (Eeuss).

Off Inchkeith, this species was fairly
plentiful.

Bulimina marginata (D'Orb.).

Off pier, Bo'ness (H. B. B.).

B. ovata (D'Orb.).

Off pier, Bo'ness (H. B. B) ; beach sand

32 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

between Portobello and Fisherrow
Bass Eock, 24 fathoms (F. E. £).

Bulimina elegantissima (D'Orb.).

Off pier, Bo'ness (H. B. B.).

Bolimna punctata (D'Orb.).

Off pier, Bo'ness (H. B. B.).

R plicata (D'Orb.).

Off pier, Bo'ness (H. B. R).

Discorbina globularis (D'Orb.).

Off pier, Bo'ness (//. B. B.) ; abundant,
attached to Polyzoa, Hydroids, stones,
etc., off Inchkeith.

D. rosacea (D'Orb.).

We found a few specimens on the oyster
bank.

Planorlmlina mediterranensis (D'Orb.).

Off pier, Bo'ness (H. B. B.).
We found a broken specimen of Planor-
bulina, which we have not been able to
identify, on the oyster bank.

Truncatulina lobatula (Walker).

Off pier, Bo'ness (H. B. B.).

Rotalia beccarii (Linn.).

Off pier, Bo'ness (H. B. JR); near Bass
Eock (F. E. £).

This is a very abundant species in the
Forth. We have obtained it repeatedly, and
from many localities. In the material
from the oyster bank it is very plentiful.

Tinoporus Icevis (Parker and Jones, sp.).

Mr Brady obtained a single worn specimen
in his material from Bo'ness. He thinks
that it was probably a dead shell carried
in by the tide from the deeper sea.

NUMMULINID^;.

Polystomella striato-punctata (F. and M.).

Very plentiful off pier, Bo'ness (H. B, B.) ;

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 33

beach sand between Portobello and Fisher-
row (F. E. £).

Nonionina depressula (W. and J.).

Off pier, Bo'ness (H. B. #) ; beach sand
between Portobello and Fisherrow (F.E.S).

N. umbilicatula (Mont.).

Beach sand between Portobello and Fisher-
row (F. E. S.).

POLYZOA.

Polyzoa are abundant in the Firth of Forth, in the coral-
line zone, and especially on the oyster bank, where some
species occur in profusion, and attain a large size. Notwith-
standing this richness in specimens, the number of species
hitherto recorded from the Firth is small, and the present
list is probably far from complete. We believe that many
of the smaller species will yet be found here, especially those
formerly united under the generic title Lepralia (as used by
Johnston in the " British Zoophytes").

We have followed the nomenclature and arrangement given
in Hincks' recent work on the British Polyzoa.* From this
exhaustive treatise we have derived much valuable assistance,
especially in the identification of species and the determina-
tion of their synonymy.

We would tender our thanks to the veteran and well-
known marine zoologist Mr C. W. Peach, to whom we are
indebted for a list of the rarer species of Polyzoa which he
has obtained from the Firth of Forth.

Several of our species are recorded on the authority of
Dr Kirchenpauer's report on the Polyzoa collected by the
German Expedition of 1872, which investigated the fauna of
the North Sea.*f These are marked (K.}.

Dr M'Bain's lists in " The East Neuk of Fife " have again
contributed largely to the number of the recorded species.

* " A History of the British Marine Polyzoa." By Thomas Hincks, B.A.,
F.KS. London, Van Voorst, 1880.

f II. Jahresb. d. Komm. z. Untersuch. d. deutsch. Meere in Kiel,
VI., Bryozoen. Berlin, 1874.

34 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

CHEILOSTOMATA.

EUCRATIID^E.

Eucratea chelata (Linn.).

Among Zoophytes from the Firth of
Forth.

Gemellaria loricata (Linn.).

This is one of the commonest species of
Polyzoa in the Firth of Forth. It is re-
corded by Kirchenpauer from 24 fathoms
near the Bass Eock, and we have dredged
it in 26 fathoms, off the Isle of May. It
occurs over almost the entire area, and in
profusion on the oyster bank. It is often
found washed up on the shore.

CELLULARIID^.
Cellularia peachi (Busk).

On the long-lines, Newhaven, very rare

(C. W. P.) ; Firth of Forth, under the

name of Cellularia neritina (M'B.).
Menipea ternata (Ell. and Sol).

We dredged this species last summer in the

Firth of Forth.
Scrupocellaria scruposa (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (M'R).

Common in a few fathoms of water.
£ scdbra (v. Ben.).

Firth of Forth, one specimen (C. W. P.).
S. reptans (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (M'R).

The Canda reptans of various authors.

We dredged this species several times last

summer, and have also found it among

the refuse from the dredges on Newhaven

pier.

BlCELLARIID^E.

Bicellaria ciliata (Linn.).

On roots of Fuci (M'R) ; Firth of Forth
(C. W. P.) ; off Aberdour, 5 fathoms (nob.).

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 35

We have dredged this species several times,
last summer and previously.

Bugula avicularia (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (M(R).

We dredged this species last summer to

the west of Inchkeith in 5 fathoms.

R plumosa (Pallas).

Dredged last summer.

R murrayana (Johnst.).

Leith and Newhaven, on the fishermen's
nets (D. Landsborough, jun.).

CELLARIID^E.
Cellaria fistulosa (Linn.).

This species is common in the Forth. We
have dredged it frequently on the oyster
bank, and took it last summer in 14
fathoms, off Longniddry.
The Salicornaria farciminoides of John-
ston and others.

FLUSTRID^E.

Flustra foliacea (Linn.).

Common on the oyster bank. We have
taken it lately from 12 fathoms, north-
east of Inchkeith; 5 fathoms, west of
Inchkeith ; and 4 fathoms, off Aberdour.

F. securifrons (Pallas).

The Flustra truncata (Linn.) of Johnston,
Busk, and others. Leith, Dirleton, and
opposite the Bass Eock (D. Landsborough,
jun.) ; Portobello and Firth of Forth, 30
fathoms (K) ; Firth of Forth (M'R).
This is a fairly common species in the
Forth. We have dredged it west of
Inchkeith in 5 fathoms, and north-east of
Inchkeith in 12 fathoms.

F. carbasea (Ell. and Sol).

Leith (Colds.) ; Leith Shore (Mr Parsons) ;

36 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

Firth of Forth (MB) ; oyster beds, Firth
of Forth (Grant) ; Newhaven, on the
fishermen's nets (Dr LandsborougJi).
This species is common. We have ob-
tained it frequently from the dredges at
Newhaven pier, and took it in 7 fathoms,
off Fidra, last summer.

MEMBRANIPORID^E.

Membranipora catenularia (James.).

Firth of Forth (Ed. Mus).
This is the Hippofhoa catenularia of John-
ston and other authors.

M. pilosa (Linn.).

On Laminaria, etc. (M'B) ; Firth of Forth
(Ed. Mus) ; off Fidra, 7 fathoms (nob.).
This species is abundant, usually on the
larger Algae, in most parts of the Firth ; it
is often found cast ashore after storms.

M. memlranacea (Linn.).

Also extremely abundant on Algse, espe-
cially Laminaria fronds ; on stones at low
water (M'B). Off Fidra, 7 fathoms (nob.).

M. lineata (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (C. W. P) ; Firth of Forth
(M'B).

M.flemingi (Busk).

Newhaven (C. W. P).

, CRIBRILINID^E.

Cribrilina radiata (Moll).

On shells and stones (M'B).

The Lepralia innominate of Johnston, etc.
C. punctata (Hassall).

Firth of Forth (C. W. P) ; Firth of Forth

(Ed. Mus).

The Lepralia punctata of Johnston and

Busk.

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 37

Membraniporella nitida (Johnst.).

Firth of Forth (C. W. P.) ; on shells, rocks,

etc. (M'R).

The Lepralia nitida of Johnston and

Busk.

MlCROPORELLHLE.

Microporella ciliata (Pall.).

Firth of Forth (C. W. P.) ; on rocks and

Fuci (M'B.).

The Lepralia ciliata of Johnston and Busk.
M. malusii (Audouin).

Newhaven (C. W. P.) ; on shells, etc.

(WB.%

The Lepralia biforis of Johnston.

MYRIOZOID^I.
Schizoporella linear is (Hassall).

Newhaven (C. W. P.) • Firth of Forth (Ed.

Mus.).

The Lepralia linearis of Johnston and

Busk.
8. auriculata (Hassall).

Firth of Forth (C. W. P.).

The Lepralia auriculata of Johnston and

Busk.
S. hyalina (Linn.).

On Algae, stones, and corallines (MB.).
Hippothoa divaricata (Lamk.).

We dredged this species in the Firth last

summer.

ESCHARID^E.

Porella compressa (Sowerby).

Fifeshire coast, rare (J. #.).

The Cellepora cervicornis of Johnston, Busk,

and other authors.
Smittia trispinosa (Johnst.).

Firth of Forth (C. W. P.).

The Lepralia trispinosa of Johnston.

38 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

Mucronella peachi (Johnst.).

Firth of Forth (C. W. P.) ; on rocks and

Fuci (M'R) ; Firth of Forth (Ed. Mus.).

The Lepralia peachii and L. immersa of

Johnston.
M. ventricosa (Hassall).

Firth of Forth (C. W. P.) ; Firth of Forth

(Ed. Mus.).

The Lepralia ventricosa of Johnston and

Busk.
M. coccinea (Abildg.).

On stones, etc., Firth of Forth (M'R).
M. variolosa (Johnst.).

Firth of Forth (C. W. P.) ; on bivalve

shells and stones (MR) ; Firth of Forth

(Ed. Mus.).

The Lepralia variolosa of Johnston and

Busk.
Palmicellaria sJcenii (Ell. and Sol.).

Firth of Forth (C. W. P.).

The Cellepora skenei of Johnston, Busk,

and others.

CELLEPORID.E.

Cellepora pumicosa (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (Ed. Mus) ; on corallines,

stones, and Fuci (M'R).

We dredged this species last summer.
C. ramulosa (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (Ed. Mus.).

CYCLOSTOMATA.

Crisia cornuta (Linn.).

We have taken this species, the Orisidia
cornuta of Johnston's "British Zoophytes,"
in the Firth.

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 39

Crisia eburnea (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (MR).

C. denticulata (Lamk.).

Firth of Forth (MR).
Not uncommon in the Firth. We dredged
it last summer, south-west of Inchkeith,
in 5 fathoms ; off Aherdour, in 5 fathoms ;
and off Aberlady Bay, in 9 fathoms.

TUBULIPORIM.

Stomatopora dilatans (Johnst.).

Firth of Forth (C. W. P.).

S. incurvata (Hincks).

Outside the Isle of May (C. W. P.).

Idmonea serpens (Linn.).

On Zoophytes, Firth of Forth (MR).
We dredged this species to the north-west
of the Isle of May in 26 fathoms.

Diastopora patina (Lamk.).

On the fishermen's lines, Newhaven
(C. W. P.); south-west of Inchkeith,
5 fathoms (nob.) ; on shells, Zoophytes,
rocks, and Algae, Firth of Forth (M'R).

LlCHENOPOBHXffl.

Lichenopora hispida (Flem.).

On Algse, Firth of Forth (MR).
L. radiata (Audouin).

Firth of Forth (C. W. P.).

CTENOSTOMATA.

ALCYONIDIID^E.
Alcyonidium gelatinosum (Linn.).

Bass Eock, 24 fathoms (K); Firth of
Forth (MR) ; Firth of Forth (Ed. Mus.) ;
off the Isle of May (nob.).
This species is common in the Firth,
in a few fathoms, attached usually to dead

40 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

shells. We have also taken it at low
water on Cramond Island.

Alcyonidium hirsutum (Flem.).

On Fucus serratus, Firth of Forth (MR) ;

Entrance to Firth of Forth, 30 fathoms

(K).

We dredged this species last summer off

Aberlady Bay in 9 fathoms.

A. mytili (Dalyell).

We have taken this species in the Firth.

A. parasiticum (Flem.).

Firth of Forth (MR) ; Firth of Forth
(Ed. Mus.) ; entrance to Firth of Forth,
30 fathoms; Firth of Forth, 24 fathoms;
Bass Kock, 24 fathoms (K).
We have obtained this species north-
east of Inchkeith, 12 fathoms ; west of
Inchkeith, 5 fathoms; off Aberlady Bay,
9 fathoms ; Kirkcaldy Bay, 9 fathoms ;
off Aberdour, 5 fathoms; and frequently at
Newhaven. It is common in the Firth.

A. polyoum (Hassall).

Firth of Forth (MR).

The Sarcochitum polyoum of Johnston

and others.

FLUSTRELLID.E.
Flustrella hispida (Fabr.).

On Fucus serratus, Firth of Forth ( M'B.).
Common on Fucus at low water mark,
Aberdour.

VESICULARIID^E.

Vesicularia spinosa (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (MR); Leith shore (D.
Landsl., jun).

We have dredged this species in abund-
ance west of Inchkeith in 5 fathoms, and
have obtained it frequently from the
dredges at Newhaven. It is often found

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 41

on the shore after storms, deprived of the

polypites.
Amathia lendigera (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (D. Landsb., jun.) ; Firth

of Forth (M'B.); Firth of Forth (Ed.

Mus.).

The Serialaria lendigera of Johnston.
Bowerbankia imbricata (Adams).

This species is common in the Firth,

usually in tangled masses among other

Polyzoa or Zoophytes. We have dredged

it frequently.
B. pustulosa (Ell. and Sol.).

Leith Shore, rare (D. Landsb., jun.).
Avenella fusca (Dalyell).

Newhaven, among rejectamenta of the

oyster dredges, on corallines, etc. (Sir C.

Wyville Thomson, Ann. N. H., 1852).

VALKERIID.E.
Valkeria uva (Linn.).

Leith Shore (E. J.) ; Firth of Forth (M'B).
We have dredged this species frequently
in the Firth, and have also obtained it
between tide marks at Newhaven and
elsewhere.

ENTOPEOCTA.

PEDICELLINIM.
Pedicellina cernua (Pallas).

Firth of Forth (M'R).
This species, the Pedicellina echinata of
Johnston and others, is not uncommon in
the Firth. We have taken both the echin-
ated and the smooth (P. belgica, Gosse)
variety. It occurs in profusion on the tests
of Styela grossularia under large stones at
Newhaven.

42 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

CRUSTACEA.

The groups which the following list overtakes are the
Cirripedia, Amphipoda, Isopoda, Cumacea, Stomapoda, and
Decapoda. A very full list of the Ostracoda of the east coast
of Scotland, collected from the Aberdeenshire coast, Montrose,
the Firth of Forth, etc., will be found in a paper by Professor
G. S. Brady and Mr David Eobertson, " On the Distribution
of the British Ostracoda." * We shall not attempt at present
to treat either this group or the Copepoda.

In the arrangement and nomenclature of the Amphipoda
and Isopoda, we have followed Bate and Westwood's
" British Sessile-eyed Crustacea," a work from which we have
derived the greatest assistance.

We have used the lists, prepared by Metzger, of the
Crustacea obtained by the German Exploring Expedition of
1872. Many of the species in that report were not pre-
viously recorded from the Forth.

CIKKIPEDIA.
I. SUCTORIA —

PELTOGASTRID^:.
Peltogaster paguri (Eathke).

Firth of Forth, Joppa (J. Anderson, M.D.,

Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc., vol. ii.).

We have found this species on Pagurus

lernhardus not unfrequently.
P. carcini (Ander.).

Firth of Forth, Joppa (J. Anderson,

M.D., Proc. Eoy. Phys. Soc.t vol. ii.).
Sacculina carcini (Thomps.).

Trinity (Com. Mar. Zool.) ; Firth of Forth

(J. Anderson, M.D.) ; Firth of Forth (Ed.

Mus.).

Often attached to the abdomen of Carcinus

mcenas.
S. triangular is (Ander.).

Firth of Forth (J. Anderson, M.D., Proc.

Eoy. Phys. Soc., vol. ii.).
* Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist, Ser. 4, vol. ix.

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 43

II. THORACICA —

LEPADID^.

Lepas anatifera (Linn.).

Attached to floating timber, Firth of Forth

(Ed. Mus.).

We have found this species cast ashore

at North Berwick.
Conchoderma mrgata (SpengL).

On floating timber, Firth of Forth (Ed.

Mus).
C. aurita (Linn.).

On floating timber, Firth of Forth (Ed.

Mm).

BALANID^E.

Balanus balanoides (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (Ed. Mus).
This is an exceedingly abundant species
between tide marks, and we have dredged
it very frequently in pretty deep water.

R porcatus (E. da Costa).

Not uncommon attached to stones, etc.

B. crenatus (Brug.).

PortobeUo (Ed. Mus).

B. tintinndbulum (Linn.).

Leith Harbour, foreign importation (Ed.

Mus.).

This species is an inhabitant of the

warmer seas, and its occurrence in the

Forth is an accidental circumstance.

EDRIOPHTHALMATA.

AMPHIPODA.

I. SALTATORIA— •

ORCHESTIID^:.

Talitrus locusta (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (Ed. Mus).

Very abundant about high tide mark

among stones, sea- weed, etc.

44 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

II. NATATORIA —

GAMMARID^I.

Callisoma kroyeri (Bruzel).

Mouth of the Firth, 30 fathoms (Metzger).

Ampelisca macrocephala (Lilljeborg).

Firth of Forth, 24 fathoms (Metzger).

A. tenuicornis (Lilljeborg).

Bass Kock, 24 fathoms; off St Abb's
Head, 40 fathoms (Metzger).

Protomedeia fasciata (Kroyer).

St Abb's Head, 40 fathoms (Metzger).

Melita obtusata (Mont.).

Bass Kock, 24 fathoms ; off St Abb's Head,
40 fathoms (Metzger).

Gammarus locusta (Linn.).

Very abundant in rock pools, and gener-
ally between tide marks.

COROPHIID^S.

Podocerus capillatus (Eathke).

We have dredged this species in 5

fathoms off Inchkeith.
Cerapus difformis (Milne-Edwards).

Bass Eock (Metzger).
Corophium longicorne (Latr.).

Dunbar (Mr David Robertson).

III. ABERRANTIA—

CAPRELLID^;.
Protella phasma (Mont.).

Isle of May (Brit. Mus) ; Firth of Forth

(H. D. S. G).
Caprella linearis (Linn.).

Plentiful in the upper laminarian zone, and

we have also dredged it in a few fathoms.
C. loUta (Mull.).

Firth of Forth (Brit. Mus).

The 0. laevis of Goodsir.

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 45

Caprella acanthifera (Leach).

Firth of Forth (Bdl Collection, Oxford,

Rev. J. Gordon).
C. tuberculata (Guerin).

Firth of Forth (Brit. Mm.).
C. typica (Kroyer).

Firth of Forth (Bdl Collection, Oxford).

ISOPODA.

NORMALIA —

BOPYRID^E.

Phryxus abdominalis (Kroyer).

Off St Abb's Head, 40 fathoms (Metzger).

P.paguri (Rathke).

Firth of Forth (J. Anderson, M.D., Proc.
Roy. Phys. Soc., vol. ii.).

CryptotTiiria lalani (S. Bate).

The female of this species was described
by Mr H. Goodsir, from the Forth, as the
male of Balanus lalanoides.

ASELLID^E.

Munna kroyeri (H. Goods.).

Firth of Forth (Brit. Mus).

This species was discovered in the Forth

by Mr H. Goodsir.
Lwinoria lignorum (Rathke).

We obtained it at Elie.

ARCTURID^:.

Arcturus longicornis (Sowerby).

Firth of Forth (Brit. Mus) ; Firth of Forth
(Ed. Mus.); Bass Rock, 24 fathoms
(Metzger).

The specimens from which this species was
described and figured were obtained by
Mr Simmons, near Inchkeith. We have
frequently dredged this species in many
parts of the Firth.

46 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

Arcturus intermedius (H. Goods.).

Firth of Forth (Brit. Mus).
This species was first found, opposite
Anstruther, by Mr H. Goodsir, and was
described by him as Leachia intermedia.

A. gracilis (H. Goods.).

Firth of Forth (Brit. Mus).

Obtained by Mr H. Goodsir off Anstruther,

and described by him as Leackia gracilis.

Idotea tricuspidata (Desmarest).

We have obtained this species in shallow
water at various localities in the lower
basin of the Forth.

CUMACEA.

DlASTYLID^.

Cuma edwardsii (H. Goods.).

Firth of Forth (H. & S. £.).

We obtained this species in Largo Bay.
C. scorpioides (Mont.).

Firth of Forth (H. D. S. £.).
C. trispinosa (H. Goods.).

Firth of Forth (H. D. S. £.).
Alauna rostrata (H. Goods.).

Firth of Forth (H. D. S. £.).
Bodotria arenosa (H. Goods.).

Firth of Forth (H. D. S. £.).

PODOPHTHALMATA.

STOMAPODA.

MYSID^E.
Mysisflewuosa (0. F. Mull.).

Eock pools, Seafield (M'B); Firth of

Forth (Leach, in Brit. Mm.).
Cynthia flemingi (H. Goods.).

Firth of Forth (H. D. S. £.) ; Firth of

Forth (Brit. Mm).

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 47

TJiemisto longispinosa (H. Goods.).

Firth of Forth (H. D. S.
T. brevispinosa (H. Goods.).

Firth of Forth (H. D. S.

DECAPODA.
I. MACRURA —

Homarus gammarus (Linn.).

Firth of Forth at low water, many places

(Howd).

Caught in considerable numbers for the

markets on all the rocky shores near the

mouth of the estuary.

Nephrops norvegicus (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (Leach, in Brit. Mus.) ;
Largo, Leith, etc. (Howd.).
Very abundant near the mouth of the
Firth, where immense numbers are got by
the trawlers for the markets. We have
obtained it alive near Aberdour.

CRANGONID^E.
Crangon vulgaris (Fabr.).

On sandy beaches, Seafield (Howd.).

Common on all the sandy shores.
C. allmani (Kinahan).

Bass Rock, 24 fathoms (Metzger).
C. nanus (Kroyer).

Bass Eock, 24 fathoms (Metzger).

Hippolyte spinus (Sowerby).

Newhaven (Leach) ; Firth of Forth (Dr

Neill, in Brit. Mus.).

This species is rather common in the

laminarian and littoral zones.
H. varians (Leach).

Firth of Forth, in pools (Howd).

48 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

Hippolyte securifrons (Norman).

Off St Abb's Head, 40 fathoms (Metzger).
Pandalus annulicornis (Leach).

Black Kocks, Leith ; Seafield (M'R) ; Bass

Eock, 24 fathoms; St Abb's Head, 4

fathoms (Metzger).

Common and generally distributed. We

have dredged it off Inchkeith, 5 fathoms,

and in Aberlady Bay, and in many other

localities.
Palcemon squilla (Linn.).

Frequent in rock pools near the mouth of

the Firth.

II. ANOMURA —

LlTHODID^E.

Lithodes maia (Linn.).

Dunbar (Ed. Mus.) ; Firth of Forth (Howd.) ;
young, from stomach of cod (Dr Neill, in
Brit. Mus).

This species is not uncommon near the
mouth of the Firth. It is often obtained
by fishermen near the Isle of May.

PAGURIM.

Pagurus lernhardus (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (Ed. Mus.) ; Firth of Forth
common (Howd.).

Extremely abundant in the Forth, espe-
cially on the oyster bank, where it is
found in numbers in every dredgeful. It
1 attains a large size, and when adult usually
inhabits the shell of Buccinum undatum.

P. ulidianus (Thompson).

Firth of Forth (Howd.).

P. hyndmanni (Thompson).

Firth of Forth (Ed. Mus.) ; Musselburgh
and Prestonpans (Howd.).

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 49

Pagurus Icevis (Thompson).

Firth of Forth (Howd.).
P.forlesii (Bell).

Firth of Forth (ffowd.).

PORCELLANID^l.

Porccllana platycheles (Penn.).

Firth of Forth (Ed. Mus.)-, Crail and
Fifeness at low water (ffowd.).
We have found this littoral species at Elie,
and on the shore near North Berwick.

P. Imigicornis (Penn.).

Upper part of the Firth (ffowd.); Bass
Eock, 24 fathoms (Metzger}.
We have dredged it off the Isle of May in
8 fathoms, near Elie, and near Inchkeith.

GALATHEID.E.

Galathea squamifera (Mont.).

Common under stones (M'R).

This is a very common littoral species, but

extends into the laminarian zone. We

have dredged it on the oyster bank.

We found this species frequently at low

water on the shore near Elie.

G. andreivsii (Kinahan).

Firth of Forth (J. Anderson, M.D., in
Proc. Eoy. Phy. Soc., vol. ii.).

G. strigosa (Penn.).

Firth of Forth (Ed. Mus.) ; off the Bass
Kock (ffowd.).

Not uncommon near the mouth of the
Firth. Our friend, Mr Kobert Gray,
F.E.S.E., informs us that it is plentiful
near Dunbar.

G. nexa (Embleton).

Off Portseaton (ffowd.).

Munida lamffica (Penn.).

The M. rondeletii of Bell and other authors.

50 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

Mr Eobert Gray found it not uncommon
at Dunbar.

III. BRACHYURA —

LEPTOPODIAD.E.

Stenorhynchus restrains (Linn.).

Prestonpans (Ed. Mus.)', Firth of Forth

on mud and sand, generally distributed

(Howd.}.

This species, the S. phalangium of authors,

is not uncommon. We have dredged it

on the oyster bank at 5 fathoms, in Aber-

lady Bay, near Elie, and elsewhere.

Inachus dorsettensis (Penn.).

Deep-sea lines (ffowd.).

Hyas araneus (Linn.).

Very abundant. We have often taken it
between tide marks at Newhaven, Aber-
dour, and other places, and have dredged
it off Longniddry in 14 fathoms, and in
Aberlady Bay and on the oyster bank in
5 fathoms. It occurs in almost every
dredgeful in the lower reaches of the
Firth.

H. coarctatus (Leach).

Largo Bay, Inchkeith, etc. (M'R) ; Firth
of Forth (Leach, in Brit. Mus^).
This species was first discovered in the
Firth of Forth by Dr Leach. It is fairly
common but less plentiful than H. araneus.
We have obtained it south-west of Inch-
keith, 5 fathoms, in Aberlady Bay, 5
fathoms, and in many other localities.

PARTHENOPOD.E.

Eurynome aspera (Penn.).

Prestonpans and Portseaton (ffowd.).

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 51

This deep-water form is rare in the
Firth.

CANCERID^;.
Cancer pagurus (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (Ed. Mm.).

Common in the laminarian and littoral

zones.

PORTUNID.E.
Carcinus mamas (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (Ed. Mus.).

Very abundant between tide marks, and

in the laminarian zone, but not often found

in deep water.
Portumnus variegatus (Leach).

Prestonpans and Portseaton (Howd.).

We have taken this species at Portobello.
P. puber (Linn.).

We obtained one specimen on the deep-
sea lines, from the mouth of the Forth.
P. depurator (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (MR).

A very common species on the oyster

banks, and often cast ashore,
P. marmoreus (Leach).

Portobello and Musselburgh beaches

(Hbwd.).
P. holsatus (Fabr.).

Newhaven (Brit. Mus.).

This is the P. lividus of Leach, who found

one amongst a number of specimens of

P. depurator at Newhaven.
P. pusillus (Leach, .

Off Prestonpans (ffowd.); Firth of Forth

(Brit. Mus.).

Fairly common in the Forth. We have

very frequently dredged it near Inchkeith,

etc.

52 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

PlNNOTHERID^C.

Pinnotheres pisum (Perm.).

Firth of Forth (M' R).
Not uncommon ; we generally found it in
the pallial chamber of Modiola modiolus.
We have dredged it off Longniddry in 14
fathoms, and elsewhere.

LEUCOSIAD^E.

£balia cranchii (Leach).

Firth of Forth, rare (H. D. S. £.).

CORYSTID.E.

Atelecyclus septemdentatus (Mont.).

Firth of Forth (Ed. Mus) ; Firth of Forth,
rare (H. D. S. £.); Portobello beach (M'R).
The A. heterodon of Leach. This species
seems to be a very favourite food of the cod.
Dr J. A. Smith has recorded it from the
stomach,* and we have found it in the
same situation.

CorysteB cassivelaunus (Penn,).

Firth of Forth (Ed. MILS.) ; Off Inchkeith
(M'R) ; Bass Rock, 24 fathoms (Metzger) ;
Aberlady Bay (Com. Mar. Zool.) ; New-
haven (C. W. P\

Generally distributed; we have dredged
it in Aberlady Bay, 5 fathoms, and in
Kirkcaldy Bay, 9 fathoms.

TUN 1C AT A.

There is practically no literature on the Tunicata of the
Firth of Forth. Comparatively few naturalists have worked
at this interesting but obscure group, while amateurs, to
whom we are so often indebted for valuable contributions to
local faunas, invariably fail us when we come to the Ascidians.

The number of species recorded from the Firth of Forth is

* Proc. Pby. Soc., vol. iii., p. 214.

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 53

very small, but it must be further reduced, because of the
impossibility of determining with certainty the species re-
ferred to by many of the older writers, on account of the
confusion which has existed between some of the allied forms,
and the tangled mass of synonymy in which other species
have become hopelessly involved. Accordingly, with the
exception of Alder's two species of Parascidia from the Isle
of May, and of Pelonaia corrugata (F. and G.), which was
first discovered by Professor Goodsir, in deep water, off
Anstruther, in 1841, and which was dredged near the Bass
Hock in 24 fathoms by the German North Sea Expedition of
1872, we have given in the following list only those species
which we have ourselves collected in the Firth of Forth.

ASCIDLE SIMPLICES.

MOLGULIM.

Molgula citrina (Alder and Hancock).

This little species was first described by
Alder in his " Catalogue of the Marine
Mollusca of Northumberland and Dur-
ham," * and, so far as we are aware, it has
not been mentioned since.
We have come upon it several times dur-
ing the last two years, adhering to the
under surfaces of large stones, about low
water mark, between the Chain Pier and
Granton Harbour.

Eugyra glutinans (Mbller).

This species has a most extensive syno-
nymy, and is usually known as Molgula
(or Eugyra) arenosa (Aid. and Han.).
Lately, however, Traustedt -f* has declared
that it is identical with the species de-
scribed in 1842 by Moller f as Cynthia
glutinans.

* Trans. Tyneside Nat. Field Club, vol. i., p. 199 (1850).
t Oversigt o. d. f. Danrnark, etc., Asc. Simp. (Vid. Medd. nat. For.
Kbhvn, 1879-80).
£ Index. Moll. Groenl., 1842, p. 21.

54 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

This species occurs on sandy bottoms, and

appears to be gregarious, as a considerable

number of specimens are usually obtained

together.

We dredged it plentifully last summer off

Kirkcaldy Bay in 9 fathoms.

CYNTHIID^E.

Sty ela grossularia (van Beneden).

This species was formerly considered as
the young of Styela rustica (0. F. Mliller),
and is probably the species referred to
under the name of Cynthia rustica by
M'Bain.

It is very common in the Firth of Forth,
from the shore out to deep water. It
occurs in profusion between tide marks at
Newhaven, Wardie, Aberdour, etc., cover-
ing the under surfaces of stones, and often
HOIH in such abundance as to form large masses

of individuals adhering by their tests.
The tests are frequently so closely united
as to appear like a common investing
mass in which a colony of individuals is
imbedded. It is merely an aggregation,
however, and gemmation seems never to
take place. On the oyster bank this
species is found on dead shells, etc. Here,
though still common, the individuals are
not crowded together, and each is enabled
to preserve its characteristic blister-like
shape, and to develop the spreading margin,
which is rarely seen in specimens from
Newhaven.

We have dredged this species in other
parts of the Forth, such as — east of Inch-,
keith, 7 fathoms; off Kirkcaldy Bay, 9
fathoms; Aberlady Bay, 9 fathoms; off
Longniddry, 14 fathoms; off Aberdour,

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 55

5 fathoms ; and have collected it between
tide marks at several points on both
shores of the Firth.
Pelonaia corrugata (Forb. and Goods.).

This species was dredged by Professor
Goodsir in deep water off Anstruther, and
was described first in Jameson's Edinburgh
New Philosophical Journal for 1841 (vol.
xxxi., p. 29). The only occasion, so far as
we are aware, on which it has since been
taken in the Firth of Forth was in 1872,
when it was dredged by the German
North Sea Expedition in 24 fathoms, off
the Bass Kock* Dr M'Intosh informs
us that he has obtained this species
several times at St Andrews. It has
also been found in Berwick Bay and
down the Northumberland coast.

Ascidia virginea (0. F. Miiller).

This species, which is synonymous with
Ascidia sordida (Aid. and Han.), is very
common in a few fathoms of water and
upwards in all parts of the Firth.
On the oyster banks it occurs in profu-
sion adhering to dead shells, Algee, Zoo-
phytes, etc. The specimens are of large
size, and often united in clumps. We
have also dredged it plentifully in other
parts of the Firth, viz., north-east of Inch-
keith, 12 fathoms; Aberlady Bay, 9
fathoms ; off the Isle of May, 8 fathoms ;
and off Fidra, 7 fathoms.
Young specimens of this species are often
obtained adhering in clusters to masses of
Gemellaria loricata, and in this condition
are frequently found on the beach after

* Kupffer— Jahresb., VII. Tunicate, p. 227.

56 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

storms; they are probably what are referred
to by Dr M'Bain as Ascidia prunum.
These young specimens are perfectly trans-
parent, and have a beautiful crystalline
appearance. They are excellent objects
in which to study the circulation in the
living animal.

Ascidia depressa (Alder).

We obtained several specimens of this
characteristic species, some years ago, at
low water mark near Elie.

A. scabm (0. F. Muller).

This species we also obtained on the same
occasion, near Elie, in considerable
quantity.

Ciona intestinalis (Linnaeus).

This beautiful species is fairly common on
the oyster bank, and on muddy bottoms
elsewhere throughout the Firth ; it attains
a large size. We have dredged it in
various parts of the Firth, and have also
taken it at low water mark at Elie and
Aberdour, generally adhering to the roots
of Laminaria.

ASCIDLE COMPOSITE.

BOTRYLLID^E.

Botryllus scklosseri (Pallas).

This species is common at low water mark

on the shores of the Firth. It is usually

found on the under surface of large stones,

or encrusting the roots and sterns of

Laminaria, Fucus, etc.

W^e have taken it at Elie, North Berwick,

Aberdour, and other localities.

Dr M'Bain records this species in his list.

R polycyclus (Savigny).

This species appears to be rarer than the last.

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 57

Dr M'Bain mentions it in his list, and we
dredged some large specimens in 10 to 20
fathoms, east of Inchkeith, last summer.

Botryllus calendula ? (Giard).

We refer provisionally to this species
some specimens of a rather delicate
Botryllus which we dredged last summer
in 14 fathoms, off Longniddry. The speci-
mens were encrusting large individuals of
Ascidia virginea.

Botryllus calendula was described by
Giard * from Eoscoff, on the coast of
Brittany, where it is stated to be very rare.

Botrylloides nibrum (Milne-Edwards).

The specimens which we have found in
the Firth of Forth have belonged to the
yellow varieties f of the species, and not
to the typical red form. They were from
Elie, and were taken at low water mark
at spring tides.

B. radiata ? (Alder and Hancock).

A few specimens which we found along
with the last species may be referred pro-
visionally to Botrylloides radiata. It is
possible that this species may be merely a
variety of B. rotifer a (M. Edw.).

B. allicans (Milne-Edwards).

We have obtained this species at low
water mark near Newhaven.

POLYCLINID^l.

Aplidium caliculatum (Savigny).

We obtained a large specimen in an ex-
cellent state of preservation from the
stomach of a cod last summer.
This species, having a long filiform post-
abdomen, a channelled stomach, and a

* Recherches sur les Synascidies (Arch. Zool. exper., t. 1, p. 623, 1872).
t See Giard, loc. cit., p. 632.

58 THE INVERTEBKATE FAUNA

six-rayed branchial aperture, falls into
the sub-genus Amaroucium of Giard's
system of nomenclature.

Aplidium proliferum (Milne-Edwards).

This species also belongs to the sub-genus
Amaroucium. It is not uncommon at low
water mark and in the upper laminarian
zone at Elie.
In the Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal for 1838

(vol. xxvi., p. 155), Sir John Daly ell gives an account, under

the name of Aplidium verrucosum, of a compound Ascidian

which was dredged to the south-east of Inchkeith, and

brought to him by the fishermen.

Parascidia forbesi (Alder).

This species, the Sidnyum turbinatum of
Forbes, and Circinalium concrescens of
Giard, was obtained from the Isle of May.

P. flemingi (Alder).

Also from the Isle of May on rocks (Flem.~).

DIPLOSOMID^E.
Pseudodidemnum gelatinosum (Milne-Edwards).

The Didemnum gelatinosum of Milne-
Edwards and other authors.
We have taken small colonies of this
species near low water mark at Wardie.
We hope in time to add largely to the above list of Tuni-
cata. There are many species known to inhabit the North
Sea which we may reasonably expect to find in the Firth of
Forth, especially towards the mouth. Clavelina lepadiformis
is recorded from St Andrews by Dr M'Intosh, and from the
Northumberland coast by Mr Hancock ; it will doubtless be
found within our area also. Other species, such as Botryl-
loides leachi (St Andrews, M'Intosh; and Northumberland,
Alder), Polydinum aurantium (Cullercoats, Hancock), and
Polycarpa tuberosa (Aberdeen, Macgillivray; and Cullercoats,
Alder), will, we expect, be also obtained when the Firth of
Forth, and especially its outer part, has been more thoroughly
worked.

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 59

PORIFERA.

The nomenclature of the Fibrous Sponges adopted in this
article is that of Professor Oscar Schmidt, as given in his
"Grundzuge einer Spongien-Fauna des Atlantischen Gebietes,"
Leipzig, 1870. A number of the specimens we have found
in the Forth are not yet identified.

CALCAEEA.

Grantia compressa (Fabr.).

Not uncommon in the littoral zone. We

have obtained it at Elie, Wardie, and in

other parts of the shore on both sides

of the estuary.
G. ciliata (Fabr.).

Frequent on roots of Laminar ia, in the

lower littoral zone, at North Berwick, etc.
Leuconia nivca (Grant).

Under surface of sheltered rocks, Preston -

pans Bay (Flem.).

We have obtained this species at Aber-

dour, and near Elie.

FIBKOSA.

CHALINID^:.

Chalinula oculata (Pallas).

We have found this species on the pier at

Newhaven. It is the Chalina oculata of

Bowerbank.
Isodidya infundibidiformis (Bowerb.).

Firth of Forth (Ed. Mm.}.
I. simulans (Johnst.).

We obtained this species at Elie.
/. palmata (Johnst.).

We have dredged this species in the Firth,

and have also found it on Newhaven

pier.

60 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

BENIERID.E.

Amorphina panicea (Pallas).

Firth of Forth (Ed. Mus.).

The Halichondria panicea of Bowerbank.

It is very abundant, encrusting rocks about

low water mark.
A. coalita (0. F. Mull).

Firth of Forth, very common (Flem)\

Firth of Forth (Ed. Mus.).

The Halichondria coalita of Bowerbank.

We have dredged it in the Forth on

several occasions.
A. paciscens (0. Schmidt).

This species was first described from a

specimen found on the beach at Porto-

bello by the German Expedition of 1872.

SUBERITID^E.

Suberites domuncula (Nardo).

Firth of Forth (Flem.) ; beach, Portobello

(0. Schmidt).

The Hymeniacidon suberea of Bowerbank.
Vioa celaia (Grant).

The Hymeniacidon celata of Bowerbank.

It is very common in dead shells, on the

oyster bank, and elsewhere.

CTENOPHOKA.

I. SACCATE —

CYDIPPID.E.

Pleurolrachia pileus (Eschsch.).

Firth of Forth (F. E. £)•
We have obtained this species in abund-
ance in the late summer and autumn
months in Granton Harbour, Leith Eoads,
Elie, and elsewhere. It usually occurs in
swarms.

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 61

II. EURYSTOM^: —

BEROIDJE.
Idyia ovata (Less.).

Firth of Forth (F. E. S.}.

We have obtained this form in the autumn,

off Elie. It is the Beroe ovata of Esch-

scholtz.

ACALEPHA.

Aurelia aurita (Linn.).

Very common in the autumn months ;

often stranded on the beach.
Cyanea capillata (Eschsch.).

Common in all the lower reaches of the

Firth, in the autumn.

ZOANTHAKIA.
I. ACTINAKIA —

SAGARTIAM.

Adinoloba diantJius (Ellis).

Firth of Forth, on rocks uncovered only
at very low tides (T. S. W.); Firth of
Forth (Colds.) ; Firth of Forth (MR).

Sagartia troglodytes (Johnst).

Firth of Forth (T. S. W.) ; Firth of Forth
(M'R).

This species is commonly found on the
shore at very low water. We have obtained
it at Elie, Aberdour, and elsewhere.
The variety £ prasina of Gosse, found by
Dr Strethill Wright in the Forth, is an
inhabitant of deeper water. We have
dredged a considerable number of speci-
mens of it in the neighbourhood of Inch-
colm in 10 to 18 fathoms. It is charac-
terised by having the disc and tentacles
of a bright green colour.

62 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

Sagartia ornata (Holds-worth).

Firth of Forth (M'R).

ACTINIAD.E.

Actinia mesembryantJiemum (Ellis and Sol.).

Leith shore (R. J".); Firth of Forth (M'R).
This is a very abundant species in the
lower littoral zone, on exposed rocks and
in rocky ledges of pools left by the re-
tiring tide. A well-grown specimen
was taken from the Forth in 1828, by
Sir John Graham Daly ell, who kept it for
twenty years. It then passed successively
into the hands of Professor Fleming and
of Dr M'Bain. It is now in the possession
of Mr Sadler, curator of the Eoyal Botanic
Garden, Edinburgh, and continues in
vigorous health.

The variety A. chiococea was found near
the Bass E-ock by the German North Sea
Expedition.

BUNODID^E.

Tealia crassicornis (0. F. Mull.).

Firth of Forth (M'B.) ; Firth of Forth, 30

fathoms (F. K S.).

Common in the littoral and upper lamina-

rian zones, and extending into deeper water.

We have dredged it on the oyster banks

and elsewhere. It sometimes attains a

very large size — a specimen which we

found near Aberdour measuring nearly

a foot in diameter.

The Actinia gemmacea, Leith shore (It. «/.),

was probably this species.

ILYANTHID^:.
Halcampa crysantJiellum (Peach).

Bass Rock, 24 fathoms (F. E. S.).

OF THE FIRTH OF FOKTH. 63

Hcdcampa fultoni (T. S. W.).

Granton pier (T. S. W.).

The following MEDUSOID GONOPHORES have been noticed
in the Firth of Forth :

Oceania pileata (Forskal).

Firth of Forth, surface (F. K S*).
Lizzia sp.

Mouth of Forth, surface (F. E. S.).
Eucope lucifera (Forbes).

Firth of Forth (F. E. S.).
Phalidium mridicans (Leuckhart).

Firth of Forth (F. E. S.).
Tima bairdi (Johnst.).

Burntisland Harbour, winter (E. F.).
Bougainvillea brittanica (Forbes).

Entrance to Firth (E. F.}.

Taken in surface-net east of Inchkeith

last summer (nob.}.
Goodsirea mirabilis (T. S. W.).

Near Queensferry (T. S. W., in Proc. Eoy.

Phys. Soc.t vol. iii.).
Stomobrachium octocostatum (Forbes).

Near Queensferry and Granton (T. S. W.,

in Proc. Roy. Phy. Soc., vol. iii.).
Acanthobrachia inconspicua (T. S. W.).

Granton Harbour (T. S. W., in Proc. Eoy.

Phy. Soc., vol. iii.).

VERMES.

A very complete list of the Vermes of the eastern coast of
Scotland will be found in Dr M'Intosh's " Marine Fauna of
St Andrews." We have worked little at this interesting
but difficult group, and the following is a very imperfect
list of the forms to be found in the Forth. In its preparation
we have derived much assistance from Dr M'Intosh's work,
and have followed his arrangement of the group. We have

* II. Jahresb. d. Komm. z. Untersuch. d. deutsch. Meere, III., Coelen-

terata.

64 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

used the lists prepared by Professor Mobius, of the worms
obtained in the German Expedition of 1872, and for the list of
species from the Forth in the British Museum, we are in-
debted to Johnston's Catalogue of non-Parasitical Worms.

CH^ETOGNATHA.

Sagitta bipunctata (Quoy and Gaimard).

' Off St Abb's Head, 3 fathoms (Mob.).

GEPHYEEA.

SIPUNCULID.E.

Phascolosoma strombi (Mont.).

Bass Kock (Mob).
P. procerum (Mob.).

Bass Eock, 24 fathoms (Mob).

PRIAPULID^E.
Priapulus caudatus (Lam.).

Leith (Colds).

DISCOPHOEA.

HlRUDINEA.

PontoMdla muricata (Linn.).

Common as a parasite on the skate, and
dredged in 12 fathoms, below Inchkeith
(nob).

MALACOBDELLEA.

Malacoldella grossa (0. F. Mull.).

Off Elie (nob).
M. valencienncei (Blanchard).

In Mya truncata, Firth of Forth (Johnst.

Cat).

POLYCH^ETA.

APHRODITIDyE.

Aphrodite aculeata (Linn.).

Kirkcaldy Bay, 9 fathoms ; Aberlady

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 65

Bay, 5 fathoms ; shore, North Berwick,
Newhaven, Portobello, etc. (nob.).

POLYNOID^E.

Lepidonotus squamatus (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (Brit. Mus.) ; Portobello,

0-1 fathom, under stones (Mob.).

This is a very common species on the

oyster banks, and in all parts of the

Firth.
Polynoe cirrata (Pallas).

Portobello Sands, under stones (Mob.).
Halosydna gelatinosa (Sars).

Off May Island, 8 fathoms (nob.).

SlGALIONID^E.

Sigalion idunce (Eathke).

Bass Eock, 24 fathoms (Mob.).

NEPHTHYDID^E.
Nephthys ccecq (Fab.).

Bass Eock, 24 fathoms (Mob.) ; beach,

Aberdour, etc. (nob.).
N. jolmstoni (Johnst.).

Firth of Forth (Brit. Mm.).

PHYLLODOCID.E.

Phyllodoce laminosa (Sav.).

Black Eocks, Leith (Brit. Mus.).
Eulalia viridis (0. F. Miill.).

Off Longniddry, 14 fathoms, etc. (nob.).

NEREIDS.
Nereis pelagica (Linn.).

Abundant in all parts of the Firth.
Hediste diver sicolor (0. F. Mull).

Leith shore (Mob.}.
Alitta virens (Sars).

Beach, near Aberdour (nob.).

66 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

GLYC BRIDGE.
Glycera alba (Miill.).

Bass Eock, 24 fathoms (Mob.).

OPHELIID^:.

Ammotrypane aulogaster (H. Eathke).

Bass Eock, 24 fathoms (Mob.).
Ophelia acuminata ((Erst.).

Firth of Forth (Brit. Mus).

TELETHUSID.E.
Arenicola marina (Linn.).

Yery abundant in sand at low water mark.
£phesia gracilis (Eathke).

Firth of Forth (Brit. Mus.).
TropJwnia plumosa (M. Edwards).

Firth of Forth (Brit. Mus.) ; Wardie, be-

tween tide marks, AberladyBay, 9 fathoms;

North Channel, 18 fathoms, etc. (nob.).
T. glauca (Malmgren).

Off St Abb's Head, 40 fathoms (Mob.).

Cirratulus cirratus (0. F. Miill).

Portobello (Mob.).

HERMELLID^:.
tfalellaria anglica (Ellis).

Granton, — tubes only (Brit. Mus.).

AMPHICTENID^E.
Pectinaria lelgica (Pallas).

Firth of Forth (Brit. Mus).

TEREBELLID.E.
Lanice conchilega (Pallas).

Common in the upper laminarian zone all
along the shores. Dredged in 18, 9, and
5 fathoms (nob).

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 67

Thelepus circinatus (Fab.).

Firth of Forth, 30 fathoms; Bass Kock,
24 fathoms (Mob.).

SABELLIM:.
Sabella pavonina (Sav.).

Very common on the oyster bank, and in
deeper water; also in sand at Aberdour
at very low water.

SERPULID^E.

Serpula vermicularis (Linn.).

Common, off Inchkeith, 5 fathoms, etc.

(nob.).
Spirorbis borealis (Davd.).

Very plentiful on Algae at low water.
S. lucidus (Mont.).

On Hydroids, etc., in all parts of the

estuary.

PYCNOGONIDA

This group has been recently separated from the CRUSTACEA
and ARACHNIDA, with which it was formerly associated, and
arranged as an independent class of the ARTHROPODA.

NYMPHONIM.
Nymphon gracile (Leach).

Not uncommon among stones and weeds
between tide marks, and we have dredged
it off May Island, 14 fathoms ; Kirkcaldy
Bay, 6 fathoms ; off Inchkeith, 5 fathoms ;
and in many other parts of the estuary.

PHOXICHILID^E.
Pycnogonum litorale (0. F. Miill.).

Common between tide marks, but also
found in deep water. We have dredged
it in 18 fathoms. We found specimens
near Inchcolm, at the end of April of this
year, having large masses of ova attached
to them.

68 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

MOLLUSC A.

This list comprises the true Mollusca only. Of the groups
which were formerly united under the title Molluscoida, and
which are now generally regarded as members of the exten-
sive and somewhat heterogeneous type Vermes, the Polyzoa
and Tunicata have already been considered; while of the
third, the Brachiopoda, there are no living representatives in
the Firth of Forth.

On account of the comparatively advanced state of our
knowledge of Molluscan faunas, and the special share of atten-
tion which is usually given to the group by collectors, we
have reason to believe that this is more nearly complete than
any of our other lists.

The nomenclature and arrangement are those given in
Gwyn Jeffreys' well-known work.* We have frequently,
however, mentioned also synonyms used by Forbes and
Hanley ("A History of the British Mollusca," 1853), and
other authors, especially when these were the names under
which the species had been recorded from the Forth.

Dr M'Bain's extensive catalogue -f- was the foundation of
the present list. The Mollusca of the German Expedition of
1872, which we have already had occasion to refer to several
times, were reported on by Metzger and Meyer,! and we are
indebted to their work for the localities of several species,
five of which had not previously been recorded from the
Firth of Forth.

Mr F. M. Balfour, F.E.S., has kindly given us a list of a
few Mollusca which he dredged in the neighbourhood of
D unbar, including one of the rarest species in our list,
Pleurophyllidia lovtfni.

We desire to express our thanks to the Eev. J. M'Murtrie,
M.A., for much valuable assistance. He kindly revised our
MS., and from his notes added species, localities, and remarks,
which, coming from one with his wide knowledge of British
shells, and experience of the conchology of the Firth of

* " British Conchology," by J. Gwyn Jeffreys, F.K.S. London, 1863.
f "The East Neuk of Fife," by the Kev. Walter Wood. Edinburgh, 1862.
J Jahresb.— VIII. , Mollusca.

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 69

Forth, were of very great importance to us. These con-
tributions are subscribed (M.) in the list. As of peculiar
interest we may mention his discovery of Lepton squamosum
in shell sand at North Berwick. This species belongs to
the south and south-west coasts of England, and the only
Scotch locality mentioned in Jeffreys' " British Con-
chology" is Oban (Barlee). Mr M'Murtrie informs us that
he has found the shell at Bamborough, and this, we believe,
is the only place recorded where it has been found on the
east coast.

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

ANOMIID.E.

Anomia ephippium (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (WB.) ; the so-called
variety aculeata, which is common, and
also var. squamula (young), at Granton,
etc. ; var. cylindrica on tangle stems at
Leith and Granton (M.).
This species is very common in the Firth.
It occurs adhering to dead shells, etc., on
the oyster bank ; and is also found at
low water mark attached to the roots and
stems of Laminaria, etc.
We have taken the varieties cylindrica,
aculeata, and squamula at Aberdour.

A. patelliformis (Linn.).

On North Berwick shore (M.).

We have taken this species in from 5 to

7 fathoms, off Inchkeith.

A. patelliformis, var. striata.

On Dunbar shore (M.) ; Firth of Forth

Both A. patelliformis and the variety
striata are common on roots of tangle cast
up by storms at Newhaven (M.).

OSTREID^:.
Ostrea edulis (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (M'R, etc.).

70 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

The oyster occurs chiefly in the Firth in a
few fathoms of water (5 to 10) on the
bank stretching west from Inchkeith, and
is dredged for the market by the fishermen
from Newhaven, etc. We regret to say
it is by no means plentiful.
The forms (they are scarcely varieties)
hippopus and deformis occur (M.).

PECTINID.E.

Pecten pusio (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (MB.).
Taken living in a tangle root, after a storm,
on Craigroyston shore — attached by a
byssus. Single valves are not uncommon
on North Berwick shore, etc. (M).

P. varius (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (MB).

P. opercidaris (Linn.).

This is probably the commonest Lamelli-
branch in the Firth. It is abundant on
the so-called " oyster bank " and other
localities, and is dredged in large quantities
by the Newhaven fishermen.
Specimens, with pure white shells, are
brought in alive by storms somewhat plen-
tifully at Craigroyston (M).
Gwyn Jeffreys states that specimens of
this species from the Firth of Forth " are
much larger than usual," and that a speci-
men in his collection from Portobello
measures 3T%ths inches long, and nearly 4
broad.

The variety lineata, with intermediate
forms, is often taken by the Newhaven
fishermen (M).

P. septemradiatus ? (Mull.).

It is probably this species which is men-
tioned in Fleming's " British Animals "

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 71

under the name of Pecten glaber as being

rare in the Firth of Forth.
Pecten tigrinus (Miill.).

Firth of Forth (M'R, and Ed. Mm.).

Taken alive in Newhaven Harbour. It

had probably been thrown away by the

fishermen (M.\

We have dredged this species in the Firth,

and have found it cast ashore at Elie.
P. tigrinus, var. costata.

Single valves of this, and also of the species,

are found on the North Berwick shore

(M.).
P. similis (Laskey).

Fifeshire (Flem.) ; Firth of Forth (Laskey).
P. maximus (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (M*B.).

Single valves are cast up at Craigroyston,

but not plentifully (M.).

We dredged this species last summer off

the Isle of May, in 8 fathoms.

Mytilus edulis (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (M'B., etc.).
Extremely common between tide marks
and at low water on many parts of the
shore. It occurs in profusion on the muddy
beach at Wardie and Newhaven, where
it is collected by the fishermen.

M. edulis, var. incurvata.

Abundant on sloping walls between Gran-
ton and Leith, wedged in between the
stones (M.).

M. edulis, var. pellucida.

Granton (M.).

We have taken this variety at Wardie.

M. edulis, var. galloprovincialis.

Cast up on Craigroyston shore

72 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

Mytilus modiolus (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (MR, and Ed. Mus.).
Common at North Berwick, living at very
low water, and in rock pools between
tides. It is also frequently cast up alive
along the whole coast. Large specimens
are found in Newhaven Harbour, brought
in by the fishermen (M).
This species is frequently met with in
dredging in the Firth. We have taken it
to the east of Inchkeith, in 18 fathoms ;
west of Inchkeith, in 5 fathoms ; off
Fidra, in 7 fathoms ; and north-west of
the Isle of May, in 26 fathoms.

M. adriaticus (Lamk.).

Firth of Forth (E. F.).

Modiolaria marmorata (Forb.).

Off Elie (MR); Firth of Forth (Ed.
Mus.). Plentiful on Newhaven shore in
roots of Laminaria, after storms (M.).
Imbedded in the test of Ascidia virginea,
not uncommon in 5 to 10 fathoms, espe-
cially on the bank west of Inchkeith.
We have also taken it at low water at
Wardie.

M. discors (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (MR, and Ed. Mus).

Living with M. marmorata in roots of

Laminaria on Newhaven shore after

storms.

We have dredged this species in the Firth,

and have also collected it at Portobello.

M. nigra (Gray).

Off Dudgeon (Thomas); Firth of Forth
(Ed. Mus., and MR).
I have a specimen from Mr Damon,
Weymouth, marked " Black Eocks, Leith."
I have sought for it at the lowest spring
tides, without success (M.).

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 73

Orenella decussata (Mont.).

Firth of Forth (J. G. J.).

Single valves, and occasionally a perfect

specimen, in drifted shell sand at North

Berwick

AECIDJE.

Nucula nucleus (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (M'R, and Ed. Mus.).
We have dredged this species off Largo
Bay, and near Inchkeith, in 7 fathoms.

N. nitida (Sowerby).

Single valves of Nucula on this shore are
usually of this species. I have taken per-
fect specimens (which, however, did not
contain the animal) at very low water,
Craigroyston, and at Cramond Island (M.).
We have dredged this species off Elie, and
west of Inchkeith, in 5 fathoms, and have
also collected it on the beach at Largo
Bay.

N. tenuis (Mont.).

Firth of Forth (J. G. J.).

Leda minuta (Mull.).

Firth of Forth (M'B., under the name of
Leda caudata).

Small single valves occur in the drifted
shell sand at North Berwick. The pos-
terior extension is short. They are either
the var. brevirostris, or the young state of
the species (M.).

Pectunculus glycimeris (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (M'B.).

Occasionally in Newhaven Harbour,

doubtless brought in by the fishermen

(M.).

Area letragona (Poli).

Firth of Forth, rare (Flem., under the
name of Area fusca).

74 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

Montacuta substriata (Mont.).

On Spatangus purpureus, off Inchkeith
(Com. Mar. Zool.) ; off the Isle of May, on
Spatangus purpureus, 1854 (M'B.).

M. bidentata (Mont.).

Single valves on Edinburgh shores.
Perfect specimens not uncommon in
drifted shell sand at North Berwick (M.).

M. ferruginosa (Mont.).

Firth of Forth (F. and H., and M'B).
Single valves in drifted shell sand at
North Berwick (M.).

Lasaea rubra (Mont.).

North Berwick shore ; not a plentiful
shell here (M.).

Kellia suborbicularis (Mont.).

In drifted shell sand at Dunbar and

North Berwick. I have also taken it

living at North Berwick in tangle root

(M.).

We have dredged this species in the

Firth.

Mr M'Murtrie informs us that at Aln-

mouth, Northumberland, he has taken

both the species and the variety lactea,

living in soft stone in rock pools at low

water.

LUCINIM.

Lucina lorealis (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (MR).

Occasionally on the beach at Newhaven,

North Berwick, etc. (M.) ; Elie (nob.).

Axinus flexuosus (Mont.).

Firth of Forth (MB. as Lucinaflexuosa),
Cramond Island, and adjoining shore,

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 75

chiefly single valves, but sometimes a
perfect specimen (M.).
We have collected this species at Aber-
dour, etc.

CARDITID^E.
Cyamium minutum (Fabr.).

Living among small seaweeds in rock
pools, etc., at North Berwick and Dun-
bar. Very common at the Isle of May.
A clear white form is rare at North
Berwick (M.).

CARDinm

Cardium echinatum (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (M'R, and Ed. Mus.) ; Bass
Rock, 24 fathoms, and St Abb's Head
40 fathoms (Metz. and Mey).
Taken alive between Granton andCramond
Island. Specimens with the prickles worn
smooth are not uncommon, and bear a
great resemblance to C. tuberculatum, and
have been mistaken for it. Good prickly
specimens are frequent in Newhaven Har-
bour, brought iu by the fishermen. Single
valves occur along the whole coast (J£).
This species is not uncommon in the Firth.
We have dredged it off Longniddry, in 7
fathoms; west of Inchkeith, in 12 fathoms;
and have collected it on the beach at
Largo and Portobello.

C.fasciatum (Mont.).

We have a specimen of this species from
Elie.

C. edule (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (M'B., and Ed. Mus.).
This species is common. We have taken
it at Cramond, Newhaven, Elie, North
Berwick, Aberdour, etc.
G

76 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

Cardium norvegicum (Spengler).

Firth of Forth (MR) ; off Inchkeith (Com.
Mar. ZooL).

We have dredged this species off the Isle
of May, in 8 fathoms, and near Portobello.

CYPRINID^E.

Cyprina, islandica (Linn.) .

Firth of Forth (M'R, and Ed. Mus.) ; Firth
of Forth, very low tides (F. and ff.\
I have taken it alive, and apparently in
situ, in muddy sand, between Granton and
Newhaven at very low water (M.).
We have dredged this species east of
Inchkeith, 18 fathoms ; north-west of the
Isle of May, 26 fathoms; and have found it
frequently on the beach at Portobello, etc.
Astarte sulcata (Da Costa).

Firth of Forth (MB.).
We have dredged this species in the Firth.
A. sulcata, var. dliptica.

Firth of Forth, dead valves (M'B).
A. compressa (Mont.).

Firth of Forth, not rare on the oyster
banks in 7 to 14 fathoms (F. und H.) ;
Firth of Forth (M'B.).
A. compressa, var. striata.

Firth of Forth, plentiful (/. G-. «/".).
A living specimen cast up on the beach
in Canty Bay. Single valves are com-
mon on the shore between Canty Bay
and North Berwick (M.).
We have dredged this species near Inch-
keith, in 7 fathoms.
A. triangularis (Mont.).

Single valves, and sometimes a perfect
specimen, in drifted shell sand at North
Berwick (M.).

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. . 77

VENERID^E.

Venus exoleta (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (MR) ; Firth of Forth, 7
fattioms (F. and H.).

Frequently cast up alive at North Ber-
wick ; common at Newhaven, brought in
by fishermen (M.).

We have dredged it west of Inchkeith in
5 fathoms, and at Newhaven.

V. linda (Pult.).

Firth of Forth (MR, and F. and #.);
Bass Rock, 24 fathoms (Metz. and Mey\
Cast up alive at Leven, Fife, and on the
North Berwick shore, near Fidra. It
appears to be less common in this Firth
than it is in St Andrew's Bay (M.).
We have dredged it in 7 fathoms.

V.fasciata (Da Costa).

Firth of Forth (MB).

Cast up on the shore at North Berwick

(M.).

We have taken this species on the shore

at Anstruther.

V. fasciata, var radiata.

Cast up on the shore at North Berwick
(M.).

V. casina (Linn.).

Dead valves occasionally at North Ber-
wick, especially on the east shore (M.).

V. ovata (Perm.).

Firth of Forth (MR).

Dead valves at Cramond Island and Canty

Bay (M.).

V. gallina (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (MR, and Ed. Mus.) ;
Bass Eock, 24 fathoms (Metz. and Mey.).
Alive on Cockenzie shore at low water,
sometimes without any markings on the
shell (M.).

78 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

We dredged this species last summer in
Aberlady Bay in 9 fathoms, and have
found it aliVe on the beach at Portobello,
Aberdour, etc.

Venus gallina, var. gibba.

Between Granton and Cramond Island,
with intermediate forms (M.).

Tapes virgineus (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (Ed. Mm., and M:B).
Good specimens in Newhaven Harbour,
sometimes milk-white (M.).
We have found this species at Portobello.

T. pullastra (Mont.).

Firth of Forth ; plentiful at low water,
especially near Newhaven and Cramond
(F. and H.) ; Firth of Forth (Ed. Mus., and
M'B.) ; Dalmeny, where it grows to a large
size — 2J inches broad — occasionally pure
white (M.) ; beach between Portobello and
Fisherrow (Metz. and Meyl).
We dredged it last summer off the Isle of
May, in 8 fathoms, and have collected it
at Elie, Cramond, and Portobello.
A monstrosity, showing the foliaceous
structure of the shell, gathered at Cocken-
zie, has the front margin, as it were,
of three shells, but only one hinge-line
(M.).

T. pullastra, var. perforans.

Living in soft rock at Wardie and North
Berwick at low water. Semi-fossil at
Longniddry and other places (If.).

T. decussatus (Linn.).

Beach between Portobello and Fisherrow
(Metz. and Mey.}.

Lucinopsis undata (Penn.).

Firth of Forth (M'B.t F. and IT., and
Ed. Mus.) ; Bass Kock, 24 fathoms (Metz.
and Mey.).

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 79

Cast up by storms at Portobello, Granton,

etc. (M.).

We have dredged this species in Largo

Bay.

TELLINID^E.

Tellina crassa (Gmelin).

Firth of Forth (MR, and Knapp).
Single valves common at North Berwick,
especially on the east shore near the har-
bour (M.).

T. balthica (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (M'R, as T. soliduld) ; Firth
of Forth (Ed. Mus.) ; Common at Leith,
etc., living between tide-marks (M.).
We have collected this species in Largo
Bay, Aberdour, etc.

T. tennis (Da Costa).

Firth of Forth (M'R, and Ed. Mus).
Common at Granton, Portobello, etc.,
living at low water, and brought up by
storms (M.).
We have found this species in Largo Bay.

T. f alula (Gronovius).

Firth of Forth (M'R) ; with the preceding,
common at Granton, Cramond Island,
Portobello, etc. (M.).

We have collected it at Portobello, and in
Largo Bay.

Psammolia tellinella (Lamk.).

Single valves on the beach at North Ber-
wick and Canty Bay, but not common (M.).
We have collected this species in Largo
Bay.

P. ferroensis (Chemn.).

Bass Eock, 24 fathoms (Metz. and Mey.) ;
Firth of Forth (M'R, F. and H., and Ed.
Mus.) ; on Craigroyston shore and Dirleton
shore, brought up by storms

80 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

We have dredged it in Aberlady Bay, 9
fathoms, and off Leith.

Psammobia vespertina (Chemn.).

Firth of Forth (M'B.t and J. G. J.}.

Donax vittatus (Da Costa).

Firth of Forth (M'B.) ; Craigroyston, Aber-
lady, and Dirleton shores (M).
We have found it at Elie and Largo.

MACTRID^:.

Mactra solida (Linn.).

Beach at Fisherrow (Mete, and Mey.) ;
Firth of Forth (Ed. Mus., and M'B.).
We have dredged it off Elie.

M. solida, var. truncata.

Firth of Forth (M'B., and J. G. J.) ;
Firth of Forth, 7 fathoms (F. and H.).
Lives with the species, and with inter-
mediate forms, on the shore from New-
haven to Cramond Island (M.).
We have obtained this variety on Cramond
Island.

M. solida, var. elliptica.

Firth of Forth (MB., and F. and K).

M. sultruncata (Da Costa).

Firth of Forth (F. and H., and MR)]
Grant on and Portobello (M.).
We have dredged it in the Firth.

M. subtruncata, var. striata.

Gran ton, not common (M.).

M. suUruncata, var. inaequalis.

Dead shells at South Queensferry (M.).

M. stultorum (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (MB., and Ed. Mus.}',

Portobello (M.).

This species is sometimes found cast up in

large quantities on Portobello sands after

storms.

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 81

Mactra stultorum, var. cinerea.

Mouth of the Almond, etc. (M.).

Lutraria elliptica (Lamk.).

Firth of Forth (M'B., Ed. Mus., and
F. and ff.) ; Portobello (M.).
We have collected this species at Porto-
bello, and at Caroline Park.

Scrobicularia prismatica (Mont.).

Firth of Forth (F. and H.) ; off Elie (MB).
Occurs sparingly alive on the sands at very
low water between Granton and Cramond
Island, especially towards Cramond Island.
Empty shells, with the valves still united,
are a little commoner (M.).
We have found this species on the shore
west from Aberdour.

S. nitida (Miiller).

St Abb's Head, 40 fathoms (Mete, and
Hey).

S. alia (Wood).

Firth of Forth (Ed. Mus.) ; Off Elie (MR).
Frequent at Portobello, etc., living at
low water, and on the beach brought up
by storms (M.).

S. piper ata (Bellon.).

Firth of Forth (F. and H.y and MR)-,
. Caroline Park, shells well preserved, but
not living ; they are in a bed of blue clay
between tides (M.).

We dredged this species last summer in
5 fathoms, to the south-west of Inchkeith.

SOLENHLE.

Solen pellucidus (Penn.).

Firth of Forth (MR, and Thomas and
Knapp) ; brought up by the tides between
Portobello and Leith, and between Granton
and Cramond Island, but not plentiful
(M.) ; east of Inchkeith (J. Hunter Bar-

THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

rori) ; Bass Kock, 24 fathoms (Metz. and

Mey., as Cultellus pellucidus).
Solen ensis (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (APR, and Ed. Mus).

We have taken Solen ensis frequently.
S. siliqua (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (MR, and Ed. Mus.).

We dredged it lately west of Inchkeith, in

4 fathoms.
S. siliqua, var. arcuata.

Newhaven shore (M.).

ANATINID^E.
Thracia prcetenuis (Pult.).

Firth of Forth (M'R, and F. and &.).
T. papyracea (Poli).

Firth of Forth (Ed. Mus., and M'R).

We have taken this species frequently at

Portobello, Cramond, etc.
T. convexa (W. Wood).

Firth of Forth, dead shells (M'R).

Single valves not unfrequent on the

shore near Edinburgh, at low water,

especially towards Cramond Island (Ml).
T. distorta (Mont.).

Firth of Forth (F. and ff., and MR).

CORBULlDiE.

Necera cuspidata (Olivi).

Off Portseaton and Fidra, 17 fathoms
(Thomas') ; Firth of Forth (F. and ff., and
M'R).

Corlula gibla (Olivi).

Firth of Forth (Ed. Mus., M'R, and F.
and H.).

Single valves are frequent on the shores
at North Berwick, Newhaven, Gran ton,
and South Queensferry. I have taken a

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 83

perfect specimen (young) on the shore at
Cramond Island (M.).
We have dredged this species frequently
in the Firth — in Aberlady Bay, 9
fathoms; west of Inchkeith, 5 to 7
fathoms, etc.

MYID^E.

My a arenaria (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (MB.,Ed. Mus., and F. and

H.) ; Bass Rock, 24 fathoms (Metz. and

Mey.) ; Granton, living at low water west

from Leith pier (M^).

We have found this species in Largo Bay.
M. arenaria, var. lata.

Biel sands, Longniddry, and Newhaven.

Eather common in west harbour, Granton,

(M.).

We have found this variety at Aberdour.
M. truncata (Linn.).

Firth of Forth, from low water to

7 fathoms (F. and H.) ; Firth of Forth

(M'B). Living at Granton, Craigroyston,

and Cramond Island (M.).

We have found this species at Portobello,

and have dredged it in 4 fathoms, to the

west of Inchkeith.
M. binghami (Turt.).

Firth of Forth (F. and H., and M(B.).

SAXICAVID.E.

Saxicava rugosa (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (M'R) ; Firth of Forth,
7 fathoms (F. and H.).
Taken living, and apparently at home,
in pure sand, between Granton and
Cramond Island (M.).

84 THE INVEETEBRATE FAUNA

This species is very common from the
upper laminarian .zone downwards. We
have dredged it east of Inchkeith, in
18 fathoms ; off Longniddry, in 14
fathoms ; west of Inchkeith, in 5 fathoms ;
and have collected it at Aberdour, Elie,
and Largo.

Saxicava rugosa, var. mimita.

Granton, North Berwick, and Dunbar (M.).
We have some specimens of this variety
from Largo Bay.

S. rugosa, var. arctica.

Firth of Forth (M'B., and Cunningham).
On tangle roots at Granton, etc. (M.).

GASTROCILENIDjE.

Gastrochcena dubia (Penn.).

On Craigroyston beach, after a storm, I
picked up a fossil coral, containing in
cavities fresh but empty shells of G.
dubia (M.).

PHOLADIM.

Pholas dactylus (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (M(B).

P. Candida (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (F. and H., Ed. Mus., and

M'B) ; Newhaven, containing the animal

(M.).

We have found dead valves at Cramond

Island, Aberdour, and in Largo Bay.

P. crispata (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (F. and H., M'B., and Ed.
Mus) ; Granton, west of harbour, alive at
very low water, also North Berwick (M.) ;
near Cramond (J. Hunter Barron).
We have found this species alive at
Wardie, and at Cramond, and have found
dead valves at Largo and other places.

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 85

SOLENOCONCHIA.

DENTALIID^E.
Dentalium entalis (Linn.).

Bass Rock, 24 fathoms (Metz. and Mey.) ;
Firth of Forth (Ed. Mus., MB., etc.).
Rare on the shore at Granton, Leith, and
North Berwick (M.).

We have dredged this species off Inch-
keith, in 9 fathoms ; off Largo Bay, etc.
It is often obtained by the fishermen
adhering to the long lines ; dead specimens
are not uncommon on some parts of the
shore, as Largo Bay, Elie, and Aberdour.

GASTROPODA.
I. CYCLOBRANCHIATA —

Chiton fascicularis (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (MB., F. M. B.).

On tangle roots, Craigroyston shore, after

a storm. At North Berwick alive on

under side of stones in rock pools, at low

water, but not plentiful (M.).

We have taken this species at low water

mark, near Elie.

C. cinereus (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (F. M. B., MB., under the
name of Chiton asellus).
We have dredged this species frequently
in a few fathoms.

C. marginatus (Penn.).

Firth of Forth (M B.} ; between tide marks
(F. M. £.) ; beach between Portobello and
Fisherrow (Metz. and Mey^).
Very large at end of East Pier, Leith
(near Martello Tower), at very low water.
Length of dried specimens 0'9 inch;
breadth, 0'55 (K).

86 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

This species is common between tide marks
at Wardie, Elie, and other parts of the
Firth. Fleming, in his " British Animals,"
mentions having found a specimen at New-
haven, with only six valves.

Chiton ruber (Lowe).

Firth of Forth (M '£.) ; between tide marks
(F. M. £.) ; abundant on roots and stems
of Laminaria on North Berwick shore,
after storms (M.).

C. marmoreus (Fabr.).

Eare on Black Eocks, Leith (Knapp).
We have taken this species in 5 fathoms,
about half a mile to the west of Inchkeith.

II. PECTINIBRANCHIATA —

PATELLID^:.

Patella vulgata (Linn.).

Extremely common between tide marks on
rocky shores. Large, heavy specimens at
Cramond Island.

P. vulgata, var. picta.

Granton and South Queensferry (M.).
We have taken this variety on the rocks
at Joppa. Specially common at North
Berwick, at low water.

P. vulgata, var. ccerulea.

Granton and North Berwick, not rare. It
shades off, through intermediate forms,
into var. picta (M.}.
We have obtained it at Wardie.

P. vulgata, var. depressa.

The Patella athletica of Forbes and Hanley.
This well-marked variety is frequent
along the whole North Berwick coast, at
very low water, and in rock pools between
tides. It grows in its longest diameter to
2'3 inches. It becomes rare as we go up
the Firth, being evidently not an estuary

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 87

shell. I have not found it beyond Gul-
lane shore, where I took a solitary living
specimen. It is abundant at the Isle of
May (M.).

Note. — Where a spring of fresh water
rises on the shore above low water mark,
a little to the east of Granton East Har-
bour, a thin form of P. vulgata, pale, and
with a silky surface, takes the place of all
other forms, and is plentiful. It may be
due merely to the influence of fresh water ;
but I suspect a corroding quality in the
spring. Tectura testudinalis in the same
place is worn very thin. If this form of
P. vulgata had permanence, its appropriate
name would be var. sericea (M.).

Helcion pellucidum (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (M R).
Good specimens common on Laminaria
all along the North Berwick coast, and
at Dunbar arid Cramond Island (M.).
We have found this species at extreme
low water, at Elie, Aberdour, and North
Berwick. It frequents the stems and roots
of Laminaria.

H. pellucidum, var. Icevis.

Common in the hollow part (or under

side) of roots of Laminaria at North

Berwick ; also at Dunbar and Longniddry

(M.).

We obtained the variety also at Elie and

Aberdour, and on the beach in Largo Bay.

Tectura testudinalis (Miiller).

Firth of Forth (M'B.) ; beach between
Portobello and Fisherrow (Metz. and Mey.) ;
Granton (M.).

The shell is sometimes an inch long on the
Edinburgh shores. The markings vary
greatly, and there is a blue form bearing

88 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

the same relation to the species as the
variety cc&rulea does to Patella vulgata (M.).
This species is common on the shores of
the Firth. We have taken it at Aberdour,
Wardie, etc.
Tectura virginea (Miiller).

Firth of Forth (M'R, Ed. Mus.) ; Dunbar,
at North Berwick living on the rocks at
very low water (M.).

FlSSURELLIM.

Emarginula fissura (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (Ed. Mus.) ; empty shells
on North Berwick beach (M.).
We have found this shell on the beach at
Largo Bay.

CAPULIM.
Capulus hungaricus (Linn.).

Alive off Inchkeith, May 1861 (M'R) ; off
Inchkeith (Com. Mar. Zool.) ; small empty
shells on North Berwick beach (M.).
We have dredged it alive several times in
the Firth, — Aberlady Bay, 9 fathoms ; and
east of Inchkeith, 7 fathoms. We have
also found it cast ashore on Portobello
beach.

TROCHID^E.
Trochus helicinus (Fabr.).

Not rare in shell sand at North Berwick

and Dunbar (M.).
T. magus (Linn.).

I have found a worn shell on Craigroyston

beach, but I do not suppose that this

species inhabits the Firth of Forth (M).
T. tumidus (Mont.).

Firth of Forth (M1B.} and Ed. Mus^.

We have taken this species in 7 fathoms,

off Inchkeith.

OF THE FIETH OF FORTH. 89

Trochus cinerarius (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (MB., and Ed. Mus.) ; beach
between Portobello and Fisherrow (Metz.
and Mey.).

This is a very common species in the Firth
about low water mark. It is abundant at
Granton, Wardie, Aberdour, Elie, and other
parts of the coast. We have also dredged
it off Inchkeith in 5 fathoms.

T. zizyphinus (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (MR).
Not common here. I have found dead
shells on the beach at Edinburgh and
Dirleton (M.).

LITTORINID^E.

Lacuna crassior (Mont.).

Firth of Forth (Ed. Mus., and M'R).

Not rare on the beach at Wardie, Granton,

and North Berwick (M).
L. divaricata (Fabr.).

Firth of Forth (Ed. Mus., and MR, as

L. vincta).

Common on Laminaria, etc., at Granton,

North Berwick, Dunbar, and other places

L. divaricata, var. canalis.

With the species at North Berwick, etc.,

somewhat common at Granton (M).
L. divaricata, var. quadrifasciata.

On the beach at Leven, Fife (M.).
L. pallidula (Da Costa).

Firth of Forth (Ed. Mus., J. G. J., and MR).

Common on Laminaria, etc., at Granton,

North Berwick and Dunbar (M.).

We found this species in Largo Bay.
Littorina obtusata (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (Ed. Mus., and MB.);

90 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

Granton (M.) ; beach between Portobello
and Fisherrow (Metz. and Mey.).
Very common in the littoral zone at War-
die, Aberdour, Elie, etc.

Littorina obtusata, var. fabalis.

Not uncommon at Dunbar, etc. ; a doubt-
ful variety (M.).

L. neritoidcs (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (MR).
North Berwick, on the harbour rocks,
above high water mark. Abundant and
well grown at the landing-place on the
Isle of May (M.).

L. rudis (Maton).

Firth of Forth (Ed. Mus., and M'R) ;
Granton (M.) ; beach between Portobello
and Fisherrow (Metz. and Mey^) ; very
common at Wardie, Elie, Aberdour, etc.

L. rudis, var. saxatilis.

North Berwick, living with L. neritoides ;
and dead in shell sand (M).

L. rudis, var. lineata.

Granton. Is this a variety, or a common
form? (M.).
Common at Wardie.

L. rudis, var. tenebrosa.

Granton and Dunbar (M.).

L. littorea (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (M'R, and Ed. Mus.);
Granton, sometimes orange-red (M.).
Very common on the beach at Wardie, etc.

Rissoa reticulata (Mont.).

We have found this species on the shore,
near Aberdour.

E. punctura (Mont.).

Also found near Aberdour.
Common in the shell sand at North Ber-
wick and Dunbar (M.).

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 91

Eissoa costata (Adams).

Common in the shell sand at North Ber-
wick and Dunbar (M.).

JR. parva (Da Costa).

Firth of Forth (MR).
Not so common as the variety interrupta.
Good specimens at North Berwick and
Dunbar (M.).

R. parva, var. interrupta.

Very common on seaweeds at low water
at Granton, North Berwick, etc. (M.).
We have found this variety on the shore
near Aberdour.

E. striata (Adams).

Firth of Forth (MR).

Alive among small seaweeds in rock pools

at low water, North Berwick. Common

in shell sand at Dunbar, North Berwick,

Belhaven, Granton, etc. (M.).

We have found it in sand at Elie.

R. striata, var. arctica.

Occurs with the species, but is less com-
mon (M.).

R. vitrea (Mont.).

Eare in the shell sand at North Berwick

(M.).

It has been found at Dunbar by Bingham.

R. semistriata (Mont.).

Firth of Forth, 7 fathoms (F. and ff.).
Common in the shell sand at North Ber-
wick (M.).

R. cingillus (Mont.).

North Berwick, in the shell sand, but not

plentiful (M.).

We obtained this species on the shore near

Largo.

Hydrdbia ulvce (Penn.).

Alive at Pefferburnfoot, Aberlady; dead on
the beach at Crainond, Newhaven, North
H

92 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

Berwick, etc. Living abundantly on mud
flats at Bo'ness (M.).

White specimens of H. ulvce come ashore
at Newhaven. As they are dead, and
may be only bleached, it would be unsafe
to say that they are the var. albida (J£).
We have found this species in Largo Bay.

SKENEID^E.

Skenea planorbis (Fabr.).

Firth of Forth (M'R).
Abundant on Cladophora and other sea-
weeds at Dunbar, North Berwick, and
Granton (J£) ; Elie (nob.).

Homalogyra atomus (Philippi).

In shell sand between North Berwick and
Canty Bay, not plentiful (M.).

VERMETID^E.

Ccecum trachea (Mont.).

Firth of Forth (Ed. Mus.).

C. glabrum (Mont).

Not rare in fine shell sand at North Ber-
wick (M.).

TURRITELLID.E.
Turritella terelra (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (M'B., as T. communis) ;
Firth of Forth, 30 fathoms (Metz. and Mey.,
as T. ungulina) ; Firth of Forth (Ed. Mus).
Alive on the shore at very low water, near
Cramond Island (M.~).
This species is very common in the
Firth ; in some spots — e.g., off the east side
of Inchkeith, 12 fathoms ; off Aberdour,
5 fathoms; and KirkcaldyBay,9 fathoms —
the dredge comes up almost full of dead
shells of this species, imbedded in slimy
grey mud.

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 93

Turritella terebra, var. nivea.

Not rare on the shore, both east and west
from Edinburgh. Specially common to-
wards Cramond Island, and on the shore
east from Burntisland (M.).

T. terebra, var. gracilis.

Granton and towards Cramond Island, not
common (M).

PYRAMIDELLID^:.
Aclis unica (Mont.).

Somewhat rare in fine shell sand on North

Berwick beach (M).
Odostomia risso'ides (Hanley).

In shell sand, North Berwick (M.).
0. risso'ides, var. alba.

Shell sand, North Berwick (M.).
0. rissoides, var. nitida.

Shell sand, North Berwick (M.).
0. risso'ides, var. dulia.

Shell sand, North Berwick. This species

is highly variable, and forms occur which

it is difficult to assign to any of these

varieties (M.).
0. pallida (Mont.).

Not unfrequent in the shell sand at North

Berwick (M.}.
0. acuta (Jeffreys).

Occasionally in the shell sand, North

Berwick (M.).
0. acuta, var. umbilicata.

Not unfrequent in the shell sand, North

Berwick (M.).
0. unidentata (Mont.).

Somewhat common in the shell sand at

North Berwick and Dunbar (M.).
0. decussata (Mont.).

Somewhat rare in shell sand, North Ber-
wick (M.).

94 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

Odostomia indistincta (Mont.).

Not rare in shell sand, North Berwick (M.).
0. indistincta, var. brevior.

In shell sand, North Berwick (M.).
0. inter stincta (Mont.).

Common in shell sand at North Berwick

and Dunbar (M).
0. spiralis (Mont.).

Common in shell sand at North Berwick

and Dunbar (M.).
0. acicula (Philippi), var. ventricosa.

Eare in the shell sand at North Berwick.

My specimens do not depart widely from

the species, i.e., the whorls are but slightly

ventricose (M).

EULIMID/E.
Eulima distorta (Deshayes).

Eare in fine shell sand, North Berwick (M.).
E. Ulineata (Alder).

Not rare in shell sand at North Berwick

and Dunbar (M.).

Natica catena (Da Costa).

Firth of Forth (Ed. Mus., and M'R).

Alive on Leith Sands, at very low water ;

cast up at Joppa, alive ; Longniddry (M.).
N. alderi (Forb.).

Firth of Forth (if A) ; Bass Eock, 24

fathoms (Metz. and Mey.).

Dead shells on the beach at Elie, Craigroy-

ston (worn), and North Berwick (M.).

We have taken this species in Largo Bay.
N. alderi, var. lactea.

North Berwick (M.).

Along with the species in Largo Bay.
N. islandica (Gmel.).

Haddocks' stomachs, Firth of Forth (Dr

Knapp).

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 95

Lamellar ia perspicua (Linn.).

North Berwick in shell sand, small and
not abundant (M.).

Vehitina Icevigata (Penn.).

Firth of Forth (M. Mus.) ; on the beach
at Dunbar, North Berwick, Longniddry,
Granton, and Cramond (M.).
This species is not uncommon in a few
fathoms of water. We have dredged it
in Kirkcaldy Bay, 9 fathoms ; off Inch-
keith, 5 fathoms; and in Aberlady Bay,
9 fathoms. We have also collected it
dead on the beach at Largo Bay.

APORRHAID.E.
Aporrhais pes-pelecani (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (MB.) ; off Inchkeith

(Com. Mar. ZooL); Firth of Forth, 30

fathoms (Metz. and Mey.).

Brought in alive by the Newhaven fisher-

men. On the beach at North Berwick

and Craigroyston (M).

Not uncommon. We have dredged it in

Largo Bay and off Kirkcaldy, and have

also obtained it on the beach at Largo.

CERITHIIDJE.
Cerithium reticulatum (Da Costa).

A worn fragment on the beach at North
Berwick. I do not think the species lives
on this coast. However I found a perfect
though dead shell on the Northumbrian
shore at Alnmouth (M).

III. SlPHONOBRANCHIATA —

BUCCINID^E.

Purpura lapillus (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (M'B.).

96 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

This species is extremely common in the
littoral zone in the Firth.

Purpura lapillus, var. imbricata.

Granton and Newhaven. I have not found
a good specimen of this variety at North
Berwick, though the species varies very
much there as regards colour (M.) ; Firth
of Forth (Dr Knapp).
This variety is common at Wardie, Aber-
dour, etc., between tide marks.

Buccinum undatum (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (Ed. Mm., and M'R).
Forms occur which approach the varieties
littoralis and striata, but they are not
very well marked (M.).
Very common on the oyster bank and in
other parts of the Firth. We have also
taken it between tide marks at Wardie
and Aberdour.

Murex erinacetys (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (Ed. Mm.).
Dead shells of M. erinaceus are not rare
on the beach at North Berwick. I took
a living specimen in a rock pool at very
low water there (M,}.

Trophon truncatus (Strom.).

Wardie, Portobello, and North Berwick
(M.)', Firth of Forth (Ed. Mus.).
We have dredged this species in the Firth,
and have also taken it at Wardie.

Fusus antiques (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (Ed. Mus.) ; Firth of Forth,
30 fathoms (Metz. and Mey) ; Off the Isle
of May (M'R).

This species is not uncommon. We have
dredged it in Kirkcaldy Bay, 9 fathoms ;
north-east of Inchkeith, 12 fathoms ; and

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 97

between Inchkeith and the Isle of May,
18 fathoms. Often brought to Newhaven
pier in the fishing boats.
Monstr. varicosum, with several persistent
outer lips, whitish, and large (6| inches
long). Newhaven Harbour, brought in by
the fishermen (M).

Fusus gracilis (Da Costa).

Firth of Forth, 30 fathoms (Metz. and Mey.).
We have obtained it from the fishing boats
at Newhaven. Probably it is this species
which is referred to by M'Bain under the
name of Fusus islandicus.

F. propinquus (Alder).

Firth of Forth, 30 fathoms (Metz.and Mey) ;
off the Isle of May, 1854 (M'R).

F. Jeffrey sianus (Fischer).

Firth of Forth, 30 fathoms (Metz. and Mey.).

NASSIDvE.

Nassa reticulata (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (M'R).

N. incrassata (Strom.).

Firth of Forth (M'B., and Ed. Mus).

At Wardie it is commoner than the var.

minor (M).

This species is very common in the Firth.

We have taken it in abundance at North

Berwick, Wardie, Aberdour, etc.

N. incrassata, var. minor.

Living, and abundant, on the under side of
stones and crumbling rocks at North
Berwick, at very low water, and in roots
of tangle. This variety is commoner than
the species at North Berwick and Elie.
It is merely a dwarf form, with a fully
developed labial rib. Children at North
Berwick pierce them with needle and
thread, and call them necklace shells

98 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

Nassa incrassata, var. simulans.

Occasionally at North Berwick and Gran-
ton (M.).

PLEUROTOMID^E.

Defrancia linearis (Mont.).

Common on the beach at North Berwick

and D unbar (M.).
D. linearis, var. aequalis.

Somewhat common on the beach at North

Berwick and Dunbar (M.).
Pleurotoma costata (Donov.).

Firth of Forth ; in shell sand at Gran-

ton, Longniddry, North Berwick, and

Dunbar (M.).

We have found this species on the beach

near Aberdour.
P. &eptangularis (Mont.).

Firth of Forth (M'R).
P. rufa (Mont.).

Wardie and North Berwick, in shell

sand (M.).
P. turricula (Mont.).

Firth of Forth (MR) ; on the beach at

Wardie, Longniddry, North Berwick, and

Dunbar (M.) ; Bass Eock, 24 fathoms

(Metz. and Mey.).
P. turricula, var. rosea.

North Berwick and Dunbar (M.).
P. trevelyana (Turt.).

Bass Kock, 24 fathoms (Metz. and Mey?) ;

Firth of Forth (M Andrew).

Marginella laevis (Donov.).

Laskey gave Dunbar as a locality, but his
specimen was a tropical species (Dr Gwyn
Jeffreys).

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 99

I have a young shell (two-thirds grown)
which I took alive from the under side of
a stone in a rock pool, at very low water,
opposite the Marine Hotel, North Berwick.
It is thin and semi- transparent, with a sharp
outer lip, the young of this species being
unlike the mature form. I have gathered
the shell at the same stage of growth on
Herm beach, near Guernsey, where M.
laevis is not rare (M.).
Cyprcza europcea (Mont.).

Largo Bay, etc. (APR); Firth of Forth
(Ed. Mus.).

Kare on the Edinburgh beach. It becomes
more frequent as we go east, and at North
Berwick is sometimes very abundant. At
North Berwick adult specimens worn
smooth, and having about two whorls of
the spire laid bare, are not uncommon (M.).
We have taken it at North Berwick, Largo
Bay, Anstruther, etc.

IV. PLEUROBRANCHIATA —

BULLION.

Cylichna umbilicata (Mont.).

Firth of Forth (MR).
0. cylindracea (Penn.).

Bass Rock, 24 fathoms (Metz. and Mey.} ;

Firth of Forth (MR) ; on the beach at

Dirleton and North Berwick, but not

plentiful (M.).

We have found this species in Largo Bay.
Utriculus truncatulus (Brug.).

Firth of Forth (M'R); common on the

beach at North Berwick and D unbar (M.).

We have found it on the beach west from

Aberdour.

100 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

Utriculus truncatidus, var. pellucida.

Occasionally at North Berwick and Dun-
bar (Jf.).

U. obtusus (Mont.).

Firth of Forth (WB.t and J. G. </.); on the

beach at Craigroyston (M.).

Along with the last species near Aberdour.

U. Jiyalinus (Turton).

Not rare in shell sand at Cramond Island,
North Berwick, and Dunbar (if.).

Actceon tornatilis (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (under the name of Torna-
tella fasciata, M'B.) ; on the beach at Edin-
burgh, Portobello, and Dirleton, but not
common (M.).

We have taken this shell at Wardie and
Aberdour.

Philine catena (Mont.).

Bass Eock, 24 fathoms (Metz. and Mey.}.
Somewhat common in the shell sand at
North Berwick and Dunbar (M.).

P. pruinosa (Clark).

Firth of Forth (Mem.).

P. aperta (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (M( B., Ed. Mus., and Forb.) ;
alive at very low water at Portobello and
near Cramond Island, sometimes plenti-
ful (if.).

We have taken this species alive on the
Silver Sands, Aberdour; and have col-
lected the shell at Aberdour, Largo Bay,
Elie, etc.

APLYSIIM.
Aplysia punctata (Cuv.).

Firth of Forth (MB.).

PLEUROPHYLLIDIID.E.
Pleurophyllidia loveni (Bergh).

Off Dunbar, 30 fathoms, in mud (F. M. B.).

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 101

V. NUDIBRANCHIATA —

HERRLEID.E.

Hermcea bifida (Mont.).

Black Eocks, Leith (Landsb.).

EOLIDID.E.

Eolis papillosa (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (M( B., and Ed. Mus.) ; not
uncommon, Firth of Forth (F. and H.).
We have found this species frequently
at Elie between tide marks.

E. coronata (Forb.).

On Coryne decipiens, North Queensferry

E. drummondi (Thomp.).

On Tubularia indivisa, North Queensferry

(M'R) ; Firth of Forth, 30 fathoms, and

off Bass Eock, 24 fathoms (Metz. andMey.).
E. landsburgi (Aid. and Han.).

On Eudendrium rameum, North Queens-

ferry (M'R).
E. nana (Aid. and Han.).

On Hydractinia echinata, Morrison's Haven

(T. 8. W.).
E. angulata (Aid. and Han.).

Off the Bass Eock, 24 fathoms (Metz. and

E. despecta (Johnst.).

We dredged this small species east of
Inchkeith last summer.

Doto coronata (Gmel.).

Off Inchkeith (Jlf'R) ; shallow water, Firth
of Forth (F. M. R).

102 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

DENDRONOTID.E.

Dendronotus arborescens (0. F. Mull.).

Firth of Forth (M'R, and Dr Grant).
We have dredged this species near Inch-
keith.

TRITONIID.E.

Tritonia homier gi (Cuv.).

Firth of Forth (Flem., and Ed. Mus.) ; Firth

of Forth, 30 fathoms (Metz. and Mey.).
T. plebeia (Johnst.).

Firth of Forth (M'R).

We have found this species at Elie.

POLYCERID.E.

.ffigirus punctilucens (D'Orb.).

Shallow water, Firth of Forth (F. M. R).
Triopa claviger (Muller).

Shallow water, Firth of Forth (F. M. R).
Polycera guadrilineata (Muller).

Firth of Forth (Mc R).
P. lessoni (D'Orb.).

We dredged this species on the oyster

bank last summer in 5 fathoms.
Ancula cristata (Alder).

Off Seafield, March 1857 (M'R) • An-

struther (H. D. S. £.).

We have found this species frequently at

Elie, Wardie, and Aberdour, and have also

dredged it.
Idalia aspersa (Aid. and Han.).

Off the Bass Kock, 24 fathoms (Metz. and

Mtjfi.
Goniodoris nodosa (Mont.).

Between tide marks (F. M. R).

We found several specimens lately at low

water mark, west of Aberdour.

OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH. 103

DORIDID.E.

Doris tulerculata (Cuv.).

Firth of Forth (M'B., and Ed. Mus.) ; be-
tween tide marks (F. M. £.).
This species is common in the littoral zone.
We have found it at Wardie, North Ber-
wick, Elie, Aberdour, etc.

D. bilamellata (Linn.).

Firth of Forth (M*B.) ; abundant at low
water in the Firth of Forth (F. and H.}.
Common at Aberdour, etc.

D. repanda (Aid. and Han.).

We have taken this species frequently
between tide marks at Aberdour, Elie, and
Wardie.

D. pilosa (Mull.).

Not uncommon on the shore at Aberdour,

under stones, at low water.

We lately took a specimen of the pure

black variety of this species (the Doris

nigra of Fleming) under a stone, at low

water mark, on Carcraig Kock, near

Inchcolm.

VI. PULMONOBRANCHIATA —

CARYCHIID^E.

Melampus lidentatus (Mont.).

Occasionally on the beach at North Ber-
wick (M.).

M. myosotis (Drap.), var. ringens.

Eare on the beach at North Berwick (M.).

CEPHALOPODA.

I. DECAPODA— •

TEUTHID^E.

Ommatostrephes todarus (Delle Chiaje).

Firth of Forth (Forb., F. and #".) ; Leith

104 THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF THE FIRTH OF FORTH.

shores, common (M(B^) ; Granton and
Craigroyston, cast ashore alive (Jf.).
This species is rather common in the Firth.
We have found it alive at Portobello,
Kinghorn, and Craigroyston, and have
frequently obtained it dead, cast ashore.

Ommatostrephes sagittatus (Lamk.).

Firth of Forth (Ed. Mus.).

Loligo vulgaris (Lamk.).

Firth of Forth (Dr Grant, F. and H.) : off
Seafield, 1854 (M'B.) ; Craigroyston (M).
We have found this species frequently cast
ashore at Portobello, Kinghorn, and
Granton.

L. media (Linn.).

Aberlady Bay, 1857 (M'R).

Eossia macrosoma (Delle Chiaje).

We obtained an adult individual of this
species alive, at low water, on the Silver
Sands, Aberdour, a few years ago.

Sepiola rondeleti (Leach).

Probably this is the species referred to
under the name of Loligo sepiola by Dr
Fleming, in his " British Animals," as hav-
ing been found in the Firth of Forth by
Dr Grant and also by himself.

II. OCTOPODA —

OCTOPID.E.

Octopus vulgaris (Lamk.).

Firth of Forth (Grant) ; not unfrequent in

the Firth (Neill).

Probably it is this species which is re-

corded from the Forth by Dr Coldstream

as Octopus octopodia.
Eledone cirrosa (Lamk.).

Kirkcaldy Bay, 1855 (MR).

APPENDIX.

Since the preceding pages have been printed we have re-
ceived additional records of species from Mr Balfour, of
Cambridge, and Professor Cunningham, of Belfast; these, along
with others obtained by ourselves during a few days dredging
in the neighbourhood of Inchcolm, and some previously
omitted, are now inserted.

ALCYONAEIA.

Virgularia mirabilis (Linn.).

We found this abundant in 5 to 10 fathoms,
between Aberdour and Inchcolm, on a bot-
tom of stiff blue mud.

OPHIUEIDEA.

Amphiura filiformis (Mii.ll.).

We have dredged this species on several
occasions lately near Inchcolm, 18 fathoms.

HOLOTHUKOIDEA.

Psolus pliantapus (Linn.).

Professor E. 0. Cunningham informs us
that he has frequently obtained this
species, taken at the entrance to the Firth,
from the Prestonpans fishermen.

POLYZOA.

Bugula purpurotincta (Norman).

We have dredged this in considerable
quantity on the west and north-west sides
of Inchcolm, in 10 to 15 fathoms.

CIEEIPEDIA.

Balanus hameri (Ascanius).

Professor Cunningham writes, " I once
obtained a magnificent mass attached to a
stick, which it covered for about 2 feet."

AMPHIPODA.

Byblis gaimardi (Krb'yer).

St Abb's Head, 40 fathoms (Metz.).

106 APPENDIX.

Ooropliium longicorne (Latr.).

Very abundant in the mud flat at Morri-
son's Haven (Cunningham).

Dexamine spinosa (Leach).

Low water, Prestonpans (Cunningham).

Hyperia galba (Mont.).

In the pouches of Medusae (Cunningham).

Ligia oceanica (Linn.).

Under stones at high water mark (Cun-
ningham).
We have found it at Wardie.

CUMACEA.

Leucon nassica (Kroyer).

St Abb's Head, 40 fathoms (Metz.).
Iphinoe gracilis (Bate).

Bass Eock, 24 fathoms (Metz.).

STOMAPODA.

Themisto longispinosa (H. Goods.).

Kocks, 2^ fathoms, off Broxmouth, not
uncommon (F. M. B.).

DECAPODA.

Hippolyte varians (Leach).

Eocks off Broxmouth, near Dunbar (F. M.

£.).
H. cranchii (Leach).

In same locality as H. varians (F. M. B.).
H. thompsoni? (Bell).

Firth of Forth (F. M. B.).
Pagwrus cuanensis (Thompson).

In Turritella, Firth of Forth (F. M. B.).
Ebalia cranchii (Leach).

Mr Balfour dredged specimens twice in

about 25 fathoms in mud about 2£ miles

off Dunbar.

TUNICATA.

Pelonaia corrugata (Forb. and Goods.).

Beach at Portseaton after a gale, one
specimen (Cunningham) ; not very uncom-
mon (F. M. B.}.

END.

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