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COUNCIL * * CONSEIL
OFEUROPE * y * DELEUROPE

Invertebrates in need
of special protection
in Europe

by N. Mark Collins and Susan M. Wells
(IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre)

European Committee for the Conservation
of nature and natural resources

Strasbourg 1987

French edition:
Invertébrés ayant besoin d'une protection spéciale en Europe
ISBN 92-871-1029-8

Strasbourg, Council of Europe, Publications Section
ISBN 92-871-1030-1

© Copyright, Council of Europe, Strasbourg, 1987
Printed in France

Nature and environment series

See SER SE es
NO nk WOnNHY" ODO AN OA HWNDY —

an
oOo @o

OWWWOWWNNNNNNNNDND LD
aArhWOND H- OC DAN OA FWN = O

. Aspects of forest management, 1968 (out of print)

. Freshwater, 1968 (out of print)

. Animals in danger, 1969 (out of print)

. A handbook for local authorities, 1971 (out of print)

. Soil conservation, 1972 (out of print)

. Endangered Alpine regions and disaster prevention measures, 1974

. Air pollution—manual of experiments, 1975

. Evolution and conservation of hedgerow landscapes in Europe, 1975

. The integrated management of the European wildlife heritage, 1975

. Threatened mammals in Europe, 1976 (out of print)

. The effects of recreation on the ecology of natural landscapes, 1976 (out of print)

. Heathlands of western Europe, 1976 (out of print)

. The degradation of the Mediterranean maquis, 1977 (published jointly with Unesco)
. List of rare, threatened and endemic plants in Europe, 1977 (out of print)

. Threatened amphibians and reptiles in Europe, 1978 (out of print)

. Vegetation map (scale 1:3 000 000) of the Council of Europe member states, 1979
. Model outline environmental impact statement from the standpoint of integrated manage-

ment or planning of the natural environment, 1980

. Threatened freshwater fishes of Europe, 1980

. European peatlands, 1980

. Behaviour of the public in protected areas, 1981

. Dry grasslands of Europe, 1981

. Alluvial forests of Europe, 1981

. Threatened Rhopalocera (butterflies) in Europe, 1981

. Birds in need of special protection in Europe, 1981

. Inventory and classification of marine benthic biocenoses of the Mediterranean, 1982
. Town Farms, 1982

. List of rare, threatened and endemic plants in Europe (1982 edition), 1983

. Nature in cities, 1983

. The vegetation of the Alps, 1983

. Salt marshes in Europe, 1984

. Protected marine areas, 1985

. European dune and shoreline vegetation, 1985

. Ecological repercussions of constructing and using ski-runs, 1986

. Environmental education for farming community—experimental schemes in Europe, 1987
. Invertebrates in need of special protection in Europe, 1987

The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Council
of Europe.

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in 2010 with funding from
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pee! lle

CONTENTS
[ef af =) 722) NERC POLE MENG IOMNCRERE, CCIE CIEE E FE 0. Ga Oe apres area oo IGEN ROE ORO mE
al CONE ERE ol) cust sacuskcbaMagsckauake aieiah Cnn: Sete Ins sh eulnusilas \creaage ie
2 Introduction to invertebrate conservation..........
3 Remedial. act dongs sani stets eens alee See tere Game euaismcuahe i allahans
Sik. DOcumentatwond...5 cua srcre sseretyaer ee crete tone olisicuaneim khoneus
3.020 LEGA Sat Mon sere sestrencna chetey cae emener arene tte eeieheh asks oleh cites cy aye
3.3. Protective amd recovery measures..............
4. Criteria for invertebrate candidates...............

De Arthropoda - Insecta
5.1. The Apterygota
5.2. The Exopterygota

Dictyoptera: Mantodea

ApLeromantas apterialn.s er i) ocleyeike 2 lo
Odonata: Zygoptera

Coaenap rion Gre ville tere avereten Maree ayers al aus (eben ial sane

COSnaRrTONeMe Me Ur ade eet chore eee ol ae Sina

Galopteryx ISYPAC Al ee cee eters © eee alm) alee elena
Odonata: Anisoptera

OphioOPOmphusme eed d la psec teme cs alee oleleni tier

Stylurus (=Gomphus) fFlavipes...............

Res hira rar las ietey onewenem mer memiepeanewerts o succie ayaa rehene ire

OXVeRaSbE ral Cum asiMly pieuate tree muerare © (6 © 2 alle) e) = (are

Macromia splendens... 02. ee eee ene
Leticorrh inal adibaieromsevasts crewed «pom on) eles ele

Leticorrhini ane audalseen vemetomia ai seis orl rens
Brachythemis fuscopalliata................-

Orthoptera......

Baetica. us bulla emme mcr steictets © ose aie tenet

Saga pedo...
Hemiptera.......

5 Se) BNE ENGOD CE RVR Olan cnet es eaesemieein ele) aes ialeitellel

Coleoptera......

Gallosoma isveophanitar oie ecaie see essa) el oi
Carabusy Unb rie atu sie cere crate tatete ate sla) ohne) = ol nis

GarabisVodlymp ae carers arccte sien eerete te 0) ee ols) wae shares
DyGiscus Wabas Sa muss, epee eee oie ho hele clelarstin elt -toies
Graphoderus bilineatus....................-
Osmodermamearemale as selec cleo tet enete lena al see

Buprestis splendens.............2. essences
CicijusweinnabSrdinws a). sci © eee = iets eed

CerambyxTCerdOn ses cst ee te nie a ashe AOPERn not ate
I Cobel kena Ty tal Cin Creinig aia cea ois 4 GinOM Aoi a G.tes oc

Rosalia alpina... cae cn- sone He Mae as 6 sions

Lepidoptera.....

Papilio hospiton.....:.......0. 05.0 650..00-
Lycaena dispar.......-.- 2+. e eens eee een eeee

Maculinea ‘teleius: 2. 2 8s USP ee Preree. otc
Maculanea snANSiENOUSc cies + cts clein alors sis tel ebs

2

22

33

63

Page
Macullineanrebe vines: sche seine eee w, © dre of Sasgon danas 77
Coenonympha oedippus................020008- 79
Fase Ne) eri Gian soa dolce odour a ceca oe oul aoc 81
Hypodryas maturna............... 02. e eee eee 83
ErdOPASEORNCAbAR Eye iyele eis sleet) cienalels a) = = syelejeis)ele 85
Phyllodesma ilicifolia..................... 87
Graellis iar isabelaeiync. qs cueteveys les: ep. a sheiers cus 6 me 89
Hyiles Shaippopnae@Sryratysieiierotepeh vests claps ad (0: ae 91
Proserpinus proserpina...............000005 93
Hynie@no pl Gr alrernars tea suaietenat seat ayeteie tel iets pa scavecats si's avetay'e: eats 95
FOPMIGH nUlba iBROUDS «sic. esis sicie cic cee a wee cla 96
6. Arthropoda = Arachmidar acta). cceisieis cis dicie cies cle sale ae as 98
Araneae
Macrotheillel calipeiana. ja). 6s. sys es ye ee 99
Dolomedes plantarius.....................05- 101
7. Arthropoda — Crustacean. ..iaeesieee ss sce ee ee ee 103
Astacidae
ASI a Culs: salsa shrerctetetestaiic elleves Suisse =. ca 6 elie x ele 105
Austropotamobius pallipes.................. 108
8. MoOPTGS Gao co se seca ooh eleanetetieneict er eteca ate cilia ahs ais eek 110
Gastropoda
PM PERY PUNO 46a S6 nbos to sae eOomeae ao or 113
Segmentinalnitidae pacts ie nls ate oe aes wie we ate 115
Catinelila: arenaritarsscmcc Giersgs suece sin, at sie sal ctanehe 117
Oxy Tomalica Ps ieee rere eek ee nie: © « ells) aia a’ 119
Wertipo angustiOr. seismic ee eee was 120
VWiGveiallay fer saan si oon hd eee ode o oes ede 121
Wve an oy ACN s abs Sage ceao oe Oe noes aedc 122
Vertigo moulinsiana.............. cece ee naee 123
Geomalacus maculosus...........202222eeeeee 125
Batleal pervier Sain elalejeirepsisisle tee slaie s/=.s)'6 ss. 5) = o's 126
Held xi pOma Gala evepena cre petal Metemetaauclaye foto. eo <1 5) oe 128
Elonaeqiuiimperiianacnrs cette iettetatuers slags sates 6 131
Madeiran land snails (16 species).......... 132
Bivalvia
Margaritifera margaritifera................ 134
Margaritifera auricularia.................. 136
9. Psy eX 20 bp io Fe cee em ee Ilene a SIR Ot aid china 6 5 i CS cea ere 137
Hirudinea
Hirudo: modidiciinalaiciyereemsberspenste els ore «fel ayes) = 138
10. Marine invertebrates and minor phyla............... 141
11. Interpretation of the Bern Convention.............. 144
2s WIROFERONCE Sieroter ire sss ote apdy pe peegadeys vel chobther paves! Sree: ay eia liane oni 146
P3\5 wAcknowled Gements\e oc) <n) eatin cpeien ei ieiee=| alos) <n s ousteinepers 160
14. Summary list of invertebrate candidates............ 161

PREFACE

This report was originally called "Insects and other invertebrates as
candidates for the Bern Convention" and was presented to the Committee of
Experts for the Conservation of Wildlife and Natural Habitats in November
1986. In December 1986, the Standing Committee for the Convention on the
Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention)
adopted it as the basis for additions to the appendices of the Convention.

It was not orginally intended to publish the report in the Nature and
Environment series, but once the decision to do so was taken, the title
appeared inappropriate for two reasons: firstly, it was hoped that
invertebrates would not always be considered as candidates for the Bern
Convention, but would form an important part of the wildlife which the
Convention protects. Secondly, the proposed list might be amended to some
degree. The new title therefore eppeared more suitable even if, for obvious
reasons, it is impossible to list all the invertebrates which are in need of
special protection.

The list should be considered as provisional, because some information is
certainly still lacking, but it is hoped that the report will nevertheless
be of interest to entomologists and ecologists as it stands.

It is to be hoped that the inclusion of invertebrates in the Bern Convention
will prove an important advance towards their protection in Europe.

‘ -~ 8 -

1. CONTEXT

The work programme of the Council of Europe is implemented by 15
permanent Steering Committees, one of which is the European Committee for
the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (Known as CDSN). Work
encouraged by CDSN on invertebraté conservation has proceeded along three
fronts:

1) Publications. The Council of Europe contracted a report on "Threatened
Rhopalocera (butterflies) in Europe" (Heath, 1981b), published as
Number 23 in COE's Nature and Environment Series. A further report on
dragonflies is to be published soon (van Tol and Verdonk, in prep.).
Edition number 49 of Naturopa (1985) was devoted entirely to the
subject of insects, their conservation and protection in Europe.

2) Group of Consultants in Invertebrates. CDSN has four Expert
Committees, through which the CDSN work programme is largely

implemented. One of these is the Committee of Experts for the
Conservation of Wildlife and Natural Habitats (SN-VS). This Committee
has a number of Groups of Consultants, including one for
invertebrates. The terms of reference of the Invertebrate Group were
defined in March 1983, since which time group activities have
concentrated on a) a general declaration (charter) on terrestrial
invertebrates; b) a consideration of the status of dragonflies; and

c) a consideration of the status of insects dependent upon dead-wood
and rotten-wood habitats.

3) Proposals for additions to the Bern Convention. The Convention on the
Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern

Convention) entered into force on 1 June 1982. The Convention has
been signed by Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Federal Republic of
Germany, Finland, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey, United Kingdom and the European Community, and ratified by all
except Belgium, Cyprus and France (21 member states in all).

In response to the publication of the Heath (1981b) report on Europe's
butterflies, the Committee of Ministers adopted, on 3 June 1982,
Recommendation No. R(82)11 inviting the Standing Committee for the
Convention to consider adding some butterflies to the Appendices. In
particular, to take appropriate steps to ensure proper legislative measures
for the protection of threatened butterflies and their habitats (biotopes),
to encourage restoration of threatened species to viable populations, to
carry out necessary research on the status of butterflies, and to encourage
public education on butterflies.

In November 1983 the UK delegation presented to the Bern Convention
Secretariat a recommendation to add endangered and vulnerable invertebrates
to the appropriate Appendices of the Convention. The Standing Committee
responded by inviting CDSN "to attach high priority to its activities for
conservation of invertebrates".

In December 1984 the UK delegation submitted data sheets (adapted from
the Heath, 1981b, report) for six endangered butterflies to the Standing
Committee, with a view to their inclusion on Appendix II of the Convention.
In correspondence with Swiss authorities, a seventh butterfly was also
submitted for consideration. Regrettably, these submissions were late and
could not be formally considered. Nevertheless, the proposal was circulated
for a preliminary discussion. The feeling at the 1984 meeting of the
Standing Committee was that urgent action to protect endangered
invertebrates was a high priority. However, there were doubts a) about the
timing of the proposed alterations to the Appendix given that several states
were in the process of ratification, and b) about the wisdom of adding a
small batch of species, given that extensive legislative action might be
required by the Parties. In conclusion it was decided "to invite a
consultant to investigate the question of the most endangered insects in
Europe, (in order) based upon the....... study, to envisage as soon as
possible the inclusion of certain most endangered non-controversial species
of invertebrates in the appendices of the Convention" (Report of the 3rd
meeting of Parties, 1984).

The IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK, was invited to
take up the consultancy and a report by N.M. Collins covering insects only
was presented in November 1985.

At the December 4th 1985 meeting of the Standing Committee the report
was circulated, but not considered in detail. The UK delegation again
requested consideration of the six butterflies tabled by that country in
1984, this time as a formal proposal. The Secretariat held the view that
the proposal had not been properly presented and it was withdrawn.

In early 1986, the Secretariat requested further data from CMC,
notably on threatened invertebrates other than insects, and on a broader
range of insects than appeared in the first Collins report. The present
paper is presented in fulfillment of that request. Since virtually all the
data in the first report remain relevant, the author has decided to enlarge
that report to suit the new requirements, rather than present a second
report that would have to be considered in addition to the first.

This report therefore supercedes the report "Insects as candidates for
the Bern Convention" by N.M. Collins, which should no longer be used.

2. INTRODUCTION TO INVERTEBRATE CONSERVATION

Invertebrates are conservatively estimated to comprise three quarters
of all living species. The importance of invertebrates in ecological
processes and as a living resource of benefit to humans should not be
under-estimated: they are major components of food chains, are of primary
importance in the cycling of nutrients and they play a significant role in
the maintenance of soil structure and fertility. Insects are vital
pollinators of many plants, including economically important species. Many
invertebrates are predators, parasitoids and parasites of pest species, and
exert a natural control which has often been overlooked in the past. In
some cases these inter-relationships can be harnessed for use in biological
control programmes. In Europe a number of wild invertebrates, such as
snails and crayfish, are harvested for food, while others are taken for
their products, e.g. the Pearl Mussel and Medicinal Leech.

Because of their often small size, cryptic habits and sheer numbers of
species, the invertebrates have been neglected by the mainstream of the
conservation movement. This situation is now changing. The volume of
evidence of threatened invertebrate species has become too overwhelming for
governments and conservation authorities to ignore what the specialists have
been telling them for over a decade. Thousands of invertebrate species are
now threatened, many hundreds of them very seriously indeed. Local and
national extinctions have affected every European country and although whole
species extinctions are thankfully few, the loss of biological diversity in
the European landscape is acknowledged everywhere. The evidence is spread
across every page of this report. The overwhelming threat is loss of
habitat, either through pollution, degradation or outright destruction.

Protection and appropriate management of habitats are the mainstay of
conservation programmes, but to try to do these things without regard to the
species living in those habitats is impossible. The aims of species and
habitat protection, far from being mutually exclusive philosophies, as they
are sometimes portrayed, are mutually reinforcing requirements of any
well-balanced conservation effort. It is not safe to assume that protection
of a site will ensure the future of its invertebrates. Many invertebrate
animals are very sensitive, with strict ecological needs. Small changes in
water levels, exposure to insolation, removal of dead wood and a host of
sometimes hardly noticeable changes can lead to loss of species of
invertebrates. This is in contrast to many birds and other vertebrates,
which may be tolerant of widely varying conditions.

The Bern Convention, with its specific provisions to protect the
species in its Appendices, as well as to conserve the habitats of these
species, is a milestone in European conservation legislation. It has the
potential to further invertebrate conservation quickly and effectively. For
invertebrates the problem is to choose species for listing. They can only
be representatives, for to list all Europe's seriously threatened
invertebrates would be a huge task. The list must be a blend of threatened
species that are reasonably recognisable, spread across the whole of Europe,
and capable of specific measures to conserve them whilst encouraging broader
measures in threatened biotopes and ecosystems.

The species list presented here will benefit from wide discussion and
input from all European nations.

3. REMEDIAL ACTIONS
3.1. Documentation

Documentation of the state of Europe's invertebrate fauna is the first
step in facilitating rational protective measures. Information is generally
presented in one of two ways: a) in the form of atlases showing
distributions before and after certain dates, or b) in the form of red data
books or lists that may or may not be based on cartographic studies.

A number of national atlases of the distribution of selected
invertebrate species have been published (e.g.Heath, Pollard and Thomas,
1985; Leclercq et al., 1980; van Tol and van Helsdingen, 1981; Kerney, 19/76;
see Harding, 1985 and Heath, 1977 for further bibliography). National
recording centres often hold records for thousands of insects and other
invertebrates. The Biological Records Centre at Monks Wood, UK, holds
distributional data on over 10,000 species (Heath, 1973-1979). The
Secretariat de la Faune et de la Flore (1983) performs a similar function in
France. The European Invertebrate Survey, formed in 1969, seeks to
coordinate such national studies in order to prepare European atlases
(Heath, 1971,1973). Twenty-two European countries are represented on the
EIS committee. A preliminary set of maps, for 27 species, was published in
1981 (Heath and Leclercq, 1981).

Red data books, lists of threatened species and papers describing
threatened species have been produced for many European countries (see
Table 1). Several thousand species are considered.

3.2. Legislation

Legislation affecting European insects is the subject of a separate
paper prepared for the Council of Europe by Cyril de Klemm (1985). Those
countries with legislation on insects and other invertebrates are indicated
in Table 1. These efforts have almost invariably aimed towards limiting or
prohibiting collecting or commercial exploitation. It has often been
assumed that such designation will protect the species concerned, without
regard for adequate safeguard of the habitat (biotope), and without further
ecological study. This assumption is quite erroneous. Indeed, it is
difficult to demonstrate that any insect species has been eliminated by
collecting alone (New, 1984; Collins, 1985).

The limitations of such narrow legislation are gradually becoming more
generally recognized. Critiques have been published attacking the Dutch
laws (Commissie voor Inventarisatie en Natuurbescherming, 1978), the French
laws (Bernardi, 1979) and the Polish laws (Palik, 1981). The UK Joint
Committee for Conservation of British Insects published a draft resolution
on legislation deploring "the mere scheduling of species as endangered
without the concomitant implementation of any recovery programmes", and
stressing "the importance of satisfactory management of sites and
recognition of a minimum carrying capacity (‘critical habitat') in areas set
aside for the conservation of each endangered species" (JCCBI, 1982).

Building on the experiences of national laws and other international
conventions, the Bern Convention places its heaviest emphasis on the
protection of habitats, especially habitats of species in the Appendices and
endangered habitats. Some of its habitat conservation provisions are

Leip

general, while others, such as the prohibition of deliberate damage to
breeding or resting sites of Appendix II species, are very specific (Lyster,
1985).

3.3. Protective and recovery measures

Following documentation and legislation on threatened insects,
protective measures can be applied effectively. It is beyond the remit of
this paper to report at length on the degree to which documentation and
legislation have resulted in successful conservation measures. Suffice to
say that all too often there is a tendency for wildlife laws to be
established and never properly implemented. Legislation has at times
represented no more than a token gesture, lulling a lay bureaucracy into a
false sense of security. There is now a wealth of data on the importance of
ecological research, habitat protection and active environmental management
in the conservation of insect populations (e.g. Morris, 1981).

Table 1

ah =

Red data books, lists and published papers referring to
threatened invertebrates in Europe.

Existence of legislation

pertaining to invertebrates is indicated by + (see separate
report to Council of Europe by C. de Klemm, 1985, and Heath,
1981b pp. 15-17).

Country
International

Albania
Austria

Belgium
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Czechoslovakia

Denmark
Finland

France

Germany (FRG)

Germany (GDR)
Gibraltar
Greece
Hungary
Ireland

Italy
Liechtenstein
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands

Norway
Poland

Portugal
Rumania
Spain

Sweden
Switzerland

Turkey
United Kingdom

USSR
Yugoslavia

References

Heath, 1981; Wells, Pyle and Collins, 1983;
Collins and Morris, 1985; van Tol & Verdonk
(in prep.)

None known

Gepp, 1981) (Steiermark) ; Gepp, 1983;

Gepp, 1985

Leclercq et al., 1980

None known

None known

Novak and Spitzer, 1982; a 5-volume

Red Data Book is in preparation

None known

Mikkola 1979; Mikkola, 1981; Borg and
Malmstrom, 1975

D'Ornano and Mehaignerie, 1979; Bernardi,
Nguyen and Nguyen, 1981; Real & Testud, 1980

Anon., 1982 (Schleswig-Holstein); Anon., 1983
(Bayern); Ant, 1976, Blab and Kudrna, 1982,
Blab, Nowak and Trautmann, 1981; Blab, Nowak,
Trautmann and Sukopp, 1984; LOLF, 1979
(Nordrhein-Westfalen); Engelhardt, 1954;
Itzerott et al., 1985 (Rheinland-Pfalz) ;
Roesler & Speidel, 1979)

Anon., 1979

Cortes, 1978, Anon., 1980

None known

Fazekas, 1983

None known

Tassi, 1969; Tassi, 1972

Anon., 1933

Anon., 1975; Meyer and Pelles, 1979; 1982

Thake, 1985, Valetta, 1980

van Tol and van Helsdingen, 1981; Commissie
voor Inventaristie en Natuurbescherming, 1978

Kvamme and Hagvar, 1985

Dabrowski and Krzywicki, 1982; Palik, 1981;
Ferens, 1957; Dabrowski, 1980; Glowacinski
et al., 1980

Baeta Neves, 1959

Konig, 1981

Gomez Bustillo, 1981; De Viedma and

Gomez Bustillo, 1976, 1985, Gangwere and

De Viedma, 1984

Svensson, 1981

Gfeller, 1975; Burckhardt, Gfeller and Miller,
1980; Turner & Wuthrich, 1985

None known

Foster, 1983; Kerney & Stubbs, 1980;

Morris, 1981; Shirt (in press)

Bannikov and Sokolov, 1984; Tanasiychuk, 1981

Red Data Book reportedly in prep., 1983

Legislation

4+

aA

Because the Bern Convention has only recently come into force, the
extent to which the Appendix species will be effectively conserved is
difficult to assess. According to Lyster (1985), the regular meetings and
enthusiasm of the Standing Committee mitigates to ensure enforcement of the
Convention. In proposing certain invertebrate species for consideration for
the Bern Convention, it has been a prime consideration to ensure that they
may feasibly be protected, and that impossible demands are not being made
upon either the Standing Committee or the Parties to the Convention.

However, it cannot be emphasised too stongly that mere listing on the Bern
Convention is not in itself a success. On the contrary, every species
listed represents a failure of conservation and signifies the deleterious
impact humankind continues to impose on wildlife. Only the preparation and
implementation of thorough recovery plans, taking into account the need for
habitat protection, management and further research, will lead to the
conservation to which the Convention aspires. The time for celebration will
come when the threatened species are made safe and can be removed from the
Appendices.

4. CRITERIA FOR INVERTEBRATE CANDIDATES

Bearing in mind the preceding discussion of the purpose and
implementation of measures to conserve invertebrates, the following criteria
have been adopted in preparing a list of candidates for the Bern
Convention. The Convention itself does not establish criteria for the
inclusion of species in the Appendices, and such criteria have not yet been
developed by the Standing Committee.

1) The species should be under serious threat (i.e. IUCN categories
Endangered and Vulnerable), or of widespread conservation concern.

Rationale: With thousands of species of invertebrates listed as threatened
in European Red Data Books, there is the potential to include so many
species under the Bern Convention that the overwhelming burden on the
Parties would result in no more than frustrated inertia. It is important to
select a moderate number of threatened species in order that achievable
objectives can be set for the Parties. Article 1.2 calls for an emphasis on
endangered and vulnerable species, but there is no rigid requirement that
species should be so threatened in order to merit inclusion in the
Appendices. Indeed, some of the species already listed suggest that it was
positively not the intention of the Parties to limit their selections to
threatened species (e.g. the Hedge Sparrow Prunella modularis is listed in
Appendix II). This practice of listing non-threatened species is not
recommended for invertebrates, but a certain degree of flexibility is
sometimes needed, particularly for species that have received special
attention in various parts of their range (e.g. Formica rufa, Helix pomatia).

2) The species’ range in Europe should not be marginal to a much wider
range outside Europe.

Rationale: Many invertebrates are highly vagile, their ranges contracting
and expanding under varying ecological conditions. In the UK, for example,
more than 20 larger moths have established themselves as breeding species
during this century (Kennard, 1974). While it is often good to encourage
new natural arrivals in Europe, it would not be sensible to utilize limited
resources in protecting the breeding and resting sites of such species if
they are likely to disappear in response to changing environmental

— AIS

conditions beyond human control. Having said this, individual Parties
should not be discouraged from taking independent action to preserve species
on the edge of their range. It is often such species that are lost first,
and a strong public response may result. For example, in the UK much effort
and finance has been put into reintroductions of the Large Copper (Lycaena
dispar) and the Large Blue (Maculinea arion). Species on the edge of their
range may show greater genetic variation than is exhibited at the centre of
their range and, in such circumstances, may have an enhanced value in the
conservation of genetic diversity.

3) The species must be reasonably easy to identify, and preferably
familiar to members of the general public.

Rationale: Hundreds, perhaps thousands, of European invertebrates may be
threatened with extinction. Many of these are small or minute species that
are very difficult to identify in nature. For most species of this kind,
the requirements of the Bern Convention would be very difficult or
impossible to enforce, thus embarrassing the Parties and undermining the
aims of the Convention. In addition, the listing of obscure and cryptic
insects will only serve to alienate the cause of insect conservation from
the people of Europe.

4) In line with other listings in the Appendices to the Convention, only
full species should be considered.

Rationale: While accepting that many well-known subspecies of European
insects are under threat, and recognizing that threatened subspecies
represent the first step towards threatened species, taxonomic difficulties
and problems in weighting priorities preclude consideration of subspecies.

These first four criteria are of over-riding importance. However, a
complete analysis of European invertebrates using these criteria might still
conclude with a longer list than is required at this time. In evaluating a
candidate list for selection of a final, well-balanced list of species to be
added to the Appendices of the Convention, the following factors have also
been taken into consideration:

5) Invertebrates listed in the Bern Convention should, as far as
possible, be selected from a wide range of habitats, but particularly
threatened ones.

Rationale: Given that the listing of invertebrates on the Bern Convention
Appendices will be a highly selective procedure, it will be helpful to
national conservation agencies of the Parties if a wide range of habitats
could be represented. Possibilities include Mediterranean formations,
cold-winter deserts of south-eastern Europe, montane and highland
formations, temperate forests and woodlands, grasslands and pastures,
temperate coniferous forests, wetlands and coastal environments. Article
3.1 of the Convention calls for the Parties to pay particular attention to
endangered habitats.

6) Invertebrates listed in the Bern Convention should, as far as
practicable, be selected from a wide variety of phyla and classes.

Rationale: It is valuable to demonstrate that threats such as habitat
destruction and pollution can have serious effects on a wide variety of
invertebrates.

7) The final selection of invertebrates for listing on the Bern
Convention should, if possible, embrace a wide geographical coverage.

Rationale: One of the strengths of the Convention is that it encourages
international cooperation. To utilise this strength fully requires a
species list that may include some narrow endemics, but consists mainly of
more widespread but nevertheless threatened species.

The following species have been selected from many thousands of
invertebrates that are listed as threatened in European nations. Whilst
every effort has been made to select species that fit the adopted criteria
given above, the species are by no means uniform in their degree of actual
or perceived threat. The author has taken advice from many authorities, but
there is still a need for critical discussion. With the gathering of new
data, some of the proposed species will appear less worthy, while other,
unlisted, species will merit consideration. The species described below can
only be offered as a preliminary selection that will benefit greatly from
wider debate and discussion.

7 te

5. ARTHROPODA - INSECTA

The subphylum Uniramia comprises the Insecta, Chilopoda, Diplopoda,
Pauropoda and Symphyla. The latter four groups, collectively often known
informally as the myriapoda, are not known to include species that are
seriously under threat in Europe. The insects, however, are under threat
almost everywhere, in places in large numbers of species.

Insects not only comprise the most diverse group of organisms on
earth, their species numbers also exceed those of all other animals and
plants combined. About a million insects are known to science, the majority
of them from the tropics. Many times this number may await discovery, but
much of the European fauna is fairly well known, particularly the
Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Odonata, Orthoptera and some sections of the
Hymenoptera and Neuroptera. Although no attempt has ever been made to list
the European insects, there are believed to be in the order of
60,000-100,000 species. The numerous ways in which insects are of value to
humankind have been well documented (e.g. Wells, Pyle and Collins, 1983),
yet there is also growing cognizance of the fact that many species are
suffering reductions in their range through human agencies. Recent
estimates suggest that 10 per cent of Europe's insects and other
invertebrates are threatened with extinction (Group of Consultants for
Invertebrates, 1983).

The vast majority of endangered insects are threatened by destruction
or deterioration of their habitat, caused by human activity (Gepp, 1981;
Stubbs, 1981). Destruction of ancient woodlands, land drainage, grassland
management, changes in forestry practice, atmospheric pollution, pesticide
application and urbanization all take their toll (Heath, 1981b; Wells, Pyle
and Collins, 1983). Contrary to popular belief, rather few of Europe's
insects are threatened as a consequence of direct exploitation by man.
There are isolated cases where collecting has caused population declines and
conservation concern (e.g. Anon., 1980; Bourgogne, 1971; for a wider
discussion see Collins, 1985), but in general the responsible collector will
have no lasting impact (Morris, 1976). A number of collecting codes have
been prepared for guidance in collecting practices (e.g. JCCBI, undated;
Lepidopterists" Society, 1982; Commissie voor Inventarisatie, 1980).

Nevertheless, there are growing fears that the escalating extent of
European commercial trade in invertebrates (particularly insects), with
rapidly rising prices, widespread abuse of codes, conventions and
legislation, and little or no governmental monitoring or control, may soon
lead to an unacceptable level of impact on some wild populations. A full
discussion of the commercial trade is beyond the remit of this paper, but a
more detailed investigation is warranted.

With possibly 6000-10000 insect species under threat in Europe, it is
a major task to select a few dozen suitable for listing on the Appendices of
the Bern Convention. However, using the criteria given in section 4,
wide-ranging enquiries have been sent to European specialists, all of whom
are acknowledged in section 13.

= te

5.1 The Apterygota

The primitively apterous insects in the four orders Thysanura,
Diplura, Protura and Collembola are not widely recognized as being under
threat. The japygid dipluran Heterojapyx dux Skorikov, from southern USSR,
is listed as Endangered in the Red Data Book of the USSR (Bannikov and
Sokolov, 1984). It has a restricted distribution but is too cryptic for
listing under the Bern Convention.

5.2. The Exopterygota
The Pterygota, or winged insects, are divided between the 16 orders of
Exopterygota and 9 orders of Endopterygota.

Order Candidates No suitable Absent from

presented candidates Europe

5 Ephemeroptera xX

6 Odonata K

7 Plecoptera K

8 Grylloblattodea K

9 Orthoptera x

10 Phasmida K

11 Dermaptera xX

12 Embioptera >. 4

13. Dictyoptera xX K

14 Isoptera XK

15 Zoraptera XK

16 Psocoptera ».

17 Mallophaga K

18 Siphunculata xk

19 Hemiptera x

20 Thysanoptera K

In the above table, nine orders are listed as not having suitable
candidates for the Bern Convention, three of which are absent from Europe.
The other six are unsuitable because of a) lack of data b) no species are
known to be threatened or c) they are too cryptic or difficult to
identify. The Ephemeroptera (may-flies) and Plecoptera (stone-flies) are
undoubtedly suffering setbacks due to destruction and pollution of their
freshwater habitats. Some are listed in Red Data Books, e.g. for FRG
(V. Puthz in Blab et al. 1984) and the USSR (Bannikov and Sokolov, 1984).

In the Netherlands a number of may-flies are known to be extinct (as in FRG)
and sources of large rivers have been severely disturbed in this century
(Mol, 1981). Amongst the Plecoptera, 44 species are listed by P. Zwick in
the FRG Red Data Book, 12 of them extinct in that country. There is also
concern for the endemics of Lake Baikal, USSR, such as Baikaloperla elongata.

The Phasmida (stick insects) have a few representatives in the
Mediterranean region, but most species are to be found in the subtropics and
tropics. Two species (Baculum ussurianum Bey-Bienko and Ramulus nana
Mistshenko) are listed in the USSR Red Data Book (Bannikov and Sokolov,
1984) but none are known to be widely threatened in Europe.

aie He

Of the Dermaptera (earwigs) only Forficula vicaria Semenov, 1902, from
eastern USSR and Labidura riparia (Pall.) in West Germany and Austria are
cause for concern (Bannikov and Sokolov, 1984; Blab et al., 1984). The
latter at least is common in southern Europe.

Haploembia solieri Rambur from the Caucasus region is the only species
of Embioptera listed as threatened in the Palaearctic (Bannikov and Sokolov,
1984).

Data are lacking for the Psocoptera (book-lice), Mallophaga (biting- or
bird-lice) and Siphunculata (sucking lice), the latter two orders being
parasitic.

Twenty five species of Thysanoptera (thrips) are listed by R. zur
Strassen in the Red Data Book for FRG (Blab et al., 1984), but none are
known to be widely threatened in Europe.

The Dictyoptera are often sub-divided into two orders, the cockroaches
(Blattodea) and the mantids (Mantodea). Few Palaearctic cockroaches are
known to be threatened. Cryptocercus relictus Bey-Bienko is listed as
vulnerable in the eastern USSR (Bannikov and Sokolov, 1984). In
West Germany Phyllodromica megerlei (Fieb.) is extinct, while Ectobius
pallidus (Oliv.) and Phyllodromica maculata (Schreb.) are listed as
endangered (Blab et al., 1984). None of these is known to be under threat
on the European scale, but more research is needed. The USSR Red Data Book
lists three praying mantids, Empusa fasciata Brulle, Bolivaria brachyptera
(Pallas) and Hierodula tenuidentata Saussure. None extend into western
Europe and all are presently unsuitable for the Bern Convention. The
praying mantis, Mantis religiosa L., is protected in Austria (parts)
Belgium, Czechoslovakia (part), F.R.G., Hungary, Italy (part) and
Luxembourg. Nevertheless, it is quite commonplace in much of southern
Europe and its range extends into Asia and Africa (Zahradnik, 1977). It is
therefore unsuitable for the Bern Convention. Apteromantis aptera, a
narrowly distributed endemic from Spain, is considered to be endangered and
should be listed on the appendices of the Bern Convention. Details are
given below. Within their orders, data sheets are presented in the sequence
of families given by Parker (1982).

= FAN)

1. Apteromantis aptera (Fuente, 1984) ENDANGERED
Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA
Order MANTODEA Family MANTIDAE

Common names None known. This is a species of praying mantis.
Distribution

South and central Spain.

Status in Europe

Spain Endangered.

Habitat and ecology

On shrubs and small bushes in hilly heathlands. Prefers dry, hot habitats
(xerophil, thermophil). Carnivorous and flightless, with adults present in
June-August. (Harz and Kaltenbach, 1976, A. Kaltenbach in litt., 22.5.86).
Reasons for decline

Alterations to its habitat by human influence (agriculture etc.). Being
flightless, mating and gene-mixing between isolated biotopes is very
difficult and the species is subject to localized extinctions.

Conservation measures taken

None known.

Conservation measure proposed

Surveys of its habitat and precise mapping of its distribution are needed.

Suitable protected areas should be set up, monitored and managed
appropriately. Listing on Appendix II of the Bern Convention is recommended.

SE i

Odonata

The damselflies and dragonflies of Europe are the subject of a
detailed study for the Council of Europe currently being carried out by Jan
van Tol and Marian J. Verdonk. The final report is expected to be published
during 1986/87. The data sheets that follow are adapted from a draft of the
van Tol report, with some additional comments. The opportunity to use
J. van Tol's work and research is gratefully acknowledged. All van Tol's
endangered taxa are listed here with the exception of Cordulegaster
bidentata sicilica Fraser, 1929. The species bidentata is not threatened,
being widespread in central and southern Europe. However, C. b. sicilica,
endemic to Sicily, Italy, is seriously endangered through pollution of
aquatic biotopes and lowering of ground-water levels. It is certainly
greatly in need of protection, but is ommitted from this proposal under
criterion 4.

Su 99) =

2. Coenagrion freyi Bilek, 1954 (= C. hylas freyi) ENDANGERED
Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA

Order ODONATA Family COENAGRIONIDAE
Common names Frey's Damselfly (En), Bileks Azurjungfer (Ge), Sibirische

Azurjungfer (Ge)
Distribution

Formerly Germany (Bavaria), but now confined to small lakes in the Alps of
Austria and Switzerland

Status in Europe

Note: Taxonomically, this dragonfly is of uncertain status, it is considered
by some to be a subspecies of C. hylas, which is found in Siberia and
Manchuria, 8000 km away. It is listed as C. hylas by van Tol and Verdonk
(in prep.).

Austria Tiny alpine population (Heideman, 1974).

Germany (FRG) Extinct. The type population was found at the Zwingsee at
Inzell, South-Bayern, but became extinct in the past 10-15
years (Dumont, 1971; Schmidt, 1977). Its original discovery
was the best odonatological finding of this century in
Europe. Should it be rediscovered, it is already protected
(as C. hylas) by law of 19.12.86.

Switzerland Probably also a tiny alpine population, recorded only from
photographs, not specimens. Precise locality kept secret.

Habitat and ecology

Habitat at moderate altitude in the littoral zone of alpine lakes. Breeds
in pools and stagnant waters, favouring Equisetum beds in shallow, offshore
waters. Ecological requirements, in terms of climatic patterns and
altitudinal limits, may be highly specific.

Reasons for decline

Development of recreational facilities, including a hotel, in the Zwingsee
has probably caused its demise there. By 1964 the damselfly was already
considered seriously endangered (Lieftinck, 1964). There are unconfirmed
reports that excessive collecting has exacerbated the decline of this
species, the only dragonfly for which such fears have been expressed.

Conservation measures taken

Extensive searching in suitable German Lakes. Given high priority by the
IUCN/SSC Odonata Specialist Group.

BRiog)

Conservation measures proposed

Continuing thorough surveys of the Corinthian Alps (Dumont, 1971). Careful
preservation of ambient conditions in lakes known to harbour the species.
Coenagrion freyi is a severely threatened species requiring coordinated

conservation action. It is a high priority for protection under Appendix II
of the Bern Convention.

aan DAY 2:

3. Coenagrion mercuriale (Charpentier, 1840) ENDANGERED
Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA
Order ODONATA Family COENAGRIONIDAE

Common names

Distribution

Southern Damselfly, Southern Coenagrion (En), L'Agrion de
Mercure (Fr), Helm—Azurjungfer (Ge).

Mediterranean basin: Southern part of Europe and northern Africa (where it

seems to be not uncommon).

Rather widespread in central and south-western

Europe (all records from the Balkans have to be considered as doubtful).

Status in Europe

Austria

Belgium

Czechoslovakia

France

Germany (FRG)

Germany (GDR)

Italy

Luxembourg

Netherlands

Portugal

Spain

Switzerland

A very rare species, only known from Nordtirol.

Very rare and local; until recently believed to be extinct,
but one breeding colony now known in the province of Namur.

Status uncertain; mentioned from Moravia and Slovakia, but
records need confirmation.

Uncommon and rather widespread, but lacking in central and
northern France. Declining, but not under immediate threat.

Endangered. Very rare and declining, only a few recent
records near river Rhine. Protected by law of 19.12.86.

Endangered and very rare.

Subspecies C. m. castellanii uncommon, although known from
all parts of the country (incl. Sicily).

Several records from northern Luxembourg; present status not
precisely known.

Two old records from the eastern part of the Netherlands.
Status unknown.

Widely distributed species, but rare, at least in southern
Spain.

A very rare, local and declining species, in most parts of
the country now extinct. Confined to a few small calcareous
brooks in north-western Switzerland.

Vulnerable (Shirt in press). Very limited distribution in
south-western and southern England and Wales.

Reasons for decline

Rare and declining in all parts of its range.

It seems to be severely

affected by general improvements in watercourses, as well as by pollution
and eutrophication of small running waters.

a5 95) —

Conservation measures taken
Listed in a number of Red Data Books, but no other measures known.
Conservation measures proposed

This species is in danger of extinction and suitable biotopes should be
protected. Suitable for listing on Appendix II of the Bern Convention.

For full details and references see van Tol and Verdonk (in prep.).

ew)

4. Calopteryx syriaca Rambur, 1842 ENDANGERED
Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA
Order ODONATA Family CALOPTERYGIDAE

Common names None known
Distribution

Confined to the river systems Jordon, Litani and Orontes (Turkey, Syria and
Jordan).

Status in Europe

Turkey Only known from the area close to the Syrian border, where
it is presumed to be under threat.

Habitat and Ecology

Running waters, further details unknown.

Reasons for decline

Decline has been recorded from the Jordan valley. In a recent study no
specimens were found in the Dead Sea area, although it was found there
earlier this century. This seems to be mainly due to enormous changes in
the aquatic environment caused by construction of dams and intensification
of agriculture, causing changes in water level.

Conservation measures taken

None known

Conservation measures proposed

Conservation of a number of water catchment areas is needed to safeguard the
survival of several endemic species of the central part of southern Turkey,
Syria and Jordan. Further limnological research in the Middle East is
needed. The odonatofauna of the east coast of the Mediterranean between
Iskenderun and the Dead Sea area is interesting and complex, with several

endemics. Suitable for listing on Appendix II of the Bern Convention.

For full details and references see van Tol and Verdonk (in prep.).

5. Ophiogomphus cecilia (Fourcroy, 1785) ENDANGERED
(= 0. serpentinus)

Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA

Order ODONATA Family GOMPHIDAE

Common names Griine Keiljungfer (Ge), le Gomphus serpentia (Fr).
Distribution

Confined to Siberia, western Asia and Europe. The nominate species is
distributed from Finland to central France, Italy and Hungary. Several

other subspecies occur in Siberia.

Status in Burope

Austria Rare and local species, decreasing, and e.g. extinct in
Burgenland.

Czechoslovakia Known from all three parts (Bohemia, Moravia and Slovakia) ;
present status unknown.

Denmark Rare in Jylland; decreasing.

Finland Although uncommon, this species is not threatened in
Finland. Northernmost populations up to the Arctic circle.

France Rare and local species; strongest populations in Central
France.
Germany (FRG) Endangered. Very rare and much threatened; decreasing since

1900 because of water pollution. Protected (as
O. serpentinus) by law of 19.12.86.

Germany (GDR) Endangered. Very rare and local, decreasing in recent years.

Hungary Rare; no data on decline available.
Italy Very rare in central and northern Italy; at present only one

strong population known.
Luxembourg Rare.

Netherlands Extinct since the 1940s. Only know from the south eastern
part of the country.

Sweden Rare, only a few localities in north-eastern Sweden close to
the border with Finland.

Switzerland Only one stable population in recent years; very rare and
now nearly extinct.

Habitat and ecology

A species of rather cold, very clear and unpolluted streams with moderate
current velocity and sandy bottoms in semi forested areas.

ORE =

Reasons for decline

This species has shown a very serious decrease during recent decades, and is
under serious threat of extinction nearly everywhere in Europe. The only
exception seems to be Finland, from where it is reported as stable. Decline
seems to be caused by water pollution and canalization of streams.

Conservation measures taken

None known.

Conservation measures proposed

Conservation of this species needs high priority. The protection of streams
and their catchment areas, where this species still has strong populations,
is urgently needed and strongly recommended. It seems to inhabit a very

peculiar biotope, most probably accompanied by several other rare aquatic
invertebrates.

For full details and references see van Tol and Verdonk (in prep.).

6. Stylurus flavipes (Charpentier, 1825)

Phylum ARTHROPODA

Order

Common names

Distribution

ODONATA

a:

ENDANGERED
(= Gomphus flavipes)
Class INSECTA
Family GOMPHIDAE

Le Gomphus a pattes jaunes (Fr), Asiatische Keiljungfer (Ge)

Northern Palaearctic, including central and south-eastern part of Europe.

Status in Europe

Albania

Bulgaria

France

Germany (FRG)

Germany (GDR)

Greece

Hungary

Italy

Luxembourg

Netherlands

Poland
Romania
Switzerland

Turke

United Kingdom

A few old records only.

Although recorded several times, its present status is
unknown.

Apparently confined to rivers in the northern part of
France; recently discovered in the rivers Loire and Indre.

Extinct for c. 50 years; formerly recorded from several
localities. Should it be rediscovered, it is already
protected (as Gomphus flavipes) by law of 19.12.86.

A long known strong population in the River Spree, where it
is still present although under threat.

Recorded from several river systems in the northern part of
Greece, e.g. Lemnos, Tessaglia (near Trikala) and Aliakmon
river.

Rare.

Several records from large rivers in the northern part of
Italy (Po); even some channelized rivers are known to have
breeding populations.

Several older records, present status unknown.

Extinct since the early 20th century; several records from

the river Rhine in the 19th century.
Several records during the last decades.
An uncommon species, its present status unknown.

Only one record from Neuchatel, 19th century.

Widespread; records from Turkey Anatolia pertain to Stylurus
flavipes lineatus; in the European part of Turkey inhabiting

the Ergene river.

Extinct. Only 19th century records, believed to be
stragglers.

= (80.<

Yugoslavia Recorded from Servia, Montenegro and Macedonia; present
status unknown.

Habitat and ecology

Lower courses of large and (nearly) unpolluted rivers. The larvae seem to
live in the steep, sandy banks and detritus bottoms of bends in rivers.
Adult insects fly along the sandy banks along rivers.

Reasons for decline

Decline and even extinction of populations has been reported from most
countries, especially in central and north-western Europe. Most populations
destroyed by the severe pollution of river systems.

Conservation measures taken

None known.

Conservation measures proposed

Conservation of river systems is of utmost importance. Although it is
clearly difficult to preserve whole catchments, at least a few of these

should be completely protected against pollution.

For full details and references see van Tol and Verdonk (in prep.).

Sei =

7. Aeshna viridis (Eversmann, 1836) ENDANGERED
Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA
Order ODONATA Family AESHNIDAE

Common names L'Aeschne verte (Fr), Griine Mosaikjungfer (Ge).
Distribution |

Europe and (south-western?) Siberia. Nearly confined to the northern part
of Central Europe, but also marginal in northern Europe (Hungary) .

Status of Europe
Austria Only one locality in northern Austria.
Czechoslovakia Mentioned from Bohemia.

Denmark Rare and local species, declined through loss of suitable
sites with Stratiotes.

Finland Very rare and local, only known from two localities.

Germany (FRG) Endangered. Confined to the northern part of the country,
particularly Schleswig Holstein, Nordrhein-Westfalen and
Niedersachsen. Protected by law of 19.12.86.

Germany (GDR) Threatened. In the northern part of Brandenburg and
Mecklenburg apparently not rare; but in other parts absent
or very rare.

Hungary Very rare.
Netherlands Although widespread in the Central part of this country, it

is generally a rare species. Perhaps the strongest
populations of Central Europe are here.

Sweden Uncommon, confined to southern and central Sweden.
Yugoslavia Some unconfirmed records from Dalmatia.

Habitat and ecology

Fen and low peatmoor areas, usually meso- or eutrophic. This species is
virtually confined to waters with a vegetation of Water Soldier, Stratiotes
aloides.

Reasons for decline

Decline has been reported from most European countries. This is almost
certainly due to habitat destruction, fishery activities, pollution and
eutrophication; there are also several reports of a steady decline of
Stratiotes fields, due to a virus infection.

aoe =

Conservation measures taken

Listed in several Red Data Books.

Conservation measures proposed

Conservation of large low peatmoor fen areas with Stratiotes fields needs
high attention. This water plant may also develop in pools along rivers,
which may be attractive to conserve when water quality is sufficiently

high. Suitable for listing on Appendix II of the Bern Convention.

For full details and references see van Tol and Verdonk (in prep.).

aa) =

8. Oxygastra curtisii (Dale, 1834) ENDANGERED
Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA

Order ODONATA Family CORDULIIDAE
Common names La Cordulie 4 corps fin (Fr), Orange spotted Emerald (En),

Gekielte Smaragdlibelle (Ge).
Distribution
Northern Africa (rare) and western Europe.

Status in Europe

Belgium Rare in eastern Belgium; no records since 1979.
France A not uncommon species with stable populations; abundant at

some sites.
Germany (FRG) Not resident, sometimes breeding for a few years.

Italy Rare and local species. Especially found in the Prealpine
area and the Appenines.

Netherlands Very rare and irregularly breeding species, only a few
records since 1928.

Portugal Common, although local, species with stable populations.
Spain Uncommon and local species.
Switzerland Very rare and declining species. Recently only a few

records in southern Tessin.

United Kingdom No records since 1960, old records from Moors River in
Hampshire and Bournemouth; this species seems to have
disappeared through pollution of its biotopes (Shirt, in
press).

Habitat and ecology

Slowly running waters with or without emergent vegetation with banks shaded
by dense overhanging vegetation; trees and shrubs with exposed roots at the
water's edge. The dispersal behaviour is quite peculiar. Although it seems
to be an unwilling flyer, it may reach localities far to the north in some
years. In such cases it may breed for some years, disappearing after one or
more severe winters.

Reasons for decline
The habitat of this species is rare and much threatened in most areas.

Agriculture and other cultivation activities in areas with slowly moving
waters have particularly influenced the populations of this species.

Conservation measures taken

None known

Conservation measures proposed

For this species extensive nature reserves in areas with suitable biotopes
are needed. These biotopes are, however, usually very difficult to protect,

since they are situated in areas very suitable for cultivation.

For full details and references see van Tol and Verdonk (in prep.).

Begg

9. Macromia splendens (Pictet, 1843) ENDANGERED
Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA

Order ODONATA Family CORDULIIDAE
Common names Shining Macromia (En), Macromie Eclatante (Fr), La Cordulie

Splendide (Fr)
Distribution

Restricted to the Départements Lot, Dordogne, Charente, Gard, Var and
Hérault of south-west France. Early records included Portugal and Spain,
(Dumont, 1971; Lieftinck, 1965), and some sites on the Iberian Peninsula
have recently been confirmed. The presence of a Macromia in Europe is most
remarkable; the genus is widespread and better known in South East Asia.

Status in Europe

France Described as Rare by Wells, Pyle and Collins (1983), but
this was optimistic. Endangered or Vulnerable is more
realistic.

Spain Once thought to be very rare on the Iberian Peninsula, but
now known to be fairly widespread in northern regions,
although localized (Aguilar et al., 1985).

Portugal A few localities; precise distribution and status unknown,
but perhaps more widely distributed than formerly believed.

Habitat and ecology

Breeds in larger, slow-running, and summer-warm montane streams at middle
altitudes, where the larvae live in mud. Records suggest biennialism, with
regular appearance of adults only every two years. Frequents sites in
rivers where current is nearly absent, superficially resembling lakes.
Further information in Lieftinck (1965) and Aguilar et al. (1985).

Reasons for decline

Water pollution and stream channelization have caused problems in French
localities. Over-collecting could become a problem, although this
fast-flying species is very difficult to capture. Macromia splendens is
probably a survivor of the warmer climatic conditions that preceded the
Pleistocene glaciations. Its closest relatives live in Central Africa and
India.

Conservation measures taken
None known
Conservation measures proposed

Protection in reserves. In addition, pollution must be prevented on
tributaries of the Garonne, notably the River Lot and its tributaries the
Célé, Aveyron and Crieulon (Dumont, 1971). Surveys and action plans are
needed, along with further ecological work (Wells, Pyle and Collins, 1983).
Macromia splendens is recommended for protection under Appendix II of the
Bern Convention.

= oi =

10. Leucorrhinia albifrons (Burmeister, 1839) ENDANGERED
Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA

Order ODONATA Family LIBELLULIDAE
Common names La Leucorrhine a front blanc (Fr), Ostliche Moosjungfer (Ge).
Distribution

Central and northern Europe, western Siberia.

Status in Europe

Austria Very rare and local.

Czechoslovakia Only known from Moravia, and presumed to be extinct now.
Denmark Extinct.

Finland Not threatened. Generally uncommon, but there are a number
of stable populations in lake districts south of 64°N.

France Very rare and local species, confined to the mountainous
areas (e.g. Lorraine, the Alps, Vosges and Jura); one
locality in the Brenne (Indre).

Germany (FRG) Endangered. Rare; recent records only from the northern
part of the country (Niedersachsen, Schleswig-Holstein).
Protected by law of 19.12.86.

Germany (GDR) Threatened. Very rare and local species. Decreasing.

Netherlands Very rare and local species, probably extinct.
Norway Only two localities in the southern part.
Poland Only a few records known from literature; present status

unknown, but apparently local and uncommon.
Sweden A few records in southern and eastern Sweden. Declining.
re ‘

Switzerland Very rare and local, declining (only four sites left in the
early 1980s); seems to be a poor colonizer.

Habitat and ecology

Mesotrophic and oligotrophic pools with floating vegetation of e.g.
Potamogeton and Nymphaea.

Reasons for decline

Decline of this very restricted species has been mentioned from nearly all
countries in Europe (Finland excepted). The causes seem to include habitat
destruction, eutrophication as well as oligotrophication of the mesotrophic
moorlands and peatbogs which this species seems to prefer. Oligotrophication
has been attributed to acid precipitation; this has greatly influenced the
pH, and consequently the vegetation of this rare and vulnerable biotope.

a7) =.

Conservation measures taken

None known.

Conservation measures proposed

All European sites where this species has permanent and stable populations
are worthy of protected status; Leucorrhinia albifrons is a characteristic
species of a very peculiar and much threatened biotope. Listing on Appendix
II of the Bern Convention will draw attention to the plight of both the

species and its habitat.

For full details and references see van Tol and Verdonk (in prep.).

2 Bag

11. Leucorrhinia caudalis (Charpentier, 1840) ENDANGERED
Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA
Order ODONATA Family LIBELLULIDAE

Common names La Leucorrhine a large queue (Fr), Zierliche Moosjungfer (Ge).
Distribution
Europe and the extreme west of Siberia. Central and part of northern.

Status in Europe

Austria Rare and local species.
Belgium Extinct. Only some older records from north-eastern Belgium.

Czechoslovakia Present, but status unknown.
Denmark Extinct. Formerly a rare species.

Finland Widely distributed south of 64°N, although uncommon. Quite
a few stable populations.

France Very rare and local in the central and western part.

Germany (FRG) Endangered. Known from all parts of the country, but rare
and much threatened. Recently recorded from Bayern,
Baden-Wiittemburg, and Rheinland-Pfalz, where it is confined
to a few sites in the 'Altrhein’ area. Protected by law of
19.12.86.

Germany (GDR) Extinct; formerly not an extremely rare species (e.g. ten
localities in Brandenburg in the 1950s) but no records
during the last decade despite searches.

Hungary Very rare.

Netherlands Very rare, especially during the last decades; much
threatened.

Norway Very rare, confined to one locality in Aust-—Agdar.

Poland A local and uncommon species, but precise present status
unknown.

Sweden Rare, confined to the southern and eastern part.

Switzerland Extinct. Formerly very rare, but now presumed extinct.

Habitat and ecology

Oligotrophic, but particularly mesotrophic moorland pools and peatbogs with

floating vegetation, e.g. of Potamogeton and Nymphaea, not in mountainous
areas.

~ 39 —

Reasons for decline

Declining virtually throughout its range. This seems to be due to habitat
destruction as well as habitat deterioration as is mentioned under L.
albifrons (eutrophication as well as oligotrophic of moorlands).

Conservation measures taken

None Known specifically for the species. It is present in the Réserve du
Pinail (137 ha) in the Mouliére Forest, Département de Vienne, France

(N.W. Moore, pers. comm.).

Conservation measures proposed

Species in great need of conservation. Protection measures have to include
biotope protection, which may be difficult since many biotopes suffer from
Europe-wide loss of quality of the environment. Suitable for listing on

Appendix II of the Bern Convention.

For full details and references see van Tol and Verdonk (in prep.).

740 =

12. Brachythemis fuscopalliata (Selyx, 1887) ENDANGERED
Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA
Class ODONATA Family LIBELLULIDAE

Common names None known
Distribution

Iraq, northern Israel (possibly extinct), southern Turkey; presumably also
in Syria.

Status in Europe

Turkey Mediterranean coast of southern Turkey (Adana). Status
there uncertain, but possibly similar to adverse situation
in Israel (see below).

Habitat and ecology

Swampy stretches of slow running rivers and marshy areas rich in drainage
canals.

Reasons for decline

In Israel this species is under serious threat from eutrophication and
drying up of streams and marshlands. It was apparently common in the 1950s
in the Lake Hula area of Israel where it appeared to be absent in the 1970s.

Conservation measures taken

None known.

Conservation measures proposed

Conservation measures for aquatic biotopes in southern Turkey/Lebanon/Israel
are needed, since all remaining waterbodies of this very arid area are under
heavy pressure of eutrophication and drying up due to extensive agricultural
irrigation schemes, drinking water supply as well as climatological

reasons. Suitable species for listing on Appendix II of the Bern Convention.

For full details and references see van Tol and Verdonk (in prep.).

eA ic

Orthoptera

The conservation of Orthoptera has been usefully introduced by Ingrish
(1985). Orthoptera occur throughout Europe, but most species prefer
environmental temperatures of 30-40°C and many are therefore restricted to
southern Europe. Good Orthoptera habitats are dry or semi-dry grassland,
open sandy areas (heaths etc.) and steppes. Water-meadows are also
important localities for certain species.

A number of Orthoptera are listed in European Red Data Books and
legislation. In the UK three Orthoptera are endangered and two vulnerable
(Shirt, in press). Gryllus campestris (the Field Cricket) and Gryllotalpa
gryllotalpa (the Mole Cricket) are protected by law but neither is rare on
the mainland. Indeed, the latter species is sometimes a pest of cultivated
crops in Europe. Similarly, Acrida hungarica is protected in Austria and
Hungary although common in southern Europe, and Tettigonia viridissima is
threatened in Belgium but abundant elsewhere (Leclercq et al., 1980). Eight
species of Orthoptera are listed in the USSR Red Data Book (Bannikov and
Sokolov, 1984). In Austria a long list of Orthoptera is considered to be
under threat, some of them also listed elsewhere (e.g. Saga pedo listed in
USSR and protected in Czechoslovakia and Hungary, Bryodema tuberculata
protected in FRG). Most species are threatened only locally, not on the
broader European front (except Saga pedo, see below).

In West Germany nine Orthoptera are protected. Again, more research
is needed, but Ephippiger ephippiger is a local problem, as are Oedipoda
coaerulescens (Sweden to Asia Minor and North Africa) and O. germanica
(Germany to Western Asia). The latter species has become rare in parts of
its range, but is still common elsewhere. It requires monitoring.

In West Germany four Orthopterans are extinct (Arcyptera microptera
(F.W.), Metrioptera saussureiana (Frey Gessn.), Platycleis tesselata
(Charp.) and Tetrix tuerki Krauss), a further twenty are endangered
(categories 1 and 2) and six vulnerable. One of the endangered species,
Ephippiger ephippiger (Fieb.), is a long-horned grasshopper that is
regressing throughout the northern part of its range, from the Netherlands
to Ukraine. In southern Europe, however, where suitable dry habitat is
plentiful, the species is much more common.

This situation is common amongst the Orthoptera of Europe. Most
regions of Central and Northern Europe are outside the optimal climatic
range required by the Orthoptera., so the species are scattered amongst the
small areas that fulfill their requirements. Meanwhile, in southern Europe,
species that are of concern in the north can be quite commonplace. For this
reason there are few Orthoptera with a wide European range that are known to
be suitable for the Bern Convention. Saga pedo is an exception.

Certain narrow endemics may be more suitable for listing. Two species
listed in the West German Red Data Book, Byrodema tuberculata, a
boreo-alpine species, and Gampsocleis glabra, also seriously threatened, may
be suitable. However, the latter is difficult to identify, and data are
lacking for both (S. Ingrish in litt., 25.3.86)

Spain has a remarkably rich orthopteran fauna, recently the subject of
a thorough assessment which led to the first Red Data Book devoted entirely
to this order (Gangwere et al., 1985). A total of 41 threatened species are
presented, all of which are endemic to the Iberian Peninsula.

ohio 7 i

Correspondence with the authors has narrowed the candidates for the Bern
Convention down to five species of which one, Baetica ustulata (Rambur) is
of outstanding suitability and is reviewed in full below. The other four
are:

i Zeuneria burriana (Uvarov). A distinctive shield—backed katydid
endemic to the Cantabrian mountains (northern Spain).

2 Navasius nugatorius (Navas). An endemic pamphagine grasshopper known
only from the low mountains along the east coast of Spain.

Shi Canariola emarginata Newman. A rare katydid known from only three
specimens taken in the Sierra de Cazorla in southern Spain (Newman,
1964), but present in a semi~protected place, the Coto Nacional de
Caza de las Sierras de Cazorla y Segura. Its only relatives are C.
nubigena (Krauss) and C. willemsei Morales Agacino, both from the
Canary Islands, suggesting that these are relict populations from the
once widespread Tertiary rain forests of Mediterranean Europe and the
Canaries. C. willemsei is only known from ten specimens while C.
nubigena is not at all abundant and noted in the original description
as being very hard to find (Morales Agacino, 1959, pp. 274-5). The
whole genus Canariola is of great interest and worthy of conservation
concern, but without further data it would be premature for listing on
the Bern Convention.

4. Steropleurus politus (Bolivar). Like B. ustula, this is a black,
wingless ephippigerine of high elevation. It lives under stones in
the Sierras de Segua and La Sagra in southern Spain and is also
present in the hunting preserve mentioned in 3 above.

In considering the Orthoptera for this review it has become clear to
the authors that evidence of threats is building up over a broad front. At
present the data are incomplete, particularly for southern Europe (except
Spain) no-one has attempted a general overview. A thorough survey of the
status of the Orthoptera in Europe is indicated.

= 4ay =

13. Baetica ustulata (Rambur, 1838) VULNERABLE
Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA
Order ORTHOPTERA Family TETTIGONIIDAE

Common mames None known.

Distribution

Sierra Nevada, Granada Province, Spain

Status in Europe

Spain Vulnerable (Gangwere et al., 1985).

Habitat and ecology

This handsome black ephippigerine katydid belongs to a monospecific genus
endemic to the high Sierra Nevada of southern Spain, where it is encountered
in desolate areas almost up to the snow line (2,500-3,450m). It is a
geophile, found on bare ground or under stones and debris. Apparently
active in the day, when it has been seen to crawl sluggishly. Surmised to

be a carnivore, relying mainly on scavenging. Adults active between July
and September (Gangwere et al., 1985).

Reasons for decline

Apparently vulnerable to the tourism developments planned for the fragile
Sierra Nevada alpine communities in which it lives.

Conservation measures taken

Listed in the Iberian Red Data Book on Orthoptera (Gangwere et al.. 1985).
No practical steps have been taken.

Conservation measures proposed

Developments in the Sierra Nevada must take careful account of the fragile,
high-altitude communities of which this species is a member. Listing under
Appendix II of the Bern Convention will raise the profile of the insect
itself as well as drawing much-needed attention to the threatened biotope in
which it lives.

ENAG -=

14. Saga pedo (Pallas, 1771) ENDANGERED
Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA

Order ORTHOPTERA Family TETTIGONIIDAE
Common names Predatory Bush-cricket (En), Magicienne Dentelée (Fr),

Raubheuschrecke, Sageschrecke, Riesenheuschrecke (Ge),
Kobylka Saga (Cz), Niezdarka Dziewicza (Po), Furaszlabu
Szocske (Hu), for Russian see Bannikov and Sokolov, 1984..

Distribution

The genus Saga (sensu stricto) is restricted to Europe, Siberia and Asia
Minor. Saga pedo is distributed in southern Europe, including the Pyrenees,
Appenines and Balkan Peninsula, (but excluding Greece), parts of central
Europe and south-eastern Europe to the Caucasus and south-western Siberia.
Records of S. pedo from Asia Minor are not, in fact, attributable to that
species (A. Kaltenbach in litt., 7.7.86). Saga pedo was at one time present
as an artificial introduction in Michigan, USA (Cantrall, 1972), but the
species is not believed to have survived there.

Status in Europe

Austria Endangered (Gepp, 1983).
Bulgaria No data.

Czechoslovakia Endangered. Protected by law. Distributed to the northern
boundary of the country, in parts of Slovakia and Moravia
(Caputa et al., 1982).

France Scarce, known only from tetraploid females (S.K. Gangwere in
Titt..) 1657.86).

Germany (FRG) Said to be present in southern areas, but not listed in
German Red Data Book. Records may represent
misidentifications; no specimens have been found in FRG
during the last 30 years (A. Kaltenbach in litt., 17.7.86).

Hungary Endangered. Protected by law.

Italy Endangered.

Romania No data.

Spain No data on threats; the Red Data Book on Spanish Orthoptera

(Gangwere et al., 1986) only deals with endemics. Possibly
at one time rather common in central Spain (and the
Pyrenees?) but few recent records (A. Kaltenbach in litt.,
17.7.86; S.K. Gangwere in litt., 16.7.86)..

Switzerland Southern areas (S.K. Gangwere in litt., 16.7.86).
USSR Vulnerable. Listed in the Red Data Book (Bannikov and

Sokolov, 1984). Distributed in southern regions, western
Siberia, Caucasus to the Urals.

SAS

Yugoslavia Present at least in the Dalmatian Islands (S.K. Gangwere in
Mitte 69 1667 86)i:

Habitat and ecology

A xerophilic and thermophilic species, preferring dry, sunny hills and
shrubby slopes, with a tall, dense grass layer and bushes. In Central Asia
Saga pedo inhabits the subarid steppes (Caputa et al., 1982). It has
carnivorous feeding habits, generally taking other bush-crickets and
grasshoppers. The adult phase is present between June and October, and is
usually found either on high weeds or on low shrubs (Bennikov and Sokolov,
1984). Saga pedo has an unusual ability for parthenogenetic reproduction.
Although males are occasionally recorded in the literature, these are all
attributable either to other species of Saga or else they are female nymphs
that have not developed adult female genitalia (A. Kaltenbach in litt.,
7.7.86). The males therefore remain unknown. Parthenogenesis permits the
spread of this species as eggs in soil that is transported for any reason.
Saga pedo probably reached Michigan as a passenger on agricultural equipment.

Reasons for decline

There is no doubt that Saga pedo is in decline, and that this decline is
exacerbated by human interference. Habitat destruction and alteration
through agriculture, road-building, urbanization etc., are largely to

blame. There is also a suggestion that the species may be declining through
natural climatic and environmental change in Europe (S.K. Gangwere in litt.,
16.7.86). In addition, Saga pedo individuals are vulnerable to gratuitous
destruction by humans because of their large, fierce appearance, and their
slow, crawling gait. The low reproductive rate is an added disadvantage.

In the USSR the reduction in range in the south-eastern parts is the result
of desert encroachment and the disappearance of steppe flora. In the
steppes themselves agricultural extension (particularly ploughing) is
causing decline (Bannikov and Sokolov, 1984). This species has minimal
potential to extend its range by natural means, and is thus particularly
vulnerable to local extinctions (Caputa et al., 1982). However, its
capacity for parthenogenesis strongly favours the survival of small or
transplanted populations.

Conservation measures taken

Protected in Czechoslovakia and Hungary, listed in Red Data Books in Austria
and USSR.

Conservation measures proposed

Surveys of distribution and location of main breeding localities are
needed. Appropriate management and conservation of the best localities is
desirable. Listing on Appendix II of the Bern Convention is appropriate.
Saga pedo is biologically of such great interest that it has potential for
research into breeding mechanisms and for display in collections of living
invertebrates.

PAG =

Hemiptera

The Hemiptera (s. lat.) have received relatively little attention from
conservationists. In the UK the New Forest Cicada, Cicadetta montana
(Homoptera), has been proposed for addition to the Wildlife and Countryside
Act in the forthcoming quinquennial review, but this has not met with
general approval. Although restricted in its UK distribution, it is
generally considered to be safe from man-made disturbance. In Europe the
species is much more widespread and not under threat. All cicadas are
protected in West Germany.

The Heteroptera are considered in the west German Red Data Book, where
11 species are extinct, and over 30 species threatened (Blab et al., 1984).
In Belgium three aquatic Heteroptera are under threat. Leclercq et al.,
1980). In the UK 14 Heteroptera are endangered and 6 Vulnerable (Shirt, in
press).

No species of Hemiptera are recommended for listing under the Bern
Convention at the present time.

5.3. The Endopterygota

The nine orders of endopterygote insects include the largest and most
successful groups:

Order Candidates No suitable
presented candidates
Blt AT ees 6 ORE ea pon a IE a a es
21 Neuroptera x
22 Coleoptera x

23 Strepsiptera x
24 Mecoptera Xx
25 Siphonaptera x
26 Diptera x
27 Lepidoptera xX

28 Trichoptera x
29 Hymenoptera x

eee 8 8859555555

Only three of these orders, the Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and
Hymenoptera, include species currently recognized as suitable for the Bern
Convention. Preliminary enquiries for candidates from the Neuroptera have
met with no consensus. Various species appear in legislation and Red Data
Books, but generally speaking they are of local concern. The neuropteran
Ant-lions are protected in parts of Switzerland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and
parts of Austria, but in southern Europe they are commonplace. A number of
other neuropterans are listed in West Germany (Blab et al., 1984), including
Mantispa styriaca (Poda), an interesting species that is also rare in France
and threatened in Austria (Gepp, 1983). The Mantispidae superficially
resemble mantids in having raptorial front legs. The larvae of Mantispa
attack the egg-cocoons of the wolf spider Lycosa and although the species is
probably local in northern and central Europe, it is not believed to be
widely threatened.

ayy ty |

The endoparasitic Strepsiptera (stylopids) and ectoparasitic
Siphonaptera (fleas) are not known to be of conservation concern. The
Mecoptera (scorpion flies) is a small group with one species, Bittacus
italicus (Muller) listed as extinct in West Germany (Blab et al., 1984) and
Endangered in Austria (Gepp, 1983) but otherwise not recognized as
threatened. Austria lists three other threatened scorpion flies, but there
is no evidence that this is a Europe-wide problem.

In general the Diptera are too difficult to identify to be considered
for this round of additions to the Bern Appendices. Nevertheless, many
species are listed in the various European Red Data Books discussed in this
report and hundreds of species are threatened throughout Europe. A useful
paper has been published on the threatened Finnish Diptera (Vaisanen, 1982),
which draws attention to the need for habitat protection coupled with
individual protection of species shown to have suffered dramatic declines.
In Finland, UK and probably most of Europe, modern forestry techniques have
caused declines in Diptera, particularly of rotten-wood species and those
species associated with deciduous trees (Vaisanen, 1982; Stubbs, 1977). The
Diptera will require a more thorough assessment on the European scale at a
later date.

The Trichoptera (caddis-flies) have already suffered an extinction in
Europe. Hydropsyche tobiasi, which was common in the River Rhine, has not
been seen for over half a century (Wells, Pyle and Collins, 1983). Many
other species of large rivers are under threat from pollution. Hydropsyche
bulgaro-romanorum has suffered reductions but is still abundant in Hungary
and Romania (Malicky, 1986). Various Setodes species, Rhyacophila pascoei
and several Hydroptila species are similar in being species of large rivers
and threatened in parts of their range, but safe elsewhere. Trichoptera can
be useful indicators of pollution; the larvae of at least some species spin
deformed food-catching webs in response to even mildly polluted waters.

Some Trichoptera are restricted to small islands and mountain areas; most of
these are not in much danger at present. However, the status of Agapetus
quadratus on Corsica and Mallorca requires study. Its known localities have
been destroyed, as have those of Hydropsyche discreta in Cyprus (Malicky,
1986). Chaetopteryx euganea is restricted to the tiny hill region near
Padova, Italy, where there are many building developments. Anabolia
lombardia from northern Italy and southern Swizerland is extinct from many
places because of intensive agriculture, but still exists in parts of
Switzerland. Apart from these few cases of problems in the Trichoptera,
(kindly provided by H. Malicky) rather little is known or published about
them from the conservation point of view. For this reason, and because they
are rather difficult to identify in life, no species are presented for the
Bern Appendices at this time.

Coleoptera

The beetles comprise the largest group of European insects and it is
perhaps not surprising that the lists of threatened species are extremely
lengthy. In the Red Data Book for West Germany alone, 4073 species from the
total fauna of 5727 have been studied, and 1687 (41%) found to be threatened
or potentially threatened (Blab et _al., 1984). In the UK 3900 species have
been studied, of which 228 are threatened and 267 rare (total 13%) (Shirt,
in press). Similar lists can be found in the Austrian Red Data Book (Gepp,
1983) and shorter ones in the USSR Red Data Book (Bannikov and Sokolov,
1984) and the Belgian report (Leclerg et al., 1980). A large proportion of
these listed species is concerned with locally rare species that are not

i WAR.

suitable for the Bern Convention. Clearly it has been impossible for the
author to study the beetle fauna of Europe thoroughly, and to make a
selection based on a thorough analysis. Instead, a list has been developed
based on two particularly important beetle habitats, dead wood and
freshwaters, and on a study of legislation and Red Data lists. In the case
of dead wood and ancient woodland beetles, guidance has been taken from the
studies done so far in the Council of Europe study df xylophagous beetles.
To give just one example of the importance of trees, particularly deciduous
species, to insects, in Sweden 80 per cent of the 130 endangered beetle
species are known to be associated with decoduous trees (Ehnstrom, 1978).

For water beetles, the advice of the Balfour-Browne Club has been
sought. This Club is devoted to the study of water beetles and has members.
throughout Europe. Two Dytiscidae, Dytiscus latissimus and Graphoderus
bilineatus, are proposed for listing. The Gyrinidae (whirligigs) are
generally agreed to be widely under threat, but are difficult to identify.
Amongst the Hydrophilidae Spercheus emarginatus (Schaller) is a good
candidate, but not included in this report. An inhabitant of stagnant water
rich in nutrients, it is rare in central Europe and possibly extinct in
Britain. The Great Silver Water—beetle Hydrophilus piceus (or, incorrectly,
Hydrous piceus) is widely protected in Europe: Niederdsterreich,
Oberésterreich, Tirol and Vorarlberg in Austria, the Flemish region of
Belgium, West Germany (as the genus), and Luxembourg (as the genus). An
even more seriously threatened hydrophilid, although often overlooked by
legislators and conservationists, is Hydrochara caraboides (L.), the Lesser
Silver Water beetle. Unfortunately this is sometimes incorrectly called
Hydrophilus caraboides L., adding to the confusion. It would be premature
to list these species on the Bern Convention. The silver water beetles need
careful checking to identify them and the muddle over the generic names is a
disadvantage (G.N. Foster, in litt., 10 May 1986).

me)

15. Calosoma sycophanta L., 1758 VULNERABLE
Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA
Order COLEOPTERA Family CARABIDAE

Common names

Distribution

Caterpillar searcher (En), Puppenrauber (Ge), Krajnik
Pizmovy (Cz), Aranyos Babrablo (Hu), Liszkarz Tecznik (Po).
For Russian name see Bannikov and Sokolov, 1984.

Western, southern and eastern Europe as far as the Caucasus, with a disjunct
population in eastern USSR (Siberia) and perhaps Mongolia (Bannikov and

Sokolov,

1984).

Also known from North Africa (Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco),

Asia Minor and North America (Horion, 1941).

Status in Europe

Austria

Belgium

Bulgaria

Czechoslovakia

Denmark

Germany (FRG)

Germany (GDR)

Hungary

Italy

Poland

Spain
Sweden

USSR

Endangered (Gepp, 1981; 1983).

Endangered. Distribution now very severely reduced
(Leclercq, 1971 et seq., map 899; Leclercq et al., 1980).

Endangered (listed in law).

Vulnerable (Novak and Spitzer, 1982). Protected by law.
Occurs from the plains to the mountains, plentiful in
places, particularly during caterpillar oubreaks (Caputa et
al., 1982).

Indeterminate (Hansen et al., 1960).

Endangered (Anon., 1983; Anon., 1982; Blab et al., 1984).
All Calosoma species are protected by law of 19.12.86.

Indeterminate.
Endangered (listed in law).

Generally rare, but occasionally abundant where outbreaks of
its prey occur (Casale et al., 1982).

Vulnerable. Fully protected, but populations declining
(Glowacinski et al., 1980).

Not rare (Viedma, pers. comm.).

Indeterminate (Hansen et al., 1960).

Vulnerable (Bannikov and Sokalov, 1984).

Habitat and ecology

Adults and larvae climb trees where they prey on other insects; adults can

also fly well.

17.5~-28 mm long.

The adults are robustly built, blue-green in colour and
Larval period only a few wecks but adults live 2-4 years.

285Q-=

Has been introduced to N. America to combat caterpillar pests, notably
Lymantria dispar. A rare species in western Europe, but more common in the
south and east (Harde et al., 1984).

Reasons for decline

Few published details have been found concerning the serious decline of this
species. Destruction of suitable woodland habitat is likely to be the main
cause.

Conservation measures taken

Luxembourg, Poland (Glowacinski et al., 1980), FRG, Saarland and
Baden-Wiirttemberg, three Austrian provinces and the Flemish region of
Belgium. C. sycophanta is protected in Bulgaria, Hungary and three Austrian
states other than those protecting the genus.

Conservation measures proposed

Research on the precise requirements and management of this beetle is
needed. Europe-wide surveys coupled with a coordinated strategy to protect
representative areas of critical habitat will be needed to prevent further
decline. Amongst the species considered in this report, C. sycophanta has
low priority for protection under the Bern Convention. In view of its value
in biological control, Appendix I11 would be appropriate.

16. Carabus intricatus L., 1761

Phylum ARTHROPODA

Order

Common names

Distribution

Southern Europe, mainly south of the River Main.

COLEOPTERA

= byl =

VULNERABLE
Class INSECTA
Family CARABIDAE

Blue Ground Beetle (En), Lapos Kékfutrinka (Hu), Biegacz
Karbowany (Po)

Details are provided by

Horion (1941) and Breuning (1978).

Status in Europe

Albania

Belgium

Bulgaria

Denmark

France

Germany (FRG)

Germany (GDR)
Greece
Hungary

Italy

Netherlands

Poland

Rumania

Sweden

Switzerland

U.K.

Indeterminate.

Vulnerable. Range severely reduced, now confined to eastern
Belgium (Leclercq, 1971 et seq., map 910).

Indeterminate.
Indeterminate. (Hansen et al., 1960).

Northern regions. Indeterminate.

Vulnerable. Endangered in Schleswig-Holstein (Anon.,

1982). All Carabus species are protected by law of 19.12.86.
Indeterminate.

Indeterminate.

Endangered (listed in law).
Indeterminate (Casale et al., 1982).
Indeterminate.

Indeterminate. Little is known of its status. (Glowacinski

et al., 1980, Ferens et al., 1957).
Indeterminate.

Endangered (Hansen et al., 1960; Ehnstrom, 1985). Protected

in Kristianstad (Skane).
Indeterminate.

Endangered. A relict population in the extreme south-west
(Shirt, in press).

Habitat and ecology

The dark blue adult beetles are large (24-36 mm) and can be found between

Se

May and August in moist, mostly deciduous forests at moderate altitudes.
Larvae feed in stumps and under the bark of old hardwood timber, where a
thick humus layer is present (Shirt, in press).

Reasons for decline

Removal of old and dead hardwood timber. Destruction of ancient forests.
This is possibly a very valuable indicator species, sufficiently widespread
to be useful, but sensitive enough to respond to environmental damage.

Conservation measures taken

The whole family Carabidae is protected in the Swiss canton of

Schaffhausen. The genus Carabus is protected in Poland (Glowacinski et al.,
1980; Ferens, 1957), FRG, Saarland and Baden-Wiirttemberg, Luxembourg, four
Austrian provinces and the Flemish region of Belgium. C. intricatus is
fully protected in Hungary, and in the Swedish province of Kristianstad
(Skane).

Conservation measures proposed

Survey and study, followed by conservation of critical habitats throughout
Europe. Of the species considered in this report, C. intricatus is one of
the more marginal candidates for protection under Appendix II of the Bern

Convention.

Sa =

17. Carabus olympiae Sella, 1855 ENDANGERED
Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA
Order COLEOPTERA Family CARABIDAE
Common names None known

Distribution

Northern Italy (Casale et al., 1982). In recent years the beetle has been
artificially introduced into the French Alps.

Status in Europe

France Artificially introduced into the Mercantour National Park
and the Ecrins National Park.

Italy Endangered. Restricted to a very small area on the mountain
of Moncerchio, at the head of the Val Sessera in Biella
District, Vercelli Province.

Habitat and ecology

The habitat is on the northern slopes of Moncerchio in two biotopes, one
dominated by elms (Ulmus), the other a moorland habitat with whortleberry
(Vaccinium) and Rhododendron. Active at night, preying on snails,
particularly Helicigona arbustorum. Adults emerge in spring to copulate in
June. Larvae feed for 40 days then pupate in August, developing in the soil
during the next two months and spending the winter in diapause in soil cells.

Reasons for decline

Carabus olympiae is probably a relict species from the warmer climates that
preceded the Pleistocene glaciations. Its range is much reduced under
present-day conditions. Since the 19th century it has been heavily
collected because of its attractive appearance and large size, was believed
extinct in 1928, but was rediscovered in 1942. Habitat destruction
compounded the problem, mainly due to recreational developments. The threat
of flooding due to construction of a dam in Val Sessera appears to have
retreated for the time being.

Conservation measures taken

In recent years there has been considerable activity to conserve this
beetle. In 1983 the Piedmont Regional President passed an act specifically
to protect the beetle in Italy. The local naturalists’ organization, Pro
Natura Biellese, has published a fine book about the beetle (Malausa et al.,
1983). Since 1975 a team of French scientists has been mass-rearing the
beetle artificially, and artificial introductions have been made into
Mercantour and Ecrins National Parks (Malausa, 1978). The progress of the
released populations is being monitored. This beetle was the subject of an
unanswered question to the European Parliament (Muntingh, 1983).

= SA =

Conservation measures proposed

Continuing support by the French government of the rearing and introduction
work is essential. A national park in the Val Sessera has been proposed
Since 1982, but no action has yet been taken by the Italian authorities
apart from species legislation. Habitat protection is essential to the
long-term survival of this, one of Europe's rarest and most beautiful
beetles. Protection of this beétle under Appendix II of the Bern Convention
is a high priority.

ng ie

18. Dytiscus latissimus L., 1785 ENDANGERED
Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA
Order COLEOPTERA Family DYTISCIDAE
Common names The family is known as the Diving Beetles (En), Der

Breitrand (Ge).

Distribution

Northern and central Europe and Siberia.

Status in Europe

Austria Endangered (Gepp, 1983).

Czechoslovakia No data.

France Very rare, possibly extinct. North- eastern areas.

Germany (FRG) Endangered (Blab et al., 1984). Very local and rare
throughout Germany. In recent years recorded only in upper

Bavaria, south of Munich, where it is endangered. Protected
by law of 19.12.86.

Germany (GDR) No data. Balad ads Oe
ey pale

Hungary Endangered.

Italy Not reliably recorded.

Poland Widely distributed, but rare everywhere.
Sweden Still present in northern Sweden at least.
Switzerland No data.

Habitat and ecology

A predatory diving beetle, one of eight large species occurring in Kurope.
D. latissimus is the largest and most distinct, being dark brown with yellow
marginal stripes on expansions of the elytra. This species is usually
recorded as living in large ponds, including fishing lakes, which is unusual
as most dytiscines are eliminated by fish because their pelagic larvae are
easy prey.

Reasons for decline

Formerly with a very wide distribution, but very vare since the last
century; now in serious decline and absent from many places. Drainage of
wetlands and intensive fish-stocking are the main reasons for decline.
Pollution and other impacts on its freshwater habitats may also be
implicated.

me IG os

Conservation measures taken

Listed as endangered in West Germany (Blab et al., 1984) and in Austria
(Gepp, 1983). Protected by law in Hungary and West Germany. The genus
Dytiscus is protected in Oberdsterreich, Austria.

Conservation measures proposed

This species is relatively easy to identify in the field and would benefit
from protection under Appendix II of the Bern Convention. Such a listing
would draw attention to the widespread loss of freshwater habitats
throughout Europe.

For much of the information in this data-sheet I am grateful to Garth
N. Foster and his correspondents in the Balfour-Browne Club (Foster, in

litt., 4 June, 1986).

= S7e- =

19. Graphoderus bilineatus (Degeer) ENDANGERED
Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA
Order COLEOPTERA Family DYTISCIDAE
Common names The family is known as the Diving Beetles (En), Der

Breitrand (Ge).
Distribution
Central and Western Europe.

Status in Europe

Austria Potentially threatened (Gepp, 1983).
Denmark Considered endangered by Holmen (pers. comm. to G.N. Foster).
France Possibly extinct (Bameul, Leblanc, pers. comm. to

G.N. Foster.
Germany (FRG) Endangered (Blab et al., 1984).

Germany (GDR) No data.

Poland Recorded everywhere except in hills and mountains.
Switzerland Recorded in Neuchatel in 1980. No data on status.
UK Endangered, possibly extinct. Only ever found at Catfield

Fen, east Norfolk. Detected in 1976 in a collection made
there between 1904 and 1906 (Angus, 1976). Being easily
recognisable, it would probably have been found if it was
still present.

Habitat and ecology

One of a genus of smaller dytiscines, all beautifully marked in brown, black
and yellow and all considered to be under some degree of threat in several
countries. This species is easily distinguished from the rest by its
pyriform shape, the others being broadest about the middle. A rather
sedentary species, characteristic of smaller pools around large areas of
open water. The larvae are pelagic and probably vulnerable to predation by
fish, which perhaps they avoid by breeding in small pools subject to drying
up, or very acid conditions. Like all Dytiscidae, exclusively carnivorous
as larva and adult.

Reasons for decline

Adverse impacts on its freshwater habitats, including drainage and possibly
fish-stocking or pollution.

Conservation measures taken

Listed as under threat in West Germany, Austria and UK.

Conservation measures proposed
Suitable for listing under Appendix II of the Bern Convention.

For much of the information in this data-sheet I am grateful to Garth
N. Foster and his correspondents in the Balfour-Browne Club (Foster, in
litt., 4 June, 1986).

20. Osmoderma eremita (Scopoli, 1763)

Phylum ARTHROPODA

Order

Common names

Distribution

COLEOPTERA

2 59 —

ENDANGERED
Class INSECTA
Family SCARABAEIDAE

Hermit Beetle (En), Juchtenkafer (Ge), Pachnik hnedy (Cz),
Eremit (Ge). For Russian name see Bannikov and Sokolov,
1984.

Sporadically in the southern part of northern Europe, southern and central
Europe (Paulian and Baraud, 1982); and almost to the Urals in western USSR

(Bannikov and Sokolov, 1984).

Detailed distribution is given by Freude,

Harde and Lohse (1969) and Horion (1958).

Status in Europe

Austria

Belgium

Czechoslovakia
Denmark
Finland

France

Germany (FRG)

Germany (GDR)

Greece

Hungary

Italy

Liechtenstein

Endangered (Gepp, 1984).

Endangered (Leclercq, 1971 et seqg., map 940). Recorded in
Brabant, Limbourg and Liége (Baraud, 1977), but range now
very seriously reduced.

Indeterminate.
Indeterminate. Sporadically occurring in several states.
Endangered. Sporadic occurrences only (Hansen et al., 1960).
Indeterminate. Widespread but rare and localized in regions
with ancient woodlands (Paulian and Baraud, 1982; Baraud,
1977).

Endangered (Anon., 1982; Blab et al., 1984).
law of 19.12.86.

Protected by

Indeterminate.
Indeterminate,
Endangered.

Indeterminate. Northern and central regions to Campania.

Also Sicily.

Protected by law, and presumably under serious threat
(Anon., 1933).

Indeterminate.

Indeterminate, possibly Endangered. Sporadic occurrences in
the south (Hansen et al., 1960). Last recorded in 1975 and

listed as a threatened species of Norwegian forests (Kvamme

and Hagvar, 1985).

e160 =

Poland Indeterminate (Novak and Spitzer, 1982).
Spain Indeterminate. Recorded from the Pyrenees, Barcelona and

Gerona; very rare (Baraud, 1977).

Sweden Endangered (Ehnstrom, 1985). Sporadic occurrences only
(Hansen et al., 1960).

Switzerland Indeterminate (Allenspach, 1970).
USS Vulnerable (Bannikov and Sokolov, 1984).
Yugoslavia Indeterminate.

Habitat and ecology

Adults can be found on flowers between June and September. Very localized.
Adults supposedly smell like Russian leather (Harde et al., 1984). Larvae
live in the wood-mould of old deciduous trees; development takes several
years. The form, size and colouring of this beetle make it quite
unmistakable. It is 24-30 mm long, heavily built with powerful legs, black
all over.

Reasons for decline

In common with so many other beetles that depend on dead or moribund trees
for the development of their larvae, Osmoderma eremita has suffered from
destruction or intensive management of ancient woodlands for greater
economic advantage. It is now in serious decline throughout much of Europe.

Conservation measures taken

The species Osmoderma eremita is protected in Liechtenstein, FRG, Saarland
and Baden-Wiirttemberg, the Flemish region of Belgium, and Hungary.

Conservation measures proposed

Another of the xylophagous beetles listed by the Council of Europe's Group
of Consultants for Invertebrates for a Europe-wide survey. Although it is
abundantly clear that the Hermit Bettle is under threat throughout much of
its range, the survey will pin-point vital areas of critical habitat for
long-term protection and more appropriate management. Osmoderma eremita is
of widespread concern and is a high priority for listing on Appendix II of
the Bern Convention.

= 62) —

21. Buprestis splendens F., 1767 ENDANGERED
Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA
Order COLEOPTERA Family BUPRESTIDAE
Common names Goldstreifiger Prachtkafer (Ge)

Distribution

Sporadically occurring over much of Europe, including boreal regions, but
not France, Italy or the Mediterranean islands, and no further east than the
Caucasus and Urals (Cobos, 1986). Formerly believed to be restricted to
central and northern Europe, but recent records in Greece, Albania and Spain
have extended its known range. A useful map is given by Cobos (1953).
Status in Europe

Albania Recently recorded; status unknown (Muhle, 1981).

Austria Endangered or Extinct (Gepp, 1984). Extinct in Steiermark
(Gepp, 1981).

Denmark Uncertain records (Hansen et al., 1960).
Finland Very rare (Hansen et al., 1960).

Germany (FRG) Extinct (Blab et al., 1984). Should it be rediscovered, it
is already protected by law of 19.12.86.

Greece Recently recorded; status unknown (Miihle, 1981).
Spain Extremely rare (A. Cobos pers. comm. to M. G. de Viedma).

Three specimens recorded (Cobos, 1953, 1986).

Sweden Uncertain records (Hansen et al., 1960), probably extinct
(Ehnstrom, 1985).

Habitat and ecology

Early stages are unknown, but feed in dead wood. At least in Spain

B. splendens exclusively attacks indigenous pine trees (Pinus sylvestris L.,
P. pinea L., P. nigra laricia Poir. etc.) (Cobos, 1986). Despite its superb
appearance, the beetle is cryptic and hard to find.

Reasons for decline

Loss of woodland, perhaps particularly ancient pine forests. Dead wood is
essential for breeding. Further data are needed on this rather enigmatic
and disruptively distributed species.

Conservation measures taken

All buprestids (jewel beetles) are protected in FRG, Saarland and
Baden-Wirttemberg. No other measures are known.

ee

Conservation measures proposed

Buprestis splendens is one of the species of xylophagous, ancient woodland,
beetles proposed for a Europe-wide survey to be organized and compiled by
the Council's Group of Consultants for Invertebrates, with the help of
national experts. This survey will prepare the baseline survey data that
are vital to a long-term conservation and management plan. Preservation of
relict ancient woodlands will undoubtedly be central to such a plan. Due to
a lack of precise published data, Buprestis splendens is not of the highest
priority for protection under the Bern Convention, but Appendix II is
appropriate.

TOS &

22. Cucujus cinnaberinus (Scopoli, 1763) ENDANGERED
Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA
Order COLEOPTERA Family CUCUJIDAE
Common names Scharlachkafer (Ge), Lesak rumelkovy (Cz)

Distribution

A rare species found mostly in northern Europe and sporadically in central
Europe (Bavaria, Slovakia and elsewhere) (Harde et al., 1984; Horion, 1960).

Status in Europe
Austria Endangered/Vulnerable (Gepp, 1981; 1983).

Czechoslovakia Indeterminate (Novak and Spitzer, 1982).

Finland Vulnerable (Hansen et al., 1960); listed in the Red Data
Book. Threatened by modern forestry ‘hygiene’ (Vaisanen,
1982).

Germany (FRG) Endangered (Blab et al., 1984).
Germany (GDR) Indeterminate (no data).

Norway Vulnerable. Known only from one locality in the south-east
(Kvamme and Hagvar, 1985).

Sweden Endangered (Ehnstrém, 1985); protected by law in Uppsala
province (Uppland).

Habitat and ecology

An exceptional cucujid in being large (11-15 mm) and brightly coloured
(red-brown). Lives under the decaying bark of deciduous trees, mainly eln,
oak, beech, and sometimes conifers (Harde et al., 1984).

Reasons for decline

Despite being a large and easiy recognizable species, its cryptic habits
make its precise status uncertain. Nevertheless, its evident decline over a
wide area of northern and central Europe may be attributed to loss of
suitable woodland habitats. In particular, modern forestry techniques have
led to the loss of suitable rotten wood habitats in many parts of Europe.

Conservation measures taken

No practical conservation measures have been taken, although the species is
listed in a number of Red Data Books, and protected in Uppsala, Sweden.

Conservation measures proposed

Coordinated survey work coupled with a thorough analysis of ecological
requirements will enable planners and managers to preserve critical habitat
of this species. Although listed as endangered, more data are required.

C. cinnaberinus is of medium priority for listing under the Bern Convention.

UGA =

23. Cerambyx cerdo L., 1758 ENDANGERED
Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA
Order COLEOPTERA Family CERAMBYCIDAE
Common names Heldbock, Grosser Eichenbock (Ge), Capricorne (Fr), Kozka

Debosz (Po), Tesarik Obrovsky (Cz), Nagy Hoscincér (Hu),
Koziorog Bukowiec (Po). For Russian name see Bannikov and
Sokolov, 1984.

Distribution

Once widely distributed in Europe but now retreating eastwards very

rapidly. Rare in most parts of central Europe (Harde et al., 1984) and in
USSR, where it is found only in the western segment, approximately as far as
Moscow (Bannikov and Sokolov, 1984). Also known from North Africa and Asia
Minor as far as northern Iran (Villiers, 1978), and probably including
Turkey. Further details of distribution are given by Horion (1974).

Status in Europe

Austria Endangered (Gepp, 1981; 1983).

Czechoslovakia Endangered. Protected by law. Distribution in Horion
(1974). Rare in the Czech region, somewhat more common in
Slovakia (Caputa et al., 1982).

France Indeterminate (Villiers, 1978).

Germany (FRG) Endangered (Anon., 1983; Anon., 1982; Blab et al., 1984).
Protected by law of 19.12.86.

Hungary Endangered (listed in law).
Poland Endangered. Habitat and populations in decline despite

legal protection (Glowacinski et al., 1980; Ferens, 1957).

Spain Not uncommon (Viedma, pers. comm.).
Sweden Endangered (Horion, 1974; Hansen et al., 1960; Ehnstrom,

1985). Protected in Oland province (Kalmar).

Switzerland Indeterminate. Recorded from rather few localities
(Allenspach, 1973).

Turkey Indeterminate (records need to be checked).

UK Recorded as extinct by Harde et al. (1984), but the only
records are for Pleistocene sub-fossils in bog oaks.
Specimens still occasionally appear in southern England, but
they are not believed to be breeding.

ees

Habitat and ecology

This is one of Europe's largest insects, adults being 24-53 mm long, with
even longer antennae. Adults are active between May and August, mainly in
the evenings and at night on the trunks of old oaks (rarely other trees).
Larvae develop for 3-5 years in oak, where they penetrate to the heart-wood,
rendering it useless as timber. They can reach 8 cm in length and bore
galleries 2 cm in diameter (Ferens, 1957).

Reasons for decline

Cerambyx cerdo has been systematically destroyed by foresters because of the
damage the larvae do to living oak trees. Now the species is insignificant
as a pest, any economic considerations being far out-weighed by aesthetic
value and conservation needs. Species such as Cerambyx cerdo, with
slow-developing larval stages, require ancient woodland habitat where
moribund trees and dead wood are left to die and decay at a natural pace.
Current forestry trends towards fast-growing timber trees and excessive
forest ‘hygiene' have mitigated against the survival of this superb beetle
and led to its dramatic decline.

Conservation measures taken

The genus Cerambyx (with three European species) is protected in two
Austrian provinces. Cerambyx cerdo is protected in three other Austrian
provinces, in the Czech region of Czechoslovakia, FRG, Saarland and
Baden-Wiirttemberg, Hungary, Poland (Glowacinski et al., 1980) and in the
Swedish area of Oland in the province of Kalmar (law of 29 July 1965,
replacing that of 20 June, 1918).

Conservation measures proposed

Cerambyx cerdo is one of the species of xylophagous, ancient woodland,
beetles proposed for a Europe-wide survey to be organized and compiled by
the Council's Group of Consultants for Invertebrates with the help of
national experts. This survey will prepare the baseline distributional data
that are vital to a long-term conservation and management plan.

Preservation of relict ancient woodlands will be central to such a plan.
Since the only specimens known from U.K. are sub-fossil, it would be
unreasonable to invoke conservation measures in that country. Nevertheless,
Cerambyx cerdo is a high priority for protection on Appendix II of the Bern
Convention.

= (ye

24. Morimus funereus Mulsant, 1863 ENDANGERED
Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA
Order COLEOPTERA Family CERAMBYCIDAE
Common names Gyaszcincer (Hu). For Russian name see Bannikov and

Sokolov, 1984.
Distribution

A southern European species found sporadically in central Europe
(Czechoslovakia and formerly Austria) (Harde et al., 1984). Absent from
France (Villiers, 1978) and doubtful in Germany (Horion, 1974). Reaches
into western USSR (Bannikov and Sokolov, 1984). Further details of
distribution are given by Horion (1974).

Status in Europe

Austria Extinct (Gepp, 1983).
Belgium Indeterminate (Leclercq, 1971).

Czechoslovakia Indeterminate. Occurs sporadically.

Hungary Endangered (listed in law).
USSR Endangered (Bannikov and Sokolov, 1984).

Habitat and ecology

Larvae feed on dead wood of a number of tree species, including Populus,
Fagus, Quercus, Castanea and occasionally Abies (Demelt, 1966). Adults
found in May and June on tree stumps, trunks and old wood (Harde et al.,
1984). A handsome species, robustly built, 20-38 mm long, grey-black with
black spots on the elytra.

Reasons for decline

This is another species of ancient woodlands, requiring a natural community
of forest trees in various stages of growth and decay. Destruction and
management of such woodlands for greater economic returns have caused a
steady decline.

Conservation measures taken

Protected by law in Hungary (January 1982).

Conservation measures proposed

The Council's Group of Consultants for Invertebrates includes Morimus
funereus on its list of species to be surveyed and monitored throughout
Europe. Well-—planned conservation measures will develop from this

initiative in due course. Morimus funereus is suitable for protection on
Appendix II of the Bern Convention.

SG Fe

25. Rosalia alpina (L., 1758) ENDANGERED
Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA
Order COLEOPTERA Family CERAMBYCIDAE
Common names Alpenbock (Ge), Havasi Cincér (Hu), Nadobnica Alpejska or

Nabodnica Kamiennik (Po), Tesarik Alpsky (Cz). For Russian
name see Bannikov and Sokolov, 1984

Distribution

Historical range includes western and central Europe across into USSR, but
its distribution is rapidly shrinking. Detailed distributional data are
provided by Horion (1974).

Status in Europe

Austria Endangered.
Belgium Presence uncertain.
Bulgaria Endangered (listed in law).

Czechoslovakia Endangered. Protected by law. Has become very rare in the
Czech region and Moravia due to destruction of beech woods.
More abundant in some parts of Slovakia, especially in
mountainous areas from 600-1000m (Caputa et al., 1982).

Denmark Indeterminate (absent according to Hansen et al., 1960).

France Indeterminate (Villiers, 1978). Said to be common in some
mountainous areas and recently found in Corsica (Villiers,
1978).

Germany (FRG) Endangered (Blab et al., 1984). Listed in Bavaria,
Wiirttemberg (Anon., 1983). Protected by law of 19.12.86.

Germany (GDR) Indeterminate.

Greece Protected by law, and presumably under serious threat,
Hungary Endangered (listed in law).

Liechtenstein Protected by law, and presumably endangered (Anon., 1933).

Netherlands Indeterminate.

Poland Endangered. Habitat and populations in serious decline
despite legal protection (Glowacinski et al., 1980; Ferens,
1957).

Portugal Indeterminate.

Spain Vulnerable and much sought-after by collectors (M.G. de

Viedma, pers. comm.).

= 62. =

Sweden Recorded from southern regions only (Hansen et al., 1960).
Possibly now extinct (Ehnstrom, 1985).

Switzerland Indeterminate. Widespread, but localized (Allenspach, 1973).

USSR Rare. (Bannikov and Sokolov, 1982). Occurs in the Caucasus
and south-west USSR around the Black Sea.

Habitat and ecology

From June to September the beetles can be seen in the daytime on standing or
felled beech (Fagus) trees; sometimes on flowers. Larvae develop in the
wood of diseased beeches, but occasionally also in other deciduous trees,
such as maples (Harde et al., 1984). A very attractive beetle with a
distinctive light blue pubescence over a large part of its body and very
long antennae.

Reasons for decline

Destruction of good breeding habitat, particularly old beech forests, is to
blame for the loss of this species from large tracts of Europe. Although
beech woodlands are still fairly extensive, forestry practice and management
for economic returns mitigate against the survival of the beetle in the
rotten and diseased wood that the larvae prefer. The singular beauty of the
species also attracts collectors, who may easily capture this rather docile
insect (Ferens, 1957). Whether this has any serious impact on the beetle's
populations remains uncertain.

Conservation measures taken

In Austria the genus Rosalia is probably protected in two provinces, while
R. alpina is believed to be protected in five others. The species is also
protected in Czechoslovakia, FRG, Saarland and Baden-Wiirttemberg, Bulgaria,
Hungary, Liechtenstein and Greece.

Conservation measures proposed

Listed for distributional survey and monitoring by the Council of Europe's
Group of Consultants for Invertebrates. Detailed data accruing from that
project will give a sound basis for protection of a network of critical
habitats throughout Europe. Rosalia alpina is a high priority for
protection on Appendix II of the Bern Convention.

ay

Lepidoptera

Far more information is available for butterflies (Rhopalocera) than
for moths (Heterocera). The butterflies have been well-served by the Heath
(1981b) report, which examined the status of all the European species. The
15 endangered species in the Heath report were examined as primary
candidates for the Bern Convention, and reduced by deletion of those species
which have a wide range outside Europe. One species not recognised at the
time of the Heath report has been added in the endangered category,
Maculinea rebeli. This was formerly believed to be a subspecies of M. alcon
but is now widely accepted as a distinct species. Erebia christi, a
narrowly distributed species of particular concern in Switzerland, is listed
as vulnerable.

The Apollo butterfly (Parnassius apollo) was given lengthy
consideration before being rejected as a candidate for the Appendices to the
Convention. The Apollo is listed as rare in the most recent assessment
(Collins and Morris, 1985) but even this category was acknowledged as
possibly being unjustified. The threats to the Apollo have been exaggerated
because of the excessive subdivision into subspecies. Although some forms
are very restricted in their range, the Apollo as a species is certainly not
threatened. Its distribution reaches over to eastern Asia, and in parts of
Europe (the Pyrenees, for example) it is a common sight. Apollo populations
will remain, by and large, protected by the ruggedness of their habitat.

The Red Data Books and other lists that include threatened butterflies
are too numerous to discuss in any detail here. References to the
literature will be found in Table 1.

Moths have received very little attention on the European scale.
Hundreds of species are listed in the West German Red Data Book and
elsewhere, but no synthesis has ever been attempted. For this reason it has
been difficult to recommend a few species for the Bern Convention. The
final list of five species is far from satisfactory and there is a
particular need for more detailed research in this sphere. A rather
spectacular eastern European emperor moth, Eudia spini (D. & S., 1775), is
cause for concern but has not been given a full data-sheet due to lack of
information. It seems to be an inhabitant of the steppes, particularly in
Asia Minor, but has retreated from Austria, GDR, Czechoslovakia, Hungary,
Romania and the USSR and may even be extinct in some countries. Its decline
has been mainly during the past 30 years and the precise reasons remain
unclear (A. Schintlmeister in litt., 13 April 1986). Most of the countries
within its range are not party to the Bern Convention.

= 70 =

26. Papilio hospiton Guenée, 1839 ENDANGERED
Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA

Order LEPIDOPTERA Family PAPILIONIDAE
Common names Corsican Swallowtail (En), Korsicher Schwalbenschwanz (Ge),

Port-Queu de Corse (Fr)
Distribution
Corsica (to France) and Sardinia (to Italy)
Status in Europe
Corsica Endangered, protected by French law.
Sardinia Insufficiently known.

Recognized as Endangered in Council of Europe Report (Heath, 1981b), and the
IUCN Red Data Book (Collins and Morris, 1985). Noted as a seriously
threatened species by Bernardi (1979). Proposed for CITES Appendix I.

Habitat and ecology

Mountain habitats from 600 m to 1500 m altitude. Breeding sites extremely
localized. Foodplants are Umbelliferae, either Foeniculum vulgare,
Foeniculum (Ferula) communis or Peucedanum paniculatum. On the wing May
until August.

Reasons for decline

Habitat destruction, commercial collecting, destruction of foodplants by
burning (poisonous to sheep). Leisure developments on Corsica.

Conservation measures taken

Legislation in France, but not Italy. No protection of habitat.

Much of central and western Corsica is a Regional Park (Duffey, 1982), but
the distribution of P. hospiton in the park remains unknown. Gennargentu
National Park has been proposed in eastern Sardinia, but the presence of the
butterfly needs to be confirmed.

Conservation measures proposed

Surveys of populations, designation of protected areas, ecological studies
and management plans. Despite legislation in France and protected areas on
Corsica, measures to conserve this species have been inadequate so far.
Specific efforts to protect and manage the best breeding localities of

P. hospiton are required. This species is a high priority for protection on
Appendix II of the Bern Convention; it is both well known and under severe
threat.

Si72_ =

27. Lycaena dispar (Haworth, 1803) ENDANGERED
Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA
Order LEPIDOPTERA Family LYCAENIDAE
Common names Large Copper (En), Flussampfer-Dukatenfalter, Grosser

Feuerfalter (Ge), Lycéne Disparate (Fr), Czerwonczyk
Plomieniec (Po), Ohnivacek Cernocarny (Cz)

Distribution

Western Europe across USSR to Amurland. Nominate subspecies extinct in U.K.
(but re-introduced - see below), still in northern Netherlands (Friesland),
where it is usually regarded as a separate subspecies batava (Higgins and
Riley, 1980). L. d. rutila occurs in France (local in Haute Marne, Aube,
Alsace, Niévre and Céte d'Or, Gironde etc.), Belgium, Germany (widely
distributed near Berlin and northwards to southern Finland), Czechoslovakia,
Poland and Hungary, Romania, Balkans (especially near the River Save),
Bulgaria and Greece. Still found in marshy places in northern Italy,
formerly occurred near Rome (Higgins and Riley, 1980).

Status in Europe

Austria Endangered in Steiermark (Gepp, 1981).

Belgium Indeterminate. Range in decline (Leclerg, 1971 et seq.,
map 975). Protected in the Flemish region.

Bulgaria Recorded as a rarity (Nestorova and Slivov, 1985).

Czechoslovakia Recently extinct (Heath, 1981b), or threatened with

extinction (Novak and Spitzer, 1982).

Denmark Extinct.

Finland Endangered and protected by law since 1983 (Vaisanen et
al., 1983). Five other species of Lepidoptera are

already extinct in Finland (Mikkola, 1981).

France Vulnerable. Protected by law of 22.8.1979. Subspecies
gronieri Bernardi extinct since 1908 (Bernardi, 1963).

Germany (FRG) Endangered (Blab et al., 1981); extinct in Bavaria
(Anon., 1983). Protected by law of 19.12.86.

Germany (GDR) Vulnerable.

Greece Endangered; only one locality known.

Hungary Threatened. Subspecies hungarica Szabo, 1956, protected

by law (Fazekas, 1983) since January 1982.
Italy Declining.

Luxembourg Endangered (Meyer and Pelles, 1982).

eI

Netherlands Endangered; protected by law. Confined to a few
protected localities. The local form is subspecies
batavus Oberthiir (see Bink, 1972).

Poland Vulnerable (Dabrowski and Krzywicki, 1982). Threatened
by drainage, grassland improvement and afforestation
(Palik, 1981).

Switzerland Endangered; possibly extinct.
United Kingdom Extinct since 1851. Subspecies batavus Oberthiir

protected as an introduction in Woodwalton Fen National
Nature Reserve (Duffey, 1968, 1977).
USSR -
Lithuania SSR Rare (Heath, 1981b).

Habitat and ecology

Marshes, fens, damp meadows and wet ditches; sea level to about 1000 m.
Foodplants are docks, especially Rumex hydrolapathum, R. crispus and

R. aquaticus; also Polygonum and rarely Iris.

Reasons for decline

Drainage of wetlands; flooding of valleys for reservoirs; vegetational
successions in some nature reserves. For details see Duffey (1968, 1977)
and Vaisanen et al., 1983). In the Netherlands some former sites became
unsuitable through vegetational succession and land reclamation.

Conservation measures taken

Protected by law in Finland (1983) France (females only), FRG, Saarland and
Baden-Wiirttemberg, Netherlands, Hungary and the Flemish region of Belgium.
Present in nature reserves in Austria, Netherlands and U.K.

Conservation measures proposed

Establishment of properly managed nature reserves. National conservation
organizations must recognize that management for birds and plants is not
always conducive to survival of butterflies. In the Netherlands some former
sites could be restored by suitable management for the butterfly. Expert
guidance should be encouraged, developed and utilized. L. dispar is a high
priority for protection on Appendix II of the Bern Convention, even though
it already benefits from extensive legislation in Europe.

. ae

28. Maculinea teleius (Bergstrasser, 1779) ENDANGERED
Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA

Order LEPIDOPTERA Family LYCAENIDAE
Common names Scarce Large Blue (En), Grosser Moorblauling (Ge), Modraszek

Lakowy Jasny (Po)
Distribution

France through central Europe to Asia and Japan. Very local in central
Europe to 53°N (Berlin). France, chiefly in north-east Savoie, Isere;
Switzerland not south of Rhéne Valley. Italy, in southern foothills of Alps
from Susa to Carniola. Absent from Romania and the Balkans (Higgins and
Riley, 1980).

Status in Europe

Austria Vulnerable (Gepp, 1983); Endangered in Steiermark (Gepp,
1981).
Belgium Vulnerable (Leclercq et al., 1980). Protected in the

Flemish region.
Czechoslovakia Endangered.

France Endangered. Females of the subspecies burdigalensis
Stempffer) are protected by law.

Germany (FRG) Local; Vulnerable in Bavaria (Anon., 1983).

Germany (GDR) Vulnerable (Heath, 1981b).

Hungary Vulnerable. Many local populations (Heath, 1981b).

Italy Endangered. One colony only, threatened by wetland drainage
(Heath, 1981b).

Netherlands Extinct since 1971, but possibly seen in 1985.

Poland Vulnerable (Dabrowsky and Krzywicki, 1982). Threatened by

drainage, grassland improvement etc. (Palik, 1981).

Spain Rare (De Viedma and Gomez Bustillo, 1976, 1985).
Switzerland Endangered. Very few localities (Heath, 1981b).
Yugoslavia Endangered (Heath, 1981b).

Listed as Vulnerable in the IUCN Invertebrate Red Data Book (Wells, Pyle and
Collins, 1983), but recently re-categorized as Endangered.

ry ae

Habitat and ecology

Inhabits marshy meadows up to 2000 m altitude. Adults feed and oviposit on
Sanguisorba officinalis and later lives in nests of Myrmica, probably

M. scabrinodis. Adults also take nectar from Vicia cracca (Thomas, 1984).
Adults fly in July.

Reasons for decline

Land drainage, fertilizer application, river impoundment. All known sites
in the Rhéne Valley were destroyed in 1981 when a large reservoir was
constructed.

Conservation measures taken

One subspecies protected by French law (females only). Also protected in
the Flemish region of Belgium. Present in Austria in a nature reserve
(Heath, 1981b).

Conservation measures proposed

Surveys of populations, designation of protected areas, ecological studies
and management plans, surveys of Asian distribution. M. teleius is a high
priority for protection on Appendix II of the Bern Convention, being
threatened throughout its Européan range.

ae ee

29. Maculinea nausithous (Bergstrasser, 1779) ENDANGERED
Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA

Order LEPIDOPTERA Family LYCAENIDAE
Common names Dusky Large Blue (En), Schwarzblauer Moorblaéuling (Ge),

Modraszek Lakowy Ciemny (Po)
Distribution
Very local in central Europe to 52°N. Northern Spain (isolated colony near
Soria), France (chiefly in north-east, Colmar, Ain, Sére, Netherlands,
northern Switzerland (Weesen, Berne); more widely distributed in Bavaria and
central Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Yugoslavia, to
the Urals and Caucasus in USSR

Status in Europe

Austria Vulnerable; Endangered in Steiermark (Gepp, 1981) and
Salzburg (Gepp, 1983).

Bulgaria Recorded as a rarity (Nestorova and Slivov, 1985).
Czechoslovakia Endangered (Heath, 1981b).

France Endangered due to land use change and reservoir
construction. Protection urgently needed (Heath, 1981b).

Germany (FRG) Rare and local; Vulnerable in Bavaria (Anon. 1983);
Endangered in Nordrhein-Westfalen (LOLF, 1979). Protected
by law of 19.12.86.

Germany (GDR) Vulnerable (Heath, 1981b).

Hungary Endangered. Extinct in some areas (Heath, 1981b).
Protected by law.

Netherlands Extinct since 1972 (Heath, 1981b).

Poland Vulnerable (Dabrowski and Krzywicki, 1982). Threatened by

drainage, grassland improvement etc. (Palik, 1981).

Spain Rare (but not listed by De Viedma and Gomez Bustillo, 1976;
see Manley and Allcard, 1970).

Switzerland Endangered. Very few localities, but at least one is in a
protected area (Heath, 1981b).

USSR Common in Caucasus; rare and local in Ukraine (Heath, 1981b).
Yugoslavia Endangered (Heath, 1981b).

IUCN Red Data Book: Endangered (Wells, Pyle and Collins, 1983).

6 =

Habitat and ecology

Marshy meadows, frequently near lakes. Adults feed and oviposit on
Sanguisorba officinalis; later stage caterpillars inhabit ants" nests
(Myrmica rubra). Flies in July.

Reasons for decline

Land drainage, fertilizer application, flooding of valleys. All known sites
in Rh6ne Valley were destroyed in 1981 when a large reservoir was
constructed. Losses also occur from sites that appear superficially
unchanged, perhaps as a result of impacts on the ant host, Myrmica rubra
(Thomas, 1984).

Conservation measures taken

Heath's (1981b) record of this species being protected in Switzerland is
erroneous. Protected by law in Hungary since January 1982. In the
Netherlands attempts are being made to reintroduce both M. teleius and

M. nausithous. Some good sites with foodplants plus ant hosts still exist,
others are being restored.

Conservation measures proposed

Establishment of reserves in suitable sites very urgent; essential to
maintain water table. Minimal management by cutting may be required
(Thomas, 1984). M. nausithous is very widely and severely threatened, and
is a high priority for protection on Appendix II of the Bern Convention.

a7 ae

30. Maculinea rebeli Hirschke, 1904 VULNERABLE
Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA

Order LEPIDOPTERA Family LYCAENIDAE
Common names Rebel's Large Blue (En), Rebels Enzianblauling (Ge)
Distribution

Southern and central Europe, chiefly from mountainous areas, but at lower
altitudes in France. Once considered to be a subspecies of M. alcon, but
now recognised as a separate species with different ecological requirements.

Status in Europe

Belgium Former localities have not been recently assessed.
Denmark Very local (Higgins and Riley, 1980).
France Especially in the Massif Central and the south-eastern Alps.

Germany (FRG) Known from the Lauda area. Protected by law of 19.12.86.

Italy Apennine localities.
Spain Eastern Pyrenees, and from a few localities near Soria,

Teruel and Santander (Higgins and Riley, 1980).

Switzerland Threatened in the Jura and other lower, lusher montane areas
where pastures are fertilised and cut.

Habitat and ecology

The habitat is meadows and grass slopes at 1200-1800m, sometimes at lower
altitudes in France, often in dry localities (Higgins and Riley, 1980).
Eggs are laid on gentians, either Gentiana germanica or G. cruciata. Life
cycle depends upon parasitism of colonies of the ant Myrmica schenki (J.
Thomas pers. comm.). This ant is fairly scarce in Europe, but only a small
number of nests is needed to support a colony of M. rebeli because the
caterpillars are fed directly by worker ants, and a single nest can produce
over 20 butterflies (J. Thomas pers. comm.). Adults fly at the end of June
and into July.

Reasons for decline

The ant and foodplants depend upon a low-productivity grazing system now in
decline. Abandonment of pastures and the resulting spread of shrubs and
trees, or enrichment of pastures using fertilizers results in the loss of
these species and consequently loss of the butterfly. Indeed, both Gentiana
cruciata and G. germanica are threatened plants in Europe. Although not
quite as seriously threatened as M. teleius or M. nausithous, M. rebeli is
nevertheless in a serious decline and is in need of conservation action.

Conservation measures taken

None known.

= Fg %=

Conservation measures proposed

Careful studies of life history, distribution and ecological requirements.
Appropriate management of prime localities. Listing on Appendix II of the
Bern Convention.

BEG =.

31. Coenonympha oedippus F., 1787 ENDANGERED
Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA
Order LEPIDOPTERA Family SATYRIDAE

Common names False Ringlet (En), Moor Wiesenvogelchen (Ge)
Distribution

France, Belgium, Italy, Germany, Austria, Hungary through USSR to China and
Japan.

Status in Europe

Austria Endangered; habitat in Vorarlberg has been destroyed (Gepp,
1981; 1983).

Belgium Endangered; possibly extinct (Leclercq 1971 et seq. map 394).
France Endangered. Some subspecies extinct; protected by law of 22

August 1979 (Burton, 1980).

Germany (FRG) Endangered (Blab et al., 1981); extinct in Bavaria (Anon.,
1983). Protected by law of 19.12.86.

Hungary Endangered and protected by law (Fazekas, 1983) since
January 1982.

Italy Endangered (Heath, 1981b).

Lichtenstein Site at Fiirstenturm has been destroyed (Heath, 1981b).

Poland Vulnerable (Dabrowski and Krzywicki, 1982). Known only from
one locality in the Bialowieza forest. Floods caused its
disappearance for many years, but there is still hope that

it will be rediscovered (Palik, 1981).

Spain Endangered (De Viedma and Gomez Bustillo, 1976; Manley and
Alleard, 1970)

Switzerland Endangered; now confined to one locality. Extinct in the
south (Heath, 1981b).

Habitat and ecology

Wet lowland Molinia meadows. Foodplants are Lolium, Carex and Iris
pseudacorus.

Reasons for decline

Land drainage and grassland improvement (Palik, 1981); conversion for rice
cultivation (P6 Valley).

Conservation measures taken

Protected by law in France (females only), Hungary, FRG, Saarland and
Baden-Wiirttemberg. In Austria it is protected in the Kotlies nature reserve.

- 80 -

Conservation measures proposed

Establishment of properly managed nature reserves is a most urgent
necessity. C. oedippus is a high priority for protection on Appendix II of
the Bern Convention; it is threatened throughout its European range.

ed

32. Erebia christi Ratzer, 1890 VULNERABLE
Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA
Order LEPIDOPTERA Family SATYRIDAE
Common names Ratzer'’s Ringlet (En)

Distribution

Confined to the Alps in southern Switzerland (Simplon Pass, Laggintal,
Alpien, Hossaz Alp, Zwischbergental, Eggen) and northern Italy. Colonies
very restricted (Higgins and Riley, 1980)

Status in Europe

Italy Endangered/Vulnerable. A very few scattered colonies in
Simplon and Val Formazza.

Switzerland Endangered/Vulnerable. A few colonies in the Laggintal area.
Habitat and ecology

Alpine meadows of 1500-2000 m. Foodplant for the caterpillar is probably
Festuca ovina. Flies end of June and July. One generation per year;
caterpillar overwinters August to May (Rappaz, 1979).

Reasons for decline

There is considerable concern that over-collecting may be causing a decline
in this species, but such fears are probably unjustified in view of the
rugged mountain-top localities of the colonies. Perhaps of more serious
concern, there are proposals for a dam and reservoir on the river Laggina,
somewhere in the Laggintal Valley. Depending on its size, this could have
serious consequences for the Erebia. An access road is already under
construction.

Conservation measures taken

The Laggintal area is a prime butterfly site exploited heavily by
collectors. The authorities of the Swiss canton of Valais have initiated
proceedings to protect this butterfly some time ago, but they were initially
opposed by the local community, who were said to be afraid of losing the
revenue brought in by the numerous entomological visitors. The Ligue Suisse
pour la Protection de la Nature, very concerned about the status of Erebia
christi, continued to press for protective measures. In response, the
Canton of Valais passed a Regulation in 1985, forbidding the carrying of
nets and collecting of butterflies anywhere in the Laggintal Valley.

Conservation measures proposed

Protection of E. christi from a perceived threat of over-collecting may be
insufficient to ensure the safety of the species. The evidence that
over-collecting has been a serious threat is not at all convincing;
apparently collectors can only collect from a narrow path and are dependeant
upon adults flying their way. Mapping and monitoring would be useful for a
species as restricted as this one, and would enable the authorities to carry

=D =

out a much-needed ecological and conservation evaluation of the threats to
the habitat of the species. The status of E. christi remains somewhat
uncertain and although the species would undoubtedly benefit from the
attention that protection under Appendix II of the Bern Convention would
bring, this is not of the highest priority. Italian and Swiss authorities
should be consulted.

— a3 =

33. Hypodryas maturna (L. 1758) ENDANGERED
(= Euphydryas maturna)

Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA

Order LEPIDOPTERA Family NYMPHALIDAE

Common names Scarce Fritillary (En), Kleiner Maivogel (Ge),

Hnedasek osikovy (Cz), Przeplatka Maturna (Po),
Diszes Tarkalepke/(Hu). For Russian see Caputa et al., 1982.

Distribution

Europe north of the Alps, including France, Germany, Austria, southern
Fennoscandia, Hungary and Rumania, through the USSR to the Altai mountains.

Status in Europe

Austria Endangered or Vulnerable; Endangered in Steiermark
(Gepp, 1983).

Belgium Very restricted and declining, possibly Endangered
(Leclercq 1971 et seq., map 563).

Czechoslovakia Endangered. Only present in virgin wetland forests
(Novak and Spitzer, 1982). Protected in the Slovak
republic (Klemm, 1985, Tassi, 1969). Survives in a small
number of forest-steppe habitats, where it is never
numerous (Caputa et al., 1982).

Finland Preaevdy
rance Endangered. Protection urgently needed. Threatened by

changes in forestry management. Present distribution
requires examination (Heath, 1981b).

Germany (FRG) Endangered (Blab et al., 1981; Blab and Kudrna, 1982).
Extinct in north-west; very local and endangered in
Bavaria (Anon., 1983). Protected by law of 19.12.86.

Germany (GDR) Vulnerable (Heath, 1981b).

Luxembourg Endangered; present status uncertain (Meyer and Pelles,
1982).

Poland Vulnerable (Dabrowski and Krzywicki, 1982). Threatened

by drainage of wetlands, grassland improvement,
afforestation, grazing and burning (Palik, 1981).

Sweden Vulnerable. Considerable decline; now mainly confined to
north-east Uppland. Threatened by conversion of hardwood
forests to conifer and drainage of wetlands followed by
afforestation (Heath, 1981b).

USSR Rare in Lithuania SSR (Heath, 1981b).

Habitat and ecology

Wetland areas in deciduous forests. Foodplants include Fraxinus, Populus,
Fagus and, after overwintering, Plantago, Scabiosa, Veronica etc.

—~ 84 -

Reasons for decline

Drainage of wetlands followed by afforestation.

Conservation measures taken

Protection under discussion in France.

Conservation measures proposed

Establishment of nature reserves to protect this species is of the utmost
importance. Such reserves must be managed in such a way as to maintain the
wetland conditions. H. maturna is a high priority for protection on

Appendix I1 of the Bern Convention; the species is well known, and severely
threatened throughout its range.

Pu)

—285. =

34. Eriogaster catax (5), ENDANGERED

Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA

Order LEPIDOPTERA Family LASIOCAMPIDAE
Common names Heckenwollafter (Ge)

Distribution

At one time probably widespread in Europe, but now confined to central
Europe and relicts in far-flung corners. A detailed map is given by Heath
and Leclercq (1981). Strongest populations in Austria, Czechoslovakia and
Hungary.

Stetus in Europe

Austria Endangered (Gepp, 1983). Protected in two states.
Belgium Endangered. In serious decline and now very rare (Leclercq,

1971 et seq., map 781).
Bulgaria Indeterminate. Scattered records only.

Germany (FRG) Endangered (Blab et al., 1984). Very few records.
Protected by law of 19.12.86.

Hungary Endangered (listed in law).
Italy Occasional records prior to 1950, none in recent years

(Heath and Leclercq, 1981).

Luxembourg Extinct (Meyer and Pelles, 1982).
Netherlands Indeterminate. A single post-1950 locality (Heath and

Leclercq, 1981).

Spain Very rare in north-central areas (Gomez Bustillo et al.,
1974).

Switzerland Probably occurred here at some time, but no recent records.

Yugoslavia Indeterminate. Only in the north, on the Hungarian border.

Habitat and ecology

Until July the caterpillars inhabit a common web on blackthorn, hawthorn
(Crataegus), oak (Quercus), poplar (Populus) and birch (Betulus) (Seitz,

1913), also Berberis vulgaris (Lhomme, 1923-35).
Reasons for decline

Like its congener, E. lanestris, E. catax has probably suffered a serious
decline through destruction of hedgerows, agricultural spraying, and
possibly pollution of hedgerows by cars. More information needed, but said
to be in decline everywhere.

8 6~=

Conservation measures taken

Protected in Hungary by law of January 1982. All Lasiocampidae are
protected in two Austrian provinces, FRG, Saarland and Baden-Wiirttemberg.

Conservation measures proposed

Although this species does seem to be severely threatened, there are few
published data on the precise cause of its decline, or indeed its ecological
requirements. Protection of key habitat is essential if eventual extinction
is to be avoided. Listing on Appendix II of the Bern Convention is
appropriate.

eee

35. Phyllodesma ilicifolia (L., 1758) VULNERABLE
Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA
Order LEPIDOPTERA Family LAS TOCAMPIDAE

Common names Small Lappet moth
Distribution

Central and northern Europe, and the colder parts of Asia as far as the Amur
and Japan.

Status in Europe
Belgium Some records. No data on status.

Czechoslovakia No data.

Denmark Present in Jutland but extinct elsewhere.
Finland Rather widespread in the south.
France Some records. No data on status.

Germany (FRG) Endangered (Blab et al., 1984). Protected by law of
19.12.86.

Germany (GDR) Endangered (A. Schintlmeister in litt., 13 April, 1986.).
Has become very local in the past 30 years due to changes in
agricultural practice, especially drainage.

Poland No data.
Romania Rare.
Sweden Rather widespread in the south.

United Kingdom Extinct since c. 1900.
USSR No data.
More data are needed on the past and present distribution of this species.

Habitat and ecology

An inhabitant of heather moors, peat—bogs and open formation forests with
abundant bilberry (Vacinium myrtilis). The caterpillars live on bilberry,
willows (Salix), aspens (Populus) and oaks (Quercus), over-wintering in the
pupal stage. Emergence is early, April-May and possibly earlier in some
parts of its range.

~ 88 -

Reasons for decline

This species has declined rapidly during this century. Said to be already
extinct as a resident by 1900 in the UK, endangered in FRG and GDR. Its
decline is presumably the result of intensification and expansion of
agriculture, particularly where this has involved drainage. There is no
evidence that air pollution has played a role, but this should not be
discounted.

Conservation measures taken

Listed in Red Data Books in UK and FRG. No substantial meaures known.
Conservation measures proposed

Conservation of suitable moorland and peat-—bog habitat would seem to be
fundamental to preserving this species. Basic data on life-cycle,
distribution and reasons for decline are needed. Meanwhile, this species is

suitable for the Bern Convention Appendix II, drawing attention to
threatened acid wetland biotopes.

~ 89 —

36. Graellsia isabelae (Graells, 1849) VULNERABLE
Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA

Order LEPIDOPTERA Family SATURNIIDAE
Common names Spanish Moon Moth (En), L'Isabelle (Fr), Isabellaspinner (Ge)
Distribution

Southern France and northern and eastern Spain.

Status in Europe

France Restricted to small localities in the French Alps. Reported
to be heavily collected, despite being protected by French
law.

Germany (FRG) Not known to breed in Germany, but protected by law of
19.12.86.

Spain Vulnerable (De Viedma and Gomez Bustillo, 1976). Sierra del
Guadarrama, Montes Universales, Sierra de Cazorla y Segura,
Barcelona, Gerona, Lérida, Huesca and Navarra. Mainly north
and east of Madrid (De Viedma and Gomez Bustillo, 1976,
1985).

Habitat and ecology

In areas of Pinus sylvestris L. and P. nigra laricius Poiret, particularly

between 800 and 1200 metres, but also lower down. Feeds on a variety of
conifers in captivity. A single generation emerges in May and June,
overwintering in the pupal stage. Adults strongly phototropic. Males fly
strongly over long distances in search of Females. Caterpillars feed in
Pine trees and pupate in the Bround beneath. Artificial rearing is possible
and introductions into suitable habitats in France have been proposed
(Dumon, 1975/76).

Reasons for decline

Massive commercialization has been a cause for great concern, although in
certain areas it seems to have caused the species to spread by human
agency. The French subspecies has been severely hunted over the past

30 years or so. This moth flies strongly to lights and can be taken in
&reat numbers in this very destructive way. Between 1960 and 1970 the
forest habitats of this species in Spain were the subject of massive

spraying of DDT and other pesticides for control of Thaumetopoea pytiocampa

(Pine Processionary moth), but the programme has now been relaxed.
Conservation measures taken

Protected by law in France as well as in five communes in particular
(Bourgogne, 1975/76). Listed in the Spanish Red Data Book (De Viedma and
Gomez Bustillo, 1976, 1985) and portrayed in a leaflet and on a poster of
"Mariposas Necesitan Proteccion” by the Forest Service of Madrid (Viedma et
al., 1980). The species is used as an emblem of Spanish entomology,
particularly of the forest fauna. Its large size, green coloration and
superb tailed wings are quite unmistakable.

—~ 90 -

Conservation measures proposed

Following the recommendations of the Spanish experts, in whose country this
species mainly flies, total protection in all states should be invoked as
soon as possible. An assessment of the protection of suitable habitat must
be made and critical areas conserved. Bona fide commercial exploitation may
be allowed, but controlled and monitored under licence. Collectors
requiring single specimens also need not be discouraged, but collection of
long series for personal use, or for part-time trading, needs to be
prevented, particularly where it involves indiscriminate use of light

traps. G. isabelae need not be of the highest priority for protection under
the Bern Convention, partly because of conflicting reports of its status,
but also because the Spanish authorities are in a position to undertake all
necessary measures at the national level. Nevertheless, Graellsia isabelae
is very suitable for listing under Appendix III of the Convention.

=NQH =

37. Hyles hippophaes (Esper, 1789) VULNERABLE
(= Celerio hippophaes)

Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA

Order LEPIDOPTERA Family SPHINGIDAE

Common names None known

Distribution

Spain northwards to Baden in southern Germany, and from there eastwards to
central Asia (northern Syria, Iran, Kashmir, Samarkand, Transcaspian region,
Xinjiang and Mongolia) (Newman, 1965; Rothschild and Jordan, 1903; Pittaway,
1983).

Status in Europe and elsewhere
France Rare. Mainly south-eastern regions (Lhomme, 1923-35).

Germany (FRG) Not listed by Blab et al. (1984). All species of Hyles are
protected by law of 19.12.86.

Greece Recorded from the Aegean islands.

Iran Northern regions.

Mongolia Recorded, but no data on status.

Rumania Recorded, but no data on status.

Spain Rare. North-eastern regions, only two known localities

(M.G. de Viedma, in litt., 27 May 1986). Not listed in the
Spanish Red Data Books (De Viedma and Gomez Bustillo (1976,

1985).
Switzerland Probably rare.
Turkey Recorded in the west, but no data on status.
Yugoslavia Northern regions.
USSR In southern regions.

Habitat and ecology

Eggs are laid on the leaves of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides).
Caterpillars pupate in a flimsy web among debris on the ground beneath the
food plant: the adult is an attractive hawk-moth with pointed, predominantly
brown wings, but with grey and red markings.

=39? =

Reasons for decline

This moth is certainly rare throughout the western part of its range, but
data are lacking for the eastern sector. Western populations are disjunct
(see map in Pittaway, 1983). Precise reasons for the rarity of this moth
are obscure. Its foodplant is mainly coastal in Europe, but the
distribution of the moth clearly indicates that either the plant survives
well inland in Asia or the moth has alternative foodplants.

Conservation measures taken
None known as yet.
Conservation measures proposed

Many more data are needed on this species. Although it may benefit greatly
from protection of individuals and habitat under Appendix II of the Bern
Convention, more information should be sought from local experts. The cause
of its retreat must be ascertained before proper conservation measures may
be proposed.

= gat

38. Proserpinus proserpina (Pallas, 1772) VULNERABLE
Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA
Order LEPIDOPTERA Family SPHINGIDAE
Common names None known

Distribution

Central and southern Europe to the Transcaspian region, Lebanon and northern
Iran, Morocco (Pittaway, 1983).

Status in Europe and elsewhere

Austria Endangered, extinct in some places (Gepp, 1983).

Belgium A few records from the extreme south (Leclerq, 1971 et seq.,
map 597).

Bulgaria No data.

France Southern and central regions.

Germany (FRG) Endangered (Blab et al., 1984). Central and southern
regions. Protected by law of 19.12.86.

Greece No data.

Hungary Endangered. Listed in law.

Iran No data.

Italy Including Sicily.

Morocco No data.

Portugal No data.

Spain Rare, but more widely distributed than H. hippophaes

(M.G. de Viedma, in litt., 27 May 1986). Not listed in the
Spanish Red Data Books (De Viedma and Gomez Bustillo (1976,

1985).
Switzerland No data.
Turkey No data.
USSR Uzbekistan.

Habitat and ecology

This is a distinctive hawk-moth with pointed, ragged wings with grey and
green bands. It flies in May-June, visiting flowers of willow-herb
(Epilobium sp.), evening primrose (Qenothera) and bugloss (Echium sp. )
after dark to take nectar. Eggs and caterpillars are chiefly on
willow-herb, evening primrose and loosestrife. Pupates at shallow depth in
ground, overwintering in this state.

194

Reasons for decline

A rare species that has disappeared entirely in many places in recent
years. Now occurs very locally. Little known of the reasons for the
evident decline of this species.

Conservation measures taken

Protected in Hungary by law of January 1982. All Sphingidae are protected
in FRG, Saarland and Baden-Wiirttemberg, Luxembourg, two Swiss cantons and
three Austrian provinces.

Conservation measures proposed

Data on the status of this moth in European states are needed. Although
widespread, it may be on the decline everywhere. Again, habitat protection
and proper management will be needed to ensure its survival. P. proserpina
is suitable for protection under Appendix II of the Bern Convention.

aE Cs

Hymenoptera

The literature on the conservation of the Hymenoptera is patchy, both
taxonomically and geographically. In the UK an introductory booklet on
conservation of bees and wasps (Else et al. 1979) and an atlas of bumblebees
(Bombus, Psithyrus) (Int. Bee Res. Assoc. et al., 1980) have been
published. B. cullumanus and B. pomorum, are probably extinct in UK. In
the USSR 14 species of Bombus, including B. pomorum, are listed as
vulnerable (Bannikov and Sokolov, 1984). Bombus pomorum may be widely
threatened in Europe, but as yet there are few supporting data. As well as
the 14 Bombus species, ten other Hymenoptera are listed, one of which,
Kylocopa violacea, is also listed in West Germany (Blab et al., 1984). The
Austrian (Gepp, 1983), Belgian (Leclerq et al., 1980) and West German (Blab
et al., 1984) Red Data Books include large numbers of Hymenoptera, with some
species in common, but there is insufficient concensus to propose species
for the Bern Convention. A thorough study similar to that done for
Rhopalocera and Odonata would undoubtedly reveal a number of solitary and
social wasps and bees that are under threat through their range.

The Formicidae (ants) is one family of Hymenoptera that has received
closer attention. The IUCN/SSC Ant Specialist Group has made some
preliminary progress in listing threatened ants in Europe. A 1979 document
listed European species of which one, Epimyrma ravouxi, was described in
some detail in Wells, Pyle and Collins (1983). E. ravouxi is a slavemaker
ant and as such would be expected to have low populations. Its European
range is extensive, but sparsely distributed, and it is classified as rare.
It is not known to be under serious threat and is therefore not recommended
for the Bern Convention. Other candidates include two Formica species,
transkaucasica and truncorum, both of which are listed as endangered in West
Germany (Blab et al., 1984). The former, the Black Bog ant, is restricted
to peat bogs and moist heathlands, both widely threatened habitats in
Europe. Formica transkaucasica is listed as needing conservation attention
in south-eastern Norway (Kvamme and Hagvar, 1985). Formica truncorum is a
boreal species common in Scandinavian countries but rare and vulnerable in
central Europe, where its distribution is disjunct (A. Mabelis, pers.
comm.). Europe-wide enquiries about these species might lead to their
listing as candidates for the Bern Convention, but data presently to hand
are insufficient.

The Wood Ants (Formica rufa and allies) were described in some detail
in the IUCN Invertebrate Red Data Book (Wells, Pyle and Collins, 1983).
They were classified as vulnerable because of widespread evidence of
decline, despite still being relatively abundant. The large and obvious
nests have attracted the attention of the public and Wood Ants are protected
in a number of European countries. Whilst not seriously threatened, they
may still be suitable for listing under the Bern Convention as insects that
are well known and declining throughout Europe.

196 =

39. Formica rufa L. VULNERABLE

40. Formica aquilonia Yarrow VULNERABLE

41. Formica lugubris Zetterstedt VULNERABLE

42. Formica polyctena Forster VULNERABLE

43iz Formica pratensis Retzius VULNERABLE
Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA

Order HYMENOPTERA Family FORMICIDAE
Common names Formica rufa: Red Wood Ant (En), Mravenec Lesni (Cz), Mrowka

Rudnica (Po), Erdei Vordshangya (Hu), Rote Waldameise (Ge).
Formica aquilonia: Alpenwaldameise (Ge)

Formica lugubris: Gebirgs-Waldameise (Ge)

Formica polyctena: Kahlriickige Waldameise (Ge)

Distribution

The European Wood Ants include five closely related species distributed in
Northern and central Europe, the Caucasus, Siberia and North America.

Status in Europe

Austria No data.
Belgium Declining (Leclerg et al., 1980).

Czechoslovakia Vulnerable (Novak and Spitzer, 1982). Protected by law.
According to Caputa et al. (1982) still plentiful in
mountainous areas with sloping conifer forests.

France No data.

Germany (FRG) Vulnerable and declining (Blab et al., 1984). Protected by
law of 19.12.86.

Germany (GDR) No data.

Italy Declining. Protected in many areas.
Luxembourg Declining.

Poland Declining (Szczepanski, undated).

Spain No data.

Switzerland Declining. Protected by law in all cantons.

United Kingdom Not severely threatened.

USSR Not listed in the USSR Red Data Book.

S897) -

Habitat and ecology

Characterization of the individual species in not easy. The nests usually
consist of large mounds of pine needles, twigs, moss and other debris built
above the subterranean living chamber. All species feed on insects and on
aphid honeydew. See Wells, Pyle and Collins (1983) for further information.

Reasons for decline

Wood Ants, although not as yet seriously threatened, are in decline in many
parts of their range. Large-scale disturbances usually involve urban
expansion and pressure, land use change and forest exploitation. Acid rain
is also suspected to be harmful to these ants although evidence of a direct
impact is lacking. Dense conifer plantations are unsuitable for Wood Ants,
although the forest edges may be acceptable, if left undisturbed.

Irreparable damage to nest structures is frequent, either through collecting
for fish or bird food, or out of curiosity, or simply as an act of vandalism.

Conservation measures taken

Protected in Switzerland (all cantons); the Italian areas of Piemonte,
Lombardia, Bolzano, Trento and Venezia, Federal Republic of Germany and
Czechoslovakia. Much research has been done on Wood Ants, particularly
concerning their role as natural controllers of defoliators in forests.
Practical measures to protect Wood ant nests have been taken in Switzerland
and elsewhere (Collins and Thomas, 1985). Listed in the Red Data Books of
Belgium, Luxembourg and Switzerland.

Conservation measures proposed

Research on the effects of acid rain is needed. Management studies and
programmes are a requirement for conservation of Wood Ants, particularly in
forests utilised for timber production. Educational measures are needed
since the Wood ant nests are vulnerable to damage caused out of ignorance.
As early as 1964 the Council of Europe encouraged its members to protect
their Wood Ants from damage or destruction; listing on the Bern Convention
would enable the campaign to be renewed. Listing on Appendix III is
appropriate, enabling the exploitation of Wood Ants for biological control
purposes. Parties to the Convention should co-operate in a survey of the
precise distribution of Wood Ants in Europe.

Since the Wood Ants are still quite widespread and by no means amongst
the most seriously threatened of Europe's insects, they may be considered
unsuitable for listing on the Convention. However, Wood Ants are already
widely protected and listed in Europe, giving an opportunity for the Bern
Convention Parties to encourage a unified effort to conserve the ants and
their habitats throughout Europe.

—~ 98 -

6. ARTHROPODA — ARACHNIDA

The conservation status of the arthropod subphylum Chelicerata
(horseshoe crabs, spiders and sea-spiders) is poorly known, but concern has
been expressed for spiders in certain parts of Europe. In Great Britain,
where draft proposals for a Red Data Book to include spiders has been drawn
up, 35 species are endangered, 38 vulnerable, 37 rare and 4 extinct (A.E.
Stubbs in litt.). In West Germany 17 species of Araneae are extinct, 23
species endangered, 60 vulnerable and 14 potentially threatened (Blab et
al., 1984). Five Opiliones (harvestmen) are also listed.

Eresus niger (Eresidae), the male of which has a black-spotted red
abdomen and superficially resembles a ladybird, is a rarity throughout
northern Europe as far as Denmark (Jones, 1983). It is a species of warm
heath habitats (south-facing slopes in northern Europe), where it builds a
vertical tube in the ground, roofed by a small, silk web. It was believed
extinct in UK for 74 years, but was rediscovered in 1980. Eresus niger is
protected by law in the UK and Switzerland and listed as endangered in West
Germany. No detailed reports on its wider distribution in Europe have been
traced, but it is likely that in southern European countries Eresus niger is
much more abundant. There is some suggestion that the northern and southern
populations may be taxonomically distinct. If this did prove to be the
case, the northern population would certainly merit protection. For the
present it is not proposed as a candidate for the Convention, but the
situation of Eresus niger requires careful monitoring.

The genus Dolomedes, with the two European species, fimbriatus and
plantarius, is unusual in that it frequents marshes and fens, where it moves
on the water surface feeding mainly on insects but adding the occasional
small fish to its diet. The females are large, up to 22 mm in length.

D. fimbriatus in rather widespread and sometimes common in Europe, but
D. plantarius is more restricted. For this reason it is proposed as a
suitable candidate for the Bern Convention.

The genus Macrothele includes two European species. One of them,
M. calpeiana from southern Spain, is Europe's largest spider and has a
restricted distribution. For these reasons it is worthy of consideration
for the Bern Convention and is described in greater detail below. Its
European congener, M. cretica, is confined to Crete, possibly only the
western half of the island. Research and study of this species may reveal
its potential as a candidate for the Convention, but data are too few at
present. If M. cretica proves to be a species of the mountains it may be
safe, but if it inhabits the lowlands it may be under some degree of threat.

E69" =

44. Macrothele calpeiana (Walck. ) VULNERABLE
Phylum ARTHROPODA Class ARACHNIDA
Order ARANEAE Family DIPLURIDAE

Common names None known
Distribution Southern Spain (Cadiz, Malaga), Morocco.
Status in Europe

Spain Indeterminate. Distribution not precisely known, but
apparently restricted to the provinces of Cadiz and Malaga,
most commonly in the hills between Tarifa and Ronda.

The recent records from Morocco give no indication of status or habitat.
Habitat and ecology

Europe's largest spider, with recorded body lengths reaching 35 mm and a
reputation for aggression, backed up by a painful bite. The nearest
relatives are M. cretica in Crete, and five species in central Africa.
Little was known of its distribution or biology until very recent studies by
Snazell (1986). The spider was most commonly found in oak woods
(predominantly the bark oak Quercus suber L.) in the hills between Tarifa
and Ronda, where rainfall of 800-2000 mm is high for such a southerly
position. M. calpeina lives opportunistically in pre-existing holes and
crevices, sometimes forming large and dense colonies.

Reasons for decline

With the absence of historical distributional data it is difficult to assert
that this species has declined. Nevertheless, it is virtually absent from
agricultural land and pine plantations, its optimum habitat being
undisturbed oak woodland. This implies that its range would have been
greater in the past, when oak woods were more extensive. Nevertheless,

M. calpeiana is at present fairly secure, with large areas of woodland still
intact. The major threat is development of the woodlands for higher
production. This involves clearing of underbrush with bulldozers, removal
of stones and re-seeding of the ground layer for grazing. This
capital—intensive operation is at present not widespread. Housing
developments are spreading, causing local damage, particularly along the
coast between Tarifa and Algeciras, but they are, as yet, few in number.

Conservation measures taken

None known specificallly for the spider. There are four protected areas in
the region. They are: Sierrania de Ronda National Reserve (219,600 ha),
Cortes de la Frontera National Reserve (12,342 ha), Ronda el Burgo Public
Game Reserve and Siera de Grazelema Nature Park (47,120 ha). The second of
these is most likely to include habitat at a suitable altitude, the other
three are marginal to the spider's presently known range.

- 100 -

Conservation measures proposed

Although in no immediate danger, this spider might be susceptible to any
widespread changes in land use in southern Spain and it would benefit from
the attention of conservationists. Listing on Appendix II of the Bern
Convention is proposed, partly as a way to attract further research and
study. Its distribution within local protected areas requires examination,
perhaps with proposals for new protected sites in areas where the spider is
common.

The information in this data-sheet is derived almost entirely from the work
of Snazell (1986).

45. Dolomedes plantarius (Clerck)

Phylum ARTHROPODA

Order

Common names

Distribution

ARANEAE

- 101 -

VULNERABLE
Class ARACHNIDA
Family ASAURIDAE

Great Raft Spider, Marsh Spider (En)

Widespread in northern Europe, but very localised (Bonnet, 1930).

Status in Europe

Austria
Czechoslovakia
Denmark

France

Germany (FRG)

Germany (GDR)
Hungary

Italy

Poland
Romania
Sweden

Switzerland

United Kingdom

Yugoslavia

Southern and eastern regions.
Southern and eastern regions.
Several localities on Fyn and Sjaelland.

Scattered records, mainly in the south-west and particularly
along the Garonne river.

Endangered. Scattered records. Listed in Red Data Book
(Blab et al., 1984). Protected by law.

Scattered records.

Scattered records.

Northern districts only.

Recorded in the extreme south-west.
Scattered records.

Southern tip of mainland, plus Gotland.
Endangered. Very few records

Endangered. Britain's largest and rarest spider. Now only
found on Redgrave Fen, on the River Waveney, Suffolk. This
is a nature reserve, managed by the Suffolk Trust for Nature
Conservation. Known from Neolithic remains in the Somerset

levels.

Scattered and widespread records from Latvia, Lithuania and
east to the Urals, the Crimea and the Caufeasus.

Few records, north only.

The above data are taken almost exclusively from the distribution map

provided by Bonnet in 1930.

There are very few recent records and more data

are urgently required.

- 102 -

Habitat and Ecology

Fens and marshes with dense vegetation. Feeds on insects trapped on the
surface of the water; occasionally even on small fish. Capable of gliding
across the surface of the water, and, when suprised, of hauling itself down
the stems of reeds to escape underwater. Three to four years may be
required for maturation in the north, less in the south. Sometimes abundant
at certain juvenile stages, but a small proportion survives to adulthood.
Adults nearly always uncommon in their localities.

Reasons for decline

Drainage of fens and marshes; industrial pollution. The species only
survived in Redgrave Fen, UK, because ancient peat diggings allowed pools to
persist when water levels dropped through drainage. Few data from
continental Europe, but there is good reason to suspect widespread loss of
habitat. Industrial pollution of slow-moving or standing waters in the
Rhéne Valley and elsewhere needs to be examined.

Conservation measures taken

Protected by law in UK and Switzerland. Now protected in Redgrave Fen, UK,
by a system of weirs that maintains water levels.

Conservation measures proposed

Surveys of present distribution are urgently needed; data are lacking.
Listing on Appendix II of the Bern Convention would draw valuable attention
to the situation of this species, and would serve to assist in the
preservation of wetlands generally. Dolomedes inhabits small, vegetated
fens and marshes that would perhaps be overlooked as significant vertebrate
habitat.

- 103 -

7. ARTHROPODA —- CRUSTACEA

The Crustacea comprise an important part of many freshwater and marine
communities in Europe but, with the exception of freshwater crayfish and
some marine decapods (see section 10), their conservation status is
generally poorly known. Non-marine species with restricted ranges and
narrow endemics may well be threatened by habitat loss and pollution, but at
present data are not available. Documentation of these species is urgently
required - there is already a suggestion that some freshwater crustaceans
may be declining in Belgium as a result of acid rain (Wouters in litt.,
10.2.83).

The status of Isopoda (woodlice) in Britain and Ireland has been
assessed (Harding, 1985), and a number of species are listed as threatened.
Nevertheless, the compiler acknowledges that distributional data are
inadequate to be confident of conservation needs, and no species are
recommended for listing on the Bern Convention at this time.

The freshwater crayfish, a group that is important both ecologically
and economically, are the only species for for which reasonable data is
available. They are food for large carnivorous fish including many
commercial fish and as grazers (as well as scavengers) play an important
role in clearing waterways of vegetation. The total catch of crayfish in
Europe exceeded 100 million individuals valued at over US$25 million in
1982. Demand is still growing, hence the increasing interest in developing
crayfish fisheries and in aquaculture.

The crayfish plague, caused by a fungus, Aphanomyces astaci, which is
endemic in North America, has had a disastrous impact on European indigenous
crayfish. The disease first appeared in Europe in Italy in the 1860s,
probably through the introduction of American crayfish for food, and had
spread throughout much of the region by the early 1900s. Most recently it
has reached the UK, with a disastrous effect on the native species (Marren,
1986). The plague’s natural hosts, the Signal Crayfish Pacifastacus
leniusculus and related species, are much more resistant to it than the
European species. Given time, European species might develop resistance to
the plague, but this is unlikely since they are also under pressure due to
their vulnerability to pollution of the waterways by industrial effluent and
runoff From farmland.

Because of the decline in native stocks the import of exotics
resistant to the crayfish plague has become a major business. At least 20
countries have imported exotic species for the commercial market, including
Astacus leptodactylus from Turkey and Orconectes limosus and Pacifastacus
leniusculus from the US. P. leniusculus is an ideal species to farm for
food but as it is a major carrier of the plague considerable controversy has
arisen over its use. The Simontorps Akvatishka Avels-Labotorium is an
industrial hatchery in Sweden which produces some half a million juvenile
crayfish a year for export within Europe. They claim that their stock is
free from disease but this is currently being questioned. Furthermore, some
introduced species seem to be more resistant to pollution than native
species, and may progressively replace the latter throughout their range.

- 104 -

Two species of crayfish, Astacus astacus and Austropotamobius pallipes
are recommended for listing under the Bern Convention, but other crayfish
are also threatened. Astacus torrentium is a montane species, found in at
least Switzerland, FRG, Hungary and France and widely considered to be under
threat. Astacus leptodactylus occurs in Turkey and eastern Europe. At
present it does not suffer from the plague and is exported in large numbers
to western Europe for food. It is feared that it may contract the plague
and be devastated. The species’ is protected in Poland. In the USSR Red
Data Book two crayfish are listed, Pontastacus pylzovi and Astacus
colchicus, both from the Caucasus region (Bannikov and Sokolov, 1984).

- 105 -

46. <Astacus astacus (L., 1758) VULNERABLE
Phylum ARTHROPODA Class CRUSTACEA
Order DECAPODA Family ASTACIDAE

Common names Noble Crayfish (En), Edelkrebs (Ge)

Distribution

Scattered but widespread in northern Europe from France, Netherlands,
Belgium, Switzerland (introduced), FRG, Austria, northern Italy
(introduced), Cyprus (introduced), Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Poland,

Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania and USSR northwards to Scandinavia.

Status in Europe

Austria Threatened in Steiermark by pollution, plague (Aphanomyces)

and introduction of Orconectes limosus, an exotic crayfish.
Belgium Threatened; very rare and limited to the Wallone region.
Bulgaria Declining as a result of pollution and habitat disturbance.
Cyprus Introduced for aquaculture purposes.

Czechoslovakia Reported to be very rare. All three native crayfish are
proposed for complete protection.

Denmark The only native crayfish. Distribution seriously affected

by pollution in rivers and lakes.

Finland The only native crayfish, occurs in lakes throughout the

west and up to 65°N. Introduced to rivers flowing into the
Bothnian Bay. Declined severely in the ‘60s due to plague,

pollution, dam construction and dredging (of 74 major

watercourses where it was found only 20 have been unaffected

by the plague).
France All populations introduced, except north-eastern.

Germany (FRG) Endangered (Blab et al; 1984). Protected by law.

Hungary Abundant in most of the country until the 1860s, but plague
decimated the stocks. Now confined mainly to the highland

regions of the north-west. The last 20 years have seen a

dramatic decrease due to drainage, pollution and the plague.

Italy Northern districts (introduced). Fishing regulated in
Bolzano.
Luxembourg Extinct. Formally occurred in many small rivers, but

believed extirpated by crayfish plague.

Netherlands Central areas; declining due to deteriorating environmental

factors and the spread of crayfish plague. Severity of
threat not currently known.

— 106 -

Norway Found in the south and south-west, presumably introduced or
immigrated from Sweden. Probably affected by acid rain and
overfishing. Local extinctions have been recorded.

Poland Used to occur; populations undergone a serious decline,
possibly due to introductions including Orconectes limosus

and Astacus leptodactylus.

Romania No data.
Spain Was introduced, but died out.
Sweden South and Baltic coast area. Populations seriously affected

by accidification of lakes.

Switzerland Introduced; found mainly in the northeast, may be abundant
in some lakes, but has disappeared from some localities.

United Kingdom Reported to have been introduced, but no recent records.

USSR Reported in Lithuania, 1979.
Yugoslavia Formerly abundant, but efforts to restock were necessary in
the 1960s.

Habitat and ecology

Found in burrows along the banks of well oxygenated ponds, streams, lakes
and rivers. Feeds at night on worms, aquatic insects, molluscs, small
vertebrates and plants. Moults periodically and matures after four years,
breeding in October/November. Eggs overwinter in northern locations,
hatching in June/July.

Reasons for decline

Eliminated throughout much of Europe by the crayfish plague (the fungus
Aphanomyces), which has swept Europe since the 1860s. Also vulnerable to
pollution (A. astacus is more sensitive to DDT than any other crayfish, and
in Sweden acid rain has had a significant impact on populations); current
distribution may reflect sensitivity to existing pollution levels.
Alterations in watercourses and dredging causing turbidity have affected
some populations. Competition with introduced species is implicated in its
decline; for example it is known that interbreeding with Pacifastacus
results in sterile eggs.

There are almost no reports of exploitation affecting populations,
presumably because the plague has such a devastating impact. Nevertheless,
it is one of the most popular edible crayfish and is collected in many
countries. Fishing is usually a recreational sport and the commercial
fishery is small. For example, in Finland the annual catch was about 20
million individuals in 1900; currently 1000-5000 semi-professional fishermen
and 50 000 recreational fishermen take an estimated 2.5-4.0 million
individuals a year. However, with the decline in populations due to the
plague, catches have dropped dramatically. For example, in Hungary numbers
of semi-professional fishermen dropped from about 100 in 1960 to 10-15 in
1980. In Poland, annual catches were about 15 tonnes between 1969 and 1978
but there have been no catches since 1980.

- 107 -

Conservation measures taken

Restrictions on fishing are enforced in a number of countries including
Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, France, Belgium, Switzerland, Hungary,
Poland and Italy (Balzano), USSR (Lithuania). The open season is rather
variable, but often over 3 or 4 months between April and October, when
breeding begins. The minimum size limit, where imposed, is often 9 or 10cm,
12cm in Switzerland. In the Netherlands, Luxembourg and eight Swiss cantons
the Noble Crayfish is fully protected (although probably already extinct in
Luxembourg); in Poland trapping was banned for the years 1980/81 in an
attempt to restore stocks.

Conservation measures proposed

The Noble Crayfish has declined to such a serious degree that protection of
prime habitat and research to develop a strain resistant to the crayfish
plague have become essential. Control of exploitation should be
maintained. Addition to Appendix III of the Bern Convention is recommended,
thus strengthening national efforts with international support. Appendix
III would allow monitoring of fishing levels throughout the party states.
The FAO European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission (EIFAC) Working Party
on crayfish is running a major programme to collect data on stocks,
fisheries, catch and research. Countries involved include Finland, France,
Poland, Sweden, UK and USSR. There have been a number of attempts at
commercial rearing and culture, the most successful operation being in
Norway where some 25 000 juveniles are produced annually for restocking.
Captive breeding experiments have also been carried out in Finland, France,
USSR (Lithuania), Sweden and West Germany; stock enhancement studies are
underway in Belgium.

References to most statements in this data-sheet are given in full in Wells,
Pyle and Collins (1983).

- 108 -

47. Austropotamobius pallipes (Lereboullet. 1858) VULNERABLE
Phylum ARTHROPODA Class CRUSTACEA
Order DECAPODA Family ASTACIDAE
Common names White-clawed or Atlantic-stream Crayfish

Distribution

Found throughout much of Europe, including Federal Republic of Germany,
Switzerland, France, U.K., Portugal, Spain, Italy, Yugoslavia, Austria,
Ireland.

Status in Europe

Austria Recently found in a tributary of the River Gail, southern
Carinthia.

Belgium Probably does not occur.

Ireland Widely distributed in limestone and other calcareous areas;

the only native crafish. Rather abundant in County
Westmeath and County Fermanagh.

France Mainly in mountain streams; commonest indigenous crayfish.
Decimated by crayfish plague and further affected by
pollution.

Germany (FRG) No data.

Italy Northern regions.
Portugal Restricted range. Listed as threatened (Baeta Neves, 1959).
Spai North and central regions. In slow-flowing streams of

highland plains and marshy areas of the Mancha.

Switzerland Abundant in certain lakes in Graubtinden and some canals in
Valais.

United Kingdom The only naturally occurring crayfish (the UK and Irish
populations probably represent a significant proportion of
the world population). Not present in Scotland but until
the early 1980s was locally common and more widespread than
in many other countries. The plague reached the UK in the
early 1980s and has had disastrous consequences; it is
thought that the species may disappear. This problem is
compounded by the species sensitivity to pollution and
habitat loss.

Yugoslavia No data

~ 109 -

Habitat and ecology

In Europe mainly in mountain streams. In UK its habitat is more variable,
including relatively still waters with a pH down to 7.0. Prefers limestone
or calcareous areas and alkaline waters. Young are predated by eels, coarse
fish and trout and mortality amongst juveniles is high. Maturation takes
about three years; life-span may exceed ten years. Preferred foods include
small animals such as copepods, but plant food is taken. Breeding is in
September/October, hatching in May/June.

Reasons for decline

Declining in many parts of its range. ee imetgH 1m Erance andy
bain by crayfish plague (the fungus Aphanomyces) which was recently

introduced fe the UK, with disastrous consequences. Declining still further
in France due to industrialization and pollution, and in Spain due to
dredging, pollution and overfishing. Irish populations are free of plague,
but declining, perhaps due to habitat alteration and urban growth.

Pollution and eutrophication are incompatible with A. pallipes. Drought
adversely affected the UK populations in 1976.

Growing interest in commercial culture of exotic crayfish (e.g. the
American Pacifastacus leniusculus) could pose a threat. A. pallipes would
probably be out-competed if the introductions were to escape. Introductions
and other commerce with European crayfish farms could be a serious hazard in
terms of spreading the plague.

This species has considerable commercial value. For example, in
Spain, 20-30 million individuals are caught annually by some 80
professional, 10 000 semi-professional and 900 000 recreational fishermen.
In the UK it used to be eaten extensively but is now an occasional
delicacy. The FAO European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission (EIFAC)
Working Party on crayfish is running a major programme to collect data on
stocks, fisheries, catch and research.

Conservation measures taken

Spain and France have size and seasonal restrictions on capture. Fishing of
all Astacidae is regulated throughout Switzerland and eight cantons have
protected A. pallipes completely. In Ireland the use of nets and traps is
licensed and the import of exotic crayfish into northern or southern Ireland
is totally prohibited. Some transplantation of threatened populations has
been attempted in UK. Captive breeding programmes exist in France, Spain,
Ireland and UK. The UK Nature Conservancy Council is currently formulating
a policy for the protection of this species (Lowery, pers. comm.).

Conservation measures proposed

Wild harvesting should be monitored under a licensing system. Imports of
exotic crayfish should be discouraged and carefully monitored; cultivation
of A. pallipes should be encouraged instead. Research on crayfish plague is
needed. A. pallipes is in decline throughout its range and the species is
suitable for listing under Appendix 3 of the Bern Convention.

References to most statements in this data-sheet are given in full in Welis,
Pyle and Collins (1983).

- 110 -

8. MOLLUSCA

This section considers only non-marine molluscs, of which an
increasingly large percentage of European species is coming under threat.
Several aspects of their biology make them highly susceptible to rapid
environmental changes. Many terrestrial species require humid or wet
conditions, living for example under dead logs or in leaf mould on the
forest floor. The felling of woodlands, clearance of hedgerows and
cultivation of calcareous downlands, all of which provide suitable damp or
chalky habitats, have caused a decrease in the range of several species
(Kerney and Stubbs, 1980). Molluscs often have a low vagility and a
tendency to speciate within very confined areas that are vulnerable to
single disruptive occurrences. Woodland species and relict species with
small ranges are therefore particularly vulnerable, including Elona
quimperiana (see data sheet), Truncatellina arcyensis, Vallona spp., Trichia
spp. and Trochoidea geyeri (Kerney and Cameron, 1979).

Wetland species may require waters of a high pH. Loss of wetlands is
responsible for the decline of many species in the genus Vertigo, which are
found only in calcareous fens and marshes. Of the 13 species occurring in
Europe, 12 are considered threatened in one or more countries and four are
proposed for Bern listing (see data sheets below). The succineids such as
Catinella arenaria and Oxyloma sarsi (both proposed for Bern listing) are
also vulnerable to wetland loss.

Atmospheric pollution with sulphur dioxide is known to have an adverse
effect on two European snails, Balea perversa (see data sheet) and Clausilia
bidentata (Holyoak, 1978). With the spread of acid rain throughout Europe,
these and other species may come under increasing pressure. Several authors
have expressed concern that acid rain may have an impact on molluscs similar
to that recorded for fish and flora, citing in particular the alpine fauna
which includes many endemics; threatened alpine molluscs in Austria,
Bavaria, Hessenauf and Switzerland are discussed by Gepp (1985). The only
known research to have been carried out on the impact of acid rain on
molluscs concerns the pea mussels, Pisidium spp., a group important in the
diet of freshwater fish. This study was part of the Norwegian SNSF Project:
‘Acid Precipitation -— effects on Forest and Fish" (Okland and Kuiper, 1982)
and was initiated as a result of the recent extensive acidification of
Norwegian watercourses, fish populations having disappeared or declined in
more than 1000 lakes. Pea mussel populations have responded less
dramatically but some species seem to be susceptible and act as useful
indicators for monitoring the fall in pH values. Pisidium species are
considered threatened in many countries but researchers working on this
genus believe that overall no species is of conservation concern, and none
are being proposed for the Bern Convention. Their small size means that
they are easily overlooked; there is also often doubt about their
distributions, as they are very easily dispersed.

Many molluscan species are of value to man for food or for products
obtained from the shell. Few species are directly threatened by such
exploitation, but this can be a potential threat, particularly if the
species is under pressure from other factors such as habitat loss or
pollution. The Freshwater Pearl Mussel Margaritifera margaritifera is
proposed for Bern listing; although now threatened by pollution, its current
rarity in Europe is largely due to intensive harvesting for its pearls
earlier this century. The status of the Roman Edible Snail, Helix pomatia,
is rather more controversial. Exploitation of this species for food has
caused population declines in many parts of Europe but in other areas it

= lll -

appears to be thriving. Given the need for careful management of this
species it is proposed for listing on Appendix III although it is not yet
considered seriously threatened.

Documentation of mollusc distribution and conservation status has
accelerated over the last decade in Northern Europe. The European
Invertebrate Survey has initiated mollusc mapping schemes in about 25
countries (Kerney, 1982). Atlases have been produced for Britain, Hungary,
Netherlands and part of West Germany and are in preparation for a number of
other countries. Coordination of these schemes across Europe will enable
the exact status of rarities to identified, identifying the small and often
vulnerable habitats upon which they depend, and will give an indication of
the more widespread species which are declining.

Kerney and Stubbs (1980) list some 40 UK species restricted to primary
habitats and to man-made habitats with a long, stable history, such as old
limestone grassland. Many of these are rare, local and declining, and the
presence of one or more of these species is a useful indication of the
conservation value of a site. Kerney (1982) considers that in the UK about
25 of the known 190 molluscs (c. 13 per cent) are threatened. The majority
of these are listed by Foster (1983) in a national review identifying
potential species for a UK Mollusc Red Data Book. About 15 per cent of the
land molluscs of "Central" Europe are considered threatened (Ant, 1976) and
up to 50 per cent of the freshwater mollusc fauna. The West German and
Austrian Red Data Books between them list well over 100 threatened and
potentially threatened species (Blab et al., 1984; Gepp, 1983). In Austria
over 50 per cent of the mollusc fauna is considered threatened. The Red
Data Book for the province of Hessen in Germany lists 50 per cent of the
fauna, of which 2 per cent is extinct, 27 per cent endangered and 21 per
cent vulnerable (Jungbluth, 1978). In the Netherlands there is particular
concern for the fauna of the coastal area and of the southern part of the
province of Limburg (Butot, 1981), threatened by urban development, industry
and agriculture. The Systematic Catalogue of Swiss Mollusca lists 67 per
cent (185 out of 276 species) of the mollusc fauna in the IUCN categories
Extinct, Endangered, Vulnerable, Rare, Indeterminate or Insufficiently
Known, of which 9 species are considered Endangered and 67 Vulnerable
(Turner and Wuthrich, 1985). The Red Data Book for the USSR lists 23
molluscs, largely wetland species, including 14 freshwater mussels (Bannikov
and Sokolov, 1984). Molluscan Red Data Books were reportedly being prepared
in Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia in 1983.

Data on the conservation status of the non-marine molluscs of Southern
Europe is at present almost entirely lacking. The taxonomy of Mediterranean
snails is still confused. Many species are, for climatic reasons, adapted
to open habitats and have been favoured by the creation of similar
environments by man (stone walls, waste ground etc.). Destruction of the
original forest cover has increased summer ground temperatures and favoured
warmth-loving species, which have dispersed further northwards, resulting in
wide distributions. Some species show a bewildering range of variation,
probably due to the fact that there has been a continuity of evolution in
much of southern Europe from a remote geological period, relatively
unaffected by the massive extinctions caused further north by the
Pleistocene ice ages. The fauna includes large numbers of narrow endemics,
particularly in the Carpathians, Albania, Yugoslavia and Northern Greece,
and in caves in the Pyrennees and Eastern Europe. The vast number of
endemics in Lake Ohrid constitutes half the freshwater mollusc fauna of
Europe; a major alteration to the lake would therefore wipe out many
species. Kerney et al. (1983) provide a guide to the more common snails of

- 112 -

Mediterranean France; Holyoak (19??) describes the molluscs of Corsica and
Sacchi (19??) outlines the biogeographical and ecological interest of the
Iberian peninsula fauna. Given the rapid development of the Mediterranean
region, in terms of industry and tourism, there would seem to be an urgent
need for a survey of the non-marine mollusca of this region, to identify
those species at risk. Molluscs have been cited as of interest in
conservation planning for Gibraltar (Cortes, 1978; Anon, 1980) and Malta (9
species listed as threatened, 11 as of concern and 11 endemic taxa) (Thake,
1985).

The terrestrial molluscs of the Azores (41 endemic species and
subspecies), Madeira (193 endemics), the Canary Islands (141 endemics) and
the Cape Verdes (16 endemics), basically a relict assemblage, are
potentially of great conservation concern. Although the faunas have a
common background, remarkably few taxa are shared by the archipelagos due to
differences in geological history, climate and geographical location in
relation to the continental mainland. Madeira has a key position, with its
markedly high diversity and endemism, as a centre of evolution and for
dispersal to other archipelagos. It has virtually nothing in common with
the fauna of the adjacent north-west African mainland, its affinities being
strictly European (Walden, 1984; Sacchi, 19??; Andre, 19??). Sixteen of the
endemics are proposed for listing and indicate some of the threats operating
on the species of these islands.

Awareness of the need for land snail conservation is growing. The UK
lists Catinella arenaria, Monacha cartusiana and Myxas glutinosa under the
Wildlife and Countryside Act. Switzerland has included several snails in
its protective legislation. France gives total protection for the
terrestrial snails, Helix melanostoma, H. aperta, H. tristis,
Tacheocampylaea raspaili, Macularia niciensis, Otala apalolena, Rumina
decollata, Elona quimperiana (all Mediterranean species) and the freshwater
mussel Margaritifera margaritifera and controls collection of the edible
snails Helix pomatia, Helix aspersa and Zonites algirus (a Mediterranean
species) (Real and Testud, 1980). At the 8th International Malacological
Congress, Budapest, 1983, a resolution was passed recommending that a report
be prepared ‘with information about significant trends in mollusc
populations (in Europe) over recent years, especially those showing
extinction risks’. The status of all European non-marine molluscs is being
assessed at the IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre. Although a wealth of
data has already been collected, the project has not yet reached the
analysis and publication stages. The disparate nature of the data is
reflected in the patchiness of the data sheets that follow.

One of the criteria suggested for invertebrate candidates for the Bern
Convention is that a species must be reasonably easy to identify and
preferably familiar to members of the general public. Unfortunately, land
snails are generally small, inconspicuous and often difficult for the
non-specialist to identify. On this criterion alone, therefore, it would be
necessary to eliminate many highly threatened species. However, given the
comparatively sedentary nature of terrestrial molluscs, and the precise
distributional data which are now becoming available, protection of the
appropriate sites for such species should be feasible. Since the Bern
Convention emphasises habitat protection, it is suggested that threatened
non-marine molluscs are considered for listing, even if they present
identification problems for the layman.

- 113 -

48. Myxas glutinosa (Muller, 1774) VULNERABLE
Phylum MOLLUSCA Class GASTROPODA
Order BASOMMATOPHORA Family LYMNAEIDAE
Common names Glutinous Snail (En)

Distribution

Northern Europe, between the Alps and the Arctic Circle (Finland to 71°N)
but everywhere very local.

Status in Europe

Austria Endangered, possibly extinct. Tyrol. Decline due to
habitat destruction.

France Indeterminate; rivers in Aube, possibly strongly declining.

Germany (FRG) Endangered; listed in Red Data Book (Blab et al., 1984).

Germany (GDR) Extinct. Not seen since the last century.

Ireland Vulnerable; local in midlands; possibly decreasing from
pollution. Still common in a few places in the Royal and

Grand Canals.

Netherlands Vulnerable. Characteristic of Stratiotes aloides vegetation
which has disappeared from many localities.

Norway Rare; three lakes in extreme south-east; northernmost lake
highly eutrophic over last 20 years and species may be
extinct.

Poland Vulnerable

Sweden Scattered localities in south and central areas.

United Kingdom Endangered; probably extinct. Last recorded 1957 and most
British records date from before 1914. Present in
north-west England and Wales. Protected under the Wildlife
and Countryside Act; considered as candidate for UK Red Data
Book listing.

Habitat and ecology

Found in quiet, very clean, hard freshwater, in drainage ditches, marshes,
canals, slow rivers and lakes. Does not tolerate brackish water. Calciphile
and possibly very sensitive to pollution. Avoids turbid or weed-choked
places and likes firm substrates.

Reasons for decline

Reasons are unclear but species is possibly sensitive to pollution and
physical disturbance.

£s1T4 -—

Conservation measures taken

Protected in UK.

Conservation measures proposed

Recommended for listing on Appendix II of the Bern Convention. Its long
term survival in Ireland may depend on protecting sites in the Royal and

Grand Canals, especially the latter, which is now abandoned and rapidly
degenerating (Kerney in prep.).

49. Segmentina nitida (Muller, 1774)

Phylum MOLLUSCA

Order

Common names

Distribution

BASOMMATOPHORA

- 115 -

VULNERABLE
Class GASTROPODA
Family PLANORBIDAE

Shining Ram's Horn Snail (En).

Northern and Central Europe.

Status in Europe

Austria

Bulgaria

France

Germany (FRG)
Germany (GDR)

Hungary

Ireland

Netherlands

Norway

Poland
Sweden

Switzerland

United Kingdom

Endangered but widespread.
destruction and lowering of water table.
Data Books (national and Steiermark).

Threatened by pollution, habitat
Listed in the Red
Vulnerable.

Very rare and poorly known; found rarely in old beds of the
Rhone river in the east.

Rare
Vulnerable. Threatened by swamp drainage.
Not threatened.

Present.

Not threatened. Found in stagnant freshwater, rich in
vegetation, especially Stratiotes.

Rare. Found only in a single overgrown lake in extreme
south-east, now established as a reserve.

Not threatened.

Rare. South, scattered localities.
Vulnerable. Rare in west, north and east.
Vulnerable. Sussex and E. Anglia. Formerly widespread in

ponds in the 19th century; now confined to well oxygenated
marsh drains with lush vegetation. Threatened by dredging,
habitat destruction and pollution. Considered as candidate
for UK Red Data Book listing.

Habitat and ecology

Ponds and weedy ditches, drainage ditches in marshes; occasionally lakes.

Reasons for decline

Unknown.

- 116 -

Conservation measures taken
None known, other than listing in Red Data Books.
Conservation measures proposed

Suitable for listing on Appendix II of the Bern Convention.

- 117 -

50. Catinella arenaria (Bouchard-Chanteroux, 1837) VULNERABLE

Phylum MOLLUSCA Class GASTROPODA

Order STYLOMMATOPHORA Family SUCCINEIDAE
Common names Sandbowl Amber Snail (Bn)

Distribution

Northern Europe.

Status in Europe

Belgium Not recorded since 1960.
France Endangered. West coast.

Germany (FRG) Vulnerable. Listed in Red Data Book; (Blab et al., 1984).

Germany (GDR) Threatened; coastal.

Ireland Endangered. Tipperary, a glacial relict threatened by
drainage.
Netherlands Endangered and rare. Twelve localities situated in coastal

dune areas of northern and southern Holland and Zeeland.
Disappeared from several other localities. The localities
are unstable, consisting of pioneer vegetation. Threatened
by dyke building, dune reclamation and drainage.

Norway Possibly extinct. The northern edge of its range. Last
seen 1925.
Poland Rare. Known from a single site at the village of Sitkowka,

near Kielce, Swietokrzyskie Mountains.

Sweden Vulnerable. Present in mountains, Oland and Gottland. On
the edge of its range. Listed in forthcoming book on
threatened forest invertebrates.

Switzerland Rare. Present in Grisons and Valais.

United Kingdom Endangered (Kerney, 1982). Very rare and found only in two
sites, north Lancashire and Devon. Its decline may be
partly due to climatic changes. Protected in the UK, under
the Wildlife and Countryside Act. Considered a candidate
for UK Red Data Book listing.

Habitat and ecology

Wetlands are the main habitat of this species, particularly calcareous fens,
dune slacks (Ireland) and primary dunes. Coastal in the Netherlands.

- 118 -

Reasons for decline

Drainage is the main problem. The species presumably requires some
disturbance and regeneration of its habitats because it prefers pioneer
vegetation (in UK).

Conservation measures taken

Protected in the UK under the Wildlife and Countryside Act.

Conservation measures proposed

In the Netherlands, recommended for legal protection on 10 August 1984 by
Natuurbeschermingsraad. Recommended for listing on Appendix II of the Bern
Convention. (Although this species can be confused wiith Succinea oblonga,

it clearly requires protection; many of its localities are known and listing
on the Bern Convention would encourage protection of these sites).

- 119 -

51. Oxyloma sarsi (Esmark, 1886) (= Succinea elegans) VULNERABLE
Phylum MOLLUSCA Class GASTROPODA
Order STYLOMMATOPHORA Family SUCCINEIDAE

Common names

Distribution

Northern Europe.

Slender Amber Snail (En).

Distribution incompletely known due to confusion in the

literature with O. pfeifferi.

Status in Europe

Austria
Belgium
Denmark

France

Germany (FRG)
Germany (GDR)
Hungary

Netherlands

Norway

Poland

Sweden

United Kingdom

Endangered. Steiermark and Lower Austria.
Declining strongly.

Vulnerable. Edge of range.

Indeterminate; fenlands.

Vulnerable; listed in Red Data Book (Blab et al., 1984).
Insufficiently known.

Not threatened.

Not threatened.

Vulnerable or insufficiently known. Northern areas, on the

edge of its range.

Not threatened.

Not threatened but declining.

Very rare. Confined to East Anglia. Considered as a

candidate for UK Red Data Book listing. Known by the name
Succinea elegans by British authors after 1926.

Habitat and ecology

Emergent vegetation in rich calcareous fens and marshes, characteristically
on Glyceria and floating water plants.

Reasons for decline

Drainage.

Conservation measures taken

None known.

Conservation measures proposed

Recommended for listing on Appendix II of the Bern Convention, despite
difficulty of identification and confusion with O. pfeifferi.

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52. Vertigo angustior Jeffreys, 1830 VULNERABLE
Phylum MOLLUSCA Class GASTROPODA
Order STYLOMMATOPHORA Family VERTIGINIDAE
Common names Narrow-mouthed Whorl Snail (En).

Distribution

Northern and Central Europe.

Status in Europe

Austria Not threatened.

Belgium Endangered. Declining strongly.

Denmark Vulnerable.

Finland Status uncertain. Found on the south coast.

Germany (GDR) Vulnerable. Threatened by drainage.

Ireland Vulnerable. West/central, habitat loss.

Netherlands Vulnerable. Coastal, east.

Norway Vulnerable. Edge of range; southern regions.

Sweden Vulnerable. Edge of range; southern regions. Listed in

Swedish book of threatened forest invertebrates (in prep.).
Switzerland Vulnerable. South, west and north.
United Kingdom Endangered. Only three modern sites in East Anglia and
Cumbria. Habitat destruction is the cause of decline.
Considered as a candidate for UK Red Data Book listing.

Habitat and ecology

V._ angustior prefers open habitat without shading, including wet grassy
meadows, dune slacks and moist dunes.

Reasons for decline

A declining species (Kerney and Cameron, 1979).
Conservation measures taken

None known.

Conservation measures proposed

Recommended for listing on Appendix II of the Bern Convention.

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53. Vertigo genesii (Gredler, 1856) VULNERABLE
Phylum MOLLUSCA Class GASTROPODA
Order STYLOMMATOPHORA Family VERTIGINIDAE

Common names

Distribution

Round-mouthed Whorl Snail (En).

Northern and Central Europe.

Status in Europe

Germany (FRG)

Netherlands

Norway

Poland
Sweden
Switzerland

United Kingdom

USSR

Vulnerable/Endangered in the Red Data Book (Blab et al.,
1984).

Extinct. Recorded only as a fossil, probably not recent.
Vulnerable. In northern regions, on the edge of its range.

Probably occurs but very rare. Old records for Poland refer
to localities near Bialowicza, now in USSR.

Vulnerable. On the edge of its range (listed in a Swedish
book of threatened forest invertebrates (in prep.)).

Rare; Grisons.
Endangered. A single locality only, in Durham. First
recorded 1979. Considered as a candidate for UK Red Data

Book listing.

Occurs near Polish border near Bialowicza (Dyduch, 1980).

Has been considered conspecific with V. geyerii but Kerney and Cameron
(1979) list it as a good separate species.

Habitat and ecology

Wetlands: marshy ground, base-rich flush among Carex demissa; reaches 2000 m

in Alps.

Reasons for decline

Unknown.

Conservation measures taken

None known.

Conservation measures proposed

Recommended for listing on Appendix II of the Bern Convention.

— 122 -

54. Vertigo geyeri Lindholm, 1925 VULNERABLE
Phylum MOLLUSCA Class GASTROPODA
Order STYLOMMATOPHORA Family VERTIGINIDAE

Common names

Distribution

Northern Europe.

Status in Europe

Austria
Denmark

Ireland

Norway

Poland

Sweden

Switzerland

United Kingdom

A Whorl Snail (En).

Rare but fairly widespread.
Endangered.
Endangered. Threatened by drainage; a glacial relict

Endangered. Found in the north, where it is on the edge of
its range.

Doubtful records; may have been confused with V. alpestris.
If a true record, it is found in meadows and glades and is
rare/threatened.

Vulnerable. On the edge of its range in Westergotland.
Listed in a forthcoming book of threatened forest
invertebrates.

Rare; Inner Appenzell and Grisons.
Endangered. One locality only, in Westmorland. A glacial

relict. Considered as a candidate for UK Red Data Book
listing.

Habitat and ecology

Wetlands: marshy flushes and fens with constant water table; uplands;

calciphile.

Reasons for decline

Unknown.

Conservation measures taken

None known.

Conservation measures proposed

Recommended for listing on Appendix II of the Bern Convention.

- 123 -

55. Vertigo moulinsiana (Dupuy, 1849) ENDANGERED
(=V._desmoulinsi)

Phylum MOLLUSCA Class GASTROPODA

Order STYLOMMATOPHORA Family VERTIGINIDAE

Common names

Distribution

Desmoulins' Whorl Snail.

Europe, probably Holarctic.

Status in Europe

Austria

Belgium

Bulgaria

Czechoslovakia

Denmark

France

Germany (FRG)

Germany (GDR)

Hungary

Ireland

Italy

Netherlands

Endangered, probably nearly extinct. Steiermark; south of
Klagenfurt, South Tirol (Butot and Neuteboom, 1958). In
chalky soil in swamps and banks of stegnant waterways.

Probably extinct; not found since 1960 (Van Goethem, 1983).
Previously recorded from south-east of Brussels (La Hulpe
and Genval) (Adam, 1944).

Philippopel, Maritzadal (Hesse, 1916).

Jasov, Teplicadal (Lozek, 1956); Bardejov (Rotarides & Weis,
1950). Relict populations need protection (Lozek, 1956).

Few data; found near Aarhuus (Schlesch, 1943), On the edge
of its range in this country.

Indeterminate. Départements of 1'Ain, l'Aisne, 1’Oise, Bas
Rhin, Haute Garonne, Gironde (Germain, 1930).

Endangered (Ant, 1976) and listed in Red Data Book (Blab et
al., 1984). Scattered localities - East Mecklenburg; near
Berlin; Rhine valley; Westfalen; Baden (Haas, 1929).
Disappeared from some localities as a result of drainage
(Butot & Neuteboom, 1958).

Endangered. Distribution unknown.

Possibly not threatened. Scattered localities including
area around Budapest, north of Lake Balaton; extreme east
and two sites on the Kiskun plain (Pinter et al., 1979).

Vulnerable; threatened by drainage of lowland fens in
central areas (Kerney, 1976).

Rare. Sicily, Padua, Mantua (Novara, Alessandria, Aosta,
Novara) (Butot and Neuteboom, 1958).

North-west edge of range, in the Geleen Valley, Schinnen
(Butot and Neuteboom, 1958); some populations lost through
road and house building (Butot, 1982) but two populations
recently rediscovered (Gittenberger, 1983), one of which is
threatened by water course alteration and increased access
to marshes plus lowering of the water table.

eae 7) a

Poland Endangered, virtually extinct. Known in Bialowieza National
Park (Dyduch, 1980) and the reserve Dziekanow Lesny (1956)
in Kampinos Forest near Warsaw. A new site turned up in
July 1985 . Localities have been destroyed by mowing and
drainage (Pokrysko, 1983).

Spain Near Barcelona and along the Ebro and small rivers in
northeastern Catalonia (Boettger, 1936; Haas, 1929).

Sweden Endangered. Southern parts.

Switzerland Rare. Cantons of Geneva, Vaud, Valais, Berne, Argovia,
Fribourg (Mermod, 1930).

United Kingdom Vulnerable; populations declining. Present in South-east,
East Anglia and north Wales (single record); isolated
localities (Kerney 1976). Declining because of drainage of
fens and marshes. A candidate for UK Red Data Book listing.

USSR Recorded Poti (on edge of Black Sea) (Westerlund, 1887) and
Helenendorf near Elisabethpol (Boettger, 1889); south-west
Lithuania (Schlesch, 1943).

Habitat and ecology

Caleareous fens and marshes; often on Phragmites at the edges of lowland
lakes or rivers (Kerney and Cameron, 1979). It is a relict of warm
interglacial or post glacial periods. Further details given in (Butot and
Neuteboom, 1958). Feeds on moulds on marsh grasses and reeds; requires high
humidity and warmth and normally lives above-ground on the stems of plants.
Reasons for decline

Considered to be declining in Europe by the 1950s. Altering water levels,
mowing river meadows and cultivating or reclaming marshes threaten remaining
populations (Butot and Neuteboom, 1958; Kerney and Cameron, 1979).

Conservation measures taken

FRG A population occurs in the “Enkheimer Reid" nature reserve,
south of Frankfurt, (Butot and Neuteboom, 1958).

Czechoslovakia Population in River Teplica valley protected by State Nature
Reserve (Butot and Neuteboom, 1958).

Netherlands Recommended for legal protection, 10 August 1984, by
Natuurbeschermingsraad.

Poland Occurs in Dziekanow Lesny Reserve and Bialowicza National
Park (Pokryzko, 1983).

Conservation measures proposed

Protection of remaining sites required in most countries. Listing under
Appendix II of the Bern Convention is appropriate.

- 125 -

56. Geomalacus maculosus Allman, 1843 VULNERABLE
Phylum MOLLUSCA Class GASTROPODA
Order STYLOMMATOPHORA Family ARIONIDAE
Common names Kerry Slug (En).

Distribution

Ireland, formerly Brittany.

Status in Europe

France Extinct. Last definite record was 1868.

Ireland Recently collected at Uragh Woods, Kerry, west County Cork -
a new National Nature Reserve. Apparently now confined to
Ireland where it is locally common (Reynolds, 1983).
Precise degree of threat uncertain, but definitely of
international interest.

Habitat and ecology

On lichens and rocks in damp deciduous woodland.

Reasons for decline

Unknown.

Conservation measures taken

Present in at least one reserve in Ireland.

Conservation measures proposed

Recommended for listing on Appendix II of the Bern Convention.

(Note in English proof only: this species probably also occurs locally in

northern Spain and Portugal; there is no information on its status in these
countries.)

- 126 -

57. Balea perversa (L., 1758) VULNERABLE
Phylum MOLLUSCA Class GASTROPODA
Order STYLOMMATOPHORA Family CLAUSILIIDAE

Common names

Distribution

Tree Snail (En).

Widespread in northern Europe, but becoming rarer to the east and scarce in

the north German plain.

Status in Europe

Austria
Belgium
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany (FRG)

Germany (GDR)

Hungary

Iceland

Ireland

Luxembourg

Netherlands

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Sweden

Switzerland

United Kingdom

Mainly coastal in Scandinavia.

Vulnerable.
Declining strongly.
Vulnerable.

Rare. South coast only.
Not threatened.

Not threatened.

Rare.

Not threatened.

Rare, possibly vulnerable.
Not threatened.

Not threatened.

Rare.
banks.

Found on bark of old trees, on old walls, river
Vulnerable to habitat destruction.

Not threatened.
No data.

Azores (S. Miguel) (complete distribution in this country
not known).

Not threatened, but declining in non-calcareous areas. On
the edge of its range.

Rare. Scattered localities up to 1500m.

Common and not threatened. In the south prefers hedgerows
and other isolated trees rather than extensive forest. May

have increased in recent years but will decline when dead
elms disappear.

- 127 -

Habitat and ecology

Dry exposed places among rocks and old stone walls, less commonly in trees,
very occasionally in ground litter.

Reasons for decline

Known to be susceptible to pollution by sulphur dioxide (Holyoak, 1978).
Conservation measures taken

None known.

Conservation measures proposed

Recommended for listing on Appendix II of the Bern Convention.

-— 128 -

58. Helix pomatia Linnaeus, 1758 VULNERABLE
Phylum MOLLUSCA Class GASTROPODA
Order STYLOMMATOPHORA Family HELICIDAE

Common names Roman snail, Apple snail, Edible snail (En).

Escargot de Bourgogne (Fr), Gewohnliche Weinbergschnecke (Ge)
Distribution

Widespread in Central and south-eastern Europe, extending westwards to
central France and south-east England and north to the south Baltic coasts.
Distribution may be naturally alpine but introduced to lowland areas in many
places and to many countries in the north and west of Europe.

Status in Europe

Austria Declining; common in broadleaf lowland forest along rivers;
lowland and woodland populations threatened by heavy
exploitation for export to France; mountain and forest
populations more secure.

Belgium Declining especially in the provinces of Hainaut, Liege and
Brabant, presumably because of over collection although

pesticides have also heen cited.

Bulgaria Populations healthy.

Czechoslovakia Populations healthy.

Denmark Introduced.
Finland Introduced.
France Introduced in the west. Marked decline in populations has

been reported, due to overcollection and possibly pesticides.

Germany (FRG) Distribution corresponds to calcareous areas. Protected by
law of 19.12.86.

Germany (GDR) Vulnerable but locally increasing.

Greece No information.

Hungary Not threatened.

Italy North; not threatened.

Luxembourg Not threatened.

Netherlands Some populations declining, e.g. in the Limburg. Introduced.

Norway Introduced to very few sites.

- 129 -

Poland Not threatened but may have disappeared from areas with
heavy collecting pressure. Found throughout the country but
indigenous to the south only; irregular distribution in the
Carpathians. :

Romania Found at 800-1000m in wide variety of habitats including
parks, gardens and woods; lowland populations said to be
declining but since collecting regions are changed each
year, probably not threatened nationally; forest and
mountain populations largely secure.

Spain No information.
Sweden Introduced; populations healthy.
Switzerland Vulnerable; some populations declining, particularly those

subject to heavy exploitation. Abundant in limestone,
dolomite and marl regions of Alps, Jura and Swiss Plateau
but also in regions with siliceous bedrock.

United Kingdom Introduced in Roman times; restricted to south; rare but
probably not declining; have been fears of local
extinctions; habitat destruction likely to be main threat.

Yugoslavia Possibly declining.
Habitat and ecology

Usually requires limestone or calcareous soils, generally in open woodland,
downland, hedges and tall herbage, but in many countries calcareous soils do
not appear to be essential. Hibernates in winter. Feeds on a variety of
plants. Maturity reached at 2-5 years; reproductive potential high but
success is low due to high mortality among eggs and juveniles. Adults are
very long-lived and recruitment of new adults to population is slow.

Reasons for decline

Primary cause of depletion in many countries is overexploitation. Currently
collected in Austria (large quantities used to be exported), France (for
internal use), Germany (large quantities exported), Hungary (large
quantities exported), Poland (large quantities exported), Romania (large
quantities exported), Switzerland (also imports large quantities), Spain and
Yugoslavia. In most cases, current population declines appear to be
localised, limited to areas of intensive exploitation.

Conservation measures taken

Collecting is controlled by means of closed seasons and/or minimum size
limits in FRG, Austria, Hungary, Switzerland, Italy, France, Bulgaria, and
Belgium. Exploitation is prohibited in the Netherlands, in some parts of
Switzerland and in Luxembourg unless the written consent of the landowner is
obtained. Helix pomatia occurs incidentally in protected areas in at least
Britain, the Netherlands, Poland, Switzerland and Hungary but no reserves
have been created specifically for this species. Research into the farming
potential of this species has been carried out in France, Poland,
Netherlands, Austria and Hungary. Most successful enterprises have involved
the rearing of juveniles taken from the wild, rather than captive breeding.

- 130 -

The Petit Gris Snail, Helix aspersa, although not considered such a delicacy
is now farmed and may take the pressure of H. pomatia populations.

Conservation measures proposed

Recommended for listing on Appendix III of the Bern Convention. Research on
this species should continue to be encouraged, particularly in areas which
can provide the necessary data for designing effective management strategies
for wild populations and lead to successful captive breeding enterprises.

- 131 -

59. Elona quimperiana (Férrusac, 1821) VULNERABLE
Phylum MOLLUSCA Class GASTROPODA
Order STYLOMMATOPHORA Family ELONIDAE
Common names Escargot de Quimper (Fr)

Distribution

France and Spain; a narrow distribution (Kerney & Cameron, 1979;
Gittenburger, 1979).

Status in Europe

France Legally protected. Occurs in Brittany west of a line drawn
from Saint-Brieuc to Vannes.

Spain May occur in the North-eastern Atlantiz coastal areas
(Basque region).

Habitat and ecology

Moist deciduous forest and damp heathlands, under stones and bushes.
Ecology poorly known but growth studies have been carried out (Daguzan,
1980). Recently put in new family with one other species E. pyrrenaica
(Gittenberger, 1979).

Reasons for decline

Occurs very locally in primary woodland, a habitat rapidly disappearing.
Conservation measures taken

Legally protected in France.

Conservation measures proposed

Recommended for listing on Appendix II of the Bern Convention.

60-75. Endemic Land Snails of Madeira (16 species) VULNERABLE

Phylum MOLLUSCA Class GASTROPODA

Order STYLOMMATOPHORA Families PUPILLIDAE
ENDODONTIDAE
HELICIDAE

Common names None known

Distribution
Madeira

Status in Europe
Pupillidae

Leiostyla abbreviata
L. cassida

L. corneocostata
L. gibba

L. lamellosa

Helicidae
Caseolus calculus

Cc. commixta

C. sphaerula
Discula leacockiana
D. tabellata

D. testudinalis
D. turricula
Geomitra moniziana

Helix subplicata

Endodontidae
Discus guerinianus

D. defloratus

Habitat and ecology

Rare on Madeira as early as 1878.

Ribeira de Santa Luzia on south Madeira and Ribeira de
Sao Jorge in the north. Uncommon by 1878, although
abundant in subfossil form at Canical.

Porto Santo, Pta Calheta.

Ribeira de Santa Luzia, south Madeira. Rare by 1878
but abundant in subfossil beds at Canical.

Recorded only in south Madeira at intermediate
altitudes in the Vasco Gil ravine and the Ribeira de
Santa Luzia; one of the rarest snails in 1878.

Ilheu de Cima; Pico d'Anna Ferreira and Pico Branco,
Porto Santo. Rare by 1848.

Ilheu de Baixo, Porto Santo

Pico Branco, Porto Santo.

Pico d'Anna Ferreira, Porto Santo

Dry maritime slopes of Ponta Garajau, south Madeira,
Cabo Girao, west of Funchal.

Pedragal, north Porto Santo.

Endemic to Ilheu de Cima, under large basaltic rocks.
Gaula and Canico in south-east Madeira; Ribeiro de
Porto Nova; San Vicente.

Recorded from Ilheu de Baixo in 1878; may now be
extinct; subjossil forms only found in 1930s.

Confined to damp wooded areas of Madeira at high and
intermediate altitudes in interior of island. Rare by
1878.

Single specimen recorded from Pico d'Arribentao above
Funchal, Madeira.

Species on Madeira are found either in the moist north forests or the dry
short vegetation of the south. Snails are generally absent for the
coniferous plantations. Habitats on Porto Santo and the Desertas islands
are mainly dry and stony with thin soil and vegetation cover.

- 133 -

Reasons for decline

All the habitats of the endemic molluscs of the Madeiran archipelago are
threatened by development and/or erosion. The volcanic soils are very
fragile and erode rapidly after mechanical disturbance or when the
vegetation is removed. Such areas used to support an endemic low scrub
cover, much of which has now gone because of over-grazing by introduced
cattle, sheep, goats and rabbits. The dry coastal habitats preferred by
many snails are threatened by tourist developments. Since many of the
endemics occur in single populations or have very small ranges, even small
scale developments could result in extinctions.

Conservation measures taken

No measures have been taken specifically for molluscs. In 1981 proposals
were made by the Regional Secretariat for Planning and Finance, in
conjunction with the Jardin Botanico do Funchal for a series of reserves and
a regional park. This was aimed primarily at the conservation of Laurisilva
forest and its many endemic plants. The proposal is not yet implemented,
although there is continuing awareness that action needs to be taken.

Conservation Measures Proposed

The 16 endemic Madeiran species are considered to be of particular
conservation concern and are appropriate for listing on Appendix II of the
Bern Convention. Further work is urgently required to determine the status
of these species and to integrate conservation measures for molluscs with
other intitiatives in the archipelago.

Full details and references for this account are given in Wells, Pyle and
Collins (1983).

evi34 —

76. Margaritifera margaritifera (L., 1758) VULNERABLE
(= Margaritana margaritifera)
Phylum MOLLUSCA Class BIVALVIA
Order UNIONOIDA Family MARGARITIFERIDAE

Common names Freshwater Pearl Mussel (En), Flussperlmuschel (Ge).
Distribution

Northern Europe, Eurasia and eastern North America, where it is confined to
areas east of the Appalachians on the Atlantic coast from Newfoundland,
Canada, to Pennsylvania, USA.

Status in Europe

Austria Originally common in upper Austrian Muhlviertel.
Disappeared except in few unpolluted tributaries. Adults
sensitive to increased phosphates in water. Mother-of-pearl
industry early this century added to the problems.

Belgium Seriously declining, probably due to pollution. Occurs in
streams and rivers of the Ardennes:-— Ambléve, Ourthe, Lomme
and Lesse. Locally common in the basins of the Semois and
Vierre.

Czechoslovakia Only six populations still survive, mainly in south
Bohemia. Pollution is at least partly to blame.

Denmark Declining in the River Varde Aa due to pollution.

Finland Declining catastrophically, partly due to collecting since
1750, partly due to pollution and water-course alterations.
Mainly present in the north, local in the south-west;
confirmed living in only 45 per cent of total known range.

France Vulnerable and. strongly declining; no recent records from
Dordogne or Loire Rivers where it was present in 1931.
Still found in small rivers in Morvan, Massif Central,
tributaries of Yonee, basin of Allier (both of these are
tributaries of Dordogne and Vienne).

Germany (FRG) Endangered, listed in Red Data Book (Blab et al., 1984).
Restricted mainly to Bavaria with isolated populations
elsewhere. Protected by law of 19.12.86.

Germany (GDR) Endangered, threatened by pollution. Decreasing in
south-west Saxony, extinct in east Saxony (Hertel, 1959).

Ireland Vulnerable. Scattered localities in upland rivers and soft
water; absent from many suitable sites; affected by
dredging, pollution and exploitation. Confirmed living in
only 19 per cent of total known range.

Luxembourg Common at beginning of this century but in 1973 shells
present in only five rivulets. Pollution a problem.

- 135 -

Netherlands Does not occur.
Norway Widespread, mainly coastal but declining from acid rain and

pollution; confirmed living in only 62 per cent of total
known range.

Poland Extinct. Formerly numerous in Lower Silesia but in decline
through pollution.

Sweden Occurs from Scania to Lapland but decimated by fishing in
some areas. Drainage of fens in southern Sweden is a
problem, as is acidification. Now protected.

United Kingdom Very local in north and west Britain, and Scotland and
considered to be of regional conservation concern.
Confirmed living in only 45 per cent of the total known
range. Pollution has been a serious problem, as has
over-fishing in some areas. Status in recent times more
secure.

USSR Listed in Red Data Book. Occurs in the Volga watershed and
Rivers Don and Dnieper. Reduced by pollution.

Habitat and ecology

Prefers soft water without high concentrations of lime and typically likes
swift flowing rivers 0.5-1.5m deep with mixture of stones and sand.

Virtually sedentary as adults; depend on fish (trout and salmon) for
parasitic larval stage. Mature at 12-15 years, may live for up to 100 years.

Reasons for decline

Once widely distributed throughout northern Europe, but now literally
decimated through extensive exploitation for its highly-valued pearls since
pre-Roman times and pollution since industrialisation (Bjork, 1962; Kerney,
1975). Over-collected in a number of countries, including UK, and now
extinct in much of its range. Currently very vulnerable to watercourse
alteration and possibly pollution. Any adverse effects on the larval hosts
(trout) also affect the mussel.

Conservation measures taken

Protected in Finland, France, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Sweden, formerly in
Denmark and in Poland until 1982 when it was deleted from the list on
account of being extinct. Listed in the Red Data Books of West Germany,
Austria and USSR. Management programmes are underway in Germany, (Bauer and
Eicke, 1986).

Conservation measures proposed

Strict pollution control measures are needed throughout its range. Reserves
are needed in unaffected areas (one has been designated in the Sumava
mountains of Czechoslovakia). Young mussels under 9 cm in length never
contain pearls and should not be fished. With practice a shell may be
examined for pearls without destroying the mussel. M. margaritifera should
be added to Appendix III of the Bern Convention.

Full details and references for this data sheet are given in Wells, Pyle and
Collins (1983).

- 136 -

77. Margaritifera auricularia (Spengler, 1793) VULNERABLE
Phylum MOLLUSCA Class BIVALVIA
Order UNIONOIDA Family MARGARITIFERIDAER

Common name Spengler's Freshwater Mussel (En)

Distribution

Originally in much of western, central and southern Europe but since about

1850 restricted to a few rivers in Portugal, Spain, Italy and France, plus a

subspecies in Morocco.

Status in Europe

Czechoslovakia Extinct.

France Restricted to the rivers Adour, Allier, Arros, Aube,
Charente, Dordogne, Doubs, Garonne, Loire, Lot, Oise, Seine,

Sa6ne, Saume, Tarn and Vesle. Already uncommon by 1930.

Germany (FRG) Extinct (Blab et al. 1984).

Italy Endangered. Only in the river Po. Extinct in central Italy.
Luxembourg Extinct.

Spain Endangered. Rivers Ebro and Guadalquivir only.

Switzerland Extinct.

The subspecies M. a. maroccana occurs in Morocco, but there are no data on
its distribution or status there.

Habitat and ecology

Little known, but presumed to be similar to M. margaritifera. All reported
occurrences are from large rivers. In the River Ebro in Spain it favours
quiet pools at depths down to 6 m.

Reasons for decline

Uncertain. Like other pearl mussels, it probably has a very slow
reproductive cycle coupled with a high longevity. This would cause it to be
very vulnerable to heavy exploitation and may account for its widespread
disappearance. Pollution has also been cited as a factor.

Conservation measures taken

None known.

Conservation measures proposed

Distribution surveys are needed, followed up by recovery plans and
protection of habitats. Listing on Appendix Il of the Bern Convention is

appropriate.

The references for this data-sheet are given in full in Wells, Pyle and
Collins (1983).

- 137 -

9. ANNELIDA

The conservation status of most annelids is poorly known. Of the
three classes, Polychaeta, Oligochaeta and Hirudinea, the polychaetes
(bristle worms) are least likely to be threatened. Their distributions in
marine environments are often wide, and some (but by no means all) are
tolerant of pollution and disturbance.

The Oligochaeta include aquatic species as well as the better-known
earthworms. Certain earthworms originally from Europe now dominate
agricultural and urban ecosystems in most temperate climates. These species
are able to occupy disturbed habitats and survive transportation to alien
environments. Others are known to have more restricted ranges, but data on
conservation aspects are lacking. In particular, research is needed on
aquatic oligochaetes. In Lake Baikal for example, 90 per cent of the
oligochaetes recorded from open waters are endemic; and Baikal is well-known
to be seriously polluted. The larger lakes in Europe also have endemics
that could become threatened. For the time being, no oligochaetes are
suitable for listing on the Bern Convention.

The Hirudinea, or leeches, almost certainly includes a number of
threatened European species. Surveys are urgently required to ascertain the
position, but one species, Hirudo medicinalis is known to be in decline.
This species, the Medicinal Leech, is the only annelid recommended for
listing on the Bern Convention and a full data sheet follows.

- 138 -

78. Hirudo medicinalis VULNERABLE
Phylum ANNELIDA Class HIRUDINEA
Order ARHYNCHOBDELLAE Family HIRUDINIDAE
Common names Medicinal Leech (En), Blutegel (Ge)

Distribution

Western and southern Europe to the Ural Mountains and the countries
bordering the eastern Mediterranean.

Status in Europe

See Elliott and Tullett (1984) for detailed references.

Albania Two records, no data on status.
Austria Vulnerable as a result of habitat loss. Two records.
Belgium A single recent record (near Arlon in 1979). Previously not

seen since 1938 (Marquet, 1985).

Bulgaria Vulnerable. Abundant in certain areas, but drainage of
marshes is a threat. Two recent records; formerly
widespread.

Czechoslovakia Rare; extinct in some places. Drainage of marshes is a
threat. Four recent records.

Denmark Not seriously threatened. Currently known from 33
localities.
Finland Indeterminate, but in drastic decline. Many records up to

1900 for areas up to 63°N; now only in a few localities on
the south-west mainland coast and on Aland island (Wells,
Pyle and Collins, 1983).

France Declining. Present in the Camargue, probably in the Marais
de Carentan in Normandy and elsewhere. Four recent
records. Reportedly collected from the wild around Bordeaux
for export. Widespread drainage of marshes is a threat.
The Camargue population may be threatened by changes in
salinity.

Germany Considered almost extinct in both FRG and GDR by 1922, but
in fact a few localities still persist. No data on
threats. Protected in FRG by law of 19.12.86.

Greece Present, but no data on status.
Hungary Still present and said to be common in the Kisbalatan on the

Hungarian plain.

Ireland Not recorded for over 100 years.

- 139 -

Italy Recorded in the 1970s, but few recent records and believed
to be declining.

Luxembourg Declining. Still present in small ponds and rivulets a few
km south of the city (Hoffman, 1960).

Netherlands Rediscovered in 1946 after decades of absence (Dresscher and
Higler, 1982).

Norway Reported extinct in 1854, but Found at six localities in the
south since 1960 (Wells, Pyle and Collins, 1983).

Poland Originally scattered throughout the country, excluding Upper
Silesia and mountainous areas, but intensive collecting has
caused a decline in populations. Drainage of marshes in the
east also a problem.

Romania Ten recent records, but no data on status.
Spain Six recent records, but no data on status.
Sweden Common in the 19th century but declining ever since. Now

known only from a few localities mainly in Scania (in the
south) and on the Baltic islands of Oland and Gotland.

Switzerland Probably still present. No data on status.
Turkey Present, and collected in large numbers, but no data on
status.

United Kingdom Indeterminate. Once common, but declined in the 19th
century; declared extinct in 1910 but isolated records still
stand. Five new records since 1982 (Elliott and Tullett,
1984; Sawyer, in litt., 23.5.86).

USSR 33 records, mainly in southern USSR, Ukraine and Moldavia.
Considered to be rare.

Yugoslavia Present, but no data on status.
Habitat and ecology

In freshwater ponds, streams and marshes, often near farm animals. Tolerant
of eutrophic and anoxic conditions. Young leeches feed on frogs and
tadpoles; adults suck blood from homiotherms. Life-cycle poorly known,
probably two years needed to mature, plus nine months more for

reproduction. Cocoons are laid in damp places. Adults are reported to bury
themselves in cold weather or dry periods (Wells, Pyle and Collins, 1983).

Reasons for decline

The enormous trade in leeches for blood-letting in the 19th century
contributed directly to its present status. A recent revival of interest in
H. medicinalis needs to be monitored. The Medicinal Leech is used for the
commercial production of the anti-coagulants hirudin, eglin and udellin.
World sales of hirudin were ca. £3.5 million at manufacturers selling price
in the year to June 1984. £3.2 million of these sales were in

EAO- =

West Germany. The trade in leeches in Germany is on a massive scale, using
imports from the wild in south-eastern Europe. An estimated world total of
12 000 kg of leeches are used each year, mainly collected from the wild in
Hungary, but also from Bulgaria, Romania, Italy, France, Yugoslavia, Greece
and Turkey. As well as being used for anti-coagulant production, leeches
are used in increasingly large numbers for improving blood circulation in
skin-grafts and other plastic surgery operations. They are also used for
educational purposes. Loss of habitat, particularly drainage of marshes and
changing agricultural practices, is now a major factor in the species'
decline, particularly in the many countries where populations are very
reduced. This also contributes to the decline of its initial host, frogs.

Conservation measures taken

Protected in Greece. In 1984 a commercial leech farm was set up in Swansea,
UK, with the aim of meeting the demand for anticoagulants and specimens.
Both live specimens and biochemical extracts are supplied, the former making
up the bulk of the trade. Fifty per cent of production goes to the USA; a
further 25 per cent also goes abroad.

No wetland areas are known to have been set aside primarily for
conservation of the Medicinal Leech, but one locality in Wales is within a
nature reserve.

Conservation measures proposed

Surveys are needed in order to assess the location and security of the most
important European localities. Effective protection and management
programmes should ensue. Listing on Appendix III of the Bern Convention is
desirable, giving some control and monitoring of trade, but more
particularly in combatting the decline and loss of prime habitat. The Bern
Convention would play an important role in protecting the leech in those
parts of Western Europe where populations are already rare and localised.

Captive breeding programmes should be encouraged. Eventually, genetic
engineering may obviate the need for use of wild animals, but if a
sustainable trade in captive-—bred leeches can be demonstrated, this may be
unnecessary. A well-monitored programme of trade in H. medicinalis could be
a valuable boost to the conservation effort.

The Medicinal Leech will be proposed for Appendix II of the Convention
on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
in 1987.

- 141 -

10. MARINE INVERTEBRATES AND MINOR PHYLA

This report has concentrated on terrestrial and freshwater
invertebrates which, generally speaking, are more seriously threatened than
marine species. The latter are often cosmopolitan in distribution and,
although impacts such as marine pollution (which can be locally severe in
the Mediterranean) causes local declines, the impact is rarely widespread
enough to put marine invertebrates into the endangered or vulnerable
categories. Some marine invertebrates are useful indicators of pollution.
For example, there is a growing literature demonstrating the effects of
pollutants in causing range reductions and deformities in echinoderms
(Wells, Pyle and Collins, 1983).

Certain marine species and groups are, at least locally, vulnerable to
over-exploitation. Although in most cases this is unlikely to endanger the
species involved, the trade itself can often be adversely affected and there
is a need for greater control of invertebrate fisheries and international
control of quotas (see e.g. Hunnam, 1980). Exploitation is normally either
for decorative materials or for food. A few examples of the curio and
luxury item trade include the following:

- Sponges (Porifera) have been used for centuries for personal and
household purposes (mainly Spongia zimocca, S. officinalis and
particularly Hippospongia communis). Tunisia is the major exporter
(74 tonnes in 1980, over half the world production), with Greece in
second place. The Greek fishery has declined due to over-exploitation
and protective action by other countries, such as Libya and Egypt,
preventing Greek boats from working their territorial waters. Other
European exporters include Turkey, Libya, Yugoslavia and Syria (Wells,
Pyle and Collins, 1983).

- Red Coral (Corallium rubrum L., 1758), one of the Precious Corals
(phylum Cnidaria), used to occur throughout large areas of the
Mediterranean, particularly off the coasts of southern France,
Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and North Africa from Tunis to the Straits
of Gibralter (Hickson, 1924), as well as in Cape Verde and the Canary
Islands. Although protected in Greece, it is now absent from the
Aegean. Small colonies of C. rubrum are still abundant in the
Mediterranean, but commercial grade sources are scarce. The Federal
Republic of Germany added Red Coral to its protected species list in
December 1986, thus preventing trade there. It has been recommended
in a recent FAO report that Precious Coral fishing should be carefully
regulated (Charbonnier and Garcia, 1984). Listing under CITES may be
appropriate.

= The Broad Sea Fan (Eunicella verrucosa), also in the phylum Cnidaria,
occurs in the East Atlantic and Mediterranean. Populations were
depleted through exploitation for the curio trade but recent
conservation education efforts within the diving community have at
least temporarily decreased collecting pressure.

= The bryozoan Rose Coral Pentapora foliacea, found in the north-east
Atlantic, forms large slow-growing colonies that are attractive,
easily dried and preserved, and equally easily over-exploited;
P. fascialis in the Mediterranean is similarly vulnerable.

- 142 -

~ Pinna nobilis, a large spectacular bivalve, has declined in the
Mediterranean through over-collection and is now protected in Greece
and Federal Republic of Germany.

- Echinus esculentus (L., 1758), the European Edible Sea Urchin, is
over-exploited for the curio trade on parts of the British coast.
However, the overall population of this species is large, ranging from
northern Norway to northern Portugal and the Canary Islands (not in
the Baltic or Mediterranean). At present it is not under serious
threat, but the curio trade should be closely monitored, and perhaps
terminated in some countries (Wells, Pyle and Collins, 1983). In the
UK the curio trade is currently the subject of a major enquiry by the
Marine Conservation Society and the University of Exeter.

Over-exploitation of marine invertebrates for food is widespread in
the European region. Two examples of particular note are:

- The fisheries for the clawed lobsters, which include some of the most
valuable and popular species, are considered to be in serious
biological and economic trouble. Stocks of the Norwegian Lobster
(Nephrops norvegicus) are being over-fished. Catches of the Common
Lobster (Homarus gammarus) in European waters are falling while prices
continue to rise (Wells, Pyle and Collins, 1983). Management and
control of these fisheries are needed.

~ The echinoderm Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) (the Purple
Urchin), has long been regarded as a delicacy in France, leading to
local over-exploitation and some drastic depletions. It still has a
wide range in the Mediterranean and along the shores of France and
Britain but carefully controlled commercial exploitation is needed
(Wells, Pyle and Collins, 1983).

Marine phyla in European waters which currently appear to be of little
conservation concern include the Ctenophora, Chaetognatha, Gnathostomulida,
Kinorhyncha, Gastrotricha, Priapulida, Sipuncula, Echiura, Pogonophora,
Phoronida, Hemichordata and Brachiopoda. Certain parasitic phyla, notably
the Acanthocephala, Mesozoa, Placozoa and Entoprocta are also not known to
be under threat.

In many parts of Europe the brackish water invertebrates may be more
severely threatened than the marine ones. Some habitats, such as lagoons,
are under growing pressure from development and other human impacts.
Lagoonal species may be more appropriate for the Bern Convention than
strictly marine species. Investigations are needed. A few examples of
seashore taxa follow:

- The Zuiderzee Doridella Sea Slug (Doridella batava (Kerbert, 1856))
may be under serious threat, or even extinct. This small, brackish
water sea slug is believed to be endemic to an area centred on the
Zuiderzee in the Netherlands. The closure of the Zuiderzee caused its
disappearance from most known localities, including the type locality
(Wells, Pyle and Collins, 1983).

- The Starlet Sea Anemone, Nematostella vectensis Stephenson, 1935, is a
species of brackish lagoons and pools, away from the shore-line.
Known only from the UK (seven localities), Canada (one locality) and
the USA (Pacific and Atlantic coasts), it is classified as vulnerable
by Wells, Pyle and Collins (1983). Careful study and conservation
measures are required for Nematostella, but it is inappropriate for
the Bern Convention since its main range is outside Europe.

— 143° -

The Nemertea (nemertines or ribbon worms) are slender unsegmented
worms up to several cm in length. While most are marine, a few are known
from brackish, freshwater and even terrestrial environments. The aquatic
species are poorly known as regards their conservation status, but some of
the terrestrial species: have small ranges and are possibly vulnerable to
disturbance. One of these, Leptonemertes chalicopora (Graff, 1879), occurs
in Madeira, the Azores and the Canary Islands. It occurs in damp, stony
shaded habitats from sea level to altitudes of 1000 m (Moore and Moore,
1972) and is classified as rare in the IUCN Invertebrate Red Book in
recognition of its limited world range (Wells, Pyle and Collins, 1983).
Nevertheless, it is’ currently believed to be safe in the majority of its
known localities and is therefore not suitable for listing on the Bern
Convention.

-— 144 -

11. INTERPRETATION OF THE BERN CONVENTION

Although the range of threats to invertebrates is similar to that for
other wildlife, the emphasis is rather different. As noted in section 3,
the taking of a few specimens for study, either at the amateur or
professional level, generally does no measurable harm. Indeed the
disciplines of entomology, arachnology, malacology and other invertebrate
studies usually require the taking of specimens. Nevertheless insects and
other invertebrates do not generally attract the organized hunting suffered
by some birds and mammals. In certain cases there is a need for restraint
by collectors, usually where the species’ distribution has already been
severely disrupted and reduced, but wholesale alteration or destruction of
natural habitat is the real enemy of invertebrate diversity.

Armed with this perspective, it might be useful to offer some guidance
to Parties as to the interpretation of the Articles of the Convention for
any invertebrate species that might in future be included on the
Appendices. A few salient points are listed below and should be read in
conjunction with the Text of the Convention (Council of Europe, 1979).

aS Article 3.2 calls for planners and developers to have regard to
consideration of all wildlife, but for many people the term ‘wildlife’
does not evoke thoughts of insects and other invertebrates.
Experience in UK is showing that invertebrates do in fact have great
potential as indicators of rich conservation sites and environmental
perturbation, and could be much more widely used in this way.

2: Article 3.3 makes provision for the promotion of education and
dissemination of information. This is particularly important for
invertebrates. The European Committee's (1984) document "Giving
nature a chance: the Bern Convention" gives the layman a good insight
into the purpose and content of the Convention. Once invertebrates
are listed on the Appendices, special provision for interpretation to
the public will be required.

Se Article 4, concerning protection of habitats, is the vital core of the
Convention as far as invertebrates are concerned. Parties should be
encouraged to identify important localities for invertebrates to be
listed. Surveys could be put in motion even before listing has been
completed, in order that the Parties will be ready to honour their
obligations once the species are added to the Appendices.

4. The interpretation of Article 6 will require great care for
invertebrates, and Parties should give licence for exceptions under
Article 9 wherever reasonable purpose can be demonstrated. Article
6.a. must be applied forcefully to commercial concerns, but private
collectors or scientists requiring specimens for bona fide research
should not be hindered. For example, researchers involved with the
Council's project on xylophagous insects may need to take specimens
from time to time, and should be allowed so to do. Article 6.e. will
be impossible to implement so far as possession is concerned, but
trade aspects can be closely controlled and monitored. Bona fide
commercial organizations with a good standing in the entomological
community may be permitted to trade in old specimens under licence.
Recently established or part-time businesses with no reputation to
uphold should not be considered for licensing. Organizations
interested in farming or ranching listed species should not be unduly

- 145 -

hindered from doing so but, once again, only businesses of high
reputation need be considered. The moth Graellsia isabelae, for
example, might benefit from a ranching operation in northern Spain.

Article 11.2.a. has great potential for effective conservation
measures for insects. Reintroductions encourage sensitive management
and are of great interest to the general public. The U.K. Joint
Committee for the Conservation of British Insects has prepared a "Code
of Practice for Insect Re-establishment” (JCCBI, 1986) which, like its
predecessor the "Code for Insect Collecting (JCCBI, undated), could
become widely adopted.

Article 22.1 gives Parties the opportunity to make reservations
concerning the species on the Appendices. In some countries one or
more of the candidate insects may be common and widespread, while in
other countries it may be extremely rare. Where there is debate on
the precise conservation status of a species (as is often the case) it
may be practicable to list the species on the Appendices but release
certain Parties from their responsibilities, on provision of suitable
supporting documentation.

— 146 -

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- 160 -

13. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We should like to thank the following people and organizations for their

help and advice:

Austria:

Belgium:
Bulgaria:
Czechoslovakia:
F. R. Germany:
Finland:
France:

GDR:

Hungary:

Italy:

Ireland:

The Netherlands:

Norway:
Poland:
Romania:
Sweden:

Switzerland:

United Kingdom:

USA:
USSR:

Yugoslavia:

A. Kaltenbach, W. Kuhnelt, H. Malicky, O. Paget,
P. Reischiitz, H. Sattman

J. Leclercq, J.C. Micha, J. van Goethem

C. Deltshev

V. Lozek

S. Ingrisch, J.H. Jungbluth

I. Valovirta

P. Bouchet, J.G. Kuiper, J. Mouthon, M. Richardot-—Coulet
E. Reichl, A. Schintlmeister, H. Zeissler

A. Richnovsky

F. Giusti

J.D. Reynolds

L. Butot, E. Gittenberger, J. Krikken,
A.A. Mabelis, J. van Tol

J. Okland, K.A. Okland, T. Solhoy

A. Piechocki, B. Pokrysko, A. Riedel

D. Lupu, A. V. Grossu

M.G. de Viedma

B. Hubendick, T. von Proschwitz, H. Walden

R. Bernasconi, H. Turner

Balfour-Browne Club, P. Barnard, M. Bishop, P.W. Cribb,
Duffey, G.N. Foster, P.M. Hammond, P.T. Harding,
Heath, P. Hillyard, L. Jessop, M. Kerney, I. Kitching,
Levey, R. Lowery, J. Marshall, I. McLean, N. Moore,

.G. Morris, R. Sawyer, J. Thomas, J. Reynolds,
Whalley, M. Scoble, D. Shirt and A. Stubbs

THEO

S.K. Gangwere
I.M. Likharev, the late M. Ghilarov

M. Kolaric

14. SUMMARY LIST OF INVERTEBRATE CANDIDATES FOR THE BERN CONVENTION

Species
Arthropoda

Insecta

- 161 -

Dictyoptera: Mantodea

1. Apteromantis aptera
Odonata: Zygoptera
2. Coenagrion freyi
3. Coenagrion mercuriale
4. Calopteryx syriaca
Odonata: Anisoptera
5. Ophiogomphus cecilia
6. Stylurus (=Gomphus) flavipes
7. Aeshna viridis :
8. Oxygastra curtisii
9. Macromia splendens
10. Leucorrhinia albifrons
11. Leucorrhinia caudalis
12. Brachythemis fuscopalliata
Orthoptera
13. Baetica ustulata
14. Saga pedo
Coleoptera
15. Calosoma sycophanta
% 16. Carabus intricatus
17. Carabus olympiae
18. Dytiscus latissimus
19. Graphoderus bilineatus
20. Osmoderma eremita
21. Buprestis splendens
22. Cucujus cinnaberinus
23. Cerambyx cerdo
x» 24. Morimus funereus
25. Rosalia alpina
Lepidoptera
26. Papilio hospiton
27. Lycaena dispar
28. Maculinea teleius
29. Maculinea nausithous
30. Maculinea rebeli
31. Coenonympha oedippus
32. Erebia christi
33. Hypodryas maturna
, 34. Eriogaster catax
35. Phyllodesma ilicifolia
36. Graellsia isabellae
37. Hyles hippophaes
38. Proserpinus proserpina

Appendix

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Il

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If
Il
Il
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II

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Il

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elk
II
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II
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Ise
Il
Les
Il
art

Il
It
Il
Il
ek
LEI
if
It
DE
WA
iinet
Il
Il

Endangered

Endangered
Endangered
Endangered

Endangered
Endangered
Endangered
Endangered
Endangered
Endangered
Endangered
Endangered

Vulnerable
Endangered

Vulnerable
Vulnerable
Endangered
Endangered
Endangered
Endangered
Endangered
Endangered
Endangered
Endangered
Endangered

Endangered
Endangered
Endangered
Endangered
Vulnerable
Endangered
Vulnerable
Endangered
Endangered
Vulnerable
Vulnerable
Vulnerable
Vulnerable

- 162 -

Hymenoptera
39. Formica rufa
40. Formica aquilonia
41. Formica lugubris
42. Formica polyctena
43. Formica pratensis
+ formicn bruacerun
Arachnida
Araneae
44. Macrothele calpeiana
45. Dolomedes plantarius
Crustacea
Astacidae
46. Astacus astacus
47. Austropotamobius pallipes
Mollusca
Gastropoda
Basommatophora
48. Myxas glutinosa
49. Segmentina nitida
Stylommatophora
50. Catinella arenaria
51. Oxyloma_sarsi
52. Vertigo angustior
53. Vertigo genesii
54. Vertigo geyeri
55. Vertigo moulinsiana
56. Geomalacus maculosus
4% 57. Balea perversa
59. Helix pomatia
58. Elona quimperiana
60. Madeiran land snails (16 spp.)
Bivalvia
Unionoida
76. Margaritifera margaritifera
77. Margaritifera auricularia
Annelida
Hirudinea
Arhynchobdellae
78. Hirudo medicinalis

K Nok pred

Qta . &?

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IIl

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Vulnerable
Vulnerable
Vulnerable
Vulnerable
Vulnerable

Vulnerable
Vulnerable

Vulnerable -
Vulnerable

Vulnerable
Vulnerable

Vulnerable
Vulnerable
Vulnerable
Vulnerable
Vulnerable
Endangered
Vulnerable
Vulnerable
Vulnerable
Vulnerable
Vulnerable

Vulnerable
Vulnerable

Vulnerable

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